FLibris OGDEN / k? BOROUGH, ^ THE GARDENERS DICTIONARY. ENUMERATING THE PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES DESIRABLE FOR THE GARDEN, AND EXPLAINING THE TERMS AND OPERATIONS EMPLOYED IN THEIR CULTIVATION. EDITED BY GEORGE W. JOHNSON, EDITOR OF "THE COTTAGE GARDENER." WITH A REVISED SUPPLEMENT INCLUDING ALL THE NEW PLANTS AND VARIETIES TO THE END OF THE YEAR 1880, N. E. BROWN, OF THE ROYAL HERBARIUM, KEW. LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1882. LoxDOJf : HOTTED BT WILLIAM CLOWES AND BOSS, LIMITED, STAHFOKD STKEET AXD CHAKDJG CBOSS. ob5c^ PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. It is not presumptuous, we think, to express our conviction that this Volume will supply a want which has long existed in gardening literature. We so think because all previous Dictionai-ies concerning plants are rendered more or leas deficient tor horticultural purposes by being too much occupied with botanical details ; by being too large and expensive for general use ; by being too old to include more than a small number of the plants now cultivated ; or from being the production of one writer, necessarily imperfect in one or more departments in which his knowledge happened to be deficient. It is believed that The Cottage Gardeners' Dictionary is free from all these objections. Its botanical details are no more than sufficient as a guide to fuller knowledge of the plants; it is the cheapest ever issued from the press ; it includes all plants known as desirable for culture at the date of publication ; and every detail of cultivation is either from the pen, or has passed under the supervision, of those well-known for appropriate skilfulness. We need only add, that we have endeavoured clearly to explain all the usual gardening occupations and terms ; to give accurate information relative to soil and manures, and to detail minutely the culture of each plant; as well as to admit none but such as are either desirable to have in cultivation, or are in some way interesting. It being always satisfactory to know who are our teachers, we think it desirable and just to all parties to state that Mr. Beaton, Gardener to Sir W. Middleton, Bart., has furnished all the headings descriptive of each genus, the derivation of their names, with their botanical classification and nomenclature. To Mr. Fish, Gardener to Colonel Sowerby, we are similarly indebted for the general cultivation of each genus of flowering and ornamental plants ; to Mr. Errington, Gardener to Sir P. Egerton, Bart., for the fruit culture and selection of varieties ; to Mr. Appleby, Floricultural Manager to Messrs. Henderson, for the same information relative to Florists' Flowers ; whilst on Mr. Barnes, Gardener to Lady Bolle, Mr. Weaver, Gardener to the Warden of Winchester College, and the Editor, have devolved the tenants of the kitchen garden. The miscellaneous essays have been furnished by various hands, too numerous and too combined to be particularized ; but the Editor does not shrink from being responsible for them. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. In 8 space of time unusually short for a work of this kind, a very large edition has heen sold; and, in preparing a New Edition, the Editor's effort has been to correct such faults and deficiencies as have been detected since the publica- tion of the first, and to add the New Plants which subsequently have been discovered. These, with the very copious List of Synonymes, will render this Dictionary still more useful. It is proposed, from time to time, to publish Supplements, containing all New Plants', with notes on such novelties as merit the attention of the Amateur and Gardener. December, 2856. EXPLANATIONS. It seems only necessary to observe that, to facilitate the proper pronun- ciation of the names, the vowel in the syllable on which the emphasis is to be laid is denoted by an accent placed after the vowel : — Thus, in Abe'lia, the emphasis is laid upon the be ; and in Jloribu'nda on the bun. The other particulars scarcely need any explanation. The specific name of each plant is translated into English; and then follows the height of the plant (where the figure or figures stand alone, either feet or the fraction of a foot being intended); the colour of the flower; the month when it begins to bloom; the native place; and the year of introduction. THE COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY. ABE Abe'le Teee. The White Poplar (Populus alba). Abe'lia. (After Dr. Abel, Physician to the embassage of Lord Amherst to China. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Caprifo- liaceae]. Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) Half-hardy evergTeen shrubs ; may be turned cut into the borders in summer. Cuttings in summer, in light turfy loam and peat, and layers in spring. A, floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. Rosy-purple. Requires a little peat. March. Mexico. 1812. — rupe'stris (rock). 5. Pink and white. Sep- tember. China. 1844. — trifio'ra (three-flowered). 5. Pale red. Sep- tember. Hindostan. — uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. China. A'bies. See Pinus. Abo'etion. Too early or imperfect development. In fruit, this frequently occurs from a defect in the male or female organs. If from the first, it may be remedied by using pollen from other ■olants. A'bricock. An old mode of spelling Apricot. {Armeni'aca vulga'ris.) Abra'xas ijrossularia'ta. Magpie Moth. The caterpillar of this moth often infests the leaves of the gooseberry bush, as well as of the currant, sloe, and even the peach, in early summer. It is common during the evenings of July and August. Usually about one and a half-inch across the expanded fore-wings, which are very sl : ghtly yellowish-white, variously spotted with black, more or less like those in our drawing, for the marks are never uniform ; and there is a band of pale orange across each of the fore-wings. The hind-wings are of the same colours, but without any ABR orange colouring. The body is orange, spotted with black. The female deposits her eggs upon the leaf of a gooseberry or currant tree, and from these little loop- ing caterpillars come forth in September (see a drawing of these and of the Chry- salis in The Cottage Gardener,iv. 15), and surviving the winter, begin to feed again upon the leaves as soon as these open in the spring. They are full-grown towards the end of May, and enter the chrysalis state between that time and the end of June. In this state they remain for about three weeks, and then the perfect moth comes forth. The caterpillar i3 yellowish white, with an orange stripe, more or less complete, on each side, and with numerous black spots, the largest on the back. The chrysalis is black, with orange circles round the pointed end. The caterpillar prefers the leaves of the gooseberry and red currant ; but, after stripping these to their very stalks, it will feed upon those of the sloe, peach, and almond. Hand-picking, dusting with the powder of white hellebore, and burn- ing the leaves early in autumn, are the best remedies and prevention against this marauder. ABP [2] ACA Abro'ma. (From a, not, and broma, food ; on account of its deleterious quali- ties. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneri- aceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 1-Decan- dria.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Seed in March in heat; or cutting* of half-ripe wood, April, in strong heat, under a bell-gliss ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55 . A. augu'stz (smooth-stalked). 10. August. Pur- pie. E. Ind. 1770. — fastuo'sa (prickly-stalked). 10. June to Oc- toberl Purple. N.S.Wales. 1800. Abro'nia. (From abros, its involucrum being delicate. Nat ord., Nyctagos [Nyc- Uginaceas]. Linn., b-Pentandria \-Mo- noyynia. Allied to Mirabilis.) Half-hardy perennial trailers. Slips and seeds ; sandy peat, with a little light loam. A.meUi'/era (honey-bearing). J. July. Orange. California. 1826. — puUhe!Ua (neat). *. July. Pink. Cali- fornia. 1848. — roftta (rose-coloured). J. California. 1847- — umMla'tc (umbel-flowered). *. April and May. Pink. California. 1823. A'bbus precato'rius. "Wild Liquorice. vFrom the* leaves being soft and delicate, abros, and prayer, precatoriut, because its seeds are used for rosaries. Nat. ord., Mimosads [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Dia- delphia 1-Decandria.) Stove climber. Cuttings in sand, under a glass ; sand and peat. 1*. Pale purple. March to May. W. Ind. Abo'ttlon. (Arabic name for a plant liie a mallow. Nat. ord., Mallowworts [Malvaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8- Polyandria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under a close frame or a glass, during A. auranii'acum (orange - colored). Orange. Brazil. — Bedfordia num (D. of Bedford's). 15. Yel- low and red. November. Brazil. 1838. — grmve'oleru 'strong-scented). 6. Orange and red. E. Ind. 1842. Stove. — insi'gne .handsome-flowered). White and carmine. January. New Grenada. — intege'rrimum (whole-leaved). 14. Yellow May. New Grenada. Stove. — ptconift&rum (peony- flowered). Pink. Ja- nuary. Brazil. 1845. — pulche'llum (pretty). 8. White. May. N.S.Wales. 1821. — ruftne'rre (red-nerved). Pale yellow. August. Rio Janeiro. 1845. — stria'tum (striped). 10. Orange and red stripes ; continually blooming. Brazil, 1637." In Hampshire and south of England, large old plants flower freely turned out under a south wall, being there all but hardy. — vtno'sun (veined). Orange and red stripes. July. A. tiUfo'lium (rine-leaved). 6. White. July. Chili. 1837. This is more hardy thaa the other species. Aca'cia. (From akazo, to sharpen, on account of the priekliness of the species first noticed. Nat. ord., Mimosads [Fa- baceae]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 1-Moncecia.) This genus is composed almost exclusively of stove aud greenhouse shrubs and trees. Sandy loam and turfy peat ; cuttings of the shoots taken off at a joint, and pieces of the large roots, in sand and peat, under a glass, in bottom heat; but most of them will ripen their seeds in a favourable situation. By seeds ; this is the best mode of propagating them : sow in a slight hot- bed in February or March : soak the seeds in warm water for several hours before sowing. ■ Al- though the Acacias are all more or less beautiful, yet most of them are so seldom seen under cul- tivation, that we have omitted great numbers. Those marked thus * are most desirable. Winter temp, for stove species, 55° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 80°; greenhouse species, winter temp., 35° to 40°. STOVE SPECIES. A. acanthoca'rpa (spine-podded). 10. Pale red. New Spain. 1S22. — Acapulce'nsis (Acapulcan). White. Acapulco. 1825. — Ara'bica (Arabian). 20. White. E. Ind. 1820. This tree produces gum arabic. — Baneroftia'na (.Bancroft's). 20. Jamaica. — brachyaca'ntha (short-spined) 4. S. Amer. 1824. — Burmannia'na (Burmann's). 6. Ceyion. 1818. — carsta (grey). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 17,-3. — catechu' (catechu). 40. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 1790. This tree produces that most power- ful astringent, catechu. The bark of all the other species also abounds in astrin- gent principle, useful for tanning. — cenirophy'lla (spur-leaved). 20. White. Ja- maica. 1818. — cerato'nia (ceratonian). 3. White. S. Amer. i860. — chryso'stachys (golden-spiked). 15. Mauritius. 1824. — conci'nna (neat). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823. — Coneordia'na (Concord's). 12. E. Ind. 1818. — eopalli'na (copal). 20. 1825. — * corni'gera (horn-bearing). 15. Pale yellow. S. Amer. 1692. — coronilloefo'lia (coronilla- leaved). 10. N. Africa. 1817. — di'ptera (two-winged). 20. White. S. Amer. 1818. — dume'sa (bushy). 20. E. Ind. 131!. — ebu'rnea (ivorv - thorned). 5. Yellow. E. Ind. 1792. — e'dulis (eatable-fruited). 20. E. Ind. 1820. — * farnesia'na (famesian). 15. Yellow. Ju!v. St. Domingo. 1656. —ferrugi'nea (rusty). E. Ind. 1818. I — filiti'.ia (fern-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1825. —formo'sa (beautiful). 10. White. Mexico. 1825. —frondo'sa (leafy). 30. White. E. Ind. 1816. I —fnttico'sa (shrubby). 4. E. Ind. 1820. 1 — gira'ffa (cameleopard's). 40. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. I —gra'ta (grateful). 10. Brazil. 1820. I — Guiane'nsis (Guiana:. White. Cayenne. 1803, i — Gvayaquile'niis (Guayaquil). 10." Guayaquil. 1818. ACA [3] ACA d. hamate' xy Ion (bloody- wooded). 20. Yellow, white. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — heteroma'lla (one side woolly-leaved). Yel- low. June. N. Holland. 1818. — Vntsia (Intsia). 20. Yellow, white. E. Ind. 1778. — 'Jacara'nda (Jacaranda-Uke). 20. Yellow, white. S. Amer. 1825. — kalko'ra (kalkora). 45. E. Ind. 1818. — kermesi'na (kermesina). Purple. — latisi'liqua (broad-podded). 10. Pink. May. W. Ind. 1777- — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. Tanna. 1775. — le'bbeck (loebuch). 20. Pink. May. Egypt. 1823. — lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1824. — leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 20. S. Amer. 1824. — ieucophlcg'a (white). 12. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 1812. — lu'cida (shining). 40. E. Ind. 1820. -macranthoi'des (long-spined). 20. Jamaica. 1820. — Ma'ngium (Mangium's). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 10. Caraccas. 1826. — odorati'ssima (most fragrant). 40. White. E. Ind. 1790. — oligophy'lla (few-leaved). 4. Yellow. 1817- — pitma'ta (feather-leaved). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773. — pilo'sa (downy). 30. White. Jamaica. 1800. — plumo'sa (feathery-leaved). 20. Yellow. A climber. — Portorice'nsis (Porto Rico). 6. White. July. W. Ind. 1824. — prisma'tica (prismatic). 6. Yellow. 1818. — *pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. Brazil. 1823. — quadrangula'ris (four-angled). 4. White. Au- gust. 1825. — Rohria'na (Rohr's). 30. White. 1823. — Ro'ssii (Ross's). 40. 1822. — sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. 1820. A climber. — sca'ndens (climbing;. 10. Purple. India. 1780. A climber. — semicorda'ta with trivial flowers. Propagated by seeds sown tk soon as ripe ; layers in autumn, and grafting or budding on the common maple. Cuttings will strike in open ground if inserted in spring or autumn. Sandy loam. A. Austri'acum (Austrian maple). 40. Green. May. Austria. — barba'tum (bearded-calyxed). 15. Green and yellow. April. N. Amer. 1812. Timber. — ccmpe'stre (common). 25. Green and yellow. May. Britain. Austri'acum. 30. Green and yellow. June. Austria. 1812. co'.li'num (hill-dwelling). 25. Green and yellow. April. France. hebeca'tpum (downy-fruited). 25. Green and yellow. June. Britain. Iceviga'tum (smooth-leaved). 30. Green and yellow. June. — na'num (dwarf). 6. Green and yellow. June. variega'tum (variegated). 25. Green and yellow. May. Britain. Must be grafted or budded. — circina'tum (round-leaved). 30. Green and yellow. April. Columbia. 1827. — Cre'ticum (Cretan). 6. May. Levant. 1752. — dasyca'rpum (hairy-fruited). Green and yel- low. April. N. Amer. 1/25. Timber. — heterophyHlum (various-leaved). Green and yellow. May. Levant. 1759. Evergreen. — Ibe'ricum (Georgian). 40. Green. Asiatic. Georgia. Yellow. 1826. — loba'tum (lobed-leaved). 20. Green. Siberia. • monta'num (mountain). 25. Green and yellow. N. Amer. 1750. Monspessula'num (Montpellier). 8. Green and yellow. May. France. 1739. ■ ni'grum (black). 40. Green and yellow. April. N.Amcr. 1812. Timber. - oblo'ngum (oblong-leaved). 20. Green and white. Nepaul. 1824. ■ obtusa'tum (blunt-lobed-leaved). 40. Green and yellow. May. Hungary. 1825. This is the Neapolita'num of the Ita- lians, and the hy'bridum of London nur- • obtusifoilium (blunt-leaved). 4. Green and yellow. May. Crete. - opalif&lium (Guelder - rose - leaved). 20. Green and yellow. May. France. 1823. - o'palus (opalus). 50. Green and yellow. May. Italy. 1752. -palma'tum (palmate -leaved). 10. Green. Janan. lbSG. A. Pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian or striped bark). 20. Green and yellow. May. N. Amer. 1755. A variety of this, stria'tum, must be increased by grafting or bud- ding. — pUtanoi'des (plane-like). 50. Green and yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Timber. lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). 30. Green and yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Must be grafted or budded. Timber. Lob'e'lli (Lobels). 50. Green and yellow. May. Naples. variega'tum (variegated). 30. Green. and yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Must be grafted or budded. — pseu'do-jka'tanus (the sycamore). 50. Green and yellow. April. Britain. Timber. purpu'reum (purple-leaved). Purple. Mar, 1828. subobtu'sum (slightly blunt-leaved). 50. Green and yellow. May. variega'tum (variegated S.). 50. Green and yellow. April. Britain. Must b» grafted or budded. — ru'brum (red - flowered or swamp - maple> There are two varieties, one with leaves variegated with white, and tne other with yellow. 20. Red. April. N. Amer. 1656. — sacchari'num (sugar-maple). 40. Yellow. April, N. Amer. 1735. Timber. Sugar is made from its sap. — Tarta/ricum (Tartarian). 20. Green and yellow. May. Tartary. 1759. Timber. Aceta'rious Plants. Salading. Achtlle'a. Milfoil. (Achilles, pupil of Chiron, first used it in medicine. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraoese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.) All hardy herbaceous plants, except A. JEgyp- ti'aca, which is a greenhouse evergreen shrub. This is propagated by cuttings, and the others by root division, cuttings, and seed. Common soil. A. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. Yel- low. July. Levant. 1739. — acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. White. Au- gust. 1830. — Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pale yellow. Au- gust. Levant. 1640. — age'ratum (sweet maudlin). 2. Yellow. September. South of Europe. 1570. — al'bida (whitish). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1819. — Alpi'na (Alpine). 6 inches. White. September. Siberia. 1731. — asplenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). 14. Pink. July. N. Amer. 1803. — atra'ta (black-cupped). White. August. Austria. 1596. — au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. July. Levant. 1739. — aur icula'ta (eared). 1. Yellow. July. Asia Minor. I827. — chamcemelifo'lia (chamomile-leaved). 9 inches. White. July. France. 1825. — coarcta'ta (compressed). 4. TTellow. August- South of Europe. 181 6. — compa'cta (compact). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1805. — Creftica (Cretan). 1. White. July. Candia. 1739. — cristaHa (crested-leaved. 4r inches. White. July. Italy. 1784/ — decolo'ranq (staining). 1. White, yellow. July. 1798. . - decu'mbens (decumbent). 6 inches. Yellow. July. Kamtschatka. 1816. ACH [8.3 ACH A. Supato'rium (fern-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. Caspian «hore. 1803. One of the best, continuing long in flower. —falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6 inches. Pale yellow. July. Levant. 1739- — glomera ta (spherical). 1. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1818. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. July. Caucasus. 1818. — holoseri'cea (velvety), lj. White. August. Parnassus. 1817. — impa'tiens (impatient). 2. White. Augurt. Siberia. 1/59. — lino, ta (woolly). 1. White. July. 1804. — leptophuJla (slender- leaved). Pale yellow. July. Tauria. 1816. — macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 3. White. July. Italy. 1710. — millefolium (milfoil). 2. White. August. Gardens. Found sometimes with reddish flowers. — Mongo'lica (Mongolian), lj. White. July. Siberia. 1818. — moscha'ta (musky). 2. White. June. Italy. 1775. — myriophylla (myriad- leaved). 14. White. August. 1798. — na'na (dwarf). 6 inches. White. July. Italy. 1759. — no'bilis (noble). 2. White. Germany. )640. — ochroleu'ca (yellowish-whitej. l£. Pale yellow. August. 1804. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). 6 inches. White. July. Spain. 1729. — pectina ta (comb - leaved), lj. Pale yellow. August. Hungary. 1801. Thought by some to be the same as ochroleu'ca. — pta'rmiea floreple'no (double - blossomed sneezewort). 1. White. August. — pube'scens (hairj-). 1. Light yellow." August. Levant. 1739. — puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Straw. July. Naples. 1820. — recurmfo'lia (recurve-leaved) . lj. White. July. Pyrenees. 1820. — santoli'na (lavender-cotton). 1. Pale yellow. July. Levant. 1759. — *anfo/inoi'' an anther ; having pointed anthers. Nat- ord., Loosestrifes [Lythraceas], Linn.) 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) An evergreen stove-shrub ; allied to Cuphea ; cultivated like Aciotis. A. quadra'ta (square-branched). 3. Jamaica. 1804. Acjiade'nia. {Acme, a point ; aden, a gland : the anthers having glands. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Kutacece]. Linn., b-Pen- landria 1-Monoyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; allied to Diosma. Cuttings of end of branches two inches long, planted in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and turfy peat. A. tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1798. j.CiiENA. (Acmenii, a fabulous nymph. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceee], Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of small side-shoots, in sand, in spring ; loam and peat ; temperature from 35° to 40° in winter. A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 6. White. July. N. Holland. 1788. Aconi'tum. (Being plentiful near Acona. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Eanun- culaceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 3-Tri- gynia.) All hardy herbaceous plants. Many are very beautiful, and will do well in plantations, even 8 a little shaded by the trees. Division of the roots and seeds ; common garden-soil. TUBEROUS BOOTED. A. acumina'tum (acuminate). 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1819. — acu'tum (acute-leaved). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1821. — albi'dum (whitish). 3. White. June. Europe. 1824. — amce'num (pleasing). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. — ampliflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Blue. June. Austria. 1823. — angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. — Bernhardia'num (Bernhard's). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. — bifio'rum (two-flowered). £. Pale blue. June. Siberia. 1817. — Brau'nii (Braune's). 4. Blue. July. Switzer- land. 1821. — callybo'tryon (fine-racemed). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. — Ca'mmarum (Cammarum). 3. Purple. August. Austria. 1752. — ce'rnuum (drooping). 3. Blue. July. Switzer- land. 1800. flexicau'le (zigzag-stemmed). 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1819. paucifio'rum (few-flowered). 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1821. ramo'sum (branchy). 3. Blue. July. — Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. Blue. July. Switzer- land. 1819. — commuta'tum (changed, or tall dog's-bane). 3. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1823. — delphimfo'lium (larkspur-leaved). l£. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1804. — tla'tum (tall). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1822. — e'minens (eminent) . 4 . Blue. June. Europe. 1 800. — erioste'mon (woolly-stamened). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1821. — eusta'chyon (well-spiked). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. — exalta'tum (exalted). 6. Blue. June. Sibe- ria. I819. — fla'ccidum (flaccid). 5. Blue. July. Sibe- ria. 1822. — Florkea'num (Florke's). 3. Blue. July. Si- beria. 1822. bi' color (two-coloured). 3. Blue, white. June. Switzerland. 1801. — formo'sum (handsome). 4. Blue. June. Soutk of Europe. 1824. — Fu'nkii (Funke's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer- land. 1825. — gtle 'ctonum (lizard's-bane). Blue. June. 4. Hungary. 1822. — gibbo'sum (swollen), 4. Blue. July t Cauca- sus. 1818. ACO [ 10 ] ACO A. Gmelim (Gmelin'i). 4. Blue. July. Sibe- ria. 1821. — gra'cUe (slender). 2. Blue. July. Switzer- land. 1821. — Halle'ri (Hallers). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1821. tricolor (two-coloured). 4. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1529. — hamo'tum (hooked). 4. Pale blue. July. Italy. 1810. — hebe'gynum (blunt-styled). 3. Purple. July. Switzerland. 18ig. multi'fidum (many-cieft). 3. Purple. July. Switzerland. 1819* — hi'ant (gaping). 4. Blue. June. South of Eur.pe. 1823. — Ho'ppii (Hoppe's). 4. Blue. June. Ca- rinthia. 1823. -- illimtum (anointed). 4. Blue. July. 1921. — intermedium (intermediate). 5. Blue. July. 182«. — inu'nctum (anointed). 4. Blue. July. Europe. 1822. — Japo'nicum (Japan). 6. Flesh. August. Japan. 1/90. — — cceru'leum lazure). 4. Blue. July. Japan. 1/00. — Kaelea'num (Koelle's). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1820. pygmce'um (pigmy). 2. Blue. June. South of Europe. »822. — Kohle'H (K6hler J s). 4. Blue. June Eu- rope. 1824. — lacinio'tum (jagged). 3. Blue. July. Swit- zerland. 1820. — ItKtum (joyful). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1820. — la'xum (loose). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1820. — leuca'nthum (white-flowered). 3. White. June. 1823. — ma'ximum (largest). 6. Blue. July. Kamtschatka. 1823. — melo'ctonum (badger's-bane). 4. Blue. June. 1821. — Meye'ri (Meyer's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer- land. 1825. — m&Ue (soft). 5. Blue. July. 1820. — Nape'llus (monk's-hood). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1596. a'lbus (white-Jlowered). 4. White. June. Switzerland. lSig. rube'llus (small led-flotvered). 4. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1819. — nasu'tum (great-nosed). 3. Purple. Julv. Siberia. 1818. — neomonta'num (new-mountain). 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1799. — Neuierge'nse (Neuberg). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1822. — ni'tidum (shining). 3. Blue. June. Swit- zerland. 1825. — oligoca'rpum (few-podded). 4. Blue. Julv. Europe. 1823. — Ottonia'num (Otto's). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. — pnnicula'tum (panicledl. 3. Pale blue. July. France. 1815. — plica'tum (plaited). 3. Blue. June. Swit- zerland. 1825. — produ'ctum (long-Hpped). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1821. — pube'scen* (pubescent). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. — rtco'gmtuin (recognised). 4. Blue. June, A. rhvncha'nthum (bill-flowered). 4. PurplUh. blue. July. Switzerland. 1821. bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish- blue. July. Switzerland. 1819. — ri'gidum (rigid). 3. Blue. June. Switzer- land. 1825. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Blue. June. 1826. — rostra'tum (beaked). 3. Blue. July. Swit- zerland. 1810. piiosiu' senium (rather hairy). 3. Purple. July. Carpathian mountains. 1800. — Schleicheri (Schleicher's). 2. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1821. — semigalea'tum (half-helmeted). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1818. — tpecio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. July. 1823. — Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. — squarro'sum (squarrose). 4. Blue. August. Siberia. 1822. — stri'ctum (upright). 4. Blue. June. Si- beria. 1824. — Tau'ricum (Taurian). 4. Blue. June. Tauria. 1752. — tortuo'sum (twisting). 6. Purplish-blue. June. 1812. — to'ricum (poisonous). 3. Blue. June. Switzerland, 1825. — iimbro'sum (shady). 3. Blue. July. Swit- zerland. 1825. — uncina'tum (hooked). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1768. Michausia'num (Michaux's). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1800. — variega'tum (variegated). 5. PurplUh- white- July. South of Europe. 1557. albiflo/rum (white-flowered). 4. White. July. Switzerland. 1819. bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish. blue. July. Switzerland. 1821. c«ru7eu«n(blue). 4. Blue. July. Switzer- land. 181Q. — vemi'rtum (beautiful). S. Blue. June. Swit- zerland. 1823. — virga'tum (twiggy). 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1822. — volu'bile (twining). 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799. — Willden&vii (Willdenow's). 3. Blue. June. Europe. 1823. — zo&ctonum (poisonous). 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. FIBROUS EOOTED. A. a'lbum (white). 4. White. July. Levant. 1752. — A'nthora (Anthora). 1J. Pale yellow. July. Pyrenees. 1596. — Anthoroi'deum (Anthora-like). lj. Pale yel- low. July. Jura. 1821. — austra'le (southern). 2£. Purple. July. Denmark. 1821. — autumna'le (autumnal). 14. Lilac, white. November. N. Ch ina. 1846. — barba'tum (bearded). 2. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. _I807. — Carpa'rt'ciMH-^Carpathian). 2j. Purple. July. Carpathian mountains. 1810. — Chine'nse (Chinese). 4. Blue. September. China. 1833. — cyno'ctonum (tall dog's-bane). 3. Pale yellow. July. France. 1 820. — Decando'llH (Decandolle's;. 1J. Pale vellow. July. Siberia. 1823. — deco'rum (neat). 4. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1824. — eu'lophum (well-crested). 1}. Pile yellow. Tone. Caucsams. 1821. ACO [ 11 ] ACB A. grandiflc'rum (large -flowered), lj. Pale yellow. July. Jura. 1821. — hi'spidum (rough-haired). 2. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 1823. — Jacqui'ni {Jncqum's). 1$. Pale yellow. June. Austria. 1800. — Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). 2. Pale yellow. July. Pyrenees. 1817- — laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 3. Pale yel- low. Julv. Switzerland. 1823. — lupici'dum (wolf's-bane). 2 Pale yellow. July. Europe. 1821. — lyco'ctonum (wolf's-bane). 3. Purple. July. Alps. Europe. 1596. — macrophy'llum (large - leaved). 2. Pale yellow. July. — Molda'vicum (Moldavian). 5. Purplish. August. Moldavia. 1830. — nemoro'sum (grove). 2. Pale yeiiow. July. Caucasus. 1823. — Nutta'llii (Nuttali's). 5. Pale blue. August. N. Amer. 1829. — oehra'nthum (pale-flowered). 4. Yellow. August. Russia. 1334. — ochroleu'cum (yellowish-white). 3. light yellow. July. Caucasus. 1794. — ova' turn (ovate-leaved). 2J. Purple, green. June. Cashmere. 1839. — Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. Pale yellow. July. Siberia. 1821. — Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 4. Yellow. June. Pyrenees. 1739. — re/ctum (upright). 3. Pale yellow. July. Europe. 1824. - rubicu'ndum (reddish). 2|. Purple. July. Siberia. 1819- — septentriona'le (northern). 4. Blue. July. North of Europe. 1900. — Stoerckia'num (Stoerck's). 4. Blue. August. Austria. 1824. — therio'phonum. (Deast's-bane). 2J. Pale yellow. June. Europe. 1824. — trago'ctonurm (goat's-bane). 2J. Pale yellow, July. Switzerland, 1822. — versicolor (various-coloured). Blue and white, August. Siberia. 1820. About the best. — vulpa'ria (fox-bane). 3. Pale yellow. July. Alps. Europe. 1821. A'corus. (From a, privative, and kore, the pupil of the eye ; referring to its medical qualities. Nat. ord., Orontiads [Orontiaceffi] . Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- Monogynia.) A small genus of herbaceous plants, having sword-like leaves. A. calamus is a useful medi- cinal plant — a native of our marshes ; but now used chiefly by perfumers for the fragrance of its roots. Hardy marsh perennials. A. ca'lamus (sweet-flag). 2. June. Britain. — grami'neus (grass-leaved;. J. February. China. 1796. — terre'stris (land). 1. June. China. 1822. Acre is the usual land-measure in Great Britain. The Statute Acre through- out the United Kingdom now contains 4 square roods; a rood contains 160 square perches, rods, poles, or luys ; and a perch contains 30£ square yards. A Statute Acre, therefore, contains 4840 square yards. The Irish Acre contains 7840 equare yards, or nearly equal to 1 acre, 2 roods, and 19 perches, Statute The Scotch Acre contains '6760 square yards, equal to 1 acre, 1 rood, and 2 pec ches, Statute measure. Acrio'psis. (From akros. top, and opsis, eye. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- cese]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monogynia.') A small genus of pretty stove orchids. A. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). Green and pink. Borneo. 1846. — pi' eta (painted). White, green, and purple. August. Bantam. 1842. Acroco'mia. (From akros, top, and kome, a tuft ; referring to the way the leaves are produced. Nat. ord., Palms [PalmaceaB]. Linn., 21-M oncecia 6-Hez- andria.) A genus of South American Palms ; a race of - plants including some of the most majestic speci- mens of the vegetable kingdom, whose product* of fruit, root, stems, and leaves are applied to numerous economical purposes. Suckers ; rich sandy loam. A. aculea'ta (prickly). 4Q. West. Indies. 1796. —fusi/o'rmis ^spindle-shaped). 40. Trinidad. 1731. — globo'sa (globular). 20. St. Vincent. W**" — Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. Demerara. 1841: — ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Trinidad. 1820. — mi'nor (smaller). 20. Trinidad. 1820. — scleroca'rpa (hard - fruited). 40. W. Ind. 1731. — tenui/o'lia (fine-leaved). 30. Brazil. 1834. Acrony'chia. (From akros, top, and onyx, a claw ; referring to the curved points of the petals. Nat. ord., Citron- worts [Aurantiaoese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia.) I A fine greenhouse evergreen tree, producing sweet-scented blossoms, not unlike those of the orange. Cuttings of small side-shoots in July, in sand, under a bell glass ; soil, sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. J A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). White. July. Moreton Bay. 1838. Acrope'ra. (From akros, the end, and per a, a pouch; referring to a pouch- like appendage at the end of the label- lum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 29-Gynandria l-Honprjyniai.\ A pretty stove orchid. A. Loddige'sii (Loddige's). J. Yellow and spotted. August. Mexico. 1828. Acrophy'llum. (From akros, top, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the way in which the leaves are produced at the summit of the branches above the flowers. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cuno- niaceacj. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- ripe shoots in July ; soil, sandy peat and loam. A. verticilla'tum (whorled). 6. Pink and white. May. N. Holland. 1836. ACR [ I* J ACY Acro'pteris. (From akros, a point, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns. Linn., 2i-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.) Allied to Asplenium, the Spleenwort. All Ferns are now in the. Nat. ord. Polypodiacex. Stove Ferns, propagated by division ; soil, light loam and peat. See Asplenium. A. austra'lis (southern). Brown. N. Holland. — Canarie'nsis (Canary). Brown. Canaries. 1824. — cauda'ta (tailed). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1824. —falca'ta (sickle-like). 1. Brown. India. 1843. — laserpiti/o'lia (laserpitium - leaved). Brown, I. of Luzon. 1843. — oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). Brown, yellow. I. of Luzon. 1843. — pcllu'cida (clear). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1843. — platyp/u/'lla (flat-leaved). Brown, yellow. Ma- lacca. 1843. — prtemo'rsum (bitten-leaved). J. Brown. Ja- maica. 1793. — radia'ta (rayed). Brown. N. Amer. 1793. — ru'ta mura'lia (wall-rue). J. Brown. Britain. 1793- — se'rra (saw-teased). Brown. North of Europe. 1844. — teptentriona'le (northern). $. Brown. Britain. 1844. — fpathuli'na (spathulate). I. of Luzon. 1844. — va'rians (varying). I. of Luzon. 1844. AcRO'sTicmjar. (From akros, top, and slichos, order; in reference to the lines on the back of the leaves ; but the appli- cation is not very obvious. Linn., 24- Cry t togamia 1-Filices. Nat. ord., Ferns — Polypodiacese.) Nearly all stove Ferns. Seed and root divi- sion ; loam and peat, equal parts. Winter temp, not below 50°. A. alcico'rne (elk's-hom). 1. September. N. S. Wales. 1808. — appendicula'tum (appendaged). 2. W. Ind. 1824. — asplenifo'lium (asplenium -leaved). 1. Brown, yellow. July. Brazil. 1833. — au'reum (golden). 4. August. W. Ind. 1815. — citrifo'lium (orange-leaved). 4. Yellow, brown. September. W. Ind. — crini'tum (hairy). 1. July. W. Ind. 1793. — flagelli'ferum (rod-shaped). 2. E. Ind. 1828. — fimbria'tum (fringed). Brazil. 1824. —fusifo'rme (spindle-formed). 1. Brown, yellow. July. Malacca. — gtfanaK/o'sum (glandulous). 1. Jamaica. 1825. — gran'de (magnificent). 6. Moreton Bay. 1828. — jug'andifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 2. Yellow, brown. August. Surinam. 1832. — latifo'lium (broad-leaved) . 1 . Yellow, blue . Jamaica. "•longifo'tium (long-leaved). 1. August. Ja- maica. 1817. — nicotiani/o'lium (tobacco-leaved). 2. Brown. October. W. Ind. — piloselloi'des (mouse-ear-leaved). 2. Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind. 1822. ~ scolope'ndrium (scolopendrum-like). 2. Brown. August. E. Ind. — si'mplex (simple-leaved). 1. Jamaica. 1703. — Ste'mana (Stemaria). 1. July. Guinea. 1823. — subdia'phana (semi-transparent). Brown. In- dia. Acro'triche. (From akros, top, and thrix, hair ; referring to the hairs on the sepals. Nat. ord.. Epacrids [Epacri- daceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono- aynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in cold frame. Temp., 40° to 45°. A. corda'ta (heart-leaved), i. White. June. N. Holland. 1823. — divarica'ta (straggling). 4. White. May. N. Holland. f824. — ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). £. White. May. N. Holland. 1823. Act^'a. (From aktaia, the elm ; re- ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Hfonogynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials of little beauty. Propagated by dividing roots. A. spica'ta (spiked or bane-berry). 3. White. May. Britain. Acttnoca'rpus. (From akt in, a ray, and carpos, fruit; referring to its radiated, ap- pearance. Nat. ord., Alismads [Alis- macese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria i-Tetra- yynia.) Aquatics. A. minor grows in sandy peat im- mersed in water ; seeds sown in sandy peat ; temp., 40° to 50°. A. Damaso'nium (Damasonium). 4. White. July. England. — mi'nor (smaller). $. White. June. N. S. Wales. Actino'meris. (From aktin, a ray, and meris, part ; referring to the radiated as- pect of the plants. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-SyngenesiaS-Poly- gamia frustranea.) Ornamental hardy plants, allied to Coreopsis, and of easy culture. Propagated by dividing roots. A. ala'ta (wing-stalked). 3. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1803. — helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. Yellow. &, Amer. 1825. — proce'ra (tall). 8. Yellow. September. N, Amer. 1766. — squarro'sa (squarrose\ 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1640. Actino'tus. (From actinotos, meaning radiated, on account of the form of the involucrum. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Um- belliferse]. Linn., b-Pentandria \-Mono- gynia.) ■___ Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Root divi- sion ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. A. helia'nthi (sunflower) 2. White. June. N. Holland. 1821. — leucoce'phalus (white-headed'). Swan River. 1837. Acu'hinated. Having a long, slender point. A'cynos. (A Greek word of no obvious meaning, applied to balsamic plants ADA [ 18 ] ADE Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamia«eae]. Linn., ll Didynamia l-Gymnospermia.) These thyme-like plants are all hardy. In- creased either by Beeds or division of roots. ANNUALS. A. hcterophy'llus (variable-leaved}. £. Purple. June. Italy. 1822. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. Bed. July. Greece. 1817. — vulga'ris {Ba'sil- leaved, common). Violet. July. Britain. — villo'sus (villous). £. Red. July. Germany. 1817. BIENNIALS. A. Alpi'nus (Alpine). £. Purple. August. Austria. 1731. — grandilo'rus (great -flowered). £. Purple. July. 1810. — Patavi'nus (Paduan). |. Flesh. July. S. Europe. 1776. — purpura' scetts (purplish). £. Purple. June. Spain. 1820. EVERGREEN SHRUBS. A. grave 1 olens (strong-scented). 1. Purple. July. Crimea. 1820. — herba-baro'ni (herb-baroni). 1. Purple. July. Corsica. 1820. — rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 4. Purple. June. Spain. 1820. Adam's Needle. See Yucca. Ada'hia. (In honour of John Adam, M.D., of Calcutta. Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Sasifragacese], Linn., I'k-Didynamia 1-Angiospermia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. A. cya'nea (blue-berried). 4. Pink. Nepaul. 1829. — sylva'tica (wood). Blue. June. India. 1846. — versicolor (many-coloured). Blue. August. China. 1844. Adanso'nia. The Baobah. A single African tree comprehends this genus. It is the largest tree in the world. Adder's -Tongue. A Fern. Ophio- glo'ssum. Ade'lia. (From a, not, and delos, visible ; in reference to the minute parts of fructification. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 22-Diaecia 12- Monadelphia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ; cut- tings in sandy loam, after their cut end is dry. A. acido'ton (spiry). 3. Greenish-white. June. Jamaica. 1/68. — Berna'rdia (Bernard de Jussieu's). 6. Green. July. Jamaica. 1768. — ricine'lla (ricinus-like). 6. Greenish- white. July. Jamaica. 1768. Adena'ndra. (From aden, a gland, and aner, the stamen or male organ; re- ferring to the aspect of the anthers. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- tandria \-Monogynia, This genus was formerly included in Diosma.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat, with a little turfy loam; cuttings from the young branches in sand, under a bell-glass, and left in a cold frame. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 2. White. June. Cape. of Good Hope. 1812. — amae'na (pleasing). 2. Red. June. Cape of Godd Hope. 1798. — coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1720. — fra'grarts (fragrant). 3. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. — linea'ris (linear-leaved). 1. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. — margina'ta (margined). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1806. — specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1789. multiflo'ra (many-flowered, showy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1798. — specio'sa pauciflo'ra (few-flowered, showy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — umbella'ta (umbel-flowered). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/90. — uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1775. — villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1786. Adenanthe'ra. (From aden, a gland, and anthera, an anther ; referring to the gland on each anther. Linn., 10-Decan- dria 1-Monoyynia. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], and allied to Mimosa.) Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat; cut- tings. A.falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 5. Yellow. E. Ind. 1812. — pavoni'na (peacock-like). 5. Yellow, white. July. E. Ind. 1759. Adena'nthos. (From aden, a gland, and anthos, a flower; referring to the glands on the flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., i-Tetrandria 1- Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat cuttings in spring, under a glass, in sand ; soil, peat and loam. Winter temp.,, 40° to 45°. A. barbi'gera (bearded). Swan River. — cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 5. Red. July. N. Holland. 1824. — obova'ta (obovate-leaved). 5. Red. July. N. Holland. 1826. — seri'cea (silky). 5. Red. N.Holland. 1824. — termina'lis (terminal-flowered). Swan River. Ade'nium. (From Aden, where it is native. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy- nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Greenhouse shrub, allied to Alstonia. It is propagated from cuttings of the young shoots in sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat, in spring. Soil, sandy loam and peat, in equal proportions. A. nou'ghel (houghel-bush, native name). 3. June. Pinky-crimson. Aden. 1845. Adenocaly'mna. (From aden, a gland, and calymna,- a covering ; referring to the conspicuous glands on the leaves and floral coverings. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 1&-I)idynamia 2- Angiospermia.) ADE [14] ADI A genus allied to Spatho'dea. Stove evergreen twiner. Loam and peat ; cutting* in »and, under a bell-glass, and bottom-heat. A. comv'sum (hairy). 20. October. Yellow. Brazil. 1841. Adenoca'rpus. (From aden, a gland, and carpos, fruit ; referring to the glands on the fruit. Nat ord., Mimosads [Fabaceffi] . Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6 Becandria. Allied to Cytisus.) This genus is chiefly made up of old species of cytisus, brooms, and allied plants. All are yellow-flowered. The first two greenhouse plants, others hardy ; sandy loam, but with a little peat for the first two. Seeds sown in March, and cut- tings any time in spring and summer. A.foliolo'sus (slightly-leaved). 6. May. Ca- naries. 1629. —frankenioi'des (frankenia-like). 2. June. Ca- naries. 1815. These two are evergreen, and require protection from frost. — Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. June. Spain. 1816. — interme 1 dius (intermediate) . 4. June. Sicily. — parD»/o7iu* v smsll-leaved). 4. June. South of France. 1800. — Tolone'wis (Toulon). 3. June. South of France. 1800. Adeno'phora. (From aden, a gland, and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanulaceee]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous plants, like Campanula. Common soil. Seeds. All bear blue or bluish flowers. A. commu'nis (common Siberian). 4. July. Si- beria. 1810. hy'brida (C. S. hybrid). 2. June. Si- beria. 1316. - tuave'olens (sweet-scented C. S.). 3. June. Siberia. 1816. — coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved). 1. June. Dahuria. 1822. — denticula'ta (finely-toothed). 1. July. Si- beria. 1817- — Fische'ri (Fischer's). 2. August. Siberia. 1819. — Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. June. Siberia. 1820. — intermedia (intermediate). 2. August. Si- beria. 1819. — Lamar 1 kiu'na (Lamarck's). 2. July. Siberia. 1820. — marsupifio'ra (purse-flowered). 2. July. 1818. — pere'skiafo'lia (pereskia-leaved). 2. June. Siberia. 1S21. — periplocifo'lia (periploca-leaved). 1. August. Siberia. 1824. — Rabelaisia na (Rabelais's). 2. August. Siberia. 1823. — reticula'ta (netted). 2. July. Siberia. 1820. — ttylo'sa (long-styled). 2. May. Siberia. 1820. — verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved.) 2. June. Si- beria. 1/83. Adexo'stoma. (From aden, a gland, and stoma, a pore. Nat ord., Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria. \-Monogynia.) Hardy shrub, allied to Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla). Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in *>nng, under a glass, in sand. Soil, rich loam and p-at, in equal proportions. A. fascicula'ta (fascicled). 3. White. California. 1848. Adenotri'chia (From aden, a gland, and thrix, hair; having hairs with glands. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 16-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Groundsel.) Half-hardy herbaceous plant. Propagated from seeds sown in the spring in a gentle hotbed. Planted out in summer. Soil, light rich loam. A. amplericau' lis (stem - clasping). 2. May. Yellow. Chili. 1826. Ade'sma. (From a, not, or without, and desmos, a bond ; in reference to the stamens being free. Linn., 16-Monadel- phia 6-Becandria. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffi]. Greenhouse and half- hardy plants, allied to Hedysarum, all more or less of a trailing habit.) Annuals, sown in spring in slight hotbed. Cut- tings of others in summer, in sandy loam, under a glass. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. ANNUALS. A. murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Yellow. June. Patagonia. 1793. — pappo'sa (downv-podded). 1. Yellow. June. Chili. 1823. —pe'ndula (pendulous-flowered). 1. Yellow. June. Buenos Ayres. 1825. EVERGREEN SHRUBS. A. glutino'sa (sticky). Yellow. Chili. 1831. — Loudo'nia (Loudon's). 2. Yellow. May. Valparaiso. 1830. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). Yellow. Valpa- raiso. 1830. — uspallate'nsis (uspallatan). 1. Yellow. July. Chili. 1832. — visco'sa (clammy). 12. Yellow. August. Chili. 1831. Adia'ntum. Maidenhair. (From adi- antos, dry, as if plunged in water, yet remaining dry. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- podiaceffi]. Linn., 2-L-Gryptogamia 1- Filices.) Greenhouse and stove Ferns. Loam and peat. Root division, or seeds scattered on a moist, shady surface. Greenhouse temp, in winter, 40° to 45°, and stove winter temp., 50° to 55°. GREENHOUSE. A. assi'mile (assimilated). 1. July. N.Holland. 1823. — capi'llus Veneris (Venus's hair). |. July. Britain. Capillaire is so called from being made with this plant. — cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). 1. August. Brazil. ■ foliolo'su a (lea fy ■ ) Brown. August. ■formo'sum (handsome). 1. July. N. Hol- land. 1820. — hispi'dulum (hairvish). 1. August. N.Hol- land. 1822. pv.be'scens (downv). 1. April. N.Holland. 1830. — pulverulefntum (dusty). 2. July. W. Ind. 17W. — renifo'rme (kidney-leaved). j. July. Madeira. 1699- — rhomboi'deum (rhomboid). 1 . July. S. Amer. 1820. ADI [ 15 ] .EGI STOVE, A, JBthxo'piev.m (^Ethiopian). 2. Brown. Sep- tember. 1838. — Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 2. Brazil. 1844. — conci'nnum (neat). 2. Brown. June. N. Hol- land. — corda'tum (heart-shaped). Brown. Yellow. Mindenao. — cruiaftum (crested). 1. Brown. Jamaica. 1844. — curva'tum (curved). 2. Brown. Brazil. 1841. — deltoi'deum (deltoid). 1. S. Amer. 1820. — - denticula'tum (small-toothed). Brown. July. W.Jnd. — flabellif(flium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. Sep- tember. Jamaica. — flave'scens (yellow). Yellow. June. W. Ind. — folio'sum (leafy). 1. Brown. August. — Fovia'num (Foy's). 1. Brown. May. W. Ind. 1840. — hirtu turn (hairy). Brown. I. of Luzon. — lu'cidum (shiny). 1. Brown. August. S. Amer. — lunatum (half-moon), $. July. Mexico. 1823. — lunula'tum (crescent-leaved). Brown. I. of Luzon. — maerophy'llum (long-leaved). 1. July. Ja- maica. 1"93. — Moritzia'num (Moritz's). 1. Brown. Sep- tember. S. Amer. 1838. — obli'quum (oblique). 1. Brown. April. W. Ind. 1826. — pa'tens (spreading). 1. July. Brazil. 1824. — peda'tum (pedate). 1. July. N.Amer. 1640. — pentada'ctylon (five-fingered). Brown. July. Brazil. 1828. — radia'tum (rayed). J. July. W. Ind. 1776. — serrula'lum (tooth-edged). 1. August. Ja- maica. 1822. — setulo'tum (bristled). 1. Norfolk Island. 1805. — stria'tum (line-marked). Brown. June. W. Ind. 1822. — te'nerum (tender). 1. July. Jamaica. 1793. — terna'tum (three-leafleted). f . July. S. Amer. 1819. — trapezifo'rme (rhomb-leaved), lj. June. W. Ind. 1793. — triangula'tum (triangle-leaved). Brown. July. Trinidad. 1824. — va'rium (various). 1. July. S. Amer. 1820. — villo'rum (hairy-stalked). I. July. Jamaica. 1775. Adi'na. See Nauclea, of which it is a synonyme . Ten other names have heen given to Nauclea. A pretty little plant, requiring a cool stove. Cuttings in sandy loam, under a bell-glass. Soil, eandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°. A. globiflola (globe-flowered). 3. White. July- China. 1804. Adlu'jiia. (Named after Adlum, an American author. Nat. ord., Fumeworts. Allied to Corydalis [Fumariacea?]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 2-Hexandria.) A biennial climber, requiring common soil' Seeds. A. cirrho'ta (tendriled). 15. White. August. N. Amer. 1778. Ado'nis. (Named after Adonis of the Classics. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Banun- culacece]. Linn , Id-Polyandria 6- Poly- gyria. ) Hardy planU ; common soil ; the annual sp». cies from seeds, and the perennial from seed 01 root division. ANNUALS. A. cntiva'li* (summer). 2. Scarlet. June. South of Europe. 1629. — autumna'.lis (autumnal. Pheasant's eye). I, Crimson. July. Britain. — oitri'na (citron-coloured). 1 . Orange. June. South of Europe. 1819- PERENNIALS. — Appeni'na (Appenine). 1. April. Yellow. Al- pine. Europe. — Davu'rice. (Dahurian). 1. April. Yellow. Si- beria. 1827. — disto'rta (distorted). 1. April. Yellow. Na- pier., 1827. — Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). lj. July. Yellow. Pyrenees. 1817. — Sibi'riea (Siberian). 2. April. Yellow. Si- beria. 1827. — verna'lis (spring). 1. March. Yellow. Eu- rope. 1629. — Volge'ntit (Volga). 1. April. Yellow. Russi* 1818. iEcHME'A. (From aichme, a point ; in reference to the rigid points on the calices or flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Bromel- worts [Bromeliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Suckers; light turfy loam and leaf mould; very handsome. Stove herbaceous perennials. .3?. di'seolor (vari-coloured). 2. Scarlet, purple. June. 1844. —fu'lgent (glowing). 1. Scarlet, blue. Sep- tember. Cayenne. 1842. — Mertr'nsii (Merten's). 2. Green, red. March. Demerara. 1830. — mucronifio'ra (spring-petaled). Yellow. Sep- tember. Peru. 1852. — tuave'olent (sweet-scented). 2J. Pink. April. Brazil. 183S. ^Egi'ceras. (From aix, a goat, and keros, a horn ; alluding to the shape of its fruit. Nat-ord., Ardisiads [Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Propagated from cuttings of the half-ripe shoots in summer, under a glass, in sand, and gentle heat. Soil, sandy loam and peat. JE.fra'grans (fragrant). White. N. Holland. 1824. JSgi'phila. (From aix, a goat, and philos, dear ; referring to its being a fa- vourite with goats. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., -L-Tetrandria 1- Monoyynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Sandy rich loam; euttings in sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 80°. M. arbore'scens (arborescent). 10. White. Tri- nidad. 1823. diffu'sa (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. W, Ind. 1824. — ela'ta (tall). 12. Pale yellow. August- W, Ind. 1823. — fae'tida (stinking). 2. Lilac. July. W. Ind. 1S30. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. No- vember. Havanaai>. 1843. iSGL [10] .ESC — ui'wt (smooth). June. Yellow. Guinea. 1824, — Marlinice'nn* (Martinique). 6. White. W. Ind. 1780. — obova'ta (obovate). 2. Yellow. September. W. Ind. 1804. — iri'fida (three-cleft;. 4. White. June. Ja- maica. 1826. JE'gle. Bengal Quince. (From Mgle, one of the Hesperides. Nat. ord., Citron- u-orts [Aurantiacese]. Linn., lS-Polyan- dria \-Monogynia.) The Marmelos is a delicious Indian fruit, pos- sessing high medicinal qualities. Stove ever- green shrub. Cuttings of ripe-wooded shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, with bottom heat ; rich loam. JE. mafrmelos (ma'rmelos). 6. Whitish red. E. Ind. 1739. JSgochloa. See Navarre'tia. jEolla'nthcs. (From aiolo, to vary, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the varia- bleness of the flowers. Nat. ord., Labi- ates, or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2 Jngiospermia.) Stove annual. Sandy loam ; seeds. JE. tuave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White. July. Brazil. 1825. JEo'srcx. See Sempebvtvtjm. 2Era'nthus. (From aer, air, and anthos, a flower; referring to the way in which the plant grows. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria.) Stove orchid. Division of root ; on wood, or in a basket. JE. grandifl'ora (large- flowered). 1. Yellow, green. June. Madagascar. 1823. Aera'tiox. Exposing soil to the air. Ae 'rides. (From aer, the air; in re- ference to the power these have of living on the air. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- daceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan- dria.) Stove orchids. These all require a summer temp, of 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 65°. Grow best in baskets filled with sphagnum or white bog-moss. A. affi>ne (related). 1. Sylhet. 1837. — Bro&kii (Sir A. Brooke's). Purple and white : fragrant. Bombay. — cri' spurn (crisp), l. White and rose. Mar. E. Ind. 1840. — cyli'ndricum (cvhndric). E. Ind. — maculo'sum (spotted), lj. Purple-spotted. May. Bombay. 1840. — odonto'chilum (tooth-lipped). 2. Sylhet. 1837 — odora'tum (fragrant). 14. White. August. E. Ind. 1800. — fut*4u<* ru'lnera (5-wounded). 4. Pink. June. Philippines. 1838. — rn'ttum (rose-coloured). Dwarf; rosv. E. Ind. — testela'tum (chequered). White, green, and purple. June. E. Ind. 1838. — w rem (vigorous). Purple, white. April. Java. 1843. — Wightia'num (Wight's). E. Ind. 1800. j JE'rva. (From eroua, its Arabie name. Nat ord., Amaranths [AmarantacesB"|. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-JIanogynia.) Stove herbaceous plants ; flowering in June. Propagated by dividing roots. xa (reflex-leaved). 2. Purple. 1820. — rugo'sa (coarsely-wrinkled). 2. White. 1790. — vesti'ta (clothed). 2. White. 1824. — villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Violet. 1786. Agathy'rstjs. (From agathos, pretty; and thyrsus, a thyrse, or dense panicle ; referring to the handsome flowers so produced. Nat, ord., Composites. Allied to Hawkweed [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia l-2Equalis.) All hardy herbaceous perennials, except A' alpinus, which is an annual, and A. Floridanus. which is biennial. Root division and seeds. Common garden-soil. A. alpi'nua (alpine). 4. Blue. July. Scotland. — cya'nevs (blue). 2. Blue. July. "Nepaul. 1820. — Florida'nus (Florida). 6. Blue. July. Iberia. 1820. — Lappo'nicus (Lapland). 6. Blue. July. N Amer. 1713. — Plumie'ri (I lumier's). 6. Blue. August. Lapland. 1804. — Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. AugU3t. Pyrenees. 1794. — Tata'ricus (Tartarian). 4. Blue. August. Siberia. 1784. Aga'ti. (The Sanscrit name for it. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4^Tetrandria. Allied to Galega.) Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat in equal proportions ; cuttings in sand, under a glass, with bottew-heat. A. cocci'nea (scarlet). 25. Red. August. E. Ind. 1768. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 20. Red. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1S20. . Aga'ye. Aloe. (From agavos, admir- able; referring to the stately form in which some of them flower. Nat. ord.,, Amaryllids. linn., 6-Hexand)ia 1-Mo- nogynia.) AGE [ 19 ] AIR The fibre of some species of aloe has been manufactured into ropes and paper, and the juice into an intoxicating liquor called pulque, from which, in its. turn, brandy is distilled. Stove and greenhouse succulent plants. Rich loamy Mil, decayed vegetable mould, and brick rubbish ; suckers. STOVE. A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green. 1/90. — brachy'stachys (short-spiked). 3. Green. Mexico. 1820. — e'leguns (elegant). Mexico. 1835. — fia'ccida (feeble). 6. Green. S. Amer. 1790. — Kara'tto (Karatto). 5. Green. S. Amer. 1/68. — lu'rida (lurid). 8. Green. June. Vera Cruz. 1731. — Mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Green. Mexico. 1817. — Mille'ri (Miller's). 6. Green. 1768. — polyaca'ntha (many-spined). 6. Green. Au- gust. 1800. — 'univitta'ta (one - striped). Green. Mexico. 1830. -■vivi'para (viviparous). 15. Green. Sep- tember. S.Amer. 1731. — yucceefo 'Ha (yucca-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1816. GREENHOUSE. A. America'na (American aloe). 20 Yellow. August. S. Amer. 1640. variega'ta (variegated aloe). 12. Yellow. August. S.Amer. 1640. — glauce'scens (glaucous). Mexico. 1835. _ . — polyacanthoi'des (polyacantha-like). Mexico. 1835. — pulche'rrima (most beautiful). Mexico. 1835. — sapona'ria (soap). Brown. July. Peru. 1838. — Virgi'niea (Virginian). 3. Purple. N. Amer. 1765. Ageno'ra. See Seri'ola. Age'rattjm. (From a, not, and geras, old; in reference to the flowers being always clear. Nat. ord., Composites [As- teraceaj]. linn., 19-Syngenesia \-2Equa~ lis.) All annuals, but may be kept perennials by cuttings, or in pots, if not allowed to ripen seeds. The first two greenhouse ; the others, except A. Mexicanum, hardy. Light rich soil ; cuttings and seeds. A. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White. July. Montevideo. 1827. — cceru'leum (sky-blue). 1. July. W. Ind. 1800. — conyzoi'des (conyza-like). 1. Light blue. July. America. 1714. — latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. White. July. Peru. 1800. — Mexica'num (Mexican). 2. Blue. June. Mexico. 1822. Greenhouse. — stri'etum (upright). 2. White. June. Ne- paul. 1821. Agla'ia. (The name of one of the three Graces. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meli- acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Until very recently this interesting Chinese plant was referred to the Citronworts. Stove evergreen shrub. Light loam, decayed dung, and peat; half-ripe cuttings in sand, under a glass, in a cold frame. A. odora'ta (.sweet-scentedj. Striped. February. China. 1810. Aqlaomo'Rpha. (From aglaos, beauti- ful, and morpha, a form. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaeese]. Linn., 24.-Cryptogam.ia 1-Filices.) Stove herbaceous Fern. Root division and seed'; light, rich loam and peat. A. Meyeria'na (Meyer's). Yellow. May. Island of Luzon. Aglaone'ma. See A'rum. Agno'btus. ' See Stenoca'rpus Agonio'pteris. See Acro'sxichttm. Agrimo'nia. Agrimony. (From ag- remone, a plant used by the Greeks in cataract of the eye. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosacese]. Allied to Potentilla. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 2-Digynia.) Hardy herbaceous plants. Root division ; common garden-soil. A. Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 3. Yellow. June, Britain. — Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 3. Yellow, June. Nepaul. 1820. — odora'ta (scented). 4. Yellow. July. Italy. 1640. — suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow. July. Virginia. 1810. Agromy'za Vio'l^;. Pansy Fly. At- tacks the flower by puncturing the petal, and extracting the juice ; the puncture causes the colouring matter, to fade. Very minute; shining black; bristly; eye3 green ; head orange. Appears in May. Agroste'mma. Rose Campion. (From agros, a field, and stemma, a crown ; refer- ring to the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceaj]. Linn., 10-Decandria (spiral-leaved). 1. White. June. 1795. — viridiflo'ro (green-flowered). 1. Green. June. 1794. — visco'sa (clamnrr-leaved). 1. White, green. June. 1779. — vitta 'ta (banded;. 1. Yellow, green. June. 1802. Albu'encm. The layers of young wood next beneath the bark, in which layers the vessels are situated for con- veying the sap from the roots to xh» leaves. Alchemi'lla. Lady's Mantle. (From ALC L 21 3 ALL dkemelyeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbacese]. Linn., 4,-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) Herbaceous perennials. Common dry soil; »eeds, or divisions . GREENHOUSE. A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — sibbaUiaefo'lia. (sibbaldia-leaved). 1. White. June. Mexico. 1823. HARDY. A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Green. June. Britain. — fi'ssa (cleft-leaved). 1. Green. July. Swit- zerland. 1826. — pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 1. White. July. Switzerland. 1784. — pube'scens (downy). 1. Green. July. Cau- casus, 1813. — seri'cea (silky). 1. Green. July. Caucasus. 1813. Alco've. A seat in a recess, formed of stone, brick, or otber dead material. A'lder. See A'lnus. Ale'tris. (From aletron, meal; refer- ring to tbe powdery appearance of tbe whole plant. Nat. ord., Bloodworts [Hse- modoraceae]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) A.farinofsa is the most intense of bitters known. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Shady situation. Peat or loam and leaf- soil ; offsets. A. au'rea (golden-tipped). 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1811. — farino'sa (mealy). 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1768. Albubi'tes. (The name is the Greek word for mealy ; in reference to the mealy appearance of the plants. Nat. ord., Spuryeworts [Euphorbiacese]. Allied to Groton.) Stove evergreen trees. Loam. Ripe cuttings root readily in sand, under a glass, in heat. A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Japan. 1818. — tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Apetal. October. Society Islands. 1/93. Alexander or Alisander (Smy'rnium olusa'trnm) received its common name from the Greek, which means " a helper of man," because formerly believed to possess powerful medicinal properties. It was also much cultivated for its stems, when blanched, to be eaten as celery, which it slightly resembles in flavour. Sow any time from the end of March to the commencement of May, in drills three feet apart. Thin the plants when four inches high to a foot apart, and the seedlings removed may be planted in rows at similar distances. Earth them up, to blanch like celery, when about a foot high. The plants will last two years ; but the stems are finer and crisper, if raised from seed annually. Grow it on a rich, light soil, and give it abundaneo of water and liquid-manure. Alexandrian Laurel. Bu'bcus race- mo'sus. Alha'gi. (The Arabic name of the plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants,. Allied to Hedysarum [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia l-Tetrandria.) The natural secretion from the leaves and branches of A. Maurorum is supposed by some to be the manna of Scripture. It is worthy of remark, that this secretion is not now formed in Arabia, Egypt, or India, but only in Persia, where it is highly esteemed as food for cattle. Both require the protection of a greenhouse in winter. Sandy loam and peat; young cuttings and seeds, the first in sand, the "latter in a hot- bed. Winter temp., 40° to 45°; in summer, 55° to 70°. A. camelo'rum (camels). 2. Ked. July. Siberia. 1816. — Mauro'rum (Moors). 2. Bed. July. Egypt. 1714. Alibe'rtia. (In honour of Alibert; a French chemist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogyjiia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings ; sandy peat. A. edu'lis (eatable). 12. Cream-coloured. Guiana. 1823. Ali'sma. Water Plantain. (From the Celtic word alls, water. Nat. ord., Alismads [Alismacese] . Linn., 6-Hexan- dria 4,-Polygynia.) Hardy aquatics. Seed; sandy peat immersed in water. A. plantago is recommended in hydro- phobia. A. lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 2. Pure white. July. Britain. — na'tans (floating). 1. White. July. Wales. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. July. N. Amer. 1816. — planta'go (plantain). 2. Pure white. July. Britain. — ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). 1. Purple. August. Britain. — trivia'lis (trivial). 2. White. July. N. Amer. 1816. Allama'nda. (In honour of Dr. Alla- mand, of Leyden. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) This order is remarkable for handsome flower- ing plants, with deleterious qualities. An infu- sion of the leaves of A. cathartica is a valuable purgative. Stove evergreen climbers. Rich loam ; cuttings root readily in sand, with bottom- heat and moist air. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65° to 75°. A. catha'rtica (cathartic). 12. Yellow. July. Guiana. 1785. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June. Brazil. 1844. — Parae'nsis (Paranj. Yellow. Brazil. 1840. — Scho'ttii (Schott's). September. Yellow. Brazil. 1847. — verticiUa'ta fwhorl-leavcd). June. E. led. 181S, ALL [32] ALL Allakto'dia. (From allantos, a sau- sage ; in reference to the cylindrical form of the indusium, or the case which en- closes the seeds of Ferns. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaoese]. Linn., 24- Crypto- gamia 1-Filices.) Greenhouse Ferns; division of the roots, or sowing spores ; equal parts, turfy peat and loam. A. austra'lis (southern). Brown. Van Diemen's Land. 1820. — axila'ris (axillary). 2. Brown. Madeira. 1779. — strigo'sa (strigose). 2. Brown. Madeira. — te/nera (tender). I. Brown. N. Holland. 1820. — umbro'sa (shade-loving). 4. Brown. Madeira. 1779- Alleys are of two kinds : — 1. The narrow walks which divide the compart- ments of the kitchen-garden ; and, 2. Narrow walks in the shrubheries and pleasure-grounds, closely hounded and overshadowed by the shrubs and trees. Alligatoe Pear. Pe'rsia grati'ssima. Allio'nia. In honour of C. Allioni, an Italian botanist Nat. ord., Nyctagos. Allied to the Marvel of Peru [Nyctagy- naceffi]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Eardy annuals. Seeds ; sandy loam. A, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. August. Cumana. 1820. — ova'la (eeg-leaved). 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827 — viola' eta (violet-coloured). 1. Violet. July. Cumana. 1820. A'lltum. (From the Celtic all, mean- ing hot, or burning; referring to the well-known qualities of all the Onion- worts, which are now classed in the Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. The onion, garlic, and leek, according to Dr. Royle, are the plants translated as such in the Bible [Num. ch. ri. 5). The genus includes the onion, garlic, &c. Hardy bulbs. Seeds or off- sets ; rich, light loam. A. ampelopra'sum (vine-leek). 2. Purple. May. England. — Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1818. — angulo'sum (angulose). 1. Light purple. June. Germany. 1739. — ascalo'nicum (askalon, or shallot). I. Purple. June. Palestine. 1546. ■ ma'jus (greater askalon, or scallion). 1. Purple. July. South of Europe. — a'sperum (rough). 1 . Purple. August. South of Europe. 1800. — azu'reum (blue-coloured). 1. Blue. October. 1830. — brachyste'mon (short-stemmed). I. White. June. Europe. 18 19. — caru'leum (sky-blue). Blue. June. Russia. 1840. — ce'pu (onion). 3. White. June. "~ eggregatum (aggregated onioc). 1. White June A. edpa pauciflo'rum, (few-flowered cnion). 1. White. June. — cepxfo'rma (onion-form). 2. White. August. 1824. — cine'reum (grey). 1. Straw. July. Siberia. 1829. — confe'rtum (crowded). 4. Purple. August, Europe. — conge stum (crowded-flowered). 1. Purple. May. Siberia. 1818. — contronefrsum (contrary-stemmed). I. Pur- ple. 1816. — desce'ndens (down-flowering). 1. July. Pur- ple. Switzerland. 1796. — Fi'scheri (Fischer's). 1. Lilac. July. Siberia. 1829. —fistulo'sum (pipe-leaved). Welsh onion. 2. Green, yellow. April. Siberia. 1629. — glau'cum (milky-green). Pink. June. Siberia. 1800. — Illy'ricum (Illyrian). 1. Purple. July. Austria, 1820. — intermedium (intermediate). 2. White. Au- gust. South of Europe. I827. — litto'reum (sea-side). 2. Purple. Italy. 1818. — longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Dark purple. July. Mexico. 1826. — me'dium (middle). 1. White. June. Hun- gary. 1820. — mo'ly (moly). 1. Yellow. June. South of Europe. 1604. — ophiosco'rodon (garden rocambole). 4. Pale red. August. Greece. — oxvpe'talum (sharp-petaled). 2. White. Au- gust. South of Europe. 1818. — pv'rrum (leek). 2. White. Switzerland. 1562. — proli'ferum (proliferous). 3. White. 1820. — pu'lehrum (beautiful). Yellow. June. South of Europe. — Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 2. Pink. August. N. Amer. 1818. — ramo'sum (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 1819. — sati'vum (garlic). 2. White. June. Sicily. 1548. — schano'prasum (chives). J. Flesh. May. Bri. tain. — scorodo'prasum (rocambole). 3. Light purple. July. Denmark. 1596. — seorzonerafo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Yel- low. June. South of Europe. 1820. — spu'rium (spurious). 1. Purple. June. Si beria. 1820. — Victoria' lis (Victor's). 2. Green, yellow-Mav. Austria. 1739. angusti/o'lium (Victor's narrow-leaved'. I. Green, yellow. April. Scotland. — viola'ceum (violet). 1. Violet. June. Eu- rope. 1823. — Waldstei'nii (Waldstein's). 2. June. Hun- gary. 1826. Allople'cttjs. (From alios, diverse, and plekein, to plait ; in reference to the leaves. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner- acese]. Linn., Didynamia 2-Angiosper- mia.) __ Stove evergreens. Light, rich soil ; cutting!. A. di'chrous (two-coloured). 2. Purple, vellow Brazil. 1845. — re pens (creeping;. Yellow, brown. February. St. Martha. 1845. This is a ciimbipg plant. Alloso'rus. (From alios, diverse, ani ALL [S3 ] ALO toroi, a heap ; in reference to the variety of the patches of fructification — sori— on the hack of the leaf. Nat. ord., Ferns rPolypodiac-ese]. Linn., H'L-Cryptogamia, l-Filices.) A. calomela'nis (deltoid-leaved). Cape of Good Hope. — corda'tus (heart-leaved). December. Mexico. 1842. — crispus (curled). $. Brown. July. Britain. — ftexuo'sus (zigzag). 4$. Peru. Allotment?. A space of land divided amongst so many lahourers or artisans, and generally at the same price as that which the farmer pays. It may just be such a piece of ground as a man and his family may successfully cultivate in their over-hours, after attending to their usual employment during the day. The term allotment thus becomes synonymous with garden ; and, if near to the occupier's home, such a piece of ground is of great importanceto him, socially and morally. Or, secondly, an allotment may be such a space of ground as will secure the la- bourer in employment, when otherwise hu might be without it. In that sense it be- comes a mere temporary palliative for s social evil, and ultimately entails upon its occupier all the disadvantages of a small farmer, without many of his benefits. Allseed. Polyca'rpon. Allspice. Oalyca'nthus. Allspice-tree. Pime'nla. Alluvial Soil is so called from the Latin word alluere, to wash down; be- cause the soil so named is that rich de- posit of finely-divided earths and decom- posing vegetable matters which, forming the land in valleys, and on the banks of rivers, is evidently formed of the richest and finest portions, washed down from higher-situated soils. Alluvial soils are usually very fertile, and excellent for pas- turage. Almond. Amy'ydalus. A'lntjs. The Alder-tree. (From al, near, :md Ian, the bank of a river; in refer- ence to the situation where the Alder de- lights to grow. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Be- tulaceae]. Linn., 21-Monmcia l-Tetran- dria.) Hardy deciduous trees. The flowers have no petals. Layers, or seeds; light loam, in moist situation. .1. barba'ta (bearded). Marei. Russia. 1S38. — Canadensis (Canadian). June. Canada. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). June. Naples. 1818. — gla uca (milky-green). June. N. Amer. 1830. — glutino'ta (sticky). 'April. Britain, .4, glutino'sa emargina'ta (five-notched-leaved^ April. Britain. fo'liis variega'tis (variegated - leaved). April. Britain. — inci'sa (cut-leaved). April. Britain. lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). April. Britain. quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). April. Britain. ,1838. — inea'na (hcary-leaved). 20. June. Europe. 1/80. angula'ta (angular-Zeaued). 20. pinna 1 ta (pinnate). 26. June. Europe. — Jorulle'nsis (Jorulla). Mexico. — macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 20. June. — macropky'lla (long-leaved.) 20. June. Na- ples. — obcorda'ta (two-lobed). March. Russia. — oblonga'ta (oblong-Zeaced). 20. June. South of Europe. 1730. elli'ptica (elliptic-lobed). 20. June. — oxyacanthifo'lia (oxycanth-leaved). 20. June. — pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June. — ru'bra (red). 20. June. — rugo'sa (wrinkled). March. N. Amer. — serrula'ta (&a.w-leaved). 20. June. N. Amer. 1/69. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 1820. —subrotw'nda {loundish-leaved). 23. April. — undula'ta (wave-teaoed). 20. June. N. Amer. 1782. Aloca'sia. See Coloca'sia. A'loe. (From alloeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaeese]. Linn., b-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the Cape of Good Hope. Sandy loam and peat, with K little reduced manure, and full one-third of broken bricks and lime-rubbish, and good drain- age. Give very little water in winter. Medium temp, in winter, 40°; in summer, 50° to 70°; water with care in winter. Propagated from suckers or leaves, inserted in gravelly soil. As purgatives, the juice of the tree-aloes are exclu- sively in use, particularly that of A. socotrina, vulgaris, purpurascens, and spicata. A. acumina'ta (spike-leaved). Orange. April. 1795. — albispi'na (white-spined). Scarlet. June. 1796. — alboci'neta (white-banded). Orange. June. 1812. — arbvrefscens (tree-like). Red. June. 1731. j — arista'ta (awned). Orange. May. 1801. j — breoifo'lia (short-leaved). Orange. June. 1810. I — cce'sia (grey). 2. Orange. July. 1818. ela'tior (taller). 9. Red. June. 1821. I — Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. 1821. — cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Red. June. 1821. I' — Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 1819. — depre'ssa (depressed). Orange. August. 1831. — dicho'toma (pair-branched). Red. July. 1781. — dis'tans (distant). 6. Red. July. 1732. depre'ssa (fat-leaved). 6. Red. July. 182». I refle'xa (reflexed). 4. Red. July. 1820. I — eckina'ta (hedge-hog). 6. 1820. — flavispi'na (yellow-spined). Red. August. 1793. — frute'scens (shrubby). Red. June. 1818. . — gla'uca (milky-green). Red. April. 1731. rhodaca'ntha (lesser red-spined). 4. Red ; May. 1731. — gra'cilis (graceful). Orange. June. 1822. — hu'milis (humble). Orange. April. 1731. — incu'rva (incurved). Orange. May. 179; — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. July. 1736. — linca'ta (line-marked). Scarlet. 1789. glauce'tcens ( milky-green- marked '. Scnr* let, 178S. ALO t**3 ALP 4. mitrtefo'i tuts (mitre-shaped) Ked. August, j 1731. — no'b'lis (noble). Elue. August. 1800. —pulle'scens (palish). Red. July. 1820. | — punicufa'ta (panicled). Scarlet. July. 1795.; — pH'ridens (many-toothed), Ked. July. 1823.1 — proli'fera (proliferous). Orange. April. 1819- ma'jor (larger proliferous). Orange. April. 1819. — purpura scens (purplish). Purple. August. 1789- — sapona'ria (soapy). Red. July. 1727- — lu ieostria' ta (yellow-striped, soapy.) Red. July. 1821. — . se'rra (saw). Orange. July. 1818. — serrula'ta (finely-toothed). Red. July. 1789. — socotri'na (socotrine). Red. March. 1731. — spica'ta (spiked). Red. 1795. — spino'sior (more spiny). Red. April. 1820. — stria'tula (slight-striped). Red. June. 1821. — subere'eta (slightly-leaning). Scarlet. April. 1789. semigutta'ta (half-spotted). Orange. May. 1819. — subtubercula'ta (slightly-knobbed). Orange. June. 1620. — tenuifu'lia (thin-leaved). Orange. June. 1831. — tenu'ior (thinned). Orange. June. 1821. — tubercula'ta (knobbed). Orange. April. 1796. — variega'ta (variegated). Pink. June. 1790. — xanthaca'ntha (yellow-spined). Orange. June. 181/. Alo'mia. (From a, not, and loma, a fringe. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied to Eupatoria [Asteracese]. Linn., lQ-Syn- ijcnesia 1-JEqualis.) Half-hardy evergreen. Sandy loam ; cuttings ; temp, not below 36° in winter. A. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). White. July. Spain. 1824. Alo'na. (Letters of the primitive name, Nolana, transposed from Nola, a little bell ; in reference to the form of the flowers. Nat. ord., Nolanads [Nolan- acese]. Linn., b-Pentandria I-Mono- yynia.) A small order of pretty Chilian half-shrubby greenhouse evergreens, with large flowers ; cut- tings root freely in sandy loam ; peat and loam. A. bacca'ta (berry-bearing). Yellow. Coquimbo. — caele'stis (sky-blue). 2. Blue. Chili. 1843. — carno'sa (fleshy). Blue. Coquimbo. — glandulo'sa (glandulous). Blue. Valparaiso. — longifo'liu (long-leaved). Blue. Coquimbo. — obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). Blue. July. Coquimbo. — revolu'ta (rolled-back-leaved). Blue. Peru. — • rostra' ta (beaked). Blue. July. Coquimbo. — tomento'sa (white-downed). White. Valpa- raiso. Alonso'a. (In honour of Z. Alonzo, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Fiyworts. Allied to Hernimeris [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., U-Didynamia 2-Anyiospe'mia.) Greenhouse evergreens, except A. caulialata, which is a half-hardy herbaceous. Rich mould ; cuttings, or seeds, the first in sandy loam in August or March; the seeds in March in gentle heat. n. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). Peru. 17S0. Scarlet. June. A. cauliala'ta (wing-stemmed). 3. Scarlet. Juaie. Chili. 1823. — incisifo'lia (cut-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June. Chili. 1795. — interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet. June. Hybrid. — linea'ris (linear-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June. Peru. 1790. Aloy'sia. Sweet-scented Verbena. (In honour of Maria Louisa, Queen of Spain Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenaceae]. Linn. v 14:-Didynamia %-Anyiospermia.) Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Rich mould ; cuttings in sandy soil of the old stem, or young shoots ; if the latter, shade ; August and March best times. A. citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 3. Pale purple. August. Chili. 1784. Alpi'nes, strictly speaking, are plants from alpine, that is, mountainous dis- tricts, usually requiring the protection of a frame in winter, because we cannot secure to them their natural covering of snow during that season. Gardeners, however, include in their lists of Alpines a great diversity of small plants, difficult of cultivation. They are best grown in pots, and require light sandy loam and peat, with abundant drainage. Alpi'nia. (In honour of Alpini, au Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Ginyerwcu [Zingiberaceffi] . Linn., 1-Monandna l-Monoyynia.) Stove herbaceous perennials, except A. penicil. lata, which is a greenhouse plant. Rich sandy soil and peat. They like much moisture and pot- room in the growing season ; root division in moist air. A. Allu'gahs (Aliugahs). 2. Red. February. E. Ind. 1796.. — Antilla'rum (Antilles). 4. Flesh. Ma/. \\. Ind. 1826. — auricula' ta (eared). 5. Reddish-yellow. E. Ind. 1814. — bractea'ta (bracted). 3. White. May. E.Ind. 1884. — caleara'ta (spur-flowered). 3. White. Sep. tember. E. Ind. 1800. — Cardamo'mum (Cardamom). 8. White. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1815. — ce'rnua (drooping). 6. Pink. April. E. Ind, 1804. — como'sa (tufted-spiked). 1. White. May. Ca- raccas. 1752. — diffi'ssa (two-cleft). 6. Purple-blue, yellow. April. E. Ind. 1818. — exalta'ta (lofty). 20. Red, yellow. Surinam. 1820. — Gala'nga (Galanga). 6. White, yellow. Oc- tober. E. Ind. — linguafo'rmis (tongue-formed). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1820. — magni'fica (magnificent). 10. Red. July. Mauritius. 1 830. — Malaccensis (Malayan). 5. White. April. E. Ind. 1799- — me'dia (mediate). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1815. — mu'tica (spurless). 5. White. August. E« Ind. 18)3. ALS ALT . r.u tans (nodding). IS. Pink. May. E. Ind, 1782. ■ occidenta'lis{ western). 6. White. Julv maica. 1793. ■ penicilla'ta (pencilled). 3. Pink. May. China. • puni'cea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. June. E. Ind. White. August. 3. Bed. May. W. — racemo'sa (branchy). 5 Ind. 1752. — Roscoea'na (Roscoe's) Ind. 1823. — spica'ta (spiked). 2. Sumatra. 1822. — stria'ta (streaked). 4. E. Ind. 1813. — tubula'ta (tubular). 2. Red. July. Deme- rara. 1820. Alsi'ne. Chickweed. (From alsos, a grove ; in reference to the situation pre- ferred by these plants. Nat. ord., Clove- worts [Caryophyllaceae], Linn., 6-Pen- tandria 3-Trigynia.) Hardy annuals. Seed ; common loam. A. laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). $. Siberia. 1834. This is perennial ; root division. — mollugi'nea (mollugo-like). $. White. July. Spain. 1816. — mucrona'ta (spine-pointed-leaved). 1. White. July. South of Europe. 1777- — pube'scens (downy). £. White. July. 1810. — segeta'lis (sedge-like). 1. White. July. France. 1805. Alsodei'a. (From abodes, leafy. Nat. ord., Violetworts [YiolaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Loam and peat ; cut- tings in sand, under a bell-glass. A, latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. Madagascar. 1824. — pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. Madagas- car. 1824. Also'phila. (From alsos, a grove, and phileo, to love ; in reference to the situa- tion best suited for the plants. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceas]. Linn., 2A-Cryp- togamia 1-Filices.) Greenhouse herbaceous Fern. Peat and loam ; division. A. Austra'lis (Australian). Brown. N. Holland. 1833. Alsto'nia. (In honour of Dr. Alston. Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) The leaves of Alstonia are slightly astringent, and are used as tea. Stove evergreen shrubs, allied to the Oleander. Sandy loam and peat; cuttings root readily in moist bottom-heat. Win- ter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 75°. A. schola'ris (oleander-leaved). 8. White. May.- E. Ind. 1825. — eenena'ta (poisonous). 6. White. June. E. Ind. 1825. Alstrome'ria. (In honour of Baron Alstrbmer, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., AmarylUds [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) All the species of this beautiful genus live out of doors with us, with a slight protection from I frost, except A. caryophylloea, erroneously called I ligtu; and this requires stove heat and absolute Ja- rest in winter. All the species, also, have one uniform mode of upright growth, by which they are easily distinguished from Bomare'as, the species of which are all twiners. The golden AlstrOmer from Chiloe (A. aurea), is perfectly hardy in England, and prefers a damp situation and strong loam ; the other species are chiefly from the alpine regions of Chili, and require free air and lighter soil — their long fascicled (or bundled) roots are not well adapted for pot culti- vation. They succeed in deep, rich, light loam, or loam, peat, and sand, and should be planted eight or ten inches deep, and receive abundance of water while they are growing. AlstrOmers have a strong natural tendency to variation, but will not cross with Bomare'as, as has been asserted. No limits can be assigned between species and varieties in this family ; a race of endless varia- tions has been obtained from A. Hookeria'na by the pollen of A. Haema'ntha and its varieties. These are called Van Boutte's seedlings. The following are the most distinct forms of the genus in our gardens ; but many more are re- corded and described, which remain to be in- troduced : — A. au'rea, syn. auranti'aca (golden). 2. June. Orange. Chili. 1831. — Cummingia'na (Cumming's). Chili. — caryophy'llaa, syn. li'gtu (clove-like scent). 1. February. Scarlet. Brazil. 1776. — hmma'ntha, var. Barcleya'na (blood-colouredj . 2i. July. Crimson. Chili. 1830. — Hooke'rii, syn. ro'sea (Dr. Hooker's). 3. June. Pink. Chili. 1S34. — li'gtu. See Caryopfiy'llxa. The true ligtu is not introduced. — Nei'llii (Neil's). 2. June. Pink. Chili. 1827. — pelegri'na (spot-flowered). 1. July. Striped. Chili. 1754. — psittaci'na (parrot-like). September. Crimson. Brazil. 1829. — pulche'lla. See Si'msii. — pu'lehra, syn. Flos Marti'ni; svn. tricolor (fair). 1£. June. White, purple, and yellow. Chili. 1822. — Si'msii, syn. pulche'lla (Sims's). 3. June. Scarlet. Chili. 1822. Alternanthe'ra. (Alluding to the anthers being alternately barren. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amarantaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Chiefly stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings root readily in common hotbed heat ; light, ric:i loam. A. achyra'ntha (chaff-flowered). I. White. July. Buenos Ayres. 1732. — cane/scens (hoary). 1. White. July. Cu- mana. 1825. — Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 1. White. July. Caraccas. 1819. — denticula'ta (finely-toothed-leaved). Wkite. July. 1822. —filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). White. July, E. Ind. — frute'scens (shrubby). 1. White. July. Peru. 1820. This will do in a green- house. ~ nodifto'ra (knot-flowered). White. May. N. Holland. 1826. polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 1. White. July. America. 1731. ALT [28] ALY A. procu'mbens (procumbent). 4. White. July. Brazil. 1818. — teri'cea (silky). 2. White. July. Quito. 1320. — sessile (stalkless). J. July. Brown. E. Ind. 1778. A biennial. — spino'sa (spinous). Yellow. June. 1823. Stove annual. At.tttjk'a. Mallow. (From allheo, to care ; in reference to the medicinal quali- ties. Nat. ord., Mallow worts [Malvaceae] . Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.) The biennials and annuals sow in spring ; the herbaceous dividing the roots, or seeds, which, sown as soon as ripe, produce flowering plants next year. A. ro'sea is the Hollyhock. HARDY ANNUALS. A. acau'Iis (stemless). 2. Purple. July. Aleppo. 1680. — hirsu'ta (hairy): 2. White. July. Britain. — Ludun'gii (Ludwig's). 2. Pink. July. Sicily. 1791. — Chine'nsis (China). 1. Bed. July. China. 1818. HARDY BIENNIALS. A. Caribcda (Caribean). 3. Pink. Stove. April. W. Ind. 1816. — ficif&lia (fig-leaved). 6. Orange. July. Levant. 1597- — Frolovia'na (Frolove's). 3. July. Siberia. 1827. — pa'llida (pale-flowered). 6. Pale red. July. Hungary. 1805. — ro'sea (the hollyhock). Bed. August. China. 1573. bMba (two-lobed H.). 8. Red. July. — Sie'beri (Sieber>s). 4. Purple. Julv. Sicily. 1889. — stria'ta (streaked). 5. White. July. HARDY HERBACEOUS. A. cannabi'na (hemp-leaved). 6. Purple. July. South of Europe. 159". — Jiexuo'sa (zigzag). 3. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1803. — Xarbone'nsis (Narbonne). 6. Pink. August. South of Europe. 1780. — nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 6. White. July. Siberia. 1827. — officinalis (officinal. Marsh-mallow). 4. Flesh. July. Britain. — Taurine 1 nsis (Turin). 4. Bed. August. Turin. 1817. Alti'ngia. (In honour oiAltiny, a Ger- man botanist. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinna- ceae]. Linn., 22-Diaecia 13-Monadelphia). Greenhouse evergreens. Allied to Auraucaria The best p] although they may be raised from cuttings of the Deep loamy soil. The best plants are from seeds, A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 30. Apetal. N. Holland. 1824. — exce'lsa (tall). 100. Apetal. Norfolk Island. 1796. Altitude, or elevation above the sea, has a great influence over vegetation. The greater the altitude the. greater the reduction of temperature ; so much so that every 600 feet of altitude are be- lieved to reduce the annual temperature as much as receding a degree from the equator, either to the north or to the south. But this rule is far from uni. versaily applicable ; for the limit of per- petual snow at the equator is at the height of 15,000 feet ; whereas, in the 35th de- gree of north latitude, the limit is at 11,000 feet, being an average of about 120 feet of altitude for every degree of recession from the equator. In the 45th degree, the limit is 8,400 feet, being an average of 146 feet for every degree ; in the 50th degree, 6,000 feet, or 180 feet for each degree ; in the 60th, 3,000 feet, or 200 feet for a degree ; and in the 70th, from 1,200 to 2,000 feet, or about the same for each degree as to the 60th de- gree of latitude. Now we know of no reason why the temperature of elevations below the snow-line should not follow the same gradations ; and if this be so, these may be taken as a rule. All plants grow- ing above 7,000 feet under the equator ought to grow in the open air, in the latitude of London. In general, gootl vegetation is produced at the same dis- tance from the snow-line in the same latitudes. Aluminous, applied to land, means heavy, owing to the presence of clay. Aly'ssum. Madwort. (From a, not, and lyssa, rage ; in reference to a fable that the plant allayed anger. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceae], Linn., 15-IV- tradynamia.) Seeds, cuttings, and root divisions; common soil. Mostly yellow-flowered and hardy. The best plants of the shrubs are from cuttings in April and May, and struck in a hotbed. They flower next year. The saxatile is the best yellow, and for scent none surpass the white sweet alyssum of the gardens, which will sow itself in; the ground, and may be sowed several times during the summer, by the side of borders, like the Virginia stock. The evergreen shrubs, as they are called, more resemble herbaceous plants, they are so lowly in their growth. They are best propagated by cuttings of the points of the shoots, two or three inches in length, inserted in sandy loam, early in the season, and in a shady place. Variegatum is a little tender. Though all grow freely in common soil, yet to have them in perfection they should be used as rock or hil- lock plants. Even when planted in the border they succeed best when planted in little mounds. The variegatum makes a fine edging to any bril- liant-coloured bed. EVERGREEN SHRUBS. A. Atla'nticum (Atlantic). 1. April. Crete. 1817. — Gemone'nse (German). 1. April. Europe. — obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1. April. Tauria. 1828. — orienta'le (eastern). 1. April. Crete. variega'tum (variegated-leaved). ApriL Gardens. — saaa'tile (rock). 1. June. Candia. 1719. ALZ [ 27 ] AMB A. tsrpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). 1. August. South of Europe. 1822. — spatula'tum (spatulate). 1. April. Siberia. 1818. — verna'le (vernal). 1. June. 18ig. ANNUALS. A. hirsu'tum (hairy). 1. June. Tauria. 1817. — umbella'tum (umbellate). 1. July. Tauria. 1821. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. .■1. alpe'stre (alpine). 1. June. South of Europe. 1825. — arge'nteum (silvery). 1. April. Switzerland. — Bertolo'nii (Bertofoni's). 1. July. Switzer- land. 1823. — cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 1. July. Italy. 1820. — diffu'sum (spreading). 1. July. Italy. 1820. — - Marsehallia'num (Marschall's). 1. April. Caucasus. 1820. — micra'ntkum (small-flowered). 1. August. Russia. 1836. — monta'num (mountain). 1. June. Germany. 1713. — mura'le (wall). 1. July. Hungary. 1820. — oly'mpicum (Olympic). 1. June. 1700. — procu'mbens (trailing). — tortuo'sum (twisted). 1. April. Hungary. 1804. — Warscha'lldii (Warschalld's). June. Yellow. South of Europe. 1847. — Wulfenia'num (Wulfen's). 1. April. Ca- rinthia. 1819. Alzate'a. (In honour of a Spanish naturalist, named Alzaty. Nat. ord., Spin- dle-trees [Celastraceae]. Linn., 5-Pen- tandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in hot- bed ; sandy peat. A. verticilla'ta (verticillate). 20. Peru. 1824. Amara'nthus. Amaranth. (From a, not, and mairaino, to wither ; in reference to the durability or " everlasting " quality of the flowers of some species. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amarantacese]. Linn., 21- -Ifoncecia b-Pentandria.) Hardy annuals. Rich loam ; seeds sown in open ground in March and April. A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). 3. Purple. September. E. Ind. 1820. — bi'color (two-colouredl. 2. Red, green. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1802. — cauda'tut (love-lies-bleeding). 4. Red. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1596. ma'ximus (true-love-lies-bleeding). 6. Red. August. 1820. — crue'ntus (dark-bloody). 3. Dark red. July. China. 1728. — fascia'tus (banded). 2. July. E. Ind. 1816. — fta'xms (yellow). 4. Light yellow. August. India. 1759. — lanceafo'lius (lance-leaved). 3. Red. July# E. Ind. 1816. — olera'ceus (pot-herb). 6. Pale red. July. E. Ind. 1764. — sanguineus (bloody). 3. Red. August. Bahama. 1775. — specif/sMs (»howy). 6. Red. July. Nepaul. 1319. — tricolor (three-coloured). 2. Red, yellow. Aagust. E. Ind. 1548. Amary'llis. (A classic alname, after Virgil's Amaryllis. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) Half-hardy deciduous bulbs. Ever since the day the great Linnaeus instituted this genus, "with a playful reason assigned,''' until the whole order was arranged by the late Dean of Manchester, it has been loaded in books with all kinds of allied plants in an interminable confu- sion. Every hybrid usually arranged in this genus is a Hippeastrum ; and all which we think necessary to mention will be found under that genus. Plant in light, rich soil, in a shel- tered place, well drained, and the bulbs placed at least six inches deep. A. Bellado'nna (Belladonna-lily). 2. Pale pink. Cape of Good Hope. 1712. — pallida (pale-flowered). 2. Flesh. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1712. — bla'nda (charming), lj. June. Whitish. Cape of Good Hope. 1754. These are all that we can arrange in this genus, although we think that Brunsvigia Josephine and B. grandiflora are true Amaryllises, having crossed, or produced fertile seeds, with Amaryllis blanda; but, as they are very distinct in the appearance of their leaves and bulbs, no author but Dr. Herbert has yet ventured to unite them with Amaryllis. Without aiming at a reform of our botanical classification, we think it desirable to keep Hippeastrum apart from Amaryllis, on account of the opposite habits of the bulbs of the two genera, those of the Amaryllis growing only late in the autumn, and through the winter in Europe ; while those of Hippeastrum are under the gardener's control, and may be managed to grow at different periods. Our great aim should be to get crosses between Amaryllis and Valotta. Thus reduced, Amaryllis would turn evergreen, or at least produce leaves and flowers simulta- neously. All bulbs which flower without their leaves are objectionable. Amaso'nia. (In honour of an American traveller, named Amason. Nat. ord., Ver- benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., \e- candria 1-Monogynia.) A hardy evergreen tree. Allied to Sophora. A. Sieve'rsii (Siever's). 4. Purple. June. Si- beria. 1837. Ammoge'ton. (From ammos, sand, and >jeton, near; the situation it likes. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Root division ; sandy loam. A. scorzonerifo'lium(scoTzoneT&-le&ve&). Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1834. AMMY'BsrNE. (From ammos, sand, and myrsine, myrtle. Nat. ord., Heath-worts [Ericaceae] . Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) Hardy evergreen shrubs, allied to Ledum, but requiring slight protection in winter. Peat; layers. This genus should be united to Leio- phyllum. A. buxifo'lia (bos-leaved). 1. White. May. N. Amer. 1736. — prostra'ta (flat-lying). White. June. N.Amer. Amo'mum. (From a, not, and momos, impurity ; in reference to the quality of counteracting poison. Nat ord., Ginger- worts [Zingiberaceaa]. Linn., \-Monan- dria \-Monoyynia.) Grains of paradise, acrid seeds used to give pungent flavour to liquors, belong to different species of Amomum. Being aromatic herbs, they were used in embalming ; whence the word mummy. Stove herbaceous perennial. Root division j rich, light loam ; require, when grow- ls, a high, moist heat. „, acvlea'tum (prickly). 10. Orange. May. E. Ind. 181Q, A. Afze'.lii (Afzelius's). 3. Pink. May. Sierr* Leone* 1795. — angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 8. Red. June, Madagascar. — aroma' ticum (aromatic). 3. PurplUh-yellow. June. E. Ind. 1823. — cardamo'mum (small cardamom). 4. Pals brown. June. E. Ind. 182S. — Danie'lli (bastard melligetta). 2$. Red. W. Africa. — dealba'tum (whitened). 3. White. April, Bengal. 1819. — gra'naparadi'si (grain of paradise). 3. Red. March. Madasgascar. — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White. July. Sierra Leone. 1795. — latifo'Uum (broad-leaved). 4. Purplish-yel« low. June. Sierra Leone. 1824. — ma'ximum (greatest). 5. White. June. E, Ind. — seri'ceum (silky). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1819. — subula'tum (awl-shaped). 3. Yellow. April. Bengal. 1822. — sylve'stre (wood). 1. White. April. W. Ind. 1819. Amoo'ra. (Nat. ord., Meliads [Melia- ceee]. Linn., G-Hexandria 3-Trigynia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand,*ndcr bell-glass, in a hotbed ; soil, light, rich loam. A. cuculla'ta (cowl-leaved). Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1834. Amo'epha. Bastard Indigo. (From a, not, and morpha, form; in reference to the irregularity of the flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16- Monadelphia 6-Decandria.) Hardy deciduous shrubs. Common soil ; layers, or cuttings of the ripe wood in autumn. A. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Blue. July. Missouri. 1812. — cro'ceo-lana'ta (yellow-woolled). 5. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1820. —fra'grans (fragrant). 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1800. — frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Purple. July. Ca- rolina. 1724. angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 9. Purple. June. South Carolina. 1812. ccervflea (blue). 9. Blue. June, South Carolina. emar^ina'ia'(emarginate-leaved). 6. Pur- ple. July. Carolina. 1724. microphi/Ua (small-leaved). 2. Purple. June. Carolina. — gla!bra (smooth). 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1818. — herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. Blue. July. Ca- rolina. 1803. — Leict'su(Lewis's). 3. Purple. July. N.Amer. 1818. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple. Au- gust. Missouri. 1811. — na'na (dwarf). 2. Blue. August. Missouri. 1811. These last four require a little protection in winter. Ameelo'psis. (From ampelos, c vine, and opsis, resemblance; in reference to its resemblance to the grape-vine. Nat. ord., Vineworts [Vitaceae]. Linn.. h-Pen* i tandria l-Monoyytiia.) AMP [32] AMY Amphi'coma. (From amphi, around, and kome, hair ; in reference to the winged seed. Nat. oriia.) All perennials and pretty little trailing-plants, except A. longifo'lia and A. Si'nica. They are in- creased by seed and root division; soil, loam, peat, leaf-mould, and sand. GREENHOUSE, j A. affilnis (similar), l . Blue. August. N. Holland 1820. Evergreen. • ANE [87] ANE A. bifio'ra (two-flowered). 1. Blue. August. N. Holland. 1820. Evergreen. — nvdi/Wra (naked-flowered). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1824. Biennial. — Si'nica (Chinese). 1 . Purple-blue. May. China. 1820. Herbaceous perennial. — tpirata (spiral). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1783. Evergreen. STOVE. A. acuminata '.pointed). 1. Blue. August. N-. Holland. 1822. Evergreen. — tequinoctia'lis (equinoctial). 1. Blue. July. Guinea. 1820. Evergreeu. — ambigua (ambiguous). 3. Blue. July. Sierra . Leone. 1822. Herbaceous. — crinata (curled-leaved). Blue. N. Holland. 1822. — longifu'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Mo- zambique. 1825. Herbaceous perennial. — nudica'ulis (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1818. Evergreen. — serrula'ta (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July. Trini- dad. 1824. Evergreen. Ane'mia. (From aneimon, naked ; in reference to the naked inflorescence. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 24,-Cryptogamia 1-FiUces.) Stove herbaceous perennials, allied to Schizcoa; soil, loam and peat ; readily increased by seeds or root division. .4. adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 3. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1/93. — cocci'nea (scarlet^. 1. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1830. — colli'na (hill). 1. Brown. August. Brazil. 1829. — fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Brown. August. S. Amer. 1831. — fraxinifn'lia (ash -leaved). 1. Brown. June. Brazil. 1828. — hi'rta (hairy). Brazil. June. W. Ind. 1824. — hirsu'ta (soft-haired). 3. Brown. June. Ja- maica. 1704. — hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. N.Amer. 1823. — iacinia'ta (jagged). 1. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1794. — lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 2. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1820. — longifo'lia (iong-leaved). 1. Brown. August. Brazil. 1831. — radVcans (rooting). 1. Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1831. — re/pens (creeping). 1. Brown. May. Brazil. 1831. — tene'lla (slender). 1. Brown. May. W. Ind. 1843. — PAiM£'«dis(PhiMtis-like). 1. Brown. June. Trinidad. 1830. Ane'mone. Wind-flower. (From anemos, the wind; inhabiting exposed places. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. 13- Polyandriu Q-PolygyniaA They are all hardy except A. Cape'nsis and A. vittfaflia, which require the protection of a green- house in winter. These two are propagated from cuttingi under glass ; the tuberous-rooted from affoets ; and the herbaceous from divisions of the foot* ; and, both from seeds. They all require a light, rieh and well-drained loam. All are hardy, excentwhere sta ted otherwise. M*y. TUBEROUS HOOTED. A.Apennina(Apenmne). J. Blue. April, land. — Balde'nsis (Mount Baldo). $. White. Switzerland. 1792. — ceeru'lea (blue). 14. Blue. May. Siberia. 182C. — Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. White. May. Carolina. 1824. — corona'ria (garland or poppy A.). 4. Striped. June. Levant. 1596. plefna (double-yfoicered). |. Striped. April. — Fischeria'na (Fischer's). J. White. April. Siberia. 1827. — horte'nsis (garden), f . Striped. April. Italy mini'a'ta (red-leaved-flowered). J. Red. May. Gardens. — lancifu'lia (lance-leaved). 4. White. April. N. Amer. 1822. — nemoro'sa (grove), i. White, red. April. Britain. eceru'lea(b\\ie-flowered). J. Light blue. May. Gardens. flo're-plefno (double-flowered), 4. White, red. April. Britain. — palma'ta (palmated). 4. Yellow. May. Por- tugal. 1597. flo're-a'lbido (whitish-flowered), f . Whit- ish. May. flo're-fia'vo (yellow-flowered), f. Yellow. May. Portugal. 1597- flo're-plefno (double-flowered). 3- Yellow. May. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. White. May. N. Amer. 1824. — pavoni'na (peacock-eye). l.Red. April. France. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Red. May. Europe. fu'lgens (shining). 1. Red. May. South of Europe. 1818. — quinquefo'lia (five-leaved. American wood). 4« White. April. N.Amer J817- — ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). £. Yellow. April. England. — reflefxa (bent-back). £. Yellow. April. Siberia. 1818. — stella'ta purpu'rea (purple-star-7ea»ed). 4. Purple. April. Italy. 1597- — umbeUa'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. April. Le- vant. 1824. HERBACEOUS. A. a'lba (white). 4. White. June. Siberia; 1820. — Alba'na (Albana). 4. White. May. Caucasus. 1821. — alpi'na (alpine). $. White. Austria. 1653. — acutipeftala (pointed-petaled). 4. Blue. May. Switzerland. 18 19. — Cope'nsis (Cape). 1. Purple. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse. — cefrnua (drooping). 4. Red, white. May. Japan. 1806. Dahu'nca (Dahurian). J. Flesh. May. Da- huria. 1S19. — deltoi'dea (triangular). White. May. Colum- bia. 1827- — dicho'toma (forked). 1. Red, white. May. N. Amer. 1768. | — Gavania'na (Gavan's). Nepaul. 1844. — Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. Purple. April. Switzer- land. 1816. — Hudsonia'na ( Hudson's). 4. White. ApnL N. Amer. 1827. — Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Rose. September Japan. 1844. ANE [38] ANE June. I. longi*ccfpa (long-stalked). White. North Ind. 1839- Half-hardy. — micra'ntha (small-flowered;. $. White, pur- ple. April. Austria. 1800. — montafna (mountain). 1. Purple. June. Switzerland. 1830. — multifield (many-cleft). 3. White. June. Magellan. 1824. — narcissifto'ra (narcissus-flowered). 1. White. May. Siberia. 1773. — Nuttallia'na (tiutull's). 4. White. July. N. Amer. 182/. — obsoWta (obsolete). \. Purple. May. Germany. — obtuHfoWa (blunt-leaved). White. June. Hi- malaya. 1844. — obtusilo'ba (blunt-lobed-feaued). $. White. June. Himalaya. 1843. -pa' tens (spreading). 1. Light yellow. June. Siberia. 1/52. — ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 1. Cream. April. Siberia. 1752. — Pennsyhafnica (Pennsylvanian). 1. White. May. N. Amer. 1756. — prate'nsis (meadow). 4. Dark purple. May. Germany. 1731. — Pulsatilla (common Pulsatilla). 4. Violet. May. England. a'lbida (vtidtish-fiowered). $. Whitish. April. Germany. 1834- ru'bra (red-fiowered). Hsddkh-purple. May. Germany. 1834. — Richardso'nia (Richardson's). £. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1327. — rivula'ris (river). 1J. White. June. North Ind. 1840. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). $. White. June. Siberia. 1S04. — ttella'ta (sta.T-flowered) . £. White. Italy. 1597. — sulphu'rea (sulphur-coiOared). £. Sulphur. May. Europe. 1816. — tylve'stris (.wood-snowdrop). $. White. May. Germany. 1596. — trifo'lia (three-leaved). $. White. April. France. 1597. — UraWnsis (Ural), j. Blue. May. Siberia. 1824. — verna'lis (spring). £. White. April. Switzer- land. 1/52. JWre-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). 4. Yellow. April. South of Europe. — Virginia'na (Virzinian). $. White. May. N. Amer. 1772. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. White. June. Gardens. Greenhouse. — vitifo'lin (vine-leaved). 3. White. September. Nepaul. 1829. Half-hardy. The anemone, the florist's flower of our gardens, is the offspring of the A. coro- na'ria (poppy anemone), and A. hor- te'nsis. Sprung from these there are an- nually increased varieties. A variety lasts about twelve years. Cliaructeristics of a yood single anemone. — The stem strong, elastic, and erect, not less than nine inches high; the flower at least two inches and a half in diameter, consisting of large, substantial, well-rounded petals, at first horizontally extended, and then turning a little up- wards, so as to form abroad, shallow cup ; the colour clear and distinct when di- versified in the same flower, or brilliant and striking if it consists only of one colour, as blue, crimson, or scarlet, &c. A double anemone should have the outer petals quite flat, the second serie? a little shorter, the third shorter still, and so on till the centre is quite full, when the whole should form a rather flat hemisphere. Every double flower should be of one full colour. Propagation. — Offsets from the root, and new varieties from seed. By offsets, all the best kinds should be taken up annually at the decay of the leaf, and the root divided, at the time of taking up, to allow the wound to heal, into as many pieces or knobs as are furnished with an eye or bud, observing, however, that if they are divided very small, they flower very weak the first year. The time for taking up the roots is May and June, when the leaf and stalk are withered : for then the roots cease to grow for a month or six weeks. Take them up in dry weather, spread in an airy place out of the sun for about a week, then clear from earth, and store in bags or boxes. The seed. — Sow from the best single or semi-double flowers. Double flowers produce none. Sowing. — Make the beds in a sheltered part of your garden, facing the south ; remove the old soil from the beds to the depth of sixteen or eighteen inches. If it is low and swampy, with a wet, clay bottom, drain well, and do not dig so deep ; if high and dry, or with a sandy or gravelly subsoil, you may go a little deeper. Then put in from four to six inches of unmixed cowdung, such as might be gathered up where these ani- mals feed. Upon this layer of dung place as much good fresh loam as will raise the beds to their former level, or a little higher. Make the surface very fine, and then sow. Anemone-seed re- quires to be well rubbed with the hand, either amongst some sharp sand or finely-sifted coal-ashes, to separate the seeds. When the seed is sown, cover it immediately with some sifted, light, sandy soil, half an inch. It will soon come up, and should be frequently watered in dry weather. Beds so made will flower the same year ; mark the best, and preserve them for planting the next year. Time for planting is October, or early in November, and the plants will come into flower in April and beginning of AN3S C 39 ] ANG May; but if some are planted in the middle of September, and a second parcel towards the middle or latter end of Oc- tober, they will afford a succession of bloom from the beginning of April until the middle of May ; and, if a third plant- ation is made in February or beginning of March, they will come into flower about the middle of May, and continue until the middle of June. Soil and site. — The situation should be thoroughly drained, and open to the south. Any common, moderately light earth suits the anemone ; overmoist and stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If necessary to make a soil, proceed as de- scribed for the seed-bed. Take maiden loam from the surface of a pasture, the top spit, turf and all ; to every load of this add one of cowdung, and half a load of sea or drift- sand ; blend the whole to- gether, and form it into a ridge, in which let it remain a year, at least, turning it over once in two or three months. But, in default of pasture-earth, a good com- post may be formed of common, light garden-soil and rotted cowdung, adding, to every load of the former, half a load of the latter, and about a quarter of that of drift or sea-sand ; and of either of which composts the bed is to be formed. Make it about twelve or fifteen inches in depth, and three feet and a half broad. Planting in borders. — Plant five roots together, in a patch of five or six inches in breadth, two or three inches deep. Beds should be three feet and a half broad, with alleys eighteen inches wide between bed and bed, and fifteen or eighteen inches deep; break the earth small, but do .not sift it ; elevate the beds three inches above the general surface ; but, if there is danger of moisture stand- ing in winter, double or treble that is a proper height, working the whole a little rounded, and after planting, rake the surface smooth. Plant six rows lengthwise, the roots at six inches distance in each row, and two inches deep. The autumn plantation comes in leaf in November; but, as the plants are hardy, nothing is needful to be done till the bloom begins to appear, and then arch the beds with hoops,. to support mats, to protect them from frost. Forcing. — Double anemones, potted in September or in October, in some com- post, as above particularized, may be placed in a cold frame or pit, and watered but sparingly until the following spring, when they may be put into a warmer place. They will not stand much forcing. A second blooming may be obtained, by planting more roots, in a similar way, in December. Mildew. — This disease first appears as pale spots on the under sides of the leaves. These spots gradually rise into tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts through. This parasite is JEci'dium qua- dri'fidum. Sea-sand, or a little salt mixed with the compost of the bed, is a good preventive ; and sprinkling with sulphur is the best remedy. Anemones are liable to have distorted, swollen leaves, the cure for which is to render the soil more free from stagnant moisture. Ane'thum. (From ano, upwnrds, and theo, to run; in reference to its quick growth. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) A genus of useful plants, succeeding well in any common garden-soi! ; all hardy, readily in- creased by seed or root division. ANNUAL. A. So'ua (Sowa). 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1819- BIENXIALS. A. grave'olens (strong-smelling-, or dill). 3. Yel. low. July. Spain. 15/0. — pipera'tum (peppered). 6. Yellow. Ju!v. Italy. 1824. PERENNIALS. A. foeni'culum (fennel). 6. Yellow. August. England. du'tce (sweet). 4. Yellow. August. Italy. See Dill and Fennel. Ange'lica. (In reference to its fabled angelic virtues in medicine. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceoe]. Linn., b Pentan- dria 2-Digynia.) Common water-side perennials, of not much beauty as garden-plants. The only species re- quiring notice here is the common Ange'lica. A. archangc'tica (archangel). 4. July. Green. England. The stalks of this are cut in May for candying. Formerly, the stalks were blanched for eating, like celery. Soil and Situation: Grows best in moist situations, such as the banks of ponds and ditches. Sowing : Sow soon after the seed is ripe, about September, being almost useless ii preserved until the spring. Cultivation : Sow thin, in drills a foot asunder, and half an inch deep. When five or six inches high, the plants must be thinned to a distance of at least two feet and a half from each other. In May, or early ANG [ 40 1 ANG in June of the second year, they flower, when they must be cut down, which causes them to sprout again ; and, if this is carefully attended to, they will con- tinue for three or four years ; but, if per- mitted to run to seed, they perish soon after. Axge'lica-tbee. Ara'lia spino'sa. Angelo'nia. (From angelon, its local name iu South America. Nat. ord., Fig- worts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., li-JDidy- namia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Hemi- meris.) Pretty stove herbaceous plants ; seed in heat, sown in February ; division of the roots of seve- ral kinds, and cuttings of young shoots in April, inserted in sand under a bell-glass ; must not be kept too damp ; loam and peat. Summer temp., from 60° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 6u°. A. angustfo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1$. Deep violet. June. Mexico. 184§. — carni'gera (horn-bearing). 1. Purple. August. Brazil. 1830. — floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Purple. August. Brazil. 1839. — Gardne'ri (Mr. Gardner's). 1. Purplish-white. May. Pernambuco. 1838. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). I. Purplish- white. May. Pernambuco. 1838. — miniaf ta (crimson). 1. Purplish- white. May. Pernambuco. 1838. — salicari&fo'lia (willow-leaved). 1. Light blue. August. S. Amer. 1818. Angia'nthus. (From aggos, vessel, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraeeee]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 5-Se- gregata.) A pretty greenhouse herbaceous plant ; division of the root ; seed, and cuttings under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 50°. A. a'urens (golden), l. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 1803. Angio'pteeis. (From aggeion, a vessels and pteris, a wing. Nat. ord., Ferns [Po- lypodiacese]. Linn., 2i-Oryptogamia ]- Filices.) A stove Fern, cultivated like Acropteris. Ango'phora. (From aggos, a vessel, and phero, to bear ; in reference to the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Myrtle- blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria i-Polyginia.) This is the most natural order of plants, and no blue flower has yet been found to belong to it. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings under a bell-glass; loam and peat. Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 45°. A. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. Yellow. August. N. Holland. 1/89. — lanccolu'ta (lanceolate-teased). 6. Yellow. August. N. Holland. 1816. Angre'cum. (From angurek, the Ma- layan term for air-plants. Nat. ord., Or- chids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) By offsets in spring, sphagnum moss, and broken potsherds, and pieces of wood ; kept moist and hot when growing in summer ; cool in win- ter; hot and dry when coming into bloom. Summer temp., 70° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°. A. apicula'tum (small-pointed). $. White. Sierr» Leone. 1844. — armeni'acam (aoiicot-coloxaeA-flowered). Yel lowish-pink. Sierra Leone. 1838. — Ashante'si (Ashantee). $. Cinnamon. June. Ashantee. 1843. — bilo'bum (two-lobed). £. White. Septem i ber. Cape Coast. 1841. — cauda 1 turn (tail-lipped), lj. White, green, August. Sierra Leone. 1834. — caule'scens (stemmed). 1$. Green, white. September. India. 1834. — clandesti' num. (concealed-flowered). £. Green, white. September. Sierra Leone. 1835. — di'stichum (two-roxred-leaved). $. White. September. Sierra Leone. 1834. — ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). l£. White. Ja- nuary. Madagascar. 1826. — micra/nthum (small-flowered). i. White. Sierra Leone. 1834. — odorati/ssimum (very sweet-scented). White. Sierra Leone. 1832. — ornithorhy'nchum (bird's-beak). White. Brazil. 1840. — pellu'cidum (transparent). £. White. No- vember. Sierra Leone. 1842. — pertu'sum (broken). $. White. October. Sierra Leone. 1836. — polysta'chyum (many-spiked). Peru. 1840. — subulu'tum (awl-shaped). White. Sierra Leone. 1832. — teretifo'lium (straw-leaved). White. Sierra Leone. Akgutlla'eta. (From anguilla, an eel; in reference to the twisted seeds. Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 3-Trirtynia. Allied to Vera- trum.) Herbaceous plants, requiring a little protection in winter; division of roots, and cuttings, under a hand-light ; peat and loam. A. biglandulo'sa (two-glanded). 1. Purple. May. N. Holland. 1826. — dioi'ca (dioecious). 1. Purple. May. N. S. Wales. 1826. — I'ndica (Indian). 1. Dark purple. June. Tranquebar. 1818. Angtjlo'a. In honour of Angxdo, a Spa- nish naturalist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- daceie]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-3Ionogy- nia.) Stove orchids, requiring the same culture as Angraecum. A. Clowe'sii (Clowes'), lj. May. Yellow and white. Columbia. 1842. flo'ribus fla'vis (Clowes' straw-coloured). 1£. May. Pale yellow. 1845. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), l. July. S. Amer. 1823. R-u'ckeri (Rucker's). 1$. crimson. 1345. Yellow sad ANGr r 4i i ANI A. supe'rba (superb). Crimson and purple. Mexico. — uniflo'ra (one-flowered). May. Cream-coloured. Peru. 1843. There is a variety of this with pink flowers. Angu'ria. (One of the* Greek names for the cucumber. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucurbitacese]. Linn., 21-Monoscia 2- JDiandria.) Tropical evergreen climbers ; seed and cut- tings ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 65° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°. A. Mackayu'na (Mackay'sl. 1847- — peda'ta (pedate). 20. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820. — triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. Pink. July. Carthage. 1/93. — trifolia'ta (tliree-leaflcted). 10. Yellow. July. St. Domingo. 1793. — umbro'sa (shady). 10. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1827. A'nia. (After a Roman beautiful wi- dow. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q~Gynandria 1-Monogynia.) A. bico'rnis (two-horned), §. March. Yellow, green. Ceylon. 1841. Cultivated like Anguloa. Anigoza'nthos. (From anoiyo, to ex- pand, and anthos, a liower ; in reference to tbe branching expansion of the flower- stalks. Nat. ord., Bloodworts [Hcemodo- racese] . Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.) Greenhouse herbaceous plants ; division of the roots in spring; loam, one part to three of peat. Summer temp., 45° to 60° ; winter, 40° to 45°. A. cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Crimson. July. Swan River. 1837. — fla' 'vidua (yellowish-green-,/?ou>era2). 3. Yel- low. July. N. Holland. 1808. bi' color (two-co\oured-flowered). 3. Scar- let, green. May. Swan River. 1837. — fuligino'sus (sooty). 3. Yellow. June. Aus- tralia. — hu'milis (dwarf). Brown. Swan River. — Mangte'sii (Mr. Mangle's). 3. Green. May. Swan River. 1833. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Green, red. July. N. Holland. 1836. — pulche'rrimus (beautiful). 2£. Yellow, white. Swan River. 1840. — ru'fa (rusty). 2. Yellow, red. June. N. Holland. 1824. Animal Matters, without any excep- tion, are beneficial as manures ; for they all yield, during putrefaction, gases and so- luble substances, that are imbibed greed- ily by the roots of plants. That this is the case, affords no cause for wonder, be- cause animal matters and vegetable mat- ters are alike compounded of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with a small addition of saline matters. The general consideration of Manures will be found under that title, and other relative information under the heads Dung and Vegetable Matters ; and in this place, we shall confine our attention to some of the most available of strictly animal mat- ters. See, also, the article Bones. Blubber, or fat of the whale, contains train-oil, composed of — Carbon . 68.87 Hydrogen .... 16.10 Oxygen .... 15.03 with a little animal skin and muscle. 40 gallons of train-oil, mixed with 120 bushels of screened soil, grew 23 tons of turnips per acre, on a soil where 40 bushels of bones broken small, and 80 bushels of burnt earth, produced only 21 tons. Fish, generally, such as sprats, herrings, pilchards, five-fingers, and shell-fish, owe their powerful fertilizing qualities not only to the oil they contain, but also to the phosphate of lime in their bones. From 25 to 45 bushels per acre are the extreme quantities to be applied broad- cast; but if in the drills, with the crop, 16 bushels are ample. They are benefi- cial to all the gardener's crops, but espe- cially to asparagus, parsnips, carrots, beets, onions, and beans. Shell-fish should be smashed before being applied. Blood is a very rich manure, and has been applied with especial benefit to vines and other fruit-trees. The blood of the ox contains about eighty per cent, of water, and twenty per cent, solid mat- ter. The latter contains, in 100 parts, when dried — Carbon . . . 51.950 Hydrogen . Azote Oxygen 7.165 17.172 The ashes contain various salts, as chlo- ride of sodium (common salt), phosphate of lime, with a little oxide of iron. Sugar- baker's skimmings owe their chief fer- tilizing qualities to the blood used in clari- fying the sugar, and which is combined with vegetable albumen, and extractive. Woollen Bags,cut into very small pieces, are a good manure, decomposing slowly, and benefiting the second as much as the first crop. Hops and turnips have been the crops to which they have been chiefly applied. Half a ton per acre is a fair dressing. Wool is composed of — Carbon . . . 50.653 Hydrogen. . • 7.029 Azote . . • 17.710 Oxygen 1 2 4.608 Sulphur J It leaves a very slight ash, containing ANI L « J ANN minute quantities of muriate of potash, lime, and probably phosphate of lime. Feathers and hair closely resemble it in their components. Horns are composed of— 51.578 6./12 17-284 24.426 Carbon Hydrogen Azote Oxygen \ Sulphur / besides minute proportions of sulphate, muriate and phosphate of potash, phos- phate of lime, and other less important matters. Shells.— Those of the following are thus composed : — Oyster . Lobster . Hen's Eggs Phos- I Carbo- ; Animal phate of nate of matte . lime. lime, i matter - 0.5 30.0 9.6 4.7 They have all been found good, in a pounded form, as manures for turnips, and must be for all other plants, and on all soils where calcareous matters are deficient. Anisca'ntha. (From anisos, unequal, and akantha, a spine. Nat. ord., Cheno- pods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn., 4- Tetran- dria 1-Monogynia.) Evergreen under-shrub ; cuttings of young shoots, a little hard at bottom, in April : peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 45°. A. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. N. Holland. 1824. Anisa'nthtjs. (From anisos, unequal, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Irids, "Iridaceae]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Mono- gynia.) This is now a synonyme of Antholyza. Green- house or frame-bulbs, requiring protection in winter; offsets; peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 60° ; winter, 40° to 45°. A. Cuno'nia (Cunon's). 2. Scarlet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/56. — quadrangvla'ris (quadrangular). 2. Yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1700. — sple'ndens (splendid). 2. Scarlet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1828. Ani'se. Tra'gium ani'sum. Half-hardy annual, used for garnishing or •easoning. Sow during April, in pots, plunged in a hotbed ; remove to a warm, light border in May. Thin the plants to six inches apart. The •eed is ripe in August or September. It does not bear transplanting. A'ntseed-tree. Illi'cium anisn'tum. Ajusocchi'lus. (From anisos, unequal, and cheilos, lip. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14r-Didy- namia 1-Gymnosperniia.) Stove biennial; seeds in heat, or cutting* ia sandy soil, under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 60°. A. carno'sa (fleshy). 2. Lilac. August. E. Ind. 177,8. Aniso'jieles. (From anisos, unequal, and melos, a member. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., 1±-Didynamia 1- Gymnospermia.) Chiefly evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings of stove species in April, in heat, under a bell-glass. Greenhouse species, under glass, without heat. Sow the annual in March, in heat ; loam and peat. Temperature same for stove plants, 55° to 75°; winter, 50° to 60°. Greenhouse, winter, 45°. A. furca/ta (forked). 1. Blue. August. Nepaul. 1824. Greenhouse. — Malaba'rica (Malabar). 2. Violet. August. E. Ind. 1823. — motcha'ta (musk). 2. Purple. August. N. Holland. 1824. — ova'ta (ovate-teawd). 2. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1823. Stove annual. Aniso'pia hoetico'la, is a beetle which often attacks the rose-flowers about June. Its maggots live under turf, and feed on its roots. Annuals are plants which live out one year, and, consequently, require to be raised from seed annually. By a par- ticular mode of culture some of them may be made to live longer. Thus, mignonette will continue to bloom for two or more years if not allowed to ripen its seeds. Hardy Annuals, or those requiring no protection, are sown where they are to remain in the open borders, from the end of February to the beginning of May. To flower late in autumn, some may be sown in the middle of June. Whether sown in patches or broad masses, whether mixed or separate, must be left to the taste of the sower, guided by his know- ledge of the colours of the flowers. These should be well contrasted. Every patch should be properly labelled, which is easily done by having some deal laths, one inch broad, planed smooth, cut into nine-inch lengths, and painted white. On these the name can he written with a lead pencil. Half-hardy Annuals, such as require artificial heat while seedlings, are sown in a gentle hotbed in March and April. The seedlings, when an inch or two long, to be transplanted into another gentle hotbed, or greenhouse, to remain until the middle of May, then to be trans- planted into the borders, and attended like other annuals. Tender or Greenhouse Annuals, requir- ing artificial heat and shelter during their ANO [ 43 ] ANS whole growth, are sown early in March, an a gentle hotbed ; to be transplanted into another, like the half-hardy, and thence into pots, to remain in the green- house. Some of them, if moved into a warm border in June, will bloom freely, and even ripen seed. Anodo'ntia. (From a, not, and odontos, a tooth ; in reference to the stamens. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Aiyssum.) For general management, see Alysscm. A. dasyca'rpa (thick-fruited). 4. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819. — edt'ntulun (toothless). 1. Yellow. July. Hungary. 1820. — halimifo'lia (purslane-leaved). |. White! June. South of Europe. 1820. — macroca'rpa (long- fruited). 4- White. June, France. 1823. — obova'ta (obovate). £. Yellow. June. France. 1830. — rupe'stre (rock). ?. White. June. Naples. 1825. — spino'sa (thorny). £. White. June. South of Europe. 1683. Anoictochi'lus. (From anoikios, open, and cheilos, a lip ; in reference to the spreading apex of the lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan- dria 1-Monandria.) Division of the roots; lumpy peat; a little loam and charcoal ; and well drained. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°. A. seta'ceus (bristly). 4- White, green. June- Java. 1836. vax.pi'ctus (painted-bristly). The natives of Ceylon, where it grows hi the hedge-rows, admire it much, and give it the regal name of " The King of the Woods ; " and well it deserves the title ; but yet the leaves are the only part that attract our admiration. The flowers, though various, are not at all beautiful ; but the leaves are the most beautiful of all the leaves in the world. The ground colour is of a dari velvety-green, tinged with a metallic lustre, curiously inlaid, as it were, with streaks of golden net-work. If examined with a moderate micro- scope, when the sun is shining, this golden net- work is really glorious, having the appearance of the richest rubies. But no description can do 'uotice to the beauty of the leaves of this plant. The variety named pictus, or painted — brought home, we believe, by Mr. Gibson, from the Khorea Hills, India— has a broad stripe of yellow down the centre of each leaf, in addition to the golden net-work. It is equally beautiful with the original species, but, if anything, more diffi- cult to cultivate. Messrs. Low and Co., of the Clapton Nurseries, have imported another variety, ;rom Borneo, of a stronger growth, and on that account worth cultivating, though not quite so beautiful as the other two varieties. (Cottage Gardener, iii. 224.) Anomathe'ca. (From anomos, singular, and theca, a capsule, or seed-pod. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 9-Trian- dria 1-Moiwyynia.) Very neat, Ixia-like, dwarf, bulbous plants, which flower in the open borders all summer, in any light, garden-soil; ripen seeds freely, and require the protection of a frame in winter. Propagated from seeds and offsets ; light, sandy loam and common soil ; bulbs require, in most places, to be kept in a frame, or in stored bags, during winter. A. crue'nta, especially, is wejj fitted for a flower-bed, or for the window-sill. A. crue'nta (bloody). 1. Crimson. July. Capt of Good Hope. 1830. — ju'ncea (rushy). 1. Lilac. May. Cape oi Good Hope. 1791. Ano'na. (From menona, its local name in Banda. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anona- cese]. Linn., lS-PolyandriaQ-Polygamia.) Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs ; cuttings of ripened wood, in strong heat, under a glass, in April; rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 65°. A. amplexicau' lis vstem-clasping). 12. Yellow, green. Mauritius. 1824. — Asia'tica (Asiatic). 12. Yellow, green. Asia. 1816. — C/ien'mo7i'a(Cherimoyer). 18. Brown. Au- gust. S. Amer. 1739. — cine'rea (grey). 15. Yellow, green. W. Ind. Brown. Au- 181 — gla'bra (smooth-fruited). 16. gust. Carolina. 1774. — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 15. Brown. W. Ind. 1773. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Yellow, green. Guiana. 1820. — Mexica'na (Mexican). 12. Yellow, green. Mexico. 1823. — muc&sa (mucous). 12. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1820. — murica'ta (muricated. The sour sop). 10. Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1656. — obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). IS. Yellow, green. W. Ind. 1810. — paludo'sa (marsh). 4. Green. Guiana. 1830. — palu'stris (marsh. The cork- wood). 15. Yellow. W. Ind. 1/31. — puncta'ta (spotted). 12. Yellow, green- Trinidad. 1818. — reticula'ta (netted). 20. White, green. S. Amer. 1690. — Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 10. Yellow, green, Guinea. 1824. — squamo'sa (scaly. The sweet sop). 20. White, green. S. Amer. 1731. Ano'pteeus. (From ano, upwards, and pteris, a fern ; alluding to the sem- blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., EscaUo- niads [Escalloniacea?]. Linn., 6-Pentan- dria 1-Monogynia.) A greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat. Usually in a cold pit or greenhouse, but should be tried on a wall, with slight winter protection. A. glanduto'sus (eland-leaved). 3. December. White and pink. Van Diemen'a Land. 1846. Anse'llia. (In honour of Mr. Ansell, the botanical collector who accompanied the ill-fated Niger Expedition. Nat. ord., ! Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan- ' dria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Aganisia.) ANT [44] ANT A stove orchid. Divisions ; turfy heath-mould and broken potsherds. Temp, in summer, 60° to 85°, with plenty of moisture at root and top ; winter, 55° to 6o°, and kept dry. X.Africa'na (African). 3. Brown, green, and yellow. February. Fernando Po. 1844. Ant. (Formi'ca.) To drive this insect away, dig up its nests and haunts, and mix the earth with gas-lime. To kill it, pour over the nest, at night, a strong de- coction of elder-leaves. To trap it, smear the inside of a garden-pot with honey, invert it over the nest, and when crowded with them, hold it over the steam of hoiling water ; or turn a flower-pot, with its hole stopped, over the nest. The ants huild up into it, and the whole colony may he taken away in a shovel. They may be kept from ascending standard and es- palier trees, by tying a piece of wool round the stems and the supporters. Antenna'ria. (From antenna, feelers; in reference to the downy heads of the seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., ld-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.) Root division and seeds ; common, light soil. In most places the Nepaul species require the protection of a cold pit in winter. A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Pink. June. Alpine. Europe. 1775. — Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Pink. June. Carpathian Mountains. 1775. — conto'rta (twisted-leaved). 2. White. July. Nepaul. 1821. — dioi'ca (dioecious). 1. Pink. June. Britain. 1821. — hyperbo'rea (northern!. 1. Whitish. June. Isle of Skye. 1821. — margarita'cea (pearly). 2. White. July. England. 1821. — plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). I. White. July. Virginia. 1759. — tripline'ruis (three-nerved). 1. White. Au- gust. Nepaul. 1823. A'nthemis. Chamomile. (From An themon, a flower; in reference to the great number of flowers produced. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- Sy agenesia 2-Superf.ua.) With a few exceptions, they are hardy plants. Division of plant, and seeds ; common soil. The single-flowering A. no'bitis is superior to the double for medicinal properties. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. A< alpi'na (alpine). 1. White. July. Austria. 1824. ~ White. July. ■ apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved) China. 1819. — Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). Italy. 1825. — Carpa'tica (Carpathian). I, Carpathia. 1820. — chamomi'Ua (chamomile). 1 ■ South of Europe. 1807. — curonopifo'lia (buck-horn-leaved). May. Spain. 1818. — fruticulo'sa (shrubby). 2. White Caucasus. 1820. White. August. White. June. July. White. August. White. A. globo'sa (globose). I. White. July. South of Europe. 1570. — grandiflo'ra (great - flowered). 1. White. July. South of Europe. 1825. — Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. White. August. Iberia. 1820. — incrassa'ta (thick -peduncled). 1. White. July. France, 18] 8. — Kitaibe'llii (Kitaibel's). 1. White. June. Hungary. 1823. — Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 181 6. — melampo 1 dia (black-footed). 1. White. Au- gust. Egypt. 18 19. — monta'na (mountain), 1. Purple. July. Italy. 1759. — petrol a (rock). 1. White. July. Italy. 1825. — pube'scens (soft-haired). 1. White. July. South of Europe. 1803. — pyre) 'thrum (pellitory of Spain). 1. White. May. South of Europe. 1570. — rige'scens (rigescent). 2. White. August. Caucasus. 1805. — Rudolphia'na (Rudolph's). 1. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1824. — saxa'tilis (rock). 1. White. July. Hungary. 1807. — tincto'ria (dyer's). 2. Yellow. June. Britain. — tomento'sa (downy). 1. White. July. Le- vant. 1795. ANNUALS. A. alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. July. South of Europe. 1731. — Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. White. August. Austria. 1759. — Chi'a (Chian). 2. White. June. Chio. 1731. — co'ta (cota). 1. White. April. Italy. 1714. — discoi'dea (discoid). 1. Yellow. June. Italy. 1800. —fa'llax (uncertain). 1. White. July. 1825. — fusca'ta (brown-scaled). 1. White. July. Portugal. 1805. — mari'tima (sea). 1. White. July. Medi- terranean. 1800. — mVxta (mixed). 1. White. August. France. 1731. — mucronula'ta (hard-pointed). Italy. 1836. — Ruthefnica (Russian). 2. White. June. Taurida. 1823. — Triumfe'tti (Tiiumfctti's). 1. Pale yellow. August. Switzerland. 1819. EVERGREENS. A. no'bitis (noble. Common chamomile). 1. White. August. Britain. Ho're-ple'no (double). 1. White. Au- gust. Britain. — puncta'ta (dotted). 1. White. August: Barbary. 1818. Biennial. See Chamomile. Anthe'phora. (From anthos,& flower, and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 2- Digynia.) Seed in March or April. Peat and loam. They are pretty, and, with the exception of re- quiring a greenhouse in winter, as easily managed as any other grass. A. e'legans (elegant). Apetal. August. Jamaica. 1776. — villo'sa (soft-haired). August. W. Ind. 1824. Anthe'ricum. (From anthos, a flower, and kerkos, a hedge ; in reference to the AIST ['48 ANT tall flower-stems. Nat. ord., Lilyuwrts [Liliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono- gynia.') Few orders of plants are less ably arranged by men of science, and still less understood by the gardener, than the "beautiful" Order of Lilies. With the exception of A. sero'tinum and suL- phu'reum, which are hardy, theyoare mostly low, greenhouse, herbaceous plants, with tuberous and fleshy-bundled roots. Propagated by suckers, offsets, and seeds. Sandy loam, with abundance of drainage, and - requiring the frame or green- house in winter. The genus Bulbine is now added to this. A. albucoi'des (albuca-like). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1788. — bipeduncula' turn (two-peduncled). 1. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — canaHcula'tum (channelled-leaved). 1. White and green. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. rufum (rusty). 1. Copper. June. Cape of Good Hope.- — ceeru'leum (bluish). Blue. May. — cro'ceum (saffron;. 1. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. — falca'tum (sickle-shaped). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. —filifo'lium (thread-leaved). 1. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. —filifo'rme (thread-form). 1. White. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1775. — fiexifo'lium (zigzag-leaved). 1. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. — floribu 'ndum (many-flowered). 1. White. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — fra'grans (sweet-scented). 1. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. — graminife'lium (grass-leaved). 2. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794. — hirsu'tum (hairy). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — longifo' Hum (long-leaved). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — pilo'snm (long-haired). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — plumo'sum (feather-petaled). 1. White. March. Chili. 1829. -»- pomeridia'num (afternoon). 2. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. I8I9. — revolu'tum irolled-back). 2. White. October. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. — sero'tinum (late-flowering). 1. White. July. Britain. — spira'le (spiral). 1. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — squa'meum (scaly). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — sulphu'reum (sulphur). 1. Purple, yellow. Julv. Hungary. 1823. — trif.o'rum (three-flowered). 1. "White. Sep- tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1782.* — undula'tum (waved). 1. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — vesperti'num (evening). 2. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1803. — villo'sum (long-haired). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Anthoce'rcis. (From unthos, a flower, nnd klrkis, a ray. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., li-Didyna- wui 2-Angiospermia.) Cutting* of ripened wood in April, placed la I sand under a glass, set at first in a ccoi place, j and afterwards placed in a mild bottom-heat. 1 Sandy loam and peat, well drained. Summer temp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 45° to 50°. A. a'lbicans (whitish-leaved). 3. White. June. N. Holland. 1825. — ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. Yellowish-green. June. Swan River. 1843. — litore'a (shore). 3. White. June. N. Hol- land. 1803. — visco'sa (clammy). 6. White. May. N. Hol- land. 1822. Anthoclei'sta. (From anthos, a flower, and cleistos, shut up. Nat. ord., Loga- niads [Loganeacese.]. Linn., 5-Pentan- dria l-Monogynia.) Cuttings in heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 66°. A. macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 20. White. Sierra Leone. 1820. A'nthodon. (From anthos, a flower, and odon, a tooth. Nat. ord., Hippocra- teads [Hippocrateaceae]. Linn., 3-Tri- andria l-Monogynia.) Tropical evergreen shrubs; cuttings of half- ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in hotbed; sandy loam and peat. Temperature as for pre- ceding genus. A. elli'pticum (elliptic). 12. Yellow, green. Rio Janeiro. 1818. — panicula'tum (panicled). 12. Yellow, green. Rio Janeiro. 1818. AnthOlo'ma. (From anthos, a flower, and loma, a fringe. Nat. ord., Margra- viads [Margraviacese]. Linn., lS-Poly- undria l-Monogynia.) A stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe wood, under glass, in sand and in heat ; light, rich loam. Temperature as for preceding. A. monta'na (mountain). N. Holland. 1810. Antholy'za. (From anthos, a flower, and lyssa, rage; in reference to the open- ing of ihe flower like the mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord., Irids [Irida- cese]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Monogynia'.) Bulbs requiring the assistance of a frame or greenhouse in winter, or to be planted deep enough beyond the reach of frost in a dry, shel- tered situation ; light, sandy soil ; offsets. See Anisa'nthds. A. JEthio'pica. (Ethiopian). 3. Scarlet and green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. — monta'na (mountain). 1. Brown. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759- — prcea'lta (verv tall). Orange. February. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Anthomy'ia, a genus of fly very inju- rious to the gardener. The principal species are the following : — A. ceparum (onion-fly). In light soils, especially, the onion is liable to suffer from the grub or larva of this fly {Anthomy'ia oepa'rum, or Seato'- phag* cepa'rum of some writers). The ANT [46] AUI gardener who sees his young onions, when about the thickness of a straw, turning yellow, and the leaves sunk down upon the ground, may at once know that they are the victims of this insect. Even when of larger growth the onion is still liable to suffer from its attacks, and even up to the time of the bulb's full growth. If the outer coats of a young onion thus destroyed are stripped off, the grub is at once detected; but if the onion is older, the grubs are often numerous. In both cases they will be found feeding on the very heart of the onion. The grub varies from about a quarter to half an inch long, is fleshy, shining, whitish, cylin- drical, tapering from the head to the tail, and divided into twelve segments. The pores through which it breathes are yel- low, and in the first segment. In about three weeks from the time of being hatched it changes into a chesnut-co- loured, oval puparium, or case, within which is the real pupa. From this, in about a fortnight, the perfect fly comes forth, of the size of the cross lines, and appearing as magnified in our drawing. This is the female, and is entirely of a pale, ashy colour, covered with black bristles. The male has a black line down the middle of the abdomen. The antennae and legs are black ; the wings are transparent, almost colourless, but irridescent pink and green. The female inserts her eggs within the leaf-sheaths of theonion, close to the ground, She continues to lay her eggs from May to September, producing several broods dur- ing that period. The latest brood re- mains in the pupa state through the winter, so that ail old-decaying store- onions should be burnt up as spring ad- vances. The best preventive of this grub is to sprinkle gas-lime between the rows of seeding-onions, its fumes being offen- sive to the fly. It may be well, also, to try spreading powdered charcoal among thorn in a similar way, for the fly is said to deposit her eggs in this powder as readily as in the onion-plants. A. bra'ssica, cabbage-fly, says Mr. Curtis, is found through the summer, and is the parent of a maggot which has been known to lay waste whole fields of cabbages, by diseasing the roots on which they feed, as well as at the base of the stalk. Successive generations are feed- ing until November ; the latter families lying in the pupa state through the win- ter, and most probably some of the flies survive that season, secreted in holes and crevices. When the cabbage-leaves as- sume a lead or yellow colour, and droop in mid-day from the effect of the sun, such plants, being diseased, should be taken up, carried away, and burnt, and brine or lime put into the holes. Gar- deners, in some instances, have collected large quantities of the pupae from the roots by drawing away the earth. The male of A. bra'sstca is dark, bright grey, with black bristles; there is a black stripe half way down the middle of the thorax, and a curved one on each side ; the body has a more decided black stripe down the centre, and the segments are marked by a line of the same colour: ' legs and antennae blackish ; wings a little smoky. The female is pale, ashy grey ; the eyes remote, with a dark chesnut- coloured stripe on the crown ; the wings are similar in tint to those of the fore- going species, but the insects are consi derably smaller. — Gardener's Chronicle. A. lactu'ccB, lettuce -fly. Mr. Curtis says the larvae make their appearance in Au- gust, but are abundant in September; they closely resemble those from the cab- bage and turnips, being of a yellowish- white colour, tapering towards the head, which is pointed, and armed with two short, black claws at the nose. These maggots live in the involucra of different varieties of lettuce, feeding upon the seeds and receptacle ; and when these are consumed, they wriggle themselves out backward, either to enter another seed-vessel or fall to the ground and become pupae. "When the seed-stems are gathered and dying, the larvae change to pupae, called shucks, in Surrey, being bright chesnut- coloured,. oval cases, which are rough, when examined under a lens, with two minute tubercles at the head, and tws ANT [47] ANT hooks, and a few other tubercles at the j search for convenient hiding-places, un- tail. In the course of May a few of the der stones about the trees, or under the pupae hatch; they have, however, been rough bark, in which they pass the winter, observed as early as April, and as late as Consequently, as they commence their July. The male is intense black, clothed operations early in the spring, care should with short hair and bristles ; the eyes . be taken to remove all stones, dead reddish-brown, and meeting above ; face leaves, and other litter from under the inclining to chesnut-colour,with a bright | trees, as well as to scrape off the rough, spot of the same on the crown ; the fore I dead bark from them in the winter sea- part of the trunk bears four varying son. The apple-weevil is also very in- whitish stripes ; the body is ashy-grey, the segments blackish, at the base a deep black; wings two, stained with black, and beautifully irridescent ; the base and poisers ochreous, the nervures of the wings pitchy. The female is entirely ashy-grey, and less bristly ; the eyes not meeting on the crown, with a bright chesnut-coloured stripe between them ; body oval, the apes, cone-shaped ; horns and legs blaGk- ish ; wings and nervures lighter than in the male, which it equals in size. — Ibid. Anthony'jius pomo'bum. Apple Wee- vil. This inslct shelters itself beneath the scurfy bark during the winter, await- ing the return of spring to renew its attacks upon the blossom-buds. " This insect," says Hr. Curtis, " commits great devastation in apple-orchards, by destroy- ing the stamens, pistil, and receptacle of the flower. As soon as the blossom- buds swell, the female beetle begins to deposit her eggs. In calm weather she selects a good bud, and makes a hole in it with her rostrum (long beak) ; she fixes herself at the hole, lays one egg, and goes on till she has deposited a con- siderable number of eggs in separate buds. The bud continues to swell, and the petals (flower-leaves) nearly expand, when suddenly the growth ceases, and the petals wither, and assume a shri- velled appearance. If one of these flower- buds be examined when nearly expanded, a small, white grub, with a black head, will be found in the centre, which begins to assume a yellowish colour; a few days later the grub will be found either wholly or partially changed to a beetle, and, should there be a small hole on the side of the receptacle, the beetle will have es- scaped, the transformation from the egg to the perfect state not having occupied raare than a month. When this beetle, or weevil, leaves the receptacle, it feeds during the summer on the leaves of the trees, and is seldom to be seen. In the %utumn, the weevils leave the trees and jurious to pear trees. This beetle, or weevil, is scarcely one line and a half long; its wing-cases are dark brown, with whitish-grey stripes; its antennas (horns or feelers) spring from the middle of its beak, and all these parts, as well as its eyes and the under part of the body, are black." There are several nearly-allied species of predatory weevils, which will be found under the name of Cuecu'uo. Anthospe'kitom. (From anlhos, a flower, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., Cinclwniads [Cinchoniaceae, formerly Eu- biaceae]. Linn., 22-Dioscia i-Tetrandria.) Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam; summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 40° to 45°. A. Mthio'pxcum (Ethiopian). 2. Green and white. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1692. Anthu'mtxm. (From anthos, a flower, and oura, a tail ; referring to the spadix. or Arum flower-spike. Nat. ord., Oron- tiads [Orontiacese]. Linn., rubra. stellata. — ; versicolor. Philydrum lanuginosum. Pistia stratiotes. Pontedera crassipes. • cordata. ■ dilatata. Sagittaria lancifolia. — obtusifolia. Thalia dealbata. Victoria regia. Propagation and culture. — Being all herbaceous plants, they are to be propa- gated as these generally are. Some are raised from seeds, which, in general, should be sown as soon as ripe, and the pots plunged in shallow water. When the plants come up, they may be trans- planted into other pots, and shifted as they advance in growth, till in a pot of sufficient size to admit their flowering, which will generally take place the same season. Instead of being kept in pots, the plants may be inserted in a bed of earth, on the bottom of the aquarium. Keep the water warm, say from 70° to 75° in summer, and leave them nearly dry in. winter. Nelu'mbium specio'snm requires a water heat of 84°. Cyperus, Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nym- phfea, Limnocharis, Hydrocharis, Sagit- taria, and Pontedera, will furnish variety enough. Aquarium for hardy Aquatics. — For this choose the lowest pait of your garden; dig out the soil or clay to a moderate depth ; it may either be of a regular form, as a circle or oval, or irregular, which latter we prefer, with a bay in one part, a jut- ting promontory in another, a shelving shore here, and a steep bank, covered with shrubs, at another point. However small the piece of water may be, a little good taste and judicious management will have the best effect. Having formed the shape by digging out the soil to the required depth, from two to three feet, the next point is to make it hold water. There is nothing better than clay for this purpose : it will require preparing to make it retentive of water. Take a small portion, say a barrow-load, and chop it into small pieces with a sharp spade. If it be diy, add a little water to it ; then, with a wooden hammer having a long handle, beat it well till every part is of a uniform consistency, having the appearance of clay dough. Spread this on the bottom of the pond, about six inches thick. Proceed with mixing- up and beating barrow-load after barrow- load till the bottom is entirely covered ; then either puts on a pair of wooden- soled shoes,- or go on it with naked feet; the last is the best way. Tread tha pre- pared clay firmly, closely, and evenly down. Do this well and properly, and the bottom will never leak. As soon as that part is finished, mix and beat more clay for the sides. With the spade, as soon as it or a portion of it is ready, dab it against the sloping bank, commencing at and joining it to the clay bottom. As soon as this is done, beat it with the wooden hammer firmly against the bank. If you have plenty of clay, eight inches will not be too thick for the sides. Ee- member, the more firmly the clay is beaten to the sides, the better it will hold water. The clay must be quite pure; that is, have no stones or other matter left amongst it. If there are any such left, they will serve as conduits for the water to escape by, and all your labour will be in vain. Proceed with adding layers of clay upward, until you reach the level you intend the water to be. Carry the clay -puddle two of three inches higher, level the natural soil down to it, and let this soil be two inches or more higher than the clay. This will prevent it cracking away from AQ'J I 60 ] AQU the bank. Your aquarium is now ready for the water. Previously to filling it, however, cover the bottom, upon the clay, with a coating of loam, four inches thick. This is intended to encourge the water-plants to root in, and to cause them to grow finely. If you can procure a sufficient quantity of rough stones or pebbles, place them against the banks. These will prevent the water from wash- ing away the clay-puddle. All being now ready, let in the water. Planting. — As soon as the aquarium is full of water you may plant the aquatics. The best mode is to have some wicker baskets of various sizes, to suit the size of each plant. Fill one with soil, in- serting the plant intended for it at the same time ; cover the top of the soil with some twisted haybands, coiling them round the plant ; then lace them firmly down with some strong three-cord twine, passing it under the rim of the wicker basket, so as to keep in it the soil and the plant. Throw either a plank or a long ladder across the water. On this you can walk, carrying the plant with you. Drop it into the place you intend it for, and so treat all the other water plants. Some of them — the water-lily, for instance — have their leaves floating on the surface ; but this is not needful at first. They (the leaves) will 3oon rise to the surface, and assume their natural position. The water-violet has both its roots and leaves floating ; all that is required, then, is to cast it into the water, and let it flourish as it pleases. Some of our readers may wish to have aquatics cultivated in tanks formed with masonry, the water to be used for water- ing plants in pots, &'c. This can be easily accomplished by puddling the bot- tom with clay, as mentioned above, and building upon it sloping walls, using Roman cement for mortar. These, if well executed, are very ornamental, and of a neat appearance. If the tank walls are carried- up three or four feet above the level, the plants are then brought nearer to the eye. An example of this may be seen in the royal gardens at Kew. Single plants of this kind may be culti- vated in vases, or even in troughs, the only thing they will require being a por- tion of mud at the bottom for the plants to root in. The after-culture the aqua- tics will require is, if possible, to change the water frequently, and keep the sur- face clear from water-mosses. A few ducks soon clear off the latter; other- wise the mosses must be skimmed, or flooded off with water, if there is supply enough. The following are some of the best hardy aquatics :■*— Ali'sma stratio'tU ( water-soldier), nati^^ of Britain. Aponoge'ton dista! chyon (two-spiked Aponogeton), a very pretty, floating aquatic, from the Cape of Good Hope ; yet, although from a warm country, it is sufficiently hardy to survive an ordinary winter. It has white flowers. Bu'totnus umbella'tus (Umbell-flowering Rush), one of the best of our native aquatics, found in ditches. It has beau- tiful heads of pink flowers, and does not require deep water; consequently, may be planted near the edge of the water Cattle are very fond of its leaves. Ca'lla palu'stris (Marsh Calla), a native of North America, and Ca'lla Mthio'pica (African Calla), both plants of great beauty. The latter is, on that account, cultivated as a greenhouse and window plant, and is commonly called the " arum plant." This species is rather tender, but will survive our winter if planted in deep water. Hotto'nia palu'stris (Marsh Hottonia). flesh-coloured flowers: a native of Britain. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta (Three-leaved Buckbean), with white flowers. This is another native species, growing in shal- low waters. It is very pretty, and worth cultivation. Nu'phar lu'tea (Yellow-flowered Nu- phar), a fine water-plant, native oi Britain. Nu'phar a'dvena (Stranger Nupiiar), yellow and red; a fine species, frorr. North America. Nymphce'a a!lba (White Water-Lily). This is, without doubt, the finest of out hardy water-plants. It loves deep water, with plenty of room, and a muddy bot- tom to root. in. It then will produce numbers of its beautiful, large, milk- white flowers. Ty'pha latifo'lia (Broad-leaved Cat's- tail). Though not so showy as some species, this plant is worth growing, pro- ducing its large flowers abundantly in shallow waters. Besides these there are — Alisma plan* tago; A. ranunculoides ; Lobelia Dort- manna ; Mj/riophyllum spicatum and verti- AQU [61] ARA cillatum; Polygonum amphihium; Sagit- turia sagittifvlia and latifolia ; Teucrium saordium; Trapa natans and quadrispi- nosa ; and Villarsia nymphoides and lacu- nosa. Aqotla'eia. (From aquila, an eagle, locally called Eagle-wood in Malacca. Nat. ord., Aquilariads [Aquilareaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) The Eagle-wood is the inside of the trunk o Aquila'ria ova'ta and A. Aga'llochum— esteemed a cordial in Asia. Cuttings in heat, in sand, and under a bell-glass. Sandy loam, with a little peat. Summer temp., 65° to 75°; winter, 55° to 60°. A. Malacce'nsis (Malacca). 6. Whitish-green* Malacca. 1823. A stove evergreen shrub. Aquile'gia. Columbine. (From aquila, an eagle ; in reference to the form of the petals. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranuncu- lacese.] Linn., 13-Polya?idria 5-Pentagy- nia.) Seeds in March ; common soil. Seedlings flower sometimes the first, but generally the se- cond season. All hardy herbaceous perennials. A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Blue. June. Switzer- land. 1731. — anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 1. Purple. July. Altaia. 1827. — a rctica (arctic). 1. Reddish-yellow. June. Siberia. — atropurpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Purple. June. Siberia. Fischeria'na (Fischer's). 1. Purple. June. Siberia. 1827. — brachy'ceras (short-spurred). J. Brown. May. North of Europe. 1838. — Canadensis (Canadian). 2. Reddish-orange. June. N. Amer. 1640. lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 1. Pale yellow. May. N. Amer. 1835. — Davu'rica (Davurian). 2. Purple. June. Davuria. 1827. — formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Red, orange. June, Kamschatka. 1822. — fra' grans (fragrant) . £. Yellow-striped. May. Himalayas. 1839. — Garnieria'na (Miss Garnier's). 2. Purple- striped. June. English hybrid. 1829. — glandulu'sa (glandular). 2. Whitish-blue. June. Siberia. 1822. — • co'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. Violet. July. Altaia. 1822. di'scolor (two-coloured). Bluish-white. June. Siberia. 1789. — glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Whitish-yellow. June. Himalayas. 1839. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. June. Siberia. 1818. — hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. Siberia. — jocu'nda (joyous-looking). l£. Blue, June. Siberia. 1844. — lepto'ceras (slender-horned). 1. Blue. June. Russia. 1833. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple. June. Siberia. 1819. — pubiflo'ra (woolly- flowered). Pale purple.] June. India. 1839. — Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. Ju'.y. Pyrenees. 1818. A. Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Blue, white. June. Siberia. 1806. — Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). $. Red, green. May. Guatimala. 1841. — viridifl&ra (green-flowered). 2. Green, yellow. June. Siberia. 1780. — visco'sa (clammy). 2. Purple. June. Mont- pelier. 1752. — vulga'ris (common). 2. Blue. June. Britain. cornicula'ta (small-horn-double). 2. Blue, white. June. Europe. — de'gener (degenerate-double). 2. Blue. white. June. Europe. e'legans (elegant). 1. Purple. Juns. Europe. inve'rsa (inverted-double).. 2. Blue, white. June. Europe. — stella' ta (starred-double). 2. Blue, white. June. Europe. A'rabis. Wall-cress. (From Arabia, probably in reference to the dry situa- tions where many of the species grow. Nat. ord., Crossworts or Crucifers [Bras- sicaceae], Linn., 15 -Tetr adynamia.) Pretty rock-woik ornaments ; seeds in March or August; cuttings under hand-lights ; common soil.- Hardy perennial trailers, except where other- wise specified. A a'ZAjrfa {whitish). 1. White. July. Caucasus. 1798. variega'ta (variegated-leaved), .f . White. February. Gardens. — alpestris (rocky). 1. White. July. Swit- zerland. 1819. Hardy biennial. — alpi'na (alpine). 1. White, yellow. May. Switzerland. 1596. Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White. May. Pyrenees. 1596. na'na (dwarf). 1. White. May. Switzer- land. I819. — ambi'gua (doubtful). 1. White. July. Si- beria. 1824. Hardy biennial. — arena' sa (sand). 1. Pink. July. Germany. 1798. Hardy annual. . — bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 1. White, yellow. June. Switzerland. 1773. — ctBru'lea (blue). 1. Pale blue. June. Swit- zerland. 1793. — cilia' ta (eye-lashed). 1. White. June. Ire- land. Hardy biennial. — enspa'ta (curled). 1. White. May. Carniola. 1818. — curtisi'liqua (short-podded). 1. White. June. North of Europe. 1825. Hardy biennial. — dasyca'rpa (thick-podded). 1. White. June. Podolia. 1827. — flemo'sa (zigzag). Naples. 1832. — lasiolo'ba (jagged-lobed). 2. White. June. Mexico. 1820. Hardy biennial. — lilaci'na (lilac-flowered). 1. Lilac. August. Europe. 1836. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. White. June. Per- sia. 1820. — lu'cida (shining-teamed). 1. White, June. Hungary. 1790. r— variega'ta (variegated-tereed). 1. White. June. Gardens. — mo'llis (soft). 1. White. June. Caucasus. 1817. — nu'tans (nodding), 1. White. May. Switzer- land. 1658. — omriefnsis (ovirian). 1. Pale red. June. Ca- rinthia. 1824. -petrafa (rock). 1. White. June, Austria. 1800. ABA E < A.petrce'a hastula'ta (adXhert-leaved). I. Purple. June. Britain. hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. June. Scot- land. — precox (earlv). I. variega'ta (variegated). 1. White. June. Garuens. — procu'rrens (procurrent). I. White. June. Hungary. 1818. — pu'mila (dwarf). I. White. June. Austria. 1810. — retrofra'cta (bent-back). Blush. June. N. Amer. 1827. — ro'sea (rosv -flowered). 1. Rose. February. Calabria. 1832. — Schivereckia'na (Shivereck's). 1. White. June. Austria. 1828, — stellula'ta (little-starred). 1. White. June. Italy. 1817- — stenope'tala (narrow-petaled). 1. White. June. 1818. Hardy biennial. — stoloni'fera (shoot-bearing). 1. White. June. Carniola. 1818. — ttri'cta (upright). Cream. May. England. — toxophy'lla (bow-leaved). 1. White. July. Volga. 1823. Hardy biennial. — tindula'tu (waved-leaved). 1. White. June. South of Europe. 1810. — ve'rna (spring). 1. Purple. May. France. 1710. Hardy annual. A'rachis. Earth-nut. (From a, not, and rachis, a branch ; a branchless plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae.] Linn., 17 -JDiadelphia ±-Decandria.) Seed and .offsets ; sandy loam ; summer temp., <50° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 65° ; but may be treated as an annual. Ara'lia. (Meaning unknown. Nat. ord., Ivy worts [Araleaceae]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 5-Pentagynia.) Aromatic gum-resin is produced from the root of A. racemo'sd, spino'sa, and hi'spida. The young shoots of A. edu'lis are used in China as a delicate vegetable ; and, in North America, the choots of A. -midway! lis are used like sarsaparilla. Hardy species, division of the plants, and Ienzie's). White. N. Amer. 1827. — Mille'ri (Miller's). 10. White. September. Hybrid. 1825. — mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed leaved). 1. White. Magellan. 1828. Greenhouse evergreen trailer. — pilo'sa (hairy-branched). 1. White. Mey. Mexico. 1829. — phillyreaefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). 1. White. Peru. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen. — proce'ra (tall). 15. White. N. Amer. 1825. — pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. Magellan. 1825. Greenhouse evergreen. — serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). 6. Whitish- ren. Greenhouse evergreen. (showy). Mexico. 1837. — tomento'sa (wonUy-branched). 4. White. March. California. 1826. nu'da (smooth-branched). — u'nedo (uneflo). 10. White. October, Ireland. cri'spa (curled). 8. White. October. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 6. Pink. October. — ple'na (double-flowered). 5. White. Oc- tober. salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. White. October. — schizope'tala (cut-petaled) . 7. White. Oc- tober. ru'bra (red-flowered). 10. Pink. Oc- tober. Arcade is a walk arched over with trellis-work, and this covered with climb- ers. Archangel, or White Dead Nettle. La'mium a'lbum. Archange'lica. (From arche, chief, and angelica, from its supposed virtues. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) A. officinalis (officinal). 4. Green. July. England. This is the same as Angelica archange'lica. There are two other species, brut worthless. Seeds i B April ; common soil. Arctosta'i>hylos. From arktos, a bear, and staphyle, a berry. Bears eat the fruit of some species. Nat. ord., Heaihwort* [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) A. alpi'na (alpine blackberried) . 1. Flesh. April. Scotland. Deciduous trailer. — longifo'lia (long- leaved). Mexico. I847. Half-hardy evergreen under-shrub. — ni'tida (shining). 4. White. May. Mexico, 1836. Half-hardy evergreen shrub. — pu'ngens (stinging). 1. White. February. Mexico. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen shrub. — tomento'sa (downy). White. N. Amer. 1826. Evergreen shrub. — u'va-u'rsi (bear's-grape). 1. White. April. Britain. Evergreen trailer. Aectothe'ca. (From arktos, a bear, and t'heke, a capsule ; seed-pod, or cap- sule, as rough as a bear. Nat. ord., Com- posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 3-Fruslranea. Allied to Arctotis.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 40° to 45°. A. grandiflo'ra (great -flowered), lj. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. .1832.. — hi'rta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — re'pens (creeping). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1793. Aecto'tis. (From arktos, a bear, and ous, an ear. Shaggy fruit. Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteraceae] . Linn., 19-Syn- genesia A-Necessaria.) General treatment same as for Arctotheca. Many are easily propagated by cuttings in sand , under a bell-glass, in a shady, cool place, and u few by seeds. All greenhouse evergreens, except where otherwise specified. A. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Yellow, red. May. Cape of Good Hope, 1759. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. — angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 2. Purple. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1739. — arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. White, pink. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 1. Orange. Au- gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. Greenhouse biennial. — a'spera (broad-rough-leaved). 3. Yellow. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1710. — aure'ola (golden). 1. Orange. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1710. — auricula' ta (ear-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of. Good Hope. 1795. — bi 'color (two-coloured). 1. White, red. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. — cinera'ria (cineraria). 2. Yellow, orange. July, Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Green- house herbaceous perennial. — cu'prea (copper-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — decu'mbens (decumbent). 1. Yellow. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. — decu'rrens (decurrent). 2. White, red. Joly« Cape of Good Hope. 1/94. ARC [ w 7 ARE July, I. ela'Hor (taller). 2. Yellow, purple. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — fastuo'sa (disdainful). 2. Orange, red. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse biennial. ~fla>ccida (flagging-sta/A-ed). 1. White, red. June. Cape of Hope. 1794. Green- house annual. — glabra'ta (smoothish). 2. yellow, purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — glaucophy' lla (milky-green-leaved). 1. Yellow, purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/nsis (Canary). 10. Red. July. Canaries; 1820. Greenhouse. — colora'ta (coloured). 10. Red. July* E. Ind. - complana'ta (levelled). 6. Pink. Penawr. 1834. s -coria'cea (leathery), 7. Scarlet. Antilles. 1824. A. crenula'ta (round-notched-.'ea»e White. July. Tauria. 1818. Hardy annual. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved)'. 4- White. July. Siberia. I817. -• glabe'rrima (smoothest). 4- White. July. Cau- casus. 1316. — grandijlo'ra (great-flowered). J. White. July. Switzerland. 1783. — He'lmiii Helm's;. 4. White. July. Siberia. 1826. *- hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. White. July. Caucasus. IS20. — imbrica'ta (imbricated;. 4. White. July. Cau- casus. 1820. — juniperi'na (juniper-leaved), 4- White. July. Siberia. 1800. — lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 4- White. June. Switzerland. 1823. — laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). $. White. August. Britain. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. White. July. Si- beria. 1823. — macroca'rpa (long-fruited), 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1810. — marina (marine). 4. Purple. July. Germanv. 1793. — marginata (margincu). 4. White. July. Cau- | casus. 1818 Hardy deciduous trailer, j 5 A. Mediterra'nea (Mediterranean). |. Whit*. June. Mediterranean. 1823. Hardy an- nual. — monta'na (mountain). t. White. June. France. 1800. — multicau'lis (many-stemmed). 4- White, 'uly. Europe. 1814. — nardifolia (nardus-leaved). 4. White. July, Siberia. 1827. — nemoro'sa (grove). $. White. S. Amer. 1838. Hardy evergreen under-shrub. — Norve'gica (Norwegian). 4- White. July, Scotland. Hardy evergreen plant. — otitoi'dss (otites-like). White. July. Siberia. 1820. — pe'nduln (pendulous). White. July. Hungary. 1816. — peploi'des (peplis-like). White. June. Britain. Evergreen creeper. — pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). White. July, Cau- casus. 1823. — polygonoi'des (knotgrass-like). Red. July Switzerland. 1822. — proce'ra (tall). White. July. Siberia. 1820. — procu'mbens (procumbent). Purple. July. Egypt. 1801. Half-hardy deciduout trailer. — pube'scens (downy). White. July. Archipelago. 1820. — purpu'rea (purple). White. July. Spain. 1823. Hardy annual. — ramosi'siima (branchiest). White. July. Hun- gary. 1816. Hardy biennial. — recu'rva (recurved). White. July. Alps. 1822. — ri'gida (stiff). 4. White. July. Siberia. 1823. — rostra' ta (beaked!. \. White. August. Hun- gary. 181 6. — ru'bra (red). 4- Purple. July. Britain. Hardy annual. ' — rubeflla (reddish-flowered). J. Red. July. i Scotland. — sali'na (saline). 4- Purple. July. Bohemia. 1820. Hardy annual. — saxa'tilis (rock). 4. White. July. Germany. 1732. — sca'bra (rough). J. White. July. Alps, Eu- rope. 1822. — seta'cea (bristle-leaved). 4- White. July. France. — stria'ta (striatedl. J. White. July. Switier- land. 1683. — stri'cta (upright). 4- White. Julv. N. Amer, 1812. — subula'ta (cwl-shaped). \. White. June. Cau- casus. 1822. — tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 4. White. July England. Hardy annual. Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 4. White. July ; South of France. 1820. hy'brida (hybrid). 4. White. July. Soutk of France. I827. visci'dula (viscidish). 4- White. July. France. 1818. — tttra! quetra (square-stalked) . 4- White. Au- gust. Pyrenees. 1731. — triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. July. South of Europe. 1816. — tria'ndra (three-stamened). 4- White. July. 3817. Hardy annual. — uliginn'sa (marsh), 4. White. July. Switzei. land. 1817. — ve'rna (spring). 4. White. May. Britain. — rerticilla'ta (whorled). 4- White. July. Ar- menia. 1823. .Arethu'sa. (A classical name, aftei ARE L 68 ] AE1 one of Diana's nymphs. Nat. ord., Orchids fOrchidaceffi]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I- Monogyiiiu.) Division, peat and loam, with charcoal. Sum- mer temp., 6o° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 65°. A. bulbo'ta 'bulbous). J. Whitish-red. June- Carolina. Greenhouse. — plica'ta (plaited). 1. July. E. Ind. 1806. Stove. Are'tia. (Named in honour of a Swiss professor, Aretius. Nat. ord., PrimewoHs [Primulaceas]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) Division of the roots in spring or autumn ; sand, loam, and peat. They cannot bear stagnant water ; are good for rock-work ; all, but one, hardy herbaceous perennials. A. alpi'na (alpine). J. Pink. June. Switzerland- 1775. — arg?ntea (silvery). §- White. June. Swit- zerland. 1826. Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. — Helvetica (Swiss), i. White. June. Swit- zerland. 1/75. — pube'scens (downy). }. White. June. Switzer- land. 182». — Vitalia'na (Vital's). \. Yellow. June. Pyre- nees. 1787. Arga'nta. (From argam,\ts aboriginal name. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Kiae stove, hard-wooded, evergreen timber" tree ; layers and cuttings in autumn or spring ' the latter under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 60° to "0° ; winter, 45° to. 55°. The specific gra- vity of the wood is so great that it sinks in water. A, sidero'xylon (iron-wood). 14. Green, yellow. July. Morocco. 1711. Asgemo'ne. (From argema, a cataract of tho eye ; in reference to its medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Papa- veracese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria \-Mono- gynia.) The seed of A. Mexica'na is the Fico del in- ferno (infernal fig) of the Spaniards ; a purga- tive and powerful narcotic, especially if smoked with tobacco. In the West Indies they are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha. Hardy annuals, except where otherwise specified ; seeds, suckers, and divisions in March ; common soil. A. albiflora (white-flowered). 2. White. July. Mexico. 18SI. — Barclayana (Mr. Barclay's). 5. Cream. June. Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. — grandiflo'ra (great-flowered). 3. White. July. Mexico. 1827. Hardy herbaceous per- ennial. — tt arica'na (Mexican). 2. Yellow. July. Mex- ico. 1592. — Otkroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Sulphur. July. Mexico. 1827. Abgola'sia. (From argos, white, and asios, woolly; the perianth being velvety- white. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Haemodo- racese]. lAwi.fi-ITexandrial-Monugynia.) A small greenhouse plant, of easy culture, but must not get dry; division of the roots ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 50° to 65°; win- ter, 40 D to 45°. A. ptumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. Cape of Good Hope. 1787. Abgyrei'a. Silver-weed. (From argy- reios, silvery ; in reference to the silvery hue of the leaves. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) All stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings, half, ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and in nice bottom-heat ; rich loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°. A. bo'na-nox (night-flowering). 20. White. E. Ind. 1799. — capita'ta (headed). Purple. July. E. Ind. 1823. — cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 10. Purple. August. E. Ind. 1822. — cymo'sa (cyme-flowered). 10. Pink. E. Ind. 1823. —festi'oa (festive). White. July. India. 1838, — Malaba'rica { Malabar). Cream. July. E. Ind. 1823. — orna'ta (adorned). 10. White. E. Ind. 1824. — poma'cea (apple-fruited). Pink. E. Ind. 1818. — specio'sa (showy). 10. Red. July. E. Ind. 1818. — sple'ndens (shining). 1. Pink. E.Ind. 1820 — unijiu'ra ;one-flowered). 30. White. E.Ind. 1817. Abis-e'ma. (From aron, an arum, and sana, a standard ; in reference to the close affinity to Arum. Nat. ord., Arads [Ara- ceae]. Linn., 21-Mona?ciu9-Polyandria.) Tuberous-rooted perennials. Division of ita tubers ; loam and peat. A. draco'niium (dragon). 2. June. Green. N. Amer. I759. Hardy. — macrospa'tha (large -spathed). Pink. July. Morelia. 1839. Greenhouse. — Murra'yi (Murray's.) l£.Apetal. March. Bom- bay. 1847. Stove. — ri'ngens (gaping). $. May. Japan. 1800. Halt* hardy. — terna'tum (three-leafleted). §. Purple. Mat. Japan. 1774. Half-hardy. — triphy'llum (three-leaved), j. Brown. May. N. Amer. 1664. Hardy. Ari'stea. (From arista, a point or beard ; in reference to the rigid points of the leaves. Nat. ord., Trids [Iridaceae]. Linn., Z-Triandria 1-Monogynia.) The least conspicuous plants of this order. Their leaves form the chief herbage for cattle at the Cape of Good Hope. Greenhouse plants. Seed and divisions in March or April ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45 c . A. capita'ta (headed). 3. Blue. Julv. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — cya'nea (bright blue). $. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. — nelaleu'ca (black and white). 1. Pale blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1796. — pusi'lla (little). $. Bine. July. Cape ot Good Hope. 1806. — tpira'lis (spiral-flowered), 1. Pale blue. Ml.. . Cape of Good Hop?. 1796, AR1 C 67 ] ARM Aristolo'chia, Birtbwort. (From arislos, best, and hcheia, parturition ; its supposed medicinal character. Nat.'ord., Birthworts [Aristolochiaceee]- Linn., 20- Gynandria 6-Hexandria.) Herbaceous and climbing plants, the first by division of the roots ; hardy climbing ones by division of the roots, and layers in spring or au- tumn. Stove plants j cuttings of fine wood, in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam for the hardy ; peat and loam for the tender xinds. Temp. for. the latter, summer, 65° to 80° j winter, 55° to 60°. HARDY. A. Arka'nm (Arkansa), 20. Purple. July. Ar- kansas. 1824. Deciduous climber. — Bce'tica (Bsetic). 6. Purple. June. Spain. 1596. Deciduous climber. — C/iile'nsis (Chilian). 6. Purple, green. Sep- tember. W. Ind. 1832. Deciduous half-hardy. — elemati'lis (clematis-like). 2. Yellow. July. Britain. Herbaceous perennial. — ls'nga (long-rooted). 2. Purple. July. South of Europe. 1548, Deciduous trailer. — pa'llida (pale-flowered). 2. White, purple. Italy. 1640. Herbaceous perennial. ~ pistolo'chia (pistolochia). 2. Purple. July. South of Europe. 1597. Deciduous trailer. — • tagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1819, Herbaceous perennial. — serpenta'ria (snake-root-like). 1. Dark purple. July. N. Amer. 1632. Deciduous trailer. — si'pho (tabe-beari?ig). 30. Yellow, brown. July. N. Amer. 1763. Deciduous climber. — tomento'sa (downy). 20. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1799. Deciduous climber. GREENHOUSE. A. arbore' seems (tree-like). 20. Yellow, pur- ple. July. America. 1737. Evergreen shrub. — eilia'ta (fringed). Purple, yellow. Buenos Ayres. — glau'ca (mUhv-zreen-leaved). 6. Purple. Bar- bary. 1785. — hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. June. Chis. 1759. Herbaceous perennial. — rotu'nda (round-rooted). 2. Dark purple. July. South of Europe. 1596. Herba- ceous perennial. — semperri'rens (evergreen). 4. Purple. June. Candia. 1727. STOVE. A. acuminn'ta (long-pointed). 10. Purple. Mau- ritius. 1822. — angui'cida (snake-like). 5. White, brown. December. New Grenada. 1845. Twin- ing evergreen. — barba'ta (bearded). 16. Purple. Caraccas. 1796. — bilohu'ta (two-lobed). 10. Purple. 1834. — bractea'ta (bracted). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1793. Evergreen trailer. — Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil. V>20. — Cauda ta (tailed - lipped). 5. Lurid. June. Brazil. 1828. Deciduous twiner. fm'tens (stinking-.tfuuwed). 20. Purple, yellow. June. W. Ind. 1832. — cilio'sa (fringed). 6. Purple, ereen. Septem- ber. New Patagon. 1836. — cymbi'fera (\w&t-flowered). 20. Purple. July, St. Pail. 1829. A.fut'tida (foetid). 20. July. Mexico. 1822. — gigii'nlfa (gigantic-flowered). 20. Yellow brown. July. Brazil. — gi'gas (giant). 6. White, brown. June. Gua- tiraala. 1842. Deciduous climber. — grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). 20. Jamaica. 1824. — hasta'ta(ha\beH-leaved). 16. July. Cuba. 1822, — hyperbo'rea (northern). 20. Purple. May. India. 1836. — I'ndica (Indian). 10. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1780. — labio'su (great-Wppei). 20. Purple, green, yellow. July. Brazil. 1821. — mu'ximu (greatest). 20. Purple. July. New Spain. 1759. — odoruti' ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1737. — ornithoce'phala (bird's-hcad). 20. Purple, brown. October. Brazil. 1838. — pandurifo'rmis (fiddle-shaped). 10. Caraccas. 1823. — ri'ngens (gaping). 20. Purple, green, yellow. July. Brazil. 1820. — sacca'tit \pouch-fiowered). 20. Purplish-red. September. Sylhet. 1829. Deciduous climber. — Surinam e'?tiis (Surinam). 20. Yellow. Suri- nam. 1823. — tri'fida (three-cleft-leaved). 15. Green. Ca- raccas. Deciduous climber. — triloba 1 ta (three-lobed). 6. Purple. June. S, Amer. 1775. Aristote'ma. ( In memory of the great Aristotle. Nat. ord., Lindenbloomx [Tili- acece]. Linn., ll-Dudecandria l-Moua- (jynia.) This genus has been placed among Homaliads, or Philadelphiads, by some botanists; but Dr. Lindtey says {Veg. King., 37 1 ), it has most affinity to this order. A. Ma'cuui produces edible berries, of a dark purple colour, and wine is made from them in Chili. It is a hardy evergreen shrub. Layers in autumn, and cuttings in April, in sand, under a hand-light. Common, sandy soil. A. Ma'crjui (Macqui). 4. Whitish-green. May. Chili. 1735. variega'ta (variegated-teaperf). 4. Whit- ish-green. May. Gardens. Armeni'aca. (From Armenia, the na- tive country of the apricot. Nat. ord., Almondworts [Drupacese]. Linn., Vi- Icosandria 1-Monoyynia.) Hardy deciduous trees ; generally budded in summer on plum-stocks, but some use apricot seedlings for budding peaches ; rather heavy, loamy soil. See Apricot. A. Briganti'aca (Brigancon). 6. Pink. March. South of Europe. 1819. — dasyca'rpa (thick-rooted). 15. White. April. persici/o'lia (peach-leaved). 1 April. 1800. ■ Sibi'rica (Siberian). 6. Pink. April Pink. 17- ■ vulga'ris (common apricot). 15 Levant. 1548. cordi/o'lia (heart-leaved) March. Levant. 1548. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 15. Wh April. Siberia. White. April. 15. White, Alt-U [ «* ] AET £. vulgaris f n' His varie^a'tis (variegated-leaved). I A. monta'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. July. Ba. 15. White. April. rope. 1731. _ ova'.ifo'lia (oval - leaved). IS. White. — scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 1. Yellow. July. March. Levant. lft-f-8. Austria. 1710. Abme'ria. Thrift. CFhe Latin name \ Arxopo'gon. Sheep's -beard. (From for the Sweet William. .Nat. ord., Lead- I arnos, a lamb, and ponon, a beard ; in re- worts [Plumbaginaceae]. Linn., b-Pmi- ' ference to the bearded seeds. Nat. ord., tandria b-Pentaaynia.) ! Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., l'J-Syn- Ail hiardy-herbaceous perennials, except when \ genesia 1-^qualis. Allied to Scorzonera ) other wie specified. Division of the plant; seeds | Hardv plants; seed in March or April. Common in spring ; sandy, loamy soil. The tender kinds garden-soil. will require to be well drained, and receive the . , , -» _, _ _ , , protection of a frame, or pit, during winter. ; A - "^j/™^ '^ J ^' Mo0t P e - A. allia'cea (garlic-leaved). 1. White. June. ! _ Cape W (Cape)'. 1° Yellow. Julv. Cape ot Spain. 1793. Good Hope. 1818. Biennial. — alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Cannthia. _ Da lecha'mpii (Dalecuamp's). 2. Light yellow. -arena 1 ™ (sand). 1. Pink. June. France. Julv , South of Europe. 1739. Perennial. — cephalo'te* (rovri-hezdefr. 1. Pink. June. — picroi ' des (picris-like). 1. Yellow. July. Algarbia. 1800. I South of Europe. 1683. Annual. — denhcula ta (toothed) 2. Flesh. June. Na- I , , ,_ , pies. 1816. i Aeo nicum. (From arnica, lamb-skin; — dianthofdes nk-like). i. Pink. June. Eu- in reference to the softness of the flower - * . ro , p f; /l 810 ;, j\ „ „ , r, t, : heads. Nat. ord., Composites T Asteraceae! . — fasciculate: (bundled). 2. Purple. Julv. Por- T - in o • £ o a . n- -, tugal. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2 -Superflua. Allied — kVrta (hairy). 1. Pink. July. N.Africa. 1820. to Doronicum.) -AuW* (dwarf) 1 Pink. June. South of A hardv, herbaceous, perennial, groundsel-like . . ./?P e- ,. .'• , ,, . „. . T plant. Divisions; common soil. — jumpenfuflia (juniper-leaved). 1. Pink. June. v TTT*. - ___ T . „., . Spain. 1818. ' A. Alta'icum (Altaic). \ ellow. July. Siberia. 1783 ~^ /0 Mg^ut' l i7lo d) ' 2 ' Lightred - July " Arraca'cha. (Its Spanish name in — litora'lis (sea-shore). 1. Pink. July. South South America. Nat. ord., Umbellifers of Europe. , [Apiaceae]. Linn., 5 Pentandria '2-Diyy- -mari'tima (sea-side). 1. Red. July. Britain. „; a . Allied to Conium.) — rr.onta'na (mountain). 1. Pink. June. Scotland. ■ — pini/o'lia (pine-leaved). 1. Pink. June. Por | A. escule'nta, a native of the table-land of tugal. Grenada, produces large esculent roots, not — plantagl'nea (nlantain-like). 1. Red. Juns, ! unlike parsnips, but of a better quality. Stove South of Europe. 1818. tuberous perennial. Division of the roots; rich — pu'ngens (pungent). 1. Pink. June. Spain. 1818. , loam. Summer temp., 65° to 85°; winter, 55° to — scorzonercefo'tia (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Scar- °0°. let. June. South of Europe. 1816. I A. escule'nta (eatable). 3. Brownish. Julv. — oulga'ris (common). 1. Red. July. Europe.: Santa Fe. 1823. * a'lba {white-flowered), i. White. Sen- i . .-** . tember. Gardens. . ! Arrhenathe'rux. (From arrhen, a cocci' nea (scarlet- flowered). J. Red. Sep- ' male, and ather, a point; on account of tember. Gardens. | the a wns on the male spikes. Nat. ord., A'E>ncA. (From arnakis, lamb-skin; in Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 1%-Polyga- reference to the texture of the leaves. '■ m * a 1-Moncecia.) Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., I This genus really should be reunited to Hol- 19-Synyenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to : thus. Perennial grasses; seeds; division. Cora- Groundsel.) ' mon soil > ** for T otner S ra8S - CTa,^„ j™,,^ \. u ,.,... . ' A. avena'ceum (oat-like). 5. Apetal. June. Britain. nKnt. fn ' herbaceou8 P lan l? = division of the mu'ticum (awnless,. 4. Apetal. July. plants in spring or autumn. Ti ey like a little | Scotland gfCS ^ WUh ^ "^ A - Co ' rsica ^ e - -bulho'mm (bulbous). 3. Apetal. July. Ger- * ' many. l - ""lirUnT'&o. 1 ' YeU ° w - Jnly - Swit - Arrow-head. See Saoitta'ria. - Co'rsica (Corsican). 1. Yellow. July. Corsica. 1824. - doro'nicum (leopard's-bane). 2. Yellow. July. Austria. 181 6. - ghicia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 1823, Arrow-root. See Mara'xta. Arta'botrys. (From aratao, to suspend or support, and botrys, grapes ; in refer- ence to the way the fruit is supported by the curious tendril. Nat ord., Anonads [Anonacecel. linn., lS-Polyandria 6- HeMtTca (SwU S ). l. Yellow. July. BwW- j ^°ty<7»y). 1. Red. July. Mexico. 1324. Composite, ^Asteraceaa]. Linn., W-Syn- , _ ^^^TrS^jS™' Virginia. 1825. yeiiesia l-.&qualis.) | _ Syri'aca (Syrian). 4. Purple. July. S. Allied to Heterocoma. Stove annuals ; seeds : . . Amer. 1629. in March, in heat; common soil. Temp., 60° to ~ tuberu'sa (tuberous-roo/erf). 2. Orange. Au- 750^ gust. N. Amer. 1680. Hardy tuber. I — variega'ta (variegated). 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1597. • vesti'ta (clothed). 3. Yellowish-green. Oc- tober. N. Amer. 1844. ' verticilla'ta (- Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. J 823. — cheno'poda (goose-foot). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/59. w cilia'ris (fringed). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/99. 'crassi/SUa (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. >ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/89. -gahoi'des (galium-like). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1817. — genisloi'des (broom-like). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — glob&sa (globular). 3. Orange. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1802. — hi'spida (stiff-haired). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — hy'strix (porcupine). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — I'ndica (Indian). 3. Red. July. E Ind. I759. Stove evergreen. — larici'na (larch-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — mucrona'ta (spine-pointed). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/96. — multifto'ra (many-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — peduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). 6. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1775. — quinquefu'lia (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — seri'cea (silkv). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of 'Good Hope. 1816. — spinosa (spiny). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — tubula'ta (awl-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1789. — thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — unifio'ra (sm%le-flowered). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. Aspa'ragus. (From a, intensive, and tparasso, to tear ; in reference to the strong prickles of some species. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceaj], Linn., 6-Hex- aiidria 1-Monogyuia.) The A. officina'lis is well known in our kitchen- gardens : it, as well as the other hardy kinds, is propagated chiefly by seeds, and rejoices in rich, light loam, well-drained. The stove and green- house varieties are propagated chiefly by dividing he roots, and prefer sandy loam and peat. All herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise tpecified. HARDY. A. ama'rus (bitter). 4. Green. July. France. 1824. — Broussone'ti (Broussonet'sl. 2. Canaries. — Dahu'ricus (l)ahuriao). 3. Green. April Dauria. 1823. — longifo'lius (long-!eaved). 3. White. July. Siberia. 182/. — mari'timus (maritime). 2. Green. June. — iffidna'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. Eng- land. — sylva'ticus (wood). 2. Green. Juiy. Hun- gary, lb 19. A. tenui/o'lius (fine-leaved). Yellow. June. Hun- gary. verticilla'ris (whorl-leaved). 2. White. July. Caucasus. 1752. GREENHOUSE. A. aeutifo'lius (acute-leaved). 2. Whitish-green. Spain. 1640. Ewergreen shrub, half- hardy. — Mthio'picus (Ethiopian). 3. White. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Evergreen shrub. — a'lbus (white). 12. White. Spain. 1540. Half-hardy. — Asia'ticus (Asiatic). 3. White. Asia. 1/59. Evergreen shrub. — Cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Green. April. Cape of Good Hope. I69I. Evergreen shrub. — declina'tus (down-bent). 5. Whitish-green. Cape of Good Hope. 1759- Half-hardy. — dectJvibgns (decumbent). 2. Whitish-green. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1792. — depe'yidens (drooping). 4. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1819. Evergreen twiner. — grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). White. July. Teneriffe. I82S. Herbaceous climber. — ho'rridus (horrid). 4. White. June. South of Europe. 1800. Half-hardy evergreen twiner. — la'ncens (lance- leaved). White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1811. Herbaceous climber. — larici'nus (larch-like). White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — Nivenia'ntis (Niven's). Whitish-purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1811. — racemo'sus (racemose). 3. Whitish-green. E. Ind. 1808. Evergreen shrub. — retrofra'ctus (backwards-bent). 4. White. July. Africa. 1759. Evergreen twiner. — sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Green. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Evergreen climber. — Smitfiia'nus (Smith's). Teneriffe. 1529. Ever- green shrub. — stipuln'ceus (large-8tipuled). 4. White. Cape of Good Hope. 1821. Evergreen twiner. — subula'tus (awl-leaved). 3. Cape of Good Hope. 1811. Evergreen shrub. STOVE. A.falca'tus (sicYle-leaved). 3. Whitish -green. E. Ind. 1792. Evergreen shrub. — flexuo'sus (zigzag). 3. Whitish-green. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. Evergreen shrub- — sarmento'sus (twiggy). 6. Whitish-green. August. Ceylon. 1810. Evergreen twiner. Aspa'ragus {Aspa'ragus officina'lis) was, by the old gardeners, called sperage, and by the modern vulgar, grass, or sparrow- grass. The small heads are sometimes spoken of as sprue. Varieties. — There are only two varie- ties, the red-lopped and the green-topped : the first is principally cultivated. There are said to be a few sub-varieties, which derive their names from the place of their growth, and are only to be dis- tinguished for superior size or flavour, which they usually lose on removal from their native place The principal of these is known as the i/iant ; but this ASP [ 75 ] ASP loses its characteristics if grown in soil less rich. Soil best suited to this vegetable is a fresh, sandy loam, made rich by the abundant addition of manure. It should be trenched from two feet to two feet and a half deep. This depth of good, rich soil, on a dry sub-soil, is ample to yield the very best of heads, if the yearly successive management be attended to. Situation. — The bed should enjoy the influence of the sun during the whole of the day, as free as possible from the in- fluence of trees and shrubs, and ranging north and south. The sub-soil should be dry, or the bed kept so by being founded on rubbish, or other material, to serve as a drain. The space of ground required for the supply of a small family is at least eight square perches. If less, it will be incapable of affording one hundred heads at a time. Sixteen perches will, in general, afford two or three hundred every day, in the height of the season. Sowing. — To raise plants, sow any time, from the middle of February to the beginning of April, in drills, one inch deep, and one foot apart, if the seedlings are to be transplanted ; but two feet apart, if they are to remain where sown, as Mr. Barnes does at Bicton, for the purpose of taking up every alternate row for forcing. He thus leaves his permanent crop on the level ground in two rows, at four feet distance. Between these he plants sum- mer crops, such as French beans, lettuce, spinach, or cauliflowers. Finer heads I are to be expected by this wide-row system; but the most complete and neatest way would be to line out beds, four and a half feet wide, in which to sow four rows of seeds, one foot apart, as directed above, leaving three-feet alleys. This will be found the best, for small gardens in particular. Culture in Seed-bed. — If dry weather, the bed should be refreshed with moderate but frequent waterings ; and, if sown as late as April, shade is required, by means of a little haulm, during the meridian of hot days, until the seeds germinate. Care must be taken to keep free from weeds, though this operation should never | commence until the plants are well above ground, which will be in the course of three or four weeks from the time of sowing. Sprinkle them about twice a month with salt, and supply them once a week with a good soaking of liquid- , manure, during the growing season. To- wards the end of October, as soon as the stems are completely withered, they must be cut down, and well-putrefied* dung spread over the bed, to the depth of about two inches. This serves to increase the vigour of the plants the following year. About March in the next year thin the plants to one foot apart ; and those re- moved may be transplanted into a bed, twelve inches apart, if it is intended that they should attain another or two years' further growth before being finally planted out; or they may he planted immediately into the beds, for production. It may be here remarked, that the plants may remain one or two years in the seed- bed. They will even succeed after re- maining three; hut if they continue four, they generally fail when transplanted. Time of Planting. — The best time is the end of March, if the soil is dry, and the season warm and forward ; otherwise it is better to wait until the commence- ment of April. A very determinate signal of the appropriate time for plant- ing is when the plants are beginning to grow. If moved earlier, and they have to lie torpid for two or three months, many of them die, or, in general, shoot up very weak. Construction of the Beds. — Have them four and a half feet wide. The situation should be fixed upon a month or two previously to making and planting the beds. The whole should be trenched two feet to two feet and a half deep, and thoroughly well manured, as the work goes on, with rich, thoroughly-decayed manure. When all is trenched and ma- nured in this way, give a good surface- dressing of salt, which will wash in with rains. After lying in this way for a month, give the whole another surface- dressing with similar manure, and'double- dig or trench the whole over again, leav- ing the surface rough and open, giving the whole another salting, and let it lie in this way until the time for planting. Previously to marking out the beds, the whole should have another thorough good digging over, making the surface neat and even as the work goes on. Mode of Planting. — The plants being taken from the seed-bed carefully with a narrow-pronged dung fork, with as little injury to the roots as possible, they must be laid separately and evenly together, for the sake of convenience whilst pJar.t- ASP [76] ASP ing, the roots being apt to entangle, and cause much trouble and injury in parting them. They should be exposed as short a time as possible to the air; and, to this end, it is advisable to keep them, until planted, in a basket covered with a little sand. The mode of planting is to form drills, or narrow trenches, five or six inches deep, and one foot apart, cut out with the spade, the line-side of each drill being made perpendicular; and against this the plants are to be placed, with their crowns one and a half or two inches below the surface, and twelve inches asunder. The roots must be spread out wide, in the form of a fan, a little earth being drawn over each, to retain it in its position whilst the row is proceeded with. For the sake of convenience, one drill should be made at a time, and the plants inserted and covered completely before another is commenced. When the planting is completed, the bed is to be lightly raked over, and its outline distinctly marked out. Care must be had. never to tread on the beds (they are formed narrow to render it unnecessary) ; for everything tending to consolidate them is injurious, as, from the length of time they have to continue, without a possibility of stirring them to any con- siderable depth, they have a closer tex- ture than is beneficial to vegetation. Water must be given, in dry weather, daily, until the plants are established. The paths between the beds are to be three feet wide. The first season after planting the beds, a crop of radishes may be sown upon them without very much injury to the young plants, if the radishes are all drawn off. early. It too often happens that new asparagus - beds are ruined by being pestered with other crops ; but a row, or even two rows, of either lettuces or spinach, may be sown in the alleys. Subsequent Cultivation. — Throughout the year care must be taken to keep the beds clear of weeds; and, in May and summer, apply liquid-manure twice a week plentifully, giving a sprinkling of salt once a month. In the latter end of October, or commencement of November, the beds are to have the winter dressing. The stalks must be cut down and cleared away ; the beds cleaned, if weedy, and carefully forked up. A thoroughly good dressing of manure is put all over the beds equally, and the alleys forked over too ; whilst, for the sake of giving the whole a finish, a line is put down each side of the alley, the edges made up a little, and a few crumbs from the alleys thrown upon the beds, and the edges marked out with the point of the spade. The work is then done for the winter. Spring Dressing. — In the month of March the beds are again forked over carefully, the manure and soil well broken up and mixed together, and some of the rougher parts of manure, with all the rakings, forked into the alleys ; after which the beds are raked over, and let- tuces are there sown or planted in suc- cession for the summer months. Production. — In the May of the second year after planting, if they are very highly cultivated with liquid -manure, cutting may commence ; but, under or- dinary culture, cutting had better not begin until the third year. We recom- mend the heads to be allowed to grow about six inches above the ground before they are cut, and then to be cut level with the surface. By this mode, first sug- gested by Mr. Weaver, the whole shoot is eatable, all risk of injuring other rising shoots is avoided, aud the flavour is much superior to that cut when only just rising above the surface. Cutting should cease at the end of June, or very early in July. Forcing may be commenced at the end of November. For this purpose, take up the plants from an old bed, or others raised purposely, when they are three or four years old. Carefully commence on one. side one of the outer rows of the bed, by digging out a trench, forking the earth as much as possible from underneath the plants, so that they may easily, and with- out straining or injuring their roots, be moved out entirely, by thrusting down the fork behind them. Be very care, ful, at the same time, that the buds about the crowns of the plants are not injured by the fork, or trampled upon, or bruised in any way during their removal. Obtaining handsome, strong shoots depends much upon the care wi f h which the plants are thus handled. As- paragus is very easily forced, and is very productive under the treatment when properly managed. It may be forced in various modes through the winter ; but those who have the command of hot water, to give it a moderate bottom heat, will find this give the least trouble. It ASP L 77 ] ASP may also bo grown in winter, in any kind of forcing-house, either in boxes filled with earth, or in a pit filled with leaves, tan, or other fermenting materials. Melon-pits and frames may be used for the same purpose. The hotbed of fer- menting materials, thoroughly well work- ed previously to being made up into the beds, may give but a slight heat, and on it may be put six inches of old tac, or leaf- mould. Put the asparagus -plants into- this, and keep them, during the winter months, about one foot from the glass. Cover them, at first, only slightly with the old tan, or leaf-mould; but, in ten days or a fortnight, add three or four more inches of the same kind of covering. Take care that altogether the crowns of the plants are not covered more than five or six inches deep. When the plants have begun to grow freely, and the shoots begin to appear through the sur- face, give them some weak, slightly- warmed, or tepid liquid-manure, adding to each gallon of it two ounces of com- mon salt. Quantity to be Forced. — To keep a supply during the winter months, com- mencing the first week in November, use two or three light cucumber-frames ; and a successional bed should be made up in about a fortnight or three weeks after- wards, and so on until the end of March, taking the advantage of fine, open wea- ther for taking up and planting. Insects. — See Crioceris Asparagi. To obtain Seed. — Some shoots shoull be marked, and left in early spring; for those which are allowed to run up after the season of cutting is over are seldom forward enough to ripen their seeds per- fectly. In choosing the shoots for this purpose, those only must be marked which are tne finest, roundest, and have the closest heads; those having quick- opening heads, or are small or flat, are never to be left. More are to be selected than would be necessary if each stem would assuredly be fruitful ; but, as some of them only bear unproductive blossoms, that contingency must be al- lowed for. Each chosen shoot must be fastened to a stake, which, by keeping it in its natural position, enables the seed to ripen more perfectly. The seed is usually ripe in September, when it must be collected, and left in a tub for four or six weeks, for the pulp and husk oi nie oerry to decay, when it may be well cleansed in water. The seeds sink to the bottom, and the refuse floats, and will pass away with the water as it is gently poured off. By two or three washings, the seeds will be completely cleansed, and, when perfectly dried by exposure to the sun and air, may be stored for use. Aspa'sia. (From aspazomai, I embrace; the column embraced by the labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Monandria.) Stove orchids, best grown in baskets containing sphagnum, peat, and broken crocks, with char- coal ; rather dry during winter, and moister when growing. Summer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 58° to 65°. A. epidendroi'des (epidend.T\xm-\i^e). 1. Whitish- yellow. Panama. 1833. — luna'ta (crescent-marked). Brazil. 1814. — lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. March. Guiana. 1838, — variega'ta (variegated-flowered). 1. Green and yellow. February. Panama. 1836. Aspen. Po'pulus tre'mula. Aspe'ruta. Woodroff. (The diminu- tive of asper, rough ; in reference to the rough leaves. Nat. ord., Stellates, or Star- worts [Galiacese]. Linn., i-Tetrandria 1- Monogynia.) All hardy herbaceous plants, except where otherwise described. Division of the plant in March ; common soil. They do not dislike shade. A. tricho'des from seed. A. alpi'na (alpine). £. White. July. Caucasus. 1820. — Aread'e nsis (Arcadian). ^. Red. April. Ar- cadia. 1819. — arista' ta (awned). 1. Yellow. July. South of Europe. 1823. — bremfvllia (short-leaved). £. Purple. July. Europe. 1825. Half-hardy evergreen trailer. — crassifu'lia (thick-leaved). I, White. June. Levant. 1/75. — cyna'nehica (cynanche-like). 1. Flesh. July. England. — galioi'des (galium-like). 1. White. July. South of Europe. 1710. Tyra'ica (Tyrian). j. White. May. Levant. 1829. — hirsu'ta (soft-haired). 1. White. June. Por- tugal. 1819. — hi'rta (bristly). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 1817. — inca'na (hoary). Purple. June. Crete. 1823. — laviga'ta (smoothed). 1. White. June. South of Europe. 1775. — longifio'ra (long-flowered). 1. Yellowish- purple. July. Hungary. 1821. — Isngifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Red. July. South of Europe. 1820. — rmmta'na (mountain). 1. Pink. July. Hun- gary. 1801. — ni'tida ( glossy). 1. Pink. August. Greece. 182Q. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. June. Britain. — Pyrena'ira (Pvrenean). 1. Flesh. July Spain. 1821. ASP [ 78 ] ASP A. ri'gida (stiff). 1. Red. July. Greece. 1819. — $ca'bra (rough). 1, White. July. Italy. 1821. — «eH*eWa'ris (skull-cap). I, Russia. 1838. — supi'na (supine). 1. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1821. — taurina (bull). 1. White. June. Italy. 1/39. — tincto'ria (dyer's). 1. Pink. July. Europe. 1764. — tomento'sa (downy). 1. Red. July. South of Europe. 1817. — tricho'des (hairy). White. June. Persia. 1838. Hardy annual. Asphalt, Bitumen, or Jew's Pitch, is found floating on the Dead Sea, and else- where. It becomes very hard by expo- sure to the air ; and its name has been appropriated to various artificial prepara- tions, all of which owe their properties to the boiled gas-tar which enters into their composition. Thus the asphalt Jell is rendered waterproof for shed-roofing, &c, by being soaked in that tar; and asphalt walks are most dry and excellent when made as follows:— Take two parts of very dry lime-rubbish, and one part coal-ashes, also very dry, and both sifted fine. In a dry place, on a dry day, mix them, and leave a hole in the middle of the heap, as bricklayers do when making mortar. Into this pour boiling-hot coal- tar ; mix, and, when as stiff as mortar, put it three inches thick where the walk is to be. The ground should be dry, and beaten smooth. Sprinkle over it coarse sand : when cold, pass a light roller over it, and in a few days the walk will be solid and waterproof. Aspho'delus. Asphodel. (From a, not, and sphallo, to supplant ; the stately flowers not easily surpassed. Nat. ord.. Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- dria \-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise specified. Dividing the roots, except the stove annuals, which may be raised from seed. Grown in any common soil. A. inter- me'dius requires the protection of a cold pit A. (Bsti'vu* (summer). 2. White. July. Spain. 1820. — a'lbus (white). 2. White. April. South of Europe. 1820. — Asia'ticus (Asiatic). White. June. Levant. 1824. — capilla'ris (ha\r-leaved). 4. Pale yellow. June. South of Europe. 181*. — clava'tus (club-seeded). 1. White. July, E. Ind. 1808. Stove annual. — Cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Yellow. June. Can- dia. 1821. — fistvlo'sus (pipe-stalked). 2. White. August. South of Europe. 1596. interme'diin (intermediate). 2. White. Julv. Canaries. 1822. Half-hardy perennial. A. lu'teus (vellow). 3. Yellow. June. Sicilv, 159S. — mieroca' rpus (small-podded). Dalmatia. 183i. — proli'ferus (proliferous). 1. White. August. Armenia. 1824. Hardy annual. — ramo'sus (branchy). 2. White. April. South of Europe. 1551. — Sibi'rieus (Siberian). 2. Pale yellow. May. Siberia. 1829. — Tau'ricus (Taurian). 3. White. June. Tauria. 1818. — tenu'ior (slenderer). 2. White. July. Si- beria. 1824. Aspidio'tus. See Co'ccus. Aspidi'stea. (From aspidiseon, a little round shield ; shape of flower, or, proba- bly, in reference to the mushroom-shaped stigma by which Aspidistrae are charac- terised. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Moiioyynia.) Stove herbaceous perennials, more curious than ornamental ; suckers ; common soil. Summer temp., 60° to /5° ; winter, 50° to 60°. A. ela'tior (taller). 2. Brown. October. Japan 1835. vuriega'ta (variegated). 2. Brown. Oc- tober. Japan. 18)5. — lu'ridn (lurid). 1. Purple. July. China. 1832. — puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Purple. March. It is questionable whether these would not all be hardy in the south of England. Aspi'dium. Shield Fern. (From as- pidion, a little buckler ; the shape of the spores or seed-apparatus. Nat. ord., Ferris [Polypodiaceaej. Linn., 2i-Cryp- toyamia 1-Filices.) Spores or seed, and division of the roots, chiefly the latter ; doing so before they hegin to grow freely. Shady situation; loam and" peat. The greenhouse and stove kinds should have their appropriate treatment ; those of the latter should not have the temperature lower than 50° in win- ter. See Fkrns for general culture. HARDY. A. alpi'num (alpine). 1. Brown. July. South of Europe. 1825. — atoma'rium (atomed). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1820. — bulbi 'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July N. Amer. 1638. — denta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. June. Wales. — diluta'tum (v/idened-crested). 2. Brown. June. — dumetrisum (thicket). 1. Brown. July. Britain. — fra'gile (brittle). 1. Brown. July. Britain. — Halle'ri (Haller's). Brown, yellow. April. Switzerland. 1824. — irri'guum (phvshy). 2. Brown. July. Britain. — monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. June. Switzerland. 1819- — re'ghim (royal). 1. Brown. Julv. Britain. — Rtue'tionm (Rhaetian). 4. Brown. June Britain. GREENHOUSE. A. ce milium (rival). 2. Brown. Julv. Madeira 1779. AS? [ 7S 1 ASP STOVE. I. a/a turn (winged). Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind. — cicuta'rium (cowbane-like). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1820. — decu'rrens (deeurrent). 2. Brown, yellow. May. Island of Luzon. — exatta'tum (lofty), 4. Brown. July. Ja- maica. 1/93. — gra'nde (grand). Brown, yellow. May. Is- land of Luzon. — heracleifo'lium (cow-parsnip-leaved). Yellow. June. — Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Brown, yellow. June. W. Ind. 1812. — indivi'sum (who\e-leafed). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1824. — latifdlium (broad-leaved). Brown, yellow. May. Island of Luzon. — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. Brown. August. W. Ind. 18 16. — pattens (spreading). 2. Brown. July. Ja- maica. 1/84. — pectina'tum (comb-like). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind. 1820. — pu'ngens (stinging). Brown. W. Ind. — repa'ndum (wavy-leaved). Brown July. Is- land or Luzon. — rhizophy' Hum (root-leaved). $. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1820. — Singapuria nitni (Singapore). Brown, yellow. April. Malacca. — trapezoi'des (trapezium-like;. 1, Brown, July. Jamaica. 1824. — trifalia'Cum (three-leaved). 2. Brown. July. \V. Ind. 1/69. By some botanists a new genus has been created, under the name of Athy'- rium, merely to include our Lady-Fern, and some others which they think only varieties of it; but we have referred them all to the genus Nephrodium. Asple'niuh. Spleenwort. (From a, not, and splen, spleen ; referring to its supposed medicinal properties. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-L-C'ryp- togamia 1-F dices.) For general management see Aspi'dium and Ferns. In propagating from the spores on the back of a leaf, prepare a pot well-drained, with some peaty soii ; shake the spores all over it ; cover with a square of glass ; and set the pot in a shady place until the plants are up. HARDY. A. udia'ntum-ni'grum (black adiantum). 1 Brown. August. Britain. — alternifu'lium (alternate-leaved). I. Brown. July. Scotland. — angustif'u Hum (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1812. — athy'rium (athyrium). 2. Brown. August. N. Amer. 1823. — ebe'neum {ebony-stalked). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1779. — fi'lix-fae'mina (female fern). 2. Brown. April. Britain. —fonta'num (fountain). 1. Brown. July. Eng- land. — Hallefrx : (Haller's). 1. Brown. July. Switz- erland. 1819. — lajnceola' turn (lanceolaU) 1. Brown. Au- •eust. Engiinu. ( j£, mari'ntrv (sea). 1. Brown. July. Britain — melanocau'lon (black-stalked). 1. Brown, July. N. Amer. 1812. — Michau'xi (Michaux's). 2. Brown. August. N. Amer. 1823. — montu'num (mountain). 1. Brown. July. N, Amer. 1812. — rhizophy'llum (rooting-leaved). §. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1680. — ru'ta-mura'ria (wall-rue). |. Brown. July. — septentriona'le (northern). 1. Brown. July. Britain. — thelypteroi' des (thelypteris-like). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1823. — trichtf manes (maiden-hair). J. Brown. July. BritahV — vi'ride (green). 1. Brown. June. Britain. GKEENHOTJSE. A. acu'him (acute). 2. Brown. April. Teneriffe. 1818. — amhi'guum (doubtful). 1. Brown. W. Ind. — alterna'tum (tapering). 1. Brown. July. N. Holland. 1824. — bulbi'/erurn (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July. New Zealand. 1820. — Canarie'nsey Canary). Brown. July. Canaries. 1824. — de'ntex (sharp-toothed). Brown. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — diffo'rme (irregular). 1. Brown. August. N. Holland. 1823. — diversifo'lium (various-leaved). 2 Brown. June. Norfolk Islands. 1831. — fatca'tum (sickle-formed). 1. Brown. July. N. Holland. 1825. — fi'ssum (cleft-fronds). Brown. April. Hungary. 1825. — flab ellifu' Hum (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. July. N. Holland. 1820. — fln'ccidum (feeble). New Zealand. 1823. — Madere'nse (Madeira). 1. Brown. July. Ma- deira. 1828. — mona'nthemum (one-flowered). 1. Brown. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — obtusa'tum {b\Mnt-fronded). 2. Brown. July. N. Holland. 1824. — palma'tum (hand-shaped). §. Brown. July. South of Europe. 1810. — Petrarchac (Petrarch's). $. Brown. August. France. 18!9. — polyo'don (many-toothed). New Zealand. 1843. — Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). 1. Brown. August. N. Holland. 1820. STOVE. A. ala'tum (winged). 1. Brown. \V. Ind. — auri'tum (eared). 1. Brown. September. S. Amer. 1829. — biauri'tum (two-eared). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind. — biparti'tum (equal-parted). 2. Brown. August. Jamaica. 1820. — bisefctum (bisected). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1821. — Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Brown. July. Brazil. 1322. — calophy'Uum (beautiful-leaved). Brown. June. Island of Luzon. — cicuta'rium (cowbane-like). 1. Brown. Au- gust. W. Ind. 1820. — crena'turn (round-notched). Brown. Septem- ber. Brazil. 1833. — cult rifu' Hum (knife-leaved). 1. Brown. W, Ind. 1820. ASS [ 80 ] AST A . eunea'tum (wedge-shaped). 1. Brown. Sep- tember. W lad. 1832. — dental turn (toothed;. 1. Brown. July. W. Ind. 1820. — depre'ssum (depressed). 1. Brown. August. — dimtd'atum (halved). Brown. September. W. Ind. 1827- — elonga'tum (elongated). Brown, yellow. June. " Malacca. 1810. — er&sum (ja^ged-teat-ed). Brown, yel'ow. June. W. Ind. — formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind. 1822. — fratgrans (fragrant). 1. Brown. August. Ja- maica. 1793. — la'cteum (milky). Yellow. April. W. Ind. — la'twa (fruyV W. Ind. — long'issimum (longest). Brown. Kay. Ma- lacca. 1840. — lu'ridum (shining). Yellow. Mar. W. Ind. — vi'dus bird's-nesl). 2. Brown. Auguit. E. Ind. 1820. — obtusifo'l'um (obtuse-leaved), f . Brown. Ja- maica. 1838. — oHgophu'Uum (few-leaved). Brown. Brazil. 1841. — oti'tes (ofites). 1841. — persicifo'lium (peach-leaved). Brown. Inland of Luzon. — planieau'le (smooth-stalked). E. Ind. 1841 — prtemofrsum (jagged-pointed), j. Brown. Au- gust .Jamaica. 1793. — pu'lehrum (fair). Brown. June. Jamaica. — pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind. 1823. — ra'dieans (.root.ng). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind. 1820. — rese'etum (shredded). 1. Brown. July. Mau- ritius. 1820. — rhizc/phorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown. Au- gust. Jamaica. 1793. — saXcinum (willow-like). 1. Brown. May. E. Ind. 1839. - salicifc'lium (willow-leaved). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind. — terra' turn 'saw-leaved). 2. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1793. — terrula' turn (minutely-toothed). Brownish- yellow. June. India. — tcolop'endroi'des (hart's-tongue-like). Brown. July. Island of Leyte. 1840. — stria'tum (striated). I. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1793. — sulcatum (furrowed). Brown. July. W. Ind. !827. — vxttcefii'rme (ribbon-like''. Brownish-yellow. Island of Luzon. — vxoi'parum (viviparous). 1. Brown. August. Mauritius. 1820. — zamxfo'tium (zamia-leaved). a. Brown, Jul-?, Caraccas. 1820. Assam Tea. The'a Assame'nsis. Asso'nia. (After the Spanish botanist, Ignatius de Asso. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 7'Decandiia.) Stove trees. Cuttings in sand, in heat, under a glass ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° • winter, 50^ to 60°. A. popu'hi.a (poplar-feacscT). 10. White. Bour- bon. 1820. — vUntrnoi'des (viburnum - like). II, Whits. Bourbon. 182S. Asta'rtea. (A classical name, afte. Astarte, a goddess of the Assyrians and Sidonians, called in Scripture Ashtaroth. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [MyrtaceaeJ. Linn., lS-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.) A greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small shoots, half-ripe, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and kept shaded for a time ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp.. 55° to 63 ; winter, 35° to 45°. A. fascicula'ris (hnndle-floicered) . 3. N. Holland. Aste'lma. (From a, not, and stclma, a crown ; in reference to the construction of the fruit. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- acese]. Linn.,19-Sy agenesia 2-Superflua.) Allied to Helichrysum. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds sown in a gentle heat ; cuttings in sand, under a bell or hand-glass ; sandy, lumpy peat, well-drained. Summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 40° to 48°. A. cune'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. June. 1794. — exi'mium vline). 3. Crimson. July. 1793. — fra'grans fragrant). 2. Pink. July. 1803. — imbrica'tum (imbricated). 2. White. August. 1820. — mUleflu'rum (thousand-flowered). 1. Pale pur- ple. July. 1802. — reto'rtum (twisted-back). 1. White. July. 1732. — tpeciosi'ssimum (showiest). 8. White. August. 1691. — spira'le (spiral-leaved). 2. White. September. 1801. — Stechrli'na (Staehelina-like). 2. White. 1801. — vari'ga'tum (variegated). S. Brown, white. June. 1801. Aste'phanus. (From a, without, and Stephanos, a crown ; in reference to the stamens. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Aclepia- dacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Diyynia.) Greenhouse twining evergreen plants ; division and cuttings ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp.. 40° to 45°. A. linea'ris (linear). 4. White. Julv. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — trifio'rus (three-flowered). 4. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Asteb. Starwort. (From aster, a star. The flowers of Composites, or Starworts. are called florets, and, being collected to- gether on a receptacle, as in the daisy 01 dahlia, the rays of their circumference resemble stars. Nat. ord., Composites [As- teracese]. Linn., \9-8yngenesia 2-Super fiua.) To this family we are indebted for many of our autumn ornaments in our flower-borders. The greenhouse species are evergreen shrubs, propa- gated by cuttings, under a hand-glass, in sandy peat, and flourishing in peat and loam. The hardy species are deciduous herbaceous plant*, propagated by division, and flourishing in com. mou garden-soil. HASD7. A. aJibreria'tua (shortened). 2. Blue. August X. Amer. AST [ 81 ] AST 4. a'cris 'acrid). 2. Blue. August. South of j A, Kurope. 1731- — acuminatum (long-pointed). 2. Pale red. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1606. — adulteri'nus (false). 3. Violet. September. N. Amer. — asti'vus (summer). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1/76. Labrador Starwort. — a'lbus (white). 3. White. August. N. Amer. — alpi'nuM (alpine). 1. Purple. June. Europe. 1658. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. July, Europe. 1828. — ramo'sus {small-branchy). 1. Blue. June. Europe. — Alta icus (Altaic;. 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1804. — Alwarte nsis (Alwart;. 1. Bed. May. Cau- casus. I807. — ame'llus (amellus). 2. Purple. August. Italy. 1596. Italian Starwort. — angustifo' 'litis (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale blue. August. South of Europe. 15Q6. — amelloi'des (amellus-like). 1$. Violet. July. Podolia. 1824. — amplexinau lis (stem-clasping). 3. Blue. Oc- tober. N. Amer. — amygdali'nus (almond-leaved). 2. White. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1759. — arge'nteus (silver-leaoed). 1. Purple. August. N. Amer. 1801. — artemisiiflo'rus (wormwood- flowered). 3. White. September. N. Amer. — bellidifto'rus (daisy-flowered). 3. Pale red. September. N. Amer. — Bessara bicus (Bessarabian). Purple. Septem- ber, Bussia. 1834. — biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. Violet. August. Caucasus. 1820. — bla'ndus (charmins) 2. Pale blue. October. N. Amer. 1800. — bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, yellow. Au-ust. N. Amer. I759. — Cabu'licus (Cabul). 3. Pink. August. Cabul. 1842. — cane'scens (hoary). 2. Violet. September. N. Amer. 1812. Hardy biennial. — ca'nus {hoary -leaved). 2. Purple. August. Hungary. 1816. — Cassinru' bicus (Arabian cassia). 2. Pink. September. Bussia. 1834. — Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1804. — cilia'tus (fringed). 3. White. September. N. Amer. — conci'nnus (neat). 2. Purple. October. N. Amer. 1800. — co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Purple. October. N. Amer. 1759. — conyzoi'des (conyza-Iike). 1. White. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1778. — cordifn'lius (heart-leaved). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1759. — coridifo' lius (coris-leaved). 1. Pale blue. October. N. Amer. — cornifo'liua (cornus-leaved). 3. White. Oc- tober. N. Amer. — corymbo'sus (corymbed). 2. White. Octo- ber. N. Amer. 1765. — cya'nens (bright blue). 3. Blue. September. N. Amer. 1789. — deserto'rum (desert). 2. Blue. July. Si- beria. 1820. — diffu'sus [diffiue . 2. White. October. N. AmB. 1777. ■— divarica'tus (straggling). 2. White. Sep- . tember. N. Amer. 1800. / 6 dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 8. White. November. Tauria. 1811. - dumo'sus (bushy). 3. White. October. N. Amer. 1734. - e'legans (elegant). 2. Blue. September. 1790. - e'minen* (eminent). 2. Light. October. N. Amer. virgi'neus (pure- white-rayed). 3. Whitish- yellow. September. United States. - ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. Septem- ber. N. Amer. 1758. -/rmas (firm), 6. Bed. August. N.Amer. 1816. -floribu'ndus (many-flowered). 4. Purple. September. N. Amer. -foliulo'sus (small-leafy). 3. Purple, blue. Oc- tober. N. Amer. 1732. -folio'sus (leafy). 3. White. September. N. Amer. 1799. -fra'gilis (brittle). 2. Flesh. September. N. Amer. 1800. ■ gra'cilis (slender). 1. Green. August. N. Amer. - gramini/u'lius (grass-leaved). 2. Pale purple. October. - grandiflo'rus (great-flowered. Catesby's Star- wort). 2. Blue. November. N. Amer. 1720. - grave'olens (strong-smelling). 2. Arkansas 1826. - heteropky'llus (various-leaved;. 3. Whin August. N.Amer. 1811. - hi'spidus {bristly-stalked). 1. White. Sep- tember. China. 1804. - hu'milis (humble). ! . White. September. N.Amer. 1699. - hyssopifo'lius (hyssop-leaved). 2. Pale purple. September. N. Amer. 1683. - Ibe'ricus (Iberian). 2. Purple. August. Iberia. - inci'sus {cut-leaned). 2. Blue. August. Siberia 1818. ■inuloi'des (inula-like). 1. Bed. August. Nepaul. ■ju'nceus (rush-like). 4. Flesh. September. N. Amer. 1758. • l&viga'tus (smooth-stemmed). 3. Flesh. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1/94. ■ Icc'vis (smooth). 2. Blue. September. N. Amer. 1758. - lanceola'tus (spear-headed). 4. White. Sep- tember. N.Amer. 1811. ■ la'xus (supple-stalked). 2. White. October. N. Amer. - laxiflo'rus (loose- flowered). 4. September. N. Amer. - linariff'lius (savory-leaver 1 /. 1. Pale blue. September. N. Amer. I69Q. ■linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. White. July. N. Amer. 1739. • longifo'liu* (long-leaved). 3. White. Oc- tober. N. Amer. 1798. - Lusita'ninus (Spanish). 1. Blue. June. Spain. luxu'rians (luxuriant). 5. Blue. September. N. Amer. 1816. macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 2. White. Au- gust. N.Amer. 1739. ■ margina'tus (bordered). 1. Violet. July New Granada. I827. • monta'nus (mountain). 1. August. Carolina. ■ multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 3. White. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1732. ■ muta'bilis (changeable). 2. Purple. .Sm*. tember. N.Amer. 1710. AST [ 82 ] AST 4. mgrti/i/tiua (myrtle-leaved). 2. White. Au- gust. 1812. _ nfHOra'iis (grove). I. Lilac. August. N. Amer. 17/8. _.We* Anglic (New England). 6. Purpie. September. N. Amer. 17 10. ruber (tcA-flowered). 6. Red July. N.Amer. 1812. — iWei Be'lgn (New York). 4. Purple, blue. September. N. Amer. 1/10. — nudijlo'rus . bary. 1804. — VTtbbui'nut (Webb's). J. White. July. Mouul Ida. 1818. AST [ 84 ] AST Asti'lbe. (From a, not, and stilbe, brightness; flowers not very striking. Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Bigynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions; peat and a few pebbles. A. deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 2. White. June. Carolina. 1812. Astra'galus. Milk Vetch. (An ancient Greek name for some leguminous plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., .17 -Diadelphia i-Decandria. ) All hardy, except where otherwise specified. Annual species, seed, in common, sandy soil, in March. Perennial herbaceous species, division of the plant. The under-shrubs, cuttings, under a hand-light common, sandy soil for all. ANNUALS. A. cegi'ceras (goat's-horn-podded). I. Pale yellow. July. 1818. — alope'cias (sea-fox). 3. Yellew. June. Siberia. 1800. — annula'ris (ring-formed). 1*. Purple. July. Egypt. 1800. Trailer. — Bee'ticus'i Baetic). I. Pale yellow. July. South of Europe. 1759- Trailer. — brachy'ceras (short-horned-podded). J. Yel- low. July. Tauria. 1828. — bu'cerus (ox-horn-podded). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1818. Trailer. — eanaliniialtus (channel-podded). 2. White. July. 1816. — cari/oca'rpus (nut-podded). 1. Purple. July. Spain. 1800. Biennial. — deer (vetch). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 15/(1. Trailer. — contortuplicaftus (twisted-plaited\ I. Pale yellow. July. Siberia. 1764. Trailer. — crucia/tus (cross-formed). 1$. Violet. July. 1820. Trailer. — cymbceca'rpus (boat-podded). 4- White. July. Spain. 1800. Trailer. — gla'ux (milkwort). J. Purple. July. Spain. 1596. — lotoi'des (lotus-like). \. Red. August. China. 1763. — Mareo'ticus (Mareotic). J. Lilac. July. Egypt. 1817. Trailer. — Xuttallia'nus (Nuttall's). 4. Blue. July. Ame- rica. 1820. Trailer. — origlo'ttis. (sharp-tongue-feaped). J. Blue. Julv. Tauria. 1817. Trailer. — pentaglo'ttis (five-tongued). 4. Purple. Julv. Spain. 1739. Trailer. . — reticula'ris (netted). Blue. July. Iberia. 1828. — tcorpv tides (scorpion-like-podded). 1, Pale blue. July. Spain. 1816. ■ •—seta! mens (sesame-like). 1. Pale blue. July. S.uth of Europe. 18l6. Trailer. — trianguln'ri* (three-angled). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1818. — tributoides (tribulus-like). 4- Purple. July. Egvpt. 1817. Trailer. — trime'stris (three-monthly). 4. Pale yellow. July. Egypt. 1730. Trailer. — trimo'rphus (three-formed). 4. Purple. July. South of Europe. .'810. Trailer. PERENNIALS. A. acuti/o'lius (pointed-leaved). 4. July. Switzer- land. 1826. — adsu'rgens (arising). 4. Purple. July. Si- beria. i8?i. I. adsu'rgens prostrates (prostrate). 4. Purple July. Siberia. 1818. Trailer. - adu'neus (hooked). 1. Purple. July. Cau- casus. 1819. - alopecuroi'des (f ox- tail-like! . 2. Light yellow. July. Spain. 1/37. - annundy'tes (sand-viper). 4. White. July. Siberia. 1820. Evergreen under-shrub. - arena'rius (sand). 1. Blue. July. Germany. 1798. Trailer. - arista! tas (awned). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 1791. Evergreen. - a'sper (rough). 3. Pale yellow. July. Astracan. 1796. - Austri'acus (Austrian). 4. Pale blue. July. Austria. 1640. - Baicale'nsis (Baical). 1. August. Yellow. Si- beria. 1830. - Bayone'nsis (Bavonne). 4. Purple. July. France. 1816. - brachycafrpus (short-podded). 14. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1820. Trailer. - bremflofrus (short-flowered). 4- Purple. July. Armenia. 1826. Half - hardy ever- green. - Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtorm's). 4. Yellow. Si- beria. 1818. - Canade'nsis (Canadian). 14. Pale yellow. Jul-, N. Amer. 1732. - calyci'nus (long-calyxed). August. Caucasus. 1819. -caprinus goat-scented). 1. Pale yellow. July. Barbary. 1683. - eapita'tus (headed ,. 1. Pale yellow. July. Levant. 1759. - Carolinia'nus (Carolina). 14. Greenish-yellow. July. N. Amer. 1732. - Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 4. White. July. Caucasus. 1824. Evergreen. - Chine'nsis (Chinese). 1. Pale yellow. July. China. 1795. Greenhouse. - cklurosta'chys (green-spiked). 3. Greenish- yellow. September. Nepaul. 1824. - Christia'nus (Christian). 3. Pale yellow. July. Armenia. 1737. So called by Diosco- rides, because a native of the birth-land of Christianity. - Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). i. Purple. June. Dahuria. 1822. - dasya'nthus (hairy-flowered). 1. June. Hun- • gary. 1819- - dasyglo'ttis (thick-tongue-leaved). J. Purple. July. Siberia. 1818. - depre'ssus (depressed). $. Pale yellow. July. Europe. 1772. Trailer. - diffu'stisl wide-scattered). 4> Pale yellow. July. Caspian. 1820. - Donia'nus (Don's). 4- Pu/ple. July. Nepaul. 1818. Trailer. - emarginitus (nicked-leaf). 1. Pale yellow. July. South of Europe. 1825. - epiglo'ttis (heart-podded). 4. Pale vellow. July. South of Europe. 1737. Trailer. - exscapu s (scapeless;. 4- Yellow. July. Hun- gary. I827. - falca'tus (sickle-podded; hairy-podded). 3. Greenish-yellow. July. Siberia. - falcifo'rmis (sickle-shaped). 14. Pale vellow. July. Algiers. 1816. —frutico'sus (shrubby). 14. Violet. July. Si- beria. 1804. - galegifo'rmis(goat's-rue-leatied). 2. Yellowish- green. June. Siberia. 1729. - glyciphyllofdes (glyciphvllus-like. Liquorice • milk-vetch). 1. Pale yeliow. July. Si- • beri*. 1818. Trailer. AST [ 85 ] AST *• glycyphy'U'us (3weet-leaTed). 3. Yellowish- green. July, Britain. Trailer. — gra'cilis{ slender). |. Purple. June. N.Amer. 1821. haiicfcubus (kettle-calyxed). j. Pale yellow. May. Armenia. 1800\ — hamo'sus {hook-podded). 1. Pale yellow. July. Spain. 1083. Trailer. mucroca'rpus (large -fruited). 4. Pale yellow June. South of Europe. 1820. Trailer. — hypoglu' ttis ^tongue-under-tongue). *. Pur- ple. July. Britain. Trailer. a!lbus (white-/iou>e/-erf). i- White. June. Gardens. Trailer. — hymenoca'rpus (membranous-podded). 4. Yellow. July. Russia. 1835. — inca'nus (hoary). £. Purple. July. Montpelier. 1759. — infiatus .swollen). 1. Purple. July. Mendoza. I827. — lactifio'rus (milk-flowered). Striped. June. Si- beria. 1832. — lani'gerus (wool-bearing). 4. Yellow. June. Egypt. 1791. — Laxma'nni (Laxmanu's). I. Purple. August. Siberia. 1814. Trailer. — leonti'nus (lion-tail). J. Blue. July. Austria. 1815. Trailer. — leptophy' Uus (fiae-leaved). 4. White. July. Barbary. 1811. — leucophte'us (dusky). *,. Whitish-yellow. July. 1776. Trailer. — linearifu' lias (linear-leaved). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1780. — longifiu'rus (long-flowered). 4. Yellow. July. Tartary. 1806. — macroce'phalus (large-headed). 4. Yellow. June. Caucasus. 1831. Trailer. — ma'ximus v greatest-/o.r-ta (headed). 14. Purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. Au'lax. (From aulax, a furrow; in reference to the furrowed under side ol the leaves. Nat. ord., Proteads [Protea- ceaej. Linn., 2%-Diacia -k-Tetrundria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, in sandy soil, under a bell glass ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 45° to 50°. A. pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. Cape:of Good Hope. 1780. — umbella'ta (umbelled;. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. Aurj'cuea. {Pri'mula auri'rula.) The Bear's Ear, or Mountain Cowslip. The varieties of this flower are very numerous, and their numbers are annu- ally increased. They are divided into five classes. 1. Green-edged ; 2. Grey- edged; 3. White-edged; 4. Selfs, or one- coloured ; and, 5. Alpines, which have the outer edge of the petals shaded by a mixture of two colours, not separated into distinct bands of colour, as in the edged varieties ; and the paste round the tube is yellow, instead of white, as it is in the edged and selfs. "As florists have several terms relative to the Auricula, which may not be under- stood by every amateur, we may as well explain that the thrum is a collective name for the stamens in the very centre or tube of each flower. Paste, in the edged and self varieties, is the white colour next round the edge of the tube, or eyi, of the flower : it is yellow in the Alpines. Ground-colour is the next colour to this on the petal, being the distinctive colour of the variety. Edge is the outer colour of all, forming tho border of the flower. A Pip is the single flower, and a Truss is several pips, with their several footstalks springing from one stem common to them all. " The properties of the Auricula may be divided into two series, namely, those of the single pip, and those of the single plant. " The Pip. — 1. Should be circular, large, with petals equal, firm, fleshy, smooth at the edges, without notch or serrature, and perfectly flat. "2. The centre, or tube, should not ex- ceed one-fourth of the diameter of the pip ; it should be of a fine yellow or lemon colour, perfectly round, well filled with the anthers, or thrum, and the edge rising a trifle above the paste, or eye. " 3. The paste, or eye, should be per- fectly circular, smooth, ami of a dense, l.pure white, without crack or blemish* AUR C 89 ] AUR forming a band not less than half the width of the tube, and encircling it. "4. The ground-colour should be dense, whole, and form a perfect circle next the eye.. The brighter, darker, or richer the colour, the better the flower ; but, if it be paler at the edges (where they are parted into five), or have two colours or shades, it s a fatal defect. " 5. The margin, or outer edge, should be a clear, unchangeable green, grey, or white, and be about the same width as the ground-colour, which must in no part go through to the edge. From the edge of the paste to the outer edge of the flower should be as wide as from the centre of the tube to the outer edge of the paste. In other words, the propor- tions of the flowers may be described by drawing four circles round a given point, at equal distances ; the first circle forming the tube, the second the white eye, the third the ground-colour, and the fourth the outer edge of the flower; and the nearer they approximate to this (except that the ground-colour, which may be a little broader than the other bands, and the green or grey edge, may run into each other in feathery points), the better the flower. The colours should not be liable to fly, as is the defect of Stretch's Alex- ander, the colours of which fade in three or four days. " Of the Plant. — 1. The stem should be strong, round, upright, elastic, bearing the truss upright without support, and from four to seven inches high, so as to carry the truss well, but not too high above the leaves. " 2. The length and strength of the foot-stalks of the pips should be so pro- portioned to the number and size of these, that all the pips may have room to show themselves, and to form a com- pact, semi-globular truss of flowers, not less than five, though we prefer seven in number, without lapping over each other. The pips should be all alike in colour, size, and form, so as not to be easily dis- tinguished from one another; for, other- wise, V"°- unity and harmony of the truss will be destroyed, and, although ever so beautifully formed, would appear as if taken from different sorts of Auricula. An Auricula ought to blow freely, and expand all its pips at the same time ; for, by this means, the colours in them all will appear equally fresh and lively ; whereas, in those trusses that do not open some of thii pips till others have- passed their prim.>„ the whole appearance of the truss is impaired. " 3. The truss is improved if one or more leaves grow, and stand up well behind the bloom; for it assists the truss, and adds much to the beauty of the bloom, by forming a green background. "4. The foliage, or grass, should be healthy, well-grown, and almost cover the pot." — Gard. and Florist, i. 45. " We are of opinion that all these cri- teria are founded upon the dictates of correct taste; but, as these excellencies are never combined in one variety, and as some, being equals in many qualities, are mutually superior in others, the ques- tion constantly arises, at Auricula exhibi- tions, as to which variety has the prepon- derance of merit. Now, we are clearly of opinion that form, including in this the relative proportions of the colours on the pips, the half-globular form of the truss, the number of pips, &c, is by far the most striking excellence in an Auri- cula. Next to this we should place the harmony, or, as we should prefer, the agreeable contrast, or complemental as- sociation of the colours. " Of the Pairs. — Auriculas are usually exhibited two specimens together, or ' in pairs.' These should be of equal height and size in all their parts, leaves as well as blooms ; for it is offensive to the eye to see a dwarf by the side of a tall- growing specimen. It is also desirable that the colours should differ ; thus, a green-edged and a white-edged, a dark ground-colour and a light ground-colour, should go together. But we do not at- tach so much importance to this diversity of colour as some judges do. We think it should have no weight further than that, if two competing pairs are exactly of equal merit in other respects, the prize should be awarded to the pair of best-contrasted colours. But the slight- est superiority in any characteristic of the pip or truss, we think, ought to pre- vail over this mere matter of taste ; for the other characteristics are evidences of better cultivation." — (Tlie Cottage Gar- dener, iii.) Propagation is effected by taking slips from, and dividing roots of, approved varieties, after the seed has ripened, in July and August, and by the seed itself. Raising Varieties. — The parent plants should be vigorous ; and, before the pips AUK [90 ] AUR ■of the mother-plant are quite open, cut off the anthers of all of them with a pair of sharp-pointed scissors, cover with a hand-glass, dust the pistil with pollen from the father-plant, and keep the hand-glass over as before, until the flower, beginning to fade, shows that there is no danger of any other pollen being intruded to frustrate your object. Gather the seed-vessels as they become brown, in June and July ; place them in the sun, on a sheet of white paper, until they burst. Rub out the seeds, and sow them early in September, or keep them in the seed-vessels, in a dry place, until March, which is better. Sow them in a warm border of light soil, or in boxes, under glass ; cover them with a quarter of an inch of the same soil. Keep the seed- lings free from weeds, and, when they have four or five leaves, transplant them from the boxes, or from the border, into a similar border, in rows eight inches apart each way, there to remain until they flower, which will be next spring. Those that you mark as good must be potted as soon as the bloom is over, and treated as we shall direct for established old plants. Culture of established Plants. — "We will suppose that you have bought these while blooming. Then, at the end of June, when the blooming is quite over, re-pot them, in order to have a strong growth to flower finely next season. Have your compost of light loam, rotten cowdung, and decayed vegetable mould, in equal parts, with a portion of sand, about one- eighth, well-mixed, and in a state neither wet nor dry, ready in such quantities as your stock of plants may require. Turn out of their pots your blooming-plants ; remove nearly all suckers that have roots to them ; lay them on one side, then shake off nearly all the old soil ; trim the roots sparingly, and then your plant is ready for the new pot Placa a large crock, or broken piece of pot, or an oyster- shell, over the hole of each pot; put upon this a number of smaller crocks, to the depth of three quarters of an inch ; then place upon them about half an inch of the fibrous part of the loam, and upon that a portion of your compost; then, with one hand hold the plant rather above the level of the rim of the pot, and with the other fill in the compost amongst the roots. Proceed thus until the pot is filled, and then gently strike the pot upon the bench, to settle the soil, leaving hold of the plant, that it may settle with the soil. This will bring the soil level with the rim of the pot ; put a little more soil around the plant, and press it gently with your fingers, so as to leave the soil a quarter of an inch below the edge of the pot at the sides, and level with it in the centre. Place them upon a bed of ooal-ashes, in a situation where the sun does not shine upon them after ten o'clock in the morning. The proper sized pots for blooming-plants is the size known as 32s : they are about 5 i inches in diameter, and of proportionate depth. The suckers may either be put singly into small pots, or three or four in pots, of the same size as those for the bloom- ing-plants, and be treated in a similar manner. The single-pot plan is the best, if you have room to winter them. Water them all in fine weather, and look out for slugs and worms, which would injure them. Keep them free from weeds, stir the surface frequently, and shade them, throughout July, August, and September beneath a north wall, with a covering of oiled canvass, to draw down in very heavy- showers. So soon as the cold nights and heavy rains of autumn come on, the plants must be removed to their winter quarters. Wintering. — Dr. Horner, one of the most successful of Auricula cultivators, has employed, for many years, a frame made purposely for protecting this flower in winter, which he has thus depicted and described : — ws fffitfffl - ; : ; . : ;- , ; • , ', ; | ^J] "It stands on legs between two and three feet high ; the top lights slide, and, ' as shown in the diagram, mav also be propped up by means of an iron bar, per- forated with holes two or three inches apart, and which catch on a nail project- ing from the wood on which the light rests when down. It is permanently fixed to the sa^h by means of a small staple, tormmg a moveable joiut, and, when not AUK [ 91 ] AUR used, lies along its lower edge, and is there secured. The front lights let down on hinges ; the ends are also glass ; and in the back, which is wood, there is a door, for the convenience of getting to the pots behind, and also for thorough ventilation. There are five rows of shelves, graduated to the slope of the glass; they have a piece, an inch wide, sawn out of the middle ; there is a space also left be- tween them; so that the bottom of the frame is quite open, for the abundant admission of air to circulate thoroughly around the sides and bottom of the pots. By letting down the front light only, the plants may be left, for days together, ex- posed to all the advantages of light and air, without care or notice ; and when it is desirable to give them the benefit of a shower the top lights are removed." But it is not at all necessary to incur the expense of a frame thus constructed, as a common cucumber-frame, set on bricks, or cold pit, answers equally well. In either of these set them upon a stra- tum of coal-ashes, two or three inches thick; or, when expense is no object, upon a stage of boards slightly raised. The plants ought to be within six inches of the glass. Careful attention is required to two points — giving air and watering : very little, if any, is required of the latter. If the weather is dry, and a good deal of sunshine occurs, a little water will be re- quired. This should be applied in the morning, to allow the surface of the soil in the pots to become dry before night. A fine, sunny morning, therefore, should be chosen to water these plants. Of air, abundance, should be given. On all fine days the lights should be drawn entirely otf; but, should there be the least ap- pearance of rain, let the frames be closed instantly, giving air then either at the back, by propping up the light, or by propping up the lights in the centre of each side, so as to allow a full current of air to the plants. Constant search must be made for slugs, woodlice, and other destructive insects, and the surface of the soil kept free from moss by frequent gentle stirring. Spring culture. — At the close of Febru- ary, top-dress the soil in the pots with a compost of very rotten cowdung, two years old, at least, and some rotten leaf- mould and light loam. If these are not dry, use means to make them so. Mix them with the hand well together, and add a little sand ; then have your plants in some convenient place, remove a por- tion of the old soil, clear away all decayed leaves, and apply the top-dressing of fresh compost, very nearly filling the pots ; press it rather closely to the stem of each plant, give a gentle watering with a fine-rose watering-pot, to settle the new earth; replace the plants in the frame, and attend them carefully, as directed previously. This top-dressing greatly strengthens the plants, and, consequently, the blooms. Continue to give air freely, as above directed. When the trusses of flowers show themselves, which will be about the end of March, give air freely only during very fine days, and keep them rather warmer both by night and by day, giving at night a thick covering of mats, or other warm material. Water abundantly now, but only on the soil: do not wet the leaves. When in flower, shade them from the sun, or remove them to a cool, shady situation, but quite protected from rain by some kind of glazed shelter. This will prolong the time of the blooming. When the bloom is over, place them on coal-ashes, to keep worms out of the pots, and in a situation where the sun does not shine upon them after ten o'clock in the morning. Diseases. — The Auricula is liable to have its roots ulcerated, or cankered, if the pots are not well drained. This is best done by having the pots deep, and one-fourth filled with rubhly charcoal, and the soil not too much divested of pebbles. At the blooming-time the aphis, or green- fly, sometimes attacks the plants. These can only be removed individually by means of a camel-hair pencil. Canker. — The first symptom of the dis- order having attacked an Auricula is its loss of green- colour, and its assuming a yellowish, sickly appearance. Soon after, it decays on one side, and becomes crooked, or else the main root of the plant rapidly decays quite through, and the head drops off. In fact, the juices of the plant are vitiated at the time the leaves begin to uppear sickly ; so that no time must be lost in cutting away en- tirely the cankered part, fresh potting il into proper soil, and removing it to a cool, shaded situation. This is the only likely method to recover the infected plant. Some florists have thought the diseasa epidemic and contagious, because, when it does appear it usually attacks many ATE [ 88 ] AVE plants in the same collection. This, how ever, is no snch proof, but merely evinces that the whole have been rendered liable to the disease, by being all equally mis- managed, as by having an unsuitable soil, */oft«.iva-leaved). 3. White. July. Ame- rica. 1696. STOVE. B. adna'ta {adhering-sternened). 6. Puiple. .' u- gust. S. Amer. 1823. — confe'rta (crowded). 3. White. July. Mexico. 1820. —glutinosa (clammy). 3. White. August. Peru. .'£24. Blue, white. June. | B. t'ndu.\ (Indian). 3. White. October. E.Ind. lsis- parvifio'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. Julys Peru. 1820. — scopa'ria (broom-like). 3. Gream-coleured. July. Jamaica. 1820. HARDY. B. Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides's). 4. White. Sep* tember. Levant. — glomerjuliflo' ra (cluster-flowered), 3. White. August. K. Amer. 1817. — hulimifo'lia (halimus leaved). 4 White. Oc- tober. N. Amer. 1683. — lycopodioi'd-s (clubmoss like). White. July. Mauritius. 1828. Backho'dsia. (Named in compliment to Mr. James Backhouse, of York. Nat. ord., Myrtle blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn. 12-Icosandria 1 Monoyynia.) t A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass. Peat and loam, both fibry, and a little white sand. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter. 40° to 4S°. B. myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 16. Pale yellow. May. N. S. 'Wales. 1844. Ba'ctris. (From baklrou, a cane ; the young stems being used for walking- sticks. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceffij. Linn., 2l-Moncecia Q-Hexandria. Allied to Cocos.) Palm walking-sticks are much used in England, under the name of Penang layer. All stove palms. Seeds ; sandy loam Summer temp., 65° to 85°; winter, 60°. B. caryotmfo'lia (caryota-leaved). 10. Brazil. 1825. — cuspida'ta (tapering-teased). 20. Brazil. 1826, — Guiane'tisis (Guiana). 16. Guiana. 1820. — macraca'ntha (long-spined). 20. Brazil. 1823. — ma'jor (greater). 25. Carthagena. 1800. — mi'nor (less). 12. S.Anier. 1691. — pectma'ta (comb-leaved). 15. Brazil. 1825. Badger's Bane. Jconi'tum melo'ctonum. B^'ckia. (Named after Dr. Back, a Swedish physician. Nat. ord., Myrtle- blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., ti-Odaudrta \- Monoyynia.) Greenhouse e ergreen shrubs. All white-flow- e- d. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; sandy peat, and lumpy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45 3 . B. camphora'ta (camphor-sce/ited). 3. July. N. Holland. 1818. — densifio'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. September. N. S. Wales. — diosma/ulia ;diosraa-leaved). 3. August. N. Holland. 1824. — frute'scens (shrubby). S. November. China. 1806. — gracilis (slender). 3. N. Holland. 1826. — linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. August. N.Holland. ■818. — rrjmosfsumaibranchiest). 3 N. Holland. 1824. — sajricoM.rcck-dwelling). 2. July. N. Holland. 1824. — virga'ta (.twiggy). 3. September. New Caledo- nia. 1806. B-e'rly. (Named after Proje$tor Bat) BAK [ 97 ] BAL of the University of Dorpat. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesial-Superfiua. Allied to Cailirhoe.) Hardy annual. Seeds, in March and April; common soil. B. chrys&stoma (golden-mouthed). 1. Yellow. May, California. 1835. Baked is a term descriptive of the hard, impervious state of clayey soils, long exposed to drought. It can he pre- vented only hy altering the staple of the soil, by the admixture of sand, chalk, coal-ashes, and other matters less cohe- sive than clay. Balcony. A word probably derived from the Persian, signifying an orna- mentally-barred window, and by us ap- plied to a frame, usually of iron, and encompassed with a balustrade, placed in front of one window, or of several windows. It is an excellent place for giving air to room-plants, and for the cultivation of some flowers. Bala'nttum. (From balantion, a purse ; referring to the shape of the seed-pouch, or indusium, on the back of the leaf. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceoe]. Linn., 2i-Cryptogamia 1-F'rfices.) Stove herbaceous Ferns. Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 50° to 60°. B. cu'leitum (cushion). 3. Brown. August. Ma- deira. Balbi'sia. See Ledoca'epum pedtjncu- ia'ris. Balm. (Meli'ssa officinalis.) This hardy herbaceous plant has a citron scent and aromatic flavour. It is cultivated now only for making a grateful drink for the sick. The Soil best suited to its growth is any poor and friable, but rather inclin- ing to clayey than sandy. Manure is never required. An eastern aspect is best for it. Planting. — It is propagated by root di- vision (of which the smallest piece will grow), and by slips of the young shoots. The first mode any time during the spring and autumn, but by slips only during May or June. If divisions of an old plant are employed, they may be planted at once where they are to remain, at twelve inches apart; but if by slips, they must be inserted in a shady border, to be thence removed, in September or Octo- her, to where they are to remain. At every removal water must be given, if dry weather, and until thev are esuib- 7 lished. During the summer they require only to be kept clear of weeds. In Oc- tober the old beds (which may stand for many years) require to be dressed, their decayed leaves and stalks cleared away, and the soil loosened by the hoe or slight digging. Old beds may be gathered from in July, for drying, but their green leaves, from March to September; and those planted in spring will even afford a gathering in the autumn of the same year. For drying, the stalks are cut, with their full clothing of leaves, to the very bottom, and the drying completed gradually in the shade. Balm of Gilead. Dracoce'phalum Canarie'nse. Balsam Apple. Momo'rdica balsa- mi'nea. Balsami'na. See Impa'ttens. Balsams. By this name are usually known the varieties of the common annual, Impa'tiens balsami'na, by some needlessly separated, with a few others, into a separate genus, and called Balsa- mi'na horte'nsis. Culture. — The chief object in cultiva- ting these is their fine, large, double, flowers ; and, to secure this object, seed should be saved only from the finest plants ; and, if the seed is several years old, the plants will be less luxuriant, and the blooms will be more double. To have them very fine, the seed should be sown in a sweet hotbed, in the middle of March ; the plants pricked out into small pots when three inches in height, using light, rich soil, shifting them again, and successively, never al- lowing them to be pot-bound, and plung- ing the pots into a medium temperature of 75°, until some time after their last shifting into eight, twelve, or sixteen- inch pots, according as you aim at mode- rate-sized or very large specimens. Al- low, all the time, a current of air, less or more, according to the weather, to keep the plants bushy, and using richer ma- terials every time of potting, until the last soil used may consist of nearly as much very rotten, but sweet dung (cow- dung is best), as turfy, sandy loam. Successions may be sown in April and May, and treated in a similar manner, either for pots, or to be turned into beds, where they frequently do well until the middle of October. When you cannot accommodate any BAL bat the best flowers in the greenhouse, adopt the following method : — After pricking out into three or four-inch pots, and plunging them in the bed, allow the pots to get full of roots, keep tbem drier and cooler, and give plenty of air, which will soon cause flowers to appear ; then Belect plants with best flowers, rub every flower-bud off them, fresh pot, disen- tangling the roots a little as you proceed, and grow them on as advised above; and what you lose in time you will make up in selectness. Balsamode'ndron. (From balsamon, balm, or balsam, and dendron, a tree. Nat ord., Amyrids [Amyridaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria l.Monogynia.) According to Capt. Harris, Myrrh is obtained, on the Abvssinian coast, from a species of this genus ; and the Balesson of Bruce, or Balm of Mecca, is the produce of another species of this Balsam-tree. It is a stove tree. Sandy loam, end a little rotten dung ; cuttings of ripe young wood in April, under a glass, and in heat. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. B. Zeylafnicum (Ceylon). 30. Ceylon. Balsam of Cape'vl Copai'fera. Balsaji-tree. Clu'sia. Bambc'sa. Bamboo Cane. (From lambos, its Indian name. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 6-Hex- andria l-Monogynia.) The very young shoots of the Bamboo are eaten in India as asparagus. Stove perennials. Suckers, in spring or autumn ; rich loam. Sum- mer temp,, 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°. B. arista' t a (awned). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1884. — arundina'cea (reed-like). 40. Apetal. E. Ind. 1/30. — glau'ca (milky-green). 30. A-jetaL E. Ind. 1826. — ni'gra (black). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 1825. — pube'scens (downy). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 1826. — spino'sa (spiny). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 1820. — itri'cta (upright). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1824. — verticilla'ta (whorl-j?otoer«d). 20. Apetal. India. 1803. Bana'na, or Plantain. Mu'sa. Bane-Berry. Acta'a. Baniste'ria. (Named after the Rev. J. Banister, a zealous botanist. Nat. ord., Jfalpighiads [Malpighiacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Trigynia.) Stove plants. Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings of half-ripened wood in heat, under glass. Sum- mer temp., 60 3 to au 3 ; winter, 60° to 65°. TWINERS. B. ckrfsophp'ila (golden-leaved). — ciliu'ta (fringed). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1796. — dicho'tmma (twin-branched). Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1814. — emarginu'ta Isinzle-notched). Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1826. — aeri'cea (silky). 6. Yellow. Jul?. BrasU. 1810. BAN B. Sinemarie'nsis (Guiana). Yellow. August. Guiana. 1824. — te'nuis (slender). Yellow. Buenos Ayres. — Ulicefu'lia (bme-leaved). Purple. August. Java. 1820. — tomento'sa (soft-haired). 10. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820. — Zanziba'rica (Zanzibar). 10. Yellow. Zan- zibar. 1825. SHRUBS. B. ferrugi'nea (rusty). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 18OT, — fu'lgens (shining-fruited). 6. Yellow. W. Ind. 1/59. — Humboldtiana (Humboldt's). 19. Yellow. S. Amer. 1824. — laurifo'lia (bay-leaved). 10. Yellow. Ja- maica. 1733. — ova'ta (egg-shape-/ean*<2). 6. Yellow. July. St. Domingo. 1820. — periplocoefo'lia (periploca-leaved). 10. Yel- low. July. Porto Bico. 1818. — sple'ndens (shining). 10. Yellow. S. Amer. 1812. Banks (Sloping) are very desirable in a kitchen-garden, not only because they aid in forwarding the crops on their south front, and retarding those on their north front, but because they much in- crease the cultivatable surface. Suppos- ing the banks to run east and west, the south side, especially as respects all low- growing things, such as French beans, potatoes, &c, will produce eight days earlier than when cultivated on a level ; while the north side will retain lettuces, &c, duiing summer, much longer fit for the table. The surface of the ground is also increased, notwithstanding learned assertions to the contrary. In making them, at first, in shallow soils, they should not be wider than six feet at the base but, as the soil becomes improved, they may be from ten to twelve feet in width. In deep soils, the banks may be formed by trenching in the usual manner, only throwing them into shape by a line and stakes. In thin soils, care should be taken to have plenty of room in the first opening to stir the sub-soil, and then re- place again the surface-soil on the sur- face. The accompanying sketch will \ds ~Z r give some idea as to how they are formed, each ridge being twelve feet wide at the base, a b is the ground level, c the „ apex of the ridge, and d d paths between. | Of course they could not be raised so high, at first, without impoverishing the BAN [ 39 ] BAE other ground. If drained beneath the paths, all the better ; for, in heavy land, without drainage and deep stirring, the moisture will be long retained. If at c there is a board fixed, or even a row of dwarf, hardy peas, the south side will be rendered still warmer, and the north aide more cool and late. Such banks, therefore, may not only be used for vegetables, but also for accelerating and retarding fruits, such as th6 strawberry. Owing to the depth of sail thus obtained, if the surface is kept stirred, you will never need much of the water- pot, even in the driest weather. The right hand, or south side, should be the longest; and, in a succession of ridges, the north- ernmost one should be the highest. Ba'nksia. (Named after Sir Joseph Banks, a distinguished patron of natural history. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteaceae] . Linn., A-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) All interesting greenhouse plants, from New Holland. Seeds, when obtainable, should be sown in spring or summer, in sandy peat, and plaeed in the greenhouse ; seedlings potted off as soon as they can be handled, otherwise they will skank off. Some kinds are most easily propagated by layers, and a few rare ones by grafting ; but most are obtained by cuttings of the ripened ehoots, with most of the leaves attached, inserted by the sides of a pot, placed under a hand-light, kept close, and shaded from sunshine during the day, and air given, and the glass removed for a time during the night. Sandy peat, with a little loam tr> the more strong-growing. Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 35° to 45°. 13. attenua'ta (tapering). 6. Yellow. 1794. — austra'lis (southern). 6. Green. 1812. — Bro'wnii (Miss Brown's). 1830. — Cale'yi (Caley's). 1830. — cocci'nea (scarlet-cowered). 6. Scarlet. 1803. — colli'na (hill). 6. Yellow. 1800. — cc/mpar (well-matched). 6. Yellow. 1821. -^ Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 6. Pale yellow. 1822. — cylindrosta'chya (cylindric-spiked). - denta'ta (toothed). 4. Yellow. 1822. — Dri/androi'des (Dryandra-like). 6. Yellow. 1822. — ela'tior (taller). 20. Yellow. 1824. — ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1788. — Goo'dii (Good's). 1830. — gra'ndis (great-flowered). 2. Yellow. 1794. — Huge'lii (Hugel'a). YeUow. 1837. — ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). Scarlet. 1837. — insula'ris (island). 6- Yellow. 1822. — integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 12. Yellow. 1788. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. Green. July. 1802. — marce'scens (permanent-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1/94. — margina'ta (bordered). 6. Yellow. July. 1804. — me'dia (mediate). 6. Yellow. 1824. — Menzie'nsis (Menzies's). Yellow. 1837. — nu'tans (nou&iug-flowered). 4. Yellow. Jane. — oblongifn'lia (oblong-leaved). IS. Yellow. July. 1805. B. paludo-sa imarshy). 2. Yellow. March. 18ui,. — prostra'ta (prostrate). 2. Yellow. 1824. — pulche'lla (neat-flowered). 6. Yellow. 1805. — quercifo'lia (oak-leaved), i. Yellow. 1805. — Sola'ndra (Solaader's). 6. 1830. — specio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. July. 1801. — spinulo'sa (small-spined). 6. Yellow. August. — splicer oca' rpa (round-fruited). 5. Yellow. 1801, — verticilla'ta (whorled). 12. Yellow. Auguu. 1794. Ba'obab-tree. Adanso'nia. Ba'phia. (From baphe, a dye ; the Cam- wood or Barwood, from which a brilliant red-colour is obtained, is from B. ni'tida. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Carob-tree.) Stove tree. Cuttings; sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° vo 60°. B. ni'tida (shining). 30. White. August. Sierra Leone. 1793. BAPTfsiA. (From bapto, to dye ; some of the species possessing dyeing proper- ties. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- baceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogy- nia. Allied to Podalyria.) Hardy herbaceous plants, except where other- wise speeified. Division ; common border-soil. B. a'lba (wthite-flowered). 2. White. June. N. Amer. 1724. — auricula'ta (eared). Blue. June. N. Amer. 1812. — austra'lis (southern). 24. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1758. — confu'sa (confused). Blue. June. N. Amer. 1812. — exalta'ta (exalted). 3. White. June. N. Amer. 1724. — lanceola'ta (lanceolate), 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1818. — mi'nor (smaller), lj. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1829. — mo'llis (soft). 1J. Blue. June. N.Amer. 1824. ■~~ perfolia'ta (perfoliate). 3. Yellow. August. Carolina. 1732. — tincto'ria (dyer's). 14. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1750. — versicolor (various-coloured). 4. Light purple. July. N. Amer. 1824. — villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1811. Barbace'nia. (Named after M. Barba- cena, a governor of Minas Geraes. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Haemodoraceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied «o Vellozia.) Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy loam. Snmmer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45* to 55°. B. gra'cilis (slender). Bed. March. Brazil. — purpu'rea (purple-flowered). Purple. July Brazil. 1825. — Rogie'rii (Rogers's). Purplish-violet. 1859. — sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Deeo crimson; 1847. — squama'ta(scily-stal/ced). $. Yellow, crimson. Ilarch. Brazil. 1841. BAB [100] EAR BARBADOES CeDAB. Junfperus Bnrba- de'nsis. Barbadoes Cherry. Malpi'ghia. Barbadoes Gooseberry. Pere'skia. Barbadoes Lily. Hippea! strum eque's- tris. Barba'rea. "Winter Cress. (From be- ing formerly called the herb of Sta. Bar- bara. Nat ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15- Tetradgnamia. Allied to Arabis.) All hardy herbaceous perennials, except B. ttri'cta. Division ; common soil. B. arcua'ta (bowed). 2. Yellow. July. Ger- many. 1833. — orthoce'rus (straight-podded). l£. Yellow. June. — pro/ cox (earlj-Belleislc-cress). 1. Yellow. October. England. — ttricta (upright). Yellow. Britain. Hardy biennial. Raised from seed. — vulga'ris (common). 1£. Yellow. July. Britain. Barberry. (Be'rberis vulga'ris.) There are five varieties of the Common Bar- berry : the red, without and with stones ; the black sweet, which is tender, and re- quires a sheltered border; the purple; and the white. The seedless (B. vulga'ris aspe'rma) is mostly preferred for pre- serving purposes. The fruit is acid, and the bark is very astringent. Propagation. — Suckers, cuttings, and layers may be employed, either in the spring or autumn. The seed is very rarely used. Soil. — A sandy or calcareous soil, with a dry sub-soil, suits it best. Culture. — It requires no other pruning than such as is necessary to keep it within bounds. As the fruit is very te- dious to gather, it is well to keep" the middle of the tree open by pruning, somewhat like gooseberry-pruning. Their spines are so formidable, that we have known the common kinds used with good effect to stop gaps in hedges liable to much trespass. Fruit.— This is fully ripe in October Jnd is gathered in entire bunches for preserving, pickling, and candying. Diseases.— It is liable to be infected with a parasitical fungus, once believed to be the same as that which is the mil- dew on wheat ; but they are now known to be different species. That which preys upon the Barberry is Puccinia, and that which attacks Wheat is Uredo. Barbie'ria. (Named after J. B. G. Barbier, M.D., a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere], Linn., 17 Dhidelphia i^Decandria, Al- lied to Cajanus.) Stove evercreen shrub. Cuttings of fcsrf. ripened wood in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 68° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. B.polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Reddiah-pcrp Ie» Porto Rico. 1818. Bark. The refuse bark from the tan- ner's yard is employed by the gardenei' as a source of heat, and, when thoroughly broken down by putrefaction, as a ma- nure. As a source of heat, it is much less used than formerly, flues, steam, and the hot- water system having very generally and most deservedly superseded it. Bark for heating requires frequent stirring and re- newing, and, if too much moisture be added, is apt to give out an excessive and irregular heat. In addition, it is a trou- blesome harbour for predatory insects. Bark fresh from the tan-yard, being thrown lightly together under a shed, must be gently moistened, if dry, and turned over twice a-week, to expose all its particles to the air. Unless this be done the fermentation will not be gene- ral or regular. This is to be continued for a month or five weeks, in warm wea- ther the shorter time being requisite; and then, having acquired a general and equal heat, it is ready for use in the stove. Usually it will continue to afford heat for a period varying between three and six months, but sometimes ceases to ferment without any apparent cause. Whenever the heat declines, the tan must be taken out, sifted, the dusty part? removed, and some fresh tan added. Sometimes turning the old tan and moist- ening it will be sufficient. It is desirable, on the first formation of a bed, to mix new and old tan to- gether, in which case the quantity of new bark to be brought into the pit will de pend upon the goodness of the bark, and the bottom-heat required. As much new tan as will fill two-third parts of the- bark-pit, with a mixture of old, rotten, reduced almost to earth, will produce a bottom-heat of about 85°. When old tan with higher remains of strength is used to modify the new, the same heat may be produced if the quantity be not more than half the capacity of the pit This refers to a new pit After a bark-bed has been in action, partial renewals of bark, to keep up the heat, are frequently sufficient, in the reduced proportion of one-third, one-sixth, one-twelfth, or less. At intermediate stages between the par- BAR 101 ] EAR lial renewals, the bed requires only to be excited to a brisker fermentation by fork- ing up. About five-sevenths of the pit from the bottom should be occupied by the new and old tan as a fermenting body ; and about two-sevenths from the top, or a little more than the depth of the pot, whatever that may be, should consist of old tan incapable of heating, so as to burn the roots of the plants. At least, such should be the ordinary distri- bution of the tan; but, where peculiar circumstances require a speedy augmenta- tion of heat without displacing the pots, and when fruit is to be swelled off in the last stage, the earthy tan at top may be taken away, and new tan substituted. As a manure. — See Vegetable Mat- ters. Bark-bound. When a tree is affected with this disease, cracks will appear in it partially, and, in the case of the Cherry, Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine, gummy discharge will follow. It is a sure in- dication that either the soil is too rioh or not sufficiently drained. The latter is usually the source of the evil, causing a repletion of the interior vessels, which the dry, outer skin cannot expand suffi- ciently quickly to accommodate. Under- draining, and scrubbing the stem with brine, speedily effect a cure. Scoring the bark lengthwise with a knife is a rude mode of treatment, often followed by canker, more fatal than the disease in- tended to be removed. If scoring be adopted, it should be early in spring; and the knife should not penetrate below the dry, outer bark. Bark Stove, or Moist Stove, is a hot- house which, either by having a mass of fermenting matter, or an open reservoir of hot /water within-side, has its atmo- sphere appropriately supplied with mois- ture, congenially with the habits of some tropical plants. It received the name of Bark Stove, because tanner's bark was formerly a chief source of the heat em- ployed. See Stove. Babke'ria. (After the late Mr. Barker, of Birmingham, an ardent cultivator of orchids. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Lffllia.) Stove orchids, divisions ; fibry peat and sphag- num, in shallow baskets. Summer temp., CO to 8.5° ; winter, 55° to 60°. 8. e'legans (elegant). 1$. Lighi rcss, Mexico. 1836. B. La&rsncca'na (Mrs. Lawrence'o), I. Pini. Guatimala. 1847. — Lindlcyu'na (Dr. Lindley's). 1. Purple and nhite. November. Costa Rica. 1842. — melanocau'lon (dark-stemmed). 1. Lilac. June. Costa Rica. 1848. — Skinne'ri (Mr. Skinner's). l£. Piiik. Gas- timala. — Spesta' bills (showy). 1. Lilac and purple July. Guatimala.. 1843. Barking Irons, or Bark Scalers, are for scraping off the hardy outer bark, or dry scales from the stems and branches of trees. Barle'ria. (After the Rev. J. Bar- relicr, of Paris. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 1-l-Didyiiamia 2- Angiospermia.) Stove evergreens, except B. longifo'lia. This may be propagated by seed, the others by cuttings of the young wood, in heat, under a bell-glass; rich loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°. B. a'lba (white). 3. July. N. Holland. 1815. — buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. White. July. E. Ind. 1768. — cccru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1823. — crista'ta (crested). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1796. — dicho'toma (twin-branched). 2. Purple,. July. E. Ind. 1823. — fia'va (yellow-flowered), 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1816. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. White. August. E. Ind. 1781. — longifio'ra (long-flowered). 3. July. E.Ind. 1816. — lupuli'na (hop-headed). 2. Yellow. August. Mauritius. 1824. — prioni'tis (prionitis-H&e). 3. Orange. July. E. Ind. 1759. — purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. September. E. Ind. 1818. — salunifo'lia (nightshade -leaved). 2. Blue. W. Ind. — strigo'sa (bristly). 2. Blue. July. E.Ind. 1820. Barley. (Ho'rdeum vufga're.) This genus of grasses, being interesting only to the farmer and botanist, has not been included in this work. Barnade'sia. (After Barnaday, a Span- ish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [As- teracece]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia \-2Equa- lis. Allied to Mutisia.) B. ro'sea, a very pretty deciduous shrub, re« quiring to be kept nearly dry, in a greenhouse, in winter. Seeds in hotbeds, in March; cuttings of half-ripened wood in April, in sand, under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°. B. grandlfio'ra (larje-flowered). 2. Pale rose. S. Amer. Ib44. An evergreen, requiring a cool stove. — ro'sea (rose-coloured). 1. Pink. May. S. Amer. 1840. — spino'sa (spiny). 4. June. Peru. 1825. This has been called liaca'zia spino'ca. Green- house tvergreen. BAR I iua j BAR Barna'edia. (Named after E. Barnard, F.L.8. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacete]. Linn., Q-Hexandrial-Monoyynia. Allied to the Squills.) Half-hardy, bulbous-rooted plant. Offsets; peat and loam ; only wants a little protection in winter. B. tcilloi'det (eqoill-likc). Pale blue. Key. China. 1810. Baro 'meter, or Weather Glass, so called from two Greek words, signifying a measurer of weight, hecause it indicates the weight or pressure of the air. We only admit a notice of this because, as a guide to approaching changes of weather, it is useful to the gardener. Mr. P. Christenson, of Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, lecturer upon astronomy, &c, has arranged a table, which no one having a weather-glass should be without. Its price is only one shilling, and it may be had of C. Wilson, 157, Leadenhall Street. This " Companion to the Ba- rometer" is the result of thirty-two years' observation; and the following is an epitome of the information it gives. During the first six months of the year, when the mercury is rising, if the weather has been bad, and the mercury reaches to 29.62 inches, there will be a change ; /f to 30.12, the weather will be fair; if if to 30.29, set fair. If the mercury has been high, and begins falling, there will be a change if it declines to 29.90; rain, if it descends to 29.50 ; and wind, with rain, if it reaches 29.12. During the last six months of the year, if the wea- ther has been foul, and the mercury begins rising, there will be a change if it reaches to 29.48; fair, if to 30.13; and set fair if to 30.45. If the weather has been fair, and the mercury begins falling, there will be a change if it sinks to 29.87 ; rain, if to 29.55 ; and wind with rain, if to 29.28. At any time of the year, if the mercury fall to 28.10, or even to 28.20, there will be stormy weather. These conclusions are from observations made at thirty feet above the sea's level, and, therefore, one-hundredth nart of an inch must be added to the "height of the mercury for every additional ten feet above the sea's level, where the barometer may happen to be. Babo'sma. (From barys, heavy, and osme, odour; referring to the powerful scent of the leaves. Nat. ord., Eueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mo- lofjynia. Allied to Diosma.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in June, under a bell-glass, in sand, without heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 6V° ; winter, 35° to 40°. B. betuli'nn (birch- icaMi). 2. White. June. 1790. — crenula'ta (scolloped- leased). 3. Bluish. April. — dioi'ca (dioecious). 2. White. June. 1816. — latifr/tia (broad-leaved). White. July. 178J). — ovafta (eeg-shape-Jeawd). 2. White. May. 1790. — pulche 1 lla (neat). Purple. June. 1/8/. Barked. That part of a plant is said to be barred which is striped with a lighter or darker colour than the prevail- ing colour of that part. Barren Plants. The male flowers of the cucumber, melon, and other monoe- cious plants are properly known as barren flowers ; and the plants of the asparagus, mercury, and other dioecious plants bear- ing only male flowers, are usually termed barren. These are naturally unfruitful : but there is also a barrenness arising from disease, or the consequences of bad cultivation. If a tree, or any other plant, does not yield the desired produce of fruit of which it is capable, the gardener may be assured that the soil, or the want of drainage, or the manuring, or the pruning, is injurious. Even a blind or barren cabbage may be made productive ; for its barrenness arises from the central bud being abortive, and it will produce lateral buds, if all but one leaf and the place of the abortive bud be eut away. When a flower has no pistil it is in- curably barren. Temperature has great influence over the sex of the flowers produced by a monoecious dioecious plant. A very high temperature caused a water- melon to bear male blossoms only ; and a very low temperature made cucumber- plants yield female flowers alone. Mr. Knight had little doubt that the same fruit-stalks might be made, in the plants just noticed, to support flowers of either sex, in obedience to external causes. Our own observations lead us to the con- clusion that the cucumber and vegetable marrow, when grown in too cold a temperature, produce a majority of male Barren Soil. No soil is absolutely incapable of production; and when it is spoken of as being barren, no more is meant than that, in its present state, it will not repay the cultivator. The un- productiveness arises from a deficiency oi BAR C -103 J BAS some of the earths ; from an excess or de- ficiency of animal and vegetable matters ; or from an excess of stagnant water. No soil can be productive where nineteen parts out of twenty are of any one earth or other substance. If either chalk, or sand, or clay, be in excess, the remedy s found in adding one or both of the other two. An excess of organic matter only occurs in peat soils ; and these are reclaimed by draining, paring, and burn- ing, and the addition of earthy matter. Drainage is also the cure for an excess of water. Baerenwoet. Epime'dium. Baeringto'nia. (Named after the Hon. Dairies Barrington. Nat/ord., Bar- ringtoniads [Barringtoniacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.) Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. B. enhina'ta and platyphy'lla were, until lately, separated into * genus, Conrmersonia. Cuttings of ripe shoots under a glass, in a strong heat ; lumpy loam and yeat. Summer temp., 70° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 65°. B, eehina'ta (hedgehog-/;-M>7eered). 1. White and scarlet. E. Ind. 1844. Stove herbaceous perennial. — a'ptera (wingless). 3. White. July. Stova herbaceous perennial. — wrgyrosti'gma (silver -spotted). 3. White. August. Brazil. 1819. — auranti'aca (orange-coloured). Orange, Int'ia« — auriculxfufrme (ear-shaped). White. Guate- mala. 1850. — Barke'ri (Barker's). 4. White. January. Mexico. 1837. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. — biserra'ta (saw-tooth-tea»e" called The Hen and Chickens. — sylve'stris (wood). J. White. June. Por- tugal. 1797. It is curious that the daisy is not more cnlti* vated and crossed by florists and amateurs. It is quite as capable of improvement as the chry- santhemum. The continental florists have not treated it with similar neglect ; and M. Van Houtte, of Ghent, has more than twenty distinct varieties in his catalog-ue — white, pink, and varie- gated ; quilled, red-dk«ked, and double. Be'lltuii. (From bellis, & daisy; the flowers being like the daisy. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesia 2-Superflua.) Seeds and divisions ; sandy soil, and a little peat. B. bellidioi'des (daisy-like). |. White. July. Italy. 1796. Hardy annual. — crassifo'lium (thick-leavea). i,. Whitish- yellow. June. Sardinia. 1831. Half- hardy perennial. — intermedium (intermediate). $. White. Au- gust. Hardy herbaceous perennial. — minu'tum (minute). 1. White. August. Levant. 1772. Hardy herbaceous peren Dial. Bellows are employed for fumigating differing only from the common bellows by having a receptacle for ignited to bacco in the pipe of its nozzle, through which the air, being gently forced in the usual way, propels the smoke in any desired direction, where the insects to be destroyed appear. Brown's Fumigator is superior to any bellows for such pur- poses. Belope'eone. (From belos, an arrow,, and perone, a band, or strap; in reference to the arrow-shaped connectivum. Nat. ord., Jcanthads [Acanthaaeae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Jus- ticia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings; light loata. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 45° to 55°. B. oblongata (oblong-feared). 3. Rosy-purpls. September. Brazil. 1832. Bendixg-down. This term is chiefly applied to the bending of the annual or other shoots of fruit-trees, for the pur- pose of making them fruitful, or to make them assume some desired form. Balls of clay have been fastened to the ex- tremities of the shoots, to weigh them down into the position required; but the most desirable mode is by fastening them by a string to pegs driven into the ground , Bengal Quince. JE'gle ma'rmelvs. Benjamin-tbee. Fi'cus Benjami'rr* and Lau'rus Be'nzoin. Benxha'mia. (Named after Mr. Ben- BER [113] BEB tham,, a distinguished English botanist. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linn., &-Tetrandria 1-Jlfonogynia.) Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers ; seeds where procurable ; loam ; does in a sheltered place. B.fragffera (strawberry-fruited). 10. Yellow- ish-red. August. Nepaul. 1825. — Japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1847. It is doubtful whether B. fragi'fera will en- dure our winters unprotected, except in our southern counties. It ripens its fruit againbt a wall in Devonshire. It is like a raspberry, and ornamental, but not eatable. Bera'rdia. (Named after M. Berard, a botanist of Grenoble. Nat. ord., Bru- triads [Bruniacese]. Linn., b-Pentandrla 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings j divisions ; common soil. B. palea'cea (chaffy). 2. White. July. 1791. — phylicoi'des (phylica-like). 2. White. July. 1805. Berbe'ris. The Barberry. (From berbery s, its Arabian name. Nat. ord., Berberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) We have reunited with this genus all the species separated from it, and called Mahonias. Seeds, sown in spring; cuttings root freely if planted early in autumn ; and suckers are abun- dantly produced. Grafting is resorted to with rare species. Deep, sandy soil. All are hardy, except where otherwise specified. See Bar- SBBBY. EVERGREENS. B. actinaca'ntha (ray-spined). S. Fellow. June. Strs' s of Magellan. — angulo'sa (angular). Yellow. Northern Iudia. 1844. — aquifo'lia (prickly-leaved). 6. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1823. — arista'ta (awned). 6. Yellow. April. Nepaul. 1820. — Asia'tica (Asiatic). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823 — Aurahuace'nsis (Aurahua). Golden-yellow. Grenada. 1847. — Bea' lei plant fo'lia (Mr. Beale's Chinese, flat- leaved). Yellow. China. — buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. Yellow. Straits of Maeellan. 1827. Half-hardy. — cond'nna (neat). 2. Yellow. Sxkkiin Hima- laya. — Darwi'nii (Darwin's). 2. Orange. May. South Chili. 1849. — dealba'ta (whltened-leaved). 5. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1833. — du'lcis (sweet-fruited). 8. Yellow. March. Straits of Magellan. 1830. — emarginu'ta (notch-petaled). 3. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1790. — empetrifo'lia (empetrum-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. Straits of Magellan. 1827. Half- hardy. — faseicvla'ris (bundle-^otcerfd). 8. Yellow. April. California. 1820. — Fortu-ni (Fortune's). Yellow. July. Chin*. 1846. — luttrophi/'lla (various-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. Straits of Magell&a. 1805. B. r.yptJevfca (white-beneath-feaeed). 5. Pai«, yellow. May. Northern India. 184u. — ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. Terra del Fuego. 1/91. — tne'rmis (unarmed). 2. Yellow. Straits of Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy. — macrophy'lla. (large-leaved). Yellow. Japan. 1847. — mi'tU (gentle-Wom/«M). Yellow. N. Amer. 1834. — nervo'sa (large-nened). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1804. — pa'llida (pale). Yellow. April. S. Amer. 1844. Greenhouse. — Pangharanghe'mis (Pangharang). 1848. Half- hardy. — parviflo'rd (small-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. S. Amer. 1846. Greenhouse. — re'pens (creeping-roofed). 2. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1822. — ruscifo'tia (rAus-leaved). S, Yellow. May. Buenos Ayres. 1823. Greenhouse. — tenuifi'lia (thin -leaved). Vera Crux. 1836. — trifolia'ta (three -leaved). Yellow. May. Mexico. 1839. Greenhouse. — virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. Peru. 1836 — Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 4. Yellow. May. Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy. DECIDUOUS. B. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 5. Yellow. May. Canada. 1750. — Caroliniu'na (Carolina). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1828. — Cwiu'Wu (Conaria). Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1841. — cm iu'ria (tanner's). 10. Yellow. May. Hima- layas. 1835. — cratai'gina (erataegus-like). 6. Yellow. May. Asia Minor. 1829. — Cre'tica (Cretan). 3. Yelrow. April. Candia. 1759. serratifu'lia (saw-edged-leaved). Yellow. May. Candia. 1/5U. — Dau'rira (Daurian). 8. Yeilow. May. Dauria. 1818. — Jtoribu'nda (mSLny.&owered). 10. Yellow. June. Nepaul. — Ibe'rica (Iberian). 5. Yellow. May. Iberia. 1818. — Provin/ia'lis (Provence). 8. Yellow. Jnnet France. 1821. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1790. — Sine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. May. China. 1815. — umbe/la'ta (umbellate-./?oi»«\?d). 6. Yellow. Nepaul. 1842. — vulgafris (common). 10. Yellow. April. England. a'lba (white-fruited). 8. Yellow. April. wspe'rma (seedless). 6. Yellow. April. Europe. du'lcis (sweet-reJ-frvifi'd). Yellow. May. Austria. Evergreen. fo'liis purpu'reis (purple -leaved). If. Yellow. May. 1841. glau'ca (milky-green r /eaBed). 10. Yellow. May. longifc/lia (long-Jeaved). 10. Yellow. May. lu'tea (yellow-/rt*ifcd). it. Yellow. May. Europe. mi'tis (gentle-fAornfew). 10. Yellow. May. — tu'gru (black-fruited). 10. Yellow. May. Europe. I BER [ 11* ] BES B. m^ra'rit purpu'rea (purple-/Vu«7era (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. Jrdy. 1812. — incn'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. 1793. — obova'ta (reveraed-egg-teaoed). 2. Yellow. July. 1794. — palma'ta (handWeaoerf). 3. Yellow. July. 1800. — pectina'ta (comh-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. 1818. — tpinosistima (most spiny). 2. Yellow. July. 1831. Greenhouse herbaceous. — unijlo'ra (on*.flowered). 3. Yellow. Jaly. 1815. Bermuda Cedab. Juni'pena Bernm- iin'va. Bertero'a. (Named after C J. Btr- tero, a friend of Decandolle's. Nat. ord .. Crucifers [Brassicaeeae]. Linn., 15-Te- tradynamia. Allied to Arabis.) Biennial and perennial from seed and cuttings ; the shrubby and rather more tender species from cuttings under a hand-glass, in summer ; loamy soil. B. inca'na (hoary). 2. White. July. Europe. 1640. Hardy biennial. — mutabilis (changeable). 2. White, pink. July. Levant. 1802. Hardy herba- ceous perennial. — obli'qua (unequal-sided-Zeaced). i. White. July. Sicily. 1823. Bertholle'tia. Brazil Nut (Named after L. C. Berthollet, a distinguished chemist Nat. ord., Lecyths [Lecythi- daceae]. Linn., ISPolyandria 1-Mono- gynia.) The Brazilian nuts of the shops are the pro- duce of this ornamental stove evergreen tree. Cuttings, ripened wood, in sand, and in bottom- heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 55° to 60°. B. exce'lsa (tall). 100. Para. Berze'lia. (Named after Berzelius, the celebrated chemist Nat. ord., Bru- niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Capt of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a glass ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. B. abrotanoi'des (southernwood-like), lj. White. June. 1787- — lanigino'sa (woolly). 3. White. July. I774. Besle'ria. (Named after Besler, an apothecary at Nuremberg. Nat ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracea?]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Gesnera.) Stove evergreen under-shrubs, except when otherwise specified. Cuttings, slightly dried, and placed in sweet bottom-heat, in rough, sandy soil; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°. B. coccfnea'saalet-berried). 3. Yellow. Gniana. 1819. — crista ta (crested). 3. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1739. Stove evergreen climber. — grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au- gust. Brazil. 1823. — incarna'ta (nesh-coloured-4ernV?sa (woolly). 70. July. N. Amer. 1817. — le'ntti ^pliant). 50. July. N. Amer. 1769- » — lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. N. Amer. — mo'Uis (soft). E. Ind. 1840. — na'nu (smoorA-dwarf). 4. May. N. Amer. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Majr« Switzerland. 181 9. — stri'cta (upright). May. — ni'gra (black). 60. July. N. Amer. 17S#. — ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. May. Hungary. 1820. — palle'scens (palish). 6. — papyra'cea (paper). 60. June. N. Amer. 1750. fu'sca (blackish-brown). May. Carolina platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 60. June Carolina. triehoela'da (hairy-twigged). June. Ca rolina. — pe'ndula (pendulous). 40. June. Britain. — Po'ntica (Pontic). 12. May. Turkey. Hardy evergreen. — populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 30. July. N. Amer. 1750. Hardy evergreen. lacinia'ta (cat-leaved). 30. July. pe'ndula (pendulous). July. — pube'scens (downy). 30. June. Germany. 181J. — pu'mila (hairy-dwarf). 6. May. N. Amer. 1762. — ru'bra (red). 60. July. Canada. — Scopo'lii (Scopoli's). 6. — tri'stis (sad). 10. May. Kamtschatks. BIB [116] BIG BibioMabci. St. Mark's Fly. Mr. Cur- tis says : — " The larvae, or grubs, of this insect generally live, in large groups of a hundred or more, in strawberry-beds, vine-borders, flower-pots, and similar un- disturbed spots, feeding upon the roots, and sometimes destroying the entire plant. Bouche says they completely de- molished his bed of Ranunculuses for se- veral successive years, by eating up the tubers. The larva is dark brown, some- what cylindrical, the belly flattened, mo- derately broad, and nearly linear; the head is comparatively small, deep brown, and very shining. It changes to a chry- salis, generally, towards the end of March. This is of a pale ochreous colour, the head being brightest. The female lays her eggs in the earth, and in the dung of horses and cows, in May. They do not hatch until August." Bi*dens. (From bis, twice, and dens, a, tcoth; in reference to the seed. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Sy age- nesia 1-J£qualis. Allied to Coreopsis.) Hardy ones may be grown in the common bor- der. The others are scarcely worth cultivating ; but we hare named the best. The annuals and Uennials from seed, and the perennials by divi- sions and suckers. All hardy, except when other- vise specified. B. argv'ta (arguta). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1825. Herbaceous perennial. — Berteria'na (Berter's). 3. Yellow. May. Porto Rico. 1787. 8tove herbaceous perennial. — bipinna'ta (twice-leafleted). 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1687. Annual. — grandi/lo'm (large-flowered). 1. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1800. Annual. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. Mexico. 1803. Greenhouse her- baceous perennial. — leuca'ntha (white-flowered), lj. White. July. S. Amer. Annual. — macrospefrma (large-seeded). 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 182Q. Annual. — odorafta (sweet-scented). 3. White. June. Mexico. 1825. Annual. -proee'ra (tall). 6. Yellow. November. Mexico. 1822. Herbaceous perennial. — re'pens (creeping). 2. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1819. Deciduous creeper. — temlafta (fine-toothed). July. 1829. Bien- nial. Brnwi'ixfA. (Named after Mr. Bid- well, of Sydney, an ardent cultivator of bulbs. Nat. drd., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia, Allied to Anthericum.) Hardy bulb. Divisions and Oflsete t light, rich B. glauetfteens (milky-^reen). White. May. Australia. 1843. BtEBERSTErwiA. (Named after M. Von Bieberstein, who wrote a Russian Flora. Nat. ord., Rueivorts [Rutaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 4,-Pentagynia. Allied to the common Rue.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings under a hand-glass, in the beginning of summer; seeds, in a slight hotbed, under a glass, in March or April. Requires the protection of a cold pit during winter, or a very dry, sheltered place. B. odofra, (sweet). Yellow. May. Altaia. 1837. Biennial, from biennis, the Latin for of two years' continuance, is a plant which, being produced from seed in one year, perfects its seed and dies during the year following. Biennials may often be made to endure longer if prevented ripening their seeds ; and many exotics, biennials in their native climes, are per- ennials in our stoves. Hardy Biennials. — Some of these ripen their seeds as early as August, in which case they may be sown as soon as har- vested. Others, ripening their seeds later, must have these reserved from sowing until May. The double varieties of wall- flowers, stocks, (fee, are propagated by cuttings. Frame Biennials. — These require the shelter of a frame during the early stages of their growth; to be removed thence, in May, to the borders, where they bloom in July and August. Bierena'ria. (From bis, twice, and franum, a strap; in reference to a double strap, or band, by means of which the pollen masses are connected with their gland. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Al- lied to MaxiUaria.) Stove orchids. Offsets and divisions. Peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and broken pots; raised a:iove the surface of pots, or in baskets. Summer temp., 6a° to 85°; winter, 60° to 65°, and rather dry. B. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Dark purple. Rio Janeiro. 1828. — aurantVaca (orange- coloured). §. Orange- spotted. September. Demerara. — att'reo-fu'lva (orange-tawny). Orange. Bio Janeiro. 1843. — Hardwe'nii (Mr. Hardwen's). 1}. Gre»n, chocolate, white. June. Brsiil. Isol. — longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange, brown. Demerara. — vitelii'na (yolk-coloured). Yellow. Rio Janeiro. 1843. Bigno'xia. Trumpet Flower. (Named after Abbi Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 1-L-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) This order furnishes the most gorgeous cliroh*w BIG t i-17 ] BIL In the world j natives of the tropical forests in either hemisphere, a tenth part of which are said not to be yet introduced to our gardens. Stove evergreen climbers, except where otherwise speci- fied. Propagated easily by young, stiff side- shoots, taken off in summer, inserted in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in bottom-heat j peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; win- ter, 45° to 55°. These mostly produce their flow- ers on short shoots, proceeding from well-ripened buds of the previous year's wood. Few do well as pot-plants ; they like to ramble over the roof of a cold stove. If the wood is well hardened in sum- mer, many of them do well on the rafters of a common greenhouse, and flower more freely than they would do in a stove ; but you must have pa- tience until they fairly mount the rafters. Jasmi- noi'des may be taken as a type of these. The only hardy species is Capreola'ta, which is an or- namental wall-climber in a sheltered situation ; propagated easily by cuttings of iti roots, or shoots, under a hand-glass, in spring or autumn. It has been recommended to try Cruci'gera, in similar situations, grafted on Capreola'ta. The Ra'dicans and its near neighbour, but prettier Grandiflo'ra, the only other hardy species of the order, have beci transferred to Tb'coma, which see ; the difference in the genera consisting chiefly in the partition of the fruit, being parallel in Big- no'nia, and contrary in Te'com*. B. adenophy'lla (gland-leaved). E. Ind. 1832. — a'/Aa (white). 8. White. Guiana. 1823. — allia'cea (garlic-scented;. 10. Yellow. W. Ind. 1/90. — anut'na (pleasing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1828. — Apure'nsis (Apures). 10. Yellow. Orinoco. 1824. — tequinoctia'lis (equinoctial). 40. Yellow. June. Guiana. 1768. — (Bsculiflo'ra (horse-chesnut-flowered). 20. Yel- low. Mexico. — biju'ga (tv/in-leaved). 6. Madagascar. 1822. -r ca'ndicans (whitish). 10. Cayenne. 1820. — capreola'ta (tendriHed). 15. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 1710. — Carolines (Carolina). 10. Cream. Carolina. — Chamber lay' nii (Chamberlayne's). 40. Yel- low. August. Brazil. 1820. — Chi'ca (Chica). 10. Orinoco. 1819. — Ckire're (Chirere). 10. Red, orange. Guiana. 1824. — chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1823. — chrysoleu'ca (yellowish-white). 10. Yellowish- white. July. S. Amer. 1824. — Cle'matis (Clematis). 15. Caraccas. 1820. — erena'ta (scolloped). 10. E. Ind. 1823. — cruci'gera (cross-stemmed). 20. Yellow, scar- let. S. Amer. 1/59. — deci'piens (deceiving). 10. E. Ind. 1823. — diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 10. Mexico. 1825. — echina'ta (bristly -fruited). 20. Purple. Guiana. 1804. — clonga'ta (elongated). 8. Purple. S. Amer. 1820. — floribu'nda (many- flowered). 12. White. Caraccas. 1816. — gro'ciiis (slender). 50. Yellow. April. S. Amer. 1810. — grandifu'lia (large-leaved). 60. Purple, red. June. Caraccas. 1816. r — totcarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. White, orange. Guiana. 1820. •- Tndiea (Indian). 40. Purple. Ind». 177$. I B.jasminifo'lia (jasmine-leaved). 10. Whitt.. Orinoco. 1829. —jasminoi'des (jasmine-iike). 30. Purple, More- ton Bay. 1830. — laetiflu'ra (milk-flowered). 20. White. May. Santa Cruz. 1823. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow, Cay. enne. 1823. — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Guiana. 1804. — leuco'xylon (white-wooded). 12. Pink. W. Ind. 1759. — litora'lis (shore). Pink, red. Mexico. 1824, — lu'cida (shining). 10. E. Ind. 1823. — meona'ntha (smaller-flowered). 20. Pink June. N. Holland. — mo'His {soft). 10. Guiana. 1818. — molli'f.iima (very soft). 10. Caraccas. 1826 — multi'fida (many-cleft). 10. E. Ind. 1£23. — pu'ilida (osde-Jiowered). 15. White. July. W. Ind. 1823. — pi'cta( painted). 10. Variegated. S. Amer. 1S23. — pube'scens (downy). 15. Yellow. June. Cam- peachy. 1759. — purpu'rea (pwrple). 6. Purple. S. Amer. 1822. — quadrnngula'ris (four-angled). 10. E. Ind. 1823. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 10. Yellow. Trini- dad. 1824. — serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 20. Yellow. W. — serrula'ta (fine-toothed). E. Ind. 1832. — specio'sa (handsome). 20. Pink. May. Ur»- guay. 1838. —,spccta'bilis (showy). 10. Purple. W. Ind. 1S20. — spica'ta (spiked-Jlowered). Trinidad. 1822. — stami'nea (long-stamened) . 10. Yellow. His- pnniola. 1825. — subero'su (cork-barked). 38. White. E. Ind. 1820. — tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Japan. 1820. — triphy'lla (three-leaved). 10. White. S.Amer. 1783. — Tweedia'na (Mr. Tweedie's). 20. Yellow. June. Buenos Ayres. 1838. — variabilis (variable). 10. Yellow, wlAite. W. Ind. 1819. — venu'sta (lovely). 4. Orange. September. S. Amer. 1816. Bilberry. Vacci'nium myrtl'llus. Bilimbi-tree. Averrho'a bili'mbi. Bill, a sharp-edged tool, employed in cutting hedges,sharpeningstake>, &c. It should never be used in pruning ; hut, where the branch is too strong to be cut with the knife, the saw ought always to be applied. An implement well adapted for this purpose is Dean's bill; for it has a narrow blade with a keen-cutting edge, and a saw at the back, made expressly for cutting green wood, warranted not to buckle or stick fast. Billardie'ra. Apple Berry. (Named after Labillardiere, a French botanist. Nat ord., Pittosporads [Pittosporace®]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds »own I is a little heat, in April, from cuttings in Maj B1L 118 ] BIR or Jury?, in sand, under a bell-Tli's; loam and peat. Summer temp., SO to 70°; winter, 40° to 48°. ,•». angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Cream. July. N.Holland. 1820. — Daphnoi'de* (Daphne-like). Yellow, purple. May. N. S. Wales. 1840. ■"• iongiflo'ra (long-flowered). 20. Crimson. July. Van Diemen's Lanri. 1810. - muta' bilis (changeable). 8. Crimson. August. I*. S. Wales. 1/95. — ova'lis (ovai-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. Van Diemen's Land. 1833. — oarviflara (small-flowered). 12. Blue. July. N. Holland. 1825. — sca'nderu (climbing). 12. Purple. August. N. S. Wales. 1790. Biixbe'rgia. (Named after Billberg, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bromelwort.* [Bromeliacea]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- Manogynia.) Stove plants, formerly belonging to Bromelia. Suckers and divisions; sandy loam, peat, and a little rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 55° to 60°. B. ama'na (pleasing). 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1617. — bi 'color (two-coloured), j. Rose, blue. May. Rio Janeiro. 1829. — clava'ta (club-shaped). 1J. Blue. February. Trinidad. 1824. — crue'nta (bloody), i. Blue, red. August. Rio Janeiro. 1824. — fascia'ta (banded). l£. Blue, red. August. Rio Janeiro. 1825. — iridifo'lia (iris-leaved). 1. Scarlet, yellow. March. Rio Janeiro. 1825. — nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 2. Crimson. May. Trinidad. 1822. — purpu'rea (purple). Rose, purple. October. Brazil. — purpu'rea-ro'sea (purple and rosy). ... Rose, purple. November. Brazil. 1831. — pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 2. Crimson. Fe- bruary. Rio Janeiro. 1817. — thyrsoi'dea (dense-flowered). Scarlet. Novem- ber. Brazil WeMiere'tft(Mr.Wetherell's). Blue and yellow. December. Bahia. — zebri'na (zebra-sireaAed). 1J. June. S. Amer. 1820. — zona'ta (zonei-leaved). 1J. White. March. Brazil. 1843. Binding. A term applied to adhesive soils, to describe the closeness and hard- ness of their texture in hot, dry seasons. ( See Baking.) This term applies, also, to some gardening processes. Thus, fasten- ing a graft or bud in its place, by means of bast or otber material, is termed bind- ing in some counties. Bindweed. Convo'lvulus. Bio'phytum. Oxa'lis bio'phytum. Birch. Be'tula and Carpi'nus be'tula. Birds are benefactors, as well as in- jurers, of the gardener. They destroy mil- lions of grubs, caterpillars, and aphides, which would have ravaged his crops ; but, at the same time, some commit havoc upon his fruit and seeds. The wisest course, consequently, is to scare them from the garden at such times, or from the portions of it in which they can be predjudicial, but to leave them to visit it unmolested whenever and wherever they cannot be mischievous. Thus, in early spring, a boy or two will drive them away during such time as the buds of the goose- berry, currant, and plum are open to their attacks ; and again during the time that the cherries are ripe. To keep them from the fruit of late gooseberries and currants, it is sufficient to interlace thickly the bushes with red worsted. To keep them from attacking peas and other vegetables just emerging from the soil, a similar display of white thread, fastened to pegs about six inches from the surface, is also sufficiently deterring. Nets, where available, are also effectual guardians. By these aids, but especially by the watch- ing during certain seasons, the gardenei may protect himself from injury at a very trifling expense, without depriving himself of the services of the most sharp- sighted, most unwearying, and most successful of all insect-killers. INSECT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH DO NOT EAT FRUITS OR SEEDS. One of the most exclusively insect- eatang birds is the golden-crested wren (Regulus cristatus, Ray), the smallest of the birds of Europe. The species which come nearest to the gold-crest, in appear- ance and habits, are the wood-wren (Sylvia sibilatrix), and the willow-wren, or hay-bird (S.Jitis). The chiff chaff (S. loquax) also ranks with these as an insect- eating bird, but is least common. The nightingale (Sylvia luscinia) does consi- derable service to the cultivator, by de- vouring numbers of caterpillars and grubs, as well as the moths, butterflies, and beetles from which they are produced. The whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), the stonechat (S. rubicola), and the wheatear (S. amanthe), may be ranked as insecti- vorous birds ; the stonechat particularly. The whinchat frequents cabbage-gardens and turnip - fields after the breeding season, and ought to be protected, be- cause it not only eats insects, but smal' shell-snails, while it never touches fruits or seeds. The wheatear is equally bene- ficial in clearing crops from insects, with- out levying any contribution for its services. BIR [ 119 J The wagtails, particularly the yellow one, (Motacillajfava,) feed wholly on in- sects, particularly gnats, midges, and other flies that tease cattle. They will also follow the spade, to feed upon the worms and grubs turned up ; and, in this way, no doubt, thousands of wire- worms and other destructive vermin are effectually destroyed. The tree-pipet, or tit- lark (Anthus arboreus), and the meadow- pipet (A. pratensis), are common hedge- birds , which search busily after the au- tumnal hatches of caterpillars and grubs, or the smaller flies and beetles, which they find among the herbage. The cuckoo, the common fly-catcher, and the finch, the mountain-finch, the bullfinch, the house-sparrow, and the tree-sparrow. Bird Cheery. Ce'rasus pa'dus. Bied Pepper. Ca'psicum buccal turn. Bied's Bill. Trigone'lla ornithcpodi* oi'des. Bied's Eye. Primula farino'sa. Bied's Foot. Ortluno'pus and £u- pho'rbia ortluno'pus. Bied's-Foot Trefoil. Lo'tus. Bied's Nest. Asple'nium nidus. Bied's Tongue. Ormtlwglo' ssum. Biethwoet Aristolo' chia. Biscute'lla. Buckler Mustard. (From bis, double, or twice, and scutella, a saucer; in reference to the shape of the seed- flusher, or lesser butcher-bird, may be vessel when bursting. Nat. ord., Out- classed among the insectivorous-feeding \fers [Brassicacese]. Linn., lb-Tetrady- birds. T6 these many other hedge-bird3 I namia. Allied to Thlaspe, or Shepherd's might be added, such as the nightjar, I Purse.) the sedge-bird, the wryneck, the creeper, j All hardy. The annuals, by seed in March ; and the bottle-tit, none of which are in : the perennials, by division then or in September, the least destructive ; while, from their ; Common soil - feeding exclusively, or nearly so, on in- 1 peeennials. sects, they are of much service in dimi- 1 B. ambi'gua (doubtful). |. Yellow. June, nishing the number of such as are in- | Ital y- 182 °- , .■•_,, jurious to field and garden crops. j ~ corono 3 p ^ '^t^y S '' ! — Iceviga'ta (smooth-podded). 1. Yellow. June. INSECT-EATING BIEDS WHICH EAT FBUIT I Italy. 1777. OB SEEDS. 1 alpe'strts (alpine). 1. Yellow. June. These art the common wren, the j _ i„ngifr>Z\"l'g.\llled). Switzerland. 1831. hedge-sparrov, or dunnock, the redbreast, | — monta'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. Spain. 1823. the redstart, tie tom-tit, the cole-tit, the j _ ruphanif&liajTAdish-letLved). I*. Yellow, marsh-tit, and 'he greater-tit. The weeds and insects wlich these birds destroy will, however, ctrtainly more than com- pensate for the few heads of grain, the flower-seeds, or small fruit which they may occasion ally pilfer. FRUIT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH ALSO FEED ON :nsects. In this list are tie black-cap, babillard, ( Curruca garrula,) the garden-warbler, the whitethroat, the missel-thrush, the song-thrush, the blackbird, and the starling. DECIDEDLY DESTRUCTIVE BIRDS. The greater portion of those to be enumerated are exclusively grain-eaters, and make no return tor their depreda- tions by destroying insects, though they no dtubt contribute t« keep down the diffusion of weeds by the quantity of seeds which they devoui The goldfinch, the yellow-hammer, theoirl-bunting, the reed-bunting, the corn-binting, the sky- larkf the woodlark, the lnnet, the cflaf- June South Yellow. June, July. Sicily. — saxa'tilis (rock). I. Yellow. Europe. 1821. — sempervi'rens (evergreen). I. Spain. 1784. — stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). , June. Spain. 1826. ANNUALS. B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. June. South of France. 1820. — Colu'mnce (Columna's). 1. Yellow. June. South of Italy. 1823. — depre'ssa (depressed). 4. Yellow. June. Egypt. 1811. — lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). lj. Yellow. July. Spain. 1799. — mari'tima (sea), lj. Yellow. June. Naples, 1824. — obova'ta (reversed-egg-sAaped). 1. Yellow. June. Europe. I817. Bise'rula. Hatchet Vetch. (From bis, twice, and serrula, a saw ; in refer- ence to the seed-pods being armed with teeth. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- bacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia A-Decan- dria. Allied to Astragalus.) Hardy annual. Seeds in April or September. Sandy soil. B. pele'cinuM (bastard-coro-weed). 1. Purple, July. South Europe. 1040. BIT [ 120 ] BLA Bittee Oak. Que' reus ce'rris. Bitter-sweet. Sola'num dulcama'ra. Bittek Vetch. Oro'bus. Bitter Wood. Xylo'pia. BrvoNK' A. ( After A. Bivona Be m a rdi, • professor of botany in Sicily. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacea?]. Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia. Allied to Lepidium.) Hardy annual. Seeds ; common soil. B. lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. June. Italy. 1884. Br"XA. Arnotta. (Its native name m South America. Nat. ord., Bixads [Fla- courtiacese], Linn., lB-Polyandria 1- Monogynia.) The reddiih pulp which surrounds the seeds of B. Orella'na is the Arnotta of commerce, used in the preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for colouring cheese, and also by dyers for a reddish colour. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; lumpv peat and loam. Summer temp., 05° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°. B. Orella'na (Orellana). 20. Pink. June. W. Ind. 1890. — purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1817. — Urucura'na (Urucu). 20. Pink. July. Brazil. 1820. Bizarre. See Carnation. Black Adiantum. Asple'nium adia'n- tum-ni'grum. Black Arch-Moth. 8ee Pstlura konacha- Black Bryony. Poisonous weeds, which need not be further noticed. Black Bullace. Pru'nus insiti'tia. Blackbt/rnia. (Named after Mr. Blackburn. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xan- thoxylacese]. Linn., i-Tetrandria 1- Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; also by layers, in autumn ; peat and loam, both fiory and" sandy. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to 45°. B. pinna'ta (leafleted). White. May. Norfolk Island. 1829. Black Caterpillar. See Athalta spinarcm. Black Flea {Haltica nemorum.) No insect is more insidious or more sweeping in the destruction it brings upon some of the farmers' or gardeners' crops than the turnip-flea {Haltica ne- morum). Turnips of all kinds, beet- root, mangold-wurtzel, radishes, and flax, are all liable to be destroyed by this in- sect. It is a singular misapplication of terms, that this insect is known among cultivators of the soil as the black and the turnip flea or fly, none of them ever calling it a beetle, which it really is ; and the most descriptive name is the turnip- flea beetle, for this describes not only its real nature, but its favourite food, and its extraordinary power of skipping or leaping like the common flea. This insect is represented in our drawing of its natural size and magnified. The body, one-eighth of an inch long, is ra'.her flattened, and of a brassy-black cotour, thickly dotted ; the wing-cases are green- ish- black, with a pale-yellow, broad line on each ; the base of the feelers (mtennae) and the legs are pale clay-coloured. The eggs are laid on the nnuet side of the rough leaf of the turnip from April to September. They hatch in two days. Their maggots live between the two skins or cuticles of the rough leif, and arrive at maturity in sixteen days. The chry- salis is buried just benea-h the surface of the earth, where it remains about a fortnight. The beeles are torpid through the winter, and revive in the spring, when they cestroy the two first or seed leaves of tie young turnip. There are five or six bjoods in a season. These insects are mo* to be feared in fine seasons. Heavy rains, cold springs, and long droughts destroy them. Then- scent is very perfect: the beetles fly against the wina, am are attracted from a distance. The rajfid growth of a plant is the best securit/ against them ; to secure which, sow jlenty of seed, all of the same age. Birning the surface of the land is benefUal, by destroying the chrysalides. Dee> digging is an excel- lent practice wh. ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Jamaica. 1824. — Brazille'nse (Brazilian). 1. Blue. June. Brazil. 1824. — Bro'wnei (Brown's). 2. June. W. Ind. 1780. — lajriflo'rum (loose-flowered). 2. White. Ja- maica. 1818. Bleeding. See Extravasated Sap. Ble'pharis. (From blepkaris, the eye- lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., H-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Acanthus.) The annuals and biennials by seed in hotbed, u tender annuals ; the trailers and under-shrubs by the same means, and by cuttings in heat, under a bell-glass. B. Boerhaviafo'tia (Boerhavia-leaved). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1829. Stove annual. — Cape'nsis (Cape). 1 . Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse biennial. B./urca'ta (fork-spined) . 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 18l6. Greenhouse ever- green shrub. — Knearifo'iia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July. Guinea. 1823. Stove annual. — procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. Greenhouse ever. green trailer. Blephi'lia. (From blepkaris, the eye- lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceas]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Mo- narda.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and divi- ding the roots in April and September. Common soil. B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. July. N. Amer. — hirsu'ta (hairy). Purple. August. N. Amer. 1798. Blessed Thistle. Centau'rea bene- di'cta. Ble'tia. (Named after a Spanish botanist of the name of Blet. Nat. ord., Orchids [ Orchid acese]. Linn., 20 Gy nandria \-Monandria.) Stove terrestrial orchids, except where otherwise specified. Division of the roots, when done flowering or starting into growth ; peat, loam, and a little sand, enriched with top dressings of cow-dung or manure, watering when growing. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 58°. B. acutipeftala (acute-petaled). 5. Purple. Sep- tember. America. Greenhouse. — campanula 'ta (hell-flowered). Purple and white. Peru. — eapita'ta (headed). June. W. Ind. 1795. — catenula'ta (linked). 1$. Purple. Peru. 1844. —flafrida (florid). 2. Rose. February. Tri- nidad. 1786. — Gebi'na (Japanese). 1. White. April. Japan. 1840. — gra'cilis (slender-scaped), lj. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1830. — Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Purple. Sierra Leone. 1822. — Havane'nsis (Havannah). 2$. Purple. April. Havannah. 1835. — hyaci'nthina (hyacinth-like). 1- Rose and crimson. April. China. 18C2. — pa'tulaisprezdine-flowered). 2. Purple. Hayti. — Parkinso'mi (Parkinson's). 1. Rose. Ja- nuary. Mexico. 1 838. — refle'xi (bent-back-«epa/ed). 2. Purple, greew. Mexico. — sea/nda (one-sided). Green, crimson. Mexico. 1840. — verecu'nda (modest). 3. Purple. March. W. Ind. 1733. Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). 2. Purple and yellow. January. Jamaica. 1825. Bli'ghia sa'plda. The Akee-tree, the berry of which is so much esteemed in the West Indies. It was named after Captain Bligh, the introducer of the Bread-fruit from the Society Islands. It is now united to Cupania. Blind Plants frequently occur in the BLI C ]23 J BOB cabbage and others of the Brnssica tribe. They are plants which have failed to pro- duce central buds ; and. as these are produced from the central vessels, if the top of their stems be cut away they usually emit lateral or side-bads from the edge of the wound. See Barren Plants. Blistered Leaves. See Peach. Blight. See Blast. Bli'tum. The Strawberry Elite, or Spinach, is scarcely worth growing. B. capita' turn, B. virga'tum, and B.'mari'tum are sometimes cultivated. Blood. See Animal Matters. Blood-flower. Haema'nthus. Bloodwort. Sang ulna! ria. Bloom, or Blossom, is the popular name for the flowers of fruit-bearing plants. The organs of fruitfulness are abso- lutely necessary for the production of seeds, and are always producible by gar- den-plants properly cultivated. They | this is completed ; and "double flowers in may be deficient in leaves, or stems, or — roots, because other organs may supply their places ; but plants are never inca- pable of bearing dowers and seeds, for, without these, they can never fully attain the object of their creation — the increase of their species. Of course, we exclude the mushroom, and others of which the seed-producing parts are obscure. Most flowers an» composed of the fol- lowing parts, viz. : — The calyx, which is usually green, and enveloping the flower whilst in the bud ; the corolla, on petals, leaves so beautifully coloured, and so The corolla, or petals, with all theii varied tints and perfumes, have more important offices to perform than thus to delight the senses of mankind. Those bright colours and their perfumed honey serve to attract insects, which are the chief and often essential assistants of impregnation ; and those petals, as ob- served by Linnaeus, serve as wings, giving a motion assisting to effect the same im- portant process. But they have occa- sionally a still more essential office ; for, although they are sometimes absent, yet, I if removed from some of those possess- j ing them, the subsequent processes are : not duly performed. The corolla is not always short-lived, as in the cistus ; for some continue until the fruit is perfected. The duration of the petals, however, is in some way con- nected with the impregnation of the seed, for in most flowers they fade soon after which it occurs not at all, are always longer enduring than single flowers of the same species. Then, again, in some flowers they become green, and perform the function of leaves, after impregnation has been effected. A familiar example occurs in the Christmas rose {Hellebo'rm ni'ger), the petals of which are white, but which become green so soon as the seeds have somewhat increased in size, and the stamens and other organs connected with fertility have fallen off. Bloom. This term is also applied to the fine exudation on the surface of some licate in most flowers ; the stamens, or ! fruit — purple on the Black Hamburgh male portion of the flower, secreting the pollen, or impregnating powder ; the pis- tilt, or female portion, impregnatable by the pollen, and rendering fertile the seeds ; and, lastly, the pericarp, or seed- vessel. The stamens can be removed without preventing the formation of fertile seed ; but their loss must be supplied by the application to the pistils of pollen from some kindred flower. The calyx is not useless so soon as it ceases to envelope and protect the flower ; for the flower-stalk continues increasing in size until the seed is perfected, but ceases to do so in those plants whose calyces remain long green, if these be removed. On the other hand, in the poppy and other flowers, from which the calyx falls early, the flower-stalk does not subsequently enlarge. Grape, and on some plums, and green on the cucumber. It so improves their ap- pearance that an apparatus has been suggested for adding it artificially. It seems of a resinous nature. Blue-bells. Campa'nula rotundifo'lia. Blue-bottle. Centau'rea cya'nus. Bluets. Vac^i'nium angusti/o'lium. Blumenba'chlI. (Named after J. F. Blumenbach, of Gottingen. Nat. ord. Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn., 1%-Polya- delphia 2-Polyandria.) Hardy annuals. Seeds in April ; rich mould. B. insi'gnis (remarkable). J. White. July. Monte Video. 1826. Trailer. — multi'jida (m&nj -cleft-leaved). l. Greenish- red. July. Buenos Ayres. 1826. Boatlip. Scaphyglo'ttis. Boba'rtia. (Named in honour of Jacob Bobart, professor of botany at Ox- ford in the seventeenth century. Nat BOC L124 ] BOL ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 9-Trian- dria l-Monogynia.) The species in this genus should hare been united to Aristea. Seeds in April ; divisions in autumn or spring. Sandy loam ; protection of • cool greenhouse or pit in winter. B. auranti'aca (orange). |. Orange. March. Belgia. 1827. Hardy perennial. — gladia'ta (sword-shaped). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — spatha'cea (sheathed). 3. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1 "98. Bocco'nia. (Named after P. Boccone, M.D., a Sicilian. Nat. ord., Poppyioorls [Papaveraceee], Linn., li-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen shrubi. Cuttings in sand and heat ; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. B. frute'scens (shrubby celandine). 10. White, yellow. February. W. Ind. 1739. — integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. White. Fe- bruary. Mexico. 1820. B(e'bera. (Named after Bceber, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., ld-Syngenesia 2- Superjlua.) A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cutting! of young, firmish shoots under a glass ; require* a pit or a cool greenhouse in winter. B. inca'na (hoary - herbaged). lj. Golden. Mexico. 1828. There are other species, bat not deserving cul- tivation. Bog-bean. Menya'nthes trifoiia'ta. Bog-earth, Heath-mould, or Peat. By gardeners this is understood as not meaning that mass of moss, or sphagnum, dug out of wet, fenny places for fuel, but a sharp, sandy soil, mixed with the dead, fibrous roots of heath, and usually of a dark-grey colour, such as is found upon the surface beneath the heath on Wim- bledon, Bagshot, and many other dry com- mons. Peat of the best description is thus constituted. Of 400 parts :— Fine silicious sand , . . 155 Unaltered vegetable fibre . . .2 Decomposing vegetable matter . .110 Silica (flint) . . , .102 Alumina (clay) . . . . iQ Oxide of iron . . . .4 Soluble, vegetable, and saline matter '. 4 Muriate of lime . . . .4 Loss . , , , .2 Bog-earth Plants. See American Plants. Bog-moss. Sphagnum. Boiler. The vessel employed to sup- ply the pipes or ranks with hot-water or Bteam, when either of these is used for heating purposes. Many are the inge- nious and intricate boilers from time to time offered to the gardener; but, after much experience with boilers of all de- scriptions, we can confidently say the most simple is the best. The smaller the boiler and the fireplace, compatible with efficiency, the greater is the economy. We can tell the gardener, also, most de- cidedly, that the total size of the boiler has nothing to do with that efficiency ; the only point to be secured is, that a sufficient surface of the boiler be exposed to the fire. The following table shows the amount of boiler-surface which must be exposed to the fire to heat given lengths of pipe, respectively 4 inches, 3 inches, and 2 inches in diameter : — Surface of boiler exposed to the Are. it. ft. ft. 3$ square feet will heat 200 or 266 or 400 54 „ „ 300 „ 400 „ 600 7 ■ „ 400 „ 533 „ 800 8J „ „ 500 „ 666 „ 1000 12 „ „ 700 „ 933 „ 1400 7 .. -. lODO „ 1333 „ 2000 To prevent the scale, or limy crust, which is often so troublesome, dissolve in the water at the rate of one ounce of sal ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) to every sixty gallons. Do this twice in the year ; as, in October and April. Bois-percix (Partridge-wood), ffeis- te'ria. Bolbophy'llum. (From bulbos, a bulb, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the leaves issuing from the apex of the bas- tard bnlbs. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- dacese]. Linn., 20-Oynaiidria 1-Mono- gynia.) Stove orchids. Division of the plant, when fresh potting; sandy, lumpy peat, potsherds, charcoal, and hard chips, raised above the pot, well drained, and the plant fixed there, or on blocks. Summer temp., 60° to yo°, and moist; winter, 55° to 65°, and dry. B. barbi'gerum (bearded). $. Greenish-brown. June. Sierra Leone. 1835. — bracteola'tum (small-bracted). 1. Yellow, purple. July. Demerara. 1836. — Careya'num (Dr. Carey's). J. Brown, pur- ple. October. Nepaul. 1832. — eoco'inum (cocoa-nut). 1. Flesh. October. Sierra Leone. 1835. — eu'preum (copper-flowered). Copper-coloured. Manilla. 1837. — ere'ctum (upright). Mauritius. 1834. — fla'vidum (yellowish). Yellow. March. Sierra Leone. 1840. —fu'scum (brown-flowered). Chocolate. April. Sierra Leone. 1837. — hi'rtum (hairy). Whitish. E. Ind. 1846. — imbrica'tum (imbricated). Purple. March. Sierra Leone. 1845. — leopartli'num (leopard- spotted). Yellowish. green. £. Ind. 1837. BOL [ 125] BON B. Itmba'tum (bordered). 1. Purple. February. Singapore. 1840. — Lo'bbii (Lobb's). 1. Yellow, brown. March. Java. 1845. — macra'nthum (large-flowered). $ Lemon. March. Sierra Leone. 1844. — occu'ltum (hidden- flowered). Sierra Leone. — radiatum (rayed,. .Brownish-yellow. March. India. 1836. — recu'rvum (bent-back 1 ,. Green, white. Sep- tember. Sierra Leone. 1822. — sanatorium -.dancing). £. Greenish-brown. December. Sierra Leone. 1835. — setigerum (bristle-bearing). Purple. De- — tetrago mum (four-sided). Sierra Leone. — umbeiia turn (umbelled). J. Yellow. E. Ind. .837. — vagina' turn (sheathed). Brown. March. Sin- gapore. !8l0. Boluoa (United to Salpianthus.) Bo'leum. ( From boios, a ball ; in re- ference to the shape of the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia. Allied to Vella.) Half-hardy evergreen under-shrub. Seed in a pot, in spring, set in a frame, or sown in the open border during summer. It requires a little pro- tection in a cold, pit during winter, but is hardly worth it. JS. aisperum (rough). 1. Cream. June. Spaia, 1818. BoLivA'srA. (Named after Bolivar, the late republican chief in South America. Nat. ord., Jasmineworts [Jasminacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 48°. B. tri'fida (three-cleft). 2. Yellow. Jun«. Chili. 1828. Bolto'nia. (Named after J. B. Bol- ton, an English professor of botany. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceaj]. Linn., 18- Syngenesia 2-SttperJlua. Allied to Sten- actis.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots in March or October ; common garden-soil. B. asteroi'des (starwort-like). 3. Flesh. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1758. — glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). 1$. Pink. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1758. Bohake'a. (Name not explained; pro- bably it is commemorative. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Al- stromeria.) Two features which cannot be misunderstood divide Bomare'a from Alstrome'ria — a twining stem and a triangular seed-pod. The tubers of the B. edu'iis are eaten, in St. Domingo, like thoie of Jerusalem artichoke. It is a stove plant. The others prefer a deep, rich, light border in the open air, with a slight protection from frost. B. acutifo'lia, pUnted in a good, cold greenhouse, inside border, will twine up ten or twelve feet, and flower better than in any other way. For culture, see Alstromeria. h. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 9. Red, jellow. September. Mexico. — — — puncta'ta (dotted-flowered}. 6. Spotted. September. Mexico. 1829. — edu'iis (eaXaXAe-tubered). 6. Red. July. Trinidad. 1820. — hirte'lla (small-haired). Red, yellow. July. Mexico. 1824. — ova'ta (egg-shape-tea»e<2). Red and green. Chili. 1824. — Salsi'lta tSalsilla). 5. Green, crimson. June. S, Amer. 1806. Bo'mbax. Silk Cotton-tree. (From bombax, cotton; in reference to the woolly hairs which envelope the seed, like those of the cotton-plant. Nat. ord., Stercu- liads [Sterculiacese]. Linn., lti-Mona- delphia 8-Polyandria.) Trees more remarkable for their prodigious size than for their use or beauty. Stove trees. Cut- tings of rather young shoots, but firm at the base, placed in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp, 60° to 85 ; winter, 50° to 60°. B. Cei'ba (Ceiba). 100. White. S. Amer. 1692. — globo'sum (globe-form). 69. Guiana. 1824. — Malaba'ricum (Malabar). 60. Scarlet. Ma- labar. — septena'tum (seven-leaved). 50. White. Carthagena. 1699. Bonapa'rtea. (Named after Napoleon Bonuparte. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bro- meliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Guzmannia.) Remarkable for the gracefulness of their long, rush-like leaves. They are well adapted for growing in vases, out of doors, in summer. Stove plants. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings in sand, under a glass, in heat; well drained. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°. B. gra'cilis (slender). 2. Mexico. 1828. — ju'ncea (rush-leaved). l£. Blue. Peru. 1800. Bona'xea. (Named after M. Bonat, a distinguished Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gy- nandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Gymna- denia. ) Stove orchid. Division of the roots, or semi- bulbous tubers ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. B. specio'sa (showy). 2. Green, white. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Bones are beneficial as a manure, because their chief constituent (phos- phate of lime) is also a constituent of all plants ; and the gelatine which is also in bones is of itself a source of food to them. The bones of the ox, sheep, horse, and pig, being those usually em- ployed, their analyses are here given : — Phosphate of lime .| 55 Carbonate of lime Animal matter BON 126 J BOB The bones must be applied to the crops I in very small pieces or powder ; and ten j pounds, at the time of inserting the seed, are enough for thirtj square yards, if sown broadcast; and a much smaller quantity is sufficient if sprinkled along the drills in which the seed is sown. There is no doubt that bone dust may be ' employed with advantage in all gardens < and to all garden-crops ; but it has been i experimented on most extensively with J the turnip and potato, and with unfaii- j ing benefit. Mixed with sulphur, and j drilled in with the turnip-seed, it has been found to preserve the young plants from the fly. Mr. Knight found it bene- ficial when applied largely to stone- fruit at the time of planting ; and it is quite as good for the vine. To lawns, the dust has been applied with great ad- vantage when the grass was becoming thin. As a manure for the shrubbery, parterre, and greenhouse, it is also most valuable ; and, crushed as weii as ground, is employed generally to mix with the soil of potted plants. Mr. Maund finds it promotes the luxuriance and beauty of his flowers. One pound of bone-dust, mixed with twelve ounces of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), and twelve ounces of water, if left to act upon each other for a day, form super-phosphate of lime, a wineglassful of which has been found beneficial to pelargoniums. Ap- plied as a top-dressing, mixed with half its weight of charcoal-dust, it is a good manure for onions, and may be appliad j at the rate of nine pounds to the square rod. There is little doubt of this super- phosphate being good for all >ur kitchen- garden crops, being more prompt in its effects upon a crop than simple bone- dust, because it is soluble in water, and therefore more readily presented to the roots in a state for them to imbibe. Bones broken into small pieces are generally used as drainage for vjelargoniums and other potted plants. Bonna'ya. (Named after the Ger- man botanist, Bonnay. Nat ord., Fig- worts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 2-Bian- dria 1-Monogynia. Belated to Torenia.) Stove plants. Seeds for annuals; divisions, and cuttings of creepers and trailers j rich, sandy loam. B. brachyca'rpa tshort-seed-podded). Violet. June. E. Ind. >820. Annua!. — rdptant (creeping). \. Blue. July. E. Ind. iS'20. Perennial traiief, — veronica-fa' tia fgpeedwell-leaved). f. Pink. August. E. Ind. I'os, Biennial trailer. Bonne'tia. (Named after C. Bonnet, a distinguished naturalist. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstromiacese]. Linn., 13- Polyandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove tree. Cuttings of firm young shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat. Summer ternp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. B. palu'stris (marsh). Red. Trinidad. 1819. Bo'ntia. (Namea ision of the roots; fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°. B. cri'spum (curled- leaved). £. Brown, yellow. September. 1829. — ipatula'tam (spatulate-Zeaceii). 1. Green. June. 1826. — tubero'sum (tuberous), lj. Purple. June. 1821. Bracte. A leafy appendage to the flower or its stalk, and not inaptly called the floral leaf. The most familiar ex- ample is the pale green, oblong one at- tached to the flower-stalk of the Lime- tree ( Ti'lia Uuropte'a). Brake, Pte'ris. Bramble. Bu'bus. Branching Annual Stock. Malco'. mia mari'tima. Brassa'vola. (Named after A. M. Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat, ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20- Oynandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove orchids. Divisions ; best grown on blocks of wood, but will do in peat, crocks, and sphag- num. Summer temp., 70° to 90°, and moist; winter, 55° to 65°, and dry. B. angusta'ta (narrowed). Yellowish-green. June. Demerara. — corda'ta (heart-lipped), 1. White, green. May. Brazil. — euculla'ta (hooded). J. Purple and white. June. W. Ind. 1790. — cuspida'ta (spear-lipped). A. White. March. Trinidad. 1839. — Digbia'na (Mr. Dipby's). j. Yellow, white, and purple. July. Honduras, 1S44- — e'tegans (elegant). Lilac. Antigua. — glau'na (milky-green). 1. Yellow. Mar**,. Vera Cruz. 1837. — grundiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. March, Honduras. 1838. — Uneea'la (line-leaved). Light yellow. & Amer. 1850. BRA C 132 ] BRI B. M artia'na (Dr. Martius's). I. White. March. Berbiee. 1838. — nodo'sa (knottv). 1. Yellowish-green. Oc- tober. Mexico. 1838. — Perri'nii (Perrin's). 1. Green. September. Rio Janeiro. 1831. — retu'sa (end-notched). White, green. March. Maracaybo. — tmbercula'ta (knobbed). $. White. July. Botaf Bay. 1827. — veno'ta {veiny-lipped). 1. White. March. Honduras. 1839. Bra'ssia. (Named after Mr. Brass, a botanical traveller. Nat ord„ Orchids [Orchidaceffi]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monogynia.) Stove orchids. Divisions ; rough turf, in pots, well drained. Those from Guatimala require less heat than those from the West Indies; water freely when growing, but give little when at rest. Temp, same as for Brassa'vola. B. angu'sta {miton-flowered). Yellow. Octo- ber. Brazil. 1839. — arista'ta (awned). Yellow, brown. August. Guatimala. 1844. — bi'dens (two-toothed). Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1842. — brachia'ta (opposite-branched). 2. Yellowish- green and brown. September. Guati- mala. 1843. — eattda'ta (long-tailed). 1. Yellow and brown. February. W. Ind. 1823. — Clowe sii (Clowes's). Brown, yellow. August. Brazil. 1844. — cochlea' t a (s-poon- lipped). 1. Green, brown. April. Demerara. 1834. — gutta'ta (blotched). Green, yellow. August. Guatimala. 1843. — Lancea'na (Lance's). }. Yellow-brown spotted. January. Surinam. 1843. viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), f. Green. March. Demerara. 1833. — Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1. Yellow, brown. April. Brazil. 1839. — macrosta'chya (long-spiked). 2. Green, brown. Demerara. — macula 1 ta (.spotted-flowered). I. Yellow-red spotted. April. Jamaica. 1806. — pu'mila (dwarf). Yellow, purple. 1844. — Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 1. Yellow, green. April. 1844. — vtrruco'sa (warty- lipped). Green and brown. March. Guatimala. — Wra'y* (Mrs. Wray's). Yellow, green. Gua- timala. 1840. Bra'ssica. Cabbage. (From hresic, the Celtic name for Cabbage. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., Ib-Te- tradynamia.) Seeds, chiefly spring and autumn ; but at all intermediate periods during summer, according M the produce is wanted young; deep, rich, ioamy soil. We shall only mention the specific names of the most useful, the cultivation of each of which will be found under its common name. B. na> pa-bra) 'ssica. Tumip-cabbage. — na'pu*. Rape. — olern'cea. Cabbage. — fitnhria'ta. Borecole. — cauliflo'ra. Cauliflower. — botrg'tis. Brocoli. — cau'lo-ra'pa. Kohl Babi. Bravo'a. (Named after Bravo, a Mexican botanist. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- Monogynia.) A pretty Mexican small bulb, requiring slight protection in winter, or the greenhouse-culture ol Ixias. Offsets ; light, rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. B. geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). Red. July. Mexico. 1841. Brazil-nut. Berthotte'tia. Brazil-wood. Ceesalpi'nia Brasilie'nsis. Bread-fruit. Artoca'rpus. Bread-nut. Bro'simum. Bread-root. Psora'lea escule'nta. Breaking. A tulip's flower is broken when it has attained its permanent colours. A bulbous root is said to break when its foliage begins to be thrust forth ; and a bud breaks when it bursts, to allow the expansion of the leaves or flowers. Breast-wood. The shoots which grow out directly from the front of branches trained as espaliers, or against walls. Bremontie'ra. (Named after M. Bremontier . IfeX. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Liadelphia 4-Z)e- candria. Allied to Hedysarum.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in heat ; fibry loam and peat, with a little sand. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°. B. ammo'xylon (sand-wood). 4. Purple. Mau- ritius. 1826. Bre'xia. (From brexis, rain ; in refer- ence to the protection from rain given by the large leaves of some of the species. Nat. ord., Brexiads [Brexiaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen trees. Half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy peat, and a third loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. B.chrysophy'Ua (golden-leaved). 30. Mauri- tius. 1820. — Madagaxcarie'nsis (Madagascar). 30. Green. June. Madagascar 1812. — tpino'sa (thorny). 30. Green. June. Ma- dagascar. 1812. Bricks. As the gardener often may want to know how many bricks will be needed for an intended structure, it will be a guide to know that all bricks sold in England were reauired by statute ! (17 Geo. III., c. 42) to' be eight and a half inches long, four inches wide, and two and a half inches thick. Pantiles, by the same authority, were required to be thirteen and a half inches long, nine and a half inches wide, and half an inch thick. But as the duty is now taken off these articles, we hope to see them made BUI [ 133 ] BRI larger, and of various forms, so as to re- duce the amount of bricklayers' labour, which is one of the most costly items in the construction of garden-buildings. Bridges, says Mr. Whateley, are in- consistent with the nature of a lake, but characteristic of a river. They are, on that account, used to disguise the termi- nation of the former ; but the deception has been so often practised that it no longer deceives, and a bolder aim at the same effect will now be more successful. If the end can be turned just out of sight, a bridge at some distance raises a belief, while the water beyond it removes every doubt of the continuation of the river. The supposition immediately oc- curs, that if a disguise had been intended, the bridge would have been placed further back, and the disregard thus shown to one deception gains credit for the other. As a bridge is not a mere appendage to a river, but a kind of property which denotes its character, the connexion be- tween them must be attended to. From the want of it, the single wooden arch, once much in fashion, seemed generally misplaced. Elevated, without occasion, so much above it, it was totally detached from the river, and often seen straggling in the air without a glimpse of the water to account for it ; and the ostentation of it, as an ornamental object, diverted all that train of ideas which its use as a communication might suggest. The vastness of Walton Bridge cannot, with- out affectation, be mimicked in a garden where the magnificent idea of inducting the Thames under one arch is wanting ; and where the structure itself, reduced to a narrow scale, retains no pretension to greatness. Unless the situation makes such a height necessary, or the point of view be greatly above it, or wood or rising ground, instead of sky, behind it, fill up the vacancy of the arch, it seems an effort without a cause, forced and preposterous. The vulgar footbridge of planks, only guarded on one hand by a common rail, and supported by a few ordinary piles, is often more proper. It is perfect as a communication, because it pretends to nothing further; it is the utmost sim- plicity of cultivated nature ; and, if the banks from which it starts be of a moderate height, its elevation preserves it from meanness. No other species of bridge so effectually characterizes a river. It seems too plain for an orna- ment, too obscure for a disguise ; it must be for use, it can be a passage only. It is, therefore, spoiled if adorned ; it is disfigured if only painted of any other than a dusky colour. But, being thus incapable of all decoration and import- ance, it is often too humble for a great, and too simple for an elegant, scene. A stone bridge is generally more suitable to either ; but in that, also, an extraor- dinary elevation is seldom becoming, un- less the grandeur compensates for the distance at which it leaves the water below. A gentle rise and easy sweep more closely preserve the relation. A certain degree of union should also be formed between the banks and the bridge, that it may seem to rise out of the banks, not barely to be imposed upon them. It ought not, generally, to swell much above their level; the parapet-wall should be brought down near to the ground, or end against some swell ; and the size and the uniformity of the abutments should be broken by hillocks or thickets about them. Every expedient should be used to mark the connexion of the building, both with the ground from which it starts, and the water which it crosses. In wild and romantic scenes may be introduced a ruined stone bridge, of which some arches may be still stand- ing; and the loss of those which have fallen may be supplied by a few plankp with a rail thrown over the vacancy. It is a picturesque object — it suits the situ- ation and the antiquity of the passage. The care taken to keep it still open, though the original building is decayed, the apparent necessity which thence re- sults for a communication, give it an imposing air of reality. Brixlanta'isia. (In honour of M. Brillaint. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan- thacese]. Linn., %-Diandria 1-Monogy- niu.) Stove evergreen. For culture, tee Bablb'sia. B. Owarie'nsis (Owarian). 3. Purple. March. Western Africa. 1853. Brining. See Steeping. Bri'za. (From brizo, to nod. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 3- Triandria 2-Digynia.) This genus includes our Quaking-grass, of Lady's-tresses, B. ma'xima and mi'nor. These, with the two others we here enumerate, are th« only ones having any pretensions to being o-ua« mental. Seed in early spring ; common soil. BRO [ 134 3 BRO B. Clu'sii (Clusius's). 1$. Apetal. June. South Europe. 1820. — ma'xima (greatest). 1$. Apetal. June. South Europe. 1633. — minor (smaller). J. Apetal. July. England. — ru'bra (red). 1. Apetal. June. South Europe. 1820. Broadcast is a mode of sowing now rapidly falling into disuse in the garden as well as in the field. It bas no one advantage over sowing in drills, except that the work of sowing is done more expeditiously. Subsequently, the saving j3 all on the side of the drill-system. (.See Drilling.) "We know of no sowing where the broadcast-mode is preferable, except in the case of grass-seeds upon lawns, and small seed-beds. The operation of broadcast-sowing is thus performed : — Take up the seed in portions in the hand, and disperse it by a horizontal movement of the arm to the extent of a semicircle, opening the hand at the same time, and scattering the seeds in the air, so as they may fall as equally as possible over the breadth taken in by the sower at once, and which is generally six feet, that being the dia- meter of the circle in which the hand moves through half the circumference. In sowing broadcast on the surface of his beds, and in narrow strips or borders, the seeds are dispersed, between the thumb and fingers, by horizontal move- ments of the hand in segments of smaller circles. Brocoli. (Bra'ssica olera'cea botry'tis.) Varieties. — Mr. Thomson, of the Chis- wick Gardens, has published the follow- ing list of these, with their synonymes, or- other names, by which they are known. Those marked with an * we consider the most desirable : — PURPLE OR GREEN BROCOLI. 1. *Early Purple Cape. — Synonymes, Grange's Early Cape, Purple Silesian, Purple Sicilian, Blue Cape, Violet, Nain Hatif of the French. Comes into use during September, and until January. Sow the first and third week in April, and second week in June. 2. *Green Cape. — Syn., Hardy Cape, Late Cape, Autumnal Cape, Improved Vape, Maher's Hardy Cape. Comes into use in October and November. This may be sown about the middle of April and the middle of June. 3. Green Close-headed. — Syn., Late Green, Late Hardy Green, Dwarf Ro- man, Siberian, Late Green Siberian. From November to the end of Fsbruary Sow about the second or third week in April. 4. Sprouting. — Syn., Italian Sprout- ing, Grange's Early Purple Sprouting Early Branching, Lisbon Autumn Sprout- ing, North's Early Purple. Very hardy, and in use from November to April, if sown at different periods from April to the end of June. 5. Danish, or Late Green. — Syn., Dwarf Danish, Late Danish. Very hardy ; produce in April and May ; best suited for standing severe winters. Sow about the second or third week in April. 6. *Late Dwarf Purple. — Syn., Dwarf Danish, Purple Cockscomb, Dwarf Swe- dish, Late Purple, Italian Purple, Dwarf Hardy Siberian, Dwarf Close-headed Purple. Very hardy, coming into use in May. Sow this and the next about the same time as the preceding. 7. Dwarf Brown. — Syn., Late Danish, Late Dantzic, Late Brown, Lewisbam Brown. Very hardy, from March to May. SULPHUR. 8.* Portsmouth. — jSy«.,Cream-coloured, Belvidere, Southampton, Maher's New Dwarf. In use during March and April, and is very hardy. Sow about the se- cond or third week in April. 9. Sulphur. — Syn., Brimstone, Late Brimstone, Edinburgh Sulphur, Fine Late Sulphur. In use during April and May. Sow at the same time as the pre- ceding. WHITE. 10. "Grange's Early Cauliflower Bro- coli. — Syn., Cup-leaved, Hopwood's Early White, Early Dwarf White, Invisi- ble White, Bath White, Italian White, Marshall's Early White, Blanc d'ltalie of the French. In use from the end of September to Christmas, if the weather proves mild, and is the earliest of all the White kinds. This and the next should be sown at three different seasons, viz., about the first and third weeks in April, and the second week in June. 11. Early White. — Syn., Neathouse, Devonshire White, Autumn White. Dif- fers from the preceding, in being smaller and much later. Season from November to February, if the weather prove mild. 12. * Knight's Protecting. — Thehardiest and largest of all the White kinds. Its season from March to the beginning 01 May, if planted at different times. Sow about the third week in April. BRO C 130 1 BRO 13. Spring White.— Syn., Close-leaved White, Cauliflower rirocoli, Neapolitan White, Naples White, Large Late White, New Dwarf, Late White. In perfection during the months of April and May; not so hardy as the preceding, hut very desirable for late use. Sow at the same time as the preceding. 14. White Danish is good, hardy, and dwarf. Sown in mid-April, it is ready the May following. 15. *Walcheren Brocoli. — White ; ex- cellent. Sown the third week in April ; in season from the end of August through- out September. Sown in May, it is in season during December and January. Time and mode of Sowing. — The times for sowing the varieties are specified under each ; but we will add that, for a small family, we have found the follow- ing sowings and varieties are sufficient to keep up a supply from the beginning of October to the end of May : — Sow Early Purple Cape and Grange's Early Califlower Brocoli the second week in April, and the first week in Jane. The produce will be fit for table during Oc- tober, and until the middle of December. Sow Greer. Close-headed the first week in April. The heads will be ready in November, and until January ends. Sow Dwarf Brow.i the second week in April. It will be ir. production from February to end of April. Sow Sulphur-coloured and Spring White the second week of April. Their heads will be ready during the April and May following. Each variety should be sown sepa- rately, and the. sowing performed thin ; the beds not more than three or four feet wide, for the convenience of wbeding, which must bt performed as often as weeds appear, es they are very inimical to the growth of this vegetable. The seed must not b3 buried more than half an inch, and ths beds be netted over, to keep away the birds, which, especially in showery weather, are very destructive. Pricking out. — The plants are fit for pricking out wher they are two or three inches high. Do It during warm, showery weather, and set them six inches apart each way, and water every night until they have taken root. They must have four or five weeks' growth before they are again moved, cr not until they have leaves nearly three inches in breadth. Planting. — When planted out, they must be set, on an average, two feet [ asunder each way ; in summer a little wider, in autumn rather closer. Water to be given at the time of planting, and occasionally afterwards until they ore established. During the droughts of summer it may be given plentifully, with the greatest advantage. They must be hoed between frequently, and the mould drawn up about their stems. Protection in Winter. — To those crop? which have to withstand the winter in the open air, salt is beneficially applied, as it preserves them from being frosted in the neck. This application preserves their roots from being worm-eaten ; and so does pouring soapsuds between the rows, which application is also very be- neficial to the plants. The salt should be sown over the bed, in a dry day, in autumn, at the rate of ten bushels to the acre. To preserve the winter-standing crops from destruction by severe weather, a small trench is made, in the first week of November, at the north end of each row, in which the adjoining plant is laid so low, with its head towards the north, that the centre of its stem at the top is just level with the surface of the ground, the root being scarcely disturbed; it is then immediately watered, and its roots covered with more mould Thus every plant is in succession reclined ; and, in a few days, it is scarcely perceptible that they have been thus treated, though it certainly checks their growth. Before the arrival of snow, a small hillock must be raised round each plant, to sup- port its leaves, and prevent their being broken. If snow accompanies severe frost, advantage should be taken of it, and the plants be heaped over with it, which will afford them an effectual pro- tection. To obtain Seed. — Such plants of each variety must be selected, in March or April, as most perfectly agree with thair peculiar characteristics, and are not par- ticularly forward in advancing for seed. As the stems run up, some gardeners recommend the leaves to be taken away; but this must be injurious. Mr. Wo^ i, of Queensferry, N.B., is particulalry careful that no foliage appears on the surface of the head. He always lifts his plants, and plants them in another bed, watering them abundantly, as this, he finds, prevents their degenerating or producing pfoud seed; and, when the BRO C 138 ] BRO head begins to open, he cuts out its centre, and leaves only four or five of the outside shoots for hearing. The Sulphur -coloured he always finds the most difficult to obtain saed from. As the branches spread, four or six stakes should be placed at equal distances round each plant, and hooped round with string, to support them, and prevent their breaking. When the pods begin to form, water should be given repeatedly, and occasionally some thrown over the whole plant, which tends to prevent mildew. Before the pods begin to change colour, those from the extremity of every shoot must be taken away, as these yield seeds which produce plants very apt to run to seed without beading; and, by an early removal, the others are benefited. The branches ought to be gathered as soon as the pods upon them ripen. Different kinds must never be planted near each other, or they will reciprocally be crossed. The seed ripens in August or September, and it is often recommended to preserve it in the pod until wanted; but the general practice is to beat it out, and store it as soon as perfectly dry. Brodle'a. (Named after J. J. Brodie, a Scotch cryptogainist. Nat. ord., Lily- worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 3-lriandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Allium.) Frame or half-hardy small bulbs, requiring the same treatment as Ixias. Offsets ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 40°. B. Calif o' mica (Californian). Pale brown. July. California. 1848. — conge' stu (crowded). 1. Blue. July. Georgia. 1806. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 14. Blue. N. Amer. 1806. Brome'lia. (Named after Bromel, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bromel- worls [Bromeliacese]. Linn., G-Hexan- dr'ia 1-Monogynia. Related to the Pine Apple.) stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers; rich, lumpy soil, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85°, with moisture ; winter, 50° to 60°, dryish. £. bractea'ta (red-bracted). 2. Pink. Sep- tember. Jamaica. 1785. — chrysa'ntha (golden - flowered). 2. Blue. Caraccas. 1819. — crue'nta (bloody). 2. Blue, white. August. Rio Janeiro. 1824. — AVtcolor (two-coloured). Pink. April. South Europe. — fastuo'sa (proud). 4. Purple. August. S. Amer. 1815. — hu' mi lis (low). 1. Pink. March. 1789. — Kara' tan (Karatas). 2. Pink. W. Ind. 1 739. — tingula'ta (tongue-leaved). 14. Yellow. May. S. Amer. 175g. * B. Pinguin (Pinguin) Ind. 1690. — sylne'stris (wood). 3. Crimson, Amer. 1820. Red. Much. W. July. S. Bromhea'dia. (Named after Sir E. F. Bromhead, Bart. Nat. ord., Orchid* [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- Gyna?idria 1- Monandria. Allied to Ansellia.) Stove orchid. Offsets ; broken pots, moss, and sandy, fibry peat ; set the pot in a pan, and keep this filled with water. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 65° to 60°. B.palu'rtris (marsh). 3. White, yellow, and purple. June. Sumatra. 1840. Bkongnia'rtia. (Named after Brong- niart, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn, 17 -Diadelphia i-Decandria.) In relation with such plants as Colutea and Clianthus. Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, of young shoots, but firm at the base ; sandy loan and fibry peat. Summer temp., 50° to 60°; winter, 40° to 45°. B.Podalyrioi'des (Podalyria-like). 1. Flesh. September. North of Spain. 1827. — seri'cea (silky). Purple. Mexico. 1843. Broom. See Besom. Broom. Spa'rtium and Cy'tisus spino'- sits. Broom (Spanish). Gem'staHispn'nic*. Broom-Cypress.* Ko'chia scopa'ria. Broom-Rape. Oroba'nche Bro'simum. Bread-nut. (From bro- simos, edible, or good to ett • the fruit being edible. Nat. ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpaceas]. Linn., 23 - Polyyamia 2-Dicecia.) The far-famed Cow-tree of South America (Galactode'ndron), whose milk? juice is as rich and wholesome as the milk of me cow, is Bro'si- mum u'tile. Another species, B. alica'strum, produces nuts, which are roasted and eaten as bread ; and a third species produces the beauti- fully-marked wood, called snake-wood. Its gummy juice is also made into India rubber. Stove evergreen shrubs and tree. Cuttings of ripe wood, in a hotbed; rich, filry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50 1 to 55°. B. alica'strum (alicastrum), 6. Apetal. Ja- maica. 17/6. — spu'rium (spunous-milkVood). 6. Apetal. Jamaica. 1/89. — u'tile (useful. Cow-tree); 50. Caraccas. 182fl. Broughto'nia. (Named after Mr. Broughton, an English botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidtcea;]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monandria.) Stove orchids ; division. These maybe grown in crocks and fibry peat, (he plant raised above the pot, but best on blocks without moss, being near a roof; high, moist temperature in summer ; cooler and drier in winter. Summer temp., 6"* to 85° : winter, 65° to 65°. BRO [13' J ERU B. au'rea (golden). Yellow, red. March. Mexico. 1836. — ni'tida (glossy), lj. Red. June. E.Ind. 1824. — sangui'nea (blood-coloured). l£. Crimson. August. Jamaica- 1/93. Brotjssone'tia. (Named after Brous- sonzt, a Freuch naturalist. Nat. ord., Morads, or Mulberries [Moracese], Linn., 22-Dicecia ^-Tetrandria.) In general aspect there is nothing to distinguish it from a mulberry-tree ; but it is less hardy. Hardy trees ; suckers and cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in autumn, and seeds sown when ripe, or kept over to the following April ; good, common soil. B. papyri'fera (paper-bearing). 12. June. Japan. 1751. cuculla'taicovil-leaved). 12. February. French variety. 1824. disse'cta 'cut-leaved). 1847. fru'ctu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 12. August. macro pky'lla (large-leaved;. variega'ta (var.egaied-fcaptd). 1846. — spatula ta (spatulate-Jeaoerf). 12. June. Japan. 1824. Brqwvu»ia. (Named aftr J. Bro- wallius, bishop of Abo. Nat. ord., Fvj- worts [Scrophulariaeere]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.) Greenhouse annuals; seeda sown in a mild heat, in March ; putted and re-potted, and ktpt in the greenhouse during s immer; light, rici soil. B. demi'ssa (low), f. Blue. August. S. Anier. 1735. — ela'ta (tall). 1$. Blue. August. Peru. 1708. — elonga'ta (elongated). ]£. Bi. le , white. July. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered;. 2. Light yellow. June. Peru. 1820. — Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Orange. June. New Grenada. 1850. — tpecio'sa (showy- /towered). 2 Purple. Sep- tember. Quindiu. 184 5. Bro'wnea. i, Named after Dr. Brown. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., Id-Moiuidelphia 6-Decandria. Al- lied to Caesalpinia and Amherstia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, and placed in a strong bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 55°. B. Ari'za (Ariza). Red. Bogota. 1843. — cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. W. Ind. 1793. — gra'ndiceps (large-headed). 6. Red. Carac- cas. 1829- — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. Scarlet. Trinidad. 1824. — racemo'sa (clustered). 6. Rose. Caraccas. 1826. — ro'iea (rosy). 8. Crimson. July. Trinidad. 1828. Brownlow'ia. (Named after Lady Broicnlow. Nat. ord., Lindenblootns [Ti liaceee]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono gynia. Allied to Grewia.) Stove tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat rich, lonrny son. Summer temp., 60° to 76° winter, «P» to 55°. B. ela'ta (tall). 60. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. Brown-tailed Moth. Porthesia. Bru'cea. (Named after Bruce, the African traveller. Nat. ord., Quassiads [Simarubacese]. Linn., Z'Z-IHcecia 4-Te- trandria.) This genus possesses that intense bitter, for which Quassia, the head of this small order, has long been celebrated. Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripened cuttings in sand, under a glass, in bot- tom-heat. Summer temp., 60°to 75°; winter, 55°. B. ferrugi'nea {rusty-ash-leaved). 6 Green. April. Abyssinia. 1775. gra'cilis (slender). 6. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1820. — Sumatra'na (Sumatra). 6- Green. May. E. Ind. 1820. Brdchus. A genus of small beetles, which confine their depredations chiefly to the seeds of leguminous plants. Bruchus granarius. The Grain Beetle. Every one who is acquainted with the seeds of the pea and the bean must have noticed that in many of them were small. round holes ; and these occasionally are so numerous as to spoil the sample, and, indeed, render the seeds totally valueless for sowing ; for not one of those thus pierced but would produce either a weak, unhealthy plant, or not vegetate at all. Those holes in the " worm-eaten" pea3 and beans are made by a small beetle (Bruchus granarius), produced from a grub, or caterpillar, which has eaten away the vital parts of the seed ; and, when it has passed through the chrysalis state, and given birth to this beetle, the latter makes the hole in order to escape into the open air, there to perpetrate more mischief upon the growing crops. The body of the beetle is a dull brown; but the elytra?, or wing-covers, are black, dotted with white, but scarcely percepti- bly so, unless magnified, as in our draw- ing. Naturally it is the size of the smaller figure; that is, scarcely two lines long. The antennae, or feelers, are eleven- | jointed, black, and thinnest near the BRU [138] BEU head, where they are also tinged with red. The head droops, the eyes are prominent, the fore-legs are rusty-co- loured. This little beetle may be found upon various flowers during seven months of the year. In February it may be found on the furze-blossom, in June upon the white-thorn, and in July and August upon the spiraea and rhubarb flowers. The female pierces through the pod of the pea and bean whilst very young, and often deposits an egg in each seed. Probably the best mode of destroy- ing this insect would be to subject the seed, as soon as harvested, for some hours, until thoroughly heated, to a tem- perature of 150°. This, we think, would kill the grubs without injuring the seed. Bruchnsater. The Furze Beetle. This little insect is shown in the annexed cut of its natural size, as well as It is black, with its elytra (wing-cases') marked with lines and lighter- coloured dots; antennae (feelers) divided into eleven joints. The females, in February, deposit their eggs in the germs, or young seed- vessels,of the winter-blooming furze ; and the same insects may be found again, in June, similarly employed upon the sum- mer-blooming furze. The grub hatched from her eggs lives upon the seeds ; and every one who has noticed this plant must be aware that its ripe seed-vessels often -ontain nothing but a little rough powder — a powder which is the refuse of tho seeds destroyed by the grub of this insect. Another member of this family of beetles, Bruchus pisi, is greatly destruc- tive to the pea crops. It is a small, brownish beetle, usually found at the time the plants are in flower, and depo- siting eggs in the tender seeds of legu- mmons plants, aud sometimes in dif ferent kinds* of corn. In these the larva — a small, white, fleshy grub — finds both a suitable habitation and an abund- ance of foo*d. It undergoes all its trans- formations in the seed ; and the perfect insect remains in it till the spring, though in fine autumns the perfect in- sects appear at that season also. The larva? possess the singu.ar instinct of never attacking the vital \ art of the seed till the last. We have ofU n observed the seed-pots of Ghorozema, end other deli- cate and scarce leguminous plants in greenhouses, pierced by the Bruchus pisi. The more effectual remedy is to pull up and burn the haulm and pods altogether, and not attempt to get a crop at all Cottage Gardener, i. and iii. Brugma'nsia. (This genus is united to Datura.) Bruise. See Canker. Bru'nia. (Named after C. Biun, a traveller in the Levant. Nat. ord., Bru- niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria \-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and under-shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in summer; sandy peat. Summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 38° to 45°. B. como'sa (tufted). 3. White. July. 1320. — e'tetcans (elegant). 2. White. July. 1817. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. July. 1804. — formo'sa (handsome). 2. White. 1817. — globu'sa (globe-like). 2. White. July. 1816. — Iannis (smooth). 2. White. July. 1822. — macrophy'Ua (large-leaved). 1. White. July. 1815. — nodiflufra (knot-flowered). 6. White. July. 1786. — plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. Ju'y. 1824. — iquarro'sa (broad-spreading). 2. White. July. 1820. — supe'rba (superb). 4. White. June. 1791. — verticitta'ta (whorled-). 3. White. July. 1794. Brunni'chia. (Named after Bru nnich, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2- Triyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen climber. Cuttings root freely ; fibry loam, with a little sand. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; wintec, 38° to 45°. B. eirrho'sa (tendrilled). 6. Pink. July. Carolina. 1787. Brdno'nia. (Named after Dr. Brown., the celebrated English botanist. Nat. ord., Brunoniads [Brunoniacese]. Lin- nsean class and order uncertain.) Dr. Brown himself, and other great authorities, have been, and still are, in doubts as tf the true position and affinity of the solitary genus of which this order is composed. Herbaceous per- ennial. Seeds and divisions ; sandy loam and B3U [139] BUD nbry peat, It requires the protection of a frame or greenhouse in winter, being neat and fragrant. B. austra'lis (southern). 1. Blue. N. Holland. 1834. Brunsfe'lsla. (Named after Bruns- fels, a German physician. Nat. ord., Fig- worts [Scrophulariacere]. Linn., 14-2>i- dynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Sal- piglossis.) We have added Franciscefa to this genus. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil, in a moist heat; rich, lumpy, fibry soil. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. B. acumina'ta (taper-pointed-.'eaoed). 2. Purple. April. Rio Janeiro. — America'na (American). 4. Pale yellow. June. W. Ind. 1735. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pale yellow. July. W. Ind. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Pale yellow. June. W. Ind. — angu'sta (narrow-/ea»«£). 2. Purple. April. — calyci'na (laree-ealyxed). 2. Pale purple. June. Brazil. 1850. — exi'mia (choice). 2$. Purple. June. Brazil. 1847. — gra'cilis (slender). 2. Pale cream. June. 1847. — hydrangecefo'rmi.t (hydraneea-like). 4. Purple. April. Brazil. 1840. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. April. Rio Janeiro. 1840. — Lockha'rtii (Lockhart's). Purple. April. W. Ind. 1840. — monta'na (mountain). 4. White. July. S. Amer. 1820. — nftida (shining). Jaynaice'nsis (Jamaica). 5. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1844. — Pohlia'na (Pohli's). Blue, white). April. Brazil. 1840. — undula'ta (wave-lowered). 4. White. June. Jamaica. 1820. — uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. White, purple. July. Brazil. 1826. — viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Livid. July. W. Ind. 1815. Brunsvi'gia. (Named after the nohle house of Brunswick. Nat. ord., Amaryl- lids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- dria l-Monogynia.) This genus bears the same relation to Amaryllis which Azalea does to Rhododendron. It is a well-marked section of Amaryllis itself, when divested of " the mass of discordant plants ac- cumulated under that name." — Herbert. Half- hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Off- sets ; loam and fibry peat ; either in greenhouse or in a warm situation out of doors, where the bulbs, being planted deep, are secure from frost and from wet by coverings, such as glazed sashes or tarpauling ; or the bulbs may be taken up at the approach of winter, and stored. B. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. Black. August. 1752. — Cora'nita (Coranic poison-bulb). 1 . Pink. September. 1815. — pa'llida (pale-flowered). 1. Pale. Sep- tember. 1826. — di'sticlia (two-rowed). 1. Red. 1823. — falca'ta (sickle-leaved\ J. Rfl. May. 1774. Red. July. B. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. p ln k. An- gust. 1827. — Josephi'rus (Josephine's), li. Scarlet. Julv. 1814. mi'nor (smaller). 1. Scarlet. July. 1814. stria'ta (streaked). 1$. Scarlet. July. 1823. — lu'cida (shining). 1. Pink. August. 1818. — margina'ta (red-margined). 1. Scarlet. Sep. tember. 1795. — minor (smaller), f. Pink. July. 1822. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered), 1752. — ra'dula (rasp-leaved). £. Red. June. 17JK). — stria'ta (channeled). $. Pink. July. 1823. — toxica'ria (poison- bulb). 1. Pink. October. 1774. Brussels Sprouts. See Borecole. Bry'a. (From bryo, to germinate ; the seeds, at times, sprouting in the pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16 -Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al- lied to Hedysarum.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cuttings in hotbed; rich, fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. B. e'benus (Jamaica ebony). 12. Yellow, green. July. Jamaica. 1713. — Leon&nsis (Sierra Leone). 12. Yellow, green. Sierra Leone. 1824. Brya'nthus. See Menzie'sia. Bryophy'llum CALYcf num. A species of House-Leek, chiefly regarded as a curiosity ; hut a single leaf laid down on a damp surface will throw out young plants all round its margin. Being a native of the East Indies, it requires a summer temperature, 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°. Bu'ctda. Olive Bark -tree. (From bous, an ox ; in reference to the fruit being like an ox's horn. Nat. ord., My- robolans [Combretacese]. Linn., 10-X>e candria 2-Digynia.) B. bu'ceras furnishes bark for tanning. Slove tree. Cuttings of young, firm wood, in sand, over sandy peat, and in a moist bottom-heat ; loam, -and rough, sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 00°. B. bu'ceras (ox's-horn). 25. Yellow, white. August. Jamaica. 1793. Buck-bean. Menya'nthes. Buckler Mtjstard. Biscute'lla. Buckthorn. Rha'mnus. Buckwheat. Poly'gonum fayopy'rum. Buckwheat-tree. Myloca'ryum. Bud. The buds are organized parts of a plant, of an oval, round, or conical form, and containing the rudiments of future branches, leaves, and flowers, which remain without breaking, on pro- ducing them, until circumstances favour their development. The same buds, ac- cordingly, as circumstances vary, produce either flowers or leaves. Buds spring BUD [140] BUD from the alburnum, to which they are always connected by central vessels. Buds are formed, at first, only in the axils of leaves, that is, in the angle between the leaf and the branch ; but, if these buds are destroyed, what are termed adventitious or latent buds are formed, yet chiefly in the neighbourhood of the regular buds. Budding is the art of making a hud unite to the stem or branch (then called the stock) of another tree or shrub, in- dependently of its parent. The object thus attained is a rapid multiplication of that parent, and, in the case of seedlings, an earlier production of fruit than if the buds were left upon the parent. Deli- cate kinds are strengthened by being worked, as it is technically termed, upon more robust stocks, as when a tender vine is hudded on the Syrian, and the Double Yellow Eose upon the common China. Variegated roses often lose their distinctive marks if grown upon their own roots. Some roses, budded upon the common briar, afford finer flowers than upon their own stems. Buds from seed- ling peaches and pears are earlier pro- ductive, and produce finer fruit, if budded upon a robust stock; but buds of the pear, inserted earlier than the close of August, produce branches, and not blos- soms. Where the bud comes in contact with the wood of the stock, a confused line is visible, hetween which line and the bark of the bud new wood is pro- duced, having solely all the characteristics of the parent of the bud. Buds of almost every species succeed with most certainty if inserted in shoots of the same year's growth ; but the small wal- nut-buds succeed hest which are taken from the base of the annual shoots, where these join the year-old wood of that from which the bud is taken. Buds are usually two years later than grafts in producing fruit ; but then every bud will produce a new plant ; but each graft has at least three upon it. Buds succeed more readily than grafts ; and, if a graft inserted in the spring has failed, a bud may succeed in the summer of the same year. Buds are ready for removal when their shield, or bark attached to them, separates readily from the wood. This is usually in July or August, and is inti- mated by the buds being well-developed in the axils of the present year's leaves. Scailop-budding may be done almost at any season. Buds should be taken from the middle of the shoot; those from its point are said to make wood too freely, and those from the base to be more un- excitable, and, consequently, less prompt to vegetate. Stocks for budding may be much smaller than for grafting, even on the same year's shoot. Several buds may be inserted on older branches, and thus a good head be obtained sooner. On stocks of long-standing, scallop-budding is to be adopted. Just after rain, and when there is no violent wind, is a time to be preferred for budding. Whatever mode of budding is adopted, quickness in the operation is indispensable ; for, if the wound in the stock or that of the bud becomes dry, the budding will fail. The bark of the stock should be cut and raised first, and, if possible, on its north side. A piece of moist bast may be twisted over the wound whilst the bud is prepar- ing; and the moment this is done it should be inserted, and the ligature put on forthwith. The following practical details of bud- ding fruit-trees and roses — details ap- plicable to all other trees and flowering- shrubs capable of being thus propagated — we have copied from the pages of The Cottage Gardener : — I£ the bark does not rise well, that is, does not part freely from the wood, the buds will not succeed. A good budding-knife is the first thing to be provided : any respectable nursery- man will furnish this.* Next, some really good matting : we prefer the new Cuba bast ; but the finest of the ordinary Russian mats will answer equally well, perhaps better, provided the material is very fine and very tough. The bast must be cut into lengths, and adapted to the size of the stocks, be they what they may. A mere nonce may soondetermine the length necessary, by twisting a piece round any twig of similar size, as in the act of budding. Before describing the process itself, it will be well to speak of the condition of * The best buddinc instrument we have ever seen is made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield. It has a budding-knife at one end, and a grooved hook at the other end. This hook being inserted in the T cut made with the knite, keeps it open, and allows the bud to be slipped easily down the groove into its place. It really supplies the budder with a third hand. BUD [141 j BUD the stocks, or subjects to be operated on. I tbe T>ottom upwards ; and an experienced Budding, as before observed, is performed at various seasons; and in very early budding, it is considered, in tbe majority of cases, prudential, if not absolutely necessary, to insert tbe wbole of the shield, or bud, with its own system of wood attached. When the summer is far advanced, however, and the buds are become individually perfect, or nearly so, in their organization, the case alters ; and the less of intervening matter there exists between the bud and its imme- diate appurtenances of petiole and bark, the better. Budding, then, in spring or early sum- mer, is generally accompanied, it may be presumed, by a oopious current of sap. Not so, however, late summer-budding on all occasions; for the season may have been unusually warm and dry ; the stock, or subject, may be short of sap, ' or, in other words, be beset with a para- lysed root-action : all these are impedi- ments. A copious watering, the evening previous to the process, will, however, promote the free rising of the bark, on which so much depends. In addition to this, a cloudy day is preferable to a sunny one. In former days the chief criterion of the eligibility of a tree for the budding- process was the cessation of growth, or rather, of extension in point of length, in the stock. Such generally happens in fruit-trees — such as the peach, apricot, cherry, plum, &c, — about the first or se- cond week in August ; the period, of course, being liable to be modified by several circumstances, as heat, drought, Sk. Instead, however, of thus waiting until the eleventh hour, it is better to make an earlier commencement there is little occasion to delay after the middle of July has passed, unless the stocks, or scions, are subjects of late growth and excessive luxuriance. The exact position of the bud being determined, the incision is made across the stock transversely, in length suffi- cient to create an opening for the bud. This slit forms the head of the incision, whici, when the next slit is made, will form the letter "|\ I Q making this slit, or incision, a somewhat bold cut must be made ; in fact, tbe point of the knife must be made to reach the surface of the wood of the stock. The perpendicular slit is made from budder gives a peculiar flirt, or jerk, to the knife when he approaches the head of the T- This jerk at once rifts up the bark better than any slower process could do it ; and the haft of the budding-knife is in a moment turned round, and the point introduced ; and, by pressing it close to the wood, right and left, the bark is, as it were, ploughed up, or libe- rated from the wood. All is now ready for the reception of the bud, which is, indeed, by most good budders, prepared first, as follows : — The cutting, or shoot, of the kind to be in- serted, being wood of the current year's growth, is generally kept in a waterpot, first cutting off all the leaves : care must, however, be taken to leave most of the petiole (leaf-stalk) to handle the bud by. This, also, doubtless assists in forming a speedy union. The bud, with its bark and a little of the wood of the tree, is then cut off in the form of a shield ; and the point of the knife and thumb-nail of the right hand, by a little nice handling, are made to remove the portion of woody matter from the centre. The bud is instantly introduced beneath tbe bark in the T in- cision of the stock, where, as before ob- served, it is found in the same relation to the stock, or stem, of its new parent as existed between it and the shoot whence it sprang. This done, it is carefully and closely, but not tightly, bound with the bast. The operator generally beginning to bind at the lower end, gives an extra tug with the mat when he comes toler- ably close to the lower end of the petiole. This is an old practice, and not particu- larly intelligible ; the meaning, we sup- pose — if meaning it have — being, that the tightness of the ligature in that pre- cise position impedes slightly the return- ing sap, thereby concentrating it about the bud. Some persons employ a grafting wux to cover the parts where air may enter. The following mixture will make a very useful kind: — Sealing-wax, one part; mutton fat, one part; white wax, one part; honey, one-eighth part. The white wax and fat are first melted, and then the sealing-wax is to be added, gra- dually, in small pieces, tbe mixture be- ing kept constantly stirred ; lastly, the honey must be put in, just before taking it off the fire It should be poured into BUD [ 142 ] BUD paper or tin moulds, and kept slightly agitated till it begins to congeal. We before observed, that when the aeason is late, and the bark rises some- what badly, it may be excited to rise. A liberal watering with liquid-manure, of the temperature of 90°, the day before the operation, will, in general, facilitate the proceeding. When the bud, or shield, after the wood is removed, appears hol- low at the bud part, it is commonly re- jected. Such are not always barren ; but they are apt to lie dormant for a year or two. When a choice of position offers itself, we prefer the shady side of the stock. It is of more importance, however, to select a clear portion of the stem, free from knots, although some fancy the bud takes better if placed in a position from whence a natural bud has been removed. It should be taken as a maxim, that only those buds should be selected, the leaves of which have become fully developed; the leaf, also, should, if possible, be un- blemished. Cloudy weather is, in all cases, to be preferred to sunny periods. For budding Roses, and, indeed, for all budding, the best time of the day is either early in the morning, at least as early as seven o'clock, a.m., or after three o'clock in the afternoon; cloudy, moist days are most suitable. Cut off the head of your stocks, and all the side- branches to three, that is, for standards. For dwarfs, cut off to within six inches of the ground ; then, with the knife, make an incision on the upper side of the young side-branches, as close to the main stem as possible. The incision should be about an inch long, length wi-e on the branch. Cut a cross just at the top of this incision, in a direction some- what more slanting than in the annexed drawing (fig. 2). Then take off the bud, previously cutting off the leaf, leaving part of the leaf-stalk. Cut away with the bud a portion of the bark from the parent stem, which is technically called the shield of the bud, and a portion of wood with it. This bud, and the bark and wood with it, should be, altogether, rather more than three-quarters of an inch long. Turn the bud over between your finger and thumb, and dexterously take out the greater part of the wood ; kut be careful to leave the wood full in the eye of the bud. Then raise one side of the bark of the incision, in the shape of a T made in the stock, and with the ivory handle of the budding-knife slip in one side of the bark attached to the bud, then turn your knife, and lift ap 1. The bnd, with the wood taken out. and ready to be put into the stock side-branches. 2. The branch, or stem, with the incisions made, previously to raisin? the bark. 3. The bark ra;sed for receiving the shield of the bud. 4. The bud fitted into its place. 6. The bandage put over the parts. It is her* represented as done with a shred of bass- mat j but stout worsted thread is better, the other side of the incision, and the bud will drop into its place. Press the bark of the bud to the farther end of the incision ; and if any projects beyond the cross incision on the stock cut it off. Then tie with worsted neatly, and the operation is complete. A laurel-leaf fast- ened at each end by a ligature round the stock, so as to arch over the bud, will complete the arrangement ; and thus the BUD [US] BUX son's rays, the air, and wet will be most effectually excluded, the admittance of any one of which is fatal to the union of the bud with the stock. We feel it al- most impossible to give instruction to be understood, in words only, for such a complex operation. We have, therefore, given the preceding woodcuts, to show all the several parts of this interesting process. Bu*ddlea (Named after A. Buddie, an English botanist. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria l-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise specified. B. globo'sa, the only hardy species, re- quires a dry, sheltered situation in the north of the. island. Seeds are sometimes procured in the south of England, and should be sown in the spring following. Plants are also easily procured from well-ripened cuttings, placed under hand- lights, in September, and slightly protected dur- ing winter frosts. The greenhouse and stove species may all be propagated freely from cut- tings ; and, for general management, the latter merely require a higher temperature than the former 3. America'na (American). 10. Yellow. August' Mexico. 1826. — Brazilie'nsls (Brazilian). 10. Orange. Brazil. 1822. — conna'ta (base-joined-feawed). 5. Orange. May. Peru. 1826. — cri'spa (crisp-leaved). 13. Purple. March. Himalaya. — divertifo'lia (various-leaved). 6. Java. 1823. — globo'sa (glohe-floivered) . 15. Orange. May. Chili. 1774. Hardy herbaceous. — heteruphy'lla (variable-leaved). 10. Yellow. May. S. Amer. — Lindlet/a'na (Lindley's). 6. Violet. Sep- tember. China. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen. — Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Orange. Madeira. 1824. — Nee'mda (Neemda). 15. White. June. Nepaul. 1824. — occidentals (western). White. Peru. 1730. Greenhouse evergreen. — panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. August. Nepaul. 1823. — sali'gna (willow-like). 6. White. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse evergreen. — talvifo'lia (sage-leaved). 3. Crimson. Au- gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1760. Green- house evergreen. — thyrsoi'dea (thyme-flowered). Yellow. S. Amer. 1823. Buff-tip Moth. Hemmatophora. Buffalo Clover. Trifo'lium Pennsyl- va'nicum. Buoainvill.ze'a. (Named after the French navigator, Bougainville. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagiuaceae]. Linn., 8-Oc- tandria \-Monogynia.) B. specta' bills is a scrambling plant, with beau- tiful rose-coloured bractes, 1a cones, like those of the Hop. It flowers freely at Paris j but no English gardener has yet succeeded in fbwering it : we keep it too hot. Stove plants. Cuttings in sand, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 60°. B. specta'bilis (showy). 15. Pink. S. Amer. 182Q. — sple'ndens (shining). S. Amer. 1848. — vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 1848. Bugle. J'juga. Bugloss. Anchu'sa. Bugwoet. Cimici'fuga. Buisson is a fruit-tree on a very low stem, and with a head closely pruned. Bulb. A bulb is really an underground bud. Its fibrous or real roots die an- nually ; but the bulb remains stored with elaborated sap, and retaining the vital powers of the plant, ready for reproduc- tion at the appropriate season. Besides root bulbs, (as are the onion, crocus, &c.,) there are stem, or caulinary bulbs, equally efficient for propagation. The stem-bulb consists of a number of small scales closely compacted together in an ovate or conical form, enclosing the rudiments of a future plant, and originat- ing, sometimes in the axil of the leaves, as in Denta'ria bidbi'/era and several Lily- worts, and sometimes at the base of the umbel of flowers, as in Allium carina'- tum and others, in both which cases it is nourished by the parent plant till it has reached maturity, at which period the bond of connexion is dissolved, and the bulb falls to the ground, endowed with the power of striking root in the soil by sending out fibres from the base, and so converting itself into a new individual. Every bulbous-rooted plant ha3 its management given in its proper place; but there are a few rules of general ap- plicability. They should be moved, where necessary, whilst in a state of rest. This occurs to the summer-flowering bulbs in autumn, and to the autumn-flowering in spring. Many require to be taken up an- nually, or, at farthest, every second or third year, to remove the accumulated offsets. No bulb should be kept long out of the ground ; and, even during the time it is necessarily so kept, it should be pre- vented from drying by burying it in sand. Bulbi'ne. (From bolbos, a bulb. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hes- andria l-Monogynia.) This is now united to Anthericum. The name Bulbine, also, is a misnomer ; for many more have the herbaceous habit of Anthericum than that of true bulbs. Bulb species by offsets; herbaceous plants, suckers, and divisions ; the shrubby species, by cuttings under a hand* BUL I 141] EUP glass. Sand, loam. For greenhouse species, lummer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°. B. aloi'des (aloe-like). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/32. — a'nnua (annual). \. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. — asphodeloi'de* (asphodel-like). 2. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1759- — austra'lis (southern). 1. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 1820. -- bisulca'ta (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow. No- vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — floribu'nda (many-flowered). I. Yellow, green. September. Cape of Good Hope. 1830. — frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June-. Cape of Good Hope. 1702. — glau'ca (milky-green). 2. White. Chili. 1828. — grami'nea (grass-leaved). I. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. — longisca'pa (long-flower-stemmed). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. — mesembryanthoi'des (mesembryanthemum- like). i. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1822. — nu'tans (nodding). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — prtemo'rsa (bitten-off). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). 1. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1793. — rostra'ta '(beaked). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. — sca'bra (rough). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — semibarba'ta (half-bearded). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — rua'ois (sweet). Yellow. May. N. Holland. 1836. — trique'tra (three-sided). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. Btjlboco'dium. (From bolbos, a bulb, and kodion, wool ; referring to the woolly covering of the bulbs. Nat ord., Me. lantlis [Melanthacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Small hardy bulbs, having the aspect of Crocus. Offsets ; sandy loam, well drained. B. ve'rnum (spring), i. Purple. February. Spain. 16-29. — versi'color (party-coloured). J. Purple. Au- gust. Crimea. 1820. Bulbo'styles. (From bolbos, a bulb, and stylos, the style. Nat ord., Compo- sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia l-JEqualis.) Stove plants. Cuttings in sand, with bottom- heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat. B. Cavanille'sii (Cavanille's). 1$. Purple. Au- gust. Mexico. 1827. Evergreen under- shrub. • veronicafJlia (soeedwell-leartu). lj. August. Mexico. 1825. Bullace-teee. Pru'nus insiti'tia. Bull Grapes. Vi'tis rotundifo'lia. Buncho'sia. (From bunchos, coffee; the seeds resembling coffee-berries. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Alalpighiacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove shrub and tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots under a glass, in moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° j winter, 50 c to 55°. B. arge'ntea (silvery). 10. Yellow. July. Ca- raccas. 1810. — cane'scens (hoary). 20. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1742. — glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 10. Yellow. April. W. Ind. 1806. — ni'tida (shining). 10. Red. July. St. Domingo. 1800. — odora'ta .scented). 10. Yellow. July. Car- thagena. 1806. — panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Purple. June. Ja- maica. 1820. Bupleu'rum. Hare's-Ear. (From bons, an ox, and pleuron, a side ; the leaves, if eaten, are supposed to swell cattle. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Umbellacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, ex- cept where otherwise specified. Seed of the annuals in common soil, in March and April ; divisions cf herbaceous plants in autumn or spring ; cuttings, or divisions of greenhouse species, in March and April ; dry, sandy loam. HARDY ANNUALS. B. glau'cum (milky-green). 4. Green, yellow, July. South Europe. 1819. — gra'cile (slender). |. Green, yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820. — ju'nceum (rush-leaned). 1. Green, yellow. July. South Europe. 1772. — lancifo'lium (lance-leaved). 1. Green, yellow. July. Tauria. 1820. Biennial. — oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). 1. Green, vellow. July. Pyrenees. 1819. — Polli'chii (Pollich's). 1. Green, yellow. July. Palestine. 1818. protra'etum (protracted). J. Yellowish. July. Portugal. 1824. Twiner. — rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 2. Green yellow. June. Spain. — semi-compo'situm (semi-compound). J. Greed, yellow. July, Spain. 177S. — sub&vatutn (rather oval-teamed). J. Yellow, June. Spain. 1819- — tenui'ssimum (slenderest). J. Green, yellow. July. England. — tri'fidum (three-cleft). 2J. Yellow. July. Italy. 1824. Biennial. HARDY PEEENN'LALS. B. arista'tum (awned). Blush. June. Britain. — au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. May. Si- beria. 1820. — coria'ceum (leathery). Striped. August. Gib« raltar. 1784. — falca'tum (sickle-tea^frf). J. Green, yellow. August. Germanv. 1739- —frute'scens (*rnfl«-shruh'by). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. Spain. 1752. — graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). J. Green. yellow. June. Switierland. 1763. BUP [ "3 ] BUR B. longifn'lium (long-leaved). 3. Green, yellow. June. Switzerland. 1713. — multine'rve (many-nerved). 3. Yellowish. Altai. — paniculriflum (panicled). 1$. Yellow. July. Spain. 1824. — petrte'um (rock). 1J. Green, ysJlow. June. Switzerland. 1768. — polyphy'llum (many-leaved). 1. Green, yellow. May. Caucasus. 1823. — scorznnercefo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). Yel- low-streaked. June. Germany. 1818. — spino'sum (spined). Yellow. July. Spain. 1752. Evergreen shrub. GREENHOUSE. B. canc'scens (hoary). 5. Yellow. August. Barbary. 1809. Evergreen shrub. — frutico'sum (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1596. Evergreen half- hardy. — Gibralta'r'ica (Gibraltar). Yellow. June. Gibraltar. 1784. Evergreen half-hardy. — plantagi'neum (plantain-taruerf). 3. Yellow. July. Mount Atlas. 1810. Evergreen half-hardy. Buptha'lmum. Ox-eye. (From bous, an ox, and ophthalmos, eye ; the disk of the flower ox-eye-like. Nat. ord., Com- posites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesia 2-Superflua.) Seed of annuals in border, in April; division of herbaceous perennials in March ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, of the greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; the latter require peat and loam, and the usual greenhouse treatment. HARDY. B. aqua'ticum (aquatic). £. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1731. Annual. — grundiflo'rum (large-flowered). l£. Yellow. August. Austria. 1722. Herbaceous perennial. — fialicifo'lium (willow-leaved), 1$. Yellow. September. Austria. 1759. Herbaceous perennial. — tpeciosi'ssimmn (showiest). 2. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1826. Herbaceous per- ennial. — spino'sum (thorny), 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 1570. Annual. GREENHOUSE. B. teviga'tum (smooth-Zeawed). 4. Yellow. July. Teneriffe. 2800. Evergreen shrub. — mari'timum (sea). 1. Yellow. August. Sicily. 1640. Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. — serVceum (silky). 4. Yellow. June. Canaries. 1779- Evergreen shrub. — stenophy'tlum (narrow-ieaved). 3. Yellow. June. Canaries. 1818. Evergreen shrub. Burcha'rdia. (Named after H. Bur. chard, M.D. Nat. ord., Melanths [Me- lanthacere]. Linn., Q-Hexnndvia 3-Z'ri- gynia. Allied to Veratrum.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ; offsets and divisions ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 36° to 40°. B. umbella'ta (umbellate). 2. White, green. August. N. Holland. 1820. Burche'llia. (Named after Burchell, an African traveller. Nat. ord., Cincho- 10 nads [CincTicviiaceaj]. Linn., 5-Pentan- dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at the base, in April and May; fibryloam and sand B. bubali'na (buffalo). 3. Scarlet. May. 181S. — Cape'ntris (Cape). 3. Scarlet. March. Burlingto'nia. (Named after the Countess of Burlington. . Nat. ord., Or- chids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynand>iu 1-Monogynia.) Stove orchids. Divisions fastened to blocks of wood, with a little moss attached. High tem- perature and moist atmosphere when growing ; cool and dry when in a state of rest. Summer temp., 65° to 90° ; winter, 55°. B. ca'ndida (snoit'-white). 1. White. April. Demerara. 1834. — de'eora (neat). Pink and white. NoTeci'oer. Brazil. — maeula'ta (spotted). £. Yellow and brown spots. May. Brazil. 1837. — ri'gida (stiff-stemmed). 1. Purplish-pink- spotted. April. Brazil. 1838. — vemt'sta (beautiful). White. March. Brazil. Burn Onion. See Potato Onion. Burnet. (Pote'rium sanguiso'rba.) Small, or Upland Burnet. Used in cool tankards, soups, and salads. Soil and Situation. — It delights in a dry, unshaded, poor soil, abounding in calcareous matter, with a dressing of bricklayers' rubbish, or fragments of chalk. A small bed will be sufficient for the supply of a family. Propagation is either by seed or by slips and partings of the roots. The seed sown towards the close of February, if open weather, and until the close of May. But the best time is in autumn, as soon as it is ripe ; for, if kept until the spring, it will often fail entirely, or lie in the ground until the same season of the following year, without vegetating. Sow in drills, six inches apart, thin, and not buried more than half an inch. Keep clear of weeds. When two or three inches high, thin to six inches apart, and those removed place in rows at the same distance, in a poor, shady border, water being given occasionally until they have taken root, after which they will require no further attention until the autumn, when they must be removed to their final station, in rows a foot apart. When established, the only attention requisite is to cut down their stems occasionally in summer, to promote the production of young shoots, and, in autumn, to have the decayed stems and shoots cleared away. EUR [ UC ] BU^ If propagated by partings of the roots, the best time is in September and Octo- ber. They are planted at once where they are to remain, and only require oc- casional watering until established. To obtain Seed some of the plants must be left ungathered from, and allowed to nhoot up early in the summer. They fiower in July, and ripen abundance of seed in the autumn. BnsHZSe Bush. Euo'nymvt Ameri- ca' nus. Bursa'ria. (Named from bursa, a pouch. Nat. ord., Pittosporads [Pitto- sporacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- Sfnia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy )ieat and nbry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. B.spino'sa (thorny). 10. White. October. N. S. Wales. 1/93. Bu'rsera. (Named after Burser, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Amyrids [Amyridacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 2- Dimcia.) Store trees ; cuttings under a glass, with bot- tom-heat ; ioam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, SO to 55°. B. gummVfera (gum-bearing). 20. White, green. W. Ind. 1690. — ssrra'fciCsaw-edged-feaoed). 30. E. Ind. 1818. Burto'nia. (Named after D. Burton, a collector for the Kew Gardens. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decfindria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pulten.-ea.') Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ; seeds in March and April, in sandy peat; cuttinps of half-ripened shoots in sand,' under a bell-glass ; Iibry peat, sandy loam, and pieces of charcoal, mixed with soil and drainage. Summer temp., 6:j° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°. B. Brunei' des (Brunia-like). 1\. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 1844. — conferta (elustered-yiou-ererf). 2. Violet. July. N. Holland. 1830. — mfnor (smaller). 4. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 1812. — ■pndchtnia (beautiful). 2. Purple. April. Swan River. 1846. — s.a'brn (roughkneerf). 1. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 1803. — sessilifio'ra (stalktess-flowered). $. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 1824. — villo'su (long-haired). 2. Purple. Ks*. Swan River. 1844. Bushel. See Basket. Butcher's Brooji. Bu'scus. Bu'tea. (Named after John Earl of Bute. Nat. ovi., Leguminous Plants [Fa- biiceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 1-Peutan- tVi'a. Allied to the Coral-tree.) Stove evergreen trees; cuttings of shoots. youn -, but firm, in sand, in a moist bottom-heai, undc. a glass, removed, or air given, during the night; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°. B. frondo'sa (leafy). 30. Scarlet. E.Ind. 1796- — parcifio'ra (small-flowered). 20. Scarlet. Co- romandel. 1818. — tupefrUa (superb). 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 179s. Br/Tonus. Flowering Bush. (From bous, an ox, and temnc, to cut; in refer- ence to its acrid juice, causing the mouth to bleed. Nat. ord., Bulomads [Butoma- cese]. Linn., 9-Enneandria 3-Hexagynia.) Hardy perennial aquatics ; divisions ; rich loam, in water. White. June. June. Pnik. B. lati/o'lius (broad-leaved). Nepaul. 1823. — umbellaftus (umbellcd). Britain. Butter Nut. Caryo'car and Ju'glans cine'rea. Butter and Eggs. KarcCssus incom- para'bilis. Butter and Tallow Tree. Pento- de' sma. Butter-tree. Ba'ssia. Butterfly Plant. Onci'dium papt'li*. Butterwort. Pinguecula. Button Flower. Go'mphia. Button-tree. Conoca'rpus. Button Weed. Spermaco'ce. Button Wood. Cephala'nlhtis. Bu'xus. Box-tree. (From pyknos, dense ; referring to the hardness of the wood. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbi- aceae]. Linn., 21-Monacia i-Telrandria.) There is a weeping Box-tree in the gardens at Shrubland Park, with branches as pendulous as those of the Weeping Ash. Hardy and green- house shrubs and trees ; seed sown in light, well- drained soil, as soon as ripe ; cuttings, from four to six inches in length, of the young shoots, in- serted in a shady place in August and September ; layers of either old or young wood ; division ot the variety suffrutico'sa, generally used as edg- ings to walks ; cuttings of Balea'ricn will require protection in winter. Chinese and New Holland species require a cold pit or greenhouse in winter. B. austra'lis (southern). 6. N.Holland. 1820. — Buleafrica (Balearic). 8. Yellow, green. July. Minorca. 1780. — Chine'ntis (Chinese). 3. Yellow, green. Oc- tober. China. 1802. — semper vi' rent {common evergreen). 8. Yellow, green. April. England. angustifo'lin (narrow-leaved). 8. Yellow, green. April. — — arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. Yelloty, green. May. Britain. argefntea {sWver-varie^ated). 30. Yellow, green. May. Britain. — — — au'rea (golden-variegated). 30. Yellow, green. May. Britain. margina'ta (yeMoii'-edged). 30. Yellow, green. April. Britain. mi/rtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). Si Yellow. green. April. Britain. BYB I 147 ] CAB B. temper"'*' renr. sufi'ruticu'aa (sub-shrubby). I. Yellow, green. variegu'tu (varieprated-fcntW). 30. Yellow, green. May. Britain. By'blis. (A classical name, after JJyblis, daughter of Miletus. Nat. ord., Sundews [Droseraceae]. lArm.,b-Pentan- dria i>Pentagynia.) Greenhouse aquatic; seeds; fibry, black peat immersed in water. Summer temp., 50° to 70°; ■winter, 45° to 55°. B. linifto'ra (flax-flowered). *. Blue. May. N. Holland. 1800. Bykso'nima. (From byrsa, a bide; in reference to the tanning properties of the genus. N at. or A.,Malpighiads [Malpighi- acese]. Linn., 10-Decandria Z-Trigynia.) In Brazil the bark of these trees is in common use by the tanners, under the name of mun'ce. The fruit of some of them is eaten in the West Indies. Stove evergreens ; cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in a moist bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. 3. alti'ssima (tallest). 60. White. July. Guiana. 1820. — chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 10. Yellow. August. Orinoco. 1823. — coria'eea (leathery-leaved). 30, White. June. — crassi/o'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Yellow. July. Guiana. 1793. — laurifo'lia (laurei-leaved). 10. Yellow. Jnly. Cumana. 1824. — lu'cida (shining-/eaa«f). 6. Pink. July. W. Ind. 1759. — Mourei'la (Moureila). 20. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 1823. — nerno'sa (full-nerved). 8. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1820. — pa'ttida (pale). 4. Pale. Cayenne. 1820. — reticula'ta (netted). 10. Purple, yellow. July. Cayenne. 1823. — spica'ta (spiked), 6. Yellow. Avgust. Antilles. 1810. — vcrbascifo'lia (verbascum-leaved). 6. Petered. July. Guiana. 1810. — volu'f/ilis (twining). 10. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 1783. Twiner. Bysteopo'gon. (From byo, to close, and jpogon, a beard ; in reference to the throat of the flower being closed up with hairs. Nat.. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., 1inn.,5-Pentandria 1-JIonogynia.) Cuttings ; the first two species require the greenhouse, the others the routine of the piant- stove. B. dasyphy'lla (thick-leaved). 3. White. June. Van Diemen's Land. 1780. — Herm«nni/"o7frt(Hermannia-leaved). 4. White. July. N. Holland. 1823. — microphy 1 lla (small-leaved). 5. White, purple. S. Amer. 1816. — tca'bra (rough-leaned). 6. Purple. Jttlr. W. Ind, 1793. G. Cabaret. See A'sAitrrw. Cabbage. Bra'hsica olera'cea. Varieties. — But few should be planted of the early varieties, as they soon harden and burst; but the Large York, and others that are mentioned in the middle class, though not far behind the others in quick cabbaging, continue long in a state fit for the table. For First Crops. — Early Dwarf, Early Fine York, Early Dwarf Sugar -Loaf, Battersea, Imperial, East Ham. Midsummer Crops. — Large Early York, Large Sugar-Loaf, Wheeler's Nonpareil, Atkinson's Matchless, Shilling's Queen. Penton — this is valuable in late summer, when other varieties are strongly tasted. Antwerp, Russian — to have this in per- fection, the seed must be had from abroad, as it soon degenerates in this country. Early London Hollow. Musk is excel- lent at any period, but is apt to perish in frosty weather. Couve Tronchuda; foi its leaves and stalks used as sea-kale. For Autumn, Crops. — Pomeranian, Large Hollow Sugar-Loaf, Large Oblong Hollow, Long-sided Hollow, and any of the preceding. Red Dutch for pickling {B. olera'cea ru'bra), Large Round Win- ter, Great Drumhead. Great Pound Scotch, or Strasburg, employed for sour krout in January. Times of Sowing. — Some gardeners sow almost monthly, and employ many varie- ties ; but we only employ Wheeler's Non- pareil, Shilling's Queen, and Atkinson's Matchless, of one of which a 60wing should be made about the 21st of July , for final planting out, early in September ; many plants of which will be turning in between Michaelmas and Christmas, and in early spring. The second and most general time of sowing, to raise plants for almost the whole year's supply, and of any kind, including the Red Dutch and its varieties, is from the 6th to the 12th CAB [ liS ] CAB of August, of which the seedlings may remain in the seed-bed all the winter, if not too thick ; or any number may be fi- nally planted out into the open quarters from October to November, or pricked out into nursery-beds, banks, &c, so as to have a good" stock of plants for final planting out whenever favourable oppor- tunities offer. Should the winter be so severe as to have destroyed many of the autumn- sown plants, then early spring sowing becomes of importance. Sow towards the middle or end of January, so as to have good plants for final planting out, if the weather be mild and open, about the end of February. To effect this, cither a pinch of seed may be sown in pans or boxes, and placed in some steady- heated structure ; and, when the seedlings are up large enough to prick out, have a warm border, or very gentle hotbed, ready to prick them out upon, to be pro- tected either by a little glass or hoop and mat. To sow on a larger scale, make up gentle hotbeds, to be protected with either glass, which is best, or mats : the pricking out attend to as before-mentioned. Also, any kind may be sown in the open, warm border, in February and March, should the August sowing have been destroyed. The Couve Tronchuda should be sown from the first of March to the end of April. One vary important point is, that all pricked-out plants should invariably be lifted, with either a spade, trowel, or fork, out of the pricked-out beds, whether in frames or otherwise, so as to secure their young roots. Plants out of the seed-bed seldom need this precaution. Mode of Sowing. — The seed is inserted rather thin, about a quarter of an inch deep, and occasionally watered until the plants are well above-ground: and the waterings in summer may afterwards be beneficially repeated two or three times a week, until they are ready for removal, if dry, hot weather continues. The seed- lings are pricked out in rows four or five inches asunder each way ; shaded and watered until completely established. The Soil cannot be made too rich for cabbageworts at any time. Planting. — We never make but two plantings in the year; one from the 21st of July sowing, which planting is made during the first fortnight of September : beginning of March. This last planting is either made from .plants raised in Au- gust, or, if the winter destroyed that sow- ing, it is made from early spring sowings, our soil being made so rich for these two plantings that we never want for colo- worts, or even young cabbage, which are produced after the principal heads haw been cut away. Cutting Cabbages. — If young sprouts are required, the side-leaves should bo left on for about five days after the prin- cipal head is cut. The side-sprouts will be found to put forth very much the stronger and quicker for the leaves being thus left. Planting. — Plant in rows, from one and a half to two and a half feet asunder each way, the smaller early kinds being planted the closest. The Red Cabbage, the principal plantation of which should be made in March, for pickling in Sep- tember, is benefited by having the dis- tances enlarged to three feet. They must be well watered at the time of removal , and until fully established. The best mode of applying the water is to make the hole with the dibble, and pour in about a quart before inserting the plant. Frequently hoe, to keep under the weeds ; and as soon as then- growth permits the earth should be drawn round the stems. To promote the cabbaging of the plants, it is useful to draw the leaves together with a shred of bass mat, which forwards it about a fortnight. The stems of the summer and autumn crops, if left after the main head has been cut, will produce numerous sprouts during those seasons, and also throughout the winter. To obtain Seed. — In October, which is the preferable season, and from thence until the close of February, select some of the finest and best cabbage-plants. Have the large, outer leaves removed, and then insert them up to their heads in rows, three feet asunder each way. Each variety must be planted as far from any other as possible, as, indeed, from every other species of cabbagewort ; and this precaution applies equally to the whole tribe. FrameSeedlings. — The heat must never exceed 60°, nor sink more than two or three degrt.es beneath 50°, which is the most favourable minimum. Air should be admitted freely in the day, and tho and the second planting we make in the glasses covered, as necessitv requires, zt spring, towards the end of February or | night with matting. CAB [ no 3 GAC Caltrworts or Collets, merely signify I C. hasla'la (halhert-leaved). i cabbages eaten young, or previous to their hearts becoming firm, the genuine Colewort, or Dorsetshire Kale, being nearly extinct. The observations upon transplanting, and the directions for cultivating cab- bages, apply, without any modification, to coleworts ; but the distance at which the plants may be set is much less. If the rows are a foot apart, and the plants seven or eight inches distant from each other, an abundant space is allowed, j They may be eaten when the leaves are five or six inches in breadth. The most preferable mode of taking them is to pull up eveiy alternate one. The openings left are beneficial to the remaining plants ; and some, especially of the August-raised plants, may be left, if required for cab- baging. The cabbage is liable to the Mildew and Ambury, which see, and to many | insects, as the Aphis, Mameslva, and those next enumerated. Cabbage Butterfly. See Pieeis. Cabbage Fly. See Anthojiyia. Cabbage - Garden Pebble - Moth. Pyralis Cabbage Moth. Mamestra. Cabo'mba. (Derivation not explained. Nat. orcl., Watershields [Cabombacere]. Linn., G-Hcxandria 2-Digytiia.) A small water-plant, with floating shield-like leaves, and small yellow flowers, which look, at a distance, like so many Crowfoot-flowers. An interesting species, propagated by root division, requiring only greenhouse culture in summer, and to rest in a cool part of the stove in winter. A shallow pan of water, with three inches deep of rich loam in the bottom, will suit it well. C. aqua'ticn (aquatic). Yellow. May. Caro- lina. 1823. Caca'lta (From kakos, pernicious, and liav, exceedingly ; supposed to be hurtful to the soil. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngeuesia 1- -T.qua'.h. Allied to Senecio.) Hardy species are propagated by dividing the plant, and dividing: the root when tuberous. C. cneeinea may be sown in the borders, in April ; other annuals require a hotbed ; Cape and East Indian species require the greenhouse and stove lespectiyely. Cuttings should have their juicy *nds dried before inserting them in sandy soil ; randy loam, fibry peat, equal parts ; lime-rubbish and very rotten cow-dung, half a part of each. HARDY HERBACEOUS. C. alpi'na (alpine). 2. Purple. July. Aus- tria. 1739. — coesi'nea (scarlet-flowered), lj. Orange. June. 1"99. Annual. — cordi/ti'lin (heart-leaved). 1. White. August. Mexico. 1823, Tuberous-rooted-. White, Sep- i.i. White. 6. White, Sep. tember. — remfo'rmis (kidney-formed). July. N. Amer. 1801. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). August. N. Amer. 1752. — tubero'sa (tuberous). 1. August. N 1812. Tuberous-rooted. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. C. nrlicula'ta (jointed). 1$. Yellow, tember. Cape of Good Hone. 1 — carno'sa (fleshy-leaned). LV. Yellow. " June. Cape of Good Hope. ~1757. — ryli'ndrica (cylindrical). ]. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — llawo'rtkia (Haworth's). 2. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. — Klei'nia (Klein's). 3. Yellow. Septem- ber. Canaries. 1732. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). I. Yellow. 1R20. — pupilla'ris (pimpled-rfatt-ed). 2, Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 1/2". — ra'dicans (rooting). $. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Creeper. — reticula'ta (netted). 2. Yellow. Bourhon. 1823. — sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Oranse, purple. April. Cape of Good Hope. ISM. Twiner. STOVE. C.bi'color (two -coloured). 2. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1804. Deciduous. — ova'lis (oval-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. E, Ind. 1/34. Evergreen. Caco'ucia. (The Indian name. Nat. ord., Myrobolans [.Combretacere]. Linn., W-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Combretum.) A fine stove climber, requiring tke same treat- ment as Combre'tum purpu'reum. Cuttings of stiff side-shoots in sand, under a beii-glass, in bottom-heat. Peat and loam, both sandy and fibry. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60° C. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Guiana. Ca'ctus. Melon Thistle. (A name applied by Theophrastus to some spiny plant. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cacta- cere]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Th:s extensive genus of Indian Fig, Melon- cactus, &c, has been very properly divided into several and well-marked sub -genera : here we gather them under one general title. C. corruga'tus (shrivelled). Chili. 1824. —folio'sus (leafy). Chili. 1824. — reda'ctus (restored). 2. Mexico. 1796. — seni'lis (old). 20 feet at least. Mexico. 1S23. — speeiosi'asimus (most showy). Crimson. July. S. Amer. 1836. Echinoca'ctus. (Hedgehog Thistle.) C. abno'rmis (mis-shapen). White. July. S. Amer. 181S. — acu'tus (sharp-ribbed). April. Monte Video. — aculangula'ris (sharp-angled). Yellow. Sep- tember. Mexico. 1835. — agglameru'tus (heaped). June. Mexico. 1838. — Anconia'nus (Ancouian). April. Ancona. 1834. — arcua'tus (arch-ribbed). Yellow. September. Monte Video. 1S36. CAC [ 150 ] CAC C. centete'rius (many-spined). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1S40. — chlorophlha'lmus (green-eyed). Purple. June. Rio del Monte. — cocci'neus {scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. Sep- tember. 1835. — conci'nnus (neat). Yellow. March. Monte Video. 1828. — comi'gerus (horn -bearing). White. July. Mexico. 1830. — corynoi'des (club-shaped). Yellow. October. S. Amer. 1837. „ . , onK -0«MtKl (curled). Purple. Mexico. 1826. • cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). Mexico. 1830. — de'nsus (dense). Mexico. 1829. — Defppei (Deppe's). Mexico. 1829. — depre'ssus (depressed). S. Amer. 1798. — echina'tus (hedgehog-like). April. Mexico. 1830. — edu'lis (eatable). Yellow. Mexico. — erina'ceus (rough). July. 1818. — Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, yellow. September. Mexico. 1829. glau'cus (milky-green). White, green. Julv. — gibbo'sus' (swollen). White. July. Jamaica. 1808. — GMie'sii (Gillie's). September. Mexico. 1830. — gladia'tus (sword -spined). July. Mexico. 182fi. — hexxdro'phorus (six-sided). White. June. Tampico. — infla'tus (inflated). Chili. 1828. — i'ngens (huge). Mexico. 1838. — intdrtus (twisted- spined). Purple. June. Antigua. 1768. — intrica'tus (intricate). April. Monte Video. — Lefcchii (Lecche's). Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1833. — Leea'nus (Lee's). Pale sulphur. May. Bue- nos Ayres. 1810. — Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1828. — longihama'tus (long -hooked). J. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1851. — Mackiea'nus (Uackie'i). Yellow. Chili. 1836. — mammillaroi'des (mammillaria-like). Yellow. Chili. 1836. — Montevide'nsis (Montevideo). Yellow. Monte Video. 1835. — multiflo'rus (many-flowered). White. June. — myriosti'gma (many- spotted). Pale-striped. July. Mexico. 1843. — no'bilis (noble). White. June. Mexico. 1796. — obvalla tus (fenced-round). Purple. Mexico. — oetogo'nus (eight-sided). Ked, white. June. S. Amer. 1830. — oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pale rose. May. Brazil. 1831. — pectini fetus (comb-like). Pale green, rose. April. Mexico. 1844. — Pentla'ndi (Pentland's). Rose. July. — pulche'lla (neat). White. August. Mexico. 1831. — rhsdophtha'lmus (red-eyed). J. Crimson. August. Potosi. 1850. — tco'pa (broom). Yellow. April. Brazil. 1S38. — *pi'>iis-a76i's(white-spined). Yellow. June. Brazil. 1836. — Staine'sii (Staines's). Pink. Mar. Mexico. 1844. — streptocau'lon (spiral-stemmed), lj. Yellow. August. Bolivia. lt*45. ■— subgibbo'sus (slightly-swollen}. White. Julv. Chili. 1830. — tubiflo'rus (tubc-3owercd). White. Mexico. 1836. C. vi'snaza (tooth-pick-spined). Yellow, pick* Mexico. 1844. — Wiliia'msii (William's). White. June. Mexico. 1845. Epiph/llum. (Leaf -flowering.) C. Ackerma'nni (Ackermann's). Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1829. ma'jor (larger-flowered). Scarlet. June. — ala'tum (winged). White. June. N. Amer. 1810. — coeci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. Brazil. 1828. — crena'tum (scolloped). Pale cream. May. Honduras. 1839- — Hooke'ri (Sir Wm. Hooker's). White. Jur.e. S. Amer. — longifo'lium (long-leaved). June. Mexico. 1838. — lu'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. August. S. Amer. 1820. — phylla'nthus (manv-flowering). White. June. S. Amer. 1810. — rho'mbeum (diamond-teased). Pale yellow. June. Brazil. 1835. — specio'sum (showy). Red. June. Brazil. 1810. — trunca'tum (abrupt-ended). Pink. June. Brazil. 1818. coeci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. 1818. Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Pink. May. Brazil. 1839- — —— viola! ceum (violet-colour -flowered). Vio- let. May. Mammilla'ria. (Nipple-bearers.) C. chrysaca'ntha (golden-spined). Yellow. S. Amer. 1827. — chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. S- Amer. I827. — cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June. Chili. 1827. — columnu'ris (column-like). Mexico. 1838. — co'nica (cone-headed). July. 1S08. — corona'ria (garland). Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 1817. — de'nsa (dense). June. Mexico. 1830. — depre'ssa (depressed). Red, green. July. S. Amer. 1800. — discolor (two-coloured). Red. July. S. Amer. 1800. — echina'ria (hedgehog). Pale pink. Mexico. 1830. — flave'scens (yellow-spined). Yellow. 1S11. — Jloribu'nda (many-flowered). Pink. Chili. — fulvispi'na (brown-spined). Red. Brazil. 1839. — geminispi'na (twin-spiued). Red. Mexico. 1823. — glomera'ta (tufted). Red. St. Domingo. 1825. — heU'cteris (twisted). Rose. June. Mexico. 1827. — tani'fera (wool-bearing). Red. Mexico. 1823, — Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Yellow. Mexico, 1836. — Missouri e'nsis (Missouri). White. July. Mis. souri. 1818. — proli'/eru (wbite-spined-riToVi'.eroiis). Whitish. July. S. Amer. 1800. — pu'lehra (pretty). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1826. — pusilla (small). Pale red. S. Amer. 1S20. — pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Mexico. 1835. — quadra'ta (four-sided). Chili. 1827. — quadrispi'na (four-spined). Mexico. 1838. — specio'sa (showy). Red. Chili. 1827. I — stellu'ta (starry). Pink. May. S. Amer. 1815, i — strami'nea (straw-coloured). Red. June S • Amer. 1811. CAC £ 151 ] 0£N C. te'nuis (slender). Pale yellow. May. Mexico. 1830. — Mraca'n/Aa (four-spined). Rose. July. Mexico. — turbina'ta (top-shaped). Striped. July. Mexico. 1838. — ve'tula (oldish). Light scarlet. 1835. — vivi'para (viviparous). Red. Louisiana. 1811. IVTelo-ca'ctus (Turk's-Cap-Cactus). C. amcc'nus (lovely). Light scarlet. 1835. — rammu'nisfcommon). Red. July. W.Ind. 1788. vi'ridis (green). 1836. — depre'ssus (depressed). Scarlet. Pernambuco. — macra'nthu (large-spined). White, red. S. Amer. 1820. — meonucrfnlhus (ob\ong-spined). Jamaica. 1S35. — placentifo'rmis (placenta-shaped). Red. Brazil. — poly aca'nt fia (many-spined). Brazil. — pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Red. Curacoa. 1824. spi'nis-ru'bris (red-spined). There are many more species in all the above subdivisions of Cactus mentioned in botanical works ; but so little is known about them that is certain that we have omitted them. We think, also, that when this very numerous genus is better known, many now considered as species will be found to be a single species at different periods of its growth. Culture. — It is possible that under the different names of Epiphy'llum, Mamil- la'ria, and Meloca'ctus we may see occa- sion to detail a few extra points of culture ; hut we may observe here, that there are features of cultivation common to them all, namely, a high temperature and a somewhat moist atmosphere when grow- ing in summer; a diy atmosphere when ripening their growth ; and a dry atmo- sphere — dryness comparatively at the roots — and a low temperature when in a state of rest. Though a temperature of from 80° to 95° will not be too high in the one case, one not below 40° will suffice in the other. Ec/iinocactus culture. — This group is propagated, at times, by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripe in shallow pans, and plunged in a hotbed ; by offsets, whicli should be well-dried at the base before planting, and then plunged into bottom-heat. This method of propa- gating should only he resorted to in spring or summer ; all changing of the soil, or re-potting, should also be done at that time, as, if done in winter, stag- nation and decay are apt to ensue. Good drainage constitutes an essential feature. Soil, equal portions of sandy loam and peat, and half parts of clear river or silver-sand, leaf-mould, or dried, old cow- dung, and brick -rubbish, consisting, how- ever, more of the brick broken than the lime. In addition to this compost, when potting offsets without roots, a little silver-sand may be advantageously placed round them, and firmness be secured b* placing some slight pins of'wood round their base. In re-potting, it is well to use a thick, soft glove, to save alike hands and spines; and then it is ad- visable to remove most of the soil, as well as drainage, and any faulty roots, holding the plant well up, and shaking the compost with the other hand care- fully among the roots. Water at all times must be given with care ; but, when growing in fine weather in summer, they will require a considerable supply both at the roots and as vapour in the atmosphere, with a high temperature. As soon as the spines change colour, moisture must be gradually withheld, the temperature lowered, and more air given. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; win- ter, 40° to 50°. Insects. — The Red Spider seizes them at times ; and he must be started imme- diately, either by covering the surface of the pot, and then placing your hand over it, turning it topsy-turvy, and drawing the plant rapidly several time3 through water at 120° ; or by dusting the plants with flowers of sulphur; or, as alike prevention and cure, fuming the house by placing sulphur on the hot-water pipes, or on a hot-water plate kept on purpose. The most remarkable are the E. Staucsii and Viznaga, the monsters for size lately introduced to Kew Gardens. Gelesti'na. (From cwleslis, celestial ; in reference to its sky-blue colour. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia l-2Equalis. Allied to Agera- tum.) Seed and cuttings take freely. Greenhous-e and cold pit in winter, and the flower-border in summer. .They grow most compactly in loamy soil. C. ageratoVdes (ageratu-n-Hic). 1. Blue. Au- gust. New Spain. — cam' lea (sky-blue). 1. Blue. July. N Amer. 1732. — micro.' ntha (small-flowered), l£. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1800. C.exo'pteris. (From kalnos, new, and pleris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- diacea?]. IAnn.,2i-Cn/ptogumia 1-Filices.) Divisions, like most Ferns ^ peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 38° to 50°. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. C. appendicula'to (appendaged). J. Browr^ July. N. Holland. 1822. — odonti'tcs (odontites). $. Brown. Julv. K Holland. 1822. STOVE HERBACEOUS. C. myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). December. W. Ind. Browa CES [ 152 ] CAL C. rh z ■■■ (AjrV/fl (rot :,--' ; eaved). 1. Brorn. June W. Ind, 1827- — thalictrui'des (thalictrum-like). I. Bro*n September. Jamaica. Cjesalpi'xia. Brasiletto. (Named after Cesalpinus, physician to Pope Clement VIII. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria L-Jfo- nogynia. In alliance with Poinciana.) "As hard as Brazils" refers to the Brazil- wood — that of Casalpi'nia Brasilie'Tisis. Stove evergreens, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds and cuttings in sand, and in bottom-heat. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. Bahame'nsis (Bahama). 15. White. Bahama. 1820. — Brasilitfnsis (Brazilian). 20. Orange. Ja- maica. 1/39. — cass'wi'des (cassia-like). 6. Yellow. S. Arner. 1821. — Ckine'nsis (China). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. — GUtie'sii (Gillies's). Mendoza. 1S29. Deci- duous. — oleospe'rma (oil-seeded). 15. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. — panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Yellow. Malabar. 18!7. — proce'ra (tall). 30. Yellow. Cuba. 1824. — jiuneta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. — Sappa'n (Sappan). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773. — tca'ndens (climbing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1800. Climber. — oasisa'ria (bladdered). 12. Yellow. E. Ind. MSh Cje'sia. (Named after F. Casia. Nat. ord., Lilywnrts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to An- thericum.) Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Seeds in March, in heat ; division of the roots ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 40° to 4J°. C. vitta'la (riband). 1. Pale blue. July. N. S. Wales. 1816. Caja'kus. Pigeon Pea. (From its !Malabar name, Catjang. Nat. ord., Legu- minous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17- Diudelphia 1-Pentandria. Allied to Pha- seolus.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in sprinjr; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°: winter, 50° to 55°. C. bVcolnr (two-coloured). «. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1800. — fia'ous (yeliow). 4. YeUow. July. E. Ind. 1687. Cajeput-tp.ee. Melaleuca leucade'n- Aron. Cajopho'ra. (From kaio, to sting; re- ferring to the stinging property in the hairs on the leaves and stems. Nat. «tA., Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn., 13- Polgandria l-Monoggnia. Allied to Blu- menbachia.") H2f!y annuals. Seeds in open border, in the end of April, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and afterwards transplanted as a half-taruj annual. C. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). Bed, orange. May, Tucumania. 1636. Climber. — Pentlu'ndica (Pentland). Orange. May. Peru. 1S-S1. Calaba-xp.ee. Calophy'llum ca'ldba. Calabash. Crescc'ntia. Calade'nia. (From kalos, beautiful, and aden, a gland. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Ggnandria 1- Moncgynia. Allied to Limodorum.) New Holland, half-hardy, terrestrial orchido. Division of the roots; loam, peat, sand, and broken pots in equal portions. Acool greenhouse in winter. C. ala'ta (winged). June. N. Holland. 1823. — a'lha (white). White. July. K. Holland. 1810. — cceru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. N. Holland. Ia04. — ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). Flesh. July. N. Holland. 1826. — clavi'gera (club-lipped). June. N. S. Wales. — denticula'ta (toothed). Yellow. Swan Hiver. — dilata'ta (broad-lipped). N. S. Wales. — elonga'ta (elongated). Yellow. May. Swan River. — gemina'ta (budded). Purple. May. Swan Kiver. — gra'cilts (slender). Australia. 1S25. — hi'rta (hairv). Yellow. May. Swan River. — ixioi'des (ixia-lihe). Yellow. May. Swan River. — longicau'da (long-spurred). Yellow. June. Swan River. — marginata (bordered). Purple. May. Bwaa River. — mo'llis (soft). Yellow. Swan River. — Paterso'nii (Paterson's). N. S. Wales. — piii'/era (hairy). Purple. September. 5w2.n River. — re'pens (creeping). Purple. August. Swan — testa'cea (light-brown). July. N. Holland. — unguiculu'ta (clawed). Yello Swan River. Auguit. Cala'dicm. (A word of uncertain derivation, perhaps from Icaladion, a cup. Nat ord., Arads [Aracea?]. Linn., 22- Zlonmcia 9-Polyandria. Allied to Co- locasia.) The ginger-like roota of C. bi'color. &c., are used as common food in tropical countries, under the name cocoa-roots ; but the roots of others are very acrid. Stove plants, with the exception 01 C. Virgi'nicum. Interesting chiefly on account of their stems and leaves. Herbaceous kinds by division of the plants, and suckers ; sub-shrubs, cuttings, and dividing the roots; rich, lumpy soil, and abundance of water. Summer temp., CO 3 to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. STOVE EYERGREEXS. C. ucvlea'tum (prickled). White. Surinam. 1822. — arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. White. June. W. Ind. 1759. — arbo'reum (tree). 9. White. Cumana. 1820. — auri'tum {.tax-leaved). 3. White. America. 17:i9. — casulla'tum (hooi-leaeed). Green. March. China. 1S2G. CAL [ 153 ] CAL C. fragranti'ssimum (most fragrant). 4. Red Demerara. 1832. A parasite. — helleborifo'lium (hellebore-leaved). 2. White. June. Caraccas. 1796. — la'eerum (torn). 4. White. Caraccas. 1822. — utitculu'tum (spotted). 6. Green. August. S. Amer. 1820. — Se^ui'num (Sequin Dumb-cane). C. White. March. Amer. 1759- — triparti'tum (three-parted-feaoed). 3. White. Caraccas. 181 6. — xanthor.'U'xum (yellow-rooted). White. 1822. STOVE HERBACEOUS. C. bgcolor (two-coloured). 1. White. June. — cdu'le. (eatable). 4. White. Guiana. 1S0C. — esculc'?itum (esculent). 2. White. America. 1/39. — li'i'idum (liv id). 1. Dingy. September. W. Ind. 1828. — nym.pha.tfo' limn (water-lily-leaved). 4. White. E. Ind. 1800. — odora'tum (fragrant). 2. White. Pegu. 1818. — oca'lum (egg-shaped). 4. White. E. Ind. 1818. . — peda'tum (doubly-cut-fea«'d). 2. White. Brazil. 1824. — petiola'tum (forejj-leaf-stalked). 1. Purple. June. Fernando Po. 1 832. Tuberous- rooted. — pinnati'fidum (dceply-lobed-leaved). 2. White. Caraccas. 1817. — pu'milum (dwarf). 1. White. Nepaul. 1S20. — sagiltcefo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. White. W. Ind. 1710. — sca'ndens (climbing). 2. White. Guinea. 1822. — Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. June. Virginia. 1/5S. Hardy. — vioi'param (viviparous). 2. Green. May. E. Ind. 1817. — eamia/a 'Hum (zamia-leaved). Yrilow. Brazil. Cala'is. (Named after a fabled indi- vidual covered with, scales ; referring to the scaly involucre, or the parts which surround the outside of composite flow- ers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere]. Linn., 19-Syngenesiu l-s£qualis. Allied to Succory.) A hardy annual. Seeds in common soil, in March or'April. C. Lindle'yi ("Dr. Lindley's). Yellow. May. N. Amer. Ib33. Catami'ntha. Calamint. (From kalos, fceautitul, and mintha, mint. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaeeae]. Linn., VL-Didy- namia 1-Anyiospermia. Allied to Me- lissa.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise mentioned. Suckers and divisions; common soil. C a7Ac (white). J. White. July. Hungary. 1813. — Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Flame. June. Carolina. 1804. — Cr&tica (Cretan). *. Purple. June. South Europe. 1506. Half-hardy evergreen. — fructico'm (shrubby). $. Purple. August. I Spain. 1752. Half-hardy evergreen. — grandiflo'm (large-flowered). 1. Red. July. Italy. 1590 J C. gramU flora oanegaUn (variegated-foiwrf). I, Hc\. July. Gardens. — marifo'Uu (marum-leaved). l£. Purple. June. Spain. 1788. Ca'iamus. (From kalom, the Arabic word for a reed. Nat. ord., a section of Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., (i-Hexandria l-iilonof/ynia.) The dark-coloured resin called Dragon's-blood is the natural secretion of the fruit of C. dra'co. Stove palms. Seed; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. a'lbus (white). 50. E. Ind. 1812. — dra'co (dragon). 50. E. Ind. 1819. — li'ger (black). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1824. — rude'ntum (cable). 200. Green. E. Ind. 1812, — ve'rus (true.) 20. Green. Cochin China. 1812. — Zala'cca (Zalacca). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1812 Caiandri'nia. (Named after Calan- drini, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Purslanes [Portulacese]. Linn., 11-Do- decandria 1- Monoijy nia.) When grown from seeds, the hardy, as well as the greenhouse and stove kinds, like a little pro- tection, such as may be given by a slight hotbed, in April, and a hand-light over it. Cuttings, also, strike freely; light, sandy soil, well drained, suits them well. HARDY. C. arena'ria {saxii-inhabiting). £. Orange, red. July. Valparaiso. 1831. Herbaceous perennial. — caul&scens (stemmed). Rose. August. Mexico. 1827. Annual. — compre'ssa (flattened). $. Rose. August. Chili. 1826. Annual. — mona'ndra (one-stamened). %. Red. August, Chili. 1837. Annual. — procu'mbens (lying-down). \. Rose. August; Peru. 1827. Annual. . — specio'sa (showy), i. Purple. June. Califor- nia. 1831. Herbaceous perennial. — umbellu'ta (xxmbel-Jlowered). £. Rose. July. Peru. 1826. Annual. GREENHOUSE. C. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). Rose.. August. W. Ind. 1812. Deciduous shrub. — di'scolor(t\\o-coloixve$-leaved). 1£. Rose. July, Chili. 1834. Herbaceous perennial. — glau'ca (milky-green). Rose. Augustt Chili, 182/. Annual. — Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Rose. June. Tri- nidad. 1825. Deciduous shrub. — ni'tida (shining). J. Red. August. Chili. 1837. Annual. — phacospe'rma (lentil-seeded). Red. August. Chili. 1837. Biennial. STOVE. C. asce'ndens (ascending). £. Purple. Brazi'.. Herbaceous perennial. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 4. Purple. August. Chili. 1823. Annual. — grandifln'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purple. July. Chili. 1826. Herbaceous perennial , — Lla'vea (La Llave's). April. Mexico. Herba- ceous perennial. — panicula'ta (panicled). l£. Purple. July. S. Amer. 1816. Herbaceous perennial. Cata'nthe. (From kalos, beautiful, and antlios, a flower. Nat. ord., a section of CAL [ ma : CAL Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gy- nandria 1-Moiiogynia.) Terrestrial orchids, all evergreens except C. eesti'ta. Divisions and suckers; loam and peat, lightened with sand and charcoal, and enriched by top-dressings of old cow-dung ; extra well- drained, constantly moist, and the plants well ex- posed to light. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win- ter, 50= to 55°. GREENHOUSE. C. bi'eolor (two-coloured). Yellow. Japan. 183/. — di'scolor (discoloured). White. Japan. 1337. —furca'ta (forked). White. Luion Isles. 1836. STOVE. C. austra'lis (southern). N. S. Wales. 1S23. — brevico'rnu (short-horned). Rose. White. August. Ncpaul. 1838. — curculigoi'des (curculigo-likc). 2. Orange. Oc- tober. Malacca. 1844. — densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). J. Yellowish. September. E. Ind. 1837. —fla'vicnns (yellowish -flowered). White, blue. April. K. Ind. 1838. — gra'cilis (slender). Greenish-yellow. Sep- tember. Khasya. 1851. — JIasu'ca (Masuca). 2. Violet, purple. June. £. Ind. 1838. — - ochra'cea (ochre-coloured). Pale yellow. April. Japan. 1836. — plantagi'nea (plantain -leaved). Lilac. Fe- bruary. Nepaul. 1639. — Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). E. Ind. 1837. — sylva'tica (wood). White.changing to yellow. Madagascar. 1823. — veratrifo'lia (veratrum-Icaved). 2. White. April. Java. 1819. — versicolor (various-coloured-yfojcered). Whit- ish-blue. August. Mauritius. 1836. — vestita (clothed). 2J. White and pink. No- vember. This has pseudo-bulbs. No water given between December and March, its time of rest,— See The Cot- tage Gardener, v. 166. — vtridi fu'sca (greenish -brown). Greenish- brown. April. Assam. Cala'thea. (From kalathos, a basket; in reference to the leaves being worked into baskets in South America. Nat. ord., Maranllis [Marantacese]. Linn., 1- Monandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 5i° to 60°. C.flave'scens (pale yellow). 1J. Yellow. Au- gust. Brazil. 1822. — grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Rio Janeiro. 1826. — longibractea'ta (long-bracted). 1. Purple. July. Brazil. 1826. — orbicula'ta {round-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. W. Ind. 1830. — viilo'sa (shaggy). 3. April. Brazil. Iv25. — viola'cea (violet-coloured), lj. Purple. July. Brazil. 1815. — zebri'na {zebra-plant). 2. Red, yellotv. Bra- zil. 1815. Calathjan Violet. Genlia'na pneu- viona'nthe. Calcareous Soil is a soil in which ohaik (carbonate of lime) predominates The colour approaches to white, in pro- portion. No soil is productive which does not contain some chalk, or in which it exceeds nineteen parts out of twenty. From one to five per cent, is the usual proportion in fertile soils. Calcareous soils are rarely productive ; they are so feebly retentive of moisture, that tho crops upon them are burnt up in sum- mer ; and they reflect the sun's rays so fully, that they remain unheated, and ve- getation is late upon them in spring. The best addition to such soils, to im- prove their staple, is clay. Calceola'ria. Slipperwort. (From calceolus, a slipper; in reference to tho shape of the flower. Nat. ord., Fiyworls [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-Diundria 1- Monogijnla.) Herbaceous kinds, to bloom early, sew seeds in August and September, and cuttings at the same time. Shrubby kinds, for flower-garden decora- tion, by cuttings of firm young shoots, under glass, in September ; and again, in heat, in March. Soil for pots, light and rich compost, well drained ; for heds, a good loam should pre- ponderate. Sumo.er temp., 50° to 60° ; \v.:iter, 35° to 45°. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. C. ampleiicau' lis (stem-clasping). l£. Yellow. June. Peru. 1845. — arachnui'des (cobweb-like). 1. Purple. June. Chili. 182;. a Ibu (\f Kite-flowered). 1. White. June. — conna'tc (bzse-joined-leaved). 3. Yellow. Chili. 1824. Biennial. — corymbo'sa .'corymbose). 1. Yellow. May. Chili. 1822. — crenatifl'/ra (scolloped- lipped), lj. Yel- low-spotted. June. Chili. 1831. — cuneifo'lia (wedge-shaped-leaved). 1$. Pale lemon. Bolivia. 1846. — flexuo'tsa ^zigzag). 3. Yellow. Peru Mountains. 1847- — Fothergi'lli (Fothercill's). $. Orange. April. Falkland Isles." 1777- — Herbertia'nu ( Herbert's). |. Yellow. June. Chili. 1828. — pinna 1 ta (leafletcd). 2. Yellow. July. Peru. 1773. Annual. — plantagi'nea {plantain-leaved). I. Yellow, August. Chili. 1827. — polyfo'lia (poly-leaved). 1. Yellow. Ju'.r. Chili. 1827. — purpu'rea (purple-flowered). I. Purple. Julv. Chili. 1827. t!legans (elegant). 1. Pale purple. June, Chili. 1832. pi'cta (painted). 1. White, purple. June. Chili. 1S32. SHRUBBY EVERGREENS. C. a'lba (white-floicered). 14. White. Jur.e. Chili. 1841. — angustiflo'ra (narrow-flowered). 1$. Yellow. June. Peru. 1830. — asce'ndens (ascendine). 1. Yellow. July. Cor- dilleras. lS2o."~ — bi'eolor (two-colour u). 2. Yellow. August. Peru. 1823- CAL [ 1^5 ] CAL C Chilotnsis (Chiloe). 2. Yellow. August. Chiloe. 1830. — fioribu'nda (many-flowered). 1$. Pale yellow. September. Quito. 1843. — Herbertia'na parvifio'ra (Herbert's small-flow- ered). 2. Yellow. April. Valparaiso. 1836. — integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. Chili. 1822. _ angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. Chili. 1822. ~- viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 3. Yellow. August. Chili. 1832. — pe'ndula (hanging). Yellow-spotted. July. Chili. 1831. — rugo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Yellow. August. Chili. 1822. — seabiusafo'lia (scabious-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. Chili. 1822. Trailer. — se'ssilis (stzWless-leuved). l£. Yellow. Sep- tember. Valparaiso. 1832. — thyrsifto'ra (thvrse-flowered). l£. Yellow. June. Chili. 1827. Calceolaria as a Florist's Flower. — Propagation by Cuttings. — In August, im- mediately after flowering, and in March. In August, from a spent hotbed, remove the soil, and place six inches of dry coal- ashes or sawdust. In spring, prepare a hotbed of leaves, or stable litter, a month before it is wanted, to allow the strong heat to subside ; then cover it with the same depth of coal- ashes or sawdust. Fill a sufficient number of pots, within an inch of the top, with light, sandy loam ; fill up to the rim with silver- sand, and water gently, to settle the sand firmly. Take off the cuttings (the young tops are the best) ; cut oil the bottom leaves, leaving two or three at the top ; put them in the sand by the aid of a small, sharp- pointed stick, pressing the sand about them firmly. The herbaceous varieties should be placed rather thinly round the edge of the pot ; the half-shrubby ones may be put in all over the pot, neatly, in rows ; then give a gentle watering. Al- low the water to dry off, and then plunge them into the hotbed, in the ashes or saw-dust, up to the rims of the pots, taking care that the heat is moderate. Shade for a week all the day ; afterwards, only when the sun shines. If the sand becomes dry, water in the morning of a fine day; but very little water will be necessary. Eemove all decaying leaves, or dead cuttings, as they occur. As soon as the cuttings are rooted, pot them off in the same kind of soil, and in 2£-inch pots, and set them on the surface of the same bed till they make fresh roots ; then remove them into a shady part of the greenhouse for a week previously to re-potting. By Seed.— Sov? twice, as soon as the seed is ripe, and in early spring. Sow in wide, shallow seed-pans, rather thinly, and very slightly covered. A similar situation as for cuttings will answer; but, as soon as the seedlings are up, place them on a shelf, near the glass, in an airy greenhouse. When they are large enough, pot them into 2^-inch pots, sin- gly, and keep re-potting, as they requir& it, till they are in 6-inch pots ; then allow them to flower ; and such as are of a good form, bright, distinct colours, and a fair size, re-pot again, and keep them to propagate by cuttings ; but all others either throw away or plant them out to ornament the flower-borders till the frost kills them. To save Seed. — Impregnation is neces- sary in order to produce good seed and to produce variety. Choose the pollen from a bright-coloured, clear-spotted va- riety, and apply it to the best-formed ones destined to bear the seed — the male parent for colour, and the female for shape. Soil. — Light, sandy, yellow loam, two bushels; leaf -mould, half a bushel, much- decayed cow-dung, one peck ; mix thoroughly, and use in a moderately dry state. If the loam is not sandy natu- rally, add as much sifted river-sand as. will make it so. Summer Culture. — Commence potting as early in spring as possible ; autumn- struck cuttings early in March ; and the spring-struck as soon as they are fit. Old stools never make such fine specimens as cuttings : they had better be thrown away as soon as they have yielded a qrop of cuttings. Drain plentifully with broken- potsherds, using a greater quantity every time. Ke-pot about three times, and leave the plants, at last, in 11-inch pota- to bloom. No flower-stems should be allowed to remain until the plants have attained their full growth. Keep them as near the glass as possible, in a light, airy greenhouse. After the last potting, the plants should present a healthy appearance, with large, broad leaves, of a dark-green colour. The flower-stems- may now be allowed to grow : each should be tied to a neat, small, green stick. Place the sticks so as to slope outwards, to allow room for the heads to bloom. Plenty of air should be given, to cause a stout growth. They should be in per- fection early in July. Each plant will ba CAL [ 186 ] CAL then two feet high, and as much in dia- meter. They will De fine objects either for the greenhouse, when few other things are in bloom, or for exhibition purposes. Winter Culture. — As soon as the flow- ers are all dead (if no seed is required), the stems ought to be cut down, and the plants either removed out of doors, or, still better, into a cold pit. Plenty of air should be given on all favourable oc- casions ; and, as soon as the frost of win- ter begins to appear, remove them into the greenhouse, place them as near the glass as possible, and keep them there till the time of propagation arrives. Take off the cuttings then, and throw the old stools away. Forcing. — On account of their impa- tience of heat, Calceolarias, excepting a few shrubby ones, do not force well. These may be re-potted in January, and put into a heat of 55° to 60°. Give water moderately, and allow the flower-stems to grow from the first. They will then flower in April and May. Diseases. — The herbaceous varieties are subject to a disease very like that which has attacked the potato of late years. They appear quite healthy, until dark- brown spots appear on the leaves and stems ; and in a week's time the disease spreads, and the plants are dead. No cure is known. As soon as it appears on any plant, remove it at once, and throw it away, because the disease is contagious, and soon spreads to the healthy plants. Too much wet at the root, or damp in the house, will accelerate the disease. Insects.— The most destructive is the green fly (Aphis). Whenever it appears, fill the house with tobacco-smoke. Bed spider (Acarus) will sometimes appear, if the house be kept hot and dry. Dust the leaves with sulphur where it is ob- served. Calceolarias for bedding-out should be propagated in the autumn, and kept in the cutting-pots through the winter. Pot them singly in the spring, place them in a cold frame, and gradually harden them off by May. Then plant them out in a rich, light soil, where they are to flower. Galda'sia. (Named after G. Caldas, a naturalist at Bogota. Nat. ord., Phlox- teorts [Polemoniacese].) Stove annual ; seeds in hotbed, in spring ; sandy peat. Temp., 30° to 60°. C. heterophil' lla (variable-leaved). 2. Blue. July. New Spain. 1813. Caldclt/yia. (Named after A.. Cald- cleuyh, F.R.H., who collected botanical specimens in Chili. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria £- Digynia. Allied to Cunonia.) The principal character of this and other Cuno- niads is the leaves growing opposite, with sti- pules between the leaf-stalks. The panicles of little white flowers have a pretty appearance. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half- ripened wood in sand, under glass, and a little bottom-heat; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. C. panicuta'ta(y9.mc\ed-fiowered). White. June. Australia. 1831. Ca'lea. (From kalos, beautiful; re- ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Com- posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia l-JEqualis. Allied to Galinsogia.) Stove evergreen shrubs ; seed in March ; side- shoots strike freely at any time, in sand, and placed in bottom-heat, under a class. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 60°. C. cordifo'tia (heart-leaved). 2. Jamaica. 1S22. — Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 3. Purple. June. W. Ind. 1/39. — pinnati'fida (leafleted). Yellow. June. Bra- zil. 1S16. — solidagi'nea (solidaeo-like). 4. Caraccas. 1817. — urtica-fo'lia (nettle-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Vera Cruz. 1740. Calea'cte. See Ca'lea. Calecta'sia. (From kalos, beautiful, and stachys, a spike. , Calectasias are branched herbs, with dry, permanent, starry flowers, of a bright -violet. Nat. ord., Mushes [Juncaceae] . Linn., 6-Hex- andria 1-Jfonogynia. Allied to Baxteria.) Unless we had it on authority, we should no: take this for a rush, but a lilywort. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ; divisions ; peat and loam, or common soil. Winter temp., 35° to 4S°. C. cya'nea (\Aut-flowered). Blue. June. Aus- tralia. 1840. Cale'nduia. Marigold. (From ca. lendae, the first day of the month ; its flowers produced almost all the year round. Nat. ord., a section of Compo- sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4,-Necessaria.) Hardy annuals may be sown in the border, in April; tenderer ones in a slight hotbed, and transplanted in May. Greenhouse varieties by cuttings ; sandy loam, and loam and peat for the greenhouse ones. See Makigolu. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEXS. C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. Decem- ber. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4, — chrytanthemifo'lia (chrysanthemum - leaved). 2. Yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — denta'ta (toothed), lj. Yellow. JIav. Cr.pe of Good Hope. I790- — dentlcula'ta (small-toothed). lj. Yellow. December. Barbary. 1821. CAL C 157 ] CAL C. fiti'ceida (feeble). 2. Orange. May. Cape of Good Hope. 177-1. <—/rutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1752. — murica'ta (prickled). 2. Yellow. Decem- ber. Cape of Good Hope. — oppositi/o'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — suffruticu'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Yellow. De- cember. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — tra'gus (goat-rasA). 2. White, purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — visco'sa (clammy). 2. Orange. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. HARDY ANNUALS. C. arce'nsis (corn-field). 2. Yellow. June. Eu- rope. 1597. — aste'rias (star), 1$. Yellow. August. Eu- rope. 1838. — gra'eilis (slender). Yellow. June. Persia. 1836. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 153!. — fiy'brida(hyhrid-Great-Cape). 1. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1752. — inca'na (hoary), lj. Yellow. July. Barbary. 1796. — Mexica'na (Mexican), £. Yellow. August. Mexico. 1829. — nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 1. White, purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. — officinalis (officinal. Common marigold). 3. Orange. June. South of Europe. 1573. flo're-ple'na (double-flowered). 3. Orange. June. — Pe'rsica (Persian). Yellow. June. Persia. 1830. — pluvia'lis (rainy. Small Cape marigold). 1. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 16*93. — safncta (ho\y-prtle- flowered). 2. Yellow. June. Levant. 1731. — Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. Yellow. June. Sicily. 1816. — stella'tn (starred). 2. Yellow. July. Barbary. 1796. Cale'ya. (Named after G. Caley, su- perintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. Vincent. Nat. ord., a small section of Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse terrestrial orchids ; division of the plants ; fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a little charcoal, well-drained. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°, C. ma/jor (greater). Green, brown. June. N. S. Wales. 1810. — mi'nor (less). Green, brown. June. N. Holland. 1822. — nigri'ta (blackish-/(ou>eraf). Dark. Swan River. Ca'lla. (From kalos, beautiful. Nat. ord., Orontiads [Orontiacese]. Linn., 7- Heplandria 1-Monoyynia.) All greenhouse plants ; division of the plants and roots ; rich loam and peat ; the marshy one does well as an aquatic, and frequently stands out of doors ; all generally need the protection of the greenhouse in winter. C. croma'tica (aromatic). 2. White. July. China. 1813. Herbaceous perennial C. occu'lta (hidden-spiked). White. May. China. 1817. Herbaceous perennial. — palu'stris (marsh). £. White. July. N. Amer. 1768. Perennial aquatic. — pertu'sa (perforated). 6. White. May. W. Ind. 1752. Evergreen creeper. Calico-bush. Ka'lmia latifo'lia. Calua'ndra. (From kalos, beautiful, and ancr, a man ; referring to the sta- mens, or male organ ; literally, beautiful- stamened. The long, silky, purple or white stamens of this genus are very beau- tiful. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- bacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Poly- andria. Allied to Inga.) Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of rather firm young wood in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. Harri'sii (Mr. Harris's). 20. Rose. Brazil. 1845. — pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. 1822. — Twee'dii (Tweedie's). 6. Scariet, crimson. Mexico. 1845. Callica'rpa. (From kalos, beautiful, and carpos, fruit ; referring to the beau- tiful berries. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver- benaceae]. Linn., i-Tetrandria 1-Mono- yynia. Allied to Petrtea.) The leaves of C. lana'ta are eaten by the Cinga- lese as a substitute for betel-leaves. Stove ever- greens, except where otherwise specified; cut- tings in sandy soil, in bottom-heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. America'nn (American). 6. Ited. June. N. Amer. 1724. Greenhouse deciduous shrub. — arbo'rea (tree). 12. Purple. August. E. Ind. 1820. — ca'na (hoary). 3. Purple. E. Ind. 17SP. — fcrrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Blue. June. Jamaica. 179*. — inca'na (very hoary). 4. Red. July. E. Ind, 1800. — lana'ta (woollv). 4. Purple. June. E. Ind. l-ss. — lanesola'ria (spear-frayed). 4. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1822. — lovgifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White. Aprii. China. 1825. — macrop/n/lla (large-leaved). 6. rink. India. 1 80S. — purpu'ren (purple). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind 1822. — reticulata (netted). 4. Red. July. Jamaica. 1820. — rube'lla (reddish). 2. Red. May. China. 1822. Calli'chroa. (From kalos, beautiful, and chroa, colour ; referring to thebright- yellow colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere]. Linn., 10-Syn- genesia Z-Superjlua. Allied to Helenium,) Hardy annual ; seed sown in March on a slight hotbed, under a hand-light, and transplanted in patches, in the open border, at the end of April, or beginning of M«v; or it may be sown in the CAL L 158 1 CAL front of the border in the end of April, r\nd it will J blow later. C.platyglo'ssa (broad-rayed). I. Yellow. Oc- tober. California. 1835. Callico'ma. (From kalos, beautiful, and coma, hair ; in reference to the tufted heads of its yellow flowers. Nat ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniaceae]. Linn., ll-Do- decandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Wein- man nia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half- ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy peat ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 4:.°. C. serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 4. Yellow. June. N. S. Wales. 1793- Calli'goxusi. (From kalos, beautiful, and ijonum, a joint; in reference to its leafless joints. Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonaceae]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 4.-Tetragynia. Allied to Polygonum.) This is a curious leafless shrub, a native of Siberia, where the Calmucks, in times of scarcity, pound and boil the roots, from which they obtain a nutritious gum resembling tragacanth, to allay their hunger; while, by chewing the acrid branches and fruit, they quench their thirst. Hardy evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a hand- glass, in spriiig and autumn ; sandy loam. C. Falla'sia (Pallas's). 4. Green, white. August. Caspian Sea. 1/80. Caluo'psis. Synonyme of Coeeo'p- sis, which see. Calliphru'ria. (Derivation not ex- plained. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl- lidacese]. Linn., 6-LTexandria 1-Moxogy- nia. Allied to Eurycles.) Pretty Peruvian bulbs, flowering, when not in leaf, like the Guernsey lily. Offsets ; sandy loam and a little peat; cold pit, or a warm border, and protected during winter. C. Hartwtgia'n* (Hartweg's). Yellow. Grenada. 1843. — Herbertia'na (Herbert's). Calij'prora. (From kalos, beautiful, and prora, a front ; referring to the front view of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lilyworts, in the Squill section [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia,) A pretty, hardy little bulb, with drooping, yellow flowers. Offsets ; shady, peaty border. C. lu'tea (yellow-jfotoered). |. Yellow. Aueust. California. 1831. Caixi'pteeis. Synonyme of Ddpla'- ziom, which see. Calu'sia. (From kalos, beautiful. A pretty species. Nat. ord., Spiderworls [Commelynaceae]. Linn., Z-Triandria \-Monogynla. Allied to Tradescantia.) Stove evergreen trailer; division of its creepini roots ; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to "0°; winter, 45° to 55°. C. re'pcns (creeping). £. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1776. Callista'chys. (From Ita'ios, beautiful, and stuchys, a flower- spike. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria L-lfonogynia. Allied to Oxylobitun.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; •andy peat, fibry loam, and a little charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 70°; winter, 40° to 45°. C. cunea'ta (wedge-feaoerf). 3. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 1824. — lanceolafta (spear-iearcei). 4. Yellow. June. N. Holland. J815. — linaricefo' lia (toad-flax-leaved;. 6. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 1824. — linea'rti (narrow-ieawerf). 2. Red. October. Swan River. 1 838. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5. Red, yellow. June. Swan River. 1S39. — ova'ta (egg-shape-kanerf). 4. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 1815. — retu'sa (jagged-ended -leaved). 4. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 1830. Calliste'mma. China-Aster. (From kalistos, most beautiful, and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- cese]. Linn., lQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.) This is the common name for the China-Asters. Cassini, its author, however, changed it to Callis- te'plius; but, as botanists acknowledge that the whole order, as now arranged, is but " a tempo- rary device," and that " the genera are need- lessly multiplied," we adopt the more common name until the whole order is re-arranged. Hardy annvals. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March, hardened and transplanted in May. If pricked out in a similar way to celery, they will well re- pay the labour. Seeds may also be sown at the end of April, where the plants are to bloom ; an open situation and a rich, loamy soil will answer best. C. horte'nse (garden). 1J. Blue. July. China. 1731. a'lbum (white.) 1$. White. July. China. 1731. riorum (red), lj. Red. July. China. 1731. variega'tum (variegated), lj. Variegated. July. China. 1731. multiplex (double). 1$. Variegated. July. China. 1731. brachya'nthum (short-flowered). l£. Blue. Julv. China. 1731. — T'ndicum'(Indian). l.Blue.'July. E. Ind. 1829. Callistejma Culture. — Propagation. — These, being annuals, must be in- creased by seed every year. It should be saved from the best-formed and most double flowers. Those with quilled flow- ers are most esteemed. The colours should also Le taken into consideration in saving seed. The self-colours should be clear, divided, and bright; such as have striped blooms ought to have tha colours well defined, not run into each other, but distinctly separated. Soil. — ibe soil should be light and CAL [ 150 1 CAL moderately rich ; and the situation where they are to bloom should be fully ex- posed to the sun. They make beautiful beds in the parterre, but are not so last- ing as some other flowers. Culture. — Sow the seeds in March, on a gentle hotbed, either in pots or on a bed of earth laid upon the heating mate- rial at least six inches thick ; transplant the seedlings as soon as the frosts are over, either in beds of separate colours, in mixtures, or in patches, in the general flower-border. Whichever way is deter- mined upon, the soil should be prepared by the addition of a portion of fresh loam and very much decayed dung, well mixed . with the original soil. Diseases. — China- Asters are subject to die off suddenly. There is no lemedy, when this occurs, but to pull up the sickly plants, and remove the soil ; put in some fresh, and replant from the re- serve stock — a stock that ought always to be kept ready for such occasions. Insects. — The green fly sometimes during a dry season attacks these plants. Either sprinkle with tobacco- water or Scotch snuff, to destroy them. Do this in the evening of a fine day, and wash it off in the morning with the syringe. Calliste'mon. (From kalistos, most beautiful, and stemon, a stamen; refer- ring to the graceful, long, scarlet stamens. Nat. ord.,il%r/7e&Zooms[Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Ieosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Leptospermum.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land, with p«a-l'ike blossoms. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March ; cuttings of firm, but not solid, wood, in sandy loam, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; turfy peat, sandy and fibry loam, and a few pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°. C. brachya'ndrum (short-stamened). 3. Ifellow. October. 1848. — formo'svm ( handsome). 5. 1824. — laneeola'tum (spear-leaved). 10. Crimson. June. 1788. — leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 6. Green. June. 1820. — Unearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 10. Red. May. 1820. — linea're (narrow). 6. Scarlet. June. 1728. — lopa'nthum (crest-flowered). 6. Purple. June. 1800. — mar gina' turn (bordered). 6. 1816. — m ierophy'llum (small-leaved). 6. 1824. — mycrosta'chyum (small-spiked). 6. Red. March. 1836. — phceni'ceum (purple). 3. Purplish. March. 1843. — pimftflium (pine-leaved). 6. Green. June. — pu'ngens (stinging). 6. May. 1827. — rfgidum (stiff). 5. Cream. April. 1800. — rvgulj'sum (small-wrinkled). 0. Pink. May. 1821. C. stili'gnus (■KiUow-leaved). 6. June. 17es. — sca'ber (rough). 4. July. 1820. — semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). 6. Crimsciv April. 1818. — specio'sum (showy). 10. Crimson. April. 1822. — vimina'te (twiggy). 10. Red. April. 1800. — viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 5. Green. Julj t 1818. Calli'tkis. (From kahs, beautiful ; re- ferring to the whole plant. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacere]. Linn., 21-Moncecia IZ-Polyandria. Allied to Thuja.) The wood of C. quadriva'lms is in great de- mand by the Turks, who use it for the ceilings and floors of their mosques, as they believe it to be indestructible. Greenhouse, evergreen, cypress- like trees. Seeds and cuttings, under a" hand- light, in autumn, and protected by a cold pit ; sandy loam, generally protected under a glass in winter, though there seems reason to believe they would flourish out of doors, in the warmer parts of England, nearly as well as several of the Cy- presses. C. cupressifo'rmis (cypress-like). 20. N. Holland. 1826. — 3MOd)U'a7«is(four-valved). 20. Apetal. Sep- tember. Barbary. 1815. — trique'tra (three-sided). Apetal. April. Capa of Good Hope. 1820. Callxj'na. (From kalluno, to adorn ; in reference both to the beauty of the Heather, and to its use as a scrubbing- brush or broom. Nat. ord., Heathivorts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 8-Oclandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Callu'na vulga'ris, the common Heather, and all its varieties, are the best bee-flowers of our native Flora. The C. vulgafris is a native of many parts of the British Islands, and its flowers are purple, opening in April ; but there are the dou- ble-blossomed, the white, the scarlet, the red, the decumbent, the spiked, the downy, and variegated varieties. See Eri'ca. Callus is the matter exuded from the edges of the wound of a plant in the process of healing. It is exuded from the horizontally-communicating cells of the plant; and, in cuttings, it is from and through this exuded matter that the roots and the perpendicular vessels connected with them proceed. Calochi'lus. (From kalos, beautiful, and cheilos, a lip ; referring to the beauty of the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria^ 1- Monogynia. Allied to Listera and Neottia.) Orchids are only apparently monandrous. There are, in fact, three filaments, firmly grown together ic the column, the centre one bearing the pollen, and the other two are barren. Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the plant ; sandy loam and turfy peat, enriched with a little lumpy, old cow-dung. Encouraged to grow, when dona flowering, by heat and moisture ; kept cool and dry after they are pretty well matured, and heat given again when to be started into bloom. Sum- mer temp., 50° to 75°; winter, 45° to 50°. CAL T_ 160 cAL C. campe'stris (field), j. Green, brown. N. Holland. 1824. — paludo'sus (marsh), f. Brown. N.Holland. 1823. Calocho'btus. (From kalos, beautiful, and chortus, grass ; referring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceee]. Linn., d-Hexandria 6-Polygynia. Allied to the Tulip andFritillaria.) The gayest of our hardy or half-hardy bulbs, introduced by the unfortunate and intrepid Douglass from Colombia. The finest of them have been lost; but such beautiful plants cannot long remain in the wilderness. Half-hardy bulbs. Offsets; sandy loam and peat, in equal propor- tions. If planted out, the bulbs should be taken up and dried before winter ; if in pots, keep in a cold pit, and pot afresh when the bulbs begin to grow. C. dlegans (elegant). £. White. June. Colombia. 1826. — lu'teus iyeUow-petaled). I. Yellow-spotted. September. California. 1831. — macrocalrpus (large-fruited). 2. Purple. Au- gust. California. 1826. — ni'tidus (shining). ,$. Purple. August. Cali- fornia. 1826. — sple'ndens (splendiA-Jlowered). lj. W'r.ite- spotted. August. California. 1832. — venu'stu.v(handsome-.fiowered). 1$. Lilac. Au- gust. California. 1836. Calode'ndeon. (From kalos, beautiful, and dcndron, a tree. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Diosma.) One of those beautiful Diosma-looking genera which abound in our Cape Colony, remarkable alike for their pretty flowers and for their power- ful and generally offensive odour. The settlers call them Bucku-plants. Greenhouse tree. Cut- tings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a bell- plass, and with a little bottom-heat ; sandv loam. Summer temp., 50° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 50°. C. Cape'nsis (Cape). 40. Pink. Cape of Good Hope. 1789. Gaxony/ctton. (From kalos, beautiful, and nyx, night; in reference to their flowering in the night-time. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacea;]. Linn., 5- Penttudria \-Monogynia. Allied to Con- volvulus.) These night-flowering Bindweeds are the Mid- night Lilies of travellers. Stove evergreen climber. Convolvulus-lookine, but opening its flowers at niaht. Seeds in heat, in March ; cuttings of side- shoots, in April or May, in sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 58°. C. pseudomurica'tum (false-point-covered\ Pur- ple. July. E. Ind. 1827. Calo'phaca. (From kalos, beautiful, nnd phake. a lentil; in reference to the lentil-like flowers. Nat. ord., Legumi- twus Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-Dia- delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.) Loudon says of it, " Grafted standard high on lie ccznmon Laburnum, it forms an object at once singular, picturesque, and beautiful." Hard;* deciduous shrub. Speeds sown in Morel) ; or cut- tings, under a hand-light ; common, light loam. C. Wolga'ricn (Wolga). 2. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1786. Calo'phanes. (From kalos, beautiful- and phaino, to appear. Nat. ord., Acan* thads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 1-L-Didyna- mia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Piuellia.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the roots in March ; loam and peat, or sandy loam. C. oblongifo'lia (oblong-leavad). I. Blue. Au- gust. Carolina. 1832. Calopety'llum:. (From kalos, beautiful, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., a section of Guttifers [Clusiacete.]. Linn., VS-Te- tradynamia.) Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., Co to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C. cala'ba (calaba-free). 30. White. India. 17S0. — iJiophy'llum (fibrous-leaved). 90. White. E. Ind. 1793. — spu'rium (spurious). 30. White. Malabar. 1800. — Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahaca). 30. White. Bourbon. 1822. Calopo'gox. (From kalos, beautiful, and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the fringe on the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.,20-Gyn«n- dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Pogonia.) Greenhouse orchid. Division of its tuberous roots ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°. C. pulcke'llus (pretty). 1£. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1771 • Galosco'rduji. (From kalos, beautiful, nnd scordon, garlic. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacece]. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Mono- gynia. Allied to Milla.) Half-hardy little bulb. Offsets; common soil. Though a native of Chusan, it is likelv to require but little protection in winter. C. nerineflo'rum (nerine-flowered). |. Rose, pur- ple. Chusan. 1843. Caloste'msia. (From kalos, beautiful, and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord., Ama- ryllids [Amaryllidacese]- Linn., G-Hex- andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.) Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ; sandy loam and a little leaf-mould ; a cold pit, or the greenhouse iu winter. C. a'lbum (white). 1. White. May. N. Holland. 1824. — ca'meum (flesh-coloured-jJoiceretf). !• Flesh. Australia. 1837. — Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). May. Mcreton Bav. — lu'teum (yellow). I. Yellow. November. N. Holland. 1819. — purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. November N. Holland. 1819. C.vlotiia'mxus. (From kalos, beautiful, CAL C 161 ] CAL and thamnm, a shrub. Nat. ord., Myrtle- blooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., lS-Polyadel- phia2-Polyandria. Allied to Melaleuca.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Aus- tralia. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 38° to 45°. C. clava'ta (c\uh-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1824- -^gra'cilis (slcndei-leaved). 8. Scarlet. July. 1803. — Kni'ghtii (Knight's). Blooms all year. 1839. — quadri'fida (four-cleft). 3, Scarlet. July. 1803. — villo'sa (soft-haired). 3. Scarlet. July. 1803. Calo'tis. (From Italos, beautiful, and ous, an ear; in reference to the chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed-head. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., 19- Syngenesia 2-Superjlua. Allied to Bel- lium.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Di?isions ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 35° to 45°. C. euneifn'lia (wedze-leaved). 1. Blue. June. N. Holland. 1819. Calo'tropis. (From kalos, beautiful, and tropis, a keel ; referring to the flower. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Schubertia.) C. giga'ntea is the Akund-yercum, or Mudar- plant of India, whose thick, milky juice is a pow- erful purgative. Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ; good, common, fibry loam and a little sand. Sum- mer temp., 50° to 80°; winter, 40° to 50°. C. giga'ntea (gisantic). 6. White. August. E. Ind. 1690. — pro'cera (ta.ll). 10. White. April. Persia. 1714. Ca'ltha. Marsh Marigold. (A con- traction of kalathos, a goblet; referring to the form of the flower. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacea?]. Linn., 13- Polyandria 6-Polygynia. Allied to Hel- lebore.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, or di- visions, in March or April ; common soil of the border. A moist place, near a running stream, is where they flourish most. C. a'rctiea (arctic). Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1827. — asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). 4. Yellow. April. Unilas. 1824. — biflo'ra (two-flowered). |. White. June. N. Amer. 1827. —ftabellifo'lia (fan-leaved). 1. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1818. — Onvenia'na (Gowen's). North Ind. 1848. — intege'rrima {entire-leaved). Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1827.: — leptose'pala. (small-sepaled). 1. Yellow. May. NT. Amer, I827. mi'nor (smaller). $. Yellow. May. Bri- ' tain. nutans (floating). Yellow. May. Siberia. 1816. 11 — ——flo're-ple'tio (double-flowered). 1. Yellow. April. — parnassifo'lia (parnassia-leaved). J. Yellaw, April. N. Amer. 1815. ra'dicans (rooting). £. Yellow. April. Scotland. — sagitta'ta (arrow-leaved). J. Green, yellow. November. Cape Horn. 1840. Caltrops. Tri'bulus. Calyca'nthtjs. Allspice. (From /calyx, a calyx, and anthos, a flower ; in referenca to the coloured calyx. Nat. ord., Caly- canths [Calycanthacese]. Linn., 12-Ico- sandria S-Polygynia.) The bark of C.flo'ridus, from its aromatic fra- grance, is used as a substitute for cinnamon in the United States of North America. Hardy deci- duous shrubs. Layers, as fruit is seldom pro- duced ; rich, sandy loam, in a shady situation. It is said, that by pulling out the terminal bud of a shoot two flower-buds are produced ; and thus the flowering season is prolonged. C.fe'rtilis (fertile). 3. Brown. June. Carolina. 1726. — flo'ridus (flowery). 6. Brown. June. Carolina. 1726. asplenifo'lius (asplenium - leaved). 6. Brown. July. fefrnx (fertile-flowered). 6. Brown. July. inodo'rus (nearly -scentless). 6. Brown, July. longifo'lius (long - leaved). 6. Brown. July. ova'tus (egg-shape-/ea»erf). 6. Brown. July. — variega'tus (variegated-Jeaaed ). 6. Brown. July. — glau'czis (milky-green-leaved). 6. Brown. May. Carolina. 1726. — laviga'tus (smooth-leaved). 3. Brown. Juris. N. Amer. 1806. — macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. California. Brown. lbr- — oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). May. N. Amer. 1820. — occidenta'lis (western). 7i- Scarlet. Sep- tember. California. 1831. — Pmnsylva'nicus (Pennsylvania!!). 4. Brown. May. Pennsylvania. 1820. Calycophy/ixum. (From kalyx, calyx, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to a divi- sion of the calyx expanding into the form of a leaf. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Bouvardia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C candidi'ssimum (whitest). 20. White. Cuba. 1830. CalVchlate, having bractes so placed as to resemble an outer or additional calyx. Cai.y'pso. (From Italypto, to conceal ; in reference to its place of grewth. N»U CAL L 1B3 ] CAM ord., Orchids [Orchidacee]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-JIonogynia. Allied to Li- paris.) Half-hardy terrestrial orchid. Offsets from the bulbs ; sandy loam and peat. Cold pit and frame, or close to the side of a wall. C. boreaMs (northern). J. Rose, brown. January. N. Amer. 1820. ' Calyftba'nthes. (From kalyptra, a veil, an&anthos, a flower; referring to the way the flower-bud is hid by the cohe- sion of the tips of the calyx, which falls off like a cap when the flower expands. Nat ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceas]. Linn., \2-Icosandria L-Monogynia. Al- lied to Pimento.) The dried flower-buds of G. arcnufticu* are a good substitute for cloves. Stove evergreen trees, leavers and cuttings in heat; loam and petl. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50^ to 55°. C. chytraeu'lia (chytraculia). 30. White. April. Jamaica. 1778. — zuzy'gium (zuzygium). SO. White. Jane. W. Ind. 1778. Caltste'gia. Bearbind. (From /calyx, a calyx, and stega, a covering ; in refer- ence to the calyx being hid by two bractes, us is the case with a section of Bindweeds. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceas]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Convolvulus.) C. pubefscens, received from China as a double flower, has become single with Mr. Beaton. — Cot- tage Gardener, iv. 302. Hardy deciduous plants, except where otherwise mentioned. Both the creeping and twining species may be propagated by divisions of the plant and root*. Common soil. C. Catesbia'na (Mr. Catesby's). Rose. July. Carolina. 1816. Twiner. — Daltufrica (Dahurian). £. Pink. July. Da- huria, 1823. Twiner. — hederafcea, (ivy-like). Rose. June. Nepaul. 1826. Half-hardy twiner. — margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July. N. Holland. 1824. Twiner. — puoe scent (downy j. 15. Pale rose. June. China. 18«. Twiner. — renifo'rm is (kidney-shaped). Pink. June. N. 5. Wales. 1S22. Half-hardv. — se'pium (flreat-hed^e. Common Bindweed). 6. White. July. Britain. incarna'ta (red-flowered). 6. Bed. July. N. Amer. — soldaneila (soldanella-feaBecJ. Sea Bind- weed). Flame. June. Britain. Ever- green trailer. — spithamma (span). 1. White. July. N. Amer. 1796. Twiner. — sylve'stris (wood). 18. White. July. Hun- gary. 1815. Twiner. — tomento sa (woolly). June. If . Amer. 1318. Trailer. Ca'lyteix. (From calyx, a calyx, and thrix, hair ; in reference to the divisions of the calyx ending in long, bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamselaucia- ceaj]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) The calyx, in this smaU ord;r, ends in awn-lika hairs, or bristles, or is broken up into fringes : hence the name of Fringe-myrtles. They are beautiful little bushes, often not unlike Heaths, with the fragrance of Myrtleblooms. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of points of shoots, in April or Mar, in sand, under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 50° to 70° j winter, 35° to 45°. C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yeilow. May. Swan River. 1S42. — au'rea (golden-flowered). Bright yellow. Swan River. — brevise'ta (short-bristled). Pale lilac. May. Swan River. 1S43. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. N. Hol- land. 1824. — floribu'nda (many-flowered). 4. White. N. Holland. 1820. — gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. Mav. N. Hol- land. ISIS. — glutino'sa (clammy). Yellow. Purple. May. Swan River. — pube'scens (downy). 4. White. X.Holland. 1824. — sapphiri'na (sapphire -coloured). 2. Blue. May. Swan River. 1843. — sca'bra (rough-feaeed and bracted). 4. White. June. South Australia. 1824. — varia'bilis (changeable). Lilac. May. Swan River. 1842. — virga'ta [tnizgy-branched). 2. White. May, Australia. 1823. Camaei' diuji. (From camara, an arched roof; in reference to the arched tip of the stigma. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- cese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Maxillaria.) Stove orchid ; division ; shallow basket, or raised above the surface of the pots, with sphag- num, moss, and broken pots. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 65°. 1. White. 823. Camabo'tis. (From camara, an arched roof; in reference to the form of the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- daceas]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-JIonan- dria. Allied to Sarcanthus.) Stove orchids; divisions; block of wood, or shallow pot, with plant raised above it, and the lower part fastened with moss, peat, &c. Summer temp., 66° to 90°, with moisture ; winter, 5 5°to 65°. C. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). White. May. Brazil. — obtu'sa (blunt-fcaoed). Rose. April. India, 1814. — purpurea (purple-flowered). J. Purple. Mav. E. Ind. 183". Casia'ssia. (From Quamash, so called by the North American Indians, who eat the bulbs. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili- aceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mcnogynia. Allied to Scilla, or Squill.) A beautiful hardy bulb; offsets and seeds, which may be sown when ripe ; sandy peat, in a shady situation. C. eieule'nta (eatable). 2. Purple. July. Co- lorabla. 1337. C. ochroleu'cum (vellowish-white). Brazil. Julv. Trinidad. CAM C 1G3 ] CAM Came'iaia. (Named after Camellus, a Moravian Jesuit. Nat. ord., Theads, or Teaworts [Ternstrorniaceae]. linn., 1C Monadelphia 8-PoIyandria.) A good table-oil is extracted from yie seeds of C. olei'fera. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. In- arching and grafting, the latter mode entailing least trouble, using a slight, sweet hotbed, and shading from bright sun until the scions have taken : March and April is the best time. Cut- tings of ripened shoots; every_ joint, if necessary, will form one, inserted firmly in the sand j set in a close, shady situation, and, after a time, placed in mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little cow-dung, dried, and charcoal. Summer temp., S0° to "0°, with shade; winter 35° to 45°. By bringing forward in a vinery they may be induced to flower at almost all seasons. C. euryoi'des (eurva-like). 4. White. May. China. 1824. — Japo'nica {common Japan). 10. Ked. May. China. 1739- a'lba semidu'plex (white semi-double). 10. White. March. China. 1822. Albe'rti (Prince Albert's). Red. White. May. China. 183^. cla'ta (tall). Bright crimson. May. imbrica'ta (imbricated). 10. Crimson. March. China. 1824. — — -panniceflo'ra a'lba (peony-flowered- white). 10. White. February, China. 1820. Pa'rksii (Park's). 10. Bright rose. Febru- ary. China. Heei'esia'na (Reeves's). 10. Crimson. September. China. 1829. — — ro'sea {to&e-Yikz-flowered). 10. Rose. February. China. 1821. Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 10. White. Fe- bruary. China. 1824. specio'sa (Rawe's showy). 10. Deep red. March. China, 1824. — Ki'sh (Kissi;. 10. White. May. China. 1823. — muliflo'ra (apple-flowered). 8. Pink. China. 1818. — olei'fera (oil-yielding). 10. White. May. China. 1819- -- reticu'.a'ta (netted). 6. Red. April. China. 1824. — Sasa'nqua {Lady Bank's-Stsm). 4. White. February. China. 1811. ple'na-a'lba (double- white). 4. White. February. China. 1824. — ple'na-ru'bra (double-red). Red. Fe- bruary. China. 1818. ee'mi-ple'na (semi- double). 4. Red. February. China. 1811. Camellia Culture. — Propagation. — By Cuttings. The double varieties do not grow nor flower so well on their own roots. Cultivators, therefore, propagate hy cuttings the original single-flowered species, and when these become plants strong enough for the purpose, inarch or graft upon them the fine double varieties. The best time to put in these cuttings is when the new wood has become nearly ripe, which generally happens about the end of June. Prepare, first, the pots, six inches wide, for the cuttings, by covering the hole at the bottom with an oyster- shell, or a large piece of broken potsherd; place about an inch of smaller pieces upon it, and another inch of pieces nc larger than peas upon them; cover these with a thin layer of moss, and then fill the pots to the top with sandy loam, sifted pretty fine ; press this firmly down, and fill the pot again quite up to the brim, making it very firm. Then take the cuttings of the single-flowering spe- cies ; make them about four or five inches long ; cut the bottom off smoothly and level just under a bud; then cut off two of the lowest leaves, leaving as many on the cutting. Make as many ready as will fill the first pot. As soon as they are ready, insert them into the soil thicklj all over the pot; place them in a cold frame, or spent hotbed, and in two or three months they will nearly every one be rooted. Then pot them off singly in 3 -inch pots, in peat and sandy loam, and replace them in the frame, where they may remain till winter approaches ; then to be removed into the greenhouse, and have the usual treatment of the older plants. Let them have a little extra heat during the growing season; and most of them will be ready for grafting or inarching the following season. By Grafting. — The time from Septem- ber to February. The method called tongue -grafting is the best for Camellias. (See Grafting.) As soon as grafted, place them under hand-glasses, upon a surface of coal- ashes, in a deep pit or shady part of the greenhouse, to remain till the grafts have united to the stocks, and begin to grow; the hand-glasses may then be removed, and the plants gradually inured to the open air, and finally placed in the greenhouse, and receive the same culture as the other plants. By Inarching. — The time for this mode of increasing the double varieties is just before the growing season, in April. Place the stocks in a warm place, to start the sap, and, as soon as it is in motion, bring them into a position near to the variety intended to work upon. (See Inarching.) It is a more certain mode of increase than by grafting, and also more expedi- tious ; but the plants are generally longer- stemmed, and do not make so neat a joint as by the former mode. Soil. — A moderate, strong, turfy loam and sandy peat, in equal parts, will grow these plants well. Some growers ueo CAM [ lfi* CAM pettt alone; but it is too light, and the plants do not live long in it. Summer Culture. — The bloom will be over before summer commences. It will then be necessary to give the Camellia a little artificial heat, to encourage a free growth. A moist atmosphere, also, must be produced, by syringing the plants, walks, and walls every morning and evening, and keeping the floor deluged with water. Shade from bright sunshine, end give air, to reduce the temperature to r>5° by day, and 55° by night. Continue this liberal treatment till the buds and the new leaves are fully formed; then give more air, and about the middle of July pot them, using plenty of drainage ; And set them out of doors, behind a north wall, where the sun cannot reach them after 10 o'clock. There they may re- main till the autumn. Winter Culture. — As soon as there is the least fear of frost prepare for housing the plants for the winter. Cleanse and repair the house, wash the pots, and top- dress the soil before arranging them in the house. Give abundance of air, both night and day, when there is no frost ; and when there is frost, only just use fire enough to keep it out. This treat- ment is proper till the blooming-season is over. Water must be judiciously ap- plied; too much or too little will cause the buds to drop off prematurely. Insects. — The white scale is the most troublesome insect. Strong soap-water will destroy it. The black fly, also, some- times makes its appearance, and is very injurious to the flower-buds. That and the green fly may be destroyed in the usual way by smoking with tobacco. The black fly requires a stronger dose. Diseases. — Sometimesyoung plants will die suddenly, and if the roots are ex- amined, a brownness will be observed at the ends. This arises from stagnant water, caused by imperfect drainage. To prevent it, pay particular attention to that point. Camomile, or Chamomile. A'nthemis no'bilis. Varieties.— There are two kinds, the common single species and the double- flowering. Soil and Situation. — They require a poor, dry soil, otherwise they are less powerful in their medicinal qualities. They will grow in almost any situation, but the more open the better. Time and mode of Propagation. — Gene- rally by parting the roots, and by offsets, planted from the close of February unti* the end of May; the earlier, however, the better, though they be planted in the autumn. Seed-sowing may be in any of the early spring months ; but, as part- ing the roots gives much less trouble, it is generally pursued. Still, after a laps© of several years, raise fresh plants, the old ones often then declining. Cultivation. — They should not be plant- ed nearer to each other than eighteen inches. Water must be given mode- rately at the time of planting, if dry weather. If raised from seed, the seed- lings require no further cultivation than to be kept free from weeds in the seed- bed, and when three or four inches high to be thinned to about six inches apart, and may remain thus until the following spring, then to be thinned and remain, or to be removed to the above- mentioned distance apart. A very small bed will supply the largest family. Gathering. — In July the flowers are generally in perfection for gathering. The period for performing it, however, must be governed by the flowers them- selves, as the best time is when they are just opened. Particular care must be taken to dry them thoroughly before they are stored, otherwise they will become mouldy. If seed be required, the only attention necessary is to leave some of the first-opening flowers ungathered : the seed will ripen early in September, when it may be dried and rubbed out. Campa'nula. Bell-Flower. (The di- minutive of campana, a bell ; literally, a little bell. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Cam- panulaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) The annuals are chiefly pretty, low-growing plants, the seed of which may be sown in the common border, at the end of March. The bi- ennials may be sown in April or May ; many of them will bloom the same year. By cuttings, a perennial habit will be given to many of them. Perennials, chiefly by division of the plant and roots. Those from the West Indies, New Hol- land, and the South of Europe, require the pr*» tection of a greenhouse, or cold pit, in winter. Even the well-known, beautiful window-plant, C. pyrumidu'lis, makes a poor show in the open air in most places. Common soil for moat of them ; a little peat and dung for those in pots. HAKDT ANNUALS. C. Broussonetia'na (Broussonet's). 1. Bloc, July. Mogadore. 1825. — dicho'toma ({orked-branched) 1 . Elus. July. Sicily. 1820. — drabafo'lia (draba-leaved). 1. Pale faluek June. Athens. 1823. ca:~ earym&o'sa (corymbose). 2. Crete. 1820. — dive'rgens (spreading). 2. Hungary. 1814. — Garga'nicu (Garganiau) Mount St. Ang. 183 — lanugino'sa (woolly-leaved) — macrosfa'cfiya (large-spiked). 2. Blue. June. Hungary. 1814. •~me'dium (middle-sized). 4. Blue. July. Germany. 159/. — flo're-a'lbo-ple'no (double-white-f.ow- ered). 3. White. July. Germany. a'lbum (white-flowered). 3. White. July. flo're-purpu'rea-ple'na (double-purple- flowered). 3. Purple. July. Germany. — purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July. Ger- many. — negle'cta (neglected). 2. Blue. June. 1S18. — obli'qua (twisted). 3. Blue. June. 1813. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. June. Iberia. 1819. — peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1 . Blue. July. Siberia. 1783. — spatula'ta (spatulate-teaued). 1. Blue. July. Greece. 1817. ~-tpica,'ta (spiked). 1. Blue,: July. Switzer- land. 1786. — stri'ctu (upright). 2. Blue. June. Svna. 1S19- — thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-flowered). 2. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1785. ■~violcefo>lia (violet-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1817. HARDY PERENNIALS. C. ammina'ta (long-pointed). 3. Blue. Au- gust. N. Amer. !S25. — itggrega'ta (crowded-flowered). 2. Blue. Au- gust. Bavaria. 1817- «- tUSiarieefo'lia (alliaria-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1803. 1. Pale blue. July. 30. Trailer. Blue. May. C. Allio'nii (Allioni's). 1. Blue. July. South of France. 1820. — alpi'na (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1779- — Alpi'ni (Alpinus's). 1. Blue. June. Italy. 1800. — angustifo 1 lia (narrow-leaved). Blue. July. France. 1818. — azu'rea (blue). 2. Light blue. June. Swit- zerland. 1778. — barba'ta (bearded). 2. Light blue. June. Italy. 1752. cya'nea (dark blue). 1. Blue. July. 1835. — Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. Blue. September. — J3e«a'nZt'(Bellard's). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1813. — Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 1 . Blue. June. Caucasus. 1820. — Bononie'nsis (Bononian). 2. Blue. August. Italy. 1773. — Carnlinia'na (Carolina). Blue. August. — ccespito'sa (tufted). 1. Blue. July. Aus- tria. 1819. — calyci'na (large-calyxei). 1 . Blue. July. Tauria. 1820. — Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Blue. July. Carpathian Alps. 177*- — — — a'lba (white-flowered). J. White. June. Gardens. — Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1804. — Ceni'sid (Mount Cenis). 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1775. — cephala'ntha (head-flowered). 1. Blue. Au« gust. Russia. 1817. — cephalo'tes (round-headed.) 1. Blue. June. 1818. — cervicaroi'des (cervicaria-like). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1822. — cichora'cea (chicory-like). 2. Blue. June„ Greece. 1768. — colli'na (hill). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1803. — colora'ta (deep-coloured). 2. Purple. Sep- tember. Sikkim Himalaya. 1849. — conge'sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. France. 1823. — crena'ta (round-tooth-tezoerf). 2. Blue. July. Russia. 1820. — Elati'ne (Elatine). 1. Pale blue. July. South of Europe. 1823. Trailer. — e'legans (elegant). 1. Pale blue. July. Siberia. 1811. — elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Hun- gary. 1826. — erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 2. Purple. June, Caucasus. 1823. — exci'sa (cut-off). 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1820. — folio'sa (leafy). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1820. — glomera'ta (clustered). 2. Violet. May. Britain. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. May. Britain. — ——ple'na-a'lba (doukle-whitc-flowered). I. White. May. Britain. flo'ra-ple'na-purpu'rea (double - purpl«- flowered). 2. Pale purple. June. Gardens. —fra'gilis (fragile). Blue. August. Alps. 1826. Half-hardy. hirsu'ta (hmry-hei-baged). 1. Blue. Au- gust. Italy. 1833. — graminifo'ha (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Hungary. 1817. — gra'ndis (large). 3. Purple. Augunt. Na- tolia. 1842. Ha'.f-hardy. — gumrni'fera (gum-bearing). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1817. — hedera'ceu (iw-leaved). 1 . Blue. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1817. CAK [ 108] CA.V- C. heterodo'xa (heterodox). I. Blue. June. Hun- gary. 1824. — infundi'bulum (funnel-cowered). 2. Purple. July. Siberia. 1825. — infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 1822. — faeint'a'ra (jagged-'eaced). S. Blue. June. Greece. 1/88. — lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered), fl. Whitish-blue. August. Siberia. 1816. ~Umiifo'lia (lamium-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. June. Iberia. 1823. — lanceola'ta (spear-/eaoed). 1. Blue. July. France. 1810. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. White. July. Britain. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3. White. July. — liliifo'lia (lily-leaved). 3. Blue. May. Siberia. — lingula'ta (tongue-fenced). 1. Violet. July. Hungary. 1804. — linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Swit- zerland. 1819. — longifoHia (long-leaved). 4. Blue. July. Pyrenees. 1820. — lyra'ta (lyre-shaped). S. Violet. July. South of Europe. 1823. — macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3. Purple. Au- gust. Russia. 1822. polya'ntka (many-flowered). 5. Blue. May. Russia. 1830. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Hungary. 1820. — mtcra'AXwali). 1. Blue. September. South of Europe. 1835. Half-hardy. — Nictte'nsis (Nice). 1. Purple. June. "Piedmont. 1820. — ni'tida (shining). 1. White. July. S. Amer. 1731. flo're - a'lbo - ple'nn (double - white - flow- ered). J. White. July. — cctru'lea (blue-flowered). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1731. — — flo're-cceru'leo-ple'no (double-blue-flow- ered). |. Blue. July. — no'bilis (noble). 4. Pale purple. July. China. 1844. — Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1829. — obliquifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 3. Elue. July Italy. 1823. — pa'tula (spreading). 1. Violet. July. Britain. — persicifu'lia (peach-leaved). 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1590. a'lba (white-lowered). 3. White. July. Europe. 1596. — a'lba-ple'na (double-white^. 3. White. July. Europe. 1596. ■ ple'na (dou'ole-6Jue). 3. Bine. July. Eu- rope. 15g6. gra'ndis {large-flowered). 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1596. ma'xiina (largest-peach-leaved). 3, Blue. July. Europe. 1596. — planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). 2. blue. August. Siberia. 1817. — pubefscens (downy). 1. Blue. July. Bohemia. — pu'lla (russet). 1. Blue. June. Austria. 1779. — ptimxla (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. Switzerland. — ptm'lla (diminutive). 1. Blue. June. Switzer- land. 1821. — pyr+mida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. JuW. Car- niola. 1594. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 4. Whita. July. Europe. C. quadri'fida (four-cleft). 1. Blue. June. K. Holland. 1820. — Raine'ra (Rainer's). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826. — rapu'nculus (rampion). 3. Blue. July. Britain. — rapunculoi des (rampion-like). 3. Blue. June. England. — rhomboi'dea (diamond-Zeawed). 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1775. ru'bra {red-flowered). I. KeJdish-lilac. July. Switzerland. — rige'scens (stiff). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1S20. — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 3. Blue. June. Britain. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. June. Britain. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). \. Blua July. Gardens. — Ruthe'niea (Russian). 2. Blue. June. Cau- casus. 1815. — Sarma'tica (Sarmatian). 2. Blue. June. Si- beria. 1803. — saxn'tilis (rock). 1. Blue. May. Candia. 1763. — Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). 1. Blue. July. Europe. 1813. — si'mplex (single-sfe»ime(f). 3. Blue. July. South of France. 1S19. — tpecio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. May. Siberia. 1825. — sprefta (despised). 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 1320. — Teno'rii (Tenor's). Blue. June. Naples. — tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Violet. July. Hun- gary. 1817- — tomento'sa (woolly). 1. White. June. Levant. 1810. — trache'lium (throatwort). 4. Blue. June. Britain. a'lba (y.hite-floirered). 3. White. July. Britain. a'lba-ple'na (double-white-Cowered). 3. White July. Britain. ple'na (doub)e-blue-flowered). 3. Blue, July. Britain. — trac/ieloi'des (throatwort-like). 3. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1817. flo're-purpu'rea - ple'na (double - purple- flowered). 3. Purple. July. — trichocalyci'na (hairy-calyxed). 4. Blue. July. Italy. 1823. — urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. August. Germany. 1800. flo're-pl&na (double-flowered). White.. July. Germany. — Vande'si (De Vande's). 1. Cream. June. — veluti'aa (velvety). 1. Blue. May. South of Europe. 1826. — Vidn'li (Vidal's). l£. White. August. Azores, — virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Blue. June. N. Amer, — versicolor (various-coloured). 4. Strij«d. July. Siberia. 1788. — Waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). 1. Blue. June. Hungary. 1S24. — Z(/ysii(Zoy's). 1. Dark blue. Jane. Cas- niola. 1813. GREENHOUSE. C. mfrea (golden-cowered). 3. Yellow. August. Madeira. Evergreen shrub. 1777- angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. Madeira. 1777- latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. Madeira. 1777- — Cape'mis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1803. Annual. CAM 1G7 ] CAN C. ce'mua (nodding-flowered). 1. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1804. Biennial. — dehi'scens (gaping). I. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1818. Annual. -» gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. June. N. S. Wales. 1/94. Biennial. ~* titora'lw (shore). 1. Blue. April. N. Holland. 1820. Biennial. — aao'/tfs (soft). I. Purple. June. Sicily. 1788. Herbaceous perennial. — Qttonia'nu. (Otto's). 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. Evergreen shrub. Campe'lia. (From kampe, bending, and helios, the sun; in reference to the flow- ers bending round to the sun. Nat. ord., Spiderworti [Commelynaceffi]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Alonogynia. Allied to Tra- descantia.) Stove herbaceous perennial; seeds in spring; rich loam; common stove treatment. C, xano'nia (zanonia- Zeaued). 2. Blue. July. W. Ind. 1759. Ca'mphoea. Camphor-tree. (From cam- phor, commercial name of its chief pro- duct. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese]. Linn., 9-Enneandria 1-MonOgynia. Allied to Cinnamomum.) Although camphor is secreted by many plants in this order, and more particularly by some spe- cies of cinnamon, the true camphor of commerce is obtaineG from Ca'mphor officinalis, and is a product of the oil procured from the wood, branches, and leaves, by means of dry distillation Camphor is chiefly manufactured in the Island of Formosa, and from thence sent to Canton for ex- portation. The hard camphor of Sumatra and the camphor-oil of Borneo are the natural secretions of Dryoba'laopsca'mphora. Stove evergreen tree ; cuttings ; peat and loam ; cool stove. C officinalis (officinal. Camphor-tree). 20. Greenish-white. March. Japan. 1727. Campo3IAXe'sia. (Named after Campo- manes, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceffi]. Linn., 12- Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Psi- dium.) Its yellow, sweet-scented fruit, called palillo, is eaten by the natives. Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of rather ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°. C. lineati/rj'lia (lined-leaved). White. April. Peru. 1824. Campte'eia. 4 Stove Ferns. Allied to Pteris and Blechnum [Polypodiaceffi]. Linu., 23-Cryptogamia 1-F'dices.) Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., &)° to 75°; winter, 45° to 55°. (7. bteuri'ta (two-eared). Pale yellow and brown. W. Ind. 1824. — netnora'lis (grove.) 14. Erown. Isls of Boar- bon. 1823. Campyla'mthus. (From campylos, a turve, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophuleriaceso]. Lira., 3- Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ge» rardia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sand, of half-ripened shoots, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 65° to 70°"; winter, 40° to 50°. C. salsoloi'des (salsola-like). 1. Purple. Marsh. Teneriffe. 1825. Campy'eia. (A section of the Pelar- goniums.) Canada PilCE. Tiza'nia aqua'lica. Canaei'na. (So named from being a native of the Canary Islands. Nat. ord., Bcllworts [Campanulaceae]. Linn., 6- Hcxandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Light- footia.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials; cuttings of small side-shoots in sandy loam, under a hand- light, but rather difficult to manage ; division of the roots in spring, just as they begin to grow; and at that time, for a month or two, they like the assistance of a hotbed ; at other times the common treatment of the greenhouse will suit them ; fibry loam, turfy peat, and a good portion of sand ; pots, well drained. C. campanula (campanula). 3. Orange. Janu- ary. 1696. — Ueviga'ta (smooth). 3. Orange. January. 1825. Canary Geass. Pha'laris. Canava'lia. (From Canavali, its na- tive name in Malabar. Nat. ord., Legu- minous Plants [Fabaceai]. Linn., 16- Monadelphia 6-Lecandria. Allied to Dio- clea.) Stove perennial twiners, except where otherwise specified ; seeds and cuttings in sandy soil, and in heat, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayrean). 10. Purple. July. Buenos Ayres. — gladia'ta (sword-podded). 6. White, red. June. E. Ind. 1790. — ootusi/o'iia (twisted-leaved). 6. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1820. emargina'ta (end-notched-feoced). 6. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1800. — ro'sea (rose-coloured). 3. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1812. Evergreen creeper. — rti'tilans (shining). Scarlet. 184/. Green- house evergreen twiner. Candlebeery Myrtle. My'rica. Cando'llea. (Named after the great botanist, Decandolle. Nat. ord., Dille- niads [Dilleniaceee]. Linn., 18-Polyadel- phia 2-Polyandria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia ; cuttings in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°. C. Bruno'nis (Brown's). C. Yellow. May. 1837. — cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). 7. Yellow. July. 1824. — nuge'lii (Hugel's). 6. Yellow. May. 1S37- — Utra'nda (four-stamened). 7- Yellow. June* 1S12. CAN [ 168 ] CAN Cakdy Carrot. Atliama'nta Malthi'ola. Candy-tuft. Ibe'ris. Caxel'la. (From canna, a reed ; the form of the inner bark when peeled off. Nat. ord., Canellads [Canellaceae]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.) This is the wild cinnamon of the West Indies, so called on account of its aromatic fraarance. Canella.or white wood bark, yields, by distillation, a warm, aromatic oil, which is often mixed with the oil of cloves in the West Indies. Stove ever- green trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C. a'lba (white-wood-bark). <9. White. W. Ind. 1/35. — iaurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 30. White. S. Amer. 1820. Canker. This disease is accompanied by different symptoms, according to the species of the tree which it infects. In some of those whose true sap contains a considerable quantity of free acid, as in xhe genus Pyrus, it is rarely accompanied by any discharge. To this dry form of the disease it would be well to confine the term canker. In other trees, with sap abounding in astringent or gummy constituents, it is usually attended by a discharge. In such instances it might strictly be designated ulcer. This dis- ease has a considerable resemblance to the tendency to ossification, which ap- pears in most aged animals, arising from their marked tendency to secrete the calcareous saline compounds that chiefly constitute their skeletons. The conse quence is, an enlargement of the joints and ossification of the circulatory vessels and other parts — phenomena very analo- gous to those attending the cankering of trees. As in animals, this tendency is general throughout their system ; but, as is observed by Mr. Knight, " like the mortification in the limbs of elderly people," it may be determined, as to its point of attack, by the irritability of that part of the system. This disease commences with an en- largement of the vessels of the bark of a branch or of the stem. This swelling invariably attends the disease when it attacks the apple-tree. In the pear the enlargement is less, yet is always pre- sent. In the elm and the oak sometimes no swelling occurs ; and in the peach we do not recollect to have seen any. The swelling is soon communicated to the wood, which, if laid open to view on its first appearance by the removal of the bark, exhibits no marks of disease be- yond the mere unnatural enlargement. In the course of a few years, less in number in proportion to the advanced age of the tree, and the unfavourable circumstances under which it is vegeta- ting, the swelling is greatly increased in size, and the alburnum has become ex- tensively dead; the hark above it cracks, rises in discoloured scales, and decays even more rapidly than the wood beneath. If the canker is upon a moderately-sized branch, the decay soon completely en- circles it, extending through the whole al- burnum and bark. The circulation of the sap being thus entirely prevented, all the parts above the disease perish. Trees injudiciously pruned, or growing upon an ungenial soil, are more fre- quently attacked than those which are advancing under contrary circumstances. The oldest trees are always the first attacked of those similarly cultivated. The golden pippin, the oldest existing variety of the apple, is more frequently and more seriously attacked than any other. The soil has a very considerable influence in inducing the disease. If the sub-soil he an irony gravel, or if it is not well-drained, the canker is almost cer- tain to make its appearance amongst the trees they sustain, however young and vigorous they were when first planted. Bruises and wounds of all kinds usually are followed by cancer in the wounded part, if the tree is tending to this disease. All these facts before us unite in as- suring us that the canker arises from the tree's weakness, from a deficiency in its vital energy, and consequent inability to imbibe and elaborate the nourishment necessary to sustain its frame in vigour, and much less to supply the healthy de- velopment of new parts. It is quite true that over-luxuriant trees are particularly liable to this dis- ease ; but over-luxuriance is really a demonstration that thf tree does cot digest and secrete its juices healthily. If over-luxuriance threaten to intro- duce canker, the best remedy is to re- move some of the main roots of the tree, and to be particularly careful not to add any manure to the soil within their range. On the contrary, it will be well if the continued exuberant growth shows the necessity for the staple of the soil to be reduced in fertility by the admix- CAN [ 169] CAN tars of one less fertile, or even of drift- sand. If there be an excess of branches, the saw and the pruning-knife must be gradually applied. It must be only a tree of very weak vital powers, such as is the golden pippin, that will bear the general cutting of the annual shoots. A vigorous variety would exhaust itself the following year in the production of fresh wood. Nothing beyond a general rule for the pruning can be laid down. Keep a considerable vacancy between every branch, both above and beneath it, and especially provide that not even two twigs shall chafe against each other. The greater the intensity of light, and the freer the circulation of air amongst the foliage of the tree, the better the chance for its healthy vegetation. If the disease being in a fruit-tree be a consequence of old age, it is probably premature, and in- duced by injudicious management ; for very few of our varieties are of an age that insure to them decrepitude. We have never yet known a tree, unless in the last stage of decay, that could not be greatly restored by giving it more air and light, by careful heading in pruning, improvement of the soil, and cleansing the bark. If the soil, by its ungenial character, induces the diseases, the obvious and only remedy is its amelioration ; and, if the sub-soil is the cause of the mischief, the roots must be prevented striking into it. In all cases it is the best prac- tice to remove the tap-root. If the trees are planted shallow, as they ought to be, and the surface kept duly fertile, there is not much danger of the roots striking into the worst pasturage of the sub-soil. Scrubbing the bark of the stem and branches with a mixture of soapsuds and urine, and, where any pruning has taken place, keeping the wounds covered with a mixture of clay and cow-dung, are the best local applications. We once thought resinous plasters the best; but subsequent experiments have altered our opinion. The canker in the auricula is a rapidly- spreading ulcer, which, destroying the whole texture of the plant where it oc- curs, prevents the rise of the sap. Some gardeners believe it to be infectious, and therefore destroy the specimen in which it occurs, unless it be very valuable ; but this we believe to be erroneous, the reason of the disease appearing to be infectious, or epidemic, being, that it occurs to many when they are subjected to the injurious treatment. It appears to be caused by the appli- cation of too much water, especially if combined with super-abundant nourish- ment. Therefore, although cutting out the decaying part, when it first appears, and applying to the wound some finely- powdered charcoal, will effect a cure, if the disease has not penetrated too deeply, yet it will be liable to return immediately, if a less forcing mode of culture be not adopted. No auricula will suffer from this disease if it be shifted annually, and the tap-root at the time of moving be shortened, a thorough system of draining being adopted, and excessive damp during the winter being prevented by proper shelter. Parsley, grown in a poor soil, is also liable to canker in the winter. Mr. Barnes says he never found any application which eradicated this disease so effectually as a mixture, in equal parts, of soot and slacked lime thrown over the plants. The cure is complete in a few days, the vigour of the plants restored, indicating that this species of ulceration arises from deficient nourishment. The tubers of the potato, also, are liable to the speck, black spot, or canker, a disease which we once thought occa- sioned by the calcareous earth, lime, or chalk contained by the soil; but, on more lengthened observation, we find it in all soils, and in seasons characterized by opposite extremes of wetness and dryness. Hence we are induced to consider that the disease arises from some defect in the sets employed, or to potatoes being grown too often on the same site. It is quite certain, that in ground tired of pota- toes, the disease most extensively appears. This suggests that it is occasioned by a deficiency of some constituent in the soil, a suggestion confirmed by the fact, that in the fields of the market-gardeners near London, which are supplied without stint with the most fertilizing manure, this disease of the potato is comparatively unknown. The stems of succulent plants, such as the cacti, mesembryanthemums, and the balsam, as well as the fruit of the cucumber and melon, and the stalk of the grape, are all liable to canker in some form. Ca'nna. Indian Shot. (The Celtic name for a cane, or reed. Nat. oid.. CAN [ 170] CAP Maranths [Marantaceae]. Linn., 2-Dian- dria 1-Monogynia.) Stove herbaceous perennial*. Divisions of the root; seed sown in hotbed; rich, open, loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C.Achi'ras (Achiras). 5. Dark red. August. Isle of Mendoza. 182g. — angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 2. Scarlet. April. S. Amer. 1824. — auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. December. Brazil. 1824. — ca'rnea v flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. December. Brazil. 1822. — cocci' nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. December. S. Amer. 1731. — compa'cta (compact). 2. Bed. April. E. Ind. 1820. — cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 2. Bed. May. 1823. — denuda'tu (naked). 2. Scarlet. June. Brazil. 1818. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Bed. May. Brazil. 1818. — di'teolor (two-coloured-7«acerf). 10. Scarlet. November. Trinidad. 1827. — edu'lis (eatable). 3. Bed. September. Peru. 1820. — etcuWnta (esculent). 4. Red. December S. Amer. 1822. — etce'lsa (lofty). 16. Scarlet. January. Brazil. 1820. — flafecida (weak). 5. Bed. July. South Carolina. 1788. — giga'ntea (gigantic). 5. Bed, yellow. De- cember. South Europe. 1809. — glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. January. S. Amer. 1730. ru'bro lu'tea (yellow and red). 4J. Yel- lowish-red. August. Jamaica. 1831. ru'fa (reddish-brown). 3. Brown. July. S, Amer. — Fndlca (Indian). 2. Scarlet. December. India. 15/0. — vtacula'ta (spotted). 2. Reddish-yellow. De- cember. India. — iridifto'ra (iris-flowered). 6. Bed. December. Peru. 1816. — ;Vncea (rush-like). 1. Bed. May. Indies. 1820. — Lagune'nsis (Laguna). 5. Yellow. Septem- ber. Laguna. 1628. — Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. Scarlet. May. Trinidad. 1819. — lenceoia'ta (spear-teafed). 3. Bed. Decem- ber. Brazil. 1825. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. Decern. ber. Brazil. 1820. — VszMtn (bordered). 3. Bed. December. Brazil. 1818. — StffsB (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. E. Ind. 1829. — «^-flower-stalke. 6. Orange. October. 1820. — polr/mo'rpha (many-formed;. 3. Bed. De- cember. S.Amer. 1825. — Ree'vesii (Eeeve's). 5. Yellow. May. Chinv 1835. — ru'bra (red). 3. Red. December. W. lad. 1S20. — rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 3. Red. May. 1821 4. Red. December. &. Red. August. S.Amer. Scarlet. December. S. 3. Red. December. S^. Scarlet. — langui'Tiea (bloody). Amer. 1820. — specio'sa (showy). 3. 1820. — Mglve'stris (wild). 5. Amer. 1820. — taria'bilis (variable). India. 1822. — Warszewi'czii (Warszewicz's), Costa Rica. 1843. Cannon-ball Tree. Le'cythis. Camtebbcey Bells. Campditula me'- dium. Ca'kthtom. (From Cantix, its Mala- bar name. Nat. ord., Cinclwnads [Cin- chonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Psychotria.) Besides its beauty, it is one of those remedial agents for which Cinchonads are so much cele- brated. A sto^e evergreen shrub. Cuttings cf half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a gla*s ; rich, fibry. sandy loam. Summer temp., 6o D to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°. C. dtSbium (doubtful). 3. White. July. E. Ind. 1824. Ca'htua. ( Cantu is the Peruvian name. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoniacecej. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Jlonogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under glass ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp-, 40° to 45°. C. bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Reddish-yellow. May. Peru. 1845. — buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Rosy. April. Peruvian Andes. 1849. — PS/rifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. Cream. March. Peru. 1846. Cape Jasmine. Garde' niajio'rida. Cape Philly'rea. Cassi'ne Cape'nsis. Ca'ppabis. Caper-tree. (From kabar, the Arabic name for capers. Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidaceffi]. Linn., 13- Polyandria 1-Monogynia.) The flower-bads of C. spino'sa form a well-known pickle. Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise specified. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in moist heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. All require protection, and most of them the usual treatment of the plant-stove. C. acumina'ta (long-pointed- leaved). 8. White. E. Ind. 1822. — JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). 3. White. Egypt. 1822. — amygdali'na (almond-like). C. WhAtc. W. Ind. 1818. — aphy'llu (leafless). 4. Whits. F.. Ind, 1822. — auricula' ta (eared). 0. White. CAP [ 171 1 CAP C. Bra'stii (Brass's;. 4. White. Oold Coast. 1793. — Bre'ynia (Breynius's). 11. White. W. Ind. 1752. — Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. White. July. S. Amer. I827. — cynophallo'phora (dog-phallus-bearing. Bay- leaved). 8. Green, white. W. Ind. 1/52. — Eustachia'na (St. Eustach's). 6. Striped. St. Eustach. 1822. — ferrugi'nr.a (rusty). 4, White. Jamaica. — frondo'sa (leafy). 7. Green. Carthagena. 1806. — herba'cea (herbaceous). 2. White. Tauria, 1818. Herbaceous half-hardy. — Jamuice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica. 1793. — Hnca'ris (narrcw-feaued). 15. White. W. Ind. 1793. — Maria'na (Marianne Island). 4. White. Ti- mor. 1820. — odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White. Caraccas. 1814. — ova'ta (egg-shape-teawed). 3. White. July. South of Europe. Half-hardy deciduous. — pelta'ta (shield- leaved). 6. White. Trinidad. 1827. — pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. White. Carthagena. 1700. — sali'gna (vi'illow -leaved). 8. White. Santa Cruz. 1807. — sepia'ria (hedge). 4. White. E. Ind. 1823. — spino'sa (common-sy'my). 3. White. June. South of Europe. 1596. Half-hardy deciduous. — tenuisi'liqua (slender-podded). 6. White. Caraccas. 1823. — torulo'sa (twisted-podded). 6. White. W. Ind. 1822. . — triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. S. Amer. — undula'ta (waved). 6. White. — verruca' sa (warty-podded). 8. White. Car- thagena. 1820. — Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 6. White. Ceylon. 1819. Caprifo'lium. Honeysuckle. (From caper, a goat, and folium, a leaf; poeti- cally, goat-leaf, for its climbing habit. Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Caprifoliaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Lonicera.) All deciduous and twiners, except where other- wise specified. Cuttings of ripened shoots taken off in autumn, and inserted in a shady border; tender and scarcer kinds should have the assist- ance of a hand-light, as the wood is generally pithy. The most successful mode of propagating out of doors is by layers in autumn, after the leaves have commenced falling. Common soil. HARDY. €. dioi'cum (dicecious). 6. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1776. — Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 20. Orange. July. N. Amer. 1824. Climber. — Etru'scum (Etruscan). 15. Orange. May. Italy. —fla'vum (yellow). 10. Yellow. Mav. Carolina. 1810. ■ -gru'tum (pleasant). 20. Red. July. N. Amer. 1730. Evergreen. — hirsu'tum (hairy-tez?;ed). 20. Yellow. May. Canada. 1822. — hiipi'dulum (rather bristly). Rose. July, S. Amer. 1833. — ISa'licum (Italian). 18. Purple, yellow. Jane. England. C. Ilali'cum ru'brum (red Italian). 10, Rcc June. South Europe. — longiflo'rum (long-flowered). Yellow, whit* July. China. 1826. Climber. — Occident a' le (western). 20. Orange. July. Ft Vancouver. 1824. — periclyme'num (woodbine). 20. Yellow. June. Britain. Be'lgica (Dutch). 20. Yellow. June. quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). 20. Yellow, red. June. sero'tinum (late-red). 20. Yellow, rei June. variega'tum (variegated), 15. Yellow, red, June. Britain. — tempervi'rens (evergreen). 15. Scarlet. June, N. Amer. 1656. Evergreen. Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. Bright scarlet. May. ma'jor (larger-flowered). 20. Scarlet. May. mi'nus (less. Trumpet). 15. Scarlet. June. Carolina. 1656. — tubulo'sum (cylindrical). Mexico. 1846. HALF-HARDY. C. Chine'nse (China). 30. Orange. August. China. 1806. Evergreen. — cilio'sum (hair-fringed). 6. Yellow. June. Missouri. 1825. — imple'xum (interwoven). 8. Red, yellow. July. Minorca. 1772. Evergreen. Balea'ricum (Balearic). 8. Cream. June. Minorca. — Jupo'nicum (Japanese). 15. Red. June. China. 1806. Evergreen. — Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 15. Orange. July. Ne- paul. 1807. Evergreen. Ca'psicum. Chili Pepper. (From kapto, to bite ; referring to its pungency. Nat. ord., Nightshades [SolanaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Cayenne pepper is the ground seeds of Capsi- cum. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March, and, after being picked off finally, potted, to be grown in a house, such as a vinery, or transplanted against a wall, or any sheltered place out of doors. HARDY ANNUALS. C. angulo'sum (angular-/rwt cies among them. All hardy. Seeds or divisions j common soil. ANNUALS. C. afliidus (whitish). 2. Purple. July. ToxrlS, 1816. — Ara'bicus (Arabian). J. Purple. July. Arabia. 1/89. — argenta'tus (silvered). 1. Purple. July. Egypt. 1789. — cine'reus (grey). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1818. — clavula'tus (club-shaped). 2. Purple. July. Canaries. 1827. — leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 2. Purple. July. Spain. 1816. — leuco'grapkus (white-painted). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1752. — peregrVnua (diffuse). 2. Purple. July. 1816. — Volge'nsU (Volga). 2. Purple. July. Volga. 1820. BIENNIALS. C. ala'tus (winged). 2. Purple. July. 1812. — ca'ndicans (hoary). 3. Purple. July. Hub- gary. 1805. — Curlineafo'lius (Carline-leaved). 2. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 1804. — Cariinni'des (Carline-like). I. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 1784. — colli'nus (hill). 3. Purple. July. Hungary. 1818. — corymbo'stis (corvmbose). 4. Purple. July. Naples. 1824. — cri'sptcs (curled). 2. Purple. July. Europe. 1804. — hamuhi'sus fhooked-spined). 5. Purple. June. Hungary. 1804. — lunugino'sus (woolly;. S. Purple. July. Armenia. 1820. — monto'sus (mountain). 3. Purple. July. South of Europe. 1820. — myriaca'nthus (mvriad-spined). Purple. July. N. Africa. 18S6. — nigre'scems (blackish). 4. Purple. July. South of France. 1819. — persona' ta (burdock). 4. Purple. July. Austria. 1776. — teminu'dus (half-naked). 3. Purple. Ca«. casus. IS19. — uncina'tus (hooked). 6. Purple. July. Tauria. I8I7. HERBACEOUS PERENXIAT.S. C. qffi'nis (allied). Pink. July. Naples. K3©, — nlpt'stris (alpine). 14. Purple. July, .rt- atia. 1805. — atriplici/o'lius (atriplex-leaved). 10. Purple. August. Siberia. 1784. — arctioi'des (burdock-like). 2. Purple. July. Carniola. 1804. — argemo'ne (argemone-leaved). lj. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 1810. — erassifo'lius (thick-leaved). 2. Purple. July. 1805. — deflora'tus (unflowered). 6. Red. AugW.. Austria. 1570. — du'bivs (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. 1S16, — macroee'pkalut (large-headed). 9. July, Kumidia. 188/". CAR [ 175 J CAR (■'. me'diuu (intermediate). 2. Purple. June, Piedmont. 1819. ~ oacpordioi'des (onopordum-like). l£. Purple. July. Iberia. 1818. v oricnta'lis (eastern). 2. Purple. July. Iberia. 1804. ~ pcrsiflo'rus (small-flowered). 2. Purple. July. South of Europe. 1781. — podaca'nthus (foot-spined). 3. Purple. July* France. 1819. — pgenocs'phtUus (dense-headed-ftaitan). 1$. Purple. July. South of Europe. 1739. Cake'ya. (Named after Dr. Carey, a celebrated divine and Indian linguist, who devoted his leisure hours to garden- ing and botany. Nat. ord., Barrington- iads [Barringtoniaceael. Linn., 10-Mo- nadelphia 8-Polyandria.) These splendid plants are fit associates to Bar- r.ingtonia and Gustavia. Stove-plants, from the East Indies ; cuttings, and dividing the roots ; sandy loam one part, to two parts fibry peat, with pieces of charcoal, and plenty of drainage, and careful watering. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°. ft arbo'rea (tree). 8. Bed and yellow. 1823. — herba'cea (herbaceous). 1. Red and white. July. 1808. Herbaceous perennial. -spfi&frica (round-fruited). 3. Red. 1803. Evergreen shrub. Ca'ebca. Papaw-tree. (Named from aa erroneous idea that it was a native of Oaria. Nat. ord., Papayads [Papayaceae] . Linn., 22-Diacia'9-Decandria.) One of the tropical fruits grown in our stoves, moire for curiosity than for use. The Papaw fruit (ft papa'va) is eaten, when cooked, in some parts of South America, but not much esteemed by Europeans. , Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in sweet i:ottom-heat ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., fi<)° to 85°; winter, 50° to 60°. C. caulifio'ra (stem-flowering). 20. Green. Ca- raccas. 1806. — citrifo'rmis (orange-formed). 20. Yellowish. Lima. 1820. — microca'rpa mnnoi'ca (small-fruited-monce- cious). 20. Whitish-green. 1818. — papa'r/a (common papaw). 20, Green. July. India. 1690. — pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 20. Pinkish. Pern. 1823. — ipino'sa (prickly). 20. Whitish-green. Guiaaa. 1821. Cari'ssa. (The derivation is not as- certained ; hut krishna-pakphula is the Sanscrit name of C. Cara'ndas. Nat. ord., a section of Dogbanes [Apocynaceai]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) The milky juice of this and others in this order of Dogbanes is manufactured into India-rubber. The fruit of C. Cara'ndas furnishes a substitute for red-currant jelly. Stove trees and shrubs ; euttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., «0° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C. Cara'nd** (Carandas). 15. White. July. E. Ind. 1790. C. lanKola'ta (spear-feawed). i. White. Ju*». N. Holland. 1822. — ova'ta (egg-leaved), is. White. August. N. Holland. 1S19. — spina'rum (spiny). 20. White. July. E. Ind. 1819. — eplopi'cron (bitter-wooded). It. White. July. Mauritius. 1820. Carli'na. (Named after Charlemagne. Nat. ord., a section of Composites [ Astera- cese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia l-2EquaUs.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise specified. Seeds of annuals in April ; seeds and divisions of perennials. The Cape species requires protection. Common soil. C. acanthifo'lia (acanthus-leaved). 2. White. June. Carniola. 1818. — acau'lis (stemless). jf. White. June. Italy. 1640. caule'scens (short-stemmed). 1. White. June. Switzerland. I8I9. — aggrega'ta (clustered). 2. White. July. Hungary. 1804. — Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 2. August. Caucasus. 1816. — corymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow. July. South of Europe. I64O. — 'Jana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. South of Europe. ^683. Hardy annual. ■»- lyra'ta (lyre-shaped-teaeed). 1. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse bi- ennial. — racemo'sa (rzcemed-flowered). 3. Yellow. Julv. Spain. 1658. Hardy biennial. — Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. July. Sicily. 1827. Hardy biennial. — si'mplex (singly-flowered). 1$. White. June. Hungary. 18 16. Carludo'vica. (Named after Charles IV., of Spain, and Louisa, his queen. Nat. ord., Screw-Pines [Pandanacese] . Linn., 21-Monoecia 9-Polyandria.) The leaves of all the Screw-Pines are set spirally round the stem, which gives it a cork-screw ap- pearance ; hence the name of this order. Stove perennials ; suckers ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 60° to 65°. EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. ft fiati'fera (rope-bearing). 4. White. Trini- dad. 1824. — Jatnaice'nsis ( Jamaica). 4. Wiait*. Jamaica. 1825. HERBACEOUS SHRUBS. ft mgustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). S. Cwenishi yellow. Peru. 1818. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Grssn. July. Peru. 1818. — palma'ta (hand-leaved). 3. Whit*. July. Peru. 1818. Carmichae'lia. (Named after Capt. H. Carmichael, author of the Flora of Tristan da Acunha. Nat. ord., Legumi- nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Dia- delphia hiphy'Mi (many-leafleted). 4. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1816. — pubt'sceaa (downy). 2. Yellow. Juso. S.Amar. »ei2. C. pttlche'lla (pretty). 3. Yellow. July. Mau- ritius. 1825. — purpu'rea (nnrnle-stemmed). 4. Yellow. Jul?. E. Ind. 1821. — quinquangula'ris (five-angled-irancAerf). 3. Yellow. June. Cayenne. 1818. — reticulata (netted). 10. Yellow. August. 8. Amer. 1821. — Richardia'na (Richard's). 2. Yellow. July. Cumana. 1823. — Robiniui'des (Robinia-like). 10. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1823. — sennoi'des (senna-like). 3. Yellow. Julv. E. Ind. 1S03. — seri'cea (silky). Yellow. May. S. Amer. 1731. — sophu'ra (sophora). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1658. ' — xpecio'sa (showy). 5. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816. — specla'bilis (showy). 4. Yellow. June. Ca- raccas. 1820. — stipula'cea (Jar^e-stipuled). 3. Yellow. Chili, 1781. — sulca'ta (furrowed-branched). 3. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1820. — Sumatra'na (Sumatra). Yellow. June. Su- matra. 1S23. — Tara'ntan (Tarantan). 2. Yellow. July. Cu- mana. 1817. — tene'lla (weak). 2. Yellow. July. Orinoco. 1820. — tomento'sci (thick-downed). 15. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1S22. — uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Bed. June. Brazil. 1824. — venu'stula (rather pretty). Yellow. July. Cu- mana. 1825. — vimi'nea (twiggry). 3. Yellow. \V. Ind. 1786. — virga'ta (rod-branched). 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1810. Cassida yiridis. Artichoke Tortoise- beetle. The common artichoke's leaves suffer during the summer, sometimes, though rarely, from the attacks of the larva of a very curious small beetle, which may be called the Artichoke Tor- toise-beetle, Cassida viridis. The beetle, which is found in May and June, is not more than one-sixteenth of an inch long; the antenna are black ; the dotted wing- cases and other outer coverings green; but the booty beneath them black; and the legs pale, with black thighs. It is found upon the water-mints, as well as upon thistles and artichokes. The larva has a very flat body, with spines upon its edges; and it has the singular habit of a, larva ; b, the same on a leaf, with its canopv of excrement ; c, pupa ; d, the perfect insect. CAS [ 185 ] CAS covering itself with its own excrement, ecto'sa (showy). N.S.Wales. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. — r&ecta'hilis (showy annual). 6. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 1818. Hardy annual. Casta'nea. Chestnut. (From a town of that name in Thessaly. Nat. ord., Mastworts [Corylacece]. Linn., 21-Mo- ncecla 9-Polyandritt.) Hardy deciduous trees, except C. Pndica; seeds gathered in autumn, preserved in dry sand, and town in March ; deep, sandy loam ; varieties by grafting. C. America'nn (American). 50. Greea- M=v. America. -- ChinefnMt (China). 50. Green. May. China. — elrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Mexico. 1848. E. Ind. I827. Stow yellow. July, Green. June. C. l'ndiea (Indian) evergreen. — pu'mila (dwarf). 12. G ?T. Amer. 1699. — re'sou (Spanish edible). England. — asplenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). SO. Green. May. Europe. — — — cochlea'ta (spiral). Green. May. coratli'na-vuriega'ta (coral-variegated), Green. May. 1846. — — — mctilla'ta (hooded). Green. May, 1848. fo'liis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 50. Green. June. glu' bra (smooth-leaved). Green. May. glau'ca (milky-green). Green. June. tu'eida (shining-leaved). Green. May. 1846. me'dia (intermediate). 50. Green. June. Europe. Pri'ncei (Prince's). Green. May. 1849". pu'mila (dwarf). Green. May. 1846. variega'ta (varicgated-teaoed). Green. May. Chestnut (Spanish, or Sweet). This, the Casta'nea vc'sca of the above genus, in the southern parts of England is culti- vated for its fruit, as well as for the value of its timber, which is in good esteem. There are several varieties in cultivation in this country, and, of course, many in France and Italy. About twenty foreign varieties may be found in the catalogue of the Horticultural Society; but the Downton, and the Prolific, or Devonshire, are, at pi-esent, most esteemed, probably as being somewhat hardier, and therefore well adapted to our climate, which is not capable of producing the fruit in that high degree of perfection of which it is susceptible in the warm and bright cli- mates of Spain, Portugal, and France. The Chataigne Exalade has been sug- gested as particularly eligible for the dwarfing-system in a small garden. Propagation. — The better sorts are pro- pagated by grafting on the ordinary chestnut of our nurseries, which is raised from seed. Soil and Culture. — Any free upland soil is adapted to its culture, provided it is dry beneath, and not too adhesive. For the dwarfing-system we recommend the platform mode, allowing only half a yard in depth of soil. Little if any prun- ing is necessary, the fruit being all pro- duced in clusters on the extremities of the shoots. No other culture is neces- sary ; but a warm situation is of much importance. Fruit-seeds, how to keep. — It is almost needless to observe that chestnuts are* generally eaten roasted, mostly with a little gall They are also stewed ir CAS [ 180 ] CAT cream, and eaten with salt fish. In keeping them dryness is necessary ; but it must be accompanied with as low a tem- perature as possible. They should be taken out of their exterior or rough coat- ing as soon as ripe ; and it is well to subject them to an artificial heat of about sixty to seventy degrees in a warm room for a couple of days afterwards. They may then be packed away in dry sand, or dust, and placed in a very cold but dry room or cellar, where they will keep for months. They are very excitable as to sprouting ; a very little moisture, with warmth, will bring on germination. Castanospe'rmum. Morton Bay Chest- nut. (From castanea, the chestnut, and tperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.) Greenhouse evergreen ; seeds when procurable ; layers and cuttings ; deep, loamy soil ; greenhouse or conservative wall. C. austra'le (southern). 40. Saffron. N. Hoi- land. 1828. Caste'lea. (After an author named Caslel. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnaceae]. Linn., QOctandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Elvasia.) The Goatbust, C. Nicholso'ni, is as bitter as Quassia- Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. ft ertfeta (upright). 4. W. Ind. 1821. — Nicholso'ni (Nicholson'*). 4. Copper. An- tigua. 1830. Castille'ja. (Named after a Spanish botanist of that name. Nat. ord., Fig- worts [Schrophulariacese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Sliphrasia). The stove species by cuttings of half-ripe shoots ic sand, in bottom-heat, under a glass ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°. Hardy species, seeds and divisions of the iroots ; peaty, sandy soil. G.integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 1. S. Amer. 1825. Stove evergreen. — lithospermoi'des (gromwell-like). Scarlet. August. Mexico. 1848. Greenhouse. — JSorane'nsis (Moran). Mexico. 1825. Pros- trate stove evergreen. — pvfUida (pale). I. Light purple. July. Siberia. 1/82. Hardy herbaceous per- ennial. — IKptentriona'lis (northern). 2. White, green. August. Labrador. 1824. Hardy annual. — ssrra'ta. (saw-edged). 1. Blue. Jute. 1S2Q. Stove evergreen. Casuari'xa. Beefwood. (Supposed t3 be derived from the resemblance of the long, weeping, leafless brandies to the drooping feathers of the Cassowary. Nat. ord., See/woods [Casuarinacese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia \-Monandria.) This is the '* Native Oak, or Beefwood" of the Australian colonists, and probably the most sin- gularly picturesque tree of the Australian flora. Large trees, with weeping branches, the indi- vidual branches being jointed like a bamboo, and streaked between the joints, having no leaves. The timber is as good as our ak, and of the colour of raw beef, whence the colonial name. Cattle are extremely fond of the young branches cf the She Oak (C. quadrivu'lvis), and the colo- nists chew them to allay their thirst. From what we know in this country of C. equisetifo 1 lia we would rank the Beefwoods as the most remarkable in a winter conservatory. Greenhouse evergreen trees. Seeds, and cuttings of halt-ripened shoots, in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat, with a portion of sand, and lumps of char- coal. Summer temp., 55° to 70°, winter, 40° to 45°. They should be tried in sheltered places out of doors, especially in the south of England. C. di'styla (two-styled). 15. N. Holland. 1811 — equisetifo' lia (equisetum-leaved). 15. Sep- tember. South Sea Islan Is. 17/6. — glau'ca (milky-green). 15. N; Holland. 1824. — murica'la (point-covered). 15. E. Ind. 1822. — nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). 15. New Cale- donia. 1823. — quadriva'lvis (four-valved). 18. N. S. Wales. 1812. — stri'cta (upright), 15. May. N.S.Wales. 1775. — tenui'ssima (slenderest). 10. N. Holland. 1S25. — torulo'sa (twisted). 15. N.S.Wales. 1778. Cata'lpa. (The Indian name. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) The North American species by seeds sown in spring, root-cuttings, layers in autumn, and cuttings of the ripened shoots in autumn ; deep, rich loam. The West Indian species by cuttings of the ripe shoots in heat, and ur-der a glass j usual stove-treatment. C. longi'ssima {\onzest-poddsd}. 20. White. W. Ind. 1777- . — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 15. White. Hispaniola. 1820. — tyringcefo'lia (syringa-leaved). 20. White. July. N. Amer. 1726. Catana'xche. (From katananykc, a strong incentive ; in reference to an an- cient custom among the Greek women of using it in love-potions. fVat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., ld-Syn- genesia 1-JEqualis.) Division of the roots in March, and aeed «ott» in April ; common soil. C. csru'lea (sky-blue). 3. Blue. August. South Europe. 1596. Hardy herbaceous per- ennial. — bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, blue. August. Gardens. 1827. — lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Caadla. 1640. Hardy annual. Catase'tum. (From kata, downwartL and seta, a bristle ; referring to the posi- tion of the two horns of the column. CAT t »3T ] CAT Nat. orcL, Orchids [Orchidacec*]. Linn.. 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, moss, broken pots, and charcoal, elevated above a pot, or in shallow, open baskets ; cool and dry in winter ; a high temperature and moist atmosphere when making their growth. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 55°. Cm abru'ptum (blunt-lipped). 1. Greenish-yel- low. September. Br axil, 1841. — atra'tum (dark-flowered). 1. Dark. July. Brazil. — karba'tum (bearded). J. Green, purple. May. Demerara. 1836. — immacula'tum (spotless). J. Green, pink. September. Demerara. 1835. — ——labe'llo-a'lba (white-lipped). %. Greenish- white. September. Demerara. 1835. — probosci'deum (long-snouted). Brown- ish-green. May. Sertao. 1839. — callo'sum (hardened). 1. Brownish-yellow. June. La Guayra. 1840. — —— grandifit/rum (large-flowered). 1. Green, brown, purple. December. Columbia. 1845. — ee'rnuum (drooping). 1J. Pale green. Rio Janeiro. 1832. -- - eitri'num (citron-coloured). Pale yellow. August. — eornu'tum (horned). Greenish-purple. March. Demerara. 1840. — crista' turn (crested). 2. Green. August. Brazil. 1823. — deltoi'deum (triangle-ftpped). l£. Green, brown. March. Demerara. 1842. — fimbria'tum (fringe-lipped). Pink, red. Au- gust. Brazil. 1837. There are two kinds, Haynds'rii and Legre'lli, slightly differing in colour, — fuligino'sum (sooty). Green, purple. August. Mexico. 1839. — globifio'rum (globe-flowered). 1. Olive, brown. June. Mexico. 1340. — Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Green, brown. Oc- ber. Brazil. 1818. — intege'rrimum (entire-lipped). Purple, brown. June. Guatimala. 1839, intermedia variega'ta. Black, white, yellow. Brazil. — lamina' turn (plaited). Brown, purple. April. Mexico. 1844. — ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). White, green. April. Mexico. 1839. — lanci'ferum (lance-bearing). Pure green. March. Brazil. 1839. «"■ longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. Orange, violet. August Demerara. 1837. — macula' turn intege'rrimum (spotted-entire- lipped). 3. Green-and-purple-spotted. September. Mexico. — MftteH (Dr. Miller's). 2. Purple-spotted. September. Brazil. 1837. — na'so (nose-hke-lipped). White, purple. Au- gust. Mexico. 1843. — oehra'ceum (reddish-yellow). Yellow. Bra- zil. 1844. -~- pla'niceps (flat-headed). 1. Green and yellow. Spanish Main. 1840. — probosri'deum (long-snouted). Brightish-green. Demerara. 1839. — pu'rum (spotless). 1. Green. October. Brazil. — ro'seo-a'lbum (rose-and-white-/?ou.'t'wZ). 2. White, red. April. Para. 1836. «• Rvstellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). 3. Green. July. Guatimala. 1838. C. saoca'tum (pouched). Yellow, purple. March. Demerara. 1840. — temiapefrtum (half-open). 1. Yellow. No« vember. Brazil. 1826. — terra'tum (saw-edged-lipped). Green, yellow. September. Panama. 1844. — ipino'sum (soiny -lipped). I, Green, brown. Brazil. 1840. — tabula're (table-iormed-lipped). Pale green, Guatimala. 1843. — tridenta'tum (three-toothed). 2. Yellow, brown. April. Trinidad. 1822. Thie sports into the six following, and evet» into Waile'sii. atropurpu'reum (dark-purple-y?oujerevbe'sii (Forbes's). f . White, yellow. June. Brazil. 1823. — ffranulo'sa (granulated-lipped). 1. Whitish- green. May. Guatimala. 1341. Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). 1. Green, white, orange. May. Mexico. 1839. ^-((Uttc'ta (snotted-flowered). 1. Green, red. April. Brazil. 1827. ela'tior (taller). April. Brazil. 1827. Rusiellia'na (Lard C. Russell's). Green, red. August. Brazil. ;638. 1. Boos, ' 1. Light 1830. Light re-sL C. liarriso'nia (Mrs. Harrison's). 1. Eose, y«5« low. April. Brazil. There is a variety of a violet-colour. — interme'dia (intermediate-steed). white. April. Brazil. 1824 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). purple. September. Brazil. pa'llida (rivXe-red-fiowered). 1. June. Braiil, 1833. — purpu'rea (purple- blotched). variega'ta (variegated-lipped). red. May. Brazil. 1843. — labia'ta (ruby-\\nned). 1. Crimson, lilac. May. Brazil. 1818. It appears as if this species is identical with C. Mo'ssiee. a'lba (white). — — — atro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Lilac, pur- ple. November. La Guayra. 1839. — — — atro-sangui'nen (dark crimson). 1. Dark red. July. S. Amer. pi'cta (painted). — Lemonia'na (Sir O. Lemon's). 3. Rose, yel- low. August. Brazil. 1842. — loba'ta (lobed pctaled and lipped). Purple, violet, and crimson veins. Brazil. 184/. — Loddigc'sii (Loddige's). 1. Rose, lilac. August. Brazil. 1815. — margina'ta (bordered). £. Pink, crimsop. November. Brazil. 1843. — mari'tima (sea-side). Lilac, white. Buenos Ay res. — ma'xima (largest). l£. Dark pink. May. Guayaquil. 1844. — Mo'ssics (Mrs. Moss's). 1. Crimson, lilac* July. La Guayra. 1836. — — a'lba (white). White and purple. Brazil. — odorati'ssima (sweetest). Purple. Demeraric. 18.16. — Papeiansia'na. — Perri'nii (Perrin's). 1. Purple. Brazil. — Pinellia'na (Pinell's). Doubtful whether thin and pu'milu are not identical with mar- gina'ta. — pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. July. S. Amer. 1837. — Skinne'ri (Skinner's), lj. Rosy-purple. Au- gust. Guatimala. 1836. a'tro-ro'sea (dark rose), lj. Dark rose. May. Guatimala. 1836. — specio'sa (showy). — supe'rba (superb). 1. Purple. May. Guia.BC 1838. — Walkeria'na (Walker's). Lilac, crimson. M»y Brazil. 1844. Cauliflower. Bra'ssica oleralcea can- lljlo'ra. Varieties. — There are many to be found in local catalogues; but they are only different names for the following : — Early Cauliflower ; Late Cauliflower ; Large Asi- atic; and Walcheren. Tbe last-named is included also among tbe Brocolis ; for it unites tbese to the Cauliflowers, partak- ing of tbe character of each. Sowing. — There are three seasons fa* sowing this vegetable. First Sowing.— ~Fov the first main crop, a sowing should be made in tbe third week, or about tbe 24th of August, to -raise plants for winter protection., to form CAU [ iss ] ?AU the first principal and main crops of the following year. Should the weather be ▼ery dry at the time of sowing, the soil should be thoroughly well watered before the seed is sown, and so continued to encourage the growth of the seedlings. As soon as these are up large enough to handle, beds should be formed in an open situation, well broken up, made rich, lined out neatly, and, if the weather is dry, well watered before planting, as well as afterwards. The best time for prick- ing out youDg plants of any kind, in dry weather, is late in the afternoon or in the evening. By this attention, strong, healthy plants will be ready for either finally planting out under hand-glasses, about the middle of October, or for pro- tection in frames, or at the foot of walls. These protected plants are to form a second crop to those which were planted out under the hand-glasses, and may be finally planted out towards the end of February, if the weather is favourable, two feet and a half asunder each way ; and should severe weather set in again, flower-pots just large enough to cover the plant may be turned over each, but taken off in all favourable weather. Care should always be taken to lift up the plants out of the nursery-beds, so as to insure uninjured roots. Should the weather be very severe in the winter, the hand-glass crop must have a little protection more than that of the hand-light itself. But particular at- tention should be paid to airing at all times when the weather will permit, by either taking the lights entirely off, or tilting them. If, through some mismanagement or misfortune, the winter stock should be- come short, a sowing towards the end of January becomes of importance. A very little seed must then be sown in a pan or oox, placed in some moderate-heated structure, or in a gentle hotbed made up hr the purpose ; and when the seedlings ere up, and large enough to handle, they should be pricked out on other very gentle hotbeds, care being taken to keep the plants up close to the glass, and inured to the open air. Plants raised in this way will be nearly as forward as those sown in August, and protected in eald frames through the winter. The second Sowing should be at the end of February or beginning of March, and then either in a cold frame, or warn;, open border; or, if the weather be very unfavourable, a sowing may be made oa a very gentle hotbed even at this time, attention to pricking- out, morning, before the dew is evaporated : if it is done during the meridian or after- noon of a hot day, it loses much of its firmness, and boils tough. To preserve from Frost. — As frost de- stroys the cauliflower, it is a practice in November, before it sets in, to pull up the late-standing plants, and the leaves being tied over the head, to hang each up in a coal-shed or cellar, by which means they remain good for some time. But a better mode is to bury them in sand, laying them in alternate layers with the earth, in a dry situation. By this means they may be preserved to the close of January; or they may be put in a trench dug at the bottom of a wall, eighteen inches wide and deep, the plants being laid with their roots uppermost, in an-inclining position, so that the roots of the second covered the top of the one preceding. The earth to be laid over them thick, a considerable slope given to it, and beaten smooth with the spade, to throw off rain. Saving Seed. — Some should be from the first planted out of the hand-glass crop. The best with well-formed heads should be selected for this purpose, and marked for seed, by placing a strong stake to each for the future tying of the flowering stems up to. Gather each branch of seed as it ripens. Diseases and Insects. — See Cabbage and Brocoli. Caulophy'llum. (From kaulon, astern, and phyllon, a leaf; in reference to the stems ending as if it were in a leaf-stalk. Nat. ord., Bcrbcrids [Berberidaceae], Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogyiua.) CEA [ iao ] CED Hardy taberous perennial; diyisioa of the roots ; light, sandy peat. C. tkalictroi'des (thalictrum-like). 1. Yellow, green. N. Amer. 1755. Ceano'thus. (From keanothus,& name applied by Theophrastus to a plant now not known. Nat. ord., Bhamnads [Rham- nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Cuttings in sand, under a glass, of firm side- shoots answer best, either in April or August. The greenhouse varieties do well against a south wall, but may require a little protection in severe weather. Those from tropical regions require the usual treatment of the stove, or a warm conserva- tory. They are not particular as to soil ; a little peat mixed with loam will be an advantage. HARDY DECIDUOUS. C. Americafnus (American). 2, White. July. N. Amer. 1713. — colli'nus (hill). 1. Light. July. N. Amer. I827. Evergreen. — cunea'tus (wedge-shaped). 4. California. 1848. — denta'tus (toothed). 3. Blue. California. 1848. — diuarica'tus (straggling). 4. Blue. June. California. 1848. — fioribu'ndus (copious-flowering). Blue. June. — interme'dius (intermediate). 2. White. June. N. Amer. 1812. — Lobbia'nus (Mr. Lobb'e). Blue. July. Cali- fornia. — microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. White. Jane. N. Amer. 1806. — Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 10. Yellow. Nepaul. 1820. — ova'tus (egg-shaped-teaee<2). 3. White. July. N. Amer. 1818. — pa'llidus (pale). 10. Pale blue. July. N. Amer. — papillo'sus (pimpled). 8. Blue. California. 1848. — pere'nnis (perennial). 2. White, August. Carolina. 1822. — ri'gidus (stiff). 4. Blue. California. 1848. — sanguineus (crimson-stalked). 2. White. June. Missouri. 1812. — tardifio'rus (late-flowering). 3. White. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1820. — tserruco'sus (warted). 3|. Purple. Upper California. April.* GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. C. Africa'nus (African). Pale yellow. Merch. Cape of Good Hope. 1712. — axti'reus (blue). 10. Pale blue. April. Mexico. flo're-a'lba (white-flowered). 19. White. April. — buxifo'Uus (box-leaved). White. April. Mexico. -C^enm (Cape). 3. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. STOVE EVERGREENS. C yyfe'stus (troublesome). 4. Mexico. 1824. — lamga'tus (smooth-leaved). 4. Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1818. — macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 3. Yellow. July. New Spain. 1824. — Mocinia'nus (Mocino's). 5. Mexico. 1824. — mystaci'nus (bearded). 13. White, green. November. Africa. 1775. — sphmroca'rpus (round-fruited). 15. Green yellow. Jamaica. 1824. — ZMaicut (Ceylon). 3. White. Cevlou, 1818. Cecro'pia. Snake-wood. (A classical name, after Cecrops, first king of Athens, who built that city, and called it Cecropia. Nat. ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacess], Linn., 22-JDioscia 2-Diandria.) All the Atrocarpads abound in milky juice, by which they are easily distinguished from the Nettleworts, with which they are allied. From many of the genera, and from C. pelta'ta, caout- chouc, or India rubber, is obtained. Stove ever- green trees ; cuttings of ripened shoots, placed in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in a moist bottom-heat, in April; peat and loam in a rough state, with a little sand. Summer temp., 6u° W 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°. C. co'ncolor (one-coloured). 20. Brazil. 182& — palma'ta (hand-leaved). 20. Brazil. 1820. — pelta'ta (shield-leaned). 30. Jamaica. 177jj« Cedrone'lla. (A diminutive oi/cedron, the cedar; rsferring to the fragrant, resinous scent. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lip- worts [Lamiaceog]. Linn., 14,-Didynamitt l-Gymnospermia. Allied to Dracocepha- lum.) It is worthy of remark that the Lipworts are all destitute of any deleterious qualities, and that most of them are fragrant and aromatic— as the lavender, salvia, rosemary, mint, balm, and hys- sop, &c. Greenhouse plants. Divisions of the roots of the herbaceous species; cuttings of tie evergreen ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 40°. C. ca'na (hoary-leaved). 3. Crimson. July. New Mexico. 1851. — corda'ta (heart-shaped-tea»e<"). 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1824. — Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Purple. Mexico. — pa'llida(pti\e-Jlowered). 1$. Rose. September. Mexico. 1844. — tryphy'Ua (three-leaved). Pale purple. July. Canaries. 1697. This is a greenhouse evergreen shrub ; but all the others are herbaceous perennials. Ce'drus. The Cedar. (From tha Arabic kedron, or kedree, power; in re- ference to its majestic appearance ; but some have supposed from Cedron, a brook in Judea. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacese], Linn., 21-Moncecia 10-Monadelphia.) Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, saved in the cones, extracted by steeping the cones in water, and boring a hole down their centre so as to split them, and sowing in sandy soil, in March ; also by cuttings, under a hand-light ; and the deoda'ra by inarching and grafting on the common Cedar, and on the Larch ; but it is doubtful if the latter will answer as a stock ; deep, sandy soil. C. Africa'nus (African. Mount Atlas Cedar). Haft Mount Atlas. 1843. — deoda'ra (deodara). 120. Nepaul, 1822. There are other varieties of this — crassifo'lin (thick-leaved) ; tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved) ; and tit*- ridis (green). C. Lefbani (Cedar of Lebanon). Levant. 1683. fo'liis-arge'nteis (silvery-leaved). 80. Mayi na'na (dwarf). There are other varieties' of this species, a» CEL 181 ] C'iL glr.ufca (miikv-green) ; interme'dia (intermediate) ; pe'ndulu (pendulous-brunched) > yyamida' 'tis (py- ramid-shaped) ; and pyramiua'lts argefnttis (sil- very pyramid-shaped). Ce'landine. Chelido'nium and Bocco' ma f rate' teens. Cela'strus. Staff-tree. (From helas, the latter season ; referring to the fruit hanging on the trees all winter. Nat, ord., Spind/e -trees [Caelastraceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-lfonogynia.) Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; peat, and very sandy, fibry loam, The stove and greenhouse species require the treatment common to each department. ' The hardy species may be propagated by layers in au tumn, and sca'ndens by seeds ; bulla'tus seldom ripens its seeds. Deep, loamy soil for those hardy climbers. HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS. C. bulla'tus (blistered). 20. White. July. Vir- ginia. 1/59. — sca'ndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1736. STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. C. Mexica'nus (Mexican). 7. Mexico. 1824. — multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. White. May. South Europe. 1816. ■•- myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). 20. White. May. Jamaica. 1810. — au'tans (nodding). 5. White. E. Ind. 1810. Climber. — panicu/a'tus (panicled). 3. Greenish. May. E. Ind. 1841. — quudrungula'ris (square-stalked). 10. White. Brazil. 1820. — tri'gynus (three-styled). 5. May. Isle of France. 1824. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. C. huxifu'lius (box-leaved). 4. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1752. — cassinoi'des (cassine-like). 4. White. August. Canaries. 1779. — ee'rnuus (drooping). 5. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1817. — cymo'sus (cymose). 3. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1815. ■*■ xsiarginu'tus (notch-/ea»ed). 8. Yellowish. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — .Sexuo'sus (zigzag). 6. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. — itici'nus (holly -leaved). 3. White. Cape of Good Hope. 181/. — iauri'nus (laurel-like). 3. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 4. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — lu'cidus (shining). 2. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1722. — tycioi'des (box-thorn-like). White. August. Canaries. 1821. — macrova'rpus (large-fruited). White. Peru. 1826. — oleoi'des (olive-like). 3. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — pteroca'rpus (wing- fruited). 3. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — puncta'tus (dotted- branched). Greenish. Ja- pan. 1817. Climber. — pyraca'nthus (firc-spined). 3. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. J742. C. retu'sus (blunt). 6. Yellow,. Tent. !9M. — ri'gidus (stiS). 3. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — rttra'tus (beaked). White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1821. — tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. White. Capetrf Good Hope. 1810. — tricuspida' tus (three-pointed). 6. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — %nda'tus (waved). 4. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Celeri'ac, or Turnip-booted Cel- ery. (A'pium grave'olens rapa'ceum.) Of this variety of celery there is said to be a hardier kind cultivated by the Ger- mans, called by them Knott-celery. Sowing. — It may be sown in March, April, and May, to afford successional plantations in June, July, and August. Sow in drills six inches apart, and keep regularly watered every evening in dry weather. The bed must be kept free from weeds, and when about three inches high, the plants may be pricked out into another border in rows three inches apart each way, giving water abundantly and frequently. By adopting the pre- cautions mentioned in the cultivation of celery, the same seed-bed will afford two or three distinct prickings. In the neigh- bourhood of Dresden, where this vege- table is grown in great perfection, they sow in February or March, in a hotbed, under glass ; and the plants are removed in April, when two or three inches high, to another hotbed, and set an inch and a half apart. The fineness of the plants is there attributed to the abundance of water with which they are supplied. When five or six inches high, they are fit for final planting in rows two feet asunder, and the plants eight inches apart on the level ground, or in drills drawn with the hoe three inches deep, as they only require earthing up a few inches with the hoe. In dry weather they should be watered plentifully, at least every other evening. Keep them fiee from weeds. They require a light, fertile soil. Sowing Seed.— .The directions given fo? saving the seed of celery are in every re- spect applicable to this vegetable. Celery. A'pium grave'olens. Varieties. — There are the Gigantic, Dwarf Curled, Common Upright, Red- stalked, Upright, Giant, Hollow Upright, and the Solid-stalked {red and white). The red chiefly for soups, the white be- ing much more delicate in flavour; violet, solid, very superior, blancbe6 white; CEL t 1S« 1 CEL jTtfrr, solid, white, for autumn; Cole's su- perb, red and white ; and Nutt's cham pion ; the last-named being the best we have cultivated. Sowing. — The first sowing may be ruade about the middle or toward the end of February, sowing a very little seed in a pan or box placed in any heated struc- ture, and having a gentle hotbed made up ready to receive the young plants as soon as they are fit to prick out. The soil canqot be too rich for them; and, if pricked out in gentle hotbeds under glass, which is best, the young crop should be kept up within two or three inches of the glass, and attention paid to frequent wa- tering, earth-stirring, and airing, in fa- vourable weather. The sowing for a main crop should be made about the first week in March ; and although it may be sown in a rich, warm border, yet it is better to make a gentle hotbed for this sowing, even if it is only of four boards nailed together, to keep up the earth round the sides of the bed, and no glass to cover it ; but, if an old light can be spared until the plants are up, all the better. Several prickings-out may be made from this sowing in any rich earth, in open situations, having the beds made up neatly ready for pricking out, either in warm, showery weather, or during evenings in dry weather. The plants should be inserted six inches apart in the nursery-beds, well supplied with water, until the plants are established, and the earth among them frequently stirred. A third sowing may be made about the second week, or middle of April, in the open, warm border, to be attended to as before mentioned, as to pricking-out, watering, &c, only that cool situations will be found best, such as north borders for summer pricking-out, for a supply to plant out for winter and spring use. Final planting ; the single-trench system. — The trenches, where the soil will allow of it, may be eight or ten inches deep, to receive the plants for the first, summer plantings ; but, as the season advances, not so deep by two inches at each suc- cessive planting ; and, lastly, on the level surface, for late winter and spring use. When planted in deep trenches for the first crop, the rows may be much nearer together. Another method of planting out the principal and late crops is, to dig out a trench, four and a half feet wide, and one foot deep, placing the earth hala on one side, and half on the other side; this done, give a thorough good manur- ing, as the soil cannot be made too good for this vegetable ; let it be neatly dug in, and the surface made smooth as the work goes on ; then lift the plants with a trowel from the nursery-beds, to insure their having good roots ; let them be planted precisely one foot from row to row, and six or seven inches from plant to plant, the row cross ways of the trench, thus : — Thoroughly well water; and, in the course of a week after planting, the earth should be carefully stirred over the whole bed. The plants should not be shortened, as many persons do ; but remove any de- cayed or broken leaf, and all side-shoots from the plants, one by one, being care- ful not to injure other leaves or the roots. Earthing up. — The first earthing up should be done with a small trowel, holding the leaves of the plant together in one hand, and stirring and drawing up a little earth to the plant with the other. The next earthing is done by the help of two light boards, six to eight inches broad, of the same length as the trench is wide ; these to be placed between two of the rows of plants by two persons ; then place between these boards well- broken earth, as much as required; draw up the boards steadily ; do the same in the next space, and so on until the work is completed. By the last-men- tioned method of final planting, mors than double the quantity can be grown on a given space of ground, and the heads are quite as fine as in the single- trench system. It is also handy for pro- tection in winter, either with hoops and mats or litter. The trench being dug out four and a CEL [ 193 ] half feet wide, allows room for six plants across it, at six inches apart from plant to plant, leaving three inches' space from the outside of the trench. Srost. — At the appearance of very severe weather setting in at any time during the winter montbs, three or four dozen heads of the celery may be taken up without cutting away any part of them, and laid in diy earth, sand, or sifted coal-ashes, so as to be handy for immediate use. Manuring. — In the seed-bed, when pricked out, and in the bed for final growth, too much of the richest manure cannot be applied. Upon this, and upon the roots being uninjured at each re- moval, depend the fineness and excellence of the celery ; any check to its growth is never recovered, but renders it dwarf and stringy. Liquid-nianure should be given to it frequently. To save Seed. — Some plants must he left where grown ; or, in February or March, some may be carefully taken up, and, after the outside leaves are cut off, and all laterals removed, planted in a moist soil a foot apart. Those which are most solid, and of a middling size, are to be selected. When they branch for seed, they must be tied early to a stake, to preserve them from the vio lence of winds. The flower appears ^ in June, and the seed is swelling in July. If dry weather occurs, they should be watered every other night. In August the seed will be ripe, and, when perfectly dry, may be rubbed out and stored. Diseases. — In heavy, wet soil it is liable to have its stalks split and can- ker. The soil for earthing up cannot be too light and dry. We have seen coal-ashes employed for the purpose most successfully. Celery Fly. (Tephritis onopordinis.) In the autumn it is very common to ob- serve part of the leaves of Celery-plants Mistered and turned yellow ; and this oc- curs occasionally to such an extent, that their growth is checked and their size diminished. If the withered parts are examined, and the skin of the blisters is raised, there will be found beneath it some small green grubs, that have eaten away all the green pulp (parenchyma) of the parts so withered. These grubs are ihe larvae of the Celery Fly. The grubs may be found in the leaves of the Celery 13 ' in June, July, September, October, and November; for there are two or more broods of them in the course of the year. The grubs, though less frequently, are found doing similar damage to the leaves of Alexanders and Parsnips. When full grown, the grubs descend into the earth, and remain in the chrysalis state until the spring following, when they give birth to the fly. The Celery Fly may usually be found upon the leaves of the laurel, hovering over flowers and resting upon palings in the sunshine, from the middle of May to the end of July. It is one of the most beautiful of the English two-winged flies, and has been thus de- scribed by Mr. Westwood : — The general colour of the body, which is five-jointed, varies from rusty-brown to shining black; head buff, with black hairs ; legs yellow; thorax sprinkled with long black hairs; wings black, with various pale spot3 ; eyes green. The whole length of the insect is not more than one-sixth of an inch, and its wings, when outspread, barely half an inch across. The cross- lines in our woodcut show these propor- tions, as well as the insect magnified. The motions of this fly are very peculiar: seated upon a leaf in the sunshine, the wings are partially extended, yet partially elevated, and it has a sideling kind of motion. The withered leaves of the celery should be picked off, and the grubs within them crushed as soon as seen. Mr. Westwood suggests that a string, smeared with bird-lime, and stretched over the celery-plants, might catch many of the parents. — The Cottage Gardener i. p. 73. Celo'sia. Cockscomb. (From kelo$ burnt ; in reference to the burnt-like ap- pearance of the flowers of some c& tie CEL [ 194 1 CEL species. Nat ord., Amaranths [Amaran- tacee], Linn., b-Pentandria \-Mono- yynia.) The flower* of the Cockscomb, CeXa/siaerittdta, are astringent, and much used by Asiatic physi- cians. Seeds in a hotbed in March; potted off repeatedly, and transferred to the hothouse or greenhouse ; light, rich soil, well drained. SHBUBS. C. echina'ta (hedgehog). I. Purple. July. Ori- noco. 1821. Stove evergreen. — glau'cu (milky-green). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse ever- green. GBEENHOUSE ANNUALS. C. cristfta (crested). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570. compa'cta (compact). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570. elata (tall). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570. tiave'seens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow. "July. Asia. 1570. STOVE ANNUALS. C. argefniea (silvery-*pt*«/). 1. Light flesh. July. China. 17*0. linearis (narrow-Zeacerf). 1. Flesh. June. E. Ind. 1?U. — cattrtfnsis (camp;. S. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1/39. — ctfnma (drooping). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1S09. — eocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Pink. July. China. 1597. — como'sa (tufted). 1. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1802. — dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1824. — margaritafcea (pearly). 2. Yellow. August. \V. Ind. 1817. — Monsc/nia (Monson's). 3. White. August. E. Ind. 1778. — ni'tida (shining). 1. Purple. August. Ma- labar. 1706. — nodifio/ra (knotted-flowered). 2. Green. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1780. — pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 1. White. July. E. Ind. 1820. Celo'sia cbista'ta. The Cockscomb of florists. — All the varieties of this are well worth cultivating. The deep crimson - coloured varieties are generally the most esteemed ; and of these there are tall and dwarf kinds, the latter being gene- rally preferred, the comb at its extremi- ties altogether, or nearly, touching the sides of the pot. Seeds should be sown in a sweet hotbed in spring ; and, unlike the balsam, where splendid specimens are required, they should never be turned out of the hotbed until the combs are nearly full grown, when they may be set in the greenhouse. Two systems of culture may be adopted. First, as soon as the plants are one inch in height, prick out, and shift successively into larger pots, never allowing the plants to be pot -bound. By this method the plants are strong before the combs ap pear, and you have a chance of havini.' many very fine, but with the risk that many others, from their shape, will be fit only for the rubbish-heap. By the second method, the best for those with limited space, the young plants are pricked out a few inches apart into shal- low pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged to grow freely, and then checked sud- denly by keeping them cooler and with- holding water, which will cause them to show their combs in a few days. Though small, you can easily observe those which are close and well shaped from those which will be upright and straggling. Select the best, pot. them, and continue repotting, and encourage with heat and manure-water; and the strength of your culture going chiefly into the combs, these will be large, while your plants will be small. Where extremely dwarf plants are wanted, cut off young plants a little below the comb ; insert the part with the comb into a small pot, in sandy soil, in strong heat, and a hand- glass over. Soil, sandy loam and very rotten dung, but sweet. Temperature when growing, 60° to 85° by day ; 60° at night. Ce'lsia. (Named after Professor Gel- sins, of Upsal. Nat ord., Fig worts [Scro- phulariaceae]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2- Angiospermia.) Chiefly from seeds, or raised in a slight hotbed, in March or April, and flowered in the greenhouse during the summer, or in favourable positions out of doors. The biennials require the protec- tion of the cold pit during winter ; light, sandy, open soil. C. Arctu'rut (Arcturus). 4. Yellow. August. Candia. 1780. Half-hardy biennial. — betoniccefo'lia (betony-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. N. Africa. Half-hardy biennial. — C'jromandelia'na (Coromandel). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1783. Stove annual. — Cre'tica (Cretan). 6. Yellow. July. Crete. 1752. Half-hardy rknnial. — heterophy'lla (various-lea»ed). Yellow. July. 1829. Half-hardy biennial. — lana'ta (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. 1818. Half-hardy evergreen. — lanceula'ta (spar-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. Levant. 1816. Half-hardy biennial. — orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Brown, yellow. July. Levant. 1713. Hardy annual. — visco'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. July. 181 6. Stove annual. Ce'ltis. Nettle-tree. (The name o' a tree mentioned by Pliny. Nat ord., Elmworts [Ulmacese]. Linn., 23-Poly gamia 1-Moncecia.) Seeds, sown as soon as ripe ; layers, also, and CEN c i95 : CEN c uttings of ripe shoots, in autumn ; common, good soil. The East and West India species re- quire protection ; but there seems little to recom- mend in them over the European and North American species, which are hardy. The wood ot austra'lis i» extreme.y pliant. HARDY DECIDUOUS. C. cane'scens (hoary). 40. Green. Mexico. 1840. Half-hardy. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Green. April. N. Amer. 1812. — Ueviga'ta (polished). 20. Green. April. Loui- siana. — occidentals (we«t»m). 20. Green. April. N. Arnej. )o*56. corda'ta (heart-feared). 20. Green. April. N. Amer. «ca6nVscu/a(roughish). 20. Green. April. N. Amer. — pu'mila (dwarf). 6. Green. May. N. Amer. 1812. — Sine'nsis (Chinese). 12. Green. Asia. 1820. — Toumcfo'rti (Tournefort'e), 8. Green. Le- vant. 1739. STOVE EVERGREENS. C. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Green. Jamaica. MM. — austra'lis (southern). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1796. — li'ma (tile-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1823. — micra'ntha (small-flowered). 10. Green. Au- gust. Jamaica. 1739. — orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1820. Centau'kea. Centaury. (The clas- sical name of a plant, fabled by Ovid to have cured a wound in the foot of Chiron — Chiron being one of the centaurs, or war-horse breakers, of Thessaly. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraeese]. Linn., 19- Syngcnesia 3-Frustranea.) The Centaurys are so numerous that more than twenty generic names have been applied to the species. C. cya'nea and depre'ssa, or corn- flowers, are much used in bouquets. Seeds of most of them in the open bordei, in the end of March. The tenderer ones may be raised on a hotbed, transplanted to another ; a few might be preserved in a cold pit, if it was deemed desirable. Common soil. HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. C. Ada' mi (Adams's). 2. Yellow. July. Sibe- ria. 1804. — America'na (American). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1824. — A'pvla (Apulian). 1. Yellow. July. N. Africa. 1817. — araehnoi'dr.a (cobweb-1ikc\ S. Yellow. July. Italy. 1820. Biennial. — benedi'cta (blessed-Mts«e). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. Spain. 1548. — cancelta'ta (latticed). 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1824. — Chile'nsis (Chilian), lj. Lilac. June. Chili. 1836. — toarcta'ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. July. N. Africa. I827. — crocody'lium (crocodylium). S. Purple. July. Levant. 1777- — Crupi'tia (Crupina). 3. Flesh. June. Italy. 1596. — Crmpinoi'det (Crupina-like) , 1. Copper. July. N. Africa. 18I8. C. cya'nus (blue-bottle). 3. Blue. July. Britain. —fusca'ta (brownish). Yellow. July. Sardi. nia. 1830. — glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow. June Caucasus. 1808. — Ibefrica (Iberian). 2. Purple. July. Iberia. Pale purple. June. . Yellow. July. Malta. Biennial. — Li'ppii (Lippi's). I. Egypt. 1793. — Melite'nsis (Maltese). 1710. — moscha'ta (musky. Sweet Sultan). 2. Purple. August. Persia. 1629. — napi/o'lia (turnip-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Candia. I091. — palle'scens (pale). 2. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1 8lC, — pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. June. Persia. 1836. — pu'lchra (beautiful). 1. Bright crimson. June, Cashmere. 1838. — Salma'ntica (Salamanca). 3. Purple. July. South Europe. 1596. Biennial. — Si'cula (Sicilian). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1710. — solstitia'lis (solstitial. Barnaby's Thistle). I Yellow. July. England. — Steve'nii (Steven's). 2. Yellow. July. Cau- casus. 1820. Biennial. — strami'nea (straw-coloured). 1. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1801. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. July. Levant. 1683. — sulphu'rea (sulphur-co/oured). 1. Yellow. July. 1815. — Torrea'na (Torre's). 1J. Purple. July. Naples. 1830. — veru'tum (dwarf). 2. Yellow. July. Levant 1780. HALF-HARDY. C. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. White. July. Egypt. 1790. Herbaceous perennial. — arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 2. Pale yellow. July Candia. 1739. Evergreen shrub. — argu'ta (sharp-notched). August. Can ant. 1839. Evergreen shrub. — cinera'ria (grey-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Italy. 1710. Herbaceous perennial. — hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). 1. Purple. July. Spain. 1812. Half-hardy evergreen. — Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 2. Yellow. July. Can- dia. 1710. Evergreen shrub. — sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2. Red, yellow. July. Spain. 1683. Herbaceous perennial. — spino'sa (prickly-branched). 2. Purple. July. Candia. 1640. Herbaceous perennial. HARDY HERBACEOUS. C. aeanthoi'des (acanthus-like). 2. Purple. July. 1827. — ala'ta (niaged-stalked). 2. Yellow. August Tartary. 1781. — a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July. Spain. 1597. — alpi'na (alpine). 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1040. — ama'ra (bitter). 2. Purple. July. Italy. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Purple. July. Switzerland. 1819- pinnati'fida (leafleted). 2. Purple. July. Switzerland. 1819. — arena'ria (sand). 2. Purple. August. South Europe. 17/8. — a'spera (rough). 2. Purple. Augwrt. South Europe. 1772. — Aatrara -tea (Astracan). 2. Purple. July. Astracan. 1818. — atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 3. Purple Juk Hungary. 1802. CEN 190 CEN C. m/rem (great-go\aen). 2. Yellow. August. South Europe. 1758. — Austri'aea (Austrian). 2. Purple. August. Austria. 1815. — axilla' ris (axillary). 1. Purple. July. Austria. 1823. — Babylo'nica (Babylonian). 7. Yellow. July. Levant. 1710. — Balsa'mita (BalsamiU). 9. Yellow. July. Svria. 1820. — Barrelie'ri (Barretter's). 2. Purple. July. Hungary. 1820. — bractea'ta (bracteated). 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 1817. — calcTtrapa (star-thistle). 1. Pink. July. Eng- land. — calcitrapotde* (calcitrapa-like). 1. Purple. June. Levant. 1683. — caloee'phala (beautiful-headed). 3. Yellow. July. Levant. 181 6. — calaphy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 5. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1816. — capillafta (hairy). 1 . Purple. July. Siberia. 1810. — centaur ioi'det (centaurea-like). 3. Yellow. June. South Europe. 1~39- — etntau'rium (great centaury). 4. Yellow. July. Italy. 1596. — eheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 2. Pale yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820. -ciehorafcea (endive-like). 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1816. - cicutcefo'lia (cicuta-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. Podolia. 1820. — cxne'rea (grey). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1"10. — colNna (bill). 3. YeUow. June. South Europe. 1596. — conci'nna (neat). 4. Yellow. August. Cau- casus. 1818. — coru/cea (leathery-Zeauetf). 2. Purple. June. Hungary. 1804. — coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. Levant. 173Q. — crue'nta (crimson-leaved). 1. Purple. July. 1816. — dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Purple. 'July. Cau- casus. 1804. — deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Purple. August. France. 1816. — declina/ta (curved-down). 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1821. — deeu'mberu (lying-down). 2. Purple. August. Prance. 1815. — depre'tsa (depressed). 1. Blue. July. Cau- casus. 1818. — dev'sta (burned). 5. Dark red. August. Na- ples. 1818. — diMta (washed). 2. Pale purple. July. South Europe. 1781. — ditte'eta (deeply-cut-/eaee«rWzrt(Swart*'s). 4. Bluish. W. Ind. 1824. — tomento'sa (downy). 4. Brownish. August. Trinidad. 1825. — viola'cea (violet-Aem'ed). I. White. June. W. Ind. 1818. Cephalanthe'ra. (From kephale, a head, and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20 Gynan- aria 1-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.) C. ensifaHia (sword-leaved), t. White. June. Britain. — pa'llens (pale). I. White. June. Britain. — ru'bra (red). 8. Purple. June. Britain. Cephala'nthus. Button-wood. (From kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower; flowers disposed in heads being a general characteristic of this order. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 4- Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sper- macoce). The Button-wood grows in marshy places, from Canada to Florida, and prefers a damp, peat bed in this country. Hardy deciduous shrub. Cut- tings in sandy soil, under a hand-glass, in the beginning of autumn ; layers alto. Sandy loam, with vegetable mould or peat. C. occidenta'ltt (western;. 7- White. August N. Amer. 173S. brachypo'dui (short-stalked). Whitfc August. N. Amer. Cephaxo'tus. (From kephalotes, head- ed ; in reference to the simple scape, or flower-stalk, bearing a compound ter- minal spike. Nat. ord., doubtful. Dr. Lindley believes " the genus will fall into the ranks of the Crowfoots." This is the New Holland Pitcher-plant, found growing in the marshes of King George's Sound. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets. Chop- ped sphagnum, peat, earth, and broken pots, well drained, and carefully watered ; a bell-glass kept over it, and frequently cleaned. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 48° to 55°. C./ollicula'ris (follicled). 1. White. N. Hol- land. 1822. Cephalota'xus. (From kephale, ahead, and taxus, the yew ; referring to the ge- neral appearance of these trees. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 22- Diacia \Z-Polyandria. Allied to Phyllo- cladus.) These are the Japanese Yews lately set apart from the old yews by Dr. Sieboidi, the Japan traveller, and Zuccarini, in their work called Flora Japonica. Hardy evergreens. C. drupa'cea (berry-bearing). 13 to 20 fett. Japan. 1844. — Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 40 to 80 feet. Japan. 1848. — ptduncula'ta (stalked-fruited. Lord Harrjaf • ton's Yew). Japan. 1837. Ceba'dia. (From keras, a horn ; re- ferring to the disposition of the spiny branches. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- aceae]. Linn., 1Q-Syngenesia2-Superjlua. Allied to Cremocephalum.) We keep this botanical curiosity as a sample of the scanty vegetation of the Island of Ichaboe, of guano notoriety ; and we are told, by an offi- cer of our navy, that when the plants are walked over in the evening the bruised stems emit a frankincense-scent. It succeeds best planted out on a sunny border in summer, and requires the protection of a greenhouse in winter. Cuttings of the branches. Sandv soil, with a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°. C.furca'ta (forked). Pale yellow. January. Africa. 1844. Cebanthe'ea. (From keras, a horn, and anthera, an anther; alluding to a horny point on the anthers. Nat. ord., Violetworts [Violaceae]. Linn., b-Pcn- tandria l-3fonogynia.) This should have been united to Alsodeia. Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, under a beli-glass, in a brisk bottom-heat ; light, fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to 8t°; winter, 48° to 55°. C. subintfgrifo'lia (almost-entire-leaved). •» White. June. Guinea. 1824. Ceeapteeyx graminis. The Antler CER C 199 ] CER Moth. We have seen enough to render us quite ready to assent to Mr. Kirby's observation, that it is " the greatest enemy of our pastures." Fortunately, it is of rare occurrence in this country. It is the Chareas and Bombyx graminis of some entomologists. This moth, repre- sented of its largest size in our drawing, is generally altogether of a grey-brown colour, with a slender, whitish line run- ning from the base of the fore-wing along its centre vein, and following along its branches. Another whitish line runs along near each edge of the fore-wing ; near the point of the wing is a row of triangular, dark spots. There are also two dark, kidney-shaped spots near the front edge. The hind-wings are yellow- ish-brown, with a dark circular spot in the centre of each, and various dusky bars. The caterpillar is green, with brown spots, and smooth. In the few instances it has been found in this coun- try it appeared in June. Mr. Kirby says, " It is said not to touch the foxtail grass. In the years 1740-41-42-48-49, they mul- tiplied so prodigiously, and committed such ravages, in many provinces of Swe- den, that the meadows became white and dry, as if a fire had passed over them. In 1759, and again in 1802, the high sheep-farms in Tweedale were dreadfully infested with a caterpillar, which was probably the larva of this moth. Spots a mile square were totally covered with them, and the grass devoured to the root." — The Cottage Gardener, v. 1. Cera'stium. Mouse-ear Chickweed. (From keras, a horn ; from the form of the. seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophylacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria •L-Pentagynia.) There are many annuals of this genus, all unworthy of cultivation ; but the following hardy trailing perennials are ornamental. They are easily propagated by divisions in the spring; will crow in any light, moderately rich soil, and are ill white-flowered. C. Bieberstei'nti (Bieberstein's). \. June. Can. casus. 1820. — purpura 1 scens (purplish) i. July. 1831. — Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). J. June. Siberia. — Scara'ni (Scarani's). $. July. Naples. Ce'basus. Cherry. (From Gerasvs. a town in Pontus, in Asia, whence the cherry was brought to Rome by Lucullus. Nat. ord., Almondwort* [Drupaceae] . Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) Besides the cultivated cherry, the genus Cera- sus includes species which contain virulent poi- sons, chiefly in their leaves and fruit-kernels. Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except where otherwise specified. Seeds sown when the fruit is ripe, or mixed up with three or four parts their bulk of dry sand, and frequently turned, to pre- vent sprouting, and sown in the March following; also by layers and cuttings from the roots, and from suckers; particular varieties by budding and grafting ; deep soil, rather sandy. C. affi'nis (related). White. May. Europe. 1837. — a'vium (Birds'. Corone). 50. White. April. England. macroca'rpa (large-pt«7>te-fruited). 60. White. April. Switzerland. multiplex {double-flowered). IS. White. April. pa'llida (pale and red-fruited). 20. White. April. — — sylne'xtrit (wood). 50. White. April. Britain. — borea'li3 (northern. Choke). 20. White. May. N. Amer. 1822. — Canadensis (Canadian). 15. White. May. Canada. 1820. — capronia'na (hautbois). 20. White. April. South of Europe. — cordi'gera (Gmg-ne-heart-bearing). 20 White. April. South of Europe. Gobbe'tto {Gobetta-white-flesh). 20. White. April. Grio'tta (Griotte). 20. White. April. Montmorencia'na (Montmorency). 20, White. April. multiplex (.doable-flowered). 12. White. April. palle'scens (pale. Ceramble). 20. White. April. — —— persici/o'lia (peach -leaved). 34). White. April. — poly'gyna (many-pistiled. Cera bouquet). 20. White. April. — — — vnriega'ta (variegated). 10. White. April. — Carolinia'na (Carolina. Evergreen bird). 3*. White. May. Carolina. 1/59. — chamcece'rasus (ground-cherry). 8. White. May. Austria. 1597. — Chica'su (Chicasaw plum). 8. White. April. N. Amer. 1806. — eornu'ta (homed). 10. White. 1842. — depre'ssa (depressed. Sand). 4. White. May. South of Europe. 1805. — dura'cina (hard). 20. White. April. South of Europe. — cordi'gera (heart-bearing). 20. Whitn. April. — mammilla'rit (nippled). 20. White. April. obtusafta (blunted). 20. White. April. — hyema'lis (winter. Black-choke). 4. Wiita May. N. Amer. 1805. CER [ 200 ] CER C. Jajx/nif (Japan). 2. Pink. April. Japan. fl&re - pltfno - a/lba (white • double - flow- ered). 2. White. March. North of China. W46. multiplex (double). 4. Pink. April. Japan. 18 1 p. — Julia' na (St. Julian's). 20. White. April. South of Europe. Heaumeafna (helmeted). 15. White. April. ,_ pe'nduia (pendulous). 10. White. April. South of Europe. 1821. — lauroee'rutus (common - laurel - cherry). 13. White 4.pril. Levant. 1620. Evergreen. angusti/o'liits (narrow-leaved). 8. White. April. Evergreen. variega'tus (variegated - leaved). IS. White. April. Evergreen. — Lusita'nica (Portugal-Laurel). 20. White. May. Portugal. 1648. Evergreen. — Maha'leb (Mahaleb). 20. White. April. Austria. 1714. Evergreen. .fru'ctu-fla'vo (yellow-fruited). 30. White. May. South of Europe. lati/o'lium (broad-leaved). 20. White. June. South of Europe. — Marafscha (Marascha). White. April. Eu- rope. 1827. — NepaWnsis (Nepaul). 20. White. May. Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy. — occidentals (West -Indian). 20. White. Jamaica. 1629. Stove evergreen. — pa'dus (bird-cherry). 50. White. April Britain. argefntea (silveT-blotched). 20. White. April. 1846. aucubxfo'lia (aucuba-leaved). 20. White April. 1845. bracteafsa (tong--bracted). SO. White. April. Europe. heterophil 1 lla (various-leaved). 20. White. April. 1845. parvifio'ra (small-flowered). 30. White. April. North of Europe. rufbra (red. Cornish bird). 30. White. April. Britain. — — vulgaris (common). 80. White. April. Britain. — Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 30. White. May. N. Amer. 1773. — persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 8. White. May. N. Amer. — prostra'ta (prostrate). 1. Pink. April. Crete. 1803. — psmifdo^e'rasus (bastard-cherry). 6. White. April. China. i821. — fiubJicen* (downv). 12. White. April. N. Amer. 1806. — pmfmila (dwarf). 2. White. May. N. Amer. 1756. — pfgmoe'a (pigmy). 4. White. May. N. Amer. 1823. — tmlfcinus (willow-te«Berf). 4. White. April. China. 1822. — temper fief rens (ever-flowering). 20. White. April. China. 1833. Half-hardy. — tessiliflo/ra (stalkless- flowered). 30. White. April. — tgr&tinus (late. American bird). 30. White. June. N. Amer. 1620. — retu'sus (blunt-leaned). 30. May. S. Amer. — serrula'ta (saw- edge- leaved). 4. White, April. China. 1822. Half-hardy. roea'rpa (round-fruited). 10. White. June. Jamaica. 1820. Stove evergreen. C. Susqueha'nna (Susquehanna). White. May N. Amer. 1800. — Virginia'na (Virginian). 30. White. May. Virginia. 1724. Cherry Culture. — All our cultivated cherries appear to be derived, by the aid of various crosses, from Ce'rasus dura'ci**, Julia'na, and cupronia'na. DESSERT FRUIT. 1 Early Purple Guigne Mav. 2 Early Duke b. June. 3 Royal Duke e. June. 4 Elton m. June. 5 Florence m. Aug. 6 Late Duke e. Aug. 7 Morello 6. Sept. 8 Buttner's October Morello .... e. Sept. FOB PRESERVING. 9 Kentish e. Aug. For Standards take Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ; these, however, are equally ada'pted for walls. For forcing take the Early Duke. This is so well adapted, both on account of its earliness and fine bearing, that few of the other kinds are ever used for this purpose. Some of the others would suc- ceed very well, and the Tartarian has been pointed to by some as very eligible. In addition to the above the following are in good repute : — Werder's Black Heart ; Black Eagle ; Bigarreau ; Tarta- rian ; Bownton ; and the new kind, Reine Hortense. Propagation. — Both budding and graft- ing are resorted to; the former is the safest plan to avoid gum. The stocks used are those of the wild cherry for ordinary standards, or wall-trees ; but, for a dwarf- ing-system; it has become customary, of late, to use the Ce'rasus Maha'leb, or Perfumed Cherry — so called on account of the agreeable perfume emitted by the wood whilst burning. In France this is called Bois de St. Lucia, and this has long been used as stocks. In addition to its promoting a dwarf habit, it is said to be adapted to very ordinary soils, totally unfit for the common cherry-stock. It is the usual practice to obtain the Mahaleb from layers ; but no doubt cuttings will answer equally well. The ordinary cherry-stocks are raised from seed, gene- rally obtained from trees of the same kind. They are preserved in sand through the winter, and sown in February. Care must be taken to preserve them from the mice. They may be transplanted, in the following October, in rows two feet apart in the row. For dwarfs they may b* I budded the following season ; but, if CER [ 201 ] CER standards are required, they must stand until they acquire the desired height. Soil. — A deep and mellow loam, rather sandy, is best adapted to the cherry. It will, however, succeed in any ordinary garden-soil, if somewhat fertile in charac- ter, and one which parts freely with superfluous moisture. Wall culture in growing period. — The first operation commences in the disbud- ding, stopping, and laying in of the young shoots : this will be in the early part of June. Gross fore-right shoots may at once be displaced, unless required to fill gaps ; but if any doubt exists as to their becoming permanent stock, it will suffice to pinch off their points when four or five inches long. The kinds differ so much in size of foliage that a difference becomes neces- sary in the distance at which the young wood is trained. This must be ruled by the size of the leaves. Such as the Bigarreau must be kept at least five inches apart; the Morello section may be placed from two to four inches apart. One of the main points is to destroy the aphides in time ; they are almost sure to infest the trees before midsummer. Culture in rest period. — The cherry, in general, requires less culture than most of our hardy fruits; and this because it produces so little breast-wood. If the summer management has been duly attended to, there will be little to perform during the rest period. The remaining portion of the snags, or bases of the young shoots, which were pinched back in June, must now be pruned back to within two inches of the branch, unless required to furnish ablank space. Any late-made, immature-looking wood may be shortened to where solid ; but no other shortening is required with bearing trees. All the shortening requi- site, in order to multiply shoots to furnish the wall, should be done within three years after theif transplanting. There will, however, be mostly a few shoots to be entirely removed in the winter's prun- ing ; and, in doing this, regard must be paid to the distance previously given. Uses, how to keep, &c. — We need scarcely point to the dessert section. The Mo- rellos are famous as " brandy- cherries." The Kentish has the peculiar property of slipping from the stone, and, when dried, making a delightful confection ; and, in- deed, most of them are of great use for confectionary purposes. The pulp o( some makes a very good wine ; and ir> Germany a liqueur is made fiom the kernel and pulp, bruised and fermented, known by the name of Kirschwasser. The keeping of cherries on the trees is, indeed, the great obstacle to their much- extended culture. Were it not for this, cherries would he an e very-day affair from the end of May until the end of October. The birds are their greatest enemies, and next to them the wasps. For preserva- tion from birds there is nothing like good nets ; but, as it takes much netting to cover an ordinary tree, a dwarfing-system should be had recourse to, by which means much fruit may be preserved in a little space. By strict preservation we have had the May Duke in use from the beginning of June until the middle of August; the Late Duke from the latter period until the end of September ; and the Morello from the close of September until the end of October, or even later. The wasps are by far the most difficult to manage. We have, however, kept these at bay, for a few weeks, by covering the bushes with some material like Scotch gauze. Disease. — We are not aware of any positive disease in the cherry, excepting the gum. This is an exudation ol gummy matter, which generally follows a wound or bruise, and not unfrequently breaks out spontaneously. The best way to avoid this is to plant in soil of moderate quality. In general, a light, maiden loam is good enough, without adding a particle of manure or vegetable matter. See EXTEAVASATED SAP. Insects. — The Black Aphis (see Aphis) is the greatest enemy, and next the Bed Spider. (See Acarus.) The wall and wood of the trees should be washed annually, in the rest season, with soft-soap water, six ounces to a gallon, adding plenty of lime, soot, and sulphur. When the aphides attack the young shoots in sum- mer, there is no better plan than to dip each in a howl of tobacco-water just be- fore they are trained. Winter pruning of Standards. — Very little is requisite with standards. Like all other fruit-trees, they are apt to produce an inconvenient amount of young spray, in the interior o- the tree especially. All shoots of this character should be dressed away during the rest season, and all that are obviously not placed in a position to CER [ 202 ] CER receive the influence of light and air Most of these must he spurred back leaving a couple of inches of the base which generally becomes a nucleus of spurs ; and, although not well placed to produce fruit of the highest amount of flavour, yet they are sometimes of im- portance in inclement seasons ; for we not unfrequently find a sprinkling of fruit in such situations, when all round the outside is barren. Orchard cherry- trees, which have to receive nets occa- sionally, will, as strength increases, re- quire the removal of some of the coarsest and most unyielding shoots ; for, were they permitted to extend themselves without control, the amount of netting required to cove* them would become a rather serious item, and a drawback on their culture. Such unruly shoots, there- fore, should be timely removed : for am- putations of the large limbs should al- ways be avoided in the cherry, and, in- deed, in all trees liable to extravasation of sap. By a timely removal of such shoots, and by the occasional use of rope- yarn, or other fastenings, the tree may be kept in a somewhat compact form. CERATfoLA. (From a diminutive of ieras, a horn ; in reference to the stigma radiating into four divisions like little horns, as in the Carnation. Nat. ord., Crowberries [Empetraceae]. Linn., 21- Moncecia 1-Monandria.) The Crowberries are a sraill group of little bushes, with heath-like leaves, which are ever- green. The most of them inhabit the bleak and inhospitable regions both in Europe and in North America. Half-hardy under-shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, in a mild bottom-heat. Sandy peat, and a little very fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. C. ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Brown. June. N. Amer. 1826. Ceratoda'ctylis. (From keras, a horn, and dactylos, a finger; alluding to the divisions of the fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., QA-Cryptogamia 1-Filices. This ought to have been united to Allosorus.) Stove Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 55°. CeratoNia. Carob-tree. (From ieras, a horn ; in reference to the shape of the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 2-Dic-ia. Allied to Gleditschia.) This is believed to be the Locust-tree of Scrip- ture. " The dry pulp in which the seeds are buried is very nutritious, and is supposed to have been the food of St. John in the wilderness ; wherefore it is called the Locust-tree, and St. John's Bread."— Lindley. The North American Locust-tree, and the Locust-tree of the West In- dies, are different from each other, and from th« Locust-tree of Scripture. Greenhouse tree, hardly worth culture. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a hand-glass. Sandy loam. C. iHliqua (podded). 15. Red, yellow. Septem« ber. Levant. 15/0. Ceratope'talum. Red Gum-tree. (From keras, a horn, audpetalon, a petal ; the petals being jagged, or like a stag's horn. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunonia- ceae]. Linn., IQDecandria 1 Monogynia.) Greenhouse tree. Cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 35° to 45°. C. gvmmi'ferum (gum-bearing). 50. Yellow. N. Holland. 1820. Ceratoste'ma. (From keras, a horn, and sterna, a stamen. Nat. ord., Cran- berries [Vacciniaceae]. Linn., 10-Decan- dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Thibaudia and Cavendishia.) Stove plant. Divisions ; layers. Peaty soil. C. longiflo'rum (long-flowered). Crimson. Peru. 1846. Ce'rbera. (Named after the fabled dog, Cerberus. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo- cynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Plumiera.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young, rather ripe shoots, in April, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat. Rich, fibry loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°. C. Ahou'ai (Ahouai). 20. Yellow. June. Braiil. 1739. —fructico'sa (shrubby). 4. Red. May. Pegu. 1819. — macula' t a (spotted). 4. White. June. Bour- bon. ?82. — nra'ta Bfg-Uuvei). 3. Yellow. New Spain. — Theve'tia (Thevetia). 12. Yellow. June. 8. Amer. 1735. — Thevetioi'des (Thevetia-like). 8. Yellow. June. New Spain. 1800. Ce'rcis. Judas-tree. (From kerkis, a shuttlecock ; the name given by Theo- phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 10-£>ecandria \-Mo- nogynia.) The wood of C. tiliqua' strum is beautifully veined, and takes a good polish. Hardy deci- duous trees. Seeds, sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring; hardened off. and pricked out into a shel- tered situation ; the varieties by ^ratting. In th« south of the island they do well in sheltered places, on a lawn ; in the north, they require a wall. C. Canadensis (Canadian). 18. Pale red. May. N. Amer. 1730. pube'scens (downy). 18 Pale red. May, CER C 203 ] CER C. ailiqua'strum {cylindrical-podded. Common Judas-tree). 20. Red. May. South Europe. 1596. fto'ie-a'lbo (white-flowered). 20. White. May. South Europe. • parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 80. Purple. May. Bucharia. 1827. Cbhcoca'rpus. (From kerkos, a shut- tlecock, and carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosacea]. Linn., 12-Icosan- dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Geum and Purshia.) J There is no unwholesome plant in this order ; and the strawberry, raspberry, and the black- berry of the bramble, are the nearest plants in affinity to the rose itself. Then come the Poten- tilla, Geum, and Agrimonia, among which stands Cercocarpus, followed by the Spirseas and Quil- laiarts. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of green shoots in sand, under a glass, in a little heat. Peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. C. Fo«Aer#i'«oi'i2es(Fothergilla-like). 12. Purple. May. Mexico. 1828. Ce'reus. Torch Thistle. (From cereus, waxy ; referring to the fact that some of the spines are as pliant as soft wax, while others are as brittle as wax tapers. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 12- Icosandria I-Monogynia.) Cuttings, at any time, of either old or young ■hoots ; the latter are the best, if the base of the cutting is well dried. Instead of inserting them firmly in sand, they do best when laid among rough material, such as peat charcoal, leaf-mou!d, and brick and lime-rubbish. They aie generally described as stove plants ; but, unless when they are just making their wood, they will endure a very low temperature, if kept dry. Unless for the winter-flowering varieties, and those desired to bloom at that season, no water will be requi- site from October to March, if kept co>l. Sandy loam, turfy peat, half-parts of lime-rubbish and dried cow-dung. Water freely when growing, and when in bloom. Summer temp., 55° to 85° ; winter, 35° to 50°. C. JETthiops (b\zck-spined). Brazil. 1820. — a/fi'nis (related). White. — albiseto'sus (white-bristled. Trailing). 2. St. Domingo. 1816. — albispi'nus (white-spined). 2. St. Domingo. 1816. — ambi'guus (doubtful). 2. Purple, white. July. 1827. — amblygo'n.us (blunt-angled). Buenos Ayrcs. 1836. — arcua'tus (arched). White. 1835. — au'reus (golden-spined). S. Amer. 182S. — baxa'rius (clog-shaped). June. Mexico. 1838. — bi/o'rmis (two-formed). June. Honduras. 1840. — Chiloe'nsis (Chiloe). ^eocci'netiM (scarlet). Scarlet. September. Brazil. — tarule'scens (bluish). S. Blue. July. Brazil. I829. — crispa'tus (curly). Rose. Brazil. 1829. — eyli'ndricus (cylindric). 3. Peru. 1799. — De'ppei (Deppe's). 1. Peru. 1799. — ebu'rneus (ivory). 3. S. Amer. 1818. — erio'phorus (woolly). Red. 1835. — euphorbioi'det (euphorbia-like). 3. S. Amer. i O. exte'nsus (long-stemmed). Q. Pale rose. Au gust. Trinidad. — Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, green. 1889. —fe'rox (fierce). 1. Brazil. 1827. —fimbria'tus (fringed). 20. Pink. St. Do- mingo. 1836. — flagellifo'rmis (rod-shaped. Creeping Cereus). Pink. Peru. 1690. — flavispi'nus (yellow-spined). 3. W. Ind. — formo'sus (handsome). White. Buenos Ayrcs. 1834. — fuluispino'sus (tawny-spined). 3. S. Amer. 1/96. — gemma'tus (bud-bearing). July. Mexico. 1834. — gra'citis (slender long-spined). S. Amer. — grandiflo'rus (great-rlowering. Night- blooming Cereus). White, yellow. Jamaica. 1700. — gra'ndis (great-spined). 3. Brazil. — gri'seus (grey). 3. Grey. S. Amer. 1809. — Hawofrthii (Haworth's). 3. Caribbeea. 1811- — heptago'nus (seven-angled). 3. White. July. W. Ind. 1728. — hexago'nus (six-angled). 36. White. Au- gust. Surinam. l6yo. — hu'milis (humble). S. Amer. 1827. — hy'strut (porcupine). S. Amer. 1808. — Jamaca'ru (Jamacaru). White. Brazil. 1835. — Lancea'nus (Lance's). Scarlet. May. Guiaua. 1834. — lanugino'sus (woolly). 1. White. Auguat. W.Ind. 1690. — la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. September. S. Amer. 1830. — Leea'nus (Mr. Lee's). 1. Bright red. Mexico. — Lemai'rii (Lemaire's). Yellow and white. June. 1854. — le>ptophis (slender). White, purple. 1835. — leucu'nthus (white-spined). 1. White, pink. Mendoza. 1830. — MacDu'naldia (Mra.MacDonM's great night- flowering Cereus). Yellow and white. July. 1851. — ma'gnus (great). 3. White. June. St. Do- mingo. 1829. — ifartia'nus (Martius's). 2. Pink. April. Mexico. 1838. — monoclo'nos (single -branched). 20. Roae, white. June. Caribbees. — monstro'sus (monstrous). Red, white. S. Amer. — multiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. St. Do- mingo. 1829. — myosu'rus (mouse-tail). Brazil. 1828. — myrinphy'llus (thousand-leaved). Brown. 1815. — Napoleo'nis (Napoleon's). 6. Green, white. 1834. — ni'ger (black). 3. S. Amer. 1820. — no'bilis (noble). 3. Pink. W.Ind. 1811. — oehroleueut (cream-coloured). Striped. S. Amer. 1835. — ova'tus (egg-shaped). Chili. 1827- — oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pink. Braxil. 1829. — oxupc' talus (sharp - petaled). Red. May. Mexico. 1828. — panicula'tut (panicled). White, red. St. Domingo. 1827. — pentago'nu.1 (five-angled). 3. White. July. S. Amer. 1769. — Peruvia'nut (Peruvian). 3. Red. August. Peru. 1728. — Pitajay'a (Pitajaya). 6. White. Carthagena, 1836. — polygo'nui (many-angled). 10. White. Chili, 1827- — quadrangula'ri* (four-angled). White. W. Ind. 1809. Creeper. CEB [204] CET C. ramo'tut (branched). July. Mexico. 1838. — rega'lis (royal). 10. White. S. Amer. — repa'ndus (waved-tea&ed). 20. August. W. Ind. 1728. — rosa'ceus (rosy;. Rose. 1826. — Roye'ni Roven's). 2. White. 3. Amer. 1728. — senilis (old-man). 20. Red. Mexico. 1823. ~- serpenti'nus (serpentine). 4. White, purple. Peru. — tple'ndidus (splendid). Scarlet. September. Mexico. 1831. — stri'ctus (erect). 3. S. Amer. 1623. — subrepa'ndus (sub-waved-teat>eIe yellow. December. Japan. 1818. China-aster. See Calliste'mma. Chinese Rose. Hibi'scus ro'sea Sine'ns s. Chioco'cca. Snowberry. (From chion, snow, and kokos, a berry. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincbonaceae]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Psy- chotria.) The roots of C. angui'fuga and densifo'lia are ■aid to be a certain cure for serpent-bites in Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in •and, under a glass, in hotbed. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°. (i. angui'fuga (snake-defeating). 3. White. July. Brazil. 1824. — densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. White. BraiH. — neemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. February. Jamaica. 1729. Chiona'nthus. Fringe-tree. (From chion, snow, and anthos, a flower. Nat. I ord., Oliveworls [Oleaceae], Linn., 8. J Diandria 1-Monogynia.) Fine hardy shrubs for peat-bogs, in a sheltered situation. Seeds imported, sown in spring ; layers made in summer; and grafting on the common ash. Deep, moist, sandy loam. The East Indian species requires the heat of a stove. C. axilla'ris (a.xil-flowering). 7. White, June. E. Ind. 1810. — mari'tima (sea-side). 10. White. June. N. Amer. 1736. — Virgi'nica (Virginian). 80. White. June. N. Amer. 1736. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). SO. White. June. N. Amer. latifaflia (broad-leaved). 30. White. June. Carolina. Chtri'ta. (From cheryta, the Hindo- stanee for the Gentian-plant. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) Stove evergreens, except C. Sinensis. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, and cuttings in March and April, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80°; winter. 40° to 45°. C. Moo'nii (Mr. Moon's), 2. Pale purple. July. Ceylon. 1847. — Sine'nsis (Chinese). $. Lilac. July. China. 1843. Greenhouse evergreen. — Walkefriae (Mrs. General Walker's). l£. Pale yellow. Ceylon. 1845. — Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1£. Purple. June. Ceylon. 1845. Chtro'nia. (A classical name, after Chiron, one of the centaurs, fabled to be the father of medicine. Nat. ord., Oen- tianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., b-Pen- tandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings in sandy peat, under a bell- glass. Peat, three parts; loam, one part; all fibry, with a little sand and charcoal, and good drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Red. July. 1800. — bacei'fera (berry-bearing). 3. Yellow. June. 1759. — decussa'ta (cross-leaved). 1$. Bed. July. 1789. — floribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 1. Rose. May. 1842. — frute'scens (shrubby). 1$. Red. July. 1756. albiflo'ra (white-flowered), lj. White. July. 1756. — glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Red, lilac. 1844. — jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 2. Purple. May. 1812. — linoi'des (flax-like). 2. Red. August. 1787. — lychnoi'des (lychnis-like). 2. Purple. May. 1816. — nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Purple. July. 1816. peduncula'ris (long-flower-stalked). 3 J. Pur- July. pie V lifo> 'Gorpyfc/o'Wa (wild-thyme-leaved). *• Yellow. August. 1829. • tetrago>na (tour-angled). 1. Yellow. July- 1824. Chito'nia. (From chiton, a coat Mf CHI [212] CHO mail; the seeds, when dry, bearing a rough or scabrous exterior. Nat. ord., Bean-capers [Zygophylacese]. Linn., 10- Decandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, in heat, ill April. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. C. a'tbicans (-white-leaved). 10. White. Mexico. 1815. — Fothergi'lla (Fothergill's). 80. Purple. S. Amer. 1S15. — mutcrophy' lla (large-leaved). 10. White. Trinidad. 1820. — pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 3. White. July. Trinidad. 1817- — Tamo'nia (Tamonia). 12. Purple. W. Ind. 1815. Chive or Cive (A'llium schamopra'sum) is used as a very superior substitute for young onions in spring salading. A single row, a few yards long, will supply a family. A light, rich soil is most suitable. Plant together eight or ten of the off- sets of the bulbs, in March or April, in rows ten inches apart, and as many from patch to patch. By autumn they mul- tiply into large-sized bunches, and, if required, may be taken up as soon as the leaves decay, and be stored as a substi- tute for the onion. The leaves, which are fit for use as long as they remain green, must, when required, be cut down close to the ground, when they will speedily be succeded by others. Chllda'nthus. (From clideios, deli- cate, and anthos y a flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cli- nanthus.) A half-hardy bulb, with sweet-scented flowers. It requires fertile loam in a warm border, and to b« taken up on the approach of frost, and kept dry, in a pot of sand, till April, when its nume- rous offsets should be removed, to enable the bulb to flower well. Offsets; sandy peat and fibry loam. C.fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Yellow. June. Buenos Ayres. 1820. Chloa'nthes. (From chloa, greenish- yellow, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to its greenish flowers. Nat. ord., Ver- benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., li-Didyna- mia 3-Angiospermia. Allied to Lantana.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; fibry loam, and turfy, sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. C. glandulo'sa (glandulous). 2. Green, vellow. July. 1824. — rotnarinifu'lia, (rosemarv-leaved). 2. Green, yellow. July. 1823. — ftec/iadis (staechas-iike). 2. Green, yellow. July. 1822. Chlo'ra. Yellowwort. (Fiom chloros, greenish-yellow. The flowers of C. per- folia'ta, a British plant, are yellow, and turn green when dried. Nat. ord., Gen- tianworts [Gentianaeese]. Linn., 8-Oc- tandria 1-Monogynia.) The leaves of these plants are a good substitute for Gentian. Hardy annuals. Seed sown in April, in the open border. C. imperfolia'ta (leaf-unstem-pierced). Yellow. June. Italy. 1823. — perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). Yellow. Jnno* Britain. — $ero'tina (\aXt-fiouiering). 1. Yellow. No- vember. South of Europe. 1832. Chloride of Lime, or Bleachtno Powder, is composed of chlorine, 36.23, lime, 36.77. Exposed to the air, it is converted into chalk and muriate of lime, a salt which absorbs moisture from the air very powerfully. By this conversion it becomes a useful addition to soils ; and, as it also gives out some chlorine gas, so offensive and destructive to insects, it has been suggested as a useful appli- cation to the land at the time of turnip- sowing. It is also useful as a disinfecter, and for sprinkling about stable-floors, to fix the ammoniacal fumes. Chloro'xylon. (From Moms, green- ish-yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., Cedrelads [Cedrelaceae]. Linn., 10-De- candrial-Monogynia. The Satin-wood is from the trunk, and the wood-oil of India is from the leaves of C. Swiete'niu.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a g!ass, and in heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. Susietr'nia (Van Swieten's). 50. White. E. lud. 1820. Chocolate Nct. Theobro'ma. Choi'sya. (Named after M. Choisy, a botanist of Geneva. Nat. ord., Bueworls [Eutaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1- Monogynia.) Stove evergreen, cultivated like Chloroxylon. C. terna'ta (.three-leafleted). 6. White. July. Mexico. 1825. Chosie'lia. (Named after Dr. Chomel, physician to Louis XV. Nat. ord., Cin- chonads [CinchonaceaaJ. ~L\xm.,^-Tetran- dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ixora.) Stove evergreen shrubs, cultivated like Chlo- roxylon. C.fascicula'ta (bundle- flowered). I. White. W. Ind. 1825. — spino'sa (spiny). 12. White. W. Ind. 1793. Chonemo'rpha. (From chone, a fun- nel, and morpha, form ; the flowers being funnel-form. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy- CHO [ 218 J CHB nacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Khyncospermum.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of rather firm young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 6o°to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°. t,'. pube'scens (downy). White. May. E. Ind. 1822. Chore'tis. (From choros, to unite in chorus ; this genus being an'intermediate link between Hymenoca' llis and Isme'ne. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae] . Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Moriogynia.) The bulbs are half-hardy, and require to rest from the end of summer till March. Like the Peruvian Daffodils (Isme'ne), they require very light, sandy soil . The flowers are very beautiful — pure white, with a green eye and greenish stripe. Division of bulbs; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 85°. C. Galvestonie'nsis (Galveston Bay). 1. White. Texas. — glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. July. Mexico. 1837. Chori'spora. (From chorts, separate, and spora, a seed; the seeds being di- vided from each other in the pods. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15- Tetradynamia. Allied to Cakile.) Hardy annuals. Only one worth notice. Seeds, sown at the end of March ; common soil. C. tendila (slender). £. Purple. June. Siberia. 1780. •— arcua'ta (bowed). 4. Purple. June. Siberia. Choro'zema. (From choros, a dance, and zema, a drink. The party who dis- covered the first of these beautiful flowers, in New Holland, danced for joy at finding fresh water in its neighbourhood. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceas]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March, give the best plants ; cuttings of firm, short side-shoots may be taken off any time before midsummer, and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass; peat, three parts ; fibry loam, one part ; sand and char- coal, one-half part each. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°. C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow, red. March. 1830. — corda'ta (heart-shaped-tazued). 2. Red. April. — Dickso'ni (Mr. Dickson's). 3. Scarlet, yellow. July, 1836. — Henchma'nni (Henchmann's). 2. Scarlet May. 1824. — Huge'lii (Hugel's). 2. Blue. May. — ilififo'lia (holly- leaved). 2. Yellow, red August. 1803. — - Lawrenc.ia'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 3. Orange Spring. 1845. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Red. April. — uiocrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Deep orange Spring. 1845. — na'na (dwarf), f. Yellow, red. April. 1803 — ova'ta (egg-shaped). 1. Scarlet. August. 1830. C. platylnbiai'des (platylobium-like). Yellow. May. 1825. — rho'mbea (diamond-feaoed). 2. Yellow. May. 1803. — sca'ndens (climbing). Yellow. March. 1824. — Spartioi'des (Spartium-like). $. Yellow, red. August. 1832. — speeta'bilis (showy). 2. Orange, red. March. 1840. — triangula're (three-angled), j. Scarlet. April. 1830. — va'ria (various-leaved). 4. Orange, red. March. 1839. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. Orange. Spring. 1844. Christmas Eose. Hellebo'rtts ni'ger. Christ's Thorn. Paliu'rus. Chrysa'nthemum. (From chrysos, gold, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesia 2-Superfiua.) Hardy plants. Annuals by seed sown in the border, in April, or in a slight hotbed, at the end of March, and transplanted ; perennial herbaceous species by seed and division of roots, in autumn or spring ; the garden-varieties of Sine'nse by divisions and cuttings, in March and April, giving them light, rich soil ; and to do these full justice, planting them against a wall, or blooming them, under glass, giving plenty of manure-water after the bloom-buds appear. The shrubby kinds are increased by cuttings and divisions, and require a little aid in winter, in a frame, cold pit, or cool greenhouse. C. absinthiifo'Uum (wormwood-leaved). 1. White. Siberia. 1824. — Achi'llece (miitoii-leaved). 1. White. July. Italy. 1775. — ano'malum (anomalous). 1. White. June. Spain. 1811. — a'rcticum (arctic). £ White. July. Kamt- schatka. 1801. — arge'nteum (silver-leaved). 1. White. July. Levant. 1731. — atraltum (blackened-fea»e<2). 1. White. July. Austria. 1731. loba'tum (lobed). |. White. July. Switzerland. 1819. — carina'tum (keeled). 2. White, purple. Au- gust. Barbary. 1796. — corona'rium (garland). 4. Yellow. August. Sicily. 1629. — daucifo'lium (carrot-leaved). 1. White. July. 1820. — graminifo'lium (grass -leaved). 1. White. June. Montpelier. 1739. — heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 1. White. July. Switzerland. 1806. — I'ndicum (Indian). 2. Yellow. September. China. — Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. June. Italy. 1796. — lanceola'tum (spear-head-fea»ed). £. White. June. Hungary. 181 7. — leuca'nthemum (white-flowered). 3. White. June. Britain. — Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. White. August. Mexico. 1825. — Montpelie'nse (Montpelier). 1. White. July. Montpelier. 1/39. — monla'num (mountain). 2. White. Jane. France. 1759. — Myco'nis (Mycon's). 1. Yellow. July, Italy .177 Jt CHB [814] CHB C. paludn'sum (marsh). lj. YVMte. June. Barbary. 1810. — perpusi'llum (very small). 1. White. June. France. 1825. — pinnati'fidum (leafleted). 3. White. July. Madeira. 17/7. — pu'milum (dwarf). $. White. August. 1S0B. — ra'dicans (rooting - branched). 1. White. July. Spain. 1818. — rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 1$. White. June. Hungary. 1817* — Butkeni'acum (Russian). $. Pink. June. Kussia. 1827. — te'getum (corn). 1$. Yellow. July. Bri- tain. — Sine'nse (Chinese). 3. Variegated. October. China. 1764. — sylve'stre (wood). 2. White. June. 1804. — tanacetifo'lium (tansy-leaved). 1. White. Asia Minor. 1818. — triparti'tum (three-lobed-Zeared). 3. Yellow. October. £. lad. 1800. Chrysanthemum as a Florist's Flower. — This is the C. Sine'nse and its varieties. Propagation by Cuttings. — The hest time is the first week in February. Take off the young shoots three inches long, and, with a sharp knife, cut off the lower leaves; insert the cuttings round the edge of a five-inch pot, numbering each kind as they are put in, to prevent mis- takes. Use a light, sandy loam, with a thin layer of pure sand on the surface. Give a gentle watering, to settle the earth closely to the cuttings. Place them upon a heated surface of either coal-ashes or river-sand. Cover them with a hand-glass, and they will soon emit roots. When rooted, pot them im- mediately into small pots, and replace them under the hand-glasses. As soon as the roots reach the sides of the pots, re-pot them immediately. Cramping the roots in small pots is very injurious. Then place them either on a shelf near the glass of a good greenhouse, or, which is better, place them in a cold frame, well protected from frost and damp. By Layers. — To procure very dwarf plants, as soon as the frosts are fairly passed for the season, plant out in the open air a few old plants in a row, in an open situation. Peg down some of the branches, and, as soon as the flower-buds appear, plunge as many small pots round the plants, filled with light, rich earth, as may be required ; place a branch into each pot, and give it a gentle twist ; put a short, hooked peg into each pot, catch- ing the branch with the hook ; then cover it with half an inch of soil, and in a month it will be rooted. Then cut it off from the parent plant, take up the pots, and keep them in the shade till fairly established. They may then have ano- ther and final potting, and will be neat dwarf-plants to place in front of the taller ones. By Seeds. — The seed must be saved as soon as it is ripe, and only from such cs are of a fine shape, and bright, clear co- lour. Sow the seeds in February, very slightly covered with soil, finely sifted, in shallow, wide pots. Place them in a gentle heat, giving very gentle waterings, when dry, with a fine-rosed watering-pot. As soon as the seedlings have two o? three leaves each, transplant them singly into small pots, keeping them in a tem- perature of 55° to 60°; re-pot when re. quired. Some of them may flower, if well grown, the same season. Treat them exactly like the old varieties, and they will all flower the second year. Soil. — As these plants are gross feed- era, they require a very rich compost. Half fight loam, half decayed dung, with a fourth of peat added, will grow them strong, and flower them well. Summer Culture commences in ApriL Such as are intended to bloom in pots should now have large shifts out of their small pots into three sizes larger. For cuttings struck the same season, the blooming-pots should be at least nine inches' diameter, but for plants a year older, they should be twelve inches. At every potting stop all the shoots, to cause them to branch early, and form dwarf, compact bushes. Give up stopping at the last shift, which should not be done later than the middle of June. Tie the branches out, 60 as to give as much room and air to each as possible, consistent with form- ing a handsome plant. Thin the buds of such as are intended for exhibition, to cause large flowers. During the whole season of growth give abundance of water. Every week give them one watering with liquid-manure. Never allow them to flag from the first re-potting vp to the finishing 'bloom. Water them over head, in hot weather, at least twice a day. The proper situation to place them at this season (from May till they bloom), is on a bed of ashes or gravel, in an open situation. As soon as the buds begin to open, re- move them into the greenhouse, giving them as much space as possible, or the lower leaves will drop off. Continue an abundant supply of water till the bloom- ing season is over. Winter Culture.— When the flowers ar« CHE t «• 3 CHE all decayed, cut down the blooming shoots, and place the pots in a cool pit, giving only just water enough to keep the plants alive during the winter ; and, as they are nearly hardy, they do not require much protection : a mat or two thrown over the glass in very severe frost will be quite sufficient. These old plants are the best to plant out in the open border. In the southern counties Chrysanthemums bloom very finely, either in the open borders or against a wall or low paling, and, during the months of October and November, make a fine display. Insects. — The green fly is the most troublesome, and, where it is allowed to prevail greatly, will quite destroy the bloom. It is easily destroyed, in the open air, by dipping the ends of the shoots in tobacco-water, and, in the greenhouse, by filling it completely with the smoke of tobacco. Diseases. — These are such robust, hardy plants that they are seldom trou- bled -with any diseases. The only one that is dangerous is mildew on the leaves, produced by a damp, cold atmosphere before they are brought into the green- house. The only remedy is dusting the parts where it appears with flowers of sulphur. Brown's fumigator is an excel- lent one to apply the sulphur with. Chryse'is. See Eschscho'ltzia. Chrysoba'ctron. (From chrysos, gold, and bactron, a wand ; alluding to the mag- nificent racemes of C. Ro'ssii. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. IAicm.,6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) Half-hardy, perhaps hardy, bulbs. C. Hoo'kerii (Dr. Hooker's). 2. Yellow. Middle Island. 1850. — Bo'ssii (Ross's). 2. Yellow. Lord Auck- land's Islands. 1848. Chrysoba'lantjs. Cocoa Plum. (From chrysos, gold, and balanos, an acorn ; in reference to the colour of the drupes, or berries. Nat. ord., Chrysobalans [Chry- sobalanacege]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1- Monogynia.) Layers ; also cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under glass. Loam and peat. Common greenhouse and cool stove treatment. C. Ica'co (Icaco). 15. White. W. Ind. 1752. Stove evergreen. — oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 3. White. May. Georgia. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen. Chryso'coma. Goldy-locks. (From chrysos, gold, and home, hair ; in reference to the yellow florets. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 1« JEqualis. Allied to Solidago.) Hardy herbaceous species by divisions, in March. Common soil. Greenhouse species by cuttings oi half-ripe shoots in April, under a glass, in sand, Loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to HARDY HERBACEOUS. C. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Blue. Auguit. Siberia. 1741. — dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 2. Yellow. August. Siberia. — linosy'ris (tizx-leaved) . 2. Yellow. September. Europe. 1596. — nuda'ta (naked). 2. Yellow. September. Ca- rolina. 1818. — villo'sa (long-haired-/eauei). 2. Yellow. Au* gust. Hungary. 1799. — virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. September. N. Amer. 1821. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. C. cefrnua (drooping). 4. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1712. — cilia'ris (hair-fringed-teawed). 4. White. Au- gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. — comau'rea (golden-hair). 6. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. — denticula'ta (tooth-leaved). 4. Yellow. Au- gust. — ni'vea (snow-white). 3, Yellow. July. CaDeof Good Hope. 1816. — pa' tula (spreading). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1810. — sca'bra (rugged). 4. White. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1832. — squama'ta (sca.\y-stalked). 2. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 1837. Herbaceous. Chryso'gonum. (From chrysos, gold, and gonu, a joint; the golden flowers being borne on the joints. Nat. ord., Com- posites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Milleria.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the roots in spring ; loam, with a little peat and leaf- mould. C. Virginia'num (Virginian). 1. Yellow. May, N. Amer. Chrysophy/lltjm:. Star Apple. (From chrysos, gold, and phyllon, a leaf; refer- ring to the colour of the under side of the leaves. Nat ord., Sapotads [Sapota- cese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) The fruit of C.Caini'to is the Star Apple, an esteemed Indian dessert -fruit. Stove evergreen trees; cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in. heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 20. White. W. Ind. 1819. — argefnteum (silvery- leaved). 20. White. Mar- tinique. 1758. — Caini'to (Cainito). 50. White. May. W. Ind. 1737. cceru'leum (hlue-fruited). 40. White. May. S. Amer. 1"37. — — Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 40. White. May. Jamaica. 1737. microphy'llum (small-leaved). SC. White, May. S. Amer. 1800. CHR [ 2ie ] CIB C. gla'brum (smooth). 15. White. Martinique. 1823. — wiacrophy'llum (large-leaved). 100. White. Sierra Leone. 1824. — monopyre'num (one-stoned). 30. Brown. W. Ind. 1812. Chryso'psis. (From chrysos, gold, and opsis, a face. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste- raceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) A strong, coarse, hardy herbaceous perennial for a shrubbery, and will grow in any common coil ; divisions in March. C. Mchophy'tta (hairv-leaved). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1827. Chrysorrho's. (From chrysos,. gold, and rheo, to flow; referring to their bright yellow or golden heads of flowers. Nat. ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamselaucia- cese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Chamselaucium.) Very beautiful little bushes, from New Holland. They are very scarce, if at all in cultivation. Cut- tings of firm young shoots, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; cold pit or greenhouse, or with a little protection, such as a warm wall, might be tried. C. ni'tens (shining-flowered). Yellow. May. — terra' ta (saw-leaved). Yellow. May. 1841. Chrysosple'nicm. Golden Saxifrage. (From chrysos, gold, and splen, spleen; in reference to the colour of the flowers, and the supposed medicinal qualities of the plant as a slight tonic. Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragaceae]. Linn., 10- Decandria 2-Digynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the roots ; moist situation ; common soil. C. alternif&lium (alternate-leaved). 1. Yellow. April. Britain. — Kepale'nse (Nepaul). 1. Yellow. April. Nepaul. 1820. — oppositifo' Hum (opposite -leaved). Yellow. April. Britain. Chbtsoste'hma. (From chrysos, gold, and stemma, a crown ; the yellow flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Budbeekia.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the roots, and seed ; common, light soil. C. tri'pteris (three-winged). 6. Yellow. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1837. Chymoca'rpus. (Better known as Tropw'olum pentaphy'llum of "The Cot- tage Gardener ; " but the genus is ac- knowledged by botanists, and the mean- ing of the name is juicy-fruited, in con- tradistinction to the hard, dry fruit of the Nasturtium. Tt is derived from chymos, juice, and carpos, a fruit.) Greenhouse perennial climber. Se«ds in a slight hotbed ; cuttings in sandy soil, nnder a j hand-light, in summer. Sandy loam, with a little peat. I C. pentapky'ltus (five-leaved). 4. Red, greea. August. Buenos Ayres. 1830. Chy'sis. (From chysis, melting; in reference to the fused appearance of the pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- chidacece]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Mo- nandria.) Stove orchids. Offsets ; baskets filled with fibry peat and potsherds, and kept in a cool, moist stove. C.au'rea (golden -/towered). 1. Yellow and crimson. May. Venezuela. 1S34. — bracte'scens (bracte'ated). 1. White, yellow. May. Guatimala. 1840. — Im'vis (smooth). Cream, yellow. Guatimala. Cebo'tium. (From kibotion, a small box ; referring to the form of the seed- vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., 2-L-Cryptogamia- 1-Filices.) Division of the roots ; peat and loam ; a warm greenhouse, or cool stove. C. Ba'rometz (Barometz). 6. Brown, vellow. May. China. 1824. Stove. — Billardie'ri (Billardi&re's). 30. Brown. April. N. Holland. 1824. Greenhouse. — ScMe'dei (Schiede's). 6. Brown. Mexico. 1846. Stove. Ciboex, or Welsh Onion. (A'lliumjis- tulo'sum.) A perennial, never forming any bulb, but sown annually, to be drawn young for salads, Sec. Its strong taste renders it greatly inferior to the common onioa for this purpose ; but, from its extreme hardiness, it is good as a winter- standing crop for spring use. Varieties. — Two varieties are in culti- vation, the white and the red. Cultivation. — It may be sown at all times with the onion, and is similarly cultivated, except that it may be sown thicker, and only thinned as wanted. (See Onion.) The blade usually dies away completely in winter; but fresh ones are thrown out again in February or March. To obtain Seed. — Plant some of the roots in March, six or eight inches asun- der. The first autumn they will produce but little seed ; in the second and third, however, it will be produced abundantly. If care is taken to part and transplant the roots every two or three years, they may be multiplied, and will remain produc- tive for many years, and afford much better seed than that from one-year-old roots. Scallions. — There is good reason for concluding that by a confusion of names, arising from similarity of appearance, this vegetable is the true scallion, whilst the hollow leek of Wales is the true CIC L 2i?] GIN Welsh onion. At present, all onions that have refused to bulb, but form lengthened necks and strong blades, in spring and jammer, are called scallions. Gi'cca. (Named after Peter Cicca, a ■writer of the sixteenth century. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn. 21-Moncecia i-Tetrandria. Allied to Phyllanthus.) The milky juice of many of the Spurgeworts is poisonous ; yet the succulent fruit of C. di'sticha is wholesome, and the roots a powerful purgative Stove tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. C. di'stieha (two-rowed-fea»«0. 20. Green. E. Ind. 1796. Cicely. Chcerophy' Hum. Cicho'rium. Chicory, or Succory. (An ancient Egyptian name. Nat. ord., Com- posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 1 9-Syngenesia l-2Equali$.) Hardy salad-plants, of easy culture ; seed at different times. See Chicory and Endive. C. endi'via (endive). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1548. Annual. — i'ntybus (intybus. Chicory), 2. Blue. July. Britain. Perennial. Cntici'FUGA. Bugwort. (From cimex, a bug, and fu go, to drive away ; from its supposed quality. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Banunculacese]-. Linn., 13-Polya7idria b-Pentagynia. Allied to Actsea.) Good old hardy herbaceous plants for borders ; seeds, and division of the roots in spring or au- tumn ; common soil. C. America'na (American). 2. White, yellow. July. Carolina. 1824. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. White, yellow. June. N. Amer. 1812. — fct'tida 'foetid). 4. Light yellow. June. Siberia. 1777- ~-palma'ta (hand - leaved). 4. White, yellow. July. N. Amer. 1812. Cincho'na. Peruvian Bark. (Named after the Countess of Cinchon, who was cured by this Peruvian Bark. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacea?]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) The Peruvian bark stands foremost as a febri- fuge tonic. Stove evergreens ; cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam and fibry peat, with a little sand and charconl. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°. C. officinalis (shop). 18. Red. July. Peru. 1810. — ecdira (rugged). 6. Red. 1820. Cinera'ria. (From cineres, ashes ; irj reference to the grey down covering the surfaces of the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., ld-Syn- genesia 2-Superflua.) Hardy herbaceous species by seed, but chiefly by division of the roots ; good, loamy soil, and a little peat, or leaf-mould. The shrubs and under, shrubs, which mostly require a greenhouse or cold pit in winter, by cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light. The garden Jlorttt varieties see further on. STOVE EVERGREENS. C. Aitonia'na (Aiton's). 1. Yellow. July. — America'na (American). 6. Yellow. Grenada. 1825. — di'scolor (two-coloured-fca»«2). 4. White. July. Jamaica. 1804. — glabra'ta (smooth). 2. Yellow. July. Ja- maica. 1822. — lu'oida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. C. &'lba (white). 1. White. February. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved)i 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1825. — auri'ta (eared). 2. Yellow. June. Madeira. 1827. — bi'coior (two«coH>ured). 2. Yellow. July. Austria. — cacalioi'des (cacalia-like). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — canefscens (hoary). S. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope, 1790. — Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1759- Herbaceous. — ela'tior (taller). 5. White. July. — gei/o'lia (geum-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1710. — gibbo'sa (swollen). Sicily. — humifu'sa (trailing). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1754. Herbaceous, — hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Yellow. February. — inca'na (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1823. — la'ctea (milk-coloured). 3. White. June. 1816. — lana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. Canaries. 1780. — loba'ta (lobed). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — malvcefo'lia (mallow-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. Azores. 1777. Herbaceous. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. White. July. Teneriffe. 1829. — petasi'tes (butterbur-Zeaued). 3. Yellow. February. Mexico. 1812. — populifo'lia (poyWr-leaved). 2. Red, July. Canaries. 1780. — pree'eox (early). 2. Yellow. February. Mexico. 1824. — pulcht'lla (neat). 2. Purple. February. Canaries. 1818. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1827. — scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). 1 . Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1829. — tussilaginoi'des (coltsfoot-likel. 2. Lilac, Autumn. Teneriffe. 1829. — vesti'ta (clothed). £. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. Biennial. HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. C. alpe'stris (alpine). 1. Yellow. May. Switzer- land. 1819. — alpi'na (alpine). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer- land. 1819. — aurantVaca (orange). 1. Oraage. June, Switzerland. 1813. tu'rea (golden). 3. Yellow. July. Siberisr 1827. CIN t 21W ] CIN C. emrteula'ta (small-eared). 3. Yellow. August. 1631. ~ Canadensis (Canadian). 8. Yellow. July. Canada. J 739. — campe'stris (wild). 1. Yellow. May. Europe. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Carinthia. 1827. — crVspa (curled). 3. Yellow. July. Switzer- land. 1818. — fla'mmea (flame-coloured). Flame. Dahuna. — giga'ntea (gigantic). 2. White. July. Cape Horn. 1801. — integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Yellow. May. England. — Ixviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Austria. 1792. — macrophy'lla. (large-leaved). 8. Yellow. July. Altai Mountains. 1831. — mari'tima (sea. Ragwort). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. South Europe. 1633. Evergreen. — palu'stris (marsh). 3. Yellow. June. England. — pappo'sa (downy-crowned). 1. Yellow. July. Gallicia. 1821. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820. — racemo'sa (racemed). 1. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820. — renifo'lia (kidney-leaved). 1. Yellow. May. Russia. 1S33. — Ttotla'ris (rivulet). ). Yellow. July. Hun- gary. 1816. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 4. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1784. — spatula fu'lia (spatulate-leaved). 1. Yellow. May. Germany. 1820. ~-epecio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. June. Siberia. 181S. — Sude'tica (Swiss). 2. Yellow. July. Switzer- land. 1S19. — thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-formed). Russia. 1832. Cdjeea'eia as a Florist's Flower. — The immense varieties of this flower seem to he the offspring, hy various crosses, of O. malvccfo'lia, la'nata, populifo'lia, and prohahly some others. Propagation by Offsets. — When a Cine- raria has done blooming, remove it from the greenhouse, cut down the old flower- stems (excepting such as are intended to save seed from), place the pots out of doors, upon a bed of coal-ashes, in an open situation. Give water moderately in dry weather ; and, as soon as the sets appear, and have attained a leaf or two, take them off with a sharp knife, with the roots uninjured ; plant them in small pots, and place them in a cold frame, shading them from the light for a fortnight, and from bright sunshine for another week. They will then be well rooted, and will require a pot a size larger. By Seed. — Sow the seed as soon as it is ripe in shallow, wide po+s, in light, fine soil, and slightly covered. As soon as the seedlings have formed two or three leaves, prick them out into the same kind of pots, in a somewhat richer soil. They may remain in these pots till they have made some more leaves and fresh- roots ; then pot them off singly into small pots, shading for a few days. After- wards, and at the proper time, re-pot them in the same manner as the offsets. Soil. — The offsets and seedlings having attained the proper size for potting into larger pots, prepare for that operation by mixing and bringing, in a moderately dry state, to the potting-bench, the fol- lowing compost : — Turfy loam, from an upland pasture, two parts; fibrous peat, one part ; decayed leaves, two years old, one part; very rotten cowdung, half a part; and a small addition of river-sand. Prepare, also, a sufficient quantity of broken potsherds, of two sizes ; one as large as walnuts, and the other about the size of peas. Have, also, a sufficient number of either new or clean-washed pots, two sizes larger than the plants nra in. You are then ready for the operation of potting. Winter Culture. — By the time the plants, whether offsets or seedlings, are ready for re-potting out of their first- size pots, cold nights will have begun to take place, which brings the time of cul- ture under this head. Bring the plants on to the potting-bench ; prepare a pot by placing a large piece of potsherd over the hole at the bottom of the pot, then a layer of the larger size, and a second layer of the smallest size ; place a thin layer of the rougher parts of the compost upon them, and as much soil as will be required to keep the plant just level with the rim of the pot; set the plant in the pot, and fill round it with the compost, pressing it gently down. Be careful not to break the leaves, as they are very brittle and tender. When the pot is quite full, give it a gentle knock upon the bench, to finally settle the soil. When all are finished, give a gentle watering, and place them in a cold frame ; shade them if they flag from the sun, and water when necessary. The Cineraria is a very fast-rooting plant, and they will soon require another shift. To know when they require it, turn a plant carefully out of its pot, and if the roots have reached the sides of the pots, and through the drainage, re-pot again immediately • for, if the roots once become closet? J matted, the plants will be crippled in CIN C ai» CIS their growth. The grand object is to keep them growing freely till they make large, broad-leaved plants, in eight-inch pots, before they begin to show their flower-stems. Keep them in the cold frame, or pit, through the winter; only take care to cover them up securely every night, and day also, if the frost is severe. It will be necessary to pack round the sides and ends of the frame or pit with either short litter or dry fern, of sufficient thickness to keep out the se- verest frost. During this severe weather, it will sometimes be necessary to keep the covering on the glass all the day. It has occurred that the cover has been kept on for a fortnight without any in- jury; but on all fine days take off the coverings, and give abundance of air; pick off all decaying leaves, should any appear ; and only water when absolutely necessary. They grow, and keep healthy, much better in such a situation than in a greenhouse. Summer Culture. — As soon as the warm, mild days of spring arrive, give the plants their last shift, and, if desirable, remove them into the greenhouse at once, plac- ing them as near the glass as possible. The flower-stems will now be advancing rapidly; and, for some kinds, it will be necessary to use sticks, to open out the heads of bloom, and show them to the best advantage, especially for those in- tended for exhibition; but all sticks should be removed a day or two before the show, as they are no addition to the beauty of these plants. Insects. — The great pest of the Cine- raria is the greenfly ; but it may be easily got rid of by smoking with tobacco. Yet it must be carefully applied, as there is no plant so susceptible of injury from a too strong dose of this smoke. Some- times the red spider makes its appear- ance ; and when it does, it will be neces- sary to dust the leaves with sulphur, which, though it will not kill him, pre- vents his feeding, and thus starves him to death. Diseases. — These plants, like all other highly-cultivated ones with soft wood, are subject to go off just on the surface of the soil. The only preventive is plenty of fresh, sweet air, and a judicious application of water, especially during the early part of the year. Cinnamo'mum. Cinnamon. (From tha Arabic name, kinamon, Nat. ord., LaureCs [Lauracete]. Linn., 9-Enmau- dria 1-Monogynia.) Cassia Bark is obtained from nearly all the sper cies of Cinnamon-trees. Other countries hava their Cinnamon-trees, but differing from the true Asiatic Cinnamon. Stove trees. Cuttings of fina shoots in April, in sand, under a glass, and Q moist bottom-heat. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. C. Beiolgo'ta (Beiolgota). 40. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1818. — ea'ssia (cassia). 50. Yellow, green. June Ceylon. 1763. — Culila'ban (Culilaban). 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1823. — du'lee (sweet. True Cinnamon). 40. Whiter yellow. E. Ind. 1820. — glau'cum (milky-green. Camphor-tree). SO. Pale yellow. Japan. 1800. — gra'cile (slender). 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1820. — Malaba'trum (Malabar-tea/). 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1805. — monta'num (mountain). 40. White, green, W. Ind. 1810. — ni'tidurn (shining). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823. — ve'rum (true). 40. Green. July. E. Ind. 1768. Cinquefoil. Potenti'lla. Cion. See Scion. Circe'a. Enchanters' Nightshade. (A classical name, after Circe, a celebrated enchantress, skilled in poisonous herbs. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagracese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1 -Monogynia. Allied to Lo- pezia.) Hardy perennials. Offset* and divisions. Common garden-soil. C. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Red. July. Britain. — interme'dia (intermediate). 1. Red. July. Europe. 1821. — Lutetia'na (Parisian. Common). 1. Red. July. Britain. Ciecumposition differs from layering, only that in this the shoot to be rooted is bent down to the soil, whilst, in cir- cumposition, the soil is placed in a vessel, and raised to the shoot. There are pots called layering-pots, made for this prac- tice, and differing from the common gai den-pot only by having a section, about an inch broad, cut through one side, and to the centre of the bottom, for the admission of the shoot or branch. Moisture necessary for favouring tbe emission of roots is supplied by means of a bottle, from which the bottom is struck off, and the neck furnished with a cork, perforated so as to admit a small pigeon's feather, or bit of wool, to form a syphon, by means of which the moss is kept in a proper state of moisture. Hard-wooded plants are propagated in this way from the middle of May till the end of June; and the branches are sufficiently rooted So be taken off by the end of September. CIR [ 220 1 CIP. It is, however, necessary in all cases to ascertain whether the branches are suffi- ciently rooted previously to their being separated. After being separated, the rooted branch is treated like one layered. See Layerino. Cirrhe'a. (From cirrhus, a tendril; the rostellum being extended like a small tendril. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Monandria.) Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets. Sphag- num, peat, broken pots, and charcoal, in shallow, open baskets ; a high, moist temperature when growing ; cooler and dry when at rest. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. C. a'lbo - vi'ridis (white - and - green - flowered) . White, green. May. Brazil. 1838. — a'tro-purpu'rea (dark-purple-jWered). Dark purple. April. Mexico. 1838. — bracte'scens Qaiactea). White, yellow. July. Brazil. —fuscolu'tea (dusky-yellow). 1. Yellow, green. July. Brazil. Same as C. sacca'ta. — terns (smooth). Yellow, brown. July. Brazil. ~- Loddige'sii (Loddige's). Yellow, red. May. Brazil. 1827- — obtusa'ta (blant-petaled). 3- Yellow, red. Sep- tember. Rio Janeiro. 1835. — pa'llida (pale-flowered). Yellowish. August, Brazil. 1837. — pxfeta (painted). Purple. May. Brazil. 1830. — ru'bra-purpu'rea (red-and-purple-Zoirered). Red, purple. May. Brazil. 183 — Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Green, red. May. Brazil. 1837. — squa'lens (squalid). May. Brazil. 1836. — tri'stis (ivW-coloured-flowered). j. Dull pur- ple, red. June. Mexico. 1834. — vi'ridi-purpu'rea (green and purple). |. Purple, green. June. Brazil. — ——.Frya'na (Fry's), j. Green, purple-spotted. July. — Warrea'na (Mr. Warre's). J. Yellow, red, purple. June, Brazil. Chirhope'talum:. (From cinkus, a tendril, and petalon, a flower-leaf; in re- ference to the strap-shaped petals. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20- Gynandria l-Monandria.) Stove orchids. On blocks of wood. Growing temp., 75° to 85°, and very moist air; rest temp., 60°. C. antenni'ferum (antennae - bearing). Brown. Philippines. 1843. — aura'tum (gold-edged), J. Yellow, crimson. March. Manilla. 1840. — Blu'mei (Biume's). August. Java. 1843. — candela'brum (chandelier). Straw, pink, pur- ple. July. Manilla. 1840. — ccpiia'tum Que&i-fluwering). Java. 1843. — ccsspito'sum (tufted). Pale yellow. April. Khooseea. 1837. — Chinefnse (Chinese). $. Purple, yellow. China. 1840. — compre'ssum (flattened-sremmed). Java. 1843. — eornu'tum (horned-sejoate). %. Purple. August. Khooseea. 1037. — Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). Ruby. May. Philip- pines. 1839. — eloagaftum (elongated). May. Java, 1343. C. fimbria' turn (fringed). J. Green, purple. April. Bombay. 1S38. — macula' turn (spotted). Pale green. May. India. 1841. — maculo'sum (spotted-/?otcered). Green, purple. E.Ind. 1841. — Maera'i (M'Rae's); Brown, yellow. April. Ceylon. 1839. — maxilla're (maxillaria-like). Philippines. 1843. — Medu'see (Medusa's head). £. Spotted, pink. May. Singapore. 1839. — nu'tans (nodding-jfowered) . £. Pale straw. May. Manilla. 1833. — pictura'tum (pictured). Purple, red. March. E. Ind. 1838. — Roxbu'rgkii (Roxburgh's). Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1343. — Thoua'rsii (Thouar's). 1. Yellow. July. So- ciety Islands. — umbella'turn (umbel-flowered). Green, brown. April. Indies. 1838. — vagina'tum (sheathed). Pale yellow. Singa- pore. 1843. — Walli'chii (Wallich's). Brown. March. Nepaul. 1837. CfRSiusi. (From kirsos,a swollen vein; in reference to the effects of being pricked by the spines. Nat. ord., Composites [As- teraceae]. IArm.,19-Syncienesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to the true Thistles.) Perennials, by division of the roots ; annual* and biennials, by seeds. Common soil. HARDY ANNUALS. C. Aea'rna (Acarna). 2. Furple. August. Spain. 1683. — pinnuti'fidum (deeply-cut-leafed). 2. Purple. July. Spain. 1S20. — seto'sum "(bristly). 2. Purple. June. Silesia. 1822. — ttella'tum (starred). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1665. HARDY BIENNIALS. C. A'frum (African). 2. Purple. June. Barbary. 1800. — ce'rnuum (drooping). 4. Purple. July. Mexico. 1827. — dealba'tum (whitened). 3. Purple. July. Cau- casus. 1820. — di'scolor (two-coloured). 2. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1803. — erxo'phorum (wool-bearing). 4. Purple. July. Britain. — fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. July. South Europe. Purple. — heteroma'llum (one-side-woolly). Julv. Nepaul. 1820. — inca'num (hoary). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1820. — lappa'ceum (burdock-like). 4. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1821. — orienta'le (eastern). 3. Purple. July. Asia Minor. 1827. — panicula'tum (panicled). 2. Purple. June. South Europe. 1781. — Pazcuare'nse (Pazcuara). 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1827. — polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 2. Pink- June. Rome. 1739- — pv'ngens (pungent). 3. Purple. July. South Europe. 1820. — squarro'sum (branching). 3. Purple. Jfulyv Siberia. 1818. cm [221] CIS Q. strigo'sum (short-bristled). 2. Purple. August. Caucasus. 1825. HALF-HARDY BIENNIALS. Ot Cassabo'itee (Cassabona's). 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 1794. — eichora'ceum (succory-like). 3. Purple. Au- gust. Naples. 1816. — diaoa'nthum (two-spined). 3. Purple. July. Syria. 1800. — Mexica'num (Mexican). 4. White. September. Mexico. 1837. HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. O. acau'le (stemless). 1. Purple. July. Britain. — alti'ssimum (tallest). 6. Purple. August. N. Amer. 1726. — ambi'guum (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. Mount Cenis. 1820. — angula'tum (angled). 2. Purple. July. Swit- zerland. 1819. — arachnioi'deum (cobweb-like). 2. Purple. July. Tauria. 1818. — Bertoli'ni (Bertolini's). 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1820. — Sa/ticum (Baetic). 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 1824. — Carnio'licum (Carnioiian). 2. Pale yellow. July. Carniola. 1792. — cilia'tum (hair-fringed). 3. Purple. August. Siberia. 1787- — cynaroides (artichoke-like). 2. Purple. July. Crete. 1827. — deserto'rum (desert). 3. Purple. July. Si- beria. 1824. — echina/twn (pricklv). 1. Purple. August. Barbary. 1817. — eehinoce'phulum (prickly-headed). 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1826. — eMtius (taller). 6. Purple. August. 1823. —fimbria'tum (frinc-ed). 4. Purple. July. Cau- casus. 1816. — Forste'ri (Forstcr's). 3J. Crimson. July. England. — glutino'sum (clammy). 2. Pale yellow. July. South Europe. 1816. — Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). Purple. August. Russia. — HalMrii (Haller's). 4. Purple. "July. South Europe. 1816. — helenioi'des (elecampane-like). 6. Purple. July. Siberia. 1804. — heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. Purple. July. Britain. — la'eteum (milk -coloured). 2. Pale yellow. July. Switzerland. 1819. — lanifio'rum{ woolly-flowered). 2. Purple. July. Tauria. 1819. — Monspessula'num (Montpelier). 2. Purple. June. Montpelier. 1596. — muni'tum (armed). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1816. — mu'Hcum (awnless). 2. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1820. — nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 2. Purple. Au- gust. Switzerland. 1817. — ochroleu'cum (pale yellow). 2. Pale yellow. July. Switzerland. 1801. — olera'ceum (pot-herb). 3. Pale yellow. July. Europe. 1570. — orgya'lei, six-feet). 6. Purple. July. 1823. — patudo'sum, (marsh). 3. Purple. July. Swit- zerland. 1819. — rtgens (stiff. Alpine). 2. Yellow. July. Swit- zerland. 1775. — rivula're (brook). 3, White. July. Hungary. !904. C. rhizoce'phaium (rooting). Pale yellow. Ccf>* casus. 1836. — rufe'scens (rustyish). S.White. July. Pyre- nees. 181 6. — Salisb'trge'nse (Salisbury's). 3. Purple. Julyj Europe. 1816. — terratuloi'des (sawwort-like). 3. Purple. Au- gust. Siberia. 1752. — serrula'tum (saw-edged). 4. Purple. July. Tauria. 1819. — spinosi'ssimum (spiniest). 3. Pale yellow. July. Switzerland. 1759. — sMctum (upright). 2. Purple. August. Na- ples. I819. — SyrVacum (Syrian). 2. Purple. July. Levant. 1771. — tubero'sum (tuberous). 3. Purple. July. England. — uligino'sum (swamp). 3. Purple. June. Caucasus. 1820. Cissa'mpelos. Pareira Brava Boot. (From kissos, ivy, and ampelos, a vine; creeps like ivy, and flowers like the vine, on long, hairy racemes. Nat. ord., Meni- spermads [Menispermacea?]. Linn., 22- t>icecia 13-Polyandria.) Stove twiners. The species from South Afriea will do in a warm greenhouse : cuttings of small side-shoots, rather firm, in sand, under a bell- giass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. C. Caape'ba (Caapeba). 4. Green. July. S. Amer. 1733, — Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. Green. Cape of Good Hope. 1775. — hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. Yellow, green. Nepaul. 1819. — Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 6. Yellow, green. Mauritius. 1824, — microca'rpa (small -fruited). 6. Yellow, green. W. Ind. 1823. — Parei'ra (Pareira). 6. Green. July. S. Amer. 1733. Cr'ssus. (From Jcissos, ivy ; in reference to their scrambling habit. Nat. ord., Vineivorts [Vitaceae]. Linn., ^-Teiran- dria 1-Monogynia.) A genus of stove and greenhouse climbers, having no pretensions to beauty. We introduce it in order to remark, that with the exception of the grape-vine, the plants of this order are singu- larly deficient in use or beauty. The species require the same treatment as Cissampelos. C. discolor (two - coloured). Greenish - white. September. Java. Cisterns for the accumulation of rain- water should be formed in connexion with the gutters of the various buildings in the gardens ; for no water is equal to it for the artificial supply of moisture to plants. Ci'stus. Bock Bose. (From kiste, a box; in reference to the form of the seed- vessel. Nat. ord., Rock Bose [Cistacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.) C. ladani'ferus and C. Le'don produce gum la- dauunv. Seeds sown in April ; if under glass, so much tie better; layers after the plauto have CIS [ 223 ] CIT Spa — iperifo'l •lowered { and cuttings in May, under % hand- glass ; dry soil ; all smaller kinds suitable for rock-work ; and although hardy in sheltered, dry places, it is safest to propagate a few every season, and give the protection of a cold pit ia winter. C. csutifo'lius (pointed-leaved). I. White. Au- gust. South of Europe. • c/lbidus (white-leaned). 2 - Paie purple. June. lain. 1640. <' litis (rough-leaved). 2. White. June. South of Europe. — eandidi'ssimtts (whitest). 4. Pale red. June. Canaries. 1817. — eane'scens (hoary-feawi). Purplish. June. Soutn of Europe. — Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. White. June. Spain. 1810. — complied' his (complicated). S. Red. June. Spain. 1818. — Ccrborie'nsis (Corbor). 9. White. June. Spain. 1656. — cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 4. White. June. 1800. — Cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Purple. July. Levant. 1731. Tau'ricus (Taurian). 2. Purple. June. Tauria. 1817- — cri'spus (cuiled-leaeed). 2. Purple. June. Portugal. 1656. — Cupaniafnus (Cupani's). White. June. Sicily. — cymo'sus (cyme-flowered). 2. Purple. May. — Cy'prius (Cyprus). 4. June. White. Greece. 1800. — DunaUa'nus (Dunal's). 2. Purple. May. — Florenti'nus (Florentine). 3. White. June. Italy. 1825. — heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 2. Purple. June. Algiers. — hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. White. June. Portugal. 1656. — inca'nus (hoary). 2. Purple. July. South of Europe. 1596. — ladani'ferus (ladanum-bearing. Bog-cistus). 4. White. June. Spain. 1629. albiflo'rus (white-flowered. Gum-cistus). 4. White. June. Spain. macula'tus (spotted). 4. White. June. Spain. 1700. — latifo'liiis (broad-leaved). 4. White. June. Barbary. — laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 4. White. June. Spain. 1731. — lafxtu (loose - flowered). 2. White. June. Spain. 1656. — Le'don (Ledon). 1. White. June. France. 1730. — longi/o'lius (long-leaved). 4. White. June. South of Europe. 1800. — Lusitafnieus (Portuguese). 3. Yellow. July. Portugal. 1830. — Xontpelie'nsis (Montpelier). 2. White. June. South of Europe. 1656. — oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 3. White. June. South of Europe. — obtusifo'lius (blunt-leaved). 3. White. June. — parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 3. Pale red, June. Crete. 1800. — p/oryse'pa/M»(broad-«epaled). 4. Red. June. — populifo'lius (poplar-leaved). 3. White. May. Spain. 1656. — petlose'paltis (smooth - sepaled). 3. White. June. — purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. June. — ntundifo'livs (round-leaved). 2. Purple. June South of Europe. 1640. C. salvi/oWus (sage-leaved). 2. White. June South of Europe. 1548. — erect iu'sculus (rather erect). 2. White. June. ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). 2. Yellow- ish. June. — seri'ceus (silky). 2. Red. June. Spain. 1826. — undula'tus (waved-teared). 4. White. June. South of Europe. 1803. — vmgina'lus (sheathed). 2. Pals purple. April. Teneriffe. 1/79. — villo'sus (long-haired). 3. Purpla. June. South of Europe. 1640. Cithaee'xyxtjm. Fiddle-wood. (From kithara, a lyre, and xylan, wood ; in refer- ence to the wood being fit for musieal instruments. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver- benacese]. Linn., 1-L-Didynamia ii-An- yiospermia.) Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°. C. cauda'tum (tailed). 20. White. Jamaica. 1763. — denta'tum (toothed). 15. E. Ind. 1824. — seri'ceum (silky). 15. E. Ind. ISM. — subserra'tum (slightlv- toothed). 15. White. W. Ind. 1S20.' — villo'sum (long-haired); 10. St. Dominco 1784. Citbioba'tus. (From citros, a citron, and batos, a thorn; called the Oranye Thorn by the colonists in New Holland, the plant bearing small, orange-coloured fruit. Nat. ord., Pittosporads [Pittospo- racese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono- gynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy, turfy peat, and a little loam and charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 45° to 50°. C. mnltiflo'rus (many-flowered). 3. November. 1818. — pauciflo'rvs (few-flowered). 16SS. ClTBON. Ci'trus me'dica. Ci'trtts. Orange - tree. (Derivation of doubtful origin ; supposed to refer to Citron, a town in Judaea. Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiaceae]. Linn., 18- Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.) Greenhouse evergreen trees. C. angula'ta (angular-/ruiterf). White. E. Ind. — aura'ntium (siceet-orange). 15. White. Asia. 1595. — bwrifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. June. China. — decuma'na (huge. Shaddock), li. White. June. India. 1724. — delicio'sa (delicious). White. April. China. — hy'strix (porcupine). 15. White. June. E. Ind. — Japo'nica (Szpaxi-small-fniite&). 6. White. June. Japan. — lime'tta (.hme-bergamot). 8. White. June. Asia. 1648. — limo'num (lemon). 15. White. June. Asia. 1648. - Mmiure'nsis (Madura). 10. White. Juue, China. err [223 ] cm C.'tnargari'ta (pearl. Sweet lemon). \ 5. White. June. China. — Me'dica (Median. Citron). 8. White. June. Asia. — nofbilis (noble. Mandarin). 15. Whits. June. China. 1805. mi'nor (smaller). 15. White. June. China. 1805. -» $pinosi'ssima (spiniest). 15. White. June. Cayenne. — vulga'ris (common. Seville). IS. White. June. Asia. myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved), 3. White. June. Asia. Common Orange (C. auranti'acum). — The following are esteemed varieties : the China, Blood-red, Sweet-skinned, the Bibbed, Pear-shaped, Tiny-fruited, Fingered, St, Michael's, and Mandarin. The Mandarin and St. Michael's are far superior to the rest for cultivation. The Mandarin is cultivated extensively at Malta, although originally from China : it has a thin rind, and is of very superior flavour. The St. Michael's is also a small orange ; but the skin is of a pale yellow; the rind, also, very thin, and the ^ulp remarkably sweet. The fruit is generally without seed, and the tree is a k'reat bearer. The Lime (C. lime'tta) approaches the Lemon ; but the juice is flat, and some- what bitter. The Shaddock (C. decuma'na) has a large and round fruit ; skin yellow, with a white, spongy rind; the pulp sweet and juicy. This has been successfully cultivated, in Devonshire, on the open walls, with protection in winter, but no artificial heat. The Lemon (C. limo'num). — The Con- tinental growers are content to raise these from seed ; hence the great differ- ence in quality of the imported fruit. The Citron (C. me'dica) has arind thick, spongy, and very fragrant ; pulp, sub-acid. Propagation. — All the kinds will pro- pagate freely by cuttings, either of the young shoots, or of those riper in charac ter. They are prepared in the usual way, and inserted in pots of sand. A close frame, with a bottom-heat of 75° is necessary ; and they must be plunged. They may be made at any period, except- ing whilst the plants are growing. Some cultivators put out long, straight pieces of the Citron (which is easiest to propa- gate), of two or three years' growth ; and, 63 soon as they are rooted, they graft them. Layers root with facility, but do not raake such fine plants. Grafting. — There are varions vrays of performing this operation, dependent much on the size and character of the stock. Some graft the young seedlingg which were sown in early spring : these, by bottom-heat and high culture, are ren- dered fit for this operation in about four or five months. No clay is used in this delicate operation, but a little fine moss. Some cut off the head of the stock and crown-graft; others attach the graft to the growing shoot, as in ordinary whip- grafting. Budding is also practised by some cultivators. Inarching has sometimes been prac- tised by inarching several plants on one large stock, in order to form a head speedily. Stocks. — The Citron has been mostly preferred ; the Shaddock, however, makes a robust stock. M'Intosh seems to re- commend sowing any ordinary seeds — from such fruit, indeed, as have rotted in the warehouses, from which he has had complete success. Seeds. — The mode of rearing them thus is simple enough. A light, rich soil and a lively bottom-heat, with a some- what close atmosphere, will produce plants eighteen inches high in a few months. Soil and Culture. — All the family love a generous soil. One half a free, yet rich loam, and the other half composed of leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and sandy heath-soil, will grow them in high per- fection, adding a little sand and some charred materials. Care must be taken to use the turfy loam in lumps, and to drain well; indeed, all the materials should be somewhat coarse. They re- quire liberal watering ; and it must, when given, penetrate the whole mass of soil. They enjoy liquid-manure occasionally. They are not only grown in pots or tubs, but planted out as trees, and against walls and trellises ; and they are equally adapted for all these modes of culture. Span-roofed houses would be highly eli- gible for them as standards ; and the sides and ends, being portable, might be removed in summer. The Citron family are impatient of intense sunshine, being, for the most part, natives of woods. A slight amount of shading, therefore, be- comes occasionally necessary. The tem- perature during winter — especially in houses with opaque roofs — must be very moderate : 48° to 50°, by means of fire- CLA [ 394 ] CLA heat, is quite sufficient. As light increases with a returning spring, the thermometer may be permitted to advance a little. In light houses, a thermometer of 50° to 55° will do no injury. Here, however, shading will, at times, he requisite. Fruit, uses, dc. — Besides forming, in its natural state, one of the adjuncts of the modern dessert, these fruits are used in a variety of forms, both in confectionery, sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus, the Se- ville, Bizarade, or Bitter Orange, having a very hitter rind, is used for marmalade, hitter tinctures, candied peel, and for fla- vouring curacoa. The Bizarades are the kinds used principally for the production of cut blossoms by the French gardeners. The Bergamot has a pear-like fragrance : from this the perfumer obtains his ber- gamot essences. The Lime 13 used in flavouring punch and confectionery. The Shaddock has a cooling and refreshing juice; and the fruit is a splendid addi- tion, in appearance, to the dessert. The Lemon is too well known to need com- ment. The Citron is used for sweetmeats, lemonade, and to flavour negus and punch. Diseases. — We are not aware of any- thing which may be strictly termed a dis- ease of this genus. A black fungus is fre- quently found on the leaf, having the appearance of soot, and perhaps arguing a corrupt atmosphere, through a too close confinement. This must be cleaned away, by a sponge, with warm water. Insects. — The aphis and the scale (coc- cus) are amongst its principal enemies. The former may at all times be readily destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may be rubbed off by means of sponge bound on a stick, frequently dipping the sponge in a liquor consisting of two ounces of soft soap beat up in a gallon of water. Clada'nthtjs. (From klados, a branch, and anthos, a flower ; flowering at the end of the branches. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., ld-Syngenesia 2- Superjlua. Allied to Anthemis.) The annual from seeds, in April; the evergreen from cuttings, under a glass ; common soil. C.Ara'bieus (Arabian). 2. Yellow. July. Bom- bay. 1759. Hardy annual. — cane'tcena (whitish). 1. Yellow. June. Canaries. 1820. Greenhouse evergreen. Cla'eelv. ( Named after Captain Clark. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn., %-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) JUrdy annuals. Seeds in common border, in March ; or, in September, in roserre-garden, protected with a few branches in frosty weather, and transplanted, in spring, in patches, when they will bloom early. C. e'legans (elegant). 2. Bose, purple. Jur/. California. 1832. — flo're-pleno (double-flowered). \\. F^ rose. September. Gardens. lo2". rhomboi'dea {diamond-petaled) . Purpie. June. N. Amer. 1823. — gauroi'des (gaura-like). 1. Pink. August. California. 1835. — pulche'lla (pretty). 2. June. N.Amer. 185*. flo're-dlbo (white-flowered). 2. White. June. N. Amer. 1826. Clary. (Sa'lvia scla'rea.) Its leaves are sometimes used in soups and medi- cated wines. A very small number of plants is sufficient for a family. Sow early in April, or a month earlier, in any light-soiled border. Thin the plants to two feet apart. The sowing must be an- nual. Seed may be saved by allowing some plants to run up the next spring. They ripen their seed in September. Clause'na. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots ia sand, under a glass, in heat. Loam and peat; Summer temp., 6j° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°. C.pentapht/'llaifae-Uzved). 20. White. July. Coromandel. 1800. Clavi'ja. (Named after Clavija, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Theophrasta.) Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy loam, with sand above, under a bell-class, and in bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. White. Peru. 1816. — orna'ta (adorned). 12. Orange. Caraccas. 1838. Clay is a constituent of all fertile soils, though in these it rarely exceeds one- sixteenth part, and generally bears a much smaller relative proportion to the other constituents. In its pure state it is known as alumina. It is the best of all additions to light, unretentive soils; for it retains moisture much more power- fully than any other earth, il. Schubler found, that when silicious sand lost eighty-eight parts of moisture, and chalky sand seventy-six, stiff clay, in the same time, lost only thirty-five parts. Clay soils are the worst that can be for gardens ; for there is scarcely one of the crops there cultivated that is not injured by stagnant water, which can scarcely be prevented in clay soils at some seasons ; and, in wet weather, clayey soils cannot CLA [ 225 ] CLE be worked, whereas the gardener must be inserting or attending to his crops every day. For the improvement of clay lands, by rendering their staple less retentive, burning some of their own soil is an ef- ficient application. One hundred tons per acre, for this purpose, are not too many; for a dressing as a manure, thirty tons are a good quantity. See Paring. Claying is adding clay to a soil, to render it more retentive. Clayto'nia. (Named after John Clay- ton, -who collected plants in America. Nat. ord., Purslanes [Portulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.) C. perfolia'ta, a gay little annual, is used as a substitute for purslane in North America. An- nuals, in border of sandy loam, or sandy peat, in March and April ; tuberous species, by offsets in spring or autumn, and seeds in spring; herba- ceous species, by division of the roots ? vegetable mould and peaty soil. HARDY ANNUALS. C. Cube'nsis (Cuba). £. White. May. Cuba. 1829. — gypsophiloi'des (gypsophila-like). £. Pink. October. California. 1835. — Joannea'nti (Joannes's). 1. White. June. Siberia. 1818. — perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1794. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Red. June. Siberia. Unalaschke'nsis (Onalaschka). June. Russia. 1820. White, HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED. C. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 2. August. Si- beria. 1827. — acutiflo'ra (pointed-petaled). 1. White. May. N. Amer. — Califo'rnica (Californian). California. Her- baceous perennial. — Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Pink. April. N. Amer. 1789. — irandi/fo'ra Oarge-fiowered). 1. Pink. April. N. Amer. — lanceola'ta (spear-he&i-leaved). 1. White. April. N. Amer. 1812. — longifo'lin (long-leaved). 1. White. April. N. Amer. 1827. — polyphrj'lla tmany-leaved). l. Pink. April. N.Amer. 1827. — Vestia'na (Vest's). 1. Rose. Altai. 1827. — Virginin'na (Virginian. Notch-petaled). 1. White. N. Amer. 1740. Cleiso'stoma. (From klcio, to close, and stoma, a mouth. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria. Allied to Sarcochilus.) Stove orchids, except C. tridenta'ta ; divisions ; blocks of woofl, with a little sphagnum moss. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°. C. dealba'tum (whitened). Yellow. September. Manilla. 1843. — dfteolor (two-coloured). Yellow. March. In dia. 1844. — dtd/piens (deceiving). Ochre. May. Ceylon 1843. 15 C. te*o J sw>nm (violet-scented). 2. Yellow. Biarch, Manilla. 1843. — latifo'iium (broad-leaved). Yellow, red. March, Singapore. 1840. — maculo'sum (spotted-flowered). Yellow, pink* March. Ceylon. 1839. — ro'sea (rose-coloured-flowered). Straw-co° loured. September. Manilla. 1837. — spica'tum (spiked). Red, yellow. May. Bor- neo. 1846. — tridenta'ta (three-toothed). Reddish-white. N. Holland. 1838. Greenhouse. Cle'matis. Virgin's Bower. (From klema, a vine-branch; in reference to their climbing like a vine. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Kanunculaeese]. Linn., 13- Polyandria 6-Polygynia.) Cuttings of firm side-shoots under a hand-light, in summer; layers in September; division of herbaceous kinds as they commence to grow, in, spring ; light loam, or loam and a little peat. A dry situation suits most of them. STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. C. America'na (American). 12. White. S. Amer. — Brazilia'na (Brazilian). 12. White. Brazil. — Caripe'nsis (Caripe). 12. White. Trinidad. 1820. j — dioi'ca (dioecious). 14. Green. Yellow. May. W. Ind. 1733. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. Yellow. green. Sierra Leone. 1823. — hedysarifo'lia (hedysarum-leaved). White. E. Ind. 1819. — smilacifo'lia (smilax-leaved). 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1824. GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS. C. arista'ta (awaed-anthered). 12. Green, yellow. June. N. Holland. 1812. Deciduous. — Balea'rica (Minorca). 12. Yellow, white. Fe- bruary. Minorca. 1783. Half-hardy ever- green. — barbella'ta (small-bearded). Chocolate and cream. May. Simla. — brachia'ta (armed). 2. Yellow, green. Oc- tober. Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen. — Chine'nsis (Chinese). 12. White. Trinidad. 1820. Half-hardy evergreen. — coria'cea (leather-leaved). 12. White. N. Holland. 1821. — glyeinoi'des (glycine-like). 10. White. N. Holland. 1826. Evergreen. — grave'olens (strong-smelling). Pale yellow. July. Chinese Tartary. 1845. Half- hardy deciduous. — hexasefpala (six-sepaled). 3. Pale green. April. New Zealand. 1844. — indivi'sa (undivided-teaced). 20. White, cream. April. New Zealand. loba'ta (lobed-/ea»e<2). 20. White, cream. April. New Zealand. 1847. — linearilo'ba (narrow-lobed). 4. White. July. Carolina. 1823. Herbaceous perennial. — odora'ta (fragrant). June. E. Ind. 1831. — Zanzibar efnsis (Zanzibar). 10. Zamibar. 1820. HAUDY CLIMBERS AND HERBACEOUS. C. angustifo'lia (narrow-ew^'re-leaved).2. White. June. Austria. 1787. — emru'lea (sky-b\ue-Jlowered). 10. Blue. April. Japan." 1836. — — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Purple June. Japan. 1841. 6 CLE [ 226 ] CLE C. Calif o>rnica (Californ ian ) . 1 840. — cmtnpaniflofra (bell-flowered). 6. Purple. July. Spain. 1810. — cirrho'sa (tendrilled). 12. White, green. April. Spain. 1596. — crtspa (cmled-fiowered). 6. Pale purple. August. N. Amer. 1726. — cyli'ndrica (cyWn&Tic-fiowered). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1820. Herbaceous perennial. — Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 12. Yellow, green. September. Dahuria. 1820. — diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. White. April. Herbaceous perennial. — erefcta (upright). S. White. July. Austria. 159/- . Eispa'nica (Spanish). 3. White. July. Spain. 1800. — fla'mmula (flame). 20. White. August. France. 1596. ceespito'sa (tufted). 20. White. September. mari'tima (sea). 20. White. • Way. South of Europe. rotundifoflia (round-leaved). 20. White. August. France. 1 596. rabtflla (reddish-sepafed). 20. Keddish. September. vulgaris (common). 20. White. Au- gust. France. — flo/rida (florid). 10. White. June. Japan. 1"6. bicolor (two-eoioured). White, purple. jlo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 10. White. June. Sieb&ldii (Sieboldt's). 10. Purple, green. June. Japan. 1836. — glau'ca (milky-green). IS. Pale yellow. April. Siberia. — Graha'mi (Graham's). IS. Pile green. July. Mexico. 1846. — integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Blue. July. Hungary. 1596. elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Blue. June. Europe. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Purple. July. — lathyrifo>lia (lathjrus-leaved). 4. White. June. 1836. Herbaceous perennial. — Massonia'na (Masson's). 12. Cape of Good Hope. — monta'na (mountain). 20. White. May. Nepaul. 1831. Deciduous. — grandifl&ra (large-flowered). White. May. — Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). May. Nepaul. 1835. — ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Light yel- low. June. N. Amer. 1767. Deciduous. — orienta'lis (eastern). 8 Yellow, white. Au- gust. Levant. 1/31. Deciduous. — panicula'ta (panicled). 20. White. August. Japan. — pedi'ceHa'tayong'-flower-stalked). 12. White, green. July. Majorca. — reticulata (netted). 8. Purple. Julv. N. Amer. 1812. Deciduous. — temitri'loba (half-three-lobed). 1. White, green. June. Spain. — Si'msii (Sims's). 8. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1812. Deciduous. — triterna'ta (thrice-three-leafleted). 12. White. 1800. Deciduous. — tubulo'sa (tubular-/ott>ered)., 2. Blue. Sep- tember. China. 1845. Herbaceous. — vto'ma (American Traveller's joy). 12. Pur- ple. August. N.Amer. 1/30. Deciduous. — eiornoi'des (viorna-like). 8. Lilac. August. N. Amer. 1828. Deciduous. — Virgima/na (Virginian). 15. Green. Julv. K. Amer. J 767. Deciduous. C. Virginiafna braetea'ta (bracted). 15. Greenish- white. June. N. Amer. 176". — vita'lba (white-vine. Traveller's joy). 20. White. August. England. Deciduous. — — — integra'ta (entire-Zeaoed). 20. White. August. England. — viticeflla (vine-bower). 20. Purple. August. Spain. 1569. Deciduous. ceeru'iea (b\ue-ftowered). 20. Blue. July. Spain. 1659. ple'na (double-purp/e). 20. Purple. Au- gust. — ——purpu'rea (purplt-flowered). 20. Pur- ple. July. Spain. — — tcnui/o'tia (slender-leafleted). 34. Crim- son. June. Cleo'jie. (From klcio, to shut; in reference to the parts of the flower. Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) Those of a shrubby character by cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; per- ennial herbaceous species, by division of the plant, and seeds ; Indian annual species, by seed sown in a hotbed, and bloomed in the greenhouse, as tender annuals. The European and several Mexican annuals, by seed in a gentle hotbed, to be transferred to the flower-borders in May; rich, light soil. HAPJ)Y AXXUALS. C. Ara'bica (Arabian). 2. Yellow. June. Arabia. 1/94. — Dillenia'na (Dillenius's). 1. White. June, Levant. 1732. — /a'oa (yellow). Yellow. June. Australia. 18*5. — Ibefrica (Iberian). 1. White. July. Iberia. 1820. — lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. N.Amer. 1840. Herbaceous perennial. — pube'scens (downy). 2. White. July. 1815. — speciosi'ssima (most showy). Purple. July Mexico. IS27. — trine'rvia (three-nerved). Yellow. Arabia. 183.". — viola'cea (violet-coloured). 1. Purple. June. Portugal. 1/76. — virga'ta (twiggy^, 1. White. June. Persls. 1820. STOVE SHRUBS AlvD HERBACEOUS. C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. June. Caraccai. 1817- Evergreen. — dendroi'des (tree-like). 5. Purple. Braril. 182S. — droserifo'lia (drosera-leaved). Yellow, violet. May. Egypt. i837. Greenhouse shrub. — giga'ntea (gigantic). 6. White. June. S. Amer. 1774. — micra'ntha (small-spined). White. June. 1824. — procu'mbens (lying-down). Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1798. STOVE ANNUALS. C. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. White. June. S. Acer. 1817. — cardina'lis (cardinal-flower- Ji.Ve). 2. Bed. July. Mexico. 1623. — diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. June. Brazil. 1323. — heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 1. White. June. Jamaica. 1817. — Housto'ni (Houston's). 1. White. June. W. Tnd. 1730. — monophy'lla (one-leaved). 1. Yellow. J cur, E. Ind. 1759. Zeyla'nica (Cevlon). 1. Yellow. Jun» £. Ind. 1759. CLZ [ 227 ] CLE C porjp'j;iea (rosy). J. White, pink. Braail. Club-hoss. Lycopo' dium. Club-root. See Ambury. Clumps, when close, are sometimes called Thickets, and, when open, Groups of Trees. They differ only in extent from a wood, if they are close, or from a grove, if they are open. They are small woods and small groves, governed by the same principles as the larger, aftei allowances made for their dimensions. But, besides the properties they niayhava in common with woods, or with groves, they have others peculiar to themselves. They are either independent or relative. When in dependent, their beauty, as single objects, is solely to be attended to; whea relative, the beauty of the individual must be sacrificed to the effect of the whole, which is the greater consideration. The least clump that can be is of two trees; and the best effect they can have is, that their heads, united, should ap- pear one large tree. Two, therefore, of different species, or seven or eight of such shapes as do not easily join, can hardly be a beautiful group, especially if it have atendency to a circular form. A peculiarity of clumps is the facility with which they admit a mixture of trees and of shrubs, of wood and of grove ; in short, of every species of plantation. None are more beautiful than those which are so composed. Such composi- tions are, however, more proper in com- pact than in straggling clumps ; they are most agreeable when they form one mass. If the transitions from very lofty to very humble growths, from thicket to open plantations, be frequent and sudden, the disorder is more suited to rude than to elegant scenes. The occasions on which independent clumps may be applied are many. They are often desirable as beautiful objects in themselves ; they are sometimes ne- cessary to break an extent of lawn, or a continued line, whether of ground, or of plantation ; but, on all occasions, a jeal- ousy of art constantly attends them, which irregularity in their figure will not always alone remove. Though ele- vations show them to advantage, yet a hillock evidently thrown up on purpose to be crowned with a clump is artficial to a degree of disgust. Some of the trees should, therefore, be planted on the sides, to take off that appearance. The same expedient may be applied to clumps placed on the brow of a hill, to interrupt its sameness : they will have less osten- tation of design if they are, in part, car- ried down either declivity. A line of clumps, if the intervals be closed by others beyond them, has the appearance of a wood, or of a grove ; and, in one respect, the semblance has an ad- vantage over the reality in different points of view. The relations between the clumps are changed ; and a variety of CLU [ 231 1 COB forms is produced, which no continued wood jr grove, however broken, can fur- nish. These forms cannot all he equally agreeable, and too anxious a solicitude to make them everywhere pleasing may, perhaps, prevent their being ever beau- tiful. The effect must often be left to chance ; but it should be studiously consulted from a few principal points of view ; and it is easy to make any recess, any promi- nence, any figure in the outline, by clumps thus advancing before, or retiring behind one another. — Whateley. Cltj'sia. Balsam-tree. (Named after C. de VEcluse, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusiacese]. Linn., 23- Polyyamia 1-Moncecia.) Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and with good bot- f.om-heat; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. dV>a. (v/hite-flowered). 30. White. S. Amer. 1752. — fla'va (yellow-flowered). 30. Yellow. Ja- maica. 1759. — ro'sea (rose-coloured). 30. Red. July. Ca- rolina. 1692. — tetra'ndria (four-stamened). White. S. Amer. 1820. — eeno'sa (veiny. leaved). White. S. Amer. 1733. Cltjy/tia. (Named after Chtyt, a pro- fessor of botany at Leyden. Nat. ord., Bupliorbiads [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 'd-Triandria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise specified. Cuttings of small side- shoots ; but, if not to be got, points of shoots before they become hard, in sand, over a layer of sandy peat, and covered with a bell-glass ; sandy loam and libry peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 48°. The East Indian species re- quire more heat in winter. G. alalernoi'des (alaternus-like). 2. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1692. — colli'na (hill). 3. White. E. Ind. 1807. Stove. — Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 3. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — pa'lula (spreading). 3. White. E. Ind. 1812. Stove. — polifo'lia (poly-leaved). 2. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 2. White. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — pube'scens (downy). 3. White. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. — pulche'lla (neat). 2. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1739. — tfnuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. I8I7. »— tsxnento'sa (thickly-downy). 3. White. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. Cneo'kum, Widow's-wail. (An adopted name from Theophrastus, the derivation not explained. Nat. ord., a section of Rueworts [Rutaceoe]. Linn., 3-Triandri* 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings i» sand, under a glass, in April ; peat and fibry loam, with a little silver-sand. Winter temp., 40° to45°| C. pulverule'ntum (powdery). 6. Yellow. June. Madeira. 1822. — tric(/ccum (three-grained). 0. Yellow. Juno. South Europe, 1793. Cne'stts. (From knao, to scratch ; re- ferring to the prickly capsules. Nat. ord., Connarads [Connaracese]. Linn., 10 - D e can dria A-Pentagynia.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in sweet bot- tom-heat. Loam and peat ; both fibry, with sand. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°. C. cornicula'ta (small-homed). 10. Purple. Guinea. 1793. — gla'bra (smooth). 10. White, green. Mau- ritius. 1823. — polypJiy'lla (many-leaved). 6. Purple. Mauri- tius. 1823. Coal. See Fuel; Coal-ashes. See Ashes. Cobqe'a. (Named after M. Cobo, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. Phlox wor is [Polemoniaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings ol firm side-shoots, in summer ; but best from seed* sown in a hotbed, in March. Poor, sandy soil, otherwise they will grow too freely to bloom pro- fusely. Greenhouse, or poles, or wall, during summer, in open air. C. macroste'ma (long-stamened). 20. Green, yellow. October. Guayaquil. 1839. — sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Purple. August. Mexico. 1792. — stipula'ris (targ-e-stipuled). 20. Yellow. Oc- tober. Mexico. 1839. Cobu'egia. (Named after Prince Leo- pold of Saxe-Cobourg, now King of Bel- gium. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl- lidacesej. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-AIono- gynia.) Handsome half-hardy flowering-bulbs, which delight in strong, rich loam, and will grow on a warm, sunny border, in summer ; to be taken up on the approach of frost, and kept dry over the winter. Propagated by offsets. C. cocei'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. March. Cor- dilleras. 1839. —fu'lva (tawny-flowered). 1. Tawny. S. AraeC. — hu'milis (humble). £. Orange. March. Cor. dilleras. 1841. — incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Scarlet. Au« gust. Quito. 1826. — minia'ta (vermilion-coloured). 3. Vermilion, April. Peru. 1842. — stylo'sa (long-styled). Orange, red. March- Quito. 5847. :— trichro'ma (three-coloured). 1. Scarlet, white green. June. Andes. Iter. COC C. versicolor (changeable). 2. June. Lima. 1810. [ 232 ] COC W. 15. 20. 1822. St. Red, ibile, green. Coccese'lle. Lady- Birds. There ar6 about thirty species of this useful and beautiful insect. Let no one destroy a coccinella, for it is one of the greatest destroyers of the plant-louse, or aphis. This is much better appreciated on the Continent than in England ; for there the gardeners collect lady-birds, and place them upon rose-trees, &c, infected with aphides. Cocco'loba. Sea-side Grape. (From kokkos, a berry, and lobos, a lobe; in reference to the fruit. Nat. ord, Buck- wheats [Polygonacese]. Linn., Q-Octan- dria 3-Triyynicu) Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young, firm shoots, in spring or summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C. acuminata (pointed-teacerf). 20. White, green. New Grenada. 1 820 — excoria'ta (barked). 80. Ind. 1733. — flave'scens (pale yellow), Domingo. 1820. — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved) August. Cararcas. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). W. Ind. 1810. — microsta'chya (small - spiked), green. W. Ind. 1824. — ni'vea (white-Zeaoed). 20. White, green. Ja- maica. 1818. — obova'ta (reversed-egg-fcrtt'ei). 50. White, green. S. Amer. 1824. — oblusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 20. White, green. Carthagena. 1822. — orbicularis (round- leaved). 15. White, green. S. Amer. 1825. — .pube'scens (downy). White, green. W. Ind. 1690. — puncta'ta (dotted). 15. White, green. W. Ind. 1733. — ttnuifdlia (narrow-leaved)'. 30. White, green. Jamaica. 1820. — uvi'/era (grape-bearing). CO. White, green. W. Ind. 1690. Co'cculus. (From coccus, cochineal- f olour ; in reference to the scarlet colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Jlfenispermads [Menispermacese]. Linn. 22-Diaxia 6- Jlexandria.) Stove evergreen climbers, from the East Indies. The Co'cculus I'ndicus of the druegists' shops is the berry of C. Plukene'tii and subero'tus. Cuttings of half-ripened, small side-shoots, in sandy soil, under a elass ; peat and loam, both flbry and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to 68°; ▼inter, 50° to 55°. 20. White, greet. White, green. White. White, green. White, green. 16. White, C. palma'tut (hand-teatied). 10. White, ereen, 1800. — Plukene'tii (Plukenet's). 10. Green, yellow. 1790. — roiundi/o'lius (round -leaved). 20. White, green. 1820. — subero'sus (cork-barked). 20. White, grcea. 1800. — tomenlo'sus (woolly). 10. White, green. 1815. — eillo'sus (long-haired). 6. Green, yellow. 1800. Coccus. Scale Insect. The species of this family are most usually, but not exclusively, found upon the tenants of our greenhouses and hothouses. The males are active, but the females usually fixed to a part of the plant. The former have wings, and are so small as to re- quire a magnifier to distinguish them clearly : they then appear somewhat like a gnat in form. The females are much larger, and in shape not unlike a bed-bug, but with a scaly skin. When hatching they envelope themselves in a woolly case. The eggs are oval, but no larger than dots. Brushing the stems and branches of trees and shrubs with a hard scrubbing-brush will destroy many of these vermin ; and, if spirit of turpen-. tine, with a painter's brush, is applied, so as to visit every cranny of the bark, the application is perfectly effectual. Smaller and more delicate plants in pots may be placed under a sea-kale or other cover, with a little of the spirit in a sau- cer, and then submitted to a gentle heat : the vapour of the turpentine will destroy the insect in a hour or two. If the first application fails, the second will not fail. C. adonidum. Mealy Bug. If this insect is attacked the moment the first is seen the pest may be usually avoided. Vines attacked by it should have every branch and stem brushed over sedulously C. cordifo'lius (heart-leaved) 1820- — eri'spus (curled). 20. White, green. 1822, — inea'nus (hoary). 10. White, green. 1820, •— laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 10. White, green. 1816. «- orbicula'tus {xoima-leaved) . 6. Green, yellow 1780. with a hard brush, and than with a painter's brush as thoroughly painted over with this mixture : — Soft soap, 2 lbs.; coo L 233 ] coc flowers of sulphur, 2 lbs- ; tobacco, 1 lb. ; and a wine-glass of spirit of turpentine. Mix the sulphur, turpentine, and soap into a paste with warm water ; boil the tobacco for an hour in a covered sauce- pan in some more water, strain it, mix it with the soapy mixture, and then add enough water to make five gallons. More tender plants can only have their stems and leaves sponged with water at a temperature of 115°, frequently, and so long as a single insect can be detected. The Mealy Bug on pine-apples mtfy be destroyed by shutting these up in a frame, over a bed of hot, fermenting horse-dung. Our drawing represents a female magni- fied, and of its natural size. It is some- what like a woodlouse in form, but red- dish, and covered with a white, mealy powder. The male is slender, gnat-like, with two broad wings, and two brush-like filaments behind. — The Cottage Gardener, v. 157. C. vitis. Vine Scale. It preys upon the stems and branches of the grape-vine both in the open air and under glass. It seems to be the same species which also attacks, occasionally, the peach, nectarine, and plum. It is, says Mr. Curtis, aloDgish- brown insect, which, in old age, assumes a blackish-brown colour, and becomes hemispherical and wrinkled. The females are shield-like, being convex above, and flat, or concave, below. They are fur- nished with six small legs, which, when the insect is old, become part of the substance of the body. On the under side of the insect is a sucker, with which it pierces the cuticle of the plants, and extracts their juices. Soon after impreg- nation the female dies, and her body becomes a protection for the eggs, which are covered with long, white wool, and sometimes completely envelope the shoots of the vines, or of plants grow- ing underneath them. Their powers of propagation are immense; and, where they once become very numerous, they are exceedingly difficult to eradicate. This species belongs to the true genus Coccus, characterized by the female having a scale inseparable from her body. "While young, both sexes are alike; but the male larvae produce two-winged insects, with two tail threads. The females have no wings ; and their dead bodies, beneath which the young are sheltered, appear as hi the annexed woodcut. Whilst ths leave* are on the vine, if any species of scale appears on its stem and branches, the least offensive remedy is to paint over the whole with a strong solution of gum arabic or starch ; allow it to remain on for a week, and then wash it off. But the most effectual remedy is to brush them over thoroughly twice, after an interval of a day, wifh spirit of turpentine. To prevent the recurrence of the plague, a very effective mode, in autumn, is to scrape away and burn all the rough bark, and then, with a rough brush, to paint over the stem and branches with a creamy mixture, composed of f lb. of soft soap, 1 lb. of sulphur, and J oz. of black pepper, to four gallons of water ; boil together for twenty minutes, and make it thick enough to adhere to the wood like paint. If it does not, thicken it with lime, adding sufficient soot to take oft the glaring white colour of the lime. — Gard. Citron., 1842,840 C. hesperidum is found in greenhouses, especially on orange-trees. It infests leaves as well as stems. C. uromelioe, Pine -Apple Scale, infests that fruit, the hibi'scus,justi'tki, &c. C. tesludo. Turtle Scale. This is found chiefly on stove plants requiring a high temperature. The scale is oval, very convex, and dark brown. They may be all destroyed by the applications re- commended against the preceding species. A genus of insects closely allied to the Coccus, and usually confounded with it, is Aspidiotus; and, as all remedial ob- servations applicable to the one are equally applicable to the other, the pre- vailing kinds of it are bore enumerated. coc [ 234 ] CCEL A. nerii, Oleander Scale, is found in onr stoves and greenhouses, chiefly on the Oleanders, Palmae, Aloes, and Acacias. A. roses, Kose Scale ; A. echinocacti, Cactus Scale ; A. lauri Sweet-Bay Scale ; infest chiefly the plants hy the names of which they are distinguished. A. ostreteformis, Pear-tree Oyster Scale, is found upon the pear-tree. Cocbxea'ria. Scurvy-grass. (From cochlear, a spoon ; in reference to the con- cave leaves. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi- caceffi]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, the first in the open border. They are of little ornamental in- terest. Armora'cea is well known as horse- radish. C. armora'cea (horse-radish). t. White. May. England. — Gronla'ndica (Greenland). 1. Flesh. May. Scotland. — integri/o'lia (entire-leaved). White. May. Siberia. 1822. — officinalis (shop. Scurvy-grass). $. White. May. Britain. — Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). I. White. April. Py- renees. 1820. See Horse-radish and Scurvy-grass. Cochlospe'rmum. (From cochlo, to twist, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., Rock roses [Cistacece]. Linn., 16-MonadelphU 6-Decandria.) Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in April, in sand, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. C. gossy'pium (cottony). 60. Yellow. May. E Ind. 1824. — serratifo'lium (saw-edged-leaved). 60. Yellow. Mexico. 1820. Cockchafer. See Melolontha. Cockscomb. See Celo'sia. Rhina'n- thus cri'stagalli and Erythri'na cri'stagalli are also so called. Cocksptjb Thorn. Crata'gta cri'sta- galli. COCOA-NTJT-TREE. Co'cOS. Cocoa Plum. Chrysoba'lanus. Cocoa Boots. Calddium. Co'cos. Cocoa-nut-tree. (From the Portuguese word coco, a monkey ; in re- ference to the end of the nut being like a monkey's head. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal- macese]. Linn., 2l-Mona>cia Q-Bexan- dria.) Seeds in hotbed, in spring ; rich, loamy soil, ■omewhat shaded. C.flexuo'sa (zigzag). 50. Brazil. 1825. — nuci'fera {common nut-bearing). 50. Pale green. E. Ind. 1600. — ptwno'sa (feathery). 50. Pale green. Brazil. 1825. Codlin Moth. See Carpocapsa. Codlins and Cream. Epilo'bium hir- Mu'tum. Cce'lia. (The derivation not explained. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Ornithidium and Maxillaria.) Stove orchids. Divisions ; sphagnum, peat, and a little charcoal, in a shallow basket. Growing temp., 60° to 90°; rest, 55° to 60°. C. Baueria'na (Bauer's). White. June. Jamaica. 1790. — macro&ta'chya (large-ipiked). Red. Februar7. Guatimala. 1840. Coslo'gyse. (From koilos, hollow, and gyne, female ; in reference to the female organ, or pistil. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- chidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Mo- nandria.) To cultivate this genus successfully, divide it into two sections : — The first, C. barba'ta, cris- ta'ta, Cumi'ngii, ela'ta, fuligino'sa, ocella'ta, specio'sa, and some other new species from Bor- neo not yet bloomed in this country. The second section, C. Gardneria'na, macula' ta, precox, and Wallichia'na. The compost for the first section should be chopped sphagnum, turfy peat, using only the fibrous part, and small potsherds. The season for potting is when they begin to grow, about February. Some of the species have long rhi- zomas (creeping stems), and would soon run over the edges of the pot. To keep them at home, place an upright block of wood in the centre of the pot ; clothe it with moss, and, as the plant advances in growth, train to it, and fasten it with lodge in the hearts of the young leaves. In very hot weather syringe the plants in the morning, and give air, to dry up the extra moisture. Shade from bright sunshine, removing it off by four or five o'clock. The annual growths should be fi- nished early in the autumn, and then the heat and moisture should be reduced; and, when winter approaches, cease watering altogether. For the second section the soil should be a compost of sandy peat, fibrous loam, and half- decayed leaves, with a small portion of river-sand. Drain moderately well, and place four or five bulbs in a 6-inch pot, excepting C. Gardneria'na, which is a strong grower, and requires a larger pot, and fewer pseudo-bulbs in it. Pot as soon as the bloom is over, because, as soon as the flowers decay, the young leaves begin immedi- ately to push forth from the same sheath, and will soon begin to put out new roots. Before that takes place the plants should be potted. Tail RCLE APPLIES TO ALL ORCHIDS. Place this section of Coelo'gyne on a shelf near the glass, in a cool stove. Whilst growing, freely water— moderately, till the leaves are considerab;;,- grown, and then abundantly. ^ In potting, place the bulbs just on the surface of the soil. Resting-period Treatment. — As soon as the pseudo-bulbs are fully formed cease watering, and allow the leaves to turn yellow and die ; remova them, and continue the plants in the same situ- ation, keeping them dry and cool. Pay attention to them occasionally, to see that ihe bulbs con- tinue plump and fresh. Should they appear to shrivel, give a little water, which will cause them to swell again ; but be careful not to overdo it, 01 you may induce them to start prematurely. C. barba'ta (bearded-/ou;ered). White, yelloo December. Khooteetu 18*7. COF [ 235 ] COL C. bru'nnea (rassat). Greenish-yellow. November. E. Ind. 1844. — coronafria (crowned). Yellowish. Khooseea. 1837. — cri*t*'ta (crested-lipped). White, yellow. Ne- paul. 1837. — Cttwti'ngii (Mr. Cuming's). 2. Creamy-white, yellow. June. Singapore. 1840. — tWcora (comelv). White. March. India.* 1837. — ela'tu (tall). White, yellow. Khooseea. 1837. — fimbria! ta (fringed). 1. White, brown. Sep- tember. Nepaul. — fla'ccida (drooping). 1. White. January. Ne- paul. — fla'vida (yellowish). Yellow. April. India. 1838. — fuligino'sa (dusky). Cream, brown. June. Khooseea. 1837. — fusce'scens (brownish). Greenish-yellow. — Gardneria'na (Mr. Gardner's). 1. White, yellow. November. Khooseea. 1837. — intermedia (intermediate). E. Ind. 1840. — interru'pta (interrupted). White. Khooseea. 1837. — longicau'lis (long-stemmed). White, yellow. Khooseea. 1837. — Lo'wii (Mr. Low's). Buff and brown. Borneo. 1848. — me'dia (middle). White, yellow. Khooseea. 1837. — maculu'ta (spotted). White, crimson. Khoo- seea. 1837. — nigrefscens (blackish). Blackish. March. India. — ni'tida (shimng-leaved). 1. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822. — ocella'ta (eyed). White, yellow. E. Ind. 1822. — ochra'cea {ochre-spotted). J. White, yellow. April. E. Ind. 1844. — ova'lis foval). White, brown. October. — plantagi'nea (plantain-Zeaued). Pale yellow. Singapore. 1840. — pra'Cox (early-flowering), i. Rose, white. October. Nepaul. 1845. — proli'fera (many-offseted). Yellowish. Khoo- seea. 1S37. — punctula'ta (dotted). Yellow. October. Ne- paul. 1822. — ri'gida (stiff). Yellow. Khooseea. 1837. ■ sperio'sa (showy-flowered), f . Brown, white. 1845. September. Java. ■ testa'cea (light-brown). '. gapore. 1842. • trine'rvis (three-nerved). bruary. Singapore. • undula'ta (waved-leaved), 1837. • Wallichia'na (WallicK's). Jrown. May. Sin- White, yellow. Fe- White. Khooseea. Kose, white. No- vember. Khooseea. 1S37. Coffe'a. Coffee-tree. (From Coffee, the name of a province of Narea, in Africa. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho- nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Monogy- niu.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in moist heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°: winter, »5° to 60°. V. Ara'bica (Arabian). 20. White. September, Yemen. 1696. — paniculu'ta ipanicled). 8. White. Guiana. 1822. Cogwood-tree. Lau'rus chloro' 'xylon. Co'ee. Job's Tears. (Adopted name from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminaceos]. Linn., 21-Monacia 8- Triandria. Allied to Indian Corn.') Stove perennial grasses. Seeds ; divisions ; rich, light soil. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter 50° to 55°. C. arundinafcea (reed-like). 2. July. Mexico. 1818. — la'chryma (tear). 2. June. E. Ind. 1596. Coke. See Fuel. Colbe'ktia. (Named after J. B. Col- bert, a French marquis, and patron of botany. Nat. ord., Dilleniads [Dillenia- cese]. Linn., Yi-Polyandria b-Pentagy- nia. Allied to Dillenia.) Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots under glass, and in a moist bottom- -eat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. C. Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). 15. Yellow. April. Coromandel. 1803. — scabre'lla (roughish). 10. Yellow. Nepaul. 1820. Co'lchicum. Meadow Saffron. (Named after Colchis, its native country, in Asia Minor. Nat. ord., Melanths [Melantha- cese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 3-Triijynia.) Dr. Lindley says, " Few orders of plants are more universally "poisonous than this." C. o«- tumna'le, a gout medicine, is a virulent poison. Hardy herbaceous bulbs. Offsets, planted in common border. C. alpi'num (alpine), i. Purple. July. Apencine. 1820. — arena'rium (sand). $. Purple. September. Hungary. 1816. — autumna'le (autumnal. Common meadow saf- fron). 1. Purple. September. Britain. a'lbum (v/hite-flowered). $. White. Sep- tember. Britain. a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). $. Dark purple. September. Britain. fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). %, Purple. September. Britain. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). $. Pur- ple. September. Britain. purpu'reo-strin'tum (purple-striped), j. Purple-striped. September. Britain. — stria'tum-ple'no (striped-double). *. Lilac-striped. September. Britain. — Byzanti'num (Byzantine), i. Purple. Sep. tember. Levant. 1629. — Chione'nse (Chio). $. Purple. November. Chio. — crociflo'rum (crocus-flowered). 1J. Purple. August. South Europe. — monta'num (mountain), i. Purple. August. South Europe. I8I9. — tessella'tum (chequered). \. Purple. Au- gust. South Europe. 16OO. — umbro'sum (shaded), i. Pink. September. Guinea. 1819. — oariega'tum (variegated-flowered). J. Purpla, September. Greece. 1629. Colde'nia. (Named after C. Golden f a North American botanist. Nat. ord., Chretiads [Chretiaceaa]. Linn., A-Tetran- dria 3-Trigynia. Allied to the Heliotrope.) Stove trailing annual. Seeds sown in a hotba^ COL [236 ] COL ia March, and flowers in the greeuhouae, in sum- ! Bier. Light, rich soil. C. procu'mbens (lying-down). ». White. July. E. Ind. 1699. Co'LEA. (Named after General Cole, governor of the Mauritius. Nat. ord., Crescentiads [Crescentiaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to the Calabash-tree.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in moist bottom-heat ; peat and loam, both fibry, and mixed with a little ■and and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°. C.ftoribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 8. Yellow. August. Madagascar. 1839. Colebkoo'ku. (Named after H. F. Colebrooke, a botanist Nat. ord.. Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2-An- giospermia. Allied to Mint.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in April or May; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. C. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. White. Nepaul. 1820. — ternifo'lia (three-leafleted-leaved). 3. White. E. Ind. 1823, Coleoxe'ha. (From koleos, a sheath, and nema, filament ; in reference to the •way the filaments, or anther-threads, are combined with the base of the flower. Nat. ord., Ruervorts [Rutaceae]. Linn., b-Penlandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Diosma.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat one part, loam two parts, with sand, to keep it open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. C. a'lba (white). 2. White. June. 1798. — pvflchrum (beautiful). 6. Rose. May. — tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). Rose. March. Colesat, or Coleseed. Bra'ssica campe'stris olei'fera. Co'leus. (From koleos, a sheath ; re- ferring to the way that the bottom of the stamens, or anther-threads, are combined. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., L4^Didynumia L-Gymnospermia. Allied to Plectranthus.) Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in heat. Loam and peat. Summer temp, for the stove species, 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°; for the other, common greenhouse temperatures. C. aroma'ticus (aromatic). 2. Violet. May. In- dia. 1826. Stove. — 6arbaftus (bearded). 3. Blue. October. Abyssinia. 1806. Stove. — Mlu'wiei (Blume's). 1$. Purple and white. June. Java. — fru'.ico'sus (shrubby). 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. ■— HacTce'i (Macrae's). 2J. Purple and white. August. Ceylon. 1352. Colewobt, or Collet. See Cabbage. Colla'nia. ( Derivation unknown. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Arnaryllidaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Moiwgynia.) A splendidly-flowering greenhouse perennial, ia the style of AlstrOmeria. Collectors should strive to import these. Division of bulbs and offsets ; peat and loam, in frame or greenhouse, or deeply planted out of doors. C. Andinamarca'na (Andinamarca). 6. Red, green. April. Peru. 1845. — du'lcis (sweet-flowered;. Pale cream, green. August. Peru. 1845. Colle'tia. (Named after M. Collet, a French botanical writer. Nat. ord., Eham n ads [Rhamnaceae]. linn., b-Pen- tandria 1-Monoyynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in spring ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°. C. crucia'ta (cioss-spined). 4. Pale yellow Chili. 1824. — ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Greenish-white. May. Chili. 1832. — terratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. Peru. 1822. — spino'sa (spiny). 2. Apetal. June. Peru. 1823. — uli'tina (furze'-like). 2. Pale yellow. May. Chili. Colltflowep.. See Cauliflower. Colli'nsia. (Named after Collins, a North American naturalist. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacea?]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.') Hardy annuals. Seeds in March, in open borders ; some in autumn, and slightly protected during winter; or some in a slight hotbed, ia March, and transplanted in patches, in April and May ; autumn-sown ones will bloom earliest. C. bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Purple, white. June. California. 1833. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered;. 1. Pink, blue. June. Columbia. 1826. — heterophy' lla (various-leaved). 2. Lilac. July. Columbia. 1833. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple, blue. June. Columbia. 1826. Trailer. — sparsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 1. Violet. May. California. 1836. — tincto'ria (dyer's). 1. Pale pink. May. California. 1848. — ve'rna (spring). 1. Purple, blue. June. N. Amer. 1826. Coixinso'kia. (Named after P. Col- Vinson, a great promoter of botany. Nat. ord., Labiates. [Lamiacese] . linn., 2- Diandria \-3Ionogynia. Allied to Cunila and Hyssop.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division ; com- mon soil in moist places. C. anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. Yellow. Oc- tober. Carolina. 1806. — CanatWnsis (Canadian). 3. Lilac, yellow. September. N. Amer. 173*. corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. Lilac, yellow. September. N. Amer. 17'*- rirti'la (egg-leaved;. 3. Lilac, yellow September. N Amer. 1?S4. COL [ 237 } cot August. /. ova'lis (oi&l-leaved). 2. Yello Carolina. 181*2. , — scabriuftcula (roughish). 2. Red, yellow. August. East Florida. 1""6. Greenhouse. — tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. Yellow. August. Carolina. 1806. Collo'mia. (From kolla, glue ; refer- ring to the mucous which surrounds the seeds. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemo- niacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Gilia.) Hardy annuals. The best is C. coeci'nea. Seeds in open border ; spring or autumn. C. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). 1$. Red, yellow. June. Chili. 1832. — coeci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. July. Chili. 1832. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pink. July. Columbia. 1826. — Gilioides (Gilia-like). 1. Pink. August. California. 1833. — glutino'sa (glutinous). Red. September. Cali- fornia. 1833. — gracilis (slender). J. Rose. June. N. Amer. 1827. — heterophy'lla (various- leaved). 1. Pink. June. Columbia. 1826. — tinea'ris (narrow-?eared). 1. Red. June. N. Amer. 1826. Coloca'sia. (From kolokasia, the Greek for the root of an Egyptian plant. Nat. ord., Arads [Araceaj]. Umn.,2\-Monoecia 7-Heptandrid. ' Allied to Caladium.) The Colocasias are remarkable alike for their milky juice and for producing eatable tubers, though belonging to an order which an acrid principle generally pervades. Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., (J0° to 80°; winter, 50° to 65°; greenhouse not quite so warm. C, antiquo'rum (ancient). 2. Green. June. Levant. 1551. Tuberous-rooted. Green- house. — escule'ntea (eatable-rooted). 2. Green, pur- ple. June. S. Amer. 1739. — odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Green, yellow. May. Peru. 1810. Colocy'nth. Cu'cumis colocy'nthus. Cologa'nia. (Named after M . Ooloyan, who hospitably entertained naturalists visiting Teneriffe. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4,-Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.) Stove evergreen twiners, natives of Mexico ; cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ; seeds sown in a hotbed, in March ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 40° to 45°. C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Violet. 1827. — Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). 3. Violet. 1827. — pulche'lla (pretty). 3. Ro»e. September. 1837. Colpoon-teee. Cassi'ne colpoo'n. Colt's-foot. Tussila'yo. Colubei'na. (From coluber, a snake ; in reference to the twisted stamens. Nat. ord., Ehamnads [Ehamnacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Ceanothus.) Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and' loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55*. C. Asiattica (Asiatic). 12. Pale yellow. July. Ceylon. 1691. — Cube'nsis (Cuba). 5. Crimson. Cuba. 1SIO. — ferrugino'sa (rusty). 20. Green. July. Ba- hama. 1762. — reclina'ta (bent-down), 5. Green. August. Jamaica. 1758. — triflo'ra (three-flowered). Pale yellow. Mexico, 1826. Columbine. Aquile'gia. Columbo-eoot. Eoot of Co'cculus pal- ma'tus. Coltj'mnea. (Named after Fabius Columna, an Italian nobleman. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Jngiospermia. Allied to Besleria.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil and in heat, under a hand-light ; peat and loam, with pieces of charcoal and rotten wood, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°. TWTNEKS. C. au'reo-ni'tens (bright-golden). If. Orange, red. September. Columbia. 1843. — Schiedia'na (Schiede's). £. Orange. June. Mexico. 1840. — 8ca'ndens (climbing). 6. Scarlet. August. W. Ind. 1759. SHETJBS. C. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Rose. October. 1837. — hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pale purple. September. Jamaica. 1780. — hi'spida (bristly). Scarlet. September. Ja- maica. 1824. — ru'tilans (red-leaved). 2. Purple. September, Jamaica. 1823. — sple'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. Brazil. — trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 3. Blue. Septem- ber. 1823. — sebri'na (zebra-marked). Pale yellow. Brazil. 1843. Coltj'ria. (From kolouros, deprived of a tail; in reference to the seeds. Nat. ord., Roseworls [Rosacea?]. Linn., 12- Icosandria %-Trigynia. Allied to Geum and Potentilla.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; peat and loam. C. potentilloi'des (potentilla-like). 1. Orange. June. Siberia. 1780. Colt/tea. Bladder-senna. (From koloutea, a name adopted from Theo- phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4- Decandria. Allied to Caragana.) The leaves of the bladder-senna are used to adulterate the Senna of the druggists. Cutting* planted in the end of summer; seeds sown in spring ; common soil. C. arbore'scens (common tree-like). 10. Yellow. July. France. 1548. — crue'nta (bloody). 4. Scarlet. Juae. Levtat 171«. COM [ 238 ] COM Jane. Le- g. tlale'ppisa rAkppo). 6. Yellow vant. 1752. «» me'dia (intermediate). 10. Orange. July. m- Kepale'nsi* (Nepaul). 6. Tellow. August. Nepaul. 1822. Colvi'llea. (Named after Sir Charles Cohnlle, governor of Mauritius. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese] . Linn., 19-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Caesalpinia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttinnii (Atkinson's). 2. Yellow, brown. Columbia. 1826. ■Otfrsa (golden). I Amer. 1785. fellow. August. N. July. June. Yellow, 3. Yellow. August. 2. Yellow. April, ■J. Yellow. June. Yellow. July. W. *ed . July. North C. auricula'ta (eai-leaved). 8. Yellow. N. Amer.- 1699. — bi'oolor (two-coloured). 2J» Yellow. Arkansas. 1822. — ehrysa'ntha (%o\aer\-flovoeredj. August. W. Ind. 1752. — corona' ta (crowned). 2. Yellow, brown. July, Mexico. 1835. — crassifc/lia (thick-leaved). 3. Yellow. Sep- tember. Carolina. 1786. — dicho'toma (forked). 1. Yellow. September. Carolina. 1827. — dieers'fo'lia (various -leaved). 2. Crimson. July. N. Amer. 1833. — Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 2. Yellow. purple. September. Texas. 1834. —fcrulaefo'lia (ferula-leaved). 3. Yellow. Oc- tober. Mexico. 1"99. —filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. Texas. 1835. — grandifio'ra (large -flowering). S. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 1826. — inci'sa {cut-leaved). 6. Yellow. October. W. Ind. — integrifo'iia (whole-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. Carolina. — lanceola'ta (spear-head-fear-ed). 3. Yellow. August. Carolina. 1724. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). N. Amer. 1786. — lo'ngipes (long-stalked). Texas. 1835. — palma'ta (hand-leaved). Louisiana. 1823. — re'ptans (creeping). 6. Ind. 1792. — ro'sea (roseate). 2. 1 Casana. 1778. — senifo'lia (six-leavedl. 4. Yellow. Septem- ber. N. Amer. 1812. — tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. N. Amer. 1780. — tincto'ria (colouring). a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). S. Dark purple. June. a'tro-sangui'nea (dark crimson). Dark crimson. July. N. Amer. 1823. — trichospe'rma (hairy-seeded). 3. Yellow. August. North Jersey. 1818. — verticilla'la (whorl-leaved).' 3. Yellow. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1759. Corethko'stylis. (From korethron, a broom, and stylos, a style ; referring to the consolidated styles being clothed with hairs. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Bytt- neriacece], Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in silver sand ; peat and silver sand, with a little charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to 48°. C. bractea'ta (rosy-bracted). S. Pink. April. Swan River. 1844. Coeia'ndeum. Coriander. (FromAroria, a bug; referring to the smell of the leaves. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Umbel- liferae]. ~L\Tm.,b-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) A hardy annual ; seeds sown in March ; common soil. C. satVvum (cultivated). 2. Wife. JcJ* England. COR [ 245 ] COst Ooeia'ria. (From corlum, a hide ; in reference to the crustaceous covering of the fruit. Nat. ord., a disputed point among botanists. Dr. Lindley says, " It is very difficult to say what is the affinity of this plant." Linn., 22-Dicecia 9- Decandria.) The hardy species by suckers ; the New Zealand one by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. Win- ter temp., 40° to 45°. €. myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. Green. June. South Europe. 1629. — earmento'su (twiggy). 3. Green. June. New Zealand. 1823. Co'eis. (A name adopted from Diosco- rides. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primu- lacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Lubinia.) A greenhouse biennial. Increased by seeds, in March ; sand and peat. Interesting little plant for the greenhouse shelf. C. Montpelie'nsis (Montpelier). 1. Lilac. June. South Europe. 1640. CoBK-TEEE. Que'rcus phe'llos. Coek "Wood. Ano'na palu'stris. Cobnelian Cheery. Co'rnus ma'scula. Coen Flag. Gladi'olus. Coenish Moneywobt. Sibtho'rpia Suropte'a. Coen Salad, or Lamb's Lettuce ( Va- leriane'lla olito'ria), is grown for winter and spring salads. The first dish, formerly brought to table, was a red herring set in a corn salad. Soil and Situation. — Any soil that is not particularly heavy ; the best is a sandy, moderately-fertile loam, in an open situation. Time and Mode of Sowing. — Sow in February and the two following months, and once a month during the summer, if in request; but it is not so palatable during this season. Lastly, during August and early in September, the plants from which will be fit for use in early spring, or during the winter, if mild. Three sowings are, in general, quite sufficient for a family, viz., one at the end of February, a second early in August, and a third early in September. Sow in drills, six inches apart. The only cultivation required is frequent hoeing, the plants being thinned to four inches asunder. They should always be eaten quite young. In summer, the whole plant may be cut, as they soon advance to seed at this season; but in spring and winter the outer leaves only should be gathered, as for spinach. To obtain Send. — Some of the spring- raised plants must be left ungathered from. They flower in June, and perfect their seed during the two following months. Co'rnus. Dogwood. (From cornu, a horn ; in reference to the hardness of the wood. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linn., -i-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, &c, except where otherwise specified. Propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings, and root divisions ; common soil and moist situation. C. a'lba (white - berried). 10. White. July, Siberia. 1741. Ro'ssica (Russian). 8. White. July, Siberia. 1820. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 10. White. Au- gust. Siberia. 1824. — alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). 15. White. July. N. Amer. 176O. — Canadensis (Canadian). 1. Yellow. July. Canada. 1774. Herbaceous perennial. — circina'ta {round-leaved). 6. White. July. N. Amer. 1784. — flo'nda (flowery). 15. White. April. N. Amer. 1731. — gra'ndis (grand). Green. Mexico. 1838. Half-hardy evergreen. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July. Nepaul. I827. — ma'scula (male. Cornet). 15. Yellow. Fe- bruary. Austria. 1596. fru'ctu ce'reecolora'to (fruit wax-coloured) 20. Yellow. February. — — — variega'ta (variegated). 8. Yellow. June. Austria. 1598. — oblo'nga (oblong). 15. Purple. Nepaul. 1818. — panicula'ta (panicled). 6. White. June. N. Amer. 1758. — snngui'nea (bloody). 8. White. June. Britain. variega'ta (variegated), 8. White. June. Britain. — ——fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 10. White. June. Britain. — seri'cea (silky). 5. White. August. N. Amer. 1683. asperi/o'lia (rough-leaved). 8. White. Carolina. oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 8. White. August. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. White. July. Siberia. 1824. — stri'cta (erect). 10. White. June. N. Amer. 1758. asperi/o'lia (rough-leaved). 10. White. sempervi'rens (swi-evergreen). 10. White. June. variega'ta (variegated). 10. White. June. N. Amer. 1758. — Sue'cica (Swedish). 1. White. April. Britain. Herbaceous perennial. Cornu'tia. (Named after Cornutus, a French physician. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Callicarpa. ) Stove evergreen shrub. Loam and peat ; cut- tings in bottom-heat, under glass, in February of March. C. pyramidal ta (pyramidal). 6. Blue. July. Mexico. 1733. CoaoNi'LLA. (From corona, a erowt% COR [ 246 ] COR or garland ; in reference to the disposi- tion of the flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. linn., Yl -Diadelphia ±-Decandria.) The juice of C. vafria is poisonous. Both greenhouse and hardy species are handsome, Free-blooming plants. Seeds and cuttings ; cuttings root readily during the summer months under a close frame, even without bottom-heat. HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C. C. Cappado'cica (Cappadocian). ] . White. July. Cappadocia. 1800. — tfmerus (scorpion-senna). 3. Bed, yellow. April. France. 15&6. Deciduous shrubs. — globo'ta (globe-form). 1. White. Septem- ber. Crete. 1800. Deciduous creeper. — Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. Yellow. July. Iberia. 1822. Deciduous trailer. — ju'neea (rush). 3. Yellow. June. France. 1656. Evergreen shrub. — squama ta (scaly). 1. White. June. Crete. 1820. — vafria (various). 1. Pink. September. Europe. 1597. Deciduous creeper. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C. C. arge'ntea (aUveTv-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. Crete. 1664. — eorona'ta (crowned-headed). 2. Yellow. June. South Europe. 1/76. Herbaceous perennial. — Creftica (Cretan). 1. Striped. June. Can- dia. 1731. Annual. — glau'ca (milky-green. Seven-headed). 2. Yellow. July. France. 1722. variegafta (variegated-feaeed). 4. Yel- low. August. Gardens. — mi'ntma (least). 1 . Yellow. July. South Europe. 1608. Herbaceous perennial. — montafna (mountain). 2. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 1776. Herbaceous per- ennial. — poTUaphy'Ua (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. Algiers. 1700. — ValentVna (Valentine). 2. Yellow. August. South Europe. I59S, — vimma'lis (twiggy). 3. Yellow. August. Mogad. 1 798. Cobre'a. (Named after Correa, a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Rue- worts [Rutacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia.) The settlers in New Holland emplov the leaves of Correas, particularly those of C. a'lba, for tea. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat, in spring. The finer sorts are also grafted on the commoner ones, such as C. a'lba. C. specio'sa will scarcely strike at all ; three parts sandy peat and one of turfy loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter 40° to 48°. C. a'lba (white). 6. White. June. 1783. —fertugi'nea (rusty). 3. Green, white. April. 1836. v — pvlche'lla (pretty). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824. — ru'/a (reddish). 6. White. June. 1821. — tpeci'osa (showy). 3. Scarlet. June. 1805. — vi'rens (green-cowered). 6. Green. July. 1800. Cobtu'sa. Bear's-ear Sanicle. (Named »fter Corttuus, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primulace»]. Linn. ; !j-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) A hardy perennial, with frame protection in winter ; does best as a pot-plant ; root division ; loam and peat. C. Xatthio'li (Matthioli's). 1. Bed. April. Austria. 1596. Corya'nthes. Helmet-flower. (From korys, a helmet, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the shape of the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan- dria.) Stove orchids. Division ; in pots well-drained ; fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum, and small-bro- ken potsherds. Growing temp., 75° to 85°; rest, 50° to 60°. See The Cottage Gardener, v. 255. C. Fieldi'ngi (Colonel Fielding's). Yellow, brown. May. S. Amer. 1845. — lentigino'sa (freckled). Yellow. May. Guiana. Brown, — maera'ntha (large-flowered). yellow. June. Caraccas. — macula' ta (spotted-lipped). 1. Yellow-spot- ted. June. Demerara. 1829. Parke'ri (Parker's). 1. Yellow, purple. June. Demerara. 1839. — macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Orange, yel- low, brown. Mexico. 1843. — ipecio'sa (showy), ij. Yellow, green. Mar. Brazil. 1826. a'lba (white-flowered), lj. White. June. Demerara. 1840. CoRY'ciuar. (From korys, a helmet; referring to the shape of the flower. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orcbidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) One of those terrestrial orchids from the Cape of Good Hope which no British gardener has yet succeeded in cultivating with success. C.crispum (curled). 1. Yellow. July. 1825. — orobanchoi'des (orobanche-like). 1. Yellow. July. 1825. Coryda'lis. (From korydalos, a lark, the spur of the flower resembling that of the lark. Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fu- mariaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 2-Hex- andria.) Beautiful hardy plants. The perennial kir.u ; are increased by root division at any season ; and the annuals sown in the open ground, in spring or autumn, in common soil. ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. C. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Pale yellow. July. Hungary. 1825. — au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1812. Biennial. — bretiflo'ra (short-flowered). 2. Pale yellow. June. Kamtschatka. 1824. — capnoi'des (capnus-like). 2. White. July. South Europe. 1596. Biennials. — ciavicml'i'ta (tendrilled). 6. White, yellow June. Britain. Climber. — glau'ca (milkv-green). 2. Yellow, purple. July. N. Amtr. 1683. — xmpa'tiens (impatient). 1 . Yellow. Kay, Siberia. 1823. COB [247] COR Purple. €. ttri'cta (straight). I. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1827. Biennials. — Urale'ntis (Ural). 1. Pale yellow. August. Kamtschatka. 1824. Biennials. HERBACEOUS. C.fia'eula (yellowish). £. Yellow. June. Russia. 1838. — lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. England. ~pmonicefo'lia (peony-leaved). 2. Purple. February. Siberia. 1820. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1810. TUBEROUS-ROOTED G. tmgustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). February. Iberia. 1819. — braetea'ta (/a-^e-bracted). 1. Pale yellow. February. Siberia. 1829. — bicalcara'ta (two-spurred). 1. Pink. June. — bulbo'sa (bulbous). 1. Pink. February. Britain. — Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. February. Caucasus, 1823. — faba'cea (bem-leaved). 3. Purple. February. Germany. 1815. — Ge'bleri (Gebler's). May. Altai. 1827. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). J. Pale rose. April. Altai. 1832. — Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 1. Purple. February. Tauria. 1824. — no'bilis (noble-flowered). 1. Lilac, yellow. May. Siberia. 1783. — pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 1. Purple. Fe- bruary. Siberia. 1819- — tubero'sa (tuherous-hollow-rooted). 1. Pur- ple. February. Europe. 1596. — — albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. White. February. Europe. 1596. Co'rylus. Nut-tree. (From Jcorys, a hood, or helmet ; in reference to the calyx covering the nut. Nat. orcl., Mast- worts [Corylacese]. Linn., 21-Monwcia 9-PoIyandria.) Hardy deciduous shrubs, mostly cultivated for their fruits ; common soil ; readily increased either by seeds sown in October or November, or by layers or suckers. C. America'na (American). 10. April. N. Amer. — avella'na (filbert). 10. February a'lba (white Filbert). 10. Spain. — Barcelone'nsis (Barcelona). 8 Spain. — — — cri'spa (frizzled). 8. February. glomera'ta (clustered). 8. February. — — gra'ndis (great Cob). 8. February. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. Yel- low, red. February. Danube. 1829. — — — Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 10. February. -^— ova'ta (egg-fruited). 8. February. pu'mila (dwarf). 6. February. purpu'rea (purple-leaved). 10. February. — — ru'bra (red Filbert). 10. February. te'nuis (thin Cosferd). 10. February. — ——tubulo'sa (tubular-ca/y*erf). 10. Fe- bruary. South of Europe. 1759. tubulo'sa a'lba (white-tubular-Filbert). 10. February. -~ variega'ta (variegated). 8. February. •— colu'rna (hazel. Constantinople). 10. Apetal. February. Constantinople. 1665. •— fts's:irt* (humble). 6. February. N. A»er. 1708. • Britain, February, February, C. rostra'ta (beaked). 5. February. N. Arscr. 1746. Filbert Culture. — The following are the most esteemed kinds : — White Fil- bert; well known. Bed; similar, but having a red skin. Prolific cob ; a very large nut. Cos/ord; fine flavour, thin shell, great hearer. Prolific dwarf; well adapted for small gardens. Gordon's thin-shelled; a good nut. Frizzled; similar to the other filberts, husk more ornamental. Propagation. — Layers, cuttings, graft- ing, and seed. Shoots of the previous year's growth root readily if layered any- time during the rest-season. Cuttings should he made similar to those of the currant, the lower buds cut out in order to destroy their propensity to suckering. If they are to form neat little hushes, on a dwarfing system for small gardens, the cuttings may be nearly half a yard in length. Grafting is performed as with the apple or pear, and at the period when the buds first begin to swell. The common hazel-nut and the Spanish nut are generally used for stocks ; the latter, it is affirmed, will not produce suckers. Seed. — This practice is resorted to for the sake of raising new varieties, or for producing the oydinary hazels. In the former case, there is much room for progress still ; and certainly no plant offers greater facilities to the bybridzer. Bearing, as it does, male and female blos- soms separately, every opportunity exists for depriving any given kind of its catkins betimes. Soil. — Any ordinary soil, if pretty good, will answer, provided it is not stagnant. A free, upland, light loam, however, is what they prefer. We have, nevertheless, known them succeed very well in a moorish-looking soil, and on well-drained peats, which had become sound through the application of marl or clay. Culture during the growing period. — Very little is requisite after the regular winter pruning, unless it be the extirpa- tion of suckers, and the removal, during summer, of those loose and ill-placed watery growths which only serve to con- fuse and darken the tree. We may here notice, that some little training may be necessary for those under a dwarfing- system in small gardens, in order to bring them into a compact and handsome shape COR M£ ] COS Culture during the rest period. — Com- mencing with the training when young. They are best in single stems of about two feet in height ; and the head should branch ofif equally, to accomplish which, some pruning back is requisite during the first year or two, whilst the head is forming, and the latter should be kept thin in the centre. When the trees are well established an annual pruning should be resorted to, consisting of still keeping the centre of the bush somewhat open, and in thinning out any cross shoots and superfluous spray. It must be observed, that the fruit is produced on shoots of the preceding year, and generally on portions which have been well exposed to the light. Any coarse or robust shoots should be shortened back nearly- half their length; these will frequently produce axillary branches of a fruit- ful character. Do not prune until the blossoms are showing; this will be about the beginning of February. The female blossom is like a minute brush, of a pinkish colour; the male is the well-known catkin. In pruning, much regard must be paid to these blossoms, especially the female; scarcely a twig may be cut away containing them. This makes it evident that most of the prun- ing, or rather, thinning, requisite should have been well carried out prior to the commencement of fruitfulness. It often happens that filbert-trees will possess female blossoms with few or no male catkins. When such is the case there will be no crop, unless means be taken to bring the male farina within their reach. Catkins must be sought about the period when the male dust is just beginning to burst. Branches con- taining these may be tied here and there amongst the bushes most needing them. It matters not what kind of nut they are from; probably the wild hazel is best. Fruit : how to keep. — When gathered, the fruit must be kept in jars, in a cool oellar, with husks on. If it is desired to impart a fine, fresh-looking colour to the husks, they must be placed in a close vessel, and a small pan of sulphur gently burned, or rather, smouldered, beneath them. Insects. — See Cubcuuo Kucxnc and A?HI8 CORYXI. Corymbs, a spike of flowers, the flower- stalks of which are longer in proportion as they stand lower down the main stalk supporting them, so that the flowers a:« with a top nearly level. Those of SpirJa opulifo'Ua and of the Mountain Ash aie examples. Corywe'ixa. (Prom koryne, a clnb; referring to the shape of the style. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelp/Ua i-Beeundria. Allied to Clianthus.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and lotos } summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 45°. C. polyatnthu (many.flowered). 8. Purple. W. Ind. 1824. Corynoca'rpus. ( From koryne, a club, and carpos, a fruit ; referring to the form of the fleshy seed. Nat. orcL, Ardisiad* [Myrsinacese] . Linn., 5-Penlandria. 1- Monoyynia. Allied to Theophrasta.) Greenhouse evergreen tree ; readily increased by layers in light, rich soil. C. Iteciga'tta (smooth). 20. White. New Zea- land. 1823. Cory'pha. Fan Palm. (From koryphe, the summit; in reference to the leaves growing in tufts on the top of this palm. Nat ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.) Stove palms, except where otherwise mentioned ; soil, rich, sandy loam ; increased by seeds. C. austra'lig (southern). 50. N.Holland. 1814. Greenhouse. — efa'fa (tall). 150. E. Ind. 1825. — glance 1 seen* (milky -green). 100. E. Ind. 1820. — heterophy'llus ivarious-ieaved). Danube. 1829. Greenhouse. — Pu'mos (Pumos). 20. Cuba. 1824. — tccto'rum (roof). 15. W. Ind. 1625. — umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). 100. E. Ind. i;42. — XTtan (Utan). 50. Moluccas. 1825. Corysa'xthes. New Holland ground- orchids, of which little is known. Perhaps belonging to Coryanthes. Cosma'ntitcs. (From kosmos, beauti- ful, and anthos, a flower. Nat ord., Hydrophyls [Hydropbyllaceaej. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Phacelia.) A half-hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil. C. fimbria' tits (fringed-petaled). j. Pale fieoh. June. Cosme'lia. (From kosmeo, to adorn, Natord.,2?;>am'rf.s[Epacridaceae]. Linn, b-Penlandria l-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in rect* mer months ; sandy peat and sand. C.ru'bra(Ted-Jtowered). Red. N. Holland. 18??. Co'smos. (From kosmos, beautiful; ifi reference to the ornamental flowers. Niu. COS [249 ] COS ord., Composites [Asteraces]. Linn., 19- Byngenesia2-Superflua. Allied to Bidens.) Cosmea is united to this. Both the annual and perennial species are all readily increased from seeds, sown early in spring, and treated bo tender annuals; planted out ir« the open borders in the summer months. PERENNIALS. 0. Hverti/o'lia (various-leaved). 3. Lilac. Sep- tember. Mexico. 1835. Hardy tuber. — SOaUosoides (scabious-like). 4. Scarlet. Sep- tember. Mexico. Greenhouse tuber. ANNUALS. C, bCpinna'ta (doubly-leafleted). 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1799. — Ckrysarithemifo'lia (chrysanthemum - leaved). 2. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1826. — crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow. September. Mexico. 1826. — lu'tea (yeliow). 2. Yellow. October. Mexico. 1811. — parmflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. July. Mexico. 1800. Hardy. — sulphu'rsa (sulphur). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1799. Hardy. — tene'lla (delicate). 2. Yellow. October. Mexico. 1824. — tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Purple. Sep- tember. Mexico. 18:i6. Hardy. Cossi'gnia. (Named after Cossigny, a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Soapworls [Sapindacese]. Linn., 6-ffexandria 2- Digynia. Allied to Koelreuteria.) Admired for its golden-veined leaves. Stove evergreen shrub. Soil, peat and loam. Cuttings root readily under glass, in bottom-heat. C. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 10. Mauritius. 1824. Cossus lignipeeda. Goat Moth. The caterpillar of the Goat Moth is most destructive to the wood of fruit-trees, though the elm, oak, willow, poplar, and walnut, also, are liable to its attacks. It is the Cossus ligniperda of some natural- ists, and the Bombyx and Xyleutes cossus of others. The caterpillar measures more than four inches in length, is smooth and shining, beset only here and there with single short hairs. It is dark red on the back, and the breathing-holes situated at both sides are of the same colour. The sides and lower part of the body are flesh-coloured; the head 13 black; the first segment, also, marked with black above. After remaining more than two years in the larva state, and casting its •kin eight times, the caterpillar becomes of a light ochrish-yellow hue shortly be- fore becoming a chrysalis, which usually takes place in spring, when it makes a •trong cocoon of chips of wood and small pieces of bark, which it has gnawed ofF. The chrysalis is yellow, and the segments ere deeply indented and capable of much extension; its hack is furnished with strong, pointed spines, sometimes of & reddish-brown colour. The cocoon is situated immediately within the opening in the tree, so that the pupa, when arrived at maturity, can press itself hall out of the hole when the shell bursts, and the moth comes forth usually in the month of June or July, after having reposed in the pupa state for an indefinite time. When at rest the wings are folded together over the back in the form of a roof; it sits quietly in the day-time on the stems of trees, and is difficult to be distinguished on account of its grey colour. Its wings measure, from one tip to the other, nearly three inches, and many specimens more than this ; the female is usually larger than the male. The fore-wings are ashy-white, clouded with brown, especially across the middle, and marked with very numerous streaks, like net- work; the hind-wings are brown ; thorax ochrish in front, pale in the middle, with a black bar behind. The female is provided with a strong egg- depositor, with which she introduces her eggs into the bark of the tree — often 1000 in number ; the young caterpillars living, at first, in and between the outer and inner hark, and afterwards, when they are stronger, penetrating into the wood. When the existence of one of these creatures is detected in a trunk, by its excrement, relief comes too late for the tree, even if we are able to kill the caterpillar, the mischief being already done. Notwithstanding this, the cater- pillar should never be left undisturbed ; and an attempt should be made to reach it by enlarging the opening with a garden- knife, or endeavouring to kill it by thrust- ing a piece of garden-wire up the hole. It is called the Goat Moth from the peculiar smell both of the insect and its larva. — The Cottage Gardener, iii. 137. Co'stus. (An ancient name, adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., Gingerworts [Zin- giberacese]. Linn., 1-Monandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) The roots are very bitter, and without the aromatic pungent odour peculiar to the Costus of the continental shops, which is the root of a very different plant, a native of Arabia, and allied to Cardopatum. The Costus of Cashmere, employed to protect bales of shawls from moths, is the roos of Aukla'ndia co'stus. Stove herbaceous peren- nials of easy growth, and readily increased by root division ; sandy loam, with a little peat. C. A'fer (African). 2. White. June. Sierra Leone. 1822. — Ara'bicus (Arabian). 2. Wfciio. Aogu3t- Indies. 1/52. COT C 250 ] COU C. mfseclor (twoylei (Dr. Royle's). White. North India. 1845. — tomento'sa (woollv). 4. Pink. April. 1750. — vulga'ris (common). 4. Pink. April. Eu- rope. 1656. depre'tsa (depressed). White. April. Europe. erythroca'rpa (red-fruited). 4. White. April. Europe. •"• — — melanoca'rpa (black-fruited). 8. White. April. Europe. Cotton. Gossy'pium. Cotton Thistle. Ono'pordum. Cotyle'don. Navelwort. (A name adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., House- leeks [Crassulacese]. Linn., 10-Decan- dria - ordorati'ssma (sweetest-scented). 15. May. Crimea. Berries brisht red. — orienta'lis (eastern). 15. May. South Europe. 1810. Berries dark red. sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 15. May. Crimea. 1810. — ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer. 1810. — oxyca'ntha (sharp-spined. Common haw- thorn). 15. May. Britain. — ape'tala (petalless). 15. May. auranti'aca (orange- coloured •fruited). May. — — — au'rea (golden-berried). 15. May. capita'ta (capitnte-flowering). 15. May. Celsia'na (Cels's). 15. May. erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 15. White. May. Britain. flexuo'sa (zigzag-irancfted). 15. White. May. fo'liis arge'ntis^vVite-variegated-leaved). 15. White. May. fo'liis-au'reis (yellow-variegated). 15. White. May. *»-*>— laciniu'ta (cut-leaved). IS. White. May. Sicily. 18 16. — leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 16. White. May. Britain. ma'jor (greater-fruited). 15. White. May. — multiplex (doable-flowered). 15. White. May. obtusa'ta (hlunt-lobed). 15. White. May. France. 1822. Otiveria'na (Oliver's). 20. White. May. Asia Minor. 1820. Berries black. ple'na (doable-flowered). 15. White. May. pree'eox (early). 15. White. May. pterifo'lia (brake-leaved). 15. White. May. — — — puni'cea (scarlet-flowered). 15. Scarlet. May. puni'ceoflo're-ple'no (scarlet-double-flow- ered). 15. Dark red. May. quercifn'lia (oak-leaved). White. June. Hamburgh. 1834. regi'nee (Queen Mary's thorn). 30. White. May. Scotland. ro'sea supe'rba (superb rosy-flowered). 15. Crimson. May. Sibi'rica (Siberian). 15. White. May. Siberia. Transylva'nica (Transylvanian). 15. White. May. Transylvania. — oxyacanthoi'des (oxyacantha-like). 15. White. May. France. 1822. —parvifo'lia (small- leaved). 15. May. N. Amer. 1701. grossulariafo'lia (gooseberry-leaved). 6. White. May. — penta'gyna (five-styled). 15. White. May. Hungary. 1820. — Poiretia'na (Poiret's). 20. White. May. Hun- gary. 1810. — Priestia'na (Priest's). White. May. 1810. — prunellifo'lia (prunella-leaved). 20. White. — prunifo'Ua (plum-leaved). 20. White. May. N. Amer. 1818. Berries dark red. — puneta'ta (dotted-f mited). 15. White. N. Amer. 1746, C. puneta'ta au'rea (golden- fruited). St). White. May. N. Amer. l"/24. — brevispi'na (short-spined). White. May. N. Amer. ni'gra (black-fruited). White. May. N. Amer. ni'gra stri'cta (black -fruited -upright). White. May. N. Amer. ru'bra (red-fruited). 20. White. May. N. Amer. — — ru'bra stri'cta (upright-red). 20. White. May. N. Amer. — purpu'rea (purple-/ruite<2). 15. White. May. 1822. AUa'ica (Altaic). 15. White. May. Altaic Mountains. — pyraca'niha (evergreen-thorn). 10. White. May. South Europe. 1629. crenula'ta (small-scolloped). 10. White. May. Nepaul. 1820. fru'ctu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 10. White. May. 1841. — pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 15. White. June. N. Amer. 1/63. Berries yellowish-red. — sangui'nea (crimson-fruited). 15. May. Si- beria. 1810. — spathulu'ta (spatula-feaeerf). IS. May. N. Amer. 1805. — spinosi'ssima (spiniest). 15. May. Europe. — stipula'ris (stipulate). Pink. May. Quito. 1843. — tanacetifo'lia (tansy- leaved). 15. May. Greece. 1/89. Berries yellow. gla'bra (smooth). 15. May. Germany. 1816. Tau'rica (Taurian). 15. May. Taurica. 1800. — Virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. May. Virginia. 1812. Berries green. — vi'ridis (green-fruited). 15. May. Carolina. 1810. Cbat^'va. Garlic Pear. (Named after Cratavus, a Greek botanist. Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidacese]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria \-Monogynia. Allied to the Common Caper.) The bark of the roots of the Gcrlic Pear (C, gyna'ndra) blisters like Cantharides. Stove ever- green trees ; rich, loamy soil ; increased by cut- tings in sand, under glass, in bottom-heat. C. gyna'ndra (gynandrous). 12. White. Jamaica. 1789. — Roxbu'rahii (Roxburgh's). 15. White. E. Ind. 1822. — ta'pia (tapia). 30. White. E. Ind. 1752. — tapioi'des (tapia-like). 20. White. S. Amer. 1820. Crawfo'bdia. (In honour of Sir John Crawford, governor of Singapore. Nat., ord., Genlianworls [Gentianaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) There is little doubt that this herbaceous twiner in as hardy as the Gentians, to which it is allied, and like them may be cultivated. Cfascicula'ta (fascicle-flowered). 4. Blue. Au- gust. Himalaya. 1855. Creepers or Trailers are plants which, by having numerous stems and branches resting upon and spreading over the soil's surface, are useful for concealing what would be unpleasing CRE [ 25G CEI to the eye. They are also handsome objects in pots suspended from the roof of an appropriate structure, and some, as GauHhe'ria procu'mbens, are orna- mental round the margin of ponds or other water. Cresce'ntia. The Calabash - tree. (Named after Crescenti, an old author. Nat. ord., Crescentiad.s [Crescentiaceae]. Linn., i-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) The flowers of the Calabash-tree (C. Cuje'te) are intermediate between Gesnerworts and Big- noniads, and in all the species are produced from the old stems or branches. Stove evergreen trees ; a mixture of loam and peat ; cuttings of ripened shoots root readily in sand, under glass, in heat. C.aeumina'ta (pointed -leaved). 20. Green, white. Cuba. 1822. — cucurliiti'na(eourd-fruited). 10. White. W. Ind. 17i3. — Cuje'te (Cujete). 20. White. Jamaica. 1690. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. Cress. Lepi'dium sati'vum. Varieties. — There are three varieties : Plain-leaved, which is the one commonly cultivated for salads; Curly -leaved, equally good, and employed, likewise, for garnishing; Broad -leaved, seldom culti- vated. See Mustard. Cress Rocket. Ve'Ua. Cri'nuh. (From krinon, the Greek name for lily. Nat. ord., AmaryVids [Amaryllidaceffl]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia.) Nearly fifty species of Crinum, with numerous varieties, and many cross-bred seedlings, have been described by Dr. Herbert. Many of them are the most beautiful of this order. C. longi- flo'rum is perfectly hardy in England if planted six or eight inches deep. It will grow in water, but better on the margins of lakes, ponds, or rivulets. The whole family delight in strong, rich loam, and an abundance of water when they are growing. Bulbous plants of great beauty; rich loam, peat, and sand; readily increased by offsets, and many by seeds, HARDY. C. Cape'nse (Common Cape). 2. Pink. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1752. — Herbe'rti (Herbert's). 2. Pink. September. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4. GREENHOUSE. C, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White. June. N. Holland. 1824. — austra'le (southern). White. April. Australia. 1791. — erassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. Sep- tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — Jtm'ccidum (flabby). 2. July. N. Holland. 1816. — leng'flo'rum (long-flowered). 2. Purple. Julv. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — longifo'Hum (long-leaved). 3. White. Bengal. 1810. — lorifo' 'Hum (strap-leaved), 5. White. July. Peau. I8'.g. «- vutcrocu'rpum (large-lruited). lj. July. Pegu. 1820. C. Mauritia'num (Mauritian). 4. Pink, March, Mauritius. 1812. — Molucca'num (Molucca). 3. Pink. July. Mo- luccas. 1819. — multifln'rum (many-flowered). 2. White. 1822. — peduncula 'turn (/ong'-flower-stalked). 3. White. July. N. S. Wales. 1790. — plica' turn (plaited). 2. White. July. Chin*. 1818. — ripa'rium (river-bank). 2. Pink. July. Caps; of Good Hope. 1816. STOVE. C. Algoe'nse (Algoa Bay). Red, white. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. — ama'bile (lovely). 5. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1810. — America'num (American). 2. White. July. S. Amer. 1752. — amos'num (pleasing). 2. White. E. Ind. 1810. Ice'ne (smooth-edged). 2. White. E.Ind, 1819. angustifo'lium (-. 0. ertb^scens Berbirt'nse (Berbice). July. Berbice. 181 9. «- Corunt'/num (Corantyne). Pal* red. June. 8. Amer. 1820. — gla'brum a'lbum (smooth-white). White. June. S. Amer. 1820. gla'brum ru'brum (smooth-red). Red, white. June. Maranham. 1S24. ma'jus (larzer). 3. lied, white. July. S. Amer. " 1/69. wti'nus (smaller), lj Red, white. July. S. Amer. 1789. octoflo'rum (eUht- flowered). White. June. Danish Main. 1820. ■ rubrUi'mtiu:n (red-fringed). Red. June. S. Amer. — viridifo'lnim (green-leaved). 3. White. July. Demerara. I8I9. — cry hrophy'llum (red-leaved). 2. Red, white. July. K. Ind. 1825. — exalta'lum(U(ty). 3. E. Ind. 1S20. — Forbe'si (Forbea'e). Red. White. July. Delasoa Bay. 1824. — for mo' sum (beautiful). 2. July. Braiil. 1820. — gigu'nteum (giant). 3. White. July. Guinea. 1/92. — hu' mile (low). 1. White. October. 1822. -- insi'gne (noble). 3. Pink. November. E. Ind. 1819. •— La'ncei (Lance's). Red, white. July. Suri- nam. 1825. — latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1806. — Lindleya'num (Lindley's). White, purple. June. Maranham. 1824. — Loddigesia'num (Loddige's). White, purple. . August. Mexico. — Pie)-ia'ni/*(01ivier , s). Yellow. March. Chios. — —■ stella'ris (starry). J. Yellow. March. — ——stria'tus (streaked). £. Yellow. March. South Europe. 1629. — lengiflo'rus (long-flowered). February. Italy. 1843. — lu'teus (common-ve'low). %. Yellow. Fe- bruary. Turkey. 1629. — Slasi'acus {ilsedan). J. Yellow. February. Greece. 1629. — me'dius (intermediate). September. Liguria. — mi'nimus (smallest). 4. Purple. February. 1629. — meatus (snowy). February. Morea. — nudiflo'rus (naked-flowered). 4. Violet Sep- tember. England. — odo'rus (scented), $. September. Naples, 1830. longiflo'rus (long-flowered). J. October. Aletitt/nsis (Maltese). J. October. Malta. — Palla'sii (Pallas's. Autumnul). 4. Lilac. Sep- tember. Crimea. 1SJ1. — pulche'llus (neat). Light blue. February. 1843. — pusi'l'us (dwarf). J. White, blue. February. Naples. 1824. — Pyrence'us (Pyrenean). J. Purple. September. England. — reticula'ius (netted), i. Blue. February. Crimea. a'lbicans (cloth of silver). 4. Whitish. March. Odessa. Ansyre'nsis (Angora). 4> Yellow. March. Angora. aurite'xtus (cloth of gold), 4. Gold. -March. aurite'xtus immacula'tus (spotless), g. Yellow. March. aurite'xtus refle'xus (bent-back). A. Yel- low-striped. March. Crimea. 1605. Dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). 4- April. cariega'tus (variegated). £. April. — Salzmannia'nus (Salzmnna's). Africa. 1805. — - sat i'vus (cultivated. Sijfron). 4. Violet. Sep- tember. England. — scr&tinus (late. Autumnal), ft. Violet. Octo- ber. South Europe. 1629. — SibthorpiJnus (Sibthorp's). pulchri' color (fair - coloured). May. Olympia. — Stau'ricus (Stauric). White. June. Trebiiond. — specin'sus (showy). Purple. September. Hungary. — " Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). Purple. Sep- tember. Caucasus. la'xior (looser). Purple. September. Caucasus. Transyloa'nicus (Transylvania). Purple. September. Transylvania. — stria'tus (channelled). 4. White. February. 1820. — sulphu'reus (sulphur-eo/our«t). i. Yellow. February. South Europe. 1629. fla'vus (pale yellow), i. Pale yellow. February. South Europe. 1629. — S««tVnt«(Susian). J. Yellow. February; Turkey. 1605. — Suteria'nus (Suter's).£. Brightyellow. March. Angora. — Tkoma'sii (Thomas's). } Blue. Septesibtr. Naples. 1830. CPtO CRO C. Tk.-tma'tii Ite'vis (smooth-leaved). pri'nceps (chief. Fringed-leaved). — Tijurnefurtiii'nus (Totimeiort's). October. Greek Archipelago. — vr.lle'cola (valley). White. October. Tre- bizond Alps. — variegaftus (variegated), i. Variegated. Fe- bruary. Levant. 1829. — vt/rnus (spring). $. Purple. February. Eng- land. albiflo'rus (white-flowered). %. White. February. Carinthia. — — — apri'lis (April). \. Violet. April. ela'tiur (taller). £. February. Alps. leucorhy'nchus (white-beaked). £. White, blue. February. Neapulita'nus (Neapolitan). $. Purple, blue. February. Naples. ohuva'tus (reversed-egg-shaped). J, Pur- ple. February. South Europe. parniflo'rus (small-flowered). $. White. February. Splugen. pi'ctus (painted). J. Palewhite. February. — versVculor (party-coloured). $. Purple. Febru- ary. South Europe. 1629. Crocus Culture. — Propagation: by Seed. — Sow the seed ia October, in a prepared bed of light, rich earth, in an open situation, covering it a quarter of an inch. The seedlings will come up in the spring, and should be kept well weeded. When the leaves decay, clear them away, and spread a thin coat of fresh, light earth over the roots. Allow them to remain another season, and then, when the leaves decay, take up the bulbs carefully, sifting the soil so as to find even the smallest. In August prepare a bed of fresh, rich earth, turning it over two or three times to mellow and pul- verise. About the middle of September, on a dry day, level the bed, and draw drills across it four inches apart; then plant the young bulbs in the .drills three inches asunder, pressing them down gently into the soil; and, when all are planted, level the ridges of the drills with a rake carefully down. In this bed they should remain two years. The second year most of them will flower; and, when in bloom, the colours should be marked, to enable you to separate them into their colours when they are taken up. Any new fine varieties should be especially taken care off. By Offsets. — When the leaves decay, in the summer, take up the bulbs, keeping Jhem in their various sorts; separate the large-flowering bulbs from the small off- sets, and plant the latter in a bed by themselves, in the same way as is de- scribed above for seedlings. In two years take them up, sort the large root* out agaiu, and replant the small ones. Soil.— The crocus delights ia & dry situation, and a rich, light, sandy soiL In such a place and soil it flowers pro- fusely, and produces large roots ; but in a wet, poor soil it dwindles away. Culture. — October is the best month for planting, though it may be prolonged to the middle of December. Take the roots up every second year, planting the offsets as described above. Insects. — Slugs are their chief enemy, which may be destroyed by watering ths beds or clumps with lime-water. Diseases. — The bulbs sometimes be- come like a mass of starch or meal, and then will not grow. There is no remedy for bulbs actually diseased, but they ought to be carefully picked out, and not mixed with the general stock, for fear of infection. It seems to be caused by an internal fungus. Cropping (JIdced) is growing two or more crops together, one of which may be either drawn young, so as to be out of the other's way before it gets high enough to be injured, or one of which benefits the other by shading it. The object of mixed cropping is to obtain the largest amount of produce in the shortest time from a given space. The subject cannot be treated in detail within these limited pages; and we must, therefore, refer our readers to an essay on the sub- ject in The Cottage Gardener, v. 274. See Rotation of Crops. Crossa'ndra. (From krossos, a fringe, and aner, an anther; fringed anthers, or pollen-bags. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., li-Tetradynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Justicia.) A showy stove evergreen shrub ; peat and loam ; cuttings root readily ia sand, in bottom-heat, at any season, under glass. C.flu'va (yeWow-flowered). J. Yellow. January. W. Africa. 1852. — undulafo'lia (wave-leaved). lj. Orange, scarlet. March. E. Ind. 1800. Crotala'ria. (From krotalon, a casta net, or hand-rattle ; the seeds rattle in the pod if shaken. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decandrla. Allied to the Lupines.) Notwithstanding the great number of Crotala- rias, with their gay-coloured pea-flowers, they ara not much prized by gardeners, owing to tie difficulty of preserving them from the attacks of the red spider. Seed ; perennial kinds easily froM cuttings in sand, under glass ; loam and peat. btove annuals, etc. C. acuminafta(pointe&-leaned). I. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1830. Half-hardy. CRO [ 260 ] CEO C. a!afta > winged). 1. Pale yellow. July. Nepaul. 1818. Biennial. — angula'ta (angled). 1. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1/00. — biala'ta (two-winged). 1. Yellow. June. 1820. — bifafria (two-rowed). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1817. — Burma'nni (Burmann's). 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1800. — calt/ci'na (Jarg-e-calvxed). 1. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1816. — Cube'nsis (Cuba). 1. Yellow. July. Cuba. 1820. — fu'lva (tawny). 1. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1S17- — glau'ea (milky-green). % Yellow. July. Guinea. 1824. — hirsu'ta (hairv). 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1818. — Langsdo'rfii (Langsdorfs). 1. Yellow. June. 1820. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). J. Yellow. July. Arabia. 1820. Trailer. — ova'lis (oval). 1. Yellow. July. Carolina. 1810. Half-hardy. — pu'mila (dwarf). $. Yellow. June. Cuba. 1823. Trailer. — purpuralscens (purplish). 1. Purple. July. Madagascar. 1825. — Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1800. Half-hardy. — Senegale'nsis (Seneeal). 1. Yellow. June. Senegal. 1819- — tpecta'bUis (showv). 1$. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1820. — stipula'ris (large-supuled). 1. Yellow. July. Cayenne. 1823. — tria'ntha (three-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1824. — tubero'sa (tuberous). 1. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1821. Greenhouse. — verruco'sa (warted). 1. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1731. acumina'ta (pointed-feaoed). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1731. — mllo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Half-hardy. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. C.arge'ntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — dicho'toma (forked). I, Yellow. July. Mexico. 1824. — obscu'ra (obscure). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — Theba'ica (Theban). 2. Yellow. June. Egypt. 1818. STOVE EVERGREENS. C. anogyroi'des (anagyris-like). 6. Yellow. July. Trinidad. 1S23. — mr.thylloi'des (anthyllis-like). 4. Yellow. August. . E. Ind. 1780. — Berteria'na (Berter's). 2. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1818. — hractea'ta (large-bracted). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1820. — Sr&wnea (Browne's). 4. Yellow. July. i Jamaica. 1816. — - eajanift/lia (cajan-leaved). 6. Yellow. Au- gust. S. Amer. MM. — Chine Ttsis (Chinese). 2. Yellow. June. China. 1818. — cgtisoi'des (cytisus-like). 3. Yellow. Julv. E. Ind. 1826. — foii&ta (leafy). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1818. C. frutico'sa (shrubhv). 2. Yellow. June. Jo maica. 1/16. — lini/o'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. . Nepaul. 1820. — medicagi'nea (medicago-like). 1. Yellow, green. June. E. Ind. 1816. — Xo'vce Holla'ndia (New Holland). 2. Purple. June. _ N.Holland. 1823. Herbaceous perennial. — panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Yellow. June. Java 1820. — pelli ta (furred). 1. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1820. — pc'ndulu (hanging-down). 5. Yellow. August. Jamaica. 1820. — procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1823. Herbaceous perennial. — Roxburghiu'na (Roxburgh's). 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1820. — ttria'ta (streaked-./?oicere tember. 1790. — ttri'cta (upright). 2. Pink. 1844. Crowfoot. Eanu'ncului. CPU [2C1 ] cue Cbucifebs. Crossworts. Flowers are called crucifers when composed of four petals placed opposite each other, like those of the cabbage and turnip. They include all those plants arranged by Linnoeus in the loth class of his system Tetr adynamia. Cruciane'lla. Crosswort. (From the diminutive of crux, a cross ; referring to the way the leaves are arranged. Nat. ord., Slellales [Galiaceae]. Linn., casus. 1820. — a'spera (rough). Greenish-yellow. July. Iberia. 1837. — cklorosta'chys (greenish-yellow-spiked). Green- ish-yellow. July. Persia. 183;. — Gila'nicti (Ghilan). Yellow. Juiy. Persia. 1837. — gtomera'ta (crowded). 1. Yellow. July. Iberia. 1824. — pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple. July. Candia. 1/99. — ttylo'sa (large-styled). 1. Pink. July. Persia. — tuave'olens (sweet-smelling). 1. Yellow. July. llussia. 1838. Cryptochi'i.us. (From kryptos, hid- den, and cheilos, a lip ; the lip, or' label- lum, being partly hid by the sepals. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacece]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Acan- thophippium.) Stove orchid ; root division ; soil, rough fibry peat and rotten wood. C. sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 1. Scarlet. June. Nepaul. Cryptoco'ryne. (From kryptos, hidden, and koryne, a club; the club -shaped spadix, or spike, in the centre of the flower, is hidden by the hooded spathe peculiar to this order. Nat. ord., Arads [Araceae]. Linn., 2\-Moncecia 2-Dian- dria. Allied to Arum.) Stove herbaceous perennial; divisions, and •eeds when obtainable; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 56°, and dry. C cilia'ta (hair-fringed). Green, purple. May. E. Ind. 1824. Cbyptogra'mma. A spuriout name for Sir W. Hooker's Parke'ria, a Fern pub. lished in 1825 in Hooker's Exotic Flore^ page 147. See Parke'ria. Cryptohe'ria. Japan Cedar. (From kryptos, hidden, and meris, part; the structure of all the parts of the flower being hidden, or not easily understood. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinaceae]. Linn M 21-Moncecia 10-Monadeiphia. Allied to Taxodium.) A splendid evergreen tree, from 60 to 100 feet high, from the north of China, where it grows in damp situations. Seeds imported; some have ripened in 3ritain ; cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; a pure loam seems to suit it best. C. Japo'nica (Japanese). 100. May. Japan. 1844- na'na (dwarf). North China. Crytophra'gmiuit. (From kryptos, hidden, and phragma, a division or par- tition; the flowers partly concealed by the leafy bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Mo- nogynia. Allied to Justicia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings, in April, of young shoots, in sandy loam, under glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., $0° to S0° ; winter, 50°. C. venu'stum (beautiful). 5. September. Purple. Bengal. Cryptoste'gia. (From kryptos, hid- den, and stegc, a covering; the cup, or corolla, is hidden. Nat. ord., Asclepiadt [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandriu 2- Digynia. Allied to Per^loca.) Climbing stove evergreens. Loam and peat; cuttings root readily in sand, under glass, in heat. C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Pink. June. India. 1818. — Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Pinkt July. Madagascar. 1826. Cryptoste'mma. (From kryptos, hid- den, and stemma, a crown ; the crown of the flower hidden. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae] . Linn., l'J-Syngenesia 3-Frtts- tranea. Allied to Arctotis.) Tender annuals, from Cape of Good Hope, re- quiring to be sown on a gentle hotbed ; when large enough may be potted two or three plants in a pot, and protected again in the same way, and planted out in the open border the beginning of June. C. calendula'ceurn (marigold-flowered). 1. Yel- ■ low. July. 1752. — hypochondri'neum (melancholy). 1. Yellow^ July. 1731. — runcinci'tum (5aw-Zear«f). 1. Yellow. July. 1/9*. Cuckoo Flower. Carda'mine prate' nsis and Ly' chnis flos-cu' culi. Cuckoo-spit. See Tettigoxia sru- MARIA. Cucullia verbasci. Mullein Moth. This is the parent of a greenish- wuii» cue cue or slaty-coloured caterpillar, found from tfae end cf May until August, feeding on the various species of mullein ( Verba' s- cum) and figwort (Scrophula'ria). On each segment of this caterpillar are four iarge black dots, sometimes separate, and sometimes running together; there are smaller black dots along the sides, and a double row of yellow spots on the back, with others on the sides. The 1 yellow, spotted with black. This moth appears commonly in May. It is about two inches across the expanded fore- wings, which are of a dark reddish- brown colour, clouded and lined with black, and with a large white spot on each resembling the figure 3. as shown in the annexed drawing. The hind- wings are also reddish-brown, but paler, and sometimes almost white. The fe- male lays her eggs upon the mulleins, and their relative species of plants, which eggs are hatched in a few days if the weather be warm. The caterpillars, when of full growth, descend into the ground at the roots of the plants on which they have been feeding, where they form cocoons of half-rotted leaves and earth, so firmly bound together as to resemble small, hard clods. They re- main in the pupa state until the follow- ing May, or even for two years. Co'cumis. Cucumber. (From cucumis, the Latin for cucumber. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucurbitaceaj]. Linn., 21- Moncecla 10-Monudelphia.) Half-hardy trailing annuals. The C. colocy'n- thus produces the Colocynth of medicine. The whole of the species require to be sown in hotbeds, and, when of sufficient strength, to be planted out either in frames or under hand-glasses. C. angaria (round-prickly). 2. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 16.12. — Citru'Uus (Citrul). 6. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1597. Jn'ce (icater-melon). 6. Yellow. July. 1S97- — Paste'ca (Pasteque encumber)- 6. Yellow. July. lf«7- C. coloey'nthis {bitter colocynth). 6. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1551. — delicio'sus (delicious). 4. Yeilow. Juiv. E. Ind. 1818. — Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1824. — Maderaspata'nus (Madras). 3. Yellow. July. £. Ind. 1805. — me>lo (melnn). 4. Yellow. July. 1570. Cantalu'pu (Cantalupe). 4. Yellow. July. 1570. Melitefnsis (Maltese). 4. Yellow. July. 1570. reticvla'tus (netted). 4. Yellow. July. 1570. — momo'rdica (elaterium-like). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1820. — muricu'tus (point-covered). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1817- — sati'vus (common cultivated). 4. Yel- low. August. E. Ind. 1597. . a'lbus (white). 4. Yellow. July. fustigia'tu* (peaked). 4. Yellow. July. fla'tws (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. variegu'tus (variegated). 4. Yellow. July. vi'ridis (green). 4. Yellow. July. E, Ind. 1597. — utili'ssimus (most useful). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1820. Cucumber. Cu'cumis satfvus. Varieties. 1. Early short green prickly. Fruit 4 inches long. 2. Early long green prickly. 7 in. 3. Most long green prickly. 9 in. 4. Early green cluster. 6 in. 5. "White Dutch prickly. 6 in. 6. Long smooth green Turkey. 10 in. 7. Large smooth green Roman. 10 in 8. Flanegans. 15 in. 9. Russian. 12 in. 10. White Turkey. 15 in. 11. Nepaul. 17 in. 12. Fluted (from China). 9 in. 13. The Snake. 12 feet. 14. Brownston hybrid. 15 in. 15. Victory of England. 21 in. 16. Ringleader. 15 in. 17. Pratt's hybrid. 18 in. 18. Sion House. 9 in. 19. Duncan's Victoria. 28 in. 20. Allen's Victory of Suffolk. 24 in. 21. Victory of Bath. 17 in. 22. Prizefighter. 16 in. The Early short prickly is often pre- ferred for the first cvop, as being a very plentiful bearer, quick in coming into production, and the hardiest of all the varieties. The Early long prickly is a hardy, abundantly-bearing variety, but not quick in coming into production. It is generally grown for main crops. The Most long prickly is a hariy goo4 cue [ 203 ] cue bearer. There is a white sub-variety. The Early green cluster is a very early bearer. It is chiefly characterized by its fruit growing in clusters. The whole plant grows compact, and is well suited for hand-glass crops. The White Dutch prickly has an agreeable flavour, though differing from most of the others. It comes quickly into bearing. The other varieties are slow in coming into produc- tion, and are chiefly remarkable for their great size. The Nepaul often weighs twelve pounds, being occasionally eight inches in diameter. It is a native of Calcutta. The Snake cucumber is very small in diameter. Victory of England is a favourite variety at Ipswich for early forcing. It is prolific, and the best black- spined kind of that town. Nos. 14, 1C, 17, and 18 have been awarded many prizes. They are not abundant bearers; but their fruit is very handsome, averag- ing a length of sixteen inches, and a diameter of one inch and three quarters. Standard of Merit. — Length, not less than twelve inches. Diameter, one-ninth of the length. Colour, dark green. Spines, black and numerous. Bloom, unremoved. Circumference, circular and equal through- out. Neck and Nose, each not more than a diameter long. Flesh, crisp and juicy. Flower, remaining on the fruit. Soil. — A fresh loam, as the top spit of a pasture, is perhaps as fine a soil as can be employed for the cucumber. Culture : in Dung Beds. — The time of solving the cucumber depends upon the time when the plants are required for final ridging out. Three or four weeks will always be required for raising the plants to a fitness for that purpose. The seed-bed should be made up three and a half feet high at the back, and from two feet six inches to three feet high in the front, and on a dry bottom. The frame should be put on as soon as the bed is made, and the seed should not be sown until the heat of the bed is sweet and healthy, to which state it maybe hastened by its surface being stirred once or twice daily and watered, plenty of air also being given. The best material to put on the seed-bed to plunge the pots or pans of seeds in is old tan, or well-rotted dung, or leaf-mould, which may be run through a very coarse sieve. With this material the bed may be covered all over, or any part of it, to any thickness, to suit the purpose intendei; and its beincr sifted makes it the more pleasant tc handle, either for raising the plants nearer to the glass or lowering them. The seeds may be sown either in small pots or in pans, and the seedlings to be moved from one to three plants in a pot. If sown in the pots so as not to need shifting, the pots may be crocked, and a little better than half filled with earth, and three seeds in each covered half an inch deep. When the plants are up, they may he thinned either to one or two in each pot; - and as the plants ad- vance in height, so the pots may be filled up with rich, light earth, which should be kept in the frame for the purpose ; also, a small pot of water should be kept in the frame, for moistening the earth or sprinkling the plants when required. The plants should be kept within three or four inches of the glass. Three or four sowingsmaybe made during January. It is important to have the seed-bed in the winter months defended from pierc- ing winds, by thatched hurdles both on the west, north, and east sides. As soon as the young plants have formed two rough leaves they should be stopped. Fruiting - bed. — The materials for making up either this or the seed-beds should be thoroughly well worked by being turned over four or five times, shaken together well and mixed, and, if dry and husky, thoroughly well watered at the first two turnings, as the work goes on. The lumps should be broken up, and the short mixed with the long, until the whole mass has one uniform appearance, and Is nearly half rotten. The size of the beds depends on the season. In February, six feet high at the back and three feet in front; and if in January, a foot higher will be required ; and if March, a foot less will be sufficient. A dry bottom in all cases, and the mate- rials well put together, shaken up, and beat down well as the work goes on ; and the bed should be always six or eight inches wider than the frame all round. As soon as completed, put on the frame and lights. When settled, and all become sweet and healthy, the hillocks of earth may be put on for the young plants to be placed in ; but, before the hillocks are made, particularly in, the early season, when the very strong beds cause some danger of burning, some preventive measures must ba ndopted. Almost every dung bed oa- cue [264] cue eumbe? grower ha3 his favourite way to prevent this occurrence. Some pave the bottom of the hillock with six or eight bricks; others with a thick twist of straw or some hay-bands, over which three or four inches thick of cowdung *re placed of about the substance of mortar ; others, again, remove a little of the centres, and place therein a good thick turf with the grass side turned downward, and on this a good thick paste of cowdung. But the best plan for the bottom of the hillocks is that given by Mr. Errington in The Cottage Gardener, at page 164 of vol. iii., by carrying up a cold bottom of brick-bats, idria 1-Jlotiogynia.) Cyclamens are very acrid, yet are the fnvour'tc food of wild boars of Sicily, whence the English name. Beautiful bulbous plants. HARDY. C. Cofum (Cos), f . Lilac, red. Fcbrosuy. Soath Europe. 1596. — Europce'um (European). £. Lilac, red. Au- gust. Switzerland. 1595. ■-hederi folium (ivy-leaved). $. Purple. April. Britain. a'lbidum (whitish-cowered). $. White. July. Britain. purpura 'scens (purplish - flowered), if Turple. July. Britain. — Ibe'ricum (Georgian). £. Asiatic Georgia. 1831. — latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Red. April. South Europe. 1800. — linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). $. Purple. April. South Europe. 1824. — litora'le (nhoTe-inh(ibiting). J. Deep rose. Lake of Coruo. 1S45. — Ifeapolitafnum (Neapolitan). J. Red. April. Italy. IS24. — ve'rnum (spring). J. Purple. April. South Europe. GREENHOUSE. C. Pe'rsicum (Persian). £. Red, white. Febru- ary. Cyprus. 1/31. eXbifio'rum (white-flowered). \. White. February. Cyprus. 1/31. inodo'rum (scentless). 4. Red, white. February. Cyprus. 1731. lacinia'tum (jagged -petaled). $. Red, white. April. > lila'ceum (lilac-coloured-./?o!cere;roWB, CYN C 273 ] CYN C. tutt'ee (sweet). Greer., brown. Hay. A«a- tralia. 1826. — tri'pterum (three-winged). White. July. Jamaica. 1/90. Cyna'nchum. (From kyon, a dog, and agche, to kill ; referring to its poisonous qualities. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle- piadaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digy- nia. Allied to Asclepias.) Cuttings root readily ; the hardy kinds in com- mon garden-soil ; usual stove or greenhouse treat- ment for the others. STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. C. fimbria' turn (fringed). 10. Purple. July. Cumana. 1826. — Heynia'num (Heynes's). 6. White. E. Isd. 1825. — hirsu'tum (hairy). 6. Trinidad. 1825. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS. C. Captfnse (Cape). 6. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — pil(/sttm (soft-haired). 5. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/26. HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. C. aeu'tum (pointed-leaved). 3. White. July. Spain. 1596. — cirrho'sum (tendriled). 3. 1825. Deciduous twiner. — exce'lsum (tall). 10. White. July. Barbary. 18l6. Deciduous twiner. — lu'teum (jellow-Jiau-ered). 2. Yellow. June. Europe. 1595. — medium (middle-sized). 3. White. June. — mela'nthos (black-flowered). 3. Purple. July. 181S. Deciduous twiner. — Monspeli'acum (Montpelier). 3. White. August. South Europe. 1596. — ni'grum (black). 3. White. July. South Europe. 1596. — ri/seum (rosy). 3. Purple. July. Davuria. 1818. Deciduous twiner. — trii/o'sum (shaggy). 3. White. July. 1821. Deciduous twiner. — Vincetofxicum (Vincetoiicum). 2- White. July. Europe. 1596. Cyna'ra. Artichoke. (From kyon, a dog; the spines on the involucre, or guard-leaves, immediately helow the flower, being likened to dogs' teeth. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 10-Syngenesia l-£2qnalis.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise stated. Increased by seeds and root division. SeeABTiCHOKB and'CASDOON. C. cardu'nculus (cardoon). 5. Blue. August. Candia. 1653. — fefrox (fierce). 5. Blue. July. Italy. 1820. — glomera'ta (clustered). \. Blue. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. HtJf-hardy. — ho'rrida (horrid). 6. Purple. August. Madeira. 1/68. Greenhouse. — integrifo' lia (whole-leaved). 4. Blue. July. Spain. •— pygna/a (pigmy). 1. Purple. July. Spain. 1820. - teo'lymus («colymus. Artichoke). 8. Purple. August. South Europe. 1548. — MpinosVsshna (spiniest). 4, Blue. July. Sicily. 1826. Cynlps Rosa:, C. Bedegaris, or BhodiUs ros N. Amer. 1812. — enchusoi'des (anchusa-like). 1. Blue. May. Cashmere. 1S40. — austra'le (southern). 2. Pale red. June, N. Holland. 1820. Greenhouse. — grandrflo'rtim (large- flowered). 3. Bios, white. India. 1830. CYN [ 279 ] C. longiflo'ium (lone-flowered). l£. Purple, red. June. India. >83g. — Mageile'nse (Magellan). 1. Purple. June. Naples. 1823. — tomento'sum (downy -flowered). Violet. May. Italy. 1823. — Virgi'nicum (Virginian). Blue. White. June. N. Amer. 1812. Cynome'tra. (From kyon, a dog, and metra, matrix; referring to the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere]. Linn., \0-Becandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Hardwickia.) Store evergreen trees, from the East Indies. Loam and Bandy peat ; cuttings in land, under glass, with bottom-heat. C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 30. Red. 1804. — polya'ttdra (many-stamened). 20. Red. 1822. Cype'lla. (From kypellon, a goblet or cup; referring to the form of the flowers. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn., l&-Monadelphia 1-Triandria. Al- lied to Herbertia.) Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, requiring the same treatment as Ixias. Sandy loam and peat offsets. C. Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). Purple, yellow, June. San Felipe. 1834. — Herbe'rti (Herbert's). 1. Vermilion. July Buenos Ayres. 1823. — plu'mbea (leaden-coloured). Blue. Mexico 1838. Cy/perus. This genus of the Sedges would not deserve notice here if C. alter vijo' lius, a native of Madagascar, and C.papy'rus (see Papy'rtjs) were not some- times grown in the stove aquarium. Cy/phia. (From kyphos, curved; re- ferring to the shape of the style and stigma. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanula- ceoe]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Campanula.) Greenhouse plants, from Cape of Good Hope. The perennial species root freely from young cuttings; the annual kinds by seed; loam, peat, and sand. C. bulbo'sa (bulbous). J. Pale blue. August. 1/91. Annual. — carda'mines (cardamine-like). 3. July. 1823. Herbaceous perennial. — mct'sa (cut-leaved). $. Pale red. July. 181Q. Annual. — phyteu'ma (rampion). 1$. Pink. February. 1822. Percr.nial tuber. — volu'bilis (twining). 1. Pale blue. 1785. Annual. Cypress. See Cupre'ssus. CYPRrPE'Diusi. Ladies' Slipper. (From Kypris, Venus, and podion, a slipper. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) Both the stove and hardy species of these orchids succeed well ia turfy peat, mixed with a little loam, charcoal, and potBhcrds. The hardy kinds, when grown in pots, should have frame protection during the winter months ; root division. STOVE. C. barba'lzim (bearded). £. Purple, white, red April. Malacca. 1838. — gutta'tum (spotted). J. Yellow. April. Siberia. I829. — insi'gne (striking). 1. Green, red, orange. June. Nepaul. 1819. — Irapea'num (Irapean). 1. Yellow. Juae. Mexico. 1844. — Lo'wi (Mr. Law's). 1. Variegated. April. Borneo. 184". — vexu'stuvi (handsome). $. Green, red. Oc« tober. Nepaul. 1810". HARDY. C. weeti'le (stemless). Rose, purple. May. N. Amer. 1786. — a'lbum (white). 14. White. May. N. Amer. 1800. — arieti'num (ram's-head). 4. Green, rose. April. Canada. 1808. — ealsc'olai (common slipper). 1. Yellow. June. England. Helve 1 ticum (Swiss). 1. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 1825. — ea'ndidum (white). 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1826. — macra'nthot (large-flowered). \ . Purple. May. Siberia. 1828. — parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. Yellowish. June. N. Amer. 1759. — pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow, purple. June. N. Amer. 1/90. — purpura'tum (purple-flowered). |. Purple. September. Archipelago. 1836. — tpecta'bile (remarkable). ]£. White, purple. June. N, Amer. 1731. incarna'tum (flesh - coloured). White, purple. June. N. Amer. — — a'lOum (white). White. June. N. Amer. 1827. — ventrict)' sum (swollen). |. Dark purple. April. Siberia. I829. Cyri'lla. (After D. Cyrillo, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Cyrt//i, bulbi'ferum,denta'lum.fra'gile,SLndre'gium. CYnsus. (From Cytlu-us, one of the Cvclades, where one of the species was first found. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae], Linn., lQ-jIonadclphia 6- Decandria.) Shrubs and trees. Readilv increased by seeds ; choice kinds are grafted or budded upon "the la- burnum ; common garden-soil. GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS. C. tflegans (elegant). 3. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 1821. —fi'lipes (thread-stemmed). White. March. Teneriffe. 1S38. — glomera'tuM (crowded). 3. Zaciihar. 1632. Stove. — ta'niger (woolly). 2. Yellow. June. Spaia. 1821. Half-hardy. ri'gidtts (ttifi-spined). 6. Yellow. June* CYT I. 281 ] IXEZkl C. nubi'genus (cloud-born). 6. i'ellow. May. Terjeritfe. 1/79. — proli'fems (proliferous). 2. Yellow. April. Canaries. 1779. HARDY DECIDUOUS, &C. C MaPttcus (iEolian). 7- Yellow. May. Strcm- boli. 1836. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). White. May. England. fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). Yellow. May. Gardens. — a'lbidus (white). 4. White. June. South Europe. — t'lbus (white. Portugal Laburnum). 8. White. May. Portugal. 1752. incarnaftus fnesh-coloured). 8. Flesh. May. Portugal. 1752. lu'teus (yellow-flowered). 8. Yellow. May. Gardens. — alpfnus (alpine. Scotrh Lalurnum). 30. Yellow. June. Europe. 1596, — arge'nteus (silver-leaved). 3. Yellow. gust. France. 1739. — Austri'actts (Austrian). 3. Yellow. July. Austria* 1741. — biflo'rus (two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. Hungary. 1760. — ca'yci'nus (farg-e-calyxed). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. Tauria. 1820. — capita'tus (round-headed). 3. Yellow. July. Austria. 1774. — eilia'tus (hair-fringed). 3. Yellow. July. Carpathia. 181 7. — elonga'tus (long-branched). 4. Yellow. May. Hungarv. 1804. — falca'tus (sickle-sUaped). 3. Yellow. July. Hungary. 1816. — grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Yellow. June. Portugal. 1816. — hirsu'tus (hairy). 5. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1 739. — labu'rnum (common laburnum). 15. Yel- low. May. Switzerland. 1595. fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15. Yellow. May. fra'grans (fragrant). 15. Yellow. June. Carder, s. — pe'ndulus (hanging-down-SrancAerf). Yellow. May. qtierc'fo'liiu (oak-leaved). 15. Yellow. May. — Ural^nsis (Ural). Mar. Russia. 1832. — leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 4. Pale yellow. June. Hungary. 1 800. — mcfllis (soft). 4. "Yellow. June. 1818. — 7«aMi/fo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Yellow. June. Europe. 18! S. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. Mav. — na'nus (dwarf), if. Yellow. May. Levant. 1816. — rti'gricans (hUck-rooted). 3. Yellow. June. Austria. 1730. — orimta/Ut (east rn). 3. Yellow. June. South Europe. 1818. — pa'tens (spread hi- ). 4. Yellow. Jama, Por- tugal, l ;->'_>. — po/y'fneAKs (manv-haired). l£. Yellow. June. Tauria. 1618. — pvrpu'reus (p\ir plz-fiowered). 2. Purple. Austria. 1792. 1 albiflu'rus (white-flowered). 3. White. June. Austria. — pygmx'us (pigmy). 1. Yellow. June. Ca- lacea. — raeemo'sus (raceme-flo-.cereD. J. Yellow. July. 1835. Evergreen. C. rhodophe'na (heautiful). 2. Yellow. May. — Rutlie'nicus (Russian). 3. Yellow. June. Russia. 1817. — scopa'rius (common broom). 6. Yellow. June. England. a'lbus (white-flowering). 6. White. June. England. — fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. Yellow. April. England. — fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). C. Yellow. April. Gardens. — sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). 6, Yellow. July. Italy. 1629. — spino'sus (spiny. Broom). 2. Yellow. June. South Europe. 1596. Evergreen. — supi'nvs (supine). 1. Yellow. June. South Europe. 1755. Trailer. — trifio'rus (three-flowered). 4. Yellow. June. Spain. 1640. — Welde'nii (Baron Welden's). 10. Yellow. April. Dalmatia. 1840. pro'cerus (lofty). Yellow. June. Por- tugal. 1816. sero'tinus (late-flowering). Yellow. July. Hungary. 1826. so'rdidus (mean). Yellow, purple. May. Cza'ckia. (After Czack, a Kussian botanist. Nat. ord., Lilyworti [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Moncgynia.) United to Anthe'eicum, which see for culture. C. UUa'strum (liliaster). ]£. White. May. South Europe. 1629. Dacry'diuh. (From daltru, a tear; referring to the resinous drops, glands, or exudations. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxa- cere]. Linn., Zl-Moncecta 1Q-Decandria. Allied to Podocarpus and Yew.) D. taxifo'lium is the kakaterro of the natives ; its young branches, like those of the Norway Spruce, afford a beverage of the same qualities as spruce beer. Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of firm young wood in sand, under a glass; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° j winter, 35° to 45°. D. cupre'ssinum (cvpress-likc). !6. New Zealand. 1825. — ela'ttim (lofty). 20. Pulo Pcnang. 1830. — exa/lsum (tall). New Zealand. — Frankla'ndii (Frankland's. Huon Pine). 108. Tasmania. 1844. — Ma'i (Mai). New Zealand. 1343. — taxifo'lium (yew-leaved). New Zealand. 1843. Dactylica'pnos. (From daktylos, a finger, and kapnos, fumitory; literally, fingered-fumitory, tendrils being finger- shaped. Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fumari- &oesB].lArm.,I7-I>iad£l2)hia2-IIexa)idria.) Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in slight hotbed, in March ; cuttings under a glass, in April; sandy loam. If kept over the winter, re- quires the protection of a cold pit. D. thalictrifo'lia (thalictrum-leaved). 3. Yellow, brown. August. Nepaul. 1831. Djs'jiia. (Its Arabic name. Nat. ord n Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. linn., 6- DAF [ 282 ] DA1I Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Euste gia.) Stove evergreen twiners, with white^ flowers, blooming in July. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 65° ; winter, 50° to 55°. St. bi'color (two-coloured). 6. E. Ind. 1903. — corda'ta (he&it-leaBed). 10. Arabia. 1S34. — entefnsa (extended). 3. E. Ind. 1777. — tea'ndens (climbing). 10. Gambia. 1824. Da'ffodil. Narci'ssuspse'udo-narci'ssus. Da'hlia. (Named after 2>aA/, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- ceae] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.) Hardy perennial tubers. Division of the tuber- ous roots ; cuttings when they have grown three or four inches in length, in the spring, and in- serted in light, sandy soil, with a little bottom- heat, and hardened off by degrees ; seeds for in- suring the different species; fresh, rich, light soil. The roots, after the stems are cut down by frost, must be taken up and plunged in dry soil. D. Barke'rite (Miss Barker's). 2. Blush. Au- gust. Mexico. 1833. — Cerrante'sii (Cervantes'). Scarlet. August. Mexico. — eroca'ta (rustv). Scarlet. Julr. Mexico. 1882. — exceHsa (tall). anemoTuefioFra (anemone-flowered). 30. Light. September. Mexico. 1330. — frustro/nta (barren-ra^erf). 6. Scarlet. Oc- tober. Mexico. 1802. — — aura'ntia (orange-eo/oured). 6. Orange. October. Mexico. 1802. cro'cea (saffron). 6. Yellow. October. Mexico. 1802, lu'tea (yellow). 6. Sulphur. October. Mexico. 1802. — glabra' ta (smooth). 3. Lilac. July. Mexico. 1833. — scapi'gera (/ong--flower-stemmed). 2. White. June. Mexico. 1837. — tupe'rflua (superfluous). 6. Purple. October. Mexico." 1/89. Dahlia as a Florist's Flower. — The innumerable -varieties in our gardens are the descendants of D. supe'rjlua. Propagation by Cuttings. — The time for striking these extends from February to August. The young shoots that spring from the bulbs make the best cuttings, and are the most sure to grow ; but the young tops taken off at a joint will strike root and form small bulbs even so late as August, and often are more sure to grow in the spring following, if kept in small pots, than roots that have been planted out late. This more particularly applies to new varieties. If the shoots on the old bulbs are numerous, or there appears many buds ready to start, the shoots that have grown three inches long may be slipped off with the finger close to the bulb ; but if the shoots are few, or only one, they must be cut off so as to leave two buds at the base of the shool to grow again. The cuttings, or slips, must be put in pots filled with light earth, with a layer of pure white sand on the surface, and placed in a gentle hotbed. If the pot of cuttings can bo plunged in coal-ashes, or other material, the cuttings will strike the sooner ; water very moderately and carefully, and shade from bright sun. They will strike root in a fortnight or three weeks, and should be immediately potted in 3§-inch pots, and kept close for a few days, till they make a few more roots. They may then be placed in a cold frame, shaded from the sun, and protected from frost and wet. Pot them again into 4^-inch pots, before the roots become matted, and then begin to give air daily, and keep them well watered. By Division. — The roots may be di- vided from the crown downwards, takinj - care to have a bud or two to each divi- sion. Pot them, if too early to plant out, or plant the division out at once in then- places, but not earlier than the middle of April. By Seed.— Save the seed from such double flowers as are partially fertile, having bright distinct colours and good form. Gather it as soon as ripe, and hang the pods up in a dry place. When the scales of the pod turn brown, sepa- rate the seeds, dry them in the sun in the morning only, and when dry store them in a dry room. Sow them in March, in shallow pans, and transplant the seed- lings singly into small pots. As soon as the frosts are passed, plant them out a foot apart every way, and allow them to j flower. All bad-shaped or dull-coloured ! throw away ; there is no hope of their ; improving by culture. Such as have good- I formed petals and bright colours, though I not perfectly double, may be kept another ; year for a further trial ; and such as are ! excellent should be propagated from the j young tops, to preserve the kinds, as the old root might perish. Soil. — The dahlia requires a rich, ! deep, friable soil ; and, as the branches ! are heavy and brittle, a sheltered situa tion should be chosen, neither too low- nor too high. The ground should bo ; trenched, if it will allow it, eighteen inches or two feet deep, a good coating of well-decomposed dung spread on the sur- face after the trenching ia completed, and DAH I 283 J DAH immediately dug in one spit deep. Lay the soil so mixed up in slight ridges, to be levelled down just before planting. Summer Culture.— Prepare the plants for planting out by constant and full ex- posure when the weather is mild. The season for planting is as soon as there is no fear of any more frost. To grow them fine, and to obtain high colours, they should have plenty of room between each plant — five feet apart every way for the dwarf-growing kind3, and six feet for the tall ones, will not be too much. It is a good method to have the places for each marked out, by driving in the stakes in the exact places first, and then there is no danger of the stakes injuring the roots. As late frosts might possibly occur, it is safer to cover the plants at night with clean empty garden-pots of a sufficient size to cover them without touching the leaves, until all fear of frost has subsided. When the plants have obtained a con- siderable growth, cover the surface round each plant with some half-rotted, littery stable-dung; this will preserve them from drought, and afford nutriment when the plants are watered. Tying is a very important operation. As soon as the plants are high enough, they should be tied to the stakes with some rather broad shreds of soft bass matting; and the side-shoots must also be secured by longer pieces of matting, to prevent the winds and heavy rains from breaking them off. It may some- times be necessary to place three or four additional stakes at a certain distance from the central one, to tie the side- branches to. The best kind of stakes are the thinnings of larch plantations. They should be stout, and six or seven feet long, at least. As the plants grow, if the weather is hot and dry, abundance of water should be supplied. Protecting the Flowers. — This will be necessary if intended for exhibition. Caps of oiled canvass stretched upon a wire frame are veiy good for the purpose ; even a common garden-pot turned up- side down is no bad shelter. They may easily be suspended over each flower by being fastened to a stake, and the flower gently brought down and tied to the stake under them. The best shade, how- ever, is a square box with a glass front, and a slit at the bottom to allow the stem of the flower to slkie into it, and thus bring the flower within the box. The. flower then has the advantage of light and air, and is still protected from the sun, wind, and rain. Winter Culture. — As soon as the au- tumn frosts have destroyed the tops of the plants, cut down the stems, and take up the roots immediately. If the roots come up clean out of the ground, they will only require gently drying, and may be stored at once in some place where they will be safe from frost. If the soil clings much to the tubers, these should be washed and dried, and then stowed away. The place should not only be free from frost, but from damp also, yet not so dry as to cause them to shrivel up too much. It is a good plan to have two or three of each kind struck late and kept in pots through the winter ; but the soil must be perfectly dry before they are put to rest, and no wet or frost allowed to reach them. A good place for them is to lay the pots en one side under the stage of a greenhouse. In these winter quarters they must be frequently exa- mined, and all decaying roots or stems removed. Insects. — In the early stages of growth, the great pest to the dahlia is the slug. Watering with clear lime-water is the best article to destroy them, or a dusting of quick-lime in dewy mornings will be useful ; a circle of lime round each plant will be a good preventive, and also a care- fully gathering up, very early in the morning, of these vermin will greatly re- duce their numbers. When the plants aro in flower, the earwig is almost sure to at- tack them, and frequently in one night will disfigure the finest and most perfect bloom, and render it unfit for exhibition. Traps must be set to catch them. Small garden-pots with a little hay or moss put in them, and then turned upside down upon the stakes, are a good trap for them. They should be examined every morning, and the insects in them destroyed. Dried bean stalks are also a good trap : place them among the branches, and the in- sects will creep into them as a hiding place. Also, as they feed chiefly in the night, take a lantern at that time, and examine every flower. Preparing for Exhibition. — Cut the flowers the night before, and if they aro to be conveyed a considerable distance, have a box or boxes made with water- tight tin tubes securely fixed in the bot- tom, to hold water ; pass the stem of each DAI [ 2S4 ] BAM flower through a ping of wood with a i hole in the centre, just wide enough to allow the stem to pass through it, and j just thick enough to fit like a cork into the tin tube. Make the flower quite firm in the wooden plug, and let the lid of the box be so elevated as not to touch the flower. Da'is. (From daio, to heat; referring the causticity of the bark. Nat. ord., Duphnads [Thymelaceae], Linn., 10-I>e- candria l-Monr.'jynia. Allied to Meze- reon.) Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds sown in slight hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots, or of the roots, in April, in sand, under a glass, and with a little heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 7b e < winter, 40° to 45°. D. cotinifr/lia (jotinus- leaved). 10. White, green. Jane. Cape of Good Hope. 17/6. Daisy. {Be' His pere'nnis.) There are many double varieties of this hardy perennial; some white, others crimson, and many variegated. A more curious variety is the Proliferous or Hen and Chicken Daisy. They all will flourish in any moist soil, and almost in any si- tuation. They bloom from April to June. Propagated by divisions ; the smallest fragment of root almost en- ables them to grow. To keep them double and fine, they require moving oc- casionally. Planted as an edging round the Eanunculus-bed their roots tempt the wireworm from those of the choicer flower. Dalbe'rgia. (Named after Dalberg, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- nous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-Dia- delphia i-Dccandria.) The wood of D. Si'ssoo is remarkable fcr its excellence. East Indian stove evergreen trees, almost all with white flowers. Cuttings of firm young shoots in March, in sand, under a glass, and in a little bottom-heat ; fibry peat and turfy loam, with a portion of sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. D. Barclu'yi (Barclay's). 15. Blue. 1823. — frondo'sa (fronded). 30. 1818. — margina'ta (bordered). 20. 18J3. — Ougeine'nsis (Ougein). 30. 1820. — panicula'ta (panicled). 30. 1811. — rimo'sa (chinky). 20. 1823. — rubigino'sa (rusty). 10. 1811. — sca'ndeKS (climbing). 20. 1S12. — Si'ssoo (Sissoo). 30. — tamarindi fo'lla (tamarind-leaved). 16. 1820. — Velfai'rii (Telfair's). 15. Mauritius. 1823. — volu'bilis (twining). 20. 1818. Dalecha'mpia. (Named after Dale- champ, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Euphorhiads [Euphorbiaceael. Linn., %1-Moncecic i-Monandria. Allied k> Poinsettia. ) Stove evergreen climbers, with y;llowish-green flowers. Cuttings a little dried at their base before insertioninto sandy soil, under a hand- iight, in April ; peat and loam. Summer temp* 6(1° to 85°; winter, 50°. I>. Brazilie'nsis (Braxilian). 6. July. Bruit. 1824. —fic'fo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. July. Brazil. 1820. — sca'ndens (climbing). 12. June. \V. Ind. 17SQ. Daltba'eda. (Named after Dalibard, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Boseworts [Rosacea?]. Linn., 12-Icosaiidria 2-Di- pentagyniu. Allied to Potentilla.) An alpine, or rock-plant. Division ; light, sandy soil ; a sheltered, dry place, or the proteo tion of a cold pit in winter. D. molaoi'des (violet-like). $. White. May. N. Amer. 1/68. Damaso'nium. Plants of no interest to the gardener, belonging to a small group of fresh-water plants, singular for flowering under water, except at the time of fertilization, when the flowers rise above the water for a few hours. The group is called Hydrocarads ; but these Damasoniums are now referred to the genus Ottelia, allied to Stratiotes. Dame's Violet. He'speris matrona'lis. Da'mmara. (The Dammar Pine of New Zealand. The Kawrie of the natives. Nat. ord., Conifers [Coniferae]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 10-Monadelphia.) The finest masts are now prepared from the D. austra'lis for our navy ; it also yields a brittle, resin-iike copal. Cuttings of young, ripe, firm shoots, inserted in sand, in the spring, in a gentle bottom-heat, under a bell-glass; loam, with a little sand. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 36° to 45°. D. austra'lis (southern. Cowdie Pine). 200. New Zealand. 1821. — orienta'tis (eastern). 50. Amboyna. 1804. Dampie'ba. (Named after the circum- navigator, Capt. W. Dampier. Nat. ord., Goodeniads [Goodeniaceas]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Afonogynia. Allied to Sce- vola.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, with blue flowers, from New Holland. Division ; and cut- tings of young shoots in sand, under a glass; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winder, 3S° to 45°. D. ala'ta (winged-teared). May. 1842. — corona' 'tit (crowned-flowered), lie;. — cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). May. — fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). May. 1841. — tcvendula'cea (laxender-leaved). 1843. — linea'ris (narrow-Zeaoed). 1840. — ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). |. July. 183*. — stricta (upright). 1. July. 1S14. — te'ris (round-7eai>«J). June. Daitping oft is a name applied hr DAN [ 2S5 ] DAB gardeners to an ulceration of the stems of seedlings, and other tender plants. This ulceration arises from the soil and air in which they are vegetating being kept too moist or damp. Flower seed- lings are especially liable to be thus affected ; and, to prevent this, one third of the depth of the pot should be filled with drainage, and the soil employed, instead of being sifted, allowed to retain all moderately-sized stones. The seeds should be sown very thinly, pressed down, and a little white sand be sprinkled over the surface, because this is not easily disturbed by watering, and is not a medium that retains moisture to the neck of the seedlings, where dampness most affects them. A pot of sand should be kept hot, an-cl whenever symptoms 0$ the disease appear, a little whilst hot sprinkled on the soil. Dax^'a. (Named after P. M. Dana, who wrote on the Flora of Piedmont. Nat. ord., Danaaicorts [DanseaceseJ. Linn., 21-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) This small order consists of Fern-like plants, and for all the purposes of cultivation may be considered as Ferns. Stove herbaceous peren- nial. Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 55°. D. ala'ta (winged). W. Ind. 1823. Da'phne. (So called after the fabled nymph of that name. Nat. ord., Daph- nads [Tbymelacea}]. Linn., 8-Octandria X-Monoffj/nia.) Eztreme causticity is the general property of the Daphnads— the Spurge Laurel and Mezereum particularly so. Seed for most of the species, especially of the D. laure'ola, or Spurge Laurel ; used as a grafting stock for most of the rarer and tender kinds. As the seed is two years in vege- tating, it is usual to keep it some time in sand, in a heap. D. cne&rum and other dwarf kinds, especially if at all trailing, are generally propa- gated by layers in summer. A close pit for graft- ing the liner kinds, in March or April, is an ad- vantage. Most of them like a good proportion of sandy peat ; but the deciduous Meze'reum prefers pure loam. The odo'ra and odo'ra ru'bra are nearly hprdy in the climate of London ; but farther north they require the cold pit or greenhouse. HARDY DECTDOOUS. D. Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 3. Lilac. February. China. 1S44. — Meze'reum (Mezereum). 4. Pink.. KkjL England. a' I bum (white-flowered). 4. March. ■ autumna'le (autumnal). 4. Bed. August. Europe. *■ *— ru'brum (red-flowered). 4. Pink. March. England. HARDY EVERGREENS. D. alpi'na (alpine!. 2. White. June. Italy. 17Jg. — Altaica (Altaic). 3. While. April. Siberia. . i;ya. D.auslru'lis (southern). 3. Pink. April. Naplss, — cneo'rum (garland- flower). 1. Pink. July. Australia. 1752. fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 1, Pink. April. — — — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Pint. April. colii'na (hill). 3. Purple. March. Ital7» 1/52. — Gni'dium (Gnidium). 2. White. July. Spain. 1597. — laure'ola (Spurge-Hurel). 6. Green. Fe. bruary. Britain. — Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). 2. Purple. March, Naples. 1822. — oleoi'des (olive-like). 2. White. Crete. 1815. — P&ntica (Pontic). 4. Green, yellow. April. Pontus. 1759- fo'liis variega'tis (w.riegated-leaved). 1, Pink. August. Pontus. — pube'scens (downy). 3. Yellow. April. Austria. 1810. 2. White. April. Crete. , Purple. May. Switzer- i-raira). 3. White. Juno. 2. White. June. Asia. Ye:: iv March. — seri'cea (silkv). 1820. — stria'ta (streaked). 5 land. IS19. — Ta'rton-rai'ra (Tartc France. 1640. — tomento'sa (shaggv). 1800. Half-hardy. — thymelce'a (Wild Olive). 3. Spain. 1815. — viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. NepauL GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C. X>. Aucklu'ndii (Lady Auckland's). 2. Hima- lavas. 1841. Stove. — Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. May. Chin*. 1825. — I'ndica (Indian). 4. White. June. China. 1800. rn'bni (red). Purpli-h-pink. China. — Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. March. Japan. 1840. — odo'ra (sweet-scented). 3. Pink, white. July. China. 1771. ru'bra (red). 4. Pink. April. China. 183!. variega'ta (variegated). 4. White. Oc- tober. Japan. 1800. — papyra'cea (paper). 4. White. May. Ne- paul. 1824. — tinifo'lia (tinus-leaved). 6. Jamaica. 1773. Stove. Dare'a. (Named after Bar, a bota- nist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., Zi-Cryptogataia 1-Filiccs. Allied to Asplenium.) Stove Ferns, requiring the came treatment 13 Caanopteris. D. ala'ta (winged). Brown. July. W. Ind. — bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). I, Brown. June. New Zealand. 1820. — cicula'riv.m (cicuta-like). 1. Brown. Janet W. Ind. 1820. — diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 2. Brown. March. N. Zealand. 1831. — myriophy'lla (thousand-leaved). Brown. Julr. S. Amer. — rhizo'phorum (root-bearing). I. Brown, July. Jamaica. 1793. — rhizoTilni'llum (rooting-leaved). §. Brown. June. N. Amer. 1680. — rataefn'lia (rue-leaved). Brown. July. \V: Ind. DAB [ 236 ] DAV D.tearndens (climbing). Brown. July. Isle of Leyte. — dni'parum (viviparous). 1. Brown. . June. Mauritius. 1820. Daewi'nia. (Named after Dr. Darwin, author of The Botanic Garden. Nat ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamaelauciacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Genetyllis.) Greenhou*e evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- glass ; peat and loam, both fibry, and with snnd. Samper temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 33? to 45°. C.fascirulu'ta (fascicled). 29. Red. June. 1820. — taxifo'liu (yew-leaved). 29. White. June. 1821. Dasyste'mon. (From dasys, thick, and strmon, a stamen. Nat. ord., House- leeks [Crassulacesfi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Crassula.) Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; sandy loam. D. ccl'jci'num (/eo/y-calyxed;. White. June. Australia. 1823. Date Palm. Pha'nix. Date Plum. Diospy'rus. Datu'ea. Thorn Apple. (From its Arabic name, Tatorali. Nat. ord., Night- shades [Solanaceae]. Linn., Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Solandra.) Violent narcotic principles pervade this order, the seeds being the most powerful. Annuals, by seeds in hotbed, in March, and either potted and bloomed in the greenhouse, or transferred to a rich, sheltered border. Evergreen shrubs, by cuttings any time in spring or summer, iu light soil, in a little heat, with a hand-light over them ; rich, fibry loam ; do well in a sheltered border in summer, "and may either be protected there, or removed to a shed or house where the temperature will not fall below 35° to 40° in winter. HABDY ANNUALS. D. a'lba (white./oureraf). White. July. E. Ind. — Ceratocau'lon (horn-stalked). 2. White. Au- gust. S. Amer. 1805. — fastuo'sa (proud). 3. Purple. August. Egypt. 1629. —fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. August. China. 1731. —frutico'sa (shrubby). White. June. S. Amer. 1825. — Guayaquile'nsis (Guayaquil). 2. White. Au- gust. Guayaquil. 1826. — te'ct* (smooth-/rut"fed). 2. White. July. Africa. 1710. — BUM (Metel). 2. White. July. Asia. 1595. — murica'ta (muricated). 2. White. May. 1820. — quercifu'liu (oak-leaved). Lilac. July. Mexico. 1824. — Stramo'nium (Stramonium). 8. White. Au- gust. England. fla'ea (vellow). Sulphur. August. — TJtuUi Tatula). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1629. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 3. ii'color (two-coloured-eoroWa). 20. Bark red. August. Peru. 1833. — ca'ndida (white-stalked!. 10. White. Au- gust. Peru. 1813. D.cornVgera. \hom-bearing). 10. White. Juljfc Brazil. 1844. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 10. White. July. 1846. —fioribu'nda (manv-flowered). Orange. Jone. S. Amer. 1838. — GardneVt (Gardner's;. White. S. Amer. 17S3. — lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 20. Yellow. Ser« tember. — tucve'olens (sweet-scented). 15. White. Au» gust. Peru. 1733. — Wayma'nii (Wayman's). 2. White, purple. May. S. Amer. 1827. Daubento'nlu (Named after .V. Daubenton, a naturalist. Nat. ord., Le- guminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17- Diadelphia i-Decandria. Allied to Ses- bania.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat; loam and peat, open and fibry, with a little sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. D. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. New Spain. 1820. — puni'eca (red). 3. Vermilion. July. New Spain. 1820. — Tripetia'na (Mr. Tripet's). Scarlet, orange. September. Buenos Ayres. 1840. Daube'nya. (In honour of Dr. Dau- beny, professor of botany in the Uni- versity of Oxford. Nat. ord., IAhjworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Massonia.) Pretty yellow-flowering-bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, which will succeed in a warm border in front of a greenhouse, if protected from frost in winter ; and also in pots, in rich, sandy loam, eithe? in a greenhouse or frame, and to be kept quite dry while at rest ; offsets. D. au'rea (golden- flowered). \. June. 1832. —Juflna (tawny). 4. 1836. Dau'cus. Carrot (From daucus, a carrot Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacejej. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) The cultivated species is a white-flowered hardy biennial ; but there are others, biennials and unnuals, mere weeds. Seeds in March or April; deep, light, well-pulverized soil. See Cabbot. D. caro'ta (common carrot). 3. June. Britain. aurafutia (/on^-orange). 3. June. — — Iwrte'nsis (yei/otr-garden). 3, May. pro! cox (early-Aorn). 3. Juue. Dava'llia. Hare's-foot Fern. (Named after E. Davali, a Swiss botanist Nat ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) The rhizomes or creeping stems of this Fern, clothed with a light-brown down, when without leaves, iook much like a hare's foot. Greenhouse Ferns. Divisions and severing the roots, and by spores ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° ta 90°; winter, 45° to 55°. D. ala'ta (winged). June. E. Ind. — Canane'nsus \Canary). lj. June. Canarir*. 1699. — Concavude'nsis (Coneavado). 1. Brazil. 1823. — du'bxa (doubtful;. 1. June N. Holland. 1826. DAV DEL D.t>:egan${c\ezaT.t). 1. .Tunc. N. Holland. 1824. — fia'ccida (feeble). 1. June. N.Holland. 1820. — fumarioi'des (iumaria-like). August. W. Ind. 1823. — gibberc'sa (swollen-roofed). 2. June. N. Holland. 1S25. — pentaphg'U* (five-leaved). April. Singapore. — pytida'ta (box-like). J. June. N. S. Wale». 1808. — relu'sa (abrupt-ended). June. Isle of Luzon. — to'lida (solid). July. Isle of Luzon. 1844. — ienuifn'Ua (slender-leaved). July. Isle of Luzon. Davte'sia. (Named after the Rev. H. Davies, a Welsh botanist. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-JDecandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Yiminaria.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cut- tings of young shoots, rather firm, (stumpy side- shoots are best,) in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds town in a slight hothed in March ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80° j winter, 3S° to 45°. D. acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. 1S04. — ala'ta (winged). 3. Yellow. June. 1818. — angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yellow. April. — corda'ta (heart-teaoed). 3. Yellow. June. — corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. White, red. July. 1804. — genistoi'des (genista-like). Yellow. May. 18B5. — incrussa'tu {thick- leaved). 2£. Yellow. June. 1820. — junipcri'na (juniper-like). 2. Yellow. May. 1825. — ju'ncea (rush-like). 2£. Yellow. July. 1823. — latifu'liti (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 1805. — leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 1824. — linea'ris (narTow-leavsd). lj. Yellow. July. 1827- — longifo'l'iu (long-leaved). Yellow. May. 1840. — mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. May. 1800. — peduncuia'ta (fang'-flowered-stalked). Yellow. May. — physo'des (bladdery). 2. Yellow. May. — polyphy'lla (many-ieaved). Yellow. May. 1842. — pu'ngens (pungent). Yellow. May. 1325. — quadrila' tera (four- sided -leased). Yellow. May. 1840. — racemulo'sa (slightly-racemed). 2J. Yellow. July. 1823. — ramulo'su (branching). Yellow, May. 1842. — jquurro'sa (spreading). 2J. Yellow. June. 1824. — ulici'na (furze-tewed). 3. Yellow. June. 1792. — umbellula'ta (small-unibelled). 2$. Yellow. May. 1816. — virgdta (twiggy). 2. Tawny, July. 1827t Day Lily. Hemeroca'llis. De'codon. See Nes.e'a. Decuma'ria. (From decuma, a tenth ; referring to the ten valvate divisions of the calyx, and the ten cells of the .cap- sule, or seed-pod. Nat. ord., Sytingas [Philadelphaceffl]. ~Lmn.,ll-Dodecandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Pliiladelphus.) Kardy deciduous twiners, with email whiu flowers, requiring supports, or to be trained against a south wall in a dry, warm border of light, rich soil. Cuttings under a hand-light, in a shady place, and in sandy soil, in summer. D. ba'rhara (barbarous). 4. July. Carolina. 1785. — prostra'ta (prostrate). 5. July. N. Amer. • eurmento'sa (twigg 1758. 30. July. Carolina. Deli'jia. (From dellmo, to shave or polish; referring to the hard asperities which cover the leaves, and render them fit for polishing. Nat. ord., Dilleniads [Diileniacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Tetracera.) Handsome stove evergreen twiners, with fine large leaves and yellow flowers, having much the aspect of small Magnolia flowers. Cuttings of fine young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell- glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam., both turfy and fibry, with a littie silver sand, pieces of charcoal, ana good drainage. Summer temp., CO" to 85° ; winter, 60° to 55°. D. ni'tida (shining-fcaced). 10. Trinidad. 1830. — sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. Ceylon. 1820. Delphi'nitjm:. Larkspur. (From del- phin, a dolphin; supposed resemblance of the spur to a dolphin's head. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13- Poly andria Z-Trigynia.) Annuals and biennials, by seeds in common soii, in the open border, in March and April ; perennials, by division of the roots in spring and summer, and by seeds in March or April. HAEDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. D. Aconi'ti (Aconite-like). 1. Purple. June. Levant. 1801. — Aja'cis (Ajai). 1£. Pink. June. Switzerland. 15/3. fi'Jre-pWno (double-flowered). 1 . Varie- gated. June. Europe- 1573. — ambi'guum (doubtful). Blue. June. Barbary. 1/59. — cordiope'talum (heart-petaled). 1. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1818. — conso'lida (uniting. Branched), 2. Blue. April. England. flo're-ple'no (doub> -flowered). 1. Va- riegated. June. England. — dicariea'tum (straggling). Purple. July, Persia. 183d. — Oliveria'num (Oliver's), lj. Blue. June. South Europe. 1826. — peregri'num (diffuse). I. Blue. July. Italy. 1629. — pi'etum (painted). 1$. Light blue. June. South Europe. 1816. Biennial. — pube'scens (downy). 2. Blue. August. Me- diterranean. 1816. — Requie'nii (Requien's). 4. Blue. July. Ma- jorca. 1824. Biennial. — Staphisu' gria (Stavesacre). 2. Light blue. July. South Europe. 1596. Biennial. — tenui'ssimumislendeTest-branched). 1. Purple. August. Greece. 1835. — virga'tum (twiggy), lj. Blue. June. Syrisk 1823. DEL £ 288 J DEN HAEDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. I). albifla/rum (white-flowered). 4. White. July. America. 1823. — alpi'num (alpine. Bee). 5. Blue July. Hun- gary. 1S10. — AUa'icum (Altaian). 4. Blue. July. Altaia. 1829. — amae'Kum (pleasing). 2. Pale blue. July. Si- beria. 1818. — azu'reum (azure). 16. Light blue. July. Ca- rolina. 1805. — cheila'nthum (lip-flowered). 2. Dark blue. May. Siberia. 1819. — Chine'nse (Chinese). 2. Blue. July. China. 1818. — crastieau'le (thick-stemmed). Blue. June. Siberia. 1822. — cunea'tum (xvedgc-leiived). 4. Blue. June. Siberia. 1816. — dasyca'rpum (thick-fruited). 4. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1819- — deco'rum (comely), lj. Blue. June. Russia. 1838. — dictyoca'rpum (netted-fruited). 4. Blue. July. Siberia. 181/. — di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Blue, white. Au- gust. Siberia. 1834. — ela'tum (tall. Common Bee). 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1597. — e'legaw (elegant), 1$. Blue. July. N. Amer, — ^— flo're-pte'no {common - double - flowered). 14. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1741. — exalta'tum (lofty). 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1758. — fi'asum (cleft). 4. Blue. June. Hungary. 1816. —flexuo'sum (zigzag). 2. Blue. May. Caucasus. 1820. — gra'cile (graceful). Red. July. Spain. 1826. — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered), ». Dark blue. July. Siberia. 1816. u'lbum (white-flowered). 2. White. July. a'lbum-ple'no (double- white). 2. White. June. flo're-plefno (double-4/ue-flowered). 2. Dark blue. June. pa'llidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. June. ru'brum (red-flowered). 3. Red, pink. August. — hy'hridum (hybrid). 3. Blue. July. Siberia. 179*. — interne 1 dium (intermediate). Blue. August. Silesia. 1710. cterule'scens (downy-leaned, sky-blue). "]. Light blue. July. 1836. la'xum (loose-spiked). 6. Blue. May. — leptosla'chyum(s\eaieT-sioiked). C. Blue. May. Pyrenees. — pa'llidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. July. — pilosi'ssimum (hairiest). 6. Blue. July. Siberia. — ranunculifo'lium (ranunculus-reaved). 6. Blue. July. Pyrenees. — — — sapphi'riiium (sapph'ue-blue-flowered). 7. Blue. — Uuiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4. Blue. July. Siberia. — Mensie'sii (Menzies'). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1826. Tuberous-rooted. — mesoleu'cum (white-middled). 3. Blue. July. 1822. — monta'num (mountain). 4. Blue. July. Swit- zerland. 1819. — — — bracteo'sum (bracteose). 8. Blue. Juns, South Europe. I816 D. moscha'Cum (musk-scented). 6. Dark blue, August. Switzerland. 1834. — ochroleu'cum (yellowish-white). 2. Whits* Iberia. 1823. — pa'llidum (pale). Pale blue. June. Siberia. 1822. — palmati'fidum (hand - like - cleft). 3. Blue. July. Siberia. 1824. glabefllum (smoothish). 3. Blue. June. Siberia. I817. — pentagy'num (five-styled). 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 1819. — pseu'do-pcregri'num (rather-diffuse). 3. Red. June. Siberia. 1823. — puni'ceum (scarlet-flowered). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1785. — revolu'lum (rolled-back). 6. Pale blue. April. — Sine'nse flo're-ple'no (Chinese double - iiow- cred). Deep blue. June. Chini. — specio'sum (showy). 4. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1810. — spu'rium (spurious). «. Blue. August. Siberia. 1810. — tricdrne (three-horned). J. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1806. — tri'ste (sad.). 2. Blue. July. Dahuria. 1819. — Ucra'nicum (Ukraine). Blue. June. Siberia. 1818. — urceola'tum (pitcher-likel. 2. Blue. June. 1801. — veluti'num (velvety). 4. Blue. July. Italy. 1819. — villo'sum (long-haired). 4. Blue. July. Cau- casus. 1818. — vimi'neum (wand-like). 4. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1835. Dendp.o'bitjh. (From dendron, a tree, and bios, life; referring to the vvay these air-plants fasten on trees for support. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) Stove orchids. Dividing the plant when in a dormant state; turfy peat, a few broken potsherd.*, and fastening the plant above the surface of the pot; cutting pieces of peeled oak as long as the diameter of the pot inside at the rim ; fixing the plant to this wood ; and, after placing it in the pot, banking up around it with the suitable com- post—prevents all danger from damp, owing to the plant sinking. Temp., 60° to 90° when grow- ing, with moisture in the air ; and when at rest 55° to 60°, and drier. D. te'mulum (rival). J. White, brown. N. Hol- land. 1823. — acero'sum (pointed - leaved). Yellow, pink. Singapore. 1840. — acieula're(needAe-leaced). Yellow, pink. Sin- gapore. 1840. — acuminuti'ssimum (most pointed). Greenish. Manilla. 1840. adu'neum (hooked). 2. Pink. Manilla. 1842. — aggrega'tum (clustered). 1. Yellow. April. India. ma'jus (larger). White. April. India. 1S35, — alpe'stre (rock). White. Himalayas. 18*0. ama'num (iovely). White, yellow. June. Ne- paul. 1843. — a'mplum (ample). Straw-coloured. Khooaee&e 1837. — mno'smum (scentless), lj. Purple. June. Phi- lippines. 1840. — afqueum (watery). 1. Greenish. November. Bombay. 1842. — au'reum (golden -flowered). 1. Yellow. Ceylon. — — — pallidum (pale-golden-yfonwvrf;. 1. Pale yellow. March. Ceyion. Is30. DEN [ 239 ] DEN V. aurHferum (gold - bearing). Yellow. China. 1943. — barba'txru (bearded). Buff. Bombay. 1S38. — bicamera'tum (two-chambered). Yellow, pur- ple. August. Khooseea. 183/. — biflo'rum (two-flowered). White. Society Islands. 1844. — breviflo'rum (short-flowered). Green, brown. June. Indies. — cterule'scens (bluish). 2. Sky-blue. April. Khooseea. 1837. — ealceola'ria (calceolaria). 2. Orange, pink. June. K. Ind. 1820. — calce'olus (slipper-like). Yellow. India. 1838. — Cambridgeu' iiurn. (Duke of Cambridge's). 1. Yellow. Khooseea. 183/. — ca'ndidum (vihite-flowered). White. April. Khooseea. 1837. — cassythoi'des (cassytha-like). Yellow. Sep- tember. Australia. 1839. — chlo'rops (green-eyed). Buff. Bombay. 1842. — chrysa'nthum (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. February. Nepaul. 1828. — chrysoto'xum (golden-arched). 1. Yellow. March. Indies. 1845. — compre'ssum(aa.t-stemmed). J. Yellow. Cey- lon. 1842. — crumena'tum {pouch-stemmed). 1. White. April. Sumatra. 1823. violtzodc/rum (violet-scented). White. April. Java. 1838. — creta'ceum (chalked). 1. Dark, white-coloured veins. Java. 1846. — crini'ferum (long-haired). Yellowish. Ceylon. 1843. — eriipa'tum (curled). White. E. Ind. 1838. — cucultu'tum (hooded). Straw. India. 1835. — cucume 'rinum (cucumber-like). \. White, pink. N. Holland. 1841. — Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). White. New Zealand. 1843. — cupreum (copper-coloured). 2£. Red, buff. June. K. Ind. 1825. — cujpida'tum (spine-pointed). White. Savoy. 1&44. — cymbidioi'des (cymbidium-like). Yellow. Java. — Dalhousia'num (Lady Dalhousie's). 3. Purple, rose. Brazil. 'lS37. — Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 1. White, yellow, pink. May. E. Ind. 1837. — densifio'rum (thickly-flowered). l£. Orange. June. Nepaul. 182J. pa'llidum(pale). Pale yellow. India. 1837. — di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, brown. October. Java. 1838. — Egerto'nice (Lady Egerton's). Pink, yellow. Saharanpoor. 1844. — elonga'tum (lengthened). 1$. Yellow, red. N. Holland. 1835. — Farmefrii (Mr. Farmer's), lj. Pale straw- yellow. March. E. Ind. 1S47. —fimbria'tum (fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Ne- paul. 1823. — ocula'tum (eyed). Orange, brown. Ne- paul. — flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Java. 1844. —formo'sum (beautiful). White. May. Khooseea. 1837. — Gibso'nii (Mr. Gibson's). Orange. June. Khooseea. 1837. — gluma'ceum (chaffv). Green. Philippines. — Griffithia'nuvi (Griffith's). Yellow. March. E. Ind. 1838. Hasse'Uii ( Hasselt's). Purple. Java. 1814. Eetei -oca 'rpum (various-seeded). Pale yellow. Khoosesiu 1S37. 19 D. lleywta'nvm. (Heyr.e's). White, green. March* Bombay. 1838. — hymenophy' Hum (membrane-leaved). Green* ish. May. Java. 1844. — itiii'gne (remarkable). Yellowish-green. Khoo« seea. 1837. — Jenki'nsii (Capt. Jenkin's). 1. Yellow. May. Gualpara. 1838. — ju'nceum, (rush-feuted). Green. Singapore. 1841. — Kingia'num (Capt. King's). ±. Pink spot. February. N. Holland. 1843. — Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). 2. Pale purple. Java. 1844. — latifo'lium (broad-lsaved). Green. Manilla. — lingucefo'rme (tongue-leaved). ^. Purple. N. S. Wales. 1810. — longico'lle (long-necked). Straw, purple. Sin- gapore. 1840. — longico'mu (long-spurred). 1. White. May. Nepaul. 1828. — Macrce'i (Macrae's). Pink. India. 1839. — macra'nthum (large-flowered). 2. Lilac. Manilla. 1842. — maerochi'lum (large-lipped). Rose. Manilla. 1838. — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). Purple. July. Philippines. 183S. — mesochlo'rum (tight green). White. June. India. 1846. — minu'tum (small). White. March. N. Hol- land. 1826. — Mirbelia'num (Mirbel's). Lilac. Guinea. — mi'serum (poor). White. March. Philip- pines. 1837. — monilifo'rme (bracelet-formed), f . Blue. April. Japan. 1824. — moscha'tntr. (musk-scented). Rose, buff. May. E. Ind. 1828. — mu'tabile (changeable). Rose. April. Java. 1844. — no'bile (noble). 2. Green, yellow, pink. China. Walli'chii (Wallich's noble). Purple, cream, white. March. E. Ind. 1840. — nu'dum (naked). Pale purple. June. Java. 1844. — ochrea'tum (yellowish). Yellow, purple. June. Khooseea. 1836. — ocula'tum (dark-eyed). 2. Orange, blood- red-spotted. September. Nepaul. . — Paxto'ni (Paxton's). Orange, brown. April. Khooseea. 1837. — Piera'rdi (Iierard's). 2. Whitish. April. E. Ind. 1815. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Purple, rose,. yellow. June. Singapore. 1830. lute'scens (yellowish). Yellowish. May. India. 1835. ma'jus (larger). Whitish. April. India. 1830. — pulche'llum (fair). 1. Yellow. April. E. Ind purpu'reum (purple). Purple. Marcb Ragabosa. 1834. — revolu'tum (rolled-back). Straw. April. Sin- gapore. 1842. — rho'mbeum (diamond- lipped). 1. Paleyellow. August. Manilla. 1834. — Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). lj. Yellow. February. Philippines. 1843. — rugo'sum (rough). 1. Pale yellow. April. Java. 1844. — tanguinol&ntum (blood-stained). &. Buff, violet. March. Ceylon. 1642. — tchecni'num (fluted). White. June. N. Holland. 1845. — secundum (side-flowering). Eose, purple* July. Malacca. 1838. DEN [ 290 ] DES D. tecufnduin pallidum (pale). Pale purple. July. Sumatra. 1840. — specio'sum (showy). 1. Yellow, white. Ja- nuary. N. Holland. 1824. — sulca'tum (furrowed). 1. Orange. April. Khooseea. 1837. — taun^um. (bull-headed). 5. Yellow, purple. October. Philippines. 1837. — tereiifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. Purple. July. N. Holland. 1823. — tetrago'num (four-angled). 2. Yellow, green. May. Moreton Bay. 1838. — transpa'rens (transparent). Kose. Nepaul. — triade'nium (three-gland-ftpped). 2. White, lilac. E. Ind. 1844. — undula'tum (waved). Yellow, brown. March. Manilla. 1838. — cagina'tum (sheathed). Straw, purple. Sin- gapore. — veratrifo'lium (veratrum-leaved). Lilac. Oc- tober. Guinea. — Veitchia'num (Mr. Veitch's). Yellow, white, cream. Java. 1846. Denta'ria. Toothwort. (From dens, a tooth; referring to the fanged roots. Nat. ord., Cruci/ers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Cardamine.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of tuberous-like roots ; seeds sown in April ; rich, light soil, iu moist, shady situations. D. bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing), l£. Purple. April. England. — dasy'loba (hairy-lobed). Russia. 1838. — digita'ta (finger-leaved). lj. Pale purple. Switzerland. l6a6. — diphy'lla (two-leaved), j. White, purple. May. N. Amer. ~~ enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. May. Austria. 1656. — glandulo'sa (glanded). 1 . Light purple. May. Hungary. 1815. — lacinia'ta (jagged). 1. White. May. N. Amer. 1822. — ma'xima (largest). 2. Pale purple. May. N. Amer. 1823. — pinna' ta (leafleted). 1. Pale purple. May. Switzerland. 1683. — polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Purple. May. Hungary. 1818. — quinqucfo'lia (five-leaved). 1 . Purple. May. Tauria. 1820. — tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Light purple. May. Siberia. 1825. — trifo'lia (three-leaved). 1. White. May. Hungary. 1824. DESFONTAfNiA. (In honour of M. Desfontain, the French botanist. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanacese]. Linn., 6-Penlandria l-3Ionogynia.) A lovely greenhouse evergreen shrub. Its cul- ture is the same as for the more tender kinds of Fuchsia. The soil should be one third peat ; it should be shaded from mid-day sun, and have plenty of moisture. D. tpino'sa (.spiny-holly-leaved). 9. Scarlet, yellow. August. Peru. 1853. Design. " Consult the genius of the place " before you determine upon your design, is sound advice ; for in gardening, 63 in ell the fine arts, nothing is pleasing j that is inappropriate. Mr. Whateley, our best authority on such subjects, truly says : — A plain simple field, unadorned but with the common rural appendages, is an agreeable opening ; but if it is es- tremely small, neither a haystack, nor a cottage, nor a stile, nor a path, nor much less all of tbem together, will give it an air of reality. A harbour on an artificial lake is but a conceit ; it raises no idea of refuge or security, for the lake does not suggest an idea of danger: it is detached from the large body of water; and yet is in itself but a poor, inconsiderable basin, vainly affecting to mimic the majesty of the sea. When imitative characters in garden- ing are egregiously detective in any ma- terial circumstance, tho truth of the others exposes and aggravates the failure. But the art of gardening aspires to more than imitation; it can create original characters, and give expressions to the several scenes superior to any they can receive from illusions. Certain proper- ties, and certain dispositions of the ob- jects of nature, are adapted to excite par- ticular ideas and sensations; they require no discernment, examination, or discus- sion, but are obvious at a glance, and in- stantaneously distinguished by our feel- ings. Beauty alone is not so engaging as this species of character; the impres- sions it makes are more transient and less interesting ; for it aims only at de- lighting the eye, but the other affects our sensibility. An assemblage of the most elegant forms in the happiest situa- tions is to a degree indiscriminate, if they have not been selected and arranged with, a design to produce certain expres- sions; an air of magnificence or of sim- plicity, of cheerfulness, tranquillity, or some other general character, ought to pervade the whole; and objects pleasing in themselves, if they contradict that- character, should therefore be excluded. Those which are only indifferent must sometimes make room for such as are more significant — may occasionally be recommended by it. Barrenness itself may be an acceptable circumstance in a spot dedicated to solitude and melan- choly. Desma'nthus. A genus of pea-flow- ered plants, allied to Mimosa, said to be good-looking in their native wilds; but we never saw a fine Desmanthus is cultivation. DES Besmo'ncus. (From desmot, a band, Mid oghos > a hook ; the ribs of the leaves ending in bands at the point, like ten- drils. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacefe]. linn., 21-Moncecia 6-Hexandria. Allied to Cocos.) Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 84 c ; winter, 55° to 60 1 '. U. America 'nus (American). 6. St. Vincent. 1824. — dubius (doubtful). 6. Trinidad. 1824. — orthaca'nthus (straight-spined). 6. Brazil. 1822. po'.yaca'nthus (many-spined). 6. Brazil. 1822. Deu'tzia. (Named after J. Deutz, a sheriff of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., Syringus [Philadelpbaceaa]. Linn., 10-Decandria S-lhigynid.) We believe that Deutzia and Philadelphus are only different sections of the same genus, and that some of the species of each will yet cross with each other, to prove our position. D. sca'bra, grown as a dwarf standard, and pruned like the black currant, or cutting out the shoots after flowering, would form a great ornament for a border of select shrubs. It is also a good subject for spring flowering for the conservatory. Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings under a hand-glass, or strong shoots may be planted in a sheltered place in autumn. Are fine ornaments to a wall in the early summer months ; common soil. D. corymbo'sa (corymh-Jiowering). 5. White. Himalayas. — gra'cilh (slender). White. April. Japan. — sangui'nea {red-flowered). Red. April. — sca'bra (roush-leaved). 6. May. Japan. 1833. — stami'nea (Sroad-stamened). 3. White. April. Himalayas. 1841. Devonshiring. See Paring and SUKNING. Dew-berry. Ru'bus ca'sius. Diaca'lpe. (From dis, two, or double, and calpis, an urn ; referring to the dis- position of the spore-cases, or seed-ves- sels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceffi], Linn., 24:-Ci-yptogamia 1-Filices. Allied to Woodsia.) Stove Fern. Division ; peat and loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. D. aspidioi'dei (aspidium-like). Yellow. July. Java. Diane'lla. (A classical diminutive from Diana, the goddess of hunting; the first discovered species being found in a grove. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia- ceffl]. Linn., 6 Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse or frame bulbs. They would an- swer in a mixed border of half-hardy bulbs in front of a stove or greenhouse, with Anthericums, Albucas, Blandfordias, Cummingias, and the like. All from New Holland, and with blue flowers, ex- cept where otherwise specified. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed in spring, and division ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 48°. D. caru'lea (sky-blue). 2. June. 1783. — congdsta (crowded). 2. June. 1820, 1 ] DIA D. dinarica'ta (straggling). S. July. $£36. — enstfo'lia (sword-leaved). 1J. White. Avui gust. E. Ind. 1731. — Ice'vis (smooth). 2. August. 1822. — longi/o'lia (long-leaved). 2J. August. 18SB- — nsmoro'sa (grove). 2. August. E. Ind. 17*1, — revolu'ta (rolled-back). 2. August. 1823. — strumo'sa (swollen), 1$. March. 1822. Dianthoi'dis. (Dianthits - like ; so named from its flowers resembling the Pink. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polems- niacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Some have ventured to change its name to Fenxlia. Hardy annual from California. Seeds in open border in April, or in a slight hotbed in March, to be afterwards transplanted in patches ; sandy loam. D. dianthiflo'ra (pink -flowered). J. Purple, yellow. June. 1833. Dia'nthus. Pink. (From dios, divine, and anlhos, a flower. Nat. ord., Clove- worts [CaryophyllaceEs], Linn., 10-De> candria 2-Digynia.\ Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, under a hand- light, in light soil, any time about midsummer. The tender kinds should be kept in pots, and protected in a cold pit during the winter. See Carnation, Pink, and Sweet William. HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. D. aggrega'tus (crowded). 1. Pink. June. 1817- Biennial. — arme'riu (armeria). 1. Red. June. Eng- land. — armerioi'des (armeria-like). 1. Red. June. New Jersey. 1826. — Chine'nsis (China). 1. Red. July. China. 1713. Biennial. — margina'tus (bordered). 1. White. July. South Europe. 1820. Biennial. — pro'lifer (proliferous). 2. Pink. July. England. — pube'scens (downy). 1. Red. July. Greece. 1820. — velu'tinus (velvety). Red. May. Calabria. 1837. HALF-HARDY PERENNIALS. D. a'lbens (whitish). J. White. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1787- — arbo'reus (tree), lj. Pink. July. Greece. 1820. Evergreen. — arbu'scula (little tree). lj. Red. July. China. 1824. Evergreen. — arena' tus (scolloped). 1. Flesh. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1817. —frutico'sus (shrubby. Carnation). 3. Pink. July. Greece. 1815. Evergreen. — Japo'nicus (Japanese). 1. Pink. June. China. 1804. — juniperi'nus (juniper - like). Red. JuLc. Greece. 1825. — tuffrutico'sus (half-shrubby). lj. Pinfe. August. Siberia. 1804. Evergreen. HARDY PERENNIALS. D. alpe'stris (rock). $. Red. June. Europe. iS17- — alpi'nus (alpine). *. Bed. June. Austda. 1759. — arena'rius (sand). ' 2. Purple. Au#u*rtn Europe. DIA iMZ ] DIA D- t'tf^r (rough- stalked). J. Pink. July. Switzerland. 1822. — jftro-ru'bens (dark red). 1. Crimson. Au- gust. Italy. 1802. — attenua'tus (tapering). $. Red. July. Spain. 1822. — 3all>i'sii (Balbis's). 1. Bed. August. Genoa. 1817. — larba'tus (bearded. Sweet William). 1J. Pink. July. Germany. 1573. latifo'lius (broad-leaved), lj. Scarlet. July. 1826. — bi'eolor (two - coloured). 1. Pink. July. Tauria. 1816. — biflo'rus (two-flotvered). Red. June. Greece. — bre'vis (short). Red. June. Jurassa. — Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtormian). 1. Red. July. Russia. 1826. — cee'sius (grey). £. Flesh. July. Britain. — campe'stris (field). 1. White, red. August. Tauria. 1815. — eapitaftus (headed), ij. Purple. August. Caucasus. 1822. — Carolinia'nus (Carolina). 1. Purple. June N. Amer. 1811. — Carthusiano'rum (Carthusian's). 1J. Red July. Germany. 1573. — earyophylloi'des (clove-like). 1. Red. June 1817- — caryophy'llus (clove). 2. Flesh. June. England. flo're-ple'no (double. Carnation). 2. Crimson. August. England. frutico'sus (shrubby. Carnation). 3. Crimson. July. England. -imbrica'tus (imbricated. Wheatear). Ifa Flesh. August. England. — Cauca'sicm (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1803. — cephalo , tes' m (headed'). 1$. Pink. July. 1823. — ^ilia'tus (hair-fringed). lj. Pink. July. Naples. 1629. — clava'tus (club-shaped). 1. Flesh. July. — colli'nus (hill). J. White. August. Hun- gary. 1S00. — Cy>ri (Cyri's). Red. June. Natolia. 1843. — deltordes (triangle), j. Flesh. June. Bri- tain. — denta'tus (toothed). 1. Red. July. Siberia. 1826. — diffu'sus (wide-spreading). If. Red. July. Cyprus. 1820. — diminu'tus (small -flowered). J. Pink. July. South Europe. 1771. — dfscolor (two-coloured). 1. Pink. August. Caucasus. 1803. — diuttnus (long-lasting). Red. June. Hun- gary. 1820. — divaricaf'tus (straggling). 1. Purple. Au- gust. Greece. 1822. — du'bius (doubtful). White, rose. May. — e'legans (elegant). Red. June. Levant. 1825. — erube'scens (blushing). Blush. July. Pyre- nees. 1825. — ferrugi'neus (rustvj. Brown. July. Italv. 1756. sulphu'reus (sulphur-coloured). 1J. Sul- phur. August. Italy. 1836. —fimbria'tus (fringed). 1J. Brown. July. Iberia. 1815. — Fuche'ri (Fischer's). 1. Red. June. Russia. 1820. a'lbus (white). 1$. White. August. Gardens. 1830. - — fre'grans (fragrant). 1. White. August. Austria. 1804. D.furca'tus (forked). 1. Pale reel. July* Piedmont. 1819. — Ga'llicus (French). J. Purple. Atgust. South France. — giga'nteus (gigantic). 3. Purple. August. Greece. 1824. — glacia'lis (icy). i. Red. June. South Europe. 1820. — glaucophy' litis (milkv-green-leaved). If. Red. July. 1827. — glau'cus (milky-green), i. White. June. Britain. — gutta'tus (spotted). 1. Red. July. Cau- casus. 1816. — Hendersonia'nus (Henderson's). 1. Crimson, July. — hi'rtus (hairy). 1. Red. July. France. 1881. — Hornema'nni (Hornemann's). 1. Red. Au- gust. Italy. — horte'nsis (garden). 1 . Red. July. Hun- gary. 1805. — hyssopifo'lius (hyssop - leaved). J. Pink. August. Europe. 1810. — Ibe'ricus (Iberian). $. Purple. July. Iberia. 1817. — latifo'lius (broad-leaved). l£. Pink. June. — leptope 1 talus (fine-petaled). lj. White. June- Caucasus. 1814. — libano'tis (rosemary-like). 4. White. July. Lebanon. 1830. — Liboschitzia'nus (Liboschitz's). J. White. July. Tauria. 1817. — longicau' lis (long-stemmed). 1. White. Au- gust. Italy. 1820. — monade'lphus (monadelphous). 1. White, pink. August. Levant. — Monspessula'nus (ilontpelier). 1. Red. July. Montpelier. 1 764. — monta'nus (mountain). J. Red. July. Caucasus. 1803. — multipuncta'tus (many - dotted). Spotted. June. Levant. 1825. — Slussi'ni (Mussini's). $. White. June. Caucasus. 1823. — na'nus (dwarf). J. Crimson. August. Switzerland. 1820. — ni'tidus (shining). 1. Red. July. Carpa- thia. 1822. — ochroleu'cus f yellowish- white). Yellow. June. Levant. 1821. — pallidiflo'rus (pale- flowered). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 181 7. — petra'us (rock). White. July. Hungary. 1804. flo'ribus-maj&ribus (larger-flowered), $. Pink. June. 1804. — Poiretia' nus (Poiret's). 1. Purple. August. 1816. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Pur- ple. April. Greece. !820. — polymo'rphus (many-form). 1. Red. March. Crimea. 1822. — pomeridia'nus (afternoon). 1. Yellow. July. Levant. 1804. — pluma'rius (feathered). $. White, purple. July. South Europe. 1629. — plumosus (feathery - petaied). ij. White, lilac. June. M. Baldo. — prate'nsis (meadow). 1. White, yellow. August. Crimea. 1820. — prostra'tus (prostrate). I. Red. September. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Evergreen. — pseu'do-arme'ria (false-armeria). 1. Purple. August. Crimea. 1820. — pulche'llus (pretty). 1. White, red. June. Siberia. 1827. — puncta'tus (dotted). 1. Pale lilac. August DIA DIC D. pu'ngene (pungent). 1. Pink. August. Sp&in. 1781. — y^pens (creeping). Red. Siberia. 1825. — ri'gidus (stiff). 3. Ked. July. Caspiiin Sea. 1802. — rupieofla (rock-inhabiting). 1. Ked. Judj. Italy. 1820. — Rutke'nicus (Russian). 1. Purple. June. Russia. 1816. — saza'tilis (rock). £. White. June. South Europe. 1816. — Seguie'rii (Seguier's). Switzerland. 1S32. Evergreen. — sero'tinus(la.te-flowering). 1. Purple. Au- gust. Hungary. 18C1. — serra'tus (saw-edged). 1. Pink. June. Pyrenees. 182/. — Si'culus (Sicilian). 1. Red. August. Sicily. 1829. — spino'sus (spiny). 2. Pink. July. Mount Lebanon. 1831. — squarro'sus (spreading). J. White. June. Tauria. 1817- — Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). 1$. Red. June. — suave'olens (sweet -smelling). 1. White. August. 1820. — sua'vis (sweet). 1. Pink. July. — supe'rbus (superb). 2. White. August. Europe. 1596. — sylva'ticus (wood). l£. Red. June. Ratis- bon. 1S15. — sylve'stris (wild). 1. Red. July. South Europe. 1732. — Ta^'Weus (Taurian). 1. Pink. July. Tauria. 1831. — te'ner (tender). £. Red. August. Europe. 1817. — umbella'tus (umbel-flowered). Red. July. 1825. — versicolor (changeable-coloured). 1$. Red. August. Russia. 1823. — virgi'neus (virgin). 1. Red. June. Mont- pelier. 1816. Diape'nsia. (From dis, two, or twice, and pente, five; five sepals compose the calyx, and five stamens with petal-like filaments. Nat. ord., Diapensiads [Dia- pensiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo- notjynia.) An extremely rare alpine prostrate little under- shrub, from Lapland ; yet it requires the protec- tion of a frame in winter, to compensate for the winter covering of snow in its native climate. Seeds or division of the plant ; peat and loam ; a dry situation on a bank in summer, and a dry corner in a cold pit in winter. D. barbula'ta (small-bearded). $. White. June. New Jersey. 1851. — Lapp&nica (Lapland). 4. Whit*. July. 1801. Diastema. (From dis, two, and ste- mon, a stamen. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneraceaj]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2- Angiosperniia. Allied to Conradia.) Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; cut- tings of its young shoots, when two or three inches in length, after commencing to grow; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter ttf to 55°. O. odiroieu'ca (yellow-white-^oif ered). \. Au- gust. New Grenada. 1844. «- ^ 2T l Dibber, or Disbue. This T instrument for making holes \\_yj'm which to insert seeds or \ ,/ plants is usually very simple in its construction, being as the best the head of an old spade - handle. To secure uniformity of depth in plant- ing beans, &c, by this in- strument, it is useful to have it perforated with holes to re- ceive an iron peg, at two and three inches from the point, as in the annexed outline. It should be shod with iron ; for if this be kept bright it will make holes into which the soil will not crumble from the sides. The crumbling is induced by the soil's ad- hesion to the dibble. For planting potatoes, a dibble with a head three inches in diameter at the point, eight inches long up to the foot- rest, and with a handle four feet long, is to be preferred. For the insertion of seed, a dibble that delivers the seed has been invented by a Mr. Smith, and another by Dr. Newington ; the last is the best. Dibble'hma. (Derivation not known.) A stove Fern, allied to Parkeria. Division ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. D. Samare'nse (Samarese). E. Ind. Dice'rma. (From dis, two, and erma, a prop ; referring to the two bractelets under the flower. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diudelphia i-Decandria.) Stove evergreens, with yellow flowers. Seeds in hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat, in April or May ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. D. biarticula'tum (twe-jointed). 2. July. E. Ind. 1808. — e'legans (elegant). 1. July. China. 1819- — pulche 1 Hum (neat). 1. July. E. Ind. 1798. Dichi'lxts. (From dis, two, and cheilos, a lip; in reference to two divisions of the calyx being longer than the rest. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceas]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia Q-Decandria. Al- lied to Hypocalyptus.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under c bell-glass ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 85* to SO ; winter. 40° to 48°. V DIC [ 2U4 ] DIC TXLeLeckvn'det (Lebeckia-like). 24. White, yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Dichoeisa'ndea. (From dis, twice, ehorizo, to part, and aner, an anther; referring to the anthers being two-celled. Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Commelinacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Campelia.) D. thyrsifio'ra is the handsomest plant of this order, and one of the best stove plants in cultiva- (ion, for winter or late autumnal flowering. We have seen it, under liberal treatment, rise to ten feet, branched all round, and every branch ending in a long spike or thyrse of densely-set, sky-blue flowers. When the flowers begin to expand, it may be removed to a warm conservatory, where it will last in bloom from six weeks to two months. Stove herbaceous perennials, from Brazil. Di- vision of the plant, when growth is commencing ; seeds sown in a hotbed in spring ; peat and loam, with sand and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60" to 80° ; winter, 45° to 65°. D. discolor (two-coloured;. September. 1848. — gra'ctlis (slender). 14. Blue. August. — leucophtha'lmus{v.-hite-eytd). Blue and white. June. Brazil. — ovali/o'lia (oval -leaved). Purple. May. 1846. — oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). 2. Red. August. 1810. — piVra (painted-feared). £. Blue. September. 1830. — pube'rula (downy). 3. Blue. August. 1823. — thyrsifio'ra (thvrse-flowered). 4. Blue. Au- gust. 1822. Dickso'nia. (Named after James Dickson, a British botanist, who studied this Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2i-Cryptoyatnia 1-Filices.) Who that has visited the first resting-place of the remains of Napoleon Buonaparte, at St. Helena, did not admire the native tree-ferns, D. arbore'scens, a little beyond ? To transport this memorial, with the weeping willow, to our own and other shores, any time within a month before your departure from the island, cut off all the branches or fronds to within two inches of the stem, making a clean cut from the under-side ; clear away the toil till you see the fang-like roots ; cut them with a chisel and mallet without moving the stem ; smooth the cat end of the roots, and the trunk is ready to travel, packed in a dry case. When the gardener receives it, let him set the bottom of the trunk on a bed or box of half sand, and half peat, in a temperature of 80°, and give no water for the first six weeks. The new leaves by that time issue from the top ; water then in abundance. Thus any of the colossal Ferns or Cacti may be safely removed. Division of the roots; best done when growth is commencing; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°. H. adiantoi'des (adlantum-like). 9. November. W. Ind. 1823. — antafrctica (antartic). September. N. Hol- land. 1824. — arbore'scens (tree-like) . 15. September. St. Helena. i;s6. — Davallioi'des (DavaUia-like). 3. September. N. Holland. — dU&ecte (coulezved). 3. August. Jamaics. D. pilosiu'seula (rather-hairy). S. Augtt*. K. Amer. 1811. — rubigino'sa (rusty). Brazil. — sca'ndens (climbing). — squamosa (scaly). New Zealand. Dicli'ptera. (Vrom dis, twice, and kleio, to shut ; referring to the two-celled capsule, or seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Acan- thads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Justicia.) Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; peren- nials, by cuttings of side-shoots, or the points of shoots, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat, with a hand-light, not so close as a bell-glass. Loam and peat, open and fibry, with a little rotten leaf- mould. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 48* to 55°. STOVE ANNUALS. D.hexangula'ris (six-angled). 2. Red. July. S. Amer. 1733. — rcsupina'ta (lying-back). 1$. Whit*, purple. March. S. Amer. 1805. OKEENHOUSE PERENNIALS. D. Chine'nsis (Chinese). Talv) blue. September. E. Ind. 1816. Herbaceous. — 8W*«/Zo'm(whorl-/ou;ered). 1. Purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Evergreen. STOVE EVEF.GP.EENS, &C D. cssu'rgens (rising). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 1818. — biva'lns (two-valved). £. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1818. — Martinice'tisis (Martinique). 2. Purple. July. W. Ind. 1818. — pectina'ta (comb-like), lj. Blue. June- E. Ind. 1/98. — Peruviana (Peruvian). 9. Purple. June. Peru. 1818. — retu?sa (abrupt-ended). 9. Purple. July. W. Ind. 1821. Herbaceous. — tcorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 3. July. Vera Cruz. 1802. — tpino'sa (spiny). 2. Yellow. April. Mau- ritius. 1824. Dicta'mnus. Fraxinella, or Dittany. {Dictamims, a name adopted from "Virgil; Fraxinella a diminutive of fraxin us, the ash, from the similarity of their leaves. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) This is one of the oldest and best border-plants of our cottage-gardens. Instances are known where the Fraxinella has outlived father, son, and and grandson in the same spot, without increase, all attempts at multiplying it, to give away a rooted slip to a newly-married member of the family, having failed ; yet the Fraxinella is easily increased from seeds. Sow, as soon as they are ripe, in the common soil of the border, and cover one inch deep ; they will not sprout till the follow- ing April. If they are kept over the winter, and sown in the following spring, they will remain twelve months before they sprout ; and not one seed out of a hundred sprouts at all. When the seedlings are two years old, transplant thera where they are to remain, and they will flower the third season. They prefer a deep "rich border, on a dry bottom, and all flower in June. r>. aflbus (white). 3. White. Germany. 169& DIC [ 295 ] DIG Lilac. D. angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). 8. Altai. 1821. — fraxine'lln (fraxinella). 3. Purple. Germany. 1596. Dictya'nthus. (From dictyon, net- work, and anthos, a flower ; alluding to the markings on the corolla. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadace®]. Linn., 5- Pentandria l-Monoijynia.) Stove climber. For culture, see PAU3jrLo'3A. D. Pavo'nii (Pavon's). 10. Green, brown. Sep. tember. New Spain. 1854. Dictyoglo'ssum. See Actro'stichum ceini'tum. Dicty'mia attentja'ta. A very pretty Fern, brought from New Holland in 1828 ; requires only the shelter of a greenhouse and the usual cultivation. See Ferns. Dictyo'pteris. (From dictyon, net- work, and pteris, a Fern; referring to the leaves, or fronds.) Greenhouse Ferns, See Fbbns. D. altenua'ta (tapering). June. Australia. — lancenla'la (spear-head-teauei). June. Mau- ritius. 1824. Stove. — macrodu'nta (large-toothed). May. Australia. 1840. — pteroi'des (brake-like). June. Australia. 1842. Didymoca'rpus. (From didymos, twin, find carpos, fruit; referring to a double division along the centre of the seed- vessel. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner- aceas]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2-Angio- spermia. Allied to Chh'ita.) This must not be confounded with its ally, Streptocarpus. Stove herbaceous. Division; cuttings of young shoots, when commencing growing, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat; peat and loam, with sand, a little turf-mould, and rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°. 2>. crini'tus (ton#-haired). 1. White, yellow. July. Pulo Penang. 1845. — Humboldtia'na (Humboldt's). Lilac. Oc- tober. Ceylon. DrDYMOCHLiE'NA. (From didymos, twin, and ehluina, a cloak ; referring to the co- verings of the spore-cases, called seed- vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2i-Cryptogamia 1-FUices.) Handsome stove Ferns, allied to Oxygonium. Divisions; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. 3). pulche'rrima (fairest). July. Brazil. - trunca'tula (little tree). 4. June. 1838. Diely'tra. (From dis, two, and ely tron, a sheath ; referring to the two se- pals, which embrace the flowers in this order, and give the remarkable brilliancy to the flowers of D. specta'bilis. Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fumariaceae]. Linn., 17-Di- adelpltia 2-Hexandria. Allied to Cory- dalis.) D. specta'bilis is the most brilliant hardy plact added to our collections for many years, but fur- nishes the most obvious example of the remark- able economy of the sexual organs of its race. The flowers of Fumitories never open, and their peculiar construction seems to offer no means for the pollen to escape ; but, by a peculiar contriv- ance connected with the parts, fecundation is effectually and simply brought about. We have failed, however, to effect the process artificially with D. specta'bilis. This most beautiful plant was described by Linnaeus from dried specimens, but was not seen alive by any European until Mr. Fortune found it in gardens in the north of China, and sent it, in 1846, to the London Horticultural Society. It is a spring-flowering, deciduous, her- baceous plant, with large fleshy roots ; the stalks and leaves rise to 18 inches or two feet, and look like a small-leafed tree-peony; the flowers are produced on spikes from four to six inches long, and hanging down gracefully on one side. It re- quires rich, light soil, and is readily increased by dividing the crown of the roots early in spring, or by cuttings after the plant is in growth. It will find its way, like the China Rose, into every cot- tage-garden. All hardy herbaceous, and flowering in June ; the same culture is applicable to all the species. D. bracteo'sa (bracted). 1. White. N. Amer. 1823. — Canadensis (Canadian). J. White. N. Amer. 1819. — euculla'ria (monk's-hood), f . White. N. Amer. 1/31. — exi'mia (choice). l£. Flesh. N.Amer. 1812. — formo'sa (handsome). 1. Flesh. N.Amer. I/fat), — Lachenaliecfla'ra (Lachenalia-flowered). 1. Pur- ple. Siberia. 1826. — specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. I?.10. — specta'bilis (remarkable). 1J. Purple. Siberia. 18 ■ tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved), schatka. 1820. 2. Fink. Kamt- Diervi'lla. (Named after 31. Dier- ville, a French surgeon. Nat. ord., Capri- foils [Caprifoliaceaj]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Leycesteria.) A creeping-rooted, hardy shrub. Suckers from the roots ; cuttings in the open ground, in au- tumn ; common, moist, shaded garden-soil. D. lu'tea (yzWovt-flowered). 3. June. N. Amer. 1739. Die 'tis. See Morje'a. Digging with the spade or fork has for its object a loosening of the soil so as to \ render it more fit for the reception of seeds or plants. Begin at one end of the piece of ground, and with your spade open a trench quite across, one good spade wide and one deep, carrying the earth to the end where you finish ; then, keeping your face to the opening, pro- ceed to dig one spade deep regularly from one side of the piece to the other, turning the spits neatly into the trench, and the next course against these; and so keep digging straight back, spit and DIG [ 206 ] DIG epit, still preserving an open trench, a good spade width and depth, between the dag and undag ground, that you may Lava full room to give every spit a clean turn, taking all the spits perpendicularly, and not taking too much before the spade, especially in stiff land, or where the surface is full of weeds, or is much dunged ; so giving every spit a clean turn, the top to the bottom and the bottom to the top, that the weeds or dung on the surface may be buried a due depth, and that the fresh earth may be turned up. As you proceed, break all large clods, and preserve an even surface carrying both sides and middle on equally, unless one side shall be hollow; then carry on the hollow side first in a gradual sweep, in- clining the spits of earth rather that way, which will raise that side and reduce the high one, observing the same if both sides are high and the middle hollow, or hoth sides hollow and the middle high, always keeping the lower ground advanc- ing gradually before the higher, by which you will always maintain a uniform level. The same should also be observed in beginning to dig any piece of ground, that if one corner is much lower than another, carry on the lower part some- what first, in a slanting direction, as far as necessary. Likewise, in finishing any pieces of digging, gradually round upon the lower side so as to finish at the high- est corner ; and having dug to where you intend to finish, then use the earth taken out of the first trench to make the last opening equal with the other ground. In plain digging dunged ground, if the dung is quite rotten yon may dig clean through, giving each spit a clean turn to bury the dung in the bottom of the trench ; but if you cannot readily do this, trim the dung a spade's width at a time into the furrow or open trench, and so dig the ground upon it, which is rather the most effectual method, whether rot- ten or long fresh dung. All weeds that are perennial should be carefully picked out, particularly couch- grass and bear-bind. But annual weeds, groundsel, and the like, should be turned down to the bottom of the trench, where they will rot A man will dig, by plain digging of light, free-working, clean ground, eight, ten, or twelve rods a day, from six to six, though in some of the light, clean ground about London, a man will turn up fifteen or twenty rods a day, from five to seven , but in stiff, stubborn soils, a man maj work hard for six or eight rods in a day of twelve hours. Trenching, if only one spade deep, without the crumbs or sho- velling at bottom, a man will dig almost as much as by plain digging; or two spades' depth, from four to six rods a day may be good work, though in harsh- working ground digging three or four rods per day may be hard work. — (Mawe.) Most garden soils dig best the day after a fall of rain; and if the soil has in its composition a larger proportion than usual of clay, the operation will be fa- cilitated by dipping occasionally the spade into water. Most gardeners object to digging while snow is upon the ground, and the objection is not mere prejudice, for experience proves the bad result of the practice. The evil is owing to the great quantity of heat required to reduce ice or snow from the solid to the fluid state ; and when buried «o that the at- mospheric heat cannot act directly upon it, the thawing must be very slowly ef- fected, by the abstraction of heat from the soil by which the frozen mass is sur- rounded. Instances have occurred of frozen soil not being completely thawed at midsummer. Digita'lis. Foxglove. (From the Latin digitale, a finger-stall; referring to the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord., Figwortt [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) The seeds should be sown in the autumn ; when sown in the spring they often remain twelve months before they sprout. Division ; and most of them plentifully by seeds ; common soil. BIENNIALS. D. tricstafchya (woolly-spiked). 3. Brown, yel- low. July. Russia. 1827. —ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. Brown. July. Italy. 1597- — purpu'rea (purple. Common Foxglove). 4. July. Britain. a'/Aa (white). 4. July. Britain. PERENNIALS. D. ambi'gua (ambiguous). 3. Light yellow. July. Switzerland. 15Q6. — au'rea (golden). 3. Yellow. July. Greece. 1S16. — fusce'acens (dark brown). 2. Red. July. Hun- gary. 1823. —fu'lva (tawny). 3. Brown. June. — lacinia'ta {cut-leaved). 1$. Yellow. June. Spain. 1827. — laviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Hungary. 1816. — Izna'ta (woolly). 2. Yellow. June. Hungary, 1785. — krucophtx'a 'grev). 2. While, brown. June Greece. 1788. — IWtea (vellow). 2. July. Francs. lSr* ML L 297 DICE D. lu'leafuca'ta (dyed). 2. Yellow, ~xA. June. South Europe. — me'dia (intermediate). 2. Yellow. Jmec. Ger- many. 1817- — micra'ntha (small-flowered). 2. Yellow, brown. July. Switzerland. 1817- — mi'nor (smaller). |. Purple. July. Spain. 1/6,* — nervo'sa {large-neivei-leaved). Yellow. July. 1836. *- obscu'ra (obscure). 1. Orange. June. Spain. 1778. Hali-hardy evergreen. >- orhroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 4. June. Eu- rope. <~ orienta'lis (eastern). IJ. White. June. Levant. 1820. — parvijlo'ra (small-flowered). 1£. Brown. July. 1798- — purpura' scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June. Germany. 1776. — ri'gida (stiff). 1$. Yellow, red. June. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). Yellow, red. July. Si- beria. 1S26. — Tha'psi (Thapsi). lj. Purple. June. Spain. 1752. — tomento'sa (woolly). 3. Red. July. Por- tugal. 1818. — tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. — viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). July. Levant. 1827. Dila'teis. (From dilato, to open wide ; referring to the opening of the flower. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hgemodoracese]. Linn., B-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Anigozanthos.) Greenhouse herbaceous plants, with sword- shaped leaves, from the Cape of Good Hope. Divisions, when fresh growth is commencing ; seeds in a slight hotbed, in March or April ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to 45°, D. corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). 1. Purple. May. 1790. — panicula'ta {pamcl&i-flowered). 1. Blue. June. 1825. — visco'sa (clammy). J. Blue. 1795. Dill. (Ane'thum grave' olens.) Its leaves and umbels are used in pickling, and the former in soups and sauces. Soil. — It maybe cultivated in any open compartment ; but if for seed, a sheltered soil, rather dry. Sowing. — Sow immediately the seed is ripe, for if kept out of the ground until the spring it often is incapable of germi- nating. If neglected until the spring, sow from the close of February until the commencement of May. Sow in drills a foot apart, the plants to remain where sown. When of three or four weeks' growth thin them to about ten inches apart. The leaves are fit for gathering as wanted, and the umbels about July and August. In September their seed ripens, when it must be immediately cut, and spread on a cloth to dry, being very apt to be shed. Ltlle'nia. (After Dillenius, once pro- fessor of botany at Oxford. Nat. ord., Dilleniads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., 13-Po- lyandria 6-Polygynia.) Valuable timber-tree, with leaves after thi manner of Magnoliads. Stove tree. Cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat, m April; sandy loam. Summer temp., 6o° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°. D. specio'sa (showy). 30. White, yellow. E. Ind. 1800. Dillwy'nia. (In honour of L. W. Dilhvyn, a British patron of botany. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al- lied to Eutaxia.) Greenhouse evergreens, with yellow or orange- coloured flowers, from New Holland. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in March or April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds in peaty soil, in a slight hotbed, in March ; sandy peat two parts, fibry loam one part, with a little silver sand, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 88°. D. acicula'ris (.nce&lc-leaved). ij. May. 182& — cincra'secns (greyish-taiwed). 2. May. 1S19 — clavu'ta (club-shaped). 3. May. 1839. — eHcifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. May. 1794. — floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. May. 1794. — glabtfrrima (smoothest). 2. May. 1800. — glycinifo'lia (glycine-leaved). 1£. April. 1830. — juniperi'na (juniper-Zeat*ed). 2. May. 1818. — parvifu'lia (small-ieaved). 2. May. 1800. — phyiicoi'dcs (phylica-like). 2. May. 1824. — pu'ngens (pungent). June. 1825. — ru'dis (rustic). 2. April. 1824. brevifoiia (short-leaved). 2. April. 1824. hispi'dula (slight-bristled). 2. May. 1824. teretifo'liu (round-leaved). 2. May. — seri'ceu (silky). 1$. April. 1824. — specio'sa (showy). 2. June. 1S38. — tenuifo'liu (fine-leaved). 14. May. 1824. Dima'ckia. (One of seventeen sec- tions into which the genus Pelargonium has been split. From dis, twice, and makros, long ; referring to the two lower stamens being twice the length of the other three.) There are about twenty species included under this head, all little botanical things, with fleshy or tuberous roots. Generally they are grown in sandy peat ; they live much longer, however, con- fined in small pots in equal quantities of peat, loam, and pounded brick, well drained. Dine'tus. (From dinetos, to twine; alluding to the mode of growth. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulace£eJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Cuttings of side-shoots in sandy soil, and in heat ; light, rich soil. The annual may be sown in a little heat, and transplanted in May, and it will thrive like the Convolvulus. D. panicula'ta (panicled). 10. White. August. E. Ind. 1823. Evergreen twiner. — racemo'sa (racemed). 12. White. August. Nepaul. 1823. Annual twiner. Dkecious. Two-housed; applied to Sjay species having the female and malp DIO [298] DIO flowers in separate flowers on separate plants. Diome'dea. (After Diomeda, a clas- sical name. Nat. ord., Composites [As- teracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Super- fiua.) This genus of greenhouse evergreens should be united to Bupktha'lmum, which see for cul- ture. They have all yellow flowers. D. arge'ntea (silvery-Jeaoed"). 2. June. S. Amer. 1824. — bidenta'ta (two-toothed). 2. July. W. Ind. 1696. — glabra'ta (smooth). 3. June. S. Amer. 16JJ9. Di'on. (From dis, two, and oon, an egg; referring to the two-lobed scales which compose the large cones of the Gycad, hearing a large nnt-like seed at the bottom of each scale ; otherwise from seeds being borne in twos. Nat ord., Cycads [Cycadacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia ll.Dodecandria. Allied to Cycas revoluta.) A fine Palm-like plant. The fruit of this Dion, which is as large as a chestnut, is powdered by the natives, and formed into a kind of arrowroot. Supposed to be propagated by suckers, and seeds when obtainable ; rough, sandy loam, with some broken bricks and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 90° j winter, 55° to 60°. D. edu'le (eatable-*ee«i*<*). ». April. Mexico. 1844. Dion.£'a. Venns's Fly-trap. (After Dione, one of the names of Venns. Nat ord., Sundews [Droceraceae]. Linn., 10- Decandria 1-Monogynia.) Notwithstanding all the fables about this plant, it is one of extreme interest to cultivators, owing as much to the care and skill necessary for its management, as to the irritability displayed by the stipulary fringes on the winged leaves, The irritability is in three hair-like teeth, set on either side of a hollow leaflet on the top of the main leaf, so situated that an insect cannot pass, along, or alight on the part, without touching~one of them, when they suddenly fold, like the fingers of the two hands clasped together, and enclose the insect with a firmness beyond its strength to es- cape. Greenhouse evergreen. Division of the plant; seeds at times ; leaves laid in damp moss, under a glass, will sometimes emit a young plant at its margin ; peat earth, with a little sphagnum, \ moss, and bits of potsherds broken small. The pot is set in a pan, stuffed round, not very tight, with clear moss, and the pan filled with water ; I a bell-glass is placed over the plant, but kept i from going close down all round. Summer temp., 60° to 85° j winter, 50° to 60°. D. musci'pula (fly-catcher). £. White. July. Carolina. 1788. Diosco'bea. Yam. (After P. Dios- corides, a Greek physician. Nat. ord., Tamworts [Dioscoreacese]. Linn., 22- Dicecia 6-Hexandria.) Stove, green-flowered, tuberous-rooted plants, naed as potatoes. Dividing the tubers ; light, rich soil. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 86° to 56°. D. aculed 'la (prickly -stemmed). 10. E.Ini. 1883, — ala'ta{nm%-stalked). 15. India. 1/39. — Brasilie'nsi3 (Brazilian). 8. Brazil. 1823. — bulbi'fera (buib-bearingi. 12. July. E. Ind. 16SC'. — cinnamonifo'lia (cinnamon-leaved). 6. Kie Janeiro. 182/. — pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 176a. — tati'va (common-cuitivated-yam). 99. As- gust. W. Ind. 1/33. Dio'sma. (From dios, divine, and osme, odqur; referring to the powerful perfume which characterizes these and other Bueworts [Eutacesej. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) These are among the Bucku-plants of the Csp« colonists, and old inhabitants of our greenhouses ; but some of the more showy species now form the new genera Adenandra, Agathcsma, Barosma, &r. Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Goai Hope. All are white-flowered, except wheTe otherwise mentioned. Cutting3 of short-jointed young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat three parts, fibry loam one part, with silver sand and a few pieces of charcoal, to keep the soil open ; some of the most robust species should have more loam, but in a fibry, rough state. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to~45°. D. enrda'ta (heart-shaped), ij. May. 1S23. — corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). Ij. May. 1818. — cupressi'na (cvpiess-Ieaved). Ij. Pink. Maj. 1790. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. June. 1755. — faetidi'ssima (most foetid). 2. June. 1321. — hirsu'ta (.hairy-leaved). 4. Pink. Mav. 1731. — ht/brida (hybrid). 2. May. 1823. — longifc/lia (long-leaved). 2. June. — oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. June. 1752, — pectina'ta (comb-teased). 1. Blue. May. 1812, — puncta'ta (dotted). 2. June. 1823. — ru'bra (red). 2. Red. March. 1752. — scopa'ria (broom-Zi'A-e). IJ. June. 1812. — spharoce'phala (round-headed). May. — squamo'sa (scaly). 1. June. 1818. — subula'ta (awl-shaped-Zeapea - ). 3. June, 1818. — succule'nta (succulent-Zeaped). 2. June. — tene'lla (delicate). 1. May. 1823. — tenui'ssima (slenderest). 1. July. IS20. — tenuifo'lia (slender-/eare Tournefo'rtii. Dittany of Ceete. Ori'ganum die- ta'mnus. Doddek. Cu'scuta. Dodeca'theon. American Cowslip. (An ancient name applied by Pliny to a plant having a leaf like a lettuce. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cyclamen.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America. Dividing the roots ; sandy loam. D. integrifo'lium (whole-leaved). £. Light pur- ple. April. 1829.; — Mea'dia (Meadia). 1. Light purple. May. 1744. albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 1. White. May. 1824. e'legana (elegant), lj. Rosy. May. 1S27. — — — giga'ntcum (gigantic). 2. Lilac. May. 1819. lilaci'num (lilac-jWererf). 1. Lilac. Dog-BEEBY-teee. Co'rnus sangui'nea. Dog Beamele. Ei'bes cyno'sbati. Dog's Bane. Apo'cynum. Dog's-tooth Violet. Erythro'niwr~ Dogwood. Co'rnus. Do'lichos. (From dolikos, long; rr> DOL DOR ferring to the twining shoots. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia . niva'lis (snowy), i. Purple. June. Rocky Mountains. 1827. Dove Flower. Periste'ria. Dra'ba. (From drabe, acrid ; refer- ring to one of the universal characters of its Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceaj]. Linn., lb-Tetmdynamia. Connected, but not in close alliance, with Aubretia, Alys- sum, and Cochlearia.) Hardy rock or alpine plants. Yellow-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. Perennials, by dividing the roots ; also with the annuals and biennials, by seeds in spring, and under a hand- light, in summer; peat and loam for the tender- est ; sandy loam and dry situation for the hardiest. They make interesting pot-plants, treated as al- ?incs ; and that is the safest way to treat many of ihem. ANNUALS. J), gra'cilit (slender). $. June. N. Amer. 1827. — lu'tea (yellow). i. June. South Europe. 1820. — mura'lis (wall). J. White. June. England. ~- nemora'lis (grove). J. June. Europe. 1759. BIENNIALS. D, au'rea (golden). J. June. Denmark. 1820. — cine'rea (grey). J. White. July. Siberia. 1818. — confu'sa (confused). J. White. July. North Europe. — Dau'rica (DaurianJ. $. White. July. Dauria. 1824. — ittea'na (hoary). |. White. May. Britain. 20 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. D. Aizoi'det (Aizoon-like). \. March. Wale*. — Aizo'on (Aizoon). $. May. Carinthia. 182S. — ulpi'na (alpine). J. April. Lapland. 1820. sili'culis-pilo'sis (hairy-podded). 4. An. gust. Greenland. 1820. — a'spera (rough). June. Siberia. — Austri'uca (Austrian). $, White. Juno, Austria. 1824. — brachyste'mon (short-stamened). £. March. Switzerland. 1819. — Sruniccfo'lia (Brunia-leaved). J. June. Cau. casus. 1820. — brpoi'des (bryum-like). A. March. Tauria. 1820. — cilia'ris (hair-fringed-.'eawsii), £. March. Switzerland. 1/31. — corymbo'sa (corymbed). $. White. May. Baffin's Bay. 1823. =» zrzziifJlia. (thic^lsuvid). J. J™:. »f. Amer. 1826. — cuspida'ta (spine-point-feaaed). &. March. Iberia. 1820. — dasyca'rpu (hairy-fruited). White. May. Altai. 1837. — ericeefo'lia (heath-leaved). £. June. Cau« casus. 1821. — Fladnice'nsis (Fladniso). 3. White. June. Switzerland. 1819. — glacia'lis (icy). £. June. Siberia. 1826. — Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). £. June. Siberia. 1823. — grundifto'ra (large-flowered). £. White. May. Altai. 1832. — H elvt/tica (Swiss). $. August. Switzerland. 1819. — hi'rta (hairy). J. White. June. North Europe. 1823. — inco'mpta (rough). £. April. Caucasus. 1821. — Lappo'nica (Lapland). J, White. April. Lapland. 1810. — lusioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). *. White. May. 1820. — murice'lla (small-prickly), i. White. June. Lapland. 181 ». — niva'lis (snowy). $. White. June. Switz- erland. 1824. — oblongata (oblongate). $. White. May. Baffin's Bay. 1823. — pilo'su (soft-haired). £. White. June. Si- beria. 1825. — re'pens (creeping). J. June. Siberia. 1818. — rupe'stris (rock). J. June. Scotland. — siliquo'sa (large-podded). $. White. June. Caucasus. 1822. — stella'ta (starry). £. White. June. Pyrenees. 1820. — styla'ris (long-styled). — tumento'sa (woolly). J. White. June. Switzer- land. 1819. — tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 1. August. Russia. Dbace'na. (From drakaina, a female dragon ; because, if this Dragon tree is wounded, the milky juice on drying be- comes a hard gum, having the same pro- perties- as the resinous substance called Dragon's-blood. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Lili- acese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogytiia.) Evergreens, with white flowers, except D. nu'- tans. Large pieces of the branches strike when put in strong bottom-heat ; rich, fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 46° to 55°. DHA DRA GREENHOUSE. V. tuxh/ta (knotted). 4. 1820. — nutans (nodding). 4. Brown. July. N. Holland. 1820. -i undulata (waved). 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. STOVE. it. arbo'rea (tree). 30. May. Sierra Leone. 1800, — Braziiiit'nsis (Brazilian). 6. Brazil. 1825. — ce'rnua (drooping. 10. May. Mauritius. — dra'co (dragon. Common). 10. E. Ind. 1640. — clliptica (elliptic-.'eaced). 2J. Yellow. March. Amboyna. — ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 4. 1800. — fe'rrea (iion). 8. April. China. 1771- — fraf grans (sweet-scemed). 6. April. Africa. 1768. — interru'pta (interrupted). 3. June. Sierra Leone. 1/98. — Leone'tisii (Sierra Leone). 3. June. Sierra Leone. 1824. — margina'ta (bordered). AugU3t. Madagascar. — Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 4. May. Mauri- tius. 1825. — ova'ta (egg-shape-teaped). 2. August. Sierra Leone. — purpu'rea (purple-Jeaterf). 15. Jane. E. Ind. 1820. >- refle'xa .bent-bark-fearerf, . 4. June. Jiadt- gascar. 1819- r- talicifo'tia (willow-leaved). »- ttria'ta (streaked). 4. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — turculo'sa (twiggy). 4. July. Sierra Leone. 1831. — termina'lis (terminal). 10. June. E.Ind. 1820. — tessella'ta fcheauered). Madagascar. 1816. — umbraculi'fera '.(umbrella-bearing). 10. Mau- ritius. 1788. Dracoce'phalusi. Dragon's Head. (From drakon, a dragon, and kephale, a head; referring to the gaping flower. Nat. ord., Lipworts, or Labiates [Lamia- cese]. Linn., 1±-Didynamia 1-Gymno- spcrmia. Allied to Nepeta.) Annuals, by seed in the open ground at the end of March ; perennials, by seeds and divisions ; the tender evergreens, by cuttings of young shoots under a hand-glass, in April or May ; light, rich coil. HARDY ANNUALS. J), cane'scens (hoary). 2. Blue. July. Levant. 1711. — Volda't-icum (Moldavian). 3. Blue July. Moldavia. 1596. — al/nfto'rum (white-flowered). 3. White. July. Moldavia. 1596. — peregri'num (diffuse). J. Purple. July. Si- beria. 1759. — thymiflo'rum (thyme-flowered). J. Purple. July. Siberia. 1752. GRftvNHOUSE EVERGREENS. 0. Canariense (Canary. Balm of GUead). 3. Pale purple. August. Canaries. 1 6p~- — chamtrdryoi'des (germander-like). \. Blue. July. 1823. Trailer. — origanoi'des (marjoram-like), f. July. Siberia. 3829. Trailer. HARDY PERENNIALS. Ds Altaians? (Altaic). $. Purple. July. Georgia. 1/59. D. Argvne'nse (Argun). l£. Blue. July. Siberia. 1822. — Auttri'acum (Austrian). 1. Blue. June. Au- stria. 1597. — botryoi'des (botrvs-like). i. Purple. July. Siberia. 1822. — Ibe'ricum (Iberian). 1. Blue. July. Iheria. 1820. — integrifo'Iium (whole-leaved). Blue. July. Si- heria. I827. — Uexica'num (Mexican). 2. Blue. July. Mexico. 1832. — nu'tans (nodding). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1731. — palma'tum (hand-leaved). 1$. Purple. July. Siberia. 1815. — parviflo'rum (small-flowered). $. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1825. — pelta'tum (MitM-leaved). lj. Purple. July. Levant. 17 11. — pinna'tum (leafleted). Blue. June. Siberia. 1822. — Ruyschia'num (Ruysch's). 2. Blue. July. North Europe. 1699. — Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 1. Blue. August. S. : . beria. 1760. Draco'ntium. Dragon. (From drakon, a dragon; referring to its spots and streaks being like those on serpents. Nat. ord., Orontiads [Orontiacea?]. Linn., 1-Heptandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Po- thos and Orontium.) Stove evergreen creepers. Dividing the roots ; fibry loam, and a little decayed dung and leaf- mould. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°. D. polyphtf'llum (many-leaved). 9. May. India. 1759. — spino'sum (prickly). 2. April. Ceylon. 1"59. Dracophy'llum. (From drakon, a dra- gon, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the long bractes, which resemble the young leaves of the Dragon-plant, Dracce'na dra'co. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacrida- ceae]. Linn., 5-Penlaiidriu \-Monogynia. Allied to Sphenotoma and Richea.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttinss of voung wood, getting firm at the base, in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little silver sand. Temp., winter, 40° to 45°. D. eapit'i'tum (headed). 1830. — tongifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. White. Juae. 1824. — seev'n. \um (siie-fiowering). 2. White. Jub2. Draco'psis. (From drakon, a dragon, and opsis, appearance; referring to the rays, or florets. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere]. Linn., l'.l-Syngenesia 3-Su- perjlua. Allied to Kudbeckia.) Hardy annual. Seeds and divisions; open garden. soil D. amplexicati'lit (stem-clasping). Yeilow. Jul?. Louisiana. 1793. Dragon. Draco'ntium and A'rum dra* co'ntium. Dragon's-Blood. Ca'lamus dra'co. DRA r 307 ] DRI Dragon*s-Head. Dracoce'phalum. Dkagon-teee. Dracaena dra'co. Draining is drawing away the surface water, instead of allowing it to chili the land by evaporation, and further injuring the crops by an excessive supply of mois- ture. There is scarcely a garden exist- ing that would not be benefited by under- draining. Every gardener knows the ab- solute necessity for a good drainage under his wall-trees and vines, but few gardeners ever think for a moment whether there is any escape and outfall for the water he has drained from im- mediate contact with the roots of the above-named favoured trees. Every gar- den should have drains cut, varying in depth from two to three feet, according to the depth of the soil, with an interval of twenty-four feet between the drains; twelve feet will not be too near in clayey soils. At the bottom of the drains should be placed one-inch pipes ; these should be well puddled over six inches deep with clay, and then the earth returned. They should have an outfall into a ditch, at the least elevated side of the garden. By having the pipes with a bore no larger than an inch moles cannot creep in; and that bore is large enough to carry off all the water, after even the heaviest rains. For full directions we refer our readers to Donald's shilling volume, entitled Land Drainage. Drake'a. (Named in honour of Miss Drake, botanical painter for the Botanical Register. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- cete]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Caleya.) The only species is an extremely curious ground- orchid, having one flower on the top of a slender stalk, eighteen inches long, "resembling an in- sect suspended in the air, and moving with every breeze." Greenhouse. Divisions; peat, loam, and rough sand. D. ela'stica (elastic). Variegated. September. Swan River. Drawn. A plant is said to be drawn when it is unnaturally increased in length. This is usually by an access of heat and moisture, and a deficiency of air and light. Drepanoca'rpus. The Sickle-pod. (From drepanon, sickle, and carpos, a fruit; re- ferring to the shape of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia i-Decandriu.) Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots Pearly ripe, with their leaves entire, in sand, under ■n [{lass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, both fibry. Summer temp., 60° to 80° : winter, 50* to 55°. D. luna'tus (half -moon-capsuled). 12. White. S. Amer. 1792. Dressing. Putting the borders in order; also manuring strawberries, as- paragus, and other permanent beds. Drift Sand is the sand washed by floods into drifts or banks, whether by the sides of roads or streams. Drilling. Scarcely a crop in the gar- den should be sown broadcast, for drill- ing saves seed and labour ; and although in some cases it takes more time to in- sert the seed in drills, yet this is more than compensated by the time saved dur- ing the after-culture, for the thinning and hoeing are greatly facilitated. (Set Broadcast.) The distance apart appropriate for the drills for particular crops will be found under their respective titles; they are usually made with a hoe and line, but the drill-rake is often used. The teeth are set six inches apart, and are broad and coulter-formed. When the drills are re- quired to be less than six inches apart the implement can be worked diagonally ; but it may be made with teeth moveable to any desired space apart. Dri'mia. (From drimys, acrid; refer- ring to the juice of the bulbs. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Hoticgynia. Allied to Massonia.) Little greenhouse bulbous plants, from the Cape of Good Hope ; elegant, though less showy than the Ixias. Offsets; peat, or leaf-mould,_ and sandy loam. Summer temp., 50° to 75°; winter, 35° to 4£°; petted when beginning to grow, and until then kept dry after the withering of the leaf. D. acumina'ta (pointed). J. Brown. August. 1829. — alti'ssima (tallest). If. White, green. August. 1791. — cilia'ris (hair-fringed). If. Purple, white. Au- gust. 1800. — e.la'ta (tall). 2. Red, green. October. 1/99- — lancecefo'lia (spear-leaved), i. Purple. Sep- tember. 1800. — lanceola'ta (spear-head-Zea»e. a'lbido-squama'ta (white-scaled). June. Isle of Luzon. — Billardie'ri (La Billardiore's). 1. June. N. Holland. 1824. — eeespitn'sn. (tufted). April. India. 1841. — eapitellti'ta (small-headed). July. S. Amer. 1822. — coria'cea (leathery). June. India. 1840. — eo'ronans (crowned). June. W. Ind. — erassifo'lia (thick-leaved). August. W. Ind. 1823. — cuspidiflo'ra (pointed-flowered). June. Isle of Luzon. — diversifo'lia (various-leaved). July. Australia. — du'bia (doubtful). June. Isle of Luzon. — glau'ea (milky-green). Isle of Luzon. — hemioniti'dea (spleenwort-like). 9. Yellow. March. E. Ind. 1843. — Horsfiefldii (Horsfleld's). Yellow. Java. — irioi'des (iris-like). 3. June. E. Ind. 1824. — juglandifo'lium (juglans-leaved). li. May. S. Amer. 1822. — leiorhi'xa (smooth-rooted). March. E. Ind. — lomarioi'des (lomaria-like). Isle of Luzon. — lo'ngifrons (long-fronded). Isle of Luzon. — lo'ngipes (long-stalked). E. Ind. 1823. ' — longi'ssima {longest-leaved). Isle of Luzon. D. lorifo'rmis (strap-like). March. E. Ind. — negle'ctu (neglected). Isle of Luzon. — norma'lis (normal). March. Nepaul. — palma'ta (hand-shaped). Isle of Luzon. — plantagi'nea (plantain-like). June. E. Ind. 1842. — propi'nqua (allied). May. E. Ind. — pustula'ta (pimpled). 1. March. Manilla. 1840. — quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 1$. March. Isle of Luzon. 1824. — ru'bida (red). Isle of Luzon. — rupe'stris (rock). Isle of Luzon. — sesquipeda'lis (foot-and-a-half). May. NepavsJ. — stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). March. Java. — £M&/afcrc' flu' rum (large-flowered). Mexico. — gram' ticum (grained). Green, white. Jun*,. Guiana. 1840. — Hanbu'rii (Hanbury's). 2. Rose. August. Mexico. 1843*. — Hartice'gii ( Hartweg's). Peru. -hormi'dium (clary-like). Yellow, green. Au- gust. Mexico. 1836. — Havane 'use Havanna). Havanna. 183C. — herba'ceum (herbaceous). Braxil. 1837. — imatophy'tlum (thong-leaved). Rose. D4»- ■iono'stnum (violet-scented). Yellow, green. June. Guiana. 1836. • Wcerum (torn). 3. Pale pink. November. Ha- vannah. 1835. • Inctiflo'mm (milkv-flowered). White. Mexico. ■ lamettii'tum (lameUatnl). Pink. Honduras. ■ lancifn'lium (lance- leave, i }. Pale yellovs. March. Mexiro. IS3Q. ■ latilafbrum (broad-lipped). Green. March, Brazil. 1844). EPI L 3*J j EPI E-iacertHn-um (lizard- tailed). Yellow, green. March. Guatimala. 1837. — ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). Yellow. Mexico. — lentigino'sum (freckled). Yellow, green. March. Demerara. 1837. — Icucocln'lwn (white-lipped). Yellow, green. March. Caraccas. 1840. — Linde'nii (Mr. Linden's). Rose. Merida. — linta're (narrow-teawed). Peru. — linearifu'tium (narrow-leaved). 1. White, purple. June. Mexico. 1850. — lAnkia'num (Link's). Yellow, white. March. Mexico. 1840. — longibu'lbnn (long-bulbed). Guiana, 1839. — mucrochi'lum (large-lipped), J. Brown, white. July. Mexico. 1836. a'lbum (while-lipped). White, rose. May. S. Amer. 1824. — —^ro'seum (rosy). Rose. May. Guatimala. 1842. - macrosta'chyum (large-spiked). Green, white. Ceylon. — Michuaca'num (Michuacan). Pale yellow. Mexico. 1840. — monophy'llum (one-leaved). White. Demerara. — JUonroea'num (Monroe's). White, pink. July. Guatimala. 1840. — musci'ferum (fly-bearing). Demerara. 1830. — nceuu'sum (freckled). White, yellow. February. Oaxuca. 1846. — nemora'le (wood). Purple. June. Mexico. 1840. — noctu'rnum (n\\>ht-fragrant). I. White. Sep- tember. Martinique. 1836. angusti/o'lium (narrow-leaved). W. Ind. 1835. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow, white. October. W. lad. 1836. pu'milum (dwarf). Ensequibo. 1835. — nu'tans (nodding). 1. Green. July. Jamaica. 1793. — odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). I. Dingy green. August. Rio Janeiro. 1827. — onridiui'des (oncidium-like). 3. Yellow, brown. S. Amer. — orchidiflu'rum (orchis - flowered). Brown. Bahia. — orgya'le (wrathful). Yellow. St. Bogota. — ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). Green, white. April. Mexico. 1835. — o'vulum (egg-like). Green, white. July. Bo- lanos. 1842. — oxype'tulum (sharp-petalcd). Yellow. April. Cuba. — pachya'nthum (thick-flowered). Green. Guiana. 1837. — Parkinsonia'num (Mr. Parkinson's). 2. Green, yellow. September. Mexico. 1838. — pasto'ris (shepherd's). White, green. March. Mexico. 1836. — pa'tens (spreading). White. October. St. Vin- cent. — phoeni'ceum (purple). $. Cream, purple, greea. June. Cuba. 1840. — piperi'num (peppery-scented). Quito. 1846. — potysta'cltyum (many-tpiked). Yellow. June. Peru. 1840. — primuli'num (primrose - scented). Yellow, brown. Bahamas. 1837. — propi'nf/uum (related). Brown. Mexico. — puncta' turn (dotted). Dotted. W. Ind. -"" pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped-euMerf). Red, yellow. January. Cuba. — radio! turn (r Ay -flowered). 1. Green, purple. Mexico. 1335. — rtt'dicans (stem-rooting). Orange, yellow. Oc- tober. Mexico. 1839. E. rani'ferum (frog-bearing). *,. Green, brown. May. Mexico. 1839. — recurva'tum (bent-back). Rose. April. Co- lombia. refra'ctum (broken). Dark red. May. Caraccas. rhizo'phorum (rooting). Guatimala. 1836. — ri'gidum(stifi-petaled). 1. Yellowish-white. June. Jamaica. 1836. ru'bro-ci'nctum (red-edged). Yellow, browu. March. Brazils. 1836. — suxa'tile (rock). Red, purple. Guayana. — sce'ptrum (sceptre-hke). Yellow, purple. Jago. — Schumbu'rgkii (Schomburg's). 2. Scarlet. Guiana. 1837. — tcnteHla (saucer - shaped). Green, yellow. Guayana. — lelli'gerum (saddle-formed). Pale white. April. Mexico. 1836. — se'rpens (snake-like). Violet. Peru. — Skinne'ri (Skinner's). J. Green, white. July. Cumana. 1834. ma'jur (large-flowered). 1. Light purple. November. 1847- — squa'lidum (squalid). Yellow, brown. June. Mexico. 1840. — Stamfordia'num (Stamford's). White, red. April. Guatimala. 1836. — stenope'talum (acute-petaled). 1. Rose. March. Jamaica. — stria'tum (streaked). White, red. May. Mexico. 1838. — subulutifu'lium (awl-leaved). Yellow. Mexico. — tibi'cinis (piper's). 8. Rose. Honduras. 1836. — tigri'num (tiger-like). Yellow, red. Merida. — Tolime'nse (Toliman). Yellow. Tolima. — torqua'tum (twisted). Peru. — tri'dens (three-toothed). White, green. April. Demerara. 1836. — variega'tum (varicgated-/ea»e Yellow. May. 1803. — Bonplan'dia'nu (Bonpland's). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1812. — Bouriea'na (Bowie's). 1. White. October. 1822. — brevifu'lia (short-leaved). 1. April. 1800. — Ca/ffra (Caffrarian). lj. White. May. 1802. — spica'ta (spiked), 1$. White. Septem- ber. 1800. — Caledo'nica (Caledonian). Bose. June. 1810. — campanula' ta (bell- flowered). 1. Yellow. June. 1/91. «— camp'jlophy'lla (crooked-leaved). Lilac. April. 180-'. — canc'sccns (hoary). 1J. Pink. Ju»e. 1790. E. carinn'ta (keeled), 1$. Purple. Septemben 18-20. — Cehia'n-t (Cels's). I, Oranee.rose. May. 1810. — cerinthoi'dei (honeywort-iike). Dark scarlet. September. i//4. mu'jor (larger). 4. Scarlet. May. 1800. nn'na (dwarf). 1. Scarlet. May, 1800. — cinera'scemigTey leaded). I. Purple. May. 1810. — Cliffurdia'na (Lady Clifford's). 1. White. April. 1812. — encci'nea (scarlet), lj. Scarlet. 1783. — co'lorans (colouring). 2. White, red. May. 1817. — como'sa (tufted). |. Bed. June. 1787. a'lba (white). 3. White. June. 1787. ru'bra (red). J. Bed. June. 1787- — Comp/omV/ia (Compton's). 2. Purple. June. 1802. — eonci'nna (neat). 2$. Flesh. September. 177*. — en'ncotoi (one-coloured). 2. June. 1820. — e&nica (tonical). 2. Purple. June. 1820. — eonspi'cua (conspicuous). 2. Dark yellow. July. 1774. — Covcntrya'na (Lord Coventry's). 1. Pink. May. 1801. — erassifu'lia (thick-leaved). Lilac. May. 1828. — cu'bica (cube-flowered). I. Purple. May. 1790. ma'jor (Urger). I. Purple. June. 1800. — eurviflo'ra (curve - flowered). 2. Yellow. August. 1774. — — ru'bra (red). 2. Bed. August. 1800. — Cushinin'na (Cushin's). 2. September. 1816. — Dtiphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. White. May. — deci'piem (deceiving). Flesh. May. 1822. — deco'ra (graceful). 2. Purple. June. 1790- — de'nsa (c\ote\y-leaved). 1J. Bed. June. 1810. — denticula'ta (small-toothed). lj. Purple. April. 1S21. — depre'ssa (depressed). 3. YeUow. July. 1789. — dichroma'ta (two-coloured). 3. Yellow, pink. August. 1800. — Dickso'nia (Dickson's). 2. Yellow. June. 1809. a'lba (white). 2. White. June. 1809. ru'bra (red). 2. Bed. May. 1S09. — di'stans (distant). Violet. November. 1822. — diosmafi&ra (diosma-flowered). 2. May. 1792. — droseroi'des (drosera-like). Purple. August. 1788. — dumo'sa (bushy). 1. Purple. May. 1812. — echiiflo/ra (echium-flowered). 14. Scarlet. April. 1798. encci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. April. 1818. — e'legann (elegant). $. Green. August. 1799. — episto'mia (spout-flowered). 2. Yellow, green. May. 1810. — erioce'phala (woolly-headed). White. July. 1816. — erube'scens (blushing). 1 J. Flesh. May. 1800. — exi'mia (choice). 2. Scarlet. June. 1800. — expn'nsa (expanded). I. Scarlet. July. 1818. — exposi'ta (exposed). Bed. August. 1820. — exsu'rgens (rising). 1J. Dark orange. 1792. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Orange. 1800, grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Orange. 1800. ma'jor (larger). 1. Orange. 1800. pa'llida (pale). I. Pale red. 1810. — Ewera'nn (Ewer's). 2. Pink. August. 1793. — limgiflo'ra (long -flowered). 2. Bed. June. 1793. specio'sa (showy). 2. Bed. August. 1733. — fascicula'ris (parcel-flowered). 14. Purple, April. 1787. — fostigia'ta (peaked), lj. White. July. 1797. — ferrugi'nen (rusty). 1. Bed. May, 1793. — fla'mmea (f\a.me-flowered). lj. Light yellow- June. 1798. EKI L 3-27 ] EEI E. /lava (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. 1795. imbrica'ta (imbricated;. 2. ieilow. Julv. 1795. — floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 1. Pale pink. May. 1800. — flo'rida (florid). I. Red. June. 1803. moscha'ta (musky). 1. Eed. Way. — formo'sa (handsome). 2. Eed. August. 1/95. a'lba (white). 2. White. August. 1/95. — fra'grans (fragrant). J. Purple. April. 1803. — ge'lida (ice-cold). 3. Green, white. June. 1793. a'lbens (whitish). 2. White. June. 1820. — gemmi'fera (many-budded). Orange. August. 1820. — globo'sa (globe- flowered). l£. Pink. August. — glomiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). White. June. — gra'cilis (slender). 1. Purple, red. March. 179*. — grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). 3. Yellow. July. 1785. hu'milis (lowly). 2. Yellow. May. 1806. — Krandino'sa (hail-stone). 4- White. March. .810. — halxcaca'ba (red nightshade). 1. Yellow. June. 1780. — Harrne'W (Hartnell's). 2. Purple. July. 1820. — Hibbertia'na (Hibbert's). 2. Orange, yellow. July. 1800. ~ hispi'dula (short-bristled). Purple. July. 1790. — Humea'na (Sir A. Hume's). lj. Pink. March. 1808. — igne'scens (glowing). 1$. Eed. May. 1792. — imperia'lis (imperial). 2. Scarlet. June. 1802. — inca'na (hoary). 14. White. July. 1810. ru'bra (xed-flowered). lj. Eed. July. 1S10. — infla'ta (swollen). 1J. White, red. July. I8O9. — infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Pale red. September. 1802. — Irbya'na 'Irby's). 14. White, green. August. 1800. — jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 2. White, pink. August. 1794. a'lba (white). 2. White. August. — /iiba'ta (maned). 2. August. 1800, — Julia'na (July). 3. Eed. July. 1800. — luchrutfaWa (lachnae-leaved). 1«. White. June. 1793. — Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 1. White. June. 1800. — larici'na (larch-like). Pink: July. 1824. — Lawso'ni (Lawson's). 3. Flesh. May. 1802. — Leea'na (Lee's). 2J. Orange, j-ellow. April. — kytoca'rpa (slender-berried). EecT. June. 1824. — Linnccu'na (Lin'nsean). 1J. Purple, white. March. 1790. — Zintucoi'des (Linnaea-like). lj. Purple, red. April. 1812. — longiflc/ra (long-flowered). 2. Eed, orange. May. 1812. — longipeduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). 1. Pink. July. 1805. — lu'tea (yellow). 3. Pale yellow. March. 1774. — mummo'sa (nippled). 2. Purple. August. 1762. — — mi'nor (smaller). 1. Purple. August. 1800. — ilasso'ni (Masson's). 3. Eed, green. Au- gust. 1787. — — — mi'nor (smaller). 1. Eed, green. August. — mela'stoma (black-mouthed). 2. Bed, brown. June. 1795. — mettilajio'ra (ninepin- flowered). 1. Eed. April. 1798. — ir.inutaflo'ra (small-flowered). Purple. Juno. 1822. E. miralbilia (admirable). 1. Purple. May. 3300. — mollea'ris (soft). Purple. June. 1803. — Monsonia'na (Lady Monson's). t.. White. July. 1787. — moscha'ta (musky). 1$. Green. June. 1805. — mu'ndula (neatish). 2. Purple. June. 1810. tna'jor (larger). 2. Purple. June. 1810. — museosoi'des (muscosa-like). Lilac. May. lbOO. — niva'lis (snowy). White. June. 1820. — ni'vea (snowy). 2. White. April. 1816. — obla'ta (flattened). Eed, white. June. 1790, — obli'qua (twisted-leaved). 14. Purple. Au- gust. 1800. — oblo'nga (oblong). Eed. July. — obtu'sa (blunt-/ea»e6. — mu'ltiplex (full- flowered). J. March. Ebi'kus. (From er, the spring; re- ferring to the early time of flowering. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceos]. Linn., li-Didynumia 2 - Angiospermia. Allied to Wulfenia.) Half-hardy plants. Seeds and divisions ; mostly require the protection of a cold pit in winter. Succeed well as rock-plants in summer, if the soil is sandy loam. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. E. alpi'mts (smooth alpine). *,. Blue. March. Pyrenees. 17.19. — Hispa'nicus(hain/. Spanish). J. Bed. March. Spain. 1739. EVERGREENS. E. fra'grans (fragrant). 4. White, yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1776. — Lyehnide'a (Lychnidca). J. Yellow, white. May. Cape of Good Hope. E.tri'ttis (&xrY- flowered). 1, Purple. Mav. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. Eriobo'trya. Loquat. (From ert'em, wool, and botrys, a bunch of grapes ; re- ferring to the downy flower- racemes. Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Pho- tima.) Half-hardy evergreen fruit-trees, with white flowers. Cuttings of side-shoots, from one to two inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, and. in a few days placed in bottom-heat ; by seeds in a hotbed as soon as gathered j also by grafting on the White Thorn, or, better still, on the Quince. Peat and loam ; will grow against a wall with a protection in winter ; has been fruited in pots by turning it out to rest in summer, giving a stove , heat in winter, when it flowered, in December, and fruited in April. E. elli'ptiea (oval- fruited). 12. Nepaul. 1823. — Japo'nica (Japanese). 15. October. Japan. 1787. Eriocau'lon. Pipewort. (From erion, wool, and caulos, a stem. Nat. ord., Pipe- worts [Eriocaulacese]. Linn., Z-Triandria 3-Trigynia.) The only known European Pipewort is E. sep- tangula're, a small bog or marsh-plant in the Isle of Skye. There are five other species, but all more curious than beautiful. Erioce'phalus. (From erion, wool, and kephale, a head; referring to the appen- dage. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia ^-Necessarian) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in April, in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. E. decussa'tus (crossed). 4. Yellow. April. 1810. — purpu'reus (purple). 4. Purple. April. 1816. — raeemo'sus (racemed). 3. Yellow. March. 1739. Eriocha'sma. (From erion, wool, and chasme, a rent; referring to the spore- cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 21-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) . Ferns, with brown or brownish-yellow spores. Division, before fresh growth commences ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°. The greenhouse species will do with 5° to 10° lower temperature. E. vesti'ta is hardy. GREENHOUSE. K. di'stans (distant). $. May. Wales. 1823. — hi'rta (hairy). £. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — stella'pilis (starry-haired). May. N.S.Wales. 1840. — sulca'ta (furrowed). May. N.S.Wales. — vesti'ta (clothed). $. August. America. 1812. Hardy. STOVE. B. hypoleu'ca (white-beneath). July. W. Ind. — lanttgino'sa (woolly). §. Julv. Bourbon. 1818. — ru'fn (reddish). August. W. Ind. 1830. — tomento'sa (woolly). May. N.S.Wales. 1812. Eriochi'lus. (From erion, wool, ana cheilos, a lip ; downy on the labellum, or EEr [ 330 ] ERI lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacere]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monuitdria.) Ground orchids. from Australia. Divisions; peat and loam, both fibry, with a portion of sand and lumps of charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 50 3 . E. autumna'lis (autumnal). I. Bed. Octcbar. — dilata'tus (dilated). May. — latifo'lius (broad-leaved). Octoher. — multifio'rus (many-flowered). March. — sca'ber (rough). September. Erio'cojia. (From erion, wool, and kome, hair; referring to the appendage on the seed of Composites. Nat. ord., Com- posites [Asteracete]. Linn., VJ-Syngettesia 'i-Frustranea. Allied to Rudbeckia.) Half-hardy evergreens, with white flowers, from Mexico. Cuttings in May, in sandy soil, under a hand-light; sandy loam. Winter temp., 35° to 40°. E.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. October. 1828. —fra'grans (fragrant). 3. September. 1828. Eriode'ndron. (From erion, wool, and dendron, a tree; referring to the silky wool in seed-pods. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculiacere]. ~Lmn.,H)-Monadelphia 8- Polyandria. Allied to Bombax.) Stove trees; seeds in a hotbed; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°. E. an/racluo'sum (winding). 100. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1739. — Caribafum (Caribean). 70. Cream. W. Ind. 1739. — Guinee'nse (Guinea). 150. Scarlet. Guinea. 1826. ~- leianthe'rum (smooth-flowered). 70. Scarlet. Brazil. 1818. Erio'gonum. (From erion, wool, gonu, ti joint; downy at the joints of the stems. Nat. ord.. Buckwheats [Polygonacere]. Linn., Q-Enneandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Polygonium.) Hardy herbaceous perennials with yellow flowers, from North America. Seeds and divi- sions in March and April ; loam and a little peat. E. compo'situm (compound), lj. June. — longi/u'lium (long-leaved). 2. June. 1822. — pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). 2. June. 1820. — seri'ceum (silky). 1. July. 1811. — tumento'sum (woolly). 2. May. 1811. Erio'phoruk. Cotton Grass. (From erion, wool, and phoreo, to bear; in refer- ence to the silky tails or coverings of the seeds. Nat. ord., Sedges [Cyperacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia.) With the exception of the Sundews, the Cotton Grasses are the prettiest genus in the British Flora, particularly E. capita' turn and vagina' turn. They are natives of peat marshes, and do not be- long to Grasses, though erroneously so called. Erioi>hy'llum. (From erion, wool, and yhyllon, a leaf; woolly-leaved. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.j 10-Syn-, Uciiesia 2-SuperJlua.) Harcry evergreens, from North America. Divi- sions of the roots in spring ; common soil. E.caspitir 'sum (turfy). 1. Yellow. May. 18J0. — opposilifu'lium (opposite-ieaved). 1J. Yello*. Erio'psis. (From Erin, a genus of or- chids, and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Orchidf. [Orchidacese], Linn., 20- Gynandria 1- Monandria.) Stove orchid. Division ; fastened to wood wit^ a little moss. Summer temp., 6!i° to 98° ; winter, 55° to 6o°. E. bilo'ba (two-lobed). 1$. Orange. September. 1845. Eriospe'rmtjh. (From um (rock), i- Purple. July. South Europe. 164O. — sero'tinum (late). J. Blue. August. Siberia. 1821. — Stephaniafnum (Stephan's). i. Blue. June. 1820. — styla'tum (fontj-styled). 4. Purple. June. 1826. HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. E. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 4. Scarlet. June. Cyprus. 1"S9. — glandulo'sum (glanded). J. Purple. June. Spain. 1/98. — Eymeno'des (Hymen-liie). £. Pink. July. Barbary. 1789. — incarna'tum (flesh-coloured), i. Flesh. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1"87. Evergreen. — lacinia'tum (fringed). 4. Red. June. Crete. 1794. — melasti'gnum (black-stigmacd). 1. Purple. June. 1823. — Reicha'rdii (Reichard's). J. White. July. Minorca. 1/83. Ero'phila. (From er, the spring, and philco, to love ; referring to the time of flowering. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras- sicaceae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Al- lied to Draba.) Hardy annuals, with white flowers. Seeds j common soil. E. America'na (American). $. March. N. Amer. 1815. — pra'cnx (early). 4,. March. Caucasus. 182». — vulga'ris (common). $. March. Britain. Erpe'tion. New Holland, or Spurless- Violet See Vi'ola. Ery/ngium. Eryngo. (From Eryngeon, a name adopted by Pliny from Diosco- ERY [ 332 ] ERY rides. Nat ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae], Linn., 5-Peniandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Sanicula.) The roots of E. mari'timum and campe'stre are sweet, aromatic, and tonic ; they are candied, and sold by the name of Eringo-roots. Annual, biennial, and perennial hardy kinds, by seeds and divisions in common soil; if sandy loam, they will thrive best. Half-hardy species require the protection of a pit or greenhouse in wiater, and sandy loam. HARDY ANNUALS, &C. E. te'nue (slender). 1. Blue. July. Spain. 1824. — tricvspida'tum (three-pointed). 2. Green. September. Spain. 1699. Biennial. HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. JS. Carli'nce (Carlina-like). Blush. August. North Spain. 1827- — Cervante'su (Cervantes's). 1. Green. August. Mexico. 1820. — come/sum (tufted). Blue. July. North Spain. 1818. — ebractea'tum (hractless). 2. July. Buenos Ayres. 1817. — grami'neum (grass-teared). Blush. August. New Spain. 1825. — monoce'phalum (one-headed). Purple. August. Mexico. 1824. — otri'num (sheep). lj. White. July. N. Holland. 1824. — serra'tum (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July. New Spain. 1800. — terna'tum (three-leafleted). Purple. August. Crete. STOVE HERBACEOUS. E. bromeliee/o'lium (pine - apple - l<-nved). 3. White. July. New Spain. — fa'tidum (stinking). 1. Greer.. September. W. Ind. 1714. — gra'cile (slender). 1. Blue. July. New Spain. 1824. — longi/o'tium (long-leaved). 3. White. July. Mexico. 1820. HARDY HERBACEOUS. E. alpi'num (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switz- erland. 1507- — amethy'stinum (amcthvstine). 3. Light blue. July. Styria. 1648. — Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Blue. July. 1800. — aqua'ticum (aquatic). 4. White. August. N. Amer. 1699. — aqui/o'lium (holly-leaved). 1. Blue. August. Spain. 1816. -asperij Vlium (rough-leaved). 2. White. July. 1820. - azu'reum (light blue). 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 1790. - Baldwi'nii (Baldwin's). Blush. August. Ca- rolina. 1824. - BillardWrii (Billardiere's). Blush. July. South France. 1731. - Bourga'ti (Bourgati's). 2. Pale blue. July. South France. 1731. — emru'leum (sky-blue). 2. Blue. Julv. Cas- pian. 1816. — campe'stre (field). 2. Blue. July. Britain. — cornicula'tum (small-horned). 1. Green. July. Portugal. 1803. — crini'tum (fringe- leaved). Blue. August. Spain. 1826. — dicW twmum (spreading). 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 1820. E. dilata turn (dilated). ]£. Blue. July. Pot* tugal. 1821. — galioi'des (galium-like). J. Green. July. Portugal. 1810. — gigante'um (giant). 4. Blue. July. Cau- casus. 1820. — glomera'tum (crowded). 1. Blue. July. South Europe. 1826. — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 1831. — mari'timum [tea-hully) . 1$. Blue. July. Britain. — plnfnum (flat-fenced). 3. Light blue. July. Europe. 1596. — pusi'lium (small). $. Green. July. Spain. 1640. — ri'gidum (stiff). J. Blue. July. France. lSlft. — spi'na-a'lba (white-spined). White. August. South Europe. 1816. — trique'trum (triangular). 1. Blue. July. South Europe. 1824. — cirga'tum (twiggy). 1. Light blue. June. N. Amer. 1810. — Vtrginia'num (Virginian). 2. Blue. August. N. Amer. Ery'simuii. Hedge Mustard. (From cryo, to draw; supposed to produce blis- ters. Nat. ord., Cruci/ers [Brassicacea 3 .]. Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia. Allied to Si- symbrium.) Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open border, in September or March; perennials, seeds and divisions. HARDY PERENNIALS. E. tuff ruticu' sum (sub-shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. Europe. 1820. Evergreen. — versi'color (party-coloured*. 1. Variegated. May. Caucasus. 1825. HARDY ANNUALS. E. perfolia'tum (leaf-pierced). 1. White. May. Austria. 1818. — quadricdrne (four-homed). 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1821. HARDY BIENNIALS. E. mlti'ssimum (tallest). 3. Yellow. June. Ger- many. 1818. — Andrzejuskia'num (Andrrejoski'sl. l£. Yel- low. June. Tauria. 1818. — au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. June. Cau- casus. 1820. — bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 1818. — cant'scens (hoary). I. Yellow. June. South Europe. 1816. — colli'num (hill). I. Yellow. May. Caucasus. 1823. — cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). 1. Yellow. June. 1835. — decu'mbens (decumbent). J. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 1819. — fi'rmum (firm). 1. Yellow. July. Switser. land. 1819. — hieraci/u'lium (hawkweed-leaved). I. Yellow. June. North Europe. 1816. — Ibefricum (Iberian). 1. Yellow. May. America. 18U3. — intermedium (intermediate). 2. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 1819- — leptophy'Uum (fine-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. Iberia. 1821. — langi/o'lium (long-leaved). 1. Yellow Jute- South Europe. 1823. ERY [ 333 ] ERY E. longisiliquo'sum (long-podded). 1|. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 1810. •— pa'tulum (spreading). I. Yellow. June. South Euruoe. 1820. — Pero/nkia'num (Perofski's). lj. Orange. July. — pu'milum (dwarf). $. Yellow. May. Switzer- land. 1819. — Redu'wskii (Redowskl's). I. White. June. Siberia. 1821. — Rhcz'tii-um'.Tlhielian). 1. Yellow. June. Swit- zerland. 1819- — strigo'sum (short- bristled). 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1806. — siri'ctum (erect). 2. Yellow. June. Auitria. 1819. Euythiue'a. (From erythros, red ; the colour of the flowers of some species. Nat. ord., Gentianwort* [Gentianacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monugynia.) The biennial should be sown in autumn ; the perennials, by seeds and division; sandy loam, with a littl- peat. The species worth cultivating require a pit or frame in winter. E. aggrega'ta (clustered). \. Red. July. South Europe. 1824. Biennial. — confe'rta (crowded). J. Pink. June. Spain. 1824, Herbaceous perennial. — mari' limit (sea). £. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 1777. Herbaceous trailer. — Massu'ni (Masson's). Yellow. July. A*ores. 1777. Herbaceous. Erythri'na. Coral-tree. (From ery- thros, red; the colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia i-Decandria.) According to Dr. Royle, gum lac is the produce of a species of Coral-tree, E. monospe'rma, not here in cultivation. Stove plants ; all scarlet- flowered. By cuttings of the young shoots break- ing from the old collar of the plant in spring, and when two or three inches long ; also oy cutting up the old flowering-stems when ripe, and in both cases covering with a bell-glass, after placing them in sand, and in a strong bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and dried cow-dung, in equal proportions, with a portion of sand. Summer temp,, 55° to 80° ; win- ter, 45° to 55°. E. cri'sta-ga'lli and laurifo' Hit do out of doors in sheltered places, cut down, and the roots slightly protected as for fuchsias, in winter. E. corallode'ndrum (coral-tree). 20. May. W. Ind. 1690. — cri'sta-ga'lli (cock's-comb). 40. June. Brazil. 1/71. — fu'lgensl brilliant). 10. E. Ind. 1810. — herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. July. Carolina. 1824. Herbaceous. — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4. August. S.Amer. 1800. Herbaceous. — macrvphy'lla (large-leaved). 20. Teneriffe. 1822. — ovalifulia (oval-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1816. — pVcta (painted). 6. E. Ind. 1696. — Purtorice'nsis (Porto Rico). 10. Porto Rico. 180t). — tecundiflii'ra (side-flowering). 20. Brazil. 1820. — speciu'sa (showy). 10. September. \V. Ind. 1805. Erythrochi'ton. (From erythros, red, and chiton, a tunic; referring to the flower- envelope, or calyx. Nat. ord., Rue- worts [Rutacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Galipea.) Stove evergreen tree. Seeds and cuttings, in sand and heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. E. BrazWe'nsis (Brazilian). 10. White. July. Brazil. 1842. Erythrol.e'na. Mexican Thistle. (From erythros, red, and Icena, a cloak; referring to the scarlet flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?]. Linn., 19-Syn- yenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Carduus.) The prettiest of all the Thistles j seeds in April ; should be treated as a biennial, or not allowed to seed ; the young plants to be kept over the winter in frames, and planted out in May in the Ame- rican beds, where they will rise with numerous- branches, crowned with scarlet, thistle-looking flowers. E. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 8. Scarlet, orange. September. Mexico. 1825. Erythro'nium. Dog's-Tooth Violet. (From erythros, red ; referring to the colour of the leaves and flowers of the species first discovered. Nat. ord., Li'y- worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-IIexandria 1- Monogynia.) Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil f E. lanceola'tum requires a little heat. E. a'lbidum (whitish). J. White. April. Lou si- ana. 1824. — de'ns-ca'nis (dog's-tooth. Common). $. Lilac. March. Europe. 1596. a'lbidum (whitish). \. White. March. Italy. 1596. — -^—ru'brum (red-flowered). $. Red, lilac. March. Europe. 1506. — gigante'um (gigantic). Yellow, April. N. Amer. — grandi/io'rum (large-flowered), j. Yellow. Mav. N. Amer. 1826. — lanceola'tum (spear-head-faar>ed). J. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1665. — longifo'tium (long-leaved). Rose. March. Switzerland. Erythropo'gon. (From erythros, red, and pogon, a beard ; referring to the co- lour of the chafly scales of the flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loz:a, and a little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. E. imbrica'tus (imbricated). White. May. 1816. — umbella'tus (umbelled). Rose. May. 1816. Erythrophlk'um. Red Water -tree. (From erythros, red, and phleos, an an- cient name for a prickly plant ; referring to the flow of red juice when the tree is vounded. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 10-JJecandria 1-Mo- nogynia. Allied to Mimosa.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened »hooti ERY [ 334 ] ESF in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; rich, fibry loam, with a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 60° ; winter, 48° to 55°. E. Guinee'nse (Guinea). 100. Pale yellow. Sierra Leone. 1/93. Erythro'xylon. (From erythros, red, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., Erythroxyls [Erythroxylaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria V-Tiigyniu.) The wood of some species is deep red. E. Ha- rane'nse is the best garden-plant among them. Stove evergreen trees, with yellowish- green flowers. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 75° j winter, 48° to 55°. E. ifauane'nse(Havannah). 10. Havannah. 1822. — Uypericifu'Uutn (hypericum-leaved). 40. Mau- ritius. 1818. — lauri/u'tium (laurel-leaved). 50. Mauritius. 1823. Escallo'nia. (Named after Escallon, a Spanish traveller. Nat. ord., Escaloni- ads [Escalloniacese]. Linn., b-Pcnlan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Evergreen greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots rather ripe, in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in summer ; or younger smaller shoots under a bell-glass, in the greenhouse; peat and loam, with a little road-drift, and well drained ; most of them will do against a wall, with the protection of a spruce-branch in frosty wea- Cher, in winter, especially if the wall has a broad coping. E. Caracasa'na (Caraccas). White. Caraccas. 1827. — di'scolur (two-coloured). 6. White. S. Amer. 1820. — floribu'nda (many-flowered). White. 'July. New Grenada. 1827- — glandulo'sa (glanded). Red. September. Chili. 1827. — grandijiu'ra (large-flowered). 5. July. 1846. — iUini'la (varnished). 5. White. August. Chili. 1830. — inca'na (hoary). July. 1847. — Montemde'wis (Monte Video). 6. White. July. Brazil. 1827. — Organe'nsis (Organ Mountains). 3. Rose. Organ Mountains. IS 14. — ptero'cladun (winged-branched). 4. White, red. July. Patagonia. 1854. Hardy. — pulnerute'nta (dusted). 8. Chili. .831. — ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Red. September. Chili. 1827. — — — alliiflu'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. July. pube'scena (downy). 6. Red. July. — viseo'sa (clammy). 5. White. Mendoia. 1829. Eschallot, or Shaixot. A' Ilium Asca- lo'nicitm. Varieties. — The Common, which puts up long, slender, dark-green leaves ; and the Long-keeping, with larger bulbs and dwarfer habit, and keeps good for nearly or quite two years. Both have a stronger taste than tlie onion, yet not leaving its disagreeable smell on the palate. Prvpuyation.-r-E&ch offset will increase in a similar manner as its parent, and may be planted out either in the months of October and November, or early in tho spring, from February to the beginning of April. Autumn is the best season for planting, if the soil lies dry. If planted in beds, let them be three feet and a half wide, and three or four inches higher than the alleys, and the surface of the bed a little arched. Set out the rows nine inches apart from row to row, and plant the offsets singly with the hand upon the surface of the bed, six inches apart in the row, just pressing each bulb down firm in the soil; see occasionally that they are not cast out of their places by worms or other vermin; or each bulb may be co- vered with either a little old tan or coal- ashes, in little ridges along the rows, an inch and a half or two inches deep. When the bulbs are well established and growing, this covering should be removed with the hand; no other culture is re- quired, except earth- stirring. Take them up for storing, when full grown, towards the end of June or July, as soon as the leaves begin to decay. Spread them out to dry, on boards, in some airy situation. Eschscho'ltzia. (Named after Dr. Eschscholtz, a botanist. Nat. ord., Poppy- worts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyan- dria i-Tetragynia.) Harby bulbs, with yellow flowers ; seeds sown in the open border, in March ; when once intro- duced they will generally sow themselves ; if sown in autumn, and an evergreen branch bent over them in severe weather, they will bloom early. E. Califo'rnica (Californian). 1. September. California. 1826. — eompa'cta (compact). 1. August. California. 1833. — cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 1. August. Cali- fornia. 1833. — fumaricefo'lia (fumaria-leaved). September. Mexico. 1827. — tenuifo'liu (tender-leaved). 4> Yellow. Ger- many. Espaliers. A term used to express modes of training fruit-trees on rails of iron or wood, as bordering to the walks of kitchen-gardens, whereby the margins are rendered more ornamental, and the walls are relieved of many trees too tender to withstand the ordinary rigours of our climate. The forms of these trellises vary much; some are placed perpendicularly, others horizontal, and others, again, in a curved or saddle-like form, with various other shapes which the fancy of the owner, or the peculiar situation, may dictate. These rails are ESP [ 335 ] EUC generally placed within a few feet of the garden-walk, having, also, another walk or alley at the back, in order to facilitate operations. Espaliers being nearer to the ground than ordinary standards, we need hardly say that in such a position they are wanner. The mode of training tends to check exuberance of growth, which is of some service in a dwarfing, and, by consequence, an early fruiting system. The trees are completely with- in reach for stopping, and various other manipulations, which, on standards, re- quire ladders and other cumbrous ma- chines. Again, a much greater collection of fruits may be cultivated, in any garden, hy an espalier system, than by the ordi- nary course cf culture. The espalier system can be rendered conducive to the greatest amount of produce, as well as to the most ornamental appearance. Form of Trell is. —This is very material. There are fruits which must have sun- shine to perfect them, yet will succeed with a moderate share. There are others which, will succeed in what is commonly termed a northern aspect ; such are adapted for the northern side of trellises, which run east and west. Again, others must have a full exposure to the sun. Kitchen-gardens are mostly rectangular, and if most or all of the margins be appropriated to trellises, there wih be a great difference between those which run north and south and east and west. To avoid over shadowing, we think that what have been termed Table Trellises, that is, those which present a flat surface, parallel to the horizon, at about a foot or half a yard from the ground are by far the best for the majority of fruits. Perpendicular Mails are, however, very well adapted for many of our fruits, and if iron is not used, a very nice, but some-- what perishable structure may be formed by means of wood. Permanent stakes of oak, larch, &c, may be driven at from two to three feet apart perpendicularly, and temporary stakes driven as wanted between them, of more perishable mate- rial. The temporary, or intervening stakes are to be moveable at pleasure, and when the trees acquire a strong fabric, may be entirely dispensed with. The Strained-win Rail is, however, much superior, and will, doubtless, prove most economical in the end. Such, well- constructed, with stone bases to the iron uprights, would endure a century, and are, at least, particularly to bo recom- mended for trees of sleiider wood. As for perpendicular iron treillage, an or- dinary field hurdle will give a pretty good idea; the distance between the rails being, of course, ruled by the mode of growth of the tree. With regard to Arched or Saddle Trel- lises, we would speak with some caution. Running north and south, and occupied with trees properly adapted, they will doubtless succeed, and they are assuredly ornamental. Gooseberries . and currants we have found conveniently trainable to a che^ trellis of this form — It is not the least advantage attendant upon this mode of training that the fruit is easily covered and protected. Etiolation. The same as Blanching. Eucaly'ptus. Gum-tree. (From en, good, and kalypto, covering ; referring to the flower- envelope, or calyx, which covers the flower and falls off like a cap. Nat. ord., Myrlleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Houogynia. Allied to Metrosideros.) Greenhouse evergreen trees, from New Holland, and all with white blossoms. Cuttings of young, firm side-shoots in the beginning of summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass j peat and loam ; a cool greenhouse. Winter temp., 35° to 4i°. Most of them in warm places will do well against walls, with a little protection, if dryness is secured. E. alu'ta (winged). 18lrJ. — amygdalt'na (almond-fea»ed). 1830. — cocci'fera (coccus-bearing). 20. Purple. Jy cember. Van Diemen's Land. — corymbo'sa (corymh-fluwered). 1/88. — cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 1818. — Eugenloi'des (Eugenia-like). 1830. — glo'bulus (globuled). 150. 1810. — lieema'stoma (bloody-mouthed). 30. 189». — heterophy'Ua (various-leaved). 30. 1820. — hirsu'tn (hairy). 2i>. — hypcr-icifii'tiu (hypericum-leaved). 1828. — incrassa'la (thickened). 6. 1818. — longi/u'lia (long- leaved). June. — margina'la (Wi'c/r-edged). May. 1"94. — me'dia (intermediate). 1823. — macrocn'rp'i (large-fruited). 6. June. I■ graniifiu'ra (large - flowered). 1 A . Purple, yellow. July. Louisiana. 1811. Hardy herbaceous. Eucle'a. (From eukleia, glory ; refer- ring to the beauty of the ebony-like wood, %nd fine green leaves. Nat ord., Ebenuds [Ebenacese]. Linn., 22 Dicecia 10-De- candria. Allied to Dio.spyros. ) Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sa-nd, under a bell-glass, in April; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to 45°. E. rmcemo'sa (racemed-rounrf-taiMrf). 5. No. vember. 17/2. — undulu'ta (waved-Zeaced). 5. 1794. Eu'comis. (From eukomes, beaatifal- haired ; referring to the tufted crown ot the flower-spike. Nat. ord., Lilyworl* [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria LMono- gynia. Allied to Daubenya. ) Strong Cape of Good Hope bulbs, which, if planted six inches deep in a rich, light border in front of a greenhouse, remain uninjured, and flower every year. Propagated by offsets. E. bifu'lia (two-leaved). i. Light green. April. 1792. — na'na (dwarf). I. Brown. May. 1/74. — puncta'ta (dotted). 2. Green, brown. June. 17B3. — purpvreocau'lis (purple-stalked). 2. Green, brown. April. 1794. — re'gia (royal). 2. Green. March. 1702. — stria'ta (streaked). 2. Green. 1790. — undula'ta (\ra.\cd-Uuvcd). 2. Green. April. 1760. EucKo'siA. (From eu, beautiful, and krossos, a fringe; referring to the cup above the insertion of the stamens. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amarvllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Stenomesson and Eiisena.) This is the best ill-used bulb in British gardens. Sweet, Don, Loudon, and Paxton make it a na- tive of Cape Horn, instead of the western declivi- ties of the Peruvian Andes— a mistake which caused the destruction ot many bulbs. Hooker and Lindley gave badly-colcured figures of it, and the latter placed it in alliance with Phycella, with which it has no affinity. Bi'colur refers to a dark- green stripe in the middle of the petals, outside; the flower is of a bright vermilion. It delights in strong loam; rests in winter, and prefers the stove. Offsets ; light, rich loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. E. bgcolor (two-coloured). 1. Scarlet, green. April. Peru. 1816. Eude'smia. (From eu, beautiful, and desma, a bundle ; referring to the con- nected parcels of stamens. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [llyrtaces]. Linn., 18- Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria. Allied to Melaleuca.) Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of yonng shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. E. tetrago'na (four-angled). lfl. Bed. July. N. Holland. 1824. Ecge'nia. (Named after Prince Eugene of Saxony. Nat. ord., MyrtUbloonv EUL [ 337 ] EUO [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Tcosnvdria 1- Moiwjynia. Allied to Jambosa and Caryophyllus.) Stove evergreens, all white-blossomed. For culture see Carvopht'llcs. S. balsa'mica (balsamic). 15. Jamaica. 181fT. — buxi/o'lia (box-leaved). 4. May. W. Ind. — elli'ptica (oval-/ru«ed). 8. July. N. 8. Wales. 1790. — floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 5. W. Ind. — fra'grans (sweet-scented). 10. April. Jamaica. 1790. — g landuli'/era (slanded). 10. E. Ind. 1825. — Java'nica (Javanese). 10. Java. 1823. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Guiana. 1793. — macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. E. Ind. 1822. — obova'ta (reversed-egg-fea»ed). Isle of France. 1823. — obtuslfo'lia (blunt-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1821. — pulche'lla (pretty). 10. E. Ind. 1824. — rugo'sa (wrinkly). E. Ind. 1824. — Sinemarie'nsis (Sinemaria). 4. June. Guiana. 1823. — U'gni (Ugni— native name). 3. Pink. July. South Chili. 1851. Eulo'phia. (From eulophos, hand- some crested ; referring to the handsome lip, or labellum, furrowed into elevated ridges. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Monandria. Al- lied to Galeandra.) A family of those forms of orchids, which, like our British species, derive their nutriment from the ground, and hence are called ground or ter- restrial orchids. An Indian species of Eulophia furnishes, from its tuberous roots, the nutritive substance called salep. Division of the plant when in a state of rest, just as fresh growth com- mences; peat and loam, both fibry, and well drained ; well watered when growing, kept nearly dry when resting. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. Those from Sierra Leone and East Indies require a few degrees more. E. barba'ta (bearded). I. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 1. Purple, brown. September. Sierra Leone. 1822. — longico'rnis (long-horned). 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — macrosta'chya (large-spiked). S. Yellow, . green. October. Ceylon. — squa'lida (squalid). Dingy. July. Manilla. 1836. Eumerus 2ENEUS. Brassy Onion-fly. Mr. Curtis says the maggots are brownish, and are very rough from a multitude of rigid bristles, especially towards the tail. The fly itself is of a reddish-ochre co- lour, freckled with dark brown, and there are two spiny processes like short horns upon the thorax, in the female at least. It is densely clothed with short hairs, thickly and distinctly punctured, and of an olive-green colour, with a brassy tinge; the antenna? (feelers) are entirely black, the seta naked ; the face is verv 22 hairy, simply convex, and silvery white ,' eyes dark brown, and slightly hairy ; ros- trum very short ; thorax with two whitish lines down the back. The maggots of this fly do not seem to be confined to the onion, for Mr. Curtis bred one in the middle of May from cabbage-roots, and specimens have been taken flying about hedges in June and July, in the neigh- bourhood of London and Bristol. As it often happens, the female has not been observed depositing her eggs ; the spot that she selects is therefore yet unknown. Drought does not suit them. Etjno'mia. (From eu, well, and nomos, arranged ; referring to the disposition of the leaves in pairs and twin seeds. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15- Tetradynamia. Allied to Lepidium.) Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds under a glass, in spring ; cuttings under a glass, in summer ; com- mon sandy soil ; requires the protection of a pit, in most places, in winter ; may be treated as an alpine. E. oppositifo'Ka (opposite-leaved). 1. White. July. Syria. 1827. Euo'nymus. The Spindle-tree. (From eu, good, and onoma, a name ; literally, of good repute. Nat. ord., Spindle-trees, [Celastracese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) Interesting tree* and shrubs in autnmn, their opening capsules looking very beautiful when other things are losing their attractions. Seeds may be sown either in autumn or spring ; cut- tings of ripe young shoots may be planted in a border in autumn ; common soil. The American species require a moist situation. Those from Nepaul, though from a high altitude, have not been proved quite hardy, though it is presumed they would in many places ; protect them in winter. HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. E. Ckine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Pink. May. China. 1820. — eehina'tus (prickly). 10. White. May. Ne- paul. 1824. Deciduous. — grandifltfrus (large-flowered). 8. White. June. Nepaul. 1824. — Hamiltonia'nus (Hamilton's). 20. White. June. Nepaul. J 825. — Japo'nicus (Japanese). 6. Pink. July. Japan. 1804. — macula'tus (spotted). 6. Pink. July. Japan. 1836. — — — variega'tus (variegated). 6. Pink. Jul v. Japan. 1836. HARDY DECIDUOUS. B. America'nus (American). 6. Pink. June. N. Amer. 1683. — angusti/o'litis (narrow-leaved). 6. Yellow, red. June. N. Amer. 1806. Evergreen. — a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). 6. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1756. — Europeans (European). 15. White. Junes Britain. £UP [ 335 ] EUP E. Europeans fcfliis variega'tis (variegated - leaved). IS. White. May. Britain. fru eto-a'lbo (white-fruited;. 12. White. Mav. Britain. latifo'Uus (broad-leaved). 15. White. Mar. nanus (dwarf). 4. White. May. —fimhria'tus (fringed). Green. May. Japan. — latifo'Uus (broad-leaved). 10. Green. June. Austria. 1730. — lu'cidus (shining). /• White. Nepaul. 1820. — oboccftus (reversed-egg-Zeaced). 3. Fink. June. N. Amer. 1820. — ti'ngens (staining). Green. Japaa. — veluWnu* (velvety). White. June. Caucasus. 1838. — verruco'sut (waited). 6. Green. May. Austria. 1763. Eupato'rium. (Named after Mithri- dates Eupator, King of Pontus, who dis- "•/overed one of the species to be an anti- dote against poison. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere]. Linn., 12-Syngenesia 1- JEqualis.) Stove shrubs and under-shrubs, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam ; stove, greenhouse, and hardy herbaceous plants, by .division, as fresh growth is commencing ; com- mon soil. Usual stove and greenhouse tempera- lures. STOVE HERBACEOUS. E. Berteroia'num (Bertero's). White. August. Guadaloupe. 1830. — iafnthinum (violet). 3. Purple. January. Mexico. 1849. — itafo'lium (iva-leaved). 3. Pink. Septem- ber. Jamaica. 179*- — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 4. White. July. Jamaica. 1823. — panicula turn (panicled). 6. Pink. August. S. Amer. 1818. — Schiedea'num (Schiede's). White. Jane. Mexico. 1833. STOVE EVERGREENS. E. eane'scens (hoary). 3. Purple, yellow. Ja- maica. 1821. >- charruedrifo'lium (germander-leaved). 1. Blue. August. S. Amer. 1822. — Da'lea (Dalea-like). 6. Pmk. August. Ja- maica. 1773. *■ floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 1J. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1823. — odora'tum (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. August. Jamaica. 1752. — tetrago'num (four-sided). White. Mexico. 1832. ~ Xmlape'nse (Xalapa). 3. White. July. Mexico. 1826. HARDY HERBACEOUS. £. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). 4. White. Au- gust. N. Amer. l6»0. — alti'ssimum (tallest). 5. Pink. September. N. Amer. 1699. *■ croma'ticum (aromatic). 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1739. >- eannabi'num (hemp-like. Agrimony). 4. Pink. July. Britain. -»- coronopifo'lium (coronopus-leaved). 3. White. August. Carolina. 1824. >- fcenicuta'ceum (fennel-feared). 4. Pale yellow* August. N. Amer. 1S07. «- Frastfrt (Fraser'sl. 1$. White. August. Carolina. 1820. E. hyssopi/o'lium (nyssop-leaved). 1. Wi»^, August. N. Amer. 1699. — lanceola'tum (spear-head-feaced). 3. White. July. N. Amer. 1819. — macula'tum (tpotted-stalked). 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1606. — perfolia'tum (pierced-leaved). 2. White. July. N. Amer. 1699. — pubescent (downy). 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1819. — purpu'reum (purple-*ra/Aced). 5. Pink. Au* gust. N. Amer. 1640 — rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. White. July. N. Amer. 1699. — aetsUi/o'iium (stalkless-leaved). 1. White. September. N. Amer. 1777. — Syria'cum (Syrian). 4. Purple. August. Syria. 1807. — trifolia'tum (tbree-leaved). 6. Purple. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1768. — trunca'tum (cut-off). 14. White. September. N. Amer. 1800. — verticilla'tum (whorl -leaved). 5. Purple. August. N. Amer. 1811. Eupe'talum. (From eu, handsome, and petalum, a petal; referring to the large handsome flowers. Nat ord., Be- goniads [Begoniaceae]. Linn., 21-Monce- i cia 7-Heptandria.) Stove herbaceous perennial ; division of the plant ; cuttings of shoots when young, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80° j winter, 45 3 to 55°. E. puncta'tum (dotted). Rose, scarlet. May. Mexico. 1839. Eupho'rbia. Spurge, or Milkwort. (Named after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania. Nat. ord., Spurge- worts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., ll-Dode- candria 3-Trigynia.) The unripe seed-pods of E. lafthyru* are the British capers. A large family, widely differing in their habits. Hardy annuals may be sown in the open border, in April; but, with the excep- tion of plumo'sa and a few more, the rest are not worth ground-room. Even the tropical an- nuals are little better ; they require to be raised in a hotbed and transplanted. Herbaceous per- ennials are chiefly hardy ; divisions of the plant, and seeds ; sandy soil ; shrubs and under-shrubs chiefly require a dry stove and warm greenhouse, au.d are propagated by seeds and by cuttings, which should be dried at the base before placing in any rough, loose material. The species which are firm and hard require a rich, light loam, with a little peat j those that are very succulent should have a large portion of lime-rubbish and broken bricks. Winter temp., not much below 45°. There are two sub-evergreen shrubs, natives of England, amygdaloi'des and chara'eias, both of which, and especially the latter, do well for rock- work. Spino'sa, from the south of Europe, did well in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge. HARDY ANNUALS. *. globo'sa (globular). 1. July. 1818. Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). l£. July X-. 1816. — plumo'sa (feathery). July. 1818. — ru bra (red), i. June. France. I8*« I EUP EUP B. serpytlifo'lia (thvme-leaved). J. July. S. Amer.' 1817. — Tau'riea (Taurian). 1. June. Tauria. 1S20. — variega'ta (variegated). September. Louisi- ana. 1811. STOVE ANNUALS. E. hi'rta (hairy). £. July. E. Ind. 1818. — ophtha'lmica (ophthalmic). }. July. Rio Janeiro. 1824. — scorrfi/o'/i'a (scordium-leaved). £. July. Africa. 1823. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN'S. E. aphy'lla (leafless). Ij. Teneriffe. 1815. — a'pios (pear-rooted). |. July. Candia. 159<5. — a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. July. Tene- riffe. 1815. — balsatni'fera (balsam-hearing). June. Cana- ries. 1779. — frvtico'sa (shrubby). 1. June. Sicily. 1824. — imbrica'ta (imbricated). 1. August. Portu- gal. 1804. — Ice'ta (joyous). 1. June. 1758. — nummularicefo'lia (moneywort -leaved). J. July. 1800. — ornitWpvs (bird*s-foot). 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — spathuleefo'lia (spatula-leaved). 2. August. 1800. — spino'sa (prickly). 2. June. Levant. 1710. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. E. Ale'ppica (Aleppo). 1. July. Europe. 1820. — erythri'na (erythrina). 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — margina'ta (bordered). 1. June. S. Amer. 1824. — prunif&lia (plum-leaved). 2. August. 1799. Biennial. — serra'ta (narrow-sa.w-leaved). 1. July. South Europe. 1710. STOVE EVERGREENS. S. anaeampseroi'des (anacampseros - like). 1. S. Amer. — antiquo'rum (antique). 9. April. E. Ind. 1768. — biglandulo'sa (twin-glanded). 3. Bourbon. 1808. — Bo'jeri (Bojer's). 4. Scarlet. November. Madagascar. — braetea'ta (bracted). lj. August. 1869. — bryo'nii (bryony-like). Scarlet. — bupleuri/o'lia (bupleurum-leaved). lj. Au- gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1793. — Canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. July. Canaries. 1697. — carule'scens (bluish). 3. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — ca'put Medu'ste (great- Medusa-headed). 2. August. Africa. 1731; pu'mila{ dwarf). 1. August. Capeof Good Hope. 1768. — eereifo'rmis (cercus-shapcd). 2. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. — Commeli'ni (Commelin's). August. Africa. 1805. — cri'spa (curled). J. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1819. — cucvmeri'na (cucumber-like). $. Juns. Cape of Good Hope. — enneago'na (nine-angled). 3. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — fructutpi'na (soine-fruited). |. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. gemina'ta (twin- branched). J. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. ~fu'lgens (blazing). 4. Scarlet. August. Mexico. 1836. . gra'ndidens (large-toothed). 5. July. Cap« of Good Hope. 1823. - grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 6. Sierra Leone. 1789. ■ Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 1. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. ■heptago'na (seven-angled). 3. September Cape of Good Hope. 1731. ru'bra (red-spined). 4. September. Cape of Good Hope. 1731. ■ hy'strix (porcupine). 6. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1695. ■ la'ctea (milky). 4. July. E. Ind. 1804. ■ Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). 1$. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1808. ■ laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 2. Peru. 1820. • linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. \V. Ind. 1774. ■ linea'ris (narrow-fea»erf). July. Vera Cruz. 1824. • lophogo'na (crested-angled). 3. Madagascar. 1824. • magnima'mma (large-nippled). 3. Mexico. 1823. ■ mammilla'ris (nippled-ang-Zed). 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/59. ■ melofo'rmis (melon- shaped), f . July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. ■ myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1699. - odoniophy'Ua (tooth-leaved). 5. Cape cf Good Hope. 1824. ■ officina'rum (shop). 6. June. Africa. 1597. •pefndula (hanging-down). 1. 1808. • procu'mbens (lving-down). £. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1768. ■puni'cea (scarlet-cowered). 6. April. Ja- maica. 1778. • repa'nda (wavy-edged). 2. August. E. Ind. 1808. ■ tple'ndens (shining). 4. Scarlet. June. Isle of France. 1826. ■ squarro'sa (spreading). J. tetrago'na (four-angled). 4. ■ tubero'sa (tuberous), j. July. Cap* of Good Hope. 1808. uncina'ta (hooked). 2> July. Cape of Good Hope. 179*. verticilla'ta (whorled). August. W.Ind. 1826. HARDY EVERGREENS. . amygdaloi'des (almond-like). 2. April. Eng* land. variega'ta (striped-featied). 2. March. Britain. chara'eias (characias). 4. April. England. • dendroi'des (tree-like). $. July. Italy. 1/68. HARDY HERBACEOUS. . angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Trinidad. 1827. ■ Atla'ntica (Atlantic). 1. June. South Europe. 1818. • biumbella'ta (douhle-umbelled). 1. Barbary. 1780. • caspito'sa (turfy), f. July. Italy. 1820. ■ Corderia'na (Corderi's). 1. May. South Europe. 1824. • ienticula'ta (small-toothed). 1. June. South Europe. 1810. - du'lcis (sweet). 1. July. South Europe. 1/S9. ■flavi'coma (yellow-haired), lj. July. South France. 1820. - longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. June. Nepaul.1823. - multicorymbo'sa (many-corymbed). 1. July* :so5. - PorSla'ndica (Portland). J. Britain. - vurptira'ta (purpled). 1. June, France. 1620 EUP C 310 ] EUS E. trunca'ta (cut-off). July. South Europe. 1820. — Valeriu'ncB (Valerian-teaeed). July. Siberia. 1818. — villo'sa (shaggy). 2. June. Hungary. 1820. Eupho'eia. See Nephe'lium. Eubhra'sia. Eyebright. (Erom euphrai- no, to delight ; fabled to cure blindness. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 1^-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Bartsia.) Hardy annuals. Seeds, in March or April, in the open border. E. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Europe. 1827, — linifo'lia (flax-leaved). J. Purple. August. France. 1826. — lu'tea (yellow). 14. Turple. August. South Europe. 1816. Eupoma'tia. (From eu, well, and foma, a lid; the calyptra covering the unexpanded flower like an extinguisher. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anonacea?]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 3-Polygynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. E. lauri'na (laurel-like). 4. Greenish-yellow. N. Holland. 1824. Eu'eya. (From eurys, large ; referring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Theads [Tern- stromiacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1- Moncecia. Allied to Freziera.) Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of ripened •hoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy peat, with a glass over them ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a portion of silver-sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. E. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. White. June. China. 1823. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. White. Ne- paul. 1823. Eury'ale. (The name of one of Ovid's Gorgons, whose heads he fabled to he covered with vipers instead of hair; re- ferring to the tierce aspect of the plant in flower. Nat. ord., Waterlilies [Nymphae- acese]. Linn., lS-Polyandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Victoria regia.) The leaves of Euryale in the East Indies vie with those of Victoria; but its flowers are incon- spicuous. The seeds are eatable. Stove aquatic. Seeds and divisions ; loamy soil, in a tub set in water, and kept at a high temperature. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°. K.fe'rox (fierce). Red. August. India. 1809. Eury'bia. (From euribies, wide-spread- ing; referring to the roots. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synge- vesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Aster.) All the greenhouse species are from New Hol- land. Division of the plant in spring, like an au- tumn Aster; common soil. Usual greenhouse tem- perature. HARDY. HERBACEOUS. E. corymbo'sa (corvmbed). 2. White. July. N, Amer. 1765. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. B. aculea'ta (pricklv-Zeaued). 2. White. March. 1818. — argophy'lla (white-leaved). 10. White. March. 1804. — chryso'tricha (golden-haired). 2. — erube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. May. — glutinu'su (clammy). Pale violet. — lyra'ta (lyre-leaned). 3. White. September. N.S.Wales. 1812. — myrsinoi'des (myrsine-like). 3. Pale purple. May. N. Holland. 1835. Eu'rycles. (From eurys, broad, and klas, a branch; referring to the broad leaves or branch-like footstalks. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca- lostemma.) Store bulbs, requiring rest in winter. Seeds, but chiefly offsets ; light, sandy loam, and a little vegetable-mould, or very rotten cow-dung; wa- tered and heat given when growing, drier and cooler when resting. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. E. Amboine'nsis (Amboyna). 2. White. May. Amboyna. 17»9. — Auttralu'sica (Australasian). I. White. May. N. Holland. 1821. Eury'coma. (From eurys, large, and home, a head of hair; in reference to fringe-like hairs on the ovary. Nat. ord., Connarads [Connaraceae]. Linn., 5-Pen- tandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen. For culture see Co'njcarus. Erytha'lia. See Gentia'na. Euste'gia. (From eu, good, and stege t a covering; referring to the bractes. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiacefe], Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynla. Allied to Peplonia.) Greenhouse evergreen trailer. Cuttings in sandy soil, and by trailing runners ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. E. hasta'ta (halbert-ton-ecZ). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Eusto'ma. (From eusloma, a beautiful mouth; referring to the opening of the flower. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentiana- cea;]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Leianthus.) Seeds sown in a slight hotbed in March, and transplanted into the border in May, and some in the end of April. E. exalla'tum by division, and cool greenhouse treatment. E. exalta'tum (tall). 2. Purple. July. Mexico. 1804. Greenhouse herbaceous. — Russellia'num (Russell's). Purple. August. Texas. 1835. Hardy biennial. — f iienifo'lia (silene-leaved). 1. White. JUI7. Isle of Providence. 1804. Hardy annual EUS [ 341 ] EYO Ett'steephtjs. (From eu, good, and slrepho, to twine; literally, beautiful twiners. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., G-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Dianella.) Half-hardy evergreen twiners, from New South Wales, with pale purple flowers. Cuttings of firm young shoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy soil, under a glass; sandy peat. They will bear the same treatment as Dianella. B. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. July. 1820. — latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1800. Euta'ssa and Euta'cta, synonymes for Arauca'ria Cunninghu'mii and exce'lsa. Euta'xia. (From eutaxia, modesty; referring to the delicate aspect of the flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 1Q-Becandria 1-Mo- nogynia. Allied to Dillwynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Cuttings of short young shoots, getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; peat and loam, in equal propor- tions. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. E. myrtifu'lia, with a little protection, will do against a wall near London. E. Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 6. Yellow. 1830. — myrtifo'liu (myrtle-leaved), l£. Orange. Au- gust. 1803. — pu'ngens (pungent). 4. Orange. May. 1825. Etjte'epe. (After Euterpe, one of the nine Muses. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma- ceae]. Linn., 21-Monozcia G-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.) Stove palms. Seeds ; rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°, and moist ; winter, 50° to 60°. E. Cariba'a (Caribean). 30. W. Ind. 1656. — globo'sa {round-fruited). 30. Mauritius. 1819. — monta'na (mountain). Yellow. Grenada. 1815. Ardca olera'cea and pisifo'rmis are sometimes included erroneously in this genus. Eu'thales. (FrGm eu, well, and thaleo, to push or sprout. Nat. ord., Goodeniads [Goodeniaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Leschenaultia.) A singular characteristic of Goodeniads may be seen in the flower of Leschenaultia ; the stigma is placed in the bottom of a cup, or indusium, and when the pollen is shed, the cup closes over the stigma; whether it does so in others has not been recorded. Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, in April or May, or early in autumn; peat and loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. J3. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 4. Yellow, brown. July. 1839. — trine'rvis (three-nerved). 1. Purple, yellow. July. 1803. Etjtha'mia. See Solida'go. Eu'toca. (From cntokos, fruitful ; re- ferring to the abundance of seeds. Nat. ord, Hydrophyls [Hydrophylacese], Linr,., Sb-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Nemophila.) Hardy annuals and biennials, from North Ame- rica. Seeds sown in the border in April, or on a slight hotbed, and transplanted; sow or plant thinly, or the leaves will become diseased. HAEDY ANNUALS. E. divurica'ta (straggling). Light violet. May. — Menzie'sii (Menzies's). Purple. June. 1826. — parviflu'ra (small-flowered). Blue. June. 1826. — vi'scida {clammy-haired) . 2. Brown, rose. 1834. — Wrangelia'na (WrangePs). 1 Blue. August. 1S35. HAEDY BIENNIALS. E. Franhli'ni (Franklin's). 1. Pink. May. 1827. — tnultiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1$. Pink. June. 1826. — teri'cea (silky). 1. Blue. June. 1827. Euxe'nia. (From eu, beautiful, and xenos, a stranger. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. IQ-Syngenesia b-Segregata. Allied to Petrobium.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in spring or autumn, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. E. gra'ta (pleasant). 2. Yellow. Chili. 1825. Eyely'na. (Named after John Evelyn, our first good writer on trees, &c. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- Gynandrial-Monandria. Allied to Bletia.) Stove orchids, some of which are terrestrial, and may be grown in loam and peat, like Bletia ; the others in shallow baskets and blocks of wood, with sphagnum-moss. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60° ; divisions. E. bracte'scens (hrncled). Red. July. Merida. — capita'ta (headed). White. August. Sierra Neva. — columna'ris (columned). White. Purple. June. Sierra Neva. — ensa'ta (sword-leaved). Carmine. August. Sierra Neva. — fluve'scens (yellowish). Yellow. May. Truxillc- — furfura'cea (purplish). Scarlet. June. Merida. — kermesi'na (carmine). Bright carmine. . Ja- nuary. Mariquita. — lupuli'na (lupine-like). Rose. August. Sierra Neva. Evening Flowee. He'sperus. Evening Peimeose. CEnothc'ra. Eveegeeens are such plants as do not shed all their leaves at any one time during the year. Eveegeeen Thobn. Cratce'gus pyra- ca'ntha. Eveelasting. Gnapha'Uum. Everlasting Pea. La'thyrus latifo'lius. Evo'dia. (From evodia, sweet scent; referring to that of the leaves. Nat. ord., Rueworls [PiUtaceaa]. Linn., ±-Tetran- dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Pilocarpus.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- heat, in April ; light, fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. E. triphy'lla (three-leaved). 7. White. E. Ind. 1821. EVO [ 342 ] EXT Evoxvulus. (From evolvo, the oppo- site to Convolvulus; referring to the plants not twining. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2- Digynia. Allied to Convolvulus.) For culture tee Cohvo'lvulus. All blue, flowered trailer*, except where otherwise speciied. HARDY ANNUAL. E. NuttfUiimfnus (Nuttall's). *. July. N. Aw. 1824. STOVE EVERGREENS. E. cxru'leus (sky-blue). July. Jamaica. 1545. — lanceola'tut (spear-head-feared). June. S. Amer. 1818. — lati/o'tiut (broad-leaved). 3. White. June. Brazil. 1819. — purpu'reo-cceru'leus (purplish-blue). J J. July. Jamaica. 1845. — vilU/tut (shaggy). I. July. S. Amer. 181*. STOVE ANNUALS. E. alsinoi'des (chickweed-like). 4- July. E. Ind. 181/. — emargina'tus (end-notched). 1. September. E. Ind. 1816. — Gangefticus (Ganges). I. July. E. Ind. 1820. — hirsu'tut (hairy). $. July. Trinidad. 1818. — inca'nus (hoary). |. July. S. Amer. 1810. — lini/o'lius (flax-leaved). 2. August. Jamaica. 1732. i (moneywort-like). J. September. Jamaica. 1816. — terfeeus (silky). J. White. July. W. Ind. 1816. E'xacum. (From ex, out of, ago, to drive ; supposed virtue of expelling poison. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn., ^.Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Chironia.) Hardy annuals. Sow in April, in a moist bor- der, in which there is a portion of peat. JE. maera'nthum (large-flowered). 14. Purple. December. Ceylon. 1853. — putchefllum (pretty), i. Pink. August. New Jersey. 1826. — tetrago'num (four-angled), lj. Blue. August. Nepaul. 1820. — -^—bVcolor (two-coloured). 1. Pale purple. June. Corcan. 1846. Exoeca'ria. (From excaco, to blind ; the juice and smoke of burning branches injure the eye-sight Nat. ord., Spurge- worts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 22-Diacia lS-Polyandria. Allied to Gussonia and Hippomane.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers ; cuttings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in •pring or autumn ; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 48° to 55°. E. Agallo'cha (Ceylon). 5. May. E. Ind. 1820. — glandulo'sa (glanded). 5. May. Jamaica. 1821. — terra 1 to. (saw-ieared). 6. May. Chili. 1796. Excrescence. Independently of Galls, which are caused by the punctures of insects, and the swellings which always accompany Canker, the excrescences which injure the gardener's crops are very few. That which appears above the point of union between the scion and stock is caused by the former being the freer grower of the two, and is a warning that should be remembered, for it cur- tails tho longevity of the tree, the supply of sap gradually becoming inefficient. The excrescences which occur upon the branches of some apples, as those of the codling and June eating, cannot be looked upon as disease, for they arise from con- geries of abortive buds, which readily protrude roots if buried in the soil, mak- ing those among the few apples which can be propagated by cuttings. Of a similar nature are the huge excrescences so prevalent on aged oaks and elms. Bul- bous excrescences are formed upon the roots of many plants if compelled to grow upon a soil drier than that which best suits them. This is the case especially with two grasses, Phle'um prate'nse and Alope'curus genicula'tus, and is evidently a wise provision of a nature to secure the propagation of the species, for those bulbs will vegetate long after the re- mainder of the plant has been destroyed by the excessive dryness of the soil. Exogo'nium. (From exo, external, and gonu, a joint ; referring to the stems. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomsea.) E. pu'rga is the true source of the best kind of Jalap. A beautiful crimson-flowered, greenhouse twiner, not a stove climber, as mentioned erro- neously in books : we have even flowered it beau- tifully in the open air. Greenhouse evergreen twiners ; cuttings of short side-shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Sum- mer temp., 55° to /5° ; winter, 45° to 50°. E.filifo'rme (thread-shaped). 10. Purple. Oc- tober. W. Ind. 1823. — pu'rga (purgative. True Jalap). 10. Rose, purple. September. Vera Cruz. 1838. — repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. June. W. Ind. 1793. Exoste'mma. (From exo, externally, and stemma, a crown ; referring to the flower-heads. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Luculia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 60° j win- ter, 50° to 55°. E. longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 30. White. June. Caraccas. 1820. Exotics. Plants belonging to a country different from that in which they are growing. Extravasated Sap may arise from fiva causes. EXT EYS 1. The acrid or alkaline state of the sap, which has been considered already, when treating of the Canker. 2. Plethora, or that state of a plant's excessive vigour in which the sap is formed more rapidly than the circulatory vessels can convey it away. "When this occurs, rupture must take place. If the extravasation proceeds from this cause, there is but one course of treatment to be pursued — root-pruning, and reducing the staple of the soil, by removing some of it, and admixing less fertile earthy components, as sand or chalk. This must be done gradually, for the fibrous roots that are suited for the collection of food from a fertile soil are not at once adapted for the introsusception of that from a less abundant pasturage. Care must be taken not to apply the above remedies before it is clearly ascertained that the cause is not an unnatural contraction of the sap vessels, because, in such case, the treatment might be injurious rather than beneficial. We have always found it arising from an excessive production of sap, if the tree, when afflicted by ex- travasation, produces at the same time super-luxuriant shoots. 3. Local contraction of the sap ves- sels. — If the extravasation arises from this cause, there is usually a swelling of the bark immediately above the place of discbarge. In such a case the cultivator's only resource is to reduce cautiously the amount of branches, if the bleeding threatens to be injuriously extensive, otherwise it is of but little consequence, acting, like temporary discharges of blood, as a relief to the system. 4. The extravasation of the sap from a wound is usually the most exhausting, and as the wound, whether contused or cut, is liable to be a lodgement for water and other foreign bodies opposed to the healing of the injured part, the discharge is often protracted. This is especially the case if the wound be made in the spring, before the leaves are developed, as in performing the winter pruning of the vine later than is proper. In such case, the vine always is weakened, and in some instances it has been destroyed. 5. Heat attended by dryness of the soil, as during the drought of summer, is very liable to produce an unnatural exudation. This is especially noticeable upon the leaves of some plants, and is popularly known as honey-dew. It is somewhat analogous to that outburst ol blood, which in such seasons is apt to occur to man, and arises from the in- creased action of the secretory and circu- latory system to which it affords relief. There is this great and essential differ- ence, that, in the case of plants, the ex- travasation is upon the surface of the leaves, and in proportion, consequently, to the abundance of the extruded sap ar© their respiration and digestion impaired. Azaleas sometimes, but rarely, have the hairs on their leaves, especially on their lower surface, beaded, as it were, with a resinous exudation. This can scarcely be called a disease. It is never found but upon plants that have been kept in a temperature too high, and in a soil too fertile. It is an effort to relieve the surcharged vessels, and occurs in various forms in other plants. The various successful applications of liquids to plants, in order to prevent the occurrence of the honey-dew and similar diseases, would seem to indicate that a morbid state of the sap is the chief cause of the honey-dew, for otherwise it would be difficult to explain the reason wby the use of a solution of common salt in water, applied to the soil in which a plant is growing, can prevent a disease caused by insects. But if we admit that the irregular action of the sap is the cause of the disorder, then we can under- stand that a portion of salt introduced in the juices of the plant would naturally have an influence in correcting any mor- bid tendency, either preventing the too rapid secretion of sap, stimulating it in promoting its regular formation, or pre- serving its fluidity ; and that by such a treatment the honey-dew may be en- tirely prevented, we have often witnessed when experimentalizing with totally different objects. Thus we have seen plants of various kinds, which have been treated with a weak solution of common salt and water, totally escape the honey- dew, where trees of the same kind growing in the same plot of ground not so treated, have been materially injured by its ravages. Eye-bkight. Euphrasia. Eysenha'rdtia. (Named after Eysen- hardt, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia fall prematurely, and much care is necessary. Regular wa- terings the moment they are dry, and an avoidance of atmospheric extremes, are the best prevent! res. Most good culti- vators make a poi ot of pinching the ends of the young shoots when about six or eight eyes or bui Is in length ; this soon causes the fruit to form in the axils of the leaves. Frequent syringings should be practised in the growing season; and when at rest they should never b& subjected to a lower temperature than 40°. Under all circumstances, the fig delights in a soil somewhat moist: a neg- lect of watering when necessary, even for a day, may cause them to cast their fruit. Fruit. — Its use is almost entirely confined to the ripe state, as dessert; as for keeping, if such is attempted, it must be on the retarding system, by par- tial shade, and a lowering of temperature just before ripening. Insects.— The Red Spider and the Brown Scale alone cause any alarm to Fig cultivators. The spider must be combated by the syringe, by an occa- sional dusting of sulphur, and by dress- ing the shoots all over, before commenc- ing forcing, with soap water and sulphur; three ounces of soft soap to a gallon of warm water, well beat up, adding four handsful of sulphur, will make a mixture, which, brushed into every crevice, will extirpate both scale and spider. Sulphur, however, should be used on the pipes during the growing season. Fig Marigold. Mesembrya'nthemum. Figure-of-8 Moth. Episema. Fti^ert. See Co'rylus. Fimbria'ria. (From fimbria, fringe; a second name for Schica'nnia, a fine shrub with fringed leaves; hence the synouyme. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mai- FIN [ 351 J FLO pighiaceffl]. Linn., 10-Decandria i-Pen- tagynia. . Allied to Camarea.) Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring or summer, and plunged in a sweet bottom-heat; sandy loam, turfy peat, a little silver sand, and a few pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. F. e'legans (elegant). Yellow. S. Amer. 1842. FlNGERS-AND-TOES. See AMBURY. Finochio, or Azorean Fennel (Ane'- ihum Azo'ricum) cannot be cultivated successfully in this country. Fir. Pi'nus. Fire. See Furnace. Fish. See Animal Matters. Fische'ria. (Named after Dr. Fischer, A St. Petersburgh. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacea?]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Gonolobus.) Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots, young or old, in light, open soil, and in heat; peat and loam, with broken bricks and charcoal mixed with the compost, in addition to good drainage. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°. F. sca'ndens (climbing). Green, yellow. May. S. Amer. 1826. Fitzro'ya. (So called after Capt. B. Fitzroy, R.N., commander of a surveying expedition. Nat., ord., Conifers [Coni- ferae]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Po!yandria.) Evergreen hardy tree. Cultivated like the Ce'drus deoda'ra. F. Patago'nira ( Patagonian). 80. Yellow, green. Patagonia. Flacou'rtia. (Named after E. Fla- court, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Bixads [Flacourtiaceaj]. IAnn.,22-Dicecia 12-Polyandria.) Stove evergreens with white flowers, the fruit of which is wholesome. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in April, in sand, and in heat, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. F. cataphra'eta (all-armed). 4. E. Ind. 1804. —flave'scens (yellowish). 15. Guinea. 1/80. — ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. E. Ind. 1819. — Ramohitchi (Ramontchi). 12. July. Mada- gascar. 1/75. — rhamnoi'dus (rhamnus-like). 4. Cape of Good Hope. 18)6. — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 12. E.Ind. 1820. — - sa'pida (Well-tasted. Esculent). 10. E.Ind. 1800. — sepia'ria (hedge). 6. E.Ind. 1816. Flagella'ria. (From Jlagello, to whip or scourge ; in reference to the long, flexi- ble shoots. Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Com- melinaceae]. Linn., G-Hexandria 3- Trigynia.) Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, but chiefly by suckers; peat and loam ; more curious than beautiful ; leaves Flake is the term by which a carnation is distinguished that has two colours only, and these extending through the length of the petals. Flame-Lily. Pyroli'rion. Flax. Li'num. Flax -Lily. Pho'rmium. 'FiAX-ST&B..Lysima'chiali'numstella'tum. Flinde'rsia. (Named in honour of Capt. M. Flinders, R.N., who explored the coast of New Holland in the begin- ning of this century.. Nat. ord., Cedrelads [Cedrelaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Chloroxylon.) A greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. F. austra'lis (southern). 60. White. N. Hol- land. 1823. Floresti'na. (Derivation not ex- plained. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera- cea?]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia l-2Equalis. Allied to Bahia.) Seeds of callo'sa in the open ground, in April ; seeds of peda'ta in a hotbed, in March, and transplanted in May to a sheltered situation, or grown in a cool greenhouse. F. callo'sa (hardened). 1$. White. June. Arkansas. 1824. — peda'ta (double-lobed./eaceii). White. July. Mexico. 1803. Florets. The small stalkless flowers united on a common undivided recep- tacle, and enclosed in one common calyx to form a compound flower. Florist. A dealer in flowers, flowering shrubs, and their seeds. Florists' Flowers are those which, by their beauty or fragrance, power to produce permanent varieties, and facility of cultivation, are so largely in demand as to render them especially worthy of cultivation as an article of commerce. Mr. Glenny has justly enumerated the necessary characteristics of a florists' flower to be — 1st. The power to be per- petuated and increased by slips and other modes independent of its seed. 2ndly. The power to produce new varieties from seed, capable, like their parent, of being perpetuated; and, thirdly, it must pos- sess sufficient interest and variety to be grown in collections. At present, the chief florists' flowers are the Amaryllis, Anagallis, Anemone, Auricula, Calceolaria, Carnation, Chry- santhemum, Cineraria, Crocus, Dahlie, Fritillary, Fuchsia, Gladiolus, Hyacinth, Hydrangea, Ixia, Iris, Lily, Lobelia, Narcissus, Pansy, Peony, Pelargonium, Petunia, Phlox, Pink, Polyanthus, lla- nunculus, Rhododendron, Rose, Tulip, Tuberose Verbena. FLO C 352 ] FLO Flower. See Bloom. Flower Fence. Poincia'na. Flowering Ash. O'rnus. Flower of Jove. Ly'chnisflo's Jo'vis. Flower-Garden is that portion of the ground in the vicinity of the residence disposed in parterres and borders, te- nanted by flowers and flowering shrubs, and among walks and lawns, so that the occupiers of the house may have ready access to what is so beautiful inform, co- lour, and fragance. See Landscape Gar- dening, Plantation, &c. Flower-Pots are of various sizes and names : — Thimbles and thumbs ; any size under three inches diameter at the top. Width of top Depth in Old in inches. inches. Name. Three-inch pot. . 3 4 60s Five-inch 5 5 48s Six-inch 6 6 32s Eight-inch .... 8 8 24s Nine-inch 9 9 16s Eleven-inch .... 11 10 12s Twelve-inch .... 12 a 8s Thirteen-inch .. 13 12 6s Fifteen-inch .... 15 13 4s Eigh teen-inch .. 18 14 2s In addition to the above, there is a description of flower-pots called uprights, which are used for growing bulbous plants, the roots of which do not spread laterally, but perpendicularly. They are deeper in proportion to their width than common flower-pots, and may be thus particularised : — Uprightl5-inch (Old upright 16.) Upright 8-inch lOld upright 24S) Upright 6-inch (Old upright *m Upright 5-inch Old upright ♦8.) *'= Used for growing 7, or a large mass of Gla- dioli, and third-sired bulbs of Japan lilies ; for ordinary-sized Al- strSmerias ; and for large tubers of Tro- pccfotum tricolo'rum and its allies. For 5 Hyacinths, Nar- cissi, or strong early tulips, like Golden Standard and Rex rubo'rum. For 3 Hyacinths, or Narcissi, and for 1 strong Gladiolus, Au- ricula, &c. For single Hyacinths, or Narcissi ; for 5 Ixias or Crocuses ; and for 4 dwarf early Tulips, such as the Van Houtte. For sizes larger than 15-inch it is needless to have any pots but those of the usual proportions. Thimbles are sometimes called " small nineties," and thumbs, " large nineties." The form and material also vary. Mr. Beck makes them very successfully of slate ; and the prejudice against glazed pots is now exploded. It was formerly considered important to have the pots made of a material as porous as possible ; but a more miserable delusion never was handed down untested from one generation to another. Stone- ware and china-ware are infinitely prefer- able, for they keep the roots more uni- formly moist and warm. Common garden-pots, if not plunged, should be thickly painted. Large pots have been recommended to be employed, and there is no doubt that this is a system much abridging the gardener's labour ; but as with due care small pots will produce magnificent specimen plants, we cannot recommend an adoption of large pots, in- suring as they do such an immense sacri- fice of room in the hot and greenhouses. Captain Thurtell, one of the most success- ful of growers of the Pelargonium, never employed pots larger than twenty-fours. It is usual to have saucers in which to place flower-pots when in the house, and so far as preventing stains and the oc- currence of dirt, they are deserving adop- tion ; but as to their being used for applying water to plants, they are worse than useless, except to plants almost aquatic. The great difficulty in pot culti- vation is to keep the drainage regular ; and no more effective preventive of thi s could be devised than keeping a pot in a saucer containing water. No plan for most cultivated plants could be invented more contrary to nature ; for we all know that she supplies moisture to the surface of the soil, and allows it to descend, thus supplying th e upper roots first. For draw- ings of various flower pots see Tlie Cottage Gardener, No. 6L Flower Stages are made for the exhi- bition of flowers at shows, in the green- house, and elsewhere. The following are some very judicious observations on the subject : — The first object in the construc- tion of stages should be to have them so formed and situated as to afford facili- ties for grouping plants ; the second should be to give plants more the ap- pearance of growing in borders than uoa* FLU L 3.03 } FOL artificial structures ; and the third to keep the pot out of sight. This is requisite for two reasons : first, hecause they are no ornament; and, secondly, that it is always desirable to protect the plant from being scorched by exposure to the sun. It is also desirable to adopt another mode of construction, for the purpose of giving plants that aspect which is most suited to their habits ; and, therefore, instead of placing the stages from the front to the back of the house, as is generally the case, let them be placed in groups of stages, thus producing an effect similar to the borders in a well-arranged flower-garden. The spectators, in their progress from group to group, would be attracted by the separate display in each, instead of having their attention drawn away by a whole blaze of beauty at once. Mr. Ainger, also, makes these good sug- gestions : — Stages are frequently formed of an equal or nearly equal series of as- cents, in consequence of which the upper plants are by no means so well seen as the lower ones. The proper plan is to commence by small elevations, gradually increasing as the shelves recede from the eye. The lowest shelf to be eighteen inches from the floor, the first rise is six inches, the next nine, twelve, fifteen, eighteen, twenty-one, and so on. The up"?er shelves should also be broader than the lower, for larger pots. The advan- tage of this arrangement, as commanding a better view of the flowers, is obvious. Flues are pipes formed of brick or slate, for conducting heated air through stoves or other buildings where a high artificial temperature is desired. It is a mode of heating much less used than formerly, being superseded by the much more manageable and effectual modes of heating by hot water ; and flues have the additional disadvantages, that they re- quire frequent sweeping, and that they emit a sulphurous fume that is injurious to plants, and disagreeable to the fre- quenters of the structures so heated. This has been obviated by using Valencia slates in the place of bricks; yet flues under few circumstances can compare with either the pipe or tank system of hot-water heating. When flues are em- ployed, they are constructed inside and near the walls of the building ; each flue eight or nine inches wide in the clear, by two or three bricks on edge deep, ranged horizontally one over the other the whole 83 length of the back wall, in three or four returns communicating with each other, continued, also, along the end and front walls in one or two ranges, to be used occasionally ; furnished with a regulator to slide open and shut as required, the whole proceeding from the first lower- most flue, which communicates imme- diately from the furnace or fire-place behind either the back wall at one end, or in the back part of the end walls ; or if very long stoves, or more than forty feet length, two fire-places are requisite, one at each end ; each having its set of flues ran^iv^ half-way ; each set of flues ter- minating in an upright chimney at the end of the back outside. Flues are merely chimneys horizontal, instead of being entirely upright, terminating, how- ever, generally in an upright tube or shaft, which discharges their contents into the open air. They are most effectual when they traverse the ends and the front of the house ; as, if the back wall is a solid material, there can he less danger of cold there. Arrangements must be made for a good draught, by having the bottom of the furnace two feet below the level of the bottom of the flue. The flue should, after entering the bouse, rise a little to the extreme end. It should stand a little raised above the floor, and never be place nsis (Chili), |. White. May. S.Amer. 1727. — colli'na (hill. Green Pine). 1. White. June. Germany. 1768. — efaVior (taller. Hautbois). Ij. White. May. Britain. — grandijlo'ra (Pine. Great - flowered). 1. White. May. Surinam. 1759. — Fndica (yellow. Indian). 1. Yellow. July. India. 1805. — Majauffea (Majaufe de Champ), i. White. May. France. — monophy'lla (one-leaved). I. White. May. 1773. — platanoi'des (plane-like). I. Red. May. N. Amer. — ve'sea (edible. Common trild). 1. White. May. Britain. — Virginia'na (Scarlet. Virginia.) 1. White. April. N. Amer. 1629. Frames are structures employed either ic forcing, or in protecting plants, and are of various sizes. According to the good practical rules of Ahercromhie, the one - light frame may he ahout four feet and a half in width from hack to front, and three feet six inches the other way; fifteen or eighteen inches high in the hack, and nine in front, with a glass sash or light, made to fit the top completely, to slide up and down, and move away occasionally. The two-light frame may be seven feet long, four and a half wide, and fifteen or eighteen inches high in the hack, with bars reaching from it at top to the front, serving hoth to strengthen the frame and help to support the lights ; the two lights to be each three feet six inches wide, made to fit the top of the frame exactly. The three-light frame should betenfeet six inches long, four and a half wide, and from eighteen inches to two feet high in the back, and from nine to twelve or fifteen inches in front — observing that those designed principally for the culture of melons may be rather deeper than for cucumbers, because they generally re- quire a greater depth of mould or earth on the beds ; though frames, eighteen or twenty inches in the back, and from nine to twelve in front, are often made to serve occasionally both for cucumbers and me- lons. Each frame should have two cross bars, ranging from the top of the back to that of the front, at three feet six inches distance, to strengthen the frame, and support the lights ; and the three lights should be each three feet six inches wide ; the whole together being made to fit the top of the frame exactly, every way in length and width. Sometimes the above sort of frames are made of larger dimensions than before specified; but in respect to this it should be observed, that if larger they are very inconvenient to move to different parts where they may be occasionally wanted, and require more heat to warm the in- ternal air; and in respect to depth par- ticularly, if they are but just deep enough to contain a due depth of mould, and for the plants to have moderate room to grow, they will be better than if deeper, as the plants will be then always near the glasses, which is an essential consideration in early work, and the internal air will be more effectually supported in a due temperature of warmth ; for the deeper the frame, the less in proportion will be the heat of the internal air, and the plants being far from the glasses will be some disadvantage in their early growth. Besides, a too deep frame, both in early and late work, is apt to draw the plants up weakly ; for they always naturally as- pire towards the glasses, and the more space there is, the more they will run up ; for which reason the London kitchen- gardeners have many of their frames not more than fourteen or fifteen inches high behind, and seven in front, especially those which are intended to winter the more tender young plants, such as cauli flower and lettuce, and for raising early small salad, herbs, radishes, &c. The wood-work of the back, ends, and front should be of inch or inch and a quarter deal, as before observed, which should be all neatly planed even and smooth on both sides ; and the joints, in framing them together, should be so close that no wet or air can enter. The cross-bars or bearers at top, for the sup- port of the glasses, should be about three inches broad and one thick, and neatly dovetailed in at back and front even with both edges, that the lights may shut down close, each having & groove or chan- nel along the middle to conduct off all wet falling between the lights. At the end of each frame, at top, should be a thin slip of board, four inches broad, up to the outside of the lights, being necessary to guard against cutting winds rushing in at that part immediately upon the plants, when the lights are occasionally ERA •J 357 ] FRA fitted 'behind for the necessary admission of fresh air, &c. With respect to the lights, the wood- work of the frame should be one inch and a half thick and two and a half broad ; and the bars for the immediate support of the glass-work should be about an inch broad, and not more than an inch and a half thick ; for, if too broad and thick, they would intercept the rays of the sun, %o should be only just sufficient to sup- port the lights, and be ranged from the back part to "the front, nine or twelve inches asunder. All the wood-work, both of the frames and lights, should be painted, to preserve them from decay. A lead colour will be the most eligible ; and if done three times over, outside and in, will preserve the wood exceedingly from the injuries of weather, and from the moisture of the earth and dung. Mr. Knight has suggested an important improvement in the form of frames. He observes, that the general practice is to make tbe surface of the bed perfectly horizontal, and to give an inclination to the glass. That side of the frame which is to stand towards the north is made nearly as deep again as its opposite ; so that if the mould is placed of an equal depth (as it ought to be) over the whole bed, the plants are too far from the glass at one end of the frame, and too near at the other. To remove this inconvenience, he points out the mode of forming the bed on an inclined plane; and the frame formed with sides of equal depth, and so put together as to continue perpendicular when on the bed, as represented in the accompanying sketch. There are several minor points in the construction of frames that deserve at- tention. The strips of lead or wood that sustain the panes of glass should run across the frame, and not lengthwise ■ ' they then neither obstruct so much * a entrance of light, nor the passing off or rain. The inside of the frame should be painted white, since plants generally suffer in them for want of light : if the accumulation of heat was required, the colour should be blaok. Raising the Frames. — It is a well-known difficulty that the gardener has in raising the frames so as to keep the foliage of the plants within them at a determined and constant distance from the glass. To remedy this, Mr. Nairn, gardener to J. Cresswell, Esq., of Battersea Priory, has introduced the ingenious contrivance represented in the accompanying sketch and references : — a, a moveable frame ; b b, inside lining of the pit ; c c, outer wall. Between these the sides of the frame pass, and are lowered or elevated by racks and spindles, d d. A more simple plan might perhaps be adopted, by having frames of the same length and breadth as the original, but only from an inch to three inches, or up- wards, deep. These, as necessary, might be put on the top, and would be kept close by the pressure of the lights ; bolts and nuts might also be easily applied, and the interstices rendered still more im- pervious to air by being faced with list. Glass and Glazing. — See Stove. Shelter for the Glass. — In proportion to the number of lights, matting for shading and sheltering must be at hand. The usual mode of covering at night is by laying on mats, and over these litter, in thickness according to the severity of the season. Some gardeners lay hay immediately in contact with the glass, and over this the mats. Every person conversant with these modes of shelter is aware of their inconvenience. In rainy weather they soon become wet, and rapidly chill the beds ; added to which, the trouble caused in placing and removing them, and the danger to the FKA [ 353 ] FRJ glass from the stones laid on as a resist- ance to the wind, are by no means in- considerable. Mr. Seton, to obviate these inconve- niences, employs a particular covering, which he constructs of four laths, two of such a length as to exceed a little that of the frame, and the others in a similar manner that of its breadth. These are bound together at right angles, so as to form a parallelogram of the form and size of the frame; and pieces are bound across this at a foot apart from each other. Over this a mat is spread, and over the mat a layer of straw is fastened, laid on level like thatch, from three to six inches thick, as may appear necessary. If the breadth of the frame is, or exceeds, four feet, it is best to have the covering in two parts, otherwise it becomes weak and un- wieldy. These pannels, as they may be called, Mr. Seton also employs in pie- serving tender plants through the winter. A pit of frames, earthed up all round, and covered •sith one of them, or two or three if needful, is completely impervious to frost. Substitute! for Glass. — Oilecl paper was formerly employed ; but this has been superseded by linen dressed with "Whit- ney's or Tanner's compositions ; or the gardener may employ the following pre- paration: — Old pale linseed-oil, three pints; sugar of lead (acetate of lead), one ounce; white resin, four ounces. Grind the acetate with a little of the oil, then add the rest and the resin. Incor- porate thoroughly in a large iron pot over a gentle fire; and, with a large brush, apply hot to a fine calico stretched loosely previously, by means of tacks, upon the frame. On the following day it is fit for use, and may be either done over a second time, or tacked on tightly to remain. — Gardener's Chronicle. The quantity made according to this recipe will be sufficient for about 100 square feet of calico. Francisce'a. We have referred the species to Brunsfelsia. Franco'a. (Named after F. Franco, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Francoads [Franco- acese]. Linn., 8-Octandria xaon garden-soil. GAL L 367 ] Q.punCta'ta (iottei-leaved). 2J. Violet, yel- low. August. Hungary. 1815. Ga'lax. (From gala, milk; referring to the milk-white flowers. Nat. ord., Win- Urgrcens [Pyrolacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pyrola.) Little bog-earth plants. Divisions in spring; moist, sandy peat ; may be treated as an alpine, as it is subject to casualties in the border. O. aphy'lla (leafless). 4. White. July. M. Amer. 1/86. Gala'xia. (From galaktido, to ahound in milk ; referring to the juice. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., IQ-Mona- delphial-Triandria. Allied to Patersonia.) Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Onsets ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam. In a state of rest keep in the greenhouse or cold pit. If planted in a sheltered place, out of doors, the roots must be protected from frost. O. grami'nea (grass-teaued). £. Light yellow. July.. 1/95. — grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). £. Dark yellow. July. 1799. — m-.tcronula'ris (hard-pointed). §. Purple. July. 1799- — ova'ta (egg-leaved). £. Dark yellow. July. 1/99. — versicolor (various-coloured). £. Purple. July. 1799. Galea'ndka. (From galea, a helmet, and aner, a stamen; referring to the crested male organ on the top of the column. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- cese] . Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Eulophia.) Stove terrestrial orchids. Fibry peat, and a little turfy loam, with some broken pots, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 85°, with moisture ; winter, 48° to 55°, and rather dry. G. Bau'eri (Mr. Bauer's). $. Pink. August. Guiana. 1840. — crista'ta (crested-anthered). Purple. May. Cayenne. 1844. — Devonia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Purple, white. May. S. Amer. 1840. — grdeilis (slender). 2. Green, yellow. May. Sierra Leone. 1822. Gale'ga. Goat's Eue. (From gala, milk ; referring to an old idea that the herbage was superior for milk-cows, goats, &c. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., lQ-Monadelphia 6- Decandria.) Hardy herbaceous, rather rambling perennials. Seeds sown in spring ; division of the plant at the same time ; common sail. O. bilo'ba (two-lobed). 3. Blue. July. 1823. — officinalis (shop). 4. Blue. July. Spain. 1568. — -— u't'ta (white-flowered). 4. White. July. Spain. — orienta'lis (eastern). 4. Blue. July. Levant. 1801. — Pe'rsica (Persian). 2. White. July. Persia. 1826. — lila'cina (lilac). 3. Lilac. June. Persia. 1830. — tricolor (three-coloured). 3. Blue. July. 1S22. Galeo'bdolon. Dead Nettle. (From ' gale, weasel, and bdolos, fogtid ; referring to the strong disagreeable odour of the plant. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lipworts [Lamiacea^.Iinn.jl^IJiafywamial-Gym- nospermia.) This herbaceous British plant has so long gone by the name Galeobdolon, that we have retained it ; but it is only a species of Lamium, Division in spring ; moist, common soil. G. lu'teum (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. variega'tum (variegated - leaved). 1, Yellow. May. Galipe'a. (The Indian name in South America. Nat. ord., Bueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Almeidea.) The Angostura bark is that of trifolia'ta. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 00° to 75° ; win- ter, 48° to 55*-. G. odorati'ssh&t (most fragrant). 9. White. May. Rio Janeiro. — trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 4. Green. Guiana. 1816. Ga'lium. Bed Straw. (From gala, milk; referring to the flowers of G. ve'rum having been used to curdle milk. Nat. ord., Stellates [Galiacese]. Linn., 4- Tetrandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Rubia.) Few of these plants are interesting to the gar- dener, except to cover rock or root-work. They possess, in a more or less degree, the dyeing qualities of Madder. Of the following selected species all are herbaceous perennials, except G. suave'olens, which is an annual. Annuals merely require to be sown in the common border, in March ; and the perennials divided at the same time. G. campanula' turn (bell- flowered). $. White. June. South Europe. 1821. — capi'llipes{ha.ity-stalked). 1. White. Octo» ber. Russia. 1838. — Gres-cum (Grecian). 4. Purple. July. Can- dia. 1798. -— Pe'rsicum (Persian). Yellow. July. Persia. 1837. — purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. July. Switzerland. 1831. — ru'brum (red). 1. Purple. July. Italy. 1597. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White. July. - North Europe. 1821. — Tau'ricum (Taurian). £. Yellow. July. Tauria. 1818. — Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). 8. Green. M»y. England. Gall is a tumour formed in conse- quence of the part being punctured by an insect, the tumour becoming the nidus of the insect brood. The Oak-apple caused by the Cynips querci is a familiar example; as, also, are the bunches of leaves, not unlike a rose, on the Eoso Willow, and the mossy tufts on the twigs of the Wild Rose, and erroneously called GAL [ 368 3 GAR Bedegnar. These tufts are caused by the Cynips ros — Anxa'ntica (Anxantic). 4. July. Italy. 1818. — ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. May. Spain. 1735. — cine'rea (greyish). 4. July. South Europe. — decu'mbens (decumbent). £. June. Burgundy. 1775. Trailer. — diffu'sa (spreading). 3. June. Hungary. 181*. — flo'rida (flowery). 6. July. Spain. 1752. — Germa'nica (German). 2. July. Germany. 1773. ine'rmis (nearly-unarmed). 2. July. Ger- many. — Hispa'niea ^Spanish). 2. July. Spain. 17 59- GEN E 374] GEN 6. ko'rrida (horrid). 3. July. Pyrenees. 1821. — Ita'lica (Italian). 3. July. Italy. — Lusita'7iica (Portuguese). 2. May. Portugal. 1771. „ j — Ma'n, ' Italy. 1825. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. Blue. July. Germany. 1633. — incane'scens (hoary). Purple. June. Italy. 1828. — linifo'lia (flax-leaved). £. Blue. June. Spain, 1818. — na'na (dwarf). $. Blue. July. France. 1824. — nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). £. Blue. July Germany. 1629. — spino'sa {prickly-leaved). £. Blue. June. Spain. 1640. — vulga'ris (common). J. Blue. June. Europe. 1640. Globu'lea. (From globulos, a small globe ; referring to glands on the petals. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pentagynia. Al- lied to Grassula.) Greenhouse succulents, from the Cape of Good Hope, and with white flowers, except a'tro-pur- pu'rea. Cuttings of firmish young shoots, taken off and dried for a day or two before inserting them in sandy soil, and placing a hand-light over them, but not close. Sandy loam, a little peat, charcoal, and brick-rubbish, in small pieces, the dust being sifted out. Winter temp., 40° to 48°, and little water given them. 0. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). $. Purple. August. 1823. — eane'scens (hoary). £. July. 1800. — capita'ta (flower-headed). $. July. I8I9. — cultra'ta (.sharp-leaved). 1. July. 1732. — hi'spida (bristly-flat-leaved). i.November.\82S. — impre'ssa (flattened). $. August. 1820. mi'nor (smaller). £. August. 1820. — mo'llis (soft). 1. August. 1774. — nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed), $. July. 1732. — obvalla'ta (guarded- Jeaued). $. July. 1795. — panicula'ta (panicled). £. July. 1823. — sulca'ta (furrowed). \. August. 1813. Glorio'sa. (From gloriosus, glorious ; referring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Lily- worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to the Lily.) These bulbs are so well known by this name, that we have retained it ; but Clinosty'tis is the true name, referring to the way the style bends to one side away from the stamens. Stove bulbs, ex- cept Nepale'nsis. Divisions of the roots and seeds ; if by the former, take a pot that has been kept dry all the winter, say in March, turn it out, and se- parate the bulbs carefully, without bruising them. Place each bulb, with the end farthest from the old tuber, uppermost in the centre of a clean pot, covering it with an inch or two of soil, the pot being five or ten inches, or any intermediate size, in diameter, according to the size of the bulb; peat, loam, leaf-mould, old cow-dung, and sand in equal proportions, with good drainage. Give no water until the bud appears above ground, then water and place in a strong, moist heat, growing vigorously, and training as the plant proceeds. When done flowering, and the leaves turn yellow, refrain from watering, and shortly after turn the plants on their broadsides in a dry place, and allow them to rest until next season. O. Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 2. Yellow. JuBSi Nepaul. 185:5. Hah-hardy. GLO [ 38i ] O. simples (simple). 2. Blue. July. Senegal. 1756. — supe'rba (superb). 6. Orange. July. E.Ind.l690. Leopoldia'na (King Leopold's). 6. Yellow. July. 1847. — vire'scens (greenish). 4. Orange. August. Mozambique. 1S23. Glory Pea. Clia'nthus. Glossoco'jeta. (From glossokomos, a money-bag ; referring to the shape of the flower. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanu- lacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Canarina.) Hardy herbaceous plant*. Sseds and divisions ; common garden-soil. O. ova'ta (egg-leaced). 1$. White. July. 1839. North India. — lu'rida (lurid). 3. Green, purple. May. 1838. North India. Glosso'dia. (From glossa, a tongue, and eidos, like ; referring to the Up, or labellum. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchida- ceae]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Limodorum.) Greenhouse, New Holland, terrestrial orchids. Offsets ; sandy loam and peat ; dryish in winter. ■Winter temp., 45° to 50°. G. ma'jor (larger). Blue. June. 1810. — minor (smaller). Blue. June. 1810. Glotti'dtuh. (From glottis, the valve of the windpipe ; referring to the division in the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia •1-Decandria. Allied to Daubentonia. ) Greenhouse annual. Seed in a hotbed, and hardened off by degrees ; sandy peat. G. Florida' num (Florida). S. Yellow. Julv. Florida. 1816. Gloxi'nia. (Named after P. B. Gloxin, a botanist of Colmar. Nat. ord., Gesner- worts [Gesneracese]. Linn., H-Didy- vamia 2-Angiospermia.) Stove herbaceous perennials. For culture see Ge'shzba. Q. caule'scens (stemmed). }. Purple. July. Per- nambuco. 1826. — digitaliflo'ra (foxglove - flowered). 3. Pale crimson. June. Mexico. 1843. — di'tcolor (two-coloured-feared). l\. Lilac, blue. March. Brazil. 1843. — hirsu'ta (hairy). J. Blue. Julv. S. Amer. 1824. *- mecrophy'tla (large-leaved). Violet. September. Brazil. 1844. — macula! la (spotted-stalked). 1. PurpU. Sep- tember. S. Amer. 1739. — Passingha'mi (Passingham's;. f. Violet. September. Rio Janeiro. 1845. — pi'cta (painted-tea rerf). Lilac, blue. June. S. Amer. 1842. variega'ta (variegated-teared). Pale blue. S. Amer. — ru'bra (red). Scarlet. September. Bio Ja- neiro. 1840. — specio'sa (showy). $. Purple. September. S. Amer. 1815. a'lba (white-pottered). J. White. Sep- tember. S. Amer. — tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. White. Julv. South Brazil. 1847. Gly'ce. (From glykys, sweet; allud- ing to its flavour. Nat. ord., Crudfers [Cruciferae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) By various botanists this British annual has been called Aly'ssum. Adyse'tum, and Ko'nigu. G, mari'tima by seed in open border; bat varie- ga'ta as a greenhouse shrub, by cuttings in spring, under a hand-glass. G. mari'tima (sea-side). £. White. July. — variega'ta (variegated). White. July. Gly'ctne. (From glykys, sweet; re- ferring to the taste of the roots of some. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceaa]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia \Q~Monadelphia 8-Polyan- dria.) Stove evergreen. For culture see Pato'hia. G • oMctifiafra (upright-flowering). ]J. Crimson, white. August. Brazil. 1852. Golden Apple. JE'gle. Golden Haib. Ciiryso'coma coman'rea. Golden 1:od. Solida'go. Golden Saxifrage. Chrysosple'nium. Golden Thistle. Sco'lymus and Pro'- tea sco'lymus. Goldfu'ssia. (Named after Dr. Gold- fuss, professor of natural history in the university of Bonn. Nat. ord., Acantlmds [Acanthacese]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2- Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, from Silhet, that should be cut down freely alter flowering in winter; young shoots when three inches long, after the plant has commenced growing, in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat and libry loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 45° to 55°. Q. anisophy'lla (unequal-leaved). 3. Blue. July. 1823. — glomera'ta (crovi&ed-floicered). 1. Purple. October. 1838. — izophy'lla (equal-leaved). S. Pale lilac Sep- tember. Goldy Loces. Chryso'coma. Go'jiphea. Button Flower. (From gompftos, a club ; said to be the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Munogynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. CuttiDgs of young shoots getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. G. Jubota'pita (Jabotapita). 5. Jamaica. 1820. — laviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 4. 1S20. — lauri/(/lia (laurel-leaved). 5. Jamaica. 1823. — ni'tida (glossy -leaved). 4. Jamaica. 1803. — obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Jamaica. 1803. — Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 4. Ceylon. 1823. Gomphoca'rpus. (From gomphos, a club, and fcarpos, a fruit; shape of the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle- piadacese]. ~L\rm.,5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Asclepias.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds sown in a hotbed in spring. Cut- tings of the points of shoots, and better still, small side-shoots, when growth is commencing, in •and, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40°to 48°. O. arbore'scens (tree-like). 5. White. December. 1714. — eri'spus (curled-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 1714. — frutico'tus (shrubby). 5. White. July. 1714. Gompholo'bittm. (From gomphos, a club, and lobos, a pod ; shape of seed- vessel. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cut- tings of young shoots, about two inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a shaded plocc. in April or May ; peat and loam in little fibry pieces with rubbly charcoal, potsherds, and silver sand; drainage must be well attended to, as saturated sou is their ruin. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. All have yellow flowers, except where otherwise mentioned, G. adu'neum (hooked). May. 1837. — angustifo'tium (narro«-leaved). May. 1825. — arista'tum (awned). May. 1837. — barbi'gerum (bearded-keeled). 2. June. 1821. — capita' turn (round-head-flowered). 2. July. 1830. — Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). August. 1839. — gtabra'tum (smooth), lj. June. 1820. — glauct'scens (milky-green). £. June. 1824. — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. June. 1S03. setifo'lium (bristle-leaved). 2. June. 1820. — Henderso'nii (Henderson's). August. 1840. — Knigktia'num (Knight's). |. August. 1830. — lanu'lum (woolly). 14. May. 1824. — lati/o'lium (broad-leaved). 2. May. 1803. — margina'tum (edged). 2. May. 1820. — Mirbelioi'des (Mirbelia-like). 14. May. 1823. — peduncula're (Jong--flower-stalked). 4. May 1824. — pfnna'fawi (leafleted). 4. May. 1820. — polym&rphum (many-form). 2. June. 1803. — retieula'tum (setted-leaved). 14. May. 1824. — sple'ndens (shining). June. 1843. — tene'Uum (delicate), lj. May. 1824. — ft/nue (slender). 1. August. 183S. — re offers an opportunity of gaming 2 the advantage of an extra amount ^ i- of alburnous union. The cut will explain it. -> 7. Root Graftiny. — An old practia hut, with regard to deci- ^j^^^ daous fruit-trees, it offers ^3n no particular advantage \ &\ over the ordinary whip grafting, when performed near to the ground. It is, perhaps, better adapted j ,JrT\_ for very large scions, for _/~Wjf ^\ ^» in many trees such may » ^/\\ \\ N. be used when two or *?/)%& three inches diameter. When strongly bound jdf 1 they may be soiled over- head, merely leaving a hole for the bud of the scion to come through, which, in this case, will rise like a sucker. 8. Peg Grafting. — This mode is now never practised in England, and we only insert the an- nexed engraving, because it completes our catalogue of all the known modes. Of these eight modes there are many modifications ; but they are all derived from the eight enumerated. Peg grafting never having been practised by ourselves, we shall only make this extract relative to it : ' ; The scion must be of the exact size of the stock ; bore a hole into the centre of the stock, one and a half inch deep ; cut the bottom of the scion to fit ; the edges of the barks must be very smooth and fit exactly." General Observations. — For ordinary garden purposes, we think the whip, the cleft, the saddle, and the crown, the most eligible modes by far. These may be said to be the rule, the others are merely exceptional cases. In all these proceedings a few axioms or main principles must be kept steadily in view. Of such are the following : — 1st The scions of deciduous trees should be taken from the parent tree some weeks before the grafting season, and " heeled " (the lower ends put into the soil) in some cool and shady place. This causes the stock to be a little in advance of the graft, as to the rising of the sap, a condition admitted on all hands to be essential. 2nd. Let all the processes be performed with a very clean and exceedingly sharp knife, taking care that nothing, such as dirt or chips, gets between the scion and the stock. 3rd. Let the bandage be applied equally and firmly ; not so tight, however, as to cut or bruise the bark. For this reason, broad strands of bast are exceedingly eligible. 4th. In selecting grafts be careful in choosing the wood, avoiding, on the one hand, exhausted or bad-barked scions, and, on the other, the immature, watery spray which frequently springs from the old trunks of exhausted or diseased trees. Grafting Clay, to make. — Take some strong and adhesive loam, approaching to a clayey character, and beat and knead it until of the consistence of soft-soap. Take, also, some horse-droppings, and rub them through a riddle, of half-inch mesh, until thoroughly divided. Get some cow-manure (the fresher the better), and mix about equal parts of the three, kneading and mixing them until perfectly and uniformly mixed ; some persons add a little road-scrapings to the mass. A vessel with very finely-riddled ashes must be kept by the side of the grafter, and after the clay is closed round the scion the hands should be dipped in the ashes : this enables the person who applies the clay to close the whole with a perfect finish. It must be so closed as that no air can possibly enter; and it is well to go over the whole in three or four days afterwards, when, if any have rifted or cracked, they may be closed. GRA [ Grafting Wax. — The following recipe has been recommended by a first-rate authority: — Take common sealing-wax, any colour but green, one part ; mutton fat, one part ; white wax, one part ; and honey, one-eighth part. The white wax and the fat are to be first melted, and then the sealing-wax is to be added gra- dually, in small pieces, the mixture being kept constantly stirred ; and, lastly, the honey must be put in just before taking it off the fire. It should be poured hot into paper or tin moulds, to preserve for use as wanted, and be kept slightly stirred till it begins to harden. Grains of Paeadise. Amo'mum gra'na- paradi'si. Geajima'nthes. (From gramma, writ- ing, and anthos, a flower ; marks like V being on the corolla. Nat. ord., House- leejcs [Crassulaceae]. Linn, b-Pentandria b-Pentagynia.) Greenhouse annuals, from the Cape of Good Hope. Sow thinly in pots, well drained ; lime- rubbish and sandy loam, equal parts ; plants may '>e kept in greenhouse, or planted on rock-work :;i summer. G. chlor&flo'ra (yellow-flowered). £. Yellow, red. July. 17/4. — Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). $. Pinkish-red. 1848. — retrofle'xa (bent -back). Orange. 1788. GBAiraiATOPHY'LLTra. (From grammata, letters, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the markings on the leaves. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan- dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Brassia.) Stove orchids. Divisions ; basket well raised in it, and packed with sphagnum and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 55°. G. multiflo'rum (manv-flowcred). 2. Brown, green. May. Manilla. 1833. — tiprri'num (tiger-like). Spotted. May. Manilla. 1837. — $pecio'sum (showy). 6. Yellow, brown. May. E. Ind. 1837. Grammi'tis. (From gramme, lettering; in reference to the spore-cases, or seed apparatus. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodi- acese] . Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1-Filices. ) Chiefly stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. Division ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 58°. try their culture by too severe rules. One safe maxim is, that no two of the principal leaves should so overlap each other as to obstruct the solar light. From about eight to ten inches, therefore, at least, may be given between each of the grow- ing shoots. This, then, will be a guide as to the distance at which the shoots should be trained. As for root culture at this period, nothing will be needed but to preserve the surface fibres from the spade, which is but too apt to approach too close to those on kitchen-garden walls. When vines become somewhat exhausted with much bearing, top-dressings of good soil and manure become necessary. Out-door Culture during Growth. — Ws GRA Z 397 ] GRA must here be brief, for the main princi- ples will be found somewhat identical with those connected with in-door culture. All superfluous young spray must be thinned away, and the bearing shoots stopped an eye or two beyond the bunch. Where, however, there is walling to be filled, the dresser may leave several eyes or buds beyond the bunch. In due time the bunches must be thinned ; one to a square foot of wall will, in general, suffice. The berries, too, must be thinned out at the proper period, and a frequent stopping of the lateral shoots practised, never suffering them to shade the principal leaves. Towards the beginning of Sep tember, all the stopped laterals may be entirely removed, in order to permit a free circulation of air, and allow the sun to heat the wall ; protection, also, must be afforded to the bunches against wasps, flies, &c. Greenhouse Culture. — Having attended to the character of the soil requisite for the vine, we have little to report on the subject of border-making, which must, however, be at all times considered the most important point in the whole of the proceedings. A more generous soil is necessary for in-door vines, inasmuch as a greater demand exists at times on their vital powers through the powerful effects of _ solar light beneath glass ; as also owing to a greater amount of dryness at times in the atmosphere. The first point is to elevate the border above the ground level in proportion to the lowness, cold- ness, or dampness of the situation. Thorough drainage we have before pointed to ; it is not possible to drain too much if the soil be of proper texture. As to soil, turfy loam, inclining to sand, should form nearly one-half the volume of soil. To this may be added one quarter part cf coarse manure, leaf-mould, &c, rather raw than otherwise ; and the other quarter, part of rubbly and imperishable materials, such as lumpy charcoal, old plaster, and the rubbish of old buildings, coarse bone- manure, &c. All these well blended, and filled in when dry, will produce a first-rate compost, taking care to place a layer of turf at the bottom. ' Course of Culture. — Whatever combina- tion exists as to a greenhouse vinery, whether it be for vines alone or used in conjunction for pot-plants, an uniform system should be pursued as to the vines, both during the growing season and the rest period. This system consists in the regular pruning, dressing of the wood, in order to the extirpation of all insects, and the usual vine-dressing during the growing period, the latter being, disbud- ding, stopping, thinning the berry, and training — principles applicable to the vine in all its positions. Stove Culture. — Vines in stoves ore generally combined with pine culture, and the excitement by heat is, therefore, at times considerable. In former days it was supposed that vines must be turned outside the house and frozen, in order to restore their energies ; but abundant proofs exist that from 50° to 55° may be submitted to, in extreme cases, during the rest season. Whatever culture is combined with that of the vines, it is best to confine these to the rafters on the spurring system. For early forcing, and where the house is specially devoted to vines, it is another affair : here either the long-rod system or the spurring may be used. We need not repeat advice as to border-making, and the usual routine of disbudding, stopping, thinning the berry, and the frequent pinching of the laterals. One remark may be permitted as to bor- ders ; let them be inside the house if the interior arrangement will permit, and the front wall on arches. When at rest, we would not allow the thermometer to sink below 35°. Vines in Pols is a mods of culture only to be recommended as an adjunct to late vineries, and where the possessor, not desiring to build a house for early forc- ing, yet desires to have a few early grapes. The plants should be reared from eyes, and receive very high culture; and at the end of the second summer they should be strong canes, and in high per- fection for forcing. They must receive liberal shifts when they need re-potting, and their shoots be constantly trained in a very light situation. The young plantSt at the end of the first season's growth, will require pruning back to two buds r from which one may, during their pro- gress, be carefully trained, and the other removed. When the cane has grown about five feet in length, during the second season, it is well to stop it, in order to strengthen the lower leaves, on the healthy action of which the future crop depends. The leader, however, which succeeds, may be laid in full length, well exposed to the light; but the laterals OKA which push from the sides must be pinched back, leaving one bud only, and this pinching must be continued all through the season, when necessary. In the second autumn they will be strong canes, with remarkably plump buds ; and they may now, when the leaves are de- cayed, be pruned back to some five or six eyes, according to the wish of the culti- vator. Having received their final shift into pots of about fifteen inches in diameter in the preceding June, they will require nothing but a rich top-dress- ing. They enjoy a bottom-heat of 70° to 80° ; but they may be made to succeed on the kerb-stones or back shelves of the stove, away from cold draughts, and near the flues or piping. Liquid-manure must be liberally supplied, and the same course of culture as to disbudding, stop- ping, thinning the berry, and training, pursued as with the rafter vines. A rich, turfy loam must be used as compost; three parts of this to one of lich, half-decom- posed manure, will be found excellent, adding some charcoal and a little lime- rubbish. The turfy loam should be nearly a year old, and must be well chopped with the spade, not sifted. The pots must he most carefully drained nearly one-fifth of their depth : any stagnation whatever will surely prove fatal. If the pots were unplunged, some screen, such as moss or old matting, should be interposed between them and the sand, or they may have double pots. Diseases. — Shrivelling of the berries of the grape in stoves appears to arise from the roots of the vine not supplying a sufficiency of sap, as well as from its not being duly elaborated in the leaves. This occurs if the roots are in a cold soil, or are vegetating in an outside border, the temperature of which is too low compared with that of the stove. In the first case, thorough draining and the incorporation of calcareous rubbish, and in the second case, protection to the border and stem, will remove the evil. If the sap be not duly elaborated, it must arise, either separately or conjointly, from She leaves vegetating in an ungenial atmo- sphere, or from their being too reduced in number. If the roots of the vines are found to have penetrated the soil deeply, they should be lifted very carefully, brickbats placed beneath the roots, and these trained about nine inches beneath the 8 ] GRA surface. If drainage of the border has been neglected, let it be effected at thn same time. If the loss of the crop which would be occasioned by the lifting of tho whole of the vines would be inconvenient, only one or two can be so treated in suc- cessive autumns. The most injurious time for an unnatural disparity of tempe- rature in the air and soil to occur is at night ; for, as was justly observed by the late Mr. Knight, an ill effect of high temperature during the night is, that it exhausts the excitability of the tree much more rapidly than it promotes the growth or accelerates the maturity of the fruit, which is, in consequence, ill supplied with nutriment at the period of its ripening, when most nutriment is probably wanted. The Muscat of Alexandria, and other late grapes, are, owing to this cause, often seen to wither upon the bunch in a very imperfect state of maturity ; and the want of richness and flavour in other forced fruit is often attributable to the same cause. The Frontignans are among the varieties apt to shrivel under great dis- parity of temperature between the roots and branches. Somewhat allied in its causes to shrivel- ling is that unsightly imperfection where the berries do not come to maturity at the point of the bunches, leaving from five to ten quite colourless and sour, though others on the same bunch are fine and large. In such case the remedies are to give more heat and air, keeping the border warmer than before, and to avoid cold damps in the house : leave as much foliage as can be exposed fully to light. The leaves removed must be by little at a time. In thinning, clip off a few ber- ries at the lower extremity of the bunch ; the rest will swell better. Shanking is an ulceration, or gangrene, attacking the footstalks of the bunches, and appears to be occasioned, like shrivel- ling, by the temperature of the soil being too much below that in which the branches are vegetating; and, consequently, the supply of sap to the grapes is much diminished, and the parts which thus fail of support immediately begin to decay. This is an effect always the consequence of a diminished supply of sap, apparent either in the leaves, flower, or fruit. The disease, like every other putrefaction, does not advance rapidly unless there be much moisture in the atmosphere. The coldness of the soil causes thia GliA torpidity in the action of the root; and this, perhaps, at the very period when the greatest demand is made upon it to sus- tain the excessive perspiration which is going on in the leaf, and to furnish fresh matter for elaboration, to both which «nds it is frequently quite inadequate, owing to drenching rains. If the young fibre he examined at such inclement pe- riods, it will be found somewhat disco- loured, and, in some cases, quite rotten. Shanking, we conceive, is generally caused by the unnatural disagreement of tem- perature between the root and top, inde- pendent, in the main, of the question of jnoisture. It generally occurs with vines which have been somewhat forced ; sel- dom on open walls — seldom with vines forced in pots or tubs. The obvious prevention of shanking is securing a congenial relative temperature to the roots and foliage. Bust comes upon the berries in the .jbrm of a rough, rusty appearance of iheir skins, which have, in fact, become thick and indurated. Some think it arises from their being handled, or the hair of the head touching them ; but the disease is often too general to admit of this topical explanation. We believe it to arise from an over-heating of the vinery, however unintentional, whilst the grapes were young, and thus tending to force them to a premature rapidity of growth. Any excessive pressure upon the cuticle, whether from within or from without, causes its thickening. This considerable elevation being succeeded by a sudden reduction of temperature, will almost certainly induce the disease. The Spot affecting the berries seems to be the same disease as shanking, only affecting a different part. Like this dis- ease, it is a gangrene, and is probably oc- casioned by an irregularity in the supply of moisture and vicissitudes of tempera- ture, but especially if one of the extremes is much below the degree of heat most favourable to the healthy growth of that plant. Muscats are particularly liable to the spot. Our opinion that sudden vi- cissitudes of temperature are the causes of this disease, seems to be well sustained by the fact, that the parts nearest the glass, that is, the upper portions of the bunches, and those parts most exposed to the sun's influence, are the first to suffer; and this, also, goes far towards substantiating the assertion, that the M ] GRA | shade of the foliage is necessary to the well-doing of grapes. Want oj Colour is often a defect of the Black Grape, but not at all necessarily arising from deficient light. The green colour of leaves depends entirely upon the presence either of light or of uncom- bined hydrogen gas ; but vegetable reds, purples, and other colouring matters of fruits are formed, though less intense, even in a total absence from light. So far from full exposure to light being requisite for the full colouring and ripen- ( ing of grapes, they never attain these desired qualities so well as when shaded by one thickness of leaf. The colouring matter of all fruit is dependent partly upon the leaves immediately above it, and partly upon the fruit itself, the necessary digestion of the sap being commenced in the one and perfected in the other. If this digestion or elaboration of the sap is checked by ungenial temperature, but more particularly if the crop is too heavy for the vine, or if the leaves, es- pecially above the bunches, are too much thinned, defect of colour will be the very usual consequence to the berries. "We have seen the blackest of berries in situ- ations where the sun had never shone on them since they blossomed ; indeed, it only requires a little close observation for one season to dispel such a fallacy. It sometimes, however, happens, that the principle leaves on the same shoot with the bunch are shaded by other main feaves, or by laterals. Such shading is sure to be prejudicial to the colouring of the berry, as well as to the maturation of the buds connected with the shadedleaves. And here we have one of the reasons for such close stopping as the vine is sub- jected to. Over-cropping alone will lead to bad colouring ; indeed, is one of the most fruitful sources of it. It exhausts the tree of every particle of prepared sap, and produces debility in the root, which renders it readily susceptible to the stag- nating rains of an unpropitious season. In order to promote good colouring, the ripening process should not be hur- ried. It is evident that very high tem- peratures are not required for this pur- pose, for the Black Hamburgh, on com- mon walls, is not deficient in colour, in a good season. Now, the colouring process, in the latter case, occurs in the end of September, when the temperature ^ at nightmust sometimes be near the freezing GRA C 400] GRA point. It is a common observation of practical men, that the cold nights of au- tumn hasten maturity in many crops ; and this is undoubtedly a fact, and trace- able, we presume, to a cessation of the growing principle, causing thereby a concentration of the energies of the plant. We would say, therefore, beware of too high a temperature during the colouring process, unless accompanied with much solar light, and even then avoid extremes. We would more espe- cially avoid night heat at this period, and would promote a circulation of air night and day. Bleeding. — This only occurs to the vine from the unhealed surfaces of cuts made after the sap has commenced its motion, and before the leaves are well expanded. A red-hot iron, applied to the bleeding surface until it be charred, will stop the effusion of sap for a time, if not permanently ; and to effect a complete stoppage at once, coat the charred surface, and rub well into it a paste made of lime newly burnt and grease. This hardens and forms an effectual plaister. Mr. Knight's plaister we know to be effectual, and is thus composed :— One-fourth of calcined oyster-shells, beaten to fine powder in a mortar, and three-fourths of cheese, worked together, until they form a sort of paste. This mix- ture, pressed into the pores of the wood, either with the thumb or any other means, will effectually stop the flow of the sap : sometimes a repetition may be necessary, if it is not well forced into the pores. See Mildew. Insects. — See Acartjs, Aphis, Coccus, Curctjlio, and Thrips. Graptophy'lluji. (From graplio f to write, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the markings on the leaves. Nat. ord., icanthads [ Acanthaceae] . Linn., 2-Z>i- andria \-Monogynia. Allied to Belope- rone.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of youns shooU, just getting a little firm, and a heel of the older wood at its base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. fi. horte'nse a!lbum (garden white). Crimson. July. E. Ind. ISIS. Grasses for lawns and grass-plots must be varied according to the nature of the soil, and we know of no more judicious selections than the following, recommended by Messrs. Lawson, of Edinburgh : — Ave/na flave'scens (Yellowish Oat Grass) Cynosu'rus crista'tua (Crested Dog'sTail) Festu'ca duriu'&cula (Hardish Fescue) Festu'ca tenuifo'lia (Fine-leaved Fescue) Lo'lium pere'nne tt'nue (Fine Rye Grass) Po'm nemora'lit (Wood Meadow Grass) Po'a nemora'lit sempervi rens (Evergreen Ditto) Po'a trivia' lis ( Rough • stalked Meadow Grass) Tri/o'iium re'pens (White Clover) Tnfo'lium mi'nus (Smaller Yellow Clover) - , = _. lbs. ' lbs. 5 6 3 S % 2 20 M 4 M M U 7 u 7 2 2 The above mixtures are enough for an acre. Where the ground is overshadowed with trees, both the kinds of Festu'ca should be omitted, and similar quantities of the two kinds of Po'a nemora'lis substi- tuted. The best time for sowing is early in the spring. Grass-plot, correctly speaking, is a parterre, or bed of flowers, arranged with grass-turf between them, instead of {.-ravel. It is usually confounded with Lawn, which see. * Grati'ola. Hedge Hyssop. (From gracia, grace; referring to its medicinal virtues. Nat. ord., Figicorts [Scrophu- lariacese]. lArm.,%-Diandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Mimulus.) Hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the plants in spring ; rich, moist soil. Latifu'lia and tetru- go'na require the protection of a frame in winter. G. au'rea (e:olden). £. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1820. — lati/o'lia (broad-leaved). J. White. Julj. N. Holland. 1822. — megaloea'rpa (lame-fruited). Pale .yellow. July. N. Amer. 1S2S. — officinalis (common-shop!. 1. Light blue. July. Europe. 1568. — pilo'sa (hairy). White. July. N. Amer. 1827. — quadridenta'ta (four-toothed). ^. White. June. N. Amer. 1821. — tetrago'na (square-s/emmed). 1. Blue. Au- gust. Buenos Ayres. 1830. — Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Yellow. August. Virginia. 1759. Gravel Walks, like all other walks, require a good substratum of drainage, and the facing about five inches deep of gravel. It must have no stones mixed with it larger than good-sized marbles, and about one-fourth of it must be much finer to fill the interstices. Pit-gravel, with a slight admixture of clay, and tho GRE [ 401 GRE more rubbly the better, is the best for binding and forming a solid walk. The more speedily it is laid down after digging from the pit, the more firmly will it bind. The following is an excellent plan to make or turn gravel walks in dry weather : If of a sandy or gravelly nature, strew a little clay or marl upon the walk. When turned over, take away the large stones and place them at the bottom of the soil. Immediately after you level your walk, apply your iron roller steadily, and let a labourer follow the roller, pouring upon it water regularly as it passes over the ground ; in twenty-four hours after, if the weather is dry, it will be as solid as a stone-floor. The best method of extirpating grass from a gravel walk, is to spread salt in considerable quantities over its whole sur- face ; and if, after the first application, it is found that portions of the ground still exist, let another coating of salt be applied, which will effectually destroy it. Care must be taken, however, if the walkis edged with box, that the salt does not come in con- tact with it, otherwise it will destroy the edging also. In the early part of April, gravel walks are usually turned. After the walk has been broken up and levelled, and a facing of new gravel spread over, this ought to be left for three or four days, and until a shower of rain has fallen, before the roller is used. This "bleaches the gravel, and washes down the fine particles, so that, immediately after roll- ing, the walk is solid, and has a clean, bright surface. The above directions relate to the old system of gravel-walk making; but we strongly recommend the general adoption of Concrete Walks, which see. They are far more durable, and free from weeds. Great Bup.net. Sanguiso'rba. Great Centau'rea. Centau'rea een- tau'rium. Greenhouse. This is a light, airy Btructure designed for plants which can sustain a lowish temperature, but cannot withstand the vicissitudes from frost to sunshine, and from damp to dry, of our common winters. It is distinguished from a plant-stove in requiring but little artificial heat; and from a conservatory in having all the plants (with, perhaps, the exception of climbers for the rafters) grown in portable pots or tubs, and these M generally set upon a stage to bring them nearer the glass. The mode of constructing such a houso must be regulated by the wishes of the proprietor, and the conveniences at his disposal. For general purposes any as- pect will do in an emergency, except the north, and that might be selected for those plants that delight in the shade. The more command of light, with the means at hand of reducing its fierceness and heat when too powerful, the better. From due south to south-east and south- west may be considered the best aspects. If it is a lean-to house, having a sloping roof from a back wall, it should always have a considerable amount of upright glass in front to receive the oblique rays of the sun in winter. By the side of a cottage orn'ee the front of the house may thus partake of the same style of archi- tecture, while the shed-like, sloping roof may be exchanged for a ridge-and-furrovv one, and that concealed from external observation by a fight entablature ot frieze work. For a neat detached struc- ture it should stand, less or more, north and south, have a ridge-and-furrow roof, and means for breaking the sun's rays in the morning and afternoon. We air supposing it to be giass all round. When in connexion with other buildings a very useful and elegant house is formed, hav- ing the front and ends of glass, a hipped roof, and an opaque back wall. Here, likewise, by an ornamental entablature, the roof, if desirable, may be wholly or partially concealed, so as not to interfere with architectural propriety, though we should have no great scruples on this score, as the utility of an object, if ap- parent, gives its appropriateness. The size of the glass to be used must depend upon the taste and the money wished to be spent by the proprietor. For the roof, especially, it will be desir- able to have it at least sixteen ounces to the foot. Small squares can be procured in boxes very cheap ; but what you gain in glass you partly lose from requiring so many sash-bars. We should not care about having them much above eighteen inches in length. All things considered, if we were to roof a house most econ omicaUy, we should obtain strong machinery-cut sash-bars, dispense with rafters, use glass from fifteen to eighteen inches wide, and say a foot in depth, and secure means of ventilation without touching the roof \)j GRE [ 402 ] GEE the upright glass and wooden ventilators at the ridge in the roof and in the back wall. Stages. — These are generally shelves, arranged in stair-like fashion, partaking less or more of the character of the roof. For a general collection, the stage may be from five to six feet from the glass roof ; for insuring dwarf, compact, bushy plants, the distance should be from three to four feet The lowest shelf of the stage should be a little higher than the shelf that surrounds the house next the front glass. Where the roof is hipped, even though the back wall be opaque, if the house faces the south the stage should be hipped too, terminating in a single shelf, broad or narrow in the centre. The north part would be admirable for keeping many plants in winter, and ex- hibiting in summer those that were in full bloom. In a wide house it is always preferable to have several stages, in the shape of circles, ovals, or triangles, which- ever is most approved, with walks between them. The expense, and the room apparently lost, are more than compen- sated by the ease with which all the plants may be examined, and the greater thickness with which they may be safely set, as the pathway will be so many breathing zones. {Sue Floweb Stages. ) For low-hipped, roofed, and ridge-and- furrow roofed houses, flat, table-like, trellised stages will be the best; the highest plants being set in the centre, or, if necessary, one being placed now and then on a pot. As an improvement on this, where extreme economy was the object, we would dispense with the wooden trellis, and substitute a bed of earth, kept in its place by brick walls, the earth being first covered with cinders, and then with pure sand, on which to set the pots. The damping of this sand from watering in summer would be a source of health to the plants, and save them from many visitations. Small inclosures in such an earth-pit, if suitable compost were used, would be excellent for the less hardy creepers, which would be likely to main- tain a lingering existence if planted, as they sometimes are, in a border close to the front wall. Temperature. — If merely preserving the plants is the object, then artificial heat may only be applied to maintain a temperature of from 35° to 40°. This low temperature must not, however, be long continued in a stagnant atmosphere. It will, therefore, be necessary to raise the temperature to admit air during the day. Where it is desired slowly to grow the shoots, and to keep a winter display of plants in bloom, the temperature must not sink below 45°. In either case a rise of 10° or 15° may be allowed for sunshine in winter. In summer, the chief difficulty will be to keep the house cool by admitting all the air possible, and having it on night and day. If the plants are turned out into pits and shady places, and even very sunny places if their nature requires it, and their place is supplied with tender annuals, i£c.,then more closeness and moisture must be obtained — a limitation of air and plenty of moisture giving all the essentials of a plant stove. Artificial Heat.— The best, because the most equal and the cleanliest, is hot water ; and the simplest of all contrivances is the best : a compact little boiler, well set, and a flow and return pipe on the sim- plest principles. A small boiler and two or three-inch pipes are the moist suitable for a greenhouse where only quick and occasional fires are wanted. Flues are far from being despicable conveniences. In some respects, in small houses where a higher temperature is wanted at one end than another, they answer better than hot water. When neatly built they are no eye-sore in a house. To insure draught the flue should be at least a third deeper than it is wide, and the mouth of the flue should be eighteen inches above the bottom of the surface. For green- houses,one foot of four-inch pipe will be necessary for every forty cubic feet of air, making allowance, less or more, according to the surface of glass, or the presence of opaque walls; or, in other words, taking the square foot of glass, it would require a foot of four-inch pipe for every six feet of glass ; or a foot of a common flue above the ground for about ten or eleven feet of glass. Ventilation. — Means should be secured for a thorough circulation of air from the sashes in front, and the highest point in the roof, as there the heat will generally be the greatest. In cold weather in winter, unless there are means for heat- ing the air before it enters, the littlo given should be at the top of the house, as thus the cold, dry air would be heated and absorb the moisture before reaching GRE [ 403 ] GRE the bulk of the plants. When the air is very dry, and the weather very cold, tbe less air that is given the better. In such circumstances,the heating medium should be cool before tbe sun strikes upon the bouse, and tben the sun-heat will raise the house the less ; and 10° or 20° for a short time, from sun -heat, is a very differ- ent affair from having that increase from artificial means. For greenhouse plants, generally, in favourable weather, too much air cannot be given, night or day, from the middle of May to the middle of September. For two months preceding May, and subsequent to September, air should be given early in the morning, even if it should be withdrawn or reduced soon afterwards, or early in tbe afternoon. In winter, unless the air is very mild, it will be time enough to give air by ten o'clock, and shut up between two and three. When the weather is very severe, one hour, or even less, in the middle of the day must be sufficient. In dull, close weather, air should be given, though a brisk fire should be put on during the day on purpose. When, however, the green- house is changed into a vinery, a place for growing tender annnals, &c, the for- warding of the growth of Camellias, Epa- cris, Azaleas, &c, then the temperature in spring and summer must be higher, and the atmosphere closer and moister. By means of divisions, you may have almost as many temperatures and atmo- spheres in one house as you please, by regulating the ventilation of the different compartments. Slight wooden moveable divisions we find extremely useful in pots, as we can then give a peculiar treatment to one or any number of lights at pleasure Firing. — The heat from the furnace merely extends vegetable tissues; that from the sun expands and concentrates them. No stoker should visit his furnace without knowing the temperature of his house, the temperature of the external atmosphere, the direction of the wind, and the changes that have taken place in a certain number of hours, and thence calculate what will be the most likely to happen. The minimum temperature should never be exceeded by fire-heat during the night. More than sufficient is not only waste, the plants are drawn and dried, while less advantage can be taken of the glorious light and heat which come from the sun. For dispers- ing damps, (fee, use a brisk little fire during the day, and allow it to go out In very dull, close weather in winter, such a fire often, if even for an hour, would be useful; not for heat, but for enabling us to give more air, and causing a rapid circulation among the plants. Watering. — The rule is, water so as to reach every fibre of the plant's roots, and then wait until a similar repetition is necessary. A plant may want watering twice a day in summer, and, perhaps, only twice a month in dull weather in winter. From the end of September to the middle of May, let the temperature of the water used be from 5° to 10° higher than the minimum temperature of the house. From the periods mentioned, making, of course, due allowance for peculiar weather, watering should be performed in tbe morning ; in cold weather not too early. Thus the stimulus of sun- heat, diminished though it be, meets the plants when they have received their re- fresher; tbe extra moisture is parted with before the evening comes ; and there is not that rapid cooling of the soil by evaporation during the night. In the summer we reverse the time of watering, and perform the operation in the after- noon and evening. Anything that tends to cool the soil and the plant is then re- freshing. By watering in a bright morn- ing, the moisture is exhaled rapidly from the soil, as well as through the foliage of the plant, which does not, in consequence, receive the full benefit of the watering, and, therefore, soon requires a fresh supply. In the evening the evaporating tendencies are approaching the minimum ; the plant has full time to absorb and re- fresh itself, and thus is more able to stand the brunt of the following day. Manure Watering.— This should be applied often, but weak and clear ; a little quick-lime added will effect the clearing, at the expense of driving off a portion of tbe ammonia. It is applicable in almost any case where luxuriance of plant is the chief object ; where size of bloom and compact, rather than slender, growth, are the desideratum.it should not be applied until the flower-buds appear. Syringing. — This is a most valuable mode of applying water, as it promotes cleanliness, and is as necessary for re- moving dust and incrustations from the foliage as soap and water are for cleaning our own skins. In winter it should bo done at mid-day, when the sun shines; GEE C 404 ] GRE in spring and autumn, in the mornin in summer, chiefly in the evening, though at that season we frequently give them a dash several times a day. Pruning. — This is generally done when the plant has finished flowering — when we wish it to start into fresh growth. Of course there are exceptions ; without these exceptions the nature of a plant and the mode of its growth must be the basis for a system of pruning. For in- stance, we cut down the flowering shoots of an Epacris and a Pelargonium ; but we act very differently both before and after in the two cases. The Epacris is hard-wooded, and, if tolerably ripened, it requires no preparation. The long branches of most kinds are cut in at once, and the plant is then transferred to a closer and warmer atmosphere, to en- courage the formation of new shoots. A cold pit, kept close, is the thing ; some people, with great success, keep them a couple of months in a plant stove. Of course they are duly hardened, and the wood ripened by autumn. On the other hand, the stems of the Geranium are soft and spongy ; if a very valuable kind, this will have been increased by shading, to preserve the colour of the flower. The plant altogether is at a minimum as re- spects its possession of organisable ma- terial ; while, for the sake of the old plant to be kept, and the cuttings for seed from its stems, it is desirable it should be at the maximum. The plants are, therefore, exposed fully to the sun; not a drop more water is given than just to keep the leaves from flagging ; and the stems, instead of being soft and green, become hard and brown, by parting with their watery evaporations, and assimilating fresh solid material. Many other close- headed plants, such as the Azalea, merely require, in general, the stopping of a few of the strongest shoots. Time of Potting. — This should gene- rally be done after pruning, and when fresh growth has taken place, because it is advisable never to give more checks to a plant at once than can be avoided. When cut down, or pruned, the energies in the stems, and the unmutilated, un- touched roots, are at once put forth in the production of fresh shoots. When these are formed and forming, and the plant is kept close for a time after shifting, fresh roots will soon be formed through their agency, upon the sam3 principle that roots are protruded from a cutting of half -ripened wood under a hand-glass. Time for Cuttings. — Now we speak merely in general terms. Other things being equal, the older and harder the wood of the cutting, the longer will it be in striking. The younger the wood is, provided it is just hard enough at the base to possess a sufficiency of organisable material, the sooner it will strike ; if too soft and spongy it will rot and damp off. Hence the general time for propagating is regulated by the general time of pruning and fresh growth taking place. Small side-shoots, from 1J to 3 inches in length, just getting firm at the base, cut to a point with a clean, sharp knife, or taken off close to the older branch, and a few of the lower leaves removed, will succeed in the great majority of cases. It is desirable to get them in in April or Ma}', in the case of slow-growing plants, to have them established before winter. We shall merely add a few requisites: 1st, clean pots ; 2nd, secure drainage by an inverted small pot inside a larger one, or by crocks so as to fill it three-quarters full ; 3rd, place rough material or moss over the drainage, to prevent the finer soil washing through it; 4th, cover it with an inch or so of sandy soil, similar to what the plants delight in, if a little charcoal is added all the better, finishing with a layer of pure sand, watering all well, and then allowing it to drain before inserting the cuttings ; 5th, insert the cuttings firmly, fill the small holes made by the dibber with sand, dew all over with the fine rose of a watering-pot, allow the foliage to become dry, place each pot under a bell-glass, or a number under a hand-light, and shade from the sun, either in a corner of the greenhouse, or, better still, in a close frame or pit without any artificial heat being applied, at least none before the cutting begins to swell at its base. Some things may have bottom-heat at once, especially those that, have been a little forced previously.. Though shade be indispensable, yet as much light as the cuttings will endure mast be given, increasing the quantity gradually. Sotcing Seeds. — This may be done at any time when the seeds are thoroughly ripe. As it is of importance to have the seedlings potted off and established be» fore winter, April and May are the best periods in several circumstances. Where GEE [ 405 ] GEE there is no hotbed the latter period will be the best, and even then, for confining heat and moisture, the pot should be covered with a bell-glass, or a square of glass laid over it. Where there is a hot- bed, such as a cucumber frame, the seeds may be sown a month or six weeks earlier, and hardened off as soon as they are fairly up and potted off. In sowing, any light, sandy soil will do; for all fine hairy-rooted plants sandy peat is the best. The pots should be nearly as well drained is for cuttings, watered, and allowed to drain before sowing, as the less water they have afterwards until they are up the better. Hard seeds that have been kept dry over the winter will vegetate all the sooner for being steeped several hours in warm water, say from 13° to 14°. In covering the seeds the thickness should be regulated by the size of the seeds. Hence, for very small dusty seeds, the surface of the fine soil should be made smooth, the seeds evenly scattered over it and slightly pressed in, and then iust dusted with a little fine sand ; but in unpractised hands it is safer to be content irith the slight pressing in with a clean, round board, having a nail in the centre to hold by, and then place a square of glass over the pot, with moss or paper above, to shade until vegetation has taken place. Jfter-Treatrnent of Cuttings and Seed- lings. — This is almost identical. Neither cuttings nor seedlings, if at all thick, will thrive long in the cutting and seedling pot. The sooner they are potted off the better they will thrive. Before that, air must be given to prevent them damping ; first at night ; next, night, morning, and evening ; and lastly, when roots are well formed, during the day, removing the glasses altogether from the cuttings. All this time the little moisture necessary must be carefully given. The less it touches either the stems or leaves, the better. When a little advanced, dust them overhead with a fine rose watering- pot; or a syringe, but be careful to have the foliage dry before shutting up for the night. In potting off tender plants that •sxe very small, three or four may be put round the sides of a four-inch pot ; a strong-growing one into such a pot at once. In every such potting, and every time that re- shifting is necessary, a moist, close atmosphere is of importance for a short time afterwards; thus lessening, by means of shading and syringing, the evaporating processes until the roots have begun to work in the new soil, when air must be given, first gradually, and ultimately plentifully. Gkeen Manure is a mass of recently growing plants dug whilstgreen and fresh into the soil, for the purpose of enriching it ; and it is a rule without any exception that all fresh vegetable matters so turned into the earth do render it more fertile ; and if plants are grown upon the soil for this purpose, the greater the amount of the surface of leaves in proportion to that of roots the better, because such plants obtain a large proportion of their chief constituent — the chief constituent of all plants, carbon — from the atmosphere. They therefore return to the soil more decomposing matter than they have taken from it. The putrefaction of the vegetables, and the gases in that case emitted, says Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, appear to be on all occasions highly invigorating and nourishingtothe succeeding crop. During this operation, the presence of water is essentially necessary, and is mostprobahly decomposed. The gases produced vary in different plants ; those which contain gluten emit ammonia ; onions and a few others evolve phosphorus ; hydrogen, carbonic acid gas, and carburetted hy- drogen gas, with various vegetable matters, are almost always abundantly formed. All these gases, when mixed with the soil, are very nourishing to the plants growing upon it. The observations of the farmer assure us that they are so. He tells us that all green manures cannot ha em- ployed in too fresh a state. Sea Weed is a species of green manure, for it ought to be employed whilst quite fresh. There are many species, and they differ very essentially in their components. The Lamiina'ria, those long, tawny-green, ribbon-like algae, so common on our coasts, contain, besides vegetable matter, a large proportion of the salts of potash in addition to those of soda; whereas the Fu'ci contain none of the salts of potash. All, however, are excellent ma- nures ; and we know a garden, near Southampton, very productive, that for some years had no other manure. It is particularly good as a manure for pota- toes. The Fu'cus vesiculo'sus, so distin- guishable by the bladders full of air embedded in its leaves, is a very excellent manure. It contains, when dry, about GRE [ 406 ] GRI eighiy-foar parts vegetable matter, thir- teen parts sulphate of lime and magnesia, ■with a little phosphate of lime, and three parts sulphate and muriate of soda. Gbeenweed. Geni'sta pilo'sa and lincto'ria. Gbenvi'llea conspi'cua. This is Pe- largo'nium conspi' cuum. Gkevi'ixea. (Named after C. F. Greville, a patron of botany. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese] . Linn., i-Tetran- 4ria l-Monogynia. Allied to Hakea.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in spring, or in the greenhouse, as soon as ripe ; cuttings of the young shoots when ripened, in sand, under a bell-glass, and when callused at the base to have a slight bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with silver sand and bits of charcoal, to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Rosmarinifc/lia and acuminata have stood out in sheltered places, with little or no protection. G. acanthifoWa (acanthus-leaved). 4. Purple. June. 1824. — acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). 4. Red. April. 1805. — aquifo'lia (holly-leaved). 1820. — a'spera (rough). 3. Pink. June. 1884. — asplenifo'lia (asplenium-leaved). 5. Pink. July. 1806. — Bau'eri (Bauer's). 4. Red. June. 1824. — berberifo'lia (barberry-leaved). 4. Red. June. 1821. — bipinnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 1837. — brachya'ntha (short-flowered). Purple. — buxi/o'lia (box-leaved). 6. Pink. June. 1790. — Ca&yi (Caley's). 5. Red. June. 1830. — eane'scens (hoaiy-leaved). 5. Green, tawny. 1824. — ceratophy' lla (horn-leaved). 1839. — eine'rea (ashy-coloured). 4. Red. June. 1822. — colli'na (hill). 4. Pink. June. 1812. — conei'nna (neat). 4. Purple. June. 1824. — eriosta'chya (woolly-spiked). Orange. — ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. 1837. — FlinaVrsii (Flinder's). 3. Purple. Jane. N. S. Wales. 1824. — gibbo'sa (swollen-stemmed). 1821. — heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 4. White. June. 1821. — juniperi'na (juniper-like). 4. Pink. June. 1822. — Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). White. 1839. — linea'ris (nazrow-leaved). 6. White. June. 1/90. a'lba (white-flowered). 4. White. June. 1790. invarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. June. 1790. — longifo'tia (long -leaved). Reddish • yellow. May. — Jtlangle'sii (Mangles'). — monta'na (mountain). 4. Violet. June. 1822. — taucroni/o'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. Violet. June. 1824. — mucronula'ta (small-pointed-teated). 4. Pink. June. 1809. — planifoflia (flat-Icaved). a. Orange. June. 1823. — puni cea (scarlet). Purple. June. 1822. — rubu'sta (robust, or silk-oak,. 5. Orange. Juns. 1329. G. rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 4. Re<5; June. 1824. — seri'eea (silky). 6. Pink. June. 1790. — stri'cta (erect). 4. Pink. June. 1820. — stylo'sa (long-styled). 9. Red. June. 1800. — sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 4. Pale vel- low. June. 1824. — Thielemunnia'na (Thielemann's). Crimson. 1838. — trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Red. June. 1821. Grtas. Anchovy Pear. (From grao, to eat; the fruit being eatable. Nat. ord., Barringtoniads [Barringtoniaceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandrial-Monugynia. Allied to Gustavia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in peat ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; whiter, 50° to 55°. G. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 50. White. Ja- maica. I768. Grte'luji. (From grielum, old-looking ; referring to the grey, hoary aspect of the plants. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosacea?]. Linn., 13-Polyandiia -L-Tetragynia. Allied to Neurada.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from the Cape of Good Hope, all having yellow flowers Division of the roots in spring ; rough, sandy soil, well drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. G. humifu'sum (trailing). 1. May. 1825. — lacinia'tum (jagged). £. August. 1825. — tenui/o'lium (slender-leaved). 2. May. 1780. Getjti'sia. (Named after W. Griffin, Esq., a patron of botany. Nat. ord., Atnaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., C- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Eu- crosia in leaf, and to Lycorus in the flower.) Stovj bulbs, from South America. Seeds in a hotbed, either when ripe or early in spring, and young offset-bulbs ; peat and loam, with plenty of sand, and a little dried leaf-mould. Temp., when growing, 60° to 80°, with plenty of moisture ; when at rest, 40° to 50°, and dry. G. hyaci'nthina (violet-coloured). I. Bine. July. 1815. — interme'dia (intermediate). *. Blue. April. 1S23. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Pateperpk. August. 1815. Grinde'lia. ( Named after H. Grind-:!. a German botanist. Nat. ord., Composit,: [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia Z- Superflua.) Half-hardy plants, all with yellow flowers, and from Mexico, except when otherwise mentioned. Cilia'ta is a hardy biennial, by seeds sown in au- tumn, or early in spring, under protection; her- baceous species by division and cuttings ; ever- greens, cuttings in April of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. HERBACEOUS. G. angusVfo'lia (narrow-leavrf\ I. August- GRI C 407 ] GUA . eitia'ta (hair-fringed), lj. August. N. Amer. 1821. Biennial. grandlflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange. July. Texas. 1351. Biennial. • tquarro'sa (spreading). 2. August. Mis- EVERGREEN. O. eoronopifo'lia (coronopus-leaved). 1$. Au- gust. 1826. — Duva'lu (Duval's), lj. August. 1820. — glutinn'sa (clammy). 2. 1803. — i/iuloi'des (inula-like). l£. August. 1815. — Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). 2. August. 1816. — spatula'ta (spatulate). lj. August. 1819. Gri'slea. (Named after G. Grisley, a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Loose- strifes [Lythracere]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cuphea.) Store evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in April of firm young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell- glass, in heat ; peat and loam, fibry and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°. G. tecu'nda (3ide- flowering). 4. Bale pink. Cumana. 1820. — tomento'sa (downy). 3. Red. June. E. Ind. 1804. Gro'3ya. (Named after Lord Grey of Grob'j. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Huntley a.) Sto-e orchids. Division of the plant; shallow basket, in sphagnum, fibry peat, and potsherds. Summer temp., 60° to 90°,"when growing ; winter, when comparatively at rest, 55° to 60°, and dryish. G. Amhe'rstiee (Ladv Amherst's). £. Ochre- spotted. September. Brazil. 1829. — galea'ta (helmeted). Green, purple. July. Brazil. 1S36. Grotto is a resting place, formed rudely of rock -work, roots of trees, and shells, and is most appropriately placed beneath the deep shade of woods, and on the margin of water. Its intention is to be a cool retreat during summer. Ground Cherry. Ce'rasus chamce- ce'rasus. Ground Cistos. Rhodode'ndron charnm- ci'stus. Ground Ivy. Ne'peta glecho'ma. Ground Senna. Ca'ssia chamcecri'sta. Grove is a moderately extensive asso- ciation of trees without underwood. The most fitting character of a grove is beauty ; for fine trees are lovely objects, and a grove is an assemblage of them, in whibh every individual retains much of its own peculiar elegance, and what- ever it loses is transferred to the superior beauty of the whole. To a grove, there- fore, which admits of endless variety in the disposition of the trees, differences in their shapes and their greens are sel- dom very important, and sometimes they are detrimental. Strong contrasts scatter trees which are thinly planted, and which have not the connexion of underwood; they no longer form one plantation ; they are a number of single trees. A thick grove is not, indeed, exposed to this mis- chief ; and certain situations may recom- mend different shapes and different greens for their effects upon the surface. The eye, attracted into the depth of the grove, passes by little circumstances at the en- trance : even varieties in the form of the line do not always engage the attention : they are not so apparent as in a con- tinued thicket, and are scarcely seen if they are not considerable. Gryllota'lpa. See Mole Cricket. Guai'acum. Lignum Vitae Tree. (The aboriginal name in South America. Nat. ord., Beancapers [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) The Guaiacum bark of G. officinale is well known for its medicinal properties. Stove ever- green trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in brisk bottom- heat ; rich, sandy, fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°. G. arbo'reum (tree). 30. Blue. Trinidad. 1816. — officinale (shop). 40. Blue. August. W. Ind. 1694. — vertica'le (vertical). 8. Blue. W. Ind. 1820. Guano. Sec Dungs. Gua'rea. (The native name. Nat. ord., Jfcliads [Meliacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Carapa.) Stove evergreen trees. Same culture as for Guaiacum. G. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White. June. S. Amer. 1/52. There are two other species, G. ramiflo'ra and Swa'rtzii, Guatte'ria. (Named after Guatteri, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Anonads [Ano- naceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandria Q-Polyyy* nia. Allied to Anona.) The flowers of G. virga'ta are exceedingly sweet. Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cut- tings of half-ripened shoots in April, as for Gua- jacum. G. cerasoi'des (cherry-like). 16. Green. E. Ind. 1820. — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 8. White. Jamaica. 1818. — ru'fa (reddish). 3. Brown. Julv. China. 1822. — $uberosn (cork-iarAed). 8. White. E. Ind. 1820. — virga'ta (twiggy. Lancevood). 39. White. Ja- maica. 1/93. Guava. (Psi'diumCattlcya'num.) This evergreen shrub is not generally culti- vated for the sake of its fruit; but it is deserving of some encouragement where hothouse room is plentiful. Its fruit, in GUA [ 408-, GYM size and appearance, somewhat resem bles a small Orleans plum, and is of a dull purple colour; it is juicy, and in flavour somewhat resembles a strawberry. Propagation is effected by cuttings, layers, and seeds. Soil. — Two parts of learn and one part peat. Culture.— It requires the ordinary cul ture given to evergreen shrubs in our stoves. As soon as the plants attaia a little age they bear abundantly and in a long succession, often producing fruit through the winter. They will succeed very well in a comfortable conservatory, but a climate of an intermediate cha- racter will suit them best, as they enjoy a moderate amount of heat. They occa- sionally require the primer's assistance in thinning-out crowded or cross shoots, when such occur, and in pinching the tops from those which become over luxuriant. Fruit. — It is used for the dessert, and making jelly. Guazu'ma. Bastard Cedar. (The abo- riginal name in Mexico. Nat. ord., Bytt- neriads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., lB-Polya- delphial-Decandria.AWied. to Theobroma. ) The fruit of G. ulmifo'lia is full of a sweet, agreeable pulp. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened shoots, and general treatment as for Guajacum. G.polybv/trya (many-racemed). 12. Yellow. Brazil. 1816. — tomenMsa (woolly). 20. Cumana. 1820. — ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 40. Yellow. Jamaica. 1739. Guelder Bose. Vibu'rnum o'pulus. Guernsey Lily. Neri'nc Sarnie'nsis. Guetta'rdia. (Named after E. Guet- tard, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Cin- chonads [Cinchonaceffi]. Linn., 21-Mo- naecia Q-Hexandria.) Stove evergreen trees. General treatment as for Guajacum. G.hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Peru. 1820. — lu'cida (shining). 20. Jamaica. 1818. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). 10. lied. Jamaica. 1818. — rugo'sa (wrinkly-leaved). 20. W. Ind. 1793. — tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Jamaica. 1820. — sca'bra (scaly). 20. White. W. Ind. 1818. — specio'sa (showy-fluwered). 20. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1771. Gutlandi'na. Nicker-tree. (Named after M. Guilandina, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceoe]. Linn., 10 -Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al- lied to Poinciana.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a hotbed, in uprmg ; cuttings, &c, as tor Guajacum. 1 G. Bo'nduc (Bonduc). 19. Yellow. India. 1640, — Bonducdlla (small Bonduc). 8. Yellow. K. Ind. 1/00. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). E. Ind. Guinea Peach. Sarcoce'phalus, Guinea Plum. Parina'rium exce'lsum. Gum Ammoniac. Dore'ma ammoni'acum Gum Arabic Tree. Aca'cia Ara'bica, Gum Cistus. Ci'stus ladani'ferus. Gum Elemi Tree. A'myris Plumie'ri. Gum Lac Tree. Bu' tea f rondo' sa. Gum Senegal Tree. Aca'cia Senega' l. Gum-tree. Eucaly'ptus robu'sta. Gumming. See Extravasated Sap. Gusta'via. (Named after Gustavus III. of Sweden. Nat. ord., Barringtoniadt [Barringtoniacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadel- phia 8-Polyandria.) There are several species of these fine stOTe evergreens not yet in cultivation. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. G. avgn'nta is a splendid, low, evergreen tree, something like a Myrtle or a Barringtonia. G. augu'sta (august). JO. White. Guiana. 1794. — fastuo'sa (disdainful). 20. White. May. Guiana. 1824. Guzma'nnia. (Named after A. Guzman, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Bromel- worts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bonapartea.) Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers ; rich soil. Stove temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°. G. tri'color (three-coloured). I. Green, scarlet. April. S. Amer. 1820. Gymne'ma. (From gymnos, naked, and nema, a filament; in reference to the sta- mens. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiada- cese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-JDigynia. Allied to Stephanotis.) G. lacli'ferum is the Cow Plant of Ceylon, the milk of which is used as food by the natives. Stove evergreen twiners, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of stiff young side-shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; fibry loam and sandy peat, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 68°. G. tenaci'ssimum (most tenacious). 8. E. Ind. 1806. — ti'ngens (staining). 8. July. E. Ind. 1823. Gymno'cladus. Kentucky Coffee-tree. (From gymnos, naked, and klados, a branch ; in reference to the soft young wood, devoid of buds. Nat. ord., Legumi- nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 22-Dioscia Decandria. Allied to Parkinsonia.) Hardy deciduous tree. By imported seeds and cuttings of the roots, keeping the part nearest the surface uppermost ; deep, mellow loam. The tree has a peculiar dead-like appearance in winter, as the buds are inconspicuous, but has a fine effect in summer with its very large green leaves. G. Canadensis (Canadian). 20. White. Canada. 3748. GYM [ 409 ] GYP Gysixodi'scus. (From gymnos, naked, and discus, a disk. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-SynyenesiaA-Ne- cessaria. Allied to Othonna.) Hardy annual. Seeds in March or April, in ar.y Jommon soil. Q. capilla'ris (hair-like). Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1822. Gymnogka'mma. (From gymnos, naked, end gramma, writing ; in reference to the ispore-cases. Nat. ord, Polypods [Polypo- diaceae]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamial-Filices.) Beautiful stove Ferns, with brown spores, ex- cept where otherwise stated. Division of the plant, and spore-cases from the fronds scattered freely on rough peat, in a pot, and covered with a square of glass, before being placed in a damp, warm, shady place ; peat and loam, most of the former, with a little silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85°, a little shade ; winter, 50° to 60°, and rather dry. G. calomela'nos (beautiful-black). 2. July. W. Ind. 1/90. — cheer ophy'lla (chervil-leaved). J. June. Brazil. 1825. — chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 1. Juiy. W. Ind. 1824. — corda'ta (heart-shaped). 1. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1838. — falca'ta (sickle-shaped). May. W. Ind. — hy'brida (hybrid). May. S. Amer. — Java'nica (Javanese). May. Java. — leptophy'Ua (slender-leaved). 1. July. South Europe. 1819. — myriophy'lia (myriad-leaved). 1. Brazil. 1824. — ochra'cea (yellow). 1. Yellow. March. Buenos Ayres. — peda'ta (doubly-lobed). $. June. New Spain. — Peruviana (Peruvian). 1. July. Peru. 1822. — ru' 'fa (red- haired). 4. June. Jamaica. 1/93. — sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). ], July. Ja- maica. 1808. — tarta'rea (infernal). 1. August. W. Ind. 1817- — tomento'sa (downy). Brazil. 1831. — trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. Jamaica. 1810. — vesti'ta (clothed). Yellow. May. W. Ind. — villo'sa (shaggy). June. Brazil. 1836. Gymno'psis. (From gymnos, naked, and opsis, like ; naked-looking grains. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.) Same as Gymnolomia. Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in spring or summer, in sand, under a bell- glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. Macula 1 ta is very pretty. O. conna'ta (joined). 4. October. Brazil. 1821. — macula'ta (spotted). 3. June. W. Ind. 1821. — tripline'rnia (trip '.e - nerved). 3. October. New Spain. 1825. Gymno'ptebis. (From gymnos, naked, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2'Uum (flat-leaved'). 1|. August. 1810. — ttretifo'tium (round-leaved). 1. August. 1822. Ha-ha is a sunk fence, being placed at the bottom of a deep and spreading ditch, either to avoid any interruption to an expanse of surface, or to let in a de- sired prospect. As all deceptions are un- satisfactory to good taste, and as, when viewed lengthwise, these fences are formal and displeasing, they ought never to be adopted except in extreme cases. Haik. See Animal Matters. Ha'kea. (Named after Baron Hake, a German patron of botany. Nat. ord., Pro- teads [Proteacese]. Linn., 4.-Teirandria 1- Monoyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen, New Holland shrubs, all with white flowers, except where otherwise men- tioned. Cuttings of young shoots well ripened, in sand, over peat, and under a bell-glass, kept cool until a callus is formed, and then placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat two parts, and one of loam, with sufficiency of sand and broken freestone and pieces of charcoal, to keep the compost open. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. A shady place out of doors in the very height of summer. H. acicala'ris {needle-leaved). 3. Jane. 1/90 — acanthophy'lla (prickly-leaved). 3. 1821. — Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 1830. — cerutophy'lla (.horn-leaved}. 4. Brown. June, 1824. — cine'rea (grey- leaved). 5. June. 1803. — claoa'ta (club-leaved). 5. July. 1824. — erista'ta (crested). 1837. — cucullu'ta (hooded). 4. June. 1824. — dactyloi'des (dactylis-like). 7. July. 179». — denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1837. — echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. June. 1824. — epiglo'ttis (windpipe-valved). 4. May. lSig. — fle'xilis (pliant). 4. 1824. —fio'rida (flowery). 5. 1803. — gibbo'sa (swollen- fruited). 7. May. 1790. — glabe'lla (smoothish). — ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. August. 1803. — Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. 1S25. — lani'gera (woolly). 3J. June. 1S20. — lati/o'iia (broad-leaved). 4. 1825. — linea'ris (narrow -leaned). 4. May. 1824. — lonvifo'lia (long-Uiwed). 3. 1823. — marginafta (bordered). 4. July. 1824. — mi'xta (mixed). — myriccefo'lia (gale-leaved). 1823. — myrtoi'des (myrtle-like). 1$. Bed. February. Swan Biver. — nPtida (glossy). 5. June. 1 803. — nodo'sa (knotted). 1824. — obli'qua (unequal -flowered). 6. May. 1803. — oleifoflia (olive-leaved). 5. June. i;04. — pecti na'ta (comb-like). 4. May. 1810. — pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). 6. 1796. — repa'nda (wwry -leaved). 4. June. 1324. H. ruscifo'Ua (ruscus-leaved). 4. July. 1825. — sali'gna (willow-leaned). 7. April. 1791.' — scopa'ria (broom-like). Yellow. Swan Bivcr — suaeeo'lens (sweet-smelling). 4. 1803. — subula'ta (awl-shaped-/ea»ed). 4. May. 182 — sulca'ta (inrrowei-leaved). 4. May. 1820. — tri/o'rmis (three-form). — trifurca'ta (three-forked). 5. Juac 1824. — tubercula'ta (knotted). 1830. — ulici'na (furze-like). 4. 1844. — undula'ta (wavy-leaved). 3. June. 1S0S. — va'ria (variable). 3. July. 1825. — Victo'riee (Queen Victoria's). White, yellow Hale'sia. Snowdrop-tree. (Named after Dr. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics. Nat. ord., Storaxworts [ Stvracacese]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy deciduous shrubs ; by seed in spring, by layers, and cuttings of the roots in spring and autumn ; require a deep, sandy, moist soil to grow them to a large, healthy size. H. tetra'ptera (four-winged). 10. White. May. Carolina. 1756. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 8. White. May. N. Amer. 1822. — di'ptera (two-winged). 6. White. April. N. Amer. 1758. Half-hardy Plants are those which require partial shelter, as in a cold pit or frame, during the winter. Here some at- tention is required to exclude from them dampness and frost, but especially the first, Haltmode'ndeon. Salt-tree. (From ha- limos, sea-coast, and dendron, a tree ; re- ferring to its native habitat. Nat. ord-, Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17. Diadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to Co- lutea.) Hardy deciduous shrubs, natives of Siberia. Grafted standard high on the Laburnum it forms one of the most graceful drooping trees that can adorn a lawn. Seeds, cutt'ngs, and layers of the roots ; common soil ; if sandy and open all the better. H. arge'nteum (silvery^. 6. Pink. May. 1779. brachyse'ma (short-standarded). '6. Pink. June. subvire'scens (pale-greenish). 6. Pink. May. Halle'eia. (Named after Br. Holler, a botanist. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scro- phulariacese]. Linn., li-JDidynamia 2- Angiospermia. Allied to Collinsia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 35° to 45°, with plenty of ventilation at both seasons. H. elliptica (oval). 6. Scarlet. May. 1816. — lu'cida (shining-Jeaoed). 6. Scarlet. May. 1752. Haltica. See Black Flea. Hajllue'lis. "Witch HazeL (From liama, together with, and rnela, fruit; re- ferring to the flowers and fruit being on this tree at the same time. Nat. ord., HAM [413 ] HAK Witch Hazels [Hamamelidacem]. Linn., 4.-Tetrandria 2-Digynia.) Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America, which produce their yellow flowers during the winter, after the leaves have fallen. Cuttings of the roots, layers, and seeds, the latter generally requiring two years to veiretate ; soil sandy and moist ; male and female flowers generally on se- parate plants } the ieiuale tlower3 are the most attractive. H. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. May. 18H. — Virgi'nica (Virginian). 10. May. 1812. Hamburgh Parsley. Petroseli'num aati'vum, var. latifo'lium. U se , — This, known also by the name broad-leaved and large-rooted Parsley, is cultivated for its root, which attains the size of a middling parsnip, boiling ex- ceedingly tender and palatable. It is eaten both as a sauce to flesh meat, and in soups, &c. Sowing.— Sow at monthly intervals, from February until the middle of June, thinly in drills nine inches apart. The plants appear in about a month after sow- ing, and require to be thinned to nine inches asunder. Frequent hoeing is the only cultivation required. By the end of July, or during August, the earliest sow- ings will have acquired a sufficient size for occasional use ; but the roots seldom attain their full growth until Michaelmas ; and the latest crops not until the follow- ing year. On the arrival of frost, some of them must be taken up, and buried in sand, in a dry situation under cover. To save Seed. — Some plants must be left where grown, and allowed to run in May. Their produce will ripen in July or August. Then to be cut, dried, beat out, and stored. Hame'lia. (Named after the cele- brated botanist, Du Hamel. Nat. ord., Cinclionads [Cinchonaceaa]. Linn., 5-Pen- tandrla 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in the beginning of summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. H. axilla'ris (axillary). 2. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 1822. — chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 8. Yellow. November. Jamaica. 1822. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. August. Trinidad. 1819. — pa'tens (spreading). 5. Yellow. July. His- paniola. 1752. — tpharoca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. Orange. July. Mexico. 1811. ~ventrico'sa (much-swollen). 8. Yellow. Sep- tember. W. Ind. 1778. Hamilto'nia. (Named after Mr. Ha- milton, an American botanist. Nat. ord., Cinchonadx [Cinchonacece]. Linn., 22» Dicecia 3-Triandria. Allied to Guettarda.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with sweet-scented flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under glass, ana in a moist bottom-heat. Sum- mer temp., when growing, 60° to 80° ; in winter, when at rest, 48° to 55° j when in bloom, 55°. H. scu'bra (scaly). Pale blue. January Nepaul. — auave'olens (sweet-scented). White. Octo- ber. E. Ind. 1818. Hammatophora btjcephala. Buff-tip Moth. This moth is from two to three inches across the opened fore-wings, which are silvery-grey, crossed by a slender black line, and preceded by a red one near the base of the wings, several dusky bars in the middle, and with a large oval cream- coloured patch, enclosing some small buff spots ; edged with a curved red line, pre- ceded by a black one ; the edges of the wings varied, black, grey, and tawny red. Hind-wings whitish ; body buff, dark brown at the sides, and behind. The caterpillars are yellow, with black legs, and several rows of interrupted black stripes. Sometimes the green and black most prevail, so that the yellow seems to constitute the bands. They are found whilst young, thirty or forty together, on the leaves of the filbert during August and September, but also on the leaves of the elm, oak, &c. The chrysalis is found in the earth ; it has two small points at its tail. Hammers for gardening purposes are made with a clawed head, for drawing as well as driving in nails. They are made of five different sizes, No. 5 being the largest. Those are best with a stud in the centre of the head, as this acts as a fulcrum in drawing nails, and prevents bruising any branch beneath the hammer during the operation. Hanbury. See Ambtjry. Hand-barrow is best made of this form : — us m The cage below is useful for carrying leaves and other litter; and when the close, moveable cover is on, it serves as a conveyance for plants in large pots or tubs, which, when in flower or bearing HAN [ 4U ] HAR fruit, might be too Tiolently shaken in a wheelbarrow. Hand-glass is a portable glass-case nsed for sheltering cauliflowers and other, plants in winter, and during early spring, or to retain a regular supply of moisture •Jo cuttings, or until they are rooted. The most durable and convenient are made with cast-iron framing of this form : — They are sometimes made with moveable tops, as here represented; but the only advantage it affords is, that several of the lower portions may be placed upon each other to protect any tall-growing shrub in severe weather, otherwise they are more troublesome to move, and more liable to breakage than if made entire. Hand Plant. Cheiroste'mon. Hand-weeding might be banished al- most from the garden, if in the kitchen department all crops were inserted in drills. This is most desirable ; for the stirring of the surface consequent to hoe- ing is much more beneficial to the crops, and cannot be repeated too frequently. Hanging is when a plant is so badly inserted by the dibble, that the lower parts of the roots are in an unfilled hole, while the earth is pressed round their collar, so as to keep them suspended up- right in their place. Hardenbe'rgia. (Named after the Countess of Harderiberg, in Germany, sister to Baron Hugel. Nat. ord., Le- guminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17- Diadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to Ken- nedya.) Greenhouse evergreen climbers, from Australia, with purple flowers, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the young side-shoots, a little firm at their base, taken off in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a close frame or pit without bottom-heat ; peat two parts, loam one part, with sand and a little charcoal, to keep the compost open. They like a little shade in the middle of summer, and a temperature of 40° to 48° in winter. H. Comptonia'na (Compton's). 12. Purple, lilac. March. 1803. — corda'ta (heart-teaoed). April. 1820. »- digita'ta (finger-teo»ecf). 10. April. 1830. H.macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. Scarlet. April. 1835. — monophy'Ua (one-leaved). 10. April. 1700. — longjraeemo' sa (long-racemed^. 10. April. 182S. — ona/ta (egg-leaved). 6. Apr.1. 1820- Hardentng-off. By this term gar- deners intend the gradual preparation of plants to endure exposure to a colder and more airy situation. Thus, before bed- ding-out geraniums, or ridging-out cu- cumbers, in open beds, the plants that have been nursed under glass are, by degrees, exposed to more air and less warmth, by opening the lights wider, and for a greater length of time, not only by day, but by night, until they become inured to so low a temperature as to suf- fer no check by being placed in the open ground. Hardwi'ckia. (Named after General Hardwicke, of the East Indian Company. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese] , Linn., lQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cynometra.) Stove evergreen trees, with yellow flowers, from the East Indies. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sandy soil, and in a brisk heat ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50°. H. bina'ta (tx'm-leaced). 40. March. 1820. — pinna'ta (leafleted). 40. April. 1818. Hardy Plants are those which endure uninjured our seasons without protection. Habedell. Campa'nula rotundifo'lia. Hares and Rabeits are deterred from injuring trees and shrubs, by mixing night-soil and clay in water, and daubing it over the stems, with a brush, in No- vember; and, if the winter proves very wet, in February. The November dress- ing is, however, generally sufficient. This mixture has stopped their depredations entirely, even when they had commenced operations. Hare's-Ear. Bupleu'rum. Hare's-Foot. Ochro'ma lago'pus. Hare's-Fern. Dava'llia Canarie'nsit. Haricot. See Kidney Bean. Haro'nga. (From rotiga, the name in Madagascar. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hype- ricacese]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 2-Poly- andria. Allied to Elodea.) Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of young shoots getting a little firm, in sacdy peat, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandv loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 48° to 55°. H. Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Yellow. July. Madagascar. 1825. Harpa'litjm. (From Harpalyce, daugh- ter of Lycurgus. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia 3Frus- tranea. Allied to Helianthus.) HAK [ «5 ] Hardy herbaceous plant. Division of the plant in spring ; common soil. H. ri'gidum (stiff;. Yellow. August. N.'Amer. Harriso'nia. (Named in honour of Mrs. Harrison, of Liverpool, its intro- ducer. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia- dacea?]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) This is really a Baxte'ria. Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young shoots, a little firm at their base, after fresh growth has commenced, in spring, in sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom- heat ; peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°. 3. Lonieeroi'des (Lonicera-like). 6. Scarlet. July. Brazil. 1825. Harto'gia. (Named after J. Hartog, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord., Spindle- trees [Celastracere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Elaeodendron.) Evergreen shrub, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the ripe shoots under a bell-glass, or under a hand-light, and protected ; sandy loam and peat. Usually grown in the greenhouse, but will stand out of doors in elevated, aild yet sheltered places. B. Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. July. 1800. Hart's Tongue. Scolope'ndrium, Habtwe'gia. (Named af ter 31. Hart- weg, court gardener to the Emperor of Austria, once a botanical collector for the Horticultural Society. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceffi]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- 31onandria.) Stove orchids. Division of the plant in spring ; very fibry peat, potsherds, and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 83° ; winter, 50° to 55°. H. cra&sife'lia (thick-leaved). Purple. April. Guatimala. 1840. — purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. August. Vera Cruz. 1837. angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple. June. Mexico. 1842. Hassagay-tree. Curti'sia. Hatchet-vetch. Bise'rrula. Hautboy or Hautbois. See Straw- berry. Hawk-fly. See Sc-eva. Hawkweed. Hiera'ceum. Hawo'rthia. (Named in honour of A. H. Haworth, Esq., a distinguished Eng- lish botanist.) For culture, &c, see Aloe, of which it is a section. They are all natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and all have grey flowers. H. a'lbicant (-white-edged). 1. July. 1795. — altili'nca (ridged-lined). }. August. 1824. — angustifo'lia (.narrow-leaved). 4. June. 1824. — arachnoi'des \cooweb-like). 1. August. 1727. mi'nor (smaller). 1. August. 1819. — arista'la (awned). 1. July. 1820. — asperiu'scula 1 roughish). $. June. 1818. — aftro-vi'rens (dark green). 1. May. 1823, ■— attenua'ta (attenuated). 1. July. 1700, — brt/vis (short). %. June. 1810. H. chloraca'ntha (green-spinedl. *. August. 1820. — claripe'rla (clear-pearled). 4. June. 1824. — coarcta'ta (compressed). 4. August. 1821. — conci'nna (neat). 4- 1823. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 4. June. 1817. — cu'rta (short- twisted). 4. Julv. 1816. — cuspida'ta (spine-pointed). 4. August. 181J. — cymbifo'rmis (boat-formed). J. June. 179 J. — denticuia'ta (small-toothed). 4. August. 1819. — ere'eta (erect-pearl). i. August. 1818. — expa'nsa (expanded). 1. August. 1795. — fascia'ta (banded-Bear/). £. August. 1818. ma'jor (larger). 4. July. 1820. — grana'ta (grained). £. July. 1735. — hy'brida (hybrid), i. June. 1821. — indura'ta (hard-6ra«c/*y). $. June. 1829. — t&'te-vi'rens (lively-green). 4. August. 1819. — lee'vis (smooth-white-edged). J. August. 1820. — U'mpida (limpid). 4. August. 1819. — marg'anW/era (pearl-beaniig). 1. July. 1739. — mi'nor (lesser-pearl) . I. June. — mira'bilis (admirable-cushion). §. July. 1795. — multifa'ria (many-sided). \. Julv. 1824. — mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). J. July. 1820. — mu'tica (blunt-cushion). 4. July. 1820. — nigricans (granulated-black). 4. August. 1822. — ni'tida (shining). 1. July. 1825. — obtu'sa (small-blunt). 4. June. 1824. — pa'llida (pale-green). 4. June. 1820.C — planifo'lia rflat-leaved). 4. April. 1824. — papilto'sa (nippied). 1. June. 1820. semipupillo'sa (half-nippled). 14. June. 1820. — pa'rva (small). J. May. 1821. — pseu'do-tortuo'sa(sl\zhtly-tv,isted-triangular). 1. July. 1818. — pu'mila (Avtari-cobweb). 1. May. 1782. — ru'dula (nle-surj aced-pearl). 14. May. 1805. aspe'rior (rougher). 1. August. 1820. la'vior (smoother). 1. August. 1825. pluriperla'ta (many-pearled). 1. August, 1820. — rami'fera (branch-bearing). 4. August. 1821. — recu'rva (curled-back-teawed). I.August. 1795. — ilema>a'r«(Reinwart'spear7). 4.. June. 1820. — reticulata (netted). 4. June. 1794. — retu'sa (bent-back-cwsAum). 1. June. 1720. — sca'bra (rough). $. June. 1818. — semimargariti'fera (half -pearl- bearing). 1. April. 1819. ma'jor (larger). 1. April. 1819. mi'nor (smaller). 1. April. 1819. — multiperla'ta (many-pearled). 1. April. 1819. — semiglabra'ta (half-smoothed), i. June. 1811. — seta'ta (bristle-leaved). 1. June. 1820. — — — ma'jor (larger). 1. July. 1820. — me'dia (»ediate). I. July. 1820. — —— nigricans (blackish). 1. July. 1820. — so'rdida (sordid), i, July. 1820. — tessella'ta (rfajfr-checkered). 4. June. 182S. — torqua'ta (collared). 1. August. 1823. — torte'lla (slightly-twisted). 4. July. 1817. — tortuo'sa (twisted). 1. July. 1794. — translu'cens (transparent). J. June. 1795. — tu'rgida (swollen-eusAion). j. August. 181£>. — veno'sa (veiny). $. June. 1820. — vire'scens (greenish). 1. August. I819. mi'nor (smaller). 4. August. 1810. — visco'sa (clammy). 14. June. 17*7 • Hawthorn. Gratce'gus. Hawthorn-butterfly. Pieris. Haylo'ckia. (Named after Mr. Hay~ Irck, gardener to Dr. Herbert. Nat. ord., HAZ C 416 ] HE A Jmaryllids [Amaryilidacese]. Allied to Cooperia.) A small bulb, with very narrow leaves and one flowered scape. Offsets ; sandy loam, with a little peat and leaf-mould ; requires the protection of a frame, or to be deeply planted in a dry place ia winter. B.pusi'lla (dwarf). $. Straw. September. Buenos Ayres. lS2g. Hazel. Co'rylus avella'na. Heading, or as it is also termed, Cab- baging or Loaving, is an inaptitude to un- fold the central leaves, characterizing the various members of the Cabbage tribe. They have their centre or bud composed of a larger number of leaves than usual, and these, in some instances, are so com- plexly combined that the plant has not sufficient power to force them open to permit the protrusion of the seed-stem. The closeness of the heading is regulated by the exposure to the light. In a shady situation all the leaves are required to elaborate the sap, on account of the defi- cient light rendering each less active; therefore they open as they are formed. In a free exposure a few leaves are able to effect the requisite decomposition ; and hence the reason why cabbages always have " harder hearts " in summer than in spring or autumn, when the light is less intense. Heading-down, is cutting off entirely, or to a considerable extent, the branches of a tree or shrub — a process not rashly to be resorted to, and adopted only to re- duce them when the plant seems declin- ing in vigour, or has attained an undesir- able size. Heart's-ease. See Pansy. Heat is the prime agent employed by the Almighty Creator to call vegetable life into existence, to develope vegetable form, to effect all vegetable changes, and to ripen all vegetable produce. All these effects are performed most efficiently, in the case of every plant, at some different temperature or degree of heat ; and he who ascertains most correctly those heats has taken a gigantic step towards excel- lence as a gardener. An uncongenial heat is as pernicious to vegetables as to animals. Every plant has a particular temperature, without which its functions cease ; but the majority of them luxuriate most in a climate of which the extreme temperatures do not much exceed 32° and 90°. No seed will vegetate, no sap will circulate, in a temperature at or below the freezing point of water. No cultiva- tion will render plants, natives of the tor- rid zone, capable of bearing the rigours of our winters, although their offspring, raised from seed, may be rendered much more hardy than their parents. Others are capable of resisting the greatest known cold to which they can be exposed ; yet all have degrees of temperature most congenial to them, and if subjected to lower temperatures, are less or more in- jured proportionately to the intensity of that reduction. If the reduction of temperature be only slightly below that which is congenial, it merely causes the growth of the plant to diminish and its colour to become more pale ; this effect being now produced by the plant's tor- pidity, or want of excitement to perform the requisite elaboration of the sap, as it is by over-excitement when made to vege- tate in a temperature which is too elevated. If blossoms are produced at all, they are unfertile, and the entire aspect of the plant betrays that its secretions are not health}', and its functions are deadened. Mr. Enight says, " that melons and cucumber plants, if grown in a tempera- ture too low, produce an excess of female blossoms ; but if the temperature be too high, blossoms of the opposite sex are by far too profuse." The drier the air the greater is the amount of moisture transpired ; and this becomes so exces- sive, if it be also promoted by a high temperature, that plants in hothouses, where it has occurred often, dry up as if burned. The justly-lamented Mr. Daniell has well illustrated this by showing, that if the temperature of a hothouse be raised only five degrees, viz., from 75° to 80°, whilst the air within it retains the same degree of moisture, a plant that in the lower temperature exhaled fifty-seven grains of moisture, would, in the higher temperature, exhale one hundred and twenty grains in t^e same space of time. Plants, however, like animals, can bear a higher temperature in dry air than they can in air charged with vapour. Animals are scalded in the latter if the tempera- ture is very elevated, and plants die under similar circumstances, as if boiled. MM, Edwards and Colin found kidney-beans sustained no injury, when the air was dry, at a temperature of 170° ; but they died in a few minutes if the air was moist. Other plants under similar circumstances would perish probably at a much lower temperature ; and the fact affords a warn* HE A [ 417 J HEA ing to the gardener to have the atmo- sphere in his stoves very dry whenever he wishes to elevate their temperature for the destruction of insects or other purposes, Certain plants flourish in hot-water springs, of which the temperature varies between the scalding heats of from 150° to 180° of Fahrenheit's .thermometer; and others have been found growing freely on the edges of volcanoes, in an atmo sphere heated above the boiling point of water. Indeed, it is quite certain that most plants will better bear, for a short time, an elevated temperature, which, if long continued would destroy them, than they can a low temperature. Thus a temperature much above the freezing point of water, to orchidaceous and other tropical plants, is generally fatal if endured by them for only a few minutes ; whereas a considerable elevation above a salutary temperature is rarely injurious to plants. But this is not universally the case ; for the elegant Pri'mula margina'ta is so im- patient of heat, that, although just about to bloom, it never opens a bud if brought into a room in which there is a fire. The temperature should always be regu- lated, in our hothouses, with a due regard to the light. At night it should be so low as to put the circulation of the sap into a comparative state of rest; and in dull days the temperature should be full 10° lower than in those of bright sunshine. Heaths. See Eki'ca. Propagation: by Cuttings. — In order tobe successful in striking the hard-wooded heaths, it is necessary to put a plant of each kind in gentle heat, to cause them to push forth young shoots. Whilst they are growing, the materials for the opera- tion of propagation should be prepared : these are the requisite number of clear hell-glasses. It will be advantageous to have them of different sizes ; the smallest 3J inches, and the largest 6 inches di- ameter, with two sizes between. Also pre- pare the drainage by breaking a quantity of potsherds. These should be in three sizes, the largest about an inch across, the next half an inch, and the smallest the size of marrow-fat peas, with the dust sifted out from amongstthem. Next, have the soil ready. The best is to be had from some dry moorland where the heather grows wild. Break the turves into a fine state, and pass it through a fine sieve, reserving the rougher pieces to cover the drainage with. The next) 27 I things to look after are the pots. If new, they must placed in a tub of water for a few hours; if old, they must be well scoured and made perfectly clean. Lastly, procure a sufficient quantity of pure silver sand, a pair of propagating scissors, and a small ivory-handled knife of the very best material. All these being in readiness, see that the cuttings are in a fit state to take off the plants. If they have made fresh shoots an inch long, they are ready for use. Then take a small clean pot, invert it, and place it over the hole at the bottom of the pot for the cuttings, then fill in round a few of the largest potsherds, and cover them with some of the second size, and then, lastly, with a consider- able quantity of the smallest size, cover these with a layer of the rough siftings. The whole of these should fill the pot to within two and a half inches of the rim of the pot. Upon that place an inch and a half of the heath mould, with a large admixture of the silver sand ; level this last layer with a circular piece of wood, with a nail driven into the centre, to form a handle. Finish with a layer of the pure white sand quite level with the rim of the pot. Give a good water- ing with a fine rose pot, to settle the same. Then take off the cuttings with the scissors, and dress them with the knife; cut the bottom of the cutting clean off with a level cut, just at the part between the new and the old wood ; then cut off the leaves close to the stem, without wounding its bark, about two- thirds of its length from the bottom. As each cutting is made, place it under the bell-glass upon the sand, till a sufficient number are made to fill the pot. Make a mark in the sand to show the size of the glass, and then proceed to put in the cuttings in regular rows across the pot, keeping the leaves just clear out of the sand. When they are all planted, give another gentle watering, to settle the sand firm ; allow them to dry partially before the glass is put on. Then place them in a house where they can be shaded from the sun, and keep up a gentle heat of 55°, as near as possible. "Wipe the glasses dry every morning, and as soon as the cuttings are rooted, remove them into a cooler house, and give a little ah* by placing three short pieces of wood, a quarter of an inch thick and two inches long, so as to form a triangle, and let the bell-glass rest upon them. In this houst* St a HEA [ 418 ] HEB it will still be necessary to shade them from the blazing sun. This is easily done by spreading some sheets of paper over them; but remove this shade instantly when the sun is overclouded. When they have been in this situation for a month, remove the glasses entirely, and a month afterwards commence potting them off in 3-inch pots, four in a pot, stopping them at the same time, to make them bushy. Place them in a cold frame, upon a layer of river-sand on coal-ashes ; shade again for a time, and give air mo derately. When they have made fresh roots expose them occasionally to gentle showers, but by no means to heavy rain. Give them due supplies of water in dry weather, and keep them clear of weeds. In these pots they must remain till the spring following. During the winter place them on a shelf, near the glass, in a light, airy greenhouse. About March, pot them singly into the same sized pots, shading them again till fresh roots are formed. They are then ready for the usual routine of culture. Heaths, with soft wood and free growth, are more easy to propagate, and do not require so much preparation; but in other respects the management is the same. By Seed. — Several kinds of heaths produce plenty of good seed; even some that are extremely difficult to propagate any other way, such, for instance, as E. e'legans, E. odo'ra ro'sea, E. halicaca'ba, E.triu'mpJians, and some others of similar habit. Fill the pots in tbe same way as for cuttings, only mix the top layer of sand with as much heath-mould ; make the surface smooth, and sow the seed in spring on the surface, covering it as slightly ss possible ; water with the finest syringe, so that it may fall upon the seed like the finest dew ; place the pots near the glass, shade from bright sun, and keep the surface just moist. The seed- lings will soon come up, and require great care, or they will fog off. To prevent this give air daily. As soon as they can be handled transplant them into 5-inch pots rather thickly, but standing clear of each other. In this state they may re- main for six or eight months, and then pot them off into 3-inch pots, four in a pot, and manage them afterwards in the same way as the cuttings. Soil. — This has been already described above, in writing of the soil proper for the cuttings to root into; but for larger plants it must not be sifted so fine. For very large plants do not sift it at all ; for such, if a few pieces of sand-stone are mixed amongst the mould, they will be useful to allow the water to penetrate to the centre of the ball. Potting. — Heaths thrive best if the mould is left below the rim of the pot from half an inch for small plants in 6- inch pots, to two inches in large ones. This space holds a supply of water which gradually sinks through, and effectually moistens the ball to the centre. Drain thoroughly with broken potsherds, half an inch for small plants, to three inches for very large ones. Culture. — Cold pits or frames, in spring and autumn, are the best protection to place heaths in during their youth, and a good, airy, light, span-roofed greenhouse for them through winter and spring, when they are too large for the frames. In summer they should be set out of doors upon a thick bed of coal-ashes, behind a low wall or hedge. Whilst in this position they must have an abundant and constant supply of water. If the ball ever becomes thoroughly dry, the plants will certainly die ; therefore, attend to this point of watering most rigidly and perse veringly. In winter they do not require so much ; but even in that season they must be kept moderately, but constantly and thoroughly moistened. Diseases. — Heaths are subject to go off at the point where the stem ends and the roots begin. This is caused often by an irregular supply of water, and cannot be cured when it once takes place. The plant may appear green and flourishing, and the roots fresh, and the ends are lively even when the stem is dead. Another fell disease is the mildew. This may be sometimes cured by first damping the plants infected, and then dusting them over with flowers of sulphur. This disease is often brought on by a long- continued damp atmosphere ; and if that is not dried by a little heat, with abun- dance of air, the disease will spread rapidly, and soon destroy the plants. If only one or two are infected, they had better be sulphured, and placed by them- selves till the mildew fungus is killed. Insects. — See Aphis for cure, when the Green Fly attacks them. Heath-mould. See Bog-eaeth. Heather. Callu'na vulga'ris. Hebenstkei'tia. (Named after Pro- HEB t 419 ] HED fessor Helenstreit, of Leipsic. Nat ord., Selagids [Selaginaceae]. Linn., li-Didy- namia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Selago.) Most of the Cape Selagids are well adapted for planting out in summer, in mixed borders. Green- house evergreen shrubs, except H. denta'ta, which is an annual ; all from the Cape of Good Hope, and all white-flowered. Short, young shoots in sandy peat, in spring, under a bell-glass ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat. Summer temp., 50° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 45°. Denta'ta by seed in early spring. H. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. July. 1S22. — eapita'ta (headed-flowered). 1. June. 1S23, — chamtedrifo'lia (germander-leaved). 2. 1822. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. June. 1815. — corda'ta (heart-leaved). 1. July. 1774- — denta'ta (toothed). 1. July. 1/39- — erinoi'des (erinus-like). 1. May. 1816. — frutico'sa (shrubby). l£. August. 1816. — integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. May. 1/92. — sca'bra (rough). 1. June. 1824. Hedaro'ma. (From hedys. sweet, and aroma, perfume. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia 8- Polyandria.') Evergreen stove trees, all purple-blossomed, and from Swan River. For culture, see My'btus. H. latifu'lia (broad-leaved). May. — pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). May. — thymoi'des (thyme-like). May. Hede'oma. (From hedeoma, the Greek name of mint. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cunila.) Hardy annuals. Seed in early spring; light, rich garden-soil. H.pulegioi'des (pennyroyal-like). £. Blue. July. N. Amer. — thymoi'des (thyme-like). \. Red. July. France. He'dera. The Ivy. {Hedra is the Celtic word for cord, alluding to the Ivy's stems. Nat. ord., Ivy worts [Araliaceaj]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) The common ivy (H. he'lix) may be propagated by seeds, but in all its varieties is quickest propa- gated by slips, inserted in a north border, in sandy soil, kept moist in the autumn. This is a far better Dlan than inserting it at once where it is intended to remain. Deep, rich soil suits the common •vy ; the tender kinds should have lighter soil. For clothing dead trees, covering open fences, pving an air of antiquity, security, and warmth and dryness to buildings, and even producing ar- chitectural effects, and covering the ground in shady places with a green carpet, where scarcely anything else would grow, the ivy is invaluable. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. H. aculea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1816. — fra'grans (fragrant). White. Nepaul. 18l6. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. N. Hol- land. 1831. STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 4Y. eapita'ta (hea.dei-flowered). Green. Auirust. W. lad. 1778. H. digita'la (finger-leaved). White. March. E.- Ind. 1818. — emargina'ta (end-notched). Green. 1848. —ferrugi'nea (rusty). White. W. Ind. 1826, — glomerula'ta (glomerulated). 7. Yellow, April. Java. 1847. — pe'ndula (weeping). Green. Jamaica. 1824. — umbraculi'fera (umbrella- leaved). White. March. E. Ind. 1818. — Xalape'nsis (Xalapan). White. Mexico. 1824. HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. H. he'lix (common). 40. Green. September, Britain. arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Green. Britain. Canarie'nsis (Canary. Irish). 20. Green. October. Canaries. — chrysoca'rpa (yellow-berried). 30. Green. October. India. — -^— digita'ta (finger-leaved). 20. Green. October. Britain. Shrub. fo'liis arge'nteis (silver-sfriperf-leaved). 20. Green. October. Britain. fo'liis au'reis (gold-s/riperf-leaved). 20« Green. October. Britain. Tau'rica (Taurian). Green. October. Tauria. 1841. vu/ga'ri3 (common). Green. Britain. Hedge properly includes every kind of fence ; but the present details apply, for the most part, to growing fences Aber- crombie says, that all outward hedges designed as fences should have a ditch on the outside, three or four feet wide at top, three deep, sloping to one wide at bottom, raising a low bank on the inside on which to plant the hedge. Having lined out the width of the ditch, then along the inner edge lay a row of square spit turves, grass side downwards, to form the beginning of the bank, backing it np with spits of earths from the formation of the ditch, and top it with a little of the fine mould or crumbs ; and then upon this proceed to lay the first row of plants. First let the sets be headed to about five or six inches, and the roots trimmed; then lay them upon the bed of turf with their tops outward, in an upward direction, about ten or twelve inches asunder, covering their roots with mould, also out of the ditch ; and then lay another row of turf along upon the necks of the plants, and more mould from the ditch upon and behind the turf; and when the bank is thus raised a foot above the row of sets, plant another row in the same manner, placing each set against the spaces of those of the first row, so covering them with more earth from the ditch to the depth of three feet, sloping each side to one foot width at bottom, and trim up all remaining earth, throwing a sufficiency behind the top of the banking to bank up the whole even. But in planting for HED C 4-20 HED an outward fence, some form the ditch and bank first as above, and plant the sets in two rows along the top ; that is, after having formed the ditch and bank, then levelling the top, forming a foot of horder all along a yard wide ; plant the sets along its middle upright, in two rows a foot asunder, and six inches distant in each row, observing the same when in- tended to raise a hedge at once from seed sowed where you design the hedge to be, Sowing them along the top in drills a foot asunder. Sometimes, when hedges are designed for middle fences to divide fields, a two-sided bank is raised a yard high, and as broad at top, having a slight ditch on each side ; and each side of the hank is formed with square spit turves from the adjoining ground, andthemiddle filled up with mould from the ditches on each side; so that when finished,it forms a yard-wide border all the way along the top, and along the middle of which plant two rows of hedge-sets or seed, in drills, as before observed. But in places where no ditch nor raised bank is required, as may be the case for middle hedges in the interior parts of grounds, especially in gardens, then the place for the hedge being marked out on the level ground two or three feet broad, dig it along one good spade deep at least, and then plant your sets of any sort in two rows, rang- ing along the middle ; or, if you design to sow seeds, /au'cMHi(milkv-green-/eaceinna7o(leafleted). 1. White. June. 1792. — famicula'cea (fennel-iike). 14. Purple. June. 1774. — peetina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. White. June. 1810. — pefndula (weeping). 1£. Yellow, white. July. 1792. — pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. 1768. — stri'cta (erect,), f . Blue. June. 1823. — tri'fida, (three-cut), j. Purple. June. 1819. Helio'psis. (From helios, the sun, and opsis, like; the appearance of the flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- aceas]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia2-Superfiua. Allied to Zinnia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers. By seed and division ; common soil ; treatment similar to that for Helianthus. H. cane'nsit (hoary). 2. August. Mexico. 1818. — Ice'vis (smooth). 6. August. N. Amer. 1714. — sea' bra (rough). S. August. N. Amer. 1824. Heliotro'pium. Turnsole. (From HEL [ 427 ] HE LI helios, the sun, and trope, twining; in reference to the curled or twining of the flower - branch. Nat. ord., Ehreliads [Ehretiacese]. Linn., Z-Triandria 1- Monogynia.) Hardy annuals, lown in open border, in April ; tender annuals and biennials, in hotbed, and transplanted; biennials to be kept on by cuttings; shrubs, by cuttings at any time, but besi in spring and autumn: at the first period give a little bottom-heat, at the latter period place them under glass, and shade ; rich, light soil. STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. H. brevi/o'lium (short-leaved). 1. White. Nepaul. 1S24. Biennial. — Coromandeli'num (Coromandel). J. White. E. Ind. 1812. — parvifio'rum (small-flowered). 1. White. August. W. Ind. 1732. Biennial. HARDY ANNUALS. B. Mgypti'acum (Egyptian). White. June. Egypt. 1842. — Cape'nse (Cape). $. White. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — eommutu'tum (changed). J. White. Au- gust. South Europe. 1800. — Europts'um (European), f. White. July. South Europe. 1562. — oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). J. White. July. South Europe. 1824. — obova'tum (reversed-egg-Zeaoed). $• Brown. May. Nepaul. 1825. GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREES SHRUBS. H. eorymbo'sum (corymbed). 4. Lilac. July. Peru. 1800. — hu'mile (humble). I. White. June. W. Ind. 1752. Stove. — inca'num (hoary). 2. White. June. Peru. 1844. — linifo'lium (flax-leaved), lj. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1815. — Marocca'num (Morocco). I. White. June. Morocco. 1823. — undula'tum (waved- leaved). £. Lilac, brown. July. N. Africa. 1820. GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS SHRUB. H. Peruvia'num (Peruvian). 2. Lilac. July. Peru. 1757. Helle'borus. Hellebore. (From heleim, to kill, and bora, food ; referring to its poisonous quality. Nat. ord., Crow- foots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn., 13-Poly- andria Q-Polygynia. Allied to Eranthis.) Hardy herbaceous perennials; by seeds, and by division of the plant in spring ; common soil, in a shady place. H. a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 1. Purple. March. Hungary. 1820. — cu'preus (copper-coloared-fiowered). Copper. January. 1838. — dumeto' rum (thicket), 1$. Green. March. 181". — fa'tidm (foetid. Bear's-foot). ij. Greek. March. England. — grave'utens (strong-scented). Yellow. Fe- bruary. 1838. — li'vidus (hvid-three-teaved). 1. Purple. March. Corsica. 1710. — — — integrilo'bus (entire-lobed). 1. Purple, February. Corsica. 1710. H.ni'ger (black. Christmas-Rose). 1. Pink. Austria. 1590. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. Pink. March. Austria. 1596. — odo'rus (sweet-scented). 1$. Green. March. Hungary. I817. — Oly'mpicus (Olympian). 2. Green. February. India. 1840. — orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Dark. February. India. 1839. — pmrpura'seens (purplish). 1£. Purple, green. March. Hungarv. 1817. — verna'lis (spring). $. White. March. Austria. 1 596. Helle'nia. (Named after C. N. Hel- lenius, professor at Abo. Nat. ord., Gin- gerworts [Zingiberaceae]. Linn., \-Mo- nandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Alpinia.) Stove herbaceous perennials, with white flowers; division in spring; rich, sandy loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. Treatment similar to Hedychium. H. abno'rmis (irregular). 10. June. China. 1824. — cceru'lea (blue- berried). 4. N.Holland. 1820. — Chife'nsis (Chinese). 3. China. 1825. Helmet Flower. Corya'nthes. Helo'nias. (A diminutive of helos, a marsh ; small marsh-plants. Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthaceae]. Linn., 6-Hex- andria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Veratrum.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America. By seeds, and dividing the roots in spring ; sandy, fibry loam and peat, and requiring a moist, somewhat shaded situation. H. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White. May. 1823. — bulla'ta (boss-garnished). 1. Purple. April: 1758. — erytkrospe'rma (red-seeded). £. White. June. 1770. Hemeroca'llis. Day Lily. (From hemero, a day, and hallos, beauty. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacere]. Linn., 6- Hexandria \-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division in spring ; common garden-soil. H. di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Orange. May. China. 1798. —fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 2 596. — /u'/ua (tawny). 4. Tawny. July. Levant. 1596. flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 4. Cop- per. July. — —~variega'ta (striped-leaved). 4. Copper. July. — grami'nea (grassy-leaved). 1. Lilac, yellow. June. Siberia. 1759. — Siebo'ldii(Siebo\d's). Pink. September. Japan. 1833. — specio'sa (showy). Yellow. July. Hemia'ndra. (From hemi, half, and aner, a man ; in reference to the absence of the two upper stamens, being half their number. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lip- worts [Lamiaceae], Linn., l-L-Didynamia. 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to Prostanthera.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in tana* HEM [ «8 ] HER nnder a bell-glass, in April; loam and peat, lightened with sand and pieces of charcoal. Sum- mer temp., S5° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 45°. H. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). May. 1840. — emargina'ta (notch-ended). White, pink- May. 1840. — hirsu'ta (hairy). May. — rupe'stris (rock). May. 1837. HEMiCLf dia. (From hemi, half, and kleio, to shut ; referring to the appearance of the flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro- teacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetrandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Dryandria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and when callused at the base, assisted with a mild bottom-heat ; a little fibry loam, but chiefly peat, with a few chips of sandstone and charcoal, and well-drained. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. H. Ba'xteri (Baiter's). 3. Yellow. June. Lucky Bay. 1824. Hemtdi'ctyon. (From hemi, half, and diktyon, a net. Nat. ord., Polypods [Poly- podiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia 1- Filices.) A stove Fern. Division in spring; peat and lotm. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°. H. margina'tum (bordered). Brown. S. Amer. Hemige'nia. (From hemi, half, and genea, to beget ; referring to the absence of the two upper stamens, being half their number. Nat. ord., Labiates [La- miaceae]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia 1-Gym- nospermia. Allied to Hemiandra.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°; re- quires good drainage. H.purpu'rea (purple-flowered). Purple. April. N. S. Wales. 1824. Hemigo'nitjm. (From hemi, half, and gonu, angle. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo- diacese] . Linn., 2±-Cryptogumia i- Filices.) Herbaceous stove Fern. Divisions in spring ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°j win- ter, 45° to 55°. H. cadu'cum (naked). Brown, yellow. May. W. Ind. Hemi'meris. (From hemi, half, and meris, a part ; referring to the appearance of the flowers as if in two halves. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Alonsoa.) Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°. H. monta'na (mountain). $. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Hemioxi'tes. (From hemionos, a mule; Bupposed to be barren. Nat. ord., Poly- pods [Polypodiaceee]. Linn., 2±-Crypto. gamia 1-Filices.) Stove herbaceous perennials. Dividing the roots ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°. H. curda'ta (heart-leaved). Brown, yellow. July. E.Ind. — palma'ta (hand-leaved), f. July. W. Ind. — pinna' to. (leafleted). Brown, vellow. July. E. Ind. Hemite'lia. (From hemi, half, and mitella, a mitre; shape of root-stock. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2i-Cryplogamia 1-Filices.) H. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. Brown, yellow. 1843. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Brown, yellow. 1824. Hemlock. Coni'um. Hemlock Spruce. Pi'taa Canade'nsis. Hemp Agrimony. Eupato'rium canna- bi'num. Hen-and-Chickens. See Daisy. Henbane. Hyoscy'amus. He'nfreya. (Named after Arthur Henfrey, Esq., a distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 2-I>iandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Dicliptera.) Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttims of small side- shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a brisk bot- tom-heat ; turfy loam and fibry peat ; keep a high, moist temperature after shifting. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 55° to 60°. H. sca'ndens (climbing). White. May. Sierra Leone. 1845. Henna-plant. Zawso'nia ine'rmis. Hepa'tica. (From hepaticos, relating to the liver ; referring to the lobed leaves. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polygynia. Hardy herbaceous perennials ; seeds and division of the plant, or roots, in spring ; sandy loam, with the addition of a little peat or leaf-mould. H. acutilo'ba (acute-lobed). J. Blue. March. N. Amer. 1818. — America'na (common. American). J. Blue. March. N. Amer. 1800. a'lba (white-flowered). J. White. March. N. Amer. 1835. ru'bra (red-flowered). §. Bed. March. N. Amer. 1835. — angulo'sa (angled). J. Blue. March. N. Amer, — trilo'ba (eommon-three-lohed). $. Pink. April. England. Heracle'cm. Cow Parsnip. (From heracles, a plant consecrated to Hercules. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) Strong, coarse plants, adapted forrough ground, HER [ 429 ] HE It hanks of lakes, rivers, and waterfalls. H. gtgan- ttfum is the best for these purposes. All the ipecies are hardy biennials or herbaceous per- ennials, and white flowered. Herbaceous Plants are those peren- nials which lose their stems annually, whilst the roots continue alive in the earth. Herbary was a department of the garden formerly much more cultivated than at present, when the more potent medicinal plants of hotter climates are so easily procurahle. The following is a list of the tenants of the herhary, the appropriate cultivation of which will he found under their particular titles: — Angelica, Balm, Basil, Blessed Thistle, Borage, Burnet, Caraway, Chamomile, Chervil, Coriander, Dill, Hyssop, Laven- der, Liquorice, Marigold, Marjoram, Mint, Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Purslane, Bue, Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass, Tansey, Tar- ragon, Thyme, Wormwood. Herbe'rtia. (Named after Dr. Her- bert, Dean of Manchester, a distinguished investigator of hulbous plants. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceoe]. Linn., 16-Monadel- phia 1-Triandria. Allied to Cypella.) Pretty little half-hardy bulbs. Seeds and offsets in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; should be kept in a cold pit in winter, or protected in a dry border. H.eteru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. April. Texas. 1842. — Drummondia'na (Drummond's). Violet. April. Texas. 1S42. — pulehe'lla (neat). §. Blue, purple. July. Chili. 1827. — pusi'lla (small). Yellow. June. Brazil. 1830. Herb-bennet. Ge'um. Herb-grace. See Rue. Herb Paris. Pa'ris. Herb Eobert. Gera'nium Eolertia'- num. Hercules' Club. Zantho'xylum cla'va He'rculis. Heritie'ea. Looking - glass plant. (Named after L'Heritier, a French bota- nist. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculi- acese]. Linn., 21-Monaicia 10-Decandria. Allied to Sterculia.) Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings 'of ripe young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in brisk bot- tom-heat ; sandy, rich loam and a little peat; Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°. H. litora'lis (shore). 20. Red. E. Ind. 1780. •— mi'nor (smaller). 12. Mauritius. 1842. Herma'nnia. (Named after Paul Her- mann, a botanist. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia %-Pentandria. Allied to Mahernia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope, with yellow flowers, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttincs of young shoots in sandy soil, m spring, under a glass; sandy- loam and a little fibry peat. Winter temp. 40* to 45 . H. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 7. March. 1728. — althaifo'lia (mallow-leaved). 24. April. 1728. — arge'ntea (silvery). 2. Orange. May. I820! — eoronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 2. June. 1823. — euneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. August. 1791. — decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. May. 1821. — diosmcefo'lia (diosma-leaved). April. 1794. — flwmmea (fiamc-flowered). 3. Orange. De- cember. 1794. — fra'grans (fragrant). 2. 1822. — glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. June. 1822. — grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1/91. — hispi'dula (slightly-bristled). March. 1824. — holoseri'cea (\elvet-leaved). 2. June. 1792. — hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). 7. Straw. May. 1725. — inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. June. 1816. — infia'ta (swollen). 3. Tawny. September. S. Amcr. 1829. — i nvolucra'ta (involucred). 2. May. 1794. — lavandulcefo'lia (lavender-leaved), lj. June. 1732. — mi'cans (glittering). 2. 1/90. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 3. April. 1791. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. May. 178O. — plica'ta (ylaited-leaved). 3. November. 1774. — procu'mbens (lying-down). 1$. May. 1792. — pulnerule'nta (powdered). 2. June. 1820. — sca'bra (rough-leaved). 3. April. 178Q. — tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 2. June. — trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. 1752. — trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Purple. May. 1789. — triphy'llu (three-leaved). 2. June. 1819. Hermi'nium. (Derivation not ex- plained. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida- cere]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Gymnadenia.) Terrestrial orchids, inhabiting dry, chalky banks. Divisions of the roots ; chalky loam and fibry peat ; some hardy enough for a shady border, and others requiring the greenhouse. H. alpi'num (alpine). White. May. Switzer- land, 1824. — corda'tum (heart-leaved), §. Yellowish-green. March. N. W. Africa. 1830. — conge' stum (cTov/ded-jlowered). Green. No- vember. Madeira. — mono'rchis (one - bulbed). Green. June. England. Herna'ndia. Jaclc-in-a-box. (Named after F. Hernandez, M.D., a Spanish bo- tanist. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thyme- lacese]. Linn., 21-Monacia 3-Triandria. Allied to Inocarpus.) Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in brisk bottom- heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 60°. B. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 50. Guiana. 1820. — ovi'gera (egg-bearing). 50. E. Ind. — sono'ra (sounding). 50. E. Ind. 1693. Heron's Bill. Ero'd'mm. Herpe'stes. (From herpestes, a creep- ing thing ; in reference to the creeping HER t 430 ] HET stems. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophula- riaceae]. Linn., 1 ered). 8. Striped. August. — Virgi'nicus (Virginian). 2. Red. August. Vir- ginia. 1/98. — Wra'ycB (Mrs. Wray's). 10. Purple. October. Swan River. 1839. Deciduous shrub. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. B. gossypi'nus (cotton-like). 4. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — grossulu'rice (gooseberry-leaved). 4. Blush. June. Swah River. — heterophy'llus (various-leaved). <$. White, red. August. N. S. Wales. 1803. — multi'fldus (many-parted-leaved). 2. Azure. September.N. Holland. 1837. Deciduous. — Bichardso'ni (Richardson's). 3. Yellow. August. N. S. Wales. STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, <&C. H. mielmo'sclius (musk-akro). 3. Yellow. Au- gust. India. 1640. — JEthio'picus (Ethiopian). 15. Purple. August. Cape of Good Hope. 10. Purple. Yellow. June, July. Rosy. July. Mada- Yellow. July. E. 1. Yellow, brown. Yellow, red. Sep- I. Herbaceous per- - bifurca'tus (two-forked) Brazil. 1825. - Bvrbo'nicus (Bourbon) Bourbon. 1820. - Camero'ni (Cameron's). gascar. )838. fu'lgens (brilliant). Red. August. Mada- gascar. 1843. - canceila'tus (latticed). 3. Ind. 1817. - colli'nus (hill-inhabiting). January. 1836. -crini'tus (long-haired). 3, tember. Prome. is; ennial. - dicersifo'lius (various-leaved). 6. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1798. ■ fe'rox (tierce-stinging). 5. Vellow. May. New Grenada. 1844. ■ ferrugi'neus (rusty). 15. Scarlet. Madagascar. 1824. ■ficu'lneus (fig-like). 4. Yellow, purple. June. Ceylon. 1/32. ■furca'tus(ior\ied-calyxed). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1816. Herbaceous per- ennial. ■ Jerroldia'nus (Mr. Jerrold's). 6. Crimson. Julv. Brazil. 1843. Herbaceous perennial. • la'mpas (lamp). 10. Pink. E. Ind. 1S06. ■ lila'cinus (mac-flowered). 0. Lilac. N. Hol- land. 1836. ■ liliiflo'rus (lily-flowered). 19. Scarlet. July. Mauritius. 1828. • Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). 3. Purple. December. India. 1828. • Mocleatia'nus (MacLeay's). Yellow. August. W. Ind. 1827. • Ma'nihot (Manihot). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1712. Herbaceous perennial. HIC t 43!'. ] HIE 11. muta'bilis (changeable). 15. White. November. E. Ind. 1690. — peduneula'tus (/orag--Ieaf-stalked). 2. Red. Au- gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1S12. — penfaApe'rmMs (five-seeded). 3. "Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1825. — phccni'ceus (purple -flowered). 8. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1796. — pulche'llus (beautiful). 3. July. S. Ind. 1820. — rhombifo'lius (diamond-leaved). 4. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1823. — ro'sa-Mataba'rica (Malabar-rose). 2. Scarlet. August. E. Ind. — ru'sn-Sine'nsis (Chinese-rose). 10. Red. July. E. Ind. 1731. — — — ca'rnea-ple'na (double-flesh). 10. Flesh. July. E. Ind. 1731. — — — fta'va-ple'na (double -yellowish). 10. Yel- low. July. E. Ind. lu'tea {double-yellow). 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1823. — -— ru'bra-ple'na (double-red). 10. Red. July. E. Ind. . — — — variegn' ta-ple'na (double-variegatcd). 10. Striped. July. E. Ind. — sple'ndens (shining). 10. Rose. May. N.Hol- land. 1828. — Telfai'rite (Mrs. Telfair's). 2. Rose. July. Mauritius. 1825. — *ri'/o6us (three-lobcd). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1818. — tubulo'sus (tubular). 2. Yellow August. E. Ind. 1796. — veluti'nus (velvet). 6. White. July. Timor. 1818. Hickory. Ca'rya. Hide-bound. See Bakk-bound. Hiera'ciuh. Hawkweed. (A name from Pliny for eye-salve ; referring to the ancient employment of the juice. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19- Syn'jenesia l-^]qualis.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, with one excep- tion, and all yellow-flowered, except where other- wise mentioned. The dwarf ones fitted for the front of borders, rock-works, and alpine grounds. Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring ; light, rich loam. Frutico'sum is a greenhouse shrub; cuttings will strike in sandy soil, either under a bell-glass or a hand. light, during the summer; sandy loam suits it, with a little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 40°. H. alpe'stre (alpine). £. July. Switzerland. 1822. — alpi'num (mountain). £. July. Britain. — amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). l£. July. Pyre- nees. 1739. — —— pulmonarioi'des (lungwort-like), lj. July. Switzerland. 1819. — ancftnsogbanes [Apocynaceffi]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Alstonisi.) Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, as fresh growth has commenced, in sand, under ;; bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 60° ; winter, 48° to 55°. I U. vilWsa (shaggy). E. Ind. 1320. KOL [437 ] HOL Holbo'llia. (Named after F. L. Holboll, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Copenhagen. Nat. ord., Lardizabalads [Lardizabalacea?]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 8-Hexa.ndria. Allied to Akebia.) Greenhouse climbers, from Nepaul, valued for the fragrance of their dull flowers. Their fruit is eaten in India. Cuttings of half-ripened young shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; open, sandy Soam, with a little peat ; will stand in a cool green- house, in winter, and probably would twine up the wires of a conservative wall in summer. H. aeumina'ta (pointed - leafleted). Purplish. February. 1846. — angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). Purple. March. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Green. March. 1845. Hog-nut. Ca'rya porci'na. Hog-plum. Spo'ndias. Holly. (I'lex aquifo'lium.) Of this hardy evergreen shrub there are eight varieties: — 1, Silver-edged; 2, Golden- edged ; 3, Thick-leaved ; 4, Prickly ; 5, Yellow-leaved ; 6, Variegated ; 7, Spotted ; 6, Recurved. The holly will not thrive in any poor, light, sandy soil, or in a swampy situation, hut likes a strong, deep, dry, loamy soil. If grown as single ornamental shrubs they should not be overshadowed by otber trees ; and if the land is manured, so much the better. As to pruning it, with a view to make it grow fast, the less you do ©f that the better. All that is necessary is to encourage the leader, by stopping any laterals that try to in- terfere with it. The most expeditious way of making holly-hedges is to procure large plants from some nursery; but, with the smallest ex- pense and more time, the following may be recommended :— Gather a sufficient quan- tity of berries when ripe ; then dig a hole three or four feet deep, and throw the berries in, crushing and mixing them with some fine soil at the same time; close the hole with the soil taken out, and throw some litter, or other covering, over the whole, to prevent the wet or frost penetrating. Take them up and sowthem in March. They will make nice little plants the first season ; and, by trans- planting the stronger ones, you will have fine plants in about three years. Large hollies are best moved about the third week in August. With a small cord tie up the lower branches, then mark a circle two feet from the bole of the tree, and another circle two feet beyond the first; the- space between the two circles saust have all the soil dug deeply out of it ; whilst this is going on, let another labourer he digging a hole larger than the ball of the tree will require, making it rather deeper ; fill in some of the best soil, choppedfine, and mix it with water till it forms a puddle of the consistence of thick paint. Gradually undermine the hall below the roots till it stands quite loose; then | wrap some garden -mats round, and tie the ball firmly together with a strong rope ; then wrap the stem round as near the soil as possible with some old carpet or sacking; tie to the stem at that part a stout pole eight or nine feet long; then lower the tree gently down, and let as many men as are neces- sary to carry it take hold of the pole, and remove the tree to its place, letting it down gently into the hole amongst the puddle, taking care that it is not below, but rather above, the general level ; fill in good soil round the ball after the tree is set upright, and the mats, ties, &c, removed. Mix this soil with water till it is a puddle like the bottom ; secure the tree with props, to prevent the winds from shaking it. The best time for cutting hollies is early in the spring, about the end of February, before they have begun to shoot. Never clip them with shears, but cut them in with a sharp knife. Hollyhock. (Althce'a ro'sea.) By Cuttings. — These are made from the young shoots that rise from the base of the strong flower-stems. They may be formed of the tops only, or, if the young shoots are long, they may be cut into lengths of two joints each, removing the lower leaf, and shortening in the upper one. To cause them to send forth roots, a gentle hotbed should be made either of well-fermented dung, tanner's old bark, or fresh-fallen leaves. As soon as the heat is moderated, place the frame upon it, and a covering of dry saw-dust upon the bed within the frame to the depth of five inches. Then pre- pare the cuttings, put them round the edge of pots filled with moist, sandy loam, press the earth close to the bottom of each cutting, and fill up the holes with a little more soil. Then plunge them nearly up to the rim in the saw dust, but give no water, because they are very full of sap, and would damp off immediately. Shade closely and give no air, excepting a little at the hack to let out the steam for an hour in the morning. In six HOL C 438 ] HOL weeks they will begin to show signs of growth, and should then have a little water given without wetting the leaves. When roots are formed, pot them off into small pots, place them in a oold frame kept close, and shaded for a week or two. Then gradually inure them to bear the full sun, and give plenty of air, and mode- rate but constant supplies of water. They are then ready for planting out. The best time to perform this is in early spring, but it may be done also in August, so as to have them rooted before the winter sets in. By Division.— Large, strong plants, with numerous shoots, may be taken up -is soon as they have done flowering, and te divided with a strong knife. Care must be taken that each division has a good share of roots, and at least one shoot to it. Plant these divisions in a bed in a shady part of the garden, but not under the "drip of trees. They may remain here till March, and then are ready to plant out in the place where they are to flower. By Seed. — Save seed from the most double and best coloured flowers. Clean it from the husks, and keep it in a dry drawer, or in a bag hung up in a dry room. Sow early in March in shallow, wide pans, in a gentle heat. When the seedlings are so large as to be readily handled, transplant them either into boxes three inches apart, or prepare a bed of rich earth in a frame without heat, and plant them out in it at the same distance from each other. As soon as the weather will permit, make a suffi ciently large piece of ground very rich with well-decomposed hotbed dung, in a dry, open part of the garden. Take the plants up carefully with a garden trowel, keeping as much earth as possible to each. Carry them, a few at a time, in a basket, to the prepared ground, and plant them out in rows two feet apart, and one foot between each plant. There they may remain till they flower. Then mark such as are well shaped and bright co- loured; cut them down, and plant them in the place where they are to flower next season, giving a name to each. Write in a book kept for the purpose a description of each, both of shape and colour. Single and badly-shaped flowers throw away at once. Soil. — They mast have a dry, deep soil, enriched with plenty of manure. If the situation is damp, they will die off in the winter, unless well drained, and the bed elevated above the natural level. Summer Culture. — When the plants begin to grow in the spring, give them a mulching about two inches thick, with some light littery manure. This will protect the roots from the drying winds, and strengthen the flower-shoots. Place tall, strong stakes to them in good time, and as they advance in growth, tie the shoots separately to the stakes regularly, but not too tightly, and leave room for the stems to swell. During dry weather, give, ones a week, a thorough good watering. If the flowers are intended for exhibition in spikes, cut off their ex- treme ends. This will cause the flowers to form a fine pyramid of bloom, and make them open more equally and much larger. Winter Culture. — Cut down the flower- stem as early as possible after the bloom is over, and the seed is ripened. Dig the ground between the plants, leaving it moderately rough to mellow with the weather, adding a dressing of well-de- composed manure. Before the severe frosts are likely to set in, give a mulching of light, half-decayed dung, closing it round the plants. This will keep the roots warm through the frosty weather, and will enrich the ground as it decays. Insects.— The green fly will, in dry seasons, attack the leaves and young shoots. {See Aphis.) Slugs will also attack the young shoots. They must be diligently sought for and destroyed, or, if very numerous, give the ground a water- ing with clear lime-water occasionally. In new ground, a brown grub is sometimes very destructive by eating off the young shoots just level with the ground. No- thing will kill these except hand-picking, the soil must be stirred with the hand, and the insects found and destroyed. Diseases. — Sometimes they die off sud- denly, the consequence of a too rich or too damp soil. Whenever a plant is struck with this disease it should be in- stantly removed. If it has any young, healthy shoots, they may be taken off and put in as cuttings. The place must have the soil removed for a foot square, fresh soil put in, and a new healthy plant in- serted. Holmskio'ldia. (Named after T. Holmskiold, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Labiates, orLipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) HOM C 439 ] HOR Stove evergreens, with scarlet flowers, from the East Indies. Cuttings of young shoots just get- ting firm at the base, in sandy soil, under glass, and in heat ; sandy peat, and light, fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 60°. B. sangui'nea (bloody). 4. 1796- Shrub. — sca'ndens (climbing). May. 1824. Climber. Homalone'ma. (From homalos, regu- lar, and nema, a filament; in reference to the regularity of the numerous sta- mens. Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 1-Heptandria. Allied to Richardia.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets from the roots, and dividing the plant; rich, open loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 3. eorda'ta (heart-teawed). White. Juae. Chins. 1830. Honesty. Luna'ria. Honey-bebey. Melico'cca. HONEY-DEW. See EXTBAYASATED SAP. Honey-floweb. Melia'nthus. Honey-gaelic. Nectarosco'rdum. Honey-locust. Gledl'tschia trica'nthos. Honeysuckle. Caprifo'Uum. Honeywoet. Ceri'nthe. Hoop-petticoat. Narci'ssus toilboco'- dium. Hoop-ash. Ce'ltis crassifo'lia. Hop. Hu'midus. Hop- hornbeam. Phologo'phora. Hoeehound. Marru'bium. Hoeke'lia. (Named after J. Horkel, a German botanist. Nat. ord., lioseworts [Rosacea?]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Potentilla.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divid- ing the plant in spring; common garden-soil. H. eonge'sta (crowde A-flowered). 2. White. August. California. 1826. Hobmi'num. (From honnao, to excite ; its medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Lip- worts [Lamiacese]. Linn., l Borneo. 1847. — lacuno'sa (furrowed). 3. Greenish -yellow. March. Java: 1854. — ooali/o'lia (oval-leaved). Pinkish-yellow. July; E. Ind. 1840. — pallida (pale). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1315. — parasitica (parasitical). Yellow. E Ind. — Po'tsii (Pots's). 10. Yellow. E. led. 1824. — trine'rvis (three-nerved). 10. Yellow. July. China. 1824. The last two are probably varieties of E. ear' nofsa. Frate'rna is brother to coria'cea. Htjdso'nia. (Named after W. Hudson, F.R.S., author of the Flora Anglica. Nat. ord., Rock-roses [Cistaeese]. Linn., 11- Dodecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to He- iianthemum.) Half-hardy evergreens, from North America, with yellow flowers. Generally by layers in spring and autumn, and cuttings in sand, during sum- mer, under a hand-light ; sandy peat, and a moisi situation. They require a little protection in win- ter, and may bs placed in a pit. Unlike any other group of the order, the foliage more resembles a Heath than a Cistus. H. ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. June. 1805. — Nutta'llii (Nuttall'sy. 1. July. — tomento'sa (downy). 1. May. 1828. Hue'bnia. (Named after J.Huerntns t a collector of Cape plants. Nat. ord., As- clepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- landria 2-Digynia. Allied to Stapelia.) Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the Caps of Good Hope. Cuttings in spring, well dried be- fore inserting, or dividing the plant after flower- ing; sandy loam, and a little peat, leaf-mould; and lime-rubbish ; plenty of water when growing; and flowering, but dry, or nearly so, during the winter. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 45° to 50°. B. bcrbn'ta (bearded), i. White-striped. Au- gust. 1795. HUG [ 444 ] HUB 3. clavi'gera ('club-bearing). J. Yellow-striped. September. 1/95. — cri'spa (curled). J. — hu'milis (humble), i. Yellow-striped. Sep- tember. 1/95. — lentigino'sa (freckled), f. Yellow-striped. 1795. — ocella'ta (eyed). £. Yellow-striped. September. — reticula'ta (netted). $. Pink-striped. August. 1/93. — venu'sta (graceful), i. Yellow-striped. June. 1795. Huge'lia. (Named after Baron Hugel, of Vienna. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Pole- moniacese]. Linn., §-Pentandria \-Mono- gynia. Allied to Gilia.) Hardy annuals, from California. Seeds sown in open border, in March ; common garden-soil. H. densifto'ra (crowded-flowered). £. Blue. June. 1833. — elonga'ta (lengthened). £. Blue. June. 1833. — lana'ta (woolly), j. Light blue. July. I847. — lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. June. 1833. — virga'ta (twiggy). J. Blue. June. 1833. Huma'ta. (Probably from humatus, in- terred; the stems being deep in the earth. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodia- cese]. Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. Di- vision ; peat and loam. See Fek.ns. H. angusta'ta (narrow). April. Singapore. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). April. Samaria. — pectina'ta (comb-like). April. Isle of Luzon. — peda'ta (double -lobed). May. E. Ind. Humble Plant. Mimo'sapu'dica. Hu'mea. (Named after Lady Hume. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., TO-Syngenesia l-2Equalis.) Greenhouse biennial. Sow in heat, in spring; prick out and grow under glass; place out of doors in the heat of the summer ; house in good time in the autumn ; shift into larger pots as wanted, and transfer to its blooming-pots in April, or plant out in good, rich soil in May. Single plants in a sheltered corner have a fine effect. H. e'legans (elegant). 6. Red. July. N. S. Wales. 1800. Hu'mulus. The Hop. (From humus,the ground; creeping on the ground if not supported. Nat. ord., Hempworts [Canua- binacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria.) Hardy perennial twiner. Seeds and divisions in spring ; deep, loamy soil. It is useful for summer sjiade, as it grows very quick. H. lu'pulus (common. Hop). 15. Yellow. July. Britain. — — cariega'tus (striped-fea»ed). 1*. Yellow. July. Britain. Hu'aus. "When the putrefaction of dead plants is completed, there remains a soft, black mass, known as vegetable mould, or humus. One hundred parts of the humus of wheat straw have of ex- tractive, or apotheme, rather more than twenty-six parts, and the residue is lime, peroxide of iron, phosphate of lime, and carbonaceous matter. This apotheme is identical with the humic acid of Liebig, the ulmic acid of Braconnot, and the geic acid of Berzelius. It contains— carbon, 46.6; hydrogen, 20.0; oxygen, 33.4. It was once believed, indeed, is still believed by a few men of science, that this apo- theme is the immediate fertilizing com- ponent of organic manures, being soluble under some circumstances, and entering at once into the roots of plants, dissolved in the moisture of the soil. But every relative research of more modern che- mistry is against this conclusion ; and it is now tolerably certain, that a chief nu- tritive portion of vegetable manures is their carbon converted into carbonic acid, absorbed either in solution with the earth's moisture, or in gaseous form by the roots. Hungarian TuOTVs.Nympha? a therma'lis. Hunnema'nnia. (Named after J. Hun- netnann,& botanical agent. Nat. ord., Pop. py worts [Papaveraceae]. Linn., 13-Po/y- andria l-2Ionogynia.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds in spring ; rich soil ; will bloom the second year in greenhouse treatment, or may be kept over the winter in a dry, cold pit. H.fumariafo'lia (fumaria-leaved). 3. Yellow. Mexico. 1827. Huntle'ya. (Named after the Rev. Mr. Huntley, a zealous collector of plants. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacesa]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Zy- gopetalum.) Stove orchids. Slips of shoots, and dividing the plant; fibry peat, &c. ; grown in a high, moist temperature. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; whiter, 55° to 60°. H. melea'gris (Guinea-hen). 1. Yellow, brown. July. S. Amer. 1836. — sessilifln'ra (stalkless-flowered). Violet. Guiana. 1835. — viola'eea (violet - coloured). Violet. June. Guiana. 1837. Hu'ra. Sand-box-tree. (The native name. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphor- biaceas]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 11-JIonadel- phia. Allied to Hippomane.) Stove evergreen trees, with whitish-yellow flow- ers. Seeds, and cuttings of ripe young shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, and in Heat ; rich loam and peat. Summer temp., 6o°to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°. H. crepitans (rattling. Equal-toothed). It. S. Amer. 1733. — ttre'pens (sounding. Unequal-toothed). 12. S. Amer. Hurdles of iron are the most eligible modes of fencing, whether for perma- HUS t 445 ] HYB nency or temporary purposes. They are invisible at a short distance, elegant, and durable. See Railing. Husky. The dung for a hotbed, when too dry, is said to be husky. Hutchi'nsia. (Named after Miss Hutchins, an accomplished Irish crypto- gamist. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassica- cese]. Linn., Ib-Telradynamia. Allied to Lepidium.) Annuals, by seeds in April, in dry situation!. Herbaceous perennials, by seed and divisions in spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in sum- mer ; sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould, and dry situations, such as banks or rock-work. • HARDY ANNUALS. V H. petra'a (rock). $. White. April. England. — procu'm bens (lying-down). $. White. May. South Europe. 1823. HARDY HERBACEOUS. H. alpi'na (alpine). $. White. May. South Europe. 1775. — brevi'styla (short- styled). White. May. Syria. 1S25. — calyci'na (/ar^e-calyxed). f . White. April. Siberia. 1823. — cepeeefo'lia (cepese-leaved). $. Pink. June. Carinthia. 1824. — pu'mila (dwarf). June. Caucasus. 1821. — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). J. White, pur- pie. June. South Europe. 1759. — stylo'sa (long-styled). £. White, pink. June. Caucasus. 1825. Hyaci'nthus. The Hyacinth. (In mythology, a beautiful boy, who, after being killed, was transformed into this flower. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) Offsets from the bulbs, after the foliage has died down in summer : light, rich, sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould. A valuable bulb for forcing. Best florists' kinds grown out of doors, should be taken up after the foliage is withered, kept in shelves and drawers until the end of au- tumn, and then planted and protected from severe frost in winter, and frost and heavy rains in spring, by an awning. For a brilliant out-door display, where the kinds are not so valuable, the roots may remain in the ground many years if top-dressed, and the bulbs are not too near each other. When grown in pots, these should be deeper than usual, in proportion to the diameter — nine inches are not too much. The compost we have found most suitable for them in pots is a good loam, three-fourths, and decayed cow-dung, two years old, one-fourth. In October they ought to be potted, and immediately plunged in tan or ashes, quite overhsad, at least two inches. In potting, make the soil very firm under the bulb, to prevent the roots going directly down too soon. In a month after potting and plunging, a few may be brought into heat, and forced to flower about Christmas ; and others may be brought in, month after month, to supply flowers till May. Cfo grow them in water, glasses with a hollow cup at the top, to hold the bulb, are used. It is not good to begin too soon with glasses. December is quite early enough. After being kept for a few days in alightly-damped sand, they should be placed in their glasses. At first the water should only just touch the base of the bulbs, and the glasses should be kept in a dark closet until the roots have attained the length of an inch. Two drops of spirit of hartshorn may be added to the water in each glass when the bulbs are growing, and whenever the water is changed. Dark-coloured glass is always to be preferred, as the absence of light is natural to all roots. By keeping the glasses in a dark closet until the roots are full an inch long, the hyacinths will not get top-heavy, but the roots, being in advance of the leaves, xnil\ preserve the plant balanced erect. The Moora will also be finer, as the roots will be in a state to nourish the leaves before these are premature)*? advanced. A piece of charcoal put into each glass feeds the plant, andprevents putridity in the water. H. amethy'stinus (amethyst-colour), j. Blue. April. South Europe. 1759. — brumalis (winter), f . Various. February. — orienta'lis (oriental). |. Blue. March. Le- vant. 1596. a'lbus (white). §. White. March. 1596. fla'vus (yellow), f. Yellow. March. 1595. multiplex (double). %. Variegated. April.. 1596. ru'ber (red). J. Red. March. 1596. semiple'nus (semi-double). J. Variegated. March. 1596. — tpica'tus (large-spiked). $. Blush. February. Zante. 1826. — vi'ridis (green). Green. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. Hybanthe'ra. (From hybos, a curve, and anther a, an anther, or pollen-bag ; referring to the curve in the gouty anthers. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-D'tyynia. Allied to Pergularia.) Stove herbaceous climber. Divisions of the plant ; cuttings, when growth commences ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win- ter, 50° to 55°. H. cordifo'lia (heart-shaped -leaved). Green, yellow. May. Braiil. 1840. Hybridizing, or Cross-breeding, though not quite identical, have with the gardener similar objects, viz., either im- proving the beauty of his flowers, or the flavour and prolificacy of his fruits and culinary products. Hybridizing, strictly speaking, is obtaining a progeny between two different species, by fertilizing the stigma of one with the pollen of another; and cross -breeding is obtaining a progeny between varieties of the same species, The progeny of hybrids oannot produce seed; but cross-breds are fertile. Our own observations, and those of others, justify the following statements, as afford- ing some guide to the raiser of varieties: — 1. The seed-vessel is not altered in appearance by impregnation from another plant ; therefore, no hasty conclusion of failure is justified by that want of change. 2. The colour of the future seed, not HYD [ 44C ] HYD of that first hybridized, seems to be most influenced by the male plant, if its seeds and flowers are darker than those of the female. Capt Thurtell, from his experi- ments on the pelargonium, found the eolour and the spot of the petals to be more influenced by the male than by the female parent. Indeed, all experience proves that the progeny usually, though \iot invariably, most resembles in colour the male parent. 8. Large stature and robustness are transmitted to the offspring by either parent ; but Mr. Knight generally found the most robust female parent produced the finest offspring. 4. Capt, Thurtell, from lengthened observation and experiment, has ascer- tained that the form of the petals follows most closely that of the female parent. 5. Mr. Knight says that the largest seed from the finest fruit that has ripened earliest and most perfectly should always be selected. In stone-fruit, if two kernels ore in one stone, these give birth to in- ferior plants. 6. The most successful mode of ob- taining good and very distinct varieties is to employ the pollen from a male flower grown on another plant than that bearing the female parent. To avoid previous and undesired impregnation, the anthers in the female parent, if they are produced in the same flower with the pistils, must be removed by a sharp- pointed pair of scissors, and the flower inclosed in a gauze bag, to exclude insects, until the desired pollen is ripe. Another effectual mode of avoiding undesired im- pregnation is bringing the female parent into flower a little earlier than its con- genors, and removing the anthers as above described : the stigma will remain a long time vigorous if unimpregnated. 7. When double flowers are desired, if a double flower should chance to have a fertile anther or two, these should be employed for fertilization, as their off- spring are almost sure to be very double. Hydra'ngea. (From hydor, water, and aygeion, a vessel; referring to the cup-form of the capsule, or seed-vessel. Nat ord., Hydrangeads [Hydrangeaceae]. linn., 10-Decandria 2-JDiyynia.) Deciduous shrubs. Propagated by division of the roots, cuttings of the ripened shoots, and flourishig best in moist, sheltered places. Hor- te'ntit, the common garden Hydrangea, though a little more tender, stands the winter well in the part* of the island; and though cut down in most winters in the neighbourhood of London, yet, if a slight protection of mulching is thrown over the roots, the stems will rise strongly, and bloom well after Midsummer, if care be taken to remove all the weaker ones, just as is done with a Fuchsia stool. This species makes, also, fine ornaments in pots, and may be propagated at almost any time j the young side- shoots, when two or three inches in length, in- serted in sandy soil and in heat, striking in a few days, while the old stems will strike anywhere, but require their time. To grow it well requires light, rich compost, well drained, and abundance of water. The flower generally appears first of a greenish colour, becoming of a pale rose ; but in some districts the colour becomes a beautiful blue. Notwithstanding all the experiments that have been made, there is still a little doubt as to the cause that produces the change. When iron filings and a solution of alum are used, in some •oils the blue colour is produced, while the same means will not produce it in others; and other soils will almost invariably produce this blue colour without any peculiar matter whatever being added. The loams at Kenwood, at Hamp- stead Heath, and Stanmore Heath, and the peats at Wimbledon, as well as some bogs near Edin- burgh, are famous for producing this blue in the Hydrangea. When trying artificially with iron filings and alum-water, we have had different colours on the same plant. This variation is merely temporary — it cannot be propagated like a variety : a cutting from a blue plant will pro- duce a rose one, unless the peculiar treatment be continued. GREENHOUSE. H. Belxo'nU (Belzoni's). 3. Blue. Japan. — Japo'nica (Japan). 3. Blue, white. July. Japan. 1843. — — — cetru'lea (blue -/lowered). 3. Blue, white. June. Isle of Nepau. 1844. — Ctella'ta ( starry -flowered). 3. Pink. July. Japan. HARDY. H. mrbore'seens (tree-like). 6. White. July. Virginia. 1736. di'scolor (t-ao-ca\oviTcA-leai:ed). 6. White, creen. August. N. Amer. — eorda'ta (heart-leaned). White. July. Caro- lina. 1806. — heteroma'lla (various - surfaced - leaved). 4. White. Nepaul. 1821. — horte'nsis (garden). 3. Pink. May. China. 1740. — ni'cea (snow-white-fcaeerf). 5. White. August. Carolina. 1786. glabeflla (smoothUh-featttrf). 5. White, green. July. — qitcrcifo'Iia (oak-leaved). 4. White. July. Florida. 1S03. Hydra'stis. Yellow Root. (From hydor, water; referring to the marshy places where it grows. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ra- nunculacese]. Linn., Yi-Polyandria \-Mo- noyynia. Allied to Adonis.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the root; loam and peat; moist situation. S. Canadensis (Canadian). J. Green. May. N. Amer. 1759. Hydro 'lea. (From hydor, water, and elaia, oil ; referring to the marshy ha- bitat and oily feel of the leaves. Nat ord , hyd [ 447 ] HYG Linn., 5- Hydrophyls [Hydrophylaceae] Pentandria 2-Digynia.) Greenhouse herbaceous plants. Divisions, cut- tings, and seeds ; spino'sa is a small acjuatic, grow- ing best in peat and loam; quadriua'ivis is also found in boggy places. M. quadriva'Ms (four-divided). Pale blue. July. Carolina. 1824. — tpino'se (thorny). 1. Blue. S. Amer. 1791- Hydbome'stus. (From hydor, water, and meslos, half; referring to the plant living in water during the rainy season. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 1^-Didynamia Z-Angiospermia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots any time in spring and summer, in sandy soil, and bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°"; winter, 48° to 55°. S. macula'tus (spotted). 2. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1842. Hydrope'ltis. (From hydor, water, and pelte, a shield ; referring to the floating shield-like leaves. Nat. ord., Watershields [Cabombacea?]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 6- Polyyynia.) A very neat little hardy water-plant, well worth growing by the edges of an aquarium, round a mass of water-lilies, its nearest allies. Division ; marshy soil ; should be protected in winter. H. purpu'rea (purple). Red. July. N. Amer. 1798. Hydrophy'llum. Water-leaf. (From hydor, water, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord.,Hydrophyls [Hydrophylaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia, Allied to Mo- nophila.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North Ame- rica. Divisions and suckers j rlih loam and peat ; in marshy situations. H. appendicula'tum (appendaged-ca/ywd). |. Blue. May. 1812. — Canade'nse (Canadian). J. White. May. 1750, — Virgi'nicum (Virginian). £. Blue. June. 1739, Hydrot.e'nia. (From hydor, water, and tainia, a band; referring to a triangular band in the flower secreting a liquid. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 8-Tri- andrin 1-Monogynia. Allied to Beatonia.) A pretty half-hardy bulb, with the aspect of a Tigridia, and flowers like a Fritillaria. Seeds, sown when ripe, or kept, and given a little heat in the spring; division of the offsets; light, rich, sandy loam ; taken up, and kept after the foliage is decayed, and planted out the following spring. If left in the ground, and covered to protect from rains atai frosts, the plants will be stronger than H the bulbs were kept dry all the winter. if. loba'ta (lobed -flowered), lj. Yellow, purple. May. Lima. 1843. — melea'gris (Guinea-fowl-like). 1. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1837. Hygrometer. An instrument for as- certaining the quantity of moisture in the air. Everything that swells by moisture, and contracts by dryness, is capable of being formed into one. Every gardener, who has taken a cool bunch of grapes into a hothouse well-supplied with mois- ture, would, in the grapes almost instantly being covered with dew, see the principls upon which the hygrometer acts. The colder the grapes, the warmer the house, the more the vapour contained in it, the sooner would the dew be formed, and the more plentiful its depositure. Pouring cold water into a glass tumbler, in similar circumstances, will be attended with a si- milar result : dew will be deposited on the outside of the glass ; because, in either case, the cold body condenses the vapour in its neighbourhood ; and this is what is called the dew point, being that tempera- ture at which moisture is deposited from the surrounding atmosphere upon any object of that particular temperature. The drip in frames, greenhouses, &c, is simi- larly caused. The thermometer is the best instrument for showing the temperature ; and by taking two similar ones, covering their bulbs with a fold of muslin or silk, keeping one dry and the other wet, with a thread of flos-silk acting as a syphon from a vessel of water, the greater the difference of temperature indicated by the moist and dry thermometer, the greater the deficiency of atmospheric moisture. The nearer the temperature of the moist and dry bulb, the nearer is the air to being saturated with moisture. To obtain more perfect details Daniels Hygrometer is the best instrument. It is represented in the following figure. It consists of two hol- low glass balls con- taining ether, and communicating by the glass tube which rests on the support. The ball which forms the termination of the longer leg is of black glass, in or- der that the forma- tion of dew on its surface may be the more perceptible. It includes the bulb of ft delicate thermometer dipping in the ether, its scale being inclosed in the tube above the ball; and whatever change takes place in the temperature of the ether is indicated by this thermometer. The other ball is covered with muslia. HYG [448 ] HY5I In making an observation it is first ne- cessary to note down the temperature of the air; next turn the instrument, so that when the muslin-covered ball is held in the hand, the ether may escape into the blackened ball; and it should also be held till the included thermometer rises s few degrees above the temperature of the air, when it should be replaced on the support. Then drop, or gently pour, a little ether on the muslin. The evapora- tion of this extremely volatile substance produces cold ; and attention must be in- stantly directed to the black glass ball and included thermometer. The latter will be seen falling rapidly ; and at length a ring of dew will appear at the hue which runs across the black ball — quickly, if the air is very moist, slowly, if the air is dry. If the air is very dry, no moisture will be thus deposited till the thermo- meter falls to 10°, 20°, or 30° below the temperature of the air. But at whatever temperature the dew forms, that tempe- rature should be noted as the dew-point ; and the difference between it and the temperature of the air, at the time, is the degree of dryness according to the indi- cations of this hygrometer. Thus, in a moderately dry day, let it be supposed that the temperature of the air is 65° in the shade, and that the muslin requires to be kept moist, before dew is formed, till the blackened ball containing the ether has its temperature reduced to 50°, as indicated by the included thermo- meter, there are then said to be 15° of dryness. Again, supposing the tempe- rature is 85°, and the dew-point found, as before, to be 70°, the degree of dryness is still expressed byl5°; but the quantity of moisture diffused in the air is, not- withstanding, somewhat greater in the latter case than in the former. If 1000° represent complete saturation, the quan- tity of moisture, when the temperature is 65° and the dew-point 50°, will be G09; but when the temperature is 85° and the dew-point 70 c , the moisture will te repre- sented by 623 ; these numbers being as- certained by tables prepared for the pur- pose. The difference, however, in such a case is so small, it is not worth taking into account in a horticultural point of "new. But as these numbers can only be ascertained by calculation, it is more con- venient to reckon by the degrees of dry- ness, bearing in mind that the dryness of the air is indicated by the difference be- tween the temperature of the air and of the dew-point. Thus, if the ring of dew ia formed as soon as ether is applied, and only 1° difference is observable, the air is nearly saturated ; if the difference is ft" to 10° the dryness is very moderate ; while 15° to 20° of difference indicate excessive dryness, and beyond this the air is parching. — Gard. Chron. Hygro'phila. (From hygros, moist, and fhileo, to love; referring to the habitat of the plant Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2- Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.) Stove evergreens, from the East Indies. Cut- tings of young shoots in sandv soil, in heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°. H. longifo'lia (long-leaved). Purple. June. 1821. — ri'ngens (gaping). J. 1820. — salici/u'lia (willow-leaved). Violet. June. 1822. Hyle sinus pixiperda. A species of beetle, which preys upon the pith of young shoots of sickly or recently-felled Scotch and spruce-firs. It is not very injurious in this country. Hypotonia boss. A saw-fly, which injures rose-trees seriously, by puncturing in rows theiryoung shoots, and depositing its eggs in the holes. The best remedy is spreading a cloth beneath the trees in the evening, and killing the insects shaken down upon it. Htmexs'a. Locust-tree. (From Hy- men, the god of marriage ; referring to- the leaflets being joined. Nat. ord., Le- guminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 10- Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bau- hinia.) Fine, close-grained, hard wood ; and the resins Anime and Copal are produced by these stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young shoots in spring, inserted firmly in sand, covered with a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, S5° to 60 s . H. Candolliana (Decandolle's). 30. "White. Acalpulco. 1824. — Cou'rbaril (Courbaril). 40. Yellow, purple. W. Ind. 1688. — 9erruco'sa (warty-podded). 20. White. M*. dagascar. 1803. Hymenanthe'ra. (From hymen, a membrane, and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag. Nat. ord., Violetworis [Yio- lacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Alsodeia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots, getting a little firm, in spring,::* sand, over peat, and well drained, under a bell- glass; sandy peat, with a third of fibry loam, Winter temp., 40° to 45°. H. dent a' t a (toothed-fcaoed). 6. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 1824. HYM [ 419 HYP Hyjienoca'llis. (From hymen, a membrane, and kalos, beautiful ; referring to the membranous cup inside the flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amarylli- dacese]. lAnn.,Q-Hexandria\-Monogynia. Allied to Pancratium.) They have all white flowers, and much resemble Pancratiums. Their seeds differ in being large and green, the seeds of Pancratium having a black, brittle skin. Offsets; rich, sandy loam. See Amaey'llis. HARDY BULBS. B. adna'ta (adhering-Zeaced). May. S. Amer. I7U. — « — acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). May. Mexico. 1S24. litora'Us (sea-shofe). May. S. Amer. 1758. — Dnju'ndri (l)ryander's). 2. May. — rota'ta (wheel-crowned). 1. August. Mobile. 1803. I — Staple'sii (Staples's). June. Mexico. 1826. GREENHOUSE BULBS. , H. bistuba'ta (double-tubed). 14. April. Mexico. 1844. ; — Carolinia'na (Carolina). 2. June. Carolina. 1759. ! — Paname'nsis (Panama). May. Panama. 1844. i — Skinneria'na (Skinner's). March. Guatimala. 1843. STOVE BULBS. , H. amas'na (handsome). 1. August. Guiana. 1790. — ona'ta (egg-leaved). 1. August. \V. Ind. — angu'stu (narrow-leaved). l£. July. S. Amer. — Caribte'a (Caribean). 1$. July. W. Ind. 1730. : — Caymane'nsit (Cayman). August. Cayman. 1823. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). l£. July. S. Amer. 1 — espa'nsa (expanded). 2. May. W. Ind. 1818. ', — fra'gruns (fragrant). 1. July. W. Ind. ; — Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 2. August. Guiana. 1818. — Harrisia'na (Harris's). June. Mexico. 1838. — Mexica'na Mexican). 1. August. Mexico. 1/32. ■ — ooalifo'lia (oval-leaved). June. S.Amer. 1820. — pa'tens (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 1822. — peda'lis (long-leaf-sUlked). May. Brazil. 1815. — pedia'le (long-fluwer-stnlked). 3. August. Brazil. 1820. ; — specio'sa (showy). l£. July. W. Ind. 175fl. — tenuiflu'ra (thin-flowered). August. — undula'ta (wavy-leaved). I. July. S.Amer. Hyhenodi'ctyon. (From hymen, a membrane, and diktyon, a net ; the en- velope of the seeds being a net like membrane. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- chonacese]. Linn.. 5-Pentandria 1-M'o- noyynia. Allied to Luculia.) Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies, with greenish-yellow flowers. For culture, see Cincho'na. H. exce'lsum (tall). 30. July. 1820. — thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). 15. Jane. 1819. Hymenophy'llum. Filmy-leaf Fern. (From hymen, a membrane, and phyilon, a leaf. Nat. ord.., Poly pods [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., M-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.) Ftus, all with brownish-yeilow spores, except where otherwise mentioned. Bv spores, and *9 dividing the roots; peat and loam; should b* rather cramped for room. See Fbrnb. hardy. H. Tunbridge>nse (Tunbridge). *. Brown. June. Britain. — Wilso'ni (Wilson's). $. Brown. June. Britain. GREENHOUSE. H. dilata'tum (swollen). August. New Zealand. — Jiexuo'sum (zigzag). April, New Zealand. — ni'tens (shining). May. New Zealand. — tanguinole'ntum (bloo'dy). May. New Sea- land. STOVE. H. bivalve (two-valved). May. Isle of Luron. —fimbria'tum (fringed). April. Isle of Luzon. — hirsu'tum (hairy). May. Trinidad. 1823. — polya'nthum (many-flowered). W. Ind. 1824. Hyoscy'amus. Henbane. (From hyos, a hog, and kyamos, a bean ; fruit eaten by swine. Nat. ord , Nightshades [Solana- ceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-31onogynia. Allied to Datura.) The annual, by seed in the open, dry border, towards the end of March ; the shrubby kinds, by cuttings under a bell-glass, in April ; or under a hand-light in a shady place, in summer. Sandy, fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould ; when planted out of doors, young plants must be reared for saving through the winter in a cold pit or green- house. There are many other species besides the following ; but they are mere weeds. H. Camera'rii (Camerarius's). Yellow, purple. July. South Europe. Hardy annual. — Canarie'nsis (Canary). 1$, Yellow. December. Canaries. 1816. Greenhouse evergreen. — dato-ra (datora). 1}. Yellow. BJav, Egypt. 1S29. Half hardy evergreen. Hype'coum. (From hypecheo, to rat- tle; referring to the seeds in the pods. Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fumariacess], Linn., i-Tetrandria 2-Digyriia.) Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in the open border, in March. H. erefctum (erect). J. May. Siberia. 1759. — pendulum (hanging-down). £. June. South France. 1640. — procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. July. South Europe. 1596. Hype'ricum. St. John's Wort. (The Yperikon of Dioscorides ; said to be from yper, on account of, and ereike, heath ; from its growing in similar places. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn., 18- Polyadelphia 2-Polya)idria.) All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. The hardier ones flourish in common and sandy loam, and the more tender in loam and peat. Annuals, sow in the open border, in March ; herbaceous, sow, and divide the plants in spring; shrubs are easily divided, as they stole freely, and aiso by seeds ; greenhouse and frame kinds, by divisions, but chiefly by cuttings of young shoots in sand, under glass ; most of tlitm, if protected in winter, wouid grow agaitista wall. For exposed places the following are ihe best shrubby ones: — Kla'tiur, hirci'num, culyci'num,Kuimia'num, and proli'ficum. So hyp [ «0 ] HYP HARDY BIENNIAL. B. si'mplea (simple). I. July. N. Amer. 1825. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C. B. JSgypti'aeun (Egyptian). 2. June. Egypt. 78/. — JEthio'picum (Ethiopian), Good Hope. 1817. — Balea'ricum (Balearic). 14. May. Majorca July. Cape of lay. Majorca. — Canarie'nse (Canary). 2. August. Canaries. 1899. — Chine 1 we (Chinese). 3. June. China. 1753. — Co'chin-Chine'nse (Cochin-Chinese). 3. Red. July. China. 1821. — cordifo'lium (heart - leaved). 2. Nepaul. 1825. Half-hardy. — c&ris (coris-leaved). 1. June. Levant. 1640. Half-hardy. — empetri/o'lium (empetrum-leaved). 1. July. South Europe. 1820. Half-hardy. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. June. Spain. 1821. Half-hardy. —•floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 3. June. Madeira. 1~79- Deciduous. — folio'sutn (sh'ining-leJy). 3. August. Azores. 1778. — glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. June. Madeira. 1777. — grandifio'rum ar S e - flowered). 3. July. Teneriffe. 1718. — heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. July. Persia. 1812. — oblongifo'Uujn (oblong-leaved). 1. June. Nepaul. 1S23. HARDY DECTDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS. B. atilla're(asi\\ary-/lowered). 2. July. Georgia. Evergreen. — caiyci'num(large-calTxedi). 1. July. Ireland. — elaftum (tall). 5. July. N. Amer. 17G2. — fascicula' turn (fascicled). 1. July. Carolina. 1811. — frnndri'surn (leafy). 5. July. N.Amer. 1S08. -gaiiui'rles (galium-like-feaoed). 2. August. N. Amor. Evergreen. — Gc'blen ; (Gchler's). July. Altai. 1829. — glau'cum (milky -green). 1$. August. N.Amer. 1812. — hirei'num (goat-scented). 3. August. South Europe. 1640. — — mi'nus (smaller). 2. August. South Eu- rope. — Halmia'num (Kalra's). 2. June. N. Amer. 1759. — nummula'rium (moneywort-teaoed). 1. June. South Europe. 1823. Trailer. — Oly'mpicum (Olympian). 4. August. Levant. 1708. Evergreen. — pa'tulum (spreading). 1. June. Nepaul. 1823. Evergreen. — proli'ficum (prolific). 4. July. N.Amer. 1758. — puncta'tum (dotted). 1$. June. N.Amer. 1823. — rosmarini/u' Hum (rosemary-leaved). 2. July. Carolina. 1812. — serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). J. July. Le- vant. 1683. Evergreen. — Ura'lum (Urala). 1. July. Nepaul. 1823. HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. B. amm'num (pleasing). 4. July. Carolina. 1802. ~ angulo'sum (zngled-tooth-fiowered). 2. June. N. Amer. 1812. — a'scyron (St. Petet's-wort), 2. June. Siberia. 177*. - ascyroi'des (tscyroc-liie). ». Zzus. N. Amer. 1312. H. attenua'tum (thin-leaned). 1J. July Dahnria, 1822. — barba'tum (bearded). 2. July. Scotland. Cala'bricum (Calabrian). lj. August. Calabria. 1816. — Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. August. N.Amer. 1770. — cilia'tum (hair-fringed-JJou>ere5. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1J. Julv. Britain. — perfora'tum (perforated), lj. July. Britain. — procu'mbens (lying-down). $. August. K. Amer. lt»22. — pusi'llum (small). £. July. N.S.Wales. 1813. Half hardy. — pyramid'i'tum (pyramidal). 2. July. Canada. 1759. — quadra'ngulum (square-stalked), lj. Juir. Britain. — quinquene'rvium (five-nerved). 1. July. N. Amer. 1759. — tomento'sum (woolly). 1. August. South Ei> rope. )6lS. — tripline'rve (three-nerved). 1$. July. N.Amer. — virga'tum (twiggy), lj. July. N. Ame- 1820. — Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1$. August. N. Amer. 1800. Hyph^'ne. (From hyphaino, to en- twine ; referring to the fibres of the fruit. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 22- Dicecia 6-Hexandiia. Allied to Latania. ) This is the Doom Palm, and the Gingerbread- tree of Egypt, the hark having the appearance of that cake. Stove palm. Seeds; rich, sandy loam. H. coria'cea (leather-leaved). 20. Egypt. 1824. Hypo caly , 20IA.( From hypo, under, and kalymma, a veil; referring to the calyx falling off like a veil or cape, on account; of the cohesion of the points, or apex. Nat.ord.,il/yrtfefc/oo7ns[Mvrtaceffi].Linn., \2-Icosandria 1-Monoyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. Cuttings of young shuots in sand, under a bell- glass ; loam and peat, with a little silver satul acd pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. HYP t *»* ] H. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). ». White. May. 1843. — T'ibu'itum (robust). 1. Rose. May. 1843. — sua'oe(sweet-sCf.nes-co'»i-ivia. Juus. Britain. I. fra'grans (sweet-scented). Blue, white, purple, June. India. 1839. — furca'ta (forked). 4. Blue. March. Tauria. 1822. — Germu'nica (German,. 3. Blue. May. Germany. — halo'phila (salt-loving). 3. Blue. August. Si- beria. 1780. — Eookerii Hooker's). 14. Purple. Mav. N. Amer. 1826. — Hu'mei (Sir A. Hume's). 2. Blue. April. Ne- paul. 1822. — hu'milis (low). 1. Blue. April. Caucasus. 1818. — Hunga'rica (Hungarian). 1. Violet. May. Hungary. 1815. — Ibe'rica (Iberian), lj. Red. May. Iberia. 1820. — imbrica'ta (imbricated-firacfed). 3. Yellow. May. — leeniga'ta (smooth). Blue. May. Siberia. 1836. — li'vida (livid). 14. Livid. April. Levant. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. May. 1824. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). $. Greenish. Apiil. Naples. 1829. — longxspn'tha (long-spathed). 3. Purple. July Siberia. 1823. — lu'rida (dingy). 2. Brown. April. South Eu- rope. 1758. — lute'scens (clayev). 4- Yellow. April. Germany 1748. — Monnie'ri (Monnier's). 4- Yellow. May. Greece. 1820. — negle'cta (neglected). 2. Pale blue. May. — Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 14. Blue. April. Ne- paul. 1823. — Nertchi'nskia (Nertchinsk). j. Blue. Mar. Siberia. 1831. — no'tha (bastard). 14. Blue. May. Italy. 1820. — nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue. Mav. 1820. — ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 4. Light yellow, July. Levant. 1757. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. June. 1821. — orienla'lis (eastern). 1. Light blue. May. China. 1790. — PaHa'sii(Pallas's). 2. Blue. May.Tartary. 1820. — pa'llida (pale). 3. Pale blue. May. Turkey. 1596. — plica'ta (plaited). 2 White, blue. June. 1821. — prisma'tica (prismatic). 1. Purple. May. N. Amer. 1812. — pseu'do-a'corus (bastard acorus). 3. Yellow. June. Britain. — ——pa'llida fla'va (pale yellow). 3. Pale yel- low. June. N. Amer. 1812. — — — variega'tis (variegated-teaced). 3. Yellow. June. Britain. — pu'mila (dwarf). J. Purple. May. Austria. 1596. — —— a'lba (vnhite-Jlowered). 4. White. May. — — — a'lba coeru'lea (white and blue). 4- White, blue. May. cceru'lea (h\ue-flowered). 4- Blue. May. — reticulata (netted), i. Blue. March. Iberia. 1821. — Ruthenica (Russian). 1. Blue. May. Si- beria. 1804. — sambuci'na (elder-scented). 3. Light blue. June. South Europe. '658. — tcario'sa (membranous). 1. Blue. May. Russia. 1826. — stto/sa (bristle-pointed). 1|» Blue purple. May. Siberia. 1-44. IRI C -161 ] ISM i. Sibi'rira (Siberian). 3. Light blue. May. Siberia. 1596. — fto're-u'lbo (white-flowering). 2J. White. May. Siberia. 1596. fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Purple. May. Gardens, — tcfrdida (dirty). 1$. White. May. 1810- — spat hula 1 1 a (spathulate-./?otMred). 1 , Pale blue. June. Germany. 1759> — spu'ria (spurious), lj. Pale blue. May. Siberia. 1759. — squa'lens (daubed). 2. Striped. May. South Europe. 1/68. — tteno'gyne (narrow-stigmaed). lj. Yellow. June. 1819. — stylo'sn (/urg-e-styled). Blue. May. Corfu. 1844. — sub-biflo'ra (sub-two-flowered), l£. Violet. July. Portugal. 1596. — Susia'na (Susian). 2. Striped. April. Le- vant. 1596. — Swe'rtii (swerfs). 1£. White. May. 1819. — Tange'rica (Tangier). Yellow. June. Tan- giers. 1820. — Tau'rica (Taurian). Yellow. June. Tauria. 182;. — te'nnx (tough). Purple. July. California. 1826. — tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 1$. Blue. May. N. Amer. 1820. — trifio'ra (three-flowered). I. Blue. June. Italy. 1821. — variega'ta (variegated). 2. Striped. May. Hungary. ': 597. — ventrico'sa (swollen). 1. Pale blue. June. Dauria. 1800. — ve'ma (spring). 1. Purple. April. Virginia. 1748. — versi'eolor (various-coloured). 1. Variegated. May. N. Amer. 1732. — viola'cea (violet-coloured). £. Violet. May. South Europe. 18u0. - vire'seens (greenish). 1. Yellow. May. 1820. — Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1753. Irish Heath. Menzie'sta polifo'lia. Iron-teee. Siderude'ndrcn. Ironwort. Sideri'tis. Iron Wood. Sidero' xylon and Metro- side' ros. Irrigation. Experience shows that there is in the kitchen- garden scarcely a crop that is not benefited by a much more abundant supply of water than can be obtained usually ; and we can bear testi- mony to the correctness of Mr. Knight's conclusion, not limiting, however, our approval of such abundant watering to late crops of peas, but to all, as well as beans, spinach, and the entire cabbage tribe. Kidney beans and potatoes are not benefited by such an abundance of water. " The quantity of water," says Mr. Knight, " which may be given with advantage to plants of almost every kind, during warm and bright weather, is, I believe, very much greater than any gar- dener who has not seen the result will be inclined to suppose possible ; and it is greater than I myself could have be- lieved upon any other evidence than flat of actual experience. My garden, in common with many others, is supplied with water by springs, which rise in a more elevated situation ; and this cir- cumstance afforded me the means of making a small pond, from which I can cause the water to flow out over every part throughout the summer ; and I cause a stream to flow down the rows of celery, and along the rows of brocoli and other plants, which are planted out in summer, with very great advantage. But the most extensive and beneficial use which I make of the power to irrigate my garden by the means above-mentioned, is in supply- ing my late crops of peas abundantly with water, by which the ill effects of mildew are almost wholly prevented, and my table is most abundantly supplied with very excellent peas through the month of October." Isa'nthtjs. (From isos, equal, and antlios, a flower ; referring to the regula- rity of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 1- Gytnnospermia. Allied to Mint.) Hardy annual. Seeds in April, in a peaty border, or in a little heat, in March, and trans- planted. I. cteru'ltus (blue). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1818. Ise'rtia. (Named after P. E. Isert, a German surgeon. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- Monogynia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, in a hotbed, in spring or summer ; peat and loam, with a little charcoal and silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55°. I. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. July. Guinea. 1820. Isme'lia. (Probably a commemora- tive name. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster- acese] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Supcrflua. ) This should be united to Chrysanthemum. Half-hardy evergreeen shrub. Seeds in spring, in a gentle hotbed; cuttings of firm young side- shoots in summer ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 35° to 40°. I. Madcre'nMs (Madeira). 2. Straw. May. Madeira. 1834. Isme'ne. Peruvian Daffodil. (After Ismene, the daughter of (Edipus and Jocasta. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl- lidaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexnndria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Choretis.) "Absolute rest in winter is essential to this genus." They should be planted out in a border in April, and taken up when the frost cuts the leaves ; deep, sandy soil suits them bene Offsets. ISO [ 402 j 1TE Yellow. June. /. Ama'nnss (Araancaes). i'j. Peru. 1SU4. — calathi'nurn (cn\>-flowered). 2J. White. June. Brazil. 1800. — Aefitfsa (turned-down). Yellow. June. — Ktu'ghtii (Knight's). 2. White. March. Florida. 1836. — Maclea'na (M'Lean's). 2. White. June. Lima. 1837. — nu'tans (nodding). 2j. White. June. Brazil. 1800. — proli'fera (proliferous). Yellow. June. Peru. 1836. — vire'tcens (greenish). 1J. Greenish-white. July. Cusco. 1840. Isochi'ltjs. (From isos, equal, and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- daceasj. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan- dria. Allied to Ccelogyne.) Stove orchids ; cultivated like the first section of Coelogyne. /. carnosizflo'rus (fleshy-flowered). 1J. Purple. November. Honduras. 1841. — fusi/o'rmis (spindle-rooted). J. Yellow. July. Trinidad. — graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). $. Green, yellow. May. Jamaica. 1823. — grandifio'rus (large-flowered). Peru. 1840. Isolo'ma. (From isos, equal, and lotna, an edge ; referring to the edges of the fronds. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo- diaceae]. ~Lvan.,2±-Cryptogamial-Filices.) Stove Ferns. See Ferns. /. iiee'rgens (wide-spread). Brown, yellow. July. Malacca. — ianugino'sa (woolly). Brown. July. E. Ind. Iso'meris. (From isos, equal, and iRe- candria. Allied to Dolichos.) Greenhouse and stove deciduous climbers and twiners. By cuttings of young shoots in spring, in sandy soil, and in a little heat ; peat and loam. Temperature, what is usual for greenhouse and stove. L. pere-'nnans (lasting. White China). 8. White. July. China. 1820. Greenhouse. — vulga'ris (common). 8. Violet. July. E. Ind. 1794. Stove. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1800. purpu'rea (purple). July. E. lad. 178». There are also several annuals. Labrador Tea. Le'dmm. Labubnum. Cy'tisus labu'rnum. Labyrinth is an arrangement of walks, inclosed by hedges or shrubberies, so intricate as to be very difficult to escape from. From the twelfth century to the end of the seventeenth they were a very favourite portion of English pleasure- ground; but they are now more judi- ciously banished. Laoe'na. (One of the names of Helen. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria \-Monandria. Allied to Govenia.) Divisions in spring, or after blooming; turfy peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, charcoal, and broken crocks ; fixed to a block, and that built above the surface of a pot, and packed with the above material, or grown in a shallow, open bas- ket. Summer temp., 6o° to 90°, and moist; win- ter, 55° to 60°, and dry. L. bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Greenish-yellow May. Guatimala. 1843. Lace -bark. Lage'tta. Lachena'lia. (Named after M. de Ia Chehal, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese], Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Triteleja.) All greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, except glau'ca. Offsets at potting period, and seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 46°, and dry, or the bulbs may be kept in drawers or bags. Ther are very beautiful little olanU and grotf LAC [ 475 ] LAC freely under the abovo condition*, potting_ them whenever growth commences, and watering so long as the leaves are green, but no longer ; when the pots are full of roots they stand gentle forcing. The small species require sand round their bulbs, whether in the border or pots. It- angui'nea (serpent). 1. White. April. 1825. — angustifo'lia (tirjrow -leaved). 1. White. April. 1793. — bifo'liu (two-leaved). \. Pink. April. 1813. — eontamina'ta (contaminated). £. Pink. March. 1774. — fta'va (yellow). £. Yellow. May. 1790. — fra' grans (sweet-scented). 1. White, red. April. 1798. — glau'ca (milky-green). Purple, red. May. Persia. 1825. — glauci'na (milkyish-green). 1. Green, white. May. 1/95. — hyacinthoi'des (hyacinth-like). £. White, red. May. 1812. — isope'tala (equal-petaled). ' |. Wkite, purple. May. 1804. — lanccefo'lia (spear-head-leaved). J. White, green. May. 1818. — liliiflo'ra (lily-flowered), $. White. May. 1825. — lu'cida (glossy-leaved). J. Pink. April. 1*98. — lute'ola (yellowish). 1. Yellow, red. March. 1774. — -^—macula'ta (spotted-leaved). 1. Yellow, red. March. 1774. — muta'bilis (changeable). £. Blue. November. 1825. — nervo'sa (aetved-leaved). i. Pink. June. 1810. — orchioi'des (orchis-like). 1. Green, white. March. 1752. — pa'llida (pale-flowered). $. Pale blue. May. 1782. ccerule' scens (bluish). \. Bluish. Sep- tember. 1782. mi'nor (smaller). £. Pale blue. 1782. — pa'tula (spreading-flowered). |, White, pink. April. 1795. — pe'ndula (weeping). |. Bed, yellow. April. 1789. — — - macula' 'ta (spotted -leaved). £. Bed, yellow. April. 1789. — puncta'ta (dotted). $. Purple. May. 1824. — purpu'rea (purple). J. Purple. April, 1826. — purpu'reo-cceru'lea (purplish-blue). 1. Pur- ple. April. 1789. — pusflla (small). £. White. June. 1825. — pustula'ta (blistered). 1. Purple, green. February. 1790. — quadri'color (four-coloured). 1. Scarlet, yel- low. March. 1774. colora'ta (coloured-feacerf). J. Scarlet, yellow. April. 1774. — racemo'sa (racemed). 14. White, green. May. 1811. — ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. May. 1800. — m'bida (red-dotted- flowered). f. Bed. Sep- tember. 1803. — sero'tina (late). |. Pink. August. 1820. — sessiliflo'ra (stalkless - flowered). 4. Bed. May. 1804. — tri'color (three-coloured). I. Bed, yellow. April. 1774. — uni'color (one-coloured). J. Pink. May. 1806. — unifio'rm (one-flowered). White, blue. March. 1795. — m'tf/e'eea (violet). 1. Violet. March. 1795. LACHNiE'A. (From lachne, down; re- ferring to the downy clothing of the flower-heads. Nat. ord., JJaphnads [Thy. melaceaB]. Linn., 8-Oclandria 1-Mone. gynia. Allied to Gnidia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope, and all but one white-flowered. Cut- tings of short young shoots in sand, under a bell- glass, in spring ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. In summer, a sheltered, somewhat shady place. L. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. May. 1800. — conglomera'ta (clustered). 2. June. 1773. — erioce'phala (woolly-headed). 2. June. 1793. — glau'ca (milky-green). 2. June. 1800. — purpu'rea(p\ap\e-flowered), 3. Purple. April. 1800. Lachna'nthes. (From lachne, down, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Blood- roots [Hsemodoraceae], Linn., 3-Trian- dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Anigo- zanthos.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. The red colour found in the roots is used in dyeing in North America. Division of the roots in spring; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40°. L. tincto'ria (dyer's), lj. Pink. July. N. Amer. 1812. Lackey Moth. Clisioca'mpa. Lactd'ca. Lettuce. (From lac, milk ; referring to the milky juice. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Syn- (jenesia l-^2qualis.) Of the numerous species none need be men- tioned but the common lettuce, which is a hardy annual. L. sati'va (cultivated). 4. Yellow. June. 15t>2. Varieties. — There are the Cos and the Cabbage ; the first more grown in sum- mer than in winter; the second at all seasons, but more usually in winter, on account of their superior hardihood. The Cilicias are of a nature intermediate the two. When young, the Cabbage varieties are, in general, sweeter than those of the Cos at the same age ; but of a full growth this is reversed. Hence the latter are preferred for salads, and the former for soups. The Cabbage varieties succeed better in a hotbed than the Cos. Cos Varieties. — Brighton, Silver, Black- seeded Green, Spotted, or Leopard, Earlj E gyptian, Green and Brown Cilicia, Green, Lop, White, or Versailles, White Paris Cove, the finest summer kind; Greer Paris Cove, rather hardier; Bath Cos, and Brown Cos. Cabbage Varieties. — Drum - headed, Princes, Brown Dutch and Common White Dutch, both good for winter; Tennis Ball, or Button, good for winter; Large White, Hardy Green, or Capuchin, good for winter; Imperial Grand Ad- LAC [ 476 ] I^EL aiirable, Prussian, Large Roman, Malta, for summer ; Neapolitan, for summer. Soil.— Lettuces thrive best in a light, very rich soil, with a dry substratum. For the first and last crops of the year a ■warm, sheltered situation is required; but for the Midsummer ones, a border that is shaded during mid-day. Sowing. — The first sowing in a frame on a warm border, or slender hotbed, at the close of January, or early in February ; at the close of this last month a larger one in any open situation, and smaller repeated once every three weeks, until the end of July, for summer and autumn use, to be continued at similar intervals until the close of September, for winter and early spring. Sow moderately thin, each variety separate. Pricking out. — When the plants are about a month old, or two inches in height, thin them to three or four inches apart, and prick out those removed at similar distances. Those from the sow- ings in January and February in frames, and thence until August, in any open situation. Those of the August sowing must be divided into two portions ; the largest being selected and planted in an open compartment for late autumn use, and the smaller on a warm border for winter and early spring. Plant out, finally, in rows a foot apart each way. At the time of every removal, whether of pricking out or planting, water must be given moderately, and until the plants are rooted. It may be remarked, that transplanted lettuces never attain so fine a growth as those left where sown, nor become so soon fit for use; those which are planted out at once to remain being better in these respects than those pricked out previous to final planting. The varying in their time of becoming fit for use, however, is of advantage, as by these means a more perfect succession is obtained. Those which are planted to withstand the winter, which tjiey easily do if sheltered with hoops and matting during severe weather, and continue in a fit state for use, are best planted on ridges, as a protection from excessive wet, from which they always suffer. In every stage of growth they must be kept well watered, and the earth around them frequently stirred, for the extirpation of slugs and snails. No vegetable is more benefited than the lettuce by the applica- tion, occasionally, of liquid-manure. To check the Cos plants running to seed before the heart is perfectly blanched, it is a good practice, at the time of tying them up, to cut out the centre bud of each with a sharp knife. Frame Crops. — The plants raised from the September sowing may be divided as directed for those of August; but, in addition, some of the Cos varieties may be planted on a warm border, to have the shelter of frames and hand-glasses. Some of the strongest of these may, in succes. sion during November, December, and January, be planted in a moderate hotbed, being removed with as little injury as possible to the roots, to bring them for- ward for immediate use. Whilst in frames they require much attention. Being watered and shaded until established, they must afterwards have as much light and air admitted as possible, as well as a regular supply of moisture. At night the additional shelter of mat- ting, and in severe weather an increased covering, must be afforded. The day temperature should never exceed 80° ; nor fall below 65°. The plants may be set in rows about six inches apart ; but of those which are merely sheltering during the winter, on the return of mild weather, at the beginning of March or April, every second one must be carefully removed, and planted in a warm border at the usual open-ground distance. To obtain Seed. — Some of the finest and most perfect plants of each variety that have survived the winter, or from the forwardest sowing of the year, should be selected. The seed from any that have run up prematurely cannot be de- pended upon. If two varieties flower near each other, only mongrel varieties will be obtained. Each stem is to be tied to a stake as a support against tempestuous weather. The branches must be gathered as the seed ripens upon them. It must be thoroughly dried be- fore it is stored. Lady-Bird. Coccine'lla. Lady's Fern. Lastra'a thely'pteris. Lady's Laces. Aru'ndo. Lady's Mantle. Akhemi'Ua. Lady's Slipper. Cypripe'dium. Lady's Smock. Carda'mine. Lady's Tresses. Neo'ttia spira'lis and Spira'nthes. Ls'lia. (Lalia was a Vestal virgin ; alluding to the delicacy of the flower. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orthidacese]. Linn, LAF L 477 J LAO 20-Gynandria. 1-Monandria. Allied to Epidendrum.) Stove orchids. Divisions ; turfy peat, chopped old moss, and charcoal, raised above the surface of a pot, filled with drainage, or a block of wood firmly laid across. Treatment similar to Cattleya. L. acumina'ta (pointed-lipped). 2. Pinkish- white. June. Mexico. 1840. — a'lbida (whitish). Yellowish-white. Oaxaca. — — viola'cea (violet-lipped). White, violet. — a'nceps (two-edged-scolloped), lj. Rose, purple. December. Mexico. Barkeria'na (Barker's), l£. Purple. December. Mexico. 1833. — antumna'lis (autumnal). 3. Rosy, Septem- ber. Mexico. 1836. — casrule'scens (bluish). Costa Rica. 1838. — ca'ndida (white-flowered). White. June. Bolanos. 1840. — cinnabari'na (scarlet-flowered). 2. Reddish. May. Brazil. 1836. . — erythrobu'lbon (red-bulbed). Brazil. 1843. — epidendroi'des (epidendrum-like). Purple, crimson. July. Brazil. 1839. — fla'va (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 1841. —furfuru'cea (scurfy-stalked). l£. Rose. No- vember. Mexico. 1838. — grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 1. Xalapa. — Linde'nii (Linden's). Pale rose. June. Cuba. — maja'lis (May-flowering). §. Pink, purple. Mexico. 1838. — pedunculitis (/ong--flower-stalked). Violet. Mexico. 1841. — Perri'nii (Perrin's). Lilac. September. Brazil. 1831. — purpura! scens (purplish). Pink. September. Brazil. 1838. — rube'scens (blushing). $. Cream, pink. May. Mexico. 1840. — rupe'stris (rocky). Violet. Brazil. 1840. — supe'rbiens (gorgeous-flowered). 1. Pink, crimson. November. Guatimala. 1840. Lafoe'nsia. (Named in honour of the Duke of Lafoens, president of the Lisbon Academy ef Science. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Lythraceae] . Linn., 12- Icosandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to La- gerstroemia.) ' A stove shrub. Cuttings of rather ripe wood in autumn, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 55°, and kept rather dry. Prune freely in winter. L. microphy'lla (small-leaved). Brazil. 1847. Laga'sca. (Named after JD. M. La- ttasca, professor of botany at Madrid. Nat. ovd.,Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) Stove annual. Raised in a hotbed, several times potted there, and bloomed in summer, in a greenhouse or plant stove. L. mo'llis (soft). 2. White. July. S.Amer. 1815. Lagena'ria. Bottle Gourd. (From lagena, a bottle ; referring to the shape of the fruit of some species. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucurbitaceae]. Linn., 21- Moncecia 10-AIonadelphia. Allied to Cu- •) Hardy annuals, from the East Indies, and yel- low-flowered, except where otherwise specified. Seeds in a hotbed, and either fruited there, or hardened off and cultivated out of doors, under hand-lights, against palings and other fences: rich, light soil. For culture, see Cucumbeb. L. idola'trica (idolatrous. Pear-fruited). White. June. — vitta'ta (banded). White. June. — vulga'ris (common). 10. August. 1597. clava'ta (club-shaped). 10. August. 1597. depre'ssu (depressed). 10. August. 1597. courgou'rda (courgourde). 10. August. 1597- — — — turbina'ta (top-shaped). 10. August. 1597. Lageno'phora. (From lagenos, a bot- tle, and phoros, to bear ; referring to the flower-heads. Nat. ord., Composites [As- teracea?]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 3-J?Yus- tranea. Allied to Brachycome.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division in spring ; light soil ; a cool greenhouse, or a dry, cold pit in winter. L. Fo'rsteri (Forster's). Yellow and purple. New Zealand. 1837. Lagerstrgs'mia. (Named after Mi Lagerstrcem, a German. Nat. ord., Loose- strifes [Lythraceae]. lixm.,13-Polya7idriu 1-Monogynia.) Cuttings of small, firm side-shoots in spring, under a bell-glass, and cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn, in strong bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty of mois- ture, both at the root, and also at the top, except when in flower. Winter temp., 55° to 60°, and dryish, after being pruned in autumn. The green- house species require only warm greenhouie tem- peratures. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. L. I'ndica a'lba (Indian-white). 12. White. Au- gust. China. 1816. — — — ro'sea (rosy). 12. Rose. August. China. 1825. — specio'sa (showy). Rose. August. China. 1826. STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. L. e'legans (elegant). 10. Rose, yellow. August. K. Ind. 1841. — grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 12. Red. July. E. Ind. 1818. — I'ndica (Indian). 6. Flesh. July. E. Ind. 1759. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 12. White. E. Ind. 1818. — regi'nee (queen's). 12. Red. E. Ind. 1792. Lage'tta. Lace Bark. (Its Indian name. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymela- cese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia.) The inner bark of this stove evergreen is the beautiful Lace Bark of the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or May; peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°. L. lintea'ria (linen). 6. White. Jamaica. 1"93. Laguna'ria. (From its resemblance to Laguiuea, an allied genus. Nat. ord* Maltowworts [Malvaceae]. Linn., 16 Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. By cuttings of LAL LAN half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat, in May ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. L. cutieifo'rmis (wedge-teaoed). 15. Red. June. Australia. ~ lilacVna (lilac). Lilac. June. Swan River. 1832. — Paterso'nii (Paterson's). 20. Pale red. June. . Norfolk Island. 1/92. La'lage. (Named after Lalage, a gay, witty dame immortalized by Horace. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al- lied to Platylobium.) Greenhouse evergreen shruhs, from New Hol- land. Cuttings of the young shoots when they are getting firm ; seeds in a slight, sweet hotbed, and seedlings gradually hardened ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam, broken crocks, and char- coal, and extra draining; in summer, a very airy greenhouse. Winter temp., not below 45°. L. Hoveafo'lia (Hovea-leaved). 2. Yellow, orange. March. 1841. — orna'ta (gay). 2. V'ellow, purple. April. 1830. Lambe'rtia. (Named after tbe late Mr. Lambert, a distinguished patron of botany. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., A-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Hakea.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Cuttings of the ripened shoots, before fresh growth commences, in the spring, in sand, over sandy peat, in pots nearly filled with drainage, and covered with a bell-glass, and kept close and cool until the base of the cutting swells, when a little bottom-heat may be applied; sandy loam and fibry peat, well-drained, and mixed with rough pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. L. echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. July. 1824. — formo'sa (handsome). 4. Red. July. 1788. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Red. July. 1826. — multiflo'ni (many-flowered). Orange. — ovali/n'lia (oval-leaved). 1836. — propi'nqua (related), 1830. Lamb's Lettuce. See Corn Salad. Lamoueou'xia. (Named after J. V. P. Lamourouz, a naturalist. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceaj]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Bartsia.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, scarlet - flowered, from Mexico. For culture, see Ange- lo'jua. L. cordn'ta (heart-shaped-feaxed). l£. 1846. — multi'Jida (many-cleft-/e«»<;d). 1J. 1816. Lampwick. Phlo'mis lycluii'tis. Lance-wood. Giiftlle'ria. Land-ditcuing. See Draining. Landra. Jlnph'i'iius la'ndra. Landscape Gardening, as its name intimates, is the composition of beautiful scenery, so that all artifice is concealed by the blending of trees, shrubs, ground, and water; thus forming vistas as gratify- ing as those which occur naturally. Admi- ration for such scenery is an innate f quality of the human mind; and success- fully to imitate such scenery requires judgment as well as taste. It is not pos- sible, without a heavy outlay, to introduce | any desired species of landscape beauty upon a given plot of ground. There is the beauty of the level surface, quite un- attainable without such outlay, upon a surface which is abrupt and broken. The beauty of the clay districts is not other- wise to be secured upon those of the chalk ; neither on light uplands can be arranged the dense beauties of well- watered, alluvial vales. " Consult the genius of the place " is an axiom which has been derided, but which is dictated by the soundest sense. Under this general head we have not space to enter fully into details ; but some of these will be found, under their appropriate titles, in other pages, and chiefly borrowed from Mr. Whately, who has published more correct views upon the art of tastefully arranging grounds than most men who have written upon the subject. Lankeste'ria. (Named after Dr. E. Lankester, a distinguished botanist. Nat. or d., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2Angiospermia. Allied to Eranthemum.) Stove evergreen shrubs, from Sierra Leone. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring ; peat and loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 58°. L. longiflnfra (long-flowered). Yellow. April. — par!)(/?o'ra(small-flowered).Yellow. April. 1844. Lanta'na. (An ancient name for Vibur- num. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., li-J)idynamia 2-Anyiospe)~mia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the short side-shoots, two inches in length, taken off close to theold wood, when fresh growth commences, in spring; fibry loam and a little peat; Sellovia'na requires sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 45° to 55°. L. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Red. June. W. Ind. 1692. — Brasilie'nsis JBrazilian). 3, White. June Brazil. 1823. — coeci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. June. S. Arner. 1824. — cro'cea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper. June. Jamaica. 1818. — Mspida (bristly). 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824. — ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Red. June. Mexico. 1824. — involuera'ta (invoiucred). 3. Pink. July. W. Ind. 1690. — lavandula'cea (lavender-like). 3. Red. July. S. Amer. 1820. — melissifo'lia (balm-leaved). 2. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 1732. — mo'llis (soft). 4. Red, white. July. Mexico. 183* — muttiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1834. LAP [479 ] LAS L. ni vea muta'bilii (snowy-changeable-coloured). 5. Yellow, rose. May. — odora'ta (scented). 2. White. May. W. Ind, 1758. — pil&sa (downy). 3. Purple. July. Cuba. 1823, — purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. S. Amer. 1820. — ra'dula (rough-leaved). 3. Purple. W. Ind. 1803. — calvixfo'lia (sage-leaved). 3. Red. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — Seilooiu'td (Sellow's). 1. Rose. April. Monte Video. 1828. ■ lanceola'ta (spear- head -leaved). Deep rose. July. Monte Video. 1838. — stri'cta (erect). 3. Pale purple. Jamaica. 1/33. — trifo'lia (three-leaved). 3. Purple. July. W. Ind. 1733. — viola'cea (violet). 3. Violet. July. SL Amer. 1818. Lapage'ria. (Probably a commemora- tive name. Nat. ord., Philesiads [Phile- siacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono- gynia.) A fine hardy herbaceous twiner, like a Smilax, with large, rosy flowers, like Bomarea. L. ro'sea (rose-flowered). Patagonia. 1847 or 1848. Lapla'cea. (Named after Laplace, the distinguisbed pbilosopber. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstromiacese]. Linn., 13-Poly- andria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bonnetia.) Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°. L. semiserra'ta (half-saw-edged-tenoerf). 2. White. September. Brazil. 1842. La'jrix. Tbe Larcb. See Pi'nus. Larkspur. Delphi'nium. La'rrea. (Named after a Spaniard of tbatname. Nat. ord., Bean-capers [Zygo- pbyllaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Zygophyllum.) Greenhouse evergreens, from South America, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of young half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer; peat and fibry loam, with silver sand, and pieces of broken pot, and charcoal, to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, in a shaded position. L. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. July 1820. — ni'tida (shimnx-leaocd). 2. June. 1829. Larva. The name by which an insect is described when in the state between the egg and the chrysalis form. The larva of a butterfly or moth is commonly known as a caterpillar ; of a fly or beetle, as a maggot or grub. Laserwort. Tha'psia laserpe'tii. Lasia'ndra. (From lasios, woolly, and aner, an anther; woolly stamened. Nat ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceee] . Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Os- beokia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with purple flowers. Cuttings of young half-ripened shoots in summer, in sand, la heat, under a bell-glass ; lumpy, rough compost, consisting of sandy peat, fibry loam, silver sand, broken pots, and charcoal. Summel temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°. — Fontanesia'na (Des Fontaines').6.Rio Janeiro. — petiola'ta (/onff-leaf-stalked). 5. June. Brazil. 1836. Lasiope'talum. (From lasios, woolly, and petalon, a petal, or flower-leaf. Nat, ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in April or May ; sandy peat and fibry loam, well drained, and carefully watered ; either stagnant moisture or a sour soil destroys them. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. L. ferrugi'neum (rusty). 4. White. June. 1791. — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 5. Pale green. May. 1825. Lasiospe'emum. (From lasios, woolly, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Composites [ Aster ace se] . Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 1- JEqualis. Allied to Santolina.) Half-hardy evergreen trailing plants, with yellow flowers. Division in spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ; common garden-soil. Most of them require the protection of a cold pit in winter. The Italian species are most hardy. L. antkemoi'des (anthemis-like). &. August. Italy 1729. — crWimifo'lium (samphire-leaved). J. August. Macedonia. 1817. — criospdrmum (woolly- seeded). 1. August Italy. 1816. — pcduncula're (long- flower-stalked), j. July. Italy. 1798. — ri'gidum (stiff), j. August. Greece. 1816. Lasthe'nia. (Derivation not explained. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn. s 19-Syngenesia 2-Super/lua.) Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in October, and plants protected by boughs of ever- greens during the winter ; or sow in March and April in the open border. L. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 1. May. California. 1834. — glabra' ta (smooth). lj. May. California. 1834. — obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 1. May. Chili. 1833. Lastre'a. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) For culture, see Fkrns. They have all yellowish spores. HAEDY. Zr. aculea'ta (common-prickly). 2. June. Britain. — crista 1 ta (lesser-crested ). 4. July. Britain. — dilata'ta {enlarged-crested). 2. June. Britain. — filix-mas (male-fern). 3. Britain. — Goldia'na (Goldin's). July. N. Amer. 1822. — interme'dia (intermediate). June. N. Amer. 1837. — margina'lis (border-jporerf) . 3. June. N. Amer. 1772. — Noveborace'nsis (New York). 1J. July. VU Amer. 1822. LAT [480] LAT L. ore&pteri* (mountain-fern). 3. July. Britain — recu'rv* (bent-back). July. Britain. — spinuio'sa (cresied-prickly) . 1 . June. Britain — thely'pteris (lady-fern). 1. July. Britain. GREENHOUSE. L. decompo'sita (decomposed), £. July. N. Hoi land. 1825. — deeu'rrens (running-down). Jane. China. 1846 STOVE. L. appendicula'ta (appendaged). July. B. Ind, — asce'ndens (rising). August. — atra'ta (blackish). June. E. Ind. — attenua'ta (thin). June. Isle of Samaria. 183$). — chryso'loba (golden-lobed). July. Brazil. 1840. — conte'rmina (bordering). W. Ind. 1835. — ebu'rnea (ivory). July. Nepaul. 1841. — elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Madeira. 1799. — erioca'rpa (woolly-spored). June. E. Ind. — exi'gua (little). July. Isle of Luzon. —falcicula'ta (sickle-like). July. S. Amer. — indim'su (undivided). July. W. Ind. 1840. — invi'sa (nnseen). 2. July. Jamaica. 1830. — la 1 la (broad). June. Isle of Luzon. 1834. — iifnila'ta (strap-teed). June. Isle of Luzon. 1839. — maeroca'rpa (larffe-svoTed). August. E. Ind. 1827. — mcmbranifo'lia (membrane - fronded). June. Isle of Lufion. 1844. — multiju'ga (mr.ny-paired). July. E. Ind. 1839. — pa' ten* (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 1784. — patanH'tsima (very-spreading). August. E. Ind. 1825. — Ttolyptylla (many-fronded). August. India. — Jhreslia'na (Presl's). June. India. — pri'ngua (allied). July. Isle of Luzon. -rpvbe'snens (downy). July. Jamaica* — eemicorda'ta (half - heart - shape/. June. W. Ind. 1822. — mfrra (saw-like). 2. July. W. Ind. 1819. — si'milis (like). July. Malacca. — specta'bilis (showy). June. Isle of Luzon. — Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). August. India. — venu'sta (handsome). August. India. 1825. — •verruco'sa (warty). June. E. Ind. 1840. — vesti ta (clothed). July. Brazil. 1844. — eillo'xa (shaggy). 3. July. Jamaica. 1844. — visc&sa (clammy). July. Malacca. 1839. Lata'nia. Bourbon Palm. (The Bour- bon name is Latanier. Xat. ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. linn., 22-Diaecia. 13-Mona- delphia.) Stove palms, with greenish-white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. L. Borbo'nica (common-Bourbon). 20. Bourbon. 1816. — glaucophy' lla (milky-green-leaved). 1C. E. Ind. 1823. — rVora (red). 15. Mauritius. 1788. Laterals, or Side-Shoots, are those which spring from the sides of the main branches, and are thus described in con- tradistinction to the terminal or leading shoots of the branches : — The laterals on the lower branches, like those branches ttiemselves, are usually longer as they Approach the base of the tree, because they extend to obtain the benefit of the light kept from them by the branches above. If unable thus to extend, as in the case of inner trees of those planted in clumps, the laterals die, and occasion the nakedness of their trunks. If the terminal shoot of a branch be cut away, the laterals increase more in length, not only because more sap is thus afforded them, but because an extra effort is made to advance into the desired degree of light. La'thybus. (From la, to add to, and thouros, an irritant; to increase excite- ment, the supposed qualities of the seeds* Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia -k-Decandria.) Seeds of annuals, in common soil, in spring; perennials, by division at the same time, or cut- tings of the young shoots under a bell-glass: common garden-soil. HARDY ANNUALS. L. amphica'rpus (double-fruited). 1$. Pink. June. Levant. 1680. — angula'tus (angular-seeded). 1. Red. Jane. South Europe. 16S3. — leptophy' llus (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June. Caucasus. 1818. — setif&lius (bristle-leaved). 1. Red. June. South Europe. 1739. — rpheefricus (round-seeded). 1. Crimson. June. South Europe. 1801. HARDY CLIMBING ANNUALS. L. ala'tus (winged). 3. Purple. July. Italy. 1823. — a'nnuus (annual). 4. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1621. — auricula' tus (eared). 4. Purple. July. South Europe. 1800. — cVcera (flat-podded). 2. Red. South Eu- rope. 1633. — cornu't us (horned). 3. Purple. July. 1818. — A irsu'rus (hairy-podded). 4. Purple. July. England. — Ita'licus (Italian). 3. Pink. August. Italy. — Lusita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. July. Spain. 1827. — odora'tus (fragrant. Sweet Pea). 4. Va- riegated. July. Sicily. 1700. — purpu'reus (purple). 3. Purple. July. Crete. — sati'vus (cultivated. Chickling Vetch). 3. White. South Europe. 1640. — tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). 3. Blue. July. N.Africa. 1820. — Tingita'mu (Tangier). 4. Dark purple. July. Barbary. 1680. — tu'midus (swollen). .1. Red. July. Pied- mont. 1817- HARDY DECTDU0U3 CLIMBERS, &C. L. Alta'icus (Altaic). Altai. 1832. Herbaceous perennial. — Armitagea'nus (Armitage's). 10. Purple, blue. May. Brazil. 1824. Shrub. — Califo'rnicus (Californian). 4. Purple. June- California. 1826. — decaphy'ltus (ten-leaved). 4. Red, lilac. June. N. Amer. 1827. -- grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Rose. July. South Europe. 1814. — heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 4. Flesh August. Europe. 1731. — incu'rcus (curved-podded). 2. Btah July. Russia. 1808, LAU Z 481 LAV £. interme'dius (intermediate). 4. 'Reel. Au- gust. North Europe. 1820. — tatifo'tius (broad-leaved. Everlasting Sweet- Pea). Pink. August. England. — J&acrte'i (MacRae's). 3. Purple, white. Oc- tober. Chili. 1824. — Magella'nicus (Magellan). 3. Purple, blue. May. Cape Horr.. 1744. — nuta'bilis (changeable). 4. Purple, red. July. Siberia. 1825. — myrtifo'lius (ravrtle-leaved). 3. Red. Mar. Philadelphia. 1822. — nervo'sus (nerved). 3. Blue. June. Monte Video. 1843. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. i— palu'stris (marsh). 4. Pale purple. June. Britain. — pisifo'rmis (pea-formed). 3. Purple. July. Siberia. 1/95. — polymo'rphus (multiform). 3. Pale purple. July. Missouri. 1824. — prattfnsis (meadow). 3. Yellow. Britain. — pube'scens (downy). 3. Purple, blue. May. Buenos Ayres. 1843. Greenhouse ever- green shrub. — purpu'reo caerule' scens (purplish-blue). 10. Purple, blue. August. Brazil. 1836. Twiner. — ro'seus (rosy). 2. Red. July. Iberia. 1822. — rotundifv/lius (round- leaved). 1£. Rose. July. Tauria. 1822. — stipula'ceus (lai-ge -stipuled). 3. Purple, July. New York. 1816. — sylve'stris (wood. Everlasting Pea). 8, L. Befnaiia (Benzoin). 8. Yenow, preen. Aptfl N. Amer. 1683. V — Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 15. Yellow, green. May. N. Amer. 1806. gln'bra (smooth). Yellow, green. May, N. Amer. 1806. obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 15. Yellow, green. April. Carolina. 1806. pube'scens (downy). 15. Yeilow, green. April. N. Amer. 1806. — Catesbia'na (Catesby's). 10. White. Caro- lina. 1820. — diospy'rus (Jove's-fruit). 6. Green, yellow, April. N. Amer. 1810. — genicula'ta (jointed). 6. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1759. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. L. aggrega'ta (crovded-jloivered). 3. Green, yellow. China. 1821. — bulla'ta (blistered. African Oak). Green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — Canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Yellow, green. Canaries. 1815. — fastens (strong-smelling). 20. Green, yellow. Madeira. 1/60. — I'ndica (Indian-Bay). 20. Green, yellow. July. Madeira. i;65. Red. July. 3ol- Purple. July. Britain. — tomento'sus (woolly), 3. Lilac. June Buenos Ayres. — tubero'sus (tuberous). land. 1596. — veno'sus (veiny). 4. White, red. June. Pennsylvania. Laurel. Lau'rus. Laurel Cherry. Ce'rasus lau'ro-ce'- rasus. Lauresti'nus. Vibu'rnum ti'nus. Lau'rus. Laurel. (From the Celtic blaur, or law, green. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese]. Linn., 9-JSnneandria 1- Monogynia.) The Bay {Lau'rus no'bilis) represents this larze order. They are all more or less aromatic, and produce camphor, cinnamon, nutmegs, cassia, and other fruits and products in commerce. Few of the best of these, even no'bilis, the Sweet Bay, will flourish in the north of the Island without protection. It and its allies, the Sassafras, Ben- zoin, &c., are propagated by cuttings under hand- lights, in the end of summer; by layers, by pieces of the roots, and by seeds, which generally require to be in the rot-heap a season before vegetating ; common soil, if good and dry, suits them. The ttove and greenhouse species "by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, and potted off in sandy peat »nd fibry loam, and the usual temperature of these compartments. Many, however, would do better planted against a conservative wall, heated *nd protected in winter. HARDY DECIDUOUS. £. attiva'lis (summer). 6. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1775. — tl&ida {v,Uithh-leaved). 10. Yellow. Caro- lina. 1824. 31 STOVE EVERGREENS. L. ehloro'xylon (green- wood. Cogwood - tree) 60. Green, white. W. Ind. 1778. — coria'cea (leather-leaved). 50. White. W. Ind. 1810. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 40. White. Cayenne. 1800. — eaalta'ta (lofty). 6o. White, yellow. Ja- maica. 1800. — fioribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 40. Yellow, green. W. Ind. 1800. — ni'vea (snow-white). 1820. — pa' tens (spreading). 15. White, yellow. W. Ind. 1824. — pendula (weeping). 40. Jamaica. 1800. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 20. Yellow, green. April. W. Ind. 1826. — sple'ndens (shining). 40. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1800. — thrysiflotra (thryse-flowered). 30. Yellow, green. Madagascar. 1810. HARDY EVERGREENS. L. no'bilis (noble. Bay). 15. Yellow, white. April. South Europe. 156l. — — — cri'spa (curled- leaved). 20. Yellow, white. May. fto're-ple'no '(double-flowered). 20. Yel- low, white. May. latifu'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow, white. May. Asia. Half-hardy. — — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. Yellow, white, April. undula'ta (wavy-fenced - ). 4. Yellow, white. April. variega'ta (variegated-/ea»erf). 94. Yel- low, white. May. — rega'lis (royal).. California. 184". Lava'ndula. Lavender. (From lavo, to wash ; referring to lavender-water. Nat. ord., Lipworts or Labiates [Lamia- cese]. Linn., lidynamia 1-Gymno- gpermia. Allied to Phlomis.) Annuals, by seed in hotbed, and young plants then treated as tender annuals ; shrubs, by cut- tings in sand, under a bell-glass, in peat; sandy peat and fibry loam. Common greenhouse and plant-stove treatment. Herbaceous species, by seeds, and division of the plant. L. eardi'aca (cordial). 3. Red. June. Britain. cri'spus (curled-feared). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1658. — — villo'sus (shaggy). 3. Purple. July. Tauria. 1820. — intermedia (intermediate). 3. Orange. Sep- tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1822. — la'cerus (torn). 3. Pink. June. Nepaul. 1824. — lana'tus (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1752. — leonu'rus (lion's-tail). 3. Scarlet. November. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. — nepetoefaflia (catmint-leaved). 3. Orange. September. E. Ind. 1/78. — ova'ta (egg-leaved). 1£. Orange. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1813. — Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1759. Leoktopo'ditjm. Lion's Foot. (From leon, a lion, and pons, a foot ; resem- blance of the flower-heads. Nat ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 14- Syngenesia 2-Superfiua. Allied to An- tennaria.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi- sion of the roots in spring ; common soil. L. Helve'ticum (Swiss). 4. Yellow. June. Austria. 1776. Leontj'rus. See Leono'tis. Leopard's Bane. Doro'niaim. Leopoddi'sia. (Named after the late Empress of Brazil. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 6- Hexandria.) Stove Palm. Seeds; rich, loamy soil. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. L. pu'lchra (beautiful). 60. Brazil. 1825. Lepechi'nia. (Named after Lepechin, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to Sphacele.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light,' in spring and summer; loam and a little peat. Spica'ta re- quires a little protection in winter. L. ehenopodifo'lia (chenopodium-leaved). J. Red. July. Siberia. 1818. — spieafta "(spiked). 1. Pale yellow. July. Mexico. 1800. Lepida'gathis. (From lepis, a scale, and agathis, a ball ; referring to the bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- ceae]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2-Angiospcr- mia. Allied to Geissomeria.) Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots,- getting a little firm, in May, in sandy soil, irl bottom-heat; fibry, sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° f winter, 45° to 58°. L. crista'ta (crested). 2. E. Ind. 1820. LEpfDrusr. See Cress and Mustard. LEPi'siiruar. (From lepis, a scale ; re- ferring to the small scales at the crena- tures. Nat. ord., Lndian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Al- lied to Ripsab's.) Greenhouse fleshy-leaved plants. For culture see Ce'keus. i. commu'ne (common). Rose, white. Septem- ber. 1836. — myosu'rus (mouse -tail -like). 4. Yellow, white. July. 1837. — parado rum (paradoxical). 3. 1846. Lepta'ndra. See Vero'nica. Lepta'nthcs. (From leptos, slender, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Pontede- rads [Pontederaceae]. Linn., 3-Triandria \-Monogynia.~) A hardy perennial marsh-plant. Offsets ; properly an aquatic, but will flourish in a moist place and boggy soil. L. grami'neus (grassv). 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1823. Leptoca'llis. See Ipom^'a. Lepto'ceeas. (From leptos, slender, and keras, a horn ; referring to the form and substance of the column. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynan- dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.) Greenhouse terrestrial orchids, from Swan River. Division in spring ; fibry peat, well drained, with alittle leaf-mould and sand. Win- ter temp., 45° to 50°. L. fimbria! ta (fringed). Yellow. May. — oblo'nga (oblong). Yellow. May. — pectina'ta (comb-like). Yellow. May. Leptode'rmis. (From leptos, slender, and derma, the skin; referring to the thin bark. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- chonaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Hamiltonia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- ripened young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 45° to 4S°. L. lanceola'ta (fpear-head-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1842. Leptogea'mma. (From leptos, slender, and gramma, writing; referring to the form of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24 Cryptoqamia 1-Filices.) LE? r 487 ] LES Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. fieeFKENS. L. asplenioi'des (asplenium-like). June. Ja- maica. — gra'cile (slender). June. Brazil. — polupodioi'des (polypodium-like). June. Brazil. — vilio'sa (shaggy). 2. July. Brazil. 1836. Leptome'ria. (From leplos, slender, and mens, a part; referring to the slender and almost leafless shoots. Nat. ord., Sandalworts [Santalaceae]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, with white blossoms, from New Holland. Cuttings of firm young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. L. a'cida (acid). 1. 1823. — Billardie'ri (Labillardiere's). I. 1823. Lepto'siphon. (From leptos, slender, and siphon, a tube ; alluding to the tube of the flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy annuals, from California. Sown in the borders" at the end of March; sandy loam suits them ; but they will do better still if assisted with leaf-mould or peat soil. L. androsa'ceus (androsace-like). 1. Blue, white. August. 1833. — densiflo'rus (clustered-flowered). 2- Purple. June. 1833. - tjuntMOUs Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17- Diadclphia -L-Decandria. Allied to Swain- sonia. ) All natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Shrubby kinds, by need in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a glass ; loam and peat; an- nuals, by seeds ; and perennials, by seeds and di- vision in spring; the seedlings should be potted off, when a few inches in height, into light, sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. K. tomento'sa (downy). $. Purple. June. 1822. — vesica'ria (bladder-podded). Purple. June. 1825. — virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. 1828. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. L. pere'nnans (lasting). 1. Red. August. 1776- — procu' ml/ens (lying-down). Purple. June. 1753. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. L. brachysta'chya (short-spiked). 1. Purple. July. 1826. — falcifu'rmis (sickle-formed). 1. Purple. July. 1826. — frutico'sa (shrubby), i. Purple. July. 1826. — pu'lehra (pretty). 1J. Red. May. 1817- Lettso'moa. (Named after J". C. Lett- som, a British physician and naturalist. Nat.ord.,77i«ads [Ternstromiacea].Linn., lS-Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Freziera.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat; sandy, fibry loam, and sandy, turfy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°. L. tomento'sa (woolly). 4. White. Peru. 1823. Lettuce. Lactu'ca. Leucade'ndron. (From leukos, white, and dendron, a tree ; the white-leaved Silver-trees of the Cape colonists. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 22- Dicecia kTetrandria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flow- ers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the ripened shoots in summer, in sand, under a glass, and kept cool until the base of the cutting has callused, when extra heat may be applied ; fibry loam and sandy peat, with a few rough pieces of charcoal, to keep the compost open. Winter temp, 33° to 45°. L. a'mulum (rival). 3. July. 1789. — angusta'tum (narrowed,). 3. June. 1820. — arge'nteum (silver-free). 15. August. 1693. — cauda'tum (tailed). 3. May. 1800. — cinefreum (grey). 3. July. 1774. — como'sum (tufted). 3. May. 1813. — conci'nnum (neat). 3. 1800. — co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. May. 1774. •— eorymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. April, 1790. — deco'rum (decorous). 3. 1790. — flo'ridum (florid). 3. April. 1795. — pla'brum (smooth). ■ 3. May. 1810. L. grandijto'rum (large-flowered). 3. April. 178ft — imbrica 1 turn (imbricated). 4. I7Q0. -— infle'xum (ber.t-in). 3. April. 1800. — Levisa'nus (Lewis's). 4. April. 1774. — linifo'lium (flax-leaved). 4. May. — margina'tum (bordered). 3. Mav. 1800. — ova'le (oval-leaved). 3. May. 1818. — plumo'sum (feather-flowered). 4. July. 1774. — retu'sum (bent-back). 3. May. 1810. — sali'gnum (willow-Zeaceri). 3. May. 177*. — seri'ceym (silky). 3. May. 1817. — spathula'tum[sp&ta\ate). 3. May. 1818. — sqnarro'sum (spreading). 3. 1824. — stri'ctum (upright). 3. June. 1795. — veno'sum (veiny). 3. May. 1816. Leuchtenbe'rgia. (Named after Prince Ltuchtenburg. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cac- t&cesz~].IAnri.,12-Icosandrial-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen. Por culture, see Ca'ct us— Echinoca'ctu*. L. pri'neipis (noble). 1 .Yellow. June, Mexico. 1847. Leucoca'rpus. (From leukos, white, and carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro- phulariacese]. Linn., H-Di\e-stalked). &. Cape of Good Hope. 179* ue. July. Biennial. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. JL. ala'ta (wmpeA-stalked). 1J. Blue. June. N. Holland. 1804. — argu'ta (sharp-notched). 2. Blue. Septem- ber. Chili. 1824. — bellidi/u'lia (daisy-leaved). $. Blue. Sep- tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — Bridge! six (Mr. Bridges'). 4. Pink. June. Chili. 1836. — ctsru'lea (blue). lj. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — campanuloi'des (campanula-like), i.. White. June. China. 1820. — cardina'lis (cardinal-^omer). 3. Scarlet. July. Virginia. 1629. — Cavar.illesia'na (Cavanilles'). 3- Red. June. Spain. 1825. — coronopifo'lia (coronopus-lcaved). J. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1752. — crena'ta (scolloped-teaued). 4- Blue. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1/94- — decxi'mbens (lying-down). £. Blue. Octo- ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — denta'ta (toothed). 1. Blue. June. N. Holland. 1824. — di'scolor (two-coloured). Blue. August. Swan River. 1818. — eri'nus (erinus). £. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. "l752. — • campa'cta (compact), i. Blue. June. Gardens. — compa'cta a'lba (white-compact). $. White. June. Gardens. 1847. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4- Blue. June. Gardens. 1841. lu'cida (shining). Blue, white. June. Gardens. — fu'lgens (shining). 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1S09. — Marrya'ttoe (Mrs. Marryatt's). 3. Crim- son, purple. May. 1847. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 4. Scarlet. May. 1847. pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Scarlet. May. 1847. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Blue. Sep- tember. Van Dieraen's Land. 1837. mu'jor (larger). 3. Blue. June. Swan River. 1840. — hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1759. — i'znea (fiery). 4. Flame. June. Chili. 1838. — ilicifu'lia (holly-leaved). £. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1815. — Krau'ssii (Krauss's). 14. Blue. January. Dominica. 1828. — mi'nima (least). 1-I2th. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. •— mo'llis (soft). Purple. June. Dominica. 1828. — mucrona'ta (spine-pointed-fcarai). 3. Bright crimson. August. Chili. 1831. — vnultifio'ra (many-flowered). Purple. June. Swan River. 1838. — peduncula'tu (/ong'-flower-stalked). 1. Blue. October. N.S.Wales. 1819. — persici/o'lia (peach-leaved), l. Purple. June. W. Ind. 1824. Stove. — pube'scens (downy). 4. Blue. September. Cape of Good Hope. 1780. — purpura' scens (purplish). 1. Blue. July. N. S. Wales. 180Q. L. pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. Sep- tember. Nepaul. 1822. — rtigulo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Blue. June, New Zealand. 1826. — tenecioi'des (senecio-like). 1. Blue. July. N. Holland. 1824. — seta'cea (short-bristled). $. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — Sfmsii (Sims's). 1. Blue. October. Cape of Good Hope. 1819- — sple'ndens (shining). 3. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1814. — Texe'nsis (Texian). Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1845. — thapsoi'dea (mullein-like). 6. Rosy-purple. Organ Mountains. 1843. — Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1. Blue. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1822. — trique'tra (triangular). 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — umbellii'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. June. 1818. — Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1821. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. L. assu'rgens (rising). 3. Scarlet. August. W. Ind. 1787. — Begonicefo'lia (Begonia-leaved). $. Pale blue. June. Nepaul. I827. — decu'rrens (running-down). 3. Purple. J»ily. Chili. 1826. — gigante'a (gigantic). 14. Orange. August. S. Amer. 1828. — heteroma'lla (diversely-haired). Blue. 1829. — linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 4- Blue. Cape of Good Hope. 1791. — macula'ta (spotted). $. White. May. New Zealand. 1829. — odora'ta (fragrant). J. White. September. Buenos Ayres. 1832. — pinifo'lia (pine-leaved), lj. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1782. — purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. June. Val- paraiso. 1825. Stove. — robu'sta (robust). 3. Blue. August. Hayti. 1830. Stove. HARDY HERBACEOUS. L. amae'na (pleasing). 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1812. — Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1824. — coelefstris (heavenly). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1831. — coloru'ta (colomed-leaved). 5. Orange. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1832. — cri'spa (curled). 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1825. — glundulo'sa (glanded). 24. Blue. September. New Carolina. 1840. — Ka'lmii (Kalm's). 1. Blue. July. Carolina. 1820. — lacu'stris (lake). Pale blue. July. Britain. — Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). l.Blue. July. N.Amer. 1824. — paludo'sa (marsh). Pale blue. July. N. Amer. — polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 44. Purple. Au- gust. Valparaiso. 1829- — pube'rula (mossy). 1. Pale blue. June. N. Amer. 1800. glabella (smoothish). 4. Purple, blue. July. Louisiana. 1832. — ramo'sa (Branching). 2. Dark blue. August. .Swan River. 1838. — lyphyli't ica (syphilitic). 2. Light blue. Sep- tember. Virginia. 1665. a'lba (white). .'(. White. August. — tene'lla (delicate). 4. Purple, violet. Mayi Sicily. 1821. LOB F 502 ] LoBi,OLLY-BAY. Gordo'nia lasia'nthus. Locust-tree. Hymena'a. Loddige'sia. (Named after Conrad Loddige, the founder of the well-known nnrsery at Hackney. Nat. ord., Legumi- nous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16- Slona- delphia 6-Decandria. Allied to Hypoca- lyptus.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points of the shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a bell- glass ; sandy peat and a little loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°; a cool place in summer. L. oxalidifo'lia (oxalis-leaved). 1$. Pale purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1802. Lodoi'cea. (Named after Laodice, the daughter of Priam and Hecuba. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Diacia 12-Polyandria.) Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong, moist heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with much moisture in the atmosphere; winter, 58° to 60°. 1i._Seychella'rum (Seychelles). SO. Seychelles Islands. Loga'nia. (Named after J. Logan, a distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., Loga- niads [Loganiaceaa j . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Fagraea.) Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers, from New Holland. Stiff side-shoots, getting well ripened at the base, in sandy soil, under a bell- glass, in summer; sandy loam and fibry peat, kept more open still by pieces of charcoal. "Win- ter temp., 38° to 45°. In summer the pots pro- tected from strong sunshine. L.floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. April. 1797- — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. 1816. — revolu'ta (rolled-back-teat>e Ci-yptogamia 1-Fiiices.) Stove Ferns, with brown spores, from the Tro- pics. Some species are now joined to Lito- brockia. See Furns. Li auri'ta (eared). July. S. America. — gla'bra (smooth). July. S.Africa. — pube'scens (downy). July. Mauritius. LoNcnocA'Rrus. (Frurn/o/ic/ie, alance, and carpos, a fruit ; shape of seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia A.-Dceandria. Allied to Dalbergia.) Stove evergreen trees, with purple flowers, ex- cept where specified otherwise. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat, in May; turfy loam and fibry peat, with sand and charcoal to keep it open, though pressed firmly together. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°. L. Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 20. Bed. St. Domingo. 1820. — la'ifo'liiis (broad-leave:!). 20. W.Ind. 1S0S. — macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 40. S. Amcr. 1818. — pube'scens (downy). 25. Purple. Caraccas. 1824c — pyzida'rius (box). 20. Cuba. IS-'O. — ro'seus (rosy). 16. Bed. S.Amer. 1700. — se'pium (hedge). 30. S.Amer. 1S20. — seri'ceus (siiky). 20. W. fr.d. !S26. — viola'ceus £vio":et). 12. Carthage. 17»9. LON [ 503 i LOP London Pride. Saxi'fmga vmbro'sa. Loni'cera. (Named after Adam Loni- fer, a German botanist. Nat. orcl., Capri- coils [Caprifoliaceae]. Linn., b-Pentan- dria 1-Monotjynia. Allied to Caprifolium.) Hardy deciduous shrubs. By cuttings and layers in the autumn ; with all the succulent, pithy-stemmed kinds, the latter mode is the best, as cuttings are apt to rot ; when planted they should have a shady, sheltered situation ; good, loamy soil. L. alpi'gena (alpine). 6. Yellow. April. South Europe. 1596. Sibi'rica (Siberian). 5. Yellow. April. Siberia. 1810. — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Pale yellow. April. North India. 184". — cceru'lea {blue-berried). 4. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 1620. — Canadensis (Canadian). Yellow. May. Canada. 1812. — cane'scens (hoary). 10. April. Europe. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 4. White, red. April. N. Amer. 1824. a'lba (white-oemed). 4. White, red. April. N. Amer. 1824. — di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, crimson. June. E. Ind. 1844. — diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. Himalaya. 1843. — flexu&sa (zigzag). 15. Orange. July. Japan. 1806. — Ibefrica (Iberian). 6. Orange. April. Iberia. 1824. — involuera'ta (involucred). 3. Yellow. April. Hudson's Bay. 1S24. — Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 3. Yellow, red. June. California. 1833. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 4. Siberia. 1818. — ni'gra (black). 4. Pale yellow. April. Switxer- land. 1597. campaniflo'ra (bell-flowered). 4. Yellow. May. N. Amer. — oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. White. April. N. Amer. 1823. — orienta'lis (eastern). 16. Yellow. June. Iberia. 1825. — puni'ceus (crimson). Crimson. May. N. Amer. 1S22. — Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. White. Pyrenees. 1/39. — Tata'rica (Tartarian). 10. Pink. April. Russia. 1752. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 10. White. May. Pyrenees. 1739. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. April. lu'tea (yellow-homered). 10. Yellow. April, rubriflo'ra (red-flowered). 10. P.ed. April. Russia. 1752. — villo'sa (shaggy). 4. Yellow. April. Canada. 1820. — xylo'steum (fly). 8. Yellow. June. England. leucoca'rpum (white-berried). 8. Yellow. June. Britain. — —~mela7ioca'rpum (black-berried). 8. Yellow. June. Britain. — aanthoca'rpum (yellow-berried). 8. Yel- low. June. Britain. Looking-glass Plant. Heritie'ra. Loosestrife. Lysima'chia. Lope'zia. (Named after J. Lopez, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Onagrads I rOnagraeese]. Linn., l-Monandria 1> I Monoyynia. Allied to Circroa.) Annuals, from Mexico, all of which thrive the better if sown on a light hotbed in the middle oJ March, and are transplanted in the middle of May ; light soil. L. eorda'ta (heart-teased). 1J. Purple. August. 1621. — corona'ta (coroneted). l£. Red. August. 1885. — hirsu'ta (hairy). l£. Red. August. 1796. — linea'ta (streaked-/eai>ed). 3. Ro»e. February. 1830. — pu'mila (dwarf). $. Red. August. 1824. — raceiiio'su (racemed). 1J. Red. August. 1793. Lopha'nthus. (From lophos, a crest, and unthos, a flower; referring to the middle lobe of the flower. Nat. ord., La- biates, or Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14-Bidynamia l-Gymnospermia, Allied to Mentha.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North Ame- rica. Seeds sown in April ; cuttings of the young shoots at the same time, in a shady place, in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; division of the plant in spring ; good garden-soil. L. anisa'tus (anise-scented). 3. Blue. July. 1826. — Nepetoi'des (Nepeta-iike). 5. Yellow, white. July. 1692. — ecrophularioi'des (figwort-like). 5. Pink. July. 1800. — urticafo'lius (nettle-leaved).2.Blue. July.l82fi. Lophi'ola. (A diminutive of lophos, a crest; referring to the crested sepals, or flower-leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili- acese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Wachendorfia.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the roots in autumn or spring ; peaty soil, in a damp, shady situation. L. au'rea (golden-flowered). 1$. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1811. Lophi'ra. (From lophos, & crest; re- ferring to two of the sepals finally ex- panding into crested wings. Nat. ord., Lophirads [Lophiraceae]. Linn., 12-Ico- sandria 1-Monoyynia.) This is the Scrubby Oak of Sierra Leone, a handsome tree, with panicled yellow flowers. End- licher founded the order on it because it is " allied to nothing yet known." A tropical evergreen shrub ; cuttings of firm young wood in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; saudr loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 9U°i winter, 50° to 60°. h. Afriea'na (African).. 10. Yellow. June. Sierra Leone. 1822. Lophospe'rxtjm. (From lophos, a crest, and sperma, a seed; the seeds are fur- nished with a crested wing. Nat. ord., Fiyworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14- Bidynamia l-Gymnospermia.) Beautiful evergreen climbers, requiring ths greenhouse or cold frame in winter, growing against poles, fences, &c, during summer ; pro- pagated by preserving the fleshy roots in dry LOQ [504] LOT earth in winter; by seed sown in a hotbed, in March and April, and cuttings of young shoots taxen in August, inserted in sandy soil, and placed in a cool frame, or under a hand-light, and shaded ; rich, sandy loam. L. a'tro-sangui'neum (dark-bloody). 10. Dark purple. June. Mexico. 1833. — erube'scens (blushing). 10. Rosy. August. Jalapa. 1830. — sca'ndem (climbing). 10. Purple, violet. Mexico. 1834. Loquat, or Japan Quince. (Eriobo'trya Japo'nica.) It ripens its fruit with a mo- derate amount of heat in this country. Some varieties are said to succeed on the open wall; but it must be in such mild localities as the warmer parts of Devon or Cornwall. The temperature of the peach-house — or what is sometimes called the intermediate-house — will, how- ever, suit it ; and as to wintering, it re- quires little more than the exclusion of frost. As the growth of this, for dessert purposes, has never been, as far as we are aware, systemized in this country, we can only offer a few general hints as to its culture. It has been affirmed that it succeeds best grafted on the quince, and it is very probable ; for it belongs to the same natural order, Appleworts, in addition to which, individuals from the genera Pyrus, Amelanchier, Mespilus, and even the Photi'nia serrula'ta, being itself an evergreen, present most likely stocks. Grafting is recommended, in order to check its excessively robust character; for in its natural growth it would be too coarse for ordinary hothouses. Grafting, therefore, or any of the expedients re- sorted to in pear culture, may be had re- course to. It may be readily propagated from seed, and doubtless by cuttings, and will grow in any ordinary soil. We would, however, use no manurial matters, but simply peat and strong loam, the latter predominating. Lord Anson's Pea. La'thyrus Magel- la'nicus. Lore'ya. (Named after M. Lorey, a botanist, author of the Flora of Burgundy. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacea?]. Linn., \0-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Miconia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots in April, in sand, over sandy peat, and that extra well drained; sandy peat, a' little fibry loam, and pieces of charcoal and broken freestone. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°. L. arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. White. July. Guiana. 1822. Lote. Zi'zyphus lo'tus. Lo'tus. Bird's-foot Trefoil. (From the lotus of Theophrastus, which is Zi'zyphus lo'tus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- bacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4-D»ca«- dria. Allied to Trifolium.) Annuals, by seed at the beginning of April ; « very few require the assistance of a gentle hotbed, and transplanting afterwards ; herbaceous and semi-shrubby, low-trailing plants, by division, and cuttings in summer under a hand-light, in a shady place. These are very useful for banks and rock-works. Greenhouse and frame kinds, by cut- tings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand- light or frame ; light, sandy soil for all. STOVE ANNUAL. L. I'ndieus (Indian). 1. July. E. Ind. 1793. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. L. arge'nteus (silvery). J. June. 1827. angustift/lius (narrow-leaved). £. July. 1827. — austra'lis (southern). Pink. July. N. Hol- land. 1800. — glau'cus (milky-green). 1. June. Madeira. 177". — tessilifo'lius (stalkless-leaved). I. July. Tene- riffe. 1820. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. L. cxthylloi'des (anthyllis-like). }. Dark purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. — a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). 1. Dark brown. Teneriffe. 1820. — Cre'ticus (Cretan), lj. June. Levant. 168". — Gebe'tia (mountain). 1. May. Aleppo. 1810. — Jacob at' a* (St. James's Island). 2. Dark browu. July. Cape de Verd Islands. 1714. lu'teus {yellow-flowered). 2. July. — spectafbilis (showy). 2, Teneriffe. HARDY ANNUALS. L. angusti'ssimus (narrowest-poitaerf). 1. May. Britain. — ilra'Atcus(Arabian). J. Pink. July. Arabia. 1773. — arenu'rius (sand). J. April. Teneriffe. 1831. — cilia'tus (hair-fringed). J. July. Sicily. 1812. — Coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). J. White, red. June. Portugal. 1800. — eytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 1. June. South Europe. 17*1. — decu'tnbens (Uing-do-Kn). J.July. Europe. 1810. — Diosco'ridis{bioscorides'). 1. June. Nice. 1658. — edu'lis (eatable). $. July. Italy. 1759- — glabe'rrimus (very smooth). A. White. July. South Europe. 1816. — gra'ci'is (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 1812. — odora'tus (sweet-scented), lj. June. Barbary. 1804. — peregri'nus (spreading). £. July. South Eu- rope. 1713. — pusi'lius (small). J. July. South Europe. 1816. HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. L. cornicula'tus (small-horned). 1J. June. Britain. alpi'nus (alpine). $. June. Switzerland. 1 819. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). J. July. Gardens. — erassifo'lius (thick-leaved). J. August. South Europe. 1812. — depre'ssus (depressed). July. Hungary. 1819. —flexuo'sus (zigzag). J. July. Europe. 1810 — Forste'ri (Forster's). £. July. Britain. — ma'jur (ereater). lj. June. Britain. uillo'sus (shaggy). 4. June. Switzerland. 1817. — palu'stris (marsh), i. June. Crete. 1821. — pedunculu'tus 'Jong-iioyiei-ttaXktd). 1. Juir Spain. 18U. LOU [ 505 ] LUB L. Portvsannta'nus (Porto Santo). July. Porto Santo. 1/89. Evergreen shrub. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). £. July. South France. )8l6. — ter.uifo'lius (slender-leaved).July. Europe. 1837. — tenuis (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 1816. — uliginu'nus (bog). June. Europe. 1836. Louse. See Aphis. Lousewort. Pedicttla'ris. Love-apple, or Tojiato. Lyeup&'rsicnm ticule'ntum. Varieties. — Of the Red — the Common Large, Small, Pear - shaped, Cherry - shaped. Of the Yellow— fixe Large Yel- low, Small or Cherry Yellow. Soil. — Eich, light, and on a dry sub- soil. Sea- weed may he applied with ad- vantage to the border on which it is grown, as may kelp, or common salt in small quantities. The situation must be sheltered. Sowing. — Sow at the close of March or early in April in a hotbed or stove. The hotbed must be of a moderate durability, earthed about six inches deep. In a hot- house, sow in pots or boxes set on the flues, or round the edges of the pits. In whatever situation, sow thin, and not buried more than a quarter of an inch. The plants, when two or three inches high, must be thinned to three inches apart, and those removed pricked at the same distances, in a similar bed to that from which they were removed ; shade and water freely in every stage of their growth; for if, from the want of this, a due exposure to the light, or any other cause, they become weak, they sel- dom are productive. Plant out in the open air early in June ; prepare them for this, until at length they can endure the tem- perature of the greenhouse, where they may be kept until finally moved. But, before that time arrives, another thinning will be requisite; those in the hotbed to six inches apart, and those in the stove, each plant separate into tolerable-sized pots. They are to be finally planted five feet apart beneath a south paling or wall, to which their branches must be trained ; for if allowed to trail on the ground the fruit scarcely ever ripens, and never is in perfection. Water and shade during midday must be afforded until they are established ; and if the nights are cold during the first week or two, the shelter of a hand-glas9, or even of a garden-pot, is advantageous. The training may commence as soon as the branches are a foot loDg, and con- tinued throughout their growth. In case of a want of space of wall or paling, they may be trained with stakes as espa- liers. Throughout the summer clear away all lateral shoots, as well as thin the leaves, so as to expose the fruit to the full influence of the sun. The berries begin to ripen about the middle of August, and continue to do so until October, or the arrival of the first frosts, which always destroy the plants. To obtain Seed.— Some of the forwardest berries must be left until perfectly ripe. It must be separated from the pulp by washing, as directed for the Cucumber. Love-lies-bleeding. Amara'nthus Cau- da' t us. Love-teee. Ce'reis siliqna' strum. Lowe 'a. (Named after Rev. Mr. Lowe, travelling Bachelor of the University of Cambridge. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Ro- sacea?]. Linn., 12-Icosundria '6-Trigynia. Allied to the Rose.) Half-hardy deciduous plant, very shy and diffi- cult to manage ; a little protectionin severe win- ters ; seeds, and cuttings of the half-ripened wood ; fibry peat, and open, sandy loam. L. berberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). Ij. Yellow, purple. June. Persia. 1790. Loxogea'mma. (From loxos, slanting, and gramma, writing ; referring to the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 21-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.) Stove Fern. See Ferns. L. lauceola'ta(spedLT-ixe&d-leavei). Yellow. May. E. Ind. Lozoxenia eosaeia is a small moth, of which the caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the rose-tree. Mr. Curtis says, that " the eggs are laid in the summer or autumn, and hatch with the opening leaves; and the little caterpillar begins at once to form a residence by drawing two or more leaflets together, on which it feeds. This operation soon points out where the caterpillar is; and the best method which we know of getting rid of it is hand-picking, which should be prac- tised as soon as the operation of the caterpillar becomes visible." Lubi'nia. (Named after M. St. Lubin, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Trientalis.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cutting! under a hand-light, in May, and seeds sown in a slight hotbed ; loam and peat, with sand to keep it open ; requires the protection of a cold pit in winter. L. u'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 2. Purple* Cape of Good Hope. 1820. LUC [ 506 LUP Ltjctj'tja. (From luculi swa, the na- tive name. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- chonacese]. Linn., 6-Peniandria 1-Monu- gynia. Allied to Plymenodictyon.) Greenhouse evergreens, from Nepaul. Cuttings of the young shoots getting a little firm, about Midsummer, in sand, over sandy peat, well- drained, and covered with a bell-glass, set in a close pit or frame, and in a fortnight supplied with a little bottom-heat; peat and loam, both fibry, with sand and pieces of charcoal to keep it open. As soon as established as a little plant, which it will be by the following spring, to be transferred at once to a good large pot ; a conser- vatory-bed, however, is the place where it flou- rishes and shows off to the best advantage, blooming in the autumn, winter, and spring months. It should also be tried against a con- servative wall. L. grati'ssima (most-welcome). 9. Bed. 1833. — Pincia'na (Pince's). 5. White. 1813. Lucu'ma. (The Peruvian name. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese]. Linn., 5- Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Sa- pota.) Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut- tings of the ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- glass, and in heat; rich, fibry, sandy loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 65°. L. Bonpla'ndia (Bonpland's). 40. Cuba. 1822. — matnmo'sa (nippled). 50. S. Amer. 1739. — oboea'ta (rcverscd-egg-teaued). 40. Peru. 1S22. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 40. Mexico. 1823. Ltj'dia. (From ludo, to sport; refer- ring to the various forms of leaf of L. heterophy'lla. Nat. ord., Bixads [Bixacece]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1 Monogynia. Al- lied to Prockia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers, from Mauritius. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat; fibry loam, with a little peat, and dried cow- duncr. Summer temp., 60° to 65°; winter, 50° to 55°. L. heterc)ihy'Ua ^various-leaved). 4. July. 1823. — sessilijio'ra (stalkless-flowered). 4. July. 1820. Luhe'a. (Named after Zuhe, a Ger- man botanist. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tiliaceae], Linn., 18- Poly adelphia 2- Polyandria. Allied to Sparmannia.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, two inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, and plunged in bottom-heat; fibry peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°. L. Caraccasa'na (Caratjasian) . Caraccas. 1847. Shrub. — panicula'ta (panicled). it. Rosy. April. Brazil. 1828. Climber. LxrfsiA. (Name not explained. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacete]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Tanda.) Stove orchid. Detaching the side-shoots; a block of wood covered with moss, or elevated above a pot, with sohagnum, peat, crocks, &c. Temperature, 60° to 90°, when growing in sum- mer, with a moist atmosphere ; 50° to 60° in win- ter, and dry; 60° to 90° in spring, and rather drv, to start the flower-buds, kept cooler afcerward's, and excited again when the flowering is over. L. alpi'na (alpine). Green, purple. April. Sylhet. 1837. Ltjmni'tzera. (Named after Lumnil2er, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Myrola- lans [Combretacese]. Linn., 1^-Didyna- mia 2-Gymnospermia. Allied to Poivrea.) Stove annual and herbaceous plants. One oi! the latter is well-worth cultivating ; seed, division of the plant, and by cuttings of the young shoots in spring; requires a warm greenhouse or a cool stove ; sandy loam. L, tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 1. Pale pur- ple. July. E. Ind. 1703. Luna'ria. Mocnwort, or Honesty. (From fata, the moon; referring to the shape of the seed-vessels. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Te- tradynamia. Allied to Alyssum.) Hardy plants, natives of Germany, and flower- ing in May; seeds and divisions in spring. Com- mon garden-soil. L. biennis (biennial). 4. Light purple. 1570. Biennial. albif.o'ra (white-flowered). 3. White. 1570- — redivi'm (revived). 3. L ; ght purple. 1596. Herbaceous perennial. Lcxgwort. Pulmona'ria. Ltjpi'ncs. Lupine. (From lupus, a wolf; devastates land as the wolf does the fold; literally, destroyer. Nat. ord.. Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., lG-Monadelphia 6-Decandria.) They arc generally arranged into annuals, per- ennials, and frame evergreen shrubs ; but they all produce seed so freely, that it is easiest tj propagate them by that means, only the ever- greens, instead of being sown in the open ground, should have the assistance of a gentle hotbed to rear them before planting them out. If such hinds as mutu'bilis and Cruiksha'nlcii are sown in August, and kept in pots all the winter in a pit, they make splendid specimens on a lawn the following summer. HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. L.a'lbifrons( white-countenanced. Herbage homy). 3. Blue. September. California. 1S33. — arbo'reiis (tree). 6. Yellow. July. 1793. — arbu'stus (shrub). 14. Pale purple. July. California. 1826. Herbaceous. — arve'nsis (field). 1J. Lilac. April. Peru. 1843. Biennial. — bimacicia'tus (twin-spotted). Blue. Septem- ber. Texas. 1835. Herbaceous. — e-tnalicula'tus (channelled). 4. Blue. July. Buenos Ayres. 1828. — Cruikslia'nkii (Cruikshank's). 5. Variegated. July. Peru. I829. — inca'nus (hozry-herbaged). Pale lilac. July. Buenos Ayres. 1830. — Metfta'mm (Mexican). 2. Blue. February. Mexico. 1819. Biennial. — multijlo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Blue. July- Monte Video. 1810. — muta'bilis (changeable), 5. Blue, yellow, July. Bogota. 181 9. LUP c m i LYG L. pulche'llm (pretty). 3. Blue, purple. July. Mexico. 1828. — tomento'sus (Mie/c-downed). 6. Pink, white. July. Peru. 1825. — versicolor (party-coloured). 2. Pink, blue. July. Mexico. 1825. HARDY ANNUALS. L. affi'nis (related). %. Deep blue. June. Cali- fornia. 1848. — o'/Su* (white). 3. White. July. Levant. 1596. — angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July. Spain. 16S6. — Ba'rkeri (Mr. Barker's). 3. Blue, pink. July. Mexico. 1839. — bi'color (two-coloured). $. Pale blue. July. N. Amer. 1826. — bracteola'ris (bracted). 1$. Blue. July. Mocte Video. 1820; — densiflo'rus (dense-flowered). J. White, pink. July. California. 1833. — Ehrenbefrgii (Ehrenberg's). 3. Blue. June. Mexico. 1843. Biennial. — e'legans (elegant). 2. Violet, rose. June. Mexico. 1831. — exalta'tus (tall). 1832. — Hartwe'gii (Mr. Hartweg's). 3. Blue, pink. July. Mexico. 1838. — hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. Blue. July. South Eu- rope. 1629. — hirsuti'ssimus (most-hairy). J. Bed. July. Ca- lifornia. 1838. — leptoca'rpus (slender-fruited). 3. Purple. June. Mexico. 1839. Biennial. — leptophy'llus (slender-leaved). 2. Blue, lilac. July. California. 1833. — linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. Blue. July. Monte Video. 1799. — lu'tcus (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1596. — micra'nthus (small-flowered). 4. Purple, blue. May. N. Amer. 1826. — microcu'rpus (small-podded), lj. Blue. April. Chili. 1821. — na'nus (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. California. 1833. — pilo'sus (shaggy). 3. Fiesh. July. South Eu- rope. 1710. — pube'scens (downy). 2. Violet, blue. June. Quito. 1844. Biennial. — pusi'llus (little), i. Pale blue. July. N. Amer. 1817. — ramosi'ssimus (much-branched). 3. Crimson, blue. Chimborazo. — Texe'nsis (Texan), lj. Blue. June. Santa Fe. — Te'rmis (Termis). 3. White. June. Egypt. 1302. — va'rius (variable). 3. Blue, white, July. South Europe. 151)6. HARDY PERENNIALS. £. arge'nteus (silvery). White. June. N. Amer. 1826. — a'ridas (dry). 1. Purple, blue. August. N. Amer. 1827.. — grand) fo' litis (large-leaved). 4. Purple. July. N. Amer. — laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Blue, pink. Co- lumbia. 1826. — lati/o'lius (broad-leaved). 4J. Blue. July. Ca- lifornia. 1834. — le'pidtis (pretty). £. Blue, pink. August. Co- lumbia. 1826. — leutiophy'tlus (white-leaved). 2. Pink. July. N. Amer. 1S26. L. macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 4. Blue. July, California. 1834. — Nootkate'nsis (Nootka Sound). 2. Purple. July. Nootka Sound. 1794. — orna'tus (ornamented). 2. Blue, pink. May. Columbia. 1826. — pere'nnis (smooM-perennial). 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1608. — plumo'ms (feathery). 3. Blue. Juno. Cali- fornia. 1820. — polyphy'llus (many-leaved). 4. Blue. June, Columbia. 1826. albifto'rus (white-flower?d). 4. White. July. Columbia. 1826. — rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White, purple. April. California. 1831. — Sabinia'nus (Sabine's). 3. Yellow. N. Amer. 1827. — sertceus (silky). 1. Purple. May. N. Amer. 1826. — subcarno'sus (Ae&hyi&h-leaned). 1. Blue, white. July. Texas. 1835. — tri'stis (md-coloured) . 4. Pale brown. July* N. Amer. — villo'sus (shaggy). $. Pink. July. Carolina. 1787. Ltjxembe'rgia. (Named after the Duke of Luxemberg. Nat. ord., Sauvageads [Sauvagesiacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.) Stove evergreen shrubs, yellow-flowered, from Brazil. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a gentle bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 4S° to 55°. They require a constant liberal supply of moisture. L. cilio'sa (hair-fringed-iea»ed). 4. June. 1841. — corymbo'sa (corymbed). 5. May. Lyca'ste. (Named after a beautiful woman of Sicily. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- chidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Mo- nandria. Allied to Maxillaria.) Stove orchids. Division of the plant, as growth, is comnvenclng ; open baskets, in sphagnum, fibry peat, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°. L. aroma'tica (aromatic). Orange. May. Mexico. retu'sa (bent-back-ftp;>ed). 1. Yellow. May. Brazil. — Barringto'nice (Barrington's). Yellow, brown. April. Jamaica. 1790. — cilia 1 ta (hair-fringed). July. Brazil. 1833. — Colle'yi (Colley's). Brown. July, Demerara. 1836. — costa'ta (ribbed). Peru. 1842. — erini'ta (hairy). 1. Yellow, brown. March. Guatimala. 184»i — crve'nta 'bloody ). 1. Orange, crimson. March. Guatimala. 1841. — De'ppii (Deppe's). 1. Yellow, brown. June. Xalapa. 1828. —fuloe'scens (tawny). 2. Brown, orange. Co- lumbia. — gigante'a (gigantic). 2. Greenish. August. Guayaquil. 1848. — Harriso'nits (Mrs. Harrison's). 14. Cream, purple. Brazil. 1838. a'lba (white). 14. White. August. Brasil, 1840. — la'iiipes (woolly-flower-stalked). Purple, green. Guayaquil. 1848. — pla'na (flat - flowered). Greenish. October. Bolivia. 1841. LYC 508 J LYC L. maerophp'lla (large-leaved). Green, brown, white. December. Mexico. 1837. — Sktnneri (Skinner's). 1. White, crimson. Oc- tober. Ouatimala. 1842. a'rta (white). White. October. Ouatimala. 1841. — tetrago'na (four-angled). }. Greenish. Brazil. 1842. — tyrianthi'nn (brieht violet). Bright violet. July. Brazil. 1 836. Lychnis. (From lychnos, a lamp ; re- ferring to the brilliancy of the flowers. Nat. ord., Cloveicorts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn., \0-Decandria 4 C -Pentagynia.) The hardy herbaceous are chiefly cultivated ; •eed, division, and cuttings under a hand-light of lie young shoots, as growth commences, in spring. Small side-shoots may be obtained from flowering stems, but they do not answer so well ; rich, sandy loam. They require dividing often in spring, and fresh soil to grow in. Grandiflvfra requires pro- tection in a cold pit in winter ; double flowers re- quire more, attention in changing the soil than ■ingle ones. TENDER KINDS. X. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), lj. Red. July. China. 17/4. Greenhouse herbaceous. — muta'bitis (changeable). Pink. June. Andes. 1844. Stove evergreen. HARDY ANNUALS. X. eve'li ro'sa (rose of heaven). 1. Flesh. July. Levant. 1713. — Nictee'nsis (Nicean). 3. White, red. June. Nice. 1796. HARDY HERBACEOUS. X. alpi'na (alpine). £. Pink. April. Scotland — aue'tala (petal-less). I 1 . White. June. Lap land. 1810. pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. June Siberia. 1817. — Chalce do'nica (Cha'.cedonian). 2. Scarlet. June, Russia. 1595. a'lba (white). 2. White. June. Russia fln're-a'lbo-ple'no (double-white-flower ed). 2. White. June. Gardens. — —flafre -plena (double-flowered). Scarlet June. Russia. — corona'ria (crowned). 3. Red. July. Italy. 1596. a'lba (white). 3. White. Julv. pltfna (double). 14. Red. July. rxi'bra (red). Red. July. — C&riict (Corsican). 4. Red. June. Corsica. 1818. — diu'rna {fay -flowering). 2. Purple. June. Bri- tain. pie 1 na (double). 1. Purple. June. Britain. — flo's-Ji/cis (flower-of-Jove). l£. Red. July. Germany. 1726. — flo J s-cu'culi (cuckoo-flower), 14. Pink. July. Britain. albiflufra (white-flowered). 1*. White. July. Britain. ple'na (double). 1 . Pink. July. — fu'lgens (shining). 14. Scarlet. June. Siberia. 1822. — Belee'tica (Swiss-alpine). 4. Red. July. Swit- zerland. 1914. — Uefta ', joyful). 4. Flesh. Portugal. 1778. — ntgle'cta (neglected). 4- White. June. — tyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4- White. June. Py- renees. 1819. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). \. White. June. Siberia. 1817. i'no (evening 'flowering). 2. White. June. Britain. L. vesperti'na multiplex fdouble). White. June. ro'sea (rosy). White, red. June. Britain. — visca'ria (clammy). 1. Pink. May. Britain. ple'na (double). 1. Red. May. Britain. Ly/cium. Box Thorn. (From lychion, an ancient name of no meaning. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanacea?]. linn., 5. Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Juan • ulloa.) Cuttings of ripemed shoots in autumn or spring, under a hand-light; common, sandy loam. The tender kinds require protection. They are mostly of a free, rambling, half-climbing character; and Europee'um and its congenors are thus well-fitted for covering arbours, unsightly walls, &c. ; A'frvm does well on a conservatory wall, and its fruit is pretty, and it blooms very freely. EVERGREENS. L. Carolinia'num (Carolina). 4. Blue. July. Carolina. I806. Hardy shrub. — eine'reum (ash-coloured). 5. Violet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse shrub. — ho'rridum (horrid. Very prickly). 3. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 179,1. Green- house shrub. — Unite (slender). 4. Violet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1819. Greenhouse shrub. DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS. h. A'frum (African Tea Tree). 10. Violet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1712. Tree. — Ba'rbarum (Barbarv). 12. Violet. June. Barbary. 1696. — Chine'nse (Chinese). 6. Purple. July. China. ~- Europee'um (European). 12. Pink. June. South Europe. 1730. chrysoca'rpum (yellow-fruited). 12, May. spharoca'rpum > round-fruited). 12. May. — fuchsioi'des (fuchsia-like). 5. Scarlet, yel- low. June. Azoques. 1S43. — lanceola' turn (spear-head-teaued). 12. Pink. June. South Europe. — microphy'llum (small-leaved). 4. Violet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1"95. — ri'gidum (stiff). 4. Violet. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Shrub. — Ruthe'nicum (Russian). 6. White. Siberia. 1804. Caspicum (Caspian). July. Caspian Sea. — Sha'wii (Shaw's). 8. Pink. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1700. Greenhouse climber. — tetra'ndrum (four-stamened). 4. Violet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1810. — Trewia'num (Trew's). 15. Purple. June. China. 1818. — turbina'tum (top-shaped). 18. Violet. June. China. I709. Lycope'rsicon. Love-apple, or To- mato. (From lykos, a wolf, and persicon, a peach. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola- naceas]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia.) See Love-apple. All annuals, except Perueia'num, and natives of South America. Seeds in a hotbed, in March, potted once or twice, and planted out in May; escule'ntum generally against walis or palings, in order that the fruit may be ripened for sauce aud soups ; rich soil ; the plant must be well thinnei and stopped above the fruit. To have the fnzit is the object. LYC [ 509 1 LYP Green. 3. Green. L. cerasifo'rme (cherry-shaped). lu'teum (yellow-fruited), July. 1596. ~ commuta'tum (changed). 3. Yellow. July. 1818. — e&cule'ntum (eatable). 3. Green. July. 1596. chrysoca'rpum (yellow - fruited). 3. Green. July. 1596. — — — erythroca'rpum (red-fruited). 3. Green . July. 1596. leucoca'rpum (white-fruited). 3. Green. July. 1596. — Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 3. Yellow. Au- gust. 1822. — Peruvia'num (Peruvian). 3. Yellow. May. 1823. Stove herbaceous. — procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Cream. July. 1700. — pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped). •• Yellow. Au- gust. 1823. Lycopo'dium. Club Moss. (From lykos, a wolf, and pous, a foot;' the roots having a resemblance to that animal's paw. Nat. ord., Lycopods [Lycopodinese]. Linn., 24.-Cryplogamia 3-Lycopodinece.) These flourish best in a greenhouse or conser- vatory. They may be grown in pots, but do best as a carpet over the surface of the beds or borders. They are easily propagated by cuttings in the spring. L. apo'dum, apothe'eium, circina'tum, cordu'lum, cee'sium, denticula'tum, lepidophy'l- lum, stoloni'ferum, and umbro'sum may be pro- pagated by division at the same season. They require a plentiful supply of moisture, and a turfy loam for their soil, though they will grow in any light loam. L. cce'sium and Helve' ticum turn brown if exposed to much light. L. apo'dum (stemless). $, N.Amer. 1819. •— Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). %. Brazil. — circina'tum (circular). $. E. Ind. 1831. — corda'tum (heart-shaped-feaued). 1. 1838. — ca'sium (blue), i- China. 1845. — • arbu'reum (tree-like). — denticula'tum (toothed). £. Switzerland. 1/79. — dicho'lomum (two-ranked). — fiabula're (slender). — Galeu'tti (Galeott's). — lepidophy'llum (scale-leaved). This is very small, very rare, and requires stove heat. — plumo'sum (feathery), j. — Scho'tlii (Schott's). — stoloni'ferum (runner-bearing). 1. Brazil. 1831. — Wildenu'vii (Wildenow's). Lyco'eis. (The name of a woman in Eoman history. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Valotta.) Hardy bulbs, from China. Au'rea is a pretty bulb, with greyish leaves, requiring a deep, sandy- soiled border ; but, as it grows all the winter, it is best kept in a pot. Radia'ta is ashy bloomer. For culture, see Amarv'llis. L. au'rea (golden), 1. Yellow. August. 1777. — radia'ta (raved), lj. Pink. June. 1758. — atrami'nea (siraw-colouicd-ftowcred). Striped. June. 1847. Lygo'diuij. Snake's Tongue. (From lygodes, flexible ; referring to the twining habit. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia l-Filices.) 8tove climbing Ferns. See Ferns. L. articula'tum (jointed). Brown, yellow. May. New Zealand. 1344. — circina'tum (curled). 6. Brown. August. E. Ind. 1823. — fiexuo'sum (zigzag). Brown, yellow. May. E. Ind. 1834. — hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 6. Brown. August. Maranhatta. 1820. — Japo'nicum (Japanese). Brown, yellow. May, Japan. 1S30. — Mexica'num (Mexican). Brown. Mexico. 1831. — palma'tum (hand-shaped). 6. Brown. August. N. Amer. — polymo'rphum (many-form). 6. Brown. Au- gust. S. Amer. 1820. — tca'ndens (climbing). 6. Brown. May. E. Ind. 1793. — venu'stum (pleasing). Brown, yellow. May, S. Amer. 1845. — volu'bile (twining). 6. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1810. Lyo'kia. (Named, by Nuttall, after J. Lyon, an American collector of plants. Nat. ord., Heathworts [EricacereJ. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Andromeda.) Hardy white-flowered evergreens, from North America. Chiefly by layers, in a damp, peat border ; also by seeds in sandy peat, best under hand-lights, and sparingly covered ; sandy peat, and cool situation. Several species of Andromeda should be moved to this genus. L. caprecefo'lia (tendril-leaved). 3. July. 1812. — ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. June. 1734. — frondo'sa (leafy). 3. May. 1806. — multifio'ra (many-flowered). 2. July. — panicula'ta (panicied). 3. May. 1748. — ri'gida (stiff). 30. July. 1774. Lyo'nsia. (Named after J. Lyons, who first taught botany to Sir Joseph Banks. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna- cesej. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Parsonsia.) Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in a close frame, in April ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. L. strami'nea (straw-coloured). 6. Striped. June. N. Holland. 182C. Lype'kia. (From lyperos, sad ; from the dulness of some of the flowers. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceee]. Linn., 1A-Didynamia 2-Ar.yiospcrmia. Allied to Manulea.) Greenhouse evergreens, from Cape of Good Hope. By seed in a slight hotbed, in March and April, and cuttings of young shoots in spring and autumn, in sandy soil, unricr a hand-glass ; sandy loim ; the protection of a cold pit or greenhouse in winter. Eri'nus Lychni'dea and tri'stis should be added to this genus. L. arge'ntea (silvery). l£. White. August. 1801. Annual. — fra'gruns (fragrant). £. White, purple. June. 1776. — peduncuta'la f7on#-flowcr-stalkcd). 14. White. August. 1790. — pinnati'fida (leaflet-likc-/caDe vember. Java. Ly 'thrum. (From lythron, black- blood; the prevailing purple colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly thracese]. Linn., ll-Dodecandria \-Mo- nogynia.) All purple-flowered, except lineafre. Seeds of annuals, in the common border, in spring ; per- ennials, by division at the same time. Ala 1 turn is an old resident of the greenhouse, propagated by division and cuttings of the young shoots, or the points of old ones, and forms a fair bed of purple for the flower-garden in summer, requiring the greenhouse or colli frame in winter. The fol- lowing are all hardy herbaceous, except al'atum, just mentioned, and GrafffeH, which is a hardy annual. L. ala'tus* (wing-stalked). 3. July. Amer. 1812. — Qrcdfferi (Grseffer's). lj. July. Italy. 1800. — lanceola'tum (spear-head-/eore Allied to Grevillea.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan River. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat, after the base of the cutting begins to swell ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. JT. glabra'ta (smooth). 5. White. May. 1838. — purpu'rea (purple). Purple. May. 1839. — vesti'ta (clothed). Purple. May. Mango Gingeb. Curcu'ma ama'da. Mangosteen. Garci'nia. Maxgo-teee. See Mangi'feba. Mangeove. Rhizo'phora. Manica'bh. (From manica, a glove, re- ferring to the spathe, or rolling leaf which surrounds the flower-stem. Nat ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 2\-Monacia 9-Enneandria.) Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong heat, in a hot- bed ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer. 65° to 80°. SI. saccifera (bag-bearing). 30. S. America. 1823. Ma'nihot. (The Brazilian name of the root. Nat. ord., Spurgcworts [Euphor- biaceae]. ~L\nn.,2\-Moncecia7-Heptandria. Allied to Jatropha.) Stove evergreen shrubs, except digita'ta, which only requires a greenhouse ; all the species placed under Jani'pha should be restored to this genus. For culture, see Jani'pha and Ja'tropha. M. digita'ta (finger-feawerf). Blue, green. July. Australia. 1820. — gra'cilis (slender). Brown, green. July. Brazil. 1822. — tinua'ta (wavy-edged). Brown. July. Brazil. 1821. — tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Blue, brown. June. Brazil. 1822. Manna. Alha'gi. Manna Ash. O'rnus rotundifo'lia. Manti'sia. Opera Girls. (Named after an insect, Mantis, to which the flowers have been compared. Nat. ord., Ginger- worts [Zingiberacese]. Linn. ,1-Monandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ginger.) Stove herbaceous evergreens, from the East In- dies. Division of the roots, as growth commences ; sandy peat and fibry loam, well drained. Winter temp., 4S° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. M. taltato'ria (dancing). 1. Purple. July. 1803. — s/ afA*^!: <« (spatulate). I. Blue. June. 1823. MAN C 517 J MAN Makd'lea. (From manus, the hand; from a faint resemblance in the divisions of the flower. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro- phulariacese]. Linn., li-Didynamia %-An- giospermia. Allied to Chamostonia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Several species are taken from this genus and added to Lvperia. Seeds, sown in spring, in a slight hotbed ; cuttings of the young shoots, firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass, but without bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat, and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. M. cheira'nthus (wallflower). 1. Orange. August. 1795. •— corda'ta (heart-leaved). J. Red. July. 1810. — ru'bra (red). l£. Red. June. 1790. — visco'sa (clammy). 1. Pink. September. 177*- Manuees are either animal, vegetable, or mineral. They directly assist the growth of plants, by entering into their compo- sition, by absorbing and retaining mois- ture from the atmosphere, by absorbing the gases of the atmosphere, and by sti- mulating the vascular system of tbeplants. Manures indirectly assist vegetation, by killing predatory vermin and weeds, by promoting the decomposition of stubborn organic remains in the soil, and by pro- tecting plants from violent changes of temperature. All these properties seldom, if ever, occur in one species of manure ; but each is usually particularized by possessing one or more in a superior degree. That is the most generally applicable manure which is composed of matters essential to the growth of plants: the chief of these are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; therefore all animal and vegetable sub- stances are excellent manures. It would evidently be of great benefit if every plant could be manured with the- decaying parts of its own species. This rule might be so far followed as that the stems of potatoes, peas, &c, could be dug respect- ively into the compartments where those crops are intended to be grown in the following year; but such manure requires the addition of ammoniacal salts. Some manures ameliorate a soil by ab- sorbing moisture from the atmosphere. This property is, at least, as beneficial to ground that is aluminous as to that which is siliceous ; for it is equally useless to either during periods of plentiful rain but in the drought of summer, when moisture is much wanting to plants, it is beneficial to both ; in very dry seasons it is even of greater importance to clayey than to light soils ; for vegetation on the former suffers more from long-continued drought than cm the latter, the surface of the clayey soil becoming caked and im- pervious to air, the only grand source of compensatory moisture that is available to the languishing plants, and which is more open to those which grow on lights and, consequently, more pervious soils. The following table of the comparative absorbent powers of many manures is extracted chiefly from An Essay on the Use of Salt in Agriculture, by Mr. Cuth- bert Johnson: — Horse-dung evaporated previously to dryness, at a temperature of 100°, ab- sorbed during an exposure of three hours to air saturated with moisture at 62°, 145 parts; putrefied tanners' bark, under similar circumstances (66°), 145 parts; unputrefied tanners' bark, 115 parts ; cow- dung, 130 parts ; pig-dung, 120 ; sheep- dung, 81; pigeon-dung, 50; refuse marine salt (60°), 494; soot (68°), 36; burnt clay, 29 ; the richest soil (in one hour), 23 ; coal-ashes, 14; lime (part carbonate), 11 ; crushed rock-salt, 10 ; gypsum, 9 ; chalk, 4. The absorbing power of a manure is much influenced by the state in which it is presented to the atmosphere. In a finely-divided state mere capillary attrac- tion assists it ; hence the importance of keeping the soil frequently stirred by hoeing, &c. But a mere mass of cotton, by means of capillary attraction, will ab- sorb moisture from the air ; yet it parts with it at a very slight elevation of tem- perature. It is of importance, therefore, to ascertain which are the manures that not only absorb but retain moisture powerfully. The following results of our experiments throw some light on this point : — Tig-dung evaporated to dryness at a temperature of 106°, and then moistened with six parts of water, required for being reduced to dryness again, at the above temperature, 135 minutes ; horse- dung under similar circumstances, 90; common salt, 75 ; soot, 75 ; rich soil, 32 ; chalk, 29 ; poor soil (siliceous), 23 ; gyp sum, 18. These experiments point out a criterion by which we easily ascertain the com- parative richness of any two given soils or manures: the most fertile will b« most absorbent and retentive. Some manures increase the growth and vigour of plants by stimulating their i absorbent and assimilating organs. The MAN [ 518 3 MAR stimulating powers of excrementitious manures arise from the salts of ammonia they contain. Sir H. Davy found vegetation assisted by solutions of muriate of ammonia (sal- ammoniac), carbonate of ammonia (vola- tile salt), and acetate of ammonia. Night soil, one of the most beneficial of manures, surpasses all others in the abundance of its ammoniacal constituents in the proportion of three to one. It may he observed, that the nearer any animal approaches to man in the nature of its food, the more fertilizing is the manure it affords. We have no doubt that a languishing plant — one, for ex- tmple, that has been kept very long with Hs roots out of the earth, as an orange- «ree recently imported from Italy — might »e most rapidly recovered, if its stem and branches were steeped in a tepid, weak solution of carbonate of ammonia ; and when planted, an uncorked phial of ihe solution were suspended to one of the branches, to impregnate the atmo- sphere slightly with its stimulating fumes. Manures are also of benefit to plants by affording some of the gases of the atmosphere to their roots in a concen- trated form. A soil, when first turned up by the spade or plough, has generally a red tint, of various intensity, which, by a few hours' exposure to the air, subsides into a grey or black hue. The first colour appears to arise from the oxide of iron which all soils contain, being in the state *of the red or protoxide; by absorbing more oxygen during the exposure, it is converted into the black or peroxide. Hence one of the benefits of frequently stirring soils; the roots of incumbent plants abstract the extra dose of oxygen, and reconvert it to the protoxide. Coal- ashes, in common with all carbonaceous matters, have the power of strongly at- tracting oxygen. Every gardener may have observed how rapidly a bright spade of iron left foul with coal-ashes becomes eovered with rust or red oxide. Manures assist plants by destroying predatory vermin and weeds. This is not a property of animal and vegetable ma- nures — they foster both those enemies of our crops. Salt and lime are very efficient destroyers of slugs, snails, grubs, &c. Stable -manure, and all decomposing animal and vegetable substances, have a tendency to promote the decay of stub- born organic remains in the soil, on the principle that putrescent substances hasten the process of putrefaction in other organic bodies with which they come in contact. Salt, in a small pro- portion, has been demonstrated by Sir J. Pringle to be gifted with a similar sep- tic property; and that lime rapidly breaks down the texture of organized matters is well known. There is no doubt that rich soils, or those abounding in animal and vegetable remains, are less liable to change in tem- perature with that of the incumbent atmosphere than those of a poorer con- stitution. This partly arises from the colour of the soils. Some manures, as salt, protect plants from suffering by sudden reductions of temperature, by entering into their system, stimulating and rendering them more vigorous, im- pregnating their sap, and, consequently, rendering it less liable to be congealed. Maple. A'cer. Maranhao Nuts. Bertholle'tia. Maba'nta. Arrow-root. (Named after B. Maranti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Marants [Marantaiese]. Linn., 1- Monandria 1-JHonoyynia. Allied to Canna.) A kind of arrow-root is obt lined from the rhi- zomes, or fleshy roots, of some of the species. Stove evergreens ; division of ('.he roots in spring ; rich, sandy loam, with nodulen of peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 6»° to 85°. M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leave 1). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 1820. — bi'eolor (two-coloured), f. White. July. Brazil. 1823. mi'nor (smaller). *. White. April. S. Amer. 1828. — Unea'ta (white-lined-leaced). I. 1818. ro'sea (rosy-lined-teuEea). 1. 1848. — Malacce'nsis (Malacca). 2. Green, whke. December. E. Ind. 1820. — obli'qua (twisted-leaved). 2. Bed. July. Guiana. 1803. — Tou'chat (Touchat). 8. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1819. — vmriega'ta (variegated). I. July. S. Amer. 1825. Maka'ttia. (Named after J. F. Ma- ratti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., DaiHEaworls [Danseacese]. Linn., 24- Cryptoyamia 1-Filices. Allied to Ferns.) Stove evergreens. Division in spring, or by 1 spore-like seeds ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. U. ala'ta (winged). lj. Brown. August. Jamaica. 1793. — cieutasfo'lia (cicuta-leaved). Brown, yellow Brazil. 1843. — tflegans (elegant). 8. Brown, yellow. Nor- folk Island. — la'vis (smooth). 2. Browa, yellow, Jamaica, 1/03. MAR [ 819 3 MAR Maegins of streams and other waters must always accord with the pleasure- grounds in which they are placed. Art, therefore, must imitate each in its proper place, not always by a studious picturesque arrangement of the marginal accompani- ments in each case, but by excavating the groundwork, planting the trees and shrubs, and leaving the rest to the motion of the waves of the water. After the effects of one winter, stones or gravel may be deposited in spots suitable for stony or gravelly shores. Margyrica'rpos. (From margaron, a pearl, and karpos, a seed-vessel; referring to the pearly succulent fruit. Nat. ord., Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cliffortia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell- glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. M. seto'sus (bristly). 2. Green. Peru. 1829. Maria'lia. See Tovo'mita. Maria'nthus. (From Marian, Mary, and anthos, a flower; dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Nat. ord., Pittosporads [Pittosporacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sollya.) Greenhouse deciduous climbers. Cuttings of young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with potsherds and charcoal, to keep the soil rather open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. M. caru'leo-puncta'tus {orange - blue - spotted). 4. Blue. April. Swan River. 1840. — frutieo'sus (shrubby). Swan River. 1841. Ma'eica. (From maraino, to flag ; re- ferring to the ephemeral nature of the flowers, which last hardly a day. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Iris.) Marica has been long known, therefore we retain it ; but the true name is Cipu'ra. Herba- ceous evergreens. By seed, sown in a slight hot- bed in spring j by offsets, in abundance, though seed ripens very freely ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould; they require the protection of a greenhouse or a cold pit in winter. If. ceeru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. May. Brazil. 1818. — elite's tis (sky-blue). 3. Blue. Brazil. 1829. — gra'cilis (slender), 2. Yellow, blue. August. Brazil. 1830. -» longifo'lia (long-leaved). Striped. August. Brazil. 1830. — Martinice'nsis (Martinico). 2. Yellow. Mir- tinico. 1782. •— Northia'na ( North's). 4. Yellow. June. Bra- zil. 1789. — paludo'sa (marsh). 1. White. July. Guiana. 1792. — Sabi'ni (Captain Sabine's). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. St. Thomas. 1822. Marigold. Cale'ndula officinalis. Varieties. — Single, Common double, Largest very double, Double lemon- coloured, Great Childing, Small Childing. The single-flowered, and those which have the darkest orange colour, possess the most flavour. Soil. — Light, dry, poor, and unshaded. In rich ground they grow larger, but lose much of their flavour. Sow anytime from the close of February until June; or in autumn, during Sep- tember. If left to themselves, they multi- ply from the self-sown seed. Sow in drills, ten inches apart ; the plants to be left where raised, being thinned to ten or twelve inches asunder; but when the seedlings are two or three inches in height, they maybe removed into rows at similar distances as above. Water must be given moderately every other day in dry weather until established. Gathering. — The flowers, which the spring-raised plants will produce in the June of the same year, but those of au- tumn not until that of the following one, will be fit to gather for keeping in July, when they are fully expanded, as well as for use when required. Before storing, they must be dried perfectly. Marigold (Great Cape). Cale'ndula hy'brida. Mari'la. (From marile, live embers, or sparks ; referring to pellucid dots on the leaves, or yellow fringe round the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstromi- acere]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 5-Penta- gynia. Allied to Mahurea.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots, when short, and getting firm at their base ; sandy peat and loam, well-drained, and open. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. M.racemo'sa (racemed). 12. Yellow, green. August. W. Ind. 1827. Marjoram. (Ori'ganum.) O.majora'na, Sweet or Summer Marjoram. O. hera- cleo'ticum, Winter Marjoram. O. oni'tes, Common or Pot Marjoram. Soil. — Light, dry, and moderately fer- tile. The situation cannot be too open. Propagation. — The Sweet Marjoram is propagated solely by seeds ; the others by seed, as well as by parting their roots, and slips of their branches. Sow from the end of February, if open weather, to the commencement of June; but the early part of April is best. Portions of the rooted plants, slips, &c, may be planted from February until May, and during September and October. MAR [ 620 ] MAB Sow in drills, six inches apart, the 6eed being buried not more than a quarter of an inch deep. When the seedlings are two or three inches high, thin to six inches, and those removed may be pricked in rows at a similar distance. Those of the annual species (O. majora'na) are to remain; but those of the perennials, to be finally removed during September, water being given at every removal, and *ntil the plants are established. Plant slips, &c, in rows ten or twelve inches apart, where they are to remain ; they must be watered moderately every evening, and shaded during the day until they have taken root. In October the decayed parts of the perennials are cut away, and some soil from the alleys scatered over the bed about half-an-inch in depth, the surface of the earth between the stools being previously stirred gently. The tops and leaves of all the species are gathered when green, in summer and autumn, for use, in soups, &c. ; and a store of the branches are cut and dried in July or August, just before the flowers open for winter's supply. Seed. — If a plant or two are left un- gathered from of the Pot Marjoram, the seed ripens in the course of the autumn. But the others seldom ripen their seed in this country ; consequently it is usually obtained from the south of France or Italy. Forcing. — When the green tops are much in request, a small quantity of seed of the Summer Marjoram is sown in January or February, in a moderate hotbed. Market-Gardener, one who grows garden produce for sale. Marl is a compound of chalk (carbo- nate of lime) with either siliceous sand or alumina. In the first instance it is a siliceous marl, best applied to heavy soils ; and in the latter a clayey marl, adapted for light lands. Slaty and shell-marls are varieties of the siliceous. The rela- tive proportions of the constituents vary indefinitely.the chalk amounting to from 15 to 75 per cent. The quantity applied per acre must also vary greatly, according to the object to be attained. To render a light soil more tenacious, 100 tons per acre of clayey marl are not too much ; neither is the same quantity of siliceous marl an excess, if applied to a heavy soil to render it more friable. Marking Fruit. Jnata'rdium. Ma'rlea. (From marlija, the Indian name. Nat. ord., Alangiads [Alangi- aceae]. Linn., Q-Octandria 1 -Monogynia. Allied to Nyssa.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots, or rather, short, stubby side-shoots, taken off with a heel, in sand, under glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. M. Begoniatfo'lia (Begonia-leaved). 4. Yellow. China. Marru'bium. Horehound. (From the Hebrew marrob, bitter juice. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae], Linn., 14- Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots in spring ; by slips, in a shady place, or shaded for a time, and by seeds ; common garden- soil. M. aly'ssum (alyssum). 1$. Purple. July. Spain. 1597. — eandidi' ssimum (whitest). 2. White. July. Levant. 1732. — cataricefo'lium (catmint-leaved), lj. Purple. July. Levant. 1819. — Uonuroi'des (leonorus-like). l£. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1819. — propfnquum (related). White. June. 1836. — vulga're (common). 2, White. July. Britain. Una' turn (woolly). White. August. Britain. Marsde'nia. (Named after W. Mars- den, author of a History of Sumatra, Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Pergularia.) Stove evergreen shrubs ; flave'scens is a pretty climber. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May, and a very slight bottom-heat ; sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould or peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to "5°. SI. ere'cta (upright). 2. White. July. Syria. 1597- — fiavef scent (yellowish). 20. Yellowish. August- N. Holland. 1830. — macula'ta (spotted-leaved). 20. Green, pur- ple. June. New Grenada. 1834. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. White. July. N. Holland. 1816. — tenaci'ssima (toughest). Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1806. Marscha'llia. (Named after H. Mc be sown from March to May for summer decora- tion, and in August and September, to stand oves the winter for spring early flowering. For the latter purpose,nonebeat the Intermediate, Queens, Bromptons, and other biennials. Sow in June, plant in sheltered places, and in pots, to be kept in cold pits, and turned out early in spring. Seeds are recommended to be saved from the neighbour- hood of double flowers, which we consider of no importance. The only true theory to get double flowers is to leave few seeds on a plant, and give it very high cultivation, and as much sunshine as possible. For fine flowering, all these prefer rich, light soil. Ths best of them may be successfully preserved by cuttings under a hand-light, and then kept in a cold pit in winter. The shrubby green- house kinds are easily propagated by cuttings, and delight in a rich, sandy soil. HARDY ANNUALS. M. ncaw'/is(stemless). $. Red. June. Egypt. 1823. — a'nnua (annual. Ten-week Stock). 2. Various. August. South Europe. 1731. a'lba (white). l£. White. July. South Europe. fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1J. Red. July. — Grce'ca (Grecian. Wallflower-leaved). 2. White. August. South Europe. — li'vida (livid). Livid, purple. July. Egypt. 1820. — longipe'tala (long-petaled). 1. Red, yellow. June. Bagdad. 1818. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). $. Purple. July. Morocco. 1799. — tricuspida'ta (three-pointed-teaued). $. Purple. July. Barbary. 1739. HARDY BIENNIALS. JIT. coronopi/b'fta (buckhorn -leaved). 1. Purple. June. Sicily. 1819. — fenestra' Hi (window). 1. Purple. July. Crete. 1759. — Si'cula (Sicilian), lj. Lilac. July. Sicily. 1835. — simplicicau'lis (single-stemmed). 2. Purple. July. a'lba (white). 2. White. July. — sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 1. Dingy red. July. England. — Tata'rica (Tartarian). 1. Red, yellow. July. Tartary. 1820. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. JIT. glabra'ta (smooth). 2. White. August. flo're-pletno (double-flowered). 2. White, purple. August. purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. August. — inca'na (hoary. Queen's Stock). 1. Purple. August. England. a'lba (white - branching). 1. August. — — — cocci'nea (scarlet. Brompton Stock). 1 . Scarlet. August. England. — multiplex (double). 1. Variegated. August. England. — Madere'nsis (Madeira). Violet. May. — odoruti'ssimu (sweetest- scented). 2. Livid. June. Persia. 1795. — —fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Livid. June. Crimea. 1823. — tortuo'sa (twisted). Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — tri'stis (dark-flowered), lj. Livid. June. South Europe. l/Os. Mato'nia. (Named after the late Dr. Maton. Nat, ord., Ferns [Poljpodiaceae]. Linn., 2£-Crypto>jamia l-Filices.) Stove Fern. See Febns. >IAU [ 522 ] MAX 91, pcctina'la (comb-like-/ro» August. Britain. — balsa' mea (balsam-scented). 1J. July. Italy. 1804. — Ma'mto (mild). 2. White. September. Ne- paul. 1824. — Canadensis (Canadian). 1. August. N. Amer. 1800. — — — glabra' ta (smoothed). 1. July. N. Amer. 1800. — citra'ta (citron-scented). July. Britain. — cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. E. Ind. 1823. — denta'ta (toothed). I. July. Germany. 1816. — glabra'ta (smoothed). 1. July. Egypt. 1802. — inca'na (hoary). 14. July. Greece. 1790. — lavandula'cea (lavender-teared). 1. July. Spain. 1823. — piperi'ta (pepper). 2. August. England. — pule'gium (pennyroyal), i. August. Britain. — Requie'ni (Requlen's). 5. Lilac. August. Corsica. 1829. — salici'na (willow-teased). Cape of Good Hope. — sua'vis (sweet). Red. July. France. — vi'ridis (green. Spear). 2. August. Britain. cri'spa (curled). 2. July. 180/. Mentze'lia. (Named after G.Mentzel, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Loasads [Loasacese]. Linn., 12- Icosandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Bartonia.) Easily raised from seed, and stipita'la from ihoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy loam -and peat. M. n'spera (rough). 2. Yellow. July. America, ] 7 3 3 . H ardy annual . — ttipita'ta (stalked -flowered). 2. Yellow, October. Mexico. 1835. Hardy her- baceous perennial. Menya'nthes. Buck Bean. (From men, a month, and anthos, a flower; the time of duration. Nat. ord., Gentian- worts [Gentianaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan- dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Yillarsia.) Hardy perennial aquatics. Division of tho plant, and by seed in spring; moist situation. M. trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 1. White. July. Britain. — — America' 'na (American). 1. Pale red. July. N. Amer. 1818. Menzde'sia. (Named after A. J. r en:ies, surgeon and naturalist to the expedition under Vancouver. Nat. ord., Heathworts [Erieacere]. Linn., S-Octandria 1-Mono- gyida. Allied to Andromeda.) Chiefly by layers early in autumn, and by cut- tings under a hand-light ; sandy peat, with a little loam. HARDY DECIDUOUS SHEUES. M. ere'eta (upright). 1. Red. April. Siberia. — ferrugi'nea (rusty). J. Brown. May. N. Amer. 1811. — globula'ris (globular-cowered). J. Brown. May. N. Amer. 1806. HAEDY EVERGBEEXS. M. empetrifo'rmis (empetrum-like). Purple. June. N. Amer. 1810. — polifo'lia (polium-leaved). 2. Purple. July. Ireland. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 2. Dark purple. flo're-a'lbo (white - flowered). White. June. Ireland. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. July. longi/o'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. July. na'na (dwarf), i. Purple. July. Ireland. pa'llida (pa\e-flowering). 2. Purple. July. Britain. taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). Purple. June. Scotland. Mercury. (Chenopo' 'dium bo'nus Hen- ri' cus.) This perennial plant is known by the various names of Angular-leaved Goosefoot, English Mercury, or Allgood, Good Henry, Good King Henry, and Wild Spinach. In many parts of Lin- colnshire, as about Boston, it is cultivated to use as spinach ; the young shoots are also peeled, boiled, and eaten as asparagus. Sow the seed in March — but in October is better — in a well-manured bed, pre- pared as for asparagus ; in the middle of September plant the seedlings, during rainy weather, in a similar bed,'in rows a foot apart each way. Hoe frequently, and use the shoots or tops as required. Dress the beds with manure the same as for asparagus ; they will continue in pro- duction many yeara. MER [ 533 ] MES This must not be mistaken for Mercu- ria'lis, or Mercury, one of our common hedge-weeds ; for this is poisonous. Mer- curia'lis is a dioecious plant, and belongs to the Nat. ord., Spurgewurts ; but the Chenopo'dium belongs to the Nat. ord., Ohenopods, and to the Linnsean class and order Pentandria Monogynia. Meeende'ea. (This should have been added to Bulbocodium.) M. Cauca'sica (Caucasian). $. Purple. Au- gust. Caucasus. 1823. Meeodon Naecissi. Narcissus Fly. The bulbs of the daffodil and of other species of the narcissus frequently refuse to vegetate ; and the usual cause is, that their interiors have been eaten by the grub of this two-winged fly. This disap- pointment may be avoided if these bulbs are examined before being planted. In the month of November, says Mr. Curtis, one or two large, roundish holes are sometimes found on the outsides of the bulbs of the daffodil and narcissus. The bulbs are more or less decayed within, where a maggot will generally be found, which, by feeding in the heart during the summer and autumn months, has been the sole author of the mischief. This larva is somewhat like the flesh- maggot, and not unlike a hot, only that it is not jagged with spines, and instead of being whitish, its natural colour, is changed to brown by its living amongst the slimy matter which has been dis- charged from its own body, causing the gradual rotting of the bulb. Towards the end of November the maggot is transformed into a pupa, to accomplish which it eats its way out of the bulb near the roots, and buries itself in the sur- rounding earth. The pupae are dull brown, egg-shaped, rough, and strongly wrinkled. In this state they remain until the following spring, when the flies issue from them. Their eggs are then de- posited, but upon what part of the plant they are laid has not been observed, but probably upon the bulb near the base of the leaves. April seems to be the month when most of the flies hatch ; and they have been compared to small humble- bees, from the disposition of the colours, which are, for the most part, yellow, orange, and black; but they certainly bear a greater resemblance to some of the bot-flies. From bees they are readily distinguished by bavins only two wings, the horns and proboscis are totally dif- ferent, and they have no stings. Mesembbya'nthemum. Fig-Marigold. (From mesem,bria, mid-day, and anthemon, a flower ; referring to the flowers opening better on sunny days. Nat. ord., Ficoids [Mesembryacese]. Linn., 12- Icosandria il-Di-pentagynia.) Greenhouse succulent plants, from the Cape of Good Hope, except when otherwise mentioned. All by seeds, and most of them by cuttings, dried at the base, before inserting them in sandy soil, peat, loam, lime-rubbish, and old cow-dung, well- drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Well suited for window-plants and rough rock-work, out of doors, in summer. Seeds should be sown in a hotbed, and plants gradually hardened off before planting out. GEEENHOUSE ANNUALS. M. cadu'cum (deciduous). 1. Pink. July. 1774. — calendula' ceum(ma.ngo\i-flowered). |. Yel- low. August. 1819. — Califo'rnicum (Californian). Purple. Sep- tember. California. 1847. — crystalli'num (crystalline. Ice Plant). White. July. Greece. 1775. — geniculiflo'rum (joint-flowering). 1. White. August. 1727. — gla'bra (smooth), j. Yellow. August. 1787- — kelianthoi'des (sunflower-dike), j. Yellow. September. 1774. — pilo'sum (shaggy). f. Yellow. July. 1800. — pinnati'fidum (leaf-cleft). 1. Yellow. July. 17/4. — pomeridia'num (afternoon). l.Yellow.July. 1774. Andre'wsii (Andrew's). 1. Yellow. July. — pube'rulum (rather-downy). White. 1829. Bi- ennial. — pyropw'um (flame-coloured). Rose, white. June. ro'seum (rosy). Rose, white. June. — tripo'lium (aster-teawed). J. Pale yellow. Au- gust. 1700. Biennial. GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEEN TEAILEES. M. abbrevia'tum (shoit-jointed). £. N. Holland. 1825. — acinacifn'rme (scimitar-formed). $. Pink. 1714. lo'ngum (long). $. Pink. August. — eequilatera'le (equal-sided). J. Pink. June. N. Holland. 1/91. — attenua'tum (thin). £. White. July. 1821. — austra'le (southern), i. Yellow. July. New Zealand. 1733. — bar/m'tum (bearded). J. Pink. July. 1705. — calyci'num (long-calyztd) . $. White. July. 1819. — ca'ndens (glittering). 4. White. June. 1820. viri'dius (greener). White. September. — clavella'tum (small-club-?ea»ed). J. Pink. June. N. Holland. 1803. — — — aggrega'tum (crowded -leaved), i. Pink. June. N.Holland. 1803. mi'nus (smaller). %. Pink. N. Holland. 1810. — crassifo'Uum (thick-leaved) .\. Pink. June. 1727 , — de'bile (weak), i- 1824. — de'nsum (dense-bearded), i. Pink. June. 1732. — edu'le (eatable. Hottentot Fig). £. Pink. July. 1690. —filamento'sum (thready). £. Pink. May. 1732. — floribu'ndwn (bundle- flowered). 4. Pink. July. 1704. — furfu'reum (brnnny-twigged) . j. Blush. 1830. — gemina'tum (twin). |. Pink. 1702. — glauce'scens (milky-greenish). $. Pink.- July. 1804. [ 534 MES M.hirte'llum (dwarf-brUtly). 4.Pink. August.1792. — hi'spidum (bristly). |. Purple. July. 1704. platype'talum (broad-pctaled;. 4. Purple. July. 1820. — hispif&lium (bristly-leaved). 4. White. July. 1821. — — refseum (rosy). $. Pink. July. 1818. — lafcerum (jagged). 4. Pink. July. 1811. — Iceviga'tum (polished). 3. Pink. June. 1802. — rtfptans (creeping). \. Pink. July. 1774. — rigidicau'le (stiff-stemmed). J. Pink. May.1819- — Ro'ssi (Ross's), f . Pink. Van Diemen's Land. 1820. — rvbricau'le (red-stalked). 4. Pale purple. June. 1802. de'nsius (denser). 4. Pink. 1818. subvi'rens (greenish). 4. Pink. 1818. — rubroci'netum (red-bordered). 4. Pink. 1811. — — compre'ssum (compressed). 4- Pir.k. Au- gust. te'nerum (tender). J. Pink. August. — sarmento'sum (twiggy). \\. Red. April. 1805. — Scho'llii (Scholl's). I. Pink. May. 1810. — serrula'tum (svx-leaved). 4- Pink. November. 1795. viri'dius (greener). 4- Pink. November. — simile (similar). 1. Pink. 1819- — stria'tum (channelled-Srisf/y). J. Pink. July. 1727. pa'llens (pale). $. White. July. — — subhi'spidum (slightly-bristly). J. Purple. July. 1704. — subula'tum (nvl-leaved. Daisy-flowered). $. Pink. 1768. — torquaftum (torqued). j. Pink. August. 1820. — va'lidum (strong). 4. Pink. May. 1S24. — trirga'tum (twiggy). 3. Pink. March. 1/93. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. X. acuminatum (pointed-teased). 2. White. Au- gust. 1820. — acuta' ngulum (acute-angled). 14. White. 1821. — acu'tum(great-&cute-leaoed).$.lied. July.1793. — adsce'ndens (ascending-tongue). |. Yellow. September. 1805. — adu'neum {hook-leaved). 1 . Pink. February. 1795. — agni'num (lamp). J. Yellow. June. 1824. erectiu' senium (more-erect-teaced). 4. Yellow. May. 1824. mi'nus (less). 4. Yellow. May. 1824. — albicau'le (white-stemmed). 1. White. August. 1824. — a'lbidum (whitish). £. Yellow. July. 1714. — ulbino'tum (white-marked). 4. Yellow. Sep- tember. 1823. — albipuncta'tum (white-dotted), 4- September. — aloi'des (aloe-like). 4. Yellow. I819. — anato'micum (skeleton- leaved). J. White. September. 1803. fra'gile (brittle). J. White. 1803. — a'neeps (two-edged). 14. Pink. June. 1811. pa'llidum (pale). 14. Pale pink. June. 1819. — angiSstwn, (nanovi-tongued). 4. Yellow. July. 1790. heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 4-Yellow. July. 1790. — pa'llidum (pale). 4. Yellow. July. 1790. — a'sperum (rough). 14. 1818. — — cttrule'scena (bluish). 14. 1820. — tMra'ntium (orange). 14. Orange. July. 1793. — mu'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. June. 1750. — bellidifto'rum (daisy-flowered). 4. Red, white. July. 1717. subula'tum (awl-shaped-fcared 1 . i. Red. July. I/I". JU. bellidijlo'ruin vi'ride (pau-green). 4. He6t July. 1717. — bibractea'tum (double- bracted). 4. Yellow. July. 1803. 1 — bitolo'rum (two-coloured). 14. Orange. July. 1/32. I mi'nus (smaller). 4. Orange. July. j pa'tulum (spreading). 1. Orange. Julr. i — bidenta'tum (two- toothed). 1. Yellow. Augus'u 1818. I ma'jus (larger), lj. Yellow, August. 1818. — bifidum (two-cleft). 4. Yellow. November.1795. — bigibbera'tum (two-bunched). 4- Yellow. Au- gust. 1820. — bla'ndum (mild). 14. White. June. 1810. — brachia'tum (forked). 14. Yellow. July. 1774. — bructea'tum (bracted). 14. Yellow. August. 1774. — orcvicau'le (short-stemmed). ±. Pale yellow. August. 1820. — brevifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. Au- gust. 1777. — bulbo'sum (bulbous-roofed). 4- Pink. August. 1820. — calamifo'rme (reed-shaped). 1 . White. August. 1717. — canalicula' turn (small-channel-ieaeed).2.Pink. August. 1794. — cani'num (dog). 4. Yellow. September. 1717. — ca'num (hoary). 4. Yellow. 1795. — capita' turn (headed). 1. Pale yellow. August. 1717. — rami'gerum (branchy). 1. Pale yellow. August. 1816. — cari'nans (keeling). 4. 1818. — caule'scens (stemmed-delta-leaved). 14. Pink. June. 1731. — clandesti'num (secret). 4. White. June. 1822. — cocci'neum (scarlet). 14. Scarlet. July. 1696. acu'tius (acuter-calyxed) . 14. Scarlet. July. mi'nus (smaller). 14. Scarlet. July. " — compa'ctum (compact). 4- Yellow. November, 1780. — compre'ssum (compressed). 14. Red. August. 1792. — confe'rtum (aovrded-leaved). 14. Pink. Sep- tember. 1805. — conspi'cuum (conspicuous). I. Red. September. 1806. — coralli'num (coral). 1. Pink. May. 1820. — cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 4. Pink. July. 1774. — cornicula'tum (small-horned). 1. Pale yellow. April. 1732. isophy'llum (equal-leaved). 1 . Pale yellow. April. 1732. — coru'scans (glittering). 1. Pale yellow. Augutt* 1812. — crassicau'le (thick-stemmed). $. Pale yellow. July. 1815. — crassuloi'des (crassula-like). 4. Pink. July. I8I9. — crucia'tum (cross-leaved). 4. Yellow. May. 1792. — cultra'tum (pruning-knife-Zeaced). 4- Yellow. September. 1820. — cu'rtum (short-sheathed). 14- White. ma'jus (larger). 14. White. mi'nus (smaller). 14- White. — — po/j'iuro (polished). 14- White. — eurvi/o'lium (curved-leaved). 1. Pink. October. 1792. — eurvifio'rum (curved- flowered). 2. White. June. 1818. — cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). $. Red. May. 179*« — cymbifo'lium (boat-leaved). 1. Yellow. 1822. — cymbifo'rme (boat - shaped). 14. Yellow. '1792. ME3 [ 535 ] MES ', decu'mbens (lving-down). 1. Pale red. July. 1/59. ■ deci'piens (deceiving). 1. Pale yellow. August. 1820. ■defle'xum (bent-down). 1. Pink. August. 1/74. • defolia'tum (leafless). 2. July. 1820. • deltoi'deum (delta- leaved). 1£. Pink. May. 1731. • denticula'tum (small-toothedl. $. Yellow. April. 1793. candidi'ssimum (whitest). J. Yellow. April. glau'cum (milky-green). ?. Yellow. April. • depre'ssum (depressed-fong'we). £. Yellow. October. 1795. li'vidum (livid). £. Yellow. October. 1819- ■ diffo'rme (irregular). J. Yellow. August. 1732. diluta'tum (dilated). 3. White. July. 1820. ■ diminu'tum (diminished). £. Red. April. 1789. caulicula'tum (small-stemmed). +.. Red. April. 1789. diversifo'lium (various-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. June. 1726. • — a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). 1. Pale yellow. August. brevi/o'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pale yel- low. August. glau'cum (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow. August. 1726. Icefte-vi'rens (bright green). 1. Pale yellow. August. • dolabrifo'rme (hatchet-formed). J. Yellow. June. 1705. du'bium (doubtful). 1. Pale yellow. August. 1800. • echina'tum (hedgehog). 1. Yellow. August. 1774. r a'lbum (white), h- White. August. 1774. ■elonga'tum (elongated - tuberous). 1. Pale yellow. May. 1793. fusifo'rme (fusiform). 1. Pule yellow. May. 1793. mi'nus (smaller). 1 . Pale yellow. May. 1793. emargina'tum (notch -flowered). 2. Pink. July. 1732. • ei-mi'num (ermine). J. Yellow. May. 1824. ■ expa'nsum (exvanded-leaved). 4. Pale yellow. July. 1/05. ■falca'tum (sickle-tea»e<2). 1. Pink. July. 1727. ■ falcifo'rme (sickle-shaped), lj. Pink. July. 1805. ■ fastigia'tum (peaked). 14. White. August. 1794. refle'xum (bent-back). 1$. White. August. 1792. -feli'num (cat). $. Yellow. September. 1730. - fibuli/o'rme (button-shaped). ^. 1795. -ficifo'rme (fig-like). $. July. 1819. -filicau'le (thread-stalked). 14. Pink. Sep- tember. 1800. -fi'ssum (cleft-teased). $. 1776. -fla'vum (yellow). 4. Yellow. August. 1820. -fidxile (pliant). 14. Pink. August. 1820. - flexifo'lium (pliant-leaved). 14. Pink. Oc- tober. 1820. la'te-vi'rens (lively-green), lj. Pink. October. 1818. - flexuo'sum (zigzag). 1}. White. July. 1795. -folio'sum (leafy). 3. Pink. September 1802 - forfica'tum (scissor-leaved). 14. Pink. Sep- tember. 1758. -formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Crim&on. August, 1820. -fra'grans (fragrant). |. Yellow. -fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Tawny. July. 1820. -gibbo'aum (swollen). 4. Red. February, 1780. M. gladia'tum (purple-sv,oi&ed). 2. Pink. July, 1792. — glauci'num (milkyish-green). 14. Pink. July, cra'ssum (thick-leaved). l|. Pink. July. — glau'cum (milky-green-leaved). 14. Orange- June. 1696. — glomera'tum (clustered), 14. Pink. July. 1732. — gra'cile (slender). 14. Red. September. 1794., graci'lius (slenderer). 1. Red. September. — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). $. Yellow. July. 1824. — granifu'rme (grain-shaped). J. Yellow. Sep- tember. 172J. — Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 1. Brown. March. — heterope'talum (various-petaled). 2. Pink. June. 1794. — heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 4. Yellow. 1795. — horizonta'le (horizon tal-feaued). 2. Straw< July. 1795. — hy'bridum (hybrid). J. Yellow. — i'mbricans (imbricating). 2. Pink. July. 1813. — imbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. White. July. 1792. me'dium (intermediate). 3. White. July. vi'ride (green). 3. White. July. — incequa'le (\mequa\-calyxed). 1. Orange. July. 1716. — inclau'dens (encompassed). 14. Pink. June. 1805. — inco'mptum (untrimmed).^. White. July. 1819. — inconspi'cuum (inconspicuous). 4. Red. July. 1823. — incu'rvum (curled-in). lj. Pink. July. 1802. densifo'lium (dense-leaved). 14, Pink. June. 1809. dila'tans (spreading-£ee/ed). 14. Pink. June. pa'llidus (pale). 1$. Pink. June. ro'seum (rosy). 14. Pink. June. — infle/xum (bent-in). 1. Pink. June. 1819. — insti'tium (grafted). 1. Purple. September. 1790. fla'vo-cro'cfkm (yellow and saffron). 1. Yellow. September. 181 6. mi'nus (smaller). j$. Yellow. September. — into'nsum (unshaved). 4- Pink. July. 1824. a'lbum (white). £. Pink. July. 1824. — ju'nceum (rush- leaved). 1. Pink. September. 1800. — Ite've (smooth-white-wood). 14. August. 1774. — lanceola'tum (spear-head-teat'ed). J. White. August. 1795. ro'seum (rosy), j. Pink. May. 1813. — la'tum (hroad-tongued). J. Yellow. July. 1620. brefve (short). J. Yellow. July. 1802. — lepta'leon (slender). 14. Pink. August. 1819. — lineola'tum (small-lined). J. Pink. August. 1819. Ite've (smooth). 4. July. 1819. mi'nus (smaller). 4. July. 1819. ni'tens (shining). 4- August. 181Q. — lingutefo'rme (tongue-shaped). £• Yellow* July. 1732. assu'rgens (rising). 4. Yellow. July. 1319, — prostra'tum (lying-flat). $. Yellow. July. rufefscens (reddish). 4- Yellow. Julyi subcrucia' turn (slightly-crossed). $. Yel« low. 1820. — longispi'nulum (long-spined). 1. Pale yellow. September. 1820. — lo'ngum (long-tongued), f . Yellow. Sep- tember. 1725. angu'stius 'narrower). 2. Yellow. Sep« temb«*- 3IES 530 ] MES M. lo'ngvxi atto'llens (elevating). J. Yellow. September. 1819. decli've (sloping). J. Yellow. September. depre'ssum (depressed). J. Yellow. Sep- tember. — — — purpura' scens (purplish). 3- Yellow. September. 181 9. — -^—vnca'tum (hooked), f. Yellow. Sep- tember. 1619. — lora'tum (strap-shaped), ft. White. July. 1819- — lafreum (strap-stalked). 1. Pale yellow. Sep- tember. 1"32. conge'stum (crowded). 1. Pale yellow. September. 1805. — Mcidum (shining). £. Yellow. September. 1732. — luncltum (crescent- feared). 1. Pink. July. 1812, — lupi'num (wolf), i. Yellow. — lute'olum (yellowish). 4. Pale yellow. June. 1820. — ht'teum (yellow). 1}. Pale yellow. June. 1824. — macula'tum(spotted-stalked).\$. Scarlet. 1/32. — magnipunctu'tum (large-dotted), i. Yellow. 1822. uncia'le (inch- flowered). \. Yellow. 1S22. — marginatum (white-edged). 1. White. May, 1793. — ma'ximum (largest-moon-leaved). 1$. Pink. September. 1787. — me'dium (intermediate). 4- Yellow. June. — mi'cans (glittering), lj. Scarlet. 1704. — microphy'Uum (small-leaved). £. Pink. May. 1795. -- mi nimum (smallest). $. Pale yellow. Oc- tober. 1796. — minu'tum (minute). $. Pink. October. 1"95. — mo 1 lie (soft-leaved). 1. Pink. October. 1774. — monilifo'rme (bracelet-shaped). 4. White. May. 1791- — tnuerona'tum (spine-pointed). $. Pink. 1794. — mucranifo'rme (sword-shaped). 1. Yellow. July. 1821. — muUiflo'rum (many- flowered). 3. White. August. 1792. a*. minus (smaller). 3.^Vhite. August. ni'tens (shining). 3. parens (spreading). 3. White. August. 1820. ru'brum (red). 3. Red. August. — muricaftum (point-covered-delta-leaved). 1$. Pink. May. 1731. mi'nus (small). 14. Pink. May. — muri'num (mouse), 4. Yellow. September. 1790. — *iusculi'num (little-mouse). J. Yellow. June. 1820. — must elW num. (weasel). \. Yellow. June. 1820. — muta'bilt (changeable). lj. Pink. August. 1792. — nitidum (brieht). 2. Yellow. August. 1790. — no' bile (noble). *. Yellow. July. 1822. — noctiflo'rum (night-flowering). 2. White. July. 17U. ela't um (tall). 3. Scarlet. July. 1714. — ■ strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw. July. 1732. — nodifl c/rum (knot-flowered). 1. September. 1739. — nucifo'rme (nut-shaped), lj. 1790. — obcone'llum (small-conical), i. White. June. 1786. — oocorde'llum (small-reversed-egg-shaped). 4- White. June. 1796. — oWquum (twisted). 1. Purple. August. 1819. •— oisubula'tum (small-awl-shaped). 1. White. 17S6. — ibtutum (blunt-ctoeen). i> Pale red. March. 1792. J -V. octophy'llum (eight-leaved). J. Yellow. No- vember. 1819. — longiu'sculum (rather-loneer-teaeed). 4, Yellow. November. 1774. — -^—ro'seum (rosy). |. Red. November. 1774, — parvifl&rum (small-flowered). 3. Purple. August. 1800. • — parmfo'lium (small-leaved). 4. White. Au- gust. 1820. — pa'tulum (spreading). 1$. Pink. October. 1811. — perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. Purple. July. 1714. — — monaca'nthum (one-spined). 1. Purple. July. — pervi'ride (very-green). 4- Red. February. 1792. — pisifo'rme (pea-shaped). J. White. 1796. — polya'nthon (many-flowered;. 1. Pink. Au- gust. 1803. — polyphy 1 Hum (many-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 1819. — prctpi'ngue (very-fat). 4. Yellow. September. 1792. — procu'mbens (lving-down). 1. Pale yellow. April. 1820. — produ'ctum (prolonged-catyxeef). 1. Rose. May. 1822. — pube'scens (downy). J. Red. February. 1792. — pugionifo'rme (dagger-shaped). 1. Pale yellow. August. 1714. biefnne (biennial). 1. Pale yellow. Au- gust. 1714. — • — — ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). 1. Pink. Au- gust. 1714. purpu'reum- (purple). 1. Purple. Au- gust. 1714. # — pulchefllum (pretty). 4. Pink. April. 1793. revolu'tum (rolled-back). J. Pink. April — pulverule'ntum (powdery). 4- Pink. May 1792. — puncta'tum ^dotted-awl-leaved). %. Red. July. 1793. — purpu'reo-a'lbum (purplish- white). 4. White. August. 1824. — pustula'tum (blistered), f. Yellow. Auenst. 1818. — pygm&um (pigmy), $. Pink. 1805. — quadri'fidum (four-cleft). $. Yellow. No- vember. 1795. — radia'tum (rayed). 4. Red. September. 1732. — ramulo'sum (branchy). 4. Yellow. June. 1791 - — re'ctum (straight). f. White. July. 1819- — relaxa'tum (relaxed). 1. Pink. July. 1815. — retrofle'xum (bent-back), i. Pink. July. 1724. — ri'gidum (stiff). 14. White. August. 1793. — robu'stum (robust). 4- Yellow. 1795. — ro'seum (rosy), f. Pink. July. 1795. a'lbum (white-flowered). J. White. July. 1819- linea're (narrow-leaved), j. White. July. 1819. — roste'llum (little-beaked). 4. White, pink. June. 1820. rostra'tum (beaked), i. Yellow. April. 1732. — Sa'lmii (Salm's). f. Yellow. October. 1818. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1 . Yellow. October. 1823. semicrucia'tum (half-crossed). 1. Yellow. October. 1818. salmo'nium (salmon-coloured). 3. White. September. 1819- sea' brum (rough). 14. Pink. July. 1/31. purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. July. 1731. — scalpra'tum (?reaf-knife-shaped). 4* Yellow. September. 1714. mes i'ellov June. July. 707. 1793. 1787. Sep- Pink 17 iC. 1723, M. scapi'gerum (scape-bearing) August. 1723. — semicyli'ndricum (half-cylindriu). J. Yellow June. 1732. — serra'tum (saw -keeled). 2. Pink — specio'sum (showy). 1$. Scarlet — speeta'bile (striking). 1. Crimson. June — spinifo'rme (thorn-shaped). 1. Pink. tember. 1793. — subadu'ncum (rather-hooked). 1 . September. — spino'sum (thorny). 1$. Pink. July. — spinuli'ferum (spinule-bearing). 1. yellow. August. 1794. — sple'ndens (shining). l£. White. July. — ttella'tum (starry-bearded). §. Pink. tember. 1716. — stelli'gerum (star-bearing), f . Pink. tember. 1793. — - stipula'ceum (stipuled). l£. Pink. May — stri'ctum (erect). 3. Yellow. 1795. — subcompre'ssum (sub-compressed). 1 J. Purple. July. 1823. 1 — mi'nus (smaller). 1. Purple. July. 1S23. — subglobo'sum (sub-globular). 1. Red. Au- gust. 1795. — sulca'tum (furrowed). 3. White. August. I8I9. — surre'ctum (very-erect). 1. Yellow. October. 1819. brevifo'lium (short-leaved), f. Yellow. October. 1819. — tawi'num (bull's- horn). %. Yellow. Octo- ber. 1795. — tenefllum (d.elica.te-perfoliate). August. 1792. — te'nue (slender). 1. I8I9. — tenutflo'rum (slender-flowered) September. 1820. — tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). July. 1700. ere'ctum (erect). l£. Scarlet. July. — teretifo'lium (round-leaved). £. Pink. June. 1794. — teretiu' sculum (rather-rounder). £. Pink. 1794. — testa'ceum (tile-coloured). 3. Orange. Au- gust. 1820. — testicula're (testicular). &. White. October. 1774. — tigri'num (tiger). $. Yellow. October. 1790. — tortuo'sum (twisted-leaved). $. Pale yellow. August. 1705. — tricolo'rum (three-coloured). 1. Yellow, red. October. 1794. — truncate 1 Hum (small-truncated). £. Pale yellow. July, 1795. — tuberosum (tuberous-rooiea). 3. Orange. April. 1714. mi'nus (smaller). l£. Orange. August. 1714. — tumi'dulum (rather-swollen). 3. Pink. March. 1802. mi'nus (smaller). 3. Pink. March. 1820. — ambella'tum (umbelled). 3. White. July. 1727. — ano'malum (anomalous). 3. White. July. — umbelliflo'rum (umbel-flowered), 1£. Au- gust. 1820. — vagina'tum (sheathed), lj. White. July. 1802. parviflo'rum (small-flowered). H. White. July. — varia'bile (variable). 1£. Yellow. July. 1796. — lee'vius (smoother). \h. Yellow. July. 1796. — va'rians (varying), lj. Pale yellow. July. 1706. — verrucula'tum (small-warted). 14. Yellow. May. 1731. Cando'Uii (De Candolle's). 14. Yellow. Kay. IJ. White, Pink. Scarlet. [ 537 ] MET 3/. versicolor (chvngeable-coloured). Pink. June* 1795- — villo'surn (shaggy). 1. July. 1759. — viola'ceum (violet). 2. Purple. July. 1820. — vi'rens (upright-green). £. Pink. June. 1821. — vi'ride (green-perfoliate) . 1. Pale purple. July. 1792. — vulpVnum (fox). J. Yellow. September. 1795. Me'spiiajs. Medlar. (From mesos, half, and pilos, a ball ; referring to the shape of the medlar fruit. Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Di- pentagynia.) Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers. By seeds, which germinate the second season, after being sown when the fruit is ripe; by layers, and uncertainly by cuttings, but chiefly by grafting or budding on the Hawthorn, &c. ; good, rich, loamy soil. See Medlar. M. Germa'nica (German. Common). 12. June. England. diffu'sa (spreading). 12. June. Europe. stri'cta (upright). 12. June. Europe. Evergreen. sylve'stris (wood). Europe. — loba'ta (\ohedL-leaved), 15. May. Me'sua. (Named after Mesue, an Ara- bian botanist. Nat. ord., G-uttifers [Clu- siaceae]. Linn., 16 -Monadelplda 7-Dode- candria. Allied to Calophyllum.) The sweet-scented flowers of Me'sua fe'rrea are sold in all the Indian bazaars, by the name of Nagksur, and are as much esteemed as orange flowers are with us. Stove evergreen tree. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and with a little bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. M. fe'rrea (iron-wooded). 40. White. July. E. Ind. 1837. Metala'sia. (From meta, a change, lasios, hairy ; referring to the older leaves losing their downy covering. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?]. Linn., 19-Syn- ge nesia2-SuperJlua. Allied to Gnaphahum. ) Greenhouse evergreens, from Cape of Good Hope, and with white flowers, except where other- wise stated. Cuttings in spring, in sandy peat : sandy peat, loam, and charcoal nodules, to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. M. au'rea (golden). Yellow. June. 1816. — div&rgens (widely-parted). 2. July. 1816. —fastigia'ta (peaked). 3. June. 1812. — mucrona'ta (pointed). 2. June. 1824. — murica'ta (point-covered). 2. June. 1824. — phylicoi'des (phylica-like). June. 1816. — pu'ngens (stinging). June. 1815. — seriphioi'des (seriphium-like). 3. Yellow. 1825. Metroside'eos. (From metra, heart- wood, and sidcros, iron ; referring to the hardness of the wood. Nat. ord., Myrtle- blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Callistemon.) Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of small young side-shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a close pit or frame, but without heat ; peat and loam, equal proportions, with a little white Band MET [ 538 ] MIC and sifted, broken crocks. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Most of them should be tried on a conser- vative wall. If. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 1787. — a'spera (rough). Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — capita! la, (headed). 5. Pink. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — eorifo'lia (coris-leaved). 4. White. N. Holland. — glomuli'fera Chezped-flowered). 15. Yellow, green. May. N. S. Wales. 1805. — robu'sta (robust). 80. Scarlet. June. New Zealand. 1845. — ve'ra (true. Iron-wood). 20. Yellow, green. April. E. Ind. 181Q. Metterni'chia. (In honour of the Austrian Prince Metternich-Winneburg. Nat. ord., Nightshades [SolanaceseJ.Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) An evergreen stove shrub. For culture, see cul- ture of the evergreen species of Lisya'nthus. M. pri'ncipis (princely). 3. White. August. Brazil. 1854. Mexican Lily. Hippea'slrum re'gium. Mexican Poppy. Argemo'ne. Mexican Tea. Psora'lea Mexica'na. Mexican Thistle. Erythrolm' na. Mexican Tigee-floweb. Tigri'diapa- vo'nia. Mice. Various plans have heen sug- gested to preserve peas and heans when sown from the ravages of mice. We be- lieve we have tried them all. Dipping the seeds in oil, and then rolling them in powered resin; putting small pieces of furze in the drills and over the rows after the seed has been sown, but before co- vering with the earth — were both par- tially successful ; but the mode attended with the most complete safety has always been that of covering the surface of the soil over the rows, to the depth of full an inch, and six inches wide, with finely- sifted coal-ashes. The mice will not scratch through this ; and it has the ad- ditional advantage, by its black colour absorbing the solar heat, of promoting the early vegetation of the crop. Meze'eeon. Da'phne Meze'reum. Michaelmas Daisy. A'ster. Michau'xia. (Named after A. Michaux, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanulacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1- Monogynia. Alhed to Campanula.) Hardy biennials. Seeds in the open border ; in damp situations they are apt to fog off in winter ; a dry, elevated situation is the best remedy ; even there, in very severe weather, an evergreen branch stuck beside them will be an advantage. M. campanuloi'des (campanula -like). 4. Pale red. July. Levant. 1787- — deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 3. Light blue. July. Persia. 1829. — Imviga'ta (smooth -stemmed). 9. White. July. Persia. 182/. Miche'lia. (Named after P. A. Mi. cheli, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Mag. noliads [Magnoliaceae]. Linn., 1%-Poly. andria 6-Polygynia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened •hoots in summer, in sand, under a glass, and ia heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. Jf. Champa'ea (Champaca). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1779- Mico'nia. (Named after D. Micon, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese], Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Blakea.) Stove evergreens, with white flowers, unless otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandf peat and loam, with a few bits of cow-dung and charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. Jf. acinode'ndron (acinodendron). 6. Purple. Jamaica. 1804. — angusta'ta (narrow). 5. Trinidad. 1820. — grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 20. Trinidad. 1820. — impetiola'ris (stalkless-Zeaeed). 4. W. Ind. 1822. — lieviga'ta (smooth). 6. W. Ind. 1815. — longif&lia (long-leaved). 4. Guiana. 181/. — purpura' scens (purplish-Serried). 4. Guiana. 1817. — rube'seens (ruddy). 6. S. Amer. 1818. — tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 6. S. Amer. 1818. — tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 2. Jamaica. 1815. — trine'rtiia (three-nerved). 4. July. Jamaica. 1795. Micba'nthejium. (From mikros, small, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-Diandriu 1-Monogynia.) Evergreen perennial. Cuttings under a hand- light ; division of the plant in spring ; sandy peat, and a little loam ; requires a pit or a dry, sheltered place in winter. Jf. orbieula'tum (round-leaved). $. White. May. Carolina. 1826. Miceole'pia. (From mikros, small, and lepis, a scale ; the appearance of the spore, or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-k-Cryptogamia 1-FUices.) Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See Ferns. Jf. ala'ta (winged). April. Jamaica. — crista'ta (crested). April. Isle of Luzon. — pinna'ta (leafleted). May. Isle of Luzon. — rhomboi'dea (diamond -shaped). April. N. Holland. 1836. — tricho'strica (hairy-spiked). April. Samaria. Miceoli'cia. (Frommikros, small, and alikia, stature ; dwarf plants. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Alhed to Rhexia.) Stove plants, with purple flowers, in June. Seeds, divisions in spring, and cuttings of umali young shoots of reeu'rva, under a bell-glass, ia MIC [ 830 ] Mia heat ; sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal and a few fibry lumps of loam. Winter temp., 55° to «0° ; summer, 60° to 85°. H. biva'lvis (two-valved). $. Trinidad. 1822. An- nual. — brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Guiana. 1825. Annual. — recu'rva (curled-back). 1. Trinidad. 1830. Herbaceous. Miceolo'ma. (From mikros, small, and loma, a fringe ; flowers fringed. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to As- clepias.) Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from the Cape of Good Hope. Stiff little shoots, but young, as cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a close pit, in May ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 50°. M. linea're (narrow-teawed). 3. White. July. 1823. — sagitta'tum (arrow - leaved). Green, purple. July. 1775. Microme'ria. (From mikros, small, and meris, apart; referring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae] . Linn., 14-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to Melissa.) Evergreen shrubs, with purple blossoms, ex- cept where otherwise specified. Cuttings under hand-lights, in sandy soil, in a shady place, in May ; common garden, light soil ; a high, shel- tered position, or the protection of a cold pit, in winter. M. approxima'ta (close -leaded). June. Medi- terranean. 1822. — austra'lis (southern). N. S. Wales. — Grce'ca (Grecian). |. June. Greece. 1759. densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). June. South Europe. 1822. — Julia'na (St. Julian's). 4. Pale red. July. Mediterranean. 1596. — — hirsu'ta (hairy). June. Sicily. 1822. — marifo'lia (cat-thyme-leaved). 1. Blue. Spain. 1800. — obova'ta (reversed-egg-Jeaped). 2. July. Ja- maica. 1/83. — Teneri'ffte (Teneriffe). 1. May. Teneriffe. — va'ria (various). July. Canaries. 1806. Micrope'ra. (From mikros, small, and pera, a pouch ; the pouch-like label- lum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- dacese], Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan- di-ia. Allied to Saccolabium.) Stove orchids. The ground species require to be grown in loose, open soil, in a pot ; the others in a shallow basket, or on a moss-covered block of wood. Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. TERRESTRIAL, OE GROUND. tf. Ba'nksii (Banks'). New Zealand. — me'dia (middle-sized). 2. Pale green, white. King George's Sound. 1823. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Pale green, white. September. Port Jackson. 1828. EPIPHYTAL. tC. pm'llida (pale). Pale yellow. Sylhet. Microspe'rma. (From micros, small, and sperma, a seed ; the seeds being very minute. Nat. ord., Loasads [Loasacese]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.) Greenhouse annuals. To be cultivated like the Chinese Primrose. See Pri'mdla. M. Bartonioi'des (Bartonia-like). j. Lemon. Au- gust. Mexico. 1849. — loba'ta (lobed). Mignonette. Eese'da odora'ta. Soil. — Light loam, well drained, and manured with leaf-mould. Sowing in the open ground, from the end of April to the beginning of July, will produce a sure succession of blooms through the year. If allowed to seed, and the soil suits it, mignonette will con- tinue to propagate itself. If not allowed to ripen its seed, the same plants will bloom for two or more seasons, being a perennial in its native country. For Pot-Culture and the production of flowers to succeed those of the open- ground plants, and to bloom in winter, sow once in August, and again in Sep- tember. The soil as above, well drained, and pressed into 5-inch pots ; cover the seed a fourth of an inch. Thin the seedlings to three in a pot. Water spar- ingly. When mignonette is deficient of perfume, it is because the temperature is too low. Tree-Mignonette. — About the end of April is the best time to sow seeds for this purpose; and as the little tree of mignonette will be expected to last in good health for half a dozen years at least, lay a good foundation to begin with. A rich compost of mellow loam, and one- third very rotten cow-dung, with a little sand ; and to keep this from getting too close, a handful of dry lime-mortar added to each pot of 6-inch diameter, and so in proportion for larger or smaller pots ; the mortar to be in lumps of the size of peas. Bones, charcoal, or even powdered crocks would answer the same purpose, only the mignonette is so much sweeter from the lime-rubbish or dry mortar. Cow-dung being very liable to turn sour, the mortar is a better corrector of this than even the charcoal. Take as many 3-inch pots as you want plants ; drain them with pieces of mortar, and over that a little of the roughest of your compost ; fill up nearly level with the top of the pot, and place three seeds in the very middle of each pot, and nine or ten seeds all over the surface ; if you just cover them with earth it is enough, and press them down very tight. Water thsm, and put them up itt MIG [540] MIL the window, or greenhouse, and if the seeds are good they will be up in less than ten days; give them abundance of air, and no forcing. When the day is at all fine, put them outside the window from ten to three in the afternoon. They will not stand much water; a gentle shower with a rose would suit them very well, and the best time to give it them is in the morning, when you turn them out- side, as they will have time to drain and dry properly before you take them in for the night. If the three seeds in the centre come up, the weakest of the three must be pulled out as soon as you can get hold of it ; the rest to be thinned one- half. The reason for sowing so many seeds in one pot, and for thus thinning them out afterwards, is to make sure of one good plant ; if the middle one turns out to be so, that must be selected ; but if not, you must choose the strongest and most promising from among the rest; yet be in no great hurry to pull them all out but one ; as long as three or four have room, leave them. "When you have fixed on the one that is to form the future tree, place a neat little stick down by the side of it, a foot long, and pushed down to the bottom of the pot. When the plant is two inches long, tie it loosely to this stick with a piece of worsted thread. Keep tying it as regularly as it grows, and when it reaches the top of the stick give it a longer one, that is, if you wish a long stem. Some people grow them up to three, or even four, feet and more. Suppose we say only a foot high for a couple of them, as they must all go in pairs; eighteen inches for the next couple, and two feet for a third lot ; you would then be better able to judge which size would suit your window best ; and as soon and as often as side-branches issue forth from the stem of your tree, you must stop them at the second joint. Some people, who do not know the value of leaves, cut off the side-shoots close to the stem at once ; but the substance of the stems and trunks of all trees, and mignonette-trees among the rest, is first formed by the leaves. In the second year you will cut off more than the half of these side-spurs, beginning at the bottom, and only taking off a pair at a time, and in ten days or a fortnight another couple, and so on progressively. There must be no flowers the first 6eason. at least as long as there are some out in the borders. After the middle of October you may let your trees bloom all the winter, but before that nip them off as fast as they appear. When the first little pots are full of roots, say about Midsummer, shift the plants into 5-inch pots, which is the next largest size; and if they have done well they may want another shift by the end of July, but never shift them after the middle of August, because, if we should have a cold autumn, they would not fill the pots with strong, healthy roots. Mika'nia. (Named after J. Mikan, professor of botany at Prague. Nat ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Eupa- torium.) Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers, blooming in August, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. M. ama'ra (bitter). 6. Guiana. 1813. — Gua'co (Guaco). 6. Pale blue. S. Amer. 1823. — opi'/era (opium-bearing). 6. Brazil. 1823. — sca'ndens (climbing). 6. N. Amer. 1~U. — suave' Glens (sweet-scented). 6. S.Amer. 1S23. Mildew, whether on the stems of the wheat, or on the leaves of the chry- santhemum, pea, rose, or peach, appears in the form of minute fungi, the roots of which penetrate the pores of the epi- dermis, rob the plant of its juices, and interrupt its respiration. There seems to be every reason to believe that the fungus is communicated to the plants from the soil. Every specimen of these fungi emits annually myriads of minute seeds, and these are wafted over the soil by every wind, vegetating and reproducing seed, if they have happened to be de- posited in a favourable place, or remain- ing until the following spring without germinating. These fungi have the power of spreading also by stooling, or throwing out offsets. They are never absent from a soil, and at some period of its growth are annually to be found upon the plants liable to their inroads. They are more observed in cold, damp, muggy seasons, because such seasons are peculiarly favourable to the growth of all fungi. The best of all cures is afforded by the application of flowers of sulphur in some form, either by dusting the sulphur over the parts affected, or a sulphur paint, for which a recipe is given at page 233; merely clay, water, and MIL r 54i] MIM flowers of sulphur, however, are sufficient, and not so injurious to leaves. Uredo rosce, Puccinia roste, and Cladosporium herbarum are the mildew fungi of the rose-tree; Oidhtm erysiphoides, of the peach-tree ; Oidiiim Tuckeri, of the vine ; Glceosporium concentricum, of the cabhage ; and Erysiphe communis, of the pea. Of course there are many others. The most important point for subduing the mildew fungus is to apply the sulphur immediately it appears. To prevent its occurrence, nothing is so effectual as keeping the roots and the leaves equally active by a due amount of warmth and moisture. Milfoil. AchiUe'a. Milk-Vetch. Astra'galus. Milk-Wood. Bro'simum spu'rium. Milkwort. Poly' gala. Mi'lla. (Named after J. Milla, a gardener to the Spanish court. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacete]. Liun., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Caloscordium.) Half-hardy little bulbs, with white flowers, which succeed in a deep, front border of light soil ; off- sets when in a dormant state. M. biflo'ra (two-flowered). I J. May. Mexico. 1S26. — uniflo'ra (one-flowered), f . February. Buenos Ayres. 1832. Millingto'nia. (Named after Sir T. Millington, professor of botany at Oxford. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., ll-Bidynamia 2-Angiospermia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- heat ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. M. simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1828. . Millipede. See Julus. Milto'nia. (Named afterthei?aW Fitz- william. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceas]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Brassia.) Stove orchids, from Brazil, except where other- wise mentioned. Divisions in spring; shallow baskets in moss, sphagnum, &c., or fixed to a block of wood, and then this block fastened across the top, inside of a pot. Winter temp., 6o° ; summer, 6o° to 90°. M. bi'color (two-coloured). White, red. 1839. — ca'ndida (white-lipped). 2. Yellow and brown. March. 1830. fluve'scens (yellowish-ftpped). 2. White, yellow. June. 183/. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Brown, white. December. 1837. — Clowe'sii (Rey. J. Clowes's). 1. Yellow, brown. 1840. pu'llida (pale). Yellow, brown. 1839. — eunea'ta (wedge-lipped). 1. Yellow, purple. March. 1843. — fiii'va (yellow- flowered). Yellow. July. 1S48. M. Karwi'nskii (Karwinski's). 3. Yellow, hi own- August. Mexico. 1839. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1843. — Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Brown, lilac. December. Rio Janeiro. 1835. — ttella'ta (itzi-ftowered). White. Februarv. 1839. — sptcta'bilis (showy). I. White, violet. July. 1835. — — — a'tro-pvrpu'rea (dark purple) . Kio Janeiro. — — colora'ta (high-colouxed). Rose. 1838. Mime'tes. (From mimos, a mimic; referring to its resemblance to alhed genera. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteace©]. Linn., 4z-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Leucospermum.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the ripened shoots towards autumn, or in the spring, before fresh growth commences, in sand, under a glass, but without bottom-heat, at least until a swelling takes place at their base ; peat and a little loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. M.capitula'ta (small-headed). Red. June. 1822, — cuculla'ta (hooded-leaced). 2. Purple. 1/89. — dirarica'ta (spreading;. 2 j. White. July. 1/95. — Harto'gii (Hartoge's). 5. July. 1824. — hi'rta (hairy). 34. Red. July. 1774. — palu'str is (marsh). 1. Purple. July. 1802. — paucifio'ra (few-flowered). 3J. Red. July. 1818. — purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. November. 1789. — vaceiniifo'lia (whortleberry-leaved). 3. 1800. Mimo'sa. (From mimos, a mimic; referring to the irritability of the leaves* as if imitating animal sensibility. Nat* ord.,Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 23-Polygamia \-Monoicia.) Stove evergreens, except pudi'ea, commonly called the Sansitive Plant, which is an annual, and vi'va, which is herbaceous. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in the spring ; cuttings also of young shoots, getting rather firm at the base, in sandy soil, and in heat ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. The foliage of most is beautifully leafleted, and many species more or less sensitive to the touch ; most of them furnish fine examples of what is termed sleep in plants, as the leaflets fold together at night. M. angula'ta (axtgled-branched). White. June. Brazil. 1826. — Barcluya'na (Barclay's). 1. Madagascar. 1824. — ca'sta (chaste). 2. Pale yellow. July. S. Amer. 1741. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). White. June. Brazil. 1824. — ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1. E. Ind. 1818. — floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 1. Pink. June. Cumana. 1824. — interme'dia (intermediate). Rose. April. Ca. raccas. 1825. — lalispino'sa (broad-spined). 3. White. Sep« tember. Madagascar. 1823. — margina'ta (bordered). Pink. Mexico. — obtusifu'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Red. June. Brazil. 1816. — polyda'ctyla (many-fingered), lj. Purple. June. Guiana. 1822. — pudibu'nda (blushing). 2. Pale red. Bahia. 1818. ■—pudi'ea (chaste. Humble-plant). 1. White. June. Brazil. 1038. 3ini [542 ] MIS if. rubricau'lis (red-stalked). 3. Pale ve'.low. June. E. Ind. 1799. — sensiti'va (sensitive). 1$. Pink. June. Brazil. 1618. — strigo'sa (bristled). 1. Purple. June. S.Amer. 1818. — Urague'nsis (Uraguay). 2. Red. June. Bueaos Ayres. 1840. — vi'seida (clammy). 2. Red. Brazil. 1825. — vfva (lively). 1 j. Purple. August. Jamaica. 1/39. Mi'mulus. Monkey-Flower. (From mimo, an ape ; in reference to the ringent or gaping mouth of the flower. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) Common soil, provided it be moist ; divisions, cuttings, and seeds. A few, like ro'seus, require the protection of a pit in winter ; but where that is not available, seeds of them, sown in March or April, will bloom in summer and autumn. HARDY AX>TAI.S. ■if. floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered), j. Yellow. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1826. — parvifio'ru* (small-flowered). \. Yellow. Chili. 1824. HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 11. lana'tus (woolly), li. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1826. — ro'seus (rosy). 1. Rose. August. California. 1831. — tricolor (three-coloured). Pink, crimson. June. California. 1848. HARDY HERBACEOUS. M. aUJtus (winged). 1. Light blue. July. N. Amer. 1/83. — eardma'lis (cardinal-like). 2. Scarlet. June. California. 1835. — glabra' tus (smoothed;. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1827. — gutta'tus (tpotteA-flotcered). IJ. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1S12. — Lewi'sii (Lewis's), j. Pale purple. August. Missouri. 1824. — lu'teus (yellow.) $. Yellow. July. Chili. 1826. rioula'ris (rivulet). J. Yellow. July. Chili. 1826. — Younga'nus (Mr. Young's), f. Yellow- spotted. July. Chili. Is33. — moscha'tus (musk-plant). |. Yellow. August. Columbia. 1826. — propfnquus (related), j. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1827. — rtngens (gaping). 1. Light blue. July. N. Amer. 1759. — variega'tus (variegated). 1. White, rosy. Jane. Chili. 1831. Mistu'bops. (From mimo, an ape, and ops, a face ; fancied resemblance of the flowers. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese] . Linn., 8 Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bassia.) Mimu'sopt Ele'ngi is an Indian fruit-tree ; and the sweetish gum of the M. Ka'ki is eaten by the natives. Stove, white-flowered evergreen trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened ■hoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; 60° to 80°. M. Ele'nri (F.lenp). 15. 17»6. — hexa'ndra (six-stamened). 19. — Ka'ki (Kaki). 10. 1796. Mi'na. (Named after F. X. Mina, a Mexican minister. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomaea.) Greenhouse annual. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, potted and re-potted, and hardened off for flowering in the greenhouse ; sandy loarr., peat, and leaf-mould. M. lobafta (lobed). 8. Red, vellow. June. Kerieo. 1841. Mint. See Me'ntha. MmA'BiLis. Marvel of Peru. (From mirabilis, wonderful; as everything was at first considered that came from America. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagy- naceaB]. Linn., S-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, and plants hardened off by degrees to stand in the open border ; by their fusiform (carrot-shaped) roots, taken up and preserved in sand or dry moss during the winter ; rich, sandy loam. May be managed similarly to a Dahlia. M. dicho'toma (forked). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1640. — hy'brida (hybrid). 2. White. July. 1813. — jala'pa (jalap). 2. Red. Julv. W. Ind. 1596. a'/Aa(white). 2.White. July. W. Ind. 1596. fla! »a (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1596. ru'bro-aflba (red and white). 2. Red, white. July. W. Ind. 1596. rvfbro-flafoa (red and vellow). 2. Red, yellow. July. W. Ind. 1596. — longiflo'ra (leng-flowered). 2. White. July. Mexico. 1759. — ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. August, Germany. violafcea (violet-coloured). 2. Pink. Au- gust. Germany. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1|. White. July. Mexico. 1824. Mirbe'lia. (Named after C. F. B. Mirbel, a physiological botanist of Paris. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pultensea.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in May, under a bell-glass, and in sand, over well-drained, sandy peat ; sandy peat, with a few nodules of fibry loam and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. M. Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 2. Yellow. 1825. — dilata'ta (wide- leased). 3. Yellow. July. 1803. — fi oribu'nda (many-flowered). 2. Purple. March. 1838. — grandiflo'm (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June. 1825. — ileisne'ri (Meisner's). 2. Reddish-purp'.e. May. — pu'ngens (stingins). 2. Yellow. June. 1824. — reticulata (netted). 3. Yellow. June. 1792. — speeio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. June. 1824. Mistletoe. (Vi'scam a'lbum.) Name derived from the Saxon for the same plant, Miselta. The best months for sowing it are February and March. Make MIT [MS J MIX two cuts in the shape of the letter V, on the underside of the branch of an apple- tree. Make the cuts quite down to the wood of the branch ; raise the tongue of bark made by the cuts, but not so as to break it, and put underneath one or two seeds freshly squeezed from the Mistletoe berry. Let the tongue back into its place, and the process is completed. If the seed is good, the seedlings, not unlike cucumber plants, soon appear. They re- main attached to the branch, and do not seem to injure the tree. Open the bark underneath the branch to receive the seed, because it is thus preserved from an accumulation of rain water, and is shaded from tbe sun. The Mistletoe may also be propagated by grafts ; and it is said that it will suc- ceed upon any tree. It is certainly found upon the pine in Germany ; but we ques- tion very much whether it would live upon the walnut. It will grow, yet with difficulty, upon the oak; but it readily takes upon the apple, pear, poplar, and willow. Mr. Beaton says (Gard. Mag. iii. 207, N. S.), the first weeks of May are best for grafting the Mistletoe, and it should never be inserted less than five nor more than ten feet from the ground. Make an incision in the bark of the tree, and insert into it a thin slice of Mistletoe, having a bud and one leaf at the end. Grafts larger than half an inch in diameter require a notch to be cut out of the branch, the incision to receive the scion being made below this notch, and a shoulder left on the scion to rest on the notch, as in crown-grafting. Budding the Mistletoe may also be practised in the middle of May. Mr. Beaton says it is only a modification of grafting, a heel of wood being retained below the bud for insertion. Mitche'lla. (Named after Dr. Mit- chell, of Virginia. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [CinchonaceaeJ. Linn., ulria l-Moiwyynia. Allied to Swartzia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened •hoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 6u° to 75°. iZ.floribu'ndn (many. flowered). Yellow. May. Brazil. 1828. Mole Cricket. One of the most curious, and often most destructive to our kitchen-garden crops of all the sub- terranean vermin, is the Mole-cricket, known, in different parts of England, by the various names of Earth-crab, Jarr- worm, Churr-worm, and Eve-churr. It is the Gryllotalpa vulgaris and Europma of some naturalists, and the Gryllus gryllotalpa of others. It rarely appears upon the surface of the soil, but makes burrows, like the mole, and destroys all roots which interrupt him in forming these passages. "When full-grown, it is nearly two inches long, and four lines broad; colour, dark brown; antenna?, bristle-shaped, and in front of its black eyes; thorax, hairy; wings, broad, large, ! and triangular when fully opened; abdo- j men, nine or ten-jointed, furnished at the 1 end with two hairy, awl-shaped filaments. The two fore-feet are broad, like those of the mole, and similarly intended for dig- ging. The female hollows out a place, ; about half a foot from the surface, in the : month of June, and lays her eggs in a heap, from two to three hundred. They , are shining yellowish-brown, and like grains of millet. The young, which are hatched in July or August, greatly re- ; semble black ants, and feed, like the old ] ones, on the tender roots of grass, corn, and various culinary vegetables. They betray their presence under the earth by , the withered decay of culinary vegetables in the garden. In October and November ! they bury themselves deeper in the earth, as a protection from cold, and come again to the surface in the warmer days in March. Their presence is discovered by their throwing up the earth like moles. The surest of remedies is destroying the brood in June or July. Gardeners know, from experience, where the nest of the Mole-cricket is situated ; they dig it out with their spades, and destroy hun- 35 dreds in the egg state with little trouble, —Kollar. Mo'ltkia. (Named after Count Moltke, a Danish noble. Nat. ord., Borayeworts [Boraginacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Echium.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the plant in spring ; rich, sandy loam. M. cteru'lea (blue). 1. Blue. April. Persia. 1829. Molucce'lla. Molucca Balm. (From Molucca, where the plants were supposed to be natives. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lami- aceae]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1-Gymno- spermia. Allied to Phlomis.) Hardy plants, with purple flowers, flowering in July. Tuberu'sa, by dividing the tubers in spring and Autumn. This, and also the others, which are annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring; potted, hardened off, and transferred to the flower-border in the middle of May ; sandy loam. M. Mots (smooth). 1$. Syria. 15/0. — Harrubia'strum (Marrubiastruni). 1. Syria- J8,'o. — tubero'su (tuberous-rooted). 2. Tartary. 1/9,6. Mo'ly. A' Ilium tno'ly. Mona'rda. ( Named after N. Monardez, a physician of Seville. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceas], Linn., 2-Diandriul-Mono- gynia. Allied to Salvia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, all but arista'ta natives of North America. Division of the plant in Bpring ; co -anion soil. M. amplexicau'lis (stem-embraced). 2. White, pink. June. 1850. — arista'ta (awned). 2. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 1825. — Bradburia'na (Bradbury's). Pale red. June. — clinopo'dia (bas,\\-leaued) . 2. Purple, white. July. 1/71. — di'dyma (twin. Oswego-tea). 3. Scarlet. July. 1752. —fistulo'.sri (hoUon-statked). 3. Purple. July. 1656. fio 're -macula 'to (spotted - flowered). 3. Rose-spotted. June. 1832. mo'llis (soft). 2. Lilac. Jul v. 1656. — gra'cilis (slender). 1*. Purple. July. 1820. — punctu'ta (dotted). 2. Yellow, brown. Au- gust. 1/14. — Russelliu'na ( Russell's). 2. White. Septem- ber. 1823. Monarde'lla. (A diminutive of Mo- narda. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lipworts [Lamiacere]. Linn., li-iUdynamia 1- Gymnospermia. Allied to Origanum.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the plant in spring ; common, sandy soil, with a little peat or leaf-mould. M. undula'ta (wavy), j. Violet. June. Cali- fornia. J848. Mone'tia. (Named after Monet de la March, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Hollyworts [Aquifoliaceae]. Linn., 4- Tetrandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Pri- la MOK [ 54G ] MOO Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. 5f. Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). 3. Green. July. E. Ind. 1758. Moneywort. Lysima'chia nummula'ria. Monkey-Bread. Adanso'nia. Monkey-Flower. Mi'mulus. Monk's Hood. Aconi'tum. Monni'na. (Named after Monnino, Count de Flora Blanca, a Spanish patron of botany. Nat. ord., Milkworts [Poly- galaceae]. Linn., 17 - Diadelphia 3- Octan- dria. Allied to Mural tia.) The bark of the root is used in Peru for soap, and the Peruvian ladies ascribe the beauty of their hair to the use of it. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds in March, in a gentle hotbed ; cuttings of young side-shoots in April, under a bell-glass, and kept close, but damp prevented ; sandv peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. X. crotalarioi'des (crotalaria-like). 2. Purple. August. 1840. — obtusi/u'tia (blunt-leaved). 12. Violet and white. June. Peru. 1830. Monochi'lus. (From monos, one, and cheilos, a lip ; the formation of the flower. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacea?]. Linn., ll-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Verbena.) Stove tuber. Division of the tubers when in a dormant state ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and leaf-mould. Temp, when growing, 55° to 75°. M. Gloxinifo'lius (Gloxinia-leaved). 1838. Monogra'mma. (From monos, one, and gramma, writing ; referring to the spore, or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- diacese]. Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1-FUices.) Stove Ferns, from the West Indies, with brownish-yellow spores. See Ferns. SI. furca'ta (forked-leaved). June. 1825. — grami'nea (grass-leaved). June. 1830. — trichoi'dea (hair-like). June. Monolo'pia. (From monolopus, one covering ; referring to the flower-cover- ing. .Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Chrysanthemum.) A pretty, hardy annual, once called Helefnium Dougla'sii. Seeds in mellow soil, in April. 21. ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. Cali- fornia. 1834. Monome'ria. (From monos, one, and meris, a part. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- dacese]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monan- dria. Allied to Bulbophyllum.) Stove orchids. Division in spring or autumn ; ftbry peat, broken pots, and sphagnum. Winter lemp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. M. barba'ta (hearded). Spotted. India. 1841. — ni'lida (shining). Mexico. 1841. AIono'psis, (From »ionos £ one, and opsis, a face ; the flowers being more re- gular than is usual in the Nat. ord., io« beliads [Lobeliaceos]. Linn., b-Pentan- dria 1-Monogynia.) A pretty little annual, once called Lobe'lia spe'culum. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; plant! pricked off, hardened off, and transferred to the open border at the end of May. M. conspi'cua (conspicuous). $. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. Mono'toca. (From monos, one, and tokos, a birth ; the fruit, which is eatable, having only one seed. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Leucopogon.) Greenhouse white-flowered evergreens, from New South Wales. Cuttings of the points of young shoots in sand, over sandy soil, and covered with a bell-glass, in May ; sandy peat, and a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. M. a'lba (white). 6. June. 1824. — elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 8. June. 1802. — linea'ta (narrow-leaved). 6. June. 1804. — scopa'ria (broom). 5. June. 1825. Monso'nia. (Named after Lady A. Monson. Nat. ord., Cranesbills [Gerani- acese]. Linn. ,16-Monadelphiu l-Dodecan,- dria. Allied to Geranium.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except ova'ta, which is biennial. All from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring, and transplanted ; cuttings in spring and autumn, under a hand-light; division and cuttings of the roots in summer and autumn ; sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf-mould ; a cold pit or green- house in winter. M. loba'ta (lobed-leaved). 1. Purple. May. 1774- — ova'ta (egg-leaved). 1. White. August. 1774. — pilo'sa(long-ha\red). 1. White. July. 1778. Co'Uce (Collu's). 1. Pale red. July. 1820. — specio'sa (showy). 1. Red. Way. 1774. pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red. May. Montbre'ttia. (In honour of M. Monibret. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceas]. Linn., 16 -Monadelphia 1-Triandria.) A little Ixia-looking bulb, with yellow flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets ; sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould ; if not pro- tected on a warm border, should be kept during winter in a cold pit. M. flexuo'sa (zigzag). May. 1803. — virga'ta (twiggy). May. 1825. Montezu'ha. (Numed after a king of Mexico. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Stercu- liaceae]. Linn., ]Q-Monadelphia 1-Doda- candria. Allied to Cheirostemon.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of shoots, get- ting firm, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom* heat ; sandy loam and lumpy peat. Wintel temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. II. speciosi'ssima (showiest). 30. Red. Mexico. 1827. Moon-Seed. Menispe'rmum. Moon-Trefoil. Medica'go arbo'rea. Moonwort. Botry'chium. 3M0K [ 017 ] MOR Moiue'a. (Named after B. Moore, an English botanist. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri- tlacesB]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Iris.) These pretty bulbs, all from the Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise mentioned, require i the same treatment as I'xia, which see. M. angu'sta (narrow-leaved). J. L:lac.May. 1790. — barbjtgeru (bearded). J. Purple. May. '6S7- — bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow, dark. June. — bitumino'sa (bituminous). 1. Yellow. May. 1787 . — catenula'ta (chain-dotted). 1. White, blue. May. Mauritius. 1826. — cilia'ta (ha\r-haved).i- Yellow. September.1587. — colli'na (hill). 2. Purple. May. 1/68. — cri'spa (curled). J. Blue. May. 1803. — edu'lis (eatable). 4. Fulvous. May. 1792. — e'legans (elegant), lj. Vermilion. May. 1825. — exalta'ta (tail). 3. Vermilion. May. 1/68. — fla'ccida (limp). l£. Vermilion. May. 1810. — flexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Yellow. May. 1803. — iridioi'des (iris-like). £. White, brown. July. 1758. — Unea'ta (narrow-leaved). 1. Vermilion. May. 1825. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). J.Yellow.May.1811. — longifo'tia (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. May. 1808. — minia'ta (vermilion). 2. Vermilion. May. 1799. — minu'ta (small). \. Blue. June. 1825. — odo'ra (sweet-scented). 2. Lilac. May. 1799- — papillona'cea (butterfly). $. Variegated. May. 1795. — pluma'ria (feathered). 1. Yellow. May. 1835. — polysta'chya (many-spiked). 1. Yellow. June. 1825. — porrifo 'lia (leek-leaved). 2. Vermilion. May. 1825. — ramo'sa (branched). 3. Yellow. May. 1789. — seta'cea (bristly). $. Yellow. June. 1825. — sisyri'nchium (sisyrinchium). £. Blue. May. South Europe. 1597. Hardy. — spica'ta (spiked). 1$. Yellow. May. 1785. — Tenoria'na (Tenore's). 1. Purple. May. Na- ples. 1824. Hardy. — tri'stis (dull-coloured). 1. Blue. June. 1768. — virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Purple. May. 1825. — visca'ria (clammy). 1. Lilac. May. 1800. Mobeton-Bay Chestnut. Castanospe'r- mum. Morica'ndia. (Named after S. Mo- ricand, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Orucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Te- Iradynamia.) Simple-looking hardy plants, but useful for cut flowers in winter. Seed sown in the open border, in April. M.arve'nsis (field. Cabbage - flowered). 1J. Violet. July. Europe. 1739. Biennial. — hetperidiflo'ra (hesperis-flowered). 1. Purple. June. Egypt. 1837- Annual. Mobi'na. (Named after L. Morin, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Teaselworts [Dipsacaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria l-M(f iiogynia) Strong, half-hardy, hertiaceous plants, suited for borders in summer. Seed in a slight hotbed, in April, and hardened off to suit a cool green- house or sheltered borders ; also by divisions, if the plant is saved over the winter. U. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Purple. Jul v. E. Ind. 1839. M. Pe'rsica (Persian). 3. Bed, white. July., Persia. 1740. Mopj'nda. (From a corruption of Morus Indicus, Indian Mulberry; in re- ference to its fruit. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogrjnia. Allied to Guettarda.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers. Cuttings of shoots nearly stopped growing, in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and in a nice bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 70° to 80°. it. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. E- Ind. 1310. — braetea'ta (bracted). 6. May. E. Ind. 1816 — citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). 8. E. Ind. 1793. — jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). Pale buff. April. Point Jackson. 1823. — Royo'c (Royoc). 10. August. W. Ind. 1793 ; — tinctu'ria (dyer's). June. Otaheite. 1826. — umbella'ta (umbelled). June. E. Ind. 1822. Moei'nga. Horse-radish-tree. (From moringo, the Indian name. Nat. ord., Morin gads [Moringacese]. Linn., 10-De candrla l-Monogynia.) The roots are used in India for horse-radish Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in April or May ; sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf- mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 6o a to 85°. M. a'ptera (wingless). 15. May. 183&- — polygo'na (many-angle-/i-Ki7ed). 15. April. 1822. — pterygospe'rma (winged-seeded). 20. 1759. Mobi'sia. ( Named after ProfessorMoris. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese] . Linn., 1 b-Tetradynamia. ) Seed sown where it is to remain ; cuttings under a hand-light, in summer, and division in spring; a pretty little thing for a knoll, or for rock-work. M. hypogte'a (fruit-hurying), $. Yellow. May. Sardinia. 1833. IMobiso'nia. (Named after Professor Morison, of Oxford. Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidaceas]. Linn., lQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to Cratseva.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened shoots early in spring, under a glass, in sandy soil and bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. M. America'na (American). 15. White. W. Ind. 1824. Moemo'des. (From mormo, a goblin ; referring to the strange appearance of the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- dacese]. Linn., 20 Gynandria 1-Monan- dria. Allied to Catasetum.) Stove orchids. Division, and pieces cut off; rough peat, moss, and crocks, in shallow baskets, or raised well above a pot. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 90°. St. aroma' ticum (aromatic). 3. Pink. July. Mexico, 1838. — a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). J. Purpl* red. October. South Main. 1U34. MOR [ 513 ] MUL JtT. buccina'tor (trumpet).Yellowish-green. April. La Guavra. 1835. — Carto'ni (Carton's). 1. Straw. July. Santa Martha. — cUri'num [yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 183,'. — tinea' turn (streaked). 1. Yellow, crimson. March. Guatimala. 1836. — lusu'tum (dislocated). 1. Straw. August. Mexico. 1842. — pardi'num (panther). Yellow, red. July. Oaxaca. 1837. uni'color (one-coloured). Yellow. Sep- tember. Mexico. 1843. — ro'seo-n'lbum (rose and white). White, rose. — Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Green. August. Guatimala. 1838. Mo'bna. Named after Morna, one of Ossian's heroines. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere]. Linn., 19 -Syngenesia 1- sEqualis. Allied to Podolopsis.) Greenhouse plants, with yellow flowers, from Swan River. Ni'tida, an evergreen, may be pro- pagated by cuttings under a bell-glass ; and both are easily raised from seed, sown either in Sep- tember or March ; but in both cases the plants must be kept in light soil, and well drained, or they will damp off. The autumn-sown ones will bloom in the greenhouse early in spring and summer ; the spring-sown ones late in summer, and the beginning of autumn. If it is desirable to try them out of doors, they should not be planted out far north of London until the middle of June. Jf. ni'tida (beautiful). 2. February. 1835. — nt'oeo (snowy). 1$. July. 1836. Morono'bea. (From moronobo, the na- tive name. Nat. ord, Guttifcrs [Clusiaceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened shoots, with all the leaves except those at the lower joint, in sand, in heat, and under a bell- glass ; sandy loam, and lumpy, dried leaf-mould. Wiater temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. IS. eoeci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 40. Guiana. 1825. Mo'rtjs. Mulberry. (From mor, the Celtic for black ; referring to the colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Morads [Moraceae]. Linn., 21-Monmcia i-Tetrandria.) Seeds, layers, cuttings, and truncheons ; in fact, you can scarcely fail to propagate the Mulberry, as pieces of the roots, branches, and even the stem, if stuck into the ground in a deciduous state, will grow more easily than a gooseberry- cutting; deep, sandy, or calcareous loam. Of the hardy kinds, ni'gra is the hardiest, grown chiefly for its fruit. A'lba is more tender, grown chieliy for its leaves for feeding the silkworm. STOVE EVERGREEN TREES. M. Tndiea (Ividian). 20. E. Ind. 1820. — Mauritians (Mauritian). 20. Mauritius. 18BS. HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES, (fee. M. a'lba (white). 30. June. China. 159§. — —— Co.'umba'ssu (Ctlumba). Ita'lica (Italian). 20. June. Italy. 1817. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 30. June. China. membrana'cea (membranous). > Murettia'na (Moretti's). June. — — — »iutf icau7i*;many-stemmed).June. China. SI. alba nervo'sa Cnerved). June. China. pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June. China. Rnmu'na (Roman). ro'sea (rose-like). 28. Jaae. China. Sinensis (Chinese). 20. — ea'lcar-ga'lli (cock-spur). N. S. Wales. ISSa Evergreen. — Constantinopolita'na (Constantinople). 15. June. Turkev. 1818. — ni'gra (eommo7i-bIack). 20. June. Tlaly. 1348. lucinia'ta (cut-leaved). 30. June. — ru'hra (red). 10. June. N. Amer. lGi'O. — sci'bra (rough). 20. June. N. Amer. 1817. — Tata'rica (Tartarian). 20. June. Tarlary. 1784. Mulberry (ill. ni'gra) Culture.— Pro- pagation : by Cuttings. — In former days this operation was much circumscribed, being limited to the cuttings of the young shoots, as in currants. Truncheons of considerable size may, and, indeed, ought to be used. These strike with facility»by ordinary means, especially in the de- ciduous state, and put in the soil in the autumn, leaving only a bud or two ex- posed. If Truncheons of some size are used, let them be taken from the tree in the beginning of February; and being in- serted a foot deep, in a situation where neither direct suushine nor wind can freely penetrate, envelope their stems above the ground -level with moss, all but the upper pair of buds, in order to prevent evaporation. By Layers. — The shoots of the previous year are generally selected for this pur- pose, and may be either slit or ringed, although they will root without. This being performed in November, or in Fe- bruary, the young plants will be ready to be removed from the parent plant irt twelve months, when they may be placed in the nursery for two years, by which time they will be fit for their permanent situations, care being taken to train them to stems, as ordinary standard fruit-trees. By Grafting. — Ordinary grafting, as in the apple, is not a very safe mode ; but inarching, or grafting by approach, is quite eligible. This is performed exactly as in other trees, and will produce strong plants in a short time. By Seeds. — This practice is seldom re- sorted to, but may prove interesting to some. The seed being washed from the pulp as soon as ripe, and dried, may be preserved through the winter in dry sand, and sowed in the succeeding February. A slight bottom-heat wiil facilitate the progress of the seedlings; but they may be safely reared without, by affording a MOS E 549 ] MOT regular but not excessive supply of mois- ture, with a partial deprivation of light for awhile. They will need the ordinary routine of transplanting, &c, afterwards. Culture during the Growing Period. — In the standard state little or nothing can be done; but those trained on walls or fences must have some assistance. It must be .kept in view, that the mulberry produces fruit both on short-jointed young wood and on spurs, and that fruit must net be looked for from luxuriant shoots. The summer's dressing must consist in thin- ning-out and stopping the grosser shoots in crowded situations, observing a regu- larity in their distances for the admission of sunlight. We would advise much stop- ping in preference to much disbudding, as such parts may form a nucleous for future spurs ; and if they turn out barren, it will be easy to remove them totally in the succeeding year. The mulberry, when trained, will extend a great way; and re- gular training, as the shoots extend, must be practised. Culture during the Rest Period, — Some pruning is occasionally of benefit, even to standard trefeo, but it can be merelythin- ning out cross-shoots on those parts of the tree which are too crowded. The shady side of the tree, too, may be kept thinner than the sunny side ; and watery spray springing.from the branches in the interior may be removed. Those trained must have superfluous shoots and barren snags or spurs removed ; but no shorten- ing back is necessary. Soil. — Any ordinary garden or field- soil will do for them, if not too clayey ; for they rather prefer an upland or mel- low soil, which should be of a generous character, but not enriched with manures until they get rather old and cease pro- ducing luxuriant wood, when a rich, mel- low compost, as top-dressing occasionally, will much benefit them. Forcing. — The mulberry bears forcing excellently, and will ripen its fruit early in June. It will bear a very high tempe- rature. It may also be grown of a dwarf size in pots, and be thus forced. Moscha'eia. (From moschos, musk; a musk-smelling plant. Nat. ord., Com- posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in April ; seedlings harden off, end transplant in open borders, in May. M. pinnati'.fida(lesi&ct-cvit-leaveA). *. July. Chili. Moscho'sma. (From moschos, musk, and osme, smell. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacere]. Linn., \. wall-nails, accordingly as 1,000 of them are of those weights. Nails, in most cases, require to be driven only a very little way into the mortar, and walls then do not become defaced by them for many years. In all summer nailing of peach- trees, roses, &c., tbe point only requires to be driven in, so that the nail may be easily withdrawn by the fingers. Na'ma. (From noma, a stream of water ; the natural place of growth. Nat. ord., ^Hydrophyte [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 5- Pen tan dria 2 -Digyn ia. Allied to Hy drolea. ) Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March and April, and bloomed in the greenhouse, after being hard- ened ; divisions and cutting's of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with sand and charcoal to keep it open. Common stove and greenhouse temperature. Hf. Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). White, blue. June. Jamaica. 1812. Stove annual. — undula'ta (waved-leaved). 1. Violet. June. Mexico. 1826. Greenhouse herbaceous. Nandi'na. (From nandin, the Japanese name. Nat. ord., Berberids [Berberida- ceffi]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 2-Digynia. Al- lied to Leontice.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, and not hurried ; loam and sandy peat ; a sheltered place, a cold pit, or a greenhouse in winter. An interesting plant, with white petals, yellow an- thers, and red fruit. A', dome'stica (domestic). 6. White. July. China. 1804. Napoleo'na. (Named after Napoleon Buonaparte. Nat. ord., Napoleonworts\lle\- visiaceae]. Affinity a disputed point among botanists. Dr. Lindley has it in the Myrtle alliance, next to the Mangroves. See its History in The Cottage Gardener.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, two to four inches long, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat, giving air at night, to prevent damping ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 90°, and moist. N. imperia'lis (imperial). 6. Apricot, crimson. May. Sierra Leone. 1844. Napoleon's Weeping Willow. Sa'lix Napoleo'na. Naeave'lia. (Fom narawasl, its Cinga- lese name. Nat. ord., Croivfoots [Eanun- culacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Poly- uynia. Allied to Atragene.) Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 00° ; summer, 60 3 to 85°. iV. Zeylu'nica (Ceylon). 12. Yellow. Ceylon. 1796. Naeci'ssus. (Name of a youth, said to have been changed into this flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., tj-lfexandria 1-Monogynia.) This genus of hardy bulbs, like the Rhododen- dron, has so multiplied from seeds, that it is ut- terly impossible to make out what are, and what are not, true species. Salisbury and Haworth gave generic names to the different groups j but their definitions have broken down. For all prac- tical purposes, the whole may be included under the old name Narcissus. Seeds, but chiefly by offsets from the bulbs, which, in most kinds, are freely produced ; rich, sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould. Those to be forced early should be removed out of the ground as soon as the leaves decay, and be kept dry and cool until potting-time, N. A'jax (Ajax). 1. Yellow. March. — a'lbicans (whitening). £. Pale yellow. March. 1789. — a'lbus (white). 1. White, yellow. April. ple'nus (double-ojvmge. Phoenix). 1. Sul- phur. April. — angustifo' lilts (narrow-leaved). 1. White. May. South Europe. 1570. — aperticoro'na (open-crowned). Yellow, orange. April. N. Africa. — aura'ntius (orange). 1. Yellow. March. 1629. ple'nus lu'teus (double-yellow). 1. Yellow. March. 1629. — bi'color (two-coloured). 1. White, yellow. April. Spain. 1629. — biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. White. March. Britain. — Wfrons (two-faced). 1. Yellow. March. South Europe. — bulboco'dium (bulbous. Hoop-petaled). i. Yellow. April. Portugal. 1629. — ca'pax (capacious). £. Pale yellow. May. — etn'wuA (wax-coloured). 1. White. April. — ce'rnuus (pale-drooping), $. Crimson, white. March. Spain. cnro'na ple'na (full-crowned)- 1. Crimson, white. March. Spain. — citri'nus (citron-coloured). 1. White, yellow. April. — compre'ssus (flat-stalked). 1. Lilac, yellow. March. Spain. — co'ncolor (one-coloured). J. Sulphur. April. 1820. — conspi'cuus (conspicuous). $. Yellow. May. — crenula'tus (scolloped-pefated). 1. White. April. Spain. — Cyipri (Cvprian). 1. White, yellow. March. Cyprus. coro'na ple'na (full-crowned). 1. White, yellow. March. — defi'ciens (deficient). White. South Europe. — Diome'des (Diomedes'). — du'bius (doubtful). White. April. France. —fistulo'sus (hollow-stalked). 2. White, yellow. April. — floribu'ndus (many-flowered). l£.White,yellow. March. Spain. — galanthifo'lius (snowdrop-leaved). |. White. May. — gra'cilis (slender). ]J. Yellow. April. — grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). I.White, yellow. April. — fffltt-o'rMia (Haworth's).l.Yellow. April. 1700. ple'nus sulphu'reus (double-sulphur). 1. Sulphur. April. 1629. — hemina'lis {lesser-curled-cup). I, Yellow. March, — incompara' bills (incomparable). 1. Yellow. April. Portugal. 1629. — infla'tus (swollen). 4. Yellow. March. 2 o NAE [ 562 ] KAS JP, infli'tus minor (lesser). $. Pale sulphur. March. Spain. 1696. ~ nfundibula'ria (iannel-fiowered). J. Yellow. March. — interje'etus (interjected). 1. Yellow. April.1810. — intermefdius (intermediate). 1$. Pale yellow. March. Pyrenees. — Jta'licus (Italian). 1. Pale yellow. March. South Europe. _ ple'nus (double). 1. Cream. March. Italy. semiple'nus (semi-double). 1 . Cream. Italy. — jonqui'lla (jonquil), $. Pale yellow. April. Spain. I098. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). I. Ye]!ow. April. Spain. 1596. — juncifo'lius (rush-leaved). Yellow. South Europe. — latifo'lius (broad-leaved-orang'e). 1. Yellow. April. — lobula'tus (small-lobed). it. Yellow. March. — lorifo'lius (strap-leaved. Two-coloured). 1. Yellow. March. a'neeps (two-edged. Two-coloured). 1. Yellow. March. 1800. bre'viflos (short-flowered. Tivo-cohured). 1. Yellow. April. — lu'n>i (moon). I. White. April. — Macle'aii (Mac Leav's). 4. Cream . March. Smyrna. 1815. — ma'jor (larger). 1. Yellow. > T ;irrh. Spain IG2V. — ma'mnus (largest). 1. Yellow. April. — minor (smaller). £. Yeltow. Match-Spain. 629. — monta'nuK (mountain). 1. White. April. Portugal. — moscha'tus imu»ky). 1. White. April- England. — mulliflo'rus (fotf-many- flowered). 1. Yellow. April. au'reus (golden- many-flowered). 1. 1' el- low. April. — negle'ctus (neglected). White, yellow. April. Naples. 1830. — ni'eeus (snowy). 1. White. May. South Europe. — no'bilis (noble). I. Yellow. April. — nu'tans (nodding). It Yellow. April. South Europe. !7S9. -■obsei'ssus (cut-off). I. Vcllow. May. ripvin. — obsoleftus (obsolete). 1. White. August. Spain. 1819. — obvalla'ris (trenched- round). !. Yellow. March. Spain. — odo'rus (sweet-scented). I. Yellow. May. South Europe. 1629. — orienta'lis (eastern). 1. White. April. Levant. — papyra'ceus (paper). 1. White. March. farming** 'jasmine-like), 1. White. April. — patella 1 ris (basin-flowered). 1. White. May. England. exse'rtus (drawn-out). 1. White. May. England. — — ple'nus (double). 1 .White. May. England. — pultulus (spreading. White Musk). 1. White. March. Spain. a'lbeus (whitish. Norfolk). 1. White. March. Spain. — poe'ticus (poet's). l.White.May.South Europe. — primuli'nus (co\fs\ip-cupped).l . Yellow. March. — propi'nquua (allied). 1. Yellow. March. Spaiu. I629. — pseu'do-Narci'ssus (bastard Narcissus. Dnffo- dil). I. Pale yellow. March. England. pleni'ssimus (most-double). 1, Yellow. March. ple'nus (double). I. Yellow. March. Praam. Sco'licus (Scotch). I. Yellosv. May. Scotland. N. pulche'Uun .pretty). 1. Yellow. April. Spars. — pu'milus (dwarfish). £. Yellow, March. S;>ain. flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). £. Yellow. March. Gardens. — pusi' lilts (small. Jonquil). $. Yellow.April.1818. ple'nus (double. Queen Anne's Jonquii). i. Yeliow. April. 1810. — Que'llia (Qeltian). — recu'rmts (cmlcd-back-leanedj. 1 . White. May. South Europe. — rugulosus (wrinkled-cup). l.Yellow.April.l 18. — Sabi'ni (Sabine's). I. Yellow. April. — semiparti'tus (cloven-cupped). 1. Sulphur. March. — serra'tus (saw-edged). £. Pale yellow. March. South Europe. — — tuu'cis (sweet). 1. Pale yellow. March. South Europe. — si'milis (similar. Jonquil). J. Yellow. April. — spu'rius (bastard). 1. Yellow. March. England. — stella'ris (stzxry-sepuled). 1. White, crimson. May. 1629. — stria'tulus (small-channelled). J. Yellow.April. — Taze'tta (Tazetta. Polyanthus). 1. White. March. Spain. 1759. — Telamo'nius (Telamon's). 1. Yellow. April. grandiplefnus (large-double). 1. Yellow. April. ple'nus (double. Daffodil). 1. Yellow.April. — tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Lilac, white. May. 1/89. — tereticau'lis (round-stalked). 1J. Pale yellow. March. Spain. — tortuo'sus (tw'istwUpeialed). lj, White. April. Spain. 1629. — Trewia'nus .Trew's,. 1 £. White, yellow. March. Spain. — u«(three-stamened:. J. White. April. Portugal. 1629. — tri'lobus (three-lobed-/o?ij?ri/ - -, 'l. Ye3ow. April. South Europe. '629. — tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). 1. White, yellow March. — viridifio'rus (green-flowered). $. Green. Sep- tember. Barbary. 1629. Narcissus Fly. Merodon Narcissi. Narthe'cium. (From narthex, a rod : referring to the flower-stems. Nat. ord., Rushes [Juncaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria L-Mono>eeds. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapin- dacesej. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cupania.) Stove evergreen fruit-trees. Seed sown in a hotbed in spring ; layers ami cuttings of half, ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a hell-glass; I sandy loamand dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., • 5° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. iV. Litchi 1 (Lee Chee). 15. White. May. China. 1786. 1 — Longa'na (Longan). 20. White. May. China. 1786. — vertici/la'ta (whorled). 6. White, red. May. E. Ind. 1820. Nephro'dium. (From nephros, a kid- ney ; the shape of the spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacore]. Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) See Ferns. hardy. N. aevtea'tum (common-prickly). 2. Brown. June. Britain. — acrostichoi'des (acrostichum-like). 1J. Brown. July. N. Amer. — angula're (angular). £. Brown. July. Hun- gary. 1819. — Baro'mez (Baromcz). Yellow. Tartary. 1824. — crista'tum (lesser-cresttd). 1$. Brown. June. England. —fi'lix-ma's (male fern). 3. Brown. June. Britain. — fra'grans (fragrant). A.. Brown. July. Si- beria. 1820. — Goldia'num (Goldie's). 2. Brown. August. N. Amer. — interme'dium (intermediate). 2. Brown. June. N.Amer. 1825. — Lancustrie'nse (Lancaster). Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1825. — loba'tum (lobed). 2. Brown. June. England. — lonchi'tis (lonchitis). $. Brown. May. Britain. aspe'rrima (very rough). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer. NEP [ 560 ] NEB Xf. margina'le (marginal-jpored). 3. Brown. June. N. Amer. 1772. — Noveborace'nse (New York). 1$. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1812. — tbMsum (blunt-/ ronded). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1827. — nre&pteris (oreopteris). 3. Brown. July.Britain. — spinulo'sum (crested-prickly). 1. Brown. June. Britain. — . thely'pteris (lady fern) . 1 . Brown. July.Britain. GREENHOUSE. P. coria'ceum (leathery). I. Brown. June. Van Dlemcn's Land. 1821. <— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 1J. Brown. July. New Zealand. — decompo'situm (decomposed). £. Brown. June. N. Holland. 1820. — drepafnum (sickle-like). 2. Brown. July. Madeira. 1837. — elonga'tum (elongated). 2. Brown. July. Madeira. 1779. — Icetevi'rens (lively-green). 3. Brown. Madeira. — lu'cens (shining). 1. Brown. August. Mau- ritius. 1831. — ri'gidum (stiff), i. Brown. July. South Europe. 1816. — uni'tum (joined). 2. Brown. August. N. Holland. 1793. STOVE. N, abrufptum (abrupt). Yellow. July.Isle of Luzon. — auge'scens (increasing). Yellow. June. Cuba. 1841. — auricula'tum (eared). £. Brown. July. E. Ind. 1793.' — B/u'mei(Blume's). Yellow. July. E.Ind. 1840. — cane'scens (hoary). Brown, yellow. May. Isle of Luzon. — caudicula'tum (tailed). Yellow. July. Iile of Luzon. cordifoflium (heart-leaved). I. Brown. Jnly. Jamaica. 1824. — crim'tum (haired). I. Brown. August. Mauritius. 1831. — Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). 3. Yellow. February. Malacca. 1839. — edu'le (eatable-rootaf). Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1826. — glandulo'sum (glanded). Yellow. July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. — hippocre'pis (horse-shoe). 2. Brown. May. Jamaica. — hirsu'tum (hairy). Brown, yellow. May. Isle of Luzon. 1842. — mo'lle (soft). 2. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820. — mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1820. — parasi'ticum (parasitical). 1. Brown. Jur.e. E. Ind. 1824. — penni'gerum (winged). 6. Yellow. January. W. Ind. — platyphy'llum (flat-leaved). Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1826. — proli'ferum (proliferous). I. Brown. Brazil. — propi'nquum (related). 2. Brown. August. E. Ind. 1793. — pube'scens (downy). Brown.July.Jamaica.1817- — pu'ngens (stinging). 1. Yellow. January. \V. Ind. — te'rra (saw-like). 2. Brown. July. Ja- maica. 1819. — timpUeifo'lium (simple-leaved). Yellow. E. Ind. 1840. — te'rminuns (endine). Yellow, brown. July. E. Ind. — tuberosum (tuberous). 1$. Yellow. January, W. Ind. If. villo'sum (shaggy). S. Ercwn. July. W. Ind. 1793. Nephro'lepis. (From nephros, a kid- ney, and lepis, a scale ; referring to the covering of the seed, or spore -cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., &L-Cryptogamia l-Filices.) Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See Fekns. N. acumina'ta (pointed). June. W. Ind. — biserra'ta (double-saw-ec^ei). Juna. Isle of Luzon. — ensifu'lia (sword-leaved). June. India. — himu'tula (small-haired). June. Malacca. — obliteru'ta, (obliterated). June. N. Holland. 1839. — pt/ndula (drooping). June. W. Ind. — punctula'ta (small-dotted). June. W. Ind. — sple'ndeiis (shining). June. W. Ind. — trichomanoi'des (trichomanes-like). June. Isle of Luzon. — tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 2. September. Jamaica. 1841. — volu'bilis (twining). June. W. Ind. Neptu'nia. (After Neptune, the my- thological deity of the sea ; a -water-plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-Moncecia. Allied to Desmanthus.) Stove water-plant, with pinnated, sensitive leaves like a Mimosa; seeds in strong heat; cut- tings and divisions. Winter temp., 50° to 6u°; summer, 60° to 90°. N.ple'na (full). White, yellow. August. Mexico. 1733. Neri'ke. (The daughter of Nerius. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Am ary Hid ace a >] . Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Jlonogynia. Allied to Brunsvigia.) Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, except when otherwise mentioned. The Guernsey lily is a Nerinc, and, like it, all the species flower in the autumn — some before the growth of the leaves, and others with the leaves cominsr up. Like the Amaryllis, they grow from September to May, and delight in strong, yellow loam ; a vigorous growth of the leaves is requ.site to cause them to flower the following utttmn. Mar.v attempts have been made to cross them with Amaryllis and other allied families without success ; but they produce fine crosses among themselves. Seeds sown in heat, in spring, or as soon as ripe, but chiefly by offsets from the bulbs; rich, sandy loam, with a little peat; deeply planted, and a dry situation in winter ; or protected in a cold pit or greenhouse, and kept dry until vege- tation commences. iV. coru'sca (glittering). 1. Scarlet. July. 180^ — curvifu'lia (curve-leaved). 1. Purple.July.1777- — fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Pink. September. 1795, — hu'milis (low). 2. Bed. June. 1795- — pulche'lla (pretty). 2. Pink. July. 1820. — ru'sea (rosy). $. Pink. July. 1818. — Sarnie'nsis (Guernsey Lily). 1. Bed. Sep tember. Japan. 1059. — undulu'ta (navcd-flowered). f . Pink. May. China. 1 767. — venu'sta (beautitul). 1. Scarlet. June. 1806. Ne'ritjsi. Oleander. (From neros moist ; referring to their native places o! growth. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna, cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1 -Monogynia. NES C 567 ] NEW Notwithstanding the beaut}' of the Oleander, it is one of the most virulent of vegetable poisons. Beautiful greenhouse plants, but which require a higher temperature to start them in the spring. Cuttings of shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept warm ; cuttings a little older do well in phials of water, also kept warm ; peat and loam, enriched with cow-dung and leaf- mould. Winter temp., 35° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°. The shoots made this season should bloom the next, if well ripened. //. odo'rum ^weet-scented). 6. Pale red. July. E. Ind. 1633. cu'rneum (fleshy). 6. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1633. ple'num (double-flowered). 5. Pale red. July. E. Ind. )683. — olea'nder (oleander). 8. Red. August. South Europe. 1596. a'lbum. (white -flowered). 8. White. August. South Europe. 1596. sple'ndens (shining). 7. Red. August. South Europe. 1814. variega'tum (variegated). 8. Striped. August. South Europe. — thyrsiflu'rum (thyrse-flowered). 5. Pink. July. Nepaul. 1830. Nes;e'a. (The name of a sea-nymph. l$a.t.ord.,Loosestrifes [Lythraceee]. Linn., 11-Dodecctudria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Heimia.) Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions in spring, as fresh growth commences ; cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. N. triflo'ra (three-flowered). 3. Blue. August. Mauritius. 1802. Netou'xia. (Named after M. Netoux, a German author. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanacere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo- nogynia. Allied to Nicotiana.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in spring; cuttings of shoots under a hand-light, in summer ; rich, sandy loam. N.formo'sa (handsome), j. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1826. Netting is employed to prevent the radiation of heat from walls, and the rude access of wind to trees grown upon them, as well as to prevent the ravages of birds. Netting is a very effectual preventive of cooling, for reasons which will be stated when considering Screens generally ; and in connexion with that, it may be ob- served, that it is not altogether immate- rial of what substance netting is formed. Worsted is to be preferred, not only be- cause it is the most durable, but because it is the best preventive of a wall's cooling. We have found the thermometer under a hemp net sink, during the night, from 2° to 4° lower than that under a net of worsted, the meshes being small and of equal size in both nets. This can only be because worsted is known to be a worse conductor of heat than hemp; and, not absorbing moisture so easily, is not so liable to the cold always produced by its drying. Netting will also exclude flies and other winged insects from the fruit against walls, although the meshes are more than large enough to permit their passage. Why this is the case is not very apparent ; but the netting is equally effi- cient in keeping similar insects from in- truding into rooms if there are no cross lights. If there are windows on different sides of the room, and it is to be pre- sumed, therefore, also in a green or hot- house, nets would not be so efficient. One hundred square yards of netting, according to some merchants' mode of measuring, will not cover more than fifty square yards of wall, for they stretch the net, first longitudinally, and then laterally, when making their measurement, and not in both directions at once, as the gar- dener must when covering his trees. Dis appointment, therefore, should be avoided, when ordering new nets, by stating the size of the surface which has to be co- vered. This may be done without any fear of imposition. Mr. Eichardson, net-maker, New Koad, London, informs us, that one cwt. of old mackarel-net, weighed when quite dry, will cover eight hundred square yards; and one cwt. of old herring -net (smaller meshes) will cover six hundred square yards. Mr. Hulme, of Knutsford, has sent us various specimens of his nets and open canvass for inspection — some made of woollen and others of hemp : the last does not shrink after being wetted like the woollen. Mr. J. Haythorn, of Nottingham, has also sent us specimens of his excel- lent hexagonal netting. Nettle-tree. Ce'ltis. New Jersey Tea. Ceano'thus Ante- rica'nus. New Zealand Spinach (Tetrago'nm expa'nsa) is much admired as a substitute for summer spinach, being of more deli- cate flavour, and continues available the whole summer. Sow, at the latter end of March, in the seed-vessel, as gathered in the preceding autumn, in a pot, and placed in a melon- frame. The seedlings to be pricked while small singly into pots, to be kept under a frame without bottom-heat until the third week in May, or until the danger of frost is past. Plant in rows, in a rich, light NIC [ 508 ] NIG soil, at three or four feet apart each way. Twenty plants will afford an abundant supply daily for a large family. In five or six weeks after planting, the young shoots may be gathered, these being pinched off. They are productive until a late period of the year, as they survive the frosts that kill nasturtiums and potatoes. To obtain Seed. — A plantation must be made on a poorer soil, or kept stunted and dry in pots, as ice-plants are when seed is required of them. Nicker-tree. Guilandi'na. Nicotia'na. Tobacco. (Named after Nicot, a French ambassador in Portugal, who first obtained seeds from a Dutch merchant. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola- n&aedb].lAim,,b-Pentaiidria\-Monogynia.) Tobacco was first introduced either from To- bago, in the West Indies, or Tobasco, in Mexico — hence the name. Shrubby and perennial kinds require the warm greenhouse in winter, and may be propagated by divisions and cuttings, and also freely by seeds ; all the annuals are raised by seed sown in a hotbed, in March or April ; seedlings pricked off, potted, and transplanted in rich soil towards the end of May, when the ornamental ones will adorn the flower-border, and the useful ones, such as taba'cum and macrophy'lla, will yield their large leaves for fumigating purposes; gluu'cu makes a fine appearance against a wall. ANNUALS. N. ala'ta (winged). 2. Pink. September. N. Amer. 1829. — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pink. August. Chili. 1819. — Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 4. Hose. July. Brazil. 1825. — Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Pink. August. China. 1819. — dilata'ta (spread). 3. Pink. Aueust. 1S20. —fra'grans (sweet-scented,). 3£. White. Isle of Pines. — glutino'sa (clammy). 4. Scarlet. August. Peru. 1759. — longifiu'ra (long-rea (tree). 20. Cape of Good Hope. 1832. — a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 4. Purple. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — lu'eida (bright). 6. E. Ind. 1819- — Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 8. Mauritius. 1822. — multifiofra (many-flowered). 8. Sierra Leone. 1820. — ni'tida (shining). 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1815. — obtusa'ta (blunted). 4. E. Ind. 1/90. Ochka'nthe. (From ochros, pale yellow, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Cunoniads iCnnoniacese], Linn., b-Pentandria 3- Triyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers; cuttings of ripened shoots under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; sandy, fibry loam. A cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter. O. argiJta (sharp). Yellow. March. China. 1820. Ochro'ma. (From ochros, pale; re- . ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Ster ciiliads [Sterculiaceae]. Linn., 16-Mona. delphia 2-Pentagynia. Allied to Chei- rostemon.) The wood of O. lago'pus is so light that it is used in the West Indies for corks. Stove, white- flowered, evergreen trees. Cutrings of stubby, side, half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- glass, in heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 6o° to 85°, O. lagu'pus (hare's-foot). 40. Jamaica. 1804. — tomento'sa (woolly-leaved). 20. S. Amer. 1816. Ocheo'sia. (From ochros, pale yellow. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [ Apocynaceae] . Linn., 5-Peittandria l-JIonogynia. Allied to Cerbera.) Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots ; treatment similar to Ochroma. O. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 10. Cream. Bour- bon. 1828. O'cysium. Basil. (From ozo, smell; the powerful odour of the plant. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) Ail but one are white-flowered ; and most of them require to be treated as tender and half- hardy annuals. To be sown in a slight hotbed, and transplanted afterwards ; the border kinds sown where they are to crow, in warm places and light, rich soil, late in May. See Ba'sil. STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C O. Boje'ri (Bojer's). 2. Madagascar. 1825. Herbaceous. —filamentn'sum (thready). 2. September. Africa. 1802. — grati'ssimum (most agreeable). 2. July. E. Ind. 1751. — menthor'des (mint-like). 1. Annual. — inottta'num (mountain). J. May. W. Ind. 1825. Annual. — tafnetum (holy). 1. Purple. E. Ind. 176. Annual. HARDY ANNUALS, &C. O. basi'licum (common-basil). 1. August. E. Ind. I54S. — — glabra' turn (smooth). July. E. Ind. 1817, pilo'sum (soft-haired). 1. July. th'jrsifio'rum (thvrse - flowered;. 1$. June. E. Ind. 1806. — bfcolor {two-coloured}. 2. October. Abys- sinia. 1842. Deciduous shrub. — minimum (least). J. July. Chili. 15/3. Odontoglo'ssuh. (From odous, a tooth, and glossa, a tongue; tooth-like processes on the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orcbidaceae]. Linn., 20- Gymindria \-Monundria. Allied to On- cidium.) Stove orchids. Division of pseudo-bulbs | ODO 573 ] CENO fastened to * block of wood, and then the block listened across the mouth of a pot, with fibry peat, sphagnum, and potsherds placed round it. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65° to 90°. O. angusta'tum (narrow-Jeaved). White, purple. Merida. — bi'color (two-coloured). Violet, yellow. Peru. — Bictone'nse (Bicton). Lilac, green. April. Guatimala. 1837- a'lbum (white -lipped). Brown, white. April. Guatimala. 1843. ru'brum {red-lipped). Brown, red. April. Oaxaca. 1843. — brevifo'lium (short-leaved). Purple. Loxa. — ca'ndidum (white). Guatimala. 1840. — Cervante'sii (Cervantes'). §. White, yellow. June. Oaxaca. 1845. — eitro'smum (lemon-scented). 1. White, rose. March. Guatimala. 1840. — Clowe'sii (Clowes's). Yellow, brown. May. Brazil. 1840. — carrule'sci-ns (bluish). White, blue. May. Mexico. — constri'ctum (constrained). Yellow, brown, green. January. La Guayra. J341. ma'jus (larger). Yellow, brown. May. La Guayra. 1843. — cordu'titm (heart-lipped). 1. Greenish-yellow, brown. January. Mexico. 1S37. — cri'spvm (curled). Yellow, purple. May. Colombia. 1844. — cristu'tum (crested). Brown-spotted. Peru. — cuspida'ltnn (sharp-pointed-teru-ed). Green, brown. May. — densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). Yellow, red. March. Tanja. — Egerto'ni (Egerton's). White. April. Gua- timala. 1840. — Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Guatimala. 1842. — epidendroi'des (epidendrum - like). Yellow, purple. November. New Grenada. — Galeottia num (Galeotti's). White. April. Mexico. 1843. — Ghiesbreghtia'num (Ghiesbreght's). Mexico. — gra'nde (magnificent). I. Cream, brown. Murth. Mexico. 1839. • label llo-a'lbum (white-lipped). 1. Yellow, white. December. Guatimala. — Ha'llii (Hall's). Yellow, purple. November. Peru. — kasta'tum (halbert-like). Green, red. Mexico. — hastila'bium (halbert-lipped). 1. White, yel- low, brown. August. Guatimala. 1848, — Inilea'yi (Insleay's). Brown, yellow, orange. July. Mexico. 1840. — laroe [smooih-lipped). White, yellow, brown. June. Guatimala. 1841. — la'eenim (torn). Yellow, brown. Peru. — longifo' Hum (long-leaved). Peru. — lu'teo-purpu'reum (yellow-purple). Yellow, purple. February. Quindia. — macula' turn (spotted). 2. Yellow, brown. May. Mexico. 1838. — maxilln're (jaw-bone). Flesh, red, yellow. September. Mexico. 1846. — membranti'ceum (membrane -sheathed). j. White, brown. May. Mexico. 1843. — mya'nthum (fly-flowered). Peru. — nebulo'sum (clouded). Mexico. — odora'tutn (sweet-scented). Yellow, red. July. Sierra Nevada. — pardi'num (panther-like). Yellow.brown. Peru. — parviflu'rum (small-flowered). Bark purple, white. August. Mexico. — futche-llum (pretty). 1. White, yellow. June. Guatimala. 1833. O. retu'sum (bent-back). Deep yellow. Mars?*. Peru. — ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. Peru. — Ro'llice (Lady Bolle's). July. Guatimala. 1841. — ro'seum (rosy). Rose. Peru. — Ro'ssii (Ross's). Yellow, brown, white. March. Mexico. 1839. — Stella' turn (starry -/lowered). White, green. April. Mexico. 1839. — Warne'ri (Warner's). J. Yellow, crimson. April. Mexico. 1844. purpura 1 turn (purplish). J. Purple, yellow. May. Mexico. 1845. Odontolo'ma. (From odous, a tooth, and loma, an edge ; fronds or leaves tooth-notched. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- podiacese]. Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia 1- Filices.) Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. See Fkrns. O. Bnrya'num (Bory's). May. Isle of Luzon. — pulche' Hum (neat). May. Isle of Luzon. — tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). May. E. Ind. (Eceo'clades. (From oikeo, to in- habit, and klados, a branch. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gy- nandria 1-Monandria. Allied to An- grsecuni.) Stove orchid. Divisions, by separating a newly- formed shoot ; block of wood, or shallow baskets, in sphagnum and fibry turf, and suspended from the roof of a house. Winter temp., 50° to 60°, and dryish atmosphere ; summer, 70° to 90°, dry before flowering, moist afterwards. {B.fdlea'ta (sickle-shaped). $. White. April. China. 1815. CEnoca'kpus. (From oinos, wine, and karpos, a fruit ; yields palm-wine and oil. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21- Moncecia Q-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.) Stove Palm. Seeds, but generally suckers ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 6o° to 90°. (E. Bata'na (Batana). 40. S. Amer. 1820. (Enothe'ka. Evening Primrose. (From oinos, wine, and thera, imbibing ; the roots of bie'nnis supposed to be an in- centive to drinking wine. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn., 8-Oclan- dria 1-Moiwgynia.) Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open border, in April ; also in the autumn, to stand over the winter, and bloom early ; perennials, by seeds also, by divisions of the plants in spring, and the more rare and tender by cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light, in early summer. See Gode'tia for some species some- times included in this genus. HALF-HARDY. (E. acau'lis (stemlcss). £. White. July. Chili. 1821. Herbaceous. — eheiranthi/o'lia (\\a\ Mower-leaved), lj. Yel- low. July. Chili. 1823. Evergreen. — Drummo'ndii (Drummond'sj. J. Yellow. August. Texas. 1833. Herbaceous. — ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. June. Peru. 1J83. Herbaceous. (ENO [574] OLD HARDY HERBACEOUS. (E.anho'lola (unequal - lobed). 8. White, June. Chiloe. 1S2S. — cxspitt/sa (tufted). 1. White. June. N, Araer. 1811. — Frasefn (Fraser's). 1J. Yellow. June. N, Amer. 1811. — — - variega'ta (variegated-feated). 1. Yel- low. July. Gardens. —fmticu'sa (shrubby). 3. Yellow. August. N^Amer. 1737- — ambi'gua (doubtful). I. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1813. I'ndica (Indian), lj. Yellow. July. India. — glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1812. — variega'ta(vdxiegiLte&-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. — gra'cilis (slender). 1. Yellow. 1333. — hy'brida (hybrid). I. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1813. — macroca'rpa (large - fruited). 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1811. — Missourie'nsis (Missouri). 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1818. — nervo'sa (large-nerved). 2. Yellow. July. 1S27. — Nuttafllii (Nuttall's). White. June. N. Amer. 1811. — pa'liida (pale). 1$. White, red. June. America. 1826. — pu'mila (dwarf). 4. Yellow. July. N.Amer. 1/57. — pusi'lla (small). *. Yellow. July. N.Amer. 1817. — Sello>wii (Sellow's). Montevideo. 1831. — sernUa't a (small-toothed). 1. Yellow. June. N.Amer. 1824. — se'reftina (lite-flowering). 1J. Yellow. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1B20. — specio'sa (showy). 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1821. — 1 mdjor (larger). 6. White. July. N. Amer. — tarazacifo'lia (dandelion-leaved). J. White. June. Peru. 1825. — tetrago'na (four-angled-porfrfed). lj. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1820. HARDY BIENNIALS. fE. a'lbieans (whitish). 2. Whitish. June. Peru. 1823. — albicau'lis (white-stalked). 4. White. June. N.Amer. 1811. — bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Yellow. July. N. Araer. 1629. — bi' front (two-faced). 1|. Purple. August. Texas. 1835. — entcia'ta (cross- flowered). 3. Yellow. July. N.Amer. 1824. — er&sa (jagged). 2. Citron-coloured. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1828. — globula'ris (globular). 3. Yellow. July. 1S21. — incm'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. N.Amer. 1820. — 'ongiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. Yellow. August. Buenos Ayres. 1776. — le'dia (intermediate). 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1823. — *>ctu'rna (night-smelling). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. -odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1790. — pube'scens (downy). I.White. July. S. Amer. 1826. (E. salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. 1824. — Simtia'na (Sims's). 3. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1816. — stria'ta (streaked). Yellow. Julv. ISM. — viUo'sa (shaeey). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1791. HARDY ANNUALS. CE. amm'na (pleasing). 1. Purple. July. N.Amer. 1825. — clava'ta (dab-leaved). I. White. July. Mexico. I827. — decu'mbens (lying-down), lj. Purple. August California. 1S27. — densiflo'ra (close-flowered). 3. Purple. August. California. 1830. — Lindle'yii (Lindley's). 1$. Purple. August. N. Amer. 1826. — linea'ris (narrow-fcm-ed). lj. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1822. — Pu'rshii (Pursh's). White. July. N. Amer. 1811. — quudrivu'lnera (four-wounded), li. Pink. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1S26. — tinua'ta (scoWoned-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1770. mi'nima (smallest), i. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1825. — stri'cta (erect). 14. Yellow. June. 1S22. — tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved), 14. Purple. August. Chili. 1828. — tri'loba (three-lobed). 4. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1S22. — vimi'nea ftwiggy). 2. Purple. July. California. 1826. — virga'la (rod-shaped). 14. Purple, white. July. Peru. 1823. Offsets are side bulbs produced by some bulbous roots, and by which the species can be propagated. Whatever checks the upward growth of the parent plant, as an early breaking down of the stem, compels the sap to find other organs for its reception, and, conse- quently, promotes the production of off- sets. " The practice," says Dr. Lindley, " of scarring the centre of bulbs, the heads of echino-cacti, and such plants, and the crown of the stem of species like Littce'a geminijlo'ra, in all which case3 suckers are the result, is explicable on the foregoing principle." Ogechee Lime. Ny'ssa ca'ndicans. Oil Nut. Hamilto'nia. Oil Palm. Ela'is. O'las. (From olax, furrowed ; flowers partially furrowed, or imbricated. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn., 3- Triandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climbers, from the East Indies. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy peat, fibry loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 6o° to 80°. O. imbrica'ta (imbricated). 8. December. 1820. — sca'ndens (climbing). 8. December. 1820. Oldenla'ndia. (Named after H. B. Oldeuland, a Danish plant-collector. Nat. OLD [ 575 ] OMP ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacece]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) Allied to Hedyotis.) Cuttings of half-ripened shoots of Deppia'na in April, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. The annuals sow in a gentle hotbed, in March ; prick out the seedlings in the bed, and move them to the open border, after gradually hardening them, at the end of May. O. Cape'nsis (Cape). White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Annual. — corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June. Ja- maica. 1/39. Annual. — Deppia'na (Deppe's). 1. White. June. Mexico. 1835. Stove evergreen. — umbella'ta (umbelled). J. White. July. E. Ind. 1792. Old-Man's Beard. Geropo'gon. O'lea. Olive. (From elaia, the olive. Nat. ord., Olive-worts [Oleacere]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) The Olive will graft on the Privet, Phillyrea, Ash, Lilac, and others of the order. Evergreens, all white-flowered, except 0. fra' 'grans. Cuttings of ripened shoots in spring, in sand, under a hand-light, in a close frame or pit; also, when procurable, by seeds and grafting ; loam and peat, of an open, tibry character. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. 0. sati'va has stood for years against south walls near London. The scent oxfra'grans is sufficient to perfume a large conservatory ; ■where only one of the genus can be grown, this should be fixed upon. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. U. America'na (American). 6, June. N. Amer. — arbn'rea (tree). 20. August. 1825. — Cape'nsis (Cape). 5. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1730. undula'ta {\\&ve-leaved). 6. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1734. — exce'lsa (tall). 15. May. Madeira. 1784. — fra'grans (fragrant). 4. Yellow. July. China. 1771. — olea'ster (oleaster. Wild Olive). 5. July. Por- tugal. 1821. — panicula'ta (panicled). 10. July. N. Holland. 1825. — sati'va (cultivated). August. South Europe. 1570. — buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 15. July. South Europe. — ferrugi'nea (rusty-feuped). 15. July. Cape of Good Hope. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 15. July. South Eu- rope. — longifu'lia (long-leaved). 15. July. South Eu- rope. — obli'qua (twisted-Zeaeed). 15. July. South Eu- rope. — cerruco'sa (warted). 6. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1814. STOVE EVERGREENS. O. dioi'ca (dioecious). 30. March. E. Ind. 1818. — la'ncea (spear-head-fcaued). 20. August. Isle of France. 1819. — robu'sta (robust). June. Sylhet. 1824. — Roxburghia'na (Dr. Roxburgh's). 15. August. E. Ind. 1820. Oleander. Ne'rium. Olea'ndra. (The genus is founded on nerii/o'rmis, or oleander-like. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaeeos]. Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See Ferns. O. articula'ta (jsinted). June. India. 1837. — Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). June. Isle of Luzon. — neriifo'rmis (oleander-like). May. E. Ind. — nodo'sa (knotty). May. S.Amer. 1840. — Walli'chii (Wallich's). May. Nepaul. Oleaster, or Wild Olive. Elma'gnus. Olfe'esia. (Named after Olfers, a Ger- man botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polvpo- diaceas]. Juinn.,24:-Cryptogamial-Filices.) Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See Ferns. O. a'podum (stemless). June. W. Ind. 1824. — Blumeu'num (Blume's). April. Isle of Luzon. — calltefu'lium (calla-leaved). August. Java. 1840. — cerv.i'na (stag-horned). May. W. Ind. 1840. — confo'rme (conformed). August. Cape of Good Hope. 1841. — Corcovade'nsis (Corcovado). May. Brazil. 1837. — longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. W. Ind. 1841. — obtusifdlium (blunt - leaved). June. Isle of Luzon. — scnlopendrifo'lium (scolopendrium - leaved). August. Brazil. 1S41. — si'mplex (simple). 1. July. Jamaica. 1/93. — squamo'sum (scaly). July. W. Ind. — visco'sum (clammy). August. W. Ind, 1826. — villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. Jamaica. 1843. Ollbandm. Boswe'llia. Olive. O'lea. Olive -Bark-tree. Bu'cida. Olive-Wood. Elceode'ndron. Omala'nthus. (From homalos, smooth, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Spurge- worts [Euphorbiaceas]. Linn., 21-Mo- ncecia 10-Decandria. Allied to Hippo- mane.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm shoots in sand, in heat ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. O. populifo'lia (poplar-ieaved). 6. White. August. N. Holland. 1825. Ojiime Plant. Plecta'nthrus. Omphalo'biitm. (From omphalos, the navel, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., Cona- rads [Conaracese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) The beautiful zebra-wood of the cabinet-maker* is that of O. Africa'num. Stove evergreen shrubs, with pale red flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°{ summer, 60° to 85°. O. Africa'num (African). 8. Guinea. 182S. — I'ndicum (Indian). 8. Ceylon. Ojiphalo'des. Venus's Navelwort. (From omphales, the navel, and eidos, like; referring to the seed. Nat. ord., Borage* ivorts [Boraginacese]. Linn., b-Penlan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Seeds of annuals in open border, in March, and once or twice more during the summer; the per- ennials, by diviiion. O. ve'rna is a beautiful ONC 1. 576 1 ONC -o.int in the recesses of rock-works, in shady corners, thriving as well in shade as the interest- ing Periwinkles. HARDY ANNUALS. O. fyiterme'dia (intermediate). Blue. April. Arabia. 1836. Biennial. — lini/o'lia (flax-leaved). 1. White. July. Por- tugal. 1~48. — litora'iis (shore). 1. White. July. France. 1826. — tcorpioi' des (scorpion-like). 1. Blue. July. Bohemia. 1S25. HARDY HERBACEOUS. ©. «mp/e«cat!'i.'i.s(stem-clisping). 1. White. July. Spain. 1823. — myosotoi'des (mouse-ear-like), 1$. Brush. Sep- tember. Russia. 1838. — ni'tidum (shining). 2. White. Mav. Portugal. 1812. — sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2j. Blue. June. Britain. — vefrna (spring). A. Blur. March. South Eu- rope. 1633. Onci'ditjm. (From ogkos, a tumour ; re- ferring to excrescences on the base of the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- ehidacese] . Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan- dria. Allied to Odontoglossum.) Stove orchids. Divisions as growth is commenc- ing in spring ; very shallow baskets suit all the largest-leaved kinds, or they may be fastened to a block of wood, that fastened across the mouth of a pot, the pot filled loosely with pieces of wood and charcoal, to insure perfect drainage, and then rotten wood, sphagnum, and fibry peat laid round the lower part of the plants, provided the base of the leaves is not covered. Hardy kinds, as flexu- ti'sum, require more packing; small, tender kinds must be carefully treated, to prevent damping, especially when not growing. Winter temp., 56° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 90°. O. alti'ssimum (tallest). 4. Yellow, brown, March. Panama. 1793. — mmi'ctum (frilled). 1. Yellow, brown-blotched. April. Brazil. 1846. — amplia'tum (broad-ftpped). 2. Yellow, brown. March. America. 1S32. — ma'jor (larger-flowered). £. Yellow. March. Guatimala. 1840. — otce'ndens (ascending). Yellow. April. Guati- mala. 1837- j— barba'tum. (bearded). 1J. Yellow. April. Brazil. 1818. ^Barke'ri (Barker's). 1. Yellow. April. Mexico. 1840. — Batemania'num (Bateman's). Yellow. April. Mexico. 1838. .— Bau'eri (Bauer's). Yellow, brown. April. .— bicallo'sum (two-warted). l. Orange, brown. July. Panama. 1842. - bi'color (two-coloured-yjoioererf). A.. Yellow. September. Mexico. 1841. f bicornu'tum (two-horned). 1. Yellow-spotted. June. Rio Janeiro. 1830. *■ bifo'lium (two-leaved), f. Yellow, purple. July. Montevideo. 1811. ' pa'llidum (pale-yelloa). J. Pale yellow. July. Monte Video. 1832. - brachyphy'llum (short-leaved). Yellow, brown. July. Mexico. 1K36. j-ca'ndidum (white). White, yellow. March. Mexico. 1843. - erivi'tum ;keeled). Brown, yellow. August. Xalapa. 1833. O. Carthigincfnse (Carthaginian). *. Olive. May. Carthatri>. 1791. — Cebollefti (Cebnllefs). 1. Yellow. April. W. Ind. 1825. — cilia'tum ((ringed-lipped). J. Yellow, red. Ja- nuary. Brazil. 1818. — citri'num (lemon-coloured). 5. Yellow. Au- gust. Trinidad. — c&ncolor (one-coloured), f . Lemon. May. Organ Mountains. 1839. — confrago'sum (uneven). Straw. July. Mexico. 1835. — eorni'gerum (horn-bearing). J. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1829. — cri'spum (cur\ed-petaled). 3. Orange. June. lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. May. Organ Mountains. 1838. — cuculla'tum (hooded). Red, purple. February. Quindia. — cu'rtum (curtailed). Brown, yellow. 1846. — deltoi'deum (triangular-Zipped). 1. Yellow. October. Luna. 1836. — Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Yellow, brown. January. Guatimala. 1836. — divarica'tum (spreading). 1A. Yellow, orange, brown. December. Brazil. 1826. — cu'preum (copper-coloured). 1J. Yellow, cop- per. December. Brazil. 1836. — txcava'tum (hollowed). Yellow. May. Gua- timala. 1840. —falcipe'tulum (sickle-petaled). Brown. August. Merida. — fimbria' turn (U\T>%e&-flowered). Yellow. Brazil. — flabelli'ferum (fan-bearing). Brown, purple. July. Brazil. 1843. — flexuo'sum (zigzaz). 1£. Yellow, brown. June. Brazil. 1818. ma'jor (larger-lowered), lj. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1839. — Forbe'sii (Forbes's). 1. Scarlet, yellow. Sep- tember. Organ Mountains. 1837- — Fbrfce'ftt" (Forkel's). Yellow, crimson. June. Mexico. 1844. — gutta'tum (spotted). Yellow, brown. April. Jamaica. 1838. fu'lgens (brilliant). Jamaica. 1S3S. ma'jus (larger). Jamaica. 1838. — Harrisonia'num (Harrison's). 1. Yellow- spotted.. October. Brazil. 1830. — hasta'tum (halbert-rtpped). Brown, yellow. August. Mexico. 1840. — Hervhma'nni (Henchman's). Pale rose. May. Mexico. 1839. — Man* (gaping-/oit'ere<2). Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1837. — Huntianum (Hunt's). Yellow, red. September, Brazil. — incu'niim (curled-back). Bluish-white. July. Mexico. 1S39. — Inslea'vi (Insleav's). Yellow, brown. Juiy. Mexico. 1840. — inter me 1 dium (intermediate). 2. Orange.March Cuba. — iridifo'lium (iris-leayed). i. Yellow. June Mexico. 1835. — la cerum (cut-lipped), lj. Yellow. April. Pa- nama. 1844. — Lancea'num (Lance's). 1A.. Yellow, purple August. Surinam. 1834. ma'ju % (larger). Green, purple. August Guiana. 1836. — Lemonia'num (Sir C. Lemon's). |. Yellow- spotted. March. Havannah. 1836. . — leucochi'lum (white-lipped). 1. Yellow, browi . August. Guatimala. 1835. — Linde'nii ^Linden'*;. May. Guatimala. !M5v ONC t 577 .] ONE 0. Umg%ifofrme (tongue-shaped). Yellow, rose. July. Merida. — hngifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. Yellow, brown. March. Mexico. 1840. — luna'tum {crescent-lipped). 1. Orange. June. Demerara. 183(5. — lu'ridum (lurid). 2. Olive, brown. March. Ja- maica. 1822. ■ gutta'tum (speckled). 2. Yellow, red. July. Jamaica. 1837. purpura'tum (purple-stained). 2. Crimson, purple-speckled. September. — macranthe'rum (large-anthered). J. Green, purple. March. Mexico. 1840. — microchi'lum (small-lipped). Yellow, crimson. September. Guatimala. 1838. — mono'ceras (one-horned). 2. Yellow. January. Rio Janeiro. 1839. — na'num (dwarf). While. La Guayra. 1842. — nebulo'sum (cloudy). Yellow, brown. Guati- mala. — nu'dum (naked). Yellow, crimson. July. Ca- raccas. 1834. — oblonga'tum (oblong-leaved). Yellow. July. Guatimala. 1844. — onu'stum (loaded). 2. Yellow. October. Peru. 1848. — omithorhy'nchon (bird's-bill). 2. Pink, white. July. Mexico. 1826. pallidum (pale-flowered). 2. Pale purple. December. Guatimala. 1835. pachyphy'llum (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow, red. January. Mexico. 1839. — papi'lio (butterfly-plant). 1$. Yellow, purple. June. Trinidad. 1823. limba'tum (bordered). 1$. Crimson, brown, yellow. October. Trinidad. 1823. — pectora'le (breast-plate). Brown, crimson. April. Brazil. 1842. — pelica'num (pelican-beaked). Yellow. October. Mexico. 1839. — pe'ndulum (drooping-flowered) . Brown, yellow. September. Guatimala. 1840. — pergamc'neum (parchment). Yellow. August. Guatimala. 1839. — phymatochi'lum (long-lipped). 2. White, yel- low. April. Brazil. 1844. — Pinellia'num (Pinelli's). Brown, red. Brazil. 1841. — pu'bes (downy). 1. Green, red. April. Brazil. 1824. flave'scens (yellowish). 1. Red, yellow. October. Brazil. 1839. — pttlche'llum (neat). 4. White-spotted. May. Jamaica. — pulvina'tum (cushion-like). 8. Yellow, brown. June. Brazil. 1836. — pu'milum (dwarf). $. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1824. pa'llidum (pale). $. Pale yellow. May. Brazil. 1840. — rar.i'ferum (frog-bearing). 1. Yellow. August. Brazil. 1838. ma'j us (larger-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au- gust. Brazil. — refle'xum (bent -back). Yellow. October. Mexico. 1836. — rtfseum (rosy). Rose. July. Mexico. 1833. mu'jus "(larger). Rose. March. Honduras. 1839. pa'llidum (pale). Pale rose. March. Hon- duras. I839. — Russellia'num (Russell's). 1. Purple, green. Rio Janeiro. 1835. — tangui'neum (crirason-blotched). Crimson, red. La Guayra, 37 O. sphacela'tum (scorched). 2. Yellow, brown February. Mexico. 1838. grundiflo'rum (large-flowered). Yellow, brown. February. Mexico. 1840. — spilo'pterum (spotted- winged). J. Brown, yellow. February. Brazil. 1844. — s and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Amaryl- lids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexa/i- dria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Sternbergia.) A hardy, free-flowering bulb, very useful for mixed borders, flowering close to the ground in the autumn. For culture, see Amaky'llis. O. lu'teus (yellow), and lu'teus angustifo'lia (nar- row-leaved). J. Yellow. September. South Europe. 1596. Optj'ntia. Indian Fig. (A Latin name, of which the derivation is not applicable to the species now placed under it. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn, 12- Jcosandria 1-Monoyynia.) Greenhouse evergreen succulents, with yellow flowers, when not otherwise mentioned. Cuttincs, by taking pieces off at the joints, and drying them a little before inserting them in sandy loam, and giving them a brisk bottom-heat. The great point is to give them a high temperature and a moist atmosphere when growing in summer, say from 65° to 85° or 90° ; to reduce the moisture gradually as autumn approaches, but not the temperature, until autumn is on the wane j and then to keep them in a low temperature (40° or 50°), and dry during the winter ; sandy loam, fibry peat, each one part; lime-rubbish, cow-dung, and charcoal, one-third part each'. Vulga'ris has stood in dry situations out of doors near London, and has been unhurt when planted at the foot of a wall, and wet excluded during winter. All species of which we know nothing but the names have been omitted. O. a'lbicans (whitish-spt'nwf). Mexico. 1835. — alpi'na (alpine). Chili. 1836. — America'na (American). S. Amer. 1835. — Amyclce'a (Amyclean). Naples. 1825. — articula'ta (jointed). June. 1836. — auranti'aca (orange-yfoicered). 3. Orange, yellow. Chili. 1824. — Bonpla'ndi (Bonpland's). July. Brazil. 1816. — Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 25. July. Brazil. I8l6. — cochinilli'fera (cochineal-bearing). 5. Red. August. S. Amer. 16SS. — corruga'ta (wrinkled). Chili. 1824. — cra'ssa (tbick-lobed). 2. Mexico. 1817. — Curassa'vica (Curassoa). 6. June. Curassoa. 1690. elonga'ta (elongated). 3. lo'nga (long). 0'. June. Curassoa. 1690. — cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 3. Scarlet. Peru. 179S> — deci'piens (deceiving). Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1830. — decuma'na (great- oblong). 10. S.Amer. 1/68. — decu'mbens (lying-down). $. Jane. Mexico. 1835. — deje'eta (dejected). Havannah. 1836. — dicho'toma (two-rowed). Buenos Ayres. 1836. — X>iV/e'»!i(Pillenius's). 5. September. 1810. — ela'tior (taUer-black-spined). 6. July. S. Amer. 1/31. — exte'nsa (outspread). Lilac, yellow. 1824. — exuvia'ta (cast-forth). June. Mexico. 1830. —fe'rox (fierce). 3. S. Amer. 1817- — fi'cus 1'ndica (Indian fig). 2. June. S.Amer.1/31. —folio'sa (leafy). S. Amer. 1805. —fra'gilis (brittle). 2. N. Amer. 1814. — glomera'ta (round-headed). Brazil. I829. — Hernande'zii (Hernandez's). Variegated. Mexico. 1827. — ho'rrida (horrid). July. S. Amer. 1/95. — imbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. 1820. — ine'rmis (unarmed). July. S. Amer. 1796. — lanceola'ta (spear-head-shaped). 2. July. S. Amer. 1796. — leucaca'ntha (white-flowered). White. S. Amer. 1825. — leuco'tric/ia (white-haired). 4. White. Ger« many. 1836. — Inngispi'n'a (long-spined). Brazil. 1820. — ma'xima (largest). 10. S.Amer. 1820. — tne'dia (.miiidle-many-spined). N. Amer. 182". — megaca'ntha (large-spined). Mexico. 1835. — Mexica'na (Mexican). Mexico. 1835. — Missourie'nsis (Missouri).June. N. Amer. 1814. — monaca'ntha (single-spined). 1. S. Amer. 1816. — myrmcu'ntha (myriad-spined). Mexico. 1830. — nigricans (blackish-spin«z). 3. Pink. Au- gust. S. Amer. 1/95. — nopali'llo (small nopal). Mexico. 1838. — Otto'nis (Otto's). June. Brazil. 1830. OEA [584] OKC O. pa'rvula (least;. Chili. 1625. — platprtcn'ntha (broad-spined). 1814. — polya'ntha (many-flowered). 3. S. Amer. 1811. — poli/ncu'nlfia (many-spined). l.N.Amer. 18)4. — pteu'tio-tu'na (false-tuna). 1811. — puie'scens (downy). June. Mexico. 1836. — pulointt'ta (powdered). June. Mexico. 1836. — pusi'lla (small). 4. S. Amer. 1805. — ramuli'fera (branched). June. Mexico. 1826. — re'ptuns (creeping). Mexico. 1838. — r&sea (rosy). Rose. June. Mexico. 1830. — ruhe'scens (red-stemmed). Brazil. 1828. — cent Vis (old-man). 1837. — «ert'cea (silky). 1. Chili. i627. — tpinau'rea (golden-spined). Mexico. 1838. — spinnsi'ssimu (spiniest). 20. July. Jamaica. 1 /32. - spinuli'fera (small-spine-bearing). Mexico. 1836. — Stape'lia (Stapelia-like). June. Mexico. 1830. — subine'rmis (few-spined). 2. 1819. — sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Chili. 1827. — tomento'sa (shaggy). 2. S. Amer. 1820. — triaca'ntha (three-spined). 2. S. Amer. — tuberculoma (warted). I. America. 1818. — tu'na (tuna). 3. July. S. Amer. 1731. — vulga'ris (common). 2. July. South Europe. 1596. Orach. (A'triplex liorte' nsis.) This is cooked and eaten in the same manner as spinach, to which it is much preferred hy many persons, although it helongs to a tribe whose wholesomeness is very sus- picious. 8o%l. — It flourishes best in a rich, moist soil, and in an open compartment. Soto about the end of September, and again in the spring for succession, in drills six inches apart. When the seed- lings are about an inch high, thin to six inches asunder, and those removed may be planted out at the same distance in a similar situation, and watered occasion- ally until established. For early produc- tion sow in a moderate hotbed at the same time as those in the natural ground. The leaves must be gathered for use whilst young, otherwise they become stringy and worthless. To save Seed. — Some plants of the spring sowing must be left ungathered from, and thinned to about eight inches apart. The seeds ripen about the end of August, when the plants must be pulled up, and, when perfectly dry, the seed rubbed out for use. Orange. (Ci'trus aura'ntium). See Ci'trtjs. Orange Thoen. Citriola'tus. Orchard is an enclosure devoted to the cultivation of hardy fruit-trees. With respect to the situation and aspect for an orchard, avoid very low, damp situations as much as the nature of the place will admit ; for in very wet soils no fruit-trees will prosper, nor the fruit be fine ; but a moderately low situation, free from co pious wet, may be more eligible than an elevated ground, as being less exposed to tempestuous winds ; though a situa- tion having a small declivity is very de- sirable, especially if its aspect incline towards the east, south-east, or south, which are rather more eligible than a westerly aspect ; but a north aspect is the worst of all for an orchard, unless particularly compensated by the peculiar temperament or good quality of the soil. Any common field or pasture that pro- duces good crops of corn, grass, or kitchen-garden vegetables is suitable for an orchard ; if it should prove of a loamy nature, it will be a particular advantage. Any soil, however, of a good quality, not too light and dry, nor too heavy, stub- born, or wet, but of a medium nature, friable and open, with not less than onp spade deep of good staple, will be proper. Drain thoroughly, and trench befoiv planting. Plant in October, or, at the latest, in November. Trees will succeed if planted later ; but those are the best months. Plant on stations {See Sta- tions) ; and the following is a good se- lection : — Of Apples, plant for Kitchen use Keswick Codling, Mank's Codling, Blenheim Pippin, Dumelow's Seedling, Minshall Crab, Bedfordshire Found- ling, Norfolk Beaufin, Hawthornden, Herefordshire Pearmain, King of Pip- pins, and John Apple. For Dessert : Early Harvest, Early Bed Margaret, Kerry Pippin, Early Nonpareil, Pit- maston, Pearson's Plate, Bibston Pip- pin, Boss Nonpareil, Old Nonpareil, Lamb- Abbey Pearmain, Stunner Pip- pin, and Court Pendu Plat. Of Cherries : Early Purple Griotte, Early May Duke, Black Eagle, Elton, Bigarreau, Florence, Late Duke, Morello, and Butter's Oc tober Morello. Of Plums: Precoce de Tours, Morocco, Orleans, Drap d'Or, Greengage, Boyal Hative, Beine Claude Violette, Coe's Golden Drop, St. Martin's Quetsche, Washington, Jefferson, Wine- sour, Magnum Bonum, St. Catherine, and Ixworth Imperatrice. In the pre- ceding fists we have named the varieties in their order of ripening ; but in this of Pears the months named are those in which the fruit is ripe. July, Doyenne d'Ete. August, Benoist. Sept., Williams' Bon Chretien, Beurre d'Amalis, Jalousie de Fontenay Vender. Oct., Duchesse d'Orleans, Marie Louise, Fondante d'Au- ORC [585] ORG *omne. Nov., Beurre Bosc, Thompson's, Doyenne Gris, Urbaniste. Dec, Hacon's Incomparable, Triomphe de Jodoigne. Jan., Beurre Langelier, Knight's Monarch. Feb., Inconnue Van Mons, Susette de Bavay.Duchesse de Mars. March, Beurre Bretonneau. April, Fortunee Parmen- tier, Bergamottee d'Esperen. Orchard House. This is the name applied by Mr. Rivers, nurseryman, Saw- bridgeworth, to cheap glazed structures, in which he grows hardy fruits in pots, and planted in the borders. We have found that such a green- house, without any heating apparatus, is most useful, not only for growing Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, but early Peas, Radishes, Strawberries, Let- tuces, small Salading, and Potatoes. Such a structure is the following, de- scribed hy Mr. Rivers, in his highly use- ful work, " The Orchard House." "We will suppose that an orchard house thirty feet long is required. A ground plan, thirty feetlong and twelve feet wide, must be marked out, ten posts or studs of good yellow deal, four inches by three, and nine feet in length, or if larch poles, sixteen inches in girth, can be procured, they are quite equal in durability ; these latter must be cut in two, and the flat sides placed outwards; these posts, or studs, whether larch or deal, must be fixed two feet in the ground firmly, and the ground ends must be charred two feet four inches from the bottom, which adds much to their durability: it will thus be seen that this, the hack line of studs, will stand seven feet in height clear from the surface. For the front wall, ten studs, four feet long, must be inserted in the ground one and a half feet, so that they stand two feet six inches clear from the surface ; on these studs, both at front and back, must be nailed a plate four inches by two and a half, on which the rafters are to rest ; the studs are thus far arranged in two lines. Now, then, for the rafters : these must be four- teen feet long, and four inches by two in thickness, placed with the narrow sur- face upwards, to spare the trouble of " ploughing," to make the rebate for the glass, which is great labour and waste of material. On the upper sid6 of each rafter, exactly in the centre, must be nailed a slip of half-inch board, three- quarters of an inch wide ; this will leave half an inch and one-eighth on each side for the glass to rest on — not too much when the width of the glass is given. We have thus the rafters so far prepared for glazing, but not yet fitted on the plates at top and bottom : they must never be morticed, but let in at top by cutting out a piece, and sloped off at bottom. To receive the glass at the top of the. rafters, a piece of three-quarter-inch deal board, six inches wide, must be nailed along the top to the end of each rafter, so as to be even with the surface, and in this should be a groove to receive the upper end of each piece of glass ; at the bottom, a piece of board, one inch thick and six inches wide, must be let in for the glass to rest on, and to carry off the water. We have thus so far a sloping roof, seven feet three inches (with the plate) high at back, and two feet nine inches high in front ; but the glass is not yet in. The most economical glass is sixteen-ounce British sheet, which can be bought at 2Jd. or 3d. per foot, and the best size twenty inches by twelve ; put- tying the laps, as it prevents breakage by frost; placing it cross-wise, so that the rafters must be about twenty inches asun- der. On and outside the back studs, half- inch boards must be nailed, well seasoned, so that they do not shrink too much ; these must be painted white. In the back wall, sliding shutters, two feet six inches by one foot, in grooves, must be fixed, for complete ventilation ; two close to the roof, and two about eighteen inches from it. The front must have, also, half-inch boards nailed on outside the studs ; one of them, the upper one, to be on hinges, so as to let down the whole length of the house ; these, when all open in hot wea- ther, ventilate thoroughly. To add . to this (and it is all required in summer), the hoards will shrink and let in air : a fierce sunlight is thus admitted by the large glass, and abundance of air, in which all fruit-trees thrive to admiration. So much for the timber and glass ; but when one sees that to walk along the centre of the building, which is about four feet nine inches in height, a per- son must be of very diminutive stature, the inquiry arises, How is head-room to be made? How simple is the an- swer! Make a trench two feet six inches wide, and tv/o feet deep, in the centre of the ground plan ; this will leave a border OEC OEC on each side four feet nine inches wide. The bottom of this trench forms the foot- path ; its sides must be supported with boards, or with four-inch brick-work. Now, as everything depends on these borders — for there must be no benches and no shelves — care must be taken to make their surface loose and open : loose materials, such as coarse cinders, lime- rubbish from old walls, or bricks broken into pieces in size from a nut to a wal- nut, may be laid on them about four inches deep ; they may then be forked over to about nine inches in depth, well mixing the above materials with the soil ; you thus have two borders not too far from the glass, and on which your orchard will thrive admirably. It will appear odd to read about trees thriving on in- stead of in a border; but when explained that this is to be an orchard in pots, it will not seem so contrary to our usual garden-culture. Orchids are divisible into two classes, the Epiphytes, or those growing upon trees, and Terrestrial, or ground-orchids, which grow upon the earth. The two classes require some difference as to the mode in which they are grown, a differ- ence pointed out in this work under each genusinits alphabetical order. Atpresent we shall confine ourselves to such general directions as are applicable to the cultiva- tion of both classes of Orchids requiring Stove treatment. Souse for Orchids. — As they require great light, the house ought to be so placed as to catch all the rays of light from the sun. A span roofed one will do so, or to the greatest degree; and so low in the angle, that the plants, whether in pots or baskets, or on logs of wood, will all be near to the glass. We find the best aspect is for the roof to fall due east and west ; then the length- way of the house will, of course, be north and south. By this means the heat and light of the sun are more equal- ised. In the cold mornings of early spring the sun will sooner give light and heat on the east side, and will be at noon in such a position that his beams will be slanting to the angle of the roof, whilst in the afternoon his power to give light and heat will be considerably prolonged. Every plant in this house will thus have its due share of light and heat. During the hot months of May, June, July, and August, the shade or blind can be let down on the morning side of the house, drawn up at noon, and let down on the afternoon side just as the sun shines ; thus giving the plants all the light possi- ble, and at the same time protecting them from the burning rays of the sun. There need not be any upright glass at the sides or ends of the house. The walls ought to rise high enough to allow a comfort- able walk and head-room. The rafters and lights ought to be fixed, and to give air a few openings may be easily con- trived in the highest part of the house, and a few sliding panels near the floor in the walls. This cold air ought to flow in over the hot pipes, and to become heated before it comes in contact with the plants. In summer, when there is no heat in the pipes, the external air is naturally so warm that no injury will accrue to the plants by admitting it into the house without being artificially heated. It is almost absolutely necessary to have more than one house. However small the col- lection may be, there will be some that require more heat than the others. The orchids of South Am erica will flourish far better in a house of moderate temperature than in a house highly heated. This house we would distinguish by the name of " the Mexican house." The orchids, natives of Java, Borneo, Singapore, the Philippine Islands, and the hot jungles- of Hindostan, require, on the other hand, a much higher temperature, and close, moist atmosphere. The house for these plants we would designate "the East Indian House." By having two houses a considerable number of advantages will be secured. The Indian tribes, as soon as they have made there growth for the year, where there are two houses, may be removed into the cooler or Mexican house ; find that removal or change of temperature will harden their pseudo- bulbs, and concentrate the sap, causing them thereby to become more healthy, robust, and free to flower. Should any of the South American species require a little more heat, they could be conve- niently removed into the Indian house to make their growth. The cooler house will also be useful to place any of the Indian species in when in flower, which change will considerably prolong their season of blooming. The two houses may join each other, divided by a partition either of brick or glass. We should prefer glass, as being neater, and showing oft OEG [ 567 ] ORC the plants, in both houses, to greater ad- vantage. Heating.— An these plants require, during the seasons of growth, a larger amount of moisture than most other plants, the plan to effect this is to heat the houses with hot- water pipes, laid in tanks. The water in these tanks should be deep enough to cover the pipes about an inch with water. The tanks need not be more than ten inches wide, inside measure. The diameter of the pipes should be three inches and a half. At some convenient place there ought to be a tap to let off the water out of the tanks. This ought to be done frequently, in order to obtain a sweet moisture. If the water be allowed to remain in the tanks for a length of time it becomes foul, and then, when heated, sends forth a disagreeable smell, which is very unhealthy both to plants and persons. In winter, when the plants are, or ought to be, mostly at rest, they require a drier atmosphere. In order to induce this, the tanks ought to be emptied during the winter months, from the middle of October to the middle of February. Should the plants appear to shrivel too much, the pipes may be occasionally syringed early in the morn- ings of fine days. The number of pipes and tanks required depends, of course, upon the size of the houses. The large house at Messrs. Henderson's, of Pine- Apple Place, has four tanks in it; the width of the house is eighteen feet. Two of those tanks are open, that is, have no cover, and are placed under a platform formed with large, thick slates, spaces being left between each to allow the moisture to ascend amongst the plants. The other tanks have covers to them, with holes to let out the moisture. These holes have brass lids to them, so that the moisture can be confined as cir- cumstances require. Now, this answers the purpose well during the months of spring; but we have too much moisture during winter, so that the plants grow more than they flower. Supposing, then, a house eighteen feet wide requires four tanks, a house fourteen feet will require three ; nine feet, two ; and less than that, only one. The return-pipes may run under the tanks to the boiler, or, if the tanks are placed so near the floor that the return-pipes cannot be placed under, they may be arranged to run on one side. The best kind of boiler we know is one formed of several round pipes, connected at each end by a square one. From thi? square pipe the hot water rises into the tanks, and the return-pipes bring the water back to it to be reheated. Mr. Taylor, the hothouse builder at Kensal New Town, is in the habit of putting up these boilers, and they answer admirably. Shelves. — In any convenient part of the house where a shelf can be put so near the glass as to allow plants in pots to be placed upon it, it is desirable to have them. We have always found small plants in pots, that have made a good start, do well in such a situation. The plants, however, should not be too near the glass. The extremity of the leaves should be at least nine inches from it. The shelves, also, should not be placed where the water that overflows or runs through the pots will drop upon any plants. Stages. — The arrangement of these will depend upon the width of the house. If the house is wide enough to allow a walk all round it, and a walk in the centre, there will be two stages. The centre walk should be elevated as high as pos- sible, to allow head-room for the manager and visitors to walk comfortably. This ele- vated walk is of considerable use, affording a good opportunity to watch the progress and state of the plants, and to observe when they require watering, repotting, and cleaning from insects. An example of this arrangement may be seen in the orchid-house at Kew. Shelves of the Stage. — Every shelf ought to be a shallow cistern to hold water. Blue slate is the best material to form each shelf on the stage. The up- right slate forming the sides of each ought to be elevated at least two inches, and made water-tight. These cistern- shelves may either be filled with small, pebbly gravel, all the sand or other bind- ing material being washed out of it, to prevent its setting hard, or they may be left empty, and shallow pots turned up- side down, just high enough to allow the plants to stand clear of the water ; for it is intended that these cistern-shelves should be, during summer, kept full of water. These shelves of the stage must be as near the glass as the size of the plant will allow. Several advantages to the health of the orchids accrue from this arrangement. The most important is a constant supply of moisture to the air, at a time when the heat of summer renders- ORC [ 588 ] ORC the application of heat to the tanks un- advisable. Another advantage is the pre- vention of the attacks of insects, such as woodlice and slugs. These destructives cannot travel through water ; and as the plants stand, as it were, upon a number of little islands, they are protected both day and night from these devouring ene- mies. Care, however, must be taken that the citadel itself does not harbour them. The cockroach and woodlouse often secrete themselves during the day amongst the rough pieces of turf and broken pots used as drainage. If there is any suspicion that these enemies are in these secret places, they must be dili- gently sought for, by visiting the houses with a bull's-eye lantern by night, and catching them at their depredations. Pursue them with all your diligence. Should the tender roots, or flower-shoots, still appear to be eaten occasionally, take the severe measure of turning the plants out of the pots, and search for the vermin amongst the peat and potsherds, and when they are once entirely got rid of, take care to place the plants so that their leaves do not come in contact with anything that will form a bridge for the insects to travel on. Hanging up Plants on Logs or in Baskets. — Large-headed nails, or hooks, may be driven into the rafters, or strong iron rods, well painted, may be suspended along the roof over the walks, and strong iron hooks, shaped like the letter S, placed at proper distances to hang up the various kinds of plants that require such situations. We recommend the situation for these to be over the walks, to prevent the water, when applied upon the plants, falling on the stages or shelves. "Where these plants are numerous, it is advisable to devote a part of the house to them. Underneath would be a con- venient situation for a cistern to contain the rain water that falls upon the roof — the best of all water for watering purposes. Cistern. — This is almost indispensable. The one in the orchid-house at Messrs. Henderson's is formed with slate one inch thick. The great use is the heating the water for syringing and watering pur- poses. Another u? p and an important one too, is for dipping the blocks with the plants on them ; also to dip the Stanho'peas, Gongo'ras, and other plants in baskets. When those plants begin to grow in the spring they require a good steeping, and the cistern offers a proper place for that purpose. Two or three hours will not be too much to steep them. The peat during the time of rest becomes dry and hard, and requires this wetting to soften it, especially if the plants are to be shifted into new baskets. As orchids require frequent syringing, sometimes twice or thrice a day, we have made use of pots — garden-pots, in fact, without holes. These are placed round the house, near the hot-water pipes, at a small distance, about six or nine feet apart. Our readers that are in the habit of syringing will immediately perceive the great saving of time and labour by having these pots so handy. Instead of having the water to carry in garden watering-pans, these pots, being kept constantly full of warm water, are always ready. Syringing in Winter. — During the dark days of winter the operation of syringing requires considerable judgment. A large number of orchids will be at rest, re- quiring but little water, especially those in pots. Others, on logs, must be syringed on such mornings as the sun is likely to shine. There are, however, a few plants, even in pots, that are much benefited by the free use of the syringe at all seasons of the year. Huntle'ya viola' cea and H. melea'gris are two plants much improved by this mode of treatment; and the reason they are so improved is evident enough, when we consider the situation in which they grow naturally. Dr. Schomburgh found them growing on moist rocks, near to a cataract, on a river (Essequibo, we believe) in British Guiana. All the Ludian tribes that have no pseudo-bulbs require more syringing in winter than those that have such reser- voirs of vegetable life to sustain them. The generic or family names of such as we mean are— Ae'rides, Angra'cum, Pha- Iceno'psis, Ecnanthe'ra, Saccola'bium, Sar- ca'nthus, and Va'nda. All these, have a simple stem, clothed with leaves. If exposed to a Ligh, dry heat, the leaves and stems will shrivel much more than is beneficial to their health ; therefore, whenever a shrivelling is perceived, let them have a gentle syringing, thoroughly wetting the whole plant. This will re- vive them, and keep them fresh and healthy. Syringing in Spring and Summer.— It is during these two growing seasons that ORG [ 589 j OEC the syringe is most beneficial, and then they should be deluged almost with showers from tbe syringe, taking the precaution to allow them to become dry once a day. They are sure to become dry enough during the night. Let the water from the syringe be milk-warm rain water, and let it fall gently upon theplants, thus imitating natural showers of rain as much as possible. We have found the plants much refreshed in summer by a gentle syringing, when it was actually raining out of doors. In truth, if such a thing could be managed, we should be glad to expose them, during the gentle, warm showers of April, to the rain that falls from the clouds. We are quite sure it would do them good. It is, however, the plants on logs that benefit most by the use of the syringe, both in winter and summer. Of course, they require the most when they are making fresh roots and growths ; but even when at rest they must be syringed occasionally, to prevent the roots and pseudo-bulbs from shrinking too much. In that state, the finest-rosed syringe must be used, to prevent so much water falling upon the plants (if any) below. During the seasons when the syringe is used most freely, should any of the plants have perfected their growth, and consequently require less water, place such in a corner of the house by them- selves, and syringe them less frequently. Towards the end of summer the whole of the plants ought to be perfecting their growths, excepting the Indian ones above-mentioned and the Huntle'yas. These grow, more or less, all the year, but others must have an entire rest; therefore, cease syringing so much as soon as you think there is a fulness and ripeness about the pseudo-bulbs, showing that they have made the growth for the year. If you continue syringing as much as ever, there is danger of starting them again into growing prematurely, and then you will have weak, puny shoots, and in- jure both the flowering and growth for the ensuing season. It is impossible to give any particular time when to cease syringing, or watering at the root with a garden-pot; experience and observation mast guide the cultivator. In general, we may say the quantity of water, whether applied with the garden-pot or syringe, ought to be considerably lessened towards the end of summer — that is, about the end of August. Tha pseudo-bulbs ought to be then fully formed ; and, whenever that is the case, they require much less- water. By the middle of October the water ought to be entirely withheld, ex- cepting just enough to prevent the planta from shrivelling. Shading. — We use a kind of canvass called " bunting." It is thin and open in the mesh, yet just close enough to pre- vent the rays of the sun striking through the glass, and injuring the flowers and leaves. We shall try to describe how it is applied. First, a pole about two inches in diameter, of the length of the house, or rather longer, is made of deal, and quite round. At one end a kind of wheel is fixed, of larger diameter than the pole (about one-third). On each side of this wheel a round board is nailed, projecting beyond it about three inches. These boards are about three quarters of an inch thick, and are bevelled off from the inside. When this is done, it forms a groove. This is intended to receive the cord, it being nailed to the wheel. The canvass is then nailed to the long pole, it having first been sewn together of the size of the house. The pole, with the canvass attached to it, is then laid upon the house, a flat piece of wood 2J inches wide, and a quarter of an inch thick, is nailed to the highest point of the house, and the canvass is tightly stretched and nailed to the flat piece of wood, using some narrow woollen lists, stretched along it previously to driving in the tacks. This prevents, in a great measure, the canvass from tearing off with the winds. Then, taking hold of the cord now wrapped round the wheel, and pulling at it, the wheel turns round, and, of course, the pole also ; the canvass wraps round it, and, at last, is rolled up at the top ; the cord is then fastened to along kind of button, and there remains till shade is required. The cord is then unfolded, and the pole let gradually down to the bottom, where some pieces of wood stop it from going off the house, or tearing away the canvass from the top. It may be made to last longer, by having weather-boards fixed on the top of the house to receive the canvass when rolled up under it, thus sheltering it from the rain, which is the great cause of its decay. Care must be taken, when it is rolled up, that it is perfectly dry. During the dark, short days of winter, when the sun has not power to injure the plants, OEC [ 590 3 OKC the blind may be stored away in some dry shed or room till the days lengthen, and the sunshine becomes dangerous to the well-being of the plants. The proper amount of Heat, Moisture, and Air the Plants require at all times of the year. — The power of heating should be more than is required in ordinary win- ters, in order to be prepared for those very severe ones that sometimes occur. It is always easy enough to give less heat in moderate weather by having less fire applied under the boiler. The degrees of heat required we shall now give for all the year. INDIAN HOUSE. Spring Summer Autumn Winter MEXICAN HOUSE. Spring . Summer. Autumn . Winter . Fahrenheit. 85 or 90 70 65 Day without Sun. Our readers will perceive that the lowest temperature at all seasons is in the morning; that is, before the fires are stirred. The heat in the mornings in summer will depend upon the heat of the atmosphere out of doors ; the rest of the day may be regulated by giving air. The principle of having a lower tempera- ture during the night is perfectly natural. The variations even in tropical countries, in that respect, are great. Watering with the Garden-pot. — As a general rule, let it be laid down never to water an orchid except it requires it ; therefore, in commencing to water, ob- serve each plant well, but quickly, and water accordingly. An orchid requires watering when it is growing and dry. The quantity to be given depends, again, upon the stage of its growth. If the young shoots and new roots are just be- ginning only to make their appearance, they require a very moderate quantity ; but, as then the plant ought to be re- potted, and the new, fresh compost is, or should be, moist of itself, the water must be withheld until the surface, at least, feels quite dry to the touch. Again, the water should be applied at a small distance from the young shoots, which ought never to be saturated, or even wetted, especially either in the dark, cloudy days of winter or of early spring. In summer, when the heat is increased, the sun shining, and air given, the operator need not be so nice, as the extra water will soon evaporate, and dry up even from the young and tender shoots. When the young shoots begin to form pseudo-bulbs, the quantity of water may be increased, care being taken that it does not lodge in the leafy sheaths which surround the green or young bulbs, especially of Cattle'yas. We have often seen a year's growth de- stroyed by allowing the water to lodge in those tender parts. The way to remedy this is with a sharp knife, or a small pair of scissors, to slit open to the bottom the sheaths that hold the water; but this is an operation that must be done very carefully, without injuring the young pseudo-bulb, or the cure will be as bad as the disease ; for, if you wound a pseudo- bulb, ten to one it will perish. As soon as these sheaths turn yellow, and not before, they may be entirely removed safely. When in that state they will easily part from the bulb without injuring it, if carefully pulled off. When the growths are young, whether the water is applied with the rose or spout alone, it will generally be quite sufficient to wet the earth or compost only round near the edge of each pot. If the water is poured indiscriminately all over the sur- face of the compost, especially in the early season of the year, the consequence will be to endanger the young shoots. At that season, and in that state, if the water is slushed upon the plants, it will cause several, if not all of the tender young growths to perish ; but as those growths begin to approach their usual size, and the warm, long, sunshiny days prevail, that is the critical or very time orchids require an abundance of water. Giviny Air. — The method we recom- mend to give air by is with wooden shutters, let into the wall at intervals of four feet between each, on each side of the house. The wooden shutters, or doors, should be 2 J- feet long by 15 inches broad. A frame of wood ought to be fitted into the opening in the wall, to hang the shutters on. These should swing on the centre with two iron pins, so that when they open they will be hori- zontal, and let the air into the house OEC C 591 ] OEC plentifully. "When less air is required, every other aperture need only be opened, or the shutters may be propped only half open. "When they are opened, the fresh air will rush in, and, meeting with the pipes in its progress, will be partially heated and softened before it comes in contact with the plants — a point worth attending to. For nine months in the year this way of giving air to the Indian house will be found all that is wanted. During the three hot months of summer, it will be necessary to give some air at the highest part of the roof. The ridge of the house should be made flat, about nine inches broad, and parts of it made moveable, to lift up with an iron rod whenever the heat of the internal air exceeds the proper degree. This is the guide on all occasions and all seasons. When the heat is too much, give air. It will be found that the Mexican house requires more frequently to have air given to it than the other, because the plants in it do not require so much heat. To know, at all times, when to give air, have a copy of the table of heat for the orchid-house copied, and hung up in a convenient place to refer to. Besting. — To know when the bulbs are in a proper state to go to rest may be, to our readers, of some consequence. They ought to b* strong, and, if expected to flower, at least three feet high, stout, and firm, quite to the apex. All the leaves ought to turn yellow, and drop off in the same manner as any other annually leaf- shedding plant ; and all this ought to take place early in autumn. As soon as it does so, remove the plant, or plants, into a drier and cooler house, and keep them there until the buds at the bottom of each pseudo-bulb begin to appear. Cleansing the Leaves. — Take down the plant from its high position; if the moss or peat, whichever it may happen to be growing in, is dry, give it a good soaking in the cistern, the water of which is at a temperature of 70°. "Whilst it is soaking, all dead leaves are to be carefully re- moved, and every part of the plant tho- roughly washed with a sponge. If the leaves are thick and leathery, the sponge is to be rubbed over them several times with a heavy hand. In fact, it might be called a good scrubbing; being careful, of course, not to injure it. For more tender leaves, we have, very lately, used ■something else. We observed that the sponge, though used ever so lightly on these tender, thin leaves, injured them slightly. Happening to observe a piece of thick leather, such as soldiers' belts are made of, it was taken and wrapped round the end of a small stick, fastening it firmly to it with some small copper wire, leaving half an inch of it projecting beyond the stick; it had then the ap- pearance of a brush made of leather. With this instrument the leaves were washed, and it was so soft and pliable that it did not injure the youngest or ten- derest leaf, yet effectually washed the dust and dirt off from the leaves. This washing not only clears off the parasites and any other obstruction, but also de- stroys insects, particularly the red spider and black thrip, two of the most perni- cious enemies to orchids. Let every part of the plants be well cleansed — leaves, stems, and pseudo-bulbs. Not only will the plants look better, but they will be greatly benefited in their health. Potting. — Generally, speaking the months of January, February, and March are the proper times ; but as there is no rule without exceptions, some orchids re- quire potting at all seasons of the year. The beginner may know when to pot his plants by this observation: —Whenever they are determined to grow, they must be potted. The only precaution neces- sary to observe, in the dark seasons, will be to use the stuff you pot them in (for it can hardly be called soil) in a mode- rately dry state, and give no water except- ing a sprinkling to settle the compost. In the first place, have ready a quan- tity of broken pots or potsherds of several sizes ; next, procure some good turfy peat, knock it into pieces with a heavy hammer, crushing the finer soil entirely out of it ; then pass it through a fine sieve, and what remains in the sieve is the best stuff for orchids: it is light, open, and porous. Next, have some charcoal at hand, broken into pieces no larger than a hen's egg, nor smaller than a hazel nut. Another article, and you will have all you need for pots and baskets ; this is white bog- moss, or sphagnum, which should be par- tially chopped with a sharp hatchet, and the dust also sifted out of it. We have a great abhorrence for anything close or fine about orchids, excepting terrestrial ones. Having all in readiness, take your plant, turn it out of the pot carefully, be ORC [ 532 ] ORC mindful of the roots, and bruise or injure them as little as possible. Perhaps some roots will be found adhering very firmly to the sides of the pot, to part them from which we have used a long, thin-bladed knife, thrusting it carefully down between the root and the pot. In very bad cases we have found it necessary to break the pot ; but this must be done very gently, or the very act of breaking may destroy the roots. The plant being cleared from the pot, shake away all the old compost; then examine the roots closely, and cut off all the dead ones. This is a convenient op- portunity, also, to look after insects, espe- cially the white scale, the most pernicious of all vermin to orchids, excepting, per- haps, the black thrip. With a brush clean them all off, and wash the whole plant with strong soap-water. Your plant is now ready for potting. Choose a pot of the proper size : generally speaking, orchids, to grow them well, take larger pots in proportion to their size than any other class of plants. Let your pots be perfectly clean both inside and out. Lay a large piece of potsherd over the^ hole at the bottom of the pot ; then place some rather smaller pieces of the same, and over these the smallest ones. Altogether the pot ought to be three-parts filled with this drainage. This point is of the utmost importance, for if the plants are not su- perlatively well -drained they will not thrive long or satisfactorily. Over this drainage place a thin layer of charcoal, and then a layer of the turfy peat, mix- ing with it some broken pots and char- coal. Introduce the plant now, and spread the roots, if many, all over the surface of the compost, working it amongst them, gradually filling it in till the pot is full, and keeping the body of the plant well up; raise the compost up about two or three inches above the level of the edge of the pot in proportion to its width. A small pot need not have the plant above one inch raised, a middling plant two inches, and for the largest-sized plant three inches will be sufficient. The whole of the plant, pseudo-bulbs and all, ex- cepting the roots, ought to stand clear up above the compost. It will be loose and ready to tumble over if of such kinds as Cattle'yas or Dendro'bhtms ; to prevent which, thrust into the compost some stout sticks, and tie each pseudo-bulb to each stick firmly. These will secure the plant, and give it a neat, tidy appearance. Orchids in Baskets. — A considerable number of species require baskets, be- cause the flower-stems are pendent, and, consequently, naturally require a position to allow the flowers to gruw down. In fact, some send the flower-stems perpen- dicularly down through the soil or com- post. Now, if these a»e grown in pots, the flower-stems run down into the soil, and there perish. It is true they have been grown in pots on a hillock built up six inches or a foot above the rim of the pot, and then part of the flower-stems manage to find their way to the outside of the little mound ; but a considerable number descend straight downwards, and soon rot for want of air and light. By growing them in baskets this evil is pre- vented, and every raceme (bunch) of flowers arrives at perfection. The baskets should be of a size suit- able for small plants — small ones re- quiring only small baskets, middling ones the middle-sized, and large ones in proportion. The way to basket the plants is this: — Have the peat or com- post prepared exactly as for potting above-mentioned; cover the bottom of the basket with a thin layer of moss — green would do, though we prefer white, or sphagnum. This moss is to prevent the peat from dropping through the openings between the rods farming the bottom. Then place a portion of peat upon the moss. In the next place, pre- pare the plant by taking it out of the old basket or pot, or perhaps off from a log. Do this as carefully as possible, without injuring the living roots. If the old peat, in which it has been growing, perhaps, for years, is very hard, and the living roots are so firmly attached to it that they cannot be detached without breaking them, take the plant and put it into the cistern, and let it remain there till the peat is thoroughly soaked. Take it out, and setitin some convenient place to drain off the water. If this is done a full week before you intend to re-basket the plant, it will be all the easier to do ; the object being to soften the peat so as to be able to pick away, with a small-pointed stick, as much of the old peat as possible. Exa-. mine, also, the pseudo-bulbs and leaves, and clean them thoroughly from dirt and insects. Prune away all dead roots, and then the plant will be ready to be put in its new habitation. Place it in the middle of the basket, and fill in all round it with OKC [ 593 ] ORC the new compost. Set the basket then on the floor, and, with the syringe held pretty close to the peat, give it a good watering, forcing the water out of the syringe pretty strongly : this will be found to make the compost firm, so that future waterings will not wash it off the basket on to the floor, or plants underneath. One thing we would especially guard our readers against, and that is, having the baskets made deep. Some may have an idea that if the plants have a large lot of stuff to grow in they will thrive better, and pro- duce more flowers ; but this is a mistaken notion. The roots of orchids of this class run on the surface, or, at least, very closely beneath it ; in truth, if the air is properly surcharged with moisture, the roots will prefer running out of the com- post. Frequently the long roots of Stan- ho'peas, that push strongly, and run along the surface of the compost, send forth fibres, not into the compost, but, strange to say, upwards into the conge- nial air, gathering, as it were, aerial food to support and feed tbe plant they belong to. This proves satisfactorily enough that deep baskets are no advantage even to the growth of the plant, but to the flower-stems of some kinds of Stanhopeas they are certainly injurious. We say some kinds, such as Stanho'pea insi'gnis and its varieties, S. tigri'na and its varieties, and all that have, like these, short and few- flowered racemes. Such kinds as S. ocu- la'ta, Wa'rdii, and quadrico'rnis, which have long flower-stems, may find their way through a deep basket, but would do so easier and safer through a shallow one. Pots. — The kind we use and prefer may be described as a shallow, wide pot, the proportions of which are as two, three, and five ; that is, two inches wide at the bottom, three inches deep, and five inches wide at the top, all inside measure. Larger pots to be in the same proportions. Small ones need only have one hole at the bottom ; but it should be larger than those generally made. For the two-inch-wide pots at the bottom, the hole ought to be three quarters of an inch in diameter, the great object being to allow the escape of water quickly. Larger pots must have three holes, each of the same diameter. Hard-burnt ones must be avoided for these plants, as well is for any other. The reason why we prefer these wide, shallow pots is, that the roots of orchids are, generally speak- ing, either on the surface or very near it; besides, a large proportionate surface is exposed to the benefit of air and moisture, both of which are beneficial to the roots of an epiphyte. Terrestrial orchids, whose roots descend deeper, will be better in the ordinary-shaped pot. Baskets. — Various materials and forms have been used in this necessary article. The first probably was made of common iron wire, painted green, and the form round, deep, and with a flat bottom. This material is almost entirely disused, for, although the paint for a' time prevented them from rusting, the great moisture and heat soon decomposed the paint, and then the wire became oxydized, or rusty, and is then very injurious to the roots, as well as being unsightly. Those made with copper wire are much better, lasting longer, and are not so injurious to the plants. The only objection we know of is the expense. Where that is no consideration, we should have no great objection to their adoption. Baskets have also been made of earthenware ; but, if there was no other objection, their great weight would be sufficient to set them aside as bad. We have tried all these, and have come to the conclusion that baskets made of wooden rods are the best for this purpose. We mentioned before, that the most ornamental are made of the corrugated or rough-barked maple rods ; but, as these are not always to be met with, hazel rods may be used, and make excellent baskets. The way we make them is simple enough. First, the rods are sawn into proper lengths. The smallest we use are about the thick- ness of a man's middle finger. With this size, the smallest baskets are made. These are seven inches wide, and three rods deep. In this size, small Stan- ho'peas, and small plants of Ae'rides, Saccola'biums, Va'ndus, Oongo'ras, &c.,ae grown. For larger plants, larger baskets are made, and thicker rods used. The largest we ever had occasion to make was for a fine plant of Ae'rides odora'ta. This plant is four feet high, and two and a half feet through. The rods used for it are nearly as thick as a moderate-sized man's wrist. The basket is two feet square, which is the shape we prefer, as being the most simple and easiest made. When the rods are sawn into lengths, the ends are pared smooth with a knife ; then small holes are bored through each, ono 2Q OEC [ 594 ] ORC tit each end, as near it as possible with- out splitting. The instrument used to bore the holes -with is a very small steel rod, about six inches long, with a wooden handle ; it is filed to a point at the end intended to bore the hole with. We find it convenient to have two or three, for a reason we shall state presently. After a certain number of rods are cut and smoothened, they are taken to a place where there is a small, clear, red fire ; the sharp end of one of the borers is put into it about one inch. As soon as that is red hot, the other is put in, the heated one drawn and thrust into the rod very near the end, and held there as long as it continues to burn its way without much pressure. If too much force is used, the wood will be apt to split. As soon, therefore, as the instrument ceases to burn its way through, it is replaced in the fire. The other by this time will be red also ; this is then taken out of the fire, and applied to the hole. This ope- ration is thus performed with each bore alternately till the hole is made through the rod. The description of this opera- tion takes up considerably more time than the operation itself. It is quickly and easily done, as any of our readers may prove on trial. After as many rods are bored as may be wanted at one time, the next thing is to put them together. The articles necessary for this are some copper wire and a few flat-headed copper nails. Each basket will require four lengths of wire, the length of each to be in proportion to the size of the basket they are intended for. They should be long enough to meet at least eight inches above the top of the smaller-sized baskets, and from a foot to eighteen inches above the larger ones. At the end of each piece of wire make a loop so large that it will not draw through the holes ; then lay the first two rods, and upon them, for the smallest basket, lay three others; nail these three to the two outside rods, thus forming a sort of raft, to use a nautical term for want of a better ; turn this over, and underneath it put two other rods, to form the other two sides of the basket; then draw the four pieces of wire through the holes at each corner, the looped end being under- neath. Continue to lay a pair of rods alternately, drawing the wire through each till the basket is of the required depth. The smallest size, three rods deep ; the two next, four deep, and so on. When that is done, make four small pointed pegs, and drive them into each hole at the four corners. This will fasten the rods in their places, and prevent them from ever starting upwards ; then draw the wires together at the top, twisting each pair over each other, andfasten them with a piece of fine wire. Your basket is now complete and ready for use. Loys. — None are so good as the wood of the Acacia, commonly so called, but which really is the Eobi'nia pseu'do- uca'cia. Its wood is firm, and does not soon decay. The next best is the oak. In all cases we strongly recommend the removal of the bark; our objection to retaining it being, that it only serves as a hiding-place for wood-lice, small snails, and other destructive insects, besides re- taining in winter too great a quantity of moisture. The wood should be procured a year before it is used, and then the bark will come off very easily. We except cork wood, which we think very good when it can be procured readily for this purpose ; and the bark of cork suits the orchids well, and, unlike the others, does not rot so soon, and, consequently, has not the objection to its use of being a receptacle for vermin. The best wood for baskets is the rough-barked, common maple. The branches of this tree make the hand- somest baskets ; but as it is not so plenti- ful as the hazel, the latter is the sort we recommend. Some object to baskets of this "description on account of their soon perishing. This we consider no objec- tion at all, but rather an advantage; for as soon as the basket is decayed the plant has grown so large that it re- quires a new one, and the rotten sticks of which the old basket is made are more easily broken and removed than sounder ones. O'echis. (From orchis, testiculate ; re- ferring to the two oblong, bulb-like roots of many of the species. Nat. ord., Or- chids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. • Chiefly an European genus of ground-orchidi. Seeds, as in Ophrys, when obtainable ; division of the tuberous roots, though they do not relish transplanting well ; it should be done when the plants are in a dormant state. The British spe- cies are chiefly found on chalky hills, and in pas- tures where calcareous matter abounds. The exotic kinds like an addition of fibry peat. The tender ones, in fact all, when cultivated, should be treated as alpines ; those found in rich pasture* require a moister situation. OEI [ 595 ] OKN O. acumina'ta (pointed- flowered). 1. Purple. May. Barbary. 1815. — (orio'phora (bug-bearing). 1. Brown. June. Switzerland. 1825. —folio'sa (leafy-spiAed). 1. Purple. May. Madeira. — fusce'scens (drying'-brown).^. Yellowish. June. Pennsylvania. 1831. — globo'sa (round - spiked). 2> Purple. June. Austria. 1792. — Ibe'rica (Iberian). White. June. Caucasus. 1819. — Jatifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Pink. June. Britain. — laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered), |. Purple. June. Eu- rope. 1820. — longibractea'ta (long-bracted), lj. Purple. May. Sicily. 1818. — longico'rnis (long-horned). J. Purple. May. Barbary. 1815. — ma'cra (lean). Pale purple. May. Britain. — macula'ta (spotted), l£. Flesh. June. Britain. — ma'scula (male-eaWy). 1. Purple. May. Britain. — milita'ris (military). 1. Purple. Mav. Switzer- land. 1825. ve'ra (true). Purple. May.Switzerland. 1825. — mo'rio (buffoon). 3. Purple. May. Britain. — papiliona'cea (butterfly), lj. Purple. April. Rome. 1788. — provincia'lis (province), f. Purple, yellow. June. Switzerland. 1825. pauciflo'ra (few-flowered), f. Purple. July. Italy. 1825. — pseu'do-sambu'cina (ialse-elder-smelling), J. Purple. April. Italy. 1828. lute'scens (pale yellow). |. Yellow. June. Italy. 1828. — quadripuncta'ta (four-spotted). §. Purple. April. Italy. 1828. — sacea'ta (pouched). J. Purple. April. Sicily. 1828. — sambu'cina (elder-scented), j. Yellow. April. Switzerland. 1825. — specta'bilis (showy). Pink. June. N. Amer. 1801. — tephrosa'nthos (ash-coloured-flowered). l£. Purple. April. England. densiflo'rum (crowded-spiked). 1. Purple, white. May. Europe. — undula' ta (wavy). 1. Pale purple. December. Sicily. 1818. — undulatifo'lia (wavy-leaved). Pale purple. May. Britain. — ustula'ta (scorched). i. Purple. May. England. — variega'ta (variegated), f . Pale purple. May. South Europe. 1818. Oui'ganum. Marjoram. (From oros, mountain, and ganos, joy ; referring to the natural places of growth. Nat. ord., La- biates [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14,-Bidynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) The following are all hardy herbaceous peren- nials. Seeds, division of the roots, and cuttings ; banly soil. See Marjoram. O. JEgypti'acum (Egyptian). 1. Pink. July. Egypt. 1731. — crassi/o'lium (thick-leaved). Purplish. June. Levant. — dicta'mnus (dittany of Crete). 1. Pink. July. Candia. 1551. — heracleo'ticum (bastard - winter - sweet). 1 . White. August. South Europe. 1640. — horte'nsis (garden). Purplish. June. N. Africa. 1573. •- ma'ru (mastic). 1. Pink. June. Palestine, — nervo'svm (large-nerved). Pink. June. Egypt. 1823. ~ norma' le (normal). 1. »lue. June.Nepau!.l8l9t 0. Oni'tes (Onites). 1. Whitish. August. Mediter- ranean. 1759. — Sipy'leum (Mount Sipylus). 1 . Pink. August. Levant. 1699. — stoloni'ferum (runner-bearing). 1. Pink. June. Pedolia. 1828. — Tournefo'rtU (Tournefort's). 1. Pink. August. Arnogos. ] 788. — vulga're (common). 2. Pink. August. Britain. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White. June. Britain. — — — hu'mile (dwarf)- 1 .Purple. June. Asia.l 818. prisma'ticum (prism - shaped). White. July. Mediterranean. vi'rens (green). 1. Purple. June. Portugal. Orjio'sia. Bead-tree. (From ormos, a necklace ; referring to the seeds of O. cocci'nea, which are scarlet, with a dark spot, which are strung for necklaces. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decanalria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.) Stove evergreen trees, blue-flowered. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy, fibry peat, and a little loam. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. O. cocci'nea (scarlet-seeded). 10. July. Guiana. 1823. — dasyca'rpa (thick-fruited). 10. June. W. Ind. 1/93. Ornithi'dium. One of the many weeds among air-plants. Ornitho'galum. Star of Bethlehem. (From ornis, a bird, and gala, milk. Nat. ord. Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hex- andria 1-Monogynia.) Pretty bulbous plants, white-flowered, where not otherwise specified. Offsets ; sandy loam and a little leaf-mould for the hardy kinds ; a little peat added for those that require a cold pit in winter. If the latter are planted out in a dry border, the border must be protected from wet and frost during winter, or the bulbs taken up, and kept in drawers or bags where no frost will reach them. HARDY BULBS. O. bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 4. April. Russia. 1821. — como'sum (tufted). £. July. Austria. 1596. — divarica'tum (spreading). 2. July. California. 1841. — e'xscapum (stemless). |. May. Italy. 1824. — fimbria'tum (fringed). £.February.Crimea.l820, — margina'tum (white-edged). J. Greenish. white. March. Asia. 1843. — monta'num (mountain). $. May. Italy. 1824. — Narbone'nse (Narbonne). lj. July. South Eu- rope. 1810. — nu'tans (nodding). 4. June. Britain. — pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. June. Spain. 1752. — Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Green. June. England. — stachyoi'des (stachys-like). 2J. Lilac, yellow. May. South Europe. 1771. — umbella'tum (umbelled). 1. May. England. TENDER BULBS. O. allia'ceum (onion-like).i.September.Chili.l821. — Ara'bicum (Arabian). l£. May. Egypt. 1629. — au'reum golden), f. Yellow. June. Cape of Goad Hope. 1790. ORN O. barba'tvm (bearded). I. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. — Be'rgii (Bergius). White, green. March. 1816. — bifto'rum (twin-flowered). 1 J. April. Peru. 1832. — bifo'lium (two-leaved), j. August. Chili. 1831. — brachy'stachys (short-spiked). March. Dahuria. 1821. — eauda'tum (tailed). 3. White, green. May. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4. — chloroleu'cum (greenish-white). 1 . July. Val- paraiso. 1834. — cilia!tum (hair-fringed). £. April. Cape of Good Hope. 18IQ. — coarcta'tum (compressed-flowered). 1 J. White, green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1804. — eonci'nnum (neat). |. May. Portugal. 1797. — eo'nicum (conical). 1. White, green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — eorymbo'sum (eorymbed). lj. White, green. May. Chili. 1823. — crenula'tum (scolloped). 4. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — ela'tum (tall). 3. March. Egypt. 1804. — flavi'ssimum (yellowest). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1804. — fiuca'tum (dull). J. Grey. June. Cape of Good 1820. — geminiflo'rum (twin-flowered). 1. Greenish- white. Luna. — hi'spidum (bristly). J. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — ixioi'des (ixia-like). £. May. California. 1796. — juncifo'lium (rush-leaved), f . July. Cape of Good Hope. 1794. — la'cteum (milk-white). 1. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1796. — /a/>/o'/t«m(broad-leaved).li.June. Egypt.1629. — longibractea'tum (long-bracted). J. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1817- — macula'tum (spotted). J. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — minia'tum (red-stained). Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. — na'num (dwarf). $. Greenish-white. March. Berbeck. 1843. — ni'veum (snowy). £. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — nota'tum (iroten-marked). July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — odora'tum (sweet-scented). l£. Pale yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. — ova'tum (egg-shaped). 1. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — pilo'sum (shaggy). 1. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. — poly phy 1 Hum (many-leaved). $. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. — rupe'stre (rock). $. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. — secu'ndum (side-flowering). 3. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. — squi'lla (squill-like). 3.May .South Europe. 1829. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 3. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. — tene'llum (delicate). (. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1819. — thyrsoi'des (thyrse-like). lj. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1757. flave'scens (yellowish). 14. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. — tri'gynum (three-styled). White, green. June. 1825. ~- unifo'lium (one-leaved). 3. Green, June. Gib- raltar. 1805. 590 ] OEO OaNiTHo'pug. Bird's-foot. (From ornis, a bird, and pous, a foot ; referring to the claw-like seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia ■L-Decandria.) Low-growing, yellow, pea-blossomed, hardy an- nuals. Seed, sown in the garden-border in March. O. du'rum (hard). 3. July. Spain. 1815. — ebractea'tum (bracteless). 3. July. South Eu- rope. 1700. — perpusi'llus-nodo'sus (very-small-knotted). 3. White, red. May. Prance. — repa'ndum(wavj-leaoed).£. July. Barbary.lSOS. — scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 3. July. South Europe. 1506. O'bntjs. Flowering Ash. (From oreinos, ancient name of the Ash ; applied on ac- count of the resemblance and affinity. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Fraxinus.) Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous trees. Seeds, gathered in October, placed in the rot-heap, mixed with earth, turned in winter, and sown in March ; budding and grafting on the common Ash. From the juice distilled from some species the manna of commerce is produced. O. America'na (American). 30. May .N.Amer. 1920. — Europce'a (European). 20. May. Italy. 1730. — floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 30.Nepaul.1822. — rofu>wzi/o7{a(round-leaved).l6.May.italy.l697. — stria'ta (channelled). 30. April. N.Amer. 1818. O'bobus. Bitter Vetch. (From oro, to excite, and bous, an ox; nourishing food. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4=-Decan- dria. Allied to Vicia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, except saxa'tiHs. Seeds ; division of the plant in spring ; sandy, deep loam. O. a'ibus (white-flowered). 1. White. April. Austria. 1794. — alpe'stris (rock). 2. Purple. June. Hun- gary. 181 7. — America 'nut (American). Pale purple. Ja- maica. 1731. — angtistifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White. April. Siberia. 1766. — a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). 1. Purple. May. Algiers. 1826. — aura'ntius (orange). I3. Yellow. June. Iberia. 1818. — cane'scens (hoary). I3. White, blue. May. France. 181 6. — cocci'neus (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. April. VeraCrui. uniju'gus (paired). 1. Scarlet. April. N. Amer. — divarica'tus (spreading). J. Purple. June. Pyrenees. 1816. — ere'ctus (erect). 1. Yellow, red. July. — Fische'ri (Fischer's). Purple. April. Siberia. —formofsxts (beautiful), j. Purple. June. Cau- casus. 1818. — hirsu'tus (hairy). 1. Red. May. Thrace. 1S22. — hu'milis (humble), j. Purple. July. Da- huria. 1825. — Jorda'ni (Jordan's). Blue. June. Lucania. 1830. — la'cteus (milk-white). 1£. White. April. Caucasus. 1820. CRT r 597 2 CSS Q.lavigs'tus (smooth). lj. Yellow. June. Hungary. 1820. — lathyroi'des (lathyrus-like). 2. Bine. June. Siberia. 1758. — laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Violet. June. Candia. 1820. — longifo'lius (long-leaved). Lilac. June. Mis- Bouri. I827. -lu'teus (yellow). 1J. Lilac, yellow. June. Siberia. 1759- — multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 2. Pale red. July. Italy. 1820. — ni'ger (black). 3. Purple. June. Britain. — ochroleu'cus (yellowish- white). 2. Yellow, white. June. Hungary. 1816. — palle'scens (palish). 1. White. April. Tauria. 1823. — pauc!/?o'»i«(few-flowered).l.Purple.June.l820. — pisifo'rmis (pea-formed). 1. Purple. May. South Europe. 1822. — Pyrena'ieus (Pyrenean). 2. Purple. May. Pyrenees. "1699. — saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Purple. July. France. 1820. Annual. — sessilifo'lius (stalkless-leaved). 1. Purple. May. Tauria. 1823. — stipula'ceus (stipuled). 6. Purple. May.N.Amer. — aylva'ticus (wood). 2. Crimson, purple. June. Britain. — tenui/o'lius (fine-leaved). 4. Purple. June. Europe. 1810. — Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 1£. Yellow, purple. June. Hungary. 1821. — tuber&sus (tuberous). 1. Purple. June. Britain — variega'tus (variegated). 1. Purple. July Italy. 1821. — va'rius (various). 1$. Yellow, red. April Italy. 1759. — Vene'tus (Venetian). l.Purple.April. Germany — veno'sus (veiny). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1820 — ve'rnus (spring). l.Purple.March. Europe. 1629, ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 1 . Flesh. March. — vicioi'des (vetch-like). 1. Yellow. June. Hun gary. 1810. Ortho'sephon. (From orthos, straight, and siphon, a tube ; referring to the tube of the flower. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamia- cese]. ~L\rm.,l4:-Didynamia 1-Gymnosper- mia. Allied to Ocymum.) Division of herbaceous, or cuttings of the young shoots, when growth is commencing ; cut- tings of half-ripened shoots of the evergreens ; ■andy loam and fibry peat ; common stove and greenhouse treatment. O. afsperus (rough). White. May. E. Ind. 1827. Stove herbaceous. — incu'rvus (bent-in). 1. Pale scarlet. May. E. Ind. 1839. Stove evergreen. — rubicu'ndus (ruddy). Purple. June. Nepaul. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen. — virga'tus (twiggy). Blue. June. Nepaul. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen. OKTBROSA'NTHtjs.(From orthros, morn- ing, and anthos, a flower ; flowers expand early in the day. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri- dacete]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 3-Trian- dria. Allied to Sisyrinchium.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; a cold pit in winter, to exclude the O. multifo'rus (many-flowered). 1. Blue. June N. Holland. 1820. Osage Apple. Maclu'ra. Osbe'ckia. (Named after P. Osheck, a Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Melas- tomads [Melastomaceae], Linn., S-Oc- tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Melas- toma.) Cuttings of side, firm, stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam, fibry peat, a little dried cow dung, and charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 58°; summer, 60° to 85°. STOVE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. O. cane'scens (hoary). 1838. — glomera'ta (crowded). 1. Pink. July. Tri« nidad. 1818. — Nepale'nsisalbiflo'ra (Nepaul-white-flowered). lj. White. August. Nepaul. 1829. STOVE EVERGREENS. 0. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Rose. May. Nepaul. 1826. — Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2.Purple. July. China.1818. — glomera'ta albiflo'ra (crowded-white-flowered). 14. White. January. Brazil. 1821. — Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 14. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1821. — octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 1. Rose. April. Ceylon. 1815. — stella'ta (starred). 1. Pink. July. Nepaul. 1820. — ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). 3. Lilac. May. Nepaul. 1825. — Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. Yellow. August. Ceylon. 1799. Osier. Sa'lix vimina'lis. Osmi'tes. (From osme, perfume; smells like camphor. Nat. ord., Compo- sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia B-Frustranea. Allied to Eelhania.) Greenhonse, white-flowered evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May, and without bottom-heat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. O. bellidia'strum (bellidiastrum). 1. June. 1816. — camphori'na (camphor-scented). 14- May. 1794. — denta'ta (toothed), lj. May. 1820. Osmu'nda. (The name of a Celtic deity. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Hardy brown-spored Ferns, except Preslia'na. See Febns. 0, cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). 2. June. N. Amer. 1772. — Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. August. N. Amer. 17/2. — gra'cilis (slender). 1. June. I827. — hu'milis (humble). June. N. Amer. 1823. — interru'pta (interrupted). 2. June. N. Amer. — palu'stris (marsh). 24. 1831. — Preslia'na (Piesl's). June. Isle of Luzon. Stove. — rega'lis (royal). 2. July. Britain. — specta'bilis (showy). 2. July. N.Amer. 1811. Oss.e'a. (Named after Ossa, curator of the Havannah Botanic Garden. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese], Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied [ to Miconia.} OST [ 59S ] OXA Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young, aide, stubby shoots, or the points of main ones, when a little firm, in sandy soil, under a bell- glass, and in heat; sandy peat and loam; com- mon plant-stove treatment. O. purpura! seen* (purplish). 3. Purple. March. Jamaica. 1822. Osteo'meles. (From osteon, bone, and melon, apple ; the fruit. Nat. ord., Apple- worts [Pomaceae], Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Di-penlagynia. Allied to Mespilus.) Hardy evergreen tree. For culture, see Medlak. O.ferrugi'nea (rusty). July. 1847« Osteospe'bmum. (From osteon, a bono, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Compo- sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4:-Necessaria. Allied to Calendula.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of small, half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. O. cmru'leum (blue. flowered). 3. Blue. July. 1774. — calendula' ceum (marigold-like). 2. July. — corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. August. 1822. — ilicifo'lium (holly-leaved). 4. July. 1816. — inca'num (hoary). 3. August. 1815. — monili'ferum (necklace-bearing). 3. July. 1714. O'stbya. Hop Hornbeam. (From ostryos, a scale ; scaly catkins. Nat. ord., Mastworts [Corylaceae]. Linn., 21-Mo- naecia 9-Polyandria. Allied to the Horn- beam.) Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which, if sown in the spring, the season after being gathered in the autumn, and kept in a rot-heap during winter, will make their appearance the year following ; layers, cuttings, and grafting on the common Hornbeam; good, deep, moist soil. O. Virgi'nica (Virginian). 20. April.N.Amer.l622. — vulga'ria (common). 20. May. Italy. 1724. Oswego Tea. Mona'rda di'dyma. Osy'bis. Poet's Cassia. (From ozos, j branch; referring to the numerous pliant branches. Nat. ord., Sandalworts [Santalaceee]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 3-Tri- undria. Allied to Santalium.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened shoots under a hand-light in spring; sandy loam ; requires the protection of a cold pit Is winter, or a conservative wall. O. a'lba (white). 3. White. South Europe. 1739. Otaheixe Chestnut. Inoca'rpusedu'lis. Otaheite Mybtle. Securine'ga ni'tida. Otho'nna. Kagwort. (From othone, linen ; referring to the soft, downy cloth- ing of the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4- Necessaria.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered plants, from the Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds in a mild hotbed, in spring ; annuals may be hardened off afterwards ; peren- nials, by division of the plant ; tuberous-rooted, by dividing them ; shrubs, by cuttings of half, ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in May ; sandy loam, and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. ANNUAL. 0. tage'tes (marigold-Zeaaed). 1. May. 1823. HERBACEOUS. O. linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. July. 1824. — pinna'ta (leafleted). 3. May. 1759. — pinnati'fida (leaflet-like). 1. July. 1823. TUBEBOUS-EOOTED. 0. bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. May. 1774. — filieau'lis (thread-stemmed), lj. April. 179-I. — tubero'sa (tuberous). August. 1842. EVEBGBEEN SHRUBS. 0. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 3. May. 1692. — arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. July. 1723. — Athana'sice (Athanasia-like). 3. January. 1795. — cheirifo'lia (wallflower- leaved). l£. May. Barbary. 1752. — coronopi/o'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 2. August. 1731. — denticula'ta (tooth-leaved). 2. June. 1774. — digita'ta (finger-leaved), 14. July. 1824. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. May. 1812. — perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 14. June. 1/89. — tenui'ssima (finest-leaved). 1$. May. 1759. — virgi'nea (virgin-like). 3. October. Africa. 1821. Oto'ptera. (From ous, an ear, and pteron, a wing ; referring to an ear-like process on the wing-petals. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17-Diadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to Dolichos.) Greenhouse evergreen climber ; cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy, fibry loam and lumpy peat, with nodules of char- coal intermixed. 0. Burche'llii (Burchell's). Purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. O'xalis. Wood Sorrel. (From oxys, acid ; the acid taste of the leaves. Nat. ord., Oxalids [Oxalidacese], Linn., 10- Decundria i-Pentagynia.) ■Natives of Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise stated. Hardy annuals, seed in open border, in April, in a shady place ; perennials, by division and by seeds ; tuberous and bulbous ones, by offsets ; the tender ones succeed in a cool temperature in winter, if dry, and frost excluded ; shrubby species, by seeds and cuttings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and grown in sandy loam and fibry peat; all the bulbous kinds the least tender should be kept dry in winter, and the shrubby have the greenhouse. HARDY ANNUALS. 0. cornicula'ta (small-horned). $. Yellow. Au- gust. Britain. — Dille'nii (Dillenius's). 2. Copper. America.1798. — —flo'rida (florid). 2. Yellow. America. 1798. — leeviga'ta (smooth). $. Purple. June. 1818. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). $. Pale red. N. S. Wales. — sensiti'va (sensitive). $. Yellow. July. Chim^ 1844. Stove. OXA [ 599 OXA HARDY HERBACEOUS. . Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 1. Yellow. August. Amer. 1816. tri'cta (upright). IJ, Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1658. HARDY BULBS. . a'lba (white-flowered). |. White. May. America. 1836. • America'na (American). \. White. April. N. Amer. ■ viola'cea (violet-coloured). J. Violet. May. N. Amer. 1772. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. . Cummi'ngii(Cuxaming'&). $. Golden. Sep- tember. Chili. 1831. • di'scolor (two-coloured). Violet, crimson. July. Mexico. 1844. ■floribu'nda (bundle -flowered). 1£. Red. July. S. Amer. 1827. • lasia'ndra (downy-stamened). l£. Pink. May. Mexico. 1840. ■ Martia'na (Martin's). Yellow. July. Brazil. 1829. Stove. • na'tans (floating). J. White. October. 1/95. Aquatic. ■ Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow. May. Chili. 1840. ■ palu'stris (marsh). Lilac. May. Brazil. 1828. Stove. ■pere'nnans (perennial). 2. Yellow. July. N. S. Wales. ■ re'pens (creeping-stalked). 1 . Yellow. May. 1793. ■ ro'sea (rosy). J. Rose. March. Chili. 1826. ■ ru'bro-ci'ncta (red-edged). 1. Yellow. Sep- tember. Guatimala. 1841. ■ Si'msii (Sims's). i. Crimson. April. Chili. 1822. • v'rbica (city). White. August. Brazil. 1828. GREENHOUSE BULBS. . ambigua (ambiguous). J. White. October. 1790. • areua'ta (bowed). J. Violet. September. 1795. ■ asini'na (ass's-eared). i. Yellow. Novem- ber. 1792. bi'fida (c\ovea-leaved). J. Violet. September. 1791. ■ bipuncta'ta (two-spotted). |. Lilac. May. Brazil. 1825. ■ Bo'wiei (Bowie's). £. Crimson. October. 1823. • Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). $. Rose. October. Brazil. 1829. • Burma'nni (Burmaan's). $. Purple. June. 1820. - cane'scens (hoary). 1. Purple. March. 1821. - capri'na (go&f s-foot). i. Flesh. August. 1757. - carno'sa (fleshy). *. Yellow. October. Chili. 1826. - ce'rnua (drooping). \. Yellow. March. 1/57. ■cilia'ris (hair -fringed -leaved). $. Purple. October. 1/93. - Commerso'nii (Commerson's). J. Yellow. October. Brazil. - compre'ssa (compressed). $. Yellow. De- cember. 1794. - conve'xula (small-convex). £. Pink. June. 1789. -crena'ta (scolloped -petaled). ?.. Yellow. September. Lima. 1829. ■ cri'spa (curled), i. White. October. 1793. - cruenta'ta (bloodied), £. Purple. October. 1926. - eunea'ta (wedge-petaled). J. Yellow, white. July. 1822. - cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). i> White. April. 1783. 0. eu'prea (copper-coloured). £. Copper. May, 1822. — Darwallia'na (Darwall's). J. Pale crimson. July. — denta'ta (toothed). \. Flesh. October. 1793. — De'ppei (Deppe's). %. Red. March. Mexico. 1827. — di'stieha (two-rowed). $. Pale yellow. May. 1818. — dive'rgens (wide-spaced). J. White. July. Mexico. I829. — elonga'ta (elongated). £. White. June. 1791. amce'na (fine-red). £. Copper. Sep. tember. 1810. — fabte/o'lia (bean-leaved). J. Red. October. 1794. — Ja'llax (deceptive). 5. Yellow. September. 1825. —ferrugina'ta (rusty). $. Yellow. June. 1820. —filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). $. Violet. Sep- tember. 1815. —filifo'lia (thread-leaved). \. Pink. June. 1822. — flabellifo'lia (fan-leaved). $. Yellow, red. August. 1789. — fla'ccida (feeble). J. White, red. September. 1812. — fla'va (yellow). J. Yellow. March. 1775. flo're-plefno (double-flowered). $. Yel- low. March. — fu'lgida (fulgid). i. Crimson. October. 1820. — furca'ta (fork-leaved), j. Red. September. 1823. — fusca'ta (brown-spotted). £. Yellow. May. 1795. — genieula'ta (kneed). J. Yellow. October. — gla'bra (smooth). £. Purple. May. 1795. — glandulo'sa (glanded). J. White. October. 1822. — 7ii'rta (hairy-stalked), j. Lilac. October. 1787. — hirte'lla (small-hairy). £. Red. March. 1823. — incarna'ta (flesh). £. Flesh. May. 1739. — /a6urnt/o'/ia(laburnum-/eaue(i). $. Yellow. September. 1/93. — lana'ta (woolly-leaved). J. White. October. 1791. — lancecefo'lia (spear-head-leaved), i. Yellow. October. 1795. — lasiopeftala (downy-petaled). J. Pink. July. Buenos Ayres. 1841. — lateriflora (lateral-flowered). $. Purple. March. 1824. — la'xula (loose). £. White. November. 1820. — le'pida (pretty), i- White. May. 1823. — lepori'na (hare's-earerf). J. White. October. 1795. — linea'ris (narrow- leaved). $• Violet. October. 1795. — li'viia (livid). $. Flesh. October. 1793. — loba'ta (lobed). i. Yellow. October. 1823. — lupinifo'lia (lupine-leaved). J. Yellow. Sep- tember. 1791. — lute'ola (yellowish). $. Yellow. May. 1823. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). \. Yellow. June. 1820. — macro'stylis (large-styled). £. Purple. Oc- tober. 1793. — margina'ta (green-edged). £. White. No- vember. 1812. — Mauritia'na (Mauritian). £. Pale rose. Sep* tember. Isle of France. 1810. — minia'ta (vermilion), i. Vermilion. May. 1819- — monophy'lla (one-leaved). $. Yellow. Oe» tober. 1774. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered). $. LUae, Fe- bruary. 1789- OXA [ GOO ] OXY 0. obtu'aa (blant-leaved). $. White. Septem- ber. 1812. — papiliona'cea (butterfly). £. Variegated. Brazil. 181ft. — pectina'ta (comb-leased). £. Yellow. October. 1790. — pentapht/lla (five-leaved). J. Pink. June. 1800. — Pio'ttce (Piotta's). i- Orange. June. 1816. — polyphy>lla (many-leaved). £. Pale purple. May. 1791. — pulche'lla (pretty). $. White. October. 1795. — puncta'ta (dotted). $. Purple. May. — purpura' ta (purplish). $. Pale purple. Oc- tober. 1822. — purpu'rea (purple), i. Purple. October. 1812. — reclina'ta (reclining). %. Pink. October. 1/95. — repta'trut (creeping-rooted). $. Flesh. No- vember. 1/95. — rigi'dula (stiflish). J. White. September. 1822. — rosa'cea (rosyish). J. Pink. October. 1793. — rostrafta (beaked). $. Purple, violet. Oc- tober. 1795. — rubdlla (branching - small - red) . $. Pink . October. 1791. — ru'bro-fla'va (red and yellow). $. Red, yellow. June. 1823. — sangui'nea (bloody-feaeed). £. Yellow. No- vember. 1795. — secu'nda (side-flowering). J. Lilac. October. 1/90. — seri'cea (silky), j. Yellow. May. 1794. — speeio'sa (showy). %. Purple. October. 1690. — strumo'sa (swollen-styled). £. White. De- cember. 1821. — sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). $. Paleyellow. October. 1795. — sylv&ttris (wood). White. February. — tentflla (delicate). \. Lilac. May. 1793. — te'nera.-(tender). \. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1826. — tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). £. Purple. June. Mexico. 1823. — tenuifo'lia (fine -leaved). £. White, red. October. 1790. — tri'eolor (three-coloured). J. White, red. November. 1794. — tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. Pink. Novem- ber. 1790. — undula'ta (wave-leaved). £. Lilac. October. 1795. — variabilis (variable). £. White, red. No- vember. 1795. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). \. White. November. 1790. Si'msii (Sims'a). $. White. November. 3790. — veno'sa (veiny), j. Violet, yellow. October. 1823. — versicolor (various-coloured). \. Crimson. February. 177*. GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS. O. Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1J. Pale red. Sep- tember. Caraccas. 1824. Stove. — Chine'nsis (Chinese). $. Yellow. August. China. — frutico'sa (shrubby). 1. Yellow. December. Rio Janeiro. 1817. Stove. — Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 2. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823. Stove. O'xalis De'ppei Culture. — Plant bulbs of this in pots at the beginning of Alarch, and shelter in a cold pit or green- house. "When all fear of frost is passed, plant them in a light soil, and in a southern aspect, about twelve inches apart each way; or the bulbs may be kept out of the ground altogether until the middle of April, and then be planted at once in the open soil. It should be trenched, and a little manure turned in with the bottom spit, as for other tap- rooted crops. The scaly bulbs, from which it is propagated, grow in a cluster round the crown of the root. The only cultiva- tion required is to keep the crop free from weeds, and to water plentifully in dry weather ; otherwise, if the roots are allowed to become dry, they split upon the occurrence of moist weather. Protect from early frosts.in October or November, by a mat covering. About ten roots are enough for a dish. They are very useful as a vegetable from early in October to the end of December. An inferior kindhas often been substituted for it, viz., the O'xalis Jacquinia' na ; but this is distinguished by having pink flowers. In Belgium, the leaves, being gratefully acid, are used for the same purposes as sorrel, and the flowers are mixed with other salad-herbs. As it is not a very common vegetable, it may be useful to state, as an improved mode of cooking, that after peeling the tubers, and cleaning out tbeir hollow centres, they must be well boiled in rich stock (gravy), skimming off the fat, and then be served up hot, with a sauce made of a little butter heated until brown, with a spoonful of flour, and a little of the stock. Ox-eye. Buphtha'lmum. Ox eve Daisy. Chrysa'nthemum leu- ca'nthemum. Ox-lip. Pri'mula ela'tior. Oxya'nthus. (From oxys, sharp, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the sharp- toothed calyx and corolla. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [ Cinch onacese]. Linn., 5- Pentandriu 1-Monogynia. Allied to Gar- denia.) Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from Sierra Leone. Cuttings of young shoots, a little firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. O. hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. July. 1812. — specio'sus (showy). 3. July. 1789. — tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). 3. July. — versicolor (various-coloured). July. Cuba. 1839. Oxy'bafhus. Umbrellawort. (From oxys, acid, and baphe, dyer's colour ; re- ferring to the coloured juice of the roots. ox* [ Ml ] OXT Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctaginaceae]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Marvel of Peru.) All purple-flowered, except where otherwise stated. Seeds In May,- in the open border, but better in nild hotbed, in March, and planted out in the end of April ; also, by division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam ; they all require dry places, and protection from severe frost in winter. 0. aggrega'tus (aggregate). 1. Pink. New Spain. 1811. — angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. August. Louisiana. 1812. — Cervante'sii (Cervantes'). 2. June. Mexico. 1823. — Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. Lilac. September. Chili. 1832. — decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. August. Mis- souri. 1818. — expa'nsus (expanded). 2. July. Peru. 1819. — glabrifo'lius (smooth-leaved). 3. July. New Spain. 1811. — hirsu'tus (hairy). 1. August. Louisiana. 1812. — nyctagi'neus (nocturnal). 1. August. Mis- souri. 1823. — ova'tus (egg-leaved). 2. August. Peru. 1820. — pilo'sus (shaggy). 1. August. Missouri. 1812. — visco'sus (clammy). 6. July. Peru. 1793. Oxyco'ccus. Cranberry. (From oxys, acid, and kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord., Cranberries [ Vacciniaceae] . Linn., 8- Octandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy, pink-flowered evergreens. Seeds, but generally by dividing the plants, by layering the shoots, by merely placing sandy peat around them, and by cutting off the points of shoots, and insert- ing themin sandy peat, under a hand-light,in sum- mer. Marshy, peaty soil, such as abed surrounded with water. The Cranberry, however, has been grown successfully in a bed on a north border, without any water round it, and the produce was good and plentiful. Macroca'rpus produces the largest fruit. See American Cranberry. O. ere'etus (upright). May. N. Amer. 1806. — macroca'rpus (large-fruited), |. May. N. Amer. 1/60. variega'tus (vanegntei-leaved). J. May. — palu'stris (marsh). \. May. Britain. Oxygo'nium. (From oxys, sharp, and ererf). 3. White, purple. April. Shanghae. 1845. lila'eina (lilac-coloured). 3. Lilac. April. China. 1845. Hu'mei (Sir Abercrombie Hume's). 2. Purple. May. China. 1817- papavera'cea (poppy-like). 3. White. May. China. 1789. parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Pale rose. April. Shanghae. 1845. pi'cta (painted). 3. Pale and deep-rose- striped. April. Canton. 1845. Rawe'sii (Bawes's). 2. Pale pink. May. China. 1820. ro'sea (rosy). 3. Pink. May. China. ro' sea-pie 1 no. (double-rose). 2. Bed. May. China. 1804. — — ro'sea-se'mi-ple'na (semi-double- rose). 2. Bed. May. China. 1794. salmo'nea (salmon-coloured). 3. Pale salmon. April. China. 1846. — — specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. May. China. 1825. HAEDY HEEBACEOTJS. P. albifidra (white-flowered). 2. White. May. Siberia. 1548. ■ ca'ndida (white). 2. Flesh. May. Siberia. fe'sta (pleasant). 2. White, pink. June. — fra! grans (fragrant). 2. Bed. May. China. 1805. — -^_ JJu'mei (Hume's double-crimson). 2, Bed. May. China. 1808. — Po'ttsii (Potts's). 3. Crimson. June. China. 1822. — Reeve'sii (Beeves's-dou6/e). 2.Pink. June. China. 1822. PAL ts (ruddy). 2. Pink. Ma>« P. albiflo'ra rube'i Siberia. Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. White. May. Si« beria. Tata/rica (Tartarian). 2. Flesh. May. Siberia. uniflo'ra (single-flowered). 2. Pink. May. Siberia. vesta'lis (virgin). 2. White. May. Siberia. Whitle'ji (Whitley's double. white). 2. Blush. May. China. 1808. — ano'mala (anomalous). lj. Crimson. May. Siberia. 1788. — arieti'na (ram). 2. Purple. Levant. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Bose. June. Oxonie'nsis (Oxford). 2. Pale blush. June. — Bro'wnii (Brown's). Bed. May. N.Amer. 1826. — coralli'na (coralline). 3. Crimson. May. England. — Co'rsica (Corsican). Purple. June. Corsica. — Cre'tica (Cretan). 2. White. May. Crete. — de'cora (comely). 2. Purple. May. Turkey. — — — ela'tior (taller). 2. Purple. May. Crimea. Pallu'sii (Pallas's). 2, Purple.May.Crimea. — hu'milis (dwarf). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1633. — hp'brida (hybrid). 2. Bed. May. Siberia. — loba'ta (lobed). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1821. — mo'llis (soft). 14. Purple. May. Siberia. — officina'tis (shop). 3. Bed. May. Europe. 1548. — — — aVii'cans (whitening). 3. White. May. anemoniflo'ra (anemone-flowered). 3. Pink. May. 1830. Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 3. Crimson. Oxford. bla'nda (bland). 3. White. May. cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. May. multipe'tala (many-petaled). 3. Crimson. May. ro'sea (rosy). 3. Bed. May. ru'bra (double-iei). 3. Bed. May. variega'ta(\a.Tiegzte&-leaved). 3. Crimson. June. — parado'xa (paradoxical).2.Purple.May.Levant. compa'cta (compact). 2. Purple. May. fimbria! ta (e Purple. May. 1788. — refle'xum (bent-back-feated). 4- White. June. 1800. — reticula'tum (netted). f. Pink. May. 1820. — retu'sum (bitten). 4. Dark crimson. June. 1824. — revolu'tum (rolled-back). 4. Purple. July. 1800* — ro'seum (rosy). 4- Rose. April. 1792. — rumicifo' Hum (dock-leaved). 4- Yellow. June. 1823. — schizope'talum (cut-petaled). 1. Yellow, brown,. June. 1821. — seto'sum (bristly). 4- Rose. May. 1821. — spathula'tum (spatula-teated). 4- Yellow. May. 1805. affi'ne (kindred). 4. Yellow. April. 1794^ — tenefllum (slender). 4. Yellow. June. 1802 — triphy'llum (three-leaved). 4. Flesh. May. 181?. — tri'ste (sad. Night-smelling). 1. Green, yellow. July. 1632. — undula'tum (wavy-feared). 4- White. June. 1795. — undulieflo'rum (wavy-flowered). J. Black. June. 1831. — vicicefo'lium (vetch-leaved). 4- Pale rose. May. 1779. — violaflo 1 rum (violet-flowered). 4- White. May. ■ virgi'i (virgin). 4- White, red. June. 1795. PEL [ G20] PEL GREENHOUSE EYEEGEEEN SHRUBS. p. abrotanifolium (southernwood-leaved). 3.Red. JIay. 1791. — acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 3. Pale purple. April. 1784. — aceto'sum (sorrel-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 1710. — acugna't icum (acunna). 3. Ked. June. 1818. — adulteri'num (counterfeit). 3. Purple. May. 1785. — alnifo'lium (alder-leaved).2.Pink-veined. May. — altefn Kay. frnans (al'.srna.te.Parsley-leaved). l.Wuite, purple. June. 1791. — ampli'ssimum (largest). 2. Purple — anceps (two-edged). J. Pink. June. 1 Trailer. — angulo'sum (angled). 3. Purple, August. 1724. — a'rdens (burning). Bed. June. 1807. — arma'tum (armed). Purple. May. 1/89. — artemisiafo'lium (wormwood-leaved). White. June. 1817. — a'sperutn (rough). 3. Pink. August. 1795. — astrugalifo'lium (astragalus-leaved). $. White, purple. July. 1788. — austra'le (southern). J. Rose. June. N. Hol- land. 1792. — balsa'meum. (balsamic). 3. Pink. August. 1790. — Barringto'nii (Barrington's). 3. Purple. Kay. — Beau fortia 1 num. (Beaufort's;. 3. Lilac. June. — Bella'rdii (Bellard's). White. June. — Bentinckia'num (Bentinck's). 2. Scarlet. May. — betuli'num (birch-leaved). 3. White, red. July. 1759. — bi'color (two-coloured). l£. Purple, white. July. 1778. — blatta'rivm (moth muleyne). 1$. Violet. July. 1720. — lulla'tum (blistered). I. Pink. June. — cane'scens (hoary). White. July. — ca'num (hoary). 1±. Pale purple. August. 1820. — capita'tvm (rct/nd-headed. Rose-scented). 3. Purple. June. I6g0. — carduifu'lium (thistle-leaved). 3. Pale purple. July. 1816. — carinu'tum (keeled). 4. White, purple. July. 1820. — carno'sum (fleshy-stalked). 1. Purple, white. May. 1724. • — eeratophy'llum (horn-leaved). 1 . White. June. Africa. 1786. — citrio&c'rvm (citron-scented). 3. White. July. 1800. — cochlea'tum (twisted-shell-fcated). 3. Purple. May. — conduplica'tum (double. Heart-leaved). 3. Purple, white. May. 1774. — consangui'neum (kindred). 2. Pink. June. — curda'tum (heart-feaeed). 3. Purple, white. May. 1774. — coronopifo'lium (buckhom-leaved). lj. Pale red. August. 1/91- — cortusafo'lium (cortusa-leaved). 2. Pink. July. Atrica. 1786. — cotyle'donis (navelwort-feared). 3- White. June. St. Helena. i;65. — crena'tum (scolloped-feared). 2. July. 1800 — cri'spum (.curl-leaved). 3. Purple. September. 1774. — crithmifi/lium (samphire-leaved). I. White, purple. Way. 1790. — cueulla'tum (hooded-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1690. • — grandiflcfrum (large-flowered). 4. Pur- ple. May. 1818. — — ma'jor (greater. RoyalGeorge). 4. Purple. May. 1812. P. cueulla'tum striata fin' rum (streaked- flower. edj. 4. Purpie. May. 1810. — cuspida'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. White, red. July. — cynosbatifo'lium (eglantine-ieaved). lj. Dark red. June. — dasyccu'lon (thick-stemmed). 1. White, purple. September. 1795. — deco'rum (comely). Lilac. July. 1825. — dWpAtni/o'/ium(larkspur-Ieaved)!3. Pink. June. — denticula'tum (tooth-leaned). 3. Pink. June. 17S9. — di'-.cipes (disk-stalked). 3. Africa. 1808. — diversifo'lium (different-leaved). 3. White, red. July. 1794. — eta'tum (tall). 2. White, purple. August. 1/95. — ele'etum (select). White. July. — tflegans (elegant). 3. White, red. April. 1795. ma' jus (larger-flowered). 3. White, red. June. 1/95. minus (srrmXler-flowered). 3. White, red. June. 1795. — erioste'mon (woolly-stemmed). 1$. White. April. 1794. — ftrsrVpu/a'tumtunstipuled). S.Violet. July. 1779- —formosi'ssimum (handsomest). 2. White, red. July. 1759. — Fothergi'llii (Fothergill's). 2. Scarlet. August. purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple. August. 1810. — fra'grant (fragrant. Nutmeg). 2. Variegated. July. — fu'lgidum (shining. Celandine-leaved), lj. Scarlet. Mav. 1723. — 'usca'tum (clouded). 3. Purple, red. May. 1812. — gibbt/sum (swollen). 14. Green, yellow. June. 1712. — glau'cum (milkv-green-teoced;. 3. White, red. July. 1775. — glomera'tum (heaped). 4. White. July. — glutino'sum (sticky). 3. Pale rose. May. i/77- — grandifio'rum (large-flowered). 3. White, red. May. 1794. — gra'tum (grateful. Citron-scented). 2. Pink. June. — graee'o/e»is(strong-smelling. Rose-scented). 3. Purple. May. 1774. variega'tum (variegated-teaeed). 3. Purple. May. — grossularioi'des (gooseberry-like). 2. Pink. June. 1731. — hepaticifo'lium (hepatica-leaved). Rose. July. 1791. — Hermann' fo' Hum (Hermannia-leaved). 3. Fink. May. — hetero'gamum (dissimilar). 2. Pink. July. 1786. — Mrtum (hairy). Rose. July. 1768. — fti'spidum (bristly). 3. Purple. June. 1790. — holoseri'ceum (velvety) . 1J. Dark purple. April. 1820. — hy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Lilac. July. 1732. — imbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. Lilac, purple. June. 1800. — Inct'sum (cut-leaved). 3. White, red. June. 1791. — inodo'rum (scentless). 4- Pale purple. July. N. Holland. 1796. Trailer. — i'nquinans (dyed-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July. 1714. — leeviga'tum (smooth. Three-leafieted). S.White, red. June. — lanceola'tum (spear-head-teaced). White, pur- ple. Julv. 1775. — late'ripes (side-stalked. Iry-leaved). 2. Pale purple. July. 1787. — — — a'tbo jnarginu'lum (white-morgined) 2. Pale red. August. 1787. PEL [ 621 ] PEI P. late'ripes ro'seum (rose-coloured). 2. Red. August. 1787- xona'tum (zoned). 8. Pale purple. August. 1787. — lateri'tium (brick-coloured). l£. Red. Julv. 1800. — la'xum (\oose-panicled). 1. White. May. 1821. — leptope'talum (slender-petaled). 2. Red. June. 1800. — litora'le (shore). Swan River. 1837. — longicau'le (long-stemmed). 1. Pale rose. June. Trailer. — macula'tum (spotted). Blush. July. 1796. — malva/o'lium (mallow-leaved). 2. Pale red. July. 1812. — micra'nthum (small-flowered). Scarlet. Sep- tember. — mo'nstrum (monstrous). 2. Red. July. 1784. — myrrhifo'lium (myrrh-leaved). 14. White, red. June. 1696. — nigre'scens (dark). 4. Purple. May. 1777- — no'thum (spurious). 2. Pink. May. — obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple. June. — ndorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Pink. July. 1724. — oxyphy'llum (sharp-leaved). 2. White. August. 1800. — pa'llidum (pale-fiowered). 3. Pink. June. — papiliona'ceum (butterfly). 3. Pale white. June. 1724. — patenti'ssimum (most-spreading). 3. Lilac, white. June. 1820. — pa'tulum (spreading). 3. Pale blood. June. 1821. — pedicella'tum (/ong'-flower-stalked). 1. Green, brown. July. 1822. — pe'ndulum (weeping). £. Red. May. Trailer. — penicillatum (pencilled). 3. White, red. July. 1794. — primuli'num {■pntaxott-flowered). lj. Violet. July. — prineipi'ssee (princess's). 3. Dark pink. Au- gust. 1820. — pu'milum (dwarf). 1$. Pink. June. 1800. — pustulo'sum (pimply). 3. White, pink. June. 1820. — quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1774. bipinnati>fidum (doubly -leafleted). 4. Purple. May. 1774. — quina'tum (five-fingered). l.Pale yellow. May. 1793. — quinquelo'bum (five-lobed). 3. Red. July. 1820. — quinquevu'lnerum (five-spotted). l£. Dark purple. July. I796. — radia' 'turn (ray -leaved). J. Dark purple. July. 1790. — renifo'rme (kidney-shaped). 2. Purple. July. 1791. — rubifo'lium (currant-leaved). 3. White. May. 1798. — ri'gidum (stiff). Whitish. July. — ru'bens (rei-flowered). 3. Purple. June. — rubroci'nctum (red-edged). 3. Purple, white. May. 1774. — rugo'sum (wrinkly). 3. Pink, lilac. July. 1800. — sanicvlafo'lium (sanicle-leaved). 3. Pale red. July. 1806. — sca'brum (roxigh-wedge-leaved). 3. White, red. June. 1775. — sca'ndens (climbing). 3. Rose. July. 1800. — scuta'tum (shield). White. August. 1701. — semitriloba'tum (half-three-lobed> 3. Purple. May. 1800. — sortfrium (sister). 3. White, red. May. ■ — speci T upper stratum of heated air. The plants should be placed upon stages near to the glass. These stages ought to he broad enough to allow large specimens to stand clear of each other upon them. The size of the house will depend upon the means of cultivation, and the number intended to be grown. To exhibit collections of ten or twelve in number, three or four times during the season, the house should be at least fifty feet long, and twenty feet wide. This will allow a stage in the centre ten feet wide, walks round it two and a half feet wide, and a platform all round two and a half feet broad. This will leave the stage ten feet wide, and forty feet long, which will be ample space for three rows of twelve plants in each, full-sized and well-grown specimens. On the platforms next the frontlight smaller- sized plants may be placed, to succeed the others when they become unsightly through the bloom being over. The only heat wanted is just enough to keep out the frost, and the best mode of obtaining that heat is by hot water circulating in cast-iron pipes. {See Green- house.) Compost. — Procure from an old pasture, where the grass is of a fine texture, as much turf, three or four inches thick, as will serve to pot the collection for one year ; cast it into the compost-yard, and have it immediately chopped up into small pieces, and, as it is done, lay it up in a long ridge, facing east and west, so that the sun can shine upon each side morning and evening. The ridge or bank should not exceed two feet high, on a base of three feet wide. The grassy sur- face and green roots will soon begin to ferment during the process of decompo- sition, and the gases arising will pene- trate to every particle of soil, and mode- rately enrich it, quite sufficient to grow geraniums. Let it be turned over every three months for a year, and then it will be fit for use. Unless it be very heavy, or of a close texture, it will not require any addition. If too heavy, add sand to render it of an open texture. Culture of EstablishedPlants.— Cutthem down in July, leave them in a cold pit, and in eight or ten days after being cut down, and receiving moisture about the tops rather than among the roots, the pots may receive a fair watering — as much as will reach every good root. When the buds break, gradually give air. When one inch in length or so, take the plants to the potting-bench, shake the soil from the roots, examine and prune the roots a little, re-shift into similar, or, what in general will answer better, smaller-sized pots ; place them again in the cold pit, and keep close until the fresh roots are running in the new soil ; then give air gradually, until at length you ex- pose them entirely to the atmosphere, steering clear, however, of cold rains and anything like frost. Plants cut down in June and July, if transferred to small pots, will require to be placed in bloom- ing-pots in the end of October. Those cut down in the end of July, or during August, will not want repotting until the new year has brought lengthened sun- shine ; and from these different succes- sions of bloom may be expected. To have it fine, cleanliness, air, light, room, and a temperature seldom below 45°, must be leading considerations. Through the winter, unless during sunshine, the temperature should neverbe higher. After a sunny day it may be from five to eight degrees lower at night with impunity. In the case of large plants, little stopping will be required after repotting. Thin- ning instead will often be necessary. Hence old plants generally produce the earliest bloom, as every general stopping of the shoots, as well as every shift given, retards the blooming period. Pellitory of Spai>\ A'nthemis pyre' thrum. Pelta'ria. (From pelle, a little buckler ; referring to the shape of the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Cruci/ers [Brassicacese]. Linn., Tetradynamia. Allied to Draba.) Seeds ; division of the roots of allia'cea. Com- mon soil. P. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 1 . White. June Austria. 1601. Hardy herbaceous. — glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). 1. White. June. Syria. 1823, Hardy annual. Pen^'a. (Named after P. Pena, a Ger- man botanist Nat. ord., Sarcocolads [Penseacese]. Linn., i-Tetrandria \-Mo- nogynia.') Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope, and red-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. P.fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby]. 1. June. 1822. — imbrica'ta (imbricated). Pink. June. 1S24. — lateriflora (side-flowering). I. June. 1825. — margina'ta (bordered). 1$. June. 1816. — mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). 2. Yellow. Jur.s. 1787. — myrtoi'des (myrtle-like). 3. June. 1816. PEN C 626 ] PEN P. sarcoco'lla (thick-necked). 1. June. 1825. — squamo'sa (scaly). I. June. 1787- Pennyroyal. Me'ntha pitle'gium. Pentade'sma. (From pente, five, and dcsma, a bundle ; referring to the dispo- sition of the stamens. Nat. ord., Gutli- fers [Clusiacese]. Linn., 18- Poly adetphia •2-Pulyandria. Allied to Garcinia.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60°; summer, 60° to 90°. P. butyra'cea (butter-and-tallow-tree). 30. No- vember. Sierra Leone. 1822. Penta'petes. (From pente, five, and petalon, a petal ; five petals in the flower. Nat. orcl., Byltnerlads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadclphia 7 - Dodecandria. Allied to Dombeya.) Stove, scarlet-flowered plants, flowering in July- Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in moist heat ; also by seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Stove tem- peratures. P. ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. New Spain. 1805. — pJtani'cea "(scarlet). 2. India. 1600. Pentara'phia. (From pente, five, and raphis, a needle ; alluding to the form of the open calyx. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracesej. Linn., li-Didynamia 2- Angiospermia.) A warm greenhouse plant. For cultivation, see Ge's.neka. P. Cube'nsis (Cuban). 2. Scarlet. July. Cuba. 1854. Pe'ntas. (From pente, five ; referring to the number of petals and stamens. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreens, from South Africa, with pink flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in a hotbed; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 75°. Propa- gated in spring, in a hotbed, the plants so raised will bloom freely in the greenhouse during the summer. P. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured), lj. May. 1842. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. May. Pentla'ndia. (Named after J. P. Pent- land, Esq., consul-general in Peru. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Honoyynia.) Half-hardy Peruvian bulbs; offsets; sandy mam, peat, and leaf-mould ; require protection, or lifting out of the ground in winter. P. minia'ta (red-lead-coloured). 1. Bed. Sep- tember. 1836. — ^— lueuno'sa (pitted). 1. Bed. September. 1836. Stilira'nica (Sulivan's). 1. Orange. March. 1839. Pentste'mon. (From pente, five, and stemon, a stamen ; four fertile and one 40 abortive stamen. Nat. ord., Figicorti [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., li-Didyna- mia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Chelone.) Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, the plants will bloom in the flower-garden the same summer ; division of the plant in spring, as growth com- mences ; cuttings of the young shoots any time in spring, summer, or autumn, under a hand- light, in sandy soil ; sandy loam and leaf-mould, Gentianoi'des and its varieties, cocci'nea and a'lba, require a little protection in winter, when north of London ; a few fir-boughs and some moss among the plants will generally be sufficient ; but, to make sure, a few cuttings should be kept over the winter in a cold pit. HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). l£. Dark purple. July. Mexico. 1827. — azu'reum (blue -flowered). £. Blue. June. Mexico. 1848. — baccharifoflius (baccharis-leaved). 1$. Crimson. August. Texas. 1851. — campanula' turn (heW.-flowered). 1J. Lilac, purple. June. Mexico. 1794. — Cobas'a (Coboea-flowered). 2J. Pale purple. Texas. 1835. — Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 4. Purplish-blue. July. Mexico. 1846. — Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). -l\. Double purplec June. Mexico. 1825. dia'phanum (transparent). 2£. Rose* Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1843. — .KVnrAii (Kunth's). l£. Purple. Mexico. 1825* — minia'tus (vermilion). 1 . Vermilion, rose. July. Mexico. 1846. — pulche'llum (pretty), lj. Lilac. June. Mexico. 1827. — ro'seum (rosy), lj. Bose. Mexico. 1825. — Wri'ghtii (Mr. Wright's). 2. Bose. Junt. Texas. 1850. HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. acuminatum (pointed-leaved). Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827. — a'lbidum (whitish), f . White. July. Missouri. — angustifo'iium (narrow -leaved), lA. Lilac, purple. August. Louisiana. 1811. — argu'tum (neat). 3. Blue. Columbia. 1825. — attenua'tum (wasted). Cream. July. N. Amer. 1827. — breviflo'rum (short-flowered). 2. White, pink. September. California. — confe'rtum (crowded-flowered). 2. Pale yellow. July. N. Amer. 1827. — crassi/o'tium (thick-leaved). 1. Blue. June N. Amer. — deu'stum (blasted). 1. Cream. N. Amer. 182". — diffu'sum (spreading). l£. Purple. September. N. Amer. 1826. — digita'lis (foxglove-like), lj. White. August. Arkansas. 1824. — erianthe'rum (woolly - anthered). $. Purple. August. Louisiana. 1811. — glabt/rrimum (smoothest). 2. Blue. Columbia. 1835. — gla'brum (smooth), lj. Dark purple. August. Louisiana. 1811. — glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. Pale blue. June. N.Amer. 1827. — glau'cum (milky- green). 1. Pale lilac. July. N.Amer. 182;. — Gordo'ni (Gordon's). Is, Sky blue. June* Rocky Mountains. 1845. 2 3 PEP [ 020 3 PER P. gra'cilis (a\et.dei). 1. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1824. — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Purple. July. N. Amer. 1811. — heterophy'llum (various-leaved), lj. Red. July. California. 1834. — hirsu'tum (.narrow- leaved- hairy). 1. Pale purple. August. N. Amer. 1758. — lentigo! turn (smooth). 2. Lilac. August. N. Amer. 17/6. - Mackayafnum (Sir W. Mackay's). 1. Purple, yellow. August. Ohio. 1834. — Murr'aya'r.um (Murray's. Scarlet). 3. Scarlet. August. St. Felipe. 1835. — ona'tum (egg-leaved). 4. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1826. «— proTeerum (tall). 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827. — pruino'sum (frosted). 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1827. -— pube'scens (broad-leaved-iovmj). 1|. Pale purple. August. N. Amer. 1758. . * Ilichardso'nii (Richardson's). l£. Dark purple. July. Columbia. 1825. — Scou'leri( Scolder's). 3. Purple. Mav. N. Amer. 1827. — tpecio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1827. — statictefo'lium (statice-leaved). l£. Lilac. June. California. 1833. — triphy'llum (three-leaved). 1$. Pale red. July. California. 1827. — venu'stum (graceful). 2. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1827. Peppeb. Piper. Peppermint. Me'ntha piperi'ta. Pepper Vine. Ampelopsis bipinna'ta. Pepperwort. Lepi'dium. Perennial. A plant of any kind that lives for more than two years. Pere'skia. Barbadoes Gooseberry. (Named after Pieresk, a French patron of botany. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn., 12Icosandrial-Monogynia. Allied io Cactus.) Stove succulents. Cuttings in sandy loam, in beat, at almost any time; sandy loam, lime- rubbish, and a little peat and old cow-dung. Winter temp., 40° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. P. aeulea'ta (prickly). 5. White. October. W. Ind. 1696. — Ble'o (Bleo). 5. Pale red. November. Mexico. 1827. — crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). Mexico. 1838. — grari — barbi'gera (beard-bearing). Blue. September. N. Amer. — kedera'cea (wy-teaved). Blue. August. N. Amer. i;2fl. PHA [ 630 ] PHI GREENHOUSE TWINING ANNUALS. p. cuspidn'ta (sharp-pointed). Purple. July. Peru. 1732. — Dille'nii (Dillenius's). Blue. June. Ethiopia. — diversifo'lia (various-leaved). S. Blue. June. Mexico. 1836. — ntW(ni)). Blue. August. America. 1597. — puneta'ta (dotted). Purple, violet, \ugust. India. STOVE TWINING ANNUALS. P. hispida (bristly). White, purple. August. E. Ind. l62p. — sca'bra (scurfy). White. September. 1823. EVERGREEN TWINERS. P. eatha'rtica (purgative). Blue, purple. Sep- tember. Mexico. 1848. Stove. — carule'scens (blue). Pale blue. July. E. Ind. 1820. Hardy. — Lea'rii (Lear's). Blue. June. Buenos Ayres. 1835. Stove deciduous. — ostri'na (purple). 20. Purple. July. Cuba. 1840. Stove. — tyrianthi'na (purple). Purple. October. Mexico. 1838. Stove deciduous. — va'ria (variable). Blue, violet. September. 1816. Stove. Phase'olus. Kidney Bean. (FrompAa- selus, a little boat ; fancied resemblance of the pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- \>&ces&].Hnn.Yl-Diadelphiai:-Decandria.) For culture of annuals, see Kidney Beans; perennials, by division and cuttings, and usual greenhouse or stove culture. STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS. P. Caraca'lla (Caracalla). 1|. Lilac. August. India. 1690. — loba'tus (lobed-Zeaceo - ). 6. Yellow. September. Buenos Ayres. 1843. Evergreen. — specio'susi showy). 6.Scarlet.July. Orinoco.1820. GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS TWINER. P. syhestrts (wood). 6. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1825. HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS. P. multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 12. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 1633. albifla'rus (white-flowering). 12. White. August. S. Amer. 1633. — pere'nms (perennial). 3. Dark purple. July. Carolina. 1824. — vulga'ris (common). 1. White. July. India.1597. fascia' tus (handtd-seeded). White. July. India. 1597. variega'tus (variegated -seeded). White. July. India. 1597. TWINING ANNUALS. P. aconitifo' Hits (aconite-leaved). 2. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1731. — amce'nus (pleasine). 4. Red. July. Society Islands. 1820. — chrysafnthos (golden - flowered). 3. Yellow. July. — gonospe'rmus (angled-seeded). 4. Pale violet, white. July. — heteropky'Uus (variable-leaved). 4. Bed. June. Mexico. 1820. — lathyroi'des ( lathy rus-like). 2. Scarlet. July. Jamaica. ' 786. — vacrospe'rrr.us (small-seeded). 1. Dark purple. June. Cuba. 1825. — tt'mi-ere'ctus (half-erect). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 1781. — toro'sus ^uneven). 4. Violet. July. Nepaul.1818. — viola'ceus (violet). 3. Violet. Julv. Africa. 1800. — Xuare'«fi(Xuares's).4. Red. July'. S.Amer. 1813. Pheasant's Eye Adonis. Ado'nis at* tumna'lis. Pheba'liusi. (From phibale, a myrtle ; the appearance of the plants. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Eutaceae]. Linn., lQ-Decundrta l-Monogynia. Allied to Crowea.) Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered, New Holland shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, or short, stumpy side-shoots, in sand, under a bell- glass, in May ; sandy peat, with a third portion of fibry loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. P. au'reum (golden). 6. May. 1S23. — elaftum (tall). 10. May. 1825. — lacknoi'des (lachnaea-like). 3. May. 1824. — linea're (narrow-teased). 3. Juue. 1825. — salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 3. June. 1825. — squamulo'sum (scaly). 2£. May. 1824. Phtlade'lphus. Syringa, or Mock Orange. (Athenian name for a shrub. Nat. ord.. Syringas [PhiladelphaceaB]. Linn., 12- Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Deutiia.) Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs. Lay- ers and suckers, and dividing the plant in spring ; common soil ; deep loam is best. Many of the species would present a beautiful appearance if grown as single dwarf specimen trees, with a clean stem. P. eorona'rius (garland). 8. May. South Europe. 1596. j — flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 8. May. South Europe. fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 8. May. South Europe. na'nus (dwarf). 2. May. vulga'ris (common). 8. May. — fioribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). 6. June. N". Amer. — Gordonia'nus ^Gordon's). 10. July. N. Amer. — grandifi afrus (large-flowered). 6.June. Caro- lina. 1811. — hirsu'tv* (hairy). 3. June. N. Amer. 1820. — inodo'rus (scentless). 4. June. Carolina. 1738. — latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer. — la'rus (loose-growing). 4. June. N. Amer. 1830. — Leici'sii (Lewis's). 6. June. N. Amer. 1739. — Mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. June. Mexico. 1839. — specio'svs (showy). 10. June. N. Amer. — tomento'sus (downy). 3. June. Nepaul. 1822, — trifio'rus (three-flowered). 4. Himalaya. — verruco'sus (warted). 4. June. N. Amer. — Zeyhe'ri (Zeyher's). 3. June. N. Amer. Phtle'sia. (From philesios, lovely. Nat ord., Sarsaparillat [Smilacese]. linn., 6- Mexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to La- pageria.) This evergreen is probably hardy. Prune after it has bloomed early in the summer. Propagated by cuttings. Peat and loam in equal proportions; requires to be kept moist. P. buxifo'lia (box-!eaved). 3. Pink. June. Val- divia. 1853. Phtlibe'rtia. (Named of J. C. Phili- bert, a botanical anthor. Nat. ord., Ascle- piads [AsclepiadaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentan- dria 2-Digynia. Allied to Pergularia.) Stove, yellowish - white - flowered, evergreen PHI [ 631 3 PHL twiners, from Buenos Ayres. Cuttings of firm aide- shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and kept in a cold pit until struck; sandy loam and fibry peat, well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer, 60° to 75°. P. gra'cilis (slender). 6. June. 1836. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). June. 1836. Philly'eea. (From phyllon, a leaf; li- terally, a leafy plant, the flowers being inconspicuous. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Ole- acese], Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) Of all our hardy evergreens the Phillyrea is the best adapted for growing as dwarf standards. All white-flowered, and natives of South of Europe. Layers in autumn ; cuttings under a hand-light ; seeds, after being mixed with soil in the rot-heap ; good, common garden-soil. P. angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. May. 1597. brachia'ta (forked). 8. May. 1597. ros»iarin?/o'/ta(rosemary-leaved). 8. May. 1597. — Itt'ms (smooth-leaved). 15. May. 1597. — lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea»ed). 8. June. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 15. May. 1597- — Ugustrifo'lia (privet-leaved). 15. May. 1596. — tne'dia (mediate). 15. May. 1597. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 15. May. 1797. — obli'qua (twisted-teaced). 15. May. 1597. — oleeefo'lia (olive-leaved). 15. May. 1597. — pe/ndula (drooping). 15. May. 1597. — spino'sa (spiny). June. 1597. Phtlode'ndeon. (From phileo, to love, and dendron, a tree ; referring to habit of the plants growing on trees. Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 21-Monaecia 3- i Triandria. Allied to Caladium.) Stove rambling evergreens. Division of the ! roots ; cuttings of short, stubby side-shoots in ' sand, under a bell-glass, in peat; rich, sandy j loam and fibry pieces of peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. P. arbore'scens (tree-like). June. W. Ind. 1759. — cras«»e'r»!um(thick-ribbed). 20. Green, white. December. Brazil. 1835. — fragranti'ssimum (most fragrant). 4. Red, white. March. Demerara. 1834. — grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. White. March. Caraccas. 1803. — tripa'rtitum (three-parted). White. Caraccas. 1816. Philothe'ca. (From philos, smooth, and theke, a sheath ; smooth tube of sta- mens. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al- lied to Crowea.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short young shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame in May ; sandy loam and fibrv peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. P. austra'lis (southern). 2. Pale red. April. N. S. Wales. 1822. Phi'lydeum. (From phileo, to love, and hydor, water. Nat. ord., Waterworts [Philydraceee]. Linn., 1-Monandria 1- Monogynia.) Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in spring, in a warm place, and moved to a colder when up; sandy loam and peat ; does best in the greenhouse. P. lanugino'sum (woolly). 3. Yellow. June. China. 1801. Phlebo'dium. (From phlebs, a vein. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Stove Ferns. See Ferns. P. areola 1 turn (areolate). 1. Yellow. May. Brazil. — au'reum (golden). 3. Yellow. March. W. Ind. 1742. — decuma'num (tall). 5.Yellow. May. Brazil. 1818. — elonga'tum (lengthened). Brown. May. W. Ind. 1843. <■ ■ — iycopodini'des (club-mossi-like). £. Brown, yellow. March. Jamaica. 1822. — ni'tidum (shining). Brown, yellow. May. Hon- duras. 1844. — percu'ssum (struck). Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1841. — pulvina'tum (cushioned). Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1841. — sporodoca'rpum (spore-fruited). 3. Brown, yellow. May. Mexico. 1842. — squamulo 'sum (scaly). Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1842. Phlogaca'nthus. (From phlox, a flame, and akanthus, the type of this Nat. ord. of Acanthads [Acanthacese], the flowers being flame-coloured. linn., 2- Diandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Justicia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. For culture, see Jua- Tl'CIA. P. eurviflo'rus (curved-flowered). 6. Red, yellow. June. Sylhet. 1839. — gutta'tus (spotted). l£. Yellow-spotted. April. E. Ind. 1828. — thyrsiflo'rus (thyrse-flowered). Orange. May. E. Ind. 1812. Phlo'mis. (From phlogmos, a flame ; down used for wicks. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14 -Didynamia 1- Gymnospermia. Allied to Leonotis.) Perennials, seeds, divisions, and slips planted in spring and autumn ; shrubs, by cuttings and slips, placed in the open air, in a shady place, or under a hand-light ; shrubs requiring protection in winter, by cuttings under hand-lights, in summer ; all good, mellow, wel' -drained soil. HALF-HAEDY HEEBACEOUS, &0. P. angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). Cream. July. Levant. 1596. Evergreen. — crini'ta (Jazir-bracted). 2. Pale brown. June. Spain. 1820. . — flocco'sa (flocky). 2. Yellow. August. Egypt- 1828. Evergreen. — Nisso'lii (Nissole's). 2. Yellow. June. Le« vant. 1757. — orienta'lis (eastern). 3. Pale brown. July. South Europe. 1820. HAEDY EVEEGEEEN SHEUBS. P. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow, purple. June. Lybia. 1714. — ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow, brown. June. Naples. 1823. Cre'tica (Cretan). 3. Yellow. June. Crete. 1820. ~-frutico'sa (shrubby. Jerusalem Sage). 3. Yellow. June. Spain. 1596. PEL PHO P.Ita'liea (Italian). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1661. — lana'ta (woolly). 1$. Yellow. June.Candia.l606. — lychni'tes (lychnitis). 2. Yellow, brown. July. South Europe. 1658. — purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. South Europe. l66l. — visco'sa (clammy). Yellow. June. Levant. HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. agra'ria (field). Purplish. July. Siberia. 1830. — alpi'na (alpine). I. Purple. July. Siberia. 1802. — Armeni'aca (Armenian). 1. Yellow. July. Armenia. 1834. — Cashmeria'na (Cashmere). 2. Pale lilac. July. Cashmere. — he'rba-ve'nti (wind-herb). 2. Red. August. South Europe. !5fi6. — laeinia'ta (jagged-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Levant. 1/31. — lunarifo'lia (honesty-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. Levant. 1818. — pv'ngens (stinging). 3. Brown. July. Ar- menia. 1820. — Russellia'na (Russell's). 3. Brown. June. Levant. 1821. ~- Sa'mia (Samian). 3. Purple. N.Africa. 1714. — si'mplex (simple). Purple. May. Himalayas. 1838. — tubero'sa (tuberous). 4. Purple. August. Siberia. 1/59. Phlo'x. (From phlox, flame ; bril- liancy of the flowers. Nat. ord., Phlox- worts [Polemoniacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- tandria \-Monogynia.) Herbaceous perennials, natives of North Ame- rica, except where otherwise mentioned. Divi- sions, and cuttings under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; the low trailing ones are beautiful on knolls and rock-works. Drummo'ndi by seed sown the first week in April, in gentle heat. HALF-HARDY. P. arista'ta (awned). £. White. April. Caro- lina. 1828. — Florida'na (Florida). 1. Rose. April. 1S34. — specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. Columbia. 1826. HARDY. P. aeumina'ta (pointed-leaved). 4. Pale purple. July. 1812. — acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4. Purple. Au- gust. 1825. — Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Blue. April. 1825. — cafrnea (fleshy). 1. Pink. August. 1816. — Caroli'na (Carolina). 1. Pale purple. Au- gust. Carolina. 1728. — corda'ta (heart-leaved). Pale purple. Caro- lina. 1827. — craxsifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Rose. April. 1825. — di'sticha (two-rowed). 5. Red. August. 1826. — divarica'ta (spreading). 1. Light blue. March. 1746. — Drummo'ndi (Drummond'g). 1. Purple. July. Texas. 1835. Annual. — ela'ta (tall). 6. Lilac. September. 1828. — erce'lsa (tall). 4. Purple. August. 1824. — glabe'rrima (smoothest). 3. Red. July. 1725. — interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. July. — mvolucra'ta (involucred). 1. Lilac. June. 1830. — Ite'ta (charming). 3$. White. August. — lati/o'tia (broad-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Carolina. 1812. — macula'ta (spotted-stalked). 4. Purple. July. 1740. — ni'tida (shining). 2. Purple. July. 1S00. — r.iva'lis (snowy). 4. White. April. 1820. P. odora'ta (scented). Lilac. August. — ova'ta (egg-leaved), lj. Purple. June. 1759, Listunia'na (Lady Liston's). 1. Purple. July. 1816. — panicula'ta fpanicled). 3. Fink. August. 1732. a'lba (white). 3. White. August. 1813. — penduliflo'ra (drooping). ££• Rose, purple, October. 1823. — pilo'sa (hairy leaved). 1. Purple. May. 1759. ama'na \pleasing). J. Pink. June. 1809. — procu'mbens Jying-down). Flesh. May. I827. — pyramidu'lis 'pyramidal). 4. Flesh. July. 1800. a'lba (white-flowered). 4. White.' June. corymbo'sa (corymbed). 4. Purple. July. — ' pendul'flo'ra (drooping-flowered). 4. Pur- ple. July. — refptans (creeping), i- Blue, purple. July. 1800. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 1825. — sca'bra (rough). Lilac. August. — seta'cea (bristly). J. Flesh. April. 1786. — Sickma'nni (Sickman's). White. August. 1826. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. White. July. 1766. variega'ta (variegated). 1. White. July. 1766. — mbula'ta (awl-leaved). J. Dark purple. May. 1786. — suffrutico'sa (shrubby). 1$. Dark purple. August. 1790. — tardiflu'ra (late-flowered). 2. White. Sep- tember. 1625. — triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. File lilac. Au- gust. Carolina. 1816. — undula'ta (waved-leaved). 3. Purple.July.1759. — Vivgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Purple. July. Virginia. 1812. Phce'nix. Date Palm. (The Greek name of the tree. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacea?]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 3-Tri- andria.) Dactyli'fera requires a greenhouse, but all the others a stove. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring, or when procurable ; rich, rather stiff loam, or good, fibry loam, with a fourth part of old cow-dung. P. acau'Hs((stemless) 6.White,green.E.Ind.l8l6. — dactyli'fera (common. Date-bearing). -iC. White, green. Levant. 1597. —farini'/era, mealy). 28. White, green. E. Ind. 1800. — Leone'nsis (SierraLeone).30.SierraL«one.l823. — paludu'sa (marsh). 20. E. Ind. 1820. — pygma'a (pigmy). 6. Mauritius. 1823. — reclina'ta (leaning). 10. White, green. Cape of Good Hope. 1792. — sylve'stris (wood). 14. Green. May.E.Ind.1763. Pholido'ta. Piattle - snake Orchid. (From pholis, a scale, and ous (otis), an ear; flowers arranged like an ear of wheat, with scaly hractes, as the tail of thatsnake. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Ccelogyne.) Stove orchids. Division of the plant; in • pot. SeeOKCHins. P. articula'ta (jointed). White, yellow. April. Khooseea. 1837- — Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Whitish. May. China. 1844. — conchoi'dea (shell-like). Yellow. February. Manilla. 1840. — undula'ta (waved-leaved). Pale red, April. E. Ind. 1828. PHO L 633 ] PHY Pho'emium. Flax Lily, or New Zea- land Flax. (From phormos. a basket; one of the uses made of the fibre. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceas] . Lmn,, 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions of the root ; rich, mellow loam. P. te'nax (tough). 6. Green, white. August. New Zealand. 1/S8. Photi'nia. (From photelnos, shining ; appearance of tbe leaves. Nat ord., Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Ico- sandria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Erio- botrya.) Half-hardy white-flowered evergreens. Seeds when procurable, treated as the haws of the Hawthorn; generally by budding on the Haw- thorn as a stock ; rather tender for the open air north of London, but deserve a wall, owing to their beautiful foliage ; and where, also, when established, they would generally flower freely. P. arbutifo'lia (arbutua-leaved). 10. July. Cali- fornia. 1796. — du'bia (doubtful). 10. Nepaul. 1821. — integrifo'tia (entire-leaved). 10. Nepaul. 1820. — serrula'ta (saw-edge-/«afed). 10. May. China. 1804. Phey'nium. (From phrynos, a frog? because inhabiting marshes. Nat. ord., Marants [Marantaceae]. Linn.. 1-Monan- dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Canna.) Stove herbaceous perennials ; yellow-flowered, where not otherwise specified. Seeds in a hot- bed in spring, or division of the roots as fresh growth commences ; rich loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. P. capitu'tum (headed). 5. White, purple. July. E. Ind. 1807. — colora'tum (coloured). 2. Orange. May. Brazil. 1828. — como'sum (tufted). 3. July. Surinam. 1828. — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. July. Brazil. 1823. — myro'sma (myrrh-scented). 2. Whice. July. S. Amer. 1820. — obli'quum (twisted). 1$. June. E. Ind. 1824. — Parkefri (Parker's). 2. July. Grenada. 1823. — parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. July. E. Ind. 1820. — sang'?a'neMm(blood-coloured).6. Red. February. — seto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple. June. Rio Janeiro. 1824. — spica'tum (spiked). 1. July. E. Ind. 1825. — villo'sum (shaggy). March. Demerara. 1842. Phyce'lla. (A diminutive of phycos, Red Alkanet ; alluding to the colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexundria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Habranthus.) Half-hardy beautiful bulbs, whose old roots> like those of the Tulip and Hyacinths, die yearly ; and, therefore, may, like them, be taken up to dry as soon as the leaves die. They flower in cummer after the leaves are fully grown ; die, or should die, in August, and remain dormant until February ; peat earth is poison to them ; strong loam suits them best, and a very dry bottom. There is a maguiflcent Phycella in Valparaiso not yet introduced ; red flowers, and golden tubes or bottoms. Seeds, and offset bulbs ; warm border, protected from wet and cold during winter, or sheltered from frost in cold pit or frame. P. biflo'ra (two-flowered). Scarlet, April. Chili. — brevitu'ba (short-tubed). 1. Scarlet. July. 1836. — chlora'cra (yellow-green). Green, crimson. Mexico. 1844. — coru'sca (glittering). 1. Scarlet. September. Coquimbo. 1825. — cyrtanthoi'des (cyrtanthus-like). J. Crimson. June. Chili. 1824. — glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Red. June. Val- paraiso. 1824. — Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 1. Red, yellow June. Andes. 1825. — i'gnea (fiery). 1. Scarlet. April. Chili. 1824. pu'lchra (pretty). l£. Red. October. Valparaiso. — obtu'sa (blunt). Peru. 1844. Phy'lica. (From phyllikos, leafy ; abundance of evergreen leaves. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [Ehamnacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope, and all white-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a glass, in spring, and kept cool and shaded from sunshine until they have struck ; sandy, fibry peat, with nodules of freestone and char- coal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. P. bi'color (two-coloured). 2. June. 1817- — capita'ta (headed). ]. June. 1800. — cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 2. Yellow, green. June. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. June. 1731. — globo'sa (globose). 3. June. 1800. — imbrica'ta (imbricated). 1. October. 1801. — ni'tida (shining). November. 1774. eriopho'ra (woolly). 3. November. 1774. — papillo'sa (nippled). 3. Pale yellow. June. 1820, — pi'nea (pine-like). November. 1774. — pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. July. 1789. — plumo'sa (feathered). 2. April. 1759- — rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary -leaved). 3. 1815. — squarro'sa (spreading). 2. September. 1800. Phylla'nthus. (From phyllon, a leaf, and anthos, a flower ; flowers produced on the edges of the leaves. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceaej. Linn., 21- Moncecia 10 -Mo nadelphia.) Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, in spring, and then flowered in stove and greenhouse during the summer. Shrubby species, by cutting* of the hard shoots in sandy soil, in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with a little broken bricks, charcoal, and dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. P. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Green, yellow. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1818. Biennial. — Niru'ri (Niruri). $. Green. July. E. Ind. 169&. — obova'tus (reversed-egg-teawed). J. July. N, Amer. 1803. Hardy. — urina'ria (urinary). $. Green, yellow. August. E. Ind. 1819. STOVE EVEEGEEEN SHRUBS. P. fraxinifo' litis (ash-leaved). 4. Green. At-gua. E. Ind. 1819. — grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 5. America. 17/1* PHY [ 634 3 PHY P.juglandifo'lius (walnut - leaved). 2. vireen, yellow. August. 1818. — lanceola'tus (spear-head-Zeaeed). 3. (ireen, yellow. Isle of Bourbon. 1822. — lu'cens (shining). 2. Green, yellow. August. China. 1820. Greenhouse. — mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 13. Green. August. Caribbees. 1817. — nutans (nodding). l£. Green, yellow. August. Jamaica. 1820. — polyphy'llus (many-leaved). 3. Green. August. £. Ind. 1805. — reticula'tus (netted). 3. Red. August. K. Ind. — sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow. Au- gust. E. Ind. 1822. Climber. — turbina'tus (top-shaped). 2.Green. July. China. Phylla'etheon. (From phyllon, a leaf, and arthros, a joint ; leaflets as if jointed to the footstalks. Nat. ord., Cres- centiads [Crescentiacese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia. Alliance, a small order next to Bignoniads.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of stubby side- shoots, or pieces of the ripe young wood, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, and a little leaf-mould and char- coal. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 90°. P. JBo/enVna(Bojer's). 3. Rose. July. Mauritius. 1844. Phyllo'cladtjs. (From phyllon, a leaf, and klados, a branch; branch-like leafleted leaves. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 21-Monoecia 10-Mo- nadelphia. Allied to Podocarpus.) Greenhouse cone-bearing trees, from Van Die- men's Land. Cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in spring, and no artificial bottom- heat until the cuttings swell at their base ; strong loam. At Belfast, rhomboida'lis (Celery-topped, or Adventure Bay Pine) bears the winter without protection ; trichomanoi'des would be equally hardy in the south of Ireland and south-west of England. Winter temp., 40° to 48°; summer, 60° to 75°. P. rhomboida'lis (diamond-Zeaufd). 40. 1825. •— trichomanoi'des (maiden-hair-like). 60. Yellow. July. 1840. Phyxlo'ta. ( From phyllon, a leaf, and ous (otis), an ear; shape of leaves. Nat. ord.,Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10 -Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Aotus.) Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs, introduced from New South Wales in 1824. Cuttings of young shoots getting firm (the little stubby side-shoots are best), in spring and sum- mer, in sand, under a bell-glass; fibry, sandy peat, and a few nodules of fibry loam, to keep the plants stubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. aspe'ra (rough) ; como'sa (tufted) ; phyli- eoi'des (phylica-like) ; squarro'sa (spreading). Physic Nut. Ja'tropha. Physia'nthus. (Fromj%sa,abladder, and anthos, a flower; alluding to its 'shape. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia- dacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) Stove evergreen climber. Seed sown in a hot- bed in spring ; cuttings of firm, stubby side- shoots in summer, in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat; sandy loam and fibry peat, with plenty of drainage. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. Does well in a stove ; but we have had it flowering beautifully, and producing its sin- gular fruit, in a conservatory of medium tempera- ture. A variety named a'lbicans undula'tus, from South America, lived for several years against a wall in the Fulham nursery. P. a'lbens (whitish-leaved;. 20. White. August. Buenos Ayres. 1830. Physochlai'na. (From physa, a blad- der, and chlaina, an outer garment ; re- ferring to the swollen calyx of some species. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solana- cese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous. Common garden-soil. In- creased by root division in autumn or early spring. P. grandiflofra (large-flowered), lj. Green. May. Thibet. 1850. Physoste'gia. (From physa, a blad- der, and stege, a covering ; formation of the calyx. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lami- acese]. Linn., HDidynamia l-Gymno- spermia. Allied to Melittis.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a little heat, early, and then most of the plants when turned out in May will bloom the same season ; divisions of the plants in spring ; and cuttings, or young shoots, under a hand-light, in sandy soil, in summer ; sandy loam and a little leaf- mould. P. corda'ta(htait-leaeed). Purple. July. N. Amer. 1824. — denticulu'ta (toothed-leaved). Striped. August. Carolina. 1787. — imbrica'ta (imbricated -flowered). 3. Pale purple. September. Texas. 1833. — speci&sa (showy). Pink. July. Siberia. 1822. — trunca'ta (blunt - calyxed). lj. Pale pink. St. Felipe. 1834. — variega'ta (variegated). Purple. August. Ca- rolina. 1812. — Virginia'na (Virginian). 1$. Red. August. N. Amer. 1683. a'lba (white). 3. White. August. Phtsu'eus. (From physa, a bladder, and oura, a tail. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria. Allied to Ansectochilus. ) P. pi'ctus rivals the far-famed Antectochilus in the richness of its foliage. Stove orchids, in pots. Division in spring. See Orchids. P. argefnteus (silvery-teased) • ?. White. June. Ceylon. — Lobbia'nus (Lobb's). £. Java. 1847. — pi'ctus (painted). J.White. June. Brazil. 1844. — Pre'slei (Presley's). Yellow. February. Mara- quita. — rariflo'rus (few-flowered). Yellow. March. Ca- raccas. Phytet/ma. Eampion. (An ancient name of a plant. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanulaceas]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Campanula.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, with two excep- tions. Seeds and divisions in spring; common, light garden-soil. Pretty little things for rock- works and the front of borders. PHY [ C35 ] PIE P. betonicifo'lium (bctony-leaved). 2. Pale blue. June. South Europe. 1818. — campanuloi'des (campanula-like). I. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1804. -. _— Sibt'horpiatnum (Sibthorp's^ July. Mount Olympus. 1804. — cane'scens (hoary). 2. Lilac. July. Hungary. 1804. — Charme'lii (Charmeli's). 1. Blue. June. Pyre- nees. 1823. — como'sum (tufted). J. Blue. June. Austria. 1752. Biennial. — globular if 0' Hum (globularia-leaved). £. Blue. June. South of France. 1820. — ffaKe'ri (Haller's). 4. Violet. May. South of France. 1822. — hemispkee'ricum (half-globed). 1. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1752. -~ hi'spidum (bristly). l.Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. — hu'milis (humble), j. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. — intequa'tum (levelled). I. Blue. June. Austria. 1820. — lanceola'tum (spear-head-tea»e<2). £. White. June. Armenia. 1826. — limoniifo'lium (limonium-leaved). Switzerland. 1832. Evergreen. — Miche' Hi (MicheYi's). %. Red. June. Switzer- land. 1822. — ni'grum (black). 4. Red. July. Bohemia. 1820. — orbicula're (round-headed). 1. Violet. July. England. deci'piens (deceiving). Blue. July. Swit- zerland. 1819- j— gigante'um (gigantic). Blue. July. France. 1817. — pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). J. Blue. May. Switzerland. 1823. — pulche'llum (pretty). 1 836. — Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). $. Blue. May. Switzerland. 1813. — scorzonerifo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Alps. 181 9- — SiJiVtCMm(Siberian). l.Blue. July. Siberia.181 7. — SieJe'rf(Sieber's). l.Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1826. — spica'tum (spiked). 2. Blue. May. Europe. 1597. Phytola'cca. (From phyton, a plant? and lacca, lac ; the crimson colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Phytolaccads [Phyto- lacaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Deca- gynia.) There are many tender species, but the follow, ing hardy herbaceous ones are all that are deserv- ing notice. Seeds and divisions in spring ; light, sandy soil and leaf-mould. P. acino'sa (kernel-like). North India. 1844. — deca'ndra (ten-stamened. Virginian Poke). 5. White, green. August. S. Amer. 1768. Pick- axe should have a handle three feet and a half long, made of ash ; and the points or edges of the head should be of well-steeled iron. There are three varieties : — 1. The pick with two points, for loosening hard surfaces. 2. The pick- axe, for cutting through roots of trees when felling. 3. The mattock, with one pointed and one flat edge, for loosening surfaces and grubbing up roots. Picotee. See Carnation and Pink. Piara'nthus. (From piar, fatness, and anthos, a flower; the flowers being succulent, as in Stapelia. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese], Linn., 5- Pentandria 2-Digynia.) A true genus, but for practical gardening may be considered as a Stapelia. Greenhouse ever- greens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings, dried some days at their base before inserting them in sandy loam ; sandy loam, lime-rubbish, leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 90°; dry in winter. P. a'ridus (dry), i. Pale yellow. August. 1795. — Qussonea'nus (Gussone's). 4. Yellow, brown. June. 1832. — incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June. 1793. — mammilla' ris (nippled). Brown. June. 177*- — parviflo'rus (small- flowered). J. Yellow. August. 1795. — pu'llus (dark). £. Dark purple. August. 1774« — puncta'tus( dotted). J. Dark purple. August. 1795. Pi'cea. The Silver Fir, a true genus, but by recent authors considered only as a section of the Spruce tribe. See Pi'nus. Picte'tia. (Named after A. Picket, a physician. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 - Diadelphia 4- Becandria. Allied to Hedysarum.) Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs, from the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 5f" P. arista'ta (awned). 4. June. 1816. — squamma'ta (scaled). 4. 1824. Piera'rdia. ( Named after Mr. Pierard, of Kew. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapin- dacese] . Linn., 8- Octandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Melicocca.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. P. du'leis (sweet). 20. Yellow. Sumatra. 1820. Piekis cratjegi. Hawthorn, or Black- veined Butterfly. Is white, with black ribs or veins on the wings. It is very much like Pontia brassicce. The cater- pillar is dirty yellow, hairy, black-headed, and a brown stripe down its sides. The caterpillars moult several times, and they are usually found on the apple-tree, where both the yellow eggs and caterpillars mar; PIG [ G3G ] PIN be found in June. The caterpillars draw two or three leaves together with a weh. These should he sedulously sought for and destroyed. Pigeon Pea. Caja'nus. Ptlea'nthus. (From pilos, a cap, and anthot, a flower. Nat. ord., Fringe-Myrtles [Chamselauciaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosan- dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Calytrix.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short voung shoots in sand, under a glass, in May, and plactd in a shady place in a cold pit ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. P. lima'cis (Umax-like). 2. April. White. N. Holland. 1824. Pilewobt. Fica'ria. Pilt/jina. (From pilos or pileos, a cap ; shape of flowers. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria. Allied to Trichopilia. ) Stove orchids. Division of plant, or taking off of a shoot; in pots. See Orchids. P.fra'grans (sweet-scented). White, yellow- May. Popayan. 1843. — la'xa (loose- flowered), j. Purple, white, green. October. Popayan. 1844. Pimele'a. From pimele, fat; referring to the viscid matter on the leaves of some species. Nat ord., Daphnads [Thyme- laceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Mono- yynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Seeds sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring; cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- glass ; sandy, flbry peat, with a third of fibry loam, and "pieces of charcoal, freestone, and broken pots, to keep the soil open, in addition to good drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. affi'nis (related). White. May. — deeussa'ta (cross-branched). 2. Red. May. 1824. — diosmxfo'lia (diosma-leaved; . 1. Rose. July. 1826. — gracil'fio'ra (slender -ealyxed). 3. White. June. 1830. — Henderso'ni (Henderson's). 2. Rose. July. 1837. — hi'spida (bristly-flowered). 2. Blush. May. 1830. — intermedia (intermediate). 2. White. May. 1825. — linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. White. May. 1793. — linoi'des (flax-like). 2. White. July. 1826. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 4. White. June. 1831. — na'na (dwarf). $. White. Jane. 1S39. — ni'eea (snowy-kerbaged). 6. White. 1833. — paludo'sa (marsh). White. April. 1826. — ro'sea (rosy). 2. Red. June. 1800. — tpecta'bitis (showy). 3. White, pink. May. 1840. — spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. 1824. — sylue'ttris (wood). 3. Blush. June. 1S30. Pime'nta. Allspice-tree. (From pi- mento, the Spanish name. Nat. ord., ifyrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn., 12- Icotandria 1 - JTonogynia. Allied to Myrtus.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom- heat, in spring ; rich, sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. P. vulga'ris (common. Allspice). 30, White. June. W. Ind. 1/23. Pimpernel. Anaga'llis. Pen-aster. Pi'mis pina'ster. Pinching is a term applied to crush- ing, between the finger and thumb, the leading bud of a shoot, so as to prevent its increasing in length, and to force more sap to the other buds. Pinckne'ya. (Named after Mr. Pinck- ney, an American botanist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5- Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Bou- vardia.) Half-hardy evergreen tree. Seeds ; and cuttings of ripened shoots under a hand-light, in sandy peat. It hardly deserves the greenhouse, and is rather tender for exposure, but would probably flourish against a south wall in a shallow border of loam and peat. P.pu'bens (downy). 20. Red. June. Georgia. 1786. Pine-apples. Anana'ssa. Varieties. — Queen : a free grower and an excellent fruiter ; fit for the earliest summer fruit, and excellent during Sep- tember and October. Ripley Queen: a very fine fruit, and by many preferred to the first. St. Vincent, or Green Olive : an excellent winter fruit. Black Jamaica : the best winter pine; it is too often con- founded with the Montserrat. Black Antigua: a noble pyramidal fruit, with large pips ; should be cut a little before it is quite ripe. Brown Sugar-loaf: large and showy, with a very juicy flesh ; it is said by some to swell tolerably well in winter. White Providence : one of the largest and noblest of pines; flavour rather inferior. Trinidad: large and of pyramidal shape ; flavour not first-rate. Enville: noble - looking fruit; flavour second-rate. Culture. — This usually commences in February. Have the upper thirty inches of the pit in which the pots are to be plunged filled with fresh tan. Re-pot your plants, using any turfy soil, even from a road- side, well chopped to pieces when dry, but by no means riddled. Nevertheless, it is very good practice to have a richer and mellower compost in a more decomposed state on the potting bench, such as the surface of an old cucumber-bed, chopped when dry, dungr PIN [ 037 J PIN rotten leaves, and loam altogether (but most of the loam), and then passed through a very coarse riddle, afterwards adding one-sixth of charred sticks, or rubbish, such as will pass readily through a. riddle of an inch mesh. Use pots which would require but one more shift : the size of the pot for the final shift will determine this ; and pots of about thirteen inches diameter will be sufficiently large for any beginner to fruit in. In potting, first place three or four large crocks in such a way as that at least three bold apertures be formed, both for the escape of water and the admission of gaseous matter from below. • Over this strew broken crocks and charcoal lumps, large as horse-beans, until the large crocks at the bottom are just concealed. Then strew a layer of the turfy lumps, out of which the loose soil has been ejected by shaking in a riddle. This done, the ball may at once be inserted, first suffering such crocks as are loose to dislodge themselves from the old ball. Next, throw in another layer of the turfy lumps all round the ball, and on these strew a couple of inches of the mixed compost in a mellow state; then, with a blunt stick, give the whole a slight pressure all round the ball, add another layer of the turfy lumps, strewing a little of the compost over them; again press with the stick; and now place a final coating of the compost, nearly two inches in depth, all over, and level with the rim of the pot. Let there be no tapping or thumping the bottom of the pot on the bench. If the balls of the pines about to be shifted are dry, water them, at least three days before they are to be shifted, with tepid manure-water, in order to allow the moisture to equalise itself, and the surplus to pass away. Thus there will be no occasion for any root-watering for nearly a month after shifting. The plants may be plunged immediately they are shifted; but let them by no means be more than half their depth in the tan. If any disrooting has become really necessary, and the sun shines bright, a little canvass shad- ing will be a benefit for a couple of hours each day; not, however, to ob- struct light, but rather to prevent the too rapid dispersion of atmospheric moisture. Stove. — For the construction of this, see Hothouse and Pit. Table of Temperature at to Artificial Seat only. Day. Night. ,*»£ January 64 deg. . 60 deg. . 6 deg. February 66 „ ..6o „ .. 6 „ March 70 „ ..62 „ .. 6 „ April 74 „ ..64 „ .. 8 „ May 76 „ .65 „ .. 10 „ June 78 „ ..66 „ .. 10 „ July 80 „ ..68 „ .. 10 „ August 80 „ ..68 „ .. 10 „ September 76 „ ..63 „ .. 10 „ October 73 ,,..62 „ .. 8 „ November 70 „ ..62 „ .. 8 ,, December 64 „ . . 60 „ . . 6 „ Tables of this kind must not be allowed to guide the thermometer entirely. A good cultivator will take notice of the condition of his plants, and shape his course accordingly. If they appear " drawn," he should at once lower his night heat, as also that on dull days. For bottom-heat, by adding 5 Q to every one of the above artificial day tempera- tures, we shall be as correct as by any tedious detail. Thus July and August should have a bottom-heat of 85°, which ought never to be exceeded in pine cul- ture. If bottom-heat is supplied by a tank or pipes heated by hot water, the directions about renewing the tan are not needed. Monthly Culture. — The plants being all plunged in the new pit, trial sticks must be put in, and a bottom-heat thermo- meter by all means employed. The bot- tom-heat here given is meant to apply to the heat at the bottom of the pot. Whilst practitioners are driven to capricious fer- menting materials as a source of bottom- heat, an excess of heat will sometimes become necessary inside the bed, in order to provide somewhat against sudden declines. Let, then, the operator secure the bottom-heat as per table at the bot- tom of the pot, and all will be right. If the heat rises above the desired point, let water be instantly employed as a cooler between the pots ; and if this does not immediately check it sufficiently, let the pots forthwith be rocked to and fro in the bed, until a fair cavity is ob- tained between the tan and the pot side ; and when the heat has declined to the desired pitch the cavity may be filled uj again. Let atmospheric moisture be liberally employed, especially from three o'clock in the afternoon until eight or nine the next morning. A slight syringing may be applied on every afternoon about PIN [ 638 ] PIN closing time, taking care that at this time (February) it is dispersed on the follow- ing morning by a liberal heat and a free ventilation. Air must be given daily, if only for an hour; during all moderate •weather a little may be given at 8 a.m. ; increased, if necessary, about 11 a.m. ; and taken entirely away about 3 p.m. March. — The sun will now be gaining much power, and the amount of perspi- ration from the foliage will be much increased ; let, therefore, a correspond- ing increase take place in the amount of atmospheric moisture. Shading may be employed for a couple of hours or so in the middle of very sunny days with some benefit. Syringing the surface of the tan is an excellent plan. If the wind is very cutting, be very cautious in the ad- mission of air ; the front sashes may be kept closed, and, if sunny, the shade applied, merely letting a little of the sur- plus heat escape at back. April. — In proportion to rapidity of growth must be the admission of air. With a little freedom in growth, accom- panied by a free perspiration, the plants will begin to require occasional waterings ; indeed, the Queen section will have re- quired it before March was out. With regard to such as the Black Jamaica, the case is widely diflerent ; it is astonishing how long these pines will not only subsist but thrive without water. Queens, En- villes, Providences, &c, will require it thrice to their once, especially the Queens. May. — Atmospheric moisture must continue to increase with increasing heat and light. The syringe may now be plied two or three times a week, always choosing bright afternoons for its appli- cation. The closing up, or reducing the air, must now be deferred until four o'clock p.m., and the giving of air must take place proportionately sooner; in- deed, such ought to be in April. If the pines are vigorous, and plenty of atmo- spheric moisture can be commanded, discontinue shading at the end of April or beginning of May, unless the roof be of an exceedingly bright character, and the squares of glass very large. Piather let atmospheric moisture more abound, accompanied by a freer ventilation still. June. — If the pines have done well, their pots will be filled with fine roots by the end of June, and shifting into the fruitiug-pots will become necessary. We will, however, pass on to the next month. July. — At whatever period the last shifting occurs, the same routine of pot- ting may be observed. We have nothing new to say, except that as the size of the pot increases, so may in proportion ths size of the lumps of turf, &c. The plung- ing medium, if necessary, may be re- newed ; but much caution must be exer- cised at this period, when the solar heat produces so much excitement. How- ever, we advise that a foot or so of new tan be trenched into the bottom of the bed, and a little mixed with surface tan, and this merely to promote durability through the ensuing winter. Watch daily their bottom-heat thermometer. As before observed, if the plants re- quire a watering, let it be three days before the operation of shifting. August. — After the plants have been shifted a fortnight or so, they will again require the water-pot. Until the plants are beginning to root in the new soil, however, they may be kept moist enough by copious syringings, damping also the surface of the tan daily. All that is further necessary is a most liberal venti- lation from eight a.m. until past four p.m., applying all the atmospheric moisture possible the moment the house is closed, and syringing just previous to closing. September. — The August advice will do perfectly well for this month, except that ventilation may even be more liberal still, when the weather is fine, to put a check on too rampant growth ; for, in order to have fine " shows," the tissue of the plant must become highly solidified. October.— The light will now begin to decrease considerably, and both artificial heat and atmospheric moisture must give way in a proportionate degree. Still, however, persist in permitting a consi- derable increase of heat when the wea ther is bright. We need hardly say, beware of burning at the root. The advice applies to every month alike ; but it requires a double amount of watchful- ness for three weeks after disturbing the fermenting material. November.— In proportion to the dut ness of this month, the heat and mois» ture must decline. The tan-bed wiL require some renewal in the early part of this month, in order to go well througb the winter ; and if the tan is mellow, oi somewhat dry, let it be well watered with, tepid water, and then stirred deeply with a pointed stake, as deep as the otake can PIN pjXT go. The whole may then be cased over up to, and rather above, the rim of tbe pot, provided the bottom-heat bas de- clined sufficiently to bear it. Tbis re- newal must be watched, and water applied to the tan if necessary. December and January require a very similar course of practice; much fire- heat will at times be necessary, and all possible means must be "taken to coun- teract dryness in the atmosphere. Sy- ringing can seldom be permitted in these two months, but sprinklings on the sur- face of the tan, and once a week it may be stirred up with a stake. Besides this, the floor may be kept moist, evaporating pans kept in continual requisition, and even the walks sprinkled, if necessary. if the weather become unusually severe, rather give up five degrees on the ther- mometer than continue a roasting fire for several days. In emergencies of this kind, the pines will take no harm at 55° ; hut not a degree below tbis should be permitted. February The. temperature will now begin to rise again slightly; growth re- commences, and repotting succession pines, and the renewal of bottom-heat is Deeded, this brings us to the point from which we commenced. Insects. — See Acarus and Coccus. Pine-tree. Pi'nus. Pineaster Beetle. Bostrichus. Pinguecula. Butterwort. (From pin- ffuis, fat; the greasiness of the leaves. Nat. ord., Butterworts [Lentibulaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) Seeds and divisions ; chiefly requiring marshy, boggy soil. North American species are the most tender, requiring the treatment generally given to alpines, with the addition of keeping water in the saucer below the pot in which they are grown. f. ede'ntula (toothless). ^.Yellow. April. N. Amer. 1823. -— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). $. Blue. April. Britain. — lu'tea(yenov/).i. Yellow. June. Carolina. 1816. — orehidoi'des (orchis-like). £. Purple. October. Mexico. 1845. — vulga'ris (common). J. Violet. May. Britain. Pink. So little do the Pink, Picotee, and Carnation differ in their botanical characteristics, that they are all consi- dered varieties of the Clove Pink (Dia'n- thus caryophy'llus). Some think that the Eed Pinks only are derived from this, hut that the Pheasant's-eye Pinks are the offspring of the Feathered Pink (Dia'nthus pluma'rius). As florists' flowers they are very distinct. The Carnation marks in flakes, or ribbon*, of colour, from centre to edge, and thro Jgh the edge ; and the more dense these rib- bons, or stripes, or flakes of colour are, and the more distinct the white ground between them, the better, and the more equally divided, as to quantity, they are, the better. As the petals are broader as they approach the outer edge, so also are, or should be, both the colour and the white. They are divided into classes, called Bizarres and Flakes ; the former having two colours of stripe besides the white, the latter only one colour. These Bizarres and Flakes are subdivided, there being purple flakes, rose flakes, and scarlet flakes ; and among the bizarres, scarlet bizarres, which have scarlet stripes, and a second colour, which is considered better for a rich contrast of black, and approaches to it ; then pur- ple bizarres, which have purple stripes, with a light pink, or rose, or some other colour, forming a contrast. The Picotee has the colour only on the edge, and broad or narrow, as the case may be, but ramifying towards the centre ; any mark or spirt of colour that does not touch the edge is a blemish. Some, therefore, are only marked round the edge very dis- tinctly, but as narrow as possible ; others have a sort of feathering, narrow or deep, as the case may be, but feathering inwards from the edge ; the outer edge solid, and the inner edge rough, or feathery. The Pink is distinct from both these. The lacing, as it were, of a pink is rough outside and inside, with a portion of white outside the lacing, as if a band of colour had been laid on ; besides this, there is colour at the base of every petal, and, perhaps, one-third of the distance ajong the petal, so that it forms an eye, or centre, of colour, which is peculiar to itself, and which never occurs in the Carnation or Picotee. A Pink, without its lacing all round each petal, and its narrow strip of white out- side it, would be worthless as a show- flower. The more distinct this lacing is, the better; it should look like an even piece of embroidery, just fairly within the outer edge of the white. The Pink may be propagated and ©ul<- tivated in every respect similarly to the Carnation. Pipings of it are best made at the end of May, or early in June. Growing in, Beds. — By the middle of August Pinks are all gone out of flower. PIN L 040 ] PIN The old plants are of little use to the florist, as they seldom produce the second year first-rate bloom ; but for ornament- ing the border they are valuable. Ee- move them out of the bed ; trim of all dead flower-stems; and plant them in the borders of the garden rather deeper than they have been before. They will make fresh roots higher up the stems, and form close compact bushes, pro- ducing the next season abundance of flowers. If it is intended to grow Pinks again in the same bed, the soil ought to be taken out a foot deep, and renewed with fresh loam and very rotten stable- dung, in the proportion of three of the first to one of the latter, turning it over frequently to thoroughly mix and sweeten it. This should be done by the third week of August. Eaise the bed six inches above the soil around, and formed like a pitched roof, thus. The com- post should be at least a foot deep. Plant in rows, the first week in September, and twelve inches apart each way. Sheltering in winter, frequent stir- ring of the soil in spring, and mulching with short, well-decayed stable manure early in June, are the chief points of after-culture. See Carnation for other points requiring attention. Pin Pillar. Opu'ntia Curassa'vica. Pinnate. A leaf is pinnate when several leaflets grow from the sides of one foot-stalk, as in the Pea, Acacia, a scolope'ndr:\m ; Plantain. Mid a*. I Pla'ntia. (Named by Dr. Herbert after Mr. Plant, nurseryman at Cheadle, : in commemoration of his success in cross- I breeding. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceae]. ! Linn., Z-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sisyrinchium.) Greenhouse bulb. Seeds in spring, in a slight hotbed; offsets; light, rich, sandy loam; bulbs requiring to be taken up, or protected in a frame during winter. P.fta'va (yellow). Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1842. Planting. The end of October is the best time in the whole year to plant all ! kinds of trees and bushes which cast \ their leaves in winter, whether fruit-bear- ing or ornamental ; but all the evergreen American plants, as the Rhodode'ndron, may be planted in October, as well as in July, August, or September — the right months for getting in most evergreens. For directions as to planting Fruit-trees, the reader is referred to the article Stations; hut much of the following directions relative to planting ornamental trees and shrubs is generally applicable. Wherever they are to be placed, if the soil is at all dry at the bottom, no matter how poor it may be, it should be stirred or trenched three feet deep. In the case of single plants, where a pit or hole only is required, the narrowest diameter ought to be four feet, and if the bottom soil is poor, it should be removed, and some good added instead ; but loose soil of this description will subside in time, and if the plants are tied to stakes, as many need be to keep them firm the first year or two, the sinking of the soil from under the roots may cause them to strain, or otherwise injure them, by cracking and letting in the dry winds to them. Ano- ther evil is, that when trees thus planted sink down gradually, additional soil is placed over the roots to make the sur- face level, and this is equivalent to plant- ing too deep in the first instance, and deep planting is always to be avoided. Therefore the loose or Hew soil beneath the roots ought to be gently pressed down, and the pit filled up to near the surface of the ground, or to within three or four inches of it, so that, when the tree or bush is planted, the surface of the pit will appear a little mound, several inches above the surrounding surface. Plant fruit-trees shallow and on hard bottoms, to prevent their getting tco luxu. PLA [645 ] FIA ; slant ; 'out in gardening for ornamental I j plants, the more healthy and vigorous we ; ; can grow them the more ornamental they | ' -will be, unless, indeed, they are rather I tender for our climate. In that case shal- i low planting on a solid or unloosed bot- i torn suits them best, as they cannot grow j too strong, and the wood will therefore j- ripen better. The shrub being taken up ; with long, bare roots, and a host of small j i fibres, and a considerable ball of soil at- ji tached close up to the bole or bottom of ; the plant, place this ball in the middle of ! the prepared pit, and fill in the loose soil I under the strong roots, so that they may i lie in their natural position ; and in doing ! j it, if the small fibres are pressed down i too much, loosen them back again, and I fill in any cavities under the bole or main I roots. When the roots, great and small, i each of them branching out in straight j lines, are as regular as they can be i placed, some of the lower ones will be out of sight, but the majority are still I in view. Over those put a little better j soil, thus : take a spadeful, and throw it j past the stem of the plant on the roots ! on the opposite side to you, so that the soil runs along in the same direction as the roots. If you throw it on the roots 1 next to you, it will run against their direc- I tion and turn back their small points, j which would be nearly as bad as the old | way of shaking the plant up and down at this stage. When all the roots are • covered an inch or two, the watering-pot i must come, with a large rose to it, and j you must water all over the surface j heartily, even if it is a rainy day. This watering is to do the business of the old shaking — settle the finer particles of the soil about the roots. The rest of the soil, to the depth of four or five inches, may be thrown on anyhow, if the lumps are broken small, so that the surface is pretty smooth, and formed into a shallow basin to hold the future waterings. A stout stake, or stakes, according to the size of the plant, should be driven down before the earth is put over the roots, to keep the plant from wind-waving. When large, bushy evergreens are to be removed, their branches must be tied up towards the stem by passing a rope or strong cord round them before commencing at the roots. Plashing is a mode of repairing or modifying a hedge by bending down a portion of the shoots, cutting them half through near the ground to render th em more pliable, and twisting them amon g the upright stems, so as to render the whola more effective as a fence, and, at the same time, preserve all the branches alive. For this purpose, the branches to be plashed, or bent down, must not be cut more than half through, in order that a sufficient portion of sap may rise up from the root to keep alive the upper part of the branches. Where hedges are properly formed and kept, they can very seldom require to be thus maimed. Plaster of Paeis. See Gy'psum. Platanthe'ba. (From platys, broad, and anthera, a,n anther. Nat.ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria.) Chiefly hardy orchids. Seeds, chiefly sown as soon as ripe, in loose, mossy, peaty soil ; peat and loam, with a little chalk ; hardy ones kept as alpines, in a frame, defended from heavy rains and from severe frosts, and the atmosphere round them moist, by watering the ground or moss on which they stand. Several require the protec- tion of a warm greenhouse, Habena'ria bifo'lia and fla'va have been added to this genus. P. cilia'ris (hair- fringed). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1796. — crista'ta (crested). Yellow. September. N. Amer. 1806. — dilata'ta (spread). l£. white. September. Canada. 1823. — fimbria' ta( (fringed). Purple. June. Canada. 178 9. — herbi'ola (small-herb). Green. June. N. Amer. 1789. — holope'tala (all-petaled). White. May. Ca- nada. 1820. — Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Green. June. N. Amer. 1822. — hyperbn'rea (northern). Green. June. N. Amer. 1805. — inci'sa (cut). Paleyellow. June. N. Amer. 1825. — psycho'des (butterfly-like). Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1826. — Susa'nnce (Susanna). Green, white. E. Ind. 1834. Stove. Pla'tanus. Plane-tree. (From platys, broad ; the wide-spreading head of the trees. Nat. ord., Planes [Platanacese]. Linn., 21-Monaecia 9-Polyandria.) Hardy deciduous trees, flowering in April. Seeds in the autumn, and preserved until spring; cuttings, also, in spring and autumn, but chiefly and most quickly by layers in autumn and spring ; deep, mellow loam. P. occidenta'lis (western). 70. N. Amer. 1636. au'rea variega'ta (golden-variegated- leaved). 70. 1846. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 70. 1845. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). America. 1842. — orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Levant. 1548. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 70. Levant. cunea'ta (.wedge-leaved). 20. Levant. 1739. Hispa'nica (Spanish). 70. Spain. lacinia'ta (cut- leaved). 70. 1845. monstro'sa (monstrous). 70. 1946. PLA [646] PLE Pxattce'bium. (From platys, broad, and keras, a horn ; form of the fertile fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia l-Filices.] Stove Ferns. See Ferxs. P. alcico'rne (elk's-horn). |. Brown. August. N. S. Wales. 1808. — bifo'rme (two-shaped). 4. Brown. April. E. Ind. 1842. — gra'nde (grand). Brown. Julv. Moreton Bay. 1828. — stemma'ria (stemmaria). 1. Brown. May. Guinea. 1822. PiATYcmLtTM. This should be added to Gompholobium. P. Celsia'num (Cel's). 3. Yellow. N. Holland. 1830. Platyco'don. (From platys, broad, and kodon, a bell ; form of flower. Xat. ord., Bellworts [Campanulaceae] Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- sions in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in summer, under a hand-light; sandy, mellow loam. °. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Blue. June. Dahuria. 1782. aflba (white). 1. White. June. North of China. 1845. aflba semiple'na (semi-double-white). !. White. June. China. 1845. Platylo'bitjh. Flat Pea. (From platys, broad, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia Q-Decandria. Allied to Hovea.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland, and orange-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds in spring, in a slight hotbed, after placing them several hours in water, at a temp, of 130°; also by cuttings of the half- npened short shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; fibry, sandy peat chiefly, with a very little fibry loam, charcoal, and broken potsherds, with pots extra well drained. Stagnant water, especially in winter, destroys them. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P.formo'sum (beautiful). 4. July. 1790. — Murraya'num (Murray's). 1. Yellow, red. May. 1832. — obtusa'ngulum (obtuse-angled). 1. Yellow, red. May. ] 832. — ova' turn (egg-leaeed). 4. July. 1/92. — parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. July. 1792. — triangula're (triangular-feared). 4. July. 1805, Platylo'jia. (From platys, broad, and loma, an edge. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- diaceae]. IAnn.,2±.Oryploga-nia l-Filices.) Stove, brown-spored Fern. See Fjtam. P. Andromedcefo'lia (Andromeda-feaoed). May. 1840. — a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple), i. May. N. Amer. 1770. — Bro'umii (Brown's). May. Australia. — calome'lanos (beautiful-dark). May. Cape of Good Hope. 1843. — corda'ta (heart-shaped). 3. June. Mexico. 1842. P. falca'ta (sickle- shaped). 1, May, N. Holland 1823. — ftexuo'sa fzigzag). May. Peru. 1838. — grandifo'iia (large-leaved). 2. September. W. Ind. 1793. — rotundifu'lia (round-leaved). l£. Julv. New Zealand. 1324. — sagittaft u (arrow-shaped). 3. June. S. Amer. 1S26. — ternifoflia. (three-leafleted). 14. Mexico. 1840. Piatylo'phus. (From platys, broad, and lophos, a crest ; seed-pod compressed so as to seem winged. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., 10-Bccandria 2- Digynia. Allied to Weinmannia.) Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in Aprii or 31 sy ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. P. trifolia'ta (three-leafleted. While Ash). White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Platype'taltjh. (From platys, broad, and petalum, a petal. Nat. ord., Crucifer* [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.) Hardy Herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and d.vi. sions it spring; sandy peat, in a very sheltered border, but better still treated as an alpine her- baceous plant, by giving it rather a shady place in summer, and protecting it from wet and cold in winter. P. purpura' seen* (purplish), i. Purplish. Mav. Melville Island. 1327. Platyste'jion. (From platys, broad, and stemon, a stamen. Nat ord., Poppy - worts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Po/yan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in April ; common, rich, light soii. P. Calif o'rnicus (Californian). 1. August. Cali- fornia. 1833. — leioca'rpus (smooth-fruited). 1. July. Si- beria. 1837. Platysti'gjia. (From platys, broad, and stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13- Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pla- tystemon. ) Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divisions in spring ; common, light soil; require* a little protection in winter. P. linea're (narrow-Jeaeeti). J. Yellow. Cali- fornia. 1833. Pleasure-ground is a collective name for that combination of parterres, lawns, shrubberies, waters, arbours, &c, which are noticed individually in these pages. One observation may be applied to all — let congruity preside over the whole. It is a great fault to have any one of those portions of the pleasure-ground in ex- cess ; and let the whole be proportioned to the residence. It is quite as objec- tionable to be over-gardened as to be over-housed. Plectra'jjthxts. (From plektron. a PLE L 6i7 ] PLE cock's spur, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) Herbaceous, by seeds and divisions ; shrubs, at times by seeds, but chiefly by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass; rich, sandy soil will suit them all. Temperature that of the greenhouse and stove. There are many more species beside the following : — P. inca'nus (hoary). 3. Blue. July. 1822. Greenhouse herbaceous. — terna'tus (three-leafleted. Opime plant), j. Purple. August. Madagascar. 1821. Stove herbaceous. — ternifo'lius (three-leaved). 2. Blue. August. Nepaul. 1820. Greenhouse herbaceous. — visco'sus (clammy). 1£. Blue. August. £. Ind. 1826. Stove evergreen. Plectei'tis. (From plektron, a cock's spur ; the flower being swollen in front. Nat. ord., Valerianworts [Valerianaceaa]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy North American annuals. Seeds in April, in common garden-soil. P. brachyste'mon (short-stamened). White. June. 1836. — conge'sta (crowded-flowered). 1. Hose. July. 1826. mi'nor (smaller-flowered). 1. Rose. July. 1826. Plecteo'nia. (From plektron, a cock's spur; the tree armed with large spines. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [ Cinch onacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Chiococca.) Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and placed in a cold frame; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. eorymbo'sa (corymbed). 20. White, green. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Pleope'ltis. (From pleos, full, and pelte, a shield ; referring to the covering of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae], Linn., 2-L-Cryp- togamia 1-Filices.) Stove Ferns, chiefly with brown spores. See Febns. P. elonga'ta (elongated). Yellow. May. S. Amer. 1843. — ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). £. May.S.Amer.1823. — lanceola' turn (spear-headed). 1. August. W. Ind. 1812. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). J. May. S. Amer. 1823. — nu'da (naked). ^. May. Nepaul. — percu'ssa (stricken). Yellow. Brazil. 1842. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Yellow. August. Brazil. — sefrpens (creeping). $. May. W. Ind. 1816. Pleeo'ma. (From pleroma, fulness; the cells of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese] . Linn., 10- Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Os- beckia.) Stove Brazilian evergreen shrubs, chiefly with purple flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened, or rather, the short, stubby side-shoots in saud, under a bell-glass, in summer, and plunged i* a little bottom-heat, lifting the edge of the bell- glass at night, to prevent damping; sandy, fibry peat, with a few nodules of fibry loam, and pieces of broken pots and charcoal, to keep the soil open, and particularly well-drained. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. E'legans and several others do best in an intermediate house, not so hot as a stove. It does better in the greenhouse than in the stove. P. Benthamia'num (Bentham's). 6. August. 1841 . — e'legans (elegant). 5. June. Organ Moun- tains. 1844. — htteroma'llum (one-woolly-sided). 4. July. 1819. — Kunthia'num (Kunth's). Palish red. July. 1847. — villo's'im (shaggy). 3. White. July. 1820. — vimi'neum (twiggy). 6. July. 1821. Pletjba'ndea. (From pleuron, a side, and aner, an anther; the stamens ar- ranged on one side of the pistil, giving the centre of the flower a one-sided ap- pearance. Nat. ord.,Dilleniads [Dilleni- acea?]. Linn., 13-Polyandria %-Bigynia. Allied to Candollea.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, New Holland, evergreen shrubs ; all about two feet high, and blooming in May. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy, fibry loam and fibry peat, with pieces of charcoal mixed with the compost, with good drainage and careful watering. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 1822. P. brac- tea'ta (lurge-bra.cted) . 1823. P. calyci'na (large-calyxed). 1826. P. eneo'rum (garland- flower). June. 1824. P. ericafo'lia (heath- leaved). 1824. P. ni'tida (shining). 1823. P. sca'bra (rough). 1824. P. stri'cta (erect). 1826. Pleueogea'mma. (From pleuron, a side, and gramma, writing ; disposition of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 24,-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Stove Fern. See Ferns. P. linea'ris (narrow-leaved). Brown. June. Jamaica. 1823. Pleueo'gyne. (From pleuron, a side, and gyne, the female organ ; this issuing from the side of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria Z-Digynia. Allied to Gen- tian.) Hardy annual. Seeds in April; chalky loam, and a small portion of peat. P. rota'ta (wheel-shaped-flowered). %. Blue. August. Siberia. 1827. Pleueotha'llis. (From pleuron, a side, and thallo, to bloom. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gy- nandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove orchids, not possessing much beautv but are interesting, curious little plants. They thrive best upon blocks of wood, with a small portion of moss tied to the block. The best form of the block is a round one, with the top PLO [C48] PLU cut sloping at an angle 01 45', the plant to be fixed on the eloping part. These blocks can then be placed on the lower end, which should be cut horizontally, to allow them to stand firmly in that P. aphtho'sa (wingless). Yellow. January. Mexico. 1839. — 4> 'carina' 'ta (two-keeled). — cir dimple 1 xa (bound-round). Green. Febru- ary. Mexico. 1837. — e'legans (elegant). Violet. New Grenada. — fleruo'sa (zigzag). Purple. September. Peru. — fra'gilis (brittle;. Orange, yellow. May. Rio Janeiro. 1841. — ge'lida (cold). Yellowish. May. Jamaica. 1841. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered). Peru. 1842. — Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Pale yellow. Mexico. — li'ngua (tongue-teamed). Purple. August. Mexico. 1842. — lute'ola (yellowish-flowered). Yellow. August. Brazil. 1839. — margina'ta (margined). Purple. April. Gua- timala. 1836. — museoVdea (moss-like). Pale yellow. June. Brazil. 183r. — oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Red. Jamaica. — obova'ta (reversed-esg-teaced). Pale yellow. May. Brazil. ^1834. — occu'lta ( hidden -flowered). Brown. January. Brazil. 1837. — ochreafta (reddish-yellow). Red, yellow. Sep- tember. Brazil. 1839. — ophioce'phala (snake's-head). fellow. April. Mexico. 1837- — pachyglo'ssa (thick-tongued). Purple. March. Mexico. 1837. — panduri'fera (fiddle-formed). Yellow. Brazil. — pectina'ta (comb-like). Green, purple. July. Brazil. 1837. — plantagi'nea (plantain-like). Jamaica. — plumo'sn (feathery-jWated). Green, purple. Trinidad. 1840. — pulche'lla (neat). Purple. Peru. — puncta'ta (dotted). Yellow, purple. April. Brazil. 1842. — recu'rva (curled-back-tpt'ted). Purple. Ja- nuary. Brazil. 1841. — restrepioi'des (restrepium-like). Purple, green. Peru. — rtfteo puncta'ta (rosy-dotted). White, rose. August. Sierra Nevada. — seriafta (rowed). Yellow, green. May. Brazil. 1842. — serlularioffdes (sertularia-like). White. Ja- maica. — sica'ria (dagger-shaped). Green, yellow. May. Trinidad. 1841. — Smithia'na (Smith's". Green, purple. May. Rio Janeiro. 1842. — stenope'tala (narrow-petaled). Brown, yellow. July. Brazil. 1837. — strupifo'lia (strap-leaved). Purple, white. Year. Brazil. 1837- — te'ret (round-stemmed). Cinnamon. August. Brazil. 1842. — tigri'na (tiger-spotted). Yellow, purple. Au- gust. Mexico. 1838. — tricarina'ta (three-keeled). Orange. Peru. — villo'sa (shaggy). Purple. May. Mexico. 1838. — vitta'ta (branded). Purple. April. Mexico. 1837. Ploughman's Spikenard. Ba'ccharis. Plum. Pru'nus dome'stica or insiti'tia. Superior kinds. — 1. Smith's Orleans ; 2. Greengage ; 3. Precoce de Tours ; 4. Washington ; 5. White Magnum Bonum ; 6. Imperatrice; 7. Denistoun's Superb; 8. Golden Drop; 9. Early Favourite; 10. Ickworth Imperatrice; 11. Cox's Late Red ; 12. Jefferson's ; 13. Reine Claude- Yiolette ; 14. Royal Hative ; 15. Wine Sour. Of these, Xos. 1, 3, and 9 are re- markable for their earliness as table fruit. Nos. 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, for lateness as table fruit. Nos. 4, 7, 12, 15, are adapted for the kitchen. Propagation : by Grafting. — The graft- ing of the Plum is performed in precisely the same manner as the Pear or the Ap- ple, and at a similar period. The Brus- sels stock is principally used by our nur- serymen ; but for such gross sorts as the Washington, the Magnum Bonum, &c, it is a question whether the Muscle stock would not be fitter. We need not en- large here on the process, which will be found in detail under the head Grafting. Budding. — The same may be said of this process. See Budding. Seed. — This is resorted to in order to procure new varieties ; and to accomplish this, of course, seed from choice varieties is obtained. The mode of sowing, rear- ing, &c, will be found detailed in the articles Peach and Pear. Culture during the Growing Period.— As with the Peach, the Nectarine, Pear, &c. so with the Plum. The first pro- ceeding of the season is disbudding. About the beginning of May the trees burst forth into a great amount of spray, and much of this will be ill-placed ; and, indeed, if well-placed, much too crowded. We are, of course, speaking of wall or espalier trees, for there the most atten- tion is requisite. A progressive disbud- ding is best, the first consisting in merely removing the foreright and back shoots, unless, as observed with regard to the other stone fruits, vacant spaces occur, when an ill-placed shoot is better than none. Shortly after this period, if the trees be strong, gross shoots or robbers will show themselves, which, when about six inches long, should have the points pinched off. In a few weeks more, ano- ther disbudding will be expedient, and by this time shoots of a proper character for final reservation may be determined on. The latter may be carefully tied or trained as soon as convenient, and every shoot of a doubtful character, in the thinning out, may have the point pinched off. Tlw* test of the proceedings, indeed. PLb [049] POD ■ire bo similar to the Peach, that it is scarcely necessary to repeat them. Culture during the Best Period. — The trees will require some pruning, and this consists principally in thinning out, and reducing the snags or stumps of shoots pinched back in the summer previous Our practice is to tie down on the old wood, or otherwise train in, as much of the shoot-jointed wood as possible, with- out cramming it too thick ; for most of this wood will become studded with blos- som-spurs in the succeeding summer. All that is not needed may be cut clear away, as in the Pear; and all useless stumps also. Where wood is wanting to furnish blanks, some of the leading shoots may be shortened back a little ; and, in- deed, any points may be shortened which appear spongy and immature. The trees may now be carefully trained or nailed in, and, if necessary, receive any dressing requisite for the insects. Diseases and Insects.— See Peach. Plumba'go. Lead wort. (From plum- bum, lead, or a disease of the eye so called, to which a species of Plumba'go was applied. Nat. ord.,Leadworts [Plum- baginaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) Division of hardy herbaceous perennials, and also seeds and cuttings ; cuttings of the tender kinds ; the side, stubby shoots do best, but shoots at almost every age and size will strike freely in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and either kept cool, or with a little bottom-heat, according lo the species. The tender species require the greenhouse or the stove. Sandy loam, and a little fibry peat and dried leat-mould. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. P. Cape'nsis (Cape). 14. Blue. November. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — tri'stis (dark-flowered), lj. Brown. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1792. STOVE EVERGREENS. P. Mexico.' na (Mexican). White. July. Mexico. 1829. — rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved), $. Blue. Sep- tember. S.Amer. 1826. Annual. — ro'sea (rosy). 1$. Bed. May. E. Ind. 1777. — sca'ndens (climbing). 3. White. July, W. Ind. 1699. Climber. — Zeyla'nica (Cingalese). 2. White. June. E. Ind. 1731. HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. Europte'a (European). 3. Blue. September. South Europe. 1596. — Larpe'nta (Lady Larpent's). 2. Blue. July. China. 18-45. Sir W. Hooker says this ought to be known as Valora'dia plum- baginoi'des. Plumie'ria. (Named after Plumier, a celebrated French botanist. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn-, 5-Pen- Candria \-Monogynia. Allied to Cerbera.) 1 Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings ol ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a hand-light, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°, and rather dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, with moist roots and atmosphere. P. acumina'ta (pointed-teaced). 20. Bed, yellow. July. E. Ind. 1790. — bi'color (two-coloured). 25. WMte, yellow. August. S. Amer. 1815. — Blandfordia'na (Blandford's). 19. July. S. Amer. 1825. — incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 20. Flesh. July. Peru. 1820. — Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Yellow and pink. Guayaquil. July. — Ke'rii (Ker's). 15. Yellow.August.Mexico.1815. — Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 10. White. July. Mexico. I8I9. — leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 10. White. July. S. Amer. 1825. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White. July. S. Amer. 1825. — Mille>ri{ Miller's). 6. Flesh. July. W. Ind. — Northia'na (North's). 7. Julv. S. Amer. 1820. — obtu'sa (blunt-teased). 10. White. July. W. Ind. 1733. — parvifo'lia (small- leaved). White. July. W. Ind. 1813. — pu'dica (chaste-cowered). C. Yellow. July. S. Amer. — purpu'rea (purple).20. Purple. July. Peru. 1820. — ru'bra (red). 15. Bed. July. Jamaica. 1690. — tuberculoma (warted-stemwed). 6. White. Au- gust. St. Domingo. 1812. Podaly'ria. (A classical name. Poda- lirius was the son of iEsculapius. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa,b&ceec~].~Lmn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Callistachys.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. The following, with two excep- tions, are purple-flowered. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and fibry peat, well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. White, red. April. 1789. — buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Blue. June. 1790. — glau'ca (milky-green). 6. June. 1810. — myrtillifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. June. 1795. — oleaefo'lia (olive-leaved). 4. May. 1804. — seri'cea (silky). 6. June. 1778. Podoca'rpus. (From pous, a foot, and karpos, a fruit; long footstalks. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 21-Monwcia 10-Monadelphia. Allied to the Yew.) Evergreen cone- bearers. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. Macrophy'lla, latifo'- lia, spinulo'sa, and nuci'fera have stood some time against walls in the climate of London. They are all good things for a winter garden. P. Chili'na (Chilian). 40. Chili. — ferrugi'nea (rusty-coloured). 40. New Zealand. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 200. March. Pandua. 1828. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 40. July. Japan. 1804. — Kage'ia (Nageia). 40. Japan. — nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 20. Japan. 1833. POD [650] POT P. gpinulo an (rather-spiny). 20. N, Holland. 1820. — sua'vis (oleander-leaved). 6J. Scarlet. New Zealand. — taxifn'lia (yew-leaved). 40. Peru. 1820. — Tota'rra (totarra). 80. New Zealand. — Ya'cea (Yacca). SO. W. Ind. 1S18. Pod-Fern. Elloboca'rpus. Podole'pis. (Pom pons, a foot, and lepis, a scale; flower-stalks scaly. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia 2-Superfiua. Allied to Heli- chrysum.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in a little heat, in spring ; division in spring, as growth commences ; sandy loam, and a little leaf-mould or peat ; the protection of a cold pit in winter. There are several species besides the following :— P.gra'cilis (slender). 3. Pink. August. N. S. Wales. 1826. Podolo'bium. (From pons, a foot, and lobos, a pod; the seed-pod on a foot-stalk within the calyx. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria l-3£onogynia. Allied to Gompholobium.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from New Holland. Seeds, after being immersed for a day in warm water, in a hotbed, in spring ; cut- tings of the points of shoots, or small, stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a little charcoal and broken freestone. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. berberifo'lium (berberry-leaved). April. 1839. — heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 3. June. 1824. — sca'ndens (climbing). 3. April. 1S24. humifu'sum (trailing). 1. April. 1824. — staurophy'llum (cross-leaved). 2. April. 1822. — triloba! turn (three-lobed). % April. 1791 • Podophyllum. Duck's-foot. (Con- tracted from anapodophy' Hum, or duck's- foot-leaved. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Eanun- culacese]. Linn., 1%-Polyandria \-Mono- gynia. Allied to Actea.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division at the root ; moist, marshy peat, and a shady situation. P. Emo'di (Emodi). May. California. 1845. — pelta'tum (shield - leaned. May Apple). £. White. May. N. Amer. 1664. Podo'ptebus. (From pous, a foot, and pteris, a wing ; the mode of growth. Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese]. Linn., 6-Hexundria 3-Trigynia.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots under a glass, in sandy loam, in April ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. Mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. July. Mexico. 1825. Podospe'bmtjm. (From pous, a foot, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Composites [As- teracese] . Linn., 19-Syngenesial-2Equalis. Allied to Scorzonera.) Hardy, yellow-flowered plants, blooming in June. Biennials and annuals, by seeds in the open border, in April ; perennials, by a similar mode, and also by division of the roots in spring. HARDY BIENNIALS. P. angustifa'lium (narrow-leaved). South Europe 182S. — lacinia'titm (jagged-leaved). 2. South Europe. 1640. — octangtila're (eight-sided). 1. South Europe. 1818. — pu'milum (dwarf;. 1. Spain. 1816. Annual, — resedi/o'lium (mignonette-leaved). lj. South Europe. 1818. HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. calcitrapifu'tium (caltrop-leaved). 1. Levant. 1820. — ca'num (hoary). Russia. 1838. — eoronopj/oVium (buckhom-leaved).l. N.Africa, 1818. — interme'dium (intermediate). Persia. — taraxacifu'lium (dandelion-leaved). 1. Bohemia 1820. P02DISCA ANGUSTIORANA. Apricot Moth. As soon in May as one of the leaves of a Peach, Nectarine, or Apricot is seen rolled up, destroy the little caterpillar within the roll, and watch for others, he- cause the eggs of the moth from which that caterpillar came continue to hatch for several weeks. The moth is the Nar- row-winged Ked Bar, Pcedisca augustio- rana. The caterpillars appear during May and June: they are about half an inch long, are pale yellowish-green, and with the head brownish-yellow. A few bristles are scattered over the body. It is a very active caterpillar, wriggling about in most varied contortions when disturbed, crawling with equal facility backwards and forwards, and letting itself down by a single thread from its mouth. It passes into the state of a. brown, shining chrysalis, rolled up in the same leaves, and from this the moth comes forth in July. The moth is very small, not longer than a fourth of an inch. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, in bands of various degrees of darkness. The hind-wings are dusky. It deposits its eggs, probably, upon the branches, where they remain all the winter, and the caterpillars are most frequently found upon the Apricot. Poet's Cassia. Osy'ris. Pogo'gyne. (From pogon, a beard, and gyne, the female organ ; fringe on the style. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., li-Didynamia 1-GymnospetTnia. Al- lied to Melissa.) Hardy annual. Cultivated like Podospermum. P. multifio'ra (many-flowered). $. Pale lilac. Au» gust. California. 1836. Poincia'na. Flower Fence. (Namerl after Poind, once governor of the An tilles. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa- POI [ 651 POI baLceesl.IAnn.JO-Decandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Cassalpinia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a brisk bot- tom-heat, in spring; cuttings of stubby young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, »andy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. P. ela'ta (tall). 15. Yellow. E. Ind. 1778. — Oillie'sii (Gillies's). 4. yellow. July. Mendoza. 1829. — insi'gnis (noble). 15. Copper. S. Amer. 1823. — pulche'rrima (very fair). 10. Red, yellow. July. E. Ind. 1691. — re'gia (royal). Crimson. Madagascar. 1828. Poinse'ttia. (Named after its disco- verer, M. Poinsette. Nat. ord., Spurge- wort* [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 21-3fo- ncecia 1-Monandria. Allied to the Eu- phorbia.) Stove Mexican evergreen shrubs. Cuttings taken off in spring, or when the old plant has done flowering ; dried at the base after cutting to a joint, and after several days inserted in sandy loam, in a gentle hotbed ; sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; sum- mer, 60° to 85°. When done flowering, they may be kept dry, in a temperature of from 40° to 45°, if not above a period of two or three months. P. pulche'rrima (fairest). 4. Scarlet. March. 1834. a'lbida (white-bracted). 4. White. De- cember. 1834. Pointtng-in is mixing manure with the top inch or two of the soil by means of the point of a spade or fork. This is done when roots, which ought not to be disturbed, are near the surface. Poere'tia. A stove evergreen climber, really a Hovea. P. sca'ndens (climbing). 6. March. Caraccas. 1823. Poison-Bulb. Brunsvi'gia Cora'nica and toxica'ria, and Cri'num Asia'tlcum. Poison-Nut. Stry'chnos nux-vo'mica. Poison-Oak. Rhu's toxicodendron. Poison-Sumach, or Poison-wood. Elm's venena'ta. Poisonous Plants. Gardeners should be much more careful than they usually are in handling the plants they cultivate, for many of them have deadly qualities. M. Neumann, chief gardener of the Paris Jardin des Plantes, says that pruning- knives and hands washed in a tank after they have been employed upon some of the exotics will destroy the fish it con- tains. Hippo'mane biglandulo'sa, the Man- tfiineel, the Tanghin, Sa'pium lau'ro-ce'ra- sus, and Oamocla'dia denta'ta, are equally deleterious to man. Gardeners who have merely rubbed the leaves of the latter between their fingers have had swollen bodies and temporary blindness. Wounds from pruning-knives smeared with the juices of such plants are like those from poisoned arrows. Poisons. Soils containing obnoxious ingredients are certain introducers of disease and premature death. An excess of oxide of iron, as when the roots of the apple and pear get into an irony-red gravelly subsoil, always causes canker. In the neighbourhood of copper-smelt- ing furnaces, not only are cattle sub- jected to swollen joints and other un- usual diseases, causing decrepitude and- death, but the plants also around are subject to sudden visitations, to irregular growths, and to unwarned destruction ;• and a crop once vigorous will suddenly wither as if swept over by a blast. There is no doubt of this arising from the salts of copper, which impregnate the soil irregularly, as the winds may have borne them sublimed from the furnaces, and the experiments of Sennebier have shown that of all salts those of copper are the most fatal to plants. That they can be poisoned, and by many of those sub- stances, narcotic as well as corrosive, which are fatal to animals, has been shown by the experiments of M. F. Marcet and others. The metallic poisons being absorbed, are conveyed to the different parts of the plant, and alter or destroy its tissue. The vegetable poisons, such as opium, strychnia, prussic acid, belladonna, alco- hol, and oxalic acid, which act fatally upon the nervous system of animals, also cause the death of plants. The poisonous substance is absorbed into the plant's system, and proves in- jurious when merely applied to its branches or stem, almost as much as if placed in contact with the roots. Ulcera- tions and canker are exasperated if lime be put upon the wounds, and when Dr. Hales made a Golden Kennet Apple absorb a quart of camphorated spirits of wine through one of its branches, one- half of the tree was destroyed. PofvitEA. (Named after N. Poivre, a Frenchman. Nat. ord., Myrobolam [Combretacese]. Linn., 10 -Decandria l-Monoggnia. Allied to Combretum.) Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of short, stubby side-shoots, as fresh growth commences, in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass, and with a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. P. AfzeTii (Afzelius's). 10. Scarlet. April.. Sierra Leone. 1826. — barba'ta (bearded-petaled). 10. White. M*# rauha. 1820. POL [652] POL P. cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September. Madagascar. 1818. — como'sa (tufted). 20. Purple. Sierra Leone. 1822. — deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 20. White. April. E. Ind. 1826. — intermedia (intermediate). 15. Scarlet. April. Sierra Leone. 1823. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Scarlet. April. Isle of Bourbon. 1838. Polani'sia. (From polys, many, and anisos, unequal; many stamens of un- equal lengths. Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cleome.) Hardy annuals, flowering in June. Seeds in a slight hotbed, under a glass frame, in March and April, and pricked out and finally placed in the open ground in the beginning of June. P. Chelado'nii (Cheladon's). lj. Rose. E. Ind. 1792. — dodeea'ndra (twelve. anthered). 1J. White. E. Ind. i;95. — grave 'olens (strong-smelling), 1$. Pinkish. Canada. — uniglandulo'sa (single- glanded). 1. White, red. Mexico. 1823. — visca/sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. E. Ind. 1730. — — icosa'ndra (twenty-anthered). 1£. Yellow. Ceylon. 1730. Polejio'xitjm. Greek Valerian. (From polemos, war ; according to Pliny, a dis- pute about its discovery led to warfare. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-21onogynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds ; but gene- rally division of the plant; common garden-soil. J>. cctru'leum (blue). 2. Blue. June. Britain. a'Wum (white). 2. White. June. Britain. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Brown. June. India. Biennial. macula'tum (spotted). 2. Striped. June. Britain. pili'/erum (hairy). Blue. June. N. Amer. rariega'ium (variegated-leaped). 1. Blue. June. Britain. — gra'eile (slender), lj. Blue. June. Dahuria. 1818. — hu'mile (lowly). Blue. August. N.Amer. 1826. — la'cteum (milky -flowered). Wnite. May. 182Q. — Mcsica'num (Mexican). 1. Blue.. April. Mexico. 1817. — mosehaftum (musky). Black. June. N. Amer. 1827. — vulche'rrimum (prettiest). J. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1827. — re'ptar.s (creeping). $. Lilac, blue. April. N. Amer. 1758. ma'jus (larger). 1. Dark blue. April. — Riehardso'ni (Richardson's). Pale blue. Sep- tember. N. Amer. 1826. — Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. White. June. Si- beria. 1800. — villo'sum (shaggy). Pale blue. August. Si- beria. 1826. Polia'nthes. Tuberose. (From polis, a city, and anthos, a flower ; referring to its general use in city decoration. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6- Uexandria 1-Monoyynia.) Greenhouse bulbs. Offset bulbs; old bulbs are generally obtained from Italy every year, and are planted in rich, sandy loara ; and when growth has fairly commenced, they get the advantage of a slight hotbed to forward them (but the bulb, and not the top, should be kept warm), before getting them ready for rooms or greenhouses. P. gra'cilis (slender). 3. Pale yellow. August. Brazil. 1822. — tubero'sa (tuberous). 3. White. August. E. Ind. 1629. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. White. August. Poly, or Germander. Teu'crium. Polyachy'rus. (From polys, many, and achuroit, chaff. Nat. ord., Compo- sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-yEqualis.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division and cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sandy soil; the protection of a cold frame, or some analagous place, in winter. P. Poppi'gii [Poppig's). Blue. June. Chili. 1830. Polya'xthus. This is a variety, but a very permanent one, of the common Primrose (Pri'mula vulga'ris). There are many varieties, and their excellence as florists' flowers may be determined by the following rules : — The Pip.— I. This should be perfectly flat and round, slightly scolloped on the edge, and three quarters of an inch in diameter. 2. It should be divided in (five or) six places, apparently forming (five or) six flower-leaves, each indented in the centre to make it a kind of heart-shaped end; but the indentations must not reach the yellow eye. 3. The indenture in the centre of the apparent flower-leaves should be exactly the same depth as the indenture formed by the join of these flower-leaves, so that it should not be known, by the form of the flower, which is the actual division and which is the indenture ; in other words, which is the side and which the centre of the flower-leaf; and all the indentures should be as slight as possible, to preserve the character. 4. The flower should be divided thus : the yellow tube in the centre being measured, the yellow eye, round the tube, should be the same width as its diameter; and the ground colour of the flower should be the same width ; or draw with the compasses, opened to a sixteenth of an inch apart, a circle for the tube or centre, open them to three- sixteenths, and draw another circle for the eye, then open them further to five- sixteenths, and draw a third circle fol POL [C53] POL the ground or dark colour. Beyond these circles there is a yellow lacing, which should reach round every flower leaf to the yellow eye, and down the centre of every petal to the eye, and so much like the edging that the flower should appear to have (ten or) twelve similar petals. The ends of these (ten or) twelve should he blunted, and rounded like so many semicircles, so that the outline of the circle should be interrupted as little as possible. 5. The tube (one-fifth the width of the whole flower) should be nearly filled up with the six anthers, which are techni- cally called the thrum (have an elevated edge, rendering it trumpet-eyed), and the flower should not exhibit the pistil. 6. The edging round and down the centre of the petals formed by the di- visions should be of even width all the way, and uniformly of the same shade of sulphur, lemon, or yellow as the eye, and there must not be two shades of yellow in the eye. 7. The ground colour may be just what anybody likes best, but clear, well- defined, perfectly smooth at the edges in- side next the eye, so as to form a circle, and outside, next the lacing. A black or a crimson ground, being scarce, is de- sirable ; but the quality of the colour as to clearness, rather than the colour itself, constitutes the property. The Plant.— 1. The stem should be strong, straight, elastic, and from four to six inches in length. 2. The footstalks of the flower should be of such length as to bring all the flowers well together. 3. The truss should rise from the centre of the foliage, comprise seven or more flowers, and be neatly arranged to be seen all at once. 4. The foliage should be dark green, short, broad, thick, and cover the pot well ; but erect and clustering round, though lower than the truss. The Pair, or Collection. — The pair, or pan of more, should comprise flowers of different and distinct colours, either the ground colour or the yellow of each being sufficiently different from the rest to be well distinguished. The whole should be bo near of a height as to range the heads of bloom well together. The great fault of the Polyanthus now, even among the best sorts, is that the divisions between the petals are so wide as to make the flower look starry, whereas there should be nc more gap where the division is than is in the indentation of the petal itself.— Glenny's Properties of Flowers, . July. Isle of Luzon. — cervi'na (hart's-tongue). J. April. Jamaica. 1823. — Corcomide'nsis (Corcovado). July. Brazil. 1837. — inci'sa (cut-leaved). July. W. Ind. — interme'dia (intermediate). April. Me of Luzon. — Osmunda'cta (Osmunda-like). July. Mexico. — serrula'ta (saw-edged). July. Isle of Luzon. — specio'sa (showy). July. W. Ind. — vivi'para (viviparous), f. June. W. Ind. 1823. Poly'gala. Milkwort. (From polys, much, and gala, milk ; abundance of milky juice. Nat.ord., Milkworts [Polygalacese]. Linn., 17 '-Diadelphia 3-Octandria.) Annuals, by seed in a peaty border ; herbaceous perennials, seeds and divisions in similar soil, or sandy loam and leaf-mould; hardy shrubs and under-shrubs, as cham&bu'xis, by cuttings and suckers, and which species, in particular, likes a little chalk with the peat and leaf-mould ; tender shrubs, by cuttings of the side-shoots, when 2J inches long, taken off close to the stem, and in- serted in sand, under a bell-glass ; for all these, peat three parts, and loam one part. Many of them, from their beauty and comparative hardi- ness, should be tried against conservative walls, such as latifo'lia, myrtifo'lia grandiflo'ra, spe- cio'sa, &c. HARDY ANNUALS. P. fastigia'ta (peaked). $. Red. June. N.Amer. 1824. — Monspeli'aca (Montpelier). $. Blue. June. Mediterranean. — purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. N.Amer. 1739. — umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. Stove. HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. a'lba (white). White. June. Louisiana. 1827. — alpe'stris (alpine). Blue. June. Switzerland. — ama'ra (bitter), j. Blue. June. Europe. 177 K - — Austri'aca (Austrian). Purple. June. Germany. — chamcebu'xis (bastard box). $. Yellow. May. Austria. 1658. Evergreen. — graminifu'lia (grass-leaved). 4. Lilac, yellow. June. Carolina. 1824. — ma'jor (larger. Austrian). 1. Red. July t Austria. 1739. — rube'lla (reddish). $. Pale red. June. N. Amer< 1828. POL t 654] POL GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. P.mttenua'la (thin). 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — Borboniccfo'lia (Borbonia-leaved). 3. Purple. Cape of Good Hope. 1/90. — bracteola'ta (small-bracted). 6. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1713. — Burma'nni (Eurmann's). 3. Purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1800. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. Purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1791. — Garci'nii (Garcin's). 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. — genistoi'des (broom-like). 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — gra'cilis (slender). Blue. May. New Zealand. — interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. — lanceola'ta (spear-head-fea»erf). 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved), lj. Purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — ligula'ris (strap -leaved), lj. Purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. — lilii/o'lla (lily-leaved). 4. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1707. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 181S. — viummula'ria (moneywort-/ea»ed). 3. Purple. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. — oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790. ■ ma'jor (larger). 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. — pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — si'mplex (simple-stemmed). 4. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816, — specio'sa (showy). 6. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1814. — tereiifo'lia (cylindrical-leaved). 3. Purple. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1791* — tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Purple. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Polygona'tum. Solomon's Seal. (From polys, many, and gonu, a joint, or keee ; numerous joints of the stem. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceffi]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Convallaria.) Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divisions in spring; rich, light soil. Leptopky'ltum and oppositifo'lium require pro- tection in winter. P. angustifo'lium (narrow -leaved). 1. May. N.Amer. 1824. — brachia'tum (bracted). 14. July. Switzer- land. 1827. — canalicula'tum (channelled). 1. June. N. Amer. 1812. — hi'rtum (hairy). 1. May. N.Amer. 1819. — latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. May. Ger- many. 1802. — leptopky'ltum (fine-leaved). 2. June. Ne- paul. 1816. — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. May. N. Amer. 1800. — multifio'rum (many-flowered). 2. June. Britain . -~ oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). 1. April. Nepaul. 1822. — polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 1. May. Caucasus. 1826. P. pube'soens (downy). 1. May. N.Amer. 1312. — verticilla'tum (whorled - leaved). 1 . May. Scotland. — vulga're (common). 2. May. England. fto'rc-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. June. England. mi'nor (smaller). 1. June. England. Polygo'num. (Prom polys, many, and gonu, a knee ; numerous joints of the stem. Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 3-Trigynia.) Annuals, seeds in the open border, in March and April; herbaceous perennials, also by seeds, as for annuals, and division of the roots ; tender annuals require the assistance of a hotbed before transplanting in May ; greenhouse shrubs, by cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, and grown in fibry loam, with a little peat ; several of them, such as adpre'ssum, which sends out very long shoots, should be tried against a wall. The fruit of several, such as Tata'ricum and fagopy'rum, are used for tarts. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS. P. adpre'ssum (compressed). 2. Ked. July. N. Holland. 1822. — Bruno'nis (Brown's). £. Pink. August. North of India. 1845. — deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Ked. July. N. Holland. 1822. Herbaceous. — gra'cile (slender). 1. Red. July. N.Holland. 1822. Herbaceous. — herniarioi'des (herniaria-like). J. July. Egypt. 1827. — tincto'rium (dyer's). 2. Ked. July. China. 1776. Biennial. HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. affi'ne (kindred). f . Red. June. Nepaul. 1822. — atpi'num (alpine). 2. White. July. Switzer- land. 1816. — amphi'bium (amphibious). 1. Pink. July. Britain. Aquatic. hirsu'tum (hairy). 1. Red. July. Britain. — amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). Red. July. India. 1837. — barba'tum (bearded). 2. White. July. China. 1819. Trailer. — cocci'neum (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. N. Amer. 1819. — e'legans (elegant). 2. White, green. June. Nepaul. 1824. Trailer. — elli'pticum (oval-teawed). 2. Pink. June. Siberia. IS07. — glau'cum (milky-green). 1. N.Amer. — Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). 1. White. June. Dahuria. 1800. — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 1 J. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1820. — seri'ceum (silky). 4. White. July. Siberia. 1820. — seto'sum (bristly). 1. White. July. Asia Minor. 1817. — vacciniifo'lium (whortleberry-leaved). Pink. July. Himalaya. 1845. Trailing evergreen. — Virginia'num (Virginian). 3. White. August, N. Amer. 1640. — volca'nicum (volcanic). Mexico. 1831. Trail. ing evergreen. HARDY ANNUALS. P. arena'rium (sand). 1. Purple. June. Hun. gary. I8O7. Trailer. •—fagopy'rum (buckwheat). 2. Pink. July. England, POL C 655 ] POL P.fioribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1818. — mi'te (mild. Water-pepper). 1. Red. July. N. Amer. 1800. Aquatic. — onen<«7e(ea8tera).6.Red. August. E.Ind. 1707. a'l/jum (white). 4. White. August. E. Ind. 1781. — Pennsyloa'nicum (Pennsvlvanian). 1. Red. July. N. Amer. 1S00. — persicarioi'des (persicaria-like). 1J. Pink. July. Mexico. 1816. — saUugi'neum (briny). 1. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1817. Aquatic. — Senegale'nsis (Senegal). l£. Red. July. Guinea. 1825. Aquatic. Polypo'dium. Polypody. (From polys, many, and pons, a foot; numerous feet- like divisions of the creeping stems. Nat. ord., Ferns [Potypodiacea?]. Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) 3rown-spored Ferns. See Fekns. HARDY HERBACEOUS. P. alpe'stre (alpine). £. July. 1820. — calca'reum (spur-branched). 2. July. Britain. — conne'ctile (connected). 1. June. Canada. 1823. — Ae*ag-ono'7)ie/-Mw»Csix-angled-winged). 1. July. N. Amer. 1811. — phego'pteris (sun-fern), f . June. Britain. — pustula'tum (pimpled). I.June. New Zealand. 1820. Greenhouse. — Virginia'num (Virginian). I. July. N. Amer. — vulga're (common). 1. July. Britain. Ca'mbricum (Welsh). 1. July. Britain. STOVE HERBACEOUS. P. angustifo 1 Hum (narrow-leaved). \. May. W. Ind. 1820. — areola'tum (areolated). 1. Brazil. 1824. — aspe'rulum (roughish). August. Isle of Luzon. 1842. — asplenifo' Hum (spleenwort-leaved). 2. July. Martinico. 1"90. — attenua'tum (thin), i. May. N. Holland. 1823. — au'reum (golden). 3. March. W. Ind. 1742. — auricula' turn (eared). 2. July. Brazil. 1824. — Biliardie'ri (La Billardiere's). 1. May. Van Diemen's Land. 1823. — Cathari'nee (St. Catherine's). 1. Brazil. 1824. — conti' guum (adjoining). April. Isle of Luzon. 1842. — crena'tum (scolloped) l$.August.Jamaica.l823. — crussifo'lium (thick-leaved). 3. August. W. Ind. 1823. — curva'tum (curved). 1. August. Jamaica. 1823. — decuma'num (tall). 5. August. Brazil. 1818. -- defle'xum (bent-down). 2. July. 1830. — dissi'mile (unlike). 2. July. Brazil. 1820. — dive'rgens (spreading). June. W. Ind. 1841. — drepa'num (sickle). 1. Madeira. — drtju'pteris (dryupteris). 1. July. Britain. — effu'sum (spreading). 3. November. Jamaica. 1769. — fraxinifo'lium (ash-leaved), 2. August. Ca- raccas. 181 7. — hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 2. July. Jamaica. 1S20. — heterophil' Hum (variable -leaved), i. July. W. Ind. 1820. — t nca'num (hoary). £ August. S. Amer. 1811. — inci'sum (cut). 1. July. W. Ind. 1810. — iridi/o'tium (ins-leaved). 1$. September. — Jumaice'nse (Jamaica), lj. June. Jamaica. 1820. — juglandifd'lium uainut-leavedj. 14. July. 3. Amer. 1823. I J. September. Isle of Luzon. Brazil. 1837- P. lachnopo'dium (downy-footed). 4. June. Jo maica. 1843. — lanceola'tum (spear-headed). 1. August. W.InrL 1812. — la'tipes (broad-stalked). 1$. October. Brazil. — longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. July. Brazil. 1819. — lycopodioi'des (club-moss-like). £. July. W Ind. 1793. — menisciifo'lium (meniscium-leaved). July. Brazil. 1837- — neriifo'lium (nerium-leaved). July. Brazil. 1837. — nu'tans (nodding). July. Malacca. — obliqua'tum( twisted). July. Isle of Luzon. 1841. — oliva'ceum (olive-like). 1. S. Amer. — Oti'tes (Otites). 4. October. Brazil. 1834. — Owarie'nse (Owarian). $. Sierra Leone. — papillosum (nippled). April. Isle of Luzon. — parad? sew (paradise). May. Brazil. 1841. — pectina'tum (comb-leaved), lj. July. W. Ind. 1793. — phylli'tidis (hart's-tongue). 2. July. W. Ind. 1793. — phymuto'des (warted). 4- July. E. Ind. 1823. — piloselloi'des (mouse-ear-like). $. August. W. Ind. 1793. — plantagi'neum (plantain-like). 1. July. W. Ind. 1817. — plu'mula (feathered). 1. July. S. Amer. 1824. — polya'nthum (many-flowered). Brazil. 1824. — proli'ferum (proliferous). 1. Madeira. — pruina'tum (frosted-leaved). 2. September. Jamaica. 1793. — quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). E. Ind. 1824. — rece'dens (receding). June. — refra'ctum (broken). July. — repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 14. August. Jamaica. 1820. — re'pens (creeping). 2. May. W. Ind. 1810. — salicifo'lium (willow - leaved). 4- August. Brazil. — sa'netum (holy), lj. July. W. Ind. 182C. — Schku'rii (Schkur's). 1. July. Brazil. 1824. — scolopendrioi'des (scolopendrium- like). 14. May. W. Ind. 1820. — serpens (creeping). 4- W. Ind. 1816. — serrcefo'rme (saw-shaped). July. Isle of Luzon. 1841. — sertularioi'des (scrtularia-like). April. Malacca. — si'mile (similar). 2. — stigmo'sum (stigma-like). 1 .May. E. Ind. 1823. — sub/alca'tum (slightly-sickled). July. Isle of Luzon. 1839. — subpetiola'tum (short - stalked). 2. May. Mexico. 1845. — ttenio'sum (banded). 2. August. S.Amer. 1815. — tene'tlum (slender). 1|. N. Holland. 1823. — tetragu'num (four-angled). June. Brazil. 1827. — tricho'des (hair-like). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. — trichomanoi'des (trichomanes-like). 1. August. W. Ind. 1822. — trifurca'tum (three-forked). 2- July. W. Ind. 1820. — tubero'sum (tuberose). 2. All. W. Ind. — vacciniifo 1 Hum (whortleberry-leaved). $. Sep- tember. W. Ind. Polyspo'ra. (From polys, many, and spora, seed ; many-seeded capsules. Nat. ord., Teaworts [Ternstromiacece]. Linn., 1Q-Mnnadelphia 8-Pulyandria. Allied t(F Camellia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; also by graft* tag, or budding, on the Camellia Japo'nica j POL [ 65G sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat and leaf -mould. ■ Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. P. axilla'ris f axillary -./foicered). 3. White. March. E. lad. 1818. Poly'stichum. (From polys, many, and stichus, a row ; numerous rows of spore- cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. ; Linn., 2i-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Stove, vellow-spored Ferns. See Ferns. P. arista'tum (awned). 1. July. Norfolk Island. — auricula'tum (eared). July. E. Ind. 1793. — Cape'nse (Cape). June. Cape of Good Hope.l8i3. — conii/o'lium (hemlock-leaved), lj. June. E. Ind. 1841. — denticula'tum (toothed). July. Jamaica. — discre'tum (parted). May. Nepaul. — drepa'num (sicble-fronded) . June. Madeira. 1S22. — fa Icine'llum (small-sickle). May. W. Ind. — glandulo'sum (glanded). June. — hi'tpidum (bristly). July. New Zealand. 1845. — mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). Jamaica. 1838. — muni turn (armed). May. Jamaica. 1839. — obtu'sum (blunt). June. Isle of Luzon. — proli'ferum (proliferous). July. Brazil. 1842, — pu'ngens (stinging). May. Cape of Good Hope PON — rhnmboi'deum {diamond-leaned). April. E. Ind. — speeio'sum (showy). July. Nepaul. — vesti'tum (clothed). June. Van Diemen's Land. 1842. Posiade'kbis. (From poma, a lid, and derris, a skin ; the membranous covering of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [Rhamnaceae]. Linn., o-Pentandria 1- Mon ogynia.) Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs ; yellow-flowered, except where otherwise stated. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots cut to a joint, dried at the base, and inserted in sand, under a glass ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Elli'ptica, with the exception of having creamy-like flowers, resembles the Ceano'thus azu'reus, and no doubt would prove almost as hardy against a wall. P. acumina'ta (pointed-/ea»een). 50. March. Britain. Itevigafta (smooth). 80. March. N. Amer. 1760. pe'ndula (drooping). April. supi'na (lying-down). March. N. Amer. 1824. — tre'pida (trembling. American). 30. N. Amer. 1812. — tri'stis (sad). April. N. Amer. 1843. Pora'xa. (From poreno, to travel ; the twining stems extending far and wide. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Convolvulus.) Stove evergreen, East Tndian, white-flowered twinej-s. Seeds in a hotbed, and side, stubby, short shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 65°. P. panicula'ta (panicled). October. 1823. — volu'bilis (twining). 50. July. 1820. Poranthe'ra. (From poros, a pore, or opening, and anthera, an anther, or pol- len-bag; anthers opening by pores. Nat. ord., Spurgeworls [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria S-Trigynia.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of firm side- sh ots in sand, under a bell-glass, set in a close fra Be, and shaded in May ; peat and sandy loam. W.nter temp., 40° to 48°. P. trici/o'lia (heath leaved). 1. White. July. N. Hollanc 1824. Porlte'ra. (KamedafterP.^. Porlier, a Spaniard, Nat. ord., Bcancapers [Zy- gophyllaeese]. Linn., 8-Octandria. 1. Monugynia. Allied to Melianthus.) Stove evergreen shrub, with leaves which cl >se before rain ; hence called hygrome'trica. Cut- tings of firm shoots in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. P. hygrome'trica (hygrometric). 6. Peru. 1820. Po'rpax. (From porpax, a button; shape of pseudo-bulbs. Nat. ord., Or chids [Orchidaceas], Linn., 20-Gynan- dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Isia.) Stove orchid. Divisions in spring, in pots. See OCCHIDS. P. reticulata (netted). Purple, red. E. Ind. Porphyro'cojia. (From porphyra, pur- ple, and koma, a head; flower-heads purple. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- cese]. Linn., ll-Didynamia 2-Angio- spermia. Allied to Aphelandra.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in a hotbed ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. P. lanceola'ta (spear-head-teared). 1. Violet. April. 1845. Pqktla'ndia. (Named after the Duchess of Portland. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin- chonaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Rondeletia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, from Jamaica. Cuttings of rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk, sweet bottom-heat; sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 00°. P. cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. 1812. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 12. White. 1775. Portugal Laurel. Ce'rasus Lusitd nica. Portula'ca. Purslane. (From porto, to carry, and lac, milk; milky juice. Nat. ord., Purslanes [Portulaceaj]. Linn., 11- Dodecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Talinum.) Hardv annuals, by seeds in the open border, at the end of April ; tender annuals, by seed in hotbed, in spring, and afterwards flowering them in the greenhouse, as they require a very sheltered, sunny spot to do much good in the open air ; tuberous and shrubby greenhouse kinds, by cut- tings and division of the roots ; rich, sandy loam and peat, the loam being enriched with old leaf- mould or cow-dung. GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS EVERGREENS. P. GUMsii (Gillies'). $. Red, pink. Mendoia. 1827. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered). Yellow, purple. June. Chili. 1827. — Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. May. Peru. 1S20. Stove herbaceous. — sple'ndens (shining). Crimson, purple. May. Chili. 1839. Herbaceous perennial. — Thcllusr/nii (Thelluson's). 1. Scarlet. July. South Europe. 1839. lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. 1847. — — sple'ndens (shining). I. Reddish-purple. June. POS [ 659 ] POT GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. P. halimni'des (halimus-like). J. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1823. — meridia'na (noonday), i. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1/91. — parvi/o'tia (small-leaved), f. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1/90. — pi7o'sa(j-haggy). $. Pink. June. S. Amer. 1690. — pusi'lla (weak). $. Yellow. June. Trinidad. 1824. — quadri'fida (four-cleft). 4. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 1773. HARDY ANNUALS. P,folio'sa(leziy). J. Yellow. June. Guinea. 1822. — grandiflo'ra lu'tea (large yellow -flowered). Yellow. June. Chili. I827. — Guine'nsis (Guinea). $. Yellow. June. Guinea. 1823. — involucra'ta (involucrated). $. Pink. June. 1820. — mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). J. Yellow. June. 1822. — olera'cea (eatable). J. Yellow. July. Europe. 1582. — sati'va (cultivated). 1$. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 1652. au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 1652. Posoque'ria. (Posoqueri, the Guianan name of longiflo'ra. Nat. ord., Cinchu- nads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.) Stove, white- flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in April or May ; sandy loam, leaf- mould, and a little peat. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. P. gra'eilis (slender). 5. Guiana. 1S25. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. September. Gui- ana. 1826. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5. Guiana. 1822. — versicolor (changeable-coloured). Pinky-white. September. Cuba. 1830. Potato. Sola'nvm tuhero'sum. Soil — A dry, friable, fresh, and mode- rately rich soil is the best for every variety of the potato. The black - skinned and rough -red thrive better than any other in moist, strong, cold soils- If manure is abso- lutely necessary, whatever may be the one employed, it is better spread regu- larly over the surface previous to digging than put into the holes with the sets, or spread in the trench when they are so planted ; but, if possible, avoid manuring. Leaf-mould, or very decayed stable- dung, is the best of all manures ; sea-weed is a very beneficial addition to the soil ; and so is salt. Coal-ashes and sea-sand are applied with great benefit to retentive soils. The situation must always be open. Propagation. — It is propagated in general by the tubers, though the shoots arising from thence, and layers of the stalks, may be employed. New varieties are raised from seed. Planting in the open ground is best done in October and November, and may thence be continued until the end of March. This last month is the latest in which any considerable plantation should be made. They will succeed if planted in May, or even June; yet it ought always to be kept in mind that the earliest planted, especially in dry soils, produce the finest, healthiest, and most abundant crops. Sets. — The next point for consideration is the preparation of the sets. Some gardeners recommend the largest pota- toes to be planted whole ; others, that they be sliced into pieces containing two or three eyes ; a third set, to cut the large tubers directly in half; a fourth, the employment of the shoots only, which are thrown out if potatoes are kept in a warm, damp situation ; and a fifth, that merely the parings be em- ployed. Cuttings of the stalks, five or six inches in length, or rooted suckers, will be productive if planted, during showery weather, in May or June ; and during this last month, or early in July, the potato may be propagated by layers, which are formed by pegging down the young stalks when about twelve inches long, they being covered three inches thick with mould at a joint. For the main crops, moderate-sized whole pota- toes are the best. To obtain early crops where tubers art rapidly formed, large sets must be em- ployed. In these one or two eyes at most should be allowed to remain. If the sets are placed with their leading buds upwards, few and very strong early stems will be produced; but, if the position is reversed, many weak and later shoots will arise, and not only the earli- ness but the quality of the produce be depreciated. For the earliest crops there are, likewise, several modes of assisting the forward vegetation of the sets. These should be prepared by removing every eye but one or two ; and being placed in a layer in a warm room, where air and light can be freely admitted, with a cover- ing of straw, chaff, or sand, they soon emit shoots, which must be strengthened by exposure to the air and fight as much as possible, by taking off the cover with- out injuring them. During cold weather, and at night, it must always be removed: POT [ 6 the leaves soon become green and tole- rably hardy. I nearly spring they are planted out, the leaves being left just above the surface, and a covering of litter afforded every night until the danger of frost is passed. Planting. — Insert them with the dibble, in rows ; for the early crops twelve inches apart each way, and for the main ones eighteen inches ; the sets six inches beneath the surface. The potato dibble is the best instrument that can be em- ployed, the earth being afterwards raked or struck in with the spado, and the soil not trampled upon, "out planted as suffi- cient is dug for receiving a row; for the looser the soil the less does frost penetrate, and the more readily does superfluous moisture escape. The compartment may be laid out level and undivided if the soil is light ; but if heavy soil is necessarily employed ; it is best disposed in beds six or eight feet wide. If the staple of the soil be good throughout, the alleys may be two feet wide, and dug deep, otherwise they must be made broader, and only one spit taken out, the earth removed being em- ployed to raise the beds, which should oe in four parallel ridges, and the sets inserted along their summits. Hoeing. — As soon as the plants are well to be distinguished, they should be perfectly freed from weeds, and of the early crops the earth drawn round each plant, so as to form a cup as a shelter from the cold winds, which are their chief enemy at that season; but the main crops should not be earthed up, for earth- ing up diminishes the crop one-fourth. Throughout their growth they should be kept perfectly clear of weeds. It is very injurious to mow off the tops of the plants. The foliage ought to be kept as uninjured as possible, unless, as sometimes occurs on fresh ground, the plants are of gigantic luxuriance, and even then the stems should be only moderately shortened. It is, however, of considerable advantage to remove the fruit-stalks and immature flowers as soon as they appear, unless the stems are very luxuriant. A potato-plant continues to form tubers until the flowers appear, after which it is employed in ripening those already formed. The very earliest crops will be in pro- duction in June, or, perhaps, towards the end of May! and may thence be taken up POT as wanted until October, at the close oi which month, or during November, they may be entirely dug up and stored. In storing, the best mode is to place them in layers, alternately with dry coal-ashes, earth, or sand, in a shed. The best in- strument with which they can be dug up is a three-flat-pronged fork, each row being cleared regularly away. The tubers should be sorted at the time of taking them up ; for, as the largest keep the best, they alone should be stored, whilst the smaller ones are first made use of. Potatoes should not be stored until perfectly dry, and must also be free from earth, refuse, and wounded tubers. To raise Varieties. — A variety of the potato is generally considered to con- tinue about fourteen years in perfection , after which period it gradually loses its good qualities, becoming of inferior fla- vour and unproductive; fresh varieties must, therefore, be occasionally raised from seed. The berries, or apples, of the old stock, having hung in a warm room throughout the winter, the seed must be obtained from them by washing away the pulp during February. Tbe seed is then thoroughly dried and kept until April, when it is sown in drills about a quarter of an inch deep, and six inches apart, in a rich, light soil. The plants are weeded, and earth drawn up to their stems, when an inch in height ; and as soon as the height has increased to three inches, they are moved into a similar soil, in rows sixteen inches apart each way. Being finally taken up in the course of October, they must be pre- served untill the Mowing spring, to be then replanted and treated as for store crops. The tubers of every seedling should be kept separate, as scarcely two will be of a similar habit and quality, whilst many will be comparatively worthless, and but few of particular excellence. If the seed is obtained from a red potato that flowered in the neighbourhood of a white-tubered variety, the seedlings, in all probability, will in part resemble both their parents ; but seldom or never does a seedling resemble exactly the original stock. At all events, only such should be preserved as are recommended by their superior earliness, size, flavour, or fertility. The early varieties, if planted on little POT C 661 ] POT heaps of earth, with a stake in the mid- dle, and when the plants are about four inches high, being secured to the stakes with shreds and nails, and the earth washed away from the bases of the steins by means of a strong current of water, so that the fibrous roots only enter the soil, will blossom and perfect seed. Forcing. — The season of forcing is from the close of December to the middle of February, in a hotbed, and at the close of this lastmonth on a warm border, with the temporary shelter of a frame. The hotbed is only required to produce a moderate heat. The earth should be six inches deep, and the sets planted in rows six or eight inches apart, as the tubers are not required to be large. The tem- perature ought never to sink below 65°, nor rise above 80°. The rank steam arising from ferment- ing dung is undoubtedly injurious to the roots of potatoes; and to obviate this they may be planted in narrow beds, and the dung applied in trenches on each side ; or all the earth from an old cucum- ber or other hotbed being removed, and an inch in depth of fresh being added, put on the sets, and cover them with four inches of mould. At the end of five days the sides of the old dung may be cut away in an inward slanting direction, about fifteen inches from the perpendi- cular, and strong linings of hot dung applied. If the tubers are desired to be brought to maturity as speedily as possible, in- stead of being planted in the earth of the bed, each set should be placed in a pot about six inches in diameter, though the produce in pots is smaller. But young potatoes may be obtained in the winter, by the following plan, without forcing : — Plant some late kinds, unsprouted, in a dry, rich border, in July, and again in August, in rows two feet apart. They will produce new potatoes in October, and in succession until April, if covered with leaves or straw to exclude frost. If old potatoes are placed in dry earth, in a shed during August, they will emityoung tubers in December. Preparation of Sets for Forcing. — They should be of the early varieties. To assist their forward vegetation, plant a single potato in each of the pots intended for forcing during January. Then place in the ground, and protect with litter from the frost- This renders them very excitable by heat ; and, consequently, when plunged in a hotbed, they vegetate rapidly and generate tubers. The seed potatoes are equally assisted, and with less trouble, if placed in a cellar just in contact with each other; and as soon as the germs are four inches long, they are removed to the hotbed. Management. — More than one stem should never be allowed, otherwise the. tubers are small, and not more numerous. Water must be given whenever the soil appears dry, and in quantity proportion- ate to the temperature of the air. Lin- ings must be applied as the temperature declines, and air admitted as freely as the temperature of the atmosphere will allow. Coverings must be afforded with the same regard to temperature. From six to seven weeks usually elapse between the time of planting and the fit- ness of the tubers for use. Potato Murrain. — By the above name was distinguished a moist gangrene which first attacked, very generally,-the crop of England late in the summer of 1845. July and August were unusually wet and cold, and early in August there were sharp morning frosts. Immediately after, the stems began to decay ; but the weather continuing wet, instead of their decay being dry, and attended with the usual phenomena of their reduction to mere woody fibre, the putrefaction was moist, and the smell attendant upon it precisely that evolved during the decay of dead potato haulm partly underwater. The stem decayed, whilst the fibres con- necting the tubers with them were fresh and juicy; the putrefaction spread along these ; the diseased sap, being absorbed by their still immature and unusually juicy tubers, imparted to them the gan- grene ; the infection first being apparent at the end nearest the connecting fibre, spreading gradually throughout the bark of the tuber, rendering it brown, like a decayed apple, and, lastly, causing the decay of its interior portion. Previously to the final decay, the increased specific gravity of the potato was remarkable, amounting to one-third more than that of a healthy tuber — an increase caii^d by its greater amount of water. When boiled the potato became black; but when submitted to a dry heat of about 200°, it rapidly lost moisture, and the progress of the ulceration was retarded, if not entirely stopped. POT [ 6tJ2 1 POT The disease seems to be the result of an excessive degree of wet and cold, at that period of closing growth when all bulbs and tubers require an increased degree of dryness and warmth. If the hyacinth, or tulip, or dahlia is sub- mitted to similar unpropitious contin- gencies, its bulbs or tubers similarly decay. It is not a new disease, for to a less extent it has been noticed before. The best rules to obtain and preserve sound potatoes, and a good crop, are — 1. Grow none but those which ripen by August. 2. Plant whole, middle-sized potatoes. 3. Plant on moderately light soil, manured some months previously. 4. Apply no manure at the time of plant- ing. 5. Plant in November in light, dry soils, but not until February in wet soils. 6. Preserve your seed potatoes between layers of earth until required. 7. Plant as you dig ; that is, dig enough for one row, and then plant it with the dibble, so as to avoid trampling on the ground. 8. Let the tops of the sets be six inches be- low the surface. 9. Do not earth up the stems. 10. Do not cut down the stems. 11. Take up the crop as soon as the leaves begin to look yellow in July or early August. 12. Store in a dry shed between layers of earth, sand, or coal- ashes. Potato, or Under -ground Onion. (Allium aggrega'tum.) Produces a cluster of bulbs or offsets, in number from two to twelve, and even more, uniformly be- neath the surface of the soil. From be- ing first introduced to public notice in Scotland by Captain Burns, of Edinburgh, it is there also known as the Burn Onion. Varieties. — There evidently appear to be two varieties of this vegetable, one of which bears bulbs on the summit of its stems, like the Tree Onion, and the other never throwing up flower-stems at all. One variety is much larger than the other, and this vegetates again as soon as ripe. Both varieties are best propagated by offsets of the root of moderate size, for if those are employed which the one va- riety produces on the summit of its stems, they seldom do more than increase in size the first year, but are prolific the next ; this also occurs if very small off- sets of the root are employed. Planting. — They may be planted dur- ing October or November, or as early in the spring as the season will allow, but not later than April. In the west of Eng- land, assisted by their genial climate, they plant on the shortest, and take up on the longest day. They are either to be inserted in drills, or by a blunt dibble, eight inches apart each way, not buried entirely, but the top of the offset just level with the surface. Mr. Maher, gar- dener at Arundel Castle, merely places the sets on the surface, covering them- with leaf-mould, rotten dung, or other light compost. The beds they are grown in are better, not more than four feet wide, for the convenience of cultivation. The practice of earthing over them, when the stems have grown up, is unna- tural ; and by so doing the bulbs are blanched, and prevented ripening per- fectly, on which their keeping so much depends. So far from following this plan, Mr. Wedgewood, of Betley, recommends the earth always to be cleared away down to the ring from whence the fibres spring, as soon as the leaves have attained their full size, and begin to be brown at the top, so that a kind of basin is formed round the bulb. As soon as they vege- tate, they intimate the number of offsets that will be produced by showing a shoot for each. They attain their full growth towards the end of July, and become completely ripe early in September ; for immediate use, they may be taken up as they ripen, but for keeping, a little before they at- tain perfect maturity. Potenti'ixa. Cinquefoil. (From potens, powerful ; supposed medicinal quality. . Nat. ord., Eoseworts [Bosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 3-Trigynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Ca'ndicans and lineari loba require protection in the winter ; seeds and division of the plant in spring; shrubs, by cuttings of ripe wood in the autumn, or by cuttings in summer, under a hand-light ; good, deep, sandy loam. All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. P. a<£see'ndens(ascending).l.June. Hungary.1806. — agrimonioi'des (agrimony-like). £. July. Cau- casus. 1817. — a'lba (white). J. White. May. Wales. — alpe'stris (mountain). &. Orange. July. Britain. — ambi'gua (doubtful. Three-toothed Himala- yan). J. Yellow. June. Himalaya. 1851. — angustifo'lia (narrow-leayed). J. June. Siberia. 1824. — anseri'na (goose-tansy). 5- July. Britain. — Apenni'na (Apennine). J. White. May. Apen- nines. 1821. — arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 1. June. Britain. — Astraca'nica (Astracan). l.July. Siberia. 1787- — a'trosangui'nea (dark -bloody), lj. Purple. July. Nepaul. 1822. — bVeolor (two-coloured). 1. Yellow, red. Marci- Nepaul. 1843. POT [ GG3 -] POT P. biflo'ra (two-flowered), i. June. Siberia. 1820. — bifu'rca (forked-leaved). $. June. Siberia. 1773. subseri'cea (rather-silky). J. June. As- tracan. 1827. — Bocco'ni (Boccon's). J. White. July. Apen- nines. 1823. — Canadensis (Canadian). 1. June. N.Amer.1800. — ca'ndicans{\\hithh-leaved).i.M^y. Mexico. 1820. — caule'scens (stemmed). 1. White. July. Austria. 1759. — chrysa'ntha (golden - flowered). 1. Golden. June. Siberia. 1827. — Clusia'na (Clusius's). 4. White, yellow. June. Austria. 1806. — colli'na (hill). 1. June. South Europe. 181 6. — confe'rta (crowded-flowered). 4. June. Altai. 1831. — ero'eea (saffron). 1. Copper. August. Switzer- land. 1816. — dealba'ta (whitened). 1. July. Altai. — deserto'rum (desert). 1. June. Altai. 1830. — diffu'sa (spreading). 1. July. 1817. — e#'u'sa(loose-flowered).l. August. N.Amer.1826. — Ege'dii (Eged's). i. May. Denmark. 1820. — filipe'ndula (dropwort-like). 1. June. Dahuria. 1823. — flagellafris (rod). $. June. Siberia. 1820. — formo'sa (beautiful). 1 4. Purple. June. Ne- paul. 1822. — fraga'ria (strawberry). 4. White. May. Britain. — fragifo'rmis (strawberry-formed). 1. June. South Europe. 1800. — frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. July. England. Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 2. August. Da- huria. 1824. tenuifloba (narrow-lobed). 1$. August. N. Amer. 1311. — Gariepe'nsis (Gariep). White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1837. — g-fan $. Purple. April. Britain. ple'na ca'rnea (double-flesh-coloured). $. Flesh. April. Britain. ple'na cu'prea (double-copper). $. Copper. April. Britain. ple'na ru'bra (double-red). J. Red. April. Britain. ple'na sulphu'rea (double-brimstone). $. Pale yellow. April. Britain. ple'na viola'eea (double-violet). $. Violet. April. Britain. polya'ntha (many-flowered. Polyanthus). Pri'nos. Winter Berry. (The ancient name of the Holly, which some of the species resemhle. Nat. ord., Hollyivorts [Aquifoliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- Monogynia.) All hardy and deciduous, except lu'cidus (which is a hardy evergreen), and monta'nus, which is a stove evergreen. All white-flowered. Hardy kinds, seeds and layers; stove kinds, by cuttings of firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and peat. r. ambi'guus (ambiguous). 4. Carolina. 1812. — atoma'rius (atomed). 2. July. N.Amer. 1822. — coria'ceus (leather-leaved). 3. June. N. Amer. 1820. — deci'duus (deciduous). 4. June. Virginia. 1736. — du'bius ((doubtful). 12. July. N.Amer. 1736. — gla'ber (smooth). 1 J. July. Canada. 1759. — Itxviga'tus (smooth). 4. June. N.Amer. 1812. — lanceslu'tus (spear-head-Zeawed). 4. July. Carolina. 1811. — lu'cidus (shining). 3. June. N. Amer. 1779. P. monta'nui (mountain). 3. W. Ind. 1820. — verticilla'tus (whorled). 6. N. Amer. 1736 Privet. Ligu'strum. Pro'ckia. (Probably a commemora. tive name. Nat. ord., Bixads [Flacourti &ce&].IArm.,13-Polyandrial-Monogynia.) Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. P. Cru'cis (St. Cruz). 4. July. W. Ind. 1822. — serra'ta (saw-leaved). 6. July. Montserrat.1823. — theafo'rmis (tea-shaped). 6. July. Bourbon. 1820. Proliferous. (See Double Flower.) The term is also applied to plants pro- ducing many suckers. Promen^'a. (Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- chidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Mo- nandria. Allied to Maxillaria.) Stove orchids from Brazil, cultivated in baskets. See Orchids. P. citn'na (citron-flowered). Yellow. May. 1838. — lentigino'sa (freckled). Green, purple.July.1843. — Rollisso'nii (Rollisson's). Pale yellow. August. 1843. — Stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Green, yellow. June. 1828. ni'gra (black). Green, black. June. 1S35. ru'bra (red). Green, red. June. 183JJ. — xanthi'na (yellow -flowered). Yellow. August. 1843. Prona'ya. (Named after M. Pronay, a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Pitto- sporads [Pittosporacese] . Linn., b-Pen- tandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Sollya.) Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a glass; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. e'legans (elegant). 4. Blue. August. N.Hol- land. 1837. Props are the supports required by plants to sustain them in a desired posi- tion. They must vary in height and strength accordantly with the plant to which they are applied, and should always be as slight as is consistent with effi- ciency. Nothing looks worse than a dis- proportioned prop ; indeed, it should he concealed as much as possible. The props for peas should be of the branches of the hazel, or of frames and strings, which we prefer ; for runner kidney beans, rods of ash. For flowers, stout iron wire, painted brown or dark green, is to he preferred. Whenever wooden props are used, the end thrust into the ground should be previously charred; if this precaution be taken, and when, no longer required, they are stored in a dry shed, they will last for several seasons. Props should be placed on the south sides of the plants, as they incline in that direo tion, as being most light. PEO [ G68 ] PEU The fewest possible number of props is one of the evidences of good cultiva- tion and good taste. Proso'pis. (A name of a plant em- ployed by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Legu- minous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 10- Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Des- manthus.) Stove evergreen trees. Cutting* of young •hoots, when a little firm, taken off close to the older stems, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and rather dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, and plenty of moisture at root and top. Siliqua' strum stood several years against a wall in the Horticultural Society's Gardens. P. Cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White, green. Cumana. 1822. — Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 30. Yellow. green. St. Domingo. 1818. — du'leis (sweet). 20. White, green. New Spain. 1818. — ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Yellow. Jamaica. 1800. — Juliflo'ra (July-flower). 30. White. S. Amer. 1826. — siliquu' strum (silique-podded). 30. White. Chiii. 182". Pbostanthe'ra. (From prostheke, ap- pendage, and anthera, anther; connec- tions of the anthers are spurred. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 21-Angiospermia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Frequently by seeds in a slight hotbed, in April ; generally by cuttings of the young shoots in sandy soil ; sandy peat, with plenty of fibre in it, and a portion of broken pots and charcoal nodules mixed with it, and good drainage. Win- ter temp., 38° to 48°. Lasia'nthos stood some years against a wall in the Gardens of the Horti- cultural Society. P. cceru'lea (blue-flowered). 3. Blue. May. 1824. — denticula'ta (toothed). 4. July. 1824. — lasiafnthos (woolly-flowered). 3. Purple, lilac. June. 1808. — prunelloiues (prunella-like). Purple. April. 1825. — violafeea (violet). 5. Violet. June. 1820. Pbo'tea. (From Proteus, a sea-god, who could transform himself into any shape ; referring to the diversity of the species. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened young shoots, cut close to a joint, and the leaf there, and per- haps the one above, removed, the rest allowed to remain, inserted firmly in sand, over a little sandy loam, the pots being three-parts filled with drainage ; the pots, with their cuttings, may then be set in a cold pit, and at such a distance from the glass that shading will be little required ; the glasses should also be frequently wedged up at night to prevent damping; fibry loatn, with a good portion of sand, and about a fourth part consisting of a mixture of charcoal, freestone, fcr&ken pots, and a little peat. Winter temo.. | 38° to 4S°. These have not been tried against ft wall, as they should be, with moveable lights, or reed coverings, to be taken away in summer. P. acau'lis (stemless). l£. Purple. July. 1802. — acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Purple. May. 1809- — amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping), lj. Purple. February. 1802. — angusta'ta (narrow-teared). I. Purple. June. 1820. — canalicula'ta (channel-leaved). 3. Pink. Julv. 1800. — cocci'nea (scarlet), a. Scarlet. June. 1824. — Curda'ta (heart-leaved,. 1$. Purple. April. 1790. — cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). lj. Purple. Au- gust. 1W4. — elongafta (lengthened). 4J. Purple. July. 1820. — formo'sa (handsome). 6. Red. May. 1789. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 8. White. May. 1787. margina'ta (bordered). 6. White. June. 1795. — hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. Pale. June. 1819. — latifo'iia (broad-leaved;. 7. Purple.August.1806. cocci'nea (scarlet). 5.Scarlet.August.l806. viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 7. Green. Auzust. 1806. — lepidoca'rpon (scaly-fruited). 6. Purple. May. 1S06. — ligulatfo'lia (strap-leaved). 7. Purple.April. 1798. — longifu'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 1798. — macrophy'lia (large-leaved). 8. White. May. 1824. — magni'fica (magnificent). 6. White. April. 1 789. — melaleu'ca (black and white). 6. Purple. May. 1786. — melli'fera (honey-bearing). 6. Pale yellow. September. 1/74. a'lba (white). 6. White. September. 1795. — mucronifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. White. Sep- tember. 1803. , — nafna (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. 17S7. — neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 6. White. March. 1S06. — obtu'sa (biunt-/eap«z). 10. Red. March. 1786. — pulche'lla (neat). 3. Red. June. 1795. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. June. 1795. gla'bra (smooth). 3. Red. June. 1795. specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. June. 1795. — renolu'ta (curled-back-Zeaced). 1$. Purple. May. 1824. — speeio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. April. 1786. — turbiniflo'ra (top-shaped-flowered). 4. Pink. April. 1803. — villi'fera (hair-bearing). 7. Purple. August.1800. Protection. See Screens. Prune 'lla. S elf-Heal. (Altered from the German Die breaune, a disease of the jaws ; supposed medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 1-k-Didynamia l-Gymnospermia.) All hardy herbaceous perennials, except ova'ta, which is annual. Seeds, and divisions of the plant in spring; ornamental for rock-works and the front of flower-borders. P. grandifiofra (large-flowered). $• Blue. August. Austria. 1596. — Marrya'tlce (Mrs. Marryatt's). 1$. Purple. July. — ova'ta (egg-/eaeelia (large-leaved). 5. April. N. Amer. — intermedia (intermediate). 40. May. Sweden^ 1789- anevstife'lia (nwrow-leaved). 10. May. QUA L 67T ] QUE P. interme'dia latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. May Denmark. 1789- — lana'ta (woolly). 15. April. Nepaul. 1818. — lanuginosa (woollyish). 25. April. Hungary. — ma'lus (apple-tree). 20. April. Britain. — rr.elanoca'rpa (black-fruited). 4. May. N. Amer. 1700. subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 4. May. — microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. April.N.Amer. — niua'lis (snowy-leaved). 6. April. Austria. — pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-leaved). 40. May. England. arbu'scula (little tree). May. Germany. lanuginosa (woo!lyish-fea»ed). 40. May. England. pe'ndula (drooping). May. England. — Pollve'ria (Pollver's). 15. May. Germany.1786. — prce'cox (early. Paradise) . 10. Blush. April. Russia. 1784. — prunifo'tia (plum-leaved. Siberian Crab). 20. Pink. May. Siberia. 1758. — pu'bens (downy). 5. May. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 20. May. Russia. 1780. — salvifo'lia (sage-leaved. Aurelian). 15. May. France. 1806. — Sina'ica (Mount Sinai. Medlar). 20. May. Levant. 1820. — Sinensis (Chinese). May. China. — so'rbus (true -service). 30. May. England. malifo'rmis (apple-shaped). 30. May. pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 30. May. — specta'bilis (showy. Chinese Apple). 20. May. China. 1780. — spu'ria (spurious). 20. May. 1800. pe'ndula (drooping). May. sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). 20. May.lS18. — tomento'sa (downy). 20. May. Europe. 1810. — tormina'lis (griping. Wild-service). 50. May. England. — triloba'ta (tnree-lobed). 20. May. South Europe. 1810. — variolo'sa (variabk-fea»ed). 55. May. Ne- paul. 1825. — vesti'ta (clothed). April. Nepaul. 1820. Quaking Grass. Bri'za. Qua'lea. (The name in Guiana. Nat. ord., Vochyads [Vochyacese]. Linn., 1- Monandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Yoehysia.) Stove evergreen tree. By seeds in a hotbed, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to S5». Q. viola'eea (violet). Violet. Braiil. 1S24. Quamo'cltt. (From kyamos, a kidney- bean, and klitos, dwarf ; resemblance of habit. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvu- lacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomsea]. Seeds in a hotbed, and cuttings of the points and side-shoots of growing stems, the former plan being adopted chiefly with annuals, and the latter with perennials; the annuals being gene- rally grown out of doors after the end of May, cad the perennials in the nlant stove* STOVE PERENNIAL TWINERS. Q. globo'xa (globular). 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1827. Evergreen. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Scarlet, Mexico. 1826. Evergreen. — ■ longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 6. White. June- Cuba. 1803. Herbaceous. — pa'tula (spreading), d. Scarlet. Mexico. 1826. Evergreen. — sangui'nea (bloody). 10. Crimson. July, Santa Cruz. 1812. Evergreen. STOVE ANNUAL TWINERS. Q. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. August. S, Amer. 1818. — digita'ta (hand-leaved). 10. Purple. Sep- tember. W. Ind. — hederifo'lia (ivv-leaved). 10. Violet. July. W. Ind. 1773. — lute'ola (yellowish). 10. Orange, yellow. August. Guatimala. 1/59. — phasni'cea (crimson). Crimson. June. E. Ind. 1806. — sero'tina (lute-blooming). Orange. July. Mexico. 1824. — tri'loba (three-lobcd). 10. Violet. July. S. Amer. 1752. — vulga'ris (common). Scarlet. September. E. Ind. 1629. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. Sep. tember. E. Ind. 1629. Qua'ssia. (From the name of a slave (Quassi), who first used the bark as a febrifuge. Nat. ord., Quassiads [Simaru- bacesej. Linn., 10-.Decandria 1-Monogy- nia.) Stove evergreen tree, the source of the well- known Quassia-chips, used for poisoning flies ; the bitter has also been substituted for hops. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- glass, in heat ; sandy, rich loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; 'summer, 65° to 90°. Q. ama'ra (bitter). 20. Red. June. Guiana. 1/gO. Quenouille is a fruit-tree with a cen- tral stem, and its branches trained in horizontal tiers, the lowest being the longest, and the others gradually lessen- ing in length as they do in age ; so that the tree, like a spruce-fir, acquires a py- ramidal form. Quercitron. Que'rcus tincto'ria. Que'rcus. The Oak. (From the Celtic quer, fine, and ciiez, a tree. Nat. ord., Mastworts [Corylaceae]. Linn., 21- Moncecia 9-Polyandria.) By acorns, sown as they drop from the tree ; or collected, dried, and kept packed in sand, in a dry place, until the following March, when they may be sown in rows, and covered half an inch deep ; deep, loamy soil they like best. Par- ticular varieties are kept up by grafting. Q. afgilops (segilops. Velonia). 20. Levant. 173U — — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). — ——pe'ndula (drooping). — agrifo'lia (scabby-leaved). May. Mexico. 1837. — a'lbii (white). 60. May. N. Amer. 1724. pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-teawd). 60. May. N. Amer. 1724. — — — repa'nda (\\ayj-leaved).60. Slay. N.AniOrv QUE [ 678 ] QUI Q. ambi'ifua (ambiguous). 60. May. N.Amer.1800. — Apenni'na (Apennine). 40. May. South Europe. — aqua'tica mari'tima (sea). 40. N. Amer. ■ na'na (dwarf). 12. May. N. Amer. 1738. — austra'lis (southern). May. Portugal. 1835. — 6a//o'«a(ballotta. Barbary). 60. May. Barbary. — calyci'na (large-calyxed). May. Europe. — eastanecefo'lia (chestnut-leaved). 60. Crimea. 1846. — Castella'na (Castile). May. Europe. — Catesbce'i (Catesby's). 15. May. N.Amer. 1S23. — ee'rris (bitter oak). 50. May. South Europe. 1/35. — Austri'aca (Austrian). 40. May. Austria. 1824. — ca'na ma'jor (larger-hoary-feared"). May. South Europe. ca'na mi'nor (lesser-hoary-f eared). May. South Europe. Fulhame'nsis (Fulham). 80. May.Fulham. pe'ndula (drooping). 50. May. South Europe. Ra'gnal (Ragnal). 50. May. Ragnal. variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 50. May. South Europe. vulga'ris (common). 50. May. South Europe. 1735. — cocci'fera (kermes-bearing). 10. May. South Europe. 1683. — cncci'nea (scarlet). 50. May. N.Amer. 1601. — Coo'kH (Captain Cook's). Gibraltar. 1835. — crena'ta (scolloped). May. Portugal. — deatba'ta (whitened). May. Nepaul. 1828. — digit a' ta (hand-leaved). April. Europe. — e'sculus (eatable. Italian). 40. May. South Europe. 1739. — erpafnsa (spreading). May. South Europe. —ftLginea (beech-like). South Europe'. 1824. —falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 80.May.N.Amer.l763. — glau'ca (milky-green). Japan. 1822. — Qramu'ntia (Grammont). 40. June. France. 1736. — haliphle'os (sea-side). April. France. — kemisphe'rica (half-globe). May. Mexico. 18l6. — heterophy'lla (yarious-leaved). 40. May. N. Amer. — We* (holly. Evergreen). 60. May. South France. 1581. — eri'spa (curled-feared). 60. May. South France. fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). 60. May. South France. 1781. — integri/o'lia (entire-leaved). 60. May. South France. 1581. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 60. May. South France. 1781. longi/o'lia (long-leaved). serrati/o'lia (saw-leaved). 60. May. South France. 1781. variega'ta (variegated-leaved). — ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. N. Amer. 1800. — imbrica'ta (tiled). 40. June. N.Amer. 17S6. — infecto'ria (dying). Levant. 1812. — insi'gnis (remarkable). 60. Mexico. 1846. — lana'ta (woolly-leaved). Nepaul. 1818. — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 60. May. N. Amer. 1786. hy'brida (hybrid). 60. May. N.Amer. 17S6. — lauri'na (laurel-like). 30. Mexico. 1837. — Lezermia'na (Lezermi's). May. South Europe. — Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 40. June. Portugal. — lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. Mexico. 1825. — lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer. 1786. — macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 40. N. Amer. — uiarftimn (sea). May. N.Amer. 1811. Q.monta'na (vncunt&in-chestnut). 15. Maji N. Amer. 1800. — myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). — nigra (black)i 20. May. N.Amer. 1739. — obtusi'loba (blunt-lobed;. 60. May. N. Amer. 1819. — olivcefo'rmis (olive-shaped-/rutfed). 60. May. N.Amer. 1811. — palu'stris (marsh). 60. May. N.Amer. 1800. — peduncula'ta (common, /orag'-tlower-stalked). May. Britain. fastigia'ta (tapering). 4. May. South Europe. 1820. fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-/eaced). 40. May. Britain. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). May. Bri- tain. Hodgi'nHi (Hodgin's). May. Britain. pe'ndula (drooping). 70. May. Britain. pube'scens (downy). 60. May. Britain. purpu'rea (purple). May. Britain. — phefllos (willow. Cork-tree). N.Amer. 1723. cinefrea (ash-coloured). 10. May. N.Amer. 1789. hu'milis (dwarf). 20. May. N. Amer. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 60. May. N. Amer. mari'tima (sea). May. Virginia. seri'cea (silky. Running). 2. May. N. Amer. 1724. sylva'tica (wood). 60. May. N. Amer. 1723. — prasi'na (light-green). May." Spain. 1824. — pri'nus (prinus. Chestnut). 60. June. N.Amer. 1730. acumina'ta (pointed-teased'). 80. May. N. Amer. 1822. monti'cola (mountain). 60. May. N. Amer. J 730. pulu'stris (marsh). 90. N.Amer. 1720. pu'mila (dwarf). 4. May. N. Amer. 1 823. tomento'sa (downy-leaved). 70. N. Amer. 1800. — pseu' do-cocci' f era (false-kermes-bearing). su'ber (false-cork). 60. May. S. Araer. 1824. Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). 30. May. Calabria. — pu'mila (dwarf). 1. May. South Europe. — Pyrena'ica (i'yrenean). 4. May. Pyrenees. 1824. — Quexi'go (Quexigo). Spain. 1845. — ro^«rterfa7Ks (doubly-lobed). 1. May. Hungary- 1805. — scuta' tus (shield-Zeowrf). $. May. Hungary* 1817. RAN [ 683 ] RAN R. thora (thora-kidney-leaved). J. May. Austria. 1710. — tubero'sus (tuberous). 1. June. Pyrenees. 1820. HARDY HERBACEOUS. R. aconitifo' Hits (aconite-leaved). 1. White. May. Alps, Europe. 1596. crassicau'iis (thick-stemmed). 1. White. May. Europe. hu'milis (lowly). £. White. May. Europe. — a'cris-ple'nus (acrid-double-flowered). 2. June. Britain. — alpe'stris (alpine), h White. July. Scotland. — amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 1. White. May. Pyrenees. 1633. — angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). 1. White. May. Grenada. 1822. — apii/o'lius (apium-Ieaved). 2. White, red. June. Bonaria. 1816. — a'rcticus (northern). July. N. Amer. 1827. — auri'comus (golden-haired), 1$. May. Britain. — Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). J. June. N. Amer. 1817. — brevicau'lis (short-stalked). May. N.Amer. 1827. — Breynia'nus (Breynius's). June. Switzerland. 18)8. — Bru'tius (Brutian). l£. May. Italy. 1823. — bupleuroi'des (hare's-ear-teaued). 1. May. Portugal. 1826. — cardiophy'llus (heart -leaved). May. Canada. 1820. — Cassu'bicus (Cassubian). 2. June. Siberia. 1794. — Cauca'sicus (Caucasian), lj. June. Caucasus. 1820. — crassicau'iis (thick-stemmed). 1. June. Eu- rope. 1827. — crena'tus (scolloped). J. White. June. Hun- gary. 1818. — cymbala'ria (boat-shaped). £. June. Siberia. 1824. — disse'ctus (cut-leaved). £. June. Caucasus. 1818. — Eschscho'ltzii (Eshscholtz's). May. N. Amer. 1827. — fascicula'ris (bundled). 1. June. N.Amer. — fri'gidus (cold). J. Pale yellow. May. South Europe. 1827. — glabefrrimus (smoothest). May. N. Amer. 1827. — glacia' lis (icy). %. White. July. Lapland. 1775. — — aconitoi'des (aconitum-leaved). £. White. July. Switzerland. 1819. — Goua'ni (Gouan's). 1. June. Pyrenees. 1818. — grami'neus (grassy). 1. May. Wales. fio're-ple'no (double-flowering). 1. May. phaenicifo' lius (phcene-leaved). 1. May. Europe. — grandifln'rus (large-flowered). J. May. Cappa- docia. - hi'rtus (hairy). 1. June. New Zealand. 1820. — M'spidus (bristly). 1£. June. N.Amer. 18IO. — hyperbo'reus (northern). £. June. North Europe. 1820. >— itopyroi'des (isopyrum-like). J. White. June. Siberia. 1818. • - la'cerus (torn). J.White. May. South France. 1821. — lanugino'tut (woolly -leaved). 1. June. South Europe. 1683. — li'ngua (tongue-leaved). 2. July. Britain. — monta'nus (mountain). J. June. Lapland. 1775. — napellifo'lius (napellus-leaved). 1. July. Tur- key. 1822. — uvtnoro'sus (grove). I.June. Switzerland. 1810. R. nemoro'sus paticiflo'rus (few-flowered). 1. June. Switzerland. 181Q. — mva'lis (snowy). 4. July. Lapland. 177&. — - Parnassifo'lius (Parnassia-lcaved). 4. White. June. South Europe. 1769. — pedati'fidus (doubly-lobe-cut). 1. April. Si- beria. 1827. — plantagi'neus (plantain-leaved). 1, White. May. Piedmont. 1819. — platanifo'lius (plane-tree-leaved). 3. White. June. Germany. 1769. fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Whits. May. Alps. 1596. Pu'rshii (Pursh's). July. N. Amer. I827. ■pygma'us (pigmy). $. April. Lapland. 1810. ita/us (Py Pyrenees. 1807. pii — Pyrence'us (Pyrenean). 1. White. May. bupleurifo'lius (bupleurum-leaved). White. June. Pyrenees. 1818. — reeurva'tus (curled-back-seerfed). June. N. Amer. I827. — re'/?en*/?o're-p/e'no(creeping-double-flowered). J. July. — rhomboi'deus (diamond-leaved). April. N. Amer. 1825. — ru'fulus (reddish- haired). July. Portugal. 1825. — rutafo'lius (rue-leaved). £. White. June. Austria. 1759. — Sabi'ni (Sabine's). July. N. Amer. 1827. — salsugino'sus (salt). 1. April. Siberia. 1822. — Seguie'ri (Seguier's). £. White. June. Pied- mont. 1819. — spica'tus (spike-fiowered). 1. Yellow. April. Algiers. 1850. — Steve'nii (Steven's), lj. June. Volhinia. 1819. — tomento'sus (woolly). 1. June. N.Amer. 1820. — Villa'rsi (Villars's). 1. June. South Europe. I8I9. Eanu'nculxjs (JB. Asia'ticus) as a Florist's Flower. Varieties. — These are very numerous and annually increased. Soil. — This should he of a fine texture, easily broken, and moderately light. It should feel soft to the hand, and have a little— hut a little — sand amongst it. The best is generally found near to rivers. Let it be laid on a long heap, not too thick, and turned over once a month for a year. It will then be in good condition for use. Remove the old soil away from the bed you intend for ranunculuses to the depth, if the situation is dry, of fifteen inches : if wet, ten inches will do. Put in a layer of very rotten cow-dung, two inches thick ; then bring the soil, put in a layer of four inches, upon that put a layer of rotten hotbed dung one inch thick, and so proceed till the bed is full, and raised two or three inches above the surface. Let the bed be edged with boards or slates. Hoop it over, to protect it from heavy rain, snows, and hailstones. Turn it over, mixing the materials together well, only take care not to disturb the layer of cow-dung at the bottom. Let this turning operation SAN [ 684] SAN be performed two or three times at in- tervals of three or four weeks between, finishing the last about the end of January, so as to allow the bed to settle by the planting time in February. Planting. — The best time for doing this is between the 8th and 20th of Fe- bruary. The soil of the bed ought to be neither wet nor dry. To prove its state, take up a handful, gently squeeze it, and let it fall about half a yard ; if it is in a right condition, it will fall in pieces. "With a rake level the soil ; then, with a triangular-shaped and rather small hoe, or with the corner of a common hand- hoe, draw a drill across the bed, two inches deep ; draw the next five inches distant from the first, and so on till the ■whole bed is finished. Commence this some fine morning, when there is a pros- pect of the day continuing fine. When the drills are all finished, sprinkle at the bottom of each drill some fine sand; then bring out your ranunculus roots, with a numbered label, made either of lead, with the number stamped upon it, or of wood, with each number written upon, it with a black-lead-pencil upon a coating of white-lead. Begin then to plant the variety written in your book opposite No. 1 ; take each root between your finger and thumb, and place it at the bottom of the drill, very gently press- ing it down in the sand to about half the length of the claws of each root. Having placed the first to your mind, put the next at four inches distance from it, and bo proceed till you have planted all the first kind ; then thrust in the numbered label, either with the number facing the kind, or with its back to it. Both ways are practised by florists, but we prefer the number to face the variety it belongs to. If our plan is followed the number should be always put in first, the whole of the variety planted, and then the second number put in, and the second kind planted. Follow on in this manner till the bed is filled. As soon as that is completed, cover the roots just over the crowns with some more of the fine sand : this sand prevents the roots from getting too wet, or moulding. Then with a rake carefully level down the soil into the drills. If your bed is not edged with boards or slates (as recommended be- fore), stretch a line on one side of the bed, about four inches from the roots, and with the back of the spade pat the soil on the side of the bed gently, to make it firm; then chop down the edge of the bed nearly perpendicularly. Afler-cullure. — It is essential to the success of this flower that the soil about them should be close and firm, almost approaching to hardness. If the bed has been rightly prepared, and the flower planted according to the instructions given, all will be well. When the tops begin to push through the soil, it will be of the greatest importance to tread the soil down very firm between the rows, and if any symptoms of cracking in the soil appear, the surface should be stirred to prevent it Protection from sharp late frosts should be given, by covering whenever such weather is likely to take place, and it is equally beneficial to pro- tect from heavy rains. Both are best excluded by hoops extended across the bed to support a covering of tarpaulin or oil-cloth. During April and May, should dry weather prevail, water may be cau- tiously administered at intervals in an evening, but only just so much as will prevent the soil of the bed from cracking ; or a little moss or old, spent tanners' bark, &c, may be neatly placed between the rows, which will retain the moisture in the soil. The over-abundant applica- tion of water is a very common error, and one of the greatest evils. The dying of leaves, in some instances, evidently depends on a want of vigour, or partial rot in the root; and, in some few cases, it would appear to be caused by large earthworms, forming their wide tracks amid the roots of the plants, nearly undermining them; but in the great majority of cases it is produced by injudicious watering. During the expansion of the flower- buds, and when they are fully blown, an awning should be erected over the bed, as in the case of tulips, that rain and hot sun may be excluded; and gentle watering every second or third evening may be given, which will keep the bed cool and moist, and promote the size of the flower. As much air should be ad- mitted as possible, that the flower-stems be not drawn and weakened. Raising Seedlings. — Save seed only from varieties distinguished for excellence of form and colour. Sow in February, and place the boxes in a cool greenhouse or frame. Sow in boxes eighteen inches by eleven inches, and four inctes deep, RAP [ 685 1 «AP full of loamy earth, and the surface level. Sow the seeds about the eighth of an inch apart ; cover them as thinly as possible, and water with a fine rose ; but place the boxes under glass, without heat. The plants usually make their appearance in about a month. Give air day and night, except in severe frost; then cover up with straw mats. With such protection, the young plants will endure the severest seasons. Put the boxes in the open ground up to the second week in May, and water daily until the leaves begin to wither ; then suffer the boxes to become quite dry; and in the middle of July take them up, and preserve the roots in bags until February, and then plant them as the general stock. In the following June they flower. Taking up. — The roots, in wet seasons, should be taken up as soon as the leaves turn yellow, as they are apt to sprout ; but in dry seasons they may remain until the leaves are brown. Take them up as dry as the season will permit ; complete the drying in a warm room, rather than in the sun, and store them in a dry, cool place. Forcing. — Select tubers which have been kept three or four months, or even a year over the season of planting, these being more easily excited than those •which have been only the usual time out of the soil; plant them in pots about the beginning of August; and, by bring- ing these into the greenhouse at different periods, a bloom is kept up from October to February. Rape, or Coleseed. (Bra'ssica na'pus.) Like mustard and other small salading, it may be sown at any period of the year, when in request, being allowed a separate bed. It is cultivated as Mustard, which see. To obtain Seed. — Some plants of a sowing made about the middle of July must be thinned to eighteen inches apart : they will survive the winter, and flower in the May and June of the next year. The seed, which is produced in great abundance, ripens in July and August, and must be cut as it does so, and laid upon cloths to dry. Rape (edible-rooted). This name may be applied to a variety of the rape mentioned by Mr. Dickson, one of the vice-presidents of the Horticultural So- ciety. Its root is white and carrot-shaped, about the size of the middle finger. It is much more delicate in flavour than the turnip, like which root it is cooked, only that it is not peeled, but scraped, its skin being remarkably thin. Sowing. — For the main crop, sow from the middle of July to the end of August, or even later. These will supply the table until April ; and if wanted through- out the year, a little may be sown in the latter end of October, the plants from which will be fit for use during April and May ; the last crop to be sown from the middle of January to the middle of February, which will come in at the end of May and during June. On a north border, and if the soil is sandy and moist, it is possible to have them sweet and tender during the whole summer, to effect which sow at the close of March and May. Cultivation. — Thin and hoe as turnips. In dry weather the beds must be watered regularly. Soil.— One great advantage attending the cultivation of this vegetable is, that it requires no manure. Any soil that is poor and light, especially if sandy, is suitable to it. In rich, manured soil it grows much larger, but not so sweet and good. To obtain Seed in February or March, some of the finest roots are transplanted to two feet asunder ; but it would, per- haps, be a better practice to leave them where grown. The seed must be cut as soon as ripe, and treated as directed for turnips, &c. Rapha'ntjs. Radish. (From ra, quickly, and phainomai, to appear ; rapid germi- nation of the seeds. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 16-Tetradynamia.) Hardy annuals. Seeds; rich, sandy soil; but for standing the winter it should be dry and poor. See Radish. R. cauda tus (tailed). 1 J. White, purple. July. Java. 1815. — La'ndra (Landra). 3. Yellow. June. Italy. 1820. Biennial. — sati'vus (cultivated). 3. White, purple. May. China. 1548. Raphio'lepis. Indian Hawthorn. (From raphis, a needle, and lepis, a scale ; formation of the bractes. Nat. ord., Apple- worts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Crataegus. ) Half-hardy, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs* from China. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy loam, in a sheltered place, under a hand- light; sandy loam and peat; a sheltered placo against a wall, or protected in very cold places by RAS [ 080 ] EAS li cold pit ; most of them have stood at least several seasons protected by a wall in the vicinity of London. R. I'ndica (Indian). White, pink. June. 1800. — phteoste'mon (brown-stamened). 4. June. 1818. — ru'bra (red). 15. Reddish. June. 1806. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 3. June. 1820. Baspai'ua. ( Named after M. Satpail, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Bruniads [Bruniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Brunia.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young, otubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a cold frame ; sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. H. micropliy'lla (small-leaved). 1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1804. Raspberry. Ru'bus iddfus. Varieties. — The most useful are as follows: — 1. Bed Antwerp; 2. Yellow Antwerp ; 3. Fastolff, or Filby ; 4. Double- bearing. Of these, Nos. 1 and 2 have been for many years highly esteemed; but 3 has, of late, in a great degree, super- seded them, being larger and of at least equal flavour, a great bearer, and pos- sessing that desirable property in the summer Baspberries of producing occa- sionally fine autumnal fruit, which is superior to that of the double-bearing kinds. No. 4 is a decided autumn Basp- berry. Mr. Bivers, of Sawbridgeworth, has a new variety of this from America, which is said to be very superior. Another ■variety is a hybrid between the Baspberry andBlackberry; this Mr. Bivers calls "the Black," and states is good for preserving. Propagation : by Suckers. — Those who desire to make a new plantation of Basp- berries will do well to obtain their suckers from a healthy stock. We have known new plantations made in cases of emergency from a stock which had stood too long in the ground, and of course were lean, if not diseased. This lean- ness was evidently transmitted to their progeny, and, despite high manuring, a year or two was lost before they could recover. Suckers, then, may be planted any time between October and the mid- dle of February, and they are drawn away from the old plants by hand; a slight pull will soon show which are those dis- posed to colonise. Deeply-dug ground is requisite, and it should have a liberal amount of half-rotten manure. Strong suckers (drawn with a ball of soil, if pos- sible) may be planted three in a group, at the end of September, four feet apart from centre to centre ; and the rows, if side by side, six feet apart. As soon as the leaf drops, say the beginning of No- vember, we would prune one strong cane to three feet, a second to two feet, and e third to within a couple or three inches of the soil. By these means a nice little crop may be taken the first year, and good shoots reserved for the next. From Seed. — This is practised chiefly with a view of raising new kinds ; and the seed collected from superior berries, when thoroughly ripe, is washed from the pulp and dried, then packed in papers until spring. In the beginning of Fe- bruary it must be sown, and a gentle hot- bed would hurry the process much. The seedlings must be pricked out when three inches high, and generous treatment must be continued ; and towards the middle of May, having been hardened off, they may be planted at once in their final destination. All that is requisite now is careful training, the keeping down suckers and watery spray ; and when the shoots are five feet long, the top may be pinched to consolidate the wood. Soil. — When wild, being an inhabitant of woods, a damp soil, somewhat reten- tive of moisture, is found to suit it best. We have generally known it most suc- cessful in a darkish soil of an alluvium character ; any of our loams, however, of sound texture, will grow it in perfection, but the soil should be tolerably deep. A hot and loose sand, short of depth, is the least suitable. To meet the increased amount of perspiration from the leaf to which the cultivated plant is liable in sunny situations, extra provision in the way of top-dressing and mulching is highly to be commended. Culture during the Growing Period. — Soon after the canes begin to shoot in spring,a slight thinning-out is very bene- ficial; this may take place about the be- ginning of May. In a few weeks' time a thinning of the suckers may take place, for, in general, they produce a profusion, and such draw on the resources of the plant, and exhaust the soil. About four or five may be left on each stool ; if they are very gross, the moderate ones may be left ; if weak, the strongest If they have not been mulched, it should be done immediately. As soon as the last fruit is gathered, the old bear- ing shoots may be cut ciean away, and the young canes drawn a little closer to- gether. When over five feet in height, HAT [ 887 1 KEN the tops may be pinched ; this, however, should not be done before the end of August. Culture during the Best Period. — As «ioon as the leaves have all fallen, prun- ing may take place, and our practice is to leave four canes. These we cut at different heights ; the tallest about four feet ; the next about nine inches lower, and so on with the rest. By these means the young spray is nicely divided, and the plants fruit from bottom to top. The canes are now neatly fastened, and a top- dressing completes the rest period. All useless suckers or canes are drawn away. Training.— The ear- liest and finest are obtained from canes planted beneath a south wall, and trained against it in this form. But in the open ground the best mode of train- ing is round small hoops, thus. The worst" •form is plaiting the canes together; and training in arches, or other compact forms, excluding the light and warmth of the sun, is little better. Forcing. — Rasp- berries may be forced, growing either in pots or in the borders of_ the house. They may be also planted on the outside of a pit, the bearing canes being introduced with- inside, and trained to a trellis, whilst the present year's shoots are left outside. Rattlesnake Fern. Botry'chium Vir- gi'nicum. Raxjwo'lfia. (Named after L. Bau- wolf, M.D., a botanical traveller. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca- rissa.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the point* of shoots, or stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a fcell-glass, in the beginning of summer, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam, fibry peat, a little dried leaf-mould, and pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°. 8. cane'scens (hoary). 7. Pink. Jamaica. 1759. — ni'tida (shining). 12. White. August. Spain. 1752. — spino'sa (thorny). Yellow. June. Peru. 1827. — ternifc/lia (three-leaved). 3. White. May. W. Ind. 1823. — tomento'ta (woolly).3.White.July.W.Ind.l823. Reaumu'ria. (Named after A, Reau- mur, the French entomologist. Nat. ord, Beaumuriads [Reaumuriacese]. Linn., 13-Prtyandria b-Pentagynia.) Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings from young shoots in sand, under a glass; sandy, fibry "loam, fibry peat, and leaf-mould; dry soil in sheltered places ; but generally requires a cold pit in winter. R. hypericoi'des (St. John's-wort-like). 2. Purplei August. Syria. 1800. — vermiculu'ta (worm-like-feawe<£). 1 . Pink. June. Sicily. 1828. Red Bay. Lau'rus Caroline' nsis. Red Cedar. Juni'perus Virginia'na. Red Gum-tree. Eucaly'ptus resini'fera. Red Nightshade. Eri'ca halicaca'ba, Red Spider. See Acarus. Reeve'sia. (Named after J. Beeves^ Esq., of Canton. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculiacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to Helicteres.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibry loam, and a little sandy peat. Winter temp., 40 : to 48°. R. thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-like-./fou'ered). 4. White. January. China. 1826. Relha'nia. (Named after B. Belhan, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- Superjlua.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a cool frame, in June ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. There are several spe- cies beside the following : — R. squarro'sa (spreading). 1 J. Yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. Renanthe'ra. (From ren, a kidney, and anthera, a pollen-bag, or anther; shape of anthers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monogynia.) Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. R. arachni'tes (spider-like). 1. Brown, purple. Japan. 1793. — cocci'nea (scarlet. Chinese Air-plant). 8. Scarlet, orange. August. Cochin-Chica. 1816. — matuti'na (morning). 1. Brownish. December. Java. 1846. Rendle's Tank System of heating was first suggested, we believe, by Mr. Rendle, nurseryman, of Plymouth. A tank of iron or wood, twenty feet long, five feet broad, and six inches deep, is constructed in the centre of the house, and surrounded by a walk, except at the end, where the boiler is fixed for heating it. The top of the tank is covered with large slabs of slate, cemented together, to pre- ventthe excessive escape of steam. Around this is a frame sufficiently high to retain the bark, in which the pots are plunged. BEN I 688 2 EEQ The boiler and tank are filled with water, and this circulates, when the fire is lighted under the former, by means of two pipes, one from the top of the boiler, and the other returning nearer to its bottom. The expense of pipes, and the danger of their freezing, are avoided ; the fire only requires to be kept lighted for two hours at night, and again for the same period in the morning; the water, when once heated, retaining its temperature for a long time. In a small house, the appa- ratus can be constructed for ^5, and in all for less than half the cost of hot- water pipes. The saving in tan and la- bour is also very great. In some places tan costs 19s. per cart-load, and where it is cheaper, the trouble and litter incident to its employment, and the dangers of loss from fungi and insects, of which it is the peculiarly fertile foster-parent, render it objectionable as a source of heat; and whenever the tan has to be renewed, the trouble and destruction of plants are always groat. " In my new propagating house," says Mr. Rendle, " the tank or cistern is placed in the centre, with a walk surrounding it, so as to enable the propagator with greater ease to attend to the plants, &c. " On the outside of the house is a fire- shed, in which the boiler is fixed. The tank, made of wood, one and a half or two inches thick, which I find the cheap- est material, (it also prevents the water cooling so fast as it does either in stone or iron,) may be lined with lead or zinc. Exactly in the centre of the tank is a partition, serving the double purpose of causing the water to circulate, as well as to support the edges of the slates, an aperture being left in the partition, of about two inches in breadth, to allow the water a free passage. The flow-pipe enters near the appendage of the tank, at the mouth of which pipe a piece of perfo- rated copper is placed, as also at the re- turn-pipe, to prevent dirt and sediment from finding their way into the boiler. After everything is properly fixed, the tank is filled with water, which, of course, at the same time fills the boiler The tank is about four inches deep. Across it, and resting on its sides, are placed slate stones about an inch and a half thick, cut square at the edges. These are fastened to each other by Roman cement, or Aber- thaw lime, to prevent a superfluity of Bteam from escaping into the house Around the edges of the slates a pieca- of inch board, about nine inches deep, should be placed to enclose the sawdust, sand, moss, or other plunging material." In the following sketch, for which, as well as for the next, we are indebted to Mr. Eendle, A is a transverse section of Roger's conical boiler ; B is the fireplace ; g, the tank; c, the flow-pipe; d, the pipe by which the water returns to the boiler; e, is the hole for the smoke, which, joined to a flue,/, can be made either to ascend the chimney at once, or to paBS round the house. The next sketch is a Pinery, fitted up with Mr. Rendle's tank. It is described as " a very useful and most desirable structure for the growth of the Pine Apple, with a hollow wall, recommended by all garden architects hi preference to a solid wall — the heat or cold being not so readily conducted as through a solid mass of masonry." Mr. Rendle might have added, that hollow walls are also much drier. — Rendle '» Treatise on the Tank System. See StoTI and Hotbed. Renea'lsiia. The following should be added to Alpinia, instead of forming this genus : — R. grandifictra (large-flowered). 1 J. White. April. New Zealand. 1822. — panicula'ta (panicled). 1 J. White. June. N. Holland. 1823. — pulche'lla (pretty). 1. White. June. N. Holland. 1823. Requie'nia. (Named after M. Requicn* P.ES [ 683 ] RBa a French botanist. Nat.ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. JAnn.,16-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to Psoralea.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy loam, fibry peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. R. obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-teaoerf). I. July. Senegal. 1825. — sphcerospe'rma (round-seeded). 1. April. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Eese'da. Mignonette. (From resedo, to calm ; supposed virtue for external bruises. Nat. ord., Weldworts [Resedaceae]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 3-Trigynia.) All by seeds ; the half-shrubby kinds also by Cuttings ; seeds must be sown it different times, ac- cording as the bloom is wanted. The beginning and middle of May is early enough to sow in the open border. Though usually treated as annuals, most of the Mignonettes may be grown as under-shrubs or perennials, if they are prevented seeding freely, ind kept from frost in winter. We have seen the common Mignonette that had been kept in a pot about eight years, and flowered freely every sea- son. See Mignonette. R. Chine'nsis (China). 2. Yellow, green. June. China. 1819. — odora'ta (scented-Mignonette), 1. Green, red. August. Italy. 1752. frute'scens (shrubby). 2. August. Egypt. 1752. — trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-teaoed). lj. Yellow. June. Natolia. 1836. Reserve Garden. See Nursery. Rest. That period when a plant is not growing. Rest-Harrow. Ono'nis. Resurrection Plant. Anasta'tica. Retani'lla. (The Peruvian name. Nat. ord., -R/ia»wagenesial-JEqualis.) Greenhouse annual. Seeds, sown in September, in a hotbed; and also in March, for plants to bloom in spring and summer ; sandy loam, ana leaf-mould, and fibry peat, to sow and prick oft in ; as the plants are put in their flowering pots, use dried, rotten cow-dung and silver sand freely. After the first potting, an airy place in the green- house. R. JIangle'rii (Captain Mangle's). 1 J. Rose, yellow. June. Swan River. 1832. Rhoddon, or Roddon-tree. Py'rus aucupa'ria. Rhodode'ndron. (Frorar hoion, a rose, and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord. Heathwortt EHO [ 692 ] BHU [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria l-ilo- riogynia.) Seeds in spring, in shallow pans, in sandy peat, and kept in a close, cool frame until the seedlings are fit to be handled, when they should be pricked off into similar soil, and gradually ex- posed to sun and air ; layers, either in spring or autumn ; cuttings of young shoots, when the jjase close to the older wood is getting firm, inserted in silver sand, and placed, at first, in a cold frame, and afterwards in a little bottom-heat ; sandy peat is the best; sandy, fibry loam and clayey loam the next ; kitchen-garden soil, and soil of any kind containing or resting upon calcareous matter, the worst. The varieties of the arbo'reum, campanula' turn, &c, require a little protection to have them in their beauty. STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. R. Brookea'num (Rajah Brooke's). Reddish-sal- mon. November. Borneo. 1848. — Champi'onts (Mrs. Champion's). 7. Pink. April. Hong-Kong. 1851. — gra'eile (slender). 6. Bright red. Borneo. 1848. — Java'nicum (Javanese). 4. Orange, red. All seasons. Java. 1847. — longiflo'rum (long -flowered). 8. Crimson. Borneo. 1848. — Nilagi'ricum (Neilgherry). Rose, white. May. Nepaul. 1840. — retu'sum (blunt-leaved), lj. Scarlet. May. Sumatra. 1818. — verticilla'tum (whoil-leaved). Reddish. Borneo. 1848. HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. R. anthopo'gon (bearded-flowered). 2. Purple. May. Nepaul. 1820. — arbo'reum (tree). 20. Scarlet. May. Nepaul. 1820. barba'tum (bearded). Bed. April. Ne- paul. 1837. cinnamo'nicum (cinnamon). 20. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1820. ni'veum(snowy-whi(e). 20. White. March. Nepaul. 1817. — — — Pax to' nii (Mr. Paxton's). Crimson. May. Khooseea. 1837. Rollisso'nii (Mr. Rollisson's). Crimson. May. Nepaul. .1837. ro'seum (rosy). 20. Rose. April. Nepaul. sangui'neum (blood-coloured). 20. Scarlet. April. Nepaul. 1817. — campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 4. Pale pink. May. Nepaul. 1825. — cinnabari'num (cinnabar-flowered). — citri'num (citron-./? owered). Lemon. May. Java. 1854. — Dalhou'sice (Lady Dalhousie's). 7. Yellowish- white. March. Sikkim. 1850. — Gt'Sso'n«( Gibson's). S.White. May. Khooseea. 1837. Deciduous. — glau'cum (milky-green-teaued). 1. Pink. March. Sikkim, Himalaya. 1850. — Lappo'ni-.um (Lapland). $. Crimson. April. Lapland. 1825. — lepiio'tum (scaly). J. Rose. Nepaul. 1829. — Madde'ni (Major Madden's). J. Blush. May. E imalaya. — Metterni'chii (Metternich's). Purple. May. Japan. — ni'veum (snowy-feared). Lilac. May. Sikkim, Himalaya. 1850. — seto'sum (bristly). 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1825. HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. R. albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2. White. June. N. Amer. 1835. R. barba'tum (bezrded-petioled). 3. Nepaul. 1823, — Calif o'rnicum (Californian). Pink. June. Cali- fornia. — Camtcha' ticum (Kamtschatka). Purple. Kamt- schatka. 1802. — Catawbie'nse (Catawba). 4. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1809. — Catesbce'i (Catesby's). 4. Purple. May. N.Amer, 1810. — Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. Purple. August. Caucasus. 1803. strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw. April. — chamceci'stus (ground-cistus). $. Pale purple. May. Austria. 1/86. — chrysa'nthum (yellow -flowered). £. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1796. — cilia'tum (fringed). Rose, white. March. Sik- kim, Himalaya. — Dau'ricum (Daurian). 3. Purple. March. Si- beria. 1780. a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). 3. Purple. March. Siberia. — Fa'rrerae (Mrs. Farrer's). 3. Lilac. March. China. 1829- —ferrugi'neum (rusty- leaved), lj. Scarlet. June. Switzerland. 1752. — — a'lbum (white). 1. White. June. Pyre- nees. 1830. — hy'bridum (Herbert' s-hybnd). Pink. July. — hirsu'tum (hairy -leaved). 14. Scarlet. June. Switzerland. 1656. variega'tum (variegated-feared). 1. Scar- let. June. 1800. — —— fla'vum (yellow). Yellowish. All seasons. Java. I847. — ma'ximum (largest). 20. Pink. July. N. Amer. 1756. a'lbum (white). 15. White. July. — Po'nticum (Pontic). 12. Purple. May. Gib- raltar. 1/63. myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 12. Purple. May. Gibraltar. 1763. obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). 4. Purple. May, Armenia. odora'tum (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. July. 1820. — puncta'tum (dotted-leaved). 4. Pink. July* N. Amer. 1786. — • ma'j us (larger). 6. Pink. July. — purpu'reum (purple). 25. Purple. July. N. Amer. — Pu'rshii (Pursh's). White. July. Jersey. 1811. — rhodo'ra (red-flovjered). Red, purple. May. N. Amer. 1767, Khodosto'ma. (From rhodon, a rose, and stoma, a mouth : the opening of the tube of corolla. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- heat ; sandy, fibry loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 6tf° to 85°. R. Gardenoi'des (Gardenia-like). White. April. 1845. Ehopa'la. 8ee Eopa'la. Rhubarb. Rhe'um rhapo'nticum, JR. hy'- bridum, R.undula'tuin, and R. palma'tum. Varieties. — There are several varieties, j of which the most preferable are tha ■ BHU Tobolsk, Gigantic, Victoria (best), and Backs, or Elford. The Soil best suited to it is light, rich, deep, unshaded, and moderately moist. Sowing.— It may be propagated by cuttings, but usually by seed. Sow soon after it is ripe, in September or October, in drills three feet apart, and an inch deep, the plants to remain where raised ; for although they will bear removing, yet it always checks and somewhat lessens their growth. When they make their ap- pearance in the spring, thin to six or eight inches asunder, and let the surface of the ground about them be loosened with the hoe. At the close of summer, when it can be determined which are the strongest plants, finally thin to four feet, or the Gigantic and Victoria to six. Break down the flower-stems as often as they are produced. In autumn remove the de- cayed leaves, and point in a little well- putrefied stable-dung, and earth up the stools. In the spring, hoe the bed, and as the stalks when blanched are much more delicate in taste, require less sugar to be rendered palatable, and are greatly im- proved in appearance, dig a trench be- tween the rows, and the earth from it place about a foot thick over the stool. This covering must be removed when the cutting ceases, and the plants allowed to grow at liberty. As the earth in wet sea- sons is apt to induce decay, the covering may be advantageously formed of coal- ashes or drift-sand. Chimney-pots and butter-firkins make good coverings for blanching. To obtain Seed. — Two-year-old plants often produce seed, but in their third year always. It must be gathered as soon as ripe, and great care taken that none is scattered over the beds, for the plants thence produced often spring up, and greatly injure the old plants by growing unobserved amongst them. Forcing. — Plant a single row three feet apart in ground that has been trenched two spades deep, and dressed with well- putrefied dung at the time. The forcing may commence in December ; first cover either with sea-kale or common garden- pots (twelves), but chimney-pots are still better, the leaf-stalks becoming much longer and finer, and envelope them with fermenting dung. A frame is much less objectionable, formed by driving stakes into the ground on each side of the bed, alternating with the plants. These are to S } EHU be three feet high above ground, and the space between the two rows of stakes two feet at the bottom, but approaching each other, and fastened by cross pieces, so as- to be only fifteen inches apart at top. To the sides and top stout lathes are fixed, as in the accompanying sketch, to pre- vent the dung falling upon the plants. The dung may be either fresh, or that which has already undergone fermenta- tion, placed all round the frame eighteen inches thick, and the top covered with long litter. The temperature in the in- terior should have a range from 55° to 60°. If it rises higher, two or three large holes made through the top soon correct it. Rhubarb may be forced without either pots or frame, by merely covering the plants six inches deep with light litter, care being taken that the plants are not injured. Mr. Knight's mode of forcing is to place in the winter as many plants as necessary in large, deep pots, each pot receiving as many as it can contain, and the interstices entirely filled up by fine, sandy loam, washed in. The tops of the roots are placed on a level with each other, and about an inch below the sur- face. These being covered with inverted pots of the same size, may be placed in a vinery or hotbed, and on the approach of spring, any time after January, any room or cellar will be sufficiently warm. If copiously supplied with water, the plants vegetate rapidly and vigorously,, and each pot will produce three succes- sional cuttings, the first two being the most plentiful. As soon as the third is gathered, the roots may be changed, and those removed replanted in the ground, when they will attain sufficient strength to be forced again in a year's time. If not, it is of little consequence,. for year- old roots raised from cuttings, or even seed sown in autumn, are sufficiently strong for use. Propagation by Division. — Mr. Rogers, a successful cultivator, says, that when the rhubarb is propagated by the root, | care must be taken to retain a bud on EHU [ 694 j BIB the crown of each offset, together with a small portion of the root itself, with, if possible, some fibres attached to it. These offsets may be taken from roots of three or four years old without injury to the plant. They may be planted where they are intended to remain, at the same distance and in the same manner as ad- vised far the seedlings. Shu's. Sumach. (From rhudd, red ; colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Anacards [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 3- Trigynia.) Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. By seeds, layers, and cuttings of roots and shoots ; light, llbry loam. We have omitted all the greenhouse and stove species except Java'nica, which requires u greenhouse. U. ame'la (amela). 40. Nepaul. 1823. — aroma' tica (aromatic). 8. Yellow, ftlay. N. Amer. 1/73. "■copalli'na (gum-copal). 6. Green, yellow. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1688. -■ leucafntha (white-flowered). 4. Whitish. August. N. Amer. — coriafria (coriaria-leaeed). 10. Green, yellow. July. S. Amer. 1640. — co'tinus (wild-olive). 6. Pale purple. June. South Europe. 1656. — diversi/o'lia (various-leaved). Greenish-white. June. California. r~ dinersi'loba (various-lobed). 6. White. June. California. 1843. ~ e'legans (elegant). 10. Red. July. N.Amer. 1726. — gla'bra (smooth). 8. Green, yellow. August. N. Amer. 1/26- ■ coccfnea (scarlet). 10. Red. June. N. Amer. — dioi'ca (dioecious). 8. Greenish. July. N. Amer. — Java'nica (Javanese). 10. White. August. Java. 1/99. — oxyaca'ntha (hawthorn-like). 6. Green, yellow. Barbary. 1823. — pu'mila (dwarf. Poisonous). 1. Green, yellow. July. N. Amer. 1806. — ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Green, yellow. June. N. Amer. Creeper. microca'rpa (small-fruited). 2. Green, yellow. June. N. Amer. Climber. — — volu'bilis (twining). 2. Green, yellow. June. N. Amer. Climber. — — vulga'ris (common). Green, yellow. June. N. Amer. Creeper. — suat&olens (sweet-smelling). 6. Greenish- yellow. May. N. Amer. — typhi'na (fever). 20. Green, yellow. July. N. Amer. 1620. — arbitre'seens (tree-like). 25. Green, yellow. July. — — frute'scens (shrubby). 6. Green, yellow. July. — undula'tn (waved-leaned). 5. Whitish-yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 18l6. — ve'rnix (varnish). 15. Green, yellow. July. N. Amer. 1713. — vernici'/era (varnish-bearing). 10. Green, yel- low. Nepaul. 1823. Rhyncoglo'ssuh. (From rhynchos, a beak, and glossa, a tongue ; form of the lip of the flower. Nat. ord., Gesnerworti [Gesneracese]. Linn., 2 Dlandria 1-lfo- nogynia. Allied to Didymocarpus.) Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in hotbed, in sprimr, and, after being potted off, flowered in the- plant stove or greenhouse ; peat and loam, with a little silver sand and leaf-mould. R, Zeyla'nicum (Cevlon). 1. Blue. July. Ceylon. 1844. Rhyncospe'riitjii. (From rhynchos, & beak, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pen- tandria l-Jlonogynia. Allied to Apocy- num.) An evergreen climber, requiring greenhouse treatment, to be grown in loam and peat, and to be propagated by cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand. R.jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 3. White. July. Shanghai. 1846. Rhytidophy/llum. (From rhytis, a wrinkle, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14- Didynarnla 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Gloxinia.) For culture, tee Gk'sxkba. R.auricuta'tum (eared). Red, yellow. August. Brazil. 1834. Ribbon Grass. Aru'ndo. RfBES. Currant. (From the Arabia name of a plant. Nat. ord., Currant- worts [Grossulariaceae]. Linn., 5-Pcn- tandria 1-JIonogynia.) Hardy deciduous shrubs, except puncta'tum, which requires shelter. Nearly all bloom in April. Seeds, chiefly, for fresh varieties ; cuttings of ripened shoots in spring or autumn, in the open, ground; good garden-soil. See Currant and Gooseberry. R. acicula're (needle-*pined). White. Siberia. — acuminatum (pointed-leaned 1 ). 5. Greenish- yellow. Nepaul. 1837. — albine'rvium (white-nerved). 4. Green. N. Amer. — alpi'num (alpine). 3. Green. Britain. bticci'ferum (berry-bearing). 3. Green. Britain. fo'tiis-variega'Hs (variegated-leaved). 4. Green. May. Britain. pu'milum (dwarf). 2. Green. ste'rile (barren). 3. Green. Britain. — a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). 4. Purple. Siberia. 1826. — au'reum (golden). 8. Yellow. May. Missouri. 1R12. prct'cox (early). 8. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812. sero'tinum (late). 8. Yellow. June. N, Amer. 1812. tillo'sum (shaggy-leaned). 8. Yellow. N, Amer. 1812. — Carpti'thicum (Carpathian). 4. Green. Car. pathia. 1818. — ce'reum (waxy-leaned). 2. White. N. Amer. 1827. — cyno'sbati (dog-bramble). 4. Green. Canada, 1/59- fructu-aculea'to. (prickly -fruited). 4, Purplish. Lake Huron. RIB RIC H. cyno'sbatifru'ctu-gla'bro (smooth-fruited). 4. Whitish. Hudson's Bay. — diaea'ntha (twin-prickled). 4. Green, yellow. May. Siberia. 1781. — divarica'tum (straggling). 7. White, red. N. Amer. 1826. — fla'vum (yellow). 6. Yellow. N.Amer. 1812. —fio'ridum (florid). 4. Yellow. N. Amer. 1720. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Yellow. N. Amer. parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. N.Amer. — glaciafle (frozen). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823. — glandulo'sum (glanded). 8. Green, yellow. Peru. 1820. — Gordo'ni (Gordon's). 6. Yellow, red. — gra'cile (slender). 4. Green, white. N. Amer. 1812. — grossicla'ria (rough-gooseberry). 4. Green. England. ■ Besseria'na (Besser's). 4. White. Cracow. bractea'ta (bracted). 4. Green, white. Himalaya'na (Himalayan). 4. Green, white. March. Himalayas. 1838. macroca'rpa (large-berried). 4. Green, white. reclina'ta (reclined). 4. Green, white. Germany. 1781. spinosi'ssima (most-spiny). 4. Green, white. Britain. subine'rmis (few-prickled). 4- Green, white. u'va-cri'spa (smooth-berried). 4. Green, white. Britain. — hetero'trichum (variable-haired). 2. Purple. Altai. 1837. — Hudsoniu man (Hudson's Bay). 4. White. Hudson's Bay. — lacu'stre (lake). 4.Yellow, green. N.Amer.1812. echina'tum (hedgehog), 1$. Greenish- yellow. — macroca'nthum (large-spined). 4. Green. May. — Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 5. Red. May. California. 1830. — microphy'llum (small-leaved). 5. Bed. Mexico. — multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 5. Green. Hun- gary. 1822. — ni'grum (black). 5. Green. Britain. — — — ba'cca-vi'ride (green-berried). 5. Russia. — ——fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 5. Britain. — ni'veum (snowy). 5. White. N.Amer. 1826. — opulifo'lium (guelder-rose-leaved). Russia. — orienta'le (eastern). 4. Green, yellow. May. Syria. 1824. — oxyacanthoi'des (hawthorn-like). 3. Green, white. N.Amer. 1763. — petrmfum (rock). 4. Red. May. England. — procu'mbens (trailing). $. Purple. May. Dahuria. 1804. — prottra'tum (prostrate), lj. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1812. laxiflc/rum (loose-flowered). 4. Green, yellow. N. Amer. 1812. — puncta'tum (doUed-lfaved). 3. Green, yellow. Chili. 1826. Half-hardy. — resino'sum (resinous). 3. Yellow, green. N. Amer. 1S00. — ri'gens (stiff). 6. Green. N.Amer. 1812. — ru'brum (red). 4. Green. Britain. a'lbum (white). 4. Green. Britain. ca'rneum (flesh-coloured-iemed). 4. Green. Britain. fc/liis a'lbo (leaves white). 4. Green. fo'liis lu'teo (leaves yellow). 4. Green. — horte'nse (garden). 4. Green. Britain. — Sibi'ricum (Siberian. Russian Currant). 6. Greenish-yellow. Russia. R. ru'brum syhe'stre (wood). 4. Green. Britain. variegaftum (striped-berried). 4. Green. Austria. — sangui'neum (bloody). 6. Blood. N.Amer. 1828. a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 6. Dark red. N. Amer. gtutino'sum (clammy). 6. Pale pink. N. Amer. malva'ceum (mallow-like). 6. Dark pink. N. Amer. — saxa'tile (rock). 4. Green. May. Siberia. I8I9. — seto'sum (bristly). 4. Green, white. N. Amer. 1810. — specio'svm (showy). 4. Crimson. May. Ca- lifornia. 1829. — spica'tum (sxAked-/iowered) . 4. Green. England. — tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). 6. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812. fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-berried). 6. Yellow. /ru'c. . ,-<\ L_[ bza out in longitudinal beds four feet wide ; this done, the top spit of the bed c is laid on the bed g, and the second spit of the bed c is laid on h. The first or top spit of the bed / is then laid on h, so that the top soil and subsoil are kept on separate and alternate beds, and may be mixed, reversed, or returned as taken out, at the will of the operator. By this method the advantages are — much greater exposure of surface to the action of the weather; the opportunity of in- corporating with the soil any desirable or obtainable manures, and at any desired depth ; a thorough blending of the soil to the depth of two or three feet ; and it also facilitates the operation of draining where necessary. It is needless to add, that when the first thrown-out beds are sufficiently pulverised, they are levelled down, and others thrown out in the same manner; g, h, i, represent the ridges thrown out and left as rough as possible. Rigide'lla. (From rigidus, stiff; the stillness of the flower-stalk. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn., Z-Triandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Tigridia.) Half-hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring; also by seeds in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam and peat ; bulbs require to be kept from frost and damp during the winter. R. fla'mmta (flame-coloured). 5. Mav. Mexico. 1839. — immacula'ta (unspotted). I. Crin^in. June. Guatemala. 1S39. — ortha'ntha (straight-flowered). l£. Crimson. June. Mexico. 1846. Ringing is cutting away a belt of baik quite down to the wood entirely round a branch. This checks the return of the sap, and aids to make that branch more fruitful, and the fruit on it finer. We have seen it done with the best effect upon the pear and grape-vine. It should be done just previously to the blossoms opening. When first suggested it was called the Ring of Pomona. See Liga- tures. Ripening Wood is one of the principal objects to be aimed at for the production of either flowers or fruit the following year. To effect this, at the end of Au- gust, or early in September, superfluous HIP [ 097 ] ROC branches should be removed, and shoots stopped, to concentrate the sap, and ex- pose those retained to the full influence of the sun. Ripo'gonum. (From ripos, flexible, and gonos, a shoot. Nat. ord., Sarsapa- rillas [Smilacaceae]. Linn., p-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen climbers, from New Holland. Cuttings of side-shoots, when three inches in length, taken off close to the stem, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; fibry loam, a little peat, sand, and charcoal, and well- drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. R. a'lbum (white). 3. June. 1820. — parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. June. 1820. Bi'vea. (Named after A. de la Rive, a Genevan botanist. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomsea.) Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of side-shoots, and of the young shoots, several inches in length, as they rise from the roots in spring ; or grafting on a free-growing Ipomaaa ; fibry loam and rough, sandy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. R. tilimfo'lia (lime-leaved). White. June. E. Ind. 1812. Eivi'na. (Named after A. Q.Rivinus, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Phytolac- cads [Phytolaccaceae]. Linn., ^-Tetran- dria 1-Monogynia.) Called rouge plants in the West Indies, where the fruit is used as a cosmetic. Stove evergreens. Seeds and cuttings. The flowers are of little beauty; but the racemes of ripe and ripening fruit are very interesting; light soil. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°. R. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 2. Green. June. .Brazil. 1790. — hu'milis (lowly). 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1699. cane'scens (hoary). 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1804. Ice'vis (smooth). 2. Pink. May. W.Ind.1733. — lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaued). 3. June. Bra- zil. 1815. — latifn'lia (broad-leaved). Purple. July. Mada- gascar. 1826. — octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 2. White. May. W. Ind. 1752. — purpura' scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June. W. Ind. 1815. — tincWria (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caraccas. 1830. E,oan-tree. Py'rus aucapa'ria. PiOBe'kgia. Should be added to Con- na'rus, which see. R. frute'scens (shrubby). 6. White. Guiana. 1823. Eobi'nia. (Named after J. Robin, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia A-Decandria. Cobbett's Locust-tree is Robi'nia pseu'do-aca'cia.) Deciduous, white-flowered trees, from North America, where not otherwise stated. For tender lands, cuttings of young wood in sand, under a glass. The Locust-tree, in all its varieties, by seed sown in autumn, or preserved in the pods, and sown in the spring ; by cuttings of the shoots ; by cuttings of the roots ; by suckers and layers. The finer varieties are generally grafted. The hi's- pida ro'sea, or Rose Acacia, is a fine object grafted on the pseu'do-aca'cia standard high, in a shel- tered place not much north of London. The fine' varieties of hi'spida ro'sea, in cold situations, de- serve a place on a conservative wall, and would bf a nice companion to the Gly'cine Sine'nsis, &c. R. Davu'rica (Dahurian).30. May. Davuria. 1820. — du'bia (doubtful). 30. White, red. May. — Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 6. Guinea. 1822. Stove evergreen. — Mspida (bristly. Rose Acacia), 10. Pink. July. 1743. — — macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 10. Red. May. — — — na'na (dwarf). 1. Pink. June. Carolina. ro'sea (upright. Rose). 10. Red. July. — pseu'do-aca'cia (common. Bastard Acacia). 40. May. 1640. a»JOJ7>##/o'#a(ainorpha-leaved).3.White, red. May. cri'spa (curled). 40. June. flo're-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). 40. Yellow. May. ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. May. latisi'liqua (broad-podded). 30. May. macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 30. May. microphy'lla (small-leafleted). 30. May. monstro'sa (monstrous). 30. White, red. May. pefndula (drooping). 30. Pink. May. pro'cera (tall). 30. White, red. May. sophor&fo'lia (sophora -leaved). 30. White, red. May. specta'bilis (showy). 30. May. France. stri'cta (upright). 30. White, red. May. tortuo'sa (twisted). 40. May. . umbracu-li'fera (umbrella - bearing), 40. May. purpu'rea (purple). 15. Purple. July.1810. Stove evergreen. — visco'sa (clammy). 30. Purple. July. 1797. Rocambole (A'llium scorodo'prasum), sometimes called Spanish Garlic, has its bulbs or cloves growing in a cluster. The stem bears many bulbs at its summit, which, as well as those of the root, are much milder than Garlic. It is best propagated by the root bulbs, those of the stem being slower in production. Plant either in February, March, or early in April, as well as throughout the autumn, in drills, or by the dibble, in rows six inches apart each way, and usually two inches within the ground, though the plants would thrive better if grown on the surface, as recom- mended for the Eschallot. In other respects they are cultivated as directed for Garlic. A very small bed is sufficient for the supply of the largest family. Eo'chea. (Named after La Roche, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Home/ee ' s [Crassulaceas]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria 5- Pcntagynia. Allied to Crsssula.) EOO [ 608 ] ROD Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the Cape of Good Hope. For culture, see Cba/ssula.. R. albifto'ra (white-flowered). White. July. 1800. — bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow, scarlet. June. 1810. — bieonve'xa (doubly-convex). J. White. July. 1323. — capita'ta (headed). White. July. 1822. — cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. 1710. — —flo're-a'lbo (white-flowering). 1. White. July. 1811. — cymo'sa (cymed). %. Red. August. 1800. —falea'ta (»ickle- towed). 3. Scarlet. July. 1/95. — fia'aa (yellow). Yellow. June. 1802. —jasmi'neti (jasmine-like). J. White. April. 1815. — media (mediate). 1. Red. June. 1810. — perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 4. Scarlet. July. 1700. alhiflo'ra (white-flowering). 4. White. July. 1800. — odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). l.Pink. June. 1793. — versicolor (changeable-coloured). 2. White. May. 1817. Rocket. He'speris. Rocket Larkspur. Delphi'nium aja'cis. Rock Lychnis. Visca'ria. Rock Rose. Ci'stus. Rock-work is one of the most difficult things to construct tastefully. If the body of the rock is intended to be raised much above the ground level, a quantity of soil and rubbish should be carried into the centre of the space. This soil, besides serving to support the rock- work, will also form a border for the plants to grow in. Having at hand plenty of large, rough stones, broken bricks, or stony rubbish of any kind or colour, proceed with these to imitate the form of natural rock as nearly as possible. Rough, bold, angular projections, and deeply-formed chasms, are the principal features in natural scenery which please us most. A rock, with a flat unbroken surface, whe- ther horizontal or perpendicular, presents too much sameness to be pleasing to the eye ; therefore, in imitating nature, the projections should be varied and bold, and unless raggedness and intricacy form principal features in its composition, it will lose much of its effect. If the rock- work be on a large scale, it should not be one continued line, but broken at in- tervals, in one part lost beneath the sur- face of the earth, and again rising in an- other part and resuming its sinuous form. So far there is little difference between this and the common method of making artificial rock. When, however, every stone has been arranged to suit the eye, the interstices between them are to be filled up with any kind of rough mortar. Of course, fissures, and similar places in- tended for the plants which are to cover the rock, must be left open, so that the roots may penetrate to the soil beneath the stones. The next operation is to daub the whole mass over with Roman cement. For this purpose the latter should be mixed with water until it is o f the consistence of thick paint, in which state it may be applied to the stones with a large painter's brush. The spaces be- tween the stones having been filled with rough mortar prevents the cement from being wasted. The thickness of the latter on the stones need not be more than the eighth of an inch : it will unite the whole into one mass ; and rock- work thus constructed is, beyond all com- parison, far more natural than that made in the usual way. It has none of that disjointed appearance which usually ac- companies rock-work made without ce- ment. After a few months' exposure to the weather, rock-work thus formed (if skilfully made) cannot, without careful examination, be distinguished from a natural mass; it will soon cover all but the most prominent parts. If the cement be of a colour too light, which, for some situations may be the case, a little lamp- black or soot may be mixed with it. Care must, however, be taken that no substance which may make the cement more porous is used, otherwise it will peel from the stones after a hard frost. For the benefit of those who are not ac- customed to using cement, we may men- tion that no more should be moistened at once than can be used in a short time. If the cement be good it will quickly harden, and will then be in a manner In making artificial rock for waterfalls, or other constructions, where the cement may be constantly exposed to the action of the water, the best water-cement should be used. Any preparation that does not quickly indurate under water will, in a short time, be, washed away, and leave nothing but the bare stones. — Whateley. Rodrigue'zia. (Named after E. Rod- riguez, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20 -Gy- nandria L-Monandria. ) Stove Brazilian orchids, cultivated in baskets^ See Orchids. R. Bn'rkeri (Barker's). I. Grean. January. — cri'spa (curled). Green. — lanceola'la (spear - head - leaned). Yellow i March. Trinidad. 1821. — Iweijlo'ra (loose-flowered), i. Pale green. BOB [ 690 ] ROO R. planifo'lia (flat-leaved). — rtcu'roa (curled-back). |. Yellow. June. 1821. — »ecu'nda (side- /lowering). 4. Red. July. Trini- dad. 1820. — stenochi'la (narrow-lipped). Yellow, red. July. Venezuela, — suave'olens (sweet-scented). Yellow. Fe- bruary. 1825. Roebuck Berry. Ru'bus chamcemo'rus. Roe'lla. (Named after G. Roelle, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Bellicorts [Campanulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Honogynia.) Greenhouse plants, and all but one from the Cape of Good Hope. Decu'rrens from seed in a gentle hotbed, in spring, planted out in early summer ; musco'sa by division ; the rest, being evergreen shrubs, by cuttings of the points of the shoots in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. R. cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 1. White, purple. July. 1774. — decu'rrens (decurrent). 1. Blue. August. 178/. Annual. — e'legans (elegant). %. Purple. February. 1836. — fruticuto'sa (small-shrubby). Yellow. July. N. Holland. 1820. — musco'sa (mossy). $. Blue. August. 1802. Herbaceous. — peduncula'ta (long- flower -stalked). Blue. June. 1827. — squarro'sa (spreading). £. White. July. 1787. Be'rgii (Berg's). Blue. August. 1816. — spica'ta (spiked). White. August. 1824. Roller. This is best made of cast- iron, and may be had of four different sizes, viz., with a diameter of sixteen, eighteen, twenty -two, or twenty- four inches. The roller is best used the day after a fall of rain. Rome'ria. Named after J. Y. Homer, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Poppyioorts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Glaucium.) Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, in March or April. R. hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. May. Britain. — refra'cla (refracted). 1. Violet. June. Tauria. 1823. — vermicula'ta (worm-like). Red. June. Persia. 1829. Rondele'tia. (Named after W. Rondelet, a Frenchman. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points of the shoots, getting slightly firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; the glass being raised at night, and in dull weather, to prevent damping ; fibry peat and.fibry loam, with enough of sand, broken pots, and charcoal to insure openness in the soil. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. R. America'na (American). 10. White. August. W. Ind. 1752. — di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Red. New Gre- nada. — Mrsu'ta (hairy). 5. Yellow. July. Jamaica 1820. R. hi'rta (hairy). 10. Pink. July. Jamaica. 177& — Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 12. White. July, W. Ind. 1790. — lauri/o'lia (laurel-leaved). 5, White. July. Jamaica. 1824. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Blue. August. Brazil. 1842. — odora'ta (scented). 3. Red. July. W. Ind. 1836. — panicula'ta (panicled). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1820. — racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. July. Ja. maica. 1820. — specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. April. Ha. vannah. 1830. ma'jor (large-flowered). 3. Scarlet. April. Havannah. — thyrsoi'dea (thyrsed). S. White. July. Ja- maica. 1819. — tomento'sa (downy). 6. White. July. Ja. maica. 1819. — versicolor (changeable-coloured). 4. Pink> March. Veraguas. 1838. Roots are either annual, biennial, or perennial ; but in all roots, and under any mode of management, the fibrous parts (radiculse) are strictly annual; they decay as winter approaches, and are pro- duced with the returning vigour of their parent in the spring. Hence the reason that plants are transplanted with most success during the season of their de- cay; for, as the root almost exclusively imbibes nourishment by the mouths of these fibres, in proportion as they are injured by the removal so is the plant deprived of the means of support : that sap which is employed in the formation of new fibres would have served to in- crease the size of other parts. Roots always travel in the direction where most food is to be obtained ; there- fore, for carrots and parsnips, let a little manure be turned in with the bottom spit when the ground is trenched for them. So, if it be desirable to prevent the roots of any plant travelling in a certain direc- tion, the soil on that side should be excavated, and the cavity refilled with sand, or some other unfertile earth, whilst the soil on those sides of the plant whither the roots are desired to tend should be made as fertile as is permissible with its- habits. Whatever causes an excessive develop- ment of root prevents the production of seed; and vice versd, the production of seed, especially in tuberous-rooted plants, reduces the amount of root developed. Thus, frequent transplanting the young- plants of the lettuce, brocoli, and cauli- flower causes the production of numerous fibrous roots, and is found effectiva in preventing the mature plants advancing early to seed. ROO [ 700 ] ROS The early varieties of the potato do not naturally produce seed ; hut if their tuhers are removed as soon as they are formed, these early varieties blossom and hear seed as freely as the latter kinds, a fact suggesting many experiments to the cultivator of shy -blooming tuberous- rooted flowers. Again, if the blossoms of these later varieties are plucked off as they appear, the weight of tubers pro- duced will be very materially increased. Root-pexjntng, first adopted as a sys- tematic practice by Mr. Errington, has for its object a check to over-luxuriance. This it does effectually, for such excess of growth arises from the roots imbibing too much food. By pruning, and thus re- ducing their number, therefore, we reduce their imbibing power ; and it is found that such pruning checks the production of leaf-buds, and will cause any kind of fruit- tree to produce blossom-buds, provided the tree is healthy, and that its barren- ness arises from over-luxuriance. To know what proportion of the roots to cut away, we may suppose the trees thrown into three classes. First, trees of mode- rate luxuriance ; second, those which may be termed robust; third, those of gross habit. To give a further idea, we would say that the first class will make young shoots, on an average, a foot in length; those of the second two feet; and the third nearly, or quite, three feet: the lattar, indeed, frequently burst into lateral or side-shoots from the young shoots of the same season. From the first class, therefore, we advise the cutting away about a sixth part of the roots ; from the second class a fourth part ; and from the third class a third part. It must be borne in mind that the extremities of the roots alone should he cut off, for while we advocate this mutilation, we equally advocate the preservation of the surface roots by every possible means ; nay, more than that, we recommend their encouragement by extra appliances of manure to the surface-soil. Ropa'la. (From roupala, the Guianan name. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn., 4,-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Guiana. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- glass, not hurried, but freed from damp, and placed in bottom-heat after a few weeks ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 45° to 48° ; a rather sheltered place in summer. R. denta'ta {tooth-leaved). 10. Green. June. 1802. — me'dia (mediate). 19. May. 1823. R. monta'na (mountain). Yellow. April. 182S, — ni'tida (shining). Pale yellow. 1821. — «essi7i/b'tfa(stalkless-leaved). 10. Green. 1S03. Ro'pera. (Named after J. Roper, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Beancapen [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1- Monogynia.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from New Holland. Cuttings of the young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; also seeds in a slight hotbed; sandy, fibry peat, fibry loam, and a little rough charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 50°. R. aurantfaca (orange). August. 1837. — fabagifaHia (fabago-leaved). June. 1822. —fruticulo'sa (sub -shrub by). 3. July. 1820. Ro'sa. Rose. (From the Celtic rhod, red ; prevailing colour. Nat. ord., Rose- worts [Rosacea?]. Linn., IZ-Icosandria l-Polygynia.) For culture, see Rose. R. acicula'ris (needle-prickled). 6. Blush. June. Siberia. 1805. — a'lba (single- white). 4. White. June. South Europe. 159". — alpi'na (alpine). 5. Blush. June. South Eu- rope. 1633. globc/sa (globular-6em'e ho'rrida (horrid-s/»"/ie<2). 4. Pink. June. — dumeto'rum (thicket). 5. Pink. June. England. —fe'rox (fierce). 3. Red. July. Caucasus. 1595. • ni'tens (shining). 4. Pale crimson. July. 1822. — Forste'ri (Forster's). 6. Pink. June. Britain. — fraxinifollia (ash-leaved). 6. Red. June. New- foundland. —fruteto'rum (coppice). 6. Pink. June. Vol- hynia. 1818. — Ga'llica (French). 3. Pink. June. South Eu- rope. 1596. — — Agatha (Agatha). Purple. inape'rta (unopened. Vilmorin Rose). White, rose. ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple. -parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 1. Purple. June. Europe. — ——pu'mila (dwarf. Wild-shop). %. Red. June. Austria. 1810. — glutino'sa (clammy. Cretan). 2. Pale blush. June. Candia. 1821. — gra'cilis (slender). 8. Pale pink. June. Britain. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White. May. Siberia. 1818. — Hibefrnica (Irish). 4. Blush. August. Ireland. — Ibe'rica (Iberian). 6. Pink. June. Iberia. 1S20. — Tndica (Indian. China, or Monthly). 20. Red. China. 1789. • caryophy'ltea (clove-scented). — -— crue'nta (bloody). longifo'lia(long-willow-lea.xcA). 5. Pink. June. China. ni'vea (white-double-flowered). 3. White, red. July. Gardens. 1831. Noisettia'na (Noisette's). 3. Red. ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white. Chinese). 2. Cream. June. China. 1824. odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented. Chinese). 3. Pale pink. June. China. 1810. panno'sa (ragged). Purple, rose. pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Pink- July. China. — involucra'ta (involucred). 3. White. July. E. Ind. 1808. — involu'ta (carved-in-petaled). 2. Pale red. June. Scotland. — Kamtscha'tica (Kamtschatka). 3. Red. July. Kamtschatka. 1791. — Kl i/kii (Klak's. Sweet-briar). 6. Pink. July. Tauria. 1810. R. Lawrencia'na (Miss Lawrence's). I. Blush. China. 1310. — Li'ndleui (Dr. Liudley's. Carolina). Red. July. N. Amer. — lu'cida (bright-leaved). 4. Red. July. N.Amer, 1724. — lu'tea (single-yellow. Eglantine). 3. Yellow. June. Germany. 1596. — puni'cea (scarlet. Austrian). 3. Yellow, scarlet. June. Austria. 1596. — — 8ubru'bra (petals reddish above). 4. Yel- low, red. June. — lute'seens (yellowish. American). 4. Pale yel- low. June. N. Amer. 1780. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Red. Gosaing- shan. — maja'lis (May. Hog). 3. Pale red. May. Britain. — micra'ntha (small-flowered. Sioeet-briar). Pale red. June. Britain. — microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. White. Julv. China. 1822. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. Blush. Sep- tember. China. 1828. — — a'lba (white-flowered). 3. White. — mo'llis (soft). 6. Red. June. Caucasus. 1818. — Montezu'mte (Montezuma's). 3. Pale red. June. Mexico. 1825. — moscha'ta (musk). 12. White. August. Bom- bay. 1595. — multiflo'ra (manv-flowered). 12. Red. June. China. 1822. — Boursau'ltii (Boursault's). 12. Pink. June. — — ea'rnea (flesh). Red. June. China. 1822. — — — Grevi'llei (Greville's. Seven-sisters). 20. Purple. June. China. 1824. — — — Russellia'na (Russell's). — myriaca'ntha (myriad-spined). 1. White. May. France. 1 820. — ni'tida (glossy-teaoei). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1807. — oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 3. Red. June. Si- beria. 1820. flo're-ple'no (double -flowered). Blush. July. N. Amer. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered. Carolina). 2. Flesh. July. N. Amer. 1724. — pulche'lla (neat). 2. Red. June. 1824. — ra'pa (turnip). 4. Red. July. N. Amer. — reve/rsa (reversed). 5. White, pink. June. Hungary. 1816. — rubi/o'lia (bramble-leaved-). 6. Pale red. Au- gust. N. Amer. — — fenestra 1 lis (windowed). 4. Flesh. June. N. Amer. — rubigino'sa (rusty Sweet-briar, or Eglantine). 5. Pink. June. Britain. Aculeati's- sima (very prickly) ; flexuo'sa (flexible- branched) ; grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Lyo'nii (Lyon's); ma'jor (greater); nemora'lis (grove) ; parvifo'lia (sraall- leafleted) ; pu'bera (downy) j rotundifo'/ia (round-leaved). Germany. Spinulifo'lia (leaflets-spinuled);um6e//o'fa(umbelled). Germany. Vaillantia'na (Vaillant's). White. — rubrifo'lia (red-leaved). 6. Red. June. South Europe. 1814. hispi'dula (bristly-flower-stalked). Red. June. 1822. ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple. June. Swit- zerland. pinnati'fida (leaflet-like-cut-sepatei).Pur< pie. June. Switzerland. Redoute'a (Redoute's). 3. Pale red. June. — Sabi'ni (Sabine's). 8. Red. June. Britain. gra'cilis (slenderi . White, red. Britjiju EOS [ 702 ] EOS JR. sanguisorbifo'lia (bumet-leaved). 3 White. June. — sarmenta'cea (twiggy). 6. Pink. June. Britain. — semperflu'rens (ever-blowing). 10. Crimson. All. China. 1789. — sempervi'rens (evergreen). 20. White. June. South Europe. 1629. Lesckenaultia'na (Leschenault's). 60. Violet. June. Neilgherry. — se'pium (hedge). Pink. June. Britain. — Shera'rdi (Sherard's). 6. Pink. June. England, — Si'nica (three-leaved. China). 5. White. June. China. 1/59. — spinosi'ssuna (spiniest. Scotch). 2. White, red. June. Britain. — suave'olens (sweet-scented. American Sweet- briar). Pink. June. N. Amer. 1800. — sua'vis (sweet). 4. Purple. June. 1818. — sulphu'rea (sulphur). 4. Yellow. July. Levant. 1629. — sylne'stris (wood). 7. Bed. June. England. — sy'stylu (clustered-styled). 6. Pink. June. Britain. — Tau'rica (Taurian). 6. Bed. June. ■ — tomento'sa (downy-leaved-JJug). 6. Bed, white. June. Britain. — scabriu'scula (rather-rough). 6. Pink. June. Britain. — turbina'ta ( top-shaped -calyxed. Frankfort). 5. Bed. June. Germany. 1629. Francofurtu'na (Frankfort). 6. Bose, purple. June. Frankfort. — Orbessa'nea (double. Orbessean). 4. Bose- coloured. June. — villo'sa (shaggy). 6. Bed. June. Britain. pomi'/era (apple-bearing). Bed. June. Europe. resino'sa (resinous). Bed. June. Ireland. — Wilso'ni (Wilson's). 3. Dark pink. June. Britain. — Woo'diii (Wood's). 3. Pink. May. N. Amer. Eosco'ea. (Named after Mr. Roscoe, the founder of the Liverpool Botanic Garden. Nat. ord., Gingerworts [Zingi- beracese]. linn., 1-Monandria \-Mono- gynia.) Stove herbaceous perennials, all but one purple- flowered, and all natives of Nepaul. Division in spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 76°. JR. capita'ta (headed). 1. Julv. 1819. — ela'tiur (taller). 1. July. 1820. — gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. 1821, — lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. May. 1839. — purpu'rea (purple). 1. July. 1820. — spica'ta (spiked). 1. July. 1820. Bose. Ro'sa. Propagation.— Most kinds of roses can he propagated hy cuttings. By this method we only ohtain dwarfs; yet, as many sorts do best on their own roots, the China and Tea-scented for instance, for these we must adopt cuttings. The hest time for making the cuttings is in April. Cuttings in Pots. — Themostconvenient- Bized pots are five inches across; fill them with moderately rich, light earth, press it firmly down, then fill the pots quite up to the rim with silver sand, or with finely sifted river sand ; give a gentle watering from a fine-rosed watering-pot, then cut the cuttings into lengths of ahout four inches, remove all the leaves except those belonging to the top buds, make the cut very smooth across, just under the lowest bud; the cutting is then ready to he planted. Have a small stick about as thick as a quiH, and thrust it into the soil just the depth of the cutting, so as to leave the top bud out; close the earth firmly to the bottom of the cutting with the stick; place the cuttings close to the edge of the pots, with the leaves of all pointing inwards; then close up the holes with a little of the sand, and give a gentle watering. The best situa- tion to place the pots in is a pit, with hand-glasses over them. If you have not that convenience, plunge the pots in coal-ashes on a shady border, covering them with hand-glasses. Shift into larger pots as they require. Cuttings in the Open Ground.-— Choose a shady border, next a low wall or hedge — the latter to be close-clipped with the garden-shears. Let the soil be well dug and chopped small, and the surface raked very fine ; then pour some water upon it, and let it stand a day, to become mode- rately dry again. Prepare the cuttings as above directed, and always expose the cuttings as little as possible to the sun and air; they may be preserved fresh by having a little damp moss or hay at hand to cover them with as soon as they are prepared. When a sufficient number are ready, open a trench with a small spade at the end of the border. Chop the side of the trench furthest from you straight down just a sufficient depth to leave the topmost bud and leaf out of the soil; then place the cuttings against this uprightbank about three inches apart. When the row is filled with cuttings, with your spade put the soil against the cut- tings, and with your foot tread it firmly to them. Take great care that the soil is quite close and firm around each. Then fill up level with the top of the row of cuttings another portion of soil, until there is a bank of earth six inches dis- tant from the first row. Chop down the outermost edge of the soil, so as to leave another upright bank to set the second row of cuttings against, and so proceed from row to row, till you have filled the snace set apart for this purpose. Examine R03 [ 703 ] EOS & few of them occasionally after about six weeks, and if they are rooted, lift them carefully with a trowel or small spade, and either pot them or plant them out in rows in a more open situation. By the autumn following they will he nice plants, and may be planted in the situa- tion where they are to grow and flower. By Suckers. — Roses send up many suckers annually, which may be taken up in autumn, winter, or early spring, with some rootlets attached; and the strongest may be planted out finally, and the weakest in the nursery for a year or two longer. They will readily grow, and will most of them produce flowers the follow- ing summer. When rose-trees have grown into large bunches', with many suckers, the whole may be taken up and slipped, or divided into separate plants. The Moss and some others furnish suckers but sparingly. By Layers. — To obtain shoots for lay- ering, a quantity of rose-trees should be planted for stools, which, being headed down low, will throw out shoots abun- dantly, near the ground, in summer, for layering in autumn or winter following. {See Layering.) They will be rooted by next autumn, and fit for transplanta- tion in nursery rows, though sometimes the moss rose and some others require two years before they are tolerably well rooted ; but of these sorts you may also try layers of the shoots of the year, lay- ered in summer, any time in June. They will probably root a little the same season. The layers of all the sorts, after being properly rooted, should be taken up in autumn and planted in the nursery, to have one or two years' growth. By Budding. — See Budding and Grafting. Soil and Situation. — The best soil is a rather strong loam; the deeper it is the better. It should be well-drained. Such land as will grow good wheat or good hops will grow tine roses. Next, it should be rich to grow them fine : if not already so, it ought to have thoroughly decayed dung added to it. A portion of super- phosphate of lime (bones dissolved in oil of vitriol) will be of great benefit to them — a manure that may be had of any re- spectable manure-dealer. The rose-gar- den ought to open to the south and east, but be sheltered from the north and north-west winds. Tall beech or horn- beam hedges are the best shelter against gales blowing from those points. Roseg should not be planted so near trees as to be overhung by them, as the drip from the trees will prevent them from thriving, and injure the flowers. Planting. — The best season is the early part of November. They will succeed tolerably even to the middle of March, but not so well as in the autumn. If you have to procure them from a distant nursery, and they are some time out of the ground, make a puddle of earth and water of nearly the consistence of paint. Dip the roots in this puddle, and plant them immediately. Should the border intended for the rose be long and nar- row, plant the tallest standards in the back row, the next size in the second, and the half-standards in the third, and the dwarfs in the front row. Autumn Pruning : Summer Moses. — Provence, including the Moss Hose. — These require to be pruned to three or four eyes, according to the strength of the shoots. Damask. — These require to be pruned according to the strength of the growth of the different varieties. Madam Hardy, for instance, is a strong grower, and ought to be left with shoots of six eyes. White Damask. — This species should be pruned similarly to the Da- mask. Gallica, or French. — Some of these are very strong growers, and must be cut accordingly. Some shoots, in good soil, will grow three or four feet long. Those shoots are often pithy and green, and ought to be cut clean out, and the rest shortened to one foot or eighteen inches, according to their strength. Hy- brid, Provence. — They grow naturally in compact heads and many branches, and should be pruned by thinning out about one-third of the shoots, and shortening the rest to six or eight eyes. Hybrid, Chinese. — The strong growers, Brennus for instance, must be cut to eight or nine eyes ; whilst the Beauty of Billard is a weak grower, and thould be cut to two or three eyes, and half the shoots en- tirely cut away. Scotch. — All that these require is to have half of the shoots thinned out, and those that are left cut to half their length. Climbing.— These require a different mode of pruning to all other roses. We shall describe it as the spur system. Train in young shoots dur- ing the summer ; in the autumn shorten those shoots one-fourth of their length - -that is, supposing the shoot is four KOS [ 7>J4 KOS feet long, cut one foot of it off, and so reduce it to three feet, and in the same proportion for longer shoots. The shoots will then, during the summer, produce side-shoots ; these are the spurs. In the month of March following, take the shoots off the trellis walls or pillars, prune the spurs into two or three eyes, aud then tie or nail them up again neatly to the supporters. Autumn Pruning : Autumn Hoses. — Macartney. — The Macartney rose itself requires very little pruning; hut the Maria Leonidas requires pruning freely, shortening the strong shoots to eight or nine eyes, and the weak ones to three or four. Damask Perpetuals and Hybrid Perpetuals are mostly weak growers, and should be cut into four or five eyes, and a third of the shoots cut clean away. Bourbons and Noisettes are middling growers, and should be pruned moderately ; strong shoots to be cut to five or six eyes, and the weak ones to three or four. China and Tea-scented. — Most of these are rather tender; consequently, the wood does not ripen to any length. They should, therefore, be pruned close. If they are planted against a wall they may be pruned longer, as the wood then be- comes firmer and better ripened. Prune those in the open air, both standards and dwarfs, to two or three eyes, those on walls to six or seven, in proportion to their strength. Summer Pruning. — It often happens, where the roses are growing in good ground, that some of them produce branches that grow so strong and fast as to rob the rest of their due support. These branches are what the French call gourmands, which may be Englished gluttons. Only stop these at first, and wait until the autumn before you cut them clean off. When the rose-trees throw out a great number of shoots equally strong, aud they appear to be crowded, prune away about one-third of them, but do not shorten any of the others, as that will cause them to send out a quan- tity of small, weak shoots, which will injure the flowers the following season. Moses in Pots. — Procure some pots that are well cleaned, or, what is better still, quite new ; and 24's are a very convenient size to commence with. Worked roses are preferable, for pot purposes, to those grown on their own roots; therefore select such as are dwarf standards only, and worked close to the collar, so that when the rose is potted the stem is- scarcely visible. Tea, China, and Bourbon, or their hybrids, are better suited for forcing and pot plants than Noisette and Hybrid perpetuals ; the two last-named class of roses growing to greater perfec- tion in the open air. Amongst Tea Moses select Saffrano, Devoniensis, Comte de Paris, Nephetos, and Princess Clementine. Mrs. Bosanquet, Duchess of Kent, with a few others, amongst Chinas ; Souvenir de Malmaison, Leveson Gower, and Dupetit Thouars, amongst Bourbons. Of the above Souvenir de Malmaisonis unrivalled as a pot rose. Having selected plants, lose no time ; but before the roots have got dry, pot them (having first pruned the strong roots) in a mixture of half yellow loam, and the rest old cow-dung, leaf-mould, and sand in equal parts ; but a greater proportion of loam may be added with advantage, should the rose to be potted be a Bourbon or Hybrid perpetual. The plants being potted in October, place them on ashes under a north wall, in some sheltered part of the garden, until the frosts compel to put them in cold pits, keeping them, since their being repotted, as dry as can be to prevent growth, but not sufficiently so to cause the plants to flag, or their roots to get quite dry. Then, about the com- mencement of December, prune all that you intend bringing into the greenhouse in the early part of January, for bloom- ing in May and June, and stimulate them gently by applying water at a temperature a few degrees warmer than the atmosphere of the pit where they still are, so as when they are introduced into the greenhouse at the commence- ment of January, at a medium tempera- ture of 45°, they are just beginning to push strongly. About the commence- ment of February a little more heat is to be given, and weak liquid-manure is applied about twice a week, which is strengthened as the plants increase in vigour and have their buds well set. About this time syringing over-head with lukewarm water, or steaming, may oc- casionally be had recourse to, as it tends to give strength to the plants, and keeps away the aphis and other enemies. Lastly, when the shoots are sufficiently long for the purpose, they are to be gently brought down to the sides of the pot, or staked to such places as they are intended to EOS C 705 ] BOY occupy, so as when the plants are ready for the show, these appliances may be removed, and the plant still preserve a round and uniform appearance. It is necessary at all times, when the tem- perature is at 50° or above, to give as much air as possible ; and this may even be done when a gentle fire is going. Diseases. — See Extravasated Sap, Green Centre, and Mildew. Insects. — See Aphis, Anisopia, and TORTRIX. Eose Acacia. Bobi'nia hi'spida. Bose Apple. Jambo'sa. Rose Bay. Epilo'bium angustifo'lium. Eose Campion. Ly'thnis. Eosemary. Bosn.ari'mts officinalis. Varieties. — There are three varieties — the green, golden-striped, and silver- striped. The first is in general culti- vation. Soil. — It thrives best on a poor, light soil mixed with old mortar, or other calcareous matters. In such, or when the plants are self-raised on an old wall, they will bear our severest winters ; but in a rich soil they lose much of their aromatic nature, and perish in frost. For the green variety, the situation may be open ; but the other two, being tender, require to be planted beneath a south wall, or in pots, to be sheltered in winter. Propagation is by cuttings and rooted slips during any of the spring months, or by layers in the summer; but the finest plants are raised by seed. By layers is the best mode of propagating the gold and silver - striped varieties. Sow in March, or early in April, in drills half an inch deep and six inches apart. The rooted slips, and the cuttings of the young shoots, must be from five to seven inches long, and planted in a shady border, in rows eight or ten inches apart, previously removing the leaves from the lower two-thirds of their length. Layers may be formed by cutting young branches half through on their under -side, and pegging them down an inch or two below the surface: they become established plants by autumn. Water must be ap- plied abundantly at the time of planting, and occasionally afterwards until estab- lished. Bose of Heaven. Ly'chnis cce'U-ro'sa. Eose of Jericho. Anasta'tica. Eose of the World. Came'llia Ja- fo'nica ro'sa-mu'ndi. Eose Boot. Se'dum rhodi'ola. Aft Eose Snowball - tree. Vibu'rnum o'pulus ro'seum. Rosmarinus. Rosemary. (From rot, dew, and marinus, of the sea ; maritime plants. Nat. ord., Lipivorts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1- Monogynia.) Hardy evergreens, purple-flowered, and natives of the south of Europe. See Rosemary. JR. officina'lis (shop). 4. February. 1548. fo'liis-arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 4. March. 1548. fo'tiis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 12. Fe- bruary. 1548. latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 12. February. 1548. Eotation of Crops. There are three circumstances to be regarded in regu- lating the order in which crops should follow each other: — 1. Each crop should be as dissimilar as possible from its pre- decessor. 2. The exuviae of the preced- ing crop should not be offensive to its successor. 3. A spindle - rooted crop should succeed a fibrous-rooted crop, or vice versd. Bo'thia. (Named after A. W. Both, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- nous Plants [Fabaeeee]. Linn., 16-Mona- delphia 6-Decandria.) Hardy trailing annual. Seeds in a warm border, in April. R. trifolia'ta (three-leafleted).' 2. Sulphur. July. Bouge Plant. Bivi'na tincto'ria. Boxbtj'rghia. (Named after Dr. Roxburgh, once director of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Nat. ord., Roxburgh- worts [Eoxburghiacese]. Linn., 8-6ct- andria 1-Monogynia.) Stove twining plants, with stems one hundred fathoms long in the hottest parts of India, where the roots are candied with sugar, and taken with tea. Propagated generally by suckers; sandy, fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould, and the usual plant-stove temperature. R. gloriosoi'des (gloriosa-like). 6. Pink, yellow. July. 1803. — viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. August. 1836. Boyal Bay. Lau'rus no'bilis. Boye'na. (Named after A. Van Boyen, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Ebenads [Ebenacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2- Digynia. Allied to Dyospyros.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope, all but one white-flowered. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Win- ter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°. R. gla'bra (smooth). 4. September. 1/31. — hirsu'ta (hairy-leaved). 7- Purple. July. 1"52. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. June. 1816. — lu'cida (shining-Zeaued). 4. May. 1690. Eoi-'LEA. (Named after Professor Boyle, 2z SUB [ roe ] RUB King's College, London. Nat. ord., La- biates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 1-L-Didu- namia l-Gymnospermia. Allied to Bal- lots. ) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in spring, in sandy soil, with a bell-glass over them ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. R.e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple.July.Nepaul.1821. Et/bia. Madder. (From ruber, red ; the colour of the roots. Nat. ord., Stel- lates [Galiacea?]. Linn., 4z-Teirandria l-3fonogynia.) Half-hardy species, from cuttings in spring, under a hand-light, and peat and loam ; the others are herbaceous plants, propagated by division of the roots, and flourishing in any good garden-- soil ; from tincto'rum madder is obtained. HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. R. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale yellow. July. Spain. 1/72. — sple'ndens (shining). 2.Yellow.July.Spain.l812. HARDY HERBACEOUS. R. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). J. White. July. Siberia. 1/83. — tincto'rum (dyer's). 4. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1506. Bu'bus. Bramble. (From the Celtic rub, red ; colour of the fruit of some of the species. Nat. ord., Roseworls [Rosa- cea?]. Linn., \2-IcosandriaZ-Polygynia.) Generally by suckers ; frequently by cuttings ; also by seeds for species, and obtaining new varie- ties ; also easily obtained by pegging down the points of the shoots ia the sail; deep, rich, loamy soil. GREEKHOUSE EVERGREENS. R. apeftalus (petalless). 6. Purple. July. Isle of France. 1823. Stove. — Jamaicefnsis (Jamaica). 6. Jamaica. 1822. — Molucca 'nut (Moluccas). 3. Red. July. E. Ind. 1810. — parvi/o'lius (small-leaved). 2. Pink. August. China. 1818. — pinna'tus (leafieted). 5. Pink. June. Ma- deira. 1/80. — reflefuus (bent-back). 3. Red. July. China. 1817- — rofridus (dewv-glanded). August. Madagas- car. 1831. — rostefi/lius (rose-leaved). 3. August. Mauri- tius. 1811. — corona'rius (garland). 3. August. Mau- ritius. 1811. — rugo'sus (wrinkly). 3. Red. June. S.Amer.lSig. — sanguinole'ntus "(blood-red). 4. Red. Isle of France. 1824. HARDY EVERGREENS. R. abru'pfct* (abrupt). 8. White. June. Britain. — carpimfo'lius (hornbeam-leaved). 10. White. July. Britain. — di'srolor (two-colcured).S.White.June.Britain. — echina'tus (hedgehog). 8. White. June. Britain. — eglante'ria (eglantine). 3. White. May. N. Holland. 1825. — Leightoniu'nus (Leighton's).lO.July.England. — Lejeu'nii (Lejeune's). July.' Channel Isles. — Ifngita (tongue-teared). 10. July. England. •—ra'dula (raspberry-like). 8. August. Britain. • ru'dis (rude). July. Britain. hy'Mtru (porcupine). July. Britain. !. rotundifo'liut (round-leaved). 10. North of India. 1845. - tillicauMs (hairy-stemmed). July. England. arge'nteus(siUe.Ty-leared). July.England, pube'scens (downy). July. England. sytva'ticus (wood). July. England. te'nuis (slender). July. England. vulga'ris (common). 8. June. Britain. HARDY HERBACEOUS. I. acau'lis (stemless). Rose. June. N.Amer.1802. - a'rcticus (arctic). |. Pink. June. Britain. - chamcemo'rus (cloud-berry). |. White. May. Britain. - stella'tu* (starred). $. June. N. Amer. 1824. HARDY DECIDUOUS. t. affi'nis (related). 8. White. July. Britain. bracteo'sus (iroad-bracted). 8. White. August. Britain. - agre'stis (field), t). White. June. Hungary.! 820. - urgu'tus (sharp-toothed). 3. White. June. N. Amer. 1823. - a'sver (rough). 5. White. May, Nepaul. 1821. - bijio'rus (two-flowered). May. Nepaul. 1818. - cie'sius (grey. Dewberry). 2. White. June. Britain. arce'nsis (corn-field). 2. White. June. Britain. fo'liis-variega'lis (variegated-leaved). 2. White. June. Britain. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. Wliite. June. Britain. parvi/o'lius (small-leaved). 2. White. June. Britain. - Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. June. N. Amer. 1811. - cane'scens (hoary). 6. White. July. Eu- ropean Alps. 1820. - cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 8. White. June. Germany. 1816. - corrjlifoflius (hazel-leaved). 10. White. July. Britain. ca'nus (hoary). 10. White. July. Britain. glandulo'sus (glandulous-peJaterf). 10. White. July. Britain. - cuneifa'lius (wedge-leaved). 3. White. June. N. Amer. 1811. - di'stann (distant). 5. White. July. Nepaul. 1618. - diversi/o'lius (diverse-leaved). 8. White. Au- gust. Britain. - dumeto'rum (thicket). 8. White. August. Britain. - elli'pticus (ovaX-leared). White. Nepaul. 1827. Half-hardy. -fiistigia'tus (tapering). 8. White. July. Britain. ■Ji'ssus (cleft). - Jtagella'ris (rod). 6. White. June. N. Amer. 17SO. ine'rmis (unarmed). 12. -fotiola'sus (small-leafv). 6. White. June. Nepaul. 1818. " -frutico'sus (shrubby. Common Bramble). 10. Pink. August. Britain. co'ncolor (one-coloured-/eff/7ve, white-flowered, evergreen climbers. Cut- tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glf.ss, in heat ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with silver sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 66' to 88° S. a'spera (rccgn). Guinea. 1824. — hi'rta (hairy). Jamaica. 1825. Sa'ccharum. Sugar Cane. (From sou/car, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 3-Trian- dria 2-Bigynia.) Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers chiefly ; cuttings taken from shoots that start from the joints; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere. S. officina'rum (shop. Common Sugar Cane). 12. India. 1597- Saccola'bium. (From saccus, a bag, and labium, a lip; bagged labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacece]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monandria.) Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See Orchids. S. ampulla'eeum (flask-formed). J. Rose. August. Sylhet. 1839. — Blu'mei (Blume's). Violet, white. May. Java. 1835. — carina' turn (keeled). India. 1838. — compre'ssum (cumpressed). Cream-white. Manilla. — densiflo'rum (crowded-flowered). Brown.white. July. Manilla. 1838. pa'llidum (pale). Manilla. 1837. — denticula'tum (toothed). £. Yellow, red. Sylhet. 1837. — gemma' turn (budded). PurpIe.May.Sylhet. 1837. — gutta'tum {spotted-flowered). 1. White, rose. April. E. Ind. 1820. rna'jus (\axge-flowered). White, pink. July. E. Ind. 1839. — macrosta'rltyum (large-spiked). Variegated. Philippines. 1840. — tnicra' nthum (small-flowered). Violet. July. E. Ind. 1837. — minia'tum (vermilion). J. Vermilion. May. Java. 1846. — ochra'ceum (pale-reddish-yellow). Yellow, red. May. Ceylon. 1838. — prxmo'rsum (bitten-te/wed). White, lilac. May. Malabar. 1840. Sacred Bean. Nelu'mbium. Saffron. Cro'cus sali'vus. SAG [ 710] SAO Sage. Sa'lvia officinalis. Varieties. — The Common Green ; Wormwood; Green, with variegated leaves ; Ked, with variegated leaves ; Painted, or Parti-coloured ; Spanish, or Lavender-leaved ; and Eed. Soil and Situation.— A dry, moderately fertile soil is best suited to their growth, in a sheltered situation. Propagation : by Cuttings.— These may be either of the preceding or same year's growth ; if of the first, plant in April; if of the latter, not until the close of May or middle of June. The shoots of the same year are usually em- ployed, as they more readily emit roots, and assume a free growth. The out- ward and most robust shoots should be chosen, and cut from five to seven inches injength. All but the top leaves being removed, insert by the dibble almost down to these, in rows six inches apart each way, in a shady border, and during moist weather, otherwise water must be given immediately, and repeated occa- sionally, until they have taken root. By Seed. — Sow in April, in a bed of rich, light earth, in drills a quarter of an inch deep, and six inches apart. When two or three inches high, thin the plants to half a foot apart, and those removed prick out at a similar distance. In the autumn or succeeding spring, as the plants are strong or weak, remove them to their final stations. After-Culture. — The decayed flower- stalks, stunted branches, &c, remove in early winter and spring, and the soil of the beds slightly turn over. "When the plants have continued two or three years, a little dry, well-putrefied dung may be turned in during early spring. Attention to the mode of gathering has an influence in keeping the plants healthy and vigo- rous. The tops ought never to be cropped too close, so as to render the branches naked or stumpy. Sage'nia. (From sagu, the Malay aame of some Palms, which this genus resembles in miniature. Nat. ord., Ferns "Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2±-Cryplogamia 1-Filices.) Stove, brownish-yellow-spored Ferns. Set S. calea'rea (chalky). June. Isle of Luzon. — coaduna'ta (united). 4. June. Ceylon. 1845. — interme'dia (intermediate). June. Ceylon. — platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 3. June. Ceylon. 1845. Sagi'na. (From sagina, fatness ; pre- sumed nourishing qualities for sheep. Nat. ord., Cloveworls [Caryopbyllaceae]. Linn., A-Tetrandria 3-Trigynia.) Insignificant weeds, except procu'mhens, one of the prettiest of our alpine plants, which makes a close carpet on the ground, speading far and wide, and has starry, white flowers. It is not more than half an inch high. Sagitta'iua. Arrow-head. (From sagitta, an arrow; the leaves of some re- semble an arrow-head. Nat. ord., Alis- mads [Alismacese]. Linn., 21-3Ionoeciat 9-Polyandria.) White-flowered aquatics. Division of the plant in spring i rich, loamy soil. The greenhouse and stove kinds in an aquarium, or in vessels duly supplied with water. STOVE AQUATICS. S. acutifo'lia (siointed-leaved). 1. June. America. 1816. — angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). lj. July. Es- sequibo. 1927. — obtusifo'liu (blunt-leaved). 2. July. China. 1804, GREENHOUSE AQUATICS. S. Donia'na (Don's). 1. July. Nepaul. 1320. — grami'nea (grass-feaued). l£. July. Caro- lina. 1812. — hast a' t a (halbert-teaoed). 1 j. July. N. Araer. 1818. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. July. N. Amer. 1822. — lancifo'lia (spear-head-leaved). lj. June. W. Ind. 1787. — obtu'sa (blunt- leaved). 1. July. N. Amer. 1820. — Sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. October. China. 1812. HARDY AQUATICS. S.falea'ta (sickle-Zeaeed). 1. July. Carolina. 1812. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. July. N.Amer 1818. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. July. N. Amer. — na'tans (floating). 1. July. Carolina. 1812. — ri'gida (stiff-leuBed). 1$. June. N.Amer. 1806. — sagittifo'lia (common arrow-leaved). 2. July. England. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), lj. July. Sago Palm. Sa'gtts. Sagre'a. (Named after H. de la Sagra, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Melaslomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria l- Monogynia. Allied to Miconia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of stubby young side-shoots in spring ; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a little charcoal, and sufficienj silver sand to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 43° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°. The two follow- ing are the best : — S. microphy'Ua (small-leaved). 2. White. May. Jamaica. 1820. — sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 1. Red. April. Guiana. 1/93. Sa'gus. Sago Palm. (From sagu, the Malay name. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma- cea3]. Linn., 21- Monxcia 6-Hexandria.) Stove, green-flowered Palms. Suckers and seeds; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60°; summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere. S. peduneula'ta (Jon^-nower-stalked). 50. Ma. dagascar. 1820. SAI L 711 ] SAL ?. Ru'ffia (Ruffia). 60. Madagascar. 1820. } — liu'mphii (Kumphius's). 50. E. Ind. 1800. — vini'fera (wine-bearing). 50. Guiana. 1820. St. Andrew's Cross. Ascy'rum cru'x A'ndrea, St. Barnaby's Thistle. Cenlau'rea rt'stitia'lis. Saintfoin. Onobry'chis. St. John's Bread. Cerato'nia. St. John's "Wort. Hype'ricum. St. Martin's Flower. Alstrome'ria fios-Marti'ni. St. Peter's Wort. Hype'ricum Ascy'- ron and Sympho'ria. Salading. See the following : — Ame- rican Cress, Beet Boot, Borage, Burnet. Celeriac, Celery, Chervil, Corn Salad, Cress, Dandelion, Endive, Finochio, Gar- den Rocket, Horse-radish, Lettuce, Mint, Mustard, Onions, Purslane, Radishes, Rape, Scurvy Grass, Suecory, Water Cress, Wood Sorrel. Salep. Orchis. Sausbu'ria. Maiden-hair-tree. (Named after R. A. Salisbury, an English hota- nist.'Nat. ord., Tuxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 21-Moiiacia Q-Polyandria.) Hardy deciduous tree, layers, which require from one to two years to root, unless the soil be kept moist about them ; cuttings of the well- ripened shoots, taken off with a heel, and inserted under hand-lights ; deep, sandy loam, and dry sub-soil. This is a highly ornamental tree, pro- ducing its male and female blossoms on different trees ; and it is doubtful if the female plant be in this country. The readiest way to secure fruit would be to graft female shoots on the male plant. S. adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 20. April. Japan. 1754. Salt/sia. (Named after the Countess de Salis. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myr- tasese]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia S-2'rian- dria. Allied to Leptospermum.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots, getting a little firm, in sand, under a bell- glass, in May ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. S. ptilche'lla (pretty). Rose. May. Swan River. Sa'lix. Willow. (From the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water; place of growth. Nat. ord., Willowworts [Salicaceas]. Linn., 22-Dicecia. 2-Diandria.) Cuttings of ripened shoots, which merely re- quire to be inserted in the soil in the autumn ; moist soil, inclining to the marshy, suits them best; very dwarf shrubs, propagating with more difficulty, should be struck in summer under a hand-light. GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS. 8. Bonplandia'na (Bonpland's). Merico. — Gariepi'na (Gariepan). April. Cape of Good Hope. 1856. — Humboldtia'na (Humboldt's). 10. Peru. 1823. Evergreen. — tetraspe'rma (four-seeded). 20. E. Ind. 17flS. HARDY EVERGREENS. cine'rea (grey). 15. April. Britain. ■ venulo'sa (veiny-leaved). 2. April. Scotland. HARDY DECIDUOUS. , acuminata (pointed-leaved). 15. April. Britain. ■ acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). 8. April. Caspian Sea. 1823. • Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt. - aluternoi'des (alaternus-like). April. Switzer- land. 1824. - a'lba (common-white). 40. April. Britain. cceru'lea (blue). 40. May. Britain. cri'spa (curled-leaved). England. - albe'scens (whitish). April. Switzerland. 1824, - alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). April. Europe. 1830. - ambi'gua (doubtful). 20. April. Britain. ma'jor (greater). 5. April. England. undula'ta (wavy-leaved). April. England. - Ammania'na (Ammann's). 20. May. Austria. 1821. - amygdu'lina (almond-leaved). 2. April. Britain. - Andersonia'na (Anderson's). 3. April. Scotland. - angusta'ta (narrow-leaved). 10. March. Penn- sylvania. 1811. - angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April. Cas- pian. 1825. - Ansonia'naf Anson's). March. Switzerland. 1827. - aqua'tica (water). 10. April. Britain. - arena'ria (sand). 3. June. Scotland. - a'tro-purpu'rea (d&rk-purple-branched). April. Switzerland. 1824. - a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). May. Switzerland. 1824. - auri'ta (eared). 2. April. England. - austra'lis (southerrO. April. Switzerland. 1824. - Babylo'nica (Babylt»oian. Weeping). 30. May. Levant. 1730. cri'spa (cuAed-leared). May. Napoleo'na (Napoleon's). 16. vulga'ris (common). June. England. - berberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). May. Dauria. 1824. - betulifo'lia (birch-leaved). May. Scotland. - betuli'na (birch-like). - bi'color (two-coloured). 5. April. Britain, - Borreria'na (Borer's). 8. May. Scotland. - c&'sia (grey). 3. May. South Europe. 1824. - ca'ndida (white). 10. April. N. Amer. 1811. - candi'dula (small-white). April. Europe. - cane'scens (hoary). - ca'prea (goat. Or eat-round-leaved). 30. April. Britam. -carina'ta(kee\-leaved). 3. April. Scotland. - carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). April. Ger- many. 1824. - cerasifo'lia (cherry-leaved). April. Switzerland. 1824. - chrysa'nthos (golden-flowered). April. Norway. - clethcefo'lia (cletha-leaved). April. Switzer- land. 1824. - confo'rmis (uniform-leased). April. N. Amer. - coni'fera (cone-bearing). 10. June. N. Amer. 1820. - corda'ta (heart-leaved). 6. April. N.Amer. 1811. - cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). S. N.Amer. 181 1. - coria'cea (leathery-Zeaoed). 8. April. Switzer- land. 1825. - coru'sca7is (glittering). 3. April. Germany. 1818. - cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 2. March. Britain. - crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). April. - Crowea'na (Crowe's). 8. April. Scotland. - cyduniasfu'lia (quince-leaved). April. Switzer- land. 1824. - damascena(dnm»on'leaved). 12. April. Siotland, SAL [ 712 ] SAL *. .DapAnotVes (Daphne-like;. April. Switzerland. ] 820. — Davallia'na (Davall's). 6. May. Scotland. — deci'piens (deceptive). 8. May. England. — decu'mbens (lying-down). Mav. Switzerland. 1823. — Dicksonia'na (Dickson's). ]. April. Scotland. — di'scolor (two-coloured). 8. April. N. Amer. 1811. — Donia'na (Don's). 6. April. Scotland. — du'ra (hardy). April. — eleeagnoi'de~s(e\aza.gn\is-leaved). 4. May. Eu- rope. 1824. — eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). April. Switzerland. 1820. —fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). Croatia. — fulcdta (sickie-leaved) . 4. April. N. Amer.1811. — /errugi'nea(rusty-feaeed). 12. April. Britain. — fi>i7na'rcA!'ca(Finmark).10.April.Sweden.l825. — fi'rma (firm-leaved). April. —foliolo'sa (leafy), b". April. Lapland. 1818. — Forhesia'na (Forbes's). 6. April. Britain. — Fortiyu'na (Forby's). 8. April. England. — form&sa (elegant). Carinthia. — Forsteria'na (Forster's). 10. April. Scotland. — fra'gilis (brittle). 15. April. Britain. — fu'sca (brown). 2. May. Britain. ■ arge'ntea (silvery. Sand). 4. April. Eng- land. fattida (stinking). \\. May. Britain. incuba'cca (trailing). 4. May. England. prostra'ta (lying-flat). 1. May. Britain. I refpens (creeping). 2. May. Britain. vulga'ris (common). May. Britain. —fusca'ta (hrowa-stemmed). 2. April. N. Amer. 1811. — geminu'ta (Ue'm-catkined). March. Britain. — glabra'ta (smooth). April. Switzerland. 1824. — glau'ca (milky-green). 2. July. Scotland. — grfsea (grizzly). 6. April. Pennsylvania. 1820. — Grisone'nsis (Grison). 15. April." Switzerland. 1824. — grisophy'Ua (grey-leaved). April. Switzerland. 1824. — hasta'ta (halhert-leaved). 15. May. Lapland. 1780. arbu'scula (little-tree). 1. May. Switzer- land. 1824. malifo'lia (apple-leaved). 6. Britain. serrula'ta (saw-edged). 8. May. Lap- land. 1810. — he'lix (helix). 10. March. Britain. — Helve 1 tica (Swiss). 14. April. Switzerland. 1824. — herbafcea (herbaceous). £. June. Britain. — heterophy' lla (various-leaved). April. Switzer- land. 1823. — hippophaefo'lia (hippophaS-leaved). April. Ger- many. 1823. — hi'rta (hairy-branched). 15. April. England. — Hnffma'nnia (Hoffmann's). 30. May. England. — hotoxeri'eea (velvety). 8. April. England. — Houstonia'na (Houston's). 4. April. Virginia. — hu'milis (lowly). 1$. April. 1820. — incu'na (hoary). April. Austria. 1821. — incantfscens (whitish- leaved). March. Switzer- land. 1823. — Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 2. April. Austria. 1818. — Kitaibelia'na iKitai'oel's). 4. April. Carpathian. 1823. — lacu'stris (lake). March. Switzerland. 1824. — Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 10. March. England. — lanu/ta (woolly). 2. May. Scotland. — iMjipo'num (Lapland.) 2. May. Lapland. 1812. — latifo'lia (bread-leaved). March. — lau/i'na (laurel-like). 8. April. England. — luxifl&ra (loose-flowered). 12. April. Scotland. : S. leucophy'lla Jwhite-leaved). 40. Mav. Europe. 1824. — linea'ris (narrow-feared). 4. April. Switzerland. 1820. — li'vida (livid). 1. May. Lapland. 1820. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). April. N. Amer. ISIQ. — lu'cida (shining). 8. May. N. Amer. 1811. — Lyo'nii (Lyon's). Switzerland. — macrostipula'ceti (large-stipuled). May. Swit- zerland. 1824. — mespili/n'lia (medlar-leaved). April. Switzer- land. 1824. — Sleyeria'na (Mayer's). 20. April. Sweden. '.622. — Mtchelia'na (Michel's). 15. April. — molli'ssima (softest). 20. April. Germany. — Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). May. Montpelier. 1825. — monta'na (mountain'). May. Switzerland. — Muhlenbtrgia'na (Muhlenberg's). 3. April. N. Amer. 1811. — muri'na (mouse-like). April. Switzerland. 1824. — muta'bilis (changeable). March. Switzerland. 1824. — myricoi'des (gale-like). 8. April. N.Amcr. 1811. — myrsini tes (myrsine-like). 3. May. Scotland. — »nyrtt//oi'u/»eru/e / n/a(powdered).10.June.Britain. — — rotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 25. June. Britain. virefscens (greenish). 25. June. Britain. — pu'bens (downy). 6. N. Amer. 1812. — racemo'sa (racemed). 12. Green, yellow. May. South Europe. 1596. flave'saens (yellowish). 12. Yellow, green- JIav. -Sr> u th Europe. 1596. purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. May. South Europe. 596. Sa'molus. Brookweed. (From the Celtic sau, salutary, and mos, a pig ; meaning pigs'-food. Nat. ord., Prime- worts [Primulanese]. IAan.,5-Pentandria l-3Ionogynia.) White-flowered herbaceous perennials. Divi- sion of the plant in spring; sandy loam and peat. Valera'ndi is hardy ; the others require to be kept moist in the greenhouse or pit in winter. S. campanuloi'des (campanula-like). 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. — litora'lis (sea-side). 4. August. N. S. Wales. 1806. — Valera'ndi (Valerandi's). j. July. Britain. Samphire. See Cri'thmum. Sajiy'da. (Greek name of the hirch, which they resemhle. Nat. ord., Samyds [Samydacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1- Monogynia.) Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- tings of shoots nearly ripe in sand, under a bell- glass, and placed in bottom-heat, in summer ; fibry loam, and sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. S. glabra'ta (smooth). 6. August. W. Ind. 1800. — macroca'rpa (large-fruited). July.Mexico. 1826. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 5. E. Ind. 1820. — ro'sea (rosy). 4. Pink. June. W. Ind. 1"93. — serrula'ta (toothed-/eauf3.\e-flowered). White. September. E. Ind. 1840. — panicula'tus (panicled). 2$. Yellow, brown. China. — prtsmo'rsus (bitten). 1. Green. E.Ind. 182-i. — rostra'tus (beaked). 1. Orange, brown. April. China. 1824. — succi'sus (lopped-off) c I. Green. June. China. 1824. — teretifo'lius (cylindric-leaved). 1£. Green, brown. May. China. 1819. Sarcocau'lon. This is a synonyme of Monsonia. The following species, all purple-flowered, and from the Cape of Good Hope, should be added to that genus: — S. Burma'nni (Burmann's). 1. May. 1800. — Hen'/ie'r^L'Heritier's). 1. May. 1790. — Faterso'nii (Paterson's). 2£. May. 1S27. Sarcoce'phalus. Guinea Peach. (From sarx, flesh, and kephale, a head; shape and substance of the fruit. Nat. orcl., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese], Linn., 5- Pentandria \-Monogynia.) Cuttings in spring, in bottom-heat, unrter a glass. Stove evergreen, requiring a high, moist temperature when growing ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with a little rough charcoal, and good drainage. Winter temp., 55° to 60°-; summer, ' u : Pink. July. Sierra z. escule'ntus (eatable). Leone. 1822. Sarcochi'lus. (From sarx, flesh, and cheilos, a lip ; fleshy labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monandria.) Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchids. $• calce'olus (slippered). White. Manilla. 1844. — cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). White, orange. Ma- nilla. —falca'tus (sickle-leaved). White. April. N. Holland. 1821. Sarcoglo'ttis. (From sarx, flesh, and glottis a tongue ; shape of the labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Spiranthes.) Stove orchids, grown in pots. (See Orchids.) Some of the Neottias are by some botanists added to this genus. S. diure'tira (diuretic). Green, white. April. Valparaiso. 1837. Sabco'lobus. (From sarx, flesh, and SAR [ 719] SAU lolos, a pod; seed-vessel fleshy. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacere]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 2-Biyynia. Allied to Per- gnlaria.) Stove evergreen twiners, from the East Indies. Cuttings of short, firm side-shoots any time in summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ; fibry loam and peat, with a small quantity of charcoal, dried leaf- mould, and silver sand. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 88°. S. carina'tus (keeled). 16. Green, yellow. 1823. — globo'sus (globe-fi-uited). 16. White. 1823. Sarcoste'mma. (From sarx, flesh, and stemma, a crown ; fleshy flower-head. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Biyynia.) Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of the points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; but care must be taken to raise the glass often, to prevent damping ; sandy peat and fibry loam, a small portion of charcoal, leaf- mould, and sand. Winter temp., 43° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. S. campanula'ta (bell-flowered). 6. Yellow, brown. September. Peru. 1844. — Swartzia'num (Swartz's). 6. White. Ja- maica. 1820. — vimina'te (twiggy). 6. White. July. E.Ind.1/31. Sarrace'nia. Side- saddle Flower. (Named after Br. Sarrasin x a French physician. Nat. ord., Sarraceniads [Sar- iaceniacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1- Monoyynia.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from North America. Division in spring; fibry peat and chopped sphagnum-moss ; a pit or frame will be necessary for their cultivation, to keep them from frost in winter, and to afford them a close, humid atmosphere in summer. 8. Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). 2. Purple. June- 1829. — fla'na (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. 1752. — mi'nor (smaller). £. Purple, green. April. 1829. — purpurea (purple). 1. Purple. June. lG40. — ru'bra (red). 1. Purple. June. 1/S6. — vuriula'ris (pimpled). 1. Yellow. June. 1803. Sassafras. Lau'rus sa'ssnfras. Satin Wood. Chloro'zylon. Sature'ia. Savory. (From the Ara- bic sattar, applied to labiates. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., li-Bidyrtamia 1-Gymnospermia. ) Seeds and divisions in spring ; common, sandy loam. See Savory. HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C. S. horte'nsis (summer- garden). ]£. Pink. July. Italy. 1562. Annual. — mo'llis (soft). 4. White. July. Teneriffe. 1829. — montu'na (winter-mountain). l£. Purple. June. South Europe. 1 562. — rupe'stris (rock). 1. Purple. June. Car- niola. 1798. HARDY EVERGREENS. 6- mu'tien (awned,. June. Caucasus. 1836. — ntrvo'sa (nerved}. 1. Purple. Ionian Ijles. 1820. S. tpino'sa (spiny). White. Mav. Crete. 1827 — thy'mbra (thymbra). 1. Purple. June Candia. 164O. — virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. Naples. 1424 Saty'rium. (From satyrus, a satyr; supposed aphrodisiacal properties. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese], Linn., 20- Gynandria \-Monandria.) Terrestrial orchids, from the Cape of Good Hope, less difficult to cultivate than their allies. We have flowered some of them planted out in a cold frame with Ixias and other Cape Irids. Division of the roots as fresh growth Is commenc- ing ; fibry loam and turfy peat, well drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45°; summer, 55° to 75°. S. au'reum (golden). Orange. August. 1842. — ca'ndidum (white). White. September. 1836. — cu'rneum (flesh-coloured), l£. Pink. June. 1797, — chrysosta'chyum (golden-spiked). Orange. 1830. — coriifo' 'Hum (coris-leaved). l. Yellow. October. 1820. — cuculla'tum (hooded). 5. Green. June. 1786. — ere'etum (erect), lj. Yellow. February. 1838. — folio'sum (leafy). Purple. July. 1828. — papitlo'sum (nippled). Rose, purple. 1836. — parviflo'rum (small-flowered). J.June. 1789 — pustulu'tum (pimpled). 1. Purple. 1800. Saunders Wood. Pteroca'rpus san- tali'nus. Saurau'ja. (Named after Sauravjo, a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Bille- niads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 3-Polygynia. Allied to Hibbertia.) Stove evergreen, white -flowered trees and shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in spring; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. S. exce'/sa (tall). 50. Caraccas. 1820. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 1844. — NepaU'nsis (Nepaulese). 30. August. Nepaul. 1824. — spectu'bilis (showy). 10. July. Bolivia. 1833. Sauroglo'ssum. (From saura, a lizard, and glossa, a tongue ; resemblance to the tongue of that reptile. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monundriu.) Stove orchid, grown in pots. See Orchids. S. ela'tum (tall), lj. White. April. Brazil. 1839. Saussu'rea. (Named after H. B. de Saussure, a Swiss botanist. Nat ord., Composites f Asteracene]. Linn., LQ-Syn- yenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Carlina.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, and purple- blossomed, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring; com- mon garden-soil. S. alii'tn (winged). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1818. — tJpi'na (alpine). £. July. Britain. — ama'rii (bitter). 14. July. Siberia. 1820. — angustif'o'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 1H16. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). July. Caucasus. 1824, — di'scolor( two-coloured). 1. July. Switzerland. 1910. SAW [ 720 ] SAX S. di'scolor lapathifo'lia (lipathum-Haved). 1. July. Europe. 1816. — e'legans (elegant). Rose. July. Caucasus. 1820. — elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Caucasus. 1S20. — Gmeli'ni (Gmeiin's). July. Siberia. 1827. — lacinia'ta (JAgged-leaved). June. Siberia. 182/. — liatroi'det (liatris-like). July. Siberia. 182/. — tyru'ta(\yre-leaved).2.Red. July. Siberia. I827. — pygmce 1 (pigmy). 1. July. Austria. 1816. — ri'gida (stiff). July. Siberia. 182". — runcina'ta (runcinate). 2. Eed. July. Siberia. 1819. — salicifn'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1/06. — sa'lsa (salt). Ij. Red. July. Caucasus. 1816. — serra'ta (.toothed-leaved). July. Europe. 1816. Sattvage'sia. (Named after F. B. de Sauvages, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Sauvageads [Sauvagesiaceae]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Honogynia.) Pretty, tender, violet-looking annuals. Seeds in spring, in a hotbed, pricked out, and potted, and then flowered in the plant-stove or warm greenhouse. S. erecta (upright). 1. Pink. May. S. Amer. 1820. — geminifio'ra (twin-flowered). 4. Purple, red. June. Mexico. 1824. Savannah Flower. Echi'tes subere'cta. Savin. Juni'perus sabi'na. Savory. Sature'ia monla'na, Winter or Perenni 1 Savory. S. horte'nsis, Summer or Annual Savory. They may be sown in the open ground at the latter end of March or in April, in a light, rich soil ; thin the seedlings moderately, and they may either remain where sown, or may be transplanted. Of the Winter Savory, when the seedlings are about two inches high, it is eligible to plant out a quantity of the strongest in moist weather, in nursery rows, six inches asunder, to remain till September or spring following, then to be trans- planted with balls where they are finally to remain, in rows a foot asunder. When designed to have the Winter or Summer Savory remain where sown, the seeds may be in shallow drills, either in beds, or along the edge of any bed or border by way of an edging. By Slips. — In the spring, or early part of summer, the Winter Savory may be increased by slips or cuttings of the young shoots or branches, five or six inches long ; plant them with a dibble, in any shady border, in rows six inches asunder, giving occasional waterings, and they will be well rooted by September, when they may be transplanted. Savoy. Bra'ssica olera'cea sabau'da. Varieties. — Yellow, for autumn; Dwarf and Green, and two sub-varieties of these, the Bound and the Oval; Lar»& Green, very hardy. These for winter-standing crops. Sow at tha close of February, the plants of which are ready for pricking out in April, and for final planting at the end of May, for use in early autumn ; the sowing to be repeated about the middle of March, the plants to be pricked out in May, for planting in June, to sup- ply the table in autumn and early winter. The main crops must be sown in April and early May, to prick out and plant, after similar intervals, for production in winter and spring. Planting. — The plants of the first crops should be set out two feet apart each way, but the winter-standing crops are better at two feet by eighteen inches. Water abundantly, if the weather is dry, until the plants are well established. To save Seed. — Such plants must be selected of the several varieties as are most true to their particular character- istics, and as are not the first to run. These, in open weather, from early in November to the close of February, plant entirely up to the head, in rows two feet and a half each way, each variety as far from the other as possible. They ripen their seed in July and August. Saw-Fly. See Athalia and Hylotonia. Saws for garden-pruning must have a double row of teeth, to obviate the ten- dency to nip, or buckle, that the damp- ness of green wood and the leverage of the branch occasion. One with a very narrow blade, and one with a handle six feet long, will be found convenient. The face of the wound made by a saw should always be cut smooth with the knife, otherwise the wet lodging on its rough surface occasions decay. See Bill. Sawwort. Serra'tula. Saxi'fraga. Saxifrage. (From sazum, a stone, and frango, to break ; supposed power in that disease. Nat. ord., Saxi- frages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 10-Decan- dria 2-Digynia.) Seeds, and especially divisions in spring, unless for annuals ; sandy loam ; the tenderest will re- pay for a little leaf-mould or peat ; suited best for the fronts of borders, the stumps of trees, and for knolls and rock-works. HARDY ANNUALS, &C S. controve'rsa (contrary - turned). J. May. South Europe. 1824. — fiagella'ris (rod-like). \. Yellow. June Greenland. 1851. Evergreen trailer. — hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). $. July. Levant. 1/52. — irri'gua (watered). 1. June. Tauria. lsir. Biennial. SAX [ 721 1 SAX 8. p'tr*>a (rock). $. April. Norway. 1732. — £ndacfyft'tes(three-fingered). ^. April. Britain. HAKDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. S. adsce'ndens (ascending). J. May. Pyrenees. 1752. — cestiva'lis (summer). May. Altai. 1821. — qjjCnis (kindred). £. May. — aizoi'des (aizoon-like). |. Yellow. July. Britain. — ai'zoon (aizoon). 1. June. Alps. 1/31. — ajugafo'lia (bugle-leaved). I. June. Pyre- nees. 1770. — alli'fida (deep-cleft). 1. — androsa'cea (androsace - leaved). 1. May. Austria. 1792. — Aretioi'des (Aretia-like). £. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 1826. — argu'ta (sharp-notched). J. Mav. N. Amer. 1827. — a'spera (rough). -4. Cream. August. Switzer- land. 1752. — bifio'ra (two-flowered). J. Purple. May. Switzerland. 1820. — bronchia'lis (throat). £. Cream. May. Si- beria. ISI9. — bryoi'des (bryum-like). $. Cream. June. Switzerland. 1752. — bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). $. June. South Europe. 1819. — Burseria'na (Burser's). \. Cream. April. Carniola. 1826. — cee'sia (grey). 4. Pale yellow. May. Switzerland. 1752. — ctespito'sa (turfy). \, Cream. May. Wales. — ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). $. May. Spain. 1804. — ce'rnua (drooping), i. July. Scotland. — cilia' tu (hair-iringed-tea»ed). J. May. India. 1843. — condensa'ta (dense), 4. May. Scotland. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1. Purple. April. Siberia. 1779. — cotyledon (cotyledon), 4. June. Alps, Europe. 1596. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Purple. April. Siberia. 1765. — crusta'ta (sheWy-edged). £. June. Switzerland. 1800. — cuneifn'lia (wedge-leaved). £. May. Switzer- land. 1768. Davu'rica (Dahurian). 4. June. Siberia. 1809- — deci'piens (deceptive). J. May. Wales. — denuda'ta (stripped). 4. May. Scotland. — diapensioi'des (diapensia-like). 4. April. Swit- zerland. 1825. — e'legans (elegant). Ireland. — elonge'tla (longish-s!yo'/ia(incurved-leaved).i.May. Ireland. — inta'cta (untouched). 1. June. Tyrol. mi'nor (smaller). 1. May. Alps. parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. May. Alps. — interme'dia (intermediate). 1 . July. 1 808. — latevi'rens (lively-green). J. May. Scotland. — Ite'vis (smooth). £. August. Caucasus. — lanceola'ta (speax-bracted). £. May. Europe. 1800. ■ obtu'sa (blunt). £. May. Europe. 1820. — leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). £. May. Wales. angusti'fida (narrow-cleft). £. May. Wales. — leucanthemifo'lia (stock-leaved). |. June. N. Amer. 1812. — ligula'ta (strap-leaved). £. White, red. May. Nepaul. 1821. — lingula'ta (tongue-teased). l£. June. Switzer- land. 1821. me'dia (intermediate). 1$. June. Carniola. 1800. — moscha'ta (musky). £. Lilac, yellow. May. Py- renees. — muscoi'des (moss-like). 4. Pale yellow. May. England. I819. — muta'ta (changed). J. Lilac, yellow. June. Switzerland. 1779- — niva'lis (snowy). $. June. Britain. — nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). $. May. N. Amer. — oppositi/o'lia (opposite-leaved). • &. Purple. March. Britain. — panicula'ta (panicled). — pedati'fida (double-lobe-cleft).£.May.Scotland. — Pedemon^a'na (Piedmontese). May. Piedmont. 1824. — Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). lj. Green, yellow. May. N. Amer. 1732. gla'bra (smooth). 2. Green, yellow. May. N. Amer. 1732. — pentada'ctylis (five-fingered). | 4. May. Pyre- nees. 1815. — platypeftala (broad-petaled). 1. June. Scotland, — pulche'lla (pretty). 4. May. Germany. 1818. — pygmce'a (pigmy), i. White, yellow. May. Scotland. — pyrolcefo'lia (pyrola-leaved). §. May. N. Amer. 1827. — quinquefida (five-cleft) £. April. Scotland. — retu'sa (bitten-off). J. Purple. May. Pied- mont. 1826. — rivula'ris (brook). $. June. Scotland. — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. White, red. May. Austria. 1596. — — repa'nda (wavy-edg-ed). 1 . May. Caucasus. 1800. sarmento'sa (trailing). 1. June. China. 1771. cuscutccfo'rmis (dodder-formed). 4. June. China. 1815. Schrade'ri (Schrader's). 1. May. 1825. tedoi'des (sednm-like). i.Yellow. May. Europfc ■ 1820. 3 x SCA [ 722 ] SCH S. semipube 1 teens (slightly-downy). I. Green, yellow. May. N. Amer. 1800. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). I. July. Siberia. 1S02. — spica'ta (spiked). £. Spotted. May. N. Amer. 1827. — stella'ris (starry). $. June. Britain. dissVmilis (dissimilar). £. June. Scotland. Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). Switzerland. 1619. — Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). 1. May. Germany. — tene'lla (delicate), i. 4uly. Corinthia. 1819. — tefnera (tender). J. Cream. May. Switzerland. 1819. — thysano'des (coarse-fringed-Zeaned). $. April. E. Ind. 1845. — tricuspida'ta (three-spined). May. N. Amer. 1824. — tridenta'ta (three-toothed). $. May. — umbro'sa (shady. London Pride). 1. Flesh. May. Britain. puneta'ta (dotted-flowered). 1. May. Ire- land. serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). May. Ireland. — Virginie'nsis (Virginian).4.May. N.Amer. 1/90. — visco'sa (clammy). £. May. Scabio'sa. Scabious. (From scabies, the itch ; said to cure the disorder. Nat. ord., Teaselworts [Dipsacaceae]. Linn., 4-Te- trandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- sions in spring ; common garden-soil. S. arve'nsis flo're-a'lbo (field- white-flowered). 2. White. July. Britain. — austra'lis (southern). 1 J. Purple. June. Styria. 1820. — Carpaftica (Carpathian). 1. White. June. Prussia. 1819. — dicho'toma (forked). 1 . Pink. July. Sicily. 1804. — dipsacifo'lia (teasel-leaved). 2. White. June. Germany. 1818. — pube'scens (downy). 2. White. June. Hungary. 1820. — Salce'di (Salced's). 1. White. June. Spain. 1823. — stri'cta (upright). 2. Red. June. Hungary. 1820. Soeva. Hawk Fly. Of this genus there are several species, of which the most common are S. ribesii and S. pyrastri. Wherever aphides are abundant, whether on the cabbage, hop, or elsewhere, there is a fleshy-green maggot. This is the larva of a hawk-fly, and should be left undisturbed, as it is a voracious destroyer of plant-lice. Soe'vola. (From scceva, the left hand ; form of the corolla. Nat. ord., Goode- ntads [Goodeniacea;]. Linn., 5-Pentan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Divisions and cuttings of young shoots ; the tender species in heat ; the greenhouse in a cold pit, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and turfy peat ; the usual greenhouse and stove treatment. STOVE EVERGREENS. S. iveefo'lia (iva-leaved). White. August. Trinidad. 1820. — Koni'gii (Konig's). 2. Pale red. E. Ind. 1820. — Tacca'da (Taccada). 2J. White. August. E. ind. 1810. greenhouse herbaceous. S. allerna'ta (a'.ternate-teaped). Purple. June Saan Kiver. 1844. — anchusifoflia (anchusa-leaved). Blue. May. Swan River. — attewa'ta (thin- leaved). 2. Pale blue. June. Swan River. 1844. — erassifo'lia (thick-leaved), 3. White. Sep- tember. N. Holland. 1805. — cunei/o'rmis (wedse-shaped). 1$. Blue. N. Holland. 1824. — fascicula'ta (bundled). August. Swan River, — hi'spida (bristly). 2. Lilac. July. N. Holland. 1827. — microca'rpa (small-fruited). 1 J. Violet. July. N. S. Wales. 1790. — multiflofra (many-flowered). Blue. July. Swan River. 1840. — suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. August. N. S. Wales. 1793. Scale. See Coccus. Scallion. See Ciboul. Scamiiony. Convo'lvulus scammo'nia. Scares are but very inefficient protec- tions for fruits, as birds soon sit on the very branches which bear the manikin. To frighten them effectually, it is best to employ boys for the short time scaring is required. Over seed-beds a net is the best protection; but threads tightened across the beds- are very effectual. Scarlet Runner. Phase'olus multi- Jlo'rus. Sche'eria. (In honour of F. Scheer, Esq. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracesel. Linn., U-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) Stove herbaceous perennial, closely allied to Gloxinia. For culture, see Achi'mbnes. S. Mexica'na (Mexican). f . Purple. August. Mexico. 1850. There is a variety with light blue flowers. Schelha'jihera. (Named after O. O. Schelhammer, a professor at Jena. Nat ord., Melanths [Melanthaceae]. Linn., I 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Uvu- laria.) Greenhouse, purple-flowered, herbaceous per- ennials, from New Holland. Divisions; sandy loam and fibry peat ; a cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter. S. multifio'ra (many-flowered). 1J. 1824. — undula'ta (wavy-teaoerf). 4- June. 1824. Sc hello 'lepis. (From skellos, distorted, and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- podiacese]. Linn., 2-k-Cryptogamia 1- Filices.) Stove, yellow-spored Indian Ferns. (SeeFaa!«».) There are two species, S. amcefna (lovely), and verruco'sa (warted). Schi'nus. (The Greek name for Pis- ta'chia lenti'scus. Nat. ord., Terebinths [Terebinthacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 9- Decandria.) Greenhouse, green-flowered evergreens. Cnt SCH SCH tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, »nd in a mild heat, in spring ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 45° ; summer, 60° to 75°. S. mo'lle (molle). 20. August. Peru. 1597. — tere4inri (Walker's). 2. White. June. Chili. 1822. Schjude'jua. (Named after C. C. Schmidel, a German botanist. Nat ord., Soapworts [Sapindaceae]. Linn., S-Oc- tandria 1-Monogynia. Alliance near Sapindus.) Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in the beginning of summer, and placed in a mild bottom- heat; sandy loam and fibry peat. Wintertemp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. S. oomi'nia (cominia). 20. Jamaica. 1778. — integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). Bourbon. 1804. — occidenta'lis (western). 8. W. Ind. 1828. — racemo'sa (racemed). 15. May. E. Ind. 1830, — serra'ta (saw-leaved). 12. E. Ind. 1804. Schce'nia. (In honour of Dr. Schom, a botanical artist. Nat. ord., Composite* [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- Superf.ua. Allied to Pteropogon and Helichrysum.) A tender annual. Sow end of March in moderate heat ; transplant seedlings into small pots in same heat ; plant four or five in an eight- inch pot ; gradually harden ; and when in flower place in greenhouse. S. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 1. Pink May. Swan River. 1846. SCH C 724 ] SCI Schombu'rgkia. (Named after Sir E. Gchomburgk. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchid- acese]. Linn., 20- Gynandria 1-Monandria. AlliedtoCattleya.) Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchids. S. cri'spa (curled./iotcered). 3. Yellow, brown, pink. January. La Guayra. 1844. — margina'ta (bordered. Spread Eagle). 4. Orange. August. Surinam. 1834. — roftea (rosy). Deep red and pale rose. Sierra Nevada. — tibi'cinis (cow-horn). 8. Pink, white. April. Honduras. 1834. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 5. Brown, rose. May. Honduras. 1844. — undulu'ta (viaxj-petaled). Purple. January. La Guayra. 1843. Scho'tia. (Named after It. V. Schot, who travelled with Jacquin. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Amherstia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened, young, stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam ; flowers chiefly at the end of stiff young shoots. S. ala'ta (winged). 5. Crimson. July. 1816. — lati/o'lia (broad-leaved). Purple, white. June. 1810. — simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). Red. June. 1816. — speeio'sa (showy). 5. Scarlet. August. 1759. — stipula'ta (fczr^e-stipuled;. 5. Crimson. July. 1794. — tamarindifoflia (tamarind-leaved). 6. Crimson. August. 1795. Scho'cwia. ( Named after J. F. Sclwuw, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassieacese]. Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia.) Hardy annual. Seeds in light, sandy soil, in April. S.Ara'biea (Arabian). |. Purple. June. Arabia. 1837. Schra'nkia. (Named after F. P. Schrank, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-Monoscia. Allied to Mi- mosa.) The leaves yield to the touch like those of the sensitive plant, Mimo'sa pudi'ca. Herbaceous plants. Division of the roots in spring, and cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Plant-stove and cool greenhouse treatment. S. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. Red. July. Vera Cruz. 1733. Stove. — leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). Rose. July. St. Domingo. 1837. Stove. — uncina'ta (hooked). 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1789. Greenhouse. Schube'rtia. (Named after 31. Schu- bert, a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., As- clepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn., 5-Perc- iandria 2-L>igynia.) Stove evergreen twiners, from Braill. Cutting* of stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little charcoal and pounded bricks, with pots well drained. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. S. grandifio'ra (large-flowered). White. July. 1837. — grave'olens (strong-scented). Pale yellow. July. 1837. Schweigge'ria. (Named after Pro- fessor Schweigger, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Violetworts [Violacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.) Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-shoots, two or three inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and in a sweet hotbed. Win- ter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. S. paucifio'ra (few-flowered). White. May. Brazil. 1838. Sciara. S. pyri, Small Pear Midge. S. Schmidbergeri, Large Pear Midge. When a fallen pear is cut open, it is often found core-eaten, and with a brown powder marking the progress of the assailant. This is caused by the larva of these insects. The midges appear early in July. The Small Pear Midge has club-shaped halteres, the club dark brown, and the stem whitish. When alive, the abdomen is of a lead colour, with black wings. The head and thorax are black, as are also the antenna?; the palpi are of a pale yellow, the feet whitish, and the tarsi black. The Large Pear Midge appears about the same time as the preceding. The female is little more than a line long, and half a hue thick, also much larger than the smaller pear midge ; the male is more slender, and somewhat shorter. The antennas are blackish, and not so long as the body. The head is black and shining, as is also the thorax ; the pro- boscis ash-grey, the abdomen of the male a deep black, that of the female browner,, with black wings; the anal point, how- ever, is quite black, the feet ash-grey, and the tarsi and wings black. They both survive the winter, and deposit their eggs in the blossom, when it opens in early spring. The larva eats its way into the core of the young fruit, and again eats its way out at one side when the time arrives for it to bury itself in the ground, and pass into the chrysalis form. —Kollar. Sci'lla. Squill. (From shyllo, to injure ; the bulbs said to be poisonous. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.) Offsets ; light, sandy soil. SCI [ 735 j SCI TENDER BULBS. 6. brevifo'Ha (short-leaved;. J. Pink. January. Cape of Good Hope. 1811. — hyacint/wi'des (hyacinth-like). £. Blue. Au- gust. Madeira. 1585. — Maurita'nica (Mauritian), j. Blue. April. Mauritius. 1819. ~ plu'mbea (lead-coloured). 1. Lead. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1812. HARDY BULBS. S. amoz'na (pleasing). \. Blue. March. Levant. 1596. — amx'nula (pretty). J. Blue. June. Russia. 1822. — autumna'lis (autumnal). $. Pink. August. England. a'lba (white). $. White. August. — — ma'jor (larger). $. Pink. August. Britain. — Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). Lilac. May. — bifo'lia (two-leaved). £. Blue. March. England. a'lba (white), i. White. March. South Europe. ru'bra (red). $. Red. March. South Europe. — bruma'lis (winter). Blue. May. N. Amer. 1841. — cumpanula'tu (bell-flowered). 1. Dark blue. May. Spain, 1683. a'lba (white). I. White. May. South Eu- rope. 1683. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Pink May. South Europe. 1683. — ce'rnua (drooping). £. Pink. March. Spain. 1815. — corymbo'sa (corymbed). $. Pink. October. Cape of Good Hope. 1793. — Cupaniu'na (Cupani's). 1. Purple. June. Sicily. 1834. — escule'nta (eatable). 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1811. — 1'ndica (Indian). 1. E. Ind. 1816. — Ita'lica (Italian), j. Blue. May. Switzer- land. 1605. — li'lio-hyaci'nthus (lily-hyacinth). 1. Blue. June. Europe. 1597- — Lusita'nica (Portuguese). %. Blue. May. Por- tugal. 1777- — no'n-scri'pta (undescribed). J. Blue. April. Britain. a'lba (white). White. April. Britain. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). f . Flesh. April. Britain. — obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved), i. Blue. March. South Europe. 1829. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). Blue. May. Portugal. 1818. — Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 1. Dark blue. May. Spain. 1607. a'lba (white). 1. White. May. South Europe. 1607. di'scolor (tvio-colovcteA-flowered). 1. Buff. May. Portugal. 1843. — prcebractea'ta (long-bra«ted). 1. Blue. June. South Europe. — pra'cox (early), i. Dark blue. March. 1790. — prate'nsis(mezdow).Bl\ie. May. Hungary. 1 827. — pu'bens (downy). $. Blue. May. Lunimar. — pu'mila (dwarf). Blue. May. Spain. 1821. — ro'sea (rosy). 4. Rose. Numidia. 1827. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). J. Blue. February. Si- beria. 1796. — umbella'ta (umbelled). I Blue. April. Pyre- nees. 1822. — unifo'lia (one-leaved), i. White. May. Por- tugal. — ve'rna fspring). $. Blue. April. Britain. — a'lba (white-flowered). J. White. May. S. ve'rna ro'sea (rosy). *. Rose. May. — villo'sa (shaggy-teased). §. Lilac. Tripoli. 1881. Scioda'calyx. (From scias, a parasol, and calyx; alluding to the shape of this part of the flower. Nat. ord., Gesner- worts [Gesneracese]. Linn., li-Didyna- mia 2-Angiospermia.) This is a very gay stove plant, blooming from July to January. Cultivated like Achimenes. S. Warszewi'czii (Warszewicz's). 3. Scarlet, yellow. New Grenada Mountains. 1855. Sciodaphy'llum. (From skioeides,sh&iy, and phyllon, a leaf; the large leaves af- ford much shade. Nat. ord., Ivyivorts [Araliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria b-Pen- tagynia. Allied to the Ivy.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in spring; sandy loam and fibrypeat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. The Peruvian species will thrive well in a greenhouse with 10° less. S. acuminatum (pointed-/ea»ed). 10. Yellow. Peru. Climber. — ano'malum (anomalous). 20. White, green. Trinidad. 1817- — Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. White. Jamaica. 1793. — co'nicum (conical). 10. Pale red. Peru. Climber. — digita'tum (finger-teaoed). 10. Green. E. Ind. 1820. — pedicella'tum (?ora?-leaf-stalked). 10. Purple. Peru. Climber. — penta'ndrum (five-stamened). S.Pale red. Peru. 1820. Scion. See Graff. Scissors of various sizes are required by the gardener. A pair with very sharp and pointed blades is required for cut- ting away the anthers of flowers in hybridizing, and forthinning grapes. Stouter pairs are used for removing flower-stalks when the petals have fallen from roses, &c. Sliding pruning scis- sors ( see Fig.) are employed for cutting the shoots of shrubs. They are powerful instruments for the purpose; but a more simple pair, without a spring, is made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield. Shears are only large scissors. Hedge Shears for clipping hedges are the most common. Sliding Pruning Shears, with a moveable centre, so as to make a drawing cut when used as when the pruning knife is em- ployed. See Averruncator. The drawing shows the smaller size, used with one hand. The large size, which has wooden handles, will, when employed with both hands, cut through a bough SCL SCO fall three inches in circumference with the greatest ease. Verge Shears are merely the hedge shears set nearly at a right angle on long handles, for the convenience of the gar- dener in clipping the sides of box-edging and the verge of grass-plots. Turf Shears are set also at an angle, but in a different direction, for cutting the tops of edgings, and grass growing in corners unap- proachable by the scythe. Scle'roon. (From scleros, hard, and «on, an egg ; hard seeds. Nat. ord., Ver- benas [VerbenaceseJ. Linn., 1^-Didyna- mia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Cornutia.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; peat, loam, and leaf-mould, and half a part of silver sand. Winter temp., 38° to 48°; summer, 60° to 75°. S. ole'inum (olive-like). 2. Green, white. May. Mexico. 1840. Scleeotha'mnus. (From scleros, hardi or rigid, and thamnus, a shrub. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10- Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Pul- tensea.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of stiff side- shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell- glass; two parts peat, and one of sandy, fibry loam, and one of equal parts broken bats, char- coal, and silver sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. S. microphallus (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 1803. ScoLOPE'NDRiuM.Hart's Tongue. (From $colopendra, a centipede ; the appearance of the seed, or spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 24- Crypto- gamia 1-Filices.) Hardy, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns. 8. hemioni'lis (hemionitis). 1. August. Spain. 1/79. — Kre>bsii (Krebs). Natal. 18S4. — officina'rum (shop). 1$. July. Britain. angusti/o'lium (narrow-leaved). J. July. Britain. — eri'spum icarled-leared . 1 J. July. Britain. — — — multi'fidum (many-cleft). l^.July. Britain. — ramo'sum (branchy). 1£. July." Britain. — — undula'tum {■waxe-leaved). 1 £. July. Bri- tain. — pinna'tum (leafleted). ). May. India. Green- house. Sco'lyjius. Golden Thistle. (From skolos, & thorn ; plants spiny. Nat. ord., Compcsites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesii l-2Equalis. Allied to Chicory.) _ Hardy, yellow-flowered plants. Seeds and di- visions in spring ; common garden-soil. 8. grandiflofrus (large-flowered). 3. M»y. Bar- bary. 1820. Herbaceous. — Bispafnicus (Spanish). 3. August. South Eu- rope. 1658. Herbaceous. — macula' t us {tpuiicd,. 3. July. South Europe. 1C33. Annual. SrjoxrruB. A genus of small beetles, very nearly allied to Bostrichus. S. de- structor attacks the Elm ; S. ligniperda the bark of some of the Conifers; and S. crenatus perforates, in a similar man- ner, the wood of the Plum. They do not, however, confine their ravages to the trees we have named. They are not mora than an eighth of an inch loDg, black, with chestnut-coloured legs, and sprinkled over with bristles. Scopo'lia. (Named after G. A. Scopoli, a foreign botanist. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo- noyynia. Allied to Physalis.) Hardy herbaceous. Division of the roots in spring, or sowing the seeds in a slight hotbed; sandy loam, and a dry situation. S. Carnio'lica (Carniolian). 1. Dark purple. April. Carniola. J 780. Scorching, or Burning, describes the drying up of the roots or of the leaves from exposure to too much heat. The preventive, in the first case, is reducing the temperature of the hotbed, or lifting the pots if the plants are so grown ; in the second case, as it always arises from the sun's rays in the confined air of a house, Hartley's rough glass, and early ventilating, are the preventives. Scorpion. Geni'sia sco'rpius. Scorpion Grass. Myoso'tis. Scorpion Senna. Coroni'lla e'tnerus. Scorzone'ra. Viper's Grass. (From scurson, a viper; supposed remedy for the bite of a viper. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1- dZqualis.) Hardy herbaceous; yellow - flowered, except where otherwise stated. * Seeds in April or May; common garden-soil. S. augustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. July. South Europe. 1769. — carici/o'lia (carex-leaved). lj. Julv. Siberia* 1805. — e7isi/i(7i'a(sword-leaved). $.May.Caucasus.l825» — glasti/o'lia (woad-leaved). 2. July. Germany. 1818. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved;. 2. Julv. Portugal. 1759. — Hispa'nica (Spanish). 3. July. Spain. 1576. — hu'milis (lowly). 1. August. Europe. 1597, — lana'ta (woolly). 1. July. Iberia, 1824. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June. Persia. 1S3& — purpu'rea(pirple).2.Purple. May. Austria. 1759. — ro'sea (rosy). 14. Pink. July. Hungary. 1807. — tubero's* (tuberous). $. June. Volga. 1825. Scorzone'ra in the kitchen-garden i3 the S. Hispa'nica, grown for its parsnip- like roots. Sow annually, in any open light spot of ground, the latter end of March or beginning of April. Trench the ground, and with the bottom spit turn in a litttle dung ; sow in half-inch SCO [ 737 ] scu deep drills, twelve inches asunder. Thin the plants to ten inches distance ; they will grow freely, and their roots continue increasing in size till September. The roots may either remain in the ground, to be drawn as wanted, or taken wholly up in autumn when their leaves decay, and preserved in sand all winter. To save Seed. — Let some of the plants remain where sown, when they will shoot up in the spring, and produce plenty of seed in autumn. Scotch Asphodel. Tofie'ldia alpi'na. Scotch-kale. Bra'ssica olera'cea sa- le' Mica. Scotch Laburnum. Cy'tisvs alpi'nus. Sco'ttia. (Named after Dr. Scott, once professor of botany in Dublin. Nat, ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., lQ-Monadelphia 6-Decandria.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- land. Cuttings of shoots, when getting a little firm at the base ; sandy, fibry loam one part, and two parts of sandy, fibry peat, with a little char- coal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green, yellow. April. 1825. — denta' ta (tooth-teaued).3.Red,green. July. 1803. — la/vis (smooth-branched). 3. Yellow, scarlet. June. 1833. — trapezifo'rmis (trnpezium-tertferf). January. 1825. Screen. All cooling is occasioned either by the heat being conducted from a body by a colder, which is in contact with it, or by radiating from the body cooled, though circumstances accelerate or retard the radiation ; and whatever checks the radiation of heat from a body is a screen, and keeps it warmer. For screening or protecting the blossom of wall-fruit, Mr. Errington states : — We do not know that any material is more pro- per for covering than thin canvass, such as is manufactured by Mr. Nathaniel Hulme, of Paradise-green, Knutsford, which he sells at about fivepence per square yard. He generally makes it in widths of three yards, which is enough for most walls, so that every lineal yard costs fifteenpence ; but then this can- vass will last well for seven years if pro- perly preserved, and a due care be exer- cised. Thus it will be seen, that the annual expense of protecting a lineal yard of walling is not more than two- pence-halfpenny, exclusive of a few ordi- nary poles. We place a pole every six feet, running under the coping at top, and straddling away nearly two feet at bottom. At two feet above the ground level an auger hole is bor^d in the pole, and an oaken peg driven in, the end left projecting nine inches forward ; and when the canvass is lowered in the day, it hangs in folds on this line of pegs : this keeps it from contact with the damp soil. Every pole has a ring dangling from a staple close to the top ; and on the outer face a rope of sash-cording is attached to the edge of the canvass oppo- site each ring ; this being passed through the ring from the under side, enables the operator to pull it up or let it down with ease. Thus, when the canvass is low- ered, the wall is uncovered, and vice versd. Now, these rings and cords will add to the expense ; and, since both are very durable, we may, perhaps, add another halfpenny per lineal yard to the amount, accounting the ropes to last nearly as long as the canvass. A still more com- plete plan is to hang the canvass like curtains, or after the manner of th« covering to what are termed conservative walls. For wall-trees, now that glass is become so much cheaper, the best of all screens may be employed, viz., glazed frames, of a length extending from the coping of the wall to the surface of the soil, about two feet from the stems of the trees. See Glass Case. Screw Pine. Panda'nus. Screw-tree. Heli'cteres. Scrubby Oak. Lophi'ra Africu'na. Scurvy Grass (Cochlea' ria officinalis) flourishes most in a sandy, moist soil. Sow as soon as the seeds are ripe in June or July, in drills, eight inches apart, and half an inch deep. Thin to eight inches asunder, and those removed may be transplanted to a bed at similar distances, giving water at the time, and frequently afterwards, until fully established. The leaves are fit to gather during the follow- ing spring. To obtain Seed. — A few plants must be left ungathered from in the spring. They will run up to flower about May, and per- fect their seed in the course of the two following months. Scutellaria. Skull-cap. (From scu- tella, a little saucer; form of calyx. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) Seeds and divisions in spring, and the evergreen kinds easily by cuttings under a hand-light; some of the tender species are very haniloome, such aa cordifo'liu; but the red spider must be looked after. scu [728] SEA TENDER SPECIES. ticordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1. Scarlet, orange. September. Mexico. 1844. Stove ever- green. ~hu'milis (dwarf). J. Blue. June. N. S. Wales. 1823. Greenhouse. — incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 14. Rose. Au- gust. Quito. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen. — Ventena'tii (Ventenat's). 2. Scarlet. Au- gust. St. Martha. 1844. Greenhouse. — villo'sa (shaggy), f. Scarlet. February. Peru. 1842. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. alpi'na (alpine). 3. Purple. August. Hungary. 1752. lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. August. Tartary. 1739. sangui'nea (blood-red). 4. Red.July.1835. variega'ta (variegated-homered). 4- Pale yellow. August. Switzerland. — alti'ssima (tallest). 1. Dark purple. July. Crimea. 1824. — Colu'mnce (Columna's). 1J. Blue. July. South Europe. 1806. — commuta'ta (changed). Purple. August. Hungary. 1683. — galericula'ta (small-capped). 1. Blue. July. Britain. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1$. Red. July. Siberia. 1804. — hasti/o'lia (spear-leaved). 4. Purple. June. Germany. 1798. — hi'rta (hairy). Dark purple. June. Candia.1835. — integrifu'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1/31. — Japo'nica (Japan). 4- Purple, white. August. Japan. 1838. — lateriflora (side-flowering). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1752. — macra'ntka (large-flowered). J. Blue. Au- gust. Dahuria. 1827. — mi'nor (less). 4- Pink. July. Britain. — nerno'sa (large-nerved). 1. Blue. July. Vir- ginia. 1826. — orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Yellow. August. Levant. 1729. — pa'rvula (very-small). *. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1822. — peregri'na (spreading). 2. Violet. August. Tauria. 1823. — pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1825. — purpura 'scens (purplish). 2. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1820. — serra'ta (sa.w-leaved). $. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1800. — Tournefo'rti (Tournefort's). lj. Purple. July. Persia. 1837. — ve'rna (spring). 4. Blue. June. South Europe. 1821. Sctjtica'ria. (From scutica, a whip; leaves as round as a whipcord. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- Qynandria 1-Monandria. Once called a Maxifiaria.) Stove orchid, grown on blocks. See Orchids. S. Stee'lii (Steel's). Yellow-spotted. July. Guaiana. 1834. Scypha'nthus. (From scyphos, a cap, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Loasads [Loasacese]. Linn., 18- Polyadelphia 2 Polyandria.) This name is so much in use that we retain it, though a synonyme of Grammatacarpus. Hardy, yellow-flowered, twining annuals, from Chili. Seeds in the open air in May, or in a slight hot- bed in March, to be afterwards transplanted. S- e'legans (elegant). August. 1824. — grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. August. 1824. Scythe. This mowing implement being confined, in the garden, to cutting the fine, short grass of lawns, requires to be much sharper than that used in cut- ting the coarser grasses, which stand up more firmly to the scythe. It is also necessary that the mowers should not score the grass, that is, should not leave the mark of each stroke of the scythe, which has a very unsightly appearance ; to prevent which, have the scythe laid out rather wider, an inch or two beyond heel and toe, especially for very short grass; and in mowing keep the point rather out, and do not draw that part too fast toward, gathering the grass neatly to the left in a range ; and having mowed to the end of the swath, mow it lightly back again, to trim off all scores and other irregularities unavoidably left the first time. A great inconvenience attend- ing the old scythe is the difficulty of fas- tening and adjusting the blade to the handle. This is entirely obviated by Boyd's Self-adjustiny Scythe. It is always a problem to determine the angle the biade should make with the handle, as it varies with every mower. A good guide is for a perpendicular line to be chalked against a wall, and for the mower to stand close and directly fronting to this line ; then, without moving his feet, and with arm at full stretch above his head, to chalk a line to the left, from the perpendicular line, as far as he can reach. The line he thus chalks should correspond with the angle of the scythe's blade, supposing the perpendicular line to represent the handle. Sea-buckthorn. Hippo' phae. Seafo'rthia. (Named after Lord Seu- forth, a botanical patron. Nat. ord., Palmt [Palmacese]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 1- Moncecia.) Stove Palm. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam. Winter t emp., 45° to 50°; summer, 60° to 75°. S. e'legans (elegant). N.Holland. 1822. Sea-heath. Franke'nia. Sea-holly. Ery'ngium. Sea-kale. Cra'mbe mari'tima. fir Cra'mbe. In addition to what is there stated of its culture, we have only to give drawings SEA [ 729] SED of the pots usually employed for blanch- ing it; hut see Rhubarb for a frame, which also answers, when fermenting materials are heaped over, to force it. The following is also a good mode of forcing: — On each side of a three-foot bed dig a trench two feet deep, the side of it next the bed being perpendicular, but the outer side sloping, so as to make it eighteen inches wide at the bottom, but two and a half at the top. These trenches fill with fermenting dung, which' of course, may be renewed if found neces- sary, and frames put over the plants, the light to be completely excluded by boards, matting, &c. The accompanying sketch represents a section of the construction. Sea Lavender. Sta'tice. Sea PaGWORT. Cinera'ria mari'tima. Sea-side Grape. Cocco'loba. Sea-side Balsam. Cro'ton eleute'ria. Sea-side Laurel. Xylophy'lla latifo'lia, Sea- weed. See Green Manure. Seb.e'a. (Named after A. Seba, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., i-Tetrandria 1- Monogynia.) Greenhouse annuals, all but ovafta from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in a sweet hotbed in March, pricked out or potted, and either bloomed in the open garden, or in the greenhouse after May. S. a'lbens (whitish). $. White. August. 1820. — au'rea (golden). £. Yellow. July. 1824. — corda'ta (heart-leaned). £. Yellow. July. 1815. — ova'ta (egg-leaved), J. Red. August. N. S. Wales. 1820. Secamo'ne. (Altered from squamona, the Arabic name. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria 2-Digynia.) Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut- ting* ol firm side-shoots when about three inches in length ; fibry loam, two parts ; fibry peat and very rotten dung, or leaf-mould, dried, one part; silver sand and charcoal, to keep it open. Wintev temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. S. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 6. July. Egypt. 1752. — elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 6. N. Holland. ;824. — eme'tica (emetic). 6. India. 1816. Se'chium. Choko. (From sekiso, to fatten ; hogs are fed on the fruit in Jamaica. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucur- bitacese]. Linn., 21-Honcecia 10-Muna- delphia.) A cucumber-like, yellow-flowered annual ; seeds in a hotbed, and either cultivated in houses or pits ; or, after June, in the open air ; light, rich soil. S. edu'le (eatable). 6. June. W. Ind. 1816. — palma'tum (haxid-leaved). June. Mexico. 1827. Securida'ca. (From securis, a hatchet ; form of the wing-like process at the end of the pod. Nat. ord., Milkworts [Poly- galacese]. Linn., 17 -Biadelphia 3-Oc- tandria.) Stove evergreen twiners, from the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. Sandy loam and sandy, fibry peat. S. ere'cta (upright). Purple. July. 1824. — panicula'ta (panicled). Sfellow. July. 1820 — virga'ta (twiggy). 10. White. 173Q. — volu'bilis (twining). 10. White. 1739. Se'dum. Stonecrop. (From sedere, to sit ; they grow as if sitting on stones, rocks, walls, &c. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 4- Pentagynia.) Annuals, by seeds, on raised dry places, such as banks and rock-works ; perennials, by divisions and cuttings, which root most readily, and all of which preler dry, sandy, loamy soil; the more tender of these may be grown in well-drained pots, in sandy loam and brick-rubbish, and treated as alpines. The greenhouse kinds require similar treatment, only a higher temperature, and to be kept even drier in winter. HARDY ANNUALS, &C. S. Andegave'nse (Andegavenny). i. Yellow. July. Andegavenny. 1835. — Anderso'nii (Anderson's). J. White. June. Hungary. 1816. Biennial. — atra'tum (daik-annual). i- Purple. August. Italy. 1795. — Cepaefa (purslane-leaved). 1. White. July. France. 1040. — eceru'leum (pale-blue). $. Pale blue. July. Africa. 1822. — Calafbricum (Calabrian). I. Whitish. July. Calabria. 1835. — deltoi'deum (triangular-feapecf). Purple. June. Naples. 1826. — faba'ria (fabarian). White. July. Europe. 1836. Biennial. — Magelle'nse (Magellan). Yellow. July. M»- gellan. 1816. — mi'serum (miserable). Green. July. Mexico, 1837. Greenhouse. — pa'llens (pale), i. White. July. South Eurcje. 1816. Biennial. SED [ 730 ] SEL B. pallidum (psle-red-flowered). *. Pale red. July. Caucasus. 181 7. — se'xfidum (annual-six-cleit). \. White. July. Caucasus. 1816. — spathula'tum (spatulate). $. White. July. Hungary. 1815. Biennial. — stella'tum (starred). J. Pink. July. South Europe. 1640, — tetraphy'Uum (four-leaved). White. July. Levant. Biennial. HARDY EVERGREENS. S. nu'dum (naked-firartcAed). J. White. July. Madeira. 1/77. — Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). $. Blue. July. Japan. — tereti/o'lium (taper-leaved). $. White. England. — viri'dulum (greenish). 4- Yellow. June. Eu- rope. 1824. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. a'cre (acrid). 4. Yellow. June. Britain. diminu'tum (less). $. Yellow. June. England. elonga'tum (long-shooted). $. Yellow. June. England. — aiz&on (ever-living). 1. Yellow. August. Siberia. 1757. — albe'scens (whitish-feared). J. Yellow. June. England. — a'lbicans (great- white). 2. White. August. Europe. 1794. — a'lbum (white), i. White. June. England. micra'nthum (small-flowered). J. White. June. England. — Alta'icum (Altaic). 1 . Yellow. June. Altaic Mountains. 1831. — altifssimumi.ta.nest). 1. Yellow. July. South Europe. I/69. — anaca'mpseros (Anacampseros-like. Evergreen orpine). 4- Purple. July. France. 1596. — A'nglicum (English), $. White. Julv. Britain. Hibe'rnieum (Irish). *. White. July. Ireland. — — microphy'llum (small-leaved). I. White. July. Britain. — anope'taium (upward-leaved. Green). 4. Pale yellow. July. South France. 1818. auranti'acum (orange). J. Orange. June. France. 1820. — eeerule/scens (bluish-feared). \. Yellow. July. 1820. — dasyphy'llum (thick-leaved). $. White. June. England. — denta'tum (toothed). J. Purple. June. 1810. — elonga'tum (lengthened). Yellow. May. Altai. 1827. — Ewe'rsii (Ewer's). J. June. Siberia. 1829. — Forsteriu'num (Forster's). J. Yellow. July. Wales. — fruticulo'sum (small-shrubby). J. Yellow. Portugal. 182Q. — glau'cum (milky-green). J. Yellow. July. England. — globulifo'iium (globe-leaved). Yellow. June. 1838. — Biapa'r.icum (Spanish). 4. Pale yellow. June. Spain. 1732. — ht/bridum (hybrid). J. Yellow. June. Si- beria. 17/6. — Ibe'rieum (Iberian). \. Pink. July. Spain. — innplucra'tum (clustered). }. Yellow. July. — latt/o'lium (broad-leaved). Greenish-white. August. Switzerland. 1794. — li'ridum (livid). 4- White, green. July, 1816. *-micra'nth urn (small-flowered). White. June. id. S. multirau'le (many-stemmed). Yellow. May. Himalaya Mountains. 1838. — negle'etum (neglected). 1. White. August. Naples. 1835. — Notarja'nni (Notarjanni's). White. July. Naples. 1S24. — oblo'ngum (oblong), jr. White. July. Britain. — ochroleu'cum (yellowish-white). 1. White. July. Greece. 1818. — oppositi/o'lium (opposite-feaced). 4- White. August. Caucasus. — pectina'tum (comb-leaved). $. White. July. 1818. — populifo'lium (poplar-leaved). 1. White. August. Siberia. 1780. — pu'lchrum (pretty). Purple. July. N. Amer. 1824. — quadH'fidum (four-cleft). J. Yellow. July. New Asia. 1800. — refiefxum (bent-back-feared). I. Yellow. June. England. eolli'num (hill). 1. Yellow. 1815. recurva'tum (curled-back-green) . 4. Yel- low. June. Europe. 1818. — re'pens (creeping), i. Red. June. Switzer. land. 1826. — rhodi'ola (rose-scented). Yellow. June. Britain, — rofseum (rosy). Rose. July. Caucasus. I827. — rupefstre (rock). \. Yellow. June. England. — saxa'tile (rock ). ±. June. South Europe. 182C. — sempervi'cum (houseleek-like). J. Deep purple. July. Iberia. 1825. — septangula re (seven-angled). J. Yellow. Julv. 1795. — sexangula're (six-angled). 4- Yellow. July. England. — spu'rium (spurious). J. White. August. Caucasus. 181 6. — stenope'talum (narrow-petaled). Golden. June, N. Amer. 1826. — subelava'tum (slightly-clubbed). J. July. N. Amer. 1829. — teWphium (common-orpine). 2. Purple. August. Britain. — telephioi'des (orpine-like). 1. Purple. Au- gust. N. Amer. 1810. — terna'tum (three-leafleted). 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1789. — verticilla'tum (whorl-feared). 1. Pink. Au- gust. South Europe. — villo'sum (shaggy). 4. Pink. June. Britain. — vi'rent (green). 4« Yellow. June. Portugal. 1774. — vire'scens (greenish). l.Green,yellow.July.l8l5. Seed -Room. All that has been said relative to the Fruit-room is applicable to this. Everything promotive of decay or germination is to be avoided ; and if one relative direction more than another requires to be urged upon the gardener, it is comprised in these words — keep it as dry as possible: the room may be even hot, so that it is not damp. Se'eago. (From the Celtic sel, sight, and jach, salutary; supposed effects on the eyes. Nat. ord., Selatjids [Selagina- ceae]. Linn., 11-Didynamia 2-Angio- spermia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots, or rather, the short, stubby side-shoots, taken off close to the stem, in spring and autumn, iu sand, SEL [ 731 ] SEM under a bell-glass, but raised at night to prevent tiamping. Sandy loam and vegetable mould. The protection of a greenhouse; but many of them are worth a place in the flower-garden in summer. S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). August. 1818. — bractea'ta (bracted). 1$. Purple. June. 1812. — cane'scens (hoary). 1$. Pale purple. Sep- tember. 1812. — corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. 1699. — dentu'ta {toothed). 1$. White. July. 1823. — diffusa (spreading). 14. Purple. July. 1807. — di'stans (distant-./?ou.'erai).2.White.April.l845. — fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). l£. Blue. July. 1774. — frutico'sa (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1822. — Gi'llii (Gill's). 1. Pale rose. Mar*. 1829. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Purple. July. 1823. — Mspida (bristly). Yellow. June. 1823. — micra'ntha (small-flowered). Yellow. May. 1820. — minuti' ssima (smallest). Yellow. June. 1816. — otsa'ta (eeg-headed). 1. Dark purple. 1774. — polygaloi'des (milkwort-like). j. Purple. August. 1807. — polysta'chya (many-spiked). White. June. 1823. — ramulo'sa (small-branchy). 1$. White. 1824. — rapunculoi'des (rampion-like). 2. Violet. 1824. — rotundifu' tin (round-leaved). 1. Purple. June. 1816. — spica'ta (spiked). }. Purple. August. 1824. — spi'nea (spiny). 3. Purple. 1824. — spu'ria (spurious). 1. Violet. August. 1779. Selandeia JEthiofs. Pear Saw-Fly. The tipper surface of Pear-tree leaves during the months of July, August, and September, are liable to be destroyed by what is very characteristically named the slimy grub. These grubs are nearly half an inch long, cylindrical, but thicker towards the head than at the other extremity. The whole body, ex- cept at the time of skin- casting, is covered with a sticky, greenish black matter, and from this they have been named. "Whilst feeding, the fore part of the body is so swollen that the vermin looks somewhat like a small tadpole. If the slimy matter is removed from the body, this is found to be a grub or cater- pillar with twenty feet, and of a pitchy brown colour. At the last-but-one cast- ing of its ekin the sliminess no longer appears, and the grubs become of d clayey colour. They finally form a brown cocoon about October, and remain in the pupa state until the following June or July, when the perfect insect comes forth in the form depicted in the annexed cut, but of the size shown by the cross lines above it. It is known as the Selandria jEthiops. Linnaeus called it the Cherry Saw-Fly (Tenthredo cerasi), from the mistaken opinion that it attacked the leaves of that tree only, whereas its grubs are more frequently found on the leaves of the Pear. This fly is shining black, and the tips of the legs yellowish. The female lays her eggs on the upper surface of the leaves. The slime on the grub is of a peculiar nature, not being dried by exposure to the hottest sun- shine. Self. A flower with petals of only one colour. Self-heal. Prnne'lla. Selligue'a. (Probably from the Ja- vanese name. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo- diacese] . IArm.,2±-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Stove, yellow-spored Ferns. See Feens. S.flave'seens (yellowish). May. E. Ind. — Hamilto'ni (Hamilton's). May. Nepaul. — heteroca'rpa (various-fruited). June. Java. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). May. Java. — pothifo'lia (pothos-leaved). May. Nepaul. Semeca'p.pus. Marking'Nut-tree. (From semeion, a mark, and karpos, fruit; the black juice used for marking clothes. Nat. ord., Anacards [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 2-Dicecia. Allied to Anacardium.) Stove, greenish-yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat, in March or April ; peat, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. S. anaca'rdium (anacardium). 20. E. Ind. 1820. — cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 20. E. Ind. 1824. Semeia'ndra. (From semeia, a banner, and aner, an anther; referring to the petal -like appendage to each stamen. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) A greenhouse shrub, allied to Fuchsia, like which it may be cultivated. S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), 5. Scarlet. March, and throughout the summer. 1S53. Seitpervi'vum. Houseleek. (From sempervivo, to live for ever ; tenacity of life. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulacece] . Linn., W-Dodecandria 7-Dodecagynia.) Hardy and frame kinds, by division, and by cuttings, and most of them delisrht in dry. sandv soil, keut moist only when growing. Greenhouse SEM C 732 ] SEN kinds are alio freely propagated by cuttings, dried for several days at the cut part ; grown in sandy loam, leaf-mould, and brick-rubbish, and kept dry and in a state of rest in winter. Winter temp., 38° to 45° ; summer, 55° to 75°. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. arachnoi'deum (cobwebbed). 4- Purple. July. Italy. 1699. ma'jus (large). 4. Red. June. Italy. mi'nus (small). 4. Red. June. Italy. — flageliiforme (whip-formed). |. Reddish. July. Siberia. 1823. — globUferum (elobe-bearing.fftfn and Chickens). 4. Yellow. June. Germany. 1/33. — hi'rtum (hairy). 1. Cream. June. Italy. 1804. — montafnum (mountain). 4. Red. June. Pyrenees. 1752. — pu'milum (dwarf). 4. Pale red. June. Cau- casus. 1824. — tecto'rum (roof. Common). 1. Purplish. Ju'y. Britain. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. S. dicho'tomum (two-ranked). Yellow. July. Canaries. 1815. Biennial. — dodranta'le (nine-inch). 4- Fle3h. July. Teneriffe. 1815. Annual. — micra'nthes (small-flowered). 4. Green, red. September. Canaries. — stellaftum (starred). 4. Yellow. July. Madeira. 1790. Annual. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. S. aizoi'dts (aizoon-like). Yellow. June. Madeira. — arbo'reum (tree). 9. Golden. July. Levant.1640. variegu'tum (variegated-Zeaoed). 4. Yel- low. July. Levant. 1640. — au'reum (golden). l.Ydlow.July.Canaries. 1815. spu'rium (spurious). 1. Yellow. July. Canaries. 1820. — barbaftum (bearded). 1. Yellow. July. Ca- naries. 1815. — bifu'reum (forked). 2. Madeira. — caspito'sum (turfy). 4- Yellow. August. Madeira. 1815. — Canarie'nse (Canary). 14. White. June. Canaries. 1699. — cilia'tum (hair-fringed). 14. Pale yellow. Teneriffe. 1815. — crue'ntum (bloody). 2. Yellow. May. Ca- naries. 1834. —frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Yellow.Teneriffe.1804. — glandulo'sum (glanded-Zeaced;. 1. Yellow. April. Madeira. 1777- — glutino'sum (clammy). 14. Yellow. July. Madeira. 1777. — polyphy'llum (many-leaved). £• Red. Au- gust. Canaries. 1777. — rctu'sum (Zarg-e-bitten). 2. Yellow. July. Teneriffe. 1824. — rupi'fragra (rock-scenting). Yellow. May. Canaries. 1830. — Smi'thii (Smith's). 1. Pale yellow. July. Teneriffe. 1815. — tabu!*frfrme (table-shaped). 14. Yellow. July. Madeira. 1817. — tortuo*tum (twisted). }. Yellow. July. Ca- naries. 1/79. — iSrbicum (city). 2. Yellow. July.Teneriffe.18l6. — uci'ferum (grape-bearing. Una de Guanches). Yellow. Teneriffe. 1829. — 'illo'sum (shaggy). 4« Yellow, June. Ca- naries. 1777. — Youngia'num (Young's). 3. Yellow. Jane. Canaries. 184a* ■ Seneci'llus. (A diminutive of seneeio, Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Cineraria.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, but more generally by divisions ; rich, sandy loam, or even common garden-soil. S. glau'ca (milky-green). 6. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1790. — purpura ta (purple). Purple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Sene'cio. Groundsel. (From sencx, an old man; naked receptacle compared to a bald head. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia 2- Superflua.) So difficult are the species to determine, that twenty-one synonymes are added to Senecio. AU yellow-flowered, where not otherwise specified ; Annuals, by seeds in the open border, and in a slight hotbed ; perennials, by seed, and division of the plant, and also in common garden-soil, shrubby kinds, by seeds, and easily by cuttings, and mostly requiring a little peat or dried leaf- mould along with the soil, and the protection of a cool greenhouse. The double varieties of rflegans are much used in flower-gardens ; but the single varieties are also very beautiful. The double varieties are preserved by cuttings in winter, and must be saved from damp. HARDY ANNUALS, ?o'ra (globe-flowered/. J.March. I8O9. — umbe'Ua (umbelled). $. July. 1800. Seeico'graphis. (From serikos, silk, and graplio, to write. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia 2- Arajiospermia. Allied to Aphelandra.) Stove half-herbaceous perennial. Easily in- creased by cuttings. For culture, see Justi'cia. S. Ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreght's). 3. Scarlet. October. 1846. Seri'ngia. (Named after M. Seringa, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.) Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy peat one part, sandy, fibry loam two parts. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. S. platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 12. White. June. N. Holland. 1822. Seei'ola. (From seris, succory; as the species resemble this plant. Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteraceae] . Linn., 19-^n- enesia 1-JEqualis.) All hardy herbaceous plants, except rube'scens, which is annual, and all natives of Sicily. Seed SER [ 784 ] SET •>wn in early spring, in any common garden-soil. This genus has had for its synonymes Ageno'ra .and EodCgia. S. JEtne'nsh (.Etna), j. Yellow. July. 1763. — a'lbicans (whitish). 1. Yellow. May. 1828. — aspargioi'des (aspargia-like). 1. Yellow. May. 1829. — glau'ca (milky-srreen). 1. Yellow. May. 1828. — rube'scens (reddish). 3. Eed. July. 1829. An- nual. — u'rens (stinging). J. Yellow. July. 1773. Seri'ssa. (Name of a plant mentioned by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from Japan. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; loam, peat, and sand. Probably hardy in the south of England. S.fw'tida (stinking). 2. May. 1787. — multiplex (double-flowered). May. Serra'tula. Sawwort. (From serra, a saw; edges of the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesia l-2Equalis.) Perennials, by seeds and divisions in spring ; annuals, by seed ; common garden-soil. All pur- ple-flowered, except where otherwise stated. HARDY BIENNIALS. S. leuca'ntha (white-flowered). White. July. Spain. 1825. Annual. — ni'tens (shining). 2. July. Caucasus. 1823. — radia'ta (rayed). 2j. July. Hungary. 1800. — Transylva'nica (Transylvanian). 2. July. Tran- sylvania. 1818. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. ala'ta (winged). 2. July. — argu'ta (sharp-toothed). 3. September. Hun- gary. 1824. — Ca 'spica (Caspian). 2. July. Caspian. 1820. — centaurioi'des ;centaury-like). 1. July. Siberia. 1804. — corona'ta (crowned). 5. July. Siberia. 1739- — cyanni'des (cyanus-like). 2. Red. Julr. Si- beria. 1778. — eynaroi'des (cynara-like). 3. July. Pyrenees. 1640. - depre'ssa (depressed). 1. July. Caucasus. 1818. — tflegans (elegant). 2. July. Caucasus. 1819. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. July. Dau- phinv. 1824. — Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). 2. July. Hungary. 1818. — multifio'ra (many-flowered). 2. July. Siberia. 1816. — ni'tida (shining). 2. July. Siberia. 1827. — Panno'nica (Hungarian). 2. July. Hungary. 1810. — si'mplex (simple). 1. July. Nepaul. 1821. SEBRu'RiA.(Named after /. Semtrier, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteaceae]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria 1-Mo- nogynia. Alliance near Leucospermnm.) Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope evergreens ; tiurple-flowered, except where otherwise specified. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept cool, the glass being raised and fre- quently removed at night, to prevent damping, the cuttings at the time protected by a frame or pit ; light, fibry loam, with a portion of charcoal and broken -bricks or freestone. Winter temp., 38° to 48°, with a shaded position for the pots in the heat of summer ; the heads will stand the sun freely if the roots are protected. S. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 4. Pink* 1803. — acroca'rpa (pointed-fruited). Lilac. April. 1822. — adsce'ndens (ascending). 2. 1819. — a 1 inula (rival). 3. 1803. — arena'ria (sand). 1. 1803. — Burma'nni (Burmann's). 2$. 1786. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. 1803. — cyanoi'des (cyanus-like). lj. 1803. — decu'mben* (lying-down). 1. 1818. — diffu'sa (straggling). 3. 1810. — eleva'ta (elevated). Lilac. April. 1821. — elonga'ta (lengthened). 1$. 1800. — emargina'ta (end-notched). 2. Pink. 1800. — flagellars (whip). 2. 1816. — fto'rida (flowery). 2. 1824. — glabefrrima (very smooth). 1. 1825. — glomerafta (crowded). 3. 1789. — Nive'ni (Niven's). l£. 1800. — odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Pink. 1803. — phylicoi'des (phylica-like). 3. 1789. — pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. Pink. 1803. — Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 3. White. 1806. — rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 2. 1818. — scario'sa (membranous). Lilac. 1816. — squarro'sa (spreading). 2. 1810. Service. (Py'rus so'rbus.) There are three varieties : Apple - shaped, Pear- shaped, and Berry-shaped. Propagation. — By Grafting on th« apple, medlar, and hawthorn. By Cuttings and by Seed, as directed for the Apple. Soil. — Clayey loam, well drained, suite it best. Culture. — They are best trained as dwarf standards or espaliers. See Medlar. Gather the fruit in autumn, and treat it like that of the Medlar. Sesba'nia. (From sesban, the Arabic name of S. JEgyptia'ca. Nat. OTta..] Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in a hotbed,' in April ; seedlings pricked off, anc finally turned out into the flower-garden in th: beginning of June ; rich, light, sandy soil. S. cordifu'lia (heart-leaved). 20. August. Mexico 1826. — Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. White. August. Iberia.lSIS — urientu'lis (eastern). 2. September. India. 1730 — triangularis (triangular). 2. August. Mexico 1825. Sieve'rsia. (Named after M. Sievers a Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Bosewort: [Rosacea?]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 3-Poly gynia. Allied to Geum.) Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials Seeds, and division of the plant in spring ; light sandy soil. S. anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 4- July. Kamt schatka. 1820. — Atla'ntica (Atlantic). May. SouthEurope. 1810 — glacia'lis (icy). $. July. Siberia. 1819. — monta'na (mountain). £. Julv. Austria. 1597 — Pefckii (Peck's). 4. July. N. Amer. 1826, — re'ptans (creeping). J. July. Switzerland. 1597 — ro'sea (rosy). 4. May. Rocky Mountains. 1827 — triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. July. Louisiana 1826. Sile'ne. Catchfly. (From sialon, sa. liva; from the gummy secretion on the leaves of some, which entraps small flies Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese] Linn., 10-Becandria 3-Trigynia.) All freely by seeds. Annuals, in the oper garden, in April, and many, if sown in Septem- ber, will bloom very early; the low-growing ones are very suitable for knolls and rock-works, Herbaceous ones also by division, and by cut- tings of the young shoots in sand, under a hand- light, in summer; shrubby ones by similai means ; rich, sandy loam. GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS. S. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Brown. July, Cape of Good Hope. 1774. — gigante'a (gigantic). 3. White. June.Africa.l73S. — orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Purple. July. Cay * of Good Hope. 1775. [ 78? j Sit, S. unduta'ta 'wavy'). l£. Red. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1//5. HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. acau'lis (stemless). J. Rose. July. Britain a'lha (white>. 4. White. July. Britain fce'mina (female). Red, July. Scotland exscn'pa (scapeiess). £. Red. July Switzerland. 1819. ma's (male). Rose. July. Scotland. — f aba' via (faba-i^aued). 2. White. July Sicily. 173). — frutico'sa (shrubby). 1$. Pink. June. Sicily 1629. Evergreen. — Mocinia'na (Mocini's). I. Purple. June Mexico. 1827. — specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. June, 1843 HARDY ANNUALS, &C. S.JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). I. Pink. July, Egypt. 1800. — arme'ria {Sweet William). 1£. Pink. August. England. a'lha (white). White. — asce'ndens (ascending). %. Red. June. Spain. 1N22. — ato'cinn (atocion). J. Pink. June. Levant. 1781, — bi'culor (two-coloured). 1. Striped. June. France. 1820. — Canarie'nsis (Canary). J. Red. June. Madeira. 1822. — cerastni'dea (cerastium-like). |. White. July, South Europe. 1732. — cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 1. Red, July. Swan River. 1821. — colora'ta (coloured). 1. Purple. June. Morocco. 1819. — eompa'cta (compact), lj. Pink. August. Caucasus. 1823. Biennial. — conge'sta (crowded). 1 .Pink. June. Greece. 1818. -- Crt'tica (Cretan). J. Green, white. Julv. Crete. 1732. Biennial. — Csere'u (Cserei's). 3. White. June, l8£i. — cylindnfio'ra (cylindrical-flowered). 1. Red. June. Levant. 1824. Biennial, — di'scolor (various-coloured). £. Red. April. Greece. 1817. — diversifo'iia (various-leaved). 1. Purple. June. • 1820. — e'legans (elegant). 1£. White. June. Portugal. 1819. — geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). 1. Purple. June. 1816. — gra'eilis (slender). 1. White. July. 1823. — hi'tpida ;bristiy). 1. Cream. June. Barbary. 1817. — Ihe'rina (Iberian). 1. White. June. Iberia. 1823. — imbricu'ta (imbricated), l£. White. June. N. Africa. 1818. — Jta'lica (Italian), l£. White. May. Italy. 1759. Biennial. — juvena'lia (youthful). 2. White. June. 1835. — la'cera (torn). 1$. White. July. Caucasus. — laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 1. White. June. Spain. 1820. — linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Green, yellow. July. Portugal. 1817. — longicau'lis (long-stemmed). 1. Red. June. Spain. 1818. ~~ Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 1. Pink. June. Portugal. 1732. — tnultiflo'ra (many-flowered). I. White. June. Hungary. 1794. Biennial. — nemoru'tis (grove). 1. White. June. Hungary. 1816. Biennial. — mctifio'ra (night-flowering). 2. Pink, July. England. 47 S. noctu'rna (night). 2. Brown. July. Souta Europe. 1683. — nycta'ntha (night-flowered), lj. Brown. July. 1815. — Oliveria'na (Oliver's). Red. July. Aleppo. 1813. — orchi' dea{orchid-Yike). Rose.June. Levant. 1781. — pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Red. June. Sicily. 1731. — perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1^. Red. June. Levant. 1817- Biennial. — pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. July. France. 1817. — Porte'nsis (Oporto). 1» Pink. July. Por» tugal. 1759. — Psammi'tis (Psammitis). l£. Cream. Juno. 1818. Biennial. — pumi'lio (dwarf). J. Pink. June. Germany. 1823. — quinque-vu'lnera (five-wounded). 1. Blood. July. England. — ramo'sa (branchy). 1. White. July. Barbary. 1820. — ramosi'ssima (branchiest). l£. Rose. June. Candia. Biennial. — reticulata (netted). 1. Rose. July. Bar- bary. 1804. — rube'lla (small-red). $. Flesh. May. Por- tugal. 1735. — sabuleto'rum (gravel-pit). 1. Purple. June.1810. — secundiflo'ra (side-flowering), 1. Purple. June. Spain. 1820. — seri'cea (silky). l£. Pink. July. South Europe. 1801. — *paiAw/a'to(spatulate). J. Purple. June. Cau- casus. 1823. Biennial. — stri'cta (upright). l£. Purple. June. Spain. 1802. — tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June. Hahuria. 1820. — trident a' t a (three-toothed). f . Pink. May. Barbary. 1823. — undulcefo'lia (wavy-leaved). Red. June. Sar- dinia. 1829. — vesperti'na (evening). 2. Rose. July. Brit- tany. 1796. — visco'sa (clammy). 2. White. June. Levant. 1731. Biennial. — owcosiisi'ma (clammiest). 1. June. Naples, 1821. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. Alta'ica(Altaic) , 1 .Yellowish. August.Alfai. 1 831 . — amoe'na (pleasing). 1. White, July. Tartary.l 779. — angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White. July. Europe. 1817. — apri'ca (sunny). Russia. 1837. — azspito'sa (turf y).%. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1822. — campa'nula (he\\-flowered). £. Green, white. July. Piedmont. 1823. — ca'na (hoary). l£. Red. June.. 1824. — Ca'spica (Caspian), f , Pink, June. Caucasus. 1823. — Catesbat'a (Catesby's). 1. Pink. June. Ca- rolina. 1810. — catho'lica (universal), lj. Green, white. Au- gust. Italy. 1711- — chlora/o'lia (chiora-leaved). I. Lilac, yellow. August. Armenia. 1796- — chlora'ntha (pale-flowered). 14. Green, white. July. Germany. 1732. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed)". |. Purple. June. Crete. 1804. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). \. Pink. June. Piedmont. 1819. — CoVs!'ca(Corsican).l. Purple. June Corsica. 1820. — depre'r-ia (depressed). £. White. June. Iberia. 1816. — effu'sa (spreading). 1. White, yellow. July. Volga. 1823. — ela'ta (tall). 3. White. June. Tauria. 1819. — fimbria'ta (fringe-flowered). 2J. White. Juue. Caucasus. 1803. 8a SIL [ 738 ] SIP S.fli.oe'scent (yellowish). 1. Yellow. June. Hungary. 1801. — glaucifu'iia (milky- green-leaved). $. Red. June. Spain. 1820. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 2. White. June. Altai. 1819. — gypso'phila (chalk-loving).|.White.June.l822. — Hispa'nica (Spanish). $. Red. June.Spain. 18 19. — infia'ta (inflated). I. White. July. Britain. hirsu'ta (hairy). White. Britain. — infra'cta (broken)* White. July.Hungary.1800. — laciniu'ta (cut-petaled). 14- Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 1823. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. White. July. Barbary. 1817- — longifio'ra (long-flowered), 14. Lilac, purple. August. Hungary. 1793. — mari'tima (sea). |. White. August. Britain. flo're-ple'tto (double-flowered). 1. White. August. England. — tnolli'ssima (softest). l.Pink.August. Italy. 1/39. — ocymoi'des (basil-like). 1. April. 1823. — ova'ta (egg-leaved). 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1820. — parado'xa (paradoxical). 1. Pink. July. Europe. — parnifu'lia (small-leaved). 14. Pink. June. 1817- — />a'ry loam, and a little peat. Winter temp., 53° to 6o° ; summer, 60° to 85°. S. c&spito'sa (turfy). Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1827. Skirret. (Si'um sisa'rum.) Sow at the end of March, or early in April, in drills a quarter of an inch deep, and twelve inches apart. Thin the plants to twelve inches apart. In autumn they will be fit for use like parsnips. By Offsets. — Old roots throw off these in the spring, when they may be slipped off, and planted in rows a foot apart each way. Soil. — A light, rich loam is best, trenched, .with a little manure dug in with the bottom spit. To save Seed, let a few of the old roots run up in spring ; they ripen their seed in the autumn. Skull-cap. Scutellaria. Sllmy Grub. See Selaxt>ria. SLiPPERWORr. See Calceola'rla. Slips are young shoots torn off from the parent plant, so that they have a heel of older wood attached to them. {See Cuttings for culture.) Slips, also, is the name applied to the side beds of the kitchen, not immediately in contact ■with the walls or fences. Sloe-tree. Pru'nus spino'sa. Slugs are of many species, and the smaller are much more injurious to the gardener than those of a larger size, hecause they are much less discernible, and, their ravages being more gradual, are not at once detected. They are effectually destroyed by either salt or lime ; and to secure the contact of these with their bodies, it is best first to water the soil where they harbour with lime-water in the evening when they are coming out to feed, sprinkling the surface at the same time with dry lime, and at the end of a week applying a surface - dressing of salt, at the rate of five bushels per acre. If cabbage-leaves are spread upon the surface: of land infested by slug? they will resort to their under sides, and thus they may be trapped; but lime and salt are most efficacious. Lime-water; may be poured over wall-trees infested with them, and they may he syringed with it as well as with water in which gas liquor has been mixed, about half a pint to a gallon. If lime be sprinkled along the top and at the base of the wall, renewing it weekly, the slugs cannot get to the trees. Fresh brewers' grains, placed in small heaps, are good traps for them ; and frequent earth-stirring helps to banish them. Ssieathma'nnia. ( Named after Smeath- tnann, an African traveller. Nat. ord., Passionworts [Passifloracese]. Linn., 13- Polyandria 6-Polygynia.) Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from Sierra Leone. Cuttings of ripened shoots, or short, stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibryloam, and lumpy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 6c° to 85°. S. larien'ta (smooth-/eap«d). 6. February. 1823. — pube'scens (downy). 10. February. Smtlaci'na. (Diminutive of Smilav, from smile, a scraper; referring to the rough stems. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili- acese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria \-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous, white-flowered, and from North America, except where otherwise specified. Divisions in spring ; common, light soil. S. bi/t/lia (two-leaved). $. Mav. North Europe. 1596. — borca'lis (northern). I. Yellow. May. 1/87. — Canade'nsis (Canadian). $. June. 1812. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). $. May. 1823. — racemo'sa (racemed). 1. Pale yellow. May. 1610. — ramo'sn (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. May Siberia. 1820. — ttelWta (starred). 4. Mar. 1633. — trifo'lia (three-leaved). ±. June. 1812. — umbella'ta (umbtUed). J. May. 17/8. Saii'lax. (From smile, a scraper; rough, prickly stems. Nat. ord., Sarsapari/las [Smilaceae]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 6-Hex- andria.) Sarsaparilla is the produce of many species of Smilax. There are many species, but only the following require our notice, which have whitish- green flowers. Suckers from the roots ; sandy, rich loam, and a little peat. They are evergreen climbers, seldom flowering. One of the most beautiful is ru'bens, from the red colour of its tendrils. The species from China should have the protection of a cold pit or a wall. S. Chi'na (China). 6. China. 1759. — ru'bens (red). 6. Ju'y. N. Amer. 1812. — sagittaft/lia (arrow-leaved). 1J. September. China. 1820. — sarsvpuri'llu (sarsaparilla). 4. Julv. N. Amer. I«4. — Walterii (Walter's). Virginia. — Watso'ni (Watson's). 4. Julv. N. Amer. 1911 SNA C Wl ] SOI Snails. See Slugs. Snail Flower. Phase'olus caraca'lla. Snake Gourd. Irichosa'nlhes. Snake Boot. Aristolo' chia serpenta'ria. Snake Wood. Brosimum Aubletii. Snapdragon. Antirrhi'num and Sile'ne antirrhi'na. Sneezewort. Achille'a Pta'rmica. Snow is one of the' gardener's best shelters, and should never be removed from his out-door crops. It prevents heat from radiating from them ; protects them from freezing, drying blasts, and, being a bad conductor of heat, thus pre- vents its escape from them. We have never known the surface of the earth, below a covering of snow, colder than 32°, even when the temperature of the air above has been 28°. Snowball-tree. Vibu'rnum o'pulus. Snowberry. Chioco'cca. Snowdrop. Ane'mone sylve'stris and Gala'nthits. Snowdrop-tree. Hale'sia. Snowflake. Leuco'jum. Soap-boiler's Ashes. See Ashes. Soapwort. Sapona'ria. Sobra'lia. (Named after F. M. Sobral, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria.) Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. S, chhra'ntha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. June. Brazil. — deco'ra (comely). Various. July. Guatimala. 1836. — dicho'toma (two-ranked). Rose, purple. March. Peru. — lilia'strum (lily-flowered). White. July. Guiana. 1840. — macra'ntha (large-flowered). 6. Crimson. September. Guatimala. 1842. sple'ndens (splendid). 3. Crimson. Sep- tember. Guatimala! 1846. * — se'ssilis (stalkless). Pink. December. Peru. 1840. — viola'cea (violet). Violet, white. July. Merida. Soil. However varying in the propor- tions, yet every soil is composed of silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, salts, and animal and vegetable remains. A fertile soil is one which contains such a proportion of decomposing matter and of moisture as to keep the crop growing upon it always supplied with food in a state fit for the roots to absorb, yet not so superabundantly as to render the plants too luxuriant, if the object in view is the production of seed ; but for the production of those plants whose foliage is the part in request, as spinach, or of edible bulbous roots, as onions, which have a small expanse of leaves, so as to be almost entirely dependent upon the soil for nourishment, there caii scarcely be an excess of decomposed matter presented to their roots. A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay, is the best, if not abounding in oxide of iron; for clay alone retains the moisture on the arable surface in too great an excess ; and sand or chalk, on the con- trary, carries it away too rapidly. It is, however, evident, that to insure these desiderata in any soil, at all seasons, is impossible ; and it is manifest that a soil that would do so in one climate would fail in another, if the mean annual temperature of them should differ, as well as the amount in inches of rain which falls during the same period. Thus, in the western parts of England, more than twice as much rain occurs as in the most eastern counties, or in the propor- tion of forty-two to nineteen. A soil in the east of England, for any given crop, therefore, may be richer and more tena- cious than the soil required for it on the western coast. Alumina (clay) imparts tenacity to a soil when applied; silica (sand) dimi- nishes that power ; whilst chalk and lime have an intermediate effect. They render heavy soils more friable, light soils more retentive. These simple facts are impor- tant; two neighbouring gardens, by an interchange of soils, being often rendered fertile, which before were in the extremes of tenacity and porosity. In affording warmth to plants, the earth is of considerable importance, and the power of accumulating and retaining heat varies as much in soils as the proportions of their constituents. Sir Humphry Davy found that a rich black mould, containing one-fourth of vegetable matter, had its temperature increased, in an hour, from 65° to 88° by exposure to the sunshine, whilst a chalk soil was heated only to 69° under similar circum- stances. But the first, when removed into the shade, cooled in half an hour 15°; whereas the latter lost only 4°. This explains why the crops on light- coloured, tenacious soils are in general so much more backward in spring, but are retained longer in verdure, during autumn, than those on black, light soils ; the latter attain a genial warmth the more readily, but part from it with equal speed. SOI [ 742 ] SOL The quantity of soluble matter obtain- able from a soil at any one time is very small, seldom exceeding a one-thousandth part of its weight ; and even pure vege- table mould, the debris of entirely putre- fied plants, was found by Saussure to yield only ene-eleventh of soluble matter. This mould was too rich for horticultural purposes, peas and beans grown in it being too luxuriant ; and they were more productive in a soil containing only one- twentieth of organic constituents dissolv- able by water. Small in amount, how- ever, as are the soluble constituents of the most fertile soils, they are necessary for the vigorous vegetation of plants ; for •when a soil is deprived of those consti- tuents by frequent washings with boiling water, it is much less fertile than before. Liebig and others have mosyillogically concluded, from the smallness of the soluble extract contained in a soil, that it is of small importance, forgetting that as fast as it is taken by the roots of the crop, it is generated again by the decom- position of the animal and vegetable re- mains. This is one reason why fallowing is beneficial. Easily decomposing matters have been exhausted by successive crops ; and by a year's rest, and exposure to the putrefactive agency of the air, the more stubborn and more slowly decomposing matters have time to decay and accumu- late in the soil. Soiling-tjp. See Basining-tjp and Earthing-up. So'ja. (From sooja, the name of a sauce made from the seeds in Japan. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacesej. Linn., ] 7-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Dolichos.) CI nbing annual. Seeds in May, in the open border, or in a slight hotbed in April, and trans- planted. S. hi'spida (bristly). 3. Violet. July. E. Ind. 1790. Sola'ndra. (Named after Dr. Solander, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Night- shades [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from flower- ing shoots in open, sandy loam, and in a brisk bottom-heat ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and dried nodules of old cow-dung. 'Winter temp., 80° to 60°, and almost dry ; summer, 60° to 90°, tmd plenty of moisture when growing. S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. Pale yellow. May. Jamaica. 1781. Climber. — guita'ta (spotted-flowered). 12. Pale yellow. Mexico. 1830. — la'nis (smooth-leaved). 2. White. October. — ni'tida (shining). 20. Yellowish-white. E. Ind. S. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 10. White Ceylon. 1820. — viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 3. Green. $ Amer. 1815. Sola'ntjm. Nightshade. (From solor, to comfort ; soothing narcotic effect. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanaceoe] Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) All freely by seeds. Annuals, hardy, seeds in the open air; teuder, in a hotbed, and trans- planted in June ; herbaceous, by similar means, and division ; shrubby, by similar modes, and cuttings under a bell glass, and requiring the protection of a house and temperature, in pro- portion to the place of which they are natives. See Potato. HARDY ANNUALS. S. Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). 1 j. White. Aw gust. Ethiopia. 1597- — Fontanesia'nwn (Fontaine's). Yellow. Au- gust. Brazil. 1813. — hetera'ndrum (various-stamened). Yellow. July. Missouri. 183". — heterodo'xum (heterodox). Blue. July. Mexico. 1820. — ni'grum (black-6erWed).3.White.July.Britain. melanoce'rasum (black cherrv).'2. White. July. Virginia. 1820. — obtusi/u'lium (blunt-leaved). August. 1831. — rostra'tum (beaked). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1823. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. cardiophy'llum (heart-leaved). 1. Cream. June. Mexico. 1846. Tuberous. — cri'spum (curled;. 18. Blue. June. Chili. 1824. Evergreen. — demi'ssum (humble). 1$. June. Mexico. 1846. Tuberous. — etubero'sum (tuberless). 2. Purple. June. Chili. 1833. — tubero'sum (tuberous. Potato). 2. White. July. Peru. 1597. GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. S.fusca'tum (dusky). l£. Scarlet. June. S. Amer. 1817. — melonge'na (egg-plant). Violet. June. E. Ind. 1597. ovi'gerum (egg-bearing). 2. Blue. June. Africa. 1 597. fru'ctu-a'lbo (white fruited). 2. Blue. June. Tropics. 1597. fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-fruited). 2. Blue. June. Tropics. 1597. fru'etu-ru'bro (red-fruited). 2. Blue. June. Tropics. 1597. fru'ctu-viola'ceo (violet-fruited), 2. Blue. June. Tropics. 1597. escule'ntum (eatable). Blue. August. E. Ind. 1815. — pu'ngens (stinging). Blue, violet. June. N, Holland. iigula'tum(angu\zr).4. White. July. Lima. 1825. — arbo'reum (tree).40.White.June.Cumana.l819. — auricula'tum (ear-leaved). 4. Violet. Mada- gascar. 1773. — beta'ceum (beet-leaved). 4. Pink. June. S. Amer. 1803. — Bonarie'nse (Buenos Ayres). 10. White. July. Buenos Ayres. 172". — Brasilia' num (Brazilian). 2. June. Brazil. 1820. — coria'ceum (leathery). 4. Purple, white. July. Mexico. 1820. — corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. Violet. July. Peru. 1786. — ela'tum (tall). 6. White. June. 1820. —fra'grans (fragrant). 14. Green. June. Brazil. 1835. — glutino'sum (clammy). 4. Blue. June. 1810. — Havane'nse (Havannah). 6. Blue. July. W. Ind. 1793. — hi'rtum (shaggv). 2. White. June. Tri- nidad. 1821. — hy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Purple, blue. June. Guinea. 1815. — i'gneum (fiery-spined). 3. White. July. S. Amer. 1714. — incu'num (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Ceylon. 1823. — l'ndicum (Indian). 6. Purple. Ju'lv. India. 1/32. — Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 4. White. June. Jamaica. 1818. — lanceafa'lium (lance-leaved). 10. White. July. W. Ind. 1816. — lunceola'tum (spear-hend-leaved). 7. Pale blue. June. Mexico. 1800. — laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 8. June. S. Amer. • 1820. — longijio'rum (long-flowered). 3. Violet. July. Cayenne. 1823. — macru'nthum (large-flowered). 12. Pale lilac. Brazil. — melano'.rylum (black-wooded). 3. White. June. 1821. — Mexicu'num (Mexican). 3. Violet. June. Mexico. 1825. — mo'lle (soft). 5. Purple. July. Trinidad. 1817. — murica'tum (prickly). 3. Violet. July. Peru. 1785. — myriaca'nthum (many-spined). 3. Purple. July. 1822, — negle'ctum (neglected). 4. Violet. June. W. Ind. 1824. — pyraca'ntha ( fire-thorn). 4. Purple. August. Madagascar. 1789. ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. Purple. Sep- tember. Madagascar. 1789. — Seaforthia'num (Seatorth's). 20. Pink. Au- gust. Barbadoes. 1804. Climber. — subine'rme (half-unarmed). 7. Blue. July. W. Ind. 1752. — te'etum (covered). 3. Yellow.June. Mexico. 1823. — tego're (grim). 2. Blue. Guiana. 1S22. — tomento'sum (woolly). 2. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1662. — trique'trum (three-cornered). 2. White. June. New Spain. 1820. — tri'ste (sad). 6. Violet. June. W. Ind. 1820. — umbro'sum (shady). 2. White. June. Tri- nidad. 1825. — verbascifo'tium (mullein-leaved). 7. White. June. W. Ind. 1748. 3. Violet. 1772. Deep lilac. 3. Purple. Blue. Au- S. viola'ceum (violet). 4. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1817. — volu'bile (twining). 8. Blue. June. W.Ind. 1823^ GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. S. aculeati'ssimum (prickliest). 3. Pale blua. May. S. Amer. 1816. — Brt/Ai'sii(Balbis's).4. Blue. July. S. Amer. 18lC. bipinna'tum (two-leafleted). Blue. June. Buenos Ayres. 1840. — Bro'wnii (Brown's). 3. Violet. July. N. S. Wales. 1820. — coa'gulans (curdling). 3. Purple. July. Arabia. 1802. — elccagnifo'lium (oleaster-leaved). 6. Blue. June. Chili. 1823. — ftave'scens (yellowish). 3. Blue. June. Tri. nidad. I826. —fu'gax (fleeting). 5. White.June.Caraccas.18l6. — gigante'um (giant). 15. Violet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1792. — lacinia'tum. (cut-leaved). 3. Violet. July. N. Holland. 1772. herba'ceum (herbaceous). July. Van Diemen's Land. — ligustri'num (privet-leaved). 5. June. Chili. 1831. — macra'ntherum (large-anthered). August. Mexico. 1838. — macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 1. gust. Peru. 1759. — margina'tum (white-edgeil). 4. Purple. July. Africa. 1775. — JtfJ'WeW (Miller's). 3. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1762. — myrtifo' Hum (myrtle-leaved). Blue. — pseu'do-ca'psicum (bastard-capsicum). i. White. July. Madeira. 1596. — pubi'gerum (downy).White.June. Mexico. 1818. — ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Purple. Peru. 1771. — rige'seens (stiff), lj. Violet. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — Ro'ssii (Ross's). Pale blue. Mexico. — runcina 1 turn (runcinate-Zeaued). 3. Violet. September. Chili. 1831. — sa'nctum (holy). 3. Purple. June. Egypt. 1818. — sapona'ceum (soapy). 4. White. July. Chili. 1S25. — sinua'tum (scolloped-teat-ed). 2*. Bluish. July. 1815. — Sndo'7neum(Sodom). 3. VioIet.June. Africa. 1688. — Stella' turn (starred). 6. Blue. June. 1805. — stelli'gerum (star-bearing). 3. Pale purple. July. N. Holland. 1823. — slramonifu'lium (stramonium-leaved). 6. Purple. July. E Ind. 1778. — vesperti'lio (bat). Blue. June. Canaries. 1779. — vesti'tum (clothed). 6. White. October. Mexico. Soldane'lla. (A diminutive of solidus, a shilling; shape of the leaves. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primulacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to tho American Cowslip.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flow- ered, and blooming in April, except where other- wise mentioned. Seeds and division of the plant in spring ; peat and loam ; front of a sheltered peat-border, or treated as alpine plants, protected from severe frosts and heavy rains in winter; mi'nima and pusi'lla, at least, require this pro tection. S. affi'nis (related). $. Switzerland. — alpi'na (alpine). $. Switzerland. 1656. — Ctu'sii (Clusius's). J. Germany. — crena'ta (scolloped). J. — mi'nima (least). J. Blue. Switzerland 1833. SOL [ 744] SOO $. mi'nima a'lba (white-flowered). %. Bluish. May. Switzerland. — monta'nu (mountain). $. Bohemia. 1816. — pusi'lla (weak). 4. Blue. Switzerland. 1820. Soldier-wood. I'nya purpu'rca. So'lea. See Yi'ola. Soleni'dium. (From solen, a tube. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orcliidacem]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to IBrassia.) Stove orchid, grown on a block. See Orchids. S. racemo'sum (racemed). Yellow, red. No- vember. Pamplona. Solida'go. Golden Rod. (From soli- dare, to unite; supposed healing proper- ties. Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracese]. Linn., ld-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.) Hardy herbaceous perennials, all yellow-flow- ered, and all from North America, where not otherwise noticed. Divisions of the plant in spring ; common soil. Showy at the back of herbaceous borders, or the back rows of herba- ceous plants in the front of shrubberies. S. alpetstris (rock). 1$. August. Hungary. 1816. — ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. July. 1759. — ungustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. September. — anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. September. 1815. — arena'ria (sand). 14. July. South Europe. 1816. — a'spera (rough-leaved). 3. September. 1/32. — cte'sia (erey). 2. September. 1732. — Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. August. 1648. — cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 3. August. 1811. — decu'rrens (decurrcnt). 1. September. China. 1823. — ela'ta (tall. Hairy). 1. September. 1811. — elti'ptica (ova\-leaved). 3. August. 1/59. — ere'eta (upright). 3. September. — fra'grans (fragrant). 3. August. — gigante'a (gigantic). 6. August. 1/58. — glomera'ta (crowded). 3. September. 1820. — graminifu'lia (grass-leaved). 3. September. 1/58. — hu'milis (humble). 1. July. 1811. — Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 3. September. 1609. — lateriflora (lateral-flowered). 3. August. 1/58. — latifii'lin (broad-leaved). 14,. September. 1/25. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. September. — Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. September. 1683. — minu'ta (minute), j. July. Pyrenees. 1//2. — multiradia'ta (many - rayed). $. July. La- brador. 17"6. — nemora'lis (grove). 1$. September. 1769. — Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 1. July. Nepaul. — Noveborace'nsis (New York). 3. September. — nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 1. July. South Europe. 1820. — odo'ra (sweet-smelling). 3. July. 1699. — pa'tula (spreading). 2. September. 1805. — paucifloscuto'sa (f e w-floreted) . 2. September. 1811. — polifu'tia (polium-leaved). 3. September. 1826. — pro'cera (tall). 6. September. 1758. — pube'rula (slightly-downy). 2. September. — pulverule'nta (powdered). 3. August. — pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 2. September. 1790. — recurva'ta (curled-back). 2. October. — refle'xa (bent-back-Zeaued). 3. August. 1758. — ri'gida (stiff -leaved) . 3. September. 1/10. — sea/bra (scurfy . 3. August. 1811. — semperni'rens (evergreen). 5. September. 1699. — seru'tina (lute-flowering). 4. July. 1/58. — si'mplex (simple-stemmed). I. 1826. — specio'sa (showy). 4. October. 1817. IS. squarro'sa (spreading). 3. September. — stri'cla (uprieht). 3. September. 1758. — tenuifo'lia (rine-leaved). 2. October. 1758. — villo'sa (shagiry). 3. Aucust. 1732. I — vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. September. 1759. — virga'ta (rod-like). 2. September. 1800. So'llya. (Named after E. H. Solly, a naturalist. Nat. ord., Pittosporads [Pittosporaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) Greenhouse, blue-flowered, evergreen climbers from Australia. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in April ; cuttings then of young shoots a littk firm at the base, in sand, under a b<"ll-glass, and placed in a cold pit, when the night temperature does not exceed from 45° to 50° ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. Most of them would succeed against a conservative wail. S. angustifo'lin (narrcw-leaved). 8. July. 1823. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 5. July. 1830. — linea'ris (naxroix -leaved). 5. — sulicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Solomon's Seal. Poly yona' turn. Soneri'la. (From Soneri-ila, the Javanese name. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1- Monoyynia. Alliance near Bertolonia.) Stove annual. Seed in a gentle hotbed, in March, potted off, and bloomed in greenhouse or stove ; sandy peat. S. stri'ct a (upright). 3. Rose. May. Java. 1848. " Sonnera'tia. (Named after M. Son- nerat, a botanical traveller. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn., 12- Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Pomegranate.) Stove evergreen shrubs, from the East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, taken off with a heel, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a mild hotbed in May ; fibry loam, turfy peat, a little sand, and dried old cow-dur.g. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. S. a'cida (sour). Bed. June. 1822. — a'lba (white). White. May. 1824. — ape'tala (petal-less;. White. June. 1S26. Soot is the volatilized unconsumed portion of common coal. It is thus con- stituted :— Charcoal, 371 ; salts of am- monia, 426 ; salts of potash and soda. 24 ; oxide of iron, 50 ; silica, 65 ; alu- mina, 31 ; sulphate of lime, 31; carbo- nate of magnesia, 2. It is an excellent manure for peas, onions, carrots, and probably all garden crops. An excellent liquid-manure is soot mixed with rain- water, in the proportion of one table- spoonful of soot to a quart of water, for plants in pots ; but for asparagus, peas, &c, six quarts of soot to a hogshead of water. It' must never be applied to plants in a state of rest. It succeeds admirably with bulbs. See Liquid-ma- nures. SOP I 745 ] SOW Sopho'ra. (From the Arabic name, Sophera, of a leguminous tree. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous kinds by divisions in spring ; otove and greenhouse species, by cuttings of half- ripened shoots under a bell-glass, in sand, and grown in peat and loam. The hardy kinds, such as Japo'nica and its varieties, are very ornamental trees on a lawn, but should be grown in poor soil north of London, that the annual growth may be well ripened; propagated by imported seeds, by cuttings of the roots, and layers ; its varieties by grafting. Pe'ndula is extremely graceful and fast growing. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. alopecuroi'des (fox-tail-grass-like). 4. Yel- low. July. Levant. — flave'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1785. — galegoi'des (galega-like). 2. Yellow. June. . Siberia. 1817. HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES. S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30, White. August. China. 1?63. — Japo'nica (Japanese). 40. White. August. Japan. 1763. fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 14. White. August. Japan. — ——pe'ndula (drooping). 12. White. Au- gust. Japan. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. S. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. Yellow. April. Chili. 1822. — veluti'na (velvety). 6. Pink. June. Nepaul. STOVE EVERGREENS. S. glau'ca (milky-green). 7. Purple. E. Ind, 1818. — tomento'sa (downy). 5. Yellow. Brazil. Sophroni'tis. (From sophrona, mo- dest; referring to the pretty little flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., '20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Dinema.) Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHins. S. ce'rnua (drooping). \. Red. June. Rio Janeiro. 1827. — grandifio'ra (large-flowered). $. Red. Organ Mountains. 1837. — pteroca'rpa (wing-fruited). Red. Guatimala. 1842. — viola'cea (violet-coloured). Violet. February. Mexico. 1838. Soroce'phalus. (From soros, a heap, and kephale, a head ; clustered head of flowers. Nat. ord., Protends [ProteaceseJ. Linn., k-Telrandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened young shoots in sand, under a hand-light, either in spring or autumn ; may be hastened, after the base has swelled, with a little bottom-heat ; sandy, libry loam, and a little peat and broken freestone, carefully drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. iS. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. June. 1803. — imhe'rfiis (beardless). 3. July. 1806. — imbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. June. 1794. — lana'ta (woolly). 2. August. 1790. r~ seta'cea (bristly). 2. July. 1823. S. spalalloi'des (spatalla-like). S. July. 1803. — tenuifu'lia (slender-leaved). 3. July. 1802. Sorrels. These are O'xalis acctose'lla, Wood Sorrel; Ru'mex aceto'sa, Garden Sorrel; M. scuta'tus, French or Roman Sorrel. They thrive best in any light, rich garden-soil. The Ituniexes are propagated by seed, and all of them by parting the roots, both which modes may be practised from the middle of February until the same period in May, and by parting the roots in Sep- tember and October. Sow in drills, six or eight inches apart, and a quarter-inch in depth. When two or three inches high, the seedlings should be thinned to three or four inches apart. In Septem- ber or October, or in the March and April of the succeeding year, they may be removed into their final stations, in rows twelve inches apart each way, or, if the French, eighteen inches. When divisions of the root are em- ployed, they must be set at once where they are to remain, at the final distances above mentioned. In summer, the stalks must be cut down, to encourage the pro- duction of leaves. In autumn and spring the surface of the ground should be gently stirred, and a little manure turned in. To obtain Seed. — Some plants must not be gathered from, but be allowed to ruH up unchecked. They flower in the course of June, July, and August, perfecting their seed in autumn. Wood Sorrel does not produce seed. Sorrel-tree. Andro'meda arbo'rea. Soula'ngia. (Named after Soulange Bodin, a French nurseryman. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [PJiamnaceas]. Linn.,5-Pe?i- tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Phylica.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy, fibry peat, and a few bits of charcoal, to keep it open. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Should be tried against a wall, as, in the open air, in dry places and mild situations, Phy'lica ericoi'des standa the winter uninjured. The Soulangias were once united with the Phylicas. S. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Purple, yellow. May. 1789. — dioi'ca (dicecious). 3. July. J817. — myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. Dark yellow.l81b. — ru'bra (red). 3. Red. December. 1827- — thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 3. White.June. 1824. Sowerbje'a. ( Named after Mr. Sowerby, an eminent botanical artist. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaeese]. Linn.,6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.) Half-hardy, pink-flowered, herbaceous pereoi sou [746] SPA nials, from New South Wales. Division* of the plant in spring; loam and sandy peat, or old leaf-mould. Require the protection of a cold pit in winter, and to be kept dryish. S. ju'ncen (rush-ieared). ]. May. 1792. — laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). l.'June. 183C. Sour is a term applied to wet lands producing acid weeds, such as Sorrel; but it is also appropriate because such lands contain Gallic and other acid com- pounds, unfriendly to cultivated plants. SoUR-SOP. Ano'na murica'ta. Southernwood. Artemi'sia ahro'lanum. South Sea Tea. J'lex vomito'ria. Sowing. (-See Germination.) In ad- dition, a few practical directions may be given. Let all sowing be done in drills. For small seeds, such as lettuce, cab- bage, &c, the drills may be sunk by pressing the handle of the hoe into freshly-dug soil ; bat for larger seeds, as parsnips, beet, and onions, the drills must be struck with the hoe. Almost all sowing should be performed in dry weather, more particularly all early sow- ing in winter and spring; but in hot weather, in summer and autumn, it may often be eligible to take advantage of sowing immediately after a shower of moderate rain. The drills being at some distance from one another, not only admit the sun, air, and rain more effectually to the plants, and give them a greater scope than such as are sown broadcast, but admit more readily the hoe between the drills to cut down weeds and loosen the soil. The general method of forming drills for the reception of seeds is with a com- mon drawing-hoe, sometimes with a large hoe, and sometimes a middling or small hoe, according to the size of the drill required, and the size and nature of the seeds ; drawing the drill sometimes with the corner of the hoe, especially for larger seeds, and sometimes with the edge of the hoe flatwise, or horizontally. Large seeds, such as peas, kidney beans, many of the nut kinds, and other large seeds, both of trees, shrubs, and herba- ceous plants, require a deep angular drill, drawn with the corner of the hoe, turning the face or edge close to the line, and drawing the drill along with an angular bottom evenly the depth required, the earth remaining close along the side of the drill, ready for turning in aprain over the seeds; but where flat or shallow drills are required for smaller seeds, it may, in many cases, be more eligible to draw the drill with the hoe flatwise, hold- ing the edge in a horizontal position. Bedding-in Sowing. — In this method, the ground being dug and formed in four or five feet wide beds, with alleys a spade width or more between bed and bed, and the earth being drawn off the top of the bed with a rake or spade, half an inch or an inch deep into the alleys, the seed is then sown all over the surface of the bed, which being done, the earth in the alleys is immediately drawn or cast over the bed, again covering the seeds the same depth, and the surface is raked smooth. The method of bedding-in sowing by sifting is sometimes practised for very small or light seeds of a more delicate nature, that require a very light covering of earth when sown. In order to bury them as shallow as possible, cover them in by sifting fine earth over them out of a wire sieve. Soy. See So'ja. Spade. This most important of the gardener's tools varies in its form and size. The Common Digging Spade is of the largest size, being generally from fourteen to sixteen inches long in the plate, and nine or ten broad, narrowing half an inch to the bottom. The Mid- dling Spade is about a foot long in the plate, and seven or eight inches broad, and is useful in digging any narrow com- partments and between rows of small plants; also in flower-beds and borders, and in stirring and fresh earthing the surface of beds occasionally between close-placed plants of long standing; planting and transplanting many sorts, both in the ground and in the pots. The Small Spade.— Size ten or twelve inches long in the plate, and five or six wide. It is convenient in pointing-up or slight digging, and fresh earthing the surface between close rows of smallplants, in beds and borders, &c, where neither of the two former spades can be readily introduced; likewise in planting and potting many sorts of small plants, tak- ing up small roots, and for other light purposes. Proper garden spades have the plate wholly of iron, not above a quarter of an inch thick upwards, grow- ing gradually thinner from the middle downward, the tree or handle being gene- rally of ash, about two feet and a half long and an inch and a half thick, with a firm, open handle at top, formed out of the solid wood, just big enough to admit SPA [ 747 ] SPA of taking ready hold, one hand at top fc.nd the other below, and with an iron rivet through it to prevent it splitting. Semicircular or Scooped Spade has the plate made semicircular, like a garden trowel, and is very useful in talung up plants with balls of earth, to preserve them more firmly about the roots. Foster, of Stourbridge, and Lyddon, of Birming- ham, make very improved spades, wear- ing with a good edge throughout. Spado'styles. (Derivation not ex- plained. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 10 -Decandria 1-Mo- nogynia. Allied to Pultensea.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For culture, tee Pdltenzs'a. S. Sie'beri (Sieber's). 2. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 1821. Spanish Broom. Spa'rtium ju'nceum. Spanish Gaelic. See Rocambole. Spanish Nut. Mom' a sisyri'nchium. Spanish Viper's Grass. Scorzone'ra. Spara'xis. (From sparasso, to tear; lacerated spathes. Nat. ord., irids [Irid- aceae], Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.) Pretty little bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. For culture, see I'xia. S. unemoniflo'ra (anemone-flowered). |. White. June. 1825. — bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Blue, yellow. March. 178G. — bla'nda (pleasing). Pink. May. 1811. — bulln'ftra (bulb-bearing). J. Violet. May. 1758. -fru'grans (sweet-scented). J. Yellow. June. 1825. ~- grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). #. Purple. April. 1758. ' lilia'go (\\\y-flowered). f. White. April. 1758. stria'ta (streaked). $. Variegated. April. 1758. — lineata (pmft-lined). £. White, pink. April. — pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Dark pink. June. 1825. — stellu'ris (starry -flowered). 1. Purple. June. 1S36. — tri'color (three-coloured). 1. Orange. May. 17S9. ro'seo-a'lha (red and white). 1. Pink. April. 1811. sar.gui'neo-purpu'rea (bloody-purple). 1. Red. April. 1811. — viola'ceo-purpu'reu (violet-purple). Vio- let, purple. April. 1811. — versicolor (parti-coloured). 4. Purple, yellow. September. 1825. — Wa'Uii (Watt's). Violet, lemon-streaked. August. Sparma'nnia. (Named after A. Spar- mann, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tiliacese]. Linn., 13- Polyandria 1-Monogynia.) A fine old greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cut- tings of young shoots in April ; loam and a little peat. Winter temp. 38° to 48°. S.Africa'na (African). 10. White. May. Capeo! Good Hope. 1790., Spa'rtium. Spanish Broom. (From sparton, cordage; alluding to the flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6- Dccandria. Allied to Genista.) Hardy herbaceous, yellow- flowered shrubs. Generally by seeds, but cuttings will strike freely in summer under a hand-light ; and this is the best mo.iefor securing a particular variety. They should be planted out young, or be frequently moved, as they make long, naked stems ; common, light soil. S. acvtifo'lium (sharp-leaved). 6. August. Turkey. — ju'nceum (tush-leaved). 6. August. South F.urope. 1548. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. August. South Europe. 1548. odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). <. July. Persia. 1834. Spartotha'mnus. (From sparlon, cord- age, and thamnos, a shrub; its flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myopora- ceae]. Linn., 14 -D id ynamia 2-Angio- spermia.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. S.ju'nceus (rushy). 3. White. August. Aus- tralia. 1819. Spatala'nthus. (From spaialos, deli- cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceaej. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 1-Triandria. Allied to Trichonema.) A very rare and delicate Cape bulb, requiring one-half sand and one-half good, turfy peat, in a weil-drained pot, after the manner of Iiias. S.specio'sus (showy). $. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. Spata'lla. (From spatall, wantonness ; application not obvious. Nat. ord., Pro- teads [Proteacese]. Linn., 'L-Telrandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept cool ; sandy, fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal and freestone ; drainage and watering very particularly- attended to. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Pots defended from sun in summer. S. bractea'ta (bracted). 3. June. 1800. — brevi/o'lia (short-leaved). 1$. July. 1823. — cauda'ta (tailed). 2. June. 1812. — incu'ma (curled-in-/eafed). 2J. May. 1789- — mo'llis (soft). 2. June. 1826. — ni'nea (white). 2. June. '1806. — peduncula'ta (long - flower - stalked). April. 1822. — proli'fera (proliferous), lj. July. 1800. — pyrumidalis (pyramidal). June. 1821. — ramulo'sa (twiggy-branched). 3. August. 1787. — TAunAe'r^u(Thunberg's). 3. May. 1806. Spathe'lia. (From spathe, a sheath, or spathe, as in the Palm-tree ; resem- SPA t 748] SPH blance. Nat. ori., Xajithoxyls [Xanthoxyl- aceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria S-Trigynia. Allied to Ailanthus.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shooti in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. S. si'mplex (simple). 40. Red. Jamaica. 1778. Spathjca'rpa. (From spathe, a sheath, or spathe, and karpos, a fruit; the spadix, or flower-stem, fruiting in the sheath. Nat. ord., Jrads [Araceae]. Linn., 21- Moncecia 7-Heptandria. Allied to Cala- dium.) Stove herbaceous perennial. Division of the f>lant ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°. 8. hastifoWa (halbert-leaved). White. July. S. Amer. Spatho'dea. (From spathe, a sheath ; sheath, or spathe-like calyx. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniaceae]. Linn., 14- Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.) Cuttings of side-shoots, three or four inches in length, taken off with a heel, u growth is pro- ceeding, in spring, inserted thinly in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, •*0° to 80°. STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 5. fraxinifu'lia (ash-leaved). 10. Caraccas. 1822. — unca'ta (hooked). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 180i. STOVE EVERGREEN TREES. S. eorymbo'sa (corymbed). 6. Yellow. Trinidad. 1824. — ht'ois (smooth). 12. Purple. Guinea. 182S. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 12. Red. E. iDd. 1816. — pentafndra (five-anthered). 20. Yellowish. June. India. — Rhee'dii (Rheede's). 16. Cream. E. Ind. 1794. — Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 12. Pink. E. Ind. 1820. Spathoglo'ttis. (From spathe, a sheath, and glottis, a tongue. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynan- dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Bletia. ) Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Okchids. S.Fu'rtuni (Fortune's). |. Yellow. August. Hong Kong. 1844. — pliea'ta (plaited). Purple. Penang. 1843. Spawn is the white, thready matter produced in the soil hy Mushrooms, and by which they are propagated. It is doubtful whether it arises from their seed, or whether it is a mass of under-ground runners. See Mushroom. Specula'ria. (From the ancient name, Spe'culum Vcne'ris, or Venus's Looking- glass. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanula- cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Annuals and all others, by seeds in pans, in a bed, under glass, in March and April ; division of the herbaceous kinds m spring, ana cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer; cuttings of shrubby kinds under a glass, in sandy soil, in April ; sandy loam, with a little peat, or reduced dried leaf- mould, for shrubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. S. diffu'suM (spreading). Blue. August. C*.p< of Good Hope. 1/87. — /rutieo'sus (shrubbv). 1. Blue. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1787. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. S. interm'ptus (interrupted). I. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. — ni'tidus (shining). |. White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/87. HARDY ANNUALS. S. bijio'ra (two-flowered). 1. Blue. June. Russia. 1836. —falca'ta (-pring ; shrubs, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-i;lass, iu summer Winter temp, for latter, 35° to 45°, S. Itnarite/o'lia (flax-leaved). 2. 1823. Evergreen. — mono'gyna (one-styled). 1. Pink. April. 1835. Hardy herbaceous. spathula'ta (spatulate). White. April. 1825. Evergreen. Stadma'nhia atjstra'lis, a greenhouse evergreen from New Holland, should be joined to Cupania. ST.EHELfNA. (Named after B. Stahe- liti, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Compo- sites [Asteracea?]. Linn., I'd-Syngcnesia \-sEqualis. Allied to Arctium.) Half-hardy, purple-flowered, deciduous shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in Miramcr; sandy, tibry loam and leaf-mould; re- quire the protection of a cold pit in winter. S. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. August. Candia. 173J. — chamcepeu'ee (ground-pine-feaoed). 2. July. Candia. I6l0. — du'bia (doubtful). 3. June. South Europe. 1640. Staff-tree. Cela'strus. Standard. A tree unsupported by a wall or trellis. Full Standards are such trees as are trained with tall, straight stems, six or seven feet high, clear of branches, and are then suffered to branch out. Half Standards are trees trained with short stems only two or three feet high, then suffered to branch out at that height to form heads; having low heads the fruit is more easily gathered. Concav, dwarfs have the middle hollow, and the branches all round in a cup form. Hon- zontal dwarfs have the branches extended all round in a flat or horizontal position, but the concave dwarf is to be preferred. Stanho'pea. (Named after Earl Stan hope. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.) Stove orchids, g > a wn i n p gts. See Orchids. S. aura'ntia (orange-coloured). Orange. June. La Guayra. 1840. — au'rea (golden). Yellow. May. Guatimala 1835. 48 Ba'rkeri (Barker's). Yellow, brown. July, Mexico. buce'phalus (bull-homed). 2, Yellow, crimson. May. Quito. 1843. • Devonie'nisis (Duke of Devonshire's). 14. Yel. low, crimson. June. Peru. 19:t3. - expa'nsa (expanded). Various. May. Mexico. 1841. grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. June. Trinidad. 1824. a'lba (white). White.June.Demerara.1841. incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). White, flesh. June. Demerara. 1835. odora'ta (sweet-scented). White. June. Demerara. 1835. ■ grave 1 nims (strong-scented). Straw. May. Peru. 1843. • gutlula'ta (small-spotted). Buff. June. Peri!. 1843. ■ Barrisu'nice (Mrs. Harrison's). June. Brazil. Yellow, white. May. White, purple. Sep- 183b. - inodo'ra (scentless). Mexico. 1844. ■ insi'gnis (notable). 1. tember. Quito. 1820. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). White, purple. September. Brazil. 1830. fla'rnt (yellow). Yellow, purple. Sep- tember. Brazil. 1837. fu'laa (tawny). White, red. September. Brazil. 1838. ■ lu'teu (yellow). Yellow, purple. Sep- tember! Brazil. 1834. • mu'jor (larger). Yellow, purple. Sep- tember. Brazil. 1S36. obscu'ra (obscure). White, purple. Sep- tember. Brazil. 1830. pa'tlidu (pale). White, red. September. Brazil. 1830. ■ Li'ndleyi (Lindlev's). 1. Brown, red. August. Mexico. 1839. ■ ly'ncea (lyn«-plant). Various. June. Mexico. ■ muculo'sa (spotted). 1. Blue, green. August. Mexico. 1839. Martiu'na (Von Martius's). 1. White. May. Mexico. 1843. bi'cotor (two-coloured-J?ou>ererf). 1. White, purple. June. Mexico. 1843. ■ ocula'ta (eyed). 2. White, purple. June. Bra- zil. 1829. Burkeria'na (Barker's). 2. White, purple. June. Mexico. pa'llida (pale). White, red. June. Mexico. 1836. ma'jor (larger). White, purple. June. Mexico. 1835. ■ quadrico'rnis (four-horned). 2. Yellow, red. June. Spanish Main. • Ru'ckeri (Mr. Uucker's). Yellow, brown. May. Guatimala. 1843. ■ Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Various May. Brazil. 1843. ■taeca'ta (bagged). Yellow, green. May. Gua- timala. 1836. pa'llida (pale). Ytllow. May. Guatimala. 1840. ■tigri'na {tiger-spotted). 2. Red, chocolate. Julv. Xalapa. atra'ta (blacked). Orange, black. July. Guatimala. 1843. purpu'rea (purple). Orange, purple. July. Guatimala. 1836. ■ tricn'rnis (three-horned). Pink, white. Peru. • renu'sta (handsome). Guatimala. 1839. ■ Wa'rdii (Ward's). 1. Yellow, brown. August. Mexico. 1836. So STA [ 75i ] Stanle'ya. (Named after tbe Earl of Derby. Nat.ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceae] Linn., lb-Tctradynamia.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di rision of the plant in spring; sandy loam and vegetable mould. 8. pinnati'fida (leaflet-like-/«in«i). |. Yellow. June. Louisiana. 1816. Stape'lia. (Named after J. B. Stapel, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn., 5 - Pcntandria 2-Di(iynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of shoots in spring, well-dried at the base before inserting them in sandy soil ; sandy loam, brick-rubbish, and broken bricks, with top - dressings of rotten cow - dung when growing freely, or manure waterings. Winter temp., 40° to 50°, and dry ; summer, 60° to 80°, and moisture, but with judgment at all times. S. acumina'ta (pointed-teaped). J. Purple-striped. August. 1795. — ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. Purple, brown. June. 1795. — ope'rta {open-flowered). 2. Yellow, purple. July. 1795. — aite'rias (star-fish-like). }. Violet. May. 1795. — btsu'lca (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1805. — bu/o'nia (toad-like). 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1806. — cacti fo'r mis (cactus-like). §. Yellow-striped. August. 1844. — canr'scens (hoary). $. Brown. July. 1795. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 4- Green-striped. No- vember. 1/95. — coma' t a (tufted). 1. Paleyellow. September. 1819- — compa'cta (compact), i. Brown. August. 1800. — conci'nna (neat), j. Green. July. 1798. — deco'ra (graceful). 4,. Yellow-striped. March. 1795. — ifejire'ssa (depressed). 4. Brown, purple. July. — divarica'ta (straggling). J. Flesh-coloured. Au- gust. 1793. — e'legans (elegant). J. Purple. August, 1795. —fissiro'stris 'split-beaked). 2A. Yellow, green. 1823. — fiavicoma'ta (yellow-tufted). 4. Yellow. 1810. — fusca'ta (browned). 4. Browu, purple. July. 1814. — gemina'ta (twin- flowered). $. Purple. March. 1795. ■— gemmiflo'ra (gem-flowered). 4- Dark purple. October. 1795. — glanduli'fera (glanded). 4. Yellowish. August. — glanduliflo'ra (eland-flowered). 4- Brown. Au- gust. 1795. — glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Red, purple. July. 1799. — glomera'ta (crowded). £.Brown. August. 1804. — Gordo'ni (Gordon's). I. Yellow, brown. 1796. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Dark purple. October. 1795. — Qtusonea'na (Gussone's). i- Red-striped. Oc- tober. Sicily. 1833. — hama'ta (hooked), i. Blood-red. Julv. 1820. — kirsu'ta (hairy). 4. Purple. July. 1710. — a'trn (dark- flowered). A. Dark purple. July. 1710. — hirte'l.la (rather hairy), i. Brown. August. 1800. — hisjii'dula (rather bristly), i. Green, Jujy. 1824. S. Jncquinia'tM (JacqnmV. i. Purple. August. 1802. Brown. Purple. July. Brown. August. 1800. Brown. August. 1800. Purple. July. 1812. . Brown-stripeu. Au- 4. Yellow-striped. . Yellow - striped. — june'ncula (girlish). — Ixr-iga'ta (smooth). — lanfgera (woolly). 1 — lu'cida (shining). 1 — maeulo'sa (spotted), gust. 1304. — margina'ta (red-edged) July. 1805. — marmora'ta (marbled). July. 1S20. — Masso'ni (Masson'sl. 2. — mi' xta (mixed). 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1800. — moscha'ta (musky! . 4- Brown, purple. July. — muttiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Violet, red. September. 18 17. — muta'bilis (changeable). 4. Yellow - striped. June. 1823. — norma'iis (reeular-spotted). J. Yellow-striped. July. 1821. — ophiu'ncula (small-serpent). 4. Brown. July. 1805. — panicula'ta (panicled). 4. Green, brown, pur- ple. July. 1805. — pa'tula (spreading). 1. Orange. July. 1797- — pi'c/«(painted). 4. Yellow-striped. August. 17yj. — pa'llida (pale). 4. Pale blue. 1818. — pili'feia (hairy-tubercled). 1. Dark purple. July. 1/90. — planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). 4. Pale yellow. Au- gust. 1805. — pulche'Ua (neat) . 4. Yellow-striped. May. 1795. — pu'lehra (beautiful). 4- Yellow-striped. Au- gust. 1 800. — pulvina'ta (cushion-flowered). 4- Dark violet. August. 1795. — quinquene'reis (five-nerved). 1. Yellow-itriped. May. 1800. — ramo'sa (branchy). 1 4. Dark purple. June — refle'xa (bent-back). 4' Green, purple. July. — re{u'«a(bitten-off). 4. Yellow-striped. July. 1800. — recolu'ta (curled-back-/oirererf). I. Purple. July. 1790. — ru'/a (rusty-brown). £. Brown.September,1795. — rugo'sa (wrinkled). Purple, green. June. — Si'msii (Sims's). 4. Dark purple. July. 1800. — stri'ctu (upright). 4. Pale blue. August. 1814. — serrula'ta (saw-edged). 4- Purple. July. 1805. — soro'ria (sister). 1. Dark purple. July. 1797. — specta'bilis (showy). 1. Dark purple. De- cember. 1802. — sfella'ris (starry). $. — S/y'g?'a(Stygian).4. Dark purple. Augu't. 1810. — variega'ta (variegated). 1. Yellow-striped. August. 1727. — variabilis (variable). Yellow, red. June. 1823. — ce/w'/a (stale). 4. Dark purple. August. 1793. — Wendlandia'na (Wendland's). 1. Yellow- striped. August. 1818. Staphyle'a. Bladder -Nut. (From staphyle, a bunch; flowers in clusters. Nat. ord., Bladder-Nuts [Staphyleaceae]. Linn., 5-Penlandria Z-Trigynia.) Hardy, . white - flowered, deciduous shrubs. Seeds sown when ripe, remaining a year or more in the soil; cuttings in September; layers and suckers; any light soil. Occident a' lis requires a hothouse, but it scarcely deserves one ; pinna 1 ta is singular from its large bladder-capsules. 5. Buma'lda (Bumaldan). June. Japan. 1804, occidentals (western). 30. Jamaica. 1824. — pinna'ta (leafleted). 0. June. England. trifo'lia (three-leaved). 6. May. N.Amer, lfjia. iped. 1795. STA t 75S3 STA Star Apple. Chrysophy'llum. Star Fish. Stape'lia aste'rias. Star Head. Asteroce' phalus. Star of Bethlehem. Ornitho'galum. Star Thistle. Centau'rea calci'trapa. Starting. A term used to designate the hastening the commencement of growth, either in a seed or plant, by sub- mitting it to artificial heat. Sta'tice. Sea Lavender. (From sta- tizo, to stop; the powerful medical as- tringency of some of the species. Nat. ord., Leadworts [Plumbaginacese]. Linn., b-Pentundria Q-Polygynia.) Hardy perennials, by division and seeds, and tender species by similar means, and also by cuttings ; those requiring a cold pit and green- bouse flourish best in sandy, fibry loam and a little peat, also good and fibry. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. S. arbo'rea (tree). 2. Blue. July. Teneriffe. 1829. — Dickso'nii (Dickson's). Purple. May. 1840. — echioi'des (echium-like). 1. Pale blue. July. South Europe. 1752. Biennial. — grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 1836. — nwnope'tala (one-petaled). 3. Purple. July. Sicily. 1731. denuda'ta (naked-stemmed). 3. Purple. July. Sicily. 1640. — svffrutico'sa (under-shrubby). J. Blue. July. Siberia. 1709. HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. 2Egypti'aca (Egyptian). 14. Pale pink. May. Ararat. 1829. — a'a'ta (winged). 1. Purple, yellow. July. 1806. — auricula' ta (eared). £. Blue. July. Galicia. 1817. — auriculccfit'lia (auricula-leaved). £. Red. July. • Barbary. 1/81. — austra'lis (southern). 1. N. Holland. 1823. — cine'rea (grey). 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1810. — conge'sta (crowded). Red. July. Altai. 1837. — conspi'cua (conspicuous). 1. Pink. July. Russia. 1804. — corda'ta (heart-leaved), j. Blue. June. South Europe. 1752. — emargina'ta (notched-ended). 3. Purole. May. Gibraltar. — folio'sa (leafy), l. Purple, white. July. Gra- ciosa. 1830. — frute'scms (shrubby). l.Blue. Canaries. 1847. — imbrica'ta (imbricated}. Teneriffe. 1829. — inca'na (hoary). 1. Pink. July. Egypt. 1S23. — limu'nium (limonium. Wild Marsh Beet). 1. Blue. July. England. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2. White. May. Canaries. 1824. — mucrojia'ta (spine-pointed). 1. Red. July. Bar- bary. 1784. — ovalifu'lia (oval-leaved). 1. White, July. Ca- naries. 1816. — pectinu'tu (comb-like). J. Blue. September. Canaries. 1/80. — pseu'do-arme'ria (false-armeria), Violet. April. 1840. — pube'rula (rather downy). J. Violet. May. Gra- ~pube'scens (downy). £. Red. July. South Eu- rope. 1824. — ptirpura'ta (purpled). 6. Purple. July. Cape ot Good Hope. 1800. S. sca'bra (rough-4;-ane7ied). 1. Blue. June. Caps of Good Hope. 1788. ~ rinuu'ta (scoHop-leaved). 1. Purple, yellow. August. Levant. 1629. — tpecio'sa (showy). 1. White. July. Russia. 1776. — tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Red. July. Cane of Good Hope. 1820. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. Alta'ica (Altaian). 1 . Blue. July. Siberia. 1820. — articula'ta (jointed). £. Blue. July. South France. 1826. — au'rea (golden). Golden. Siberia. 1832. — bdlidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). J. Pale blue. June. Greece. 1810. — bi'color (two-coloured). Purple, white. May. 1837. — hinervo'sa (two-nerved). l.Blue. July. England. — Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Blue. June. Caro- lina. 1820. — Ca'spica (Caspian). 1. Pale blue. July. Cas- pian Sea. — coria'ria (coriaria-like). Ij. Lilac. July. Cau- casus. — cunea'ta (wedge-feat>ed). £. Blue. July. Si- beria. 1820. — dicho'toma (two - ranked). £. Blue. July. South Europe. 1810. — echi'nus (hedgehog). A. Red. July. Caucasus. 1813. — ela'ta (tail).. 1. Blue. August. Siberia. 1820. — exi'mia (choice). 1. Lilac, rose. August. Sou- garia. 1844. — feruld'cea (feruiA-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Si- beria. 1796. — ftexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1791. — Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 1. Yellow. April. China. 1845. — globulariesfo'lia (globularia-leaved). 1. White. August. Mexico. 1821, — Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's), 1. Blue. July. Si- beria. 1796. — Orte'ca (Greek). $. White. June. Greece. 1810. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Red. June. Siberia. 1/S0. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Si- beria. 1791. — minu'ta (small). $. Red. June. Mediterranean, 1658. — na'na (dwarf). \. Blue. July. Britain. — oleifo'lia (olive-leaved). 1. Red. July. Italy. 1688. — pruino'sa (frosted). 1. White. July. South Europe. 1823. — rariflo'ra (thin-flowered). Blue. July. Britain. — reticulata (netted). £. Blue. July. England. — rytidophu'lla (file- leaved). 3. Blue. May. Port Natal. 1840. — senpa'ria (broom-like). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1796. — spatula'ta (spatula-teaced). 1, Purple. July Barbary. 1804. — spica'ta (spiked). £. White. July. Caucasus 1S19. Annual, — Tata'rica (Tartarian). 1$. Pink. June. Russia. 1731. — Thoui'nii (Thouin's). 1. Blue. August. New Africa. 1700. — vimi'nea (twiggy). J. Blue. July. 1818. — virga'ta (rod-like). l£. Blue. July. Spain. — Willdenovia'na (Willdenow's). J. Violet. July. France. 1800. Stations for Fruit-trees. Unless the soil is good, this is the best mode of planting; and it often renders draiiiiij STA [ 756 ] STE unnecessary. If the soil be too wet, the hole need only be half the prescribed depth ; the other half may rise above the ordinary ground level. If too dry, there is no occasion to elevate the surface, only care must be taken not to place the collar of the tree too deep, which is a serious fault under all circumstances. Let the stations extend three feet on each side the position for the tree, thus producing an excavation of six feet square. Two feet in depth is amply sufficient for any fruit-tree, especially for a dwarfing plan. The soil then should be thrown entirely out, and four or five inches more must be allowed for some impervious material, which we will presently describe. In throwing out the soil, care must be taken to place it in samples, or both labour and material will be wasted. It very frequently happens that three distinct samples of soil or subsoil will come to hand during the operation. Of course all clayey, or sour, and badly-coloured subsoil must be rejected, and its amount will be supplied by the new material to be introduced ; and if this is scarce, any ordinary sur- face-soil may be in part substituted. In filling the materials back again, the best of the original surface-soil must be kept downwards, mixing it thoroughly with the new soil ; the inferior or second-rate soil may be kept to dress the surface with. As to character of soil to be introduced, that depends partly upon the soil already existing in the garden, as well as on the kind of fruit-tree about to be planted. If the soil is naturally sandy and dry, a very stiff or clayey loam should be selected ; if naturally clayey, any fresh, mellow, sandy loam, or even the paring of road- sides, commons, or lanes, will prove excellent material. The furrowings of old leys from what is considered good wheat soil, is, however, of all other soils the best adapted for general fruit culture. Whatever materials are used, let it be remembered that the more of turfy matter that can be introduced, the longer will the compost endure. Any sort of turf, even from hungry situations, is most relished by fruit-trees. If, never- theless, no turf can be obtained, and the soil is loose and poor, it is well to intro- duce any refuse vegetables of a dry character, such as decayed bean or pea haulm, ordinary straw, old thatch, or, indeed, anything of a decaying vegetable character which is strong in fibre and enduring. If any manure is thoughi necessary, it should be fresh from the stable or cow-shed, as such will endure longer in the soil ; merely using one barrowful of mellow and rather rich soil to plant the tree in. As before observed, the most inferior portion of the soil may be reserved to dress the surface of the station with after the tree is planted; here it will do no harm, and will be in an improvable position. We now come to the hard materials for the bottom of the hole ; four or five inches in depth, as be- fore stated. It matters not what this is composed of: broken stones from quar- ries, brickbats, chalk, cinders, or clink- ers, &c, all are eligible. These being rammed hard, throw a coating of fine- riddled cinders over the whole, or very fine gravel: this secures drainage, and prevents the roots entering to any inju- rious extent. Statjroca'nthtjs. (.From stauros, a cross, and akantha, a spine; two side- spines at the base of the principal spine give it the resemblance of a cross. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere]. Linn., 16-3Ionade/phia 6-Decandria. Al- lied to Ulex.) Hardy evergreen. Seeds, and cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light, in summer, in saady soil. S. aphy'lhts (leafless). 3. Yellow. May. Portugal. 1823. Staves-Acre. Delphi'nium staphisa' ■ yria. Steeping. (See Germination.) It is a very unfounded idea, that by steeping seeds in certain solutions the vigour and fecundity of the plants to which they give birth might be promoted. A certain degree of heat, oxygen gas, and water are all the requisites for germination, and until this process has commenced, no liquid but water at common temperatures will pass through the coverings of a seed. So soon as germination has commenced, this power to exclude foreign fluid* ceases, but the organs starting into activity are so delicate, that the weakest saline solutions are too acid and offensive for them. So utterly incapable are the infant roots of imbibing such solutions, that at first they are absolutely depend- ent themselves for their very existence upon the seed-leaves, and if these are removed the plant either makes no fur- ther advance or altogether perishes. To hasten the germination of peas, beans, &c, it is a good plan to soak them in STE [ 757 ] STE water for twelve hours previously to sow- ing; and old seeds of all kinds have had their germinating powers aroused by putting them into water heated to 200°, and allowing them to remain in it until cold. Stella'kia. Stitch wort. (From stella, a star. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryo- phyllaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Tri- 'jynia.) A genus of weedy herbs, with the exception of Stellu'ria holo'stea, one of the prettiest flower- garden plants for May in the British Flora. In- creased by division of the roots in spring or au- tumn, when it may be planted out to flower, and may be removed in June when the flowers are over. Stena'ctis. (From stenos, narrow, and uktln, a sunbeam ; the rays of the expanded blossoms. Nat. ord., Compo- sites [Asteracese]. Linn., L9 Sy agenesia 2-SuperJlua.) Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, which, if sown in a slight hotbed in March, will produce plants to bloom the same season ; division of the root in spring. S. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1 . White. July. N. Amer. 1640. — inulni'des (inula-like). 1. Red. August. Nepaul. — specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. July. California. — strigo'su (short-bristled). I. White. July. N. Amer. 1S1G. Stena'nthera. (From stenos, narrow, and anthera, an anther ; the stamens broader than the anthers, which are narrower in proportion. Nat. ord., Epa- crids [Epacridacese]. Linn., b-Fentan- dria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse New Holland evergreens. Cut- tings of young, short shoots, a little firm at their base, in sand, uniler a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame in May ; sandy, fibry peat, with enough of charcoal and broken pots to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. S. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). Red. April. — pini/o'lia (pine-leaved). 6. Scarlet. June. 1811. , Ste'nia. (From stenos, narrow; the; pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or- • chidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I-.8fo- nandria. Allied to Maxillaria.) Stove orchid, grown on blocks. See Okchids. pa'llida (pale-flowered). $. Yellow, August. Demerara. 1837. Stenochi'lus. (From stenos, narrow, and cheilos, a lip ; the narrow lip of the flower. Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myopo- racese]. Linn., H-Didynamia 2-Anyio- spermia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 4.1°. 8. gla'ber (zmooth-leavid}. 2. Red. 1S03. I S. longifo'lius (long-leaved). 4. Scarlet.April.lt9S. — macula'tus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. April. 182t. — visco'sus (clammy). 2. Yellow. October. 1814. Stenochije'na. (From stenos, nar- row, and chlaina, a cloak ; the covering of the spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- podiacese]. Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia 1- Filices.) Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns. j 8. heteromo'rpha (various-formed). April. Aus- tralia. — limonifo'lia (limonia-leaved). May. E. Ind. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. W. Ind. 1810. — sca'ndens (climbing). 30. July. E. Ind. 1841. — sorbifo'lia (service-leaved). July. W. Ind. 1793. — spnn/licifo'lia (hog-plum-leaved). June. E.Ind. — tri'quetra (three-sided). July. E. Ind. Sxenoco'eyne. (From stenos, narrow, and koryne, a club. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceos]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria.) Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See Orchids. 8. longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange-spotted. Demerara. 1843. Stenome'sson. (From stenos, narrow, and messon, the middle ; the flowers con tracted in the middle. Nat. ord., Ama ryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-He.v- andria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.) Pretty frame or half-hardy bulbs, requiring complete rest in winter; "sandy soil, shade, and plenty of moisture in summer." They flower be- fore the leaves rise, and are easily increased from offset-bulbs in spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. S. auranti'acum (orange - coloured -flowered). Orange. May. Quito. 1843. — cocci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. May. — cro'ceum (saffron-coloured). 1. Copper. May. 1820. — cu'rvidens (bent-toothed). Yellow. May. Peru. 1842. — fla'vutn (yellow). Yellow. May. Peru. 1823. — Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). 1. Orange. March. Quito. 1844. — latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow. March. Lima. I837. — vitelli'num (yolk-of-egg). 1. Yellow. April. Lima. 1842. Stenohhy'nchus. (Yrom stenos, narrow, and rhynchvs, a beak; shape of the co- lumn. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese], Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Spiranthes.) Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. S. aphy'lla (leafless). 1. Brown, red, green. June. Trinidad, 1826. — cinnabari'na (cinnabar-coloured). Orange, red, yellow. June. Mexico. 1846. •-pluntagi'nea (plantain-teaued). Red. June. Nepaul. 1824. Steno'stomuh. (From stenos, narrow, and stoma, a mouth; referring to the flower. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho- naceae]. Linn., b-Penlandria 1-AIono- yynia. Allied to Guettarda.) STE [ 758 ] Gtove, white-flowered, West Indian, evergreen ahrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. S. lu'cidum (shining). May. 1818. — tumento'sum (downy). May. 1822. SxEPHANo'Tis.(From«^/)Aai(os,acrown, andototis, eared; the ear-like processes on the crown of the stamens. Nat. ord., As- clepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn., 5-Pen- tatidria \-Monogynia.~) Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut- tings of the points of shoots, but best by small, stiff side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-giass, and plunged in bottom-heat; nbry loam and fibry peat, with a little silver sand and dried leat-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 55 c , and rather dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, and plenty of moisture when growing. Would answer, probably, in a warm conservatory when once it reached the top of the roof. S. floribu'nda (copious-flowered). 20. May. Ma- dagascar. 1839. — Thouafrsii (Thouar's). May. E. Ind. 1842. Sterctj'lia. (Named after Stercus, a heathen god. Nat ord., Sterculiads [Ster- culiacese], Linn., 21-Monaecia 10-Decan- dria.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in moist bottom-heat ; fibry loam and peat. Winter temp., 45° to 58°; summer, 60° to 80°. Tragaca'ntha produces the gum of that name. Platani/o'tia stood for years in the open air at Chelsea, and it is likely that many of the East Indian and New Holland spe- cies would thrive with greenhouse treatment. S. Bala'nghas (Balanghas). 20. Purple. August. E. Ind. 178/. — rocci'nea (acarlet-fru'ted). 20. E. Ind. 181", — cjlora'ta (coloured). 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1818. — grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 6. E. Ind. 1820. — heli'cteres (helicteres-like). 8. Yellow, purple. Carthagena. 1820. — macrophy'tla (large-leaved). Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1822. — n&bilis (noble). 20. Pale buff. E. Ind. 178/. — pubefscens (downy). 20. White. Guinea. 1793. — tragaca'ntha (tragacanth). 40. Red, brown. May. Sierra Leone. 1793. Sterile. See Barren. Sternbe'rgia. (Named after Count Sternberg, a German botanisL Nat. ord., 4maryllicL> [Amaryllidacese], Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Opo- ranthus, or Atnary'llis lu'tea of the gardens. Hardy autumnal - flowering bulbs, with one yellow flower on a stalk, open before the leaves rise ; offsets ; good, sandy loam and leaf-mould. £. Clusia'na (Clusius's). £. Constantinople. — colchicifto'ra (colchicum-flowered). J. Hun- gary. 1816. — evtgua (small). \. N. Africa. 1820. Ste'via. (Named after P. J. Esteve, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Coviposiles [Asteracese]. Linn., 12-Sy agenesia 1- JEqualis.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from Mexico, vhere net otherwise mentioned. They all bioom in August. Seeds and division in spring; ganrir, loamy soil. The protection of a cold pit in winter. S. adeno'phnra (gland-bearing). 2. White. Chili. 1822. — angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 14. Pink. 1823. — ireoiarwta'^a (short-awned). 3. Rose. July. Tucuman. 1836. — Eupato'ria (Eupatoria.) 2. Pink. 1798. — /cucjeu/a'ris (clo.-e-headed). I. White. Sep- tember. 1830. —fastigia'ta (peaked). 14. White. New Spain. 1826. — hyssopifu'lia (hyssop-leaved), lj. Pink. — incane'scens (hoary) . 1. White. New Spaina 1827. — iveefo'liu (iva-leaved). 2. White. 1816. — lanceola'ta (spear-head-teacerf). 1. Purple. 1822. — laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). Purple. — iu'cidu (shining). 2. Pink. New Spain. 1824. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Blush. Sep- tember. 1828. — mo'llis (soft). White. 1834. — Monardtefo'lia (Monarda-leaved). l£. Violet. 1826. — Nepetce/o'lia (Nepeta-leaved). IK White. 1824. — otia'ta (egg.leaved). 2. White. 1810. — panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. New Spain. 1824. — pilo'sa (shaggy). 1J. Pink. 1820. — pube'scens (downy). 1J. Purple. 1823. — purpu'reaf, purple). 1J. Purple. 1812. — rhombi/o'lia (diamond-leaved). 1$. White. 1827. — salici/u'lia (willow-leaved), lj. Pink. Io03. — salviee/o'lia (sage-leaved). 1$. White. 1827. — serra'ta (saw-leaved). 1$. flesh. 1799. — suave'ulens (sweet-smelling). 1$. White. New Spam. 1823. — tubo'cto - arista' ta (slightlv - eight - awned). White. Peru. 1824. — subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 2. Pink. New Spain. 1820. — terni/u'lia (three-leaved). ]$. White. 1824. — tomento'sa (woolly). 14. Violet. 1824. — trachelioi'des (trachelium-like). 3. Purple. 1839. — tri'fida (three-cleft). 1 J.White. New Spam. 1 VSJ. — viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. 1=29. — visco'sa (clammy). Purple. 1821. Stigjiaphy'llox. (From stiyma, the female organ, and phyllon, a leaf ; leafy- like stigma. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mal- pighiaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 6-Tri> gynia. Allied to Banisteria.)' Stove, yellow - flowered plants. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottorn- heat; peat and loam. Winter temp., 48° to 55° 3 summer, 60° to 80°. S. arista'tum (av/oed-leaved) . 20. July. Brazil, 1832. Twiner. — uuricula'tum (eared-teared). 10. Brazil. 1S20. Twiner. — ciliaftum (hair- fringed-teared). May. Brazil. 1796. Herbaceous. — heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 10. December. Buenos Ayres. 1842. Climber. — jatropfuefo'lium -(jatropha-leaved). 3. May. Uruguay. 1841. Twiner. — mucrona' turn (spine-pointed). 10. September. Mexico. 1844. Twiner. SnLLf ngia. (Named after Dr. B. Shl- lingjieet, an English botanist. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 21- ^foncecia 10-Decandria. Allied t3 Oma. lanthus.) STI [ 759 ] STO Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings in eand, in heat ; sandy, fibry I02-31, a little peat and charcoal, and also a little brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 50° ; summer, 60° to 75°. S. popu'lnea (poplar-like;. 14. Ceylon. 1823. — tebi'fera (tallow-beanng. Tallow - tree). 10. Chi:ia. 170s. Stinkixg Gladwyn. Tris feetidi' ssima. Sti'pa. Feather Grass. (From stipe, feathery, or silky. Nat.ord., Grasses [Gra- lninacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria2-Digynia.) Sti'pa penna'ta is the common feather-grass of ♦he seed-shops. All but hu'milis hardy herbaceous 'jerennials ; division and seeds in spring ; common soil. £\ Alta'ica (Altaic). July. Altai. 1836. — cupiltu'ta (long-haired). 2. July. Europe. 1815. — cunfe'rta (crowded). 2. July. 1810. — gigantc'a (giant). 3. July. Spain. 1823. — hu'milis (lowly). $. July. S. Amer. 1802. — ju'ncea (rush-/ea»ed). 3. July. France. 1/72. — penna'ta (feathered). 2. July. Britain. Stitchwort. Stella'ria. Stobje'a. (Named after Dr. Stobaus, a Swede. Nat.ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synjenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Gazania.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots, when growing, in sand, under a bell- i;lass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 6'. atractyloi'des (atractylis-like). July. 1323. — pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. June. 1812. Stock and Stock- Gillifower. See Mathi'ola. Stocks are young trees or shrubs raised from seed, suckers, layers, and cuttings, for the reception of buds or grafts from other trees or shrubs of a kindred species. The old gardener's maxim, "the graft overruleth the stock quite," is consonant ■with truth, though it is to be taken with some reservation. The graft prevails, and retains its qualities ; yet the stock has the power of influencing its productiveness, as well as the quality of the fruit. Thus, a tr^e having an expansive foliage and robust growth, indicative of large sap vessels and vigorous circulation, should never be grafted upon a stock oppositely characterised, for the supply of sap will not be sufficient. Illustrations are af- forded by the codlin never succeeding so well on a crab, nor a bigarreau on a wild oheiry, as they do on freer-growing stocks. The habit of the stock, also, is of much more importance than is usually con- sidered. If it grows more rapidly, or has larger sap vessels than the scion or bud, an enlargement occurs below these ; but if they grow more rapidly than the stock. an enlargement takes place just above the point of union. In either case, tho tree is usually rendered temporarily more prolific ; but in the case where the stock grows most slowly, the productiveness is often of very short duration, the supply of sap annually becoming less and less sufficient to sustain the enlarged produc- tion of blossom and leaves. This very frequently occurs to the freer -growing cherries when inserted upon the wild species, and still more frequently to the peach and apricot upon stocks of the slow-growing plums. It is highly im- portant, therefore, to employ stocks, the growth of which is as nearly similar as may be to the parent of the buds or scion. The earlier vegetation of the stock than of the bud or graft is also important ; for, if the latter is earliest in development, it is apt to be exhausted and die be- fore the flow of sap has enabled granu- lation and union between the faces of the wounds at the junction to occur. Stocks for general use may be used for grafting or budding, when from the size of a good goose-quill to half an inch, or not more than an inch in the part where the graft or bud is to be inserted. Stocks of two or three inches or more in dia- meter, either the stems or branches, are also occasionally grafted or budded with success, but are not proper for general practice. Crab Slocks are all such as are raised from seeds, &c, of any wild un- grafted trees, particularly if of the fruit- tree kind, such as the wild crab apple of the woods and hedges, wild pears, plums, wild cherry, and such other trees as have not been grafted or budded. Free Stocks are such as are raised from the seed, layers, &c, of any of the cultivated varie- ties of fruit-trees and_ others. Paradise or Doucin stocks are raised from layers or suckers from a dwarf variety of apple, the roots of which are produced nearer to the surface than those from crab stocks. The French Paradise stock is distinguished from all others by its very dwarf growth, its clear chestnut-coloured shoots, and small fibrous roots, which spread near the surface. The English Paradise may be either referred to as the Doucin of the French or the Dutch Para- dise ; for, in English nurseries, trees pro- pagated on either are said to be on para- dise stocks. Of these two the Doucin has the darkest shoots. Their effects on the growth of the trees worked upon ST(E [TOO] STO them are similar, being intermediate "be- tween the very dwarf habit induced by the French Paradise, and the luxuriant growth induced by the crab or free stocks. See Grafting and Budding. SxcEfBE. (From stibas, abed of leaves; those of Mthio 'pica so used. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesia b-Segregata.) Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; fibry, sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. S. Mthio'pica (Ethiopian). 2. August. 1/59. — cine'rea (grey). 2. August. 1/84. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. August. 1816. — reflefxa (bent-back). 2. August. 1816. Stoke 'sia. (Named after Dr. Stokes, an English botanist. Nat. ord., Compo- sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.) Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds, or division of the plant in spring; sandy loam and a little leaf- mould ; requires a little protection in winter. S. cya'nea. (azure). 2. Blue. August. Carolina. 1766. Stonecbop. Se'dum. Stone Pine. PVnus pi'nea. Stopping is pinching or nipping off the extremity of a branch, to prevent its fur- ther extension in length. It is frequently done, either to promote its robustness or the production of laterals. Stobax. Sty'rax. Stobk's Bill. Pelargo'nium Stoves, or Hothouses, are glazed structures, differing from greenhouses chiefly in requiring a higher temperature to be sustained within them, either for forcing fruits or for growing plants from tropical climates. Nearly all that is stated relative to the greenhouse, hotbed, and pit under the articles Melon and Rexdle's Tank System is applicable to the stove. In addition, relative to glaz- ing, if lapping be permitted, its width should not exceed one-eighth of an inch, and the panes should be acutely rhomboid, to throw the con- densed vapour down to the lower corner, and induce it to trickle down the bars in- stead of dropping. It is very doubtful whether it re- duces the amount of mois- ture taken between the laps by capillary attraction. Flues are best built of bricks set on their edges, and the top formed of a shallow iron trough for the purpose of holding water, and thus keep- ing the air moist as re- quired. At night, for retain- ing heat, pantiles may lie placed along within the trough ; the best form is the annexed. Hot water in a tank if; superior to the same source of heat in pipes, because it is not liable to freeze ; and it is preferable to steam, because its heating power con- tinues until the whole mass of water is cooled down to the temperature of the house, whereas steam ceases to be gene- rated as a source of heat the moment the temperature falls below 212°. If steam be employed, Mr. Tredgold has given the following rules ft. calculating the surface of pipe, the size of the boiler, the quan- tity of fuel, and the quantity of ventilation required for a house thirty feet long and twelve feet wide, with the glass roof eight feet, length of the rafters fourteen feet, and height of the back wall fifteen feet. The surface of glass in this house will be seven hundred and twenty feet superficial, viz., five hundred and iorty feet in the front and roof, and one hundred and eighty feet in the ends. Now, half the vertical height, seven feet six inches, multiplied by the length in feet, and added to one and a half times the area of glass in feet, is equal to the cubic feet of air to be warmed in each mi- nute when there are no double doors. That is, 7.5 y. 30+ l£ x 720=1305 cubic feet. But in a house with wooden ban and rafters, about one-tenth of this space will be occupied with wood-work, which is so slow a conductor of heat that it will not suffer a sensible quantity to escape; therefore 130 feet may be deducted, leaving the quantity to be warmed per minute=1175 cubic feet. To ascertain the surface ot pipe re- quired to warm any given quantity of air, multiply the cubic feet of air to be heated per minute by the difference between the temperature the house is to be kept at, and that of the external air in degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, and divide the product by 2.1, the difference between 200, which is the temperature of the steam pipes, and the temperature of the house ; the quotient will be the surface of cast-iron pipe required. Now, in the house, the dimensions of which are above given, if the lowest STC? L 761 ] STO temperature m the night be fixed at 50°, and i0« are allowed for winds, and the external air is supposed to be at zero or of Fahrenheit, then 1175 multiplied by 00°, and the product divided by 2.1, the difference, between 200 and (iO will give us the quotient 23G=to the surface of pipe required. Now, the house being thirty feet long, five pipes of that length, and five inches in diameter, will be ahout the proper quantity. If hot water be employed instead of steam, the following proportions and information, obtained from Mr. Rendle, may be adopted confidently as guides : — In a span-roof propagating house, forty feet long, thirteen feet broad, seven feet high in the centre, and four feet high at the two fronts, having a superficial sur- face of glass amounting to 538 square feet, Mr. Rendle has B tank eighty-three feet long, running round three sides of the house, four feet wide and about eight inches deep, and consequently capable of containing nearly -300 cubic feet of hot water, though only half that quantity is used. This is closely approaching to the size pointed out, according to Mr. Tred- gold's formula. The mean temperature of a hot-water tank will never be much above 100°, so that, for the sized house mentioned by that skilful engineer, the uivisor must be 2.1 times the difference between 100° and 60°, which gives as the quotient 335 cubic feet. The tank in Mr. Rendle's propagating- house is built lined with Roman cement, and if the temperature at the time of lighting the fire be 90°, the temperature of the atmosphere of the house 67°, and the temperature out of doors 50°, the quantity of small coal or breeze required to raise the temperature of the water to 125° is 28 pounds. In twelve hours the water cools, after the fire has been ex- tinguished, from 125° to 93°. When steam is employed, the space for steam in the boiler is easily found by multiplying the length of the pipe in feet by the quantity of steam in a foot in U-ngth of the pipe. In the above-noticed house, the length of pipe five inches in diameter is 150 feet ; and these multiplied by 1.363=20.5 cubic feet of steam, and as the pipe will condense the steam of ahout one cubic loot and one-third of water per hour, therefore the boiler should be capable of evaporating l£ cubic feet of water per hour, to allow for unavoidable loss. In the extreme cases of the thermometer being at zero, the consumption of coals to keep up this evaporation will be 12J pounds per hour. Interior diameter of pipe in inches. Decimal parts of a cubic foot of steam in each foot of pipe. 0.0545 0.1225 0.218S 0.31 0.49 O.B/3 1.063 These calculations are all founded upon the supposition that the condensed water is returned to the boiler whilst hot; but if this cannot be effected, then one-twelfth more fuel will be required. The boiler for the supply either of steam or hot water should be covered with the best available non-conductor of heat, and this is either charcoal or sand. A case of brickwork, with pulverized charcoal between this and the boiler, is to be preferred to any other. A boiler having a surface of seventy feet exposed to the air,in a temperature of 32°, requires an extra bushel of coals to be consumed per day, to compensate for the heat radiated and conducted from that surface; and the smaller the boiler, the greater is the proportionate waste. The surface of the pipes should be painted black, because a surface of this colour gives out more heat in a given time than any other. Bark or Moist Stove. — Mr. Loudon gives the following design and description of a moist stave, warmed on the old plin of deriving heat by the combined agency of bark and flues. Instead of a stage in the centre it has a pit, which may be from two and a half to four feet deep, according as bark or leaves are to be used, the latter material requiring the greatest depth. It is commonly surrounded by a thin brick STR [ 762 ] STR wall ; but planks of stone, or plates of slate or cast iron, are to be preferred. Tbe roof, when necessary, may be supported by iron columns from the middle of the pit, a. Shelves may be placed against the back wall, 6, and occasionally a narrow-leaved creeper run up the roof, c. We may add, that houses of this description are gene- rally placed east and west against walls, on account of the shelter thereby obtained during winter, when a high degree of heat is kept up within, while the cold is exces- sive without. Steanve'sia. (Named after the Hon. W. F. Strangways, F.B.S. Nat. ord, Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Ico- sandria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Cra- taegus.) A beautiful and nearly evergreen shrub, but not quite hardy, except in the south of England. Grafting on the thorn ; in cold places would like a little protection in winter. S. glauce'scens (grey-/em-«<2). 20. White. June. Nepaul. 1828. Steatio'tes. Water Soldier.' (From stratos, an army ; sword-like leaves. Nat. ord., Hydrocliarads [Hydrocharidaceae]. Linn., 22-Dimcia 10-Dodecandria.) Hardy aquatics. Useful to plant in ponds, where it will soon cover a large space. Seeds and divisions ; ponds and lakes. S. alismoi'des (plantain-like). July. E. Ind. 1805. — aloi'des (aloe-like). 2. White. June. England. Strava'ditjm. (From the native name in Malabar. Nat. ord., Barringtoniads [Barringtoniacece]. Linn., \Q-Monadel- phia 8-Polyandria.) Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a good, moist bottom-heat ; fibry loam and peat, with a little charcoal and silver sand. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 90°. S. acuta' ngulum (sharp-angled). 20. Purple. E. Ind. 1922. — racemo'sum (racemed). 20. White. W. Ind. — ru'brum (red). Ked. E. Ind. 1822. Strawberry. Fraga'ria. Superior kinds. — No. 1, Black Prince; 2, Keen's Seedling; 3, British Queen; 4, Elton ; 5, Old Pine; 6, Alpine ; 7, Kitley's Goliath ; 8, Eliza ; 9, Carolina superba. For early heavy crops none can exceed the Keen's ; for size, tbe British Queen and Goliath ; for earliness, the Black Prince probably takes the lead ; for very late purposes, the Elton and Alpines; and for forcing, the Keen's and the British Queen. Soil. — A good loam of some depth is best adapted to high culture; for although strawberry walls are found to be highly conducive to flavour, yet they will not succeed well in such situations, unless a special provision of this kind be made for them. Therefore, loose and sandy soils must be mixed with marls or clays, and clayey soils must be rendered open by applying sand, road-scrapings, cinder- ashes (finfi), burnt or charred material, &c. Boggy or peaty soils will require consolidation by burning, or the applica- tion of sound soil, and by thorough drain- ing, if wet. Propagation : by Runners and Seed. — Their propagation by runners is well known. Seed-sowing is resorted to for raising new varieties, and for heightening the culture of the Alpine class, which is, by most cultivators, treated as an annual. Culture during the Growing Period. — "Very little is necessary besides keeping them clear of weeds, and trimming all those runners away which are notrequired for future stock. All operations connected with root-culture should be carried out during the rest period. At the end of May the runners will begin to ramble freely, and at this time a very general spring-dressing should take place. This consists in hoeing and raking the ground thoroughly, choosing a dry period for the operation, in order that every weed may be destroyed ; at the same time trimming away all the wires or strings on which the runners are produced. The next pro- ceeding will be to place clean straw, gm-s- mowings, or tan beneath the trusses of fruit; this process requires a little nice sty of handling. When the bloom trusses make their appearance, the next great point is to see that the plants never sutfer from drought from this period to the moment they commence ripening. Culture during the Rest Period. — We date our rest season from the period at which the last fruit is gathered, or soon after, say the end of August. At this period it will be found, that in spite of the trimming the plants received in May, a profusion of runners will have been produced, the rambling foliage from which will obstruct the light from the older and. principal leaves, which have, from this time forward, the important office of preparing for the formation of the ensuing year's blossom. The waste runners should therefore be trimmed away as soon as possible, for they also exhaust the soil by their roots. In cut- ting away these runners, great care must be exercised in preserving all the true leaves, which must by no means be cut- STR [ 763 j STR No further trimming need be practiced j point here is to obtain very early run. until the following March, in the early ners, which is generally effected by lay- part of which all the decayed jured foliage may be cut away. The rows being three feet apart, at the end of October, one foot in the centre only is to be dug, thus leaving the plants one foot of roots on each side entirely undis- turbed. Introduce some decayed manure annually in this centre, and the small amount of loss of root is more than com- pensated by the volume of new white fibres which, by the month of May fol- lowing, have fully invested the new ground. The dung or vegetable matter should be somewhat fresh ; such is pre- ferable to rotten manure- Making neio Plantations.— Trenching should be had recourse to, going as deep as the good soil will permit, placing the manure necessary principally between the two spits. If the soil be shallow, of course the manure will be dug down with a single spit. If good runners can be obtained early in July, and carefully cul- tivated, they may be expected to bear a respectable crop the following summer. From those planted in February, of course, little can be expected. It is by far the best to keep a little nursery for runners in a very open situation, and the plants a long way apart. Strawberry Walls or Banks. — These have been highly recommended, and are, doubtless, very useful, as heightening flavour. They have, however, never be- come very general, owing to their being rather expensive in constructing. A strawberry wall, in the direction of east and west, would be a useful adjunct in high gardening if properly managed. On the south side plant the Black Prince and the Keen's Seedling; and on the north side the Elton. The former would ripen a fortnight earlier than ordinary ones, and the latter continue bearing until October. These walls may be built of any kind of material which will main- tain its position, and should be as near to an angle of 45° as can be approached. They may be thus constructed — I Straw'ierry Forcing. — One principal the earliest in small pots, in a sound compost. These, when full of roots, are repotted into larger ones ; and the whole business henceforth is to give them kindly cultivation, as to regular water- ings, &c, and to keep them in an open situation. By the end of September they will possess stout buds, and must be plunged up to their rims for the winter. Forcing must be commenced very gently, with plenty of atmospheric moisture, — say, commence with the temperature at 55°, and rise gradually, by the time the leaf is thoroughly developed, to 60°, and the less advance that is made beyond this the better, except in sunny weather. They love to be near the glass, and to have abundance of air. Culture of the Alpines Sow seed from choice fruit at the end of January in gentle heat, and prick the seedlings out into boxes, still under glass, in rich soil. Towards the end of April, the plants, having been hardened off, may be planted out finally; and an elevated bed, in a sunny situation, should be chosen. They may be planted in double rows, half c yard apart in the row, and the rows two feet apart. The soil should be a rich loam ; and when they are fruiting, some slates or tiles may be placed beneath them, as the autumn rains are apt to rot them. They should be liberally watered during dry weather. Steawberey-Blite. Bli'tum. Strawberry- Spinach. Btttum. Strawberry-tree. A'rbutus. Streli'tzia. (Named after Charlotte, queen to George III., of the house of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz. Nat. ord., Musadt [Musaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from the Cape of Good Hope. By seeds in a good, moist heat, in spting ; generally by suckers and dividing the plant; fibry loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60 to S0°. S. angustifo'tia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. — augu'sta (grand). 18. White. March. — farino'sa (mealy-stalked). 5. February. — Au'mt'foi bumble). 6. May. —ju'ncea (r\i%h-leaced,. 6. May. — ova' ta (egg-leaved). 8. March. !? — parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 6. June — regi'na: (queen's). 8. April. 1/73. fei'REPTA'NTHERA. This genus is united to Gladiolus ; and the following are now — G. cu'pren (copper-coloured). J. Copper. June, Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — e'legans (elegant). $. White, blue. May. Cape of Good Hope. 182". 1778. 1791- 1795. 1796. STR [ '64 ] STU Streptoca'rpl-s. (From streptos,txtisted, and carpos, a iruit; the long seed-pod twisted. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner- aceffi]. Linn., 2 Dlandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds in a gentle hotbed, in spring ; also by dividing the plant; light, rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 4J° to 50°. S. Garde'ni (Capt. Garden's). $. Blue. July. Natal. 1854. — polya'nthus (many-flowered). 1. Natal. Purple. 1853. — Rtfxii (Rex's). £. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Stre'ptopus. (From streptos, twisted, and pous, a foot; flower-stalks twisted. Nat. ord., J/t>fo«*/«[Melanthacea3]. Linn., C>-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Uvularia.) Kardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds or divisions | in spring ; any good garden-soil. S. amplexifu'lius (leaf-stem-clasping). 1. White. May. Hungary. 1/52. -disto'rtus (distorted). 1. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1758. — lanugino'sus (woolly), lj. Yellow, green. June. N. Amer. 1812. — ro'seus (rosy). 1$. Pink. June. N. Amer. 1806. — si'mptex (simple). Jj. June. Nepaul. 1822. Striking. The process of causing cut- tings to emit roots. Steobila'nthes. (From strobilos, a pin?-cone, and antlws, a flower; resem- blance of the head of flower. Nat. ord., Acantliads [Acanthaceoe]. Linn., li-D'tdy- namia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.) : Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings sny time ' during summer in sandy soil, under a hand-light, | in heat; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. S. ca.lo'sus (thick-barked). Blue. May. E. Ind. 1840. — lacta'tu* (milky-leaved). I. Pale lilac. Sep- tember. E. Ind. 184". — macula'tus (spctted-leaved). lj. Pale lilac. September. 1846. — Sabinia' xtis (Sabine's). 4. Blue, purple. March. Nepaul. 1826. — sra'bra (rough). 4. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1836. — ae'ssilti (stalkless).4.Blue. April. Bombay. 1833. SxBOPHA'NTHUS.CFromsiro/j/jos.twisted, and anthos, a flower; divisions of petals twisted. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy- naceae], Linn., 5-Pentaudria 1-Monogy- nia. Allied to Nerium.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat, in spring ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. China. 1816. — diehs'tomus (forked). 3. Rosy. June. E. Ind. 1816. — dive'rgena (spreading). 3. Yellow. February. China. 1816. — sarmento'sus (trailing). 6. Red. June. Sierra I-eone. 1S24. Stbcma'ria. (From struma t a tubercle ; the style is enlarged at the bottom. Nat. ord., Amarylluis rAinaiyiiidacetej. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-JIonoyynia. Allied to Ne- rine and Hessea.) Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. For cul- ture, see Neri'ne. S. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 4- Pink. April. 1795. — cri'spa (curled-flowered). $. Pink. June. 1790. — filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 4. White. November. 1774. — gemma'ta (jewel-flowered). 1. Pale yellow August. 1S12. — lingueefo tin (tongue-leaved;. 4. White. April. — rube-lla (pale red). 4. Pint. May. 1795. — spira'lis (spiral). $. Pink. July. 1774. — stella'ris (starry). 4. Pink. October. 1"94. — trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-/eai-*rumTOO'ndi(l)rumrnond's). 2. Pink. No- vember. J 838. — gramini/u'lium (grass-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 1803. — hirsu'tum (hairy-scerped). J. Rose. June. 1830.' — Iii'spidum (bristly). White. July. — ju'nceum (rush-like), i- Rose. 1830. — leptosta'ehyum (narrow-spiked). White. — linea're (narrow-/ea»ed). 1. Red. June. 1812. — nu'dum (naked-stemmed). White. June. 1840. — pilu'sum (hairy). 1. Pink, white. June. 1841. — proli'ferum (proliferous). Pink. June. 1S39. — pyenosta'chyum (dense-spiked). Pink. June. 1843. — recu'rfum (curled-back). J. Green, purple. May. 1840. — taxifrngoi'des (saxifrage-like). White. June. 1S42. — sca'bridum (rather-rough). White. July. 1841. — stria'tum (channelled). White. May. — tenuifu'lium (fine-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 1818. Styloco'ryne. (Frorri stylos, a column, and koryne, a club ; shape of the style. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., b-Ptntandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove, white-flowered, East-Indian evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- glass, in heat; fibry, sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. S. enria'cea (leathery-tenwerf). 1828. — corymbo'sa (corymbed). 5. 1/59. — cymo'sa (cymed). 1811. Stypa'ndra. (From slype, tow, and uner, an anther ; resemblance of the an- thers. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. hum., 6-IIexitndriu \-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.) Greenhouse New Holland plants. Division of the plant in spring; sandy loam and fibry peat; require the protection of a dry, cold pit in winter. H. frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Violet. June. 1836. ~ prupi'nqua. (related). 1. Azure. September. 1833. Styphk'lia. (From styphelos, hard; referring to the wood. Nat. ord., Epa- crids [Epacridacea?]. Linn., b-Pentan- drla 1-Monoyynia.) 'Greenhouse, New Holland evergreens. Cutting! of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, m April ; sandy, fibry peat, and ouly a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. S. epacrioi'des (epacris-like). 6. Crimson. Julv. 1823.. — Intifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Pink. June. 1823. — trifio'ra (three-flowered). 6. Pink. July. 1796. — tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 6. Scarlet. July. 1808. Sty'rax. Storax. (From the Arabic. Nat. ord., Sloraxworts [Styracese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monoyynia.) Hardy deciduous, white- flowered shrubs. By imported seeds, and cuttings and layers ; light, rich, sandy loam, and a little peat ; should be planted against a wall to bloom profusely, and it is well worthy of such protection ; next to that a dry, protected situation. S. grandifo'Uum (large-leaved). 6. July. N. Amer. 1/65. — Iceviga'tum (smootn). 4. July. N. Amer 1765, — officinale (snop). 12. July. Levant. 1507. — pulverule'ntum (powdery). 4. June. N.Amer. 1794. Succulent Plants are so character- ized on account of their thick juicy leaves. They are formed to exist, says Mr. Fortune, in countries and situations where they are often exposed to in- tense light and dryness ; their skins are thick ; they have few evaporating pores ; and they have, likewise, few roots to gorge their tissue with food during the rainy seu^on. Therefore, we find the dry, sandy plains of the Cape abounding in aloes and mesembryanthemums ; and the bare volcanic rocks of Mount Etna cover- ed, in many places, with the common prickly pear. In Mexico, also, and in many other parts of Central and South America, the extensive race of cacti, with their curious un-vegetable-like forms, are at home, and flourish even in those dry and parched seasons when the whole face of nature besides seems withered and destroyed. The natural circumstances in which these plants are found are sure and certain guides in cultivation. Suckers are branches naturally thrown up by a plant from its base, when the on- ward current of growth of the stem is stopped. Suffocation is a term employed by Keith and others to describe any stop- ping of the transpiratory organs of plants, whether it arises from extravasated sap, mosses, fungi, or from a deficient supply of sap. Sugar Eakers' EeK'se. See Ajuwal Matters. SUG L m ] SWE Sugar Caste. Sa'ccharum. Sumach. Jthus. Sun-dew. Dro'sera. Sunflower. IJelia'nthus. H. a'nnuus, Annual Sunflower, is now much cultivated for its oil, and as a food for cattle and poultry. The earlier the seed can be got into the ground the better, say the beginning of April, as the crop will be ready to harvest the latter part of August, which will be of the greatest importance to growers. The necessary quantity of seed required for an acre depends upon the conditions of the soil, and varies from four pounds to five pounds; but, of course.it is advisa- ble to sow a little more than is actually wanted, to provide against accidents. The seed should be drilled into the ground, and the distance from row to row eighteen inches; the plants to be thinned out to thirty inches from plant to plant, and the number of plants at this distance would be about 14,500 per acre ; at eighteen inches from plant to plant, 25,000 per acre ; and at twelve inches from plant to plant, 32,000. The produce of this kind of grain, like that of most others, varies considerably, according to the state of the soil, climate, and the cultivation that is employed; but the average quantity of seed is about fifty bushels per acre. This will produce fifty gallons of oil, and of oilcake, 1,500 pounds. The stalks, when burnt for alkali, give ten hundredweight of potash. Sunflower, Hehanthus, Sun-fruit. Helioca'rpu*. Sun-rose. Helia' nthemum. Surface Grubs, or Caterpillars, are the larvae of several species of Noctua, or Kight Moths. Gardeners thus name them because they attack the roots of the turnip, mangold wurtzel, g «'u 1-Monogynia.) Stove, East Indian bulbs, except integrifo'lia. Division of the roots in spring ; sandy loam and 2. little fibry peat. Winter temp., 60°; summer, 60° to 90°, and plenty of moisture. T. a'spera (rough). 2. Brown. July. 1816. — Guinee'nsis Guinea). 2. July. — integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). $. Purple. Juae- 1810. Herbaceous. TAC [ 7 T. Ite'vis (smooth). 2. Brown. July. 1820. — phali'fera (crest-bearing*. 4. Brown. July. Mauritius. 1826. — pinnati'Jida (leaflet-cut). 2. Purp]e. 1793. Ta'chia. (The Guianan name. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Leianthus.) Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Jamaica. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; sandy, fibry peat, and a very little loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 55°, and kept in a dryish atmosphere ; summer, 60° to 80°, and moist. T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. 1816. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1J. July. 1793. — Swu'rtzii (Swartz's). 10. July. 1793. Tachiga'lia. (The Guianan name. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogyitia. Alli- ance near the Tamarind.) Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cut- tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in March, in bottom-heat ; also seeds in a hotbed ; sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. T. bi'juga (two-paired). 20. Brazil, 1822. — panicula'ta (panicled). 60. Guiana. 1827. Tacso'nia. (From tacso, the name of one of them in Peru. Nat. ord., Passion- worts [Passuioraceae]. Linn., lQ-Mona- ielphia 2-Pentandria.) Half-hardy evergreen climber*. Cuttings of young shoots any time in summer ; fibry loam and a little sandy peat and leaf-mould, fruit of rr.olli' ssima is eatable. T. inanica'ta (sleeved). 20. Scarlet. September. Peru. 1343. — molli'ssima (soltest-leaved). 20. Rose. Sep- tember. Quito. 1844. — pedunculitis (/ong'-flower-stalked). 10. Rose. Peru. 1815. — pinnatisti'pula (leafleted-stipuled). 30. Pale rose. September. Chili. 1828. — tangui'neu (blood-coloured). Crimson. July. Trinidad. 1852. Tjenio'psis. (From tainia, a fillet, and opsis, like ; the resemblance of the leaf, or frond. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2i-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.) Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns. T. linea'ta (narrow-/eaned). 2. June. \V. Ind. — revoiu'ta (curled- back). June. Nepaul. TENfTis. (From tainia, a fillet; the resemblance of the fronds, or leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24- Cryptotjamia 1-Filices.) Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns. T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. July. Ja- maica. 181 6. — Wec/idria l-Monogynia.} Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the West Indies. Cuttings of side-shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 65° to 85°. T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. May. 1823, — di'scolor (two-coloured-ieased). 5. May. 1793. — elaa^noi'des (elaeagnus-like). 4. March. — tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 3. March. 1815. Tettigonia spuaiARiA of some ento- mologists, and .the Cercopis, Cicada, or Jphrophora spumaria of others, Froth in- sect, Cuckoo-spit, Froth-hopper, or Frog- hopper. Its larva enveloped in its froth is especially prevalent upon the young shoots of the white-thorn or quick ; but it also infests the stems of pinks, carna- tions, lilacs, aDd many other plants. If the froth be removed, one and sometimes two small, pale green, aphis-like insects are detected. These are the larva or young of the Froth-fly. By means of its sharp rostrum or beak it extracts the sap of the plant, and voids it as an excrement in the frothy form, which is its character- istic. About the end of July it sheds its skin, leaving it in the froth, and comes TEU [ 775] THA forth the perfect insect. About the be- ginning of August the males and females may be found in pairs numerously on the plants they frequent. They are of a dirty- white colour, thickly dotted and clothed with short hairs ; head broad and bluntly triangular, with black lines down its centre and sides ; eyes, one on each side, near the base of the head ; rostrum long, bent underneath its body when not in use; antennas ending in a fine bristle; thorax and shield (scutellum), adjoining the back of the head, brownish. The wing-cases are brown, mottled with ochre, with four whitish patches on the margin ; the under wings are transparent and irridescent. The legs, six in number, short, but two hind-legs longest, and formed for leaping. So effectual are they for the purpose, that, as Mr. Kirby states, after showing their mode of leap- ing, they will spring five or six feet at a time, being more than 250 times their own length, or " as if a man of ordinary height should be able to vault through the air to the distance of a quarter of a mile." It is not ascertained where the eggs of this insect are deposited, but probably on the stems of the plants on the shoots of which the larva feeds. It appears, however, that they can travel after hatching, for seedlings and plants raised from root-cuttings are often affected. We know of no better plan for destroying the insect than drawing the affected shoot3 between the fingers, and then dipping these into a bowl of water after each grasp. In the case of carnation stems and other flowers, requiring more tender treatment, all the froth may be taken from the insect by means of a piece of sponge, and itself then removed by a camel's hair brush. Teu'crium. Germander. (Named after Teucer, a Trojan prince, who first used it medicinally. Nat. ord., Lipivorts [Lamiacere]. Linn., \4k-Dldynamia 1- Gymnospermia. ) Annuals, seeds in the open ground in April; perennials, by seeds and division ; shrubs, by cut- tings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in spring, and a hand-light in summer. Most of them in the ] atmosphere of London, and farther north, require a cold pit or a greenhouse in winter. In dry places in the south of England they will frequently stand our winters uninjured. They are not at all particular as to soil. HARDY EVERGREENS. T. angusti 'ssimum (narrowest-fea^erf). 3. Pur- ple. June. Spain. IMS. — brevifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pink. June. Crete. 1824. lj. Purple. Sep- i3. . Variegated. July. Purple. August. l£. Purple. Au- T. orienta'h (eastern). 1 . Blue. July. Levant. 172S. — po'lium (poly). 1. Pale. August. Soutn Europe. 1562. angus'ifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Purple. July. Spain. 1732. flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. July. South Europe. 1/31. — saxa'tile trock). £. Pale yellow. July. Valen- tia. 1820. — tliymifo'lium (thyme-leaved). 4. Reddish. August. Spain. 1816. HARDY HERBACEOUS. T. campanula' turn (he\\-flowered), 1. Blue. July. Levant. 1728. — Canade'nse (Canadian). 2. Purple. August. N. Amer. 1768. — ckama'drys (comrnnn.Germa.nier). J. Pur- ple. July. England. — llyrca'nicum (Hyrcanian). tember. Persia. 171 — Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). 1 Siberia. 1800. — lu'cidum (shining). l£. South Europe. 1730. — Lusita'nicum (Portuguese). gust. Portugal. 1822. — M'tssilie'nse (Marseilles). 2. Purple. France. 1732. — multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 1. Light red. August. Spain. 1732. — pycnophy'llum (close-leaved). £. Purple. July. Spain. 181 6. — Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 2. Blue.N.Amer.1768. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. T. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow, red. July. Chili. 1826. — infla'tum (swollen). 2. Red. September. Jamaica. 1778. Stove. — Xissolia'num (Nissolian). 1. Purple. July. Spain. 1752. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. T. abutitoi'des (abutilon-like). lj. Yellow. April. Madeira. 1777. — Ardui'ni (Arduin's). 1$. Yellow. July. Candia. 1823. — Asia'ticum (Asiatic). 2. Pink. August. 1777- — beto'nicum (betony-like). l£. Lilac. July. Madeira. 1775. — ca'num (hoary). 1$. Purple. Armenia. 1836. — Cre'ticum (Cretan). i4.Purple.July. Crete. 1824. — flu' num. (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. South Europe. 1640. — heteropliyHlum (various-leaved). 2. Purple. June. Madeira. 1759. — ma'rum (marum). 1£. Pale purple. August Spain. 1640. — orchi'deum (orchis-like). 1. Pink. July Chili. 1826. — pseu'do-chamts'pitys (bastard ground-pine). |, Purple. June. South Europe. 1820. pu'milum (dwarf). £. Purple.. luly. Spain. 1816. re'gium (royal). 1$. Purple. July. Spain. l6go. tri'Jidum (three-cleft-Zeaued) 1$. Purple. Juiy. Cape of Good Hope. 1791. Tha'lia. (Named after J. Tlialius, e German physician. Nat. ord., Movants [Marantaceaa]. Linn., \-M»nundria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Maranta.) Blue-flowered evergreens. Divisions; rich- sandy loam. Gerriculu'ta requires a cool plant, stove in winter; dealba'ta, a greenhouse, in a tub of water, or the roots in a pond out of doors, so deep that the frost will not reach them. T. dealba'ta (white). 4. July. Carolina. 1791. — senicula'ta (jointed). 2. August. W. Ind. 1823, THA [ 770 ] THE Tsau'ctruh Meadow Eue. (From thallo, to grow green ; the bright green eolour of the young shoots. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae]. Linn., 13- Polyandria &-Polygynia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the t>lant in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf- mould. Beautiful for the back of herbaceous, borders. T. acuti'lobum (sharp-lobed). IJ. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 1820. — alpi'num (alpine). i. White, yellow. June. Britain. — anemonoi'des (anemone-like). S. April. N. Amer. 1768. — —flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4. April. N. Amer. 1768. — angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 3. Pale yellow. June. Germany. 1793. — apicula'tum {.bee-like-flowered). Yellow. June. 1838. — appendieula'tum (appendaged). Russia. 1832. — aquilegifo'lium (columbine-leaved). 3. purple. June. Austria. 1731. a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). : purple. June. Austria. 1731. formo'sum (beautiful). South Europe. 1800 — Cala'bricum (Calabrian). Sicily. 1800. ■ — Caroliniu'num (Carolina). N. Amer. 1808. — chelida'nii (swallowwort). : Nepaul. 1823. — cine'reum (grey). 2. Yellow. June. — etava'tum (cla'o-leaved). 2. White. N.Amer. 1720. — enlli'num (hill). 14. Pale yellow. June rope. 1800. — conci'nnum (neat). 3. White. Green. June. — conto'rtum (curled-seeded). 2. White. June. Siberia. 1796. — Cornu'ti (Cornuti's). 3. White, yellow. May. N. Amer. 1806. revolu'tum (curled-back). 1J. Light yellow. June. N. Amer. 1806. — crena'tum (scolloped-Zeaued). 5. Yellow. July. Europe. 1800. — cultra'tum (knife-shaped). Green, yellow. June. Himalayas. — Cynapifo 1 Hum (cynapinum-leaved). 2. Pur- ple, yellow. June. Siberia. 1823. — dioi'cum (dioecious). 1. Light yellow. June. N. Amer. 1759. — tUvarica'tum (straggling). lj. Yellowish. June. Europe. 1819. — dive'rgens (spreading). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1819- — ela'tum ttall). 4. Light yellow. August. Hungary. 1794. ambi'guum (ambiguous). 2. Pale yellow. June. Switzerland. 1819- — exalta'tum (lofty). Siberia. 1832. — fia'vum (cornmon*yellow). 4. Orange. June. Britain. —vagina' turn ( 50 o t0 58 o. summer> 6o o to 85 o # irie of the most important Operations Oi ■ 1, pinna 1 ta (leafleted). 8. White. New Spain. the garden, though ODe of the least g8ne- ' '»23. rally practised. It is equally important j Thrift. (Sta'tice.) Sec Edging. to be attended to in all fruit-bearers, but Tbri'nax. (From thrinax, a fan; especially the vine, nectarine, peach, apri J shape of the leaves. Nat. ord., Palms cot, apple, and pear. It should be done ; ^Pahr.aceie]. ~Lmn.,Q-Htxandria\-Moiio- wiih a bold, fearless hand ; and the per- \ .;y//t«.) fection of that which is allowed to remain I Stove Palm. Seeds in a moist, sweet hotbed, ^rir.g ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55 3 will amply reward the grower, in harvest time, forthe apparent sacrifice made. But he will not reap bis reward only in this year, for the trees, thus kept unweakened by over-production, will be able to ripen their wood, and deposit their store of sap in their vessels, so absolutely necessary for their fruitfulness next season. Thinning is a most necessary opera- tion with plants as well as with the fruit they bear. The roots of a plant extend in a circle round it, of which the stem is the centre. If the roots of adjoining plants extend within each other's circle, they mutually rob of nutriment, and check each other's growth. Thinning in the seed bed is generally applied with too timid a hand. Thistle. Ca'rdum. Thoma'sia. (Named after Messrs. Thomat, two brothers, collectors of Swiss plants. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneri- acere]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.) Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs. Cutting* of firm, stubV. young side-shoots in to Gu° ; summer, 60° to 90°. T.parvift&ra (small-flowered). 15. White, grceii. Jamaica. 177S. Turd?s. Thrips Adonidum is one of the worst pests that can gain a footing in our stoves and greenhouses. Th« larve and pupse are yellowish-white, and the perfect insect is of a dull, deep black, with the point, and sometimes the whole of the abdomen, of a rust colour ; the vktgs are dirty white; the horns and legs yellowish, the extremity of the for- mer black. It attacks plants by piercing the under side of the leaves; and one often sees, at the tip of the tail, a globule of blackish fluid, which it soon deposits, ind, by innumerable spots of this gluti- r ous matter, the pores of the leaves are stopped up, and large portions of the surface become blotched. During March the full-grown larvae and pupae, which are as large as the perfect insect, are found in groups, feeding on tbe under side of the leaves ; and at this time the recently-hatched but perfect insect either. THR [ 779 ] THY lies close under the ribs, or roves about in search of a mate (Curtis). Flowers of sulphur have been recommended as destructive of this plague, but we believe that Scotch snuff, applied by means of a dredging-box (perhaps Brown's Fumi- gator would answer), is as effectual an application as any. Prevention, however, is better than cure ; and if the plants are kept healthy by due ventilation, and by moisture both in the air and soil, this insect may be usually banished. T. ochraceus infests the ripe fruit of plums, peaches, and nectarines, piercing the stalks, and causing their fall, and ren- dering the fruit disgusting. It was first noticed and described by Mr. Curtis. It is narrow and linear, of a bright and deep ochreous colour, the eyes are black, the horns appear to be only six jointed and brownish at the tips, it has three ocelli in the crown, the body is hairy, the tip pointed and bristly, the wings are shorter than the body in the male, lying parallel on the back when at rest, narrow, espe- cially the under ones, and fringed, the hairs longest beneath and at the point, tips of feet dusky. It is destroyed by the same means as T. Adonidum. Theoatwoet. Campa'nula cervlca'ria, Campa'nula truche'lium, and Trache' Hum. Theya'llis. A synonynie of Galphi- mia. The following should be added to to that genus : — O. brachvsta'chys (short-spiked). 4. August. Rio Janeiro. 1823. Thtj'ja. Arbor Vitse. (From thy on, a sacrifice ; the resin used as incense in eastern sacrifices. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacese]. Linn., 21-Monoscia 10-Decan- dria.) Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, which ripen freely, or by cuttings ; the seeds are best sown in April, slightly covered, and if a frame or hand- light can be set over them, all the better ; moist soil suits most of them; a few of the tenderest will require protection until they become some size. T. artictila'ta Cjointed). IS. March. Barhary. 1815. — austratis (southern). 20. May. South Europe. 1820. — Chile'nse (Chilian). 30. Chili. — cupressni'des (cypress-like). 10. Cape of Good Hope. 1799. — Dnnia'na (Don's). 60. Nero Zealand. 1847. — fitifo'rmis (thread-tewed). May. 1838. — Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. May. Nepaul. 1824. — oceidenta'lis (western. American). 50. May. N. Amer. 1596. varirga'ta (variegated-ieawed). 25. May. — orienta'lis (eastern. Chinese). 25. May. China. 1752. Mtri'cta (erect). 20. May. Italy. 1824. — T'lta'rica (Tartarian). 12. May. Tartary. MM. T. pe'ndula (irooping-branched). 20. May. Tar- tary. 1828. — pliea'ta (plaited). 20. May. Nootka Sound. 1796. — tetrago'na (four-sided). 80. Patagonia. Thtjnbe'egia. (Named after C. P. Thunberg, the celebrated botanist. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacere]. Linn., H-Didynomia 2-Angiospermia.) Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds in eariy spring, in a strong, moist, sweet hotbed ; cuttings, any time before the end of August, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; fibry loam and peat, with a little rotten dung and lime-rubbish. Winter temp., 4S° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°. As they are very subject to red spider, perhaps the best mode of treating these fine plants is to grow them as an- nuals, throwing the plants away in the end of autumn. If preserved, the flowers of sulphur and the syringe must hardly ever have a holiday. In- deed, the syringe and a little shade are necessary to their health in summer. T. ala'ta (winged). 4. Yellow. June. E. Ind. a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White. May. Madagascar. uuranti'aca (orange-cowered). 4. Orange. May. — angulu'ta (angular). 4. June. Madagascar.1823. — Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Vellow. June. Nepaul. 1824. — chry'sops (golden-eyed). 3. Blue, Violet. Junt- Sierra Leone. — cocci 'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June. Trinidad. 1823. — cor da' la (heart- Jea»ed). 3. White. June. E. Ind. 1820. — fra' grans (fragrant). 4. White. June. E. Ind. 1796. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1820. — Hawtuynea'na (Ha« tayne's). 10. Scarlet. June. Nepaul. 1826. Thy'mbea. (An ancient name applied to a thyme-like plant. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiaceoe]. ~L\rm.,\4k-Didynamia 1-Gym- nospermia. Allied to Melissa.) Half-hardy evergreens. Seeds in April, or cut- tings under a hand-light in June ; sandy, gravelly loam. Nice rock- work plants. Cilia'ta is the pret- tiest ; require a cold pit in winter. T. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. Vermilion. July. South Europe. 1824. — spica'ta (spike-flowered). 1$. Pale purple. June. Levant. I6fl9. Thy'mus. Thyme. (From thuo, to per- fume. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 1&-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.) Hardy evergreen trailers, and purple-flowered, except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds, cut- tings, or divisions in March or April ; sandy loam suits them all best. T. vulgu'ris is ottr common pot-herb thyme. For culture, see Sage. T. an gustifo' tius (narrow-leaved). J. June. South Europe. 177L — Azo'ricus (Azorean). July. Azores. 1820. — azu'reus (azure), ij. June. South Europe. 1S30. — capitn'tus (headed). June. South Europe. 1596, — cephulo'tes (great-headed), j. July. Portugal. 1759- — cilia'tus (hair- fringed). Violet. July. N. Africa. THY t T80 ] TIL T. Co'rsxeus (Corsican). Lilac. Corsica. 183). — Croa'tirus (Croatian). 1. July. Hungary. 1802 — elonga'tus (lengthened). 1. August. 1816. — ert'<-«/o7>'i quadrhpino'sa (four-spined). White. July. E. Ind. iS23. Greenhouse biennial. Treviea'nia. The following should be united to Achirnenes: — T, pulche'lla (neat). Scarlet. August. Jamaica. Traveller's Joy. Clc'matis vita'lba and 0. via' ma. Tree Celaneink. Bocco' niafrute'scerte. Tree Guards. The following are cheap and effectual : — Stakes about the thick- ness of the wrist, seven feet in length, and tolerably straight, chopped each a little flat on one side, some iron hooping, a little thicker than coopers are in the habit of using for barrels, with punched holes through it six inches apart, with one hole near each end. Nail this to the stakes on the chopped side, one foot from the top of them, and one foot from the bottom ; then raise it, and bend it circularly round the tree, observing that the hoops are placed inside, nearest the tree ; the holes left at each end of the hoop are then clenched up with a nail, and the guard is complete. The following plan is somewhat simi- lar : — Procure stakes of ash or larch, six feet in length, or more if requisite, and about two inches in diameter, and bore holes through the tops and bottoms about one foot from each end. Get a similar hole drilled up the centre of a stake, and saw it off in lengths of two inches, or rather less ; pass a strong wire, or thick tarred string, through one stake, by the holes at the top and at the bottom ; then pass it through the hole made in one of the two- inch pieces at each end, and then through another stake, separating each stake at top and bottom by a piece of wood, until you leave enough to surround the tree loosely, leaving plenty of space for growth. Place it round the tree, and fasten the ends of the wire or string. This guard is much the same as a cradle put round the neck of a blistered horse, to prevent his gnawing the irritated part. The stakes merely rest on the ground, and should be cut quite flat at the bottom, to prevent their sticking into the ground. At the upper end they should have a sharp slanting cut with a bill-hook, and threaded with the slope towards the tree. The motion of the tree will not in any degree be impeded ; and the bark cannot be injured let the wind blow as it may, for the guaru moves freely with the tree in every direction. Trees area chie f material in landscape gardening. The varieties in their shapes, says Mr. Whately, may be reduced to the following heads : — Some, thick with branches and foliage, have almost an appearance of solidity, as the beech, the elm, the lilac, and seringa ; others, thin of boughs and of leaves, seem light and THE [ 789 ] TRE airy, as the ash and the abele, the com- mon arbor vitse and the tamarisk. There is a mean betwixt the two ex- tremes, very distinguishable from both, as in the bladder-nut and the ashen- leaved maple. They may again be divided into those whose branches begin from the ground, and those which shoot up in a stem before their branches begin. Trees •which have some and not much clear stem, as several of the firs, beLng to the former class ; but a very short stem will rank as a shrub, such as the althaea, in the latter. Of those, the branches of which begin from the ground, some rise in a conical figure, as the larch, the cedar of Lebanon, and the holly. Some swell out in the middle of their growth and diminish at both ends, as the Weymouth pine, the mountain ash, and the lilac; and some are irregular and bushy from the top to the bottom, as the evergreen oak, the Virginian cedar, and Guelder rose. There is a great difference between one whose base is very large, and another whose base is very small, in proportion to its height. The cedar of Lebanon and the cypress are instances of such a difference; yet in both the branches begin from the ground. The heads of those which shoot up into a stem before their branches begin sometimes are slender cones, as of many firs ; sometimes are broad cones, as of the horse-chestnut; sometimes they are round, as of the stone pine, and most sorts of fruit-trees ; and sometimes ir- regular, as of the elm. Of this kind there are many considerable varieties. The branches of some grow horizon- tally, as of the oak ; in others they fall, as in the lime and the acacia; and in some of these last they incline obliquely, as in many of the firs ; in some they hang directly down, as in the weeping willow. Some are of a dark green, as the horse- chestnut arid the yew ; some of a light green, as the lime and the laurel ; some of a green tinged with brown, as the Virginian cedar ; some of a green tinged with white, as the abele and the sage- tree ; and some of a green tinged with yellow, as the ashen-leaved maple and the Chinese arbor vita?. The variegated plants, also, are generally entitled to be classed with the white or the yellow, by the strong tincture of the one or the other of those colours on their leaves. The fall of the leaf is the time to learn i the species, the order, and the proportion of tints, which blended will form beautiful masses; and, on the other hand, to dis- tinguish those which are incompatible, near together. The peculiar beauty of the tints of red cannot then escape ob- servation, and the want of them through out the summer months must be regretted; but the want, though it cannot perfectly, may partially be supplied, for plants have a permanent and an accidental colour. The permanent is always some shade of green, but any other may be the acci- dental colour ; and there is none which so many circumstances concur to produce as a red. It is assumed in succession by the bud, the blossom, the berry, the bark, and the leaf. Sometimes it profusely overspreads, at other times it dimly tinges the plant, and a reddish-green is generally the hue of those plants on which it lasts long or frequently returns. Admitting this, at least for many months in the year, among the character- istic distinctions, a large piece of red- green, with a narrow edging of dark green along the further side of it, and beyond that a piece of light green still larger than the first, will be found to compose a beautiful mass. Another, not less beautiful, is a yellow-green nearest the eye, beyond that a light green, then a brown-green, and lastly a dark green. The dark green must be the largest, the light green the next in extent, and the yellow-green the least of all. From these combinations the agree- ments between particular tints may be known. A light green may he next either to a yellow or a brown-green, and a brown to a dark green, all in considerable quantities ; and a little rim of dark green may border on a red or a light green. Further observations will show that the yellow and the white -greens connect easily ; but that large quantities of the' light, the yellow, or the white-greens do not mix well with a large quantity also of the dark green ; and that to form a pleas- ing mass, either the dark green must be reduced to a mere edging, or a brown or an intermediate green must be interposed ; that the red, the brown, and the inter- mediate greens agree among themselves, and that either of them may be joined to any other tint; but that the red-green will bear a larger quantity of the light than of the dark green near it; nor does it seem so proper a mixture with the TRE [ ~oo ] TRE white-green as with the rest. In massing these tints an attention must be con- stantly kept up to their forms, that they do not lie in large stripes one beyond another; but that either they be quite intermingled, or, which is generally more pleasing, that considerable pieces of different tints, each a beautiful figure, be in different proportions placed near to- gether. See Clump, Avenue, and Grove Tree Mallow. Lava'tera arbo'rea. Tree of Sadness. Nycta'nthes a'rbor tri'stis. Tree or Canada Onion. (A'llium proliferum.) This is without a bulbous root, but throws out numerous offsets. Its top bulbs are greatly prized for pickling, being considered of superior flavour to the common onion. It is propagated both by the root offsets, which may be planted during March and April, or in September and October, and from the top bulbs, which are best planted at the end of April. The old roots are best to plant again for a crop of bulbs, as they are most certain to run to stems. Plant in rows twelve inches asunder, in holes six inches apart and two deep, a single offset or bulb being put in each. Those planted in autumn will shoot up leaves early in the spring, and have their bulbs fit for gathering in June or the beginning of July. Those inserted in the spring will make their appearance later, and will be in production at the close of July or early in August. They must not, however, be gathered for keeping or planting until the stalks decay, at which time, or in the spring also, if only of one year's growth, the roots may be taken up »nd parted if required for planting ; but when of two or three years' continuance, they must, at all events, be reduced in size, otherwise they grow in too large and spindling bunches ; but the best plan is to make a fresh plantation annually with single offsets. The bulbs, when gathered, must be gradually and carefully dried in a shady place, and if kept perfectly free from moisture will continue in good state until the following May. Trellis, or Treillage, is an arrange- ment of supporters upon which to train plants. Espalier Trellis. — The cheapest, the easiest, and the soonest made is that formed with straight poles or stakes of fcsb, oak, or chestnut, in lengths of from five to six or seven feet, driving them in the ground in a range about a foot distant, all of an equal height, and then railed along the top with the same kind of poles or rods, to preserve the whole form in a regular position. They should be full an inch and a half thick, and, having pointed them at one end, drive them with a mallet into the ground in a straight range, close along the row of trees, a foot deep at least. To render treillage still stronger, run two, three, or more ranges of rods, along the back part of the uprights, a foot or eighteen inches asunder, fastening them to the upright stakes either with pieces of strong wire twisted two or three times round, or by nailing them. Espalier trellis made of cast-iron rods is neater and much more durable than that made of wood. Trellis for Climbers. — These have been greatly improved, or rather, they have been created within these few years, for ten years ago we had nothing but stakes and rods. Their forms are now various and elegant; but we shall here only explain the manner in which the wire trellis for climbing plants is attached to the pots It will be seen that a strong wire ring is carried round the pot a little above ite bottom. To this a sufficient number of upright wires are attached all round. These upright wires are pressed down upon the surface of the pot till they reach the rim, over which they are firmly bent till they reach the highest point of the rim, or are even bent a little within it. At this point they are secured by a second ring of stout wire, adjusted as in the drawing, which having been done, the uprights are directed upwards, and fashioned into the pattern required. By these means a sort of collar is formed upon the rim of the pot, which prevents the trellis from slipping downwards, while, at the same time, the lowest ring TEE C vol ] TBI of wire keeps it from swinging and sway- ing backwards and forwards. Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently adapted for Wista'ria Sine'nsis, and other climbers or shrubs having long racemes of flowers. Hothouse Trellis, for training vines near the glass, is usually made of thin rods of deal or of iron, placed about a foot apart, and fastened to the framework of the building. Mr. Long, Beaufort Place, Chelsea, has invented a moveable wire trellis, by which the vines may be lowered from the roof, or placed at any angle, without injuring the vines. This is an excellent mode of removing them from the influence of extreme exterior heat or cold. A stiU further improvement would be to have the vertical rods moveable round the rod horizontally fixed to the rafter or roof, for then the whole trelllis might be raised to an angle with, or even close to, the glass, whenever sun to the vine upon the trellis, or shade to the plants within the house, was desirable. Trembling Amepjcan-tree. Po'pulus tre'mula. TEENCHiNGisoneofthereadiestmodes in the gardener's power for renovating his soil. The process is thus conducted: — From the end of the piece of ground where it is intended to begin take out a trench two spades deep, and twenty inches wide, and wheel the earth to the opposite end to fill up and finish the last ridge. Measure off the width of another trench, then stretch the hue, and mark it out with the spade. Proceed in this way until the whole of the ridges are outlined, after which begin at one end, and fill up the bottom of the first trench with the surface 1 or " top spit " or the second one ; then take the bottom " spit" of the latter, and throw it in such a way over the other aa to form an elevated sharp-pointed ridge. By this means a portion of fresh soil is annually brought on the surface in the> place of that which the crop of the past season may have, in some measure, ex- hausted. Bastard Trenching is thus performed : — Open a trench two feet and a half or a yard wide, one full spit, and the shovel- ling deep, and wheel the soil from it to where it is intended to finish the piece ; then put in the dung, and dig it in with the bottom spit in the trench ; then fill up this trench with the top spit, &c, of the second, treating it in like manner, and so on. The advantages of this plan of working the soil are, the good soil is retained at the top, an important con- sideration where the subsoil is poor or bad; the bottom soil is enriched and loosened for the penetration and nourish- ment of the roots, and, allowing them to descend deeper, they are not so liable to suffer from drought in summer; strong soil is rendered capable of absorbing more moisture, and yet remains drier at the surface by the water passing down more rapidly to the subsoil, and it insures a thorough shifting of the soil. In all trenching, whether one, two, or more spades deep, always, previous to digging, put the top of each trench two or three inches deep or more, with all weeds and other litter at the bottom of the open one, which not only makes clean digging and increases the depth of loose soil, but all weeds and their seeds are regularly buried at such a depth, that the weeds themselves will rot, and their seeds cannot vegetate. Tri'btjlus. Caltrops. (From treis, three, and hallo, to project; carpels, or divisions of the seed-vessel, end in three or four projecting points. Nat. ord., Beancapers [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., 10- Decandria IMonogynia.) All yellow-flowered, and annuals, except eistaff' des. Sow in a hotbed in March, harden off, and put in a sheltered place in the garden towards the beginning of June, or flower in pots in the green- house; rich, light, sandy loam; a little peat will be required for cistoi'des, which is easily increased by cuttings in the spring. T. cistoi'des (cistus-like). 1$. July. S. Amer. 1752. Stove evergreen. — ma'ximiis (greatest). 1$. Jun?. Jamaica. 1"2?.T.\o'nicum (Pannonian). 1. White, yellow June. Hungary. 1752. •" lennsytva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red. July. N. Amer. 1811. ■~*physo'des (bladdery). 4. Reddish. June. Hun- gary. 1805. — prate'nse (meadow. Common Clover). 2. Pur- ple. July. Britain. — purpura! scens (purplish). 1. Purple. June. Siberia. I816. — re'pens (creeping. White Clover). 14. White. July. Britain. pentaphy'llum (five-leaved). &. White. June. Britain. — ru'bens (red). 14. Dark red. South Europe. 1633. ~~ rupe'stre (rock). 1. White. June. Naples. 1820. — trichocc'plialum (hairy-headed). 1. Cream. June. Caucasus. 1827. — uniflo'rum (one-flowered). {-. Blue. June. Italy. 1800. Sternbergiu' num (Sternberg's). 5. White. June. South Europe. 1822. — vagina 1 turn (sheathed). 2. Pale yellow. Switzer- land. 1819. HARDY ANNUALS. T. Bocco'ni (Boccon's). 4- Pale purple. June, Spain. 1820. — bractca'tum(large-bra.cte.A). 1." Purple. June. Morocco. 1804. Biennial. — ce'rnuum (drooping). 1. Pale purple. June. Spain. 1820. — ci'nctum (girded). 1. Tale yellow. June. 1820. — conge'stum (crowded). $. White, red. June. South Europe. 1820. — Constuntinopolit»~ Co'ia and P. Wendlandia'na belong to this genuw TUB TUL I'.Sapsula'ris (capsular). 3. Purple, yellow. April. 1820. — odorati'ssimum (sweetest -scented). White. February. 1837. — spathula'ta (spatulate). 4. Purple, yellow. April. 1826. Tube Flowek. Clerode'ndron sipho- na'nthus. Tu'ber ciba'rium. See Teuffle. Tubebose. Polya'nthes tubero'sa. Tu'ltjpa. The Tulip. (From its Per- sian name, thoulyban. Nat. ord., Lily- worts [LiliaceseJ. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1- Monogynia.) Hardy bulbs. Seeds for new varieties ; offsets ; • rich compost, made of loam, sand, and vegetable mould, suits them best; common kinds may re- main for years in the same place if you top-dress them, and do not want to separate the bulbs. T. Alta'ica (Altaian). 1. Yellow. April. Altai. — Bieliersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 1. Yellow, purple. June. Siberia. 1820. — biflo'ra (two-flowered). £. Yellow. April. Russia. 1806. — Bonarotia'na (Bonaroti's). 1J. Variegated. April. Italy. 182". — Celsi't'na (Cels's). l£. Yellow. June. Levant. — Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White, purple. July. Sicily. 1636. — cornu'ta (horned). 2. Striped. May. Levant. 1816. — Gesneria'na (Gesner's). 2. Striped. April. Levant. 1577. lacinia'ta (cut-sepaled). 2. Variegated. April. Levant. 1603. — — — lu'tea (yellow), lj. Yellow. April. Le- vant. 1603. ple'nii (double). 1. Variegated. April. Levant. 1603. versicolor (party-coloured). lj. Varie- gated. April. Levant. 1603. — hiemn'lis (winter). Red. April. Russia. 1843. — hu'milis (dwarf). Red. April, Russia. 1840. — >«a/eVens (ill-smelling). 1. Red, yellow. May. Italy. 1827. variega'ta (variegated). 1. Variegated. May. Italy. 1827. — me'dia (middle). 1. Scarlet, white. May. 1827. — monta'na (mountain). 1. Scarlet. July. Persia. 1827. — o'cutvs so'tis (sun's-eye). 1. Red, blue. April. Italy. 1816. Pe'rsiea (Persian). 1. Scarlet, black. April. Persia. 182(5. — paltens (spreading). 1. White, grey. April. Siberia. 1826. — precox (early). 1. Scarlet. April. Italy. 1825. — pnhr'scens (downy). 1. Red. April. 1824. — re'pens (creeping. Russian). 1. Yellow. April. Russia. 1819. — saxa' Wis (rock). 1. Yellow. April. Crete. 1827. — scabrisra'pa (rough-stemmed). 2. Red, yellow. April. Italy. 1837. — stellu'tu (starred). 2j. White. April. Cumana. 1827. — strangula'ta (choked), lb. April. — su-ive'olens (sweet-scented). ^. Red, yellow. April. South Europe. 1603. — sylne'stris (wild). 1. Yellow. April. England. — tri'culnr (three-coloured). 1. Scarlet. April. Russia. 1817. — Tu'rcica (Turkish). 8. Striped. April. Tulip as a Floeist's Flower. — Florists call tulips seedlings until they have bloomed ; after this those preserved on account of their good form and habit, as well as the offsets they produce, are called breeders. After some years the petals of these become striped, and they are then said to be broken. If the striping is good they are said to have s good strain; if it be inferior, they are described as having a bad strain. A rectified tulip is synonymous with a tulip having a good strain. A feathered tulip has a dark-coloured edge round its petals, gradually becoming lighter on the margin next the centre of the petal. The feathering is said to be light, if narrow ; heavy, if broad ; and irregular, if its inner edge has a broken outline. A flamed tulip is one that has a dark- pointed spot, somewhat in shape like the flame of a candle, in the centre of each petal. Sometimes a tulip is botlifeathei-ed and flamed. A Bizard tulip has a yellow ground, and coloured marks on its petals. A Byblomen is white, marked with black, lilac, or purple. A Rose is white, with marks of crimson, pink, or scarlet. The end of September is a good time for prepai-ing the tulip-bed. Situation. — The aspect should be open to the south and south-east, but well sheltered from the north, north-east, and north-west winds. We prefer a perfectly level surface, because the advantage of rain falling upon the bed and sinking into the earth is more certain than on a slope. The elevation of the site is also a consideration worth serious attention. Wherever it is in the power of the culti- vator of tulips intended for exhibition to choose the site, let him choose the happy medium, neither too high nor too low. If there are no shelters already on the spot to defend and protect those choice, flowers from the untoward blasts of the northern quarter, there ought to be some prepared. A close wooden paling is the one most ready and effectual, and if made of deal or oak, and well-painted, will last several years. Beech, hornbeam, yew, or arbor vitse hedges are very excellent; but they require several years' growth before they are high enough to screen the flowera effectually. They might be planted b&- TUL [ 799 ] TUL hindthepaling.tobeadvancingin growth ; Ko that when the paling decays the hedges would be high and thick enough to answer the purpose. Whatever shelter is made use of, it should be placed at a sufficient distance from the beds not to draw up the flowers, or prevent a full exposure to light. On these accounts, or for these reasons, the wind-shelters should never exceed six or eight feet high. Draining. — The tulip loves a deep soil and a dry subsoil. Where there is a good depth of good loam, with a dry, gravelly, or sandy bottom, no more drains are required than one or two formed with drain-pipes and tiles to carry off the water that may fall in wet seasons on the sur- face. An upright shaft, with a grating on the top to catch this surface-water, will be necessary. When the natural soil is shallow and the subsoil clay, or any other water-retaining substance, set out the bed the desired length and breadth, and cast on one side all the good soil, shovelling the small crumbs ; then dig, or hack and shovel out the subsoil till the bed is eighteen inches deep. After that is finished, dig a drain in the centre of the bed six inches deep, and wide enough to allow the operator to lay down first the flat tiles, and then the circular pipes, with holes in the latter to admit the water to escape into them, and then be carried clean away. When the pipes, 7at. ord., Cloveworis [Caryophyl- laceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria Z-Digynia., Allied to Diauthus.) Hardy herbaceous plants, blooming in July ; Seeds in spring, and division of the plants ; rich, light soil. T. diunthoi'des (pink-like). Red. Candia. 1838. — Illy' rica (Ittynm). ited. Sicily. 1838. — pai.kynu'ta (thick-backed). White.Natolia.lS38. — saxi'/raga (saxifrage). $. Pink. Germany. 1/74. — stri'cta (erect). Pink. Altaia. 1834. Tt/pa. (The name of one of the species in Chili. Nat. ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Lobelia.) Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings, but chiefly by division of the suckers that spring up after the flowering stalks are cut down ; rich, sandy loam. When planted out in a bed the surface may be dressed with advantage with rotten dung. Unless in a very sheltered place, they require the protection of a cold pit or a greenhouse in winter; and to flourish well they should be divided and potted, and assisted with a littl* heat in a bed before planting out in May. Lobdlia Caeaniliesia'na is united to this genus. T. argu'ta (shaxp-toothed-leaoed). Yellow. Sep- tember. Chili. 1824. — bla' nda (charming). 3. Pink. Chili. -• Fueillei (Feuille's). Scarlet. September. Chill. 1824. — polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Purple. August. Valparaiso. 1832. — purpn'rea (purple). August. Valparaiso. 1825. — salicifo'tia (willow -leaved). 4. Red. October. Valparaiso. 1/94. — secu'nda (side-flowering). $. White. May. Cape of good Hope. 1794. Tckf may be obtained either by sow- ing grass seeds, or laying turf obtained from a common or down: if the latter mode can be adopted it is the best, as the turf is obtained at once, and is more TUR L 801 ] TUR regular than can be obtained under the best circumstances from seed. All the preparation of the soil required is to dig it level a spade deep, provided the subsoil is open, otherwise to have a good drainage effected (see Draining) ; to have all large stones removed from the surface, and to have it brought to a perfect level by re- peated rollings, and filling up the hollows when necessary, as indicated by the level. The surface being then loosened by raking is ready for the seed or turf. By Seed.— ^8ee Grass. By Turf. — The season for laying turf is any time from September till April or May, though it wiil grow at almost any time of the year, even if there is occasion to lay it in summer, and dry weather succeed ; for although it will open at the joints, and turn brown, as if dead, yet after the first rain it will close again, and resume its verdure. The turf for this use is cut with an iron instrument called a turfing iron, observing to cut the pieces all an equal width, length, and thickness — the proper size is a foot wide, a yard long, and about an inch thick ; they should be first marked by line the proper width, length, and depth, with a racer ovrutter; racing them iirst longwise a foot wide, then across in yard lengths ; then pro- ceed to cut them up, having particular regard to cut them level, and equal in thickness, otherwise it will be impossible to lay them level. As you cut, a man or boy should roll each turf up close and tight, the grass side inwards, and pile them up by tens, especially if they are cut by the hundred. If they are cut by the hundred, the price is from sixpence to a shilling, according to the nature of the soil, whether soft and easy to cut, or hard, or stony. A man will cut from three to five, six, or seven hundred in a day, or more, if very soft, easy-cutting turf, and having a person to race them out and roll them up, turf and turf, as they are cut. They are to be laid regularly, turf and turf, unrolling them as you lay them, joining them up quite close, edge to edge, making good all deficiency of broken parts a3 you go on ; and, as soon as laid, it should be well beaten with broad, heavy, wooden beaters, made of flat pieces of elm or oak plank, two inches thick, fifteen or eighteen inches long, and afoot broad, having a long handle fixed slanting in the middle of the upper side ; and with these beat the grass regularly all over, and then roll it well with a heavy roller, observing that the beating and rolling should be repeated in moist weather. If very dry, hot weather succeeds, so as to occasion the turf to shrink and open at the joints, a good watering will be of much advantage. By Inoculation. — If turf is scarce, cut turves into pieces, about three inches square, and plant these, green side up, pretty thickly over the space intended for the lawn. Beat them down into the soil, and water freely ; roll frequently, and water also in dry weather. The turf will soon be as close, and the sward as perfect, as if the ground had been entirely turved. Turf Ashes. See Ashes. These, which are the basis of charred turf, now becoming so usual a manure, are, according to M. Sprengel, thus con- stituted : — Silica ...... 93.10 Alumina ...... 1.35 Oxide of iron .... 1.73 ■ manganese. . . . 0.32 Lime 0.6-1 Magnesia 0.3» Potash, combined with sulphuric acid 0.38 Common salt . . . . 0.03 Sulphuric acid, combined with pot- ash and lime .... 1.70 Phosphoric acid, combined with lime and magnesia . . . 0.39 Turf Tools are the Racer or Butter, for cutting the edges of turf after it has been laid, and for cutting the outlines of the turves When first obtained. It is p. thin, sharp-edged implement, somewhat resembling a cheese- cutter, fixed to a handle about four feet long. re The Turfing Iron is for raising or peeling off the turves from the soil. It has an arrow-headed, flat blade, with an angular handle. A Turf or Daisy Bake consists of a piece of thin plate iron cut into teeth, with two slips of ash, or other tough wood, between which it is firmly riveted to form a back, and keep it from bending. When put together, the back is an inch and a quarter thick. The wood is bevelled TUB TUB or nothing half an inch above the inter- stices of the teeth, at which point the ticn is slightly bent longitudinally, to admit the thickness of wood underneath, and give a proper inclination to thehandle. The instrument serves both as a grass rake and a daisy rake, and has the advan- tage over the daisy rakes in common use of being easier cleaned, from the wide- ness of the interstices between the teeth. Tu'rnera. (Named after Dr. W. Turner, author of the first English herbal. Nat ord., Turnerads [Turneraceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.) All yellow-flowered. Annuals and biennials, by seeds in a hotbed in spring, and plants bloomed in a greenhouse ; shrubs, by seeds, and also by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring and summer ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. T. eistoi'des (cistus-like). $. July. America. 17/4. — Guiane'nsis (Guianan). 1. June. Guiana. 1823. — hi'rta (hairy). 1. June. Brazil. 1818. — pu'mila (dwarf). £. August. Jamaica. 1796. — racemo'sa (racemed). 2. July. Siberia. 1789. — ulmi/o'lia (elm-leaved). 3. July. Jamaica. 1/33. Biennial. STOVE EVERGREENS. T. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 1. June. Brazil. 1810. — cuneifiSrmU (wedge-formed). 1. June. S. Amer. 1821. — rvpe'stris (rock). 2. July. Guiana. 1S24. — trioniflo'ra (trionum-flowered).2. Brazil. 1812. — ulmi-angusti/o'lia (narrow-elm-leaved). 3. June. Jamaica. 1733. Turnips. Bra'ssica ra'pa. Varieties. — For the first sowings: — Early White Dutch, Early Stone. For the spring sowings : — Common Bound White, Large Bound White, Large Green-topped, Large Eed-topped, Yellow Dutch, Tankard, French, Small Bound French, Swedish, Moscow, or Narva. Sowing may commence at the end of February, a small portion on a warm border, and some in a moderate hotbed of the first two varieties mentioned. These will be fit for use during April. The sowing on a border to be repeated in the beginning of March, and these will produce throughout May. These sowings are to be repeated in small proportions, at monthly intervals, until the beginning of July, when the main crop for the supply of the winter may t j inserted; and finally, smill crops at the commencement of August and September for spring. Mode. — Sow broadcast, or in drills twelve inches apart, and very thin ; and to enable the seed to be distributed re- gularly, mix it well with sand before sow- ing. Each sowing should, if possible, be performed in showery weather; if otherwise, water at the time of insertion, and three times a week afterwards. Thin the plants when they have four or five leaves about two inches in breadth to at least twelve asunder from each other. Water must be given f.-equently and plentifully, as on a regular supply of moisture their goodness, in a great mea- sure, depends. In November or December, before the setting-in of frost, some of the bulbs must be taken up, and, the tops and roots being removed, preserved under shelter in sand. The young tops are much in request during ' spring ; they must be gathered when very young, other- wise they are strong-flavoured and bit- terish. To obtain Seed, some of the most per- fect roots of those which will withstand the winter may remain where grown ; or they may be transplanted in November or February ; of the two earliest varieties, sown on a border early in March, some of the bulbs being allowed to remain will produce seed the same autumn. Manures. — The best manure for tur- nips is stable-dung; and next in their order, guano, super-phosphate of lime, soot, and salt. For the injuries to which the turnip is liable, see Athat.ta, Ambury, and Black Fly. Turnip Cabbage \ Bra'ssica na'po-bra's- sica), and Turnip-rooted Cabbage (Z?. cau'lo-ra'pa). See Knohl-kohl. Turnip-Fly. See Black Ilea. Turnsole. Heliotro'phnn. Turpentine. Si'lphium terebintha'ceum. Turpentine. Moth. See Tortrtx re- sinella. Turpentine -TREE.Pista'cia terebi'nthvs. Turrjs'a. (Named after G. Turra, pro- fessor of botany at Padua. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn., \Q-3fonadel- phia Q-Decandria. Allied to Melia.) Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, is March, TITS in a hotbed | fibry, gaud? loam and vegetable mould. Winter temp., S5° to 60°; summery 60° to 85°. T. hettrophy'tta (various-leaved). 20. White. May. Sierra Leone. — loba'ta (lobed-leaved). White. July. /Sierra Leone. 1843. / — pinna'ta (leafleted). 15. Pale rose. March. Sylhet. 1828. Tussila'go. Coltsfoot. (From tussis, a cough; used to allay coughs. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracete]. Linn., 19-Syn- yenesia 2-Superfaia.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the roots, which are mostly inclined to spread freely. The flower&. of many of the sorts, especially of t'ra'grans, are grateful from their scent, and, if );epv«n pots, are interesting in a greenhouse in the early uicnthr of the year ; they generally do best in a strong, loamy soil, moderately rich. T. a'lba (white. Butter Bur). 1. White. March. Europe. 1683. — alpi'na (alpine). $. Lilac, purple. April. Austria. 1710. — di'scolor (two-coloured). £. Lilac, purple. April. Austria. 1633. — Fa'rfarafo'liis "aWeg-aVi'sfcommon-variegated leaved. Farfara.) £. Yellow. Marcli Britain. . — fra'grans (sweet-scented). I.White. February Italy. 1806. — fri'gida (cold). $. Pale. May. Lapland. 1/10. — teeviga'ta (smooth), j. Yellow. May. Bohemia. 1816. — ni'vea (snowy). 1. White. April. Switzerland. 1713. — palma'ta (hand-leaved). J. White. April. La- brador. 177S. — purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July, Cape of Good Hope. 1825. — sagitta'ta (arrow-leaved). $. White. April. N. Amer. Twee'dia. (Named after Mr. Tweedie, a botanical collector. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria 2- Diyynia.) Greenhouse twiners. Seeds in a slight hotbed in spring ; cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy, fibry loam, with a little peat and leaf - mould ; require the protection of a co 1 greenhouse in winter. T. cteru'lea (blue). 3. Blue. Buenos Ayres. 1836. — floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Pink. July. Brazil. 1838. — versicolor (changeable-coloured). 3. Blue. July. Tucumania. 1836. Tylo'phora. (From tylos, a swelling, and phoreo, to bear, the swollen pollen masses. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia- dacete]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) Greenhouse evergreen twiners. Cuttings of either old or young shoots in very sandy 'oam, and brick and old lime-rubbish, in spring, though any time will do ; sandy loam, lime-rubbish, and a little old, dried C{>w-dung. Winter temp., 40° to 45°, and dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, and moist. T. barba'ta (bearded). 10. July. N. S. Wales. MM. I ] ULM T, exi'Zis (slender). 10. Pale purple. July. S"Ihet. 1823. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 10. July. ST. 8. Wales. 1822. Tyto'nia. The Water Bali am. -(In honour of A. Tyton, a patron of botany, Nat. ord., .Ba&ams [Balsamina 9&e i.Linn. 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.) This genus is now called Hydrocera. Stove aquatic. Seeds sown in spring in a good h otbed, and grown in strong, loamy soil, with the pot immersed in water in a tub, and receiving the high temperature of a plant-stove from 65° to 90°. T. na'tans (swimming). Various. August, E. lnd. 1810. u. Ulcer. See Canker. U'lex. Furze. (From the Celtic ac, point ; the prickly branches. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 16- Monadelphia 6-Decandria.) Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Seeds in spring; deep, light soil, though not very par- ticular. The gorse, whin, or furze is valuable, not only for :ts great beauty, but as constituting a valuable fodder and fence-plant. The Double- blossomed Furze is very beautiful, and worthy of a place in small gardens, and is propagated by cuttings in spring and autumn, in a shady, sandy border, or under hand-glasses. The Upright or Irish Furze is propagated in a similar manner, and is also valuable for fodder ; but it seldom flowers, and when it does has generally only a few flowers on a plant. We are not aware that it has been raised true from seed, and therefore it is supposed to be not a species, but a variety of Europala or na'na. See Hedge. U. Europce'a (European. Common). 6. June. Britain. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. May. Britain. — na'na (dwarf). 2. August. Britain. — Provincia'lis (Provence). 4. July. South Eu- rope. 1823. — stri'cta (erect. Irish). 10. October. Ireland. Uelo'a. Sec Juanullo'a. U^lmtjs. The Elm. (From the Celtic name, ulm. Nat. ord., Elmworts [Ulma- cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.) Nearly all hardy } all deciduous, and brown- flowered, blooming in April. Campe'stris and its allies, by suckers and layers, and by grafting on the monta'na. The latter is also propagated, not by suckers, but by layers, which root freelv ; but chiefly by seeds, which should be gathered .n June as soon as.. ripe, and sown in light, mellow soil ; or dried, and put in bags until the following March or April. Deep, dry, sandy loam suits all the species and varieties, and produces the most valuable timber. IT. ala'ta (winged). 30. N. Amer. 1820. — a'lba (white. Hungarian). SO. Hungary. 1824. — America'na i white. American). 40. N. Amer. a'lba (white-branched). 40. N. Amer. 'fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). inci'sa (cut-leaved). N. Amer. — pe'ndula (drooping). N. Amer. 1820. rufbra (red-branched), 40. N. Amer. 1824. raiB [ 804 UET V. campefstris (English-6e\d). 80. Britain. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 80. Britain. — ! aflba (white). 80. Britain. betulafo'lia (birch-leaved). Britain. — Chine'nsis (Chinese). China. — concavtefolia (concave-leaved). Britain. ~ Cornubie'nsis (Cornish). 8. Britain. — cuculla'la (hooded-/eaoeas- enm, bearded ; the bearded stamens. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Honogynia.) All yellow-flowered where not otherwise men- tioned. All freely by seeds ; perennials also by division of the roots in spring. HARDY HERBACEOUS. V. Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). May. Mount Sinai. 1825. — alopecvfrus (foxtail). 3. July. France. 1820. — Austri'acum (Austrian). 6. July. Austria. 1818. — betonicaefc/lium (betony-leaved). 2. July. Armenia. 1825. — chryse'rium (golden). June. Palestine. 1827. — colli num (hill). 3. July. Germany. 1820. — cu'preum (copper-coloured). 3. Brown. July. Caucasus. 1798. — fascicula'tum (clustered). .Mar. Mount Sinai. 1826. — fiyosenyc//iKm(hyoseris-lcavcd). June. Levant. 1829. — lana'tum (woolly). 3. July. Italy. 1R25. — ni'grum (black-rooferf). 2. July. England. — orienta'le (eastern). 2. July. Caucasus. 1821. — phani'ceum (purple). 8. Purple. July. South Europe. 1796. — plica' turn (plaited). July. Greece. 1S16. — spin(/sum (thorny). 1. Purple. July. Crete. 1824. Evergreen. — tkapsoi'des (thapsos-iike). July. Portugal. 181 9. — tri'ste (dark). 2. Yellow, red. July. South Europe. 1688. — undula'tum (waved).3.July.SouthEurope.l8J9. HARDY BIENNIALS. V. auricula'tum (eared-leaved) .J une. Levant. 1 S26. — Banna'ticum (Hungarian).July.Hungary.l820. — bipinnati'fldum (doubly- leaflet-cut). June. Tauria. 1813. — Boerhaa'vii (Boerhaave's). 2. July. South Europe. 1731. Annual. — candidi'ssima (whitest). 4. May. Naples. 1823. — ctrutnvhy'llum (horn-leaved). June. Levant. 1829- — Chai'jii (Chair's). 3. Julv. France. 1S21. — cutpidaiutn (psiaied). 4. May. Vienna. 181/. V. densiflo'rum (dense-flowered). January. Italy, J825. — formo'sum (handsome). 2. July. Russia. 1818. — gla'brum (smooth). 2. July. Europe. 1805. — gnaphaloi'des (gnaphalium-like). 2. July. Caucasus. 1825. — gossypi'num (cottony). 4. July. Caucasus. 1820. — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. July. Eu- rope. 1820. — htsmorrhoida'le (blood-coloured). 2. White, purple. July. Madeira. 1777. Greenhouse. — I'ndicum (Indian). July. Nepaul. — leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 3. July. South France. 1825. — longiftt'lium (long-leaved). 3. July.Naples. 1824. — lyckni'tis (lychnitis). 3. July. Britain. — lyra'tum (lyre-leaved). 4. June. Spain. 1819- — macra'nthum (large-flowered). 3. July. Por- tugal. 1820. — maja'le (hog). 3. July. Montpelier. 1817. — Monspessula'num (Montpelier). June. South France. 1824. — monta'num (mountain). 3. July. France. I819. — ni'veum (snowy). 3. May. Naples. 1823. — oraftum (egg-leaved). 3. July. Spain. 1824. — pinnati'fldum (leaflet-cut). 1. July. Archi- pelago. 1788. Greenhouse. — pulverule'ntum (powdered). 3. July. England. — pyramida'tum (pyramidal). 3. July. Cau- casus. 1804. — repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 3. July.Europe.l S13. — rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 4. July. Italy. 1823. — rubigino'sum (rusty). 4. Yellow, red. July. Hungary. 1817- — rugulo'sum (wrinkled-leaved). June. South Europe. 1820. — sinua'tum (indented-'eaced). 2. July. Soath Europe. 1570. — specta'bile (showy). 2. Yellow, purple. Jaly. Tauria. 1 820. — Steve'nii (Stevens*). 5. July. Siberia. 1821. — Tau'ricum (Taurian). 2. Yellow, purple. August. Tauria. 1839. — thafpsvs (shepherd's-club). November. Jamaica. 1733. ' — a'spera (rough). White. June. E. Ind. 1823. — axiltaflo'ra (axillary-flowered). 1A. Lilac. Sep- tember. Bahia. — centrifo'lia (sharp-leaved). September. Brazil. 1826. — eine'rea (grey). July. E. Ind. Biennial. — flexuo'sa (zigzag). \\. September. Brazil. 1823. — frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. October. W. Ind. 1818. — linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1. October. S. Amer. 1825. Annual. — odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 4. October. Caraccas. 1817. — seri'cea (silky). 5. December. Brazil. 1825. HARDY HERBACEOUS. V. alti'ssima (tallest). 12. October. Ohio. 1820. — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. September. N. Amer. 1817. — glau'ca (milky-green). 4. July. N. Amer. 1710. — Noveborace'nsis (New York). 6. August. N. Amer. 1710. — oligophy'lla (few-leaved). September. N. Amer. 1710. — pandura'ta (&a&\e-leaved). 4. October. 1825. — prcea'lta (very tall). 8. October. N. Amer. 1732. — scabe'rrima (most scurfy). 4. October. N.Amer. 1824. — serratuloi'des (sawwort - like). September. Mexico. 1824. — te'res (cylindric-leaved). July. Nepaul. 1821. Vero'nica. Speedwell. (The meaning is doubtful. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophu- lariaceiB^.IAnri.fi-Diandrial-Monogynia.) All blue-flowered where not otherwise named. Annuals, seeds in March and April; perennials, chiefly by division in spring; good garden-soil j shrubby, cuttings in spring or summer under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp, for greenhouse kinds, 38° to 45°. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &C. V. Cre'tica (Cretan). $. May. Crete. 1319. — decussa'ta (cross-leaved). I. July. Falkland Isles. 1776. Evergreen. — dianthifu'lia (pink-leaved). £. May. N. Hol- land. 1823. — di'stans (distant). 1. April. N. Holland. 1825. — formo'sa (beautiful). 3. White. April. Van Diemen's Land. 1S35. Evergreen. — gra'cilis (slender). 1. May. N. S.Wales. 1820. — labia'ta (lipped). 1. June. N.Holland. 1802. — Lindleya'na (Lindley's). White. Septe ber. New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen. — ni'vea (snowy). White. May. Van Diemen's Land. 1840. Evergreen. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. May. New Zealand. 1822. Evergreen. — perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. August. N. S. Wales. 1815. — plebe'ia (common). I, June. N. Holland. 1820. — salicifn'lia (willow-leaved). 3. White. July. New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen. — specio'sa (showy). 2. Van Diemen's Land. 1835. Evergreen. HARDY ANNUALS. V. ceratdP'i'rpa (horn-fruited). March. Caucasm. VER [SID] VER ■Naples. V. di'dyma (twin-ealyxed). All •827. — pbli'ta (polished). $. March. Britain. HARDY AQUATICS. V. nnagalloi'des (pimpernel-like). Calabria. 1836. — Carolinia'nai Carolina). I. June. Carolina. 1821. — parmula'ria (small-shielded). 1. Red. July. Austria. 1824. — scutella'ta (saucer-leaved). 2. Flesh. May. Britain. HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C. V. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. Au- gust. Siberia. 1830. — acutiflu'ra (acute-flowered). 1. Red. May. France. 1821. — Allio'nii (Allioni's). £. May. South Europe. 1740. Evergreen. — alpi'na (alpine). J. May. Europe. — heterophy'lla (variable-leaved), i. May. Europe. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). |. May. Si- lesia. 1814. obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). |. July. Scot- land. pu'miYa (dwarf). J. August. Piedmont. 1819 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), £. May. Eu- rope. 1816. — aphy'lla (leafless). \. May. Italy. 1775. — argu'ta (sharp-notched). 3. July. South Eu- rope. 1812. — austra'lis (southern), lj. August. South Eu- rope. 1812. — Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. July. Austria. 1748 — asu'rea (sky-blue). 3. May. 1821. — Baumgarte'nii (Don Baumgarten's). May. Transylvania. 1826. — lellidioi' des (daisy-like). $. May. Switzerland. 1775. — brachyphy'lla (short-leaved). July. 1822. — Irevifo'tia (snort-leaved). 1. May. 1822. — Caucu'sicu (Caucasian). 1. Pale red. June. Caucasus. 1816. — — — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). J. Pale red. June. Caucasus. 1820. — chamce'drys (germander). $. June. Britain. lamiifo'lia (lamium-leaved). August. 1825. — variega'ta (variegated). £. August. — Clu'sii (Clusius's). $. August. Hungary. 1822. — complica'tu (complicate-Jeaued). 2. September. Europe. 1812. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2J. Violet. May. Europe. 1822. — crenula'ta {notch-flowered). 1£. August. ^South Europe. 1814. — crini'ta (hairy). 1. July. Hungary. 1822. — cri'spa (cailed-leaved). 2. June. — denta'tu (tooth- leaved). I.May. Europe. 1818. — depaupera'ta (impoverished). £. June. Hun- gary. 1823. — diosmafo'lia (diosma-leaved). Lilac. July. Van Diemen's Land. 1835. — ela'tior (taller). 7. August. South Europe. 1808. — e'iegans (elegant). 2. Pink. May. South France. 1822. — exalta'ta (lofty). 4. June. Siberia. 1816. — filifo'rmis (thread-leaved). $. May. Levant. 1780. — folio'sa (leafy). 3. August. Hungary. 1805. — fruticulo'sa (shrub-like-s/aMted). 4. Flesh. July. Scotland. Evergreen. — Oentianifo'lia (Gentian-leaved). 14. May. Le- vant. 1748. — Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 2. .Violet. June. Levant. 1748. — gla'bra (smooth). 4. August. Couth Europe. 1804. V. gla'bra a'lba (white). 4. White. August. — gra'ndis (grand). 14. White. August. Si. beria. 1826. — hy'brida (hybrid). I. June. England. — inca'na (hoary). 2. May. Russia. 1759. — tnci'sa(cat-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 1739. — Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). 1. May. Austria. 1/48. — lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 1"80, — latifo'Ha (broad-leaved). 1. White, blue. May. Austria. 1748. — leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 2. White. July. Siberia. 1817. — linariafo'lia (linaria-leaved). August. Siberia. 1822. — longibractea'ta (Iong-bracted). 1. May. 1817. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 14. July. 1818. — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Lilac. June.1824. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. August. South Europe. 173 1. abbrevia'ta (shortened). May. 1823. a'lba (white). 3. White. August. incama'ta (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh. August. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June. Crimea. 1821. — mari'tima (marine). 2. August. Sweden. 1570. variega'ta (variegated-teared). l£. July. — me'dia (mediate). 3. August. Germany. 1804. — melanco'lica (melancholy). 1. June. 1820. — melissarfo'lia (balm-leaved). 1. May. 1826. — menthcefo'tia (mint-leaved). 1. August. Aus- tria. 1823. — Mey'eri (Meyer's). July. Bahuria. 1837. — Michau'xii (Michaux's). 1. July. 1834. — micra'nthu (small-flowered). l£. White. May. Portugal. 1810. — microphy'lla (small-leaved), i. June. Hungary. 1822. — Mulleria'na (Muller's). 1. June. Syria. 1825. — tnulti'fida (much-cut), i. June. Siberia. 1748. — neglt/cta (neglected). 14. July. Siberia. 1797. — ni'tens (shining). 2. July. Europe. 1817. falca'ta (tickle-leaved). June. 1820. — ni'tida (clear). 2. July. Europe. 181/. — nummula'ria (moneywort-leaved), j. June. Pyrenees. 1820. — qfficina'lis (shop). J. June. Britain. — orchi'dea(otchii-J!owered). 1. August. Europe. 1819. — orienta'lis (eastern). }. July. Levant. 1748. — pa'llida (pale). 1. May. Tauria. 1821. — panicula'ta (panicled). 14. June. Russia. 1797. — pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. May. Italy. 1819. — peduncula'ris (Zojig'-flower-stalked). 1. March. Caucasus. 1826. — persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 2. August. 1823. — petrte'a (rock). 1. May. Caucasus. 1S21. — pilo'sa (shaggy). 1$. July. Bohemia. 1819. — pinna! ta (leafleted). 1. May. Siberia. 17/6. — pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 1. June. 1817. — plica'ta (plaited), 2. June. Bohemia. 1817- — polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. July. 1817. — Po'nee (Pona's) £• September. Pyrenees. 1822. — prcea'lta (very high). 4. August. 1817. — pree'cox (early). J. June. South Europe. 1775. — prostra'ta (trailing). 1. May. Germany. 1774. satureieefo'lia (savory-leaved). 1. July. South Europe. — re'pens (creeping). White. September. Eu- rope. 1829. — Ruthe'nica( Russian). 2. April. Russia. 1821. — suxa'tilis (rock) £. June. Scotland. — Schmi'dtii(Schmidt's). l.Junc. Bohemia. 1820. — serpyllifo'lia (serpyllium-leaved). |. May. Britain. VER [ 811 ] VIB V. serpyllifo'lia kumifu'sa (low- spreading). J, May. Europe. negie'cta (neglected), i. May. Britain. ■ quaterna'ta (four-leaved), i. May. Europe, • tene'lla (tender). J. May. Europe. — seti'gera (bristled). $. May. — Sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. July. Dauria. 17/9. — spica'ta (spiked). I. August. England. — spu'ria (spurious). 2. August. Siberia. 1731. >- SfepAarcia'na (Stephan's).l. June. Persia. 1S21. — stoloni'/era (runnered). June. — Tau'rica (Taurian). &. June. Siberia. 1820. — tene'lla (tender). $. May. France. 1820. — tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). J. June. Pyrenees. 1821. — teu'crium (germander-Zeaced). 2. July. Ger- many. 1596. — Ticine'nsis (Ticin). August. Ticin. 1819. — Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 5. May. France. 1824. — trichoca'rpa (hairy-capsuled). J.June. Levant. 1821. — villo'sa (shaggy), lj. August. South Europe. 1824. — Virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. White. July. Vir- ginia. 1714. incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh. July. Virginia. 1714. — Wurmskio'ldii 1 Wormskiold's). %. June. Green- land. 1819. Vertico'rdia. (Derivation not given. Nat. ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamaelaucia- ceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria l-Monogynia.) Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cut- tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. V. acero'sa (chaffy-teaoed). Yellow. April. 1842. — Bro'wnii (Brown's). 1. White. April. 1826. — denxiflo'ra (dense-flowered). White. June. — Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). 1. White. April. 1826. — helia'nthus (sunflower). Yellow. May. — insi'gnis (showy). Pink. April. 1839. — penni'gera (feathery). Lilac. April. 1841. — seti'gera (bristly). Lilac. May. Vesica 'ria. (From vesica, a bladder, or blister; inflated seed-pods. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese] . Linn., 15-Te- tradynamia. Allied to Aubrietia.) All yellow-flowered. Seeds, division, and cut- tings of the young shoots under a hand-light ; common soil. HARDY ANNUALS. V. gra'cilis (slender). June. Texas. 1834. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). July. Texas. 1835. — sinua'ta (indented-teauerf). 1. Mav. Spain. 1596. Biennial. HARDY EVERGREENS. Y. a'rctica (arctic). J. August. N. Amer. 1828. — areno'sa (sandy). J. August. N. Amer. 1826. — Cre'tica (Cretan). £. July. Crete. 1/39. — Ludovicia'na (Ludovic's). June. Louisiana. 1825. Herbaceous. — reticulata (netted). I. May. South Europe. 1700. Herbaceous. — Mtrtcu/a'to (bladdered). 1. May. Levant. 1730. Ve'stia. (Named after Dr. Vest, a German. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola- naceae]. Linn., ,*>-Pentaiidria \-Mono- gynia. Allied to Cestrum.) Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of r.alf- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. V. lycioi'des (boxthorn-like). 3. Yellow. June. Chili. 1815. Vetch. Vi'cia. Vibo'rgia. (Named after E. Viborg, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. JAnn.,'i6-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to Loddigesia.) Greenhouse yellow-flowered evergreens, from, the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 50°. V. obcorda'ta (reversed-egg-feawert). 3. July. — seri'cea (silky). 3. July. 1810. Vibu'rnum. (From vieo, to tie ; use of flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Ca- prifoliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentundria S-Tri- gynia.) White-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned. Seeds, which should lie a season in the rot-heap before sowing: by layers; and freely, especially the evergreens, by cuttings in autumn, in sandy soil, in a shady border, where they may remain two years. The tender kinds like a little peat or leaf-mould, and greenhouse or stove treatment. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. V. mono' gy num. (one-styled). Java. — rugo'sum (rough). 4. May. Canaries. 1795- — tinoi'des (tinus-like). 4. S. Amer. 1820. Stove. — tomentn'sum (downy). 6. Japan. — villo'sum (shaggy). 6. Jamaica. 1834. HARDY EVERGREENS. V. Awafu'ki (Awafuki). Japan. 1841. — cassinoi'des (cassine-like). 3 June. N. Amer 1761. — Iteviga'tum (smoothed). 10. May. N. Amer. 1724. — Mulla'ha (Mullaha). Himalayas. — pygmee'a (pigmy), l£. Himalayas. 1841. — Sine'nse (Chinese). China. 1811. — ti'nus (laurestine). 5. July. South Europe. 1595. hi'rtum (hairy), 5. July. South Europe. lu'cidum (shining). 10. August. Algiers. lu'cidum variega'tum (variegated). 10. August*. stri'ctum (erect). 6. August. South Eu- rope. stri'ctum variega'tum (variegated). 6. August. South Europe. virga'tum (twiggy). 6. August. Italy, HARDY DECIDUOUS. V. acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer. 1736. — cotinifo'lium (cotinus-leaved). 10. June. Hi- malaya. 1830. — Dahu'rici*n (Dahurian). 3. June. Dahuria. 1785. — denta'tum (tooth-*ea»ed). 5. June. N. Amer. 1763. — dilata'tum (swollen). 4. April. China. 1846. — edu'le (eatable-/rw«ed). 12. May. N.Amer.1812. — ianta'na (wayfaring-tree). 10. May. Britain. — fo'liis-vuriega'tis (variegated-leaved). 10. May. grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 10. June. — lantanoi'des (lantana-like). 5. June. N. Amer. — lenta'go (lentago). 8. July. Spain. 1761. — mawoce'.0Aa{um(large-!ieaded). 20.Chiua.HM4. VIC [ 812 ] VIE V. moftte (soft). <5. May. N. Amer. 1812. . — ni'tidum (shining), 2. June. N. Amer. 1758. | — nu'dum (naked). 8. June. N. Amer. 1752. squamstum (scaly). 6. July. N. Amer. 1822. — obova'tum (reversed-egg-Zeaoei). 2. April. N. Amer. 1812. punici/o'lium (punica-leaved) . 2. May. N. Amer. 1812. — odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented I. 2. May. China. 1818. . . — o'pulus( guelder-rose). 10. Julj : Britain. fo'liis - variega'tis (variegs ted - leaved). June. na'num (dwarf). J. ste'rile (barren). July. — orienta'le (eastern). 10. May. Ca Jcasus. 1827. — oxyco'ccus (cranberry-like). 12. June. N.Amer. mo'llis (soft). 10. July. N.Amer. 1841. subintegrifo'lium (nearly -« atire-leaved) . 10. July. Columbia. — plica'tum (plaited-feaoed). 10. May. China. 1846. — prunifi/lium (plum-leaved). 8. May. N.Amer. 1731. — pube'scens (downy). 3. June. N.Amer. 1730. — pyrifo'lium (pear-leaved). 6. June. N. Amer. 1812. Vi'cia. Vetch. (From vincio, to bind ; referring to the tendrils clasping. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia k-Decandria.) Purple-flowered climbers, unless otherwise men- tioned. Annuals, seeds ; perennials, seeds and di- visions ; good garden-soil. HARDY ANNUALS. V. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. June. Algiers. 1815. — biennis (biennial). 2. August. Siberia. 1753 — caieara'ta (spurred). 2. Red, blue. July. Bar- bary. 1790. — gla'bra (smooth). 2. July. Switzerland. 1819 — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1818. — hirsu'ta (hairy). 14. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819. — hy'brida (hybrid). 14. Yellow. July. England. — longif&lia (long-leaved). 2. Cream. July. Syria. 18:3. — Nusqui'nez (Nusquinez). 14. July. Europe. 1818. — iV<7r6one / ns«(Narbonne). 3. July. France. 1590. — JVissofta'na (Nissole's). 3. July. Levant. 1773. — Panno'nica (Pannonian). 14. White. June. Hungary. 1636. — peregri'na (rambling). l£. July. South Europe. 1779. — pseu'do-cra'cea (bastard-cracca). 2. Yellow. June. South Europe. 1820. — puncta'ta (dotted). July. Switzerland. 1819. — sati'va (cultivated. Tare). 3. May. Britain. — serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 3. June. Hungary. 1723. — striafta (channelled), lj. July. Tauria. 1723. — Syri'aca (Syrian), 2. June. Syria. 1816. — Thou'ini (Thouin's). 2. June. Europe. 1800. — trichoea'lyx (hairv-calyxed). White. June. Sardinia. 1836. — Mflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. July. Italy. 1820. — viilo'sa (shaggy). 3. June. Germany. 1815. HARDY HERBACEOUS. V. abbrema'ta (thort-flower-stat/ied). 2. Pale blue. June. Caucasus. 1818. — aUi'ss-na (tallest). 3. Pale blue. August. iiarbary. 1820. V. Americana (American. Wood). 3. White, June. N. Amer. 1800. — ama/na (pleasing). 2. June. Siberia. 1818. — Bythy'mca (Bithynian). July. Britain. — Bivo'nii (Bivoni's). Rose. July. Sicily. 1828. — Capensis (Cape). 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1802. — Carolinia'na (Carolina. Tufted). 2. White. June. Carolina. 1S20. — Cassu'bica (Cassubian). 3. Light blue, July. Germany. 1711. — cra'cea (cracca. Tufted). 2. July. Britain flo'ribus-u'lbus (white-flowered). 2. Whiti July. flo'ribus-ru'bris (red-flowered). 2. Red. July. — denta'ta (toothed). 4. July. Siberia. 1819. — dumettfrum (hedge). 3. July. France. 1752. — Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 2. July. South Europe. 1810. — teviga'ta (smooth-podded), li. Pale yellow. May. England. — onobrychioi'des (saintfoin-like). 1. June. South Europe. 1759- — pellu'cida (transparent). 1. July. Cape 01 Good Hope. 1773. Greenhouse. — pere'nnis (everlasting). 3. June. South Europe. — pisifo'rmis (pea-shayed). 2. Cream. July. Austria. 1739. — polyphy'llri (many-leaved). 2. July. Algiers. 1816. — Pyrenaica (Pyrencan). I. May. Pyrenees 1818. — tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 1$. July. Germany. 1799- — variega'ta (variegated). 3. June. Caucasus.1810. Victo'ria. (Named after Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Nat. ord., Water-lilies [Nympbseacea?]. Linn., VS-Polyandria 1- Monogynia. Alliance between Euryale and Nymphrea.) Stove herbaceous aquatic. Generally by seeds, sown in strong peat, and planted out in a reservoir of heated water as soon as germinated. From the size of the leaves, the tank must be twenty- five feet in diameter ; and if the water is moved, or is being constantly furnished with a fresh supply, the plants will thrive all the better. At Messrs. Weeks', in the King's Road, it has been bloomed successfully in the open air in a tank, the water of which was heated to 80° by hot-water pipes. V. re'gia (royal). Rosy- white. Autumn. River Amazon. 1836. Vieusseu'xia. ( Named after M . Vieus- seux, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., S-Triandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Lxia.) Bulbs, 'torn the Cape of Good Hope, requiring the same treatment as I'xias. V. Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). 1. Yellow. June. 1803. — fu'gax (transient). 1. Purpie. June. 1825. — glauco'pis (grey-eyed). 1. Red, brown. June. 1776. — lu'rida (lurid). 1. Crimson. June. 1817- — pavoni'na (peacock). 1. Red, blue. May. 179« — spira'lis (spiral). 1. White. May. 1824. — te'nuis (slender). 1. Purple. May. 1S07- — tricu'spis (three-pointed). 1. Green. May. 1776. — tripetatoi'des (three-petaled-like). 1. Violet. June. 1802. VI G [ 813 ] VI v . ungKtcula'ris (soft-clawed). 1. Variegated. June. 1802. svillo'sa (shaggy). 1. Purple. July. 1789. Vi'gna. (Named after D. Vigni, a commentator on Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous P'.ants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4- Pecandria. Allied to Dolichos.) Hardy, yellow-flowered, climbing annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed in Jlarch, and afterwards planted out in the beginning of May, or sown in the end of April in sandy, light soil. V. gla'bra (smooth). 4. July. N.Amer. 1085. — villo'sa (shaggy). July. Chili. 1826. Viguie'ra. (Named after L. O. J. Viguier, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syn- genesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to the Sun- flower.) Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials. Divisions in spring, and cuttings of young shoots as fresh growth commences, in sandy soil, in a hotbed, in March ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 75°. V, denta'ta (toothed). 3. July. Mexico. 1826. — helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. July. Cuba. 1825. — prostra'ta (lying-flat). July. N.Amer. 1800. Hardy. Villa 'rsia. (Named after Villars, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Gentianivorts [Gentianaceee]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) Yellow-flowered, where not otherwise stated. Divisions and seeds in spring. Most of them must be treated as aquatics, either planted in pans or tubs, or potted and set in large saucers, and coaxed with stove or greenhouse treatment. The hardiest like the protection of the latter, though they may stand frequently in the open air. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. V. gemina'ta (Urin-flower-stalked). June. N. Holland. 1828. — sarmento'sa (twiggy). 1. June. N.Holland. 1806. — Si'msii (Sims'). July. Nepaul. 1792. HERBACEOUS AQUATICS. V. Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. June. Chili. 1832. — I'ndica (Indian). White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/92. — lacuno'sa (pitted). 2. White. June. N. Amer. 1812. — nymphoi'des (water -lily -like). 2. June. England. — ova'ta {egg-leaved). June. Cape of Good Hope. 1786. — Parnussifo'lia (Parnassia-leaved). 2. August. N. S. Wales. 1825. — renifo'rmis (kidney-ieaoed). 1, July. N. Holland. 1820. Vilmoei'nia. (Named after M. Vil- tnorin, a celebrated French nurseryman. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacece]. linn., 17 -Diadelphia i-Decandria.) Stove evergreen. Seeds, soaked in warm water, end sown in a hotbed in spring ; also cuttings of haif-ripeiied (hoots in sand, under a bell-glass, iu ] April, and in bottom-heat; saiulv peat and fibr» loam. Winter temp,, 5r.° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. P. multiflo'ra (many-fiowe*ed). 6. Purple. W. Ind. 1826. Vimina'ria. Rush Broom. (From vimen, a twig; the twiggy, leafless branches. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mo- nogynia. Allied to Daviesia.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; also by seeds in a gentle hotbed; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. V. denuda'ta (stripped). 3. August. 1780. — lateriflora (side-flowering). 3. July. 1824. Vi'nca. Periwinkle. (From vinculum^ a band; the tough, long shoots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Evergreens. Division of the plant in spring, or cuttings of the shoots in a shady border, in spring or autumn ; these make beautiful green- carpeting under trees, where scarcely anything else would grow, and flourish in almost any soil. Some require the stove. V. herba'cea (herbaceous), lj. Purple. June. Hungary. 1816. — ma'jor (greater). 2. Purple. August. England. variega'ta (variegated). 2. Blue. July, England. — tni'nor (lesser). 1. Blue. August. Britain, — pusi'lla (small-lowered). £. Blue. August. Tranquebar. 1778. Stove annual. — ro'sea (rosy). 1. Kose-coloured. May. E. Ind. 1776. Stove. a'lba (white). 1. White. June. E. Ind. Stove. — ocella'ta (red-eyeA). 1. White, red. June. E. Ind. Stove. Vine. ( Vi'tisvini'fera).See Grape Vine. Vine Bower. Cle'malis vitice'lla. Vine Leek. A'llium ampelo'prasum. Vio'la. The Violet. (The Latin name. Nat. ord., Violehvorts [Violacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogyniu.) Blue-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. By seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a bell- glass or hand-light; mostly in rich, light soil, with a portion of peat. GREENHOUSE PERENNLVLS. V. arbore'scens (tree- like), 1|. May. Spain. 1779. — bet07iica>.fo'lia (betony-leaved). \. August. N. Holland. 1820. — casvito'sa (tufted). £. Violet. March. Nepaul. 1825. — decu'mbens (Iving-down). i- June. Cape of Good Hope. 1819. — hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). J. July. N.Holland — hu'milis (lowly), i- White. May. Mexico. 1824, — fulme'nsis {Va.\ma). 1. Purple. May. South Europe. 1836. -pygmoe'a (pigmy), f August. Pern. 1822. \ — rtnifo'rmis (kidney-toBMd). h ^- *' Holiaud. 1823. VI r 8i4 3 TTC HARDY PEHSKXIilS. V. ffjTTni* (related). April. N. Amer. 1603. — AUsghane'nsis (Alleghany). J. May. N. Amer. 1824. — tUpi'na (alpine). }. Purple. June. Austria. 1823. — Altu'ica (Altaic). 4. Dark purple. May. Si- beria. 1808. — purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple. May. Siberia. 1810. — nmbi'gua (doubtful). $. May. Hungary. 1823. — ama/iia (pleasing). \. Purple. June. Scotland. — arena'ria (sand). June. France. 1823. — asarifor'lia (asarum-leaved). 4- May. N. Amer. 1 820. — a/spera (rough), 4. Pale yellow. May. Nepaul. 1824. ~-attenua'ta (attenuated). J. White. July. N. Amer. 1759. — Banna'tica (Hungarian). 4. Yellow, purple. August. Germany. 1820. Annual. — bi'color (two-coloured). 4- White. May. N. Amer. 1818. Annual. — biflo'ra (two-flowered), 4. Yellow. June. Alps, Europe. 1752. — bla'nda fcharming). 4. White. May. N. Amer. 1803. — calcara'ta (spurred). £. May. Switzerland. 1752. — campe'stris (field). }. Purple. April. Tauria. 1824. — Canadensis (Canadian). 4. White. May. N. Amer. 1783. di'scolor (two -coloured). J. Blue, white. June. N. Amer. 1783. — eanfna (dog's). 4. May. Britain. — Ceni'sia (Mount Cenis). £. June. Mount Cenis. 1759. — clandestfna (clandestine!. $. Brown. April. Pennsylvania. 1800. — colli'na (hill). 4. May. Poland. 1822. — co'neo/or'fself-coloured). 1. Green. June. N. Amer. 1788. — cornu'la (horned). £. May. Pyrenees. 1776. — cucultu'tu (hooded). 4- May. N.Amer. 1/62. — dacfyiot'talkless-leaved). May. Guiana. 1826. Vi'tex. Chaste-tree. (From vieo, to bind; the flexible branches. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenaceee]. Linn., l-k-Didy- namia 2-Angiospermia.) Purple-flowered, except where otherwise stated. The hardy by cuttings under a hand-glass, in a shady border, in autumn, or in a sheltered place without the hand-glass. The others require greenhouse and stove treatment, and are easily propagated by cuttings under a bell-giass ; the move species in a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a little peat. HARDY DECIDUOUS. V. a'gnus-ca'stus (chaste-lamb-tree). 0. White, blue. Sicily. 1S70. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White, blue. September. Sicily. 1570. STOVE EVERGREENS. V. ala'ta (winged). 10. September. E. Ind. 1820. — alti'ssima (tallest). 8. Ceylon. 1810. — arbo'rea (tree). 30. — bi'color (two-coloured). 4. E. Ind. 1810. — Bignonioi'des {B'ignonia-like}. Blue. Caraccas. 1826. — eapita'ta (headed). Blue. June. Trinidad. 1822. — Donia'na (Don's). Sierra Leone. 1824. — gigante'a (gigantic). Guayaquil. 1826. — heterophy' lla (various-leaved)^ Blue. E. Ind. 1820. — inci'sa (cut-leaved). 4. August. China. 1753. Greenhouse. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Blue. July. E. Ind. 1820. — leuec/xylon (white- wooded). 4. Ceylon. 1793. — Negu'ndo (Negundo). 4. E. Ind. 1812. — ovu'ta (egg-leaved). 4. July. China. 1796. — sali'gna (willow-teaeed). Blue. July. E. Ind. 1823. — tr'fto'ra (three-flowered). 6. Cayenne. 1819. — trifo'lia (three-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1/59. — umbro'sa (shady). 30. Jamaica. 1823. Vr"Tis. The Vine. (From the Celtic awyd, pronounced vid, best of trees. Nat. ord., Vineworts [Vitacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy deciduous, all but one green-flowered. Few are worth growing except vini'fera and its varieties ; the other species are viewed chiefly in Ihis country as botanical curiosities. All are pro- pagated by cuttings and buds of the ripe wood, layers, and by grafting and inarching. Soil for all, a rich, open loam. See Grape Vine. V. bla'nda (mild). May. N. Amer. — Mcrophy'lla (variou»-leaved). 10. Blue. Japan. 3820. V. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Hlmalava. 1813. — ripa'ria (river-bank). 20. May. N.Amer. 1825. — vini'fera (wine-bearing). 30. June. apiifo'lia (parslcv-leavedl. 20. June. 1648. — Walli'chii (Wallich's)'. Nepaul. 1818. Vitta'ria. (From vitta, a riband ; sbap of fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia- ceae]. Linn., 2-L-Cryptogamia \-Filices), Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferss. V, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Malacca. — elonga'ta (elongated). S. Amer. — ewifo'rmis (sword-shaped). May. Brazil. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. July. Brazil. 1820. — Unea'ta (lined). 2. August. S. Amer. 1793. — zosterifo'lia (zostera-leaved). S. Amer. Vivia'nia. (Named after Dr. Viviani, . a Swiss botanist.' Nat. ord., Vivianiads [Viviauiacese], Linn., 10-JJecandria 3- Triyynia.) Greenhouse, Chilian evergreens. Cuttinss of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in Mav ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45°"to 50° ; summer, 60° to 70°. V. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2. Red. July. 1832. — mari/<>'/«a(marum-leaved). 2. Red. July. 1832. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. July. 1832. Volkahe'ria. The following are to be added to Cletbra : — C. aculea'ta (prickly). 4. White. September. W. Ind. 1739. Stove evergreen. — Japo'nica (Japan). SO. Purple. Japan. 1820. Greenhouse evergreen. Vo'yba. (Guianan name. Nat. ord., Gentlanworts [Gentianaceaj]. Linn., 5- Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- sions in spring ; sandy loam, with decayed vege- table mould, or a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. V. cteru'lea (blue). Blue. June. Trinidad. 1824. — ro'sea (rosy). Red. July. Guiana. 1822. — unifio'ra (one-flowered). Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1824. Vrte'sia. ( Named after Br. de Vriese, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bromeliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1- Monogynia. Allied to Pitcairnia.) Stove evergreens. For culture, see Pitcai'bni a. V. g-/a«copAi/'//a(milky-green-leaved). 1 J. Purple, white. September. Santa Martha. 1847. — psittaci'na (parrot-like-^owered). 2. Scarlet. July. Rio Janeiro. 1826. — specio'na (showy). 14. White. March. 1847. w. "Wachendo'rfia. (Named after E. J. Wachendorf, a Dutch botanist. Nat ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. linn., 3-Triandria }.-Monogyma.) Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope bulbs ; yellow - flowered, except where otherwise mentioned, an* WAH C 817 ] WAL requiring the game treatment as the larger Ixias. They bloom in April. W. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Purple. 1/95. — Breynia'nu (Breynin's). 1. 1825. •— grami'nea (grass-teauei). 1 . — Hibbe'rtii (Hibbeit's). 2. 1823. — hirsu'ta (hairy). 1*. Violet. 1687. — panicula'ta (panicled). 2. 1700. — nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mona- gynia.) Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, or firm side-shoots, in san:), under a bell-glass, in the beginning of April; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 6u° ; summer, 60° to 85°. W. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 12. Guiana. — serra'ia (saw -leaved). 12. Malabar. 1824. Walks. See Concrete and Gravel Walks. Wall-cress. A'rabis. Wallflowee. Clieira'nthus. Walli'chia. (In honour of Dr. Wal- lich, curator of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. Nat. ord., Palms , [Palmacese], Linn., 21-Moncecia Q-Hexandria.) Moist-stove Palm. Requires a light, well- drained loam. Increased by suckers, which must be separated gradually, so as to induce them to root before being finally taken from the parent. W . densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). Sikkirr. Him- maiaya. This is the same as W, oblongi- fo'lia. Walls are usually built in panels, from fifteen to thirty feet in length, one brick thick, with pillars at these specified distances, for the sake of adding to their strength, and the foundation a brick and a half thick. The plan of Mr. Silver- lock, of Chichester, is worthy of adoption, since, if well constructed, it is equally durable, and saves one-third of the ex- pense. Walls so constructed are stated to become dry after rain much more rapidly than a solid wall of the same or any other thickness, and there appears not a shadow of a reason why they should not ripen fruit equally well. He forms the wall hollow, nine inches in breadth, by placing the bricks edgewise, so as to form two facings ; they are laid in good mortar, and the joints carefully finished. They are placed alternately with their faces and ends to the outsides, so that every second brick is a tie, and in each succeeding course a brick with its end outwards is placed on the centre of one laid lengthwise on either side. The top of the wall must be covered with a coping of stone or bricks projecting eight inches. It is strengthened at every twenty feet by piers of fourteen-inch work, built in the same manner, with bricks laid on edge. In every instance a wall should never be lower than eight feet. The thickness usually varies with the height of the wall, being nine inches if it is not higher than eight feet; thirteen and a half inches, if above eight and under fourteen feet ; and 3a WAL [ 818 ] WAT eighteen inches, from fourteen np to twenty feet. Inclined or Sloping Walls have heen recommended, hut have always failed in practice. It is quite true that they receive the sun's rays at a favourable angle, but they retain wet, and become so much colder by radiation at night than perpen- dicular walls, that they are found to be unfavourable to the ripening of fruit The Flued-wall or Hot-wall is generally built entirely of brick, though, where stone is abundant and more economical, the back or north side may be of that material. A fiued-wall may be termed a hollow wall, in which the vacuity is thrown into com- partments a a a a, to facilitate the circu- lation of smoke and heat from the base, or surface of the ground, to within one or two feet of the coping. Such walls are generally arranged with hooks inserted under the coping, to admit of fastening some description of protecting covers, and sometimes for temporary glassframes. A length of forty feet, and from ten to fifteen high, may be heated by one fire, the furnace of which, b, being placed one or two feet belpw the surface of the ground, the first course, or flue, c, will commence one foot above it, and be two feet six inches or three feet high, and the second, third, andfourth courses, d, e,f, narrower as they ascend. The thickness of that side of the flue next the south or y; :■- | 1 a preferable side should, for the firtt course, be four inches, or brick and bed ; and, for the other courses, it were desirable to have bricks cast in a smaller mould ; say for the second course three, for the third two and three quarters, and for the fourth two and a half inches in breadth. This will give an opportunity of bevelling the wall, and the bricks being all of the same thickness, though of different widths, the external appearance will be everywhere the same. — Enc. Gard. WAUttJT. Ju'glans. Wardian Case. See Glass Case. Wa'rrea. (Named after F. Warre, a botanical collector. Nat. ord., Orchid* [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1- Monandria. Allied to Grobya.) Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See Orchids. W. bidenta'ta^tsro-toothed-lipped). Purple, white, September. Caraccas. 1843. — cya'nea [blue-lipped). 1. White, blue. August. Columbia. 1843. — di'scolor (two-coloured). Purple and white. Central America. 1854. — quadra' ta (four-sided;. Purple and white. Cen. tral Africa. — rube'scens (reddish). Red. April. Brazil. 1S38. — tricolor (three-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple. August. Brazil. 1843. Water. The best for the gardener's purpose is rain water, preserved in tanks sunk in the earth, and rendered tight either by puddling, or bricks covered with Parker's cement. To keep these tanks replenished, gutters should rim round the eaves of every structure in the garden, and communicate with them. Every hun- dred cubic inches of rain water contains mere than four cubic inches of air, of which more than half are carbonic acid gas, and the remainder nitrogen and oxygen, in the proportion of sixty-two of the former to thirty-eight of the last named. That obtained from ponds or springs invariably contains matters offensive or deleterious to plants. That known as hard water, containing an excess of salts of lime or magnesia, is invariably preju- dicial, and pond water is scarcely less so. If it be stagnant, and loaded with vege- table extract, it is even worse than hard spring water ; for it then contains car- buretted hydrogen, and other matters noxious to vegetables. These last-named waters, if obliged to be employed to tender plants, should have a pint of the ammo. niacal water of the gas-works, mixed thoroughly with every sixty gallons, an hour or two before they are used. Water-cress. (Nastu'rtium officinale.) Varieties. — Small Brown-leaved, hardi- est; Large Brown-leaved, best for deep water ; Green-leaved, easiest cultivated. Planting in Water. — The trenches in which they are grown are so prepared, that, as nearly as possible, a regular depth of three or four inches can be kept up. These trenches are three yards broad, and eighty-seven yards long, and when- ever one is to be planted the bottom is made ouite firm and slightly sloping, so WAT [ 819 ] WAT that the water which flows in at one end may run out at the other. If the bottom of the trench is not sufficiently moist, a small body of water is -allowed to enter to soften it. The cresses are then di- vided into small sets or cuttings, with roots attached to them ; and these are placed at the distance of three or four inches from each other. At the end of five or six days a slight dressing of well- decomposed cow-dung is spread 'over all the plants, and this is pressed down by means of a heavy board, to which a long handle is obliquely fixed. The water is then raised to the depth of two or three inches, and never higher. Each trench is thus replanted annually, and furnishes twelve crops during the season. In the summer the cresses are gathered every fifteen or twenty days, but less frequently during winter ; care is taken that at each gathering at least a third part of the bed is left untouched, so that neither the roots may be exhausted, nor the succeed- ing gathering delayed. After every cut- ting, a little decayed cow-dung, in the proportion of two large barrowsful to each trench, is spread over the naked plants, and this is beaten down by means of the rammer above mentioned. After the water-cresses have been thus treated for a twelvemonth, the manure forms a tolerably thick layer at the bottom of the trench, and tends to raise its level. To restore it to its original level, all the refuse should be thrown out upon the borders which separate the trenches from each other. These bordersmaybe planted with artichokes, cabbages, or cauliflowers. Planting in Borders. — This must be done in September, and in a moist, shady border. Plant slips, and the only culti- vation necessary is to dig the earth fine, to draw a slight trench with a hoe, to fill this with water until it becomes a mud, to cover it about an inch deep with drift sand, and then to stick in the slips about six inches apart, watering them until established. The sand keeps the plants clean. They will be ready for gathering from in a very few weeks, and the shoots should be invariably cut, and not picked. They are not so mild-flavoured as those grown in water, but then they are free from aquatic insects, &c. "Waterfall. See Cascade. Watering Engine. See Engine. Watering Pots. These should have ■loses pierced with very fine holes; the diameter of those usually used is too large. Long-spouted watering pots are required for watering plants in pots upon shelves. French watering pots have zig- zag bends in the spout, to break from the plant the force of the water. Shelf water- ing pots are small and flat-bodied, for giving water to plants overhead, and near the glass in greenhouses- or stoves. The accompanying engraving is of a watering pot from Mr. G. Thompson, 890, Oxford-street, who states that its superi- ority consists in the roses being so formed as to give the water thrown from them the nearest resemblance to a gentle shower of rain, which renders it peculiarly suitable for watering seedlings or other tender plants. As the brass joints which connect the roses to the spout are made water-tight, there is no danger of its re- turning outside, to the annoyance of the person using it : a is the spout to which ths> roses are screwed; b, the box to contain either spout out of use ; c and d, the holes in which the joints are placed; e, a large rose, for watering flower-beds ; /, a smaller rose, for water- ing plants in pots. Water Leaf, Hydrophy'llum. Water Lemon. Passijlo'ra laurifo'lia. Water Lily. Nymphce'a.' Water Melon. Cu'cumis Cilru'llus,\av Water Plants. See Aqua'rium. Water Eeed. Aru'ndo. Water Vine. Tetra'cera potato'ria Water Violet. Hotto'nia. Watso'nia. (Named after W. Watson, a London apothecary. Nat. ord., Ir'uls [Iridacese]. Linn., S-Triandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Gladiolus.) Bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise mentioned. For culture, see Gla- di'oltjs. W. aletroi'des (aletris-like). lJ.Scarlet.June.17/4. variega'ta (variegated), lj. Variegated. June. 1774. — angu'sta {a&TTow-flowered). Scarlet.June.182S. — brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Pink. May. 179*. — compa'cta (compact). 1$. Purple. June. I8?l« — fa'lgida (bright). 4. Red. May. 17QS. WAY: iO ] WHI *T. glau'cum (milky-green), 14.. White. July. Peru. 1823. — hu'milis (lowly). 2. Lake. June. 1754. — iridifo'lia (iris-leaved). 24. Flesh. May. 1795. — leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 6. White. Ja- maica. 1825. — Ulia'gn (liliago). 1. White. May. South Europe. 1596. mi'nor (smaller}. J. White. May. South Europe. 1506. — loKgifoHium (lcng-leaved). Green. Septem- ber. Lima. 1829. — margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July. mi'nor (lesser). 3. Pink. August. 1812. — Meriu'na (Merian's). lj. Flesh. May. 1750. — Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 2. White. May. Ne- paul. 1824. — plantugi'nea (plantain-like). 2. White. June. 1/74. — puncta'ta potted-flowered). 1. Purple. June. 1800. — purpurea (purple). 6. Purple. Jamaica. 1825. — ro'sea (rosy). 2. Pink. July. 1803. a'lbo (red-and-white). 1. Pink, white. July. — variega't a (variegated). 1. Variegated. July. — ru'be?is (red). Red. June. 1825. — ramo'sum (branchy). 2. White. May. South Europe. 1570. — spica'ta (spiked). 1. Pink. May. 179'- — strictiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 1 . Red. June. 1 81 0. Wayfaring-tree. Vibu'rnum lanta'na. Weevil. See Anthonyjius. Weige'la. (Named after C.E. Weigel, a botanical writer. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Gaprifoliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1- Monogynia.) Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings in spring and autumn, under a hand-light, or even in a protected border. It forces as easily as a Lilac. Sandy loam and a little leaf-mould. W. ro'sea (rosy). 8. Rosy. April. China. 1844. Wetxjia'nnia. (Named after J. W. Wcinmann, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., 8-Ociandria 2-JDigyrtia.) White-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April. The stove ones in bottom-heat, the others in a close, cool pit or frame ; sandy loam and leaf-mould, with a little old, dried cow-dung. STOVE. W. elli'ptica (ova\-leaved). 4. May. S. Amer. 1824. — gla'bra (smooth). 6. May. Jamaica. 1815. — hi'rta (hairy). 6. May. Jamaica. 1820. — oca'fa (egg-/eauerf). 6. May. Peru. 1824. GREENHOUSE. W. Austra'lis (Australian). N.Holland. 1836. — panicula'ta panicked . Australia. 1831. — pube'scens (downy). 1847. Welch Onion. See Ci'boul. Weixingto'nia. (In honour of the great Duke of Wellington. Nat. ord., Conifers [Coniferse]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 10-Monadelphia.) This, appropriately to him whom it commemo- rates, is the loftiest of known trees. Specimens are known with trunks 300 feet high, and 20 feet in diameter. It is an evergreen, and perfectly hardy. For culture, see its ally, Taxo'dium . W. gigante'm (gigantic). 300. California. 1853. Wendla'ndia. (Named after J. C. Wendland, curator of the Botanic Garden, Hanover. Nat. ord.. Cincho>iad$ [Cin- chonacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria i-Poly- gynia. Allied to Hindsia.) Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of the poinUof yountr shoots, or small younc s;.-'e- shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sxr.dy loam, fibry peat, and a little charcoal. W:ntr-r temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. PopuUjo'iia is hardy, or nearly so. W. panicula'ta (panicled). July. Malay. 1S20. — populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 10. June. Flo- rida. 1759. — tincto'rin (dyer's). July. E. Ind. 1825. Weene'ria. (Named after A. G> Werner, the celebrated mineralogist. Nat- ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia 2Superflua. Allied to Doro- nicum.) Half-hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant in spring; sandy loam, well drained; requires a cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter, or may be treated as an alpine plant, protected from severe frost and wet in winter. W. ri'gida (stiff). J. February. Quito. 1823. Westo'nia. Add tbe following to Glycine : — G. trifolia'ta (three-leaxed). Yellow, red. June. 1820. Westri'ngia. (Named after J. P. Wcstring, physician to the King of Sweden. Nat. ord., Lipicorts [Lamia- ceae]. Linn., li-Didynamia 1-Gymno- spermia. Allied to Prostranthera.) Greenhouse, blue-flowered evergreens, from New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in May, in sand, under a bell or hand-glass ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. W. rubiafo'lia (rubia-leaved). 3. June. 1S20» — triphy'lla (three-leaved). September. 1823. White Beam-tree. Py'rus a'ria. White Cedar. Cupre'ssus thyoi'des. White Spruce. Pi'nus a'lba. White-tree. Melalcu'ca leucade'ndron. White Vine. Cle'malis vita'lba. Whitfee'ldia. (Named after T. Whit- field, a botanical collector of African- plants. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha- ceai]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2-Angiosper- mia. Allied to Barleria.) For culture, see Barlb'eia. W. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). 3. Lilac, red. December. Sierra Leone. 1841. Whitla'via. (In honour of F. Whitlawt Esq., an Irish botanist. Nat. ordr Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllaceas], Linn.. 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy annual. W. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). If- Purple. June. California. 1854. WHO C 881 J WOO Whortleberry. Vacci'nium. Widow Wail. Cneo'rum. Wiga'ndia. (Named after J. Wigand, Bishop of Pomerania. Nat. ord., Hy- drophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 5- Pentandria2-Biyynia. Allied to Hy drolea. ) Stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed in spring; and, we should think, by cuttings of the young shoots, taken off with a heel, after the plant has broken a fresh after-pruning ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with charcoal nodules. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°. W. Caraccasa'na (Caraccas). 6. Lilac. April. Caraccas. 1836. — Ku'nthii (Kunth's). Blue. April. Mexico. 1837. — u'rens (stinging). Violet. April. Mexico. 1827. Wilderness. See Labyrinth. Wild Liquorice. A'brtts. Wdld Service. Py'rus tormina' lis. Willow. Sa'lix. Willughbe'ia. (Named after F. Wil- iughby, a pupil of Bay. Nat. ord., Bog- banes [ Apocynacese], Linn., 6-Peu- tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Alla- manda.) Stove evergreen. For culture, see Allama'npa. W. edu'lis (eatable). 10. Pale pink. July. E. Ind. 1818. Wind Flower. Oentia'na pneumona'n- the and Ane'mone. Wine Palm. Caryola urens. 'WiNQED'PEA.Tetragono'loouspurpu'reiis. Winter Aconite. Era'nthis. Winter Berry. Pri'nos. Winter Cress. Barba'rea. Winter Moth. See Cheimetobia. Winter Sweet. Ori'ganum heracleo'- ileum. Wire-Worms are the larvae of various species of JElater, Ctick Beetle, or Skip- Jack. To remove the wire-worm from a soil, no mode is known but frequently digging it and picking them out, as their yellow colour renders them easily de- tected. To prevent their attack upon a crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or a larger quantity of gas-lime, with the soil. It has been stated that growing white mus- tard drives them away, and it is certainly worth the trial. To entrap them, and tempt them away from a crop they have attacked, bury potatoes in the soil near the crop ; and if each potato has a stick thrust through it, this serves as a handle by which it may be taken up, and the wire-worms which have penetrated it be destroyed. To decoy them from beds of Anemones, Ranunculuses, &c, it is said to be a successful plan to grow round the beds an edging of daisies, for the roots of which they have a decided preference. Wista'ria. (Named after C. Wislar, an American professor. Nat. ord., Legu- minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17- Biadelphia 4:-Becandria.) Hardy deciduous, purplish-flowered climbers. Seeds when obtainable ; cuttings of the strong roots ; by cuttings of the young shoots, gettinic firm, under a hand-iight, in sandy soil, but more generally by layers of long-ripened young shoots, as then almost every bud will form a plant. Sandy loam and peat. W. floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). May. Japan* — frute'scens (shrubby). 10. July. N. Amer. 1724> — Sine'nsis (Chinese;. May. China. 1818. — a'lba (white). 20. White. April. China. 1846. Witch Hazel. Hamame'lis. Witheri'ngia. (Named after Dr. Withering, a British botanist. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanaceas]. Linn., 5-Pen- tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Capsicum.) Greenhouse herbaceous and evergreens. Peren- nials, by seed, and divisions of the plant and tubers ; evergreens, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. W. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1706. Evergreen. — monta'na (mountain). 1. White. June. Peru. 1822. — purpu'rea (purple). $. Pale purple. July. Chili. 1829. Tuberous. — stramonifo'lia (stramonium-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1823. Evergreen. Witse'nia. (Named after M. Witsen, a Dutch patron of botany. Nat. ord., Trids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia.) Greenhouse, purplish - flowered, herbaceous plants, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in a slight hotbed in April ; divisions of the plant then, or taking off the sucker-like offsets ; sandy peat and a little fibry loam, with a little rough charcoal, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. W. corymbn'sa (corymbed). J. June. 1803. — Mau'ru (Moorish). 4. December. 1790. — pitrti'ta (divided). April. 1822. — ramo'sa (branched). 1. April. 1819. Wolf's-bane. Aconi'tum lupuci'dum. Wollasto'nia. (Named after Br. Wol- laston, a great chemist. Nat. ord., Com- posites [ Asteracea?] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Super/lua.) An annual. Seeds in a hotbed in March or April ; plants pricked out, and afterwards bloomed in the greenhouse or plant-stove ; sandy loam and peat. W. bifin'ra (two-flowered). Yellow. July. E.Ind. 1818. Wood Ashes. See Ashes. Woodbine . Caprifo' Hum periclyme 'num. Woodlice. See Oni'scus. Woodroof. Aspe'rula. Wood Sorrel. O'xalis. Woollen Rags. See Animal Matters, weo [ 622 ] XAN Woo'dsia. (Named after J. Woods, a British botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly- podiacese]. Linn., 21-Cryptogamia 1- Filices.) Hardy, brown-spored Ferns, except mo'Uis and pube'scens, which require the stove. See Ferns. W. Cauca'sica (Caucasian). September. Caucasus. — glabe'lla (smoothish). September. N. Amer. 1827. — hyperbo'rea (northern). £. July. Scotland. — llve'nsis (Ilva). i. June. Britain. — mo'Uis (soft). July. Brazil. — obtu'sa (blunt). $. June. N. Amer. 1S36. — Perrinia'na (Perrin's). June. N. Amer. — pube'scens (downy). June. Brazil. 1S26. — vesti'ta (clothed). June. N. Amer. 1816. Woodwa'rdia. (Named after T. J. Woodward, a British botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Crypto- tjamia 1-Filices.) Hardy brown-spored Ferns. Ra'dicans requires shelter in winter. See Ferns. W. angustifo'lia {narrow-leaved). 1. August. N. Amer. 1812. — Japafnica (Japanese). September. Japan. — ra'dicans (rooting-Jeaoed). 1). July. Madeira. 1779- — thelypteroi'des (thelypteris-like). September. N. Amer. — Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. August. N.Amer.1/24. Working is a gardener's term for the practice of grafting. " To work " upon a stock is to graft upon it. Wo'rhia. (Named after O. Wormius, a Danish naturalist. Nat. ord., Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 5- Penlagynia. Allied to Dillenia.) Store evergreen. See Dille'.nia. W. denta'tet (toothed). 20. Yellow. Ceylon. 1818. Wormwood. Artemi'sia. Wounds. See Extravasated Sap. Woundwort. Anthy'llis vulnera'ria. Wri'ghtia. (Named after Dr. Wright, of Jamaica. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo- cynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Alstonia.) Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers, and from the East Indies, except where otherwise described. For culture, see Alsto'nia. W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. September. S. Amer. 1752. — antidysente'rica (antidysenteric). 10. 1778. — cocci'nea (scarlet). 12. Scarlet. July. 1822. — du'bia (doubtful). Orange. June. 1813. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. August. Ha- vannah. 1733. — pube'scens (downy). 4. Green, yellow. Marsh. N. Holland. 1829. — tincto'tia (dyer's). 15. 1812. — Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). Wulpe'nia. (Named after F. Wtilfen, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.) Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and divisions in spring ; light, rich soil, and a dry, elevated plac« in winter, or kept from damp in a dry, cool pit. W. Amherstia'n'i (Amherst's). |. Lilac. July. Chinese. Tartary. 1846. — Carinthi'aca (Carinthian). 1$. Blue. Julv. Carinthia. 1817. — Notonia'na {East Indian). 3. Purple. No- vember. Ceylon. 1851. Wu'lffia. (Named after J. C. Wulff, author of "Flora Borussica." Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas]. Linn., ld-Syn- genesia-i-Kecessaria. Allied to Rudbeckia.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in spring or summer ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 53° ; summer, 60° to 80°. W. macula' ta (spotted). Yellow. June. Brazil. 1822. Wu'rmbea. (Named after F. F. Wurmbe, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn., 6-Hex- andria S-Trigynia. Allied to Melanthium.) Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, and all but one white-flowered. For culture, seo Mela'nthium. W. campanula' ta (bell-flowered). J. June. — longifio'ra (long-flowered). J. May. 1788. — pu'mila (dwarf). $. May. 1800. — purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. May. 178*. Wych Elm. TTlmus monta'nus. Xanthorht/za. Yellow Boot. (From xanthos, yellow, and rhiza, a root. _ Nat. ord., Crowfoots [EanunculaceEe]. linn., b-Pentandria Q-Polygynia. Hardy evergreen shrub. Suckers; sandy loam and peat ; does best in a moist situation. X. apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 3. Purple, green. February. N. Amer. 1/66. Xanthorrh^'a. Grass-tree. (From xanthos, yellow, and rheo, to flow ; yellow juice. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., d-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Aphyllanthes.) Greenhouse, white-flowered plants, from New Holland. For culture, see Aphylla'nthes. X. attstra'lis (southern). 3. 1924. Evergreen. — bractea'ta (bracted). 2. 1810. Herbaceous. — ha'stilis (spear). 4. 1803. Evergreen. — hu'milis (dwarf). 2. 1825. Herbaceous. — me'dia (intermediate). 2. 1803. Evergreen. — minor (smaller). 2. 1804. Herbaceous. Xantho'soma. (From xanthos, yellow, and soma, a body ; the edible roots. Nat. ord., Arads [Aracece]. Linn., 21-Monmcia 7-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.) Stove plants. For culture, see Cala'dium. X. Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). Yellow. May. S. Amer. 1816. Evergreen. -■tagittafo'lin (arrow-leaved). White. May. W. Ind. 1710. Herbaceous. XAN [ 823 ] XYL Xantho'xylon. Tooth ache -tree. (From tanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyis [Xanthoxylaceae] . Linn., 22-Diceeia 5-Pentandria.) Nearly all white-flowered ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; the stove species in heat; the hardy species by seed, pieces of the roots, and cuttings of the ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam suits any of them. HARDY DECIDUOUS. X. fraxi'netim (ash-like). 15. March. N. Amer. 1759. — iwi'fc (mild). 10. Yellowish. March. N.Amer. 1818. — trica'rpum (three-capsuled). 6. July. N. Amer. 1806. STOVE EVERGREENS. X. affi'ne (related). Mexico. 1826. — Budru'nga (Budrunga). 20. March. E. Ind. 1825. — cfo'ca-He'reu/i'siHercules'-club). 50. W. Ind. 1/39. — heterophy'llum (various -leaved). Bourbon. 1823. — hermaphrodi'tum (two-sexed).50. Guiana.1823. —juglandifo'lium I walnut-leaved). W. Ind. 1822. — ni'tidum (shining). 6. China. 1823. — piperi'tum (pepper-like). 6. September. Ja- pan. 1773. Greenhouse. — ptero'ta (winged -leaf -stalked). August. Ja- maica. 1768. — sapindoi'des (sapinda-like). Jamaica. — spino'sum (thorny). 6. Jamaica. 1824, — trago'des (goat's-tooth). 6. St. Domingo. 1759. — triphy'llum (three-leaved). 4. Penang. 1820. Xera'nthemujt. (From xeros, dry, and •nilhos, a flower ; everlasting flower. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19- Syngenesia 2-Superflua.) The flowers, after being dried, may be dyed of any colour. Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border in April. X. a'nnuum (annual). 3. Purple. July. South Europe. 1570. — ere'ctum (upright). White. June. Persia. 1836. — inape'rtum (unopened). 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 1620. — longipappo'sum (long-feathered). White. June. Persia. 1836. — orienta'le (eastern). 2. White. July. Levant. 1713. Xerophyxlum. (From xeros, dry, and phy lion, a leaf ; dry, grassy leaves. " Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthacese], Linn., %-Hexandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to He- lonias.) White-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from North America. Seeds and division of the plant in spring. A rather moist, peaty border suits them best. Sabadi'tla requires a stove. X asphodeloi'des (asphodel-like). 1. May. 1765; — grami'?ieum (grassy). 2. May. 1812. — Sabadi'tla (Sabadilla). 3. Vera Cruz. 1830. — te'nax (tough-leaved). 1$. May. 181 1. Xijiene'sia. (Named after J. Ximenes, ft Spanish apothecary. Nat. ord, Compo- sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Sanvitalia.) Yellow-flowered, Mexican plants. Annuals, by seeds in the open border in April ; perennials, also, by division of the plant in spring, and these, in general, will want the protection of a dry, cool pit in winter. ANNUALS. X. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). 9. August. 1820. Biennial. — fce'tida (stinking). 2J. August. 1824. — heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 2. July. 1827 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. X. corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. September. 1826 — enceloi'des (encelia-like). 3, August. 1795. Xlhe'nia. (Named after F. Ximenes, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Olacads [Olacacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono- gynia.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in May, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. X. America'na (American). 15. Yellowish. W. Ind. 1759. — ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. White. Jamaica. 1810. — lanceola'ta(spesa-leaved). Jfellow. April. China. 1820. — oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Green. June. Australia. 1823. Xephi'dium. (From xiphos, a sword ; sword-like leaves. Nat. ord., Zilyivorts [Liliacese], Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mo- noyynia. Allied to Wachendorfia.) Stove, West Indian, herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the plant as fresh growth com- mences ; rich, fibry loam and fibry peat, and a small portion of charcoal and sand. Winter temp., 50° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°. X. a'lbum (white). l£. White. 1787. — cceru'leum (blue). 1$. Blue. 1793. , — gigante'um (gigantic). White. October. 1845. Xtpho'pxeris. Sword Fern. (From xyphos, a sword, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24- Crypiogamia l-Filices.) Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns. X. heterophy'lla (yariable-leaved). J. June. N. Holland. 1824. — myosuroi'des (myosurus-like). June. W. Ind. 1824. — serrula'ta (saw-like), i. June. W. Ind. 1823. Xylophy'lla. (From xylon, wood, and phyllon, a leaf; texture of the leaves. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae].- Linn., 2lMonoecia 10-Decandria. Allied to Phyllanthus.) Stove, yellow- and -red -flowered evergreens, from Jamaica, unless otherwise mentioned. For culture, see Phylla'.nthus. X. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). July. 1789. — elonga'ta (elongated-/eac«f). August. 1824a —falca'ta (sickle-leaved). July. 1699- — tati/o'Iia (broad-leaved). August. 1783. — linea'ris (xt&xxow -leaved). August. 1819. XYL [ B24 ZEA X. longifo'lia (long-leaved). August, E.Ind. 18lC. — me'dia (intermediate). August. 1825. — monta'na (mountain). August. 1819. — obova'ta (revei&ed-egg-leaved). August. Siberia. 1806. — ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). August. Siberia. 1785. — speeio'sa (showy). September. 1818. Xylo'pia. (From xylon, wood, and pieron, bitter ; the wood and fruit of X. gla'bra are called Bitterwood in the West Indies. Nat. ord., Anonuds [Anonacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polygynia.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm, stubby aide-shoots one year old, with most of the leaves adhering, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. X.frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Guiana. 1823. — gla'bra (smooth-fruited). 20. Jamaica. 1820. — murica'ta (rough-fruited). 4. W. Ind. 1779. Yellow Root. Hydra'slis. Yellow Sultan. Centau'rea suave'olens. Yew-tree. Ta'xus. Yd'cca. Adam's Needle. (Name of the plant in Peru. Nat. ord., Lilyuwrls [Lili- acese]. Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Monogynia.) All whitish-flowered evergreens. Sometimes by seeds, sown immediately they are ripe, in a slight hotbed ; generally by suckers, but also, at times, from young shoots that branch from the stems ; deep, dry, sandy loam is their favourite soil ; a few require the assistance of a stove or green- house, but most of them stand the open air in England. Aloifo'lia is, perhaps, the tenderest of s.11 the hardy ones. They flourish near the sea-shore. We may add, that they seem quite at home on a knoll, or on rock-work. HARDY. Y. acumina'ta (pointed-flowered). 6. August.1800. — aletrifo'rmis (aietris-like). 2. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse — aloifo'lia (aloe-leaved). 2. August. S. Amer. I696. pe'ndula (drooping-Jea»ed). 12. August. variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. August. . — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Mis- souri. 1811. — arcua'ta (bowed). 1. July. 1817. — eonca'va (hoWow-leaved). l£. August. 1816. — conspi'cua (conspicuous). 3. 1818. Greenhouse. — crenulu'ta (scolloped). 1818. — draco'nis (dragon). 8. August. S. Amer. 1732. Greenhouse. —filamento'sa (thready). 2. September. Virginia. J 675. variega'ta (variegated-feaoeef). 2. Sep- tember. — fla'ceida (flaccid). 2. 1816. ~-glauce'scens (milky- green). 2. July. N.Amer. 1819. — glorio'sa (glorious). 4. July. America. 1596. /o';!"is-uarie^(i7i's(variegated-leaved).July. — obli'qua (oblique-teawed). 4. 1808. — ma'jor (larger). 4. 1808. — pubtfrula (rather-downy). August. — recu'rva (curled-back-teared). 3. August. Georgia. 1704. Y. ru'fo-ci'ncta (reddish-edged), lj. July. 1815. Stove. — serrula'ta (sa.w-edged). 10. Carolina. 1808. — stri'cta (upright). 1. July. Carolina. 1817. — supe'rba (superb). 10. August. — tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 1. Malta. 1817. STOVE. Y. gra'cilis (slender). July. Mexico. 1829. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). Mexico. 1S38. — lastevi'rens (pale green). Mexico. 1838. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). Mexico. 1830. — Pitcairnicefo'lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). Mexico, 1838. — terratifo'lia (saw-leaved). Mexico. 1838. z. Zala'ccA Assa'mica. Ca'lamusZala'cca. Za'mia. (From zamia, loss ; the barren appearance of the male flowers. Nat. ord., Cycads [Cycadacese], Linn., 22-Dicecia 12-Icosandrla.) A race of plants intermediate between Ferns and Palms. Those not otherwise specified are from the Cape of Good Hope, and will succeed in a greenhouse ; but all do best in a stove. Suck- ers ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. — Ca'ffra (Caffrarian). 4. — cycadifo'lia (cycas-leaved). 3. 17/5. — cy'cadis (cycas-like). 3. 1775- — de'bilis (weak-long-leaved). I.July. W. Ind. —furfura'ce'a (scurfy). 3. July. W. Ind. lEgi. — ho'rrida ( horrid). 5. 1800. — integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Dwarf). 2. July. W. Ind. 1768. — lanuginosa (woolly). 3. 1812. — latifv'lia (broad-leaved). 6. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 7- 1818. — me'dia (mediate). 2. July. W. Ind. 1768. — pruni'fera (plum-bearing). 14. — pu'mila (dwarf), lj. 1812. — pu'ngens (stinging). 10. 1775. — pygmm'a (pigmy). 1. May. W. Ind. — repa'nda (wavy-leaved). 6. — spino'sa (spiny). 5. — spira'lis (spiral). 3. July. N.S.Wales. 1796. — te'nuis (.slender). 1. Bahama Islands. — tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 2. 1814. Zantho'xylum. See Xantho'xylon. Zatjschne'ria. (Named after M .Zatisch. ner, a German. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Ona- gracese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Epilobium.) A hardy plant, with the habit of a Fuchsia. Division of the plant in spring ; cuttings of the shoots in spring, summer, and autumn, under a hand-light. It is a good pot and bedding-plant ; for the latter purpose, as the flowers are apt to drop too much, mix it with Cu'phea strigillo'sa; rich, light soil. Z. Califo'rnica (Californian). 3. Bright scarlet. June. Santa Cruz. 1847. Ze'a. Maize, or Indian Corn. (From zao, to live; a food-plant. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 2l-Mt- j noccia Z-Triandria.) ZEP [ S2b ZIZ Annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed in early (spring, and the seedlings planted out into good noil. The heads, when half-grown and grccu, make an excellent vegetable when boiled. Z. Cura'gua (Curagua). 1. June. Chili. 1S24. — ma'ys (maize). 2. June. America. liC2. Zephyra'nthes. (From zephyr, the west wind, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., AmaryUids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6- Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ha- branthus.) Half-hardy bulbs, with only one flower on a stalk. For culture, see Habea'nthds. Z. Atama'sco (Atamasco. Lily). £. White. May. N. Amer. 1629. — ca'ndida (white). J. White. September. Peru. 1822. — carina'ta (keeled), 4. Pink. May. Mexico. 1824. — chloroleu'ca (greenish- white). 4- Pale green. July. — Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). White, pink. July. Texas. 1835. — meso'chloa (green-centred). 1. White, green. June. Buenos Ayres. 1825. — ro'sea (rosy). J. Red. May. Havannah. 1823. - stria'ta (channelled), j. White. April. Mexico. 1824. — tultispa'tha (tube-spathed). 4. White. May. S. Amer. — verecu'nda (blushing). |. Pale red. April. Mexico. 1824. Zi'chya. (Named after Countess Zichy, a German patroness of botany. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17- Diadelphia A-Decandria. Allied to Ken- nedya. ) Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Swan River. For culture, see Ke.nne'dya. Z. angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). Crimson. May. — cocei'nea (scarlet). May. — glabra'ta (smooth). 6. Orange. May. 1834. — heterophy'lla (various - leaved). 4. Purple. April. 1826. — inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). 4. Scarlet. July. 1824. — microphy'lla (small-ieaved). Crimson. July. — mo'lly (molly). Scarlet. July. 1837. — panno'sa (wrinkled-ieawed). 6. Crimson. May. 1840. — seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1825. — tri' color (three-coloured). 1. Red, yellow, pur- ple. May. 1837. — cillo'su (shaggy). 3. Vermilion. June. 1841. Zie'kia. (Named after M. Zier, a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Eu- taceae]. Linn., i-Tetrandria 1-Monogyniu. Allied to Boronia. ) Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from New Holland. For culture, see Bobo'.ma. Z. arbort/scens (tree-like). 1822. — hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. June. — l&vigu'ta (smooth-leaved). 3. June. 1822. — lanceola'ta (spear-teaued). June. 1808. — macrophy' lla (large-leaved). 4. June. 1820. — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. June. 1822. — o6corda7a(reversed-egg-ed). 4. June. 1821. — octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 5. Green. 18^5. — panciflo'rn (few-flowered). 1822. — pilo'su (shaggy). 4. June. 1822. — rcvotuta (curled- bick-ieaued). June. 1824 Zingiber. Ginger. (From the Indian name. Nat. ord., Giugcrworts [Zingibera-* eesc]. Linu., \-Monandrial-Monogynia.) Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East In- dies ; yellow-flov.xroa, where not otherwise men- tioned; division of the roots; fibry peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°; summer, 60° to 90°. See Ginger. Z. Americans (Amaricans). 3. Penang. 1S46. ' — capita'tum (roi(nd-hcaded). 4. February. 1825. — Casumu'nar (Casumunar). 2. February. 1807. — chrysa'nthum (gold-flowered). 8. July. 1821. — ela'tum (lofty). 6. July. 1820. — ligula'tum (str&p-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 1823.. — Mio'ga (Mioga). 2. Pink. May. Japan. 1796. Greenhouse. — officinale (shop). 2'. Red. July. 1605. — pandura'tum (fiddle-Zipped). 5. Pink. June. 1812. — purpu'reum (purple). 2. Purple. September,. 1796. — ro'seum (rosy). 2. Rose, yellow. August. 1822. — ru'bens (red). 6. Red. October. 1822. — squarro'sum (spreading). 2.;Pink. August. 1822. — Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 4. August. 1690. Zi'nnia. (Named after J. G. Zinn, a German professor of botany. Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracees] . Linn., 19-Syn- genesia 2-Superjiua.) Mexican annuals, scarlet-flowered, with one ex- ception. Seeds in April in a hotbed; seedlings hardened off, and then transferred to the flower- garden, in good, rich, loamy soil. If sown earlier, they are apt to be drawn and attacked by insects. We have had them fine by sowing under a hand- light, without bottom-heat, in the middle of April, and throwing a mat over the glass at night. Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. 1824. — e'legans (elegant). 2. July. 1796. cocei'nea (scarlet-rayed). 2. August. 1829. — hy'brida (hybrids 2. June. 1818. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. August. 1770. — pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 2. Yellow. July. Peru. 1753. — revolu'ta (curled-back). 2. July. 1817. — tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 2. July. 1799. — verticilla'ta (whorWeaued). 2. July. 1789. Zizi'phora. (From zizi, of the Indians, and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Monarda.) Red-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. Annuals, by seed in April; perennials, by seeds, divisions, and cuttings; dry, sandy loam, and elevated places, such as rock-works ; the peren- nials require a little protection in winter. HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. Z. acinoi'des (thyme-like). 4. July. Siberia. 1788. Deciduous. — clinopodioi'des (basil-like). |. Pink. June. Siberia. 1821. cane'scens (hoary). July. 1803. media (mediate). 4. July. Caucasus. 1822. — dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). J. July. Siberia. 1803. ANHUALS. Z. cupita'ta (round-headed). 4. July. Syria. 1752. — mspa'ntci (Spanish). 4. June. Spain. 1759 — Tau'rica (Taurian). 4. Red, purple. August. Tauria. 1816. — lenu'ior (slenderer). 4. Purplish. June. Le- vant. 1/52. ZIZ C 826 ] ZYG Zi'zyphus. (The Egyptian name of Z. lo'tus. Nat. ord., Rhamnada [Iiham- nacea?]. Lion., Sb-Pentandria 1-Mono- fjynia.) Greenish-yellow-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the roots, suckers, and cuttings of ripened shoots under a hand-light or bell-glass, according as the species are hardy or tender; deep, dry loam for the hardy, peat and landy loam for the tender. HARDY DECIDUOUS, &C. Z.flexuo'sa (zigzag). 6. Nepaul. 1820. — incu'rua (curled-in). 5. Nepaul. 1823. — spi'na-Chri'sti (Christ's thorn). 6. August. Egypt. — ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August* STOVE EVERGREENS, &C. Z. Caracu'tta (Caracutta). E. Ind. 1820. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). India. 1837. — melastomni'des (melastoma-like). 6. N. Hol- land. 1824. — tnucrona'ta (pointed -leaved). 30. Cape of Good Hope. 1810. Greenhouse. — Nape'ca (Napeca). 15. Ceylon. 18)6. — ni'tida (shining). 6. June. China. 1822. — spi'na Chri'sti trine'rvia (three-nerved Christ's thorn). E. Ind. 1821. Zo'rnia. (Named of J.Zorn, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Honadelphia QDe- .undria.) Annuals, seeds in a hotted, and the plants af- terwards bloomed in the greenhouse ; perennials, also, by seeds, and dividing the plants.in spring, and requiring to be kept from frost, and rather dry in winter ; rich, light, nbry loam. Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple. July. India. 1733. Annual. — Cape'nsis (Cape). $. Yellow. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Greenhouse perennial. — tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). £. Yellow. July. Carolina. 1824. Greenhouse perennial. Zygade'nus. (From zygnuo, to join, and aden, a gland ; double glands on the perianth. Nat. ord., Melanths [Melan- thacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Mono- gynia. Allied to Veratrum. ) Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and division of the plant in spring; a moist, shady peat-border. Z. bractea'tus (bracted). ]£. Cream. May. 1811. — commuta'tus (changeable). 1. Cream. June. 1811. — e'legans (elegant). 1. White. May. 1828. — glabe'rrimus (smoothest). 1. Cream. June. 1811. — hy'bridum (hybrid). ^. White. June. 1822. — mnnoi'cum (monoecious). 2. Brown. June. 1811. — Virginicum (Virginian). 2. Brown. June. 1/68. Zyoops'xalum. (From zygos, a yoke, and petalon, a petal ; the union of the bases of the petals and sepals. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- Gynandriu 1-Monandria.) Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. Z. Africa'num (African). Violet. January. Gua- timala. 1839. — brachype'talum (short-petaled). Green, blue. October. Brazil. 1844. — eochlea're (.spoon-lipped). 1. White, purple. August. Demcrara. — crini'tum (tressed). Green, blue. November. Brazil. 1829. — gramine'um (grass-Zeaped). Green, blue. No- vember. Popayan. 1844. — interne 1 dium (intermediate). Green, blue. No- vember. Brazil. 1844. — Macka'yi (Mackay's). 1. Green, lilac. March. Brazil. 1825. — maxilla're (tooth -like-flowered). 1. Brown, green. September. S. Amer. 1829. — Murraya'num (Murray's). £. Green, white. July. Brazil. I837. — rostra/turn (beaked). J. White, brown. Sep- tember. Demerara. I827. — ttenochi'lum (narrow-lipped), f . White, yellow. September. Brazil. 1828. — tri'color (three-coloured). Green, white. No- vember. Guayana. 1845. Zygophy'llum. Bean-caper. (From zygos, a yoke, and phyllon, a leaf; leaves in pairs. Nat. ord., Bean-capers [Zygo- phyllacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mo- nogynia.) Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, and from the Cape of Good Hope where not otherwise mentioned. Annual, seeds in a hotbed in spring, and then the plants hardened off, and placed in the open border. Perennials, by cuttings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy peat and nbry loam, with a little charcoal and freestone. Z. a'lbum (white). 2. White. October. Canaries. 1779. — atriplicoi'des (orach-like). America. 1837. Hardy herbaceous. — cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Egypt. 1823. — cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 6. October. 1774- — fae'tidum (stinking). 4. June. 1790. insua've (unpleasant). 4. July. 1790. — macula'tum (spotted). 4. October. 1782. — ma'jor (larger). 4. July. Syria. 1596. Hardy herbaceous. — microphy'tlum (small-leaved). $. July. 1816. — Morgsa'na (Morgsana). 3. August. 1732. — prostra'tum (prostrate). J. July. 1810. — sessilifo'lium (stalkless-leaved). 3. July. 1/13. — si'mplex (simple). 4. July. St. Jago. 1825. Annual. — spatTiuln't'tm (spatulate). June. Cape Verd Is* lands. 1824. Stove herbaceous. — spino'sum (spiny). 1. July. 1834. CS27 J SYNONYMES, In the following List the plants will he found in this Dictionary, or in othej works, under the names printed in Italics. "Where the generic names are the same in the synonymes, only the first letter. is printed; .when the specific names are the- game, they are omitted entirely. ABE Ahelia serrata, A. unifiora. A. cyanorum, A. hispidissima. Acacia amhigua, A. suaveolens. .A.'line- aris, A. longissima. A. mollissima, A. mollis. A. strigosa, A. ciliata. A. Cumanensis, Prosopis. A. edulis, P. dulcis. A. falcata, P. juliflora. A. smilacifolia, A. urophylla. A. tamario- cina, Gagnebina. Acanthus Capensis, Blepharis. Acer ericarpon, A. dasycarpon. A. sem- pervirens, A. heterophyllum. A. spica- tum, A. monianum. A. striatum hy- biidu.m,A.Pennsylvanicum.A.negwido, Negundo fraxin ifolium. Achania, Malvaviscus. Achillea G.]ictfo\ia,Eupatorium. A.ochro- leuca, A. pectinata. A. samhucifolia, Pyrethrum macrophyllum. Achimenes Ghiesbreghtii, A.heterophylla. A. Scheerii, Sheeria Mexicana. Achras mammosa, Lucuma. A. lucuma, L. obovata. Achyranthes altissima, Chamissoa. Acmella, Wollastonia. A. buphthalmoides, Heliopsis scabra. Acoidium fuscum, Trichocentrum. Aconitum altissimum, A. cynoctonum. A. Cammarum, A. rostratum pilosiusculum. A. inclinatum, A. anthoroideum. A. laxum, A. Tauricnm. A. napellus pu- bescens, A. Sohleicheri. A. pallidum, A. Niiltallii. A. Pyrenaicum, A. La- marckii. A. strictum, A. Neubergense. Acrophyllum venosum, A. verticillalum and Weinmannia venosa. AcrostichvLm,Cyr!ogonium,Gymriogrumni(i, Lomaria, Notholana, Ol/ersia, Pluly- AGA cerium. A. lepidopteris, Goniophlelium sepultum. A. axillare, Gymnopteris axil, laris. A. acuminatum, G.nicotianifolia. A. lingua, Niphobolus. A. velieum, Nb- thoehlana lanuginosa. A. sorbifoiium, Stenochlana. Actinella lanata, Eriophyllum caspitosum. Actinophyllum, Seiodaphyllum. Acunna oblonga, Bejaria astuans. Adamsia scilloides, Puschkinia. A. rotun- difolia, Geitm. A. glacialis, Sieversia. Adenandra tetragona, Acmadenia. Adenanthera scandens, Entada adenaiu thera. Adenophora liliifolia, Campanula. Adiantum trigonum, A. sssimile. A. para- doxicum, Plalyloma Brownii. A. pte- roides, Cheilanthes. Adonis miniata, A. cestivaUs. A. Mentzelii and vernalis, A. Apennina. Adysetum, Glyce. iEginetica capitata, Lipostoma campanu- lifiora. Aerides cornutum, JE.odoralum. A. arach- nites, Renanthera. iErobion superbnm, Angrcecum. JSschynomene, -Dau& C.ochroleucus. C.Far- setia, Farsetia ch eiranthoides. C. stric- tus, Heliophila cleomoides. C. versicolor, }icolor, and decumbens, Erysimum. G. leptophyllus, E. leptophyllum. C. al- Jinus, E. canescens. C. collinus, E. collinum. G. firmus, E.firmum. G. Armeniacus, E. Ibericum. G. Khae- , ticus, E. Rhceticum. G. strigosus, E. strigosum. C. hieracifolius, El strictum. C. lyratus, Malcomia lyrata. C. mari- timus, M. maritima. C. litoreus, M. litorea. Chelidonium Dahuricum, C. grandiflo- rum. C. diphyllum, Meconopsis diphylla. G. hybridum, Romeria hybrida. Chelone casrulea and hirsuta, Pentstemon angustifolium. C. atro - pui-purea, P. atro-purpureum. G. cristata, P. erian- therum. G. erianthera, P. glabrum. C. angustifolia, P. Kunthii. G. elegans, P. pulchellum. G. rosea and angusti- folia, P. roseum. C. major, C. Lyoni. Chenopodium cordatus, Amaranthus. Chilopsis saligna, C. linearis. Chironia gracilis, Sabbatia. Chlora dubia, C. imperfoliata. Chloris curtipendula, Atheropogou cpke- doides. Cborozema scandens, Podolobium. Chrysanthemum Tndicum, C. triparti- tum. Chryseis tenuiflora, Eschscholtzia. Clirysiphiala flava, Stenomesson auranti- acum. Chr-ysocoma, Solidago. C. cinerea, Ozo- thamnus cinereits. Cibotium glaucescens and glaucum, C. Barometz. Cicuta venenata, Ferula villosa. Cinchona excelsa, Hymenodictyon excel- mm. G. tbyrsiflora, IT. thyrsijlorum. C. gratissima, Luculia. Cineraria linifolia, Agathtea. C. amel- loides, A. calestis. G. glauca and pur- purata, Senecillis. G. prajcox, Senecio. G. cruenta, S. cruentus and alpinus. C. cordifolia, S. cordifolius. C. alpina, S. lyratifolius. ^irsium horridus, C. Baticum. G. salinum, Leuzea salina. Cissampelos convolvulacea, Menispermum fenestratum. Cissus ampelopsis, Ampelopsis cordata. C. quinquefolius, A. hederacea. Cistus salvifolius, C. acutifolius. G. la- dwjiferus and stenophyllus, C. Cyprus. 58 C. undulatus, C.Dunalianus. G. vUlosm and virescens, C. rotundifolius. G. !i daniferus undulatus, O. undulatus. Clavija macrophylla, C. macrocarpa. Claytonia Virginica, C. acutijlora. C. bi- fida, C. Unalaschkensis. Clematis, Atragene. C. calycoma, C. Bale, arica. G. australis, O. coriacea. G. fra- grans, C.flammula rotundifolia. G. cir- rhosa, O.pedicellata. G. cordata, C. Sim- sii. G. bracteata, C. Virginiana brae- teata. C. caespitosa and flammula, C. flammula ccespitosa. C.bicolor, C. florid* Sieboldii. G. anemonasflora, 0. mon- tana, grandiflora. G. Hendersoni, O. Ne- palensis. G. tenuifolia and Lusitanica, C. viticella tenuifolia. G. verticillaris, Atragene Americana. G. alpina, 4. Austriaca. G. Capensis, Anemone. Cleome Cheladonii, dodecandra, uni- glandulosa, andviscosa, Polanisia. G. dodecandra Canadensis, P. graveolens. C. icosandra, P. viscosa icosandra. C. candelabrum, pentaphylla, and speci- osa, Gynandropsis. G. triphylla, G. triphylla and sessiliflora. G. orni- thopioides, C. Dilleniana. G. spinosa, C. pungens. G. prostrata, Rothia tri- foliata. G. pinnata, Stanleya pinnali- fida. C. Capensis, Heliophila cleo- moides. Clerodendron ovatum, C. Coromandelia- num. Cliftonia ligustrina, Mylocaryum ligus- trinum. Clitanthes humilis, Ooburgia. Clitoria multiflora, Vilmorina. G. Brous- sonetii, Cologania. G. polyphylla, Bar- bieria. Clycina Vincentina, Chmtocalyx. Cnicus Acarna, cynaroides, and pungens, Cirsium. C. nivalis, C. cernuum. G. horridus, G. Bertolini. G. centaurioi- des, C. cynaroides. G. elatior, C. elatius. C. glaber, O. muticum. C. orientalis, C. orientale. C. paludosus, C. paludosum. G. Salisburgensis, C. Salisburgense. G. strictus, C. strictum. G. Paycuarensis, C. Paycuarense. C. pinnatifidus, C. pinnati/idum. G. car- thamoides, Leuzea. C. Pannonicus, Serratula Pannonica. Coccocypselum buxifolium, Fernelia buci- folia. Coccoloba parviflora, C. uvifera. Cocculus Carolinus, Wendlandia populU folia. Cocos aculeata, Acrocomia. G. fusifonriis, Diplothcmium. C. arenaria, D. litoralt 3h cod r i C. cornosa, C. plumosa. C. Haldivica, Lodoicea Sechel.larum. Codonopsis ovata, Glossocomia. Coelogyne coronaria, Trichosma suavis, Colcbicum versicolor, Bulbocodium. C. Caucasicum, Merendera Caucasica. Coleus Amboinicus, C. aromaticus. C olletia ferox, C. horrida. G. horrida, C. -.. pinosa. C. ephedra and obcordata, Betanilla. Collomia lateritia, C. coccinea. Columnea splendens, Nematanthns longi- pes. C. grandifiora, C. splendens. Colutea Pocockii, C. Haleppica. G. fru- tescens, Sutherlandia. C. galegifolia, Swainsonia. Combretum laxum, C. secundum. C. ma- crophyllum, C. latifolium. C. Afzelii, Poivrea. C. barbaturn, P. barbata. C. purpureum, P. coccinea. C. conio- sutn, P. couosa. G. decandrum, P. de- candra. C. intermedium, P. intermedia. Commersonia dasyphylla, Byltneria. Conium arracacha, Arracacha esculenta. Conanthera bifolia, C. Simsii. C. campa- nulata, Cummingia. Connarus Africanus, Omphalobium Afri- canum. C. Asiaticus, O. Indicum. Conoclinium ianthinum, Eupatorium. Conostylis Americana, Lophiola aurea. Convallaria verticillata, Polygonatum ver- iicillalum. C. polygonatum, P. vulgare. C. Japonica, Ophiopogon Japonicus. Convolvulus Cairicus, Tpomcea Cairica. C. fastigiatus, I.fastigiata. G. panduratus, I. pandurata. C. pilosus, I. pilosa. C. umbellatus, I. polyanthes. G. stipu- laceus, I. stipulacea. C. vitifolius, I. vi- tifolia. G. canescens and polyanthus, Jacquemontia canescens. G. pentantha, J. violacea. C. pseudo-Siculus, C. elon- gates. G. decumbens, C. evolvuloides. C.pudibundus and Portoricensis.P/tar- litis cathartica. G. csespitosa, Skinneria. C jalapa, Batatas jalapa, Exogonium tfurga, and Ipomaa jalapa. G. macro- xhizus, Batatas jalapa. G. sepium, Ca- lystegia. C. spithamaeus, C. sylvestris. 0. stans, C. tomentosa. Conyza Clrilensis, Erigeron. C. ambigua, E. linifolius. Corbularia conspicua, Narcissus conspi- emis. Corchoi'us Japonicus, Kerria Japonica. Cordia Patagonula, Patagonula Ameri- cana. Cordyline alba, Dracana elliptica. Coreopsis alata and procera, Actinomeris. G. alternifolia, A. squamosa. C. trip- CRI teris, Chrysostemma. C. heterophylla, Ximenesia Cavanillesii and Echinacea heterophylla. G. coronata, Bidens Ber- teriana. Cornus capitata, Benthamia fragifera. G. asperifolia and stricta asperifolia, C. sericea asperifolia. G. oblongifolia, C. sericea oblongifolia. Cornutia punctata, Hosta ccerulea. Corydalis fungosa, Adlumia cirrhosa. C. Canadensis and tenuifolia, Dielytra. Coryplia minor, Sabal Adansoni. G. pal- mata, Vhamcerops Palmetto, C. Ta- liera, Taliera Bengalensis. Costus afer hirsutus, C. maculatus. C. speciosus angustifolius, C. Nepalensis. Cotoneaster denticulata, Nagelia. Cotula quinqueloba, Lidbeckia lobata. Cotyledon csespitosa and coccinea, Echeveria. C. calycinum, Bryophyl- lum. C. lutea, Umbilicus erectus. C. umbilicus, U. pendulinus. C. serrata, U. serratus. G. spinosa, U. spinosus. C. purpurea, O. curviflora. C. papil- laris, O. decussata. G. ramosissima, C. ramosa. C. mucronata, O. undulata. C. Hispanica, Pistorinia. Crassula dichotoma, retroflexa, and gen- tianoides, Grammanthes chloraflora. C. cultrata, Globulea. G. rotundifolia, Kalanchoe. Crataegus glauca, Stranvmsia glaucesccns. C. lobata, C. jiava lobata. C. Olive- riana, C. oxycantha Oliveriana. G. la- ciniata, C. oxycantha rosea. G. edulis, C. pyrifolia. G. Celsiana, C. tanaceti- folia Taurica. G. apiifolia, C. apiifolia minor. G. macrantha, O. coccinea macrantha. G. subvillosa, O. coccinea subvillosa. C. orientalis, G. orientalis sanguinea. C. Sibirica and monogyna, C. oxycantha Sibirica. G. edulis, C. punctata nigra. G. stricta, O. punctata nigra stricta. C. glandulosa, C. coc- cinea glandulosa. C. in lentata, O. coc- cinea indentata. C Indica, Baphiolepis. C. torminalis, Pyrus. C. glabra, Pho- tinia serrulata. Cratseva fragrans and capparoidec, Richiea fragrans. Crepis barbata and coronopifolia, Tolpis. G. filiformis, JEthionia. C. incana, Andryala. Crinum superbum, C. amabile. C. cam- panulatura, C. aquaticum. C. toxica rium, C. Asiaticum. G. brevifolium v C. bracteatum. C. Capense viridiflo- rum, C. crassifolium. C. rubrolimbo, C.erubescens. C.revQlutum, C. Herberti. cso [ 835 ] DIA Crctalaria sericea, C. Burmanni. C. lrirta, C. Cubensis. G. trifoliastrum, G. medi- caginea. C. Chinensis, C. paniculata. \ G. laevigata, G. Purshii. C. stricta and anthylloides, C. Roxburghiana. G. cse- irulea, C. verrucosa. G. opposita, Raf- 1 nia. C. cordifolia, Hypocalyptus obcor- dalus. C. amplexicaulis, Vascoa am- plexicaulis and perfoliata. G. floribunda and obcordata, Viborgia obcordata. Cruikshanksia cistiflora, Ledocarpum pe- duncularis. Cryptomeria Japonica pygmsea, G. Ja- ponica nana. Cucifera Thebaica, Hyphcme coriacea. Cucubalus cblorssfolius, Silene perfoliata. Cucumis anguineus, Trichosanthes an- guina. Cucurbita citrullus, Cucumis. C.lagenaria, Lagenaria vulgaris. Ounninghamia lanceolata, C. Sinensis. Cupia, Stylocorync. . , Cupressustriquetra, Gallitris. C.tbyoides, Chamcecyparis spharoidea. C. Japonica, Gryptomeria. G. glauca, G. Lusitanica. Cyatbea arborea, G. excelsa. C. dentata, Aspidium dentatum. Cyclamen Clusii, G. Europceum. C. Eu- ropaeum, G. hederifolium. Cyclobothra barbata, C. lutea. Cymation laevigatum, Lichtensteinia laevi- gata. Cymbidiuin iridioides, C. giganteum. G. fioridum, Bletia florida. G. hyacintbi- num, B.hyacinthina. C. altum, B. ve- recunda. C.cucullatum, Brassavola cu- cullata. G. nodosum, B. nodosa. G. txip- terum, Ccelia Baueriana. C. dependens, Cirrhma Loddigesii. Cynancbum bicolor, Bwmia. C. extensum, D. extensa. G. discolor, Gonolobus. C. maritimum, G. maritimus. C.viminale, Sarcostemma. Cynoglossum Virginicum, G. amplexicaule. C. hirsuta, C. canescens. G. scorpioides, Omphalodes. G. brassicaefolium, 0. am- plexicaulis. G. linifolium, O. linifolia. C. nitida, O. nitidum. G. ompbalodes, O. verna. Cyperus elegans and odoratns, Papyrus. Cypripedium bumile, G. acaule. Cyrilla coccinea, Achimenes. C. pulchella, Trevirania. Cyrtanthus uniflorus, Gastro/iema clava- tum. Cyrtocbilum stellatum, Miltortia stellata. Cyrtopodium Woodfordii, Cyrtopera. Cytisus niger, pinnatus, and Wolgarica, Cafaphaca Wolgarica. C. pseudo-Cajan, Cajantts bicolor. C. Cajaui, C. Jlavm. G. argenteus, Lotus. C. foiiolosus, His- panicus, and Telonensis, Adenocarpus. C. complicates, A. intermedius and par* vifolius. G. pauciflorus, C. calycinut. C. elongatus, G. multiflorus. D. Dactylanthus- globosa, Euphorbia. Dalbergia arborea, Pongamia glabra. D, diphaca, Biphaca Cochinchinensis. 1). Domingensis, Lonchocarpus. Dalea Kuhnistera, Petalostemon corym- bosum. Dalibarda repens, B. violaoides. D. fra- garioides, Gomaropsis Doniana and fragarioides. Damasonium stellatum, Actinocarpus da- masonium. Dablia frustranea fulgens, B. crocata. Dapbne collina Neapolitana, J). Neapoli- tana. D. cannabina, D. papyracea. D. olesefolia, D. sericea. D. lagetta, La- getta linteoyria. Darea appendiciriata and odontites, Cichptera spinosa, Barleria lupulina. Dictamnus alb us, D. fraxinella. Didiscus cseruleus, Trachymene carulea. Didymocarpus Rexii, Streptocarpus. Didyinochlsena sinuosa, D. truncatula. Dielytra scandens, Dactylicapnos thalic- trifolia, Piervilla Canadensis, D. lutea. Digitalis Canariensis and sceptrum, Iso- plexis. D. grandiflora, D. ambigua. D. parviflora, D. lutea. D. intermedia, D. media. D. ambigua, D. ochroleuca. D. erubescens, D. purpurascens. Dilatris tinctoria and Heritiera, Lach- nanthes tinctoria. Dillenia, Woi-mia. D. scandens, Tetra- cera volubilis. DiUwynia pungens, Eutaxia. Dimocarpus Litcbi, Nephelium. D. Lon- gan, N. Longana. Dimorpha grandiflora, Parivoa. Dinebra curtipendula, Atheropogon, aphi- doides. Diosma, Audouinia. D. alba, Coleonema. D. latifolia, serratifolia, and odorata, Barosma crenulata. D. linifolia, B. dioica. D. linearis, marginata, and vil- losa, Adenandra. D. ambigua and orbicularis, Agathosma. D. cuspidata, Linconia. D. deusta, L. thymifolia. D. ciliata, Macrostylis obtusa. Dolicbos polystachyos, Phaseolus peren- nis. ~D. soja, Soja hitpida. D. obtusi- folius, Canavalia obtusifolia. D. ro- seus, C. rosea. D. luteolus, Vigna glabra. Dombeya columnaris, Araucaria. Donia ciliata, glutinosa, and squarrosa, Grindelia. Doronicum orientale, D. Caucasicum. D. Peruvianum, Werneria rigida. D. yil- losum, Diplocoma villosa. Dorycnium Ibericum, D. latifolium. D. Monspeliense, D. suffruticosum. D. hir- sutum and incanum, D. tomentosum. Draba, Aubrietia. D. prsecox, Erophila. D. verna, E. vulgaris. D. lutea and longipes, D. gracilis. D. contorta, D. incana. D. androsacea, D. Lapponica and Fhdnicensis. I), hirta, D. muri- cell-a, rupestris, and stellala. D. aizoidcs, D. brachystemon. D. incana, D. confusa. D. Pyrenaica, Petrocallis. Dracaena australis, indivisa, and stricta, Cordyline. D. spicata, terniflora, Wal- lichii, maculata, and Javanica, D. el. liptica. D. marginata, D. tessellata. D. ensifolia, Dianella. Dracocephakim grandiflorum, D. Altr.i- ense. D. cordatum, Physostegia cordatn andCedronella cordata. D. denticulatum., Physostegia denticulata. D. speciosum, P. speciosa. D. variegaturn, P. va- riegata. D. Virginianum, P. Virginiana. D. I\Iexicanum, Cedronella Mexicana. D. Canariense, C. triphylla. Dracontium pertusum, Calla pertusa. Dracophyllum capitatum and gracile, Sphenotoma. Drimys Granatenis, Cbilensis, and Mexi- cana, D. Winteri. Drosera intermedia, D. longifolia. Dryandra falcata, Hemiclidia Baxteri. Diyas octopetala, D. Drummondi. D. integrifolia, D. tenella. Duranta micropbylla, D. Ellisia. D. dentata, D. macrocarpa. Duvalia. See Stapelia. Dyssodia porophylla, Beebera incana. Echinocactus obrepandus, EchinopAs cristaia. E. depressus, gibbosus, and hystrix, Cactus (Echinocactus). E. platacantha, C. cornigerus (Echinocac- tus). E. ingens, C. visnaga (Echino- cactus). E. recurvus, C. mobiles (Echi- nocactus). E. polyacantha, C.polyacan- tha (Melocactus). Echinopsis campylacantha, Cereus leu- canihus. Echites, Aganosma. E. caudata, Siro- phanthus dicholomus. E. succulenta, Pachypodium succulentum. E.tuberosa, P. tuberosum. E. sanguinolenta and nutans, Rcemadictyon venosum. E. . suberecta, H. suberectum. E. crassi- noda and splendens, Dipladenia. Echium formosum, E. grandiflorum. E. grandiflorum, E. macranthum. E. his- pidum and elegans, E. Sibthorpii. Elteocarpus lanceolata, E. grandi/lorus. E. peduncularis, Friesia. Elaeodendrfln argania, Argania sideroxy- lon. Elichrysum, Aphelexis and Astelma. Elodea campanulata, Hypericum Virgi- ENC 837 ] FER Encephalartos, Zamia. Encyclia patens, Epidendrum odoratissi- mum. JJpacris rosea, Lysinema pungens rubrum. Ephippium elongatum, capitatum, and compressum, Cirrhopetalum. E. cilia- tum, C. Blumei. Epidendrum ellipticum, E. crassifolium. E. ciliare, E. cuspidalum. E. lineatum, E. fragram. E. marginatum, E. ra- liatum. E. basilare, E. Stamfordianum. E. caudatum, Brassia caudata. E. cu- cullatum, Brassavola cucullata. E. no- dosum, B. nodosa. E. tripterum, Ccelia Bauer iana. E. subulatum, Aerides cylindricum. Epilobium Halleri, E. Dodonmx. £. squamatum, E. rosmarinifolium. Epipactis cucullata, Eriochilus autum- nalis. E. ensifolia, pallens, and rubra, Cephalanthera. Epiphyllum splendidum and Hitcheni, Cereus splendidus. Epithecia glauca, Epidendrum glaucum, Eranthemum flavum, Barter iafiava. Eremurus Altaicus, Caucasicus, and Tauricus, E. spectabilis. Erica quadriflora, E. Bergiana. E. erio- cephala, E. canescens. E. mirabilis, E.Daphnoides. ~E.ruj>estris,E.depressa. E. octopbylla, E. fascicularis. E. Walkeriana, E. fastigiata. E. Lin- naeana perspicua, E. Linnceana. E. Pa- tersoniana coccinea, E. Patersoniana. E. peduncularis, E. rubens. E. tri- i color, E. Sprengelii. E. Cassonii, E. varia. E. Dabaeci, Menziesia polifolia. Erigeron serpentarius, E. bellidi/olius. E. pubescens, Heterochceta. E. gluti- nosus, Inula saxatilis. E. viscosus, I. viscosa. Erinus fragrans, Lyperia. Eriocalia major, Aclinotus helianthi. Eriodendron Caribseum, E. unfractuosum Caribceum. Eriogonium flavum, E. sericeum. Eriopappus paniculatus, Eupatorium pa- niculatum. Eriospermum latifolium, E. Bellendeni. Eriostemon salsoloides, Philotheca aus- tral is. Erodium alpinum, E. caucali/olium. E. graveolens, E. glandulosum. E. cha- msedryoides, E. Reichardi E. multi- caule and Rutbenicum, E. serotinum. E. multifidum, E. Stephanianum. Ervum volubilis, Galactia glabella. Erysimum diffusum, E. Andrzejoskianum. E. grandiflorum, E. longifolium. E. prsecox, Barbarea. E. barbarea, B, vulgaris. Erytbronium Americanum, E. lanceola. turn. Escallonia bifida, E. Montevidensis. Eucalyptus cordata, E. pulverulenta. Eucnida Bartonioides, Microsperma. Eugenia australis, macrophylla, acumi- nata, macrocarpa, terniiblia, amplexi- caulis, and aquea, Jambosa. E. Malac- censis, J. purpurea. E. Jambos, J. vulgaris. E. myrtifolia, J. australis. E. Zeylanica, Syzygium. E. acutan- gula, Stravadium acutangulum. E. ra- cemosa, S. racemosum. E. orbiculata, Myrtus. Eulopbia crinita, Zygopetalum crinitum and Mackayi. E. gracilis, Galeandra, Euosma albiflora, Loganiajloribunda. Eupatorium molle, E. macrophyllum. E. veronicaefolium, Bulbostylis veronicqfo- lia. E. squarrosum, B. Cavanillesii. E. cseruleum, Calestina cmrulea. E. micrantbum, C. micrantha. E. ferru- gineum, Ozothamnus ferrugineus. E. rosmarinifolium, O. rosmarinifolius. Euphorbia bupleuroides, E. Atlantica. E. virgata, E. Lamarckii. E. Jacqui niflora, E. prunifolia. Euphrasia Salisburgensis, E. alpina. Euryale Amazonicum, Victoria regia. Eurybia Gunniana, Olearia. Eustoma Russellianus, Lisyanthut. E. silenifolia, L. glaucifolius. Eutbamia, Solidago. Eutoca parviflora, Nemophila. Evodia triphylla, Xanthoxylon triphyl- lum. Evolvulus sericeus, E. incanum. Evosmus albidus, Laurus Borbonia. Exacum byssopifolium and viscosum, Hippion. E. verticillatum, Coutoubxa and Hippion. E. ramosum, C. ramosa. E. spicatum, C. spicata. E. vaginale, Logania latifolia. F. Fadyema, Aspidium. Fagara Budrunga, pterota, and tragodes, Xanthoxylon. F. piperita, X. piperitum. F. triphylla, Evodia. Fagus castanea, Castanea vesca. Farsetia, Aubrietia. F. incana and mil- tabilis, Berteroa. F. iEgyptiaca, F. cheiranthoides. Fedia rupestris, Patrinia. Ferdinandea superba, Oretcentia macro* phylla. FEB [ 838 ] GLY Ferraria pavonia, Tigridia. F. tigridia, T. pavonia. F. tricuspis, Vieusseuxia. Ferrariola viridiflora, Ferraria antlierosa. Ferreola buxifolia, Maba. Ferula nodiflora, F.ferulago. F. ssife- tida, F. Persica. Ficaria ranunculoides, F. verna. Ficus scabra, F. oppositi/olia. F. nitida, F. Hookeri. F. venosa and leucosticha, F. leucotoma. Fothergilla Gardeni, F. alnifolia acuta. F. major, F. alnifolia obtusa. F. mira- bUis, Chitonia Fothergilla. Fragaria grandiflora, F. calycina. Franciscea calycina and confertiflora, Brunsfelsia calycina. F. Hopeana, B. uniftora. F. capitata, B. hydrangea- formis. F. Pohliana, B. acuminata. Frankenia hispida, F. hirsuta. F. bir- suta, F. intermedia. Frasera Walteri, F. Carolinensis. Fraxinus discolor, F. epiptera. F. crispa, F. excelsior. F. simplicifolia, F. hetero- phylla. F. nigra, F. pubescent. F. striata, Ornus. Fritillaria latifolia, F. nervosa. F. Pyre- naica, F. nigra. F. meleagris and alba, F. pracox. F. racemosa, F. Pyrenaica and tenella. F. minor, F. nervosa and tenella. F. Thomsonia, Lilium roseum. F. purpurea, Cyclobothra. F. barbata, C. alba. Fuchsia decussata, F. gracilis. Fumaria capreolata, F. media. F. cucul- laria and eximia, Dielytra. F. pauci- flora, Corydalis. F. solida, C. bulbosa. F. fabacea, C. Caucasica. F. semper- virens, C. glauca. F. cava albiflora, C. tuberosu albiflora. Gagea lutea, O.fascicularis. GaUlardia bicolor Drummondii, O. picta. Galactia pinnata, Barbieria polyphylla. Galaxia plicata, Peyrousia fasciculata. Galega filiformis and longifolia, Sweetia. G. biflora, Caribsea, grandiflora, mu- cronata, and ochroleuca, Tephrosia. Galium reflexum, G. Tauricum. G. glau- cum, Asperula galioides. Galinsogea discolor, Verbesina atriplici- folia. Gardenia esculenta, Genipa. G. tubiflora. Oxyanthus tubiflorus. Gardoquiabetonicoides, Cedronella Mexi- cana. Gosteria longifolia, G. angulata. G. ni- gricans, G.decipiens. Gastonia palmata, Gilibertia. Gaultheria tomentosa, G.femginea. G, serpyllifolia, Phalerocarpus. Gela lanceolata and oblongifolia, Xitneiiia. Geledupa uliginosa, Pongamia. Genist&yisco5SL,Adenocarpusfrankenioides. G. prostrata, G. procumbent. G. Jami- ensis, G. scariosa. Gentiana quinqueflora, G. aurea. G^ ciliata, G. barbata and fimbriata. G. fimbriata, G. crinita. G. amarelloides, G. Pyrenaica. G. rotata, Pleurogyne G. verticillata, Coutoubaa. Geoftroya inermis and racemosa, Andira. Georgina pinnata, Dahlia superfiua. Geranium Grenvillea, Pelargonium con- spicuum. G. capitatum, P. graveolens variegatum. G. stenopetalum, P. lepto- petalum. G. miniatum and album, P. oxyphyllum. G. spinosum, Sarcocaulon Burmanni. G. varium, G. cinereum. G. albanum, G. cristatum. G. prostra- tum, G. Lancastriense. G. Londesii, G. longipes. G. Pyrenaicum nemoro- sum, G. nemorosum. G. Pkeichardi, Erodium. Gerardia Afzelia, Seymeria tenuifolia. Gesnera pendulina, G. aggregata. G. scabra, Conradia. G. ventricosa, C. longifiora. G. odorata, Coleus aroma- ticus. G. Regeliana, Sciodacalyx Wars- zewiczii. Geum Canadense, G. album. G. coc- cineum, G. Atlanticum. G. sylvaticum, G. Chilense. G. inclinatum, G. Pyre- naicum. G. potentilloides, Coluria. G. Peckii and triflora, Sieversia. Ghinia mutica, Tamoneu. G. spinosa. T. Curassavica. Gilia pulchella, G, aggregata and Ipo- mopsis elegans. Githago Nicaeensis, Lychnis. Gladiolus, Anisanthus. G. nanus, Babi- ana nana. G. bicolor, Synnctia. G- galeatus, -Sf. galeata. Glaucium luteum, G. flavum. G. cor- niculatum, G. phceniceum. Gleditschia lsevis, G. triacanthos inermis. Globba Hura, G. racemosa. Globularia vulgaris, G. linifolia. G salicina, G. longifolia. Glomerata petrsea, Campanula Niatensis. G. Dahurica, G. speciosa. Gloriosa simplex, G. Nepalensis. Glossanthus Notoniana, Malabarica, and Zeylanica, Wulfenia Notoniana. Glycine, Wistaria. G. monoica, Amphi. carpa. G. nlosa and sarmentosa, A. sarmentosa. G. punctata, Poiretia GLY L 880 ] UEL gcandens. O. apios, Apios tuberosa. G. humifusa, Rothia trifoliata. G. sagit- tata, Rudolphia dubia. G. lignosa, Sweetia. G. bituminosa, Fagelia. G. Vincentina, Chmtocalyx. Glycyrrbiza aspera and hispida, G. as- verrima. Gnaphahum, Astelma. G. alpinum, An- tennaria. G. acuminatum, angustifo- lium,apiculatum,arboreum,cephalotes, congestum, conicum, crassifolium, cris- pum, cymosum, dasyanthum, diosmae- folium, divaricatum, ericoides, fruti- cans, helianthemifolium, lasiocaulon, odoratissimum, orientale, patulum, rutilans, and Sttecbas, Helichrysum. G. arenarium, H. affine. G. grandi- florum, H. grandiflorum an&fruticans. G. divergens, Metal asia. G. fastigiatum, M.fastigiata. G. leontopodium, Leon- topodium Helveticum. G. coronatum, Petalacte coronata. Gnidia acerosa, G. juniperifolia. G. fila- mentosa, Lachneea buxifolia. Gomeza recurva, Rodriguezia. Gompholobium flmbriatum, G. barbige- rum and lat.ifolium. G. Celsianum, Platychilum. G. minus, Burtonia minor. Gompkostylis Candida, Ccelogyne macu- lata. Gongora macrantha and speciosa, Cory- anthes. G. viridi-purpurea, Cirrhcea. Goniopteris canescens, Nephrodium Blumei. Goniostemon. See Stapelia. Gonolobus hirsutus, G. Carolinensis. G. viridiflorus, G. Nuttallianus. Goodenia ramosissima, Sccevolu hispida. G. albida, S. microcarpa. G. calendu- lacea, S. suaveolens. Gorteria rigens, Gazania. Grammitis flavescens and Hamiltoni, Sel- liguea. G. decurrens, S. pothifolia. G. elongata and lanceolats, Phlebodium elongatum. G. furcata, Monogramma trichoidea and furcata. G. linearis, Pleu- rogramma. G. heterophylla and serru- lata, Xiphopteris. Gratiola veronicjefolia, Bonnaya. Grevillea blechnifolia, G. Caleyi. Q. concinna, G. planifolia. flrindelia angustifolia, G. Duvalii. G. Sibirica, Aster incisus. Guarea trichilioides, G. grandifiora. Guatteria lucida, Stenostomum lucidum. Guettardia coccinea, Isertia. Gymnadenia angustifolia, Orchis Iberica. Gymnogramma «»splenioides and polypo- dioides, Leptogramma. G. villosa, L. j villosum. G. sinuata, Notn^mtana. G, canescens, Nephrodium Blumei. Gypsophila dianthoides and stricta,. Tunica. G. scorzoneraefolia, Q. sa.hu- losa. Gyronia Virginica, Medeola. Habenaria ciliaris, cristata, dilatata, flm- briata, herbiola, hyperborea, incisa, psychodes, and lacera, Platanthera. H. gigantea, P. Susanna. H. blephari- glottis, P. holopetala. H. orbiculata, P. Hookeri. H. spectabilis, Orchis. Habrothamnus cyaneus, Iochroma tubu- losa. Hsemanthus ciliaris, Brunsvigia. H. toxicarius, B. toxicaria. Hamiltonia fruticosa, Leptodermis lanceo- lala. Harina densiflcra, Wallichia. Haronga paniculata, H. Madagascariensis. Harrachia speciosa, Crossandra undulae- folia. Hastingia scandens, Holmskioldia. H. coccinea, H. sanguinea. Haworthia concava, H. cymbiformis. H. rigida, II. expansa. H. fasciculate, H. Reinwarti. Hebeclinium ianthinum, Eupatorium. Hebenstreitia aurea, H. integrifolia. Hedaroma tulipiferum, Genetyllis lulipi- fera. Hedera, Aralia. Hedychium angustifolium, H. aurantia- cum and coccineum. Hedyotis campanulseflora, Lipostoma. Hedysarum Sibiricum, H. alpinum. H. alpinum, H. alpinum pedicelare. H. obscurum Altaicum, H. brachysemum. H. humile, H. candidum humile. H. tuberosum, Pueraria tuberosa. H. sax- atile, Onobrychis saxatilis. H. biarti- culatum and elegans, Diccrma. H. volubile, Galactia mollis. H. pseudo- alhagi, Alhagi camelorum. H. alhagi manna Hebraica, A. Maurorum. H- tetraphyllum, Zornia Capensis and te- traphylla. H. muricatum, Adesmia mu- ricata. See Ukakia. Heintzia tigrina, Besleria. Helenium Douglasii, Monolopia major. Heliantbemum roseum, H. canescens. E. sampsucifolium, H. ocymoides. Heliantbus pubescens, II. Hookeri. H. asper, H. petiolaris. H. dentatus, Viguiera dentata. Heliconia buccinata, H. Indiea. H. psit« tacorum, H. Swartzlana. HEL [840] ILE Helicteres apetala, Sterculia helicteres. Heliophila pinnata, H. pendula and tri- fida. H. integrifolia, H. pilosa. Heliotropium grandiflorum, H. corymbo- sum. H. Indicum, Tiaridium. H. gnaphalodes, Tournefortia. Velleborus trifolius, H. lividus integrilo- lus and Coptis Irifoliata. H. hyemalis, Eranthis. ielonias latifolia, H. bullata. H. lseta, H. erythrosperma. H. asphodeloides and tenax, Xerophyllum. H. graminea, X. gramineum. H. bracteata, Zygade- nus bracleatus. H. glaberrima, Z. com- mutatus. H. Yirginica, Z. Virginicum. Hemerocallis lancesefolia, Funkia. H. cserulea, F. ovata. H. Japoniea, F. subcordata. Hemimeris urticsefolia, Alonsoa incisifolia. H. coccinea, A. linearis. Hemionitis pedata, rufa, and tartarea, Gymnogramma- H. pothifolia, Selli- guea. H. prolifera, Meniscium pro- liferum. H. lanceolata, Antrophyum lanceolatum. H. plantaginea, Drynariu hemionitidea. H. esculenta, Diplazium esculentum. H. grandifolia, D. grandi- folium. Henckelia crinita, Didymocarpus cri- nitus. Heracantha Taurica, Kentrophyllum Tau. rieum. Hermannia latifolia, H. micans. Hesperis Sibirica, H. matronalis Sibirica. H. inodora, H. matronalis sylvestris. H. bituminosa, H. runcinata bituminosa. H. verna, Arabis. H. litorea, Africana, and arenaria, Halcolmia. Eexacentris lutea, H. Mysorensis. Hibbertia corifolia, H. pedunculata. Hibiscus racemosus, H. cancellatus. H. digitatus, H. digitatus Kerianus. H. ficulneus, H. diversifolius. H. gran- diflorns, H. heterophyllus. H. aculea- tos, H. scaber. H. populnens, Thes- pesia populnea. H. Patersonii, Lagu- naria. H. lilaeinus, L. lilacina. Hieracium fruticosum, JEthionia fruti cosa. H. rerbascifoknm, H. anchusce /cliuin fl. prenanthoides, H. denticu iatum. H. collinum, H.flagellare. H. collinum cymosum, H. Gochnati. H montanum, H. incdrnatum. H. in tegrifolium, H. succisafolium. Hippocrepis comosa, H. Helvetica. Hippophae argentea and Canadensis, Shepherdia. Hiptage obtusifolia, Gertnera. H. man- dablota, G. raceviosa. Hohenbergia strobilacea, Acantliostachys. Holeus, Arrhenatherum. Hookeria coronaria, Brodiaa grandiflora. Hopkirkia scandens, Salmea. Horminumcaulescens, Lepechiniaspicata. H. Pyrenaicum, Melissa Pyrenaica. Hornemannia ovata, Vandellia Crustacea. H. viscosa, V. hirsuta. Hortensia opuloides, Hydrangea hortensis. Houstonia coccinea, Bouvardia triphylla. Hovea lanigera, H. pannosa. Hovenia acerba, H. dulcis. H. dulcis, H. iiuequalis. Hoya lanceolata and pallida, H. parasitica. H. coriacea, Centrostemma rejlexum. Hurtia elegans, Caltctasia cyanea. Kyacintbus mosehatus, Muscari moscha- tum. H. Bomanus, Believalia oper- culata. Hydrangea radiata, H. nivea. Hydrocera. See Tvtonia. Hydrolea Caroliniana, H. quadtivalvis. Hydropbyllum Magellanicum, Phacelia circinata. H. appendiculatum, Nemo- phila paniculata. Hymenocallis patens, H. Caymanensis. H. alatum, Trichomanes brevisetum. Hyraenolepis opbioglossoides, Gymnop- teris. Hyoscyamus scopolia, Scopolia Carnio- lica. Hyperanthera moringa, Moringa ptery- gosperma. Hypericum, Vismia. A. alternifolium, Eeaumuria hypericoides. H. monogy- num, H. Chinense. H. Kohlianum, H. elegans. H. aspalatboides, H.fascicu- latum. H. androssemum, Andros&mum officinale. Hypocyrta discolor, Alloplectm dichrous. Hyssopus anisatus, Stachys fwniculum and Lophanthus anisatus. H. orientalis, H. officinalis angustifolius. H. Schlei- cheri, H. officinalis canesccns. H. ne- petoides and scropbularioides, Lophan- thus. H. lophanthus, L. urtica/olius. Iberis cepsefolia, I. Tenoreana. I. ro- tundifolia and stylosa, Hutchinsia. Icacorea Guianensis, Ardisia acuminata. Ilex nata, I. recurva. I. Japcnica, Ber- ber'* Bealei. I. myrsinitis, Myginda myrtifolia. I. Canadensis, Kemopan- thes Canadensis and Prinos lucidus. I. crocea, Elceodendron croceum. I. skim- mi a, Skimmia Japoniea. I. prinoides, Prinos deciduu*. IMA [8*1 ] KAU rmatophyllum Aitoni, Clivia nnbills. Impatiens biglandulosa, I. Hoofceriana. I. balsanrina, I. hortensis. 1. comi- gera, I. cornuta. I. biflora, I.fulva. I. natans, Tytonia. Incarvillea grandiflora, Teeoma. I. to- mentosa, Bignonia. Indigofera hirsuta, I. lateritia. I. angu- lata, I. sylvatica. I. cserulea, I. tinc- toria. I. stricta, Tephrosia. Inga marginata, I. Burgoni. I. Afze- lioides, I. hymenoides. I. Harrissii, CaUiandra. £ biglobosa, Parkia Afri- cana. Inula montana, I. calycina. I. thap- soides, I. verbascifolia. I. scabra, Heterotheca. Ionidium longifolium, Noisettia lonqifolia. Ipomsea angustifolia and denticulata, I. filicaulis. I. rubro-cserulea, I. Hookeri. I. Michauxii, I. macrorhiza rubra. I. maritima, I. pes caprw. I. palmata, I. Cairica. I. speciosa, Argyreia. I. purgaandSchiediana.ItJxoyoHiKHz^wrgra. I. filiformis, E.filiforme. I. repanda, E. repandum. I. Bignonioides, Bona- riensis, Cavanillesii, glaucifolia, hete- rophylla, pentapbylla, Senegalensis, ternata, venosa, and Willdenovii, Ba- tatas. I. batatas, B. edulis. I. erio- sperma, gossypifolia, and insignis, B. paniculata. I. jalapa, B. jalapa and Exogonium purga. I. coccinea, digi- tata, hederifolia, longiflora, luteola, phoenicea, sanguinea, and triloba, Quamoclit. I. quaraoclit, Q. vulgaris. I. Gangetica, Rivea tiliafolia. I. punc- tata, scabra, varia, barbata, barbigera, caerulescens, cuspidata, Dillenii, hede- racea, and bispida, Pharbitis. I. nil and cserulea, P. nil. I. catbartica and pudibunda, P. cathartica. Ipomopsis elegans, Gilia aggregata. I. inconspicua, G. parviflora. Iris bicolor, Morcea. I. morseoides, M. iridioides. I. villosa and tricuspis, Vieusseuxia. I. pavonia, V. glaucopis and pavonina. I. tripetala, V. tripeta- loides, I. Hookeri, and I. tridentata. I. gracilis, I. Boltoniana. I. spatulata, I. desertorum. I. Nepalensis, I. Humei. I. paradoxa, I. Iberica. I. stenogyna, I. ochroleuca. I. aphylla, I. Swertii. I. pumila, I. violacea. Iroucana Guianensis, Casearia ratnijlora. Ismene Knigbtii, Hymenocallis rotata. Isotoma axillaris, Lobelia senecioides. Ixia anemcniflora, Sparaxis. I. bicolor, Synnotia. I. angusta, Hesperantha. I. | purpurascens, Triclwnema. I. coelestina, I T. caelestinum. I. quadrangula, T. I quadrangulum. I. ramiflora, T. rami. fiorum. I. stricta, Babiana angustifolia. I. villosa, B. obtusifolia. Ixora Pavetta, I. arborea. I. alba, I. blanda. I. longifolia, I. fulgens. I. coccinea and flammea, I. stricta. I. fasciculata and spinosa, Chomelia. I paniculata, Pavetta Indica. Jacaranda alba and ecbinata, Bignonia. J. tomentosa, B. mollis. J. rhorabifo- lia, J.fillcifolia. J. ovalifolia, J. mimo- sifolia. Jacquemontia violacea, J. canescens. J. pentantha, J. violacea. Jasminum Wallicbianum, J. pubigerum. J. flexile, J. tortuosum. Jatropha Lffiflingii and Manihot, Janipha. J. elastica, Siphonia Cahucha. Jeblia fuchsioides, Lopezia macrophylla. Jonesia pinnata, J. Asoca. Josepha angusta, Bugainvillaa spectabilis. Jossinia orbiculata, Myrtus. Juglans beteropbylla and filicifolia, J. regia laciniata. J. amara, compressa, obcordata, porcina, and sulcata, Carya. J. squamosa and alba, C. alba. J. an- gustifolia and olivfflformis, O. olivee- formis. Juniperus Canadensis, J. communis Cana- densis. J. nana, J. communis nana. J. Suecica, J. communis Suecica. J. aipina, J. sabiiia aipina. J. prostrata and repens, J. sabina prostrata. J. tama- riscifolia, J. sabina tamarisci/olia. J. Caroliniana, J. Virginiana. J. vulgaris fruticosa, J. communis vulgaris. J. com- munis erecta, J. communis vulgaris. J. Lusitanica, J. sabina cupressifolia. J. elata, Dacrydium. Justicia flavicoma, J. calytricha. J. ob- longata, J. nodosa. J. tinctoria, J. Rox- burghiana. J. pulcberrima, Aphelandra cristata. J. Gangetica, Asystasia Core- mandeliana. J. picta alba, GraplophyU lum hortense album. J. flava, Barleria. J. guttata, Phlogacanthus gutlatus. J. thyrsiflora, P. thyrsiflorus. 3. glabra, Rhapidospora. Kadsura propinqua, 8ph Green, whitish. Leaves green, with silvery veins. Java. 1864. Syn., A. gigantea of gardens. — Lo'uni (Low's). 1. White ; leaves dark green above, with the midrib, veins, and margin whitish, under side deep purple. Borneo. 1862. Syn., Caladium Lowii. — macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 5. Green, whitish. Polynesia. tyariega'ta (variegated var.). Leaves blotched with creamy. — Marshallii (Marshall's). Leaves green, with dark blotches, and broad central silvery band. India. 1871. — navicula'ris (boat-shaped spathed). 1. Whitish. May. India. 1^55. — pu'mila (little), i. Green. January. Borneo. 1379. — Roe'zUi. SeeCAULDuntmarmoratum. — scabriu'scuto (roughish). Spathe and spadix white. X. W. Borneo. 1878. — singapore'ntis (Singapore). 14. Penang. — Thibautia'na (Thibaut's). 2. Leaves dark green, with white venation above, purple beneath. Borneo. 1878. — variega'ta (variegated). 1. Whitish. India. 1854. Leaf-stalk mottled with violet. — zebri'na (zebra). 3. White. June. Philip- pine Isles. 1362. There are besides several garden hybrids, as : — A. Chelso'ni, A. hy'brida, A. interme'dia, A. Sede'ni. Alo'e. A. abyssi'nica (Abvssinian). 3. Yellow. Abys- sinia. 1777. Peaco'ckii (Peacock's var.). Yellow. Abyssinia. 1879. — africa'na (African). 1. Yellow. October. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — agavefo'lia (Agave-leaved). Red, green. Autumn. 1879. — Athersto'nei (Atherstone's). S. Africa. 1878. — Ba'rbera. (Mrs. Barber's). 60. Kaffraria. Syn^ A. Bainesii. — Bayfi'eldii. See Gasteeta. — Bolu'sii (Bolus's). S. Africa. 1878. — ciiloroleu'ca (greenish-white). 6 to 10. Pale yellowish. S. Africa. 1S77. — commuta'ta (changed). 2. Coral-red. May. S. Africa. 1877. — consobri'na (related). 2. Reddish-yellow. S. Africa. 1845. — Cod peri (Cooper's). 1. Orange, greenish. Natal. 1862. Syn., A. Schmidtiana. — drepanophy r lla (sickle-leaved). 8 to 10. Whitish, green. S. Africa. 1862. — gasterioi'des (Gasteria-like). 1. Scarlet. S. Africa. 1875. — Grednii (Green's). 2. Red. S. Africa. 1875. — Hanburya'na (Hanbury's). 2 to 3. Coral-red. Kaffraria. 1875. — hu'milis. macUe'nta (meagre var. ). S. Afr; • — ine'rmis (unarmed). Syn., A. heteracantha. — macraca' ntha (long-spined). 3. S. Africa. 1S62. ALO [ 871 ] AMB A. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 1. Coral-red. April. Abyssinia. 1870. — mitrcpfo' rmis. pachyphj/lla (thick-leaved var.). S. Africa. 1862. — myriaca'ntha (niany-spined). 2. Bed, green. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. — ni'tens (shining). S. Africa. 1878. — percra'ssa (very thick-leaved). Coral-red. May. Mountains of Abyssinia. 1879. — Pe'rryi (Perry's). li. Green. Socotra. 1879. — platyle'pis (broad-scaled). 10. Coral-red or yellow. S. Africa. 1877. — prate'nsis (meadow). l£. Scarlet. S. Africa. 1862. — Schi'mperi (Schimper's). 2. Orange-scarlet. June. Abyssinia. 1876. — sigjnoi'dea (s-curved leaved). 4. Kaffraria. 1862. — TJira'skii (Thrask's). 5. S. Africa. 1860. — tri'color (three-coloured). 1}. Coral-red, flesh, yellow. Spring. S.Africa. 1875. Alonso'a. A. Matthe'ivsii (Matthews's). 1. Scarlet. Peru. — Warsceivi'czii (Warscewicz's). 1$. Crimson. July. Central America. 1858. Alpi'nia. A. atbolinia'ta (white-lined). 3. Leaves banded with white. New Guinea. 1880. — vitta'ta (striped). Leaves green, striped with white. Polynesia. Alsomi'tea. (From alsos, a grove, and mitra, a mitre ; here probably meaning covering, or the cap of the wood. Nat. ord., Cucurbitacem.) Stove evergreen climber. Seeds, cuttings in bottom heat. Rich loam. Give more water during the flowering season than at other times. Summer temp., 70° to 85°; winter, 65° to 70°. A. sarcophy'lla (fleshy-leaved). "White. Winter. Burmah, Siam. 1870. Also'phila. A. aculea'ta (prickly). S. America. — a'spera (rough). W. Indies. — austra'lis. Willia'msii (Williams's var.). 1874. — gla'uca (milky-green). Manilla. 1862. — Hostma'nni (Hostmann's). Guiana. — Leichardtia'na (Leichardt's). Australia. 1867. Syn., A. Macarthuri. — lunula'ta (moon-shaped pinnuled). 25. Fiji. — Moorea'na (Moore's). N. S. Wales. 1847. — ra'dens (rasping). Brazil. — sagittifo'lia (sagittate-leaved). Trinidad. 1872. — Scottia'na (Scott's). Sikkim. 1872. — Tceni'tis denticula'ta (Tajnitis-like, toothed var.). Brazil. Alsteome'eia. A. chile'nsis (Chilian). 2. Yellow, red. July. Chili. 1849. — densijlo'ra (thickly-flowered). Scarlet. Peru. 1865. — peregri'na (foreign). Erroneously printed pele- grina in the Dictionary. a'lba (white var.). White, yellow. 1877. A. peruvia'na (Peruvian). Crimson, white, green, black. Peru. 1875. ni'veo-margina'ta (snowy-margined var.). Leaves white margined. 1875. — psittaci'na. JErcmbo'uldti (Erembouldt's var.). Altebna'ntheba. See Tela'ntheba. Altile'a-fru'tex. Hibi'scus syri'acus. Aly'ssum. A. Wulfenia'numiWulfvmxis's). J. Golden yellow. Europe. Amaeabo'ya ama'bilis, pink ; A. pri'neeps, pale pink ; and A. sple'ndida, carmine, — are garden names for three plants belonging to some unrecognized genus of Melastomaceas. They were in- troduced from Columbia in 1871. Amaea'nthcs. A. melancho'licusru'ber (melancholy-red). Leaves crimson purple. Japan. Half-hardy. — salicifo'lius (willow-leaved). 2£. Leaves green, bronzy, or orange-red. Philippin" Isles. 1871. Amaet'llis. A. Trea'tii (Treat's). J. Pinkish. 1879. This. is probably some species of Zephtbjli.-' ihes. For A. Alber'ti, A. pardi'na, A. pro'cera, A. Ray'neri, and A. Solandrijlo'ra, see Hiitbas- TEUM. Amatongc'la, Carissa grandiflora. Amblosto'ma. (From amblus, blunt, and stoma, a mouth. Nat. ord., Orchi~ daeeie.) Stove epiphyte, allied to Epidendbum, to which refer for cultivation. A. trida'ctylum (three-fingered). 1. Greenish. Mexico. Amblyole'pis. (From amblus, blunt, and lepis, a scale ; involucre scales being blunt. Nat. ord., Composite.') Hardy annual. A. seti'gera (bristly). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. Ambeosi'nia. (Commemorative of Pro- fessor Giacinti Ambrosini, of Bologna. Nat. ord., Araceze.') Half-hardy tuberous perennial, remarkable for the curious structure of its inflorescence, the spathe being divided lengthwise into two compartments, the solitary ovary being in the front compartment, and the anthers in the hinder one, attached in two rows to the back of the partition, which has a small hole at the top through which insects can crawl, by whose means only the pollen can be trans- mitted to the stigma, and fertilization effected. Seeds, divisions. Any light soil; must be pro- tected from frost. A. Sa'ssii (Bassi's). £. Green. Spring. Corsica. Sardinia. 1879. There are three varieties of this plant, viz. angustifo'lia, leaves narrow ; macu- AMB [ 872 ] AND la'ta, leaves spotted, veins red ; and reticu- la'ta, pale leaves, with dark-green vena- tion. Amela'nchter. A.asia'tica (Asiatic). White. .1879. Amohophy'llusi. See Spathiphylluji. Amo'moi. A. Clu'sii (Clusius's). Yellow. Fernando Po. — Mdegue'ta mi'nus (smaller Meleguetal. Pale pink. May. Sierra Leone. 1869. — sce'ptrum (sceptre). 5. Rose purple. January. Old Calabar. 1863. — vitelli'num (yolk-of-egg-coloured). 2. Yellow. May. E. Indies. Amoo'ea. A. Rohitu'ka (Rohituka). Yellow. E. Indies. Amokphopha'llus. (From amorphos, deformed, and phallos, a mace ; referring to the misshapen, barren appendix of the spadix. Nat. ord., Araceas.) Stove or greenhouse tuberous-rooted plants, natives of Southern Asia and the Indian Archi- pelago. The solitary branched leaf usually ap- pearing after the flowers, which are generally extremely fetid. Rich loam and leaf-mould, with a dash of sand. They require shade, and to go to rest during part of the year, during which water moderately, and do not allow them to go dust-dry. When growing give abundance of water ; A. cam- panulatus thrives best if its roots are allowed to descend into a tank of water. Seeds, division and offsets of tubers. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; sum- mer, 75° to 90°. A. campanula' tus (bell-shaped). 2. Lurid purple. India. 1817. Syn., Arum, campanula- turn. — Cha'tty (Chatty). 3. India. 1872. — du'bius (doubtful). 2. Purple. June. Ceylon. 1857. — gra'ndis (large). 3. Spathe green, white in- side ; spadix purplish. Java. 1865. — Lacou'rii (Lacour's). Leaves marked with round white spots. Cochin China. 1879. — nivo'sus. See DsACOXTroM asperum. — no'bUis (noble). Spathe livid purple, spotted with white, Java. 1867. — pi'ctus (painted). Java. 1865. — Rivie'ri (Rivier's). Spathe and spadix lurid purple. Cochin China. Syns., Proteino- phallus Rivieri and A. Konjac. — specio'sus (showy). Java. 1865. — Tita'num (Titan's). 10. Spathe and spadix black purple. W. Sumatra. 1879. An ex- traordinary plant, of gigantic dimensions, the leaf-stalk being 10 ft. high, and the divided blade covering an area of 45 ft. ; the spathe is about 3 ft. across, and the 6padix 5 ft. high. — zebri'nus (zebra-marked). Java. 1865. Ampelo'psis. A. citruUoi'des (Citrullus-like). 16. Greenish. — disse'cta (dissected). 1868. — japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1868. — lu'cida (shining). China. 1868. — napifo'rmis (turnip-like). Greenish. China. ■ 1870. — serjaniafo'lia (Serjania- leaved). Greenish. Japan. 1867. Syn., Cissus viticifolia pinnatifida. A. tricuspida'ta (three-pointed). Japan. 1868. Syns., A. Yeitchii and Vitis japtmica of gardens. — triloba ta (three-lobed). China. 1868. — tripartita (three-parted). China. 186S. — tubero'sa (tuberous). China. 1870. Amphible'mma cymo'sum. See Mela- stoma corymbosum. AiiPm'coiiE. A. eino'di (Emodian). 1$. Rose, orange. Octo- ber. E. Indies. 1852. Asiphisco'pia Pohlia'na. See Diax- THEBA. Amy'gdales. This genus and Peesica should be united to Pbukus, of which they are but sections. A. Boissie'ri (Boissier's). Pale rose. Asia Minor. 1879. — na'na (dwarf). Pink. Russia. — pe'rsica (Persian, the peach). See Peesica. ru'bra (red var.). Leaves deep red in spring. White. 1874. Axaxa'ssa. A. bracamore'nsis (Bracamora). Brazil. 1879. — macrodo'ntes (large-toothed). — IfordMna (SlordUona, native name). Colum- bia. 1869. — Mensdorfia'na (Mensdorf s). — Portea'na (Porter's). Philippines. 1866. Leaves yellow-banded. Anchoma'xes. (An ancient name for some plant. Nat. ord., Aracex. Allied to Amorphophallus.) Stove tuberous perennials. Like Abis.ejia, Ahokphophaixus, etc., the leaf dies to the ground every autumn ; the tuber should then be repotted, and very little water given it until the following spring. During growth give abundance of water and keep in a moist atmosphere. Rich sandy loam and leaf-mould ; free drainage. Seeds, and offsets from the tubers. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°. A. Hoo'keri (Hooker's). 3. Spathe purple, spa- dix whitish. June. Fernando Po. 1832. Syn., Caladium petiolatum. pallida (pale var.); Spathe paler. 1862. AXCHU'SA. A. sempervi'rens (evergreen). l|. Blue. Europe. Ancylo'gyne. (From anhylos, curved, and gyne, a female ; the pistil is curved. Nat. ord., Acanthaceas.) Stove sub-shrub. For culture, see Bableeia. A. longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Purple. April. Guayaquil. 1866. For the heading of Axdroctmbtum in Dictionary, at p. 35, read : — Axdrocy'mbioi. (From aner, a man, and cymbos, a cavity ; the stamens are enclosed in a hollow formed by the fold- i ing of the limb of the petals. Nat. ord., Colchicacese.') I Greenhouse bulbs of curious habit ; the leaves AND C 873 ] AX I spread out upon the ground, and the flowers are sessile in the middle of the tuft. Light sandy soil, dry atmosphere, and no shade ; they require a season of rest, during which they require scarcely any water. Seeds, and offsets. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 90°. A. puncta'tum (dotted). Whitish. S. Africa. 1874. Androle'pis. (From aner, a man, and lepis, a scale ; referring to the scaly sta- mens. Nat. ord., Bromeliaceas.) Stove evergreen epiphyte. Seeds, and offsets, which are produced abundantly after flowering. Plant in sphagnum. It will thrive best if plunged in a hotbed of tan. Summer temp., 70° to 85°; winter, 60° to 70°. A. Ski'nneri (Skinner's). It. White. Guatemala. 1850. Syn., Billbergia Skinneri. Andeo'meda. A. campanula' ta (bell-shaped). Greenish-white, tinted with red. Japan. Androsa'ce. A. ca'rnea. exi'mia (select var.). Rose-purple. Spring. Auvergne. Alps. 1871. — La'ggeri (Lagger's). i. Pink. Pyrenees. 1879. — pube'scens (pubescent). White, with yellow eye. Central Tyrolese Alps. 1869. — sarmento'sa (trailing). £. Rosy-purple. April. Himalayas. 1876. Andeoste'phium. (From aner, a man, and stephos, a crown ; some of the sta- mens are barren and petaloid, forming a corona. Nat. ord., Liliaceas. Allied to Brodisea.) Hardy bulb of dwarf habit, with umbellate flowers. Seeds, offsets. Rich sandy loam. Would do better if protected by a frame in winter. A. viola'ceum (violet), t. Violet-blue. Spring. Texas. 1874. Andry'ala. A. mogadore'nsis (Mogador). Morocco. 1871. Ane'mia. 2. Yellow. April. Natal. A. Dregea'na (Drege's) — phylli'tidis. linea'ta (lined var.). Fronds, with a yel- lowish-green central stripe. S. America. 1868. iessella'ta (tesselated var.). Pinnje dark green, with bright-green centre, and leaden-grey border. Brazil. 1875. Syn., A. phyllitidis plurribea. — villo'sa (hairy). 1. Tropical America. Anemidi'ctyon. See Anemia. Anemio'psis. (From aneimon, naked, and opsis, like; stems almost leafless. Nat. ord., Saururacex.) Hardy sub-aquatic perennial. See Aquarium. A. califo'mica (Californian). White. California. 1862. Axe'jione. A. angulo'sa. Syn., Hepatica angulosa. A.ful'gens (shining). Crimson. Greece. 1865. — hepa'tica. marmora'ta (marbled var.). J. Blue. Leaves blotched with greyish green. Mentone. Robinsonia'na (Robinson's var.). }. Pale bluish. England. 1879. Anemono'psis. (From anemone, and opsis, resemblance ; on account of its Anemone-like flowers. Nat. ord., Ra- nunculaceze. Allied to Cimicifuga.) Hardy perennial herb, with handsome flowers. Seeds, division of the root-stock. Any light soil. A. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2 to 3. Lilac. July. Japan. 1879. Anejiop^'gma. (From anemos, the wind, and paigma, sport. Nat. ord., Bignoniacew.) Stove climbing shrubs. For cultivation, see Bignonia. A. racemo'sum (racemose). Buff. Brazil. 1879. Ange'lica. A. songo'rica (Songorian). White. Central Asia, 1879. Angio'pteris. A. pruino'sa (hoary). Java. — Teysmannia'na (Teysmaun's). Java. ANGRiE'CUM. A. articula'tum (jointed). AVhite. Madagascar. 1872. — cephalo'tes (capitate). White. Tropical Africa. 1873. Syn., Listrostachys cephalotes. — Chaillua'num (Chaillu's). White. Gaboon, W. Africa. 1866. — Christy a' num. (Christy's). Whitish. 1880. — extra' turn (citron-like). Cream. Madagascar. 1866. — Elli'sii (Ellis's). 1. White, buff. Madagascar. 1870. — hyaloi'des (hyaline). Whitish. Madagascar. 1880. — Ko'tschyi (Kotschy's). White. Zanzibar. 1880. — Pescatorea'num (Pescatore's). White. Bourbon. — ri'ngens (gaping). Yellowish-white. Came- roons. 1878. Syn., Listrostachys ringens. — Scottia'num (Scott's). White. Comoro Islands. 1878. — Sede'ni (Seden's). E. Tropical Africa. 1878. Syn., Listrostachys Sedeni. — sesquipeda'le (foot-and-half). 2. AVhite. Ma- dagascar. 1857. Angu'ria. A. Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's).. Scarlet. 1862. Anhalo'nitjM. (From an, without, and helos, a nail or spike. Nat. ord., Cac- tacese.) A spineless cactus, resembling a globe artichoke. See Cactus. A. prisma' ticum (prism-shaped). *. St. Louis, Anigoza'nthos. A. tyrianthi'na (purple). 5. Purple, white. Swan River. ANN C 874 ] ANT Axne'slia grandijio'ra is a synonym of Calliakdea grandijiora. Aso'da. (From anodas, impervious ; cells more united than in Sida. Nat. ord., Malvaceae.) Half-hardy sub-shrub. For culture, see Ceis- TAKIA. A. Ochse'ni (Ochsen's). Purple. Chili. 1866. Anxectochi'ltjs. A. argyraelui (silvery). Brazil. — argyrone'ura. (silvery-veined). Java. — BulWnii (Bullen's). Leaves coppery-red striped. 1:02 0. 1861 — chrysopra'sus (golden-green). Leaves become coppery and green-veined. Java. — Dawsonia'nus (Dawson's). Leaves deep glassy olive-green, with coppery-golden veins. Malay Archipelago. 1868. pi'ctus (painted var.). A variety with more reticulated veins. Malay Archi- pelago. 1869. — Lc/wii (Low's). Borneo. — Ordia'nus (Ordi's). Leaves deep green, with silvery veins. Java. 1869. — Ortgiefsii. See Phtsuetjs. — querceti'cola (forest-dwelling). Leaves silvery- blotched. Java. 1861. — .Ko2*u'rffftti (Roxburgh's), i. White. E.Indies. — Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). Leaves with six rows of pale spots. Borneo. 1861. — SchoefUeH (Schoeller's). Costa Rica. Leaves silver-striped. — seta'ceus. aibo-margina'tus (white-edged var.). inorna'tus (unadorned var.). i. White. Java. — Tu'rneri (Turner's). Leaves bronzy, veined with yellow. 1865. — Vefitehii ( Veitch's). Java ? — zebri'nus (striped). Coppery-lined. India. 1863. Anomochxo'a. (From anomos, law- less, and chloa, grass ; alluding to its differing from other grasses in having four stamens instead of three, which is the usual number. Nat. ord., Graminex.) Stove perennial grass, remarkable for the dis- tinctly stalked leaves. Seeds, divisions. Rich loam. Winter temp., 60 3 to 70°; summer, 70° to 85°. A. marantoi'dea (maranta-like). 1. Green. Brazil. 1862. Axopla'nthtjs. See Phelip^ia. Axoplophy'ttjit. See Tillaxdsia. For A. strami'neum and A. vltta'tum, see Schlcmbergeria virescens. Asse'llia. A. giga'ntea (gigantic). Natal. Axthe'mis. A, BielersteCnii (Bieberstein's). Yellow. Marschallia'na (Marschall's var.). 1 to 2. Yellow. Caucasus. 1879. Anthe'bictjm. A. Gerra'rdi (Gerrard's). \- White, green. Natal. 1876. — graci'Uimum (very slender). 4. White. 1879. A. ilakoya'hum (Makoy's). 2 to 3. White. Leaves striped and margined with white. .'turn, (variegated). Leaves green, striped with white. S. Africa. 1875. Syns., A. Williamsii and Phalangiun argtnteo-lineare. Anthoce'rcis. A.Jloribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. White. N. S. Wales. Asthu'bicm. A. acau'le (stemless). 3. Green or violet. Spring. W. Indies. 1853. — ara'nthe (air-flower). 3. Spathe green, spadix red-brown. Tropical America. — affi'ne (allied). Yellowish-green. 1855. — amee'num. (lovely). Spathe green. Venezuela. 1848. — andi'cola (Andes). 1£. Spathe olive-green, spadix brownish-purple. Mexico. 1855. Syn., A. cucullatum. — Andrea'num (Andre's). 1. Spathe scarlet ; spadix yellowish, whitish. Columbia. 1876. Extremely beautiful. — Appunia'num (Appun's). Spathe green, spa- dix violet. Venezuela. 1860. — AubUftii (Aublet's). Green. Guiana. 1876. — Augusti'num (Augustin's). Tropical America. 1855. — Ba'keri (Baker's). 1. Green. Berries scarlet. Spring. Costa Rica. 1872. — befUum (pretty). 3. Green, red-brown. Brazil. 1860. — Biru/ti (Binot's). 1. Olive-green. Autumn. Brazil. — Bouchea'num (Bouche's). Spathe green, spadix violet. Venezuela. 1855. — brachygona'tum (short-kneed). Mexico. 1860. — Br&wnii (Brown's). 3 to 5. Spathe green, reddish; spadix purplish. Columbia. 1877. — ca'ndidum. See Spathtphtllot. — colocasurfo'Uum. (Colocasia-leaved). 2. Spathe green, spadix red-brown. Tropical America. 1871. — corda'tum (cordate-leaved). Whitish, green. Tropical America. 1854. — cordifc/lium (cordate-leaved). 2*. Green. W. Irdies. — coria'ceum (leathery). 3. Green. Brazil. — crossing rvium (thick-midribbed). 2. Green. — crystalli'num (crystalline). 2. Greenish. Leaves velvety green, with frosted veins. Columbia. — cultrifo'lium (knife-leaved). H. Green. Brazil. 1860. — cuspida'lum (cuspidate). 2 to 3. Reddish, purplish. Columbia. — Decha'rdi. See Spathiphtllux canrwfolium. — digita'tum. (digitate-teased). 1. Spathe green, spadix violet. Columbia. — dominxce'.nse (Dominica). 1. Dominica. 1860. — egrefgium (distinguished). Venezuela. 1860. — elli'pticum (elliptic-feaued). Caraccas. 1853. — emargina'tum (notched-teared). 1. Green, brownish. Tropical America. — fi'ssum (cut-Ieared). 2. Green. Columbia. 1863. — Jhribu'ndum. See Spathtfhtij.uk. — Galecfttii (Galeotti's). Brazil. 1858. — Gaudichaudia'num (Gaudichaud's). 2J. Green. S. Brazil. — GeUneria'num (Geitner's). 2. Green. Tropical America. 1867. A5sT C S75 ] ANT jl. gladiifo'lium (sword-leaved). 1£. Spathe green, spadix red-brown. Brazil. 18G0. — glauce'scem (glaucous). Green. Tropical America. — gra'cile (slender). Green. Guiana. 1833. — grandifo'lium (large-leaved). Caraccas. — Gusta'vi (Gustav Wallis's). 1877. — Harri'sii (Harris's). Spathe greenish, spadix violet-brown. Brazil. 1826. pu'lchrum (beautiful var.). Spathe whitish, spadix brownish-crimson ; leaves variegated. Brazil. 1879. A. assi'mile, A. Beyriehia'num, A. consangui'neum, A. erythropo'dium, A. ianthop&dium, A. intermedium, A. Jile'kii, A. longifo'lium, A. rubricau'le, A. undula'tum, and A. Urvillea'num, are all of them but slight varieties of a long-leaved form of A. Harri'sii, having a green or reddish -brown spathe, and a reddish-brown or violet spadix. — Eoo'keri (Hooker's). 3. Spathe green, spadix green or violet. Tropical America. 1840. Syn., A. Huege'lii. — Humboldtia'num (Humboldt's). Spathe yel- lowish-green, spadix rosy-violet. Vene- zuela. 1854. — lanceola'tum. Several varieties of A. Harrisii are cultivated under this name. The true A. lanceolatum is the same as A. Wildenowii. — Lauchea'num (Lauche's). 2. Brownish- purple. 1857. — leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). Brazil. 1855. — Ituconeu'rum (white-nerved). Green. Mexico. 1862. — Lhotzkya'num (Lhotzky's). 2. Bed-brown, blackish-violet. Brazil. 1860. — - Libonia'num (Libon's). Green. S. America. 1868. — Lindenia'num (Linden's). 3. Spathe white, spadix white or purplish. Columbia. 1866. Fragrant. Syns., A. Lindeni and A. IAndigi. — lu'cidum (shining). 4 to 5. Reddish-brown, purplish. Brazil. — macrophy'llum (long-leaved). 2|. Green, glaucous purple, w. Indies, — macrospa'dix (large-spadixed). Guiana. 1862. — Ma'lyi (Maly's\ 1. Reddish-violet, blackish- violet. Brazil. 1860. — margarita'ceum (pearly). 2£. Spathe white, spadix purplish . Columbia ? — J/azi7niiia'/ii(Maximilian's). 3. Spathe green, spadix red-brown. Brazil. 1860. — metallicum (metallic). Green. 1860. — Afiguelia'num (Miquel's). 5. Green, purplish. Brazil. 1869. Syn., A. Fendleri of gardens. — nymphceifo'liuni (nymphasa-leaved). Spathe white, spadix purplish. Venezuela. 1854. — ochra'nthum (yellowish-flowered). 2. Spathe greenish-yellow, spadix yellow. Costa Rica. 1853. — Olfersia'num (Olfers's). 4. Green, purplish. Brazil. — orna'tum (adorned). 2 i. Spathe white, spadix purplish-tinted. Spring. Venezuela. 1869. — Ottonia'num (Otto's). Spathe green, spadix bluish-green, becoming purplish. Brazil. Syn., A. Saundertii. — pa'rvum (small). Purple-brown. Brazil. 1880. — Pa'tini. See Spathiphtllum. . pedati'Jidum, \ (pedately-cut leaves). Spadix purple. Brazil. 1866. - peda'to-radia'tum (pedate-radiate-Zeaued). 2. Green. Mexico. 1859. - pentaphy'llum (five-leafleted). 1859. - podophy'llum (stalked-leaved). 3. Green. Mexico. 1859. - poly to' mum (many-segmented). Mexico. 1859. - radi'cans (rooting). ±. Dull green. Brazil? - recusa'tum (rejected). Tropical America. 1860. - reflefxum (reflexed). Tropical America. 1867. - rega'le (royal). Green, pale-reined. E. Peru. 1866. - Rodzlii (Roezl's). 3. White. Andes of Santa Martha. - rugo'sum (wrinkled). 2. Spadix violet-brown. Caraccas. 1858. - Sagitta'ria (Sagittaria-Zeawd). 1860. - sagitta'tum (arrow-shaped-ZeawZ). Glaucous- green. 1860. - Scherzeria'num (Scherzer's). 1. Spathe and spadix scarlet. Costa Rica. pygmai'um (small var.). Spathe smail, spadix stalked. 1880. Motkschildia'num (Rothschild's var.). Spathe creamy, red-spotted; spadix creamy. 1880. IFiZZia'nm'i (Williams's var.). 1. Spathe white, spadix yellowish. Costa Rica. 1874. Syn., A. Scherzerianum album. - Sellowia'num (Sello's). Brazil. 1841. - signa'tum (preserved). H. Green. 1858. - smilacifo'rme (Smi lax-like). Brazil. 1855. - spathiphy'lluvi (Spathiphyllum). If. Spathe white, spadix yellowish. Tropical America. 1875. - stri'ctum (straight). 1. Bluish-green. Brazil. Syn., A. Bombeyanum of gardens. - subsagitta'tum (nearly sagittate-leaved). Ve- nezuela. 1860. - subsigna'tum (subscribed). 1£. Yellow. Cen- tral America. 1861. - tetra'gonum (four-angled). Green. 1860. - trilo'bum (tnree-lobed). 1£. Spathe and spadix reddish-brown. 1877. Syn., A. trifidum. - trinefrvium (three-nerved). 2. Green. Brazil. - unda'tum (waved-leaved). Purplish. Brazil. undula'tum (wavy-leaved). 1860. varia'bile (variable). Spathe green, spadix violet. Brazil. 1832. ■ Yei'tckii (Veitch's). 2*. White. Columbia. 1877. A fine foliage plant. • YeHozia'num (Vellozo's). 1. Spadix brownish- violet. Brazil. 1860. • viola'ceum (violet-berried). Tropical America. 1859. leucoca'rpum (white-fruited var.). Mexico. 1859. ■ viola'scens (violet). Spathe greenish, spadix dark violet. Venezuela. 1854. • virgo'sum (twiggy). Spathe green, spadix reddish. Brazil. 1860. • vi'ride (green). Brazil? 1855. - Wagneria'num (Wagner's). Caraccas. 1853. - Walli'sii (Wallis's). 2*. Green. Columbia. - Waluie'wi (Walujew's). . 2. Venezuela. 1880. - Waroquea'num (Waroque's). 3. Green. Co- lumbia. 1878. - Warscewi'czii (Warscewicz's). 2£. Purplish. 1860. - Wildenowii (Wildenow's). 1. W Indies. I860. ANT [ 876 ] ABA A. araliafo'Uum, front New Caledonia, probably oes not belong to the genus. Anti'goxox. (From anti, against, or opposite, and gonia, an angle. Nat. ord., Polygonacex.') Very ornamental stove climbers, comparable in beauty with Bougainvillea. For cultivation, see Dalechampia. A. insi'gne (remarkable). Rose-pink. Columbia. 1876. — teptopus (slender-stemmed). Crimson. Autumn. Mexico. 1868. ANTTEKHl'Nrjr. A. hispa'nicum (Spanish). 1. Rose, yellow. Sum- mer. Spain. 1878. Syn., A. rupestre. Aphela'>t>ra. A. acutifdlia (acute-leaved). Vermilion-red. October. Columbia. 1868. — auranti'aca. Boe'zlii (Roezl's var.). Orange-scarlet. Mexico. 1868. — fascina'tor (fascinating). lA. Scarlet. New Grenada. 1874. — Libonia'na (Libon's). Crimson, yellow. Brazil. 1864. — mediaura'ta (golden-centred). Leaves green, with yellow central band. Brazil. 1871. Syn., Graptophyllum mediauratum. — ni'tens (shining). 3. Vermilion. May. Co- lumbia. 1867. Snitzi'ni (Snitzen's var.). Scarlet. E. Peru. 1876. — orna'ta (adorned). Yellow, purple. Brazil. 1864. — Portea'na (Porte's). 2. Orange. Brazil. — pu'mila (dwarfish). J. Scarlet Summer. Brazil. 1878. — Boe'zlii (Roezl's). Orange-scarlet. 1867. — sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). Tellow. Gua- yaquil. 1872. ,'ta (variegated). 1£. Yellow. Brazil. A'picka. (From apicros, not bitter. Nat. ord., Liliacex. Allied to Ha- worthia.) The species are described at p. 51 of the Dic- tionary. A. conge'sta (congested). 1843. — deltoi'dea (deltoid). 1. Whitish. May. S. Africa. 1873. Aponoge'ton. .4. spatha'ceum ju'nceum (spathed, rush-like var.). i> Pinkish. Autumn. S.Africa. 1879. Half-hardy. Apteka'xthes. See Boucerosia. Aqea'tics. To the list at p. 59 may be added, A zolla, Herpestes reflexa,Nymph&a gigantea, Ouvirandra fenestralis, Trianea bogotensis, and Salvinia natans. Aqtjile'gia. A. canadensis. au'rea (golden). Greenish-yellow. Cali- fornia. 1872. Syn., A. aurea. — ckrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 2 to 4. Yellow. California. 1873. Syn., A. leptoceras chrysantha. A. coem'lea (blue). White, blue. Rocky Moun- tains. 1864. Spurs very long. — exi'mia (choice). Scarlet. California. 1858. — Kanaoriefnsis (Kanaor). 1. White, blue. June. Himalayas. — oh/mpica (Olympian). 1+. Mauve-blue. 1880. — specta'bUis (showy). Violet. Siberia. 1864. — thalictrifc/lia (Thalictrum-leaved). Blue. Tyrol. 1879. A'RABIS. A.arerw/sa (sandy), i. Rose or purplish. France. 1866. — blepharopky'lla (fringed-leaved). Rosy-purple. Spring. California. 1874. Will flower in January in a cool frame, where it seems to do better than in the open border. Aba'lia. A. arma'ta. See Panax. — cocci'nea. See Lf.ea. — concVnna. See Delaebeea spectabilis. — crassifo'lia pi'cta. See Panax longissimum. — digita'ta. See Heptapleurum venulosum. — Du'neani (Duncan's). Mauritius. — elegant? ssima (most elegant). Polynesia. 1873. — exceflsa. See Leea coccinea. — filiciftflia (fern -leaved). Leaves green, with purplish midribs. Polynesia. 1876. — Gheisbrefghtii. See Moropaxax. — granate'nsis (New Grenadan). Columbia. 1874. — GuUfc/ylei (Guilfoyle's). Polynesia. — japc/nica. See Fatsia. — leptophy'lla (slender-leaved).' '1862. — macula'ta (spotted). Leaves green, petioles blackish purple, dotted with green. Poly- nesia. -— Jfaximowi'czii (Maxlmowicz's). Japan. 1-74. — monstr&sa (monstrous). Leaflets white-mar- gined, grey-blotched. Polynesia. 1880. — Osya'na (Osyan). Polynesia. 1870. — palma'ta (hand-shaped). 10. Moluccas. — papyri'fera. See Fatsia. — pelta'ta (peltate). Tropical America. 1869. — pentaphy'lla. variega'ta (variegated var.). Leaves mar- gined with cream-colour. Japan. 1874. — regi'na (Queen's). New Caledonia. 1879. — Siebo'ldii. See Fatsia japonica. — specta'bilis. See Delaebeea. Ve'itchii (Veitch's). New Caledonia. 1867. Leaves brownish. graci'llima (very slender var.). Leaves with white midribs. Polynesia. 1876. A. Bala'nsa (Balansa's). 130. New Caledonia. 1875. — brasttie'nsis. gra'cilis (slender var.). Bidolfia'na (Ridolf 's var.). — Cunningha'tnii. gla'uca (milky-green var.). longifo'lia (long-leaved var.). — e'legans (elegant). New Caledonia. 1866. — imbrica'ta. variega'ta (variegated var.). — Muelle'rii (Mueller's). New Caledonia. 1J6S. — Ru'lei (Rule's). 50. Papuan Archipelago. Syn., Eutacta Bulei. ARA [ 877 ] ARN Aratj'ja. (Native name. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacese.) Stove climbers. For cultivation, see Phtsian- thus. A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Green, white, purple. Uruguay. 1865. Arbtj'ttjs. A. mo'llis (soft). 10. Rose. June. Mexieo. — xalape'nsis (Xalapan). Reddish-white. April. Mexico. Akdi'sia. A. cri'spa (curled). 2. E. Indies. Berries scarlet. — horWrum (garden). White. Japan. 1866. Berries red. — Olive'ri (Oliver's). Rose-purple, white eye. July. Costa Rica. 18T6. — villo'sa mo'llis (hairy, soft var.). Has fine red berries. — Walli'chii (Wallich's). 2. Red. July. E. Indies. Are'ca. A. a'lba (white). 30. Mauritius. 1842. — au'rea (golden). Petioles yellow. Seychelles Islands. 1868. — Bau'eri (Bauer's). 20. White. Autumn. Norfolk Island. 1832. —fla'va (yellow). Stem and petioles yellow. Madagascar. 1877. — lute'scens. See Htofhorbe indica. — monosta'chys (one-spiked). 10. Yellow. N. S. Wales. 1839. — no'biUs. See Oncosperma Van Boutteanum. — pu'mila (dwarf ). 10. Java. — purpu'rea (purple). Stem and petioles bronzy- purple. Madagascar. 1877. — sa'pida (savoury). 12. Pink. New Zealand. 1827. — seychella'rum. See Phcexcophorum. — specio'sa. See Htophorbe amaricaulis. — Verschaffe'Uii. See Hyophorbe. Arena'ria. A. purpura' scens (purplish). J. Pink. May. Pyrenees. 1869. Argemo'ne. A. hi'spida (bristly). 2. White. California. 1879. Argyrei'a. A. hirsu'ta (hairy). 10. Lilac. June. E. Indies. 1850. — zeyla'nica (Ceylonese). Rosy, crimson eye. India, Ceylon. 1869. Syns., Calo-ayction sanguineum and Rivea zeylanica. Argyroxy'phium. (From argyros, sil- ver, and xyphion, a corn-flag ; on account of the silvery leaves, which in form re- semble those of a Gladiolus. Nat. ord., Composite.) An exceedingly ornamental greenhouse peren- nial. Seeds. Rich sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 75°. A. sandwice'nse (Sandwich Island). Sandwich Islands. 1872. Syn., A. Douglasii. A'ria. See Pyrus. Aris^e'ma. A. conci'nnum (neat). 2. Spathe striped white 56 and green, or white and purple; spadix green or purple. Spring. Sikkim. 1871. A. curva'tum (curved). 2 to 4. Spathe green and purple-brown ; spadix green. Spring. Himalayas. 1871. — galea'tum (helmeted). Spathe green, with white ribs ; spadix white. Sikkim. May. 1879. — GrijJi'thU (Griffith's). 1 to 1*. Spathe brown-' violet, with green veins ; spadix brown- violet. Sikkim. Spring. 1879. A re- markably handsome plant. Syn., A. Booker ianum. — nepenthoi'des (Nepenthes-like). Spathe ochre, brown, green ; spadix yellowish. E. Himalayas. 1879. —papillo'sum, (papillose). Green, white. Ceylon. 1864 — pu'lchrum (beautiful). H. Spathe green and white; spadix green. Spring. India. 1879 — specio'sum (showy). 2. Purple, greenish. March. Temperate Himalayas. 1872. — u'UU (useful). 1 to 1*. Spathe purple-brown, with green ribs ; spadix purple-brown. Sikkim. Spring. 1879. — Wi'ghtii (Wight's). Green. Ceylon. 1864. Aristolo'chia. A. macrade'nia (large-glanded). Green, brown. May. Mexico. 1846. — sina'rum (Chinese). Green. China. 1859. STOVE. A.arbo'rea (tree-like). Brown, purple. New Grenada. 1862. — barba'ta (bearded). Brown, reticulated with green, and bearded with dark purple hairs. Venezuela. 1870. — clypea'ta (shielded). White, deep purple. Co- lumbia. 1871. — cordiflo'ra (cordate-flowered). Creamy-yellow, lurid purple. Mexico. 1871. — deltoi'dea variega'ta (deltoid variegated var.). Leaves variegated with white. Columbia. 1870. — Bucha'rtrei (Duchartre's). Cream-white, brown. Upper Amazons. 1868. Syn., A. Ruiziana. —fioribu'nda (free-flowering). Purplish-red, yellow. Brazil. 1868. — galea'ta (helmeted). Climber. Cream-coloured, with purplish veins. New Grenada. 1873. — Gibefrtii (Gibert's). Yellow, purple. Paraguay. — Goldiea'na (Goldie's). Climber. Flowers enor- mous, measuring 26 in. in length by 11 in. diameter; outside greenish, inside deep yellow with chocolate veins. Old Calabar River. 1867. The native children use the flowers as hats. — Icuconeu'ra (white-veined). Magdalena. 1858. — Thwaite'sii (Thwaites's). Yellow. March. Old Calabar. 1854. — tricauda'ta (three-tailed). Bark purple-brown. August. Mexico. ' 1866. — ungulifo'lia (claw-leaved). Brownish-purple. June. Labuan. 1880. Aristote'lia. A. racemo'sa (racemose). 6 to 20. New Zealand. 1873. Armeni'aca. See Prunus. Arne'bia. (Arabic name of the plant. Nat. ord., Boraginacem.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds. 3 L ARC- [ 878 ] ASP A. echioi'des (echium-like). f. Yellow. June. Armenia. — Griffi'thii (Griffith's). f . Orange, black. N. W. India. Hardy annual. Aro'nia. See Ptetjs. Abpopht'llum. (From arpe, a scimi- tar, and phyllon, a leaf; the leaf is scimitar or sword-shaped. Nat. ord., OrchidacesR.) Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Orchids. A. spica'tum (spiked-flowered). 1. Purple. April. Mexico. 1839. Maranta arundinacea, See Piper. Arro'wroot. Arta'nthe. Artemi'sia. A. SUMeria'na (Steller's). \. Yellowish. Kamts- chatka. — vulga'ris. au'rea (golden var.). Leaves yellow. 1879. Arthropo'dium. A. ne'o-caledo'nieum (New Caledonian). 11. White. May. New Caledonia. 1877. Arthro'pteris. (From arthros, a joint, and pteris, a fern ; alluding to the articu- lated stipes. Nat. ord. Filices — Poly- podiacex.) Greenhouse ferns. See Ferns. A. a'.bo-puncta'ta (white-dotted). I. of Bourbon. — fi'lipes (thready-root). New Zealand. Arthrota'xis. (From arthros, a joint, and taxis, arrangement; shoots being jointed regularly. Nat. ord., Coniferx.) Small Tasmanian trees. Require a greenhouse. Cultir.gs. A. cupressoi'des (cypress-like). 30. — Gunnea'na (Gunn's). 1869. — laxif&lia (loose-leaved). 25. — selaginoi'des (selago-like). 40. Artoca'bpus. A. Cannafni (Cannon's). Leaves bronzy-crimson, tinted purplish. Society Islands. 1877. — lacinia'tus (laciniated). Polynesia. meta'llicus (metallic var.). Leaves bronzy above, reddish-purple beneath. Polynesia. Arum. HARDY. SPATHE SPOTTED INSIDE. A. Dioscofridis (Dioscorides's). 1. Levant. — gra'tum (pleasing). Taurus. 1859. — Liepo'ldtii (Liepoldfs). Asia Minor. 1859. — philistcb'um (Philistine). Syria. 1859. — specta'bile (showy}. 1. Asia Minor. — syri'acum (Syrian). 1. Syria. 1860. — variola'tum (variegated). Dalmatia. 1859. SPATHE PURPLE-BROWN, OK BLACKISH INSIDE. A. ni'grum (black). 1. — paltesti'num. (Jerusalem). Dark purple. Je- rusalem. 1864. Greenhouse. SPATHE GREENISH, YELLOWISH, OR WHITISH IN- SIDE, THE MARGINS AND BASE OFTEN PURPLE. A. byzanti'num (Byzantine). Spathe green, or purplish. Crete. 1859. — concinna'tum (neat). Syria. 1859. — hygro/philum, (moisture-loving). Asia Minor. 1860. — longispa'thum (long-spathed). Dalmatia. 1860. — macula'tum. (spotted-Zeaued). 4. — Ma'lyi (Maly's). Montenegro. 1860. Syn., A. Zelebori. — marmora'tum (marbled). Leaf mottled with various shadps of green and whitish. Island of Naxos. 1859. — Nicke'lli (Nickel's). Levant. 1859. — numi'dicum (Numidian). Algeria. 1859. — orienta'le (eastern). Levant. Syn., A. alpi- niun. — Pe'tteri (Petter's). Dalmatia. 1860. Aru'xdo. A. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 3 to 8. Pale straw colour. New Zealand. 1843. Hardy in ordinary winters ; very ornamental, holding its large panicles for several months. — maurita'nica (Mediterranean reed). 12. N. Africa. Greenhouse. Asafce'tida. Narthex asafcetida. A'SARUM. A. albive'nium (white-veined). Green, purple ; leaves white-veined. Japan. 1864. — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Purple, green. Japan. 1863. — Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). J. Purplish-jrreen. May. Japan. 1839. Syn., Heterotropa asaroides. ASFA'RAGrS. A. Coc/peri (Cooper's). Climber. Whitish. S. Africa. 1862. —falca'tus (falcate-feared). White. S. Africa. 1880. —falcifo'rme (sickle-shaped). Greenish-white. S. Africa. 1869. Syn., Myrsiphyllum falciforme. — plumo'sus (plumed). S.Africa. 1876. — racemo'sus (racemose). White. Tropical Africa. 1880. — ramosi'ssimus (very branching). Climber. Cream colour. S. Africa. 1862. — virga'tus (twiggy). 5. Green. S. Africa. 1862. Aspa'ragus Bee'tle. See Criocebis asparagi. Aspa'sia. A. psittaci'na (parrot). Green, brown, purplish. Ecuador. 1878. — papiliona'cea (butterfly-like). Yellowish, brownish, orange, violet. Costa Rica. 1876. Aspe'rcla. A. azu'rea seto'sa (blue bristly). Pale blue. Caucasus. 1867. Syn., A. orienialis. Aspidi'otus conchifo'rmis. Mussel I Scale. This infests the bark of Apple I and Pear trees. It receives the name of I Mussel Scale from the form of the scale which covers the mother Coccus and her ASP [ 879 ] ASY eggs ; it is transversely wrinkled and of j rich dark brown colour, paler at the narrow end. About May the eggs hatch and the young Cocci spread about the tree, chiefly selecting the younger branches; it is just previous to this that the insect may be best dealt with. The best plan to get rid of this pest, is to scrape off thin slices of the infested bark and burn them, afterwards brushing the tree over with paraffin, and scrubbing it with .a hard brush. Our illustration, for which we are indebted to the Gardeners' Chronicle, represents : — Fig. 1, a portion of a branch infested with Mussel Scale, natural size ; 2, a scale seen from above, magnified; 3 to 5, the same seen from bo- low, containing a mother Coccus (4) and her eggs (5) ; 6, the insect magnified — the small o by its side shows the natural size. Asple'nixjm. hardy ok half-hardy. A. consi'mile (very like). Chili. Half-hardy. — elega'ntulum (small elegant). Japan. — mari'num. Thompso'nm (Thompson's var.) Fronds bipinnatifid. England. 1871. GREENHOUSE. A. altefrnans (pltem&te-pinnaed). \. India. Greenhouse. — diffo'rme (deformed). Fronds deep green. New Zealand. 1867. — dissi'mile (dissimilar leajhted). Chatham Island. fernandezia'num (Juan Fernandez). Monte- video. 1869. — myriophy'llum (many-leaved). Mexico. 1861. Syn., A. jiabellulatum. — rw'vce-caledo'nice (New Caledonian). New Caledonia. 1866. — obtusilo'bum (bluut-lobed). New Hebrides, 1861. — palea'ceum (scaly). Australia. 1879. — palma'tum. crista'tum (crested var.). Fronds crested at the tips. Madeira. 1861. STOVE. A. ala'tum (winged). S.America. 1864. Stove. — - Bapti'sti (Baptist's). 1880. — ferula' ceum (fennel-like). 1*. Columbia. — Ga'rdneri (Gardner's). 11. /Ion. 1873. — rachirki'zon (rachis-rooting). Tro- pical America. Syn., A. rachirhinw. — Sanderso'ni (Sanderson's). J. Na- tal. 1880. — schi'zodon (cut-toothed). New Cale- donia. 1871. 1 Aste'lia. (From astelos, wanting a pillar ; in allusion to its having no stem or trunk. Nat. ord., Asteliex). Half-hardy or greenhouse tufted perennials, with long grass-like, hairy leaves. Divisions in spring. Peat and loam, about half and half. Winter temp., 45° to 55°. A. bivitta'ta (two-striped). New Zealand. 1864. — Sola'ndri (Solander's). Greenish. New Zealand. 1864. A'STER. A. Bigelo'vii (Bigelove's). 2|. Purple, yellow. Summer. Colorado. 1878. Hardy. Syn., A. Townshendii. — coronopifo'lia (wart-cress-leaved). Yellow. N. America. 1878. Syn., Itieteria coronopifolia. — pu'tens (fetid). 4. Lilac. N. America. Hardy. — scorzonerifo'lius (Scorzonera-leaved). 1. Pale purplish. California. Hardy. Asterosti'gma. See Statjrostigma. Asti'lbe. A.japo'nica (Japanese). l£. White. Japan. Syn., Hoteia japonica. There is a variety with variegated leaves. — ru'bra (red). 6. Pink. July. E. Indies. 1851. — Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1*. White. Japan. Astroca'ryum. A. arge'nteum (silvery). Columbia. 1875. — Borsigia'num. See Ph(ENicophort:m. — deco'rum (elegant). Columbia. 1870. — fila're (thready). Columbia. 1875. — granate'nse (New Grenadan). Columbia. 1876. — mexvca'num (Mexican). Mexico. 1864. — ni'veum (snowy). Panama. 1866. Leaves glaucous beneath. — pi'ctum. See Phcenicophorum. Astrophy'ttjm. (From astron, a star, and phyto7i, a plant ; referring to the form of the pubescence. Nat. ord., Cactacex.) For cultivation, see Cactus. A. myriosti'graa ^many-dotted). Yellow. Asysta'sia. A. chelonioi'des (Chelonia-like). Reddish-purple, white. India. 1871. ATH A. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8 to 10. Purple, white. June. Fernando Po. 1867. - sca'ndens. See Henfeeya. — vwla'cea (violet). 1 to 2. Violet, white. India. 1870. Athy'rium. A. costa'le dissefctum (deep-cut, large mid-ribbed). India. 1866. Greenhouse. — Goringia'num pi'ctum (Goring's, painted). Ja- pan. 1856. Half-hardy. White-striped. — latifo'lium, (broad-fronded). Ceylon. 1866. Stove. — proli'ferum (proliferous). Fronds drooping, furnished with one or more proliferous buds near the apex. Ceylon. 1866. Ateme'ta. (From atimetos, despised'. Nat. ord., Aracese.) Stove evergreen climbers. For cultivation, see Philodendbos. Spathe yellowish. Atrage'ne. A. macrope'tala (large-petalled). Twiner. 8. Blue. Manchuria. 1870. Attale'a. A. amygdali'na (almond-fruited). New Grenada. 1847. — Cohu'ne (Cohune). 50. Honduras. Aubre'tia. A. deltoi'dea. grce'ca (Grecian var.). }. Lilac-purple. Greece. 1872. Atj'ctjba. A. Mmala'ica (Himalayan). 1. Purple, green. Himalaya. — japo'nica. The male plant is now introduced, and female plants bearing berries, from which seedlings may be raised, can now be purchased . There are also varieties, as e'legans, flave'scens grandidenta'ta ma- cula'ta, gra'ndis, latifo'lia, limba'ta, longifc/lia, macrophy'lla, marmora'ta. pi'cta, pictura'ta, Tou'ngii, etc.; but they only differ slightly in their leaves. Audibe'rtia. A. polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. White. Oc- tober. California. 1849. Atjri'ctjla disease. See Trama au- riculae. Asa'lea. GREENHOtSE. A. livearifa/lia (linear-leaved). Rose. February. Japan. 1869. — mo'llis (soft). Yellow, rose, orange, white. Japan. 1867. gla'brior (glabrous var.). Orange. Japan. 1868. . — occidentals (western). White, yellow. Cali- fornia. — rament'xcea (dusty-leaved). White. March. Hong Kong. 1846. — rosmflo'ra (rose-flowered). Lake-red, flowers double. Japan. 1848. — stenope'tala (narrow-petalled). Rosy. Japan. 1864. ] A'ZARA. BAM A. microphy'Ua (small-leaved). Greenish. Chiloe and Valdavia. 1873. Azo'lla. (From azo, to dry, and olio, to kill ; being killed by dryness. Nat. ord,, Marsilaceai.) Stove or greenhouse aquatics, also suitable for a window aquarium. They are small floating plants, with minute overlapping leaves, resembling a Jungermannia, having two kinds of fruit on the under side of the branches. For cultivation, see Salvima. The species In cultivation usually bears the .name of A. pinna'ta, but according to Mr. Baker it is not that species. He believes it to be A. caro- linia'na, but has never seen it in fruit. B. Ba'ctris. B. Mara'ja (Maraja). Bahia. 1868. B^'a. (Named in honour of the Rev. Dr. Beau of Toulon, brother-in-law to Commerson, the discoverer of the genus. Nat. ord., Gesneracese. Allied to Strepto- carpus.) Greenhouse herbs, with rosulate radical leaves, and slender leafless scapes. Seeds. Rich sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter temp., 45° to 50°. B. hygrome'trica (hygrometric). i. Pale blue, yellow throat. Summer. N. China. 1868. Syn., Dorcoceras hygrometrica. B.e'ckea. B. pa'rvula (little). White. New Caledonia. Balbi'sia. (Dedicated to Giovanni Battista Balbis, a Professor of Botany at Turin. Nat. ord., Geraniacex.) A beautiful half-hardy shrub, requiring a cool, but dry atmosphere, being very liable to damp off. ■Seeds ; but is best increased by cuttings of the half- ripe wood, in sand, under a hand-glass. Light sandy loam. May be planted out in summer, but does best in a dry greenhouse. B. verticilla'ta (whorled-leaved). 3 to 6. Yellow. Chili. 1846. Syn., Ledocarpum verticil- lata. Baltimo'ra. (Commemorative. Nat. ord., Composite.) Stove herb, of little beauty. Seeds. Rich loam. Ordinary stove treatment. B. re'cta (straight). 1. Yellow. July. Syn., Fbugerouxia recta. Bambu'sa. B. heterocifcla (variably-ringed). Japan. 1878. — Maximovn'czii (Maximowicz's). Japan. vitta'ta (striped var.). — na'na (dwarf). Japan. 1879. — Quilv/i (Quilio's). N. Japan. 1869. Syn., B. Duquilioi. — Ragamo'skii (Ragamosky's). Turkestan. 1879. — Simo'nii (Simon's). 10. Leaves some green, others white. China. 1866. BAN C 881 ] BEG B. stria'ta (striped). Purple, stems striped with yellow. China. 1874. — sulphu'rea (sulphur). Stems and branches sulphur-yellow. 1873. — variega'ta (variegated). N. China. Leaves white-striped. Hardy. Syn., B. Fortunei niveo-vittatis. There are several other variegated kinds, such as arge'nteo-stri- a'ta, au'reo-stria'ta. — viola'scens (violet). China. 1869. — vi'ridi-stria'ta (green-striped). 2. Leaves striped with yellow and green. Japan. 1869. Ba'nksia. B. Bau'eri (Bauer's). Bed. — Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 8. White. — Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 6. Purple. 1853. — littora'lis (sea-side). 30. — occidenta'lis (western). 8. Red. King George's Sound. — re'pens (creeping). 3. — serra'ta (saw-toothed). — Victo'rias (Victorian). 12. River. 1842. Bapti'sia. B. leucophce'a (dusky-white). United States. 1870. Red. Yellow. White. July. Barke'kia. See Epidendrum. Barkla'ya. (In honour of Sir H. Barklay, Governor of S. Australia. Nat. ord., Leguminosas.) Greenhouse tree. Seeds and cuttings. B. syringwfl.o'ra (Syringa-flowered). 30. Pink. Moreton Bay. 1858. Barle'eia. B. Gibso'ni (Gibson's). Purple. India. 1867. — Leichtensteinia'na (Leichtenstein's). S. Africa. 1870. — Macke'nii (MacKen's). Purple. Spring. Natal. 1870. Barro'tia pa'noheri. See Pandantjs. Batema'nnia. B. armilla'ta (braceleted). Green, white. 1875. — Bu'rtii (Burt's). Brown, yellow, purple, white. Costa Rica. 1872. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Olive, brown, white, purple. New Grenada. 1866. Syn., Galeottea. — lefpida (neat). Brownish-red, white. Brazil. — Walli'sii (Wallis's). 1. Brown, crimson. Columbia. 1876. Bauhi'nia. B. natale'nsis (Natal). White. Natal. 1870. — petiola'ta (long-petioled). White. Autumn. Columbia. 1862. Syn., Casparia spe- ciosa. — Umento'sa gla'bra. This is tomentosa without its downiness. Yellow, purple. 1866. Beauca'rnea. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord., Liliacex.) Greenhouse yucca-like plants. See Yucca. B. gra'cilis (graceful). — longifo'lium (long-leaved> 10. White. Mexico. 1868. Syn., Dasylirion lonyi- folium. recurva'ta (recurved-leaved). White. Mexico. 1861. Syn., Pincinictitia tuberculata. interme'dia (intermediate var.). ru'bra (red var.). Leaves red at base. ■stri'cta (upright). Mexico. 1870. Syn., Pincenictitia glauca. Bego'nia. , alnea (bronzy). Leaves purplish-coppery. Assam. 1871. • ama'bilis (lovely). Assam. 1859. ■ argefntea (silvery). Assam. 1859. - aucubtefo'lia (Aucuba-leaved). 4. Rose. - bacca'ta (berried). White. Isle of St. Thomas. 1866. ■ bolivie'nsis (Bolivian). 2. Scarlet. Bolivia. 1857. - Bowringia'na (Bowring's). Rose. Hong Kong. 1858. ■ carolinia'fo'lia (Carolinea-leaved). 2. Rose. - Cla'rkei (Clarke's). Rose. Bolivian Andes. 1867. - conchafo'lia (shell-leaved). Pinkish. Mexico. 1851. - coralli'na (coral-red). Red. Brazil. 1875. - crini'ta (hairy). 1. Rose. July. Bolivian Andes. 1866. - dceda'lea (Dsedalus). Pinkish ; leaves brown- netted. Mexico. 1861. - Daveaua'na. See Pbllionia. - Davi'sii (Davis'), i. Crimson-scarlet. July. Peru. 1876. - dicho'toma (forked). 2. Caraccas. - echinose'pala (spiny-sepalled). 1. White. June. Brazil. 1872. -fagopyro'ides (Fagopyrum-like). 3. White. Caraccas. -falcifo'lia (sickle-leaved). 2. Rose. Winter. Peru. 1867. -folio'sa (leafy). White. Columbia. 1868. A good basket-plant. -fri'gidalcold). i. White. - Frcsbe'lii (Froebel's). f . Scarlet-crimson. Ecuador. 1874. verna'lis (spring-flowering var.). De- cember to March. 1879. - geranioi'des (geranium-like). White. Natal. 1866. - glanduli'fera (glandular). +. White. Feb- ruary. Trinidad. 1867. - glandulo'sa (glanded). Green. Veins black- banded. Veraguas. 1861. Syn., B. nigrovenia. - arijji'thii (Griffith's). +. White. E. Indies. - gunnercefo'lia (Gunnera-leaved). White. Co- lumbia. 1875. - heracleifo'lia. nigricans (blackish-Zeaued var.). 1. White, pink. Mexico. - herba'cea (herbaceous), i. White. March. Brazil. Syn., B. attenuata. - imperia'lis (imperial), i. White ; leaves olive-green, with bright green venation. Mexico. 1861. smaragdi'na (emerald-green var.). i. White; leaves emeruld-green. Mexico. 1861. - involucra'ta (involucred). 1*. White. Cen- tral America. - Kunthia'na (Kunth's). White. Tropical America. 1862. - lacinia'ta {cut-leaved). 2. White. E. Indies. - longipi'la (long-haired). Leaves greyish- ribbed. Mexico. J 861. - magni'fca (magnificent). 2. Scarlet. New Grenada. 1855. BTU Ma'nn ii (Mann's). Rose. Fernando Po. 1864. ma'xima (largest). 6. White. Mexico. meta'llica (metallic). 1. Pink. Mexico. 1875. micrc/ptera (small-winged). 1*. White, pink. December. Borneo. 1856. — nelumbii/o'lia (Nelumbium-leaved). White. Mexico. — OhUndorffia'na (Ohlendorff s). 1. Pink ? Brazil. 1879. Syn., B. platanifolia Ohlendorffiana. — Pea'rcei (Pearce's). Yellow. S. America. 1865. — phyUamani'aca (leaf-mad). Pink ; stem clothed with minute leaves. Guatemala. 1861. — prismatoca'rpa (prism-fruited). ±. Yellow. Fernando Po. 1862. — prui na'ta (hoary). White. Central America. 1870. — Putzeysia'na (Putzeys'). White. Venezuela. — rex (royal). Pink. Assam. 1858. — rhizo-cau'li* (rooting-stemmed). Pink. August. 1856. — Bichardsia'na (Richards'). 1. White. Natal. 1871. — Rafzlii (Roezl's). Whitish. Peru. 1876. — rosa'cea (rose-like), t. White. September. .New Grenada. — romfldra (rose-flowered). ±. Bright rose. July. Andes of Peru. 1866. — ru'tUans (brilliant). 4. White, rose. October. 1855. — sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). Pink. S. America. 1868. — sca'ndens (climbing). White. South America. 1874. — Schmidti'ana (Schmidt's). 1. White. Brazil. 1879. — strigilWsa (curry-comb-like). Pink. Central America. 1851. — sulca'ta (furrowed). 3. White. Columbia. erla'ndi (Sutherland's June. Natal. 1862, — Teu'scheri (Teuscher's). Leaves deep green, spotted and blotched with whitish ; mar- gins red. Dutch Indies. 1879. — tamenWsa (downy). 3. White. Brazil. — ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 3. Venezuela. — Yei'tckii (Veitch's). Scarlet, yellow. Peruvian Highlands. 1867. Hardy. — vernict/sa (varnished). White, rosy. Brazil. 1869. — vUU/sa (hairy). 2. White. Brazil. — Wageneria'na (Wagenei^s). 3. White. May. Venezuela. — Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 3. White or rose. E. Indies. Beja'ria. B. cinnamtfniea (cinnamon - coloured - leaved). Peru. 1874. — Lindenia'na (Linden's). Pink. Peru. 1847. — MaUiew'sii (Mathews'). Yellow. March. Pern. — tri'color (three-coloured). Crimson yellow. Peru. Bell-Peppeb. Ca'psictm gro'tsum. Bellexpe'xa. (Complimentary to J. Bellenden Ker, an English botanist. Nat. ord., Proteacex.) Greenhouse shrub. Imported seeds and cut- tings. Sandy peat. B. monta'na (mountain). 1*. White. Tasmania. Be'llis. B. pere'nnis. aucubcefo'lia ( Ancuba-leaved var.). Red ; leaves white- veined. Be'lltc-m. B. rotundif , B. volu'bilis (twisting). Green. S. Africa. 1866. Stem twining. Brachychi'ton. (From brachys, short, and chiton, a tunic. Nat. ord., Stercu- liacesn.) Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand. Summer, temp., 60° to 80 J ; winter, 45° to 60°. B. Bidwi'Ui (Bidwill's). Red. September. N. E. Australia. 1851. — diversifoflium (various-leaved). Australia. Brachyo'ttjh. (From brachys, short, and otos, the ear; in reference to the short appendages at the base of the anthers. Nat. ord., Melastomaceas.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Pleboma, to which it is allied. B. confe'rtum (crowded). Violet ; bracts white. Andes, Peru. 1873. Brachy'pteris borealis (northern). 6. Yellow. July. Columbia. May be con- sidered as belonging to the genus Banisteria. Brachyse'ma. B. melanope!talum, (blaak-petalled). 4. Blackish- purple. April. S. W. Australia. 1874. Brachyspa'tha. From brachys, short, and spatha, a spathe ; the spathe is much shorter than the spadix. Nat. ord., AracesB.) Stove tuberous perennial. For cultivation, see Amorphophallus, to which it is allied. B. variabilis (variable). 3. Spathe greenish- purple, spadix whitish. E. Indies. 1876. Brachyste'lma. B. Arno'ttii (Arnott's). J. Brown, green. S. Africa. 1868. — Barbe'rx (Mrs. Barber's). S. Africa. 1866. — ova'ta (ovate-leaved). 1. Yellowish-green. S. Africa. 1872. Bra'hea. (Named in honour of Tycho Brahe, the celebrated astronomer. Nat. ord., Palmacese.) Stove Palms. Imported seeds. Rich light loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. B. du'lcis (sweet). 1865. — fdamento'sa (filamentose). Lower California. 1875. Brai'nea. (After C. J. Braine, Esq., of Hong Kong. Nat. ord., Filices—Foly- podiacess.) Stove Fern. See Ferns. B. insi'gnis (remarkable). Hong Kong. 1856. Brassa'vola. B. acau'lis (stemless). £. Cream-coloured. June. Central America. 1852. — nodo'sa. grandiflo'ra (large- flowered var.). Yellow, white, purple. S. America. 1865. Bra'ssia. B. anthero'tes (brilliant). Deep yellow, blackish- purple. Tropical America. 1879. — arcui'gera (arched). Peru. 1869. — chlo'rops (green-eyed), f. Green, blackish. Costa Rica. 1873. — cryptophtha'lmia (hidden - eyed). Yellow, blackish-violet. Winter. Peru. 1876. — eutfdes (sweet-scented). Brownish-red, yellow. May. Columbia. 1880. —farini'fera (mealy). Red, brown. Ecuador. 1870. — gluma'cea (glumaceous). Greenish-yellow, with brown rings and spots. Venezuela. 1868. — Keilia'na (Keil's). Orange. Brazil. 1862. — Laiurencia'na,. Icmgi'ssima (long-sepalled var.). 1. Orange- yellow, purple-brown. September. Costa Rica. 1868. — thyrs&des (thyrsoid). Yellow, spotted with greenish. Peru. 1868. Bre'dia. (Dedicated to the memory of [ 886 ] BUL Professor J. G. S. van Bred. Nat. ord., Melastomaceas.) Greenhouse shrub. Seeds, cuttings of the ripened shoots in sandy loam, under a hand-glass, in heat. Rich light loam and peat. Summer temp,, 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°. B. hirsu'ta (hairy). Rosy. Japan. 1870. BfiODLfi'A. B. capita' ta (headed). 1. Violet. May. Cali- fornia. 1871. Syn., Milla capitata. — cocci'nea (scarlet). Blood-red, yellow, green. June. California. 1870. — multifiofra (many-flowered). Blue-purple. California. 1872. — volu'bilis (twining). 4 to 12. Rose. California. 1874. Brojie'lia. B. W color (two-coloured). Scarlet. Chili 1872. — clandesti'na. See Gregia spkacelata. — exu'dans. See JSchmea. — Fema'ndm (Fernanda's). Yellowish ; bracts orange-red. Para. 1872. — hu'milu. See Karatas. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Pink. August. Guiana. 1852. — paucijio'ra (few-flowered). White, blue ; bracts white. Tropical America. 1866. — sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). Purple, scarlet. 1864. Syn., B.fastuosa Bergmanni. Bbo'wxea. B. Ariza (Ariza). 30. Crimson-scarlet. March. Columbia. Syn., B. princepx. — BirxcheHlii (Birschell's). Rose. La Guayra. 1872. — erefcta (upright). 10. Scarlet. S. America. — macrophy'lla (long-leaved). Orange-scarlet. Central America. 1879. Bbcgma'nsia. See Datuba. Brunfe'lsia. B. grandifU/ra (large-flowered). 3. Green. June. Peru. — Lindeni'ana (Linden's). Purple. Brazil. 1865. Syn., Franciscea Lindeniana. Bbcnsvi'gia. H. Yellow, red. S. Bryo'nia. (From brijo, to sprout ; in allusion to the annual growth from the tuber. Nat. ord., Cucurbitaceas.} Tuberous-rooted perennial herbaceous plants, producing annual climbing stems. Seeds, division of the tubers. Rich loam. B. du/ica (dioecious). Greenish-yellow ; berries bright red. Summer. Britain. Hardy. — lacinio'sa (cut-leaved). Yellowish : berries scarlet, striped with white. India. 1865. Syn., Bryonopsix laciniosa. Stove. Bbyono'psis. See Bryonia. Buckla'xdia. (Named in honour of Dr. Buckland, Dean of Westminster and Professor of Geology at Oxford. Nat. ord., Hamamelidex. Allied to Liquid- ambar.) Greenhouse shrub, growing to a tall tree. Foliage ornamental in young plants. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sandy loam, under a hand-glass, and in moderate heat. Rich loam and peat, or leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 45= to 55°. B. popu'lnea (poplar-like). 100. Himalaya. 1875. Bcddle'ia. B. asi'atica (Asiatic). 3. White. E. Indies. 1874. Half-hardy. — curviflofra (curved-flowered). Rosy-violet. Loo Choo Islands. 1870. Hardy. — inxi'gnis (remarkable). Purple. 1878. Bclbi'ne. B. JIacke'nii (MacKen's). 1. Yellow. July. Ratal. 1870. Bulboco'dicm. B. Ei'chleri (Eichler's). White. Caucasus. 1879. BrLBOPHY'LLOI. B. Becca'rii (Beccari's). Brown, violet. Borneo. 1879. A remarkable and gigantic climb- ing species, with leaves 2 ft. by 1 to 1* ft., and very thick. — Bereni'cis (Berenice's). 1880. — chloroglo'ssum (green-tongued). Whitish or rosy, lip green. Brazil. 1871. — Daya'num (Day's). Green, yellow, purple. Burmah. 1865. — gra'cile (slender). J. Green, brown. July. Moulmein. 1874. — inefrx (idle). White. Assam. 1880. — ino'ps (meagrej. Greenish, purple. 1880. — khasya'num (Khasia). Ochre, brown. Khasia Hills. 1878. — iasia'nthum (woolly-flowered), i. Purple. Sumatra. 1855. — lemnisca'tum (ribbon-appendaged). J. Purple, green. Moulmein. 1872. — neilgherre'nse (Xeilgherry). ±. Green, brown. January. Neilgherries. 1849. — naxu'tum (large-nosed). Sulphur, purple, orange. 1871. — Pahudi. See Cirrhopetalum. — palea'ceum {sady). $. Yellowish-green, pur- ple-brown. Autumn. Assam. 1?77. Syn., lone paleacea. — pavimenta'tum (paved). Deep red. Tropical Africa. 1862. — pyscho'on (butterfly-egg). Green. Assam. 1878. — reticula'tum (netted-leaoed). Cream, purple. Borneo. 1866. — retusiu'sculum (rather retuse). Moulmein. 1869. — rhizo'phorcE (Rhizophora). Purplish. Tropical Africa. 1862. — xiamefuse (Siamese). Yellowish, purple. Siam. 1867. — Iri'ste (sad). 1. Greenish, purple. Khasia. 1864. Bcldics Gooda'llh. This is a small snail, with a narrow-conical spiral shell, about half an inch long, that was acci- dentally imported from the West Indies, and has now got spread into many stoves, sometimes proving very troublesome and destructive. It is nocturnal in its habits, and should be sought for at night and BUN [ 887 ] CAB destroyed ; the earth in the vicinity of its haunts should also be changed. BUNCHO'SIA. B. elli'ptica (elliptic-kawZ). Yellow. 1877. Burbi'dgea. (Named in honour of Mr. F. W. JBurbidge, a traveller in N. W. Borneo, and author. Nat. ord., Zingi- beracem. Allied to Hedychium.) Stove herbaceous perennial, readily increased by divisions of the rootstock. Light sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little flbry peat, well drained; moist atmosphere and shade. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 60° to 65°. Only one species of the genus is known; the flowers are large, very brilliant, and freely produced. B. ni'tida (shining). 2 to 4. Orange-scarlet. Sum- mer. K. W. Borneo. 1879. See Rodeiguezia, BrRLINGTO'NIA. Brx'us. 3. Fortu'nei (Fortune's). Green. Spring. China. 1871. -longifo'lia (long-leaved). Green. Spring. Nepal. 1871. — sempervi'rens. obcorda'ta-variega'ta (variegated obcor- date var.). Green. Japan. 1861. Cabbage diseases. The disease that affects the roots of Cabbages, Turnips, etc., which takes the form of tubercles and swollen distorted growths, and is known under the several terms of Am- btjby, Clubbing, Cll-b-root, Fingers and Toes, etc., seems to be due to more than one cause, or at least is the result of two combined causes. It would appear that in some instances the so-called disease is but a greater or lesser tendency to revert to the wild form of root. In other cases it is a true disease caused by a fungus; whilst in others still it appears to be due to the attacks of the larva of a weevil (Ceuto- rhynchux sulcicollis), as described under Ambtjry on pages 27 and 28 of the Dic- tionary; although Mr. Woronin, who has carefully studied the disease, main- tains that the weevil is not the cause of the disease, but is merely an accessory to it. However this may be, whether the weevil does or does not actually pro- duce one form of tlie disease, it is certain that the fungus, which was discovered and named Plasmodiophora brassicse. by Mr. Woronin, if not the only real cause of the disease, as maintained by that gentleman, is one of the chief causes of it, and it may be that Mr. Woronin is right, and that the weevil larva does not attack healthy roots and produce the disease, but only those affected by the fungus, in which case it is probable that it feeds upon the fungus and is there- fore of some benefit in checking the ravages of the fungus. This is an im- portant question that requires to be cleared up. We shall here confine our- selves to the fungus, as an account of the weevil has already been given as above quoted. The Plasmodiophora is a member of that remarkable group of plants, the Myxomycetes, which completely unite in themselves the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms in their lowest phases; since they have during a portion of their life a purely animal existence, and during another portion of it a purely vegetable existence. The Plasmodiophora commences its existence as a spore, which in water or moist earth gives birth to a minute jelly- like body endowed with life, called a myxamceba, which is capable of moving about and assuming various forms, but never encases itself in a cell wall. The myxamceba enters the roots of the Cab- bage, Turnip, and other Cruciferous plants, and passes from cell to cell, con- suming their contents, and causes great irritation and consequent swelling of the tissues it comes in contact with, thus producing the "clubbing." After a time the Plasmodium (as the body of the fungus is termed when inside the tissues of the root) breaks up into a multitude of exceedingly minute spores, which in their turn develope into myxamoeba, plasmodia, and spores again, and so increase and perpetuate the If sections of roots in the very earliest stages of disease be examined under a microscope, the cells attacked by the fungus will be seen to be larger than those not attacked, and filled with an opaque granular substance ; in later stages of the disease, this substance will be found to have increased in size, and some of the cells of the diseased plant will be found to contain some minute globular colourless bodies ; these bodies are the spores, and the granular sub- stance is the body, or plasmodium,of the Plasmodiophora. Such is the curious life history of this insignificant but terrible enemy to our Cabbages, Turnips, etc. CAB Yonng seedling Cabbage plants, bear- ing only their 6eed leaves, or one or two stem leaves, are often attacked by another kind of fungus, which causes them to decay at about ground level, and very soon to perish. This fungus ( Chytridium brassicx) consists of a minute globular bladder with a slender neck ; the bladder part is buried in the tissue of the young Cabbage stem, below the seed leaves, and the neck, which is longer or shorter according to the depth at which the bladder part is 6eated in the tissue, penetrates through the epidermis to the outside of the Cabbage stem. The Chytridium reproduces itself by zoo- spores, which are very minute irlobose bodies, furnished with a single whip-like cilium, or hair, by the lashing of which they are enabled to move about. The zoospores are either ejected through the neck of the Chytridium on to the out- side of the young Cabbage stem, or the globular portion breaks up and the zoospores swarm in the interior tissues. It also propagates itself by resting spores. As remedies against clubbing several plans have been tried, of which the follow- ing two have been much recommended : — 1. Mix soot with a rather smaller quantity of sifted earth, into a rather thin paste with water, and dip the seed- ling plants in the mixture up to the base of the leaves before planting. Some who have tried this remedy con- sider it to be very effectual. 2. Mix some of the Gishurst com- pound and Pooley's tobacco-powder in a pail of water, adding a little stiff loam to give it consistence, and well puddle the roots with it before planting, after which give the plants another good watering, especially round the collar. To both the above mixtures we think a little powdered phosphate of lime might be added with advantage. "Wood ashes are also said to form a good appli- cation. In transplanting Cabbages from the seed bed, any that show the least signs of disease should be burnt, as this will be an effectual means of preventing the spread of the disease from that source. In the way of experiment we would suggest the following as worthy of a trial. In the winter, or at any other time when the ground upon which it is intended to plant Cabbages is empty of crop and dry, dig in and well mix with 3 ] CAL the soil some unslaked lime, and then well water. This would in all proba- bility burn and destroy any fungus spores and insect eggs that may be con- tained in the earth, but the ground must not be planted until the destructive powers of the lime have abated. The quantity of lime to be employed must be regulated by the nature of the soil, and the experience and judgment of the gardener. Another experiment that might be tried, would be to water the ground, when there is no crop upon it, with dilute sulphuric acid, as mentioned by us under Potato Disease, for this acid is very destructive to fungi, and it is evident that to cope with the disease effectually it must be dealt with when in the spore condition. Ca'bbage Po'wDERED-wrsG. See Aleyeodes proletella. Caca'lia. See Senecio. Ca'ctus Da'hlia. Dahlia Juarezii. C&SALYl'SIA.. C. alternif&lia (alternate-leaved). Orange. Cen- tral America. 1868. — sepia'ria (hedge). Climber. Yellow. April. India. 1857. Syn., Biancea scandens. Caiophora. See Blumenbachia. Caja'xtts. C. in'dicut (Indian). Yellow. E. India. Bicolor and flaxmt, described at p. 152, are varieties of this. Cala'dittm. C. argyri'tes (silver-feat^. Para. 1858. — argyrone/ura (silver-nerved). 2. S. America. — Baraqui'nii ( Baraquin's). Para. 1858. — Brognia'rtii (Brogniart's). Para. 1858. — Canna'rtii (Cannart's). Leaves green, with pale blotches, veins deep red. Para. 1863. — Chanti'nii (Chantin's). Para. 1858. — cu'preum. See Alocasia cuprea. — Devosia'num (Devose's). Para. 1862. Leaves angular, blotched white and pink. — erythra'a (red-ribbed). 1. S. America. — hamatosti'gma (crimson-spotted). S. America. — Ha'rdii (Hardy's). Leaves red-tinged - and slightly white-spotted. Para. 1862. — Jenni'wgsii. See Alocasia. — Ko/chii (Koch's). Leaves white-spotted. Para. 1862. — Lemairea'num (Lemaire's). Leaves green, with whitish-green venation. S. America. 1861. — Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Leaves green, marbled with red, and blotched with pink. Para. 1864. — Itfwii. See Alocasia. — macropfiy'llum (large-leaved). Leaves palish green, blotched with greenish-white. Para. 1862. — marmora'tum (marbled). Yellow. Guayaquil. Syn. Alocasia Roezlii. CAL CAL O mira'bile (wonderful), Leaves white-mottled. Para. 1863. — Perrie'ri (Perrier's). Leaves green, with red blotches. Brazil. 1861. — pi'ctum (painted). S. America. — pictura'tum (embroidered). Greenish. S. America. — pctci'le (variegated). White. Brazil. — rega'le (royal). Leaves of a mottled green, with white blotches. Brazil. 1861. — Rougie'ri (Rougier's). Leaves green, with white spots ; the centre pale green, with red veins. Para. 1864. — rubrove'nium (red-veined). Leaves greyish- green in the centre, with red veins. Para. 1862. Syn., C. rubronervium. — sanguinole'ntum (blood-red). Leaves with a white centre blotched with red. Amazons. 1872. — Schombu'rgkii (Schomburgk's). Leaves green, with white veins. Brazil, Guiana. 1861. Syns., C. Sclwelleri, Alocasia argyro- neura. Schmi'tzii (Schmitz's var.). Centre of leaf whitish, with green network, midrib and veins red. Brazil. 1861. Syn., Alo- casia erythrasa. — smaragdi'num (green). White. Caraccas. — specta'bile (notable). Leaves with blotches of pink and white. Brazil. 1861. — sple'ndidum. A synonyme of C. bicolor. — splendidi'ssimum (very fine). Leaves red- centred. Para. 1861. — subrotu'ndum (rather rounded). Leaves round- ish, spotted with red and white. Brazil. 1858. — Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). — Walli'sii (Wallis's). Leaves green, spotted with white ; veins pale. Para. 1864. — Wi'ghtii (Wight's). Leaves green, with blotches of pink and white. Brazil. Calami'ntha, C. mimulo'ides (Mimulus-like). li. Yellow. September. California. 1849. Ca'lamtjs. C. adspe'rsus (scattered). Java. 1866. — aspe'rrimus (very rough). Climber. Java. 1877. — austra'lis (southern). Fitzroy Island. 1861. — cilia'ris (fringed). E. Indies. 1869. — cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). Java ? 1870. — farincfsus (mealy). Sumatra. 1873. — Lewisia'nus (Lewis's). Java. 1878. — oblo'ngus (oblong-fruited). 60. Java. 1857. — ovoi'deus (ovoid). Java. 1872. — pri'nceps (prince). Java. 1872. — Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Java. 1872. — Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). Madagascar. 1861. — vimina'lis (twiggy). 50. Java. 1847. Calampe'lis. A synonyme of Eccre- mocarpus. Cala'ndra grana'ria. Granary Wee- vil. This insect is a very troublesome pest, not only to the farmer, whose corn it destroys wholesale, but to the gardener also; attacking his seed stores and de- vouring some of his fruit. The beetle averages about two lines in length (the line [a] by the side of our illustration represents the length of a rather large individual from which our drawing was made) ; it is of a blackish-brown colour, punctate on the thorax, and striati- punctate on the elytra ; the roundish head is furnished with a rather long proboscis. The eggs are deposited in various kinds of grain, but only one egg is deposited in each seed, in which the larva feeds, and changes to the pupa state, from which in a short time the perfect beetle emerges. The whole pro- cess, from the laying of the egg to the development of the perfect insect, is completed in a space of six or seven weeks, so that many generations are produced in a year ; and if not constantly checked, and every possible means taken to lessen their numbers, they will be found to have destroyed a very large proportion of the crop they have at- tacked, in the course of one summer. Neglected barns and granaries are their chief resorts ; and from these they spread in myriads, doing damage to everything that is agreeable to them. This insect is very difficult to get rid of; perfect cleanliness in all grain stores, and the destruction of the beetle whenever seen, is the best way to contend against its ravages. In all places where it is trouble- some, traps should also be set for it, such as sopped bread, or bits of fruit, or shallow plates of milk, and the insects destroyed in boiling water. Cala'nthe. C. Pe'tri (Mr. Peter Veitch's). White, yellow. Polynesia. 1880. — pUiochro'ma (many-coloured). Whitish, pur- plish, ochre, orange. Japan. 1871. — Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). 1. Yellow. Japan. 1837. — Texto'ri (Textor's). Cream-white, violet, red, changing to ochre. 1879. — veratrijVlia. macrolo'ba (large-lobed var.). Polynesia. 1878. — vesti'ta. CAL [ 890 ] CAL C. vesti'ta cu'prea (copper-eyed var.). 1864. C. i'gneo-ocula'ta (fire-eyed var.). White, with fiery eye. Borneo. 1876. niva'lis (snowy var.). White. Java. 1868. ru'bro-ocula'ta (red-eyed var.). Tu'rneri (Turner's var.). \V r hite, with small red eye. Java. There are besides the following garden hy- brids :— C. Domi'nii, C. Seie'ni, and C. Vei'tchii. Cala'thea. C. affi'nis (allied). 1879. — Allou'ya (Allouya). — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1879. — applica'ta (inclined). White. Brazil. 1875 Syn., Maranta pinnato-picta. — argyrce'a (silvery). 1. Bahia. 1859. — arre'cta (erect). Ecuador. 1872. Syn., Maranta arrecta. — Bachemia'na (Bachem's). Leaves silvery, with green lines and blotches. Brazil. 1875. — Baraquinin'na (Baraquin's). Leaves with two silvery bands. Amazons. 1868. Syn., Maranta liaraquini. ieflla (handsome). Leaves greyish-green, with the margins and two series of cen- tral patches deep green. Brazil. 1875. Syns., Maranta bella and M. tessellata Kegeljani. — heTilula (pretty). Leaves dark green, with rosy- white festoons along the midrib. Ama- zons. 1872. Syn., Maranta bellula. — chimborace'nsis. See Maranta. — cine'rea (ash-coloured). Amazons. 1872. Syn., Maranta cinerea. — croca'ta (saffron-coloured). Orange. Brazil. 1875. — de'nsa (dense), Brazil. 1865. Syn., Phry- nium densum. — exi'mia (choice). 1857. Syn., Phrynium eximium. —fascia'ta (banded). 1. Brazil. 1859. Syn., Maranta fasciata. — hierogly'phica (hieroglyphic). Leaves deep green, paler along the midrib, with two white lines between each pair of veins. Columbia. 1873. — illu'stris (bright). Leaves creamy-zoned, red beneath. Ecuador. 1866. Syn., Maranta illustrit. — inscri'pta (inscribed). Leaves opaque green, with curved silvery lines. Brazil. 1875. Syn., Maranta inscripta. — Kerchovia'na (Kerchove's). +. Leaves green, with two rows of brown blotches. Brazil. 1879. Syn., M. leuconeura Kerchoviana. — Kornickia'na (Kornicke's). White. Brazil. 1874. — Kummeria'na (Kummer's). Leaves dark green, with silvery bands. Brazil. 1875. — Legrellia'na (Le Grell's). Ecuador. 1867. Syn., Maranta Legrelliana. — Lei'tzei (Leitze's). Leaves deep green, with short yellow-green bands. Brazil. 1875. — leopardi'na (leopard). 2. Yellow. Brazil. 1875. Syn., Maranta leopardina. — leuconeu'ra (white-nerved). White, purple Brazil. 1875. Syn., Maranta leuconeura. — Uueosta'chys (white-spiked). 1. White. October. Costa Rica. 1874. — Lindtnia'na (Linden's). Leaves banded with pale and dark green. Peru. 1866. Syn., Maranta Lindeniana. Lucia'ni (Lucian's). Leaves shining green, the midrib festooned with silvery white. Tropical America. 1872. Syn., Ma- ranta Luciani. ■ Makoya'na (Makoy's). Leaves greyish, with oblong dark green patches. Tropical America. 1872. Syns., Maranta Mako- yana and M. olivaris. — Massangea'na (Massange's). White. Brazil. 1875. Syn., Maranta leuconeura Mas- sangeana. — me'dio-pi'cta (middle-painted). Purple ; leaves dark green, with feathered white central stripe. Brazil. 1878. — meta'llica (metal-like). Violet. New Grenada. 1855. — mi'cans (glittering). Brazil. ama'bilis (lovely var.). 1879. Syn., C. amabilis. — ni'gro-costa'ta (black-midribbed). Columbia. 1874. — ni'tens (shining). Brazil. 1880. — orna'ta (ornamented). 1. Columbia. 1849. Syn., Maranta ornata. a'lbo-linea'ta (white-lined var.). Co- lumbia. 1848. Syn., Maranta albo- lineata. maje'stica (majestic var.). Bio Purus. 1866. Syn., Maranta majestica. rega'lis (royal var.). Peru. 1856. Syn., Maranta regalis and U. coriifolia. ro'seo-linea'ta (rosy-lined var.). 1. 1848. Syn., Maranta roseo-lineata. — Oppenheimia'na (Oppenheim's). Leaves deep green, with white bands. Brazil. — paci'fica (pacific). Leaves emerald green, purple beneath. E. Peru. 1871. Syn., Maran ta pacijica. — pardi'na (leopard) and pavoni'na (peacock- like) are white- spotted. — pictura'ta (painted). Brazil. 1866. — porphyrocau'lis (red-stemmed). Columbia. 1875. Syn., Maranta porphyrocaulis. — prasi'na (leek-green). Leaves with a yellow- green central band. Brazil. 1875. Syn., Maranta prasina. — pri'neeps (prince). 2. Leaves metallic green, with two yellow bands, purple beneath. Peru. 1869. Syn., Maranta prineeps. — pruina'ta (hoary). Nicaragua. 1872. Syn., Maranta pruinata. — pulcWlla (pretty). Leaves bright green, with two series of deep green blotches, alter- nately large and small. Brazil. 1859. Syn., Maranta pulchella. — rdseo-pi'cta (rose-coloured). Leaves rose-banded, red beneath. Upper Amazon. 1866. Syn., Maranta rosea-picta. Wa'gneri (Wagner's var.). Syn., Maranta Wagneri. — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1857. Syn., Maranta orbi folia. — rufiba'rba (red -bearded). Brazil. 1879. — Se'ema'nni(Seemimris). Leaves satiny emerald- green, midrib whitish. Nicaragua. 1872. Syn., Maranta Seemanni. — smaragdi'na. See Maranta. — sple'ndida (splendid - ). Leaves green-banded, purple beneath. Brazil. 1864. Syn., Maranta splendida. — tanio'sa (banded-Zeai-ed). White. Brazil. 1876. — tuUspa'tha (tube-spathed). Yellow; leaves brown-blotched. W. Tropical America. 1865. . — undula'ta (waved). Leaves bright green, with OAL C 891 ] CAL silvery central stripe. Peru. 1871. Syn., Maranta undulata. C. Va'nden Ile'ckei (Van den Heck's). Leaves deep green, marked with grey. Brazil. 1865. Syns., Maranta and Phrynium Yanden Heckei. — va'rians (varying). 1855. — variega'ta (variegated). 1J. Tropical America. 1857. — virgina'lis (virginal). Amazons. 1868. Syn., Maranta virginalis. iia'jor (greater var.). Peru. 1869. Syn., Maranta virginalis major. — vitta'ta (striped). Brazil. 1857. Syn., Ma- ranta vittata. — Veitchia'na (Veitch's). White; leaves green- blotched. W. Tropical America. 1865. Syn., Maranta Veitchii. — vesti'ta (clothed). 1*. Whitish. Bahia. 1872. — Walli'sii (Wallis's). South America. 1867. Syn., Maranta Wallisii. di'scolor (two-coloured var.). Leaves bright velvety green, with the centre and margins grey. S. America. 1871. — Warszewi'czii (Warszewicz's). 1. White. February. Tropical America. 1879. Syn., Maranta Warszewiczii. — Wu/ti (Wiot's). Leaves bright green, with two series of olive-green blotches. Brazil. 1875. Syn., Maranta Wioti. Calcea'ria pi'cta. See Cobtsanthes. Calceola'ria. ANNUAL. C. cMidonioi'des (Chelidonium-like). 1. Yellow. June. Peru. 1852. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. C. bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved), t. Yellow, red. Chili. 1861. — loba'ta (lobed). J. Yellow, spotted with purple- red. Peru. 1877. Half hardy. — Pavo'nii (Pavon's). 2. Yellow. July. Peru. — sua'vis (sweet scented). 1. Purple. Chili. — tene!Ua (tender). +. Yellow. Chili. 1873. Hardy. SHRUBBY EVERGREENS. C. ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Yellow. Chili. 1853. — fuchsurfo'lia (Fuchsia-leaved). 1 to 2. Yellow. Peru. Spring. 1878. Syn., C. deflexa of gardens. — Wnrici (Anderson-Henry's). 2. Yellow. Andes of Cuenca. 1865. — hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). 2. Yellow, white. June. Quito. 1852. — pisacome'nsis (1'isacoma). Orange-red. Peru. 1868. — puncta'ta (spotted). 3. Purple, yellow. Chili. 1863. — stri'cta (stiff). 3. Yellow. September. Peru. 1852. — tetra'gona (square-stemmed). Yellow. July. Peru. 1H52. — viola'cea (violet). 2. Purple. June. Chili. 1853. Caliphrtj'ria. C. Hartwegia'na (Hartweg's). 1. White. July. Columbia. 1843. Not yellow, as given at p. 158. — subedenta'ta (nearly toothless). 1£. White. Winter. Columbia. 1876. Calisa ya-barh. Cinchona calisaya Callia'ndra. 0. tmfvipn (short-stalkedY 5. Pink. October. Brazil. — formo'sa (beautiful). 10. White. Mexico. 1825. — gra'cilis (slender). Yellowish-white. Co- lumbia. 1870. — luzmatocepha'la (red-headed). 30. Crimson. February. Mauritius. — Portorice'nsis ( Porto -Rican). 6. White. July. W. Indies. 1824. — quadrangula'ris (four-angled). 4. White. August. 1825. Callica'rpa. C.japo'nica (Japanese). 3. Pink. August. Japan. 1861. Callipsy'che. (From hallos, beauty, and psyche, a butterfly ; in reference to the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., Amaryllidacex. Allied to Eucrosia.) Greenhouse bulbs. Seeds, offsets. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. Requires shade. Summer temp., 70° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. C. auranti'aca (orange). 2. Orange. S. America 1868. — eucrosioi'des (Eucrosia-like). 2J-. Scarlet, green. March. Mexico. 1844. — mira'bilis (wonderful). 3. Greenish-yellow. Peru. 1868. Calli'pteris. (From hallos, beautiful, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacese.) A genus of stove ferns, formed of Diplazium Malabaricum and C. proli'fera (proliferous). 3. E.Indies. See Diplazium. Callirho'e. (Named after Callirhoe, a daughter of the river-god Achelous. Nat. ord., Malvaceae.) Hardy annual or perennial herbs, with tuberous roots. Seeds, divisions. Light sandy loam and leaf-mould. Also called ^uttallia, but very different to the true Nuttallia, which is Ro- saceous. C. digita'ta (fmger-Zeaued). 3. Purple. August. Texas. 1824. Syn., Kuttattia grandi- flora. — involucra'ta (involucred). Cherry-red, purple tinged. July. N. America. 1861. Syn., G. verticillata. — papa'ver (poppy). Violet- red. Louisiana. 1863. —peda'ta (pedate-Zeaved). Cherry-red. August. Texas. 1824. Annual. — triangula'ta (triangular-ZeauetZ). Pale purple. August. N. America. 1836. Syn., Nuttalia cordata. — spica'ta. See Sidalcea malvceflora. ' Callithau'ma. (From hallos, beauty, and thauma, a wonder ; in reference to the wonderful green colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Amaryllidacex. Allied to Coburgia.) Greenhouse bulbs. For cultivation, see Steno- MESSOV. CAL [ 892 ] CAM 1. White, purplish, White, purple, ' tlinii. C. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Green. Peru. 1841. — viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 3. Green. Peru. 1841. Elwe'sii (Elwes' var.). 1878. Callese'ne. (From hallos, beautiful, and xenos, a stranger ; being first dis- covered on tbe inhospitable shore so un- likely to have such a plant — Magellan's Land. Nat. ord., Liliacese.) Half-hardy, evergreen, climbing shrub. Cool greenhouse. Light loam. Division. C.polyphy'lla (many-leaved), lj. White. Chili. Calocho'rtus. The species enume- rated under Cyclobothra on p. 277 should be added to this genus. C. Bentha'mi (Bentham's). *. Yellow, red- brown. June. California. 1877. — e!legans (elegant). i. Whitish, purple. June. California. 1826. — Gunniso'ni (Gunnison's). Lilac, yellowish. Rocky Mountains. Krelaa'gii (Krelaag's var.). Yellow, white, green, black. California. 1873. — lilaci'nus (lilac), f. Lilac, purplish. Cali- fornia. 1868. Syn., C. unifiorus of some gardens. — Mawea'nus (Maw's). California. — NuUa'llii (Nuttall's), California. 1869. Syn.,C Leicht — pa'llidus (pa.\ejtewered~). 1. Brown. Mexico. 1850. — pulche'llus (pretty). 1. Yellow. Summer. California. 1832. parvijlo'rus (small-flowered var.). Yel- low. California. 1875. — sple'ndens. Syn., C. Roezlii. — uniflo'rus (one-flowered), f. Pink. Santa Cruz. 1868. — venu'stus. brachyse'palus (short-sepalled var.). White, yellow, red, brown, California. 1876. lilaci'nus (lilac var.). 1. Lilac, red- brown, yellow. California. 1877. purpu'reus (purple var.). 1. Purple- lilac, red-brown, yellow. California. 1877. — Wee'dii (Weed's). 1. Yellow. Summer. California. 1875. Syn., C. citrinus. Calodra'con. (From kalos, beautiful, and dracon, a dragon ; intimating that it is a very haudsome Dracxna, or Dragon Tree. Nat. ord., Liliacese.) Greenhouse evergreen. For cultivation, see Dbaosna. C. ru/bilis (noble). Japan. 1852. Calony'ction sangui'neum. See Ar- gtreia zeylanica. Calope'talon. (From kalos, beauti- ful, and petalon, a petal. Nat. ord., Pittosporacem.) Greenhouse evergreen climbers. See Marian- thus. ft ri'ngem (ringent). Golden red. November. Swan River. Calosa'nthes. From kalos, beautiful, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Bigno- niacem.) This genus is established on a species taken from Bignonia. ft indica. See Bignonia. Calpica'rpum. (From kalpis, an urn, and karpos, fruit. Nat. ord., Apocy- For cultivation, see Kopsia. ft albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 'White, crimson. Moluccas. 1864. Stove shrub. Ca'ltha. ft polype'tala (many-petalled). Yellow. Cauca- Calyptra'ria. (From kalyptra, a covering; referring to the calyx. Nat. ord., Melastomacex.) Stove shrub. Cuttings under a bell-glass in heat. Winter temp., 45° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. ft hcema'ntha (blood-coloured flowered). 4. Crim- son. New Grenada. 1856. Calyptro'noma. From kalyptra, a covering, and onoma, a name; the ap- plication is not apparent. Nat. ord., Palmacese.) Stove palm. For cultivation, see Arf.ca. ft Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). Jamaica. 1878. Camaro'tis. C. cochiiKhine'nsis (Cochin China). Yellow, brown. Cochin China. 1877. Cama'ssia. ft escule'nta. Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's var.). 2. Green- ish-white. Spring. British Columbia. 1853. Syn., Chiorogalum Leichtlinii.— The White Camassia. Came'llia. C roscefiora (rose-flowered). 3. Pink. China. — Sasa'nqua. anemonceflo'ra (Anemone-flowered). Yel- low, white. China. Camoe'nsia. (Named in honour of Luis Camoens, a celebrated Portuguese poet. Nat. ord., Leguminosm.) A magnificent stove shrub, which has not yet flowered in this country (18S0). It is the most striking and largest-flowered leguminous plant known ; the flowers are nearly one foot long. Imported seeds sown in a hotbed ; cuttings in sandy loam in bottom heat and under a bell-glass. Rich loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp-, 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. ft ma'xima (greatest). Cream-colour, yellow. Angola. 1878. Cajipa'nea. (From campana, a bell : CAM [ S93 ] CAR alluding to the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord., Gesneracese.) Stove herbaceous perennial. For cultivation, see Gesneea. C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), f. White, crim- son. New Grenada. 1851. Gampa'nula. haedy perennials. C. isophi/tta (equal-leaved). £. Lilac-blue. August. Apennines. 1868. Syn., C. floribunda. — pi-imulwjlo'ra (primrose-flowered). 3. Purple. July. Portugal. — Roe'zlii (Roezl's). I. Blue. Rocky Moun- tains. 1873. — soldanellcefldra ple'na (SoldaneJla-flowered, double var.). Purplish. 1870. — tridenta'ta. saxifra'ga (Saxifrage var.). Violet. Cau- casus. 1875. — turbina'ta (turbinate), i. Purple. Moun- tains of Transylvania. 1868. — Van Hou'ttei (Van Houtte's). Blue. Garden variety ? 1878. HARDY ANNUAL. ('. macrosty'la (long-styled). 1 to 2. Violet. Sum- mer. Taurus Mountains. 1877. Annual. GREENHOUSE. ('. strigo'sa (strigose). •£■. Purple. Syria. 1S58. Campanum^i'a. (A name altered from Campanula. Nat. ord., Campanulacex.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial, with a tuberous rootstock. Seeds, divisions. Rich sandy loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 70° to 85°; winter, 55° to 65°. (.'. lanceola'ta (lanceolate). Climber. Green, N. China. 1861. Camploso'rus, a synonyme of Anti- gramma. Campsi'dium. See Tecoma. Ca'mptopus. (From Tcamptos, curved, and pous, a foot ; on account of the downwardly curved flower stalk. Nat. ord., Rubiacex.) An ornamental stove shrub. Cuttings in sandy loam, in bottom heat, under a hand-glass. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, CO 3 to 70°. C. Ma'nnii (Mann's). 15. White. Winter. Fer- Campyla'nthus. C. re'pens (creeping). l|. Tropical America. Campylobo'trys. ( From Icampylos, a curve, and botrys, a bunch ; alluding to the form of the inflorescence. Nat. ord., Cinchonacex.) Small stove shrubs, -with very ornamental foliage. Cuttings of side shoots under a bell- glass in heat. Sandy peat and leaf-mould. «7. argyroneu'ra (silver-veined), i. Mexico. 1857. — di'scolor (two-coloured), t. Red. Bahia. 1850. — Ghiesbre'ghtii (Ghiesbregbt's). Mexico. 1861. 57 C. pyrophy'Ua (Eery-leaved). South Mexico. — refu'lgens (refulgent). Leaves satiny, white- ribbed. Mexico. — rega'lis (royal). 1. Mexico. 1859. — smaragdi'na (green). £. Mexico. 1859. Canary-bird Flower. Trop^oloi peregrinum. Ca'ndle-nut. Aleurites triloba. Ca'ndle-tree. Parmentiera cerifera. Cani'steubi. (From hanos, a basket : in allusion to the resemblance of the inflorescence to a basket of flowers. Nat. ord., Bromeliaceie. Allied to Nidu- larium.) Stove epiphytes. The inflorescence is rather showy, and retains its beauty for two or three months. Suckers and divisions. Fibrous peat, turfy loam, and charcoal. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. C. auranti'aeum (orange). Orange. Brazil. 1873. — ebu'rneum (ivory). 2. White, green ; bracts ivory white. May. 1876. Syns., Nidu- larium Lindeni and Guzmannia frag- rans. — ro'seum (rose-coloured). White, green ; bracts rosy. 1879. — vi'ride (green). 2. Green. Brazil. 1875. Cansco'ra. From Kansjan-cora, the Malabar name for C. perfoliata. Nat. ord., Gentianacex.') Greenhouse or stove annuals. Treatment similar to that for Balsams. C. Pari'shii (Parish's). 2. White. Moulmein. 1864. Cape Goo'seberry. Physalis edulis. Capo'llin, Capouli'nos, Capuli'nos. Names for the fruit of Prunus salicifolia. Ca'psioum. stove evergreen shrub. C. cere'olum (waxy-/ruife\ A name com- pounded from Cinnamomum, and den- dron, a tree ; resembling a cinnamon- Iree. Nat. ord., Canellacese.) Stove tree. The bark is employed as an aro- matic stimulant to purgatives and tonics, and is sometimes confounded with the Winter's bark. For cultivation, see Caneixa, to which it is allied. Red. W. Indies. Cd.namo'mcm. C. campho'ra (camphor). 1880. — seri'ceum (silky). Japan. 1875. Cio^'dicm. A synonyme of Trichio- carpa. Cmj'RA. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord., IrUacex. Allied to Cypella.) Greenhouse bulbs. Seeds in a slight hotbed in spring; offsets. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60 D to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. C. mariinicefntis (Martinica). 1. Yellow. W. Indies. 1782. Cibbope'taltjm. C. ilakoya'num (Makoy's). Yellow, brown. Minas Geraes ? 1879. — Pdhu'dii (Pahud's). Reddish-brown. Java. C.flagel liforme. — tripu'dians (dancing). Brown, purplish, whitish. Burmah. 1876. Cm'siTM. See Cnicus. Ci'sses. See Vi'tis. C. viticif&lia pinnati'fida. See Ampelopsis* ser- ganicefolia. Cithabe'xyltjm. C. cyanoca'rpum (blue-fruited). 20. Chili and Peru. Cr/TBUS. C. trifolia'la (three-leaved). 4. White. May. Japan. 1869. Syns., C. triptera and C. californica of gardens. Hardy. Cladea'stis. (Derivation obscure. Nat. ord., Leguminosx. Allied to So- phora.) Hardy deciduous trees, with terminal panicles of white flowers. Propagation by grafts, or bud- ding, or by layers in spring and autumn. C. am.ure'nsis (Amur). 6. White. Amur. 1880. Syn., Maaekia amurensis. — lu'tea (yellow). 15. White. July. X. America. 1812. Syns, C. tinetoria. and Yirgilia lutea. The Yellow- Wood. Clacse'xia. C. corymbiJWra (corymb-flowered). White. Loy- alty Islands. 1873. Fruit eatable. Clavt/ja. C.fu'lgens (brilliant). Orange-red. Peru. 1867. — Riedelia'na (Riedel's). Orange. July. Brazil. Syn., C. macrophylla of some gardens. — Rodekia'na (Rodek's). Orange. Columbia. 1875. — umbrc/sa (shady). Brazil. 1869. Syn., Theo- phrasta umbrosa. Cleiso'stoma. C. bi'cdor (two-coloured). Pink, purple. July. Manilla. 1848. — crassi/o'lium (thick-leaved). Green, purple. E. Indies. 1852. — Dawsonia'num (Dawson's). Sulphur, orange, brown. Moulmein. 1868. —fu'scum (brown). Brown. E. Indies. 1S49. — lana'tum (woolly). Yellow, purple. July. E. Indies 1S49. CLE [ 901 ] COC C, stria'tum (striate). Yellow, red. Darjeeling. 1879. Syn., Echinoglossum striatum. Cle'matis. HARDY. C. cyli'ndrica. Benders&ni (Henderson's var.). Violet. A hybrid. — Davidia'na (David's). Blue. China. 1867. Allied to C. tubulosa. — fla'mmula. robu'sta (robust^ var.). 30. White. Japan ? 1875. — Fortu'nei (Fortune's). "White. Japan. 1863. ft Johannis Veitchii is a variety of this. — - Moo'Jceri (Hooker's). Blue. Taurus ? — lanugino sa (woolly-leaved). Blue. June. China. 1851. — monstro'sa (monstrous). Greenish. June. Japan. — pa'tens (spreading). White. June. Japan. — sta'ns (erect). White. Japan. 1870. Many beautiful garden varieties are now in cultivation. GREENHOUSE. C. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Texas. 1868. , Syn., ft Pitcheri of some gardens. — grewiaflofra (Grewia-flowered). Tawny- yellow. Himalayas. 1868. — nepale'nsis (Nepalese). White. Nepal. 1874. — Pi'tcfieri (Pitcher's). Dull-purple. Clebode'ndbon. greenhouse. C.fce'tidum (stinking). 5. Bose. August. N. China. 1820. Not a stove plant, as stated in Dictionary. — myricoi'des (Myrica-like). White, blue. Spring. Tropical Africa. Syn. Cyclo- nema myricoides. Stove. — seroTtinum (late). White. China. 1867. — ThomsofruB (Mrs. Thomson's). Scarlet. Old Calabar. 1862. Stove climber. Clb'thba. C. barbine'rvis (bearded-veined). White. Japan. 1870. " Hardy. — secundiJWra (one-sided-flowered). White. Madeira. 1879. Clia'nthus. ft Dampie'ri (Dampier's). 2. Bed. March. New Holland. 1852. Marginata is a striking variety, white, margin red, boss black. 1866. Clide'mia. (In honour of Clidemi, an ancient Greek botanist. Nat. ord., Melastomacex.) Stove shrubs. For cultivation, see Micoxia, to which genus Clidemia is allied. C. vitta'ta (striped-ZeamZ). Bose. Peru. 1S76. Clinto'nia. See Downingia, in this Supplement. Cli'via. See note under Imanto- PHTLLUM. C. Garde'ni (Garden's). 2. Bed, yellow. Decem- ber. Natal. 1854. Clomexo'coma. (From khomenon, ma- rigold ; flower like it. Nat. ord., Com- posites.) Warm greenhouse perennial. For culti ration, see Chrysocoma. ft monta'na (mountain). Orange. Guatemala. 1862. Known also as Bebeclinium auran- tiacum and Dysodia gmndiflora. Club-root. See Cabbage diseases. Clu'sia. C. Brogniartia'na (Brogniart's). "White. French Guiana. 1862. Shrub. — Melino'ni (Melinon's). Tropical America. 1869. — odora'ta (scented). Bosy-pink. August. Columbia. 1869. Cni'cus. C. alti'ssimus (very taU). 10. Purple. N. America. 1879. — Gra'hami (Graham's). 3 to 5. Crimson. New Mexico. 1871. Syn., Cirsium Grakami. Co'b.ea. C. penduliflo'ra (pendulous-flowered). Green. December. Mountains of Caraccas. 1868. — sca'ndens. albo-margina'lus (white-margined var.). Coccocy'pselum. From kokkos, fruit, and hypsele, a vase; referring to the form of the berries. Nat. ord., Cincho- nacem.) Stove soft-wooded plants, of a trailing habit. Cuttings and seeds. Loam and fibry peat with a little sand. Cuttings and seeds. C. cordif olive and crimson. Polynesia. 1876. — ma'ximum (largest). Leaves green, with yellow blotches and veins. Polynesia. 1868. — multi'color (many-coloured). Leaves con- tracted at the middle and twisted above, variously coloured. Polynesia. 1871. — Sevi'lluB (Mrs. Nevill's). Leaves olive-green, barred with yellow. Polynesia. 1880. — ovalifo'lium. (oval-leaved). Midrib and veins golden-yellow. Polynesia. — pictura'tum (painted). Leaves blotched with yellow and red. New Hebrides. 1876. — pri'nceps (prince). Leaves at first green, blotched with yellow, afterwards bronzy and crimson. New Hebrides. 1878. — regi'nce (Queen's). Leaves olive-green, marked with yellow, orange, and crimson. Poly- nesia. 1878. — spira'U (spiral-twisted). Leaves twisted. bronzy-green, with yellow and red variegation. Polynesia. 1873. COD [ 903 ] COL C. sple'ndidum (splendid). New Hebrides. 1876. — Stewa'rtii (Stewart's). Leaves olive-green, banded and margined with orange ; midrib red. New Guinea. 1880. — supe'rbiens (superb). Leaves green, clouded with yellow, afterwards bronzy-green and coppery with crimson veins. New Guinea. 1878. — torqua'tus (collared). Leaves broken up into chain-like segments, green, with yellow spots changing to red. Polynesia. 1878. — tri'cdlor (three-coloured;. Leaves green, with the central part yellow, reddish beneath. Polynesia. 1868. — trilo'bum (three-lobed). Leaves three-lobed, blotched with yellow. Polynesia. 1875. — triu'mphans (triumphant). Leaves green, the veins bordered with yellow. New Hebrides. 1878. — Vei'tchii ( Veitch's). Leaves green, with pink margins and veins. Polynesia. 1868. — volu'tum (rolled-tawed). Leaves with golden venation, rolled in at the tip. Polynesia. 1874. — Warre'nii (Warren's). Leaves long and twisted, mottled with orange and carmine. Polynesia. 1880. — Weisma'nni (Weismann's). Leaves dark green, margins and veins golden yellow. Polynesia. 1868. — Wilso'ni (Wilson's). Leaves suffused with yellow. New Guinea. 1880. — Tou'ngii (Young's). Leaves dark green, with creamy and rosy variegation. Polynesia. 1873. Codono'psis. (From Icodon, a bell, and opsis, like; being the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord., Campanulacex.) Warm greenhouse perennial climber. For cul- tivation, see Roeixa. C. corda'ta (heaxt-leaved). Greenish-white. Java mountains. 1863. Ccelebo'gyne. (From ccelebs, unmar- ried, and gyne, female. Nat. ord., Eu- phorbiacese.) Greenhouse shrub. Seeds and cuttings. This most singular plant has, for many years, in Kew Gardens, produced perfect seeds without any source from whence pollen could be derived. C. ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. Green. Morcton Bay. 1829. Ccelio'psis. (Compounded from Ccelia, and opsis, resemblance; resembling a Ccelia. Nat. ord., Orchidacex.) Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Orchids. C. hyacihtho'sma (hyacinth-scented). White, orange, crimson. Panama. 1871. Ccelo'gyne. C. aspera'ta (rough). 1. Cream-coloured. May. Borneo. — biflo'ra (two-flowered). White, brown. Moul- mein. 1866. — confe'rta (crowded). White, yellow. India. 1875. — cornicula'ta (small-horned). Yellow, fragrant. Assam. 1X65. — corona'ria. See Eria. — corruga'ta (wrinkled-JwMec?). White, yellow. India. 1866. C.corymbo'sa (corymbose). White, orange. India. 1876. heteroglo'ssa (various-tongued van). India. 1878. — fusce'scens. bru'nnea (buff-brown var.). Moulmeni 1865. — Go'weri (Gower's). White, yellow, red. Assam. 1869. j — Hookeria'na (Hooker's). £. Rose-purple, white, brown, yellow. May. Sikkim. 1878. — hu'milis. tri'color (three-coloured; " var.). Lip. marbled with brown. March. 1880. — lagena'ria (bottle-gourd). White, light and dark purple, yellow. Khasia. 1856. — lentigino'sa (freckled). Green, white, yellow. Moulmein. 1872. — Massangea'na (Massange's). Pale yellow, brown. 1879. — Mayeria'num (Mayer's). — miera'ntha (small-flowered). Brown. Malay Islands. 1855. — ocella'ta. maxima (greatest var.). 1S79. — odorati'ssima (sweetest). White. India. 1864. —pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped labettum). 1*. Green. December. Borneo. 1853. — Pari'shii (Parish'b,. Yellow, brown. Moul- mein. 1862. —pelta'stes (sh.i&A-bulbed'). Yellow, white, brown. Borneo. 1880. . — plantagi'nea (plantain-ZeauecJ). It. Green. East Indies. 1852. — psittaci'na. Huttotni (Hutton's var.). Green, white, brown. Amboyna. — Reichenbachia'na (Reichenbach's). Rosy, white, purple. Moulmein. 1368. — Bhodea'na (Rhode's). White, brown. Moluc- cas. 1867. Fragrant. — Schilleria'na (Schiller's), i. Yellow, blood - red. June. Moulmein. 1858. Syn., Pleione Schilleriana. — sulphu'rea (sulphur). Yellowish, white. Java. 1871. — tri'fida (three-cleft). White. Burmah. 1865. — trisacca'ta (three-sacked). White. E. Indies. 1851. — visco'sa (viscid). White, brown. India. 1870. Coffe'a. C. bengale'nsis (Bengalese). White. Silhet. — libi'rica (Liberian). White. Liberia. 1874. Co'la. (From the native name Cola or Kola. Nat. ord., Sterculiacex.') Stove trees or shrubs. The seeds of C. acuminal" are known in tropical Africa as the Cola, or Kola nut ; they are esteemed by the natives for their bitter flavour, and are used as a tonic, a portion of a nut being eaten before each meal. The seeefs are about as large as a pigeon's egg. Seeds, ripened cuttings in sand, under a hand-glass, and in bottom heat. Rich light loam, or loam and peat. Summer temp., 70° to 85° ; winter, 60° to70°. C. acuminata (pointed). 40. Yellow. January. Tropical Africa. 1868. Co'lax. We unite this with Lycastk. Co'lchicum. COL [ 904 ] COP C. Parkinso'ni (Parkinson's). White, tessellated with purple. Greek Archipelago. 1874. — specU/sum (showy), 4. to 1. Light purple. Caucasus. 1874. Co'lea. C. undula'ta (waved-leared). Lilac, yellow. Sum mer. Madagascar. 1870. Syn., C. Com- mersonii. Co'letjs. C. Colvillei. See Plectraxthcs coleoides. — infia'tiu (inflated). Lilac. Ceylon. — nigricans (dark brown). Indian Archipelago. 1863. Syn., C. scutellarioides itisignis. — Gibsofni (Gibson's). Leaves veined and blotched crimson-purple. New Caledonia. 1866. — pi'ctus (painted). 14. Leaves variegated with green, yellow, and brown. Duke of York Island. 1877. — Tei'tchii (Veitch's). Leaves very like C. Gibsoni. South Sea Islands. 1867. — VerschaffeHtii (Verschaffelt's). Hybrid ? Colli'nsia. C. bartsiaefo'lia (Bartsia-leaved). 1. Purple. June. California. — ccrymbo'sa (corymbose). "White, blue. Mexico. 1868. — multi'color (many-coloured). 14. Lilac, crim- son. May. California. 1852. — victa'cea (violet). White, violet. California. 1871. Coloca'sia. C. neo-guinee'nsis (New Guinea). Leaves white- blotched. New Guinea. 1880. — nymphaxtfo'lia (water-lily-leaved). .4. "White. £. Indies. 1800. Colquhotj'nia. (Named after Sir B. Colquhoun. Nat. ord., Labiate.) Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings under hand-lights in summer. Light loam and a little peat. C. cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Red, yellow. Septem- ber. Nepal. — vesii'ta (clothed). 5. Kumaon. Coltjme'llia. (Named in honour of L. J. M. Columella, -who flourished forty-two years after Christ Nat. ord., Colwmelliacex.) This, the only genus in the order, is represented by only two known species. Only the one here enumerated has yet been introduced ; it is a small evergreen greenhouse shrub, and requires the same treatment as Agapetes or Thibaudia. C.oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). Yellow. Ecuador. 1875. Cole'mnea. TWINER. C. auranti'aca (orange). Orange. June. New Grenada. 1851. C. erythrophce'a (bright-red flmcered). 2. Red. November. Mexico. 1858. Coly'sis. (From kohjsis, interruption ; alluding to the irregularity of the sori, Nat. ord., Filices—Polypodiacex.) Stove fern. See Fekxs. C. membrana'cea (membranaceous). 2. E. Indies. Comacli'nicm. (From home, hair, and Mine, a couch ; referring to the hairy re- ceptacle. Nat. ord., Composite.) Half-hardy perennial, resembling an African marigold with the flowers of a scarlet zinnia. C. auranti'acum (orange). 3. Scarlet. Septem- ber. Guatemala. 1852. Combbe'ttm. Commeli'na. herbaceous perennials. C. sca'bra (rough-feared). 1. Purple, brown. July. Mexico. 1852. — defi'ciens. Two plants are cultivated under this name, one of which is the same as C. nudiflofra. — gla'bra, of gardens, is synonymous with C. fascicvXata. —prostra'ta, of gardens, is a synonyme of C. bengaiensis. Compabe'ttia. C. macrople'ctron (long-spurred). White, rose- red. Columbia. 1879. — specio'sa (showy). Ochre, orange. Ecuador. 1878. Cona'ndron. (From honos, a cone, and aner, a male; the appendages to the anthers are united in a cone around the style. Nat. ord., Gesneracese. Allied to Eamondia.) A pretty herbaceous perennial, requiring the same treatment as Ramoxliia. C. ramondioi'des (Ramondia-like). +. White, or pinkish. Summer. Japan. 1879. Co'ndor Vine. Gonolobcs Cundu- rango. Coniogba'mma java'nica is a synonyme of Gymnograjima javanica. Conyo'lvulus. stoye evergreen. C. glaucifo'lius (glaucous-leaved). Purple. June. Mexico. — maurita'nicus (Mauritanian). Blue. N.Africa. Borders in summer, and greenhouse Copbo'sma. (From hopros, dung, and 08me, a smell ; plants fetid. Nat. ord., Bubiacex.) Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, see Gabde.nia. C. Baueria'na (Bauer's). New Zealand. 1866. pictura'ta (painted var.). Leaves with central variegation. New Zealand. 1876. variega'ta (variegated var.). ' Leaves with marginal variegation. 1866. COR [ 905 ] COR Co'kchobus. (From horeo, to purge, and Tcore, the pupil ; alluding to a supposed medicinal quality of G. olitorius. Nat. ord., Tiliacex.') Stove annuals. Sow in March. Soil, light loam. C. capsula'ris (capsular). 6. Yellow. June. E. Indies. 1725. — olito'rius (pot herb). 6. Yellow. June. E. Indies. 1640. Jute is produced by C. capsularis. Co'bdia. (Named after E. Cordius, a German botanist of the sixteenth century. Nat. ord., Cordiaceze.) Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings in sand under a band-glass in heat. Loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°. C. deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 3. White. Chili. 1875. A very handsome shrub. — gerasca'nthus (Spanish elm). 30. White. May. West Indies. 1789. — gla'bra (glabrous). White. Autumn. Brazil. 1868. — ipommceJU/ra (Ipomasa- flowered). 20. White. Brazil. — M-ifxa (Myxa). 15. E.Indies. 1640. — sebestefna (Sebestena). 30. Scarlet. June. W. Indies. 1728. — supe'rba (superb). White. September. Brazil. Cordtli'ne. C. Ba'nksii (Banks's). White. New Zealand. 1860 — canwr/cx, all of a deep green colour ; the legs are reddish, and the under parts metallic blue-green: the whole insect is very shining. The best plan to reduce their numbers, and so lessen the amount of damage they may cause, is to spread white cloths under the plants and shake them vigorously ; the larva? and beetles will fall 'upon the cloths, and may then be destroyed. This process should be repeated after an interval of about two weeks. The old Asparagus stems should also be burnt in autumn, in order to de- stroy any eggs that may be upon them. Cbo'ctjs. C. alata'vicus (Alatau). White, yellow, purple. Alatau Mountains. 1877. ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white var.). J. Dull yellow, white. 1878. —porphyre'us (red-brown). I. Claret-purple, white. 1878. — chrysa'ntkus. fuscolinea'tus (dusky-lined var.). Yellow, reddish-brown. Asia Minor. 1876. — —fuscoti'netus (dusky-tinted var.). Yellow, brown. Asia Minor. 1876. — Crefwei (Harper-Crewe's). White. Spring. Greek Archipelago. 1875. — etru'scus (Etruscan). Lilac. Spring. '.Tus- cany. 1876. — Mei'scheri (Fleischer's). White, lilac. Spring. Asia Minor. 1875. — ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). Cream. Anti- Libanus. 1862. Winter flowering. — Orpha'nidis (Orphanides'). t. Lavender. November. Greece. 1868. — Salzma'nni (Salzmann's). Lilac. Autumn . Morocco. 1806. Syn., C. tingitanus. — Scharcja'ni (Scharojan's). \. Orange. Cau- casus. 1869. — Sufberi (Sieber's). Pale or dark violet, or white and violet. Spring. Greece. 1873. — veluche'nsis (Veluchin). Purple or pale violet, or white. Spring. Greece. 1875. — viteUi'nus (yolk-of-egg colour). Orange-yel- low. Syria. Winter. 1879. syri'acus (Syrian var.). Dark oxange, brown. Asia Minor. 1879. — Welde-ni (Welden's). White. Spring. Dal- matia. 1874. Crossa'ndba. C. guinee'nsis (Guinea). £. Lilac, white, purple ; leaves beautifully reticulated with whit-; veins. October. W. Tropical Africa. 1877. Cbotala'bia. C. Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 3. Greenish- yellow, purple. February. X. W: Australia. 1869. — Heynea'na (Heyne's). White, blue. Malabar. 1868. g Cbo'ton. See Codtjecm. Under the name of Crotos, nurserymen hav' introduced and distributed a large number of plants belonging to the genus Codleuji. Both genera belong to the Natural order Euphorbiacece, but to different groups of the order, and are very CKY [ 909 ] CUP different in general appearance. ' Croton is a largo genus, but very few species are in cultivation, as they have little to recommend them. Cbypta'nthus. (From hrypto, to hide, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers are nearly buried among the bracts. Nat. ord., Bromeliacese.) Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, fee Bill- beegia. «, C. acau'lis purpu'reus (stemless purple var.). White; leaves purplish-green. Brazil. 1870. — Uvitta'tus (two-striped). White. Tropical America. 1865. Cryptochi'lus. See Eria. Cbyptoco'ryne. Cryptome'ria. C.japo'nica. Syn., C. pungens. lA>'bbi (Lobb's var.). Japan. lycopodio'ides (Lycopodium-like var.). 1876. nigricans (blackish var.). Japan. 1870. rubigino'sa (reddish var.). Leaves turn- ing coppery-red in autumn and winter. Japan. 1873. Cryptophra'gmiuji. C. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Yellow. Ceylon. 1853- Cuba Bast is the inner bark of Hi- biscus elatus. Cu'cumber disease. This disease, which takes the form of tubercles on tho roots (Fig. 1), is caused by very minute worms, called Vibrios. The tubercles at first are very small, but rapidly increase in size, sometimes enlarging to the mag- nitude of a nut. On cutting one of these asunder it will be found to contain small cysts, as shown at Fig. 2, magnified ; each cyst contains a number of minute 58 vesicles, enclosing the vibrios in various states of development. Fig. 3 represents one of these vesicles enclosing a vibrio, and by its side one of the vibrios free, both greatly magnified. The disease first makes itself manifest in the leaves by the appearance of brown spots, which also occur upon the stem; and by the general unhealthy look of the plant. The only remedy is to pull up the dis- eased plants and burn them, and to clear out all the earth in which they grew, and make fresh beds with new soil. Cu'cumis. C. Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Yellow ; fruit brownish- purple, marked with white bands. Tropi- cal Africa. 1870. — sativus. sikkimefnsis (Sikkini var.). Yellow ; fruit chocolate, reticulated with ochreous. Himalayas. 1875. Cucu'rbita. C. Zapelli'to (Zapellito, native name). Yellow. S.Brazil. 1873. Cundura'ngo. Goitolobus Cundu- rango. Cupa'nia. C. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 20. Green. May. N. E. Australia. 1825. — Pinda'iba (Pindaiban). Brazil. — undula'ta (undulated-Zeaved). Brazil. 1865. Cu'PHEA. O. i'gnea (fiery). l£. Scarlet. June. Mexico. This is the G. platycentra of gardens. — jorulle'nsis (Jorulla). 2. Orange-red, yellow. Mexico. 1856. Syn., C. eminens. — ocymo'ides (basil-like). 2. Purple. June. Mexico. 1859. —pinetofrum (pine-forest). Crimson. July. Mexico and Guatemala. 1849. Syn., C. cinnabarina. — Roe'zlii (Roezl's). 2 to 3. Vermilion, orange. Mexico. 1877. — zimapa'ni (Zimapan). 2. Blackish-purple, purple. Mexico. Autumn. 1878. Cupbe'ssus. C. aroma'tica (perfumed). California. — attenua'ta (slender-ftrancfted). 10. N. Cali- fornia. — Bentha'mi (Bentham's). 60. Mexico. Half- hardy. — califo'rnica (Californian). California. 1875. — exce'lsa (lofty). 100. Guatemala. Not hardy. — Knightia'na (Knight's). 120. Mexico. 1838. — Lawsonia'na (Lawson's). 100. N. California. 1853. a'lbo-spi'ca (white-spiked var.). Twigs silvery. California. 1869. arge'ntea (silvery var.). Leaves silvery- glaucous. na'na (dwarf var.). A dwarf pyramidal compact form. ■ — variffia'ta (variegated var.). 1861. — Macnabia'na (MacJSab's). 10. N. California. 1853. 3n CUR [ 910 ] CYC C. nuikae'nsis (Nootka Sound). 100. BT. W. America. — torulo'sa maje'stica (stately var.)- na'na (dwarf var.). vi'ridis (green var.). — Whitleya'na (Whitley's). 100.. Nepaul. Half- hardy. CURCTT'MA. C. aXbifio'ra (white-flowered). White, yellow. July. Ceylon. 1852. — auttrala'sica (Australian). Yellow. N. E. Australia. 1867. — corda'ta (heart-Zeared). 1. Yellow, orange. July. E. Indies. — vetiola'ta (long-petioled). 1*. White, yellow ; bracts rose-purple. September. Pegu. 1869. Ctjkme'kia. See Homalohena. Cttbbaxt-bud disease. Currant buds, especially those of the Black Currant, not unfrequently prove abortive without any very apparent cause ; but if the scales be a little opened out, and ex- amined under a lens, they will be found to be infested with a very minute whitish mite. Fig. 1 represents an infested bud with the scales partly open, slightly magnified ; Fig. 2, a mite, greatly magni- fied. The mites are so minute as to be scarcely visible to the eye, being not more than about A* of an inch in length. The body is white and fleshy, with numerous transverse rows of veiy minute points (represented by lines in the en- graving). In all the examples we have seen, there were only two pairs of legs and two terminal bristles; but in the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1869, p. 841, they are stated to have, later in the year, three or four pairs of legs. The Currant- mites cause the abortion of the flower- ing shoots, by sucking the juices of the young buds, and it is probable that when they have exhausted the juices of one bud, they migrate to another ; and as this is unlikely to take place before the un- injured buds have fully expanded their leaves, and the next year's buis com- menced to form, it is then that the dis- eased buds should be picked oil' and destroyed, and in badly infested bushes the branches should be coated with lime. CrRRAXT-GALL. See Oak-galls. Cusctj'ta. C. refle'xa (reflexed). Summer. 1S80. Ctane'lla. C. ro'sea (rosy). Rose. S. Africa. Ii72. Syn., O. lu.Ua rosea. Cyanophy'llum. (From hyanos, blue, and plnjllon, a leaf; referring to the colour of the leaves' under-surface. Xat. ord., Melastomacete.) Stove evergreens. Cuttings under a hand-glass in heat. Sandv peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60 D . C. assa'micum (Assamese). Assam. 1858. — Bovrma'ni (Bowman's). Brazil. 1868. — magni'ficum (magnificent). Mexico. 1858. — specio'sum (showy). Mexico. 1861. — spect&'ndum (showy). Brazil. 1866. Cyaso'tis. C. kewe'nsis (Kew). Rose. Winter and spring. Malabar. 1874. . Syn., Erythrotis Beddo- mei. — rwdiflo'ra (knot-flowered). Purple. S.Africa. 1864. — vitta'ta. See Zebeixa pendula. Cyathe'a. C. aculea'ta (spiny). W. Indies. — Bu'rkei (Burke's). 10. Ratal 1873. — canalicula'ta (channelled). Mauritius. — Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 30. New Zealand. 1860. — Dre'gei (Drege's). 4. Natal. 1873. — fune'bris (funereal). Kew Caledonia. 1873. — Hoo'keri (Hooker's). Ceylcn. 1868. — insi'gnis (remarkable). Syn., CCbotium prin- ceps. — pube'scens (downy). 3. Jamaica. 1879. — se'rra (saw-toothed). W. Indies. — sinua'ta (sinuate-/ron. 1868. submi'tis (nearly unarmed var.). .White ; spines very small. Japan. 1868. DAN2E'A. D. elli'ptica (elliptical). W. Indies. — Moritzia'na (Moritz's). Columbia. — nodo'sa (knotted-jointed). W. Indies Da'phne. haedy evergreens. D. Blagaya'na (Blagay's). White. May. Styria. 1872. — Ge'nlcwa (Genkwa). Lilac. Japan. 1866. — Houttea'na (Van Houtte's). Purple. May. — i'ndica. elegant? ssima (most elegant var.). Leaves broadly white-margined. Japan. 1870. — jezoe'nsis (Jezo). Yellow. Japan. 1866. Fragrant. — Maze'lii (Mazel's). White. Japan. 1873. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). White. Spring. Caucasus. 1871. Darlingto'nia. (In honour of Dr. Darlington, an American botanist. Nat. ord., Sarraceniacex.) Herbaceous perennial. For cultivation, see Sakeacenia. D. calij Vrnica (Californian). 1 i. Green, yellow, with red-brown veins. April. California. 1861. Dasyli'rion. (From dasys, thick, and lirion, a lily. Nat. ord., Liliacem. Allied to Beaucarnea.) Greenhouse evergreens. Seeds. Rich sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°. D. glaucophy'llum (milky-green-leaved). 12. Whitish. Mexico. 1846. Syn., I), glaucum. — graci'le (slender). 6 to 10. Mexico. 1851. Syns., D. acrotrichum, Bonapartea gra- cilis, and Barbacoznia gracilis. — graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 8. White. Mexico. 1835. Syn., Yucca gramini- folia. — Soo'keri (Hooker's). 3. Purplish. Mexico. 1846. Syns., V. Sartwegianum and Beau- carnea Eookeri. — longifo'lium. See Beaucarnea. Dasysto'ma. See Gerardia. Da'tisca. (Derivation not known. Nat. ord., Datiscacex.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. D. cannabi'na (hemp-like). 10. Green. July. S. E. Europe to India. 1739. Datu'ra. greenhouse evergreens. D. chlora'ntha (greenish-yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow. May. — cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Columbia. 1876. Syn., Brugmansia coccinea. —fastuo'sa. DAU [ OH J DEN D.fastuo'saflo're-ple'no (double-flowered var.). — meteloi'des (Metel-like). 4. White. July. California. 1856. Dau'cus. J. monta'mis (mountain). 1. White. Andes of Chili. 1870. Annual. Dava'llia. D. bulla'ta (blistered-Zeavetf). E. Indies. — disse'cta (dissected). Malay Archipelago. 1855. — divarica'ta (branched). Malay Archipelago. — da'ta (tall). 2. Otaheite. —fijie'nsis ma'jor (Fiji, greater var.). Fiji. 1879. — hemi'pterus (half -winged). Borneo. 1869. Syn., Acrophorus hemipterus. — Lindle'yi (Lindley's). New Zealand. — Maridsii (Maries's). Japan. 1879. Green- house. — orna'ta (ornamented). 1*. Singapore. — pa'llida (pale). Borneo. 1869. Syn., D. — pa'rvula (little). J. Borneo. 1868. — _poZya'ntta (many-spored). 2. Singapore. Davidso'nia pu'ngens (syn., D. pru- riens), is a garden name for a very fine and ornamental stove shrub with large pinnate leaves nearly two feet long. The plant has not been determined botanic- ally. Decabelo'ne. (From delta, ten, and helone, a needle ; in reference to the ten filiform processes of the outer corona. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacese.) Dwarf greenhouse succulent perennials. The flowers are very handsome; they are long-bell- shaped, of a pale yellowish colour, densely spotted with blood-red. For cultivation, see Stapelia. D. Ba'rHyi (Barkly's). J. S. Africa. 1875. — eflegans (elegant), i. Angola. 1873. Deciduous, is the term descriptive of any plant which sheds and renews its leaves annually. Iu cold aud temperate climates the leaf-shedding is at the ap- proach of winter, and the reproduction in the following spring, but in hot climates having a very wet and a very dry season annually, many trees shed their leaves luring the latter season, and renew them in the wet season. Decke'eia. See Ikiaetea. Deherai'xia. (Named after Pierre- Paul Deherain, assistant naturalist of the museum of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Nat. ord., MyrsinaceseJ) An interesting stove shrub, remarkable for its large green flowers. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings of ripened shoots, with a good heel, taken in spring, in sand, in bottom heat and under a hand- glass. Rich sandy loam and fibrous peat. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 70°. D, smaragdi'na (emerald-green). 3. Green. Mexico. Syns., Jacquinia smaragdina and Tiieophrasta smaragdina. Delabe'chia. See Steecclia. Dela'rbeea. (Dedicated to M. Delarbre, a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Araliaceze.) D. specta'bilis (notable). New Caledonia. 1879. Syns., Aralia spectabilisand A. concinna. Delosto'ma. (From delos, manifest, and stoma, a mouth ; in allusion to the wide mouth of the flower. Nat. ord. Bignoniacex. Allied to Tecoma.) Stove trees. For cultivation, see Bighohia. Delphinium. hardy annuals. D. cardin'ale (cardinal). 3. Scarlet. August California. HARDY HERBACEOUS. D. Brunonia'num (Brown's). Blue, purple. June. Thibet. 1864. Strongly marked. — cashmiria'num (Kashmir). Dark blue. July. Kashmir. 1875. — cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. Violet. Cau- casus. 1880. dasya'nthum (thick-flowered var.). l\. Songoria. 1880. — denuda'tum (naked). 1£. Rosy -blue. San- tiago. 1870. — fornu/sum (handsome). 3. Blue. June. — nudicau'U (naked-stemmed). H- Orange- scarlet. July. California. 1869. — Pylzo'wi (Pylzow's). 1. Violet, black. N. W. China. 1877. — Szowitsia'num (Szowits's). 3. Yellow. Armenia. 1879. Dendro'bium. D. acrdba'ticum (acrobat). Yellowish. Moul- mein. 1871. — a'lbo-sangui'neum (white and crimson- fimcered). 14. White, crimson-streaked. April. Moulmein. — a'lbum (white). White. E. Indies. 1S61. — - amblyo'm idis{ Amblyornis). NewGuinea. 1878. The slender stems are used by the Ambly- ornis bird for building its home. — amboine'nse (Amboynese). J. White, yellow. June. Amboyna. — - amethy stoglct 'ssum (amethyst -tongued). White, purple. Philippine Islands. 1872. — arachnites (spider). J. Moulmein. 1874. — arachnosta'chyum (spider-spiked). 1. Green, violet. New Guinea. 1877. (firm). Whitish. 1874. philippine'nse (Philippine var.). Pale yellow, purple, orange. Philippine Islands. 188U. — barba'tulum. (small-bearded). White, red. E. Indies. 1844. — Bemo'nia (Benson's). Orange, white, crim- son. Burmah. 1867. auranti'acum (orange var.). Orange, brown. Moulmein. 1874. xanthi'num (yellow var.). White, yellow. DEN C 915 ] DEN White, rose. Moul- Yellowish. Sondiac '.) Yel orange yellow P. bigitbum (double-spurred). 1. Pink. No- I vember. New Zealand. ca'ndidum (white var.). White. Aus- tralia. 187S. supe'rbum (superb var.). Purple, blackish- purple. Australia. 1878. — binocula'rc (two-eyed). Coppery, yellow, pur- plish. Burmah. 1869. — bostrycho'des (bunch-like). White, red. Borneo. 1880. — Boxa'llii (Boxall's). White, purple, orange. Moulinein. — Brymeria'num (Brymer's). Yellow, orange. Burmah. 1875. — Bulleria'num (Buller's). mein. 18C7. — Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's) Islands. 1878. — capilli'pes (hair-stalked). Yellow. Moulmein. 1867. e'legans (elegant var.). Yellow, orange. Burmah. 1880. — carini'ferum (keel-bearing). White, orange, red. India. 1869. — ceri'num (waxy). Yellowish, brown. Borneo 1879. — chrysa'nthum. microphtha'lmum (small-eyed v; low, pale brown. 1879. — chrysocre'pis (golden-shoe). Yellow Moulmein. 1871. — cilia'tum (fringe-Zipjjed). Green, Moulmein. 1864. — cinnabari'num (cinnabar). Vermilion, purple July. 1880. — clava'tum (club-shaped). Yellow. May. As- sam. 1851. — Ccelo'gyiie (Ccelogyne). Straw, purple, orange. Moulmein. 1871. — ccerule'scens (blue). Kose, purple. R> ladies. — crassino'de (thick-knotted). 1 to 2. White, purple, yellow. January. Siam. 1868. albijlo'rum (white-flowered var.). White, yellow. Burmah. 1875. Barberia'num (Barber's var.). White, violet-purple. India. 1875. — crepida'tum (slippered). 1£. White, pink, orange. Assam. — crysta'llinum (crystalline). White, purple, orange. Burmah. 1868. — cuculla'tum. ma' jus (large var.). Purplish ; lip creamy- white. Moulmein. 1862. — cumula'tum (crowded). 2. Lilac. September. Moulmein. 1855. — D'Albcrte'sii (D'Albertes's). Whitish, green, red. New Guinea. 1878. — Daya'num (Day's). Lilac purple; lip deep purple, with deep blood-purple blotch. — densiflo'rum. a'lbo-lu'teum (white and yellow var.). White, orange. March. Moulmein. 1867. Syn., D. thyrsiflorum. — devonia'num. candi'dulum (white var.). 1876. — Elliottia'num (Elliott's var.). Tips of petals, sepals, and lip dark purplish. 1876. rkodoneu'rum (red-veined var.). Lip veined with purple. Moulmein. 1868. — dix'antkum (double-tinted). Yellow. Moul- mein. 1866. — ebu'rncum (ivory-flowered). White, orange. Moulmein. 1864. — erythroxa'ntkum (red-yellow). Orange, purple. Philippines. 1374. D. Falcone'ri (Falconer's). 4. White, purple, orange. Bootan. 1856. aWidulum (white var.). White, purplish. India. 1876. robu'stum (robust var.). Stems thicker, 1879. — Fa'rmeri. a'lbum (white var.). White, orange. Burmah. 1868. au'reo-fla'vum (golden - yellow var.). Yellow. Moulmein. 1864. — Findleya'num (Findley's). Pale lilac, yellow, orange. Burmah. 1877. — formo'sum. giga'nteum (giant var.). A large-flowered variety. India. — fu'gax (fleeting). Yellow, purple. India. 1878. The flowers remain opeu only for a few minutes. — fusca'tum (dusky).) Deep orange, purple- brown. April. Himalayas. 1864. — Go'ldiei (Goldie's). N. Australia. 1878. — Gou'ldii (Gould's). White ; veins yellow and purple. Polynesia. 1867. acu'tum (acute var.). Lip with a purple blotch. 1867. — hexade'smia (six-thonged). Greenish, yellow. Moulmein. 1869. — Hi'llii (Hill's). White. Australia. 1861. — Hoolceria'num (Hooker's). 2. Deep yellow, purple-brown. Autumn. Assam. 187C. Syn., D. chrysotis. — lluttoni (Button's). Palo and deep crimson, purple, yellow. Malay Archipelago. — infun&i'bulum (funnel - shaped). White, orange. Moulmein. 1863. — Jamesia'num (James Veitch's). White, red. Burmah. 1869. — Jerdonia'num (Jerdon's). Red, purple. Nil- gherries. 1868. — Joha'nnis (John Veitch's). Chocolate. N. Australia. 1865. — lasioglo'ssum (woolly-tongued). White, purple, yellow. Burmah. 1868. — leucochlo'rwrn (whitish-green). White, red, greenish. Moulmein. 1879. — lilaci'num (lilac). Lilac. Borneo. 1865. — lituiflo'rum (trumpet-flowered). 14. Purple, white. E. Indies. 1856. ca'ndidum ( white var.). White. 1880. Frema'nni (Freeman's var.). Assam. 1878. robu'stus, is a form with thicker stems. Burmah. 1877. — Im'wu (Low's). Yellow, red. Borneo. 1862. — lute'olum (yellowish). Pale yellow. Spring. Moulmein. 1864. — Macca'rthice (MacCarthy's). 2. Pink. Ceylon. 1854. — margina'tum (margined). White ; lip orange, margined with white. Moulmein. 1864. — marmora'tum (marbled). White, purple. Burmah. 1875. — rnicrogla'phys (little-hollowed). White, purple. Borneo. 1868. — MoUia'num (Mohl's). Cinnabar-red. Fiji. 1877. — monilifo'rme (beaded). White or purplish. Japan. 1824. Syns., D. japonicum and D. castum. — Moo'rei (Moore's). White. Australia. 1878. — noda'tum (noded). Lemon, crimson. Moul- mein. 1862. — palpe'brce (eyelashed). White, yellow. Moul- DEN [ 916 ] DES D.pa'rcum (scanty). Yellowish. Burmah. 1866. — Pari'shii (Parish's). Mauve, purple. Moul- mein. 1863. — Pe'tri.(Mr. Peter Veitch's). 1. White. Poly- nesia. 1877. — pi'ctum (painted). Pink, white, crimson. Borneo. 1862. — praci'nctum (girded). Ochre, purple, sulphur, orange. 1877. —primiUi'num (primrose). Primrose yellow, rose-purple. Moulmein. 1864. — pycnosta'chyum (crowded - spiked). White, purple. Moulmein. 1866. — rhodoce'ntrum (red-spurred). Purple, white, yellow. 1872. — rlwdoptery'gium (rose-winged). Rosy, purplish. Burmah. 1875. — sallacce'nse (Sallaccan). Orange, red. Indian Archipelago. 1862. — scdbrili'ngue (rough-tongued). White, yellow red. Burmah. 1862. Syn., D. hedyos^ mum. — Schrm'deri (Schroeder's). White, yellow, orange. India. 1870. — Smi'llicB (Smill's). Whitish, rosy-purple, green. N. Australia. 1879. — Stricklandia'num (Strickland's). Yellowish, purple. Japan. 1877. — strongyla'nthum (round-flowered). 1. Yel- lowish-green, violet-brown. India. 1878. — suavi'ssimum (very sweet-scented). Yellow, purplish. July. Burmah. 1873. — supe'rbiejis (superb). Purple. ST. Australia. Sutto'ni (Hutton's var.). White, purple. Moluccas. 1869. veluti'num (velvety var.). Light purple, dark purple. Moluccas. 1S69. — Tattonia'num (Tatton's). White, tipped with yellow ; lip white, with mauve disc. N. Australia. 1865. — tetrachro'rr.um (four-coloured). ■ AVhite, yellow, dark purple, green. Borneo. 1880. — * thyrsijlo'rum (stalked - flowered). White, orange. Burmah. 1878. — tipuli'ferum (tipula-beariug). Purplish. Fiji. 1877. — to'rtile (twisted-petalled). *. White. May. Moulmein. 1847. — undula'tum. fimbrila'bium (f ringed-lipped var.). N. Australia. 1878. — villo'sulum (slightly hairy). Orange. June. E. Indies. — Wardia'num (Ward's). White, magenta. Assam. 1863. ca'ndidum (white var/). White. 1876. Lo'wii (Low's var.). White, rose, purple- brown. 1876. — Williamsia'num (Williams's). White, rosy, violet-purple. New Guinea. 1878. -- - Williamso'ni (Williamson's). White, blood- red. Assam. 1869. — xanthophle'bium. (yellow-veined). White, yellow. Moulmein. 1864. Syn., T>. marginatum. There are also several garden hybrids, as :— D. Ainswo'rthii, D. Dominya'num, D. endocha'ris, D. MaWlice, D. mi'cans, D. rkodosto'ma, D. splendid? ssimum. Dendrochi'hjm. (From dendron, a tree, and cheilos, a lip. Nat ord , Orcnidacex.) Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Den- dhobium. The long slender drooping spikes, densely covered with small whitish or yellowish flowers, are exceedingly elegant and pleasing to the eye. D. abbrevia'tum. See LirARis. — Cobbia'num (Cobb's). Sulphur, orange. Phi- lippines. 1880. —fdifo'rme (thread-like), f. White. Philip- pines. 1840. — gluma'ceum (glumaceous). Whitish, fragrant. Philippines. 1841. — latifdlium (broad-leaved). Greenish. Manilla. 1843. Dendrohe'con. (From dendron, a tree, and mekon, the poppy ; resembling that flower, with a woody stem. Nat. ord., Papaveraceas.) Hardy small shrub. Probably from cuttings as well as seed. Light rich loam. D. ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. June. California. Dendeopa'nax. (From dendron, a tree, and Panax; Tree-Panax. Nat. ord., Araliaeeaz.') Stove trees or shrubs. For cultivation, see Panax. D. argefnteus (silvery). Leaves silvery above, purplish beneath; veins green. Brazil. 1878. Dendeose'kis. (From dendron, a tree, and seris, a kind of endive ; in allusion to its tree-like habit and the form of the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites.') Greenhouse tree of small size, with a simple or rarely branched stem, surmounted by a crown of leaves, and a drooping panicle of large flowers. Seeds; imported plants. Rich loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 55°. D. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. Yellow. Summer. Juan Fernandez. 1877. Dennstce'dtia. See Dicksonia. Depa'kia. (From depas, a cup; re- ferring to the form of the involucre. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacex.') Stove ferns. See Ferns. D. proli'fera (proliferous). Sandwich Islands. Desjio'dium. (From desmos, a band ; alluding to the connected stamens. Nat. ord., Leguminosse.) Stove and greenhouse shrubs, except when other- wise stated. Cuttings of young shoots in sand under a bell-glass in heat. Sandy loam and leaf- mould. D. gyrans is the Moving or Telegraph Plant. See Sensitive Plant. D. ala'tum (winged). 10. Purple. July. E. Indies. 1817. — canaaYnse (Canadian). C. Purple. July. N. America. 1640. — gy'rans (moving). 3. Violet. July. E. Indies. 1775. —japo'nicnm (Japanese). White. Japan. 1875. — pendulifio' rrnn (pendulous-flowered). 5. Pur- ple. Jap.in. 1366. Hardy. podoca'rpum (Toot-fruited). 2. Purple. July. Nepaul. DES [ on ] DIE D. Ski'nneri a'lbo-ni'tcns (Skinner's, shining white var.). Syn., Bhynchosia albo- nitens. Desmo'nous. D. aculea'tus (prickly). Guatemala. 1852. — granate'nsis (New Grenadan). Columbia. 1875. — la'tifrons (broad-leaved). S.America. 1840. Deu'tzia. D. crena'ta Jlo're ple'no (scolloped double-flowered var.). "White. Japan. 1863. Diane'lla. D. tasma'nica (Tasmanian). Blue. Tasmania. 1866. Blue berries, ornamental. Dianthe'ra. (From dis, in two parts, and anthera, an anther ; the cells of the anther are more; or less separated from one another. Nat. ord., Acantliacece.) Stove herbs, requiring the same treatment as Justicia. S. cilia! ta (fringed-&raci«Z). 2. Purple, white. Winter. Venezuela. 1870. Syns., Jaco- binia and Beloperone ciliata. — Pohlia'na (Pool's). Purple ; bracts red, Bra- zil. 1880. Syn., Amphiscopia Pohliana. Dia'nthtjs. D. cincinna'tus (crisped). Crimson. Japan. 1864. — negle'ctus (neglected). J. Deep rose. Py- renees. 1869. Dia'scia. (From diaslceo, to adorn; on account of their pretty flowers. Nat. ord., Scroplmlariacex. Allied to Ne- mcsia.) Greenhouse 'annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed in spring ; in May or June they may be planted out likelobelias, and make useful bedding plants. Light sandy loam. D. Balrberm (Mrs. Barber's). 1. Rose-pink. July. S.Africa. 1871. Diaste'ma. D. quinquevu'lnerum (five-wounded). White, pink. August. New Grenada. Dibra'chion. See Homalanthus. Dicentra'nthera. See Asystasia. Diciim'a. (From dicha, bifarfous ; the leaves are in two rows. Nat. ord., Or- chidacex.) Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Okchids. I), pi'cta (painted). Green, purplish dotted. Trinidad. 1870. Dichorisa'ndra. D. a'lbo-margina'ta (white-edged). S. America. 1861. — musa'ica (mosaic). Blue, white ; leaves white- lined, like mosaic work. Maynas. 1866. — Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). 2. White, violet. July. Brazil. 1873. — unda'ta (waved). Leaves undulated, striped with silver-grey. Amazons. 1879. — vitta'ta (striped). Leaves purplish-green, with two silvery stripes. Brazil. 1871. Dichrosta'chys. (From dichra, two- form, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Leguminosce.') Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Mimosa. D. platyca'rpa (broad-podded). Rose, yellow 6pikes half pink, half yellow-flowered Angola. 1866. Dicheotri'chium. (From dichroos, having two colours, and thrix, a hair; the tuft of hairs at each end of the seed in the original species are differently coloured. Nat. ord., Gesneraceas.) Stove perennials, with the habit of jEschystax- thus. Cuttings in sandy soil, in bottom heat, and under a bell-glass. Loam and peat, mixed with bits of charcoal, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 58° to 70°. D. ternate'um (Ternate). Crimson. Ternate. 1872. Dickso'nia. D. Berteroa'na (Bertero's). 12. Juan Fernandez. — chrysotri'cha (golden-haired). Java. 1875. — cicuta'ria (cicuta-like). W. Indies. — cinnamo'mea (cinnamon-fcaired). Australia. 1865. — Depla'nchei (Deplanche). New Caledonia. 1876. — lana'ta (woolly). New Zealand. — Sellowia'na (Sellow's). Brazil. 1871. — squarro'sa (rough-stemmed). New Zealand. — You'ngii (Young's). Australia. 1865. Syn., Dennstcedtia davallioides Toungii. DlCLl'PTERA. D. Tweedia'na (Tweedie's). Orange-red. Autumn.. Monte Video. 1874. Greenhouse. Dicty'mia. (From dictyon, a net ; alluding to the form of the venation. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiaceze.') Greenhouse fern. See Fekks. D. attenua'ta (thin-leaved). New Holland. 1828. Dictyogra'mma. See Gymnogramma. Dictyo'psis Thuribe'rgii. See Hylo- nome reticulata. DiCTYOXi'PHitrar. (From dictyon, a net, and xiphos, a sword ; having sword- shaped fronds with netted veins. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacex.) Stove fern. See Fekns. D. paname'nse (Panaman). 1. Panama. Didymqca'rpus. D. primula]fo'lia (primrose-leaved). J. Lilac. November. Ceylon. 1858. Didvmopa'nax. (From didymos, double, and Panax; in allusion to the didymous fruit. Nat. ord., Araliacew. Allied to Fatsia.) Stove tree. For cultivation, see Panax. D. Jloulle'ti (Houllet's). Mexico. 1869. Dieffenba'chta. (Named after Dr. I DIE [• 918 ] DIM Dieffenbach, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Aracese.) Stove evergreen perennials, with bold and often handsomely variegated foliage. Rich loam and peat. Suckers, or portions of the stem struck in bottom heat under a hand-glass. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 6U 3 .— Cultivators should be very careful not to put any part of any of these plants in the mouth, as the poisonous and exceedingly acrid juice produces intense pain, and causes the tongue to swell so as to render speech impossible, on which account D. Seguine is called the Dumb-cane, having been used by slave- owners to punish their slaves, by causing them to bite it. D. allu/dora (onion-scented). 2. Spathe green ; spadix white. Columbia? Is 71. — ama'bUis (lovely). Leaves bright green, mottled with yellow-green. Tolima. 1876. — amazo'nica (Amazon). Leaves green, with feathery white band and yellowish-white spots. Amazons. 1872. — amce'na (lovely). Leaves blotched with white and yellow. Tropical America. 1880. — antioquie'nsis (Antioquian). Leaves deep green, blotched with yellowish. Columbia. 1875. — Baraqui'niana (Baraquin's). Petiole and mid- rib white. Brazil. 1863. Syn., D. Yerschaffeltii. — Bmcma'ni (Bowman's). Leaves pale green, blotched with dark green. Brazil. 1871. — brasUie'nsis (Brazilian). Leaves mottled with greenish-vellow and white blotches. Brazil. 1872. — Ca'rderi (Carder's). Columbia. 1880. — chdstfni (Chelsea). Leaves blotched with yellow-green, midrib with a feathered grey band. Columbia. 1877. — costa'ta (ribbed). Venezuela. 1860. — decora (adorned). Para. 1868. — deUfcta (select). Columbia. 1880. — ebu'rnea (ivory). Brazil. 1868. — giga'niea (gigantic). Cream-spotted. Brazil. 1864. — gra'ndis (large). Green-mottled. Brazil. 1S64. — illu'stris (lustrous). Leaves blotched with yellow-green. Tolima. 1876. " — imperialis (imperial). 3. Leaves dark green, with yellow spots; midrib greyish. S. America. 1871. — lancet/la (lanceolate-katwd). Leaves with feathery whitish central band. Columbia. 1876. — lancifo'lia (lance-leaved). Leaves blotched with yellow and green. Brazil. 1875. — latimacula'ta (broad-spotted). Leaves clouded with yellowish-green. Brazil. 1871. iUu'stris (lustrous var.). Leaves blotched with whitish-green and yellowish-green. Brazil. 1876. — linea'ta (line-marked). Columbia. 1853. — lUurata (blotted). Spathe glaucous-green. Tropical America. 1852. — maculosa (spotted). Leaves blotched with creamy-white. Columbia. 1876. — tnarmora'ta (marbled). Leaves splashed and i spotted with creamy-white. Columbia. 1877. — me'dio-pi'cta (middle-painted). Brazil. 1869. — mira'bilis (wonderful). Brazil. 1868. — n lumbia. ■ marmore'a (marbled var.). Leave* blotched with greenish-white. Antioquia. 1878. — pi'cta (painted). Spathe green; leaves white spotted. August. Tropical America. 1820. Syn., Caladium maculatum. — pri'neeps (prince). Brazil. 1868. — rex (king). Leaves velvety green, with lighter green spots. 1880. — robu'sta (robust). Spathe yellowish-green. Tropical America. 1854. — Segui'm (Seguine). 6. Whitish. Spring. W. Indies. Syn., Caladium Seguine. — The Dumb-cane. — Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). Leaves with a feathery white band along the midrib. Columbia. 1878. — specta'bilis (showy). Brazil. 1864. — sple'ndens (splendid). Leaves bottle-green, with white striated blotches and white midrib. Columbia. 1880. — veluti'na (velvety). Leaves satiny green, with white petioles. Columbia. 1877. — vitta'ta (striped). Leaves greyish-green, with two feathery white bands. Tolima. — WallCsii (Willis's). Leaves with some blotches and a feathered central band of greyish- white. Columbia. 1870. — Wei'rii (Weir's). Leaves marbled with yellow. Brazil. 1866. There are also some garden hybrids, as D. Bau'sei, D. nebulo'ui. Diely'tra. D. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). Yellow. Sep- tember. California. l's52. Dieryi'lla. D. horUfnsii (garden). 8. Pink. Japan. Syn.. Weigela amabilis. Several varieties have been introduced from Belgium. — multiJMra (many-flowered). Red. Japan. 1864. — versi'eolor (various coloured). Syns., D.japonica and Weigela rosea. a'lba (white var.). White. May. Japan. This is probably the same as Weigela Candida. Diete'ria. See Aster. Die'tes. See Iris. Dillwy'xia. D. sca'bra (rough-leaved). 2. May. Dtmorpha'ntus. (From dimorplios, two-formed. Nat ord., Araliaceas.) Hardy shrubs. For cultivation, see Abalia. D. mandshu'ricus (Manchurian). Manchuria. 1866. Leaves 5 ft. long; noble for shrub- bery. Dimorphothe'ca. (From dimorphos, two-formed, and theca, receptacle ; florets of disk of two forms. Nat. ord., Com- posite.) < Greenhouse perennial. Strikes readily from cuttings. D. Barbe'rite (Mrs. Barber's). Purple. Caffraria. 1862. Syn., D. lilacina. DIO [ 919 ] DIS Di'o.v D. imbrica'tum (overlapping leaflets). Mexico. Diosco'bea. D. a)KBcioc7(i7ws(Anoectochilus-liko). S. America. 1865. Climber, with bronzed and copper- banded leaves. — di'scolor (two-coloured). Central America. — egre'gia (illustrious). Leaves blotched with various shades of green. Brazil. 1868. — eldora'do (El Dorado). Leaves satiny olive- green, silvery along the veins. Brazil. 1869. — illustra'ta (illuminated). Leaves satiny green, with some patches and central band of silvery-grey. Brazil. 1873. — japo'nica (Japanese). 8. Japan. 1852. — multi'color (many-coloured). Of this there are the following varieties: — chrysophy'lla, leaves olive-brown, variegated with golden ; melanoleu'ca, leaves deep green, with central silvery band and silvery blotches along the veins ; meta'llica, leaves bronzy, with coppery central band ; sagitta'ria, leaves emerald-green along the veins, silverv between them. All from Rio Negro. 1871. — no'bilis (noble). Leaves velvety bronze, varie- gated with yellow. Brazil. 1868. A very ornamental climber. — prisma'tica (prismatic). Leaves satiny pur- plish green.with silvery ribs. Peru. 1871. — retu'sa (retuse). Dull yellowish. S. Africa. 1870. — vitta'ta (stripeA-leaved). Greenish. Brazil. 1872. Diospy'kos. D. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). Mauritius. 1851. Stove evergreen. — costa'ta (ribbed-fruited). Pale yellow ; fruit orange-red, eatable. China. 1869. — Maze'li (Mazel's). Japan. 1874. Dipca'di. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord., Liliacex. Allied to Lache- nalia.) This is an older name for Uropetalon, which see for cultivation. D. Bdlfou'ri (Balfour's). 2. Greenish-yellow. September. Socotra. 1880. — umbona'tum (umbonate). Yellowish. S. Africa. 1865. Syn., Uropetalon um- bonatum. — Welwi'tschii (Welwitsch's). Green. Angola. 1867. Syn., Uropetalon WelwitscKii. Diplade'nia. D. bolivie'nsis (Bolivian). White, throat yellow- June. Bolivia. 1866. — no'bilis (noble). Pink, purple. July. Brazil. Dipla'zioi. L. ambi'guum (doubtful). Tropical America. 1822. — Arnc/ttii (Arnott's). Sandwich Islands. 1877. — breviso'rum, (short-sorused). Jamaica. — glabe'rrimum (very smooth). Java. 1862. — profu'sa (profuse-flowering). Carmine. 1880. — Pulli'ngeri (Pullinger's). Hong Kong. 1875. — sylva'ticum (wood). E. Indies. — Thwa'itesii (Thwaites's). Coylon. Diplothe'mium. D. caude'scens (stemmed). 25. Brazil. 1847. Dipo'sis. (From dis, twice, and posts, a husband, on account of the three- flowered umbellules containing two male flowers and one fertile one. Nat. ord., UmbeUiferx.) Greenhouse or half-hardy tuberous perennial, of botanical interest only. Treatment should be the same as for the hardier tuberous Tbop-eolums. D. bulboca'stanum (chestnut-bulb), i. Whitish. Chili. 1872. Depsacoza'mia. (From Vipsacus and zamia; the flower-spikes bearing some resemblance to the heads of Teasel, and the species being allied to Zamia. Nat. ord., Cycadacese.) Stove plant. Imported seeds. Light loam. D. mexica'na (Mexican). 6. Mexico. 1346. Dipteraca'nthus. D. affi'nis (allied). Scarlet. August. Brazil. 1859. — calvefscens (bald). 2. Lilac. December. Brazil. — Be'rbstii (Herbst's). 3. Purple, white. Sep- tember. Brazil. 1859. — specta'bilis (showy). 2. Blue. August. Peru. 1849. Dl'PTERIX. D. olei'fera (oil-yielding). 80. Mosquito Country. Di'sa. D. grandifl&ra. ■ Barre'llii (Barren's). 1. Orange-red, crim- son. S. Africa. 1874. — megace'ras (great-horned). 1 to 2. White, spotted with purple. August. S. Africa. 1880. — polygonoi'des (Polygonum-like). 1. Brick-red. Autumn. Natal. 1879. Disca'bia. D. Touma'tou (Toumatou, — Wild Irishman). White. June. New Zealand. 1875. Dise'mma. See Passiflora. Disso'tis. (From dissoi, two kinds; the anthers having two different forms. Nat. ord., Melastomacese.) Stove shrub. Cuttings. Distega'nthus. (From distegos, two stories, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the disposition of the corolla above the receptacle. Nat. ord., Bromeliacex. Allied to Cryptanthus.) Stove perennial. For cultivation, see Bnx- BERGIA. D. scarlatinus (scarlet). Amazons. 1869. Syn., Bromelia amazonica. Distiaca'nthus, is a corruption of Distegantiitjs, which see. DIU [ 920 ] DRA Ditj'ris. (From dis, double, and oura, a tail; in allusion to the two tail-like sepals. Nat. ord., Orchidacem.') A beautiful genus of greenhouse terrestrial orchids, all natives of Australia. Only the fol- lowing species at present introduced. Some of the species grow in peaty soil under the shade of trees, oihers in open clayey pastures ; and if introduced, must be treated in accordance with their habitat. D. a'lba (white). 1. White, rose, green, brown- purple. August. New S. Wales. 1875. Dodecathe'on. D. Jeffrey i (Jeffrey's). Rose, yellow, brown. Rocky Mountains. 1867. — Mea'dia. fri'gidum (cold var.). Deep reddish-purple. N. W. America. 1869. Do'lichos. 1). biconto'rtus (twice-twisted). Violet, yellow, white. Japan. 1869. Dombe'ya. O. Jiurge'ssia (Burgess's). White, rose. S. Africa. 1865. — Maste'rsii (Masters's). White. Tropical Africa. 1867. Fragrant. Doo'dia. D. a'spera. multi'fida (much-cut var.). 1879. — duriu'scula (rather hard). New Caledonia. 1868. Dorcoce'bas. See Bma, Doro'nicum. D. Bourga!i (Bourgeau's). 3. Purplish. Canary Isles. 1853. Doeste'nia. D. argente'ta (silvered). Leaves with central silvery band. S. Brazil. 1869. — Bowmania'na (Bowman's). Rio Janeiro. 1872. — macula'ta (blotched). Mexico. 1863. — Ma'nnii (Mann's). 1. Green. W. Tropical Africa. 1863. Dokya'nthes. D. Pa'lmeri (Palmer's). 8. Rich crimson, with white centre. New S. Wales. 1874. DORYO'PTERIS. J), peda'ta (footed). Brazil. Downi'ngia. (Dedicated to A. J. Downing, a promoter of horticulture. Nat. ord., Lobeliaceje. Allied to Pratia.) The above heading should be substituted for that of Cliktonia on p. 228 ; as a genus of Liliacea received the name of Clintoxia before this genus was so named, therefore the name was changed to Downinuia. Dka'ba. D. bruniifo'lia (Brunia-leaved). Yellow. Cau- casus. 1874. — cilia' ta (fringed). \. White. E.Alps. 1873. — Ma'wii (Maw's). J. White. Spring. Spain. 1873. — viola'cea (violet). Purple. Quito Andes. 1867. Hardy perennial. DKACiE'SA. White; bracts pur 1861. D. bi'color (two-coloured). ' plish. Fernando Po — ci'ncta (girdled). — conci'nna (neat). 6. Mauritius. 1870. — cri'stula (little-crested). Liberia. 1879. — cyli'ndrica (cylindrical-spiked). 5. White. W. Tropical Africa. — elli'ptica macula'ta (elliptic, spotted var.). Leaves spotted. India. — ensifo'lia Grei'gii (sword-leaved, Greig*s var.). Leaves variegated. — Fontanesia'na (De Fontanes'). White. Mada- gascar. 1859. Syn., D. nigra, —flaribu'nda (many-flowered). . 8. Greenish. Summer. 1879. — fra'grans. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Pale green. 1862. —frutico'sa (shrubby). 10. White. 1862. Syns., • D. quitensis, D. cochinchinensis, and D. ensifolia and D. excelsa of some gardens. — Goldiea'na (Goldie's). Leaves greyish, with dark green transverse bands. W.Tropical Africa. 1872. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). S. Africa. — Schmidt ia'na (Schmidt's var.). White; leaves variegated. 1880. — phrynioi'des (Phrynium-like). White, purple. Fernando Po. 1863. — Saposchniko'ivi (Saposchnikow's). 10. Whitish. Spring. 1870. — Smi'ihii (Smith's). 15. Yellow. AV. Tropical Africa? 1875. — stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1861. Syn., D. punctata. — surculo'sa macula'ta (spotted sucker). Yellow- ish. Old Calabar. 1867. — tlialioi'des (Thalia-like). White. Gaboon. 1860. Syn., D. Aubryana. For numerous other plants known in gardens as Dracaenas, see under Cordtlxxe. Dracoce'phalum. D. Bupre'chtii (Ruprecht's). If. Blue. Turke- stan. 1880. — Ruyschia'num. japo'nicum (Japanese var.). White, blue. Japan. 1879. — specio'sum (showy). 1£. Purple, white. June. Himalaya. 1877. Draco'ntitjm. D. albosti'pes (white-stalked). 3. Antioquia. 1877. — annula'tum (ringed). 3. Antioquia. 1877. — a'sperum (rough). 5. Spathe purple ; spadix purple-brown. Syn., D. elatum, Amor- phophallus nivosus, and Sauromatum asperum. — Ca'rderi (Carder's). 3. Spathe green outside, purple-brown within. Spring. Antioquia. 1877. — gi'gas (giant). 10. Dark brownish-red. Nica- ragua. 1869. Syn., Godwinia gigas. — pertu'sum. See Moxstera. — sculptura'tum (sculptured). 3. Antioquia. Dracux'ccltjs. (A name used for the plants of this genus from very ancient DEI [ 921 ] ECB times. Nat. ord., Aracea. Allied to Arum.) Hardy tuberous perennials. Light rich soil. D. cre'ticus (Cretan). 1*. Spathe purple-brown. Crete, i860. — vulga'ris (common). 1£. Spathe purple-brown. June. S. Europe. 1548. Syn., Arum Dracunculus. Dbi'mia. D. apertiflo'ra. See Scilla lorata. — Coo'peri. See Scii.la concolor. — haworthioi'des (Haworthia-like). ■£•. White, green. S. Africa. 1875. — rdbu'sta (robust). 3. Green. S. Africa. 1862. Dbimio'psis. (From Drimia, and opsis, resemblance ; alluding to its likeness to that genus. Nat. ord., IAliacese.) Greenhouse bulbous plant. For cultivation, see Dkimia. D. botryoi'des (Botrys-like). i. Greenish-white. Zanzibar. 1875. — Ki'rkii (Kirk's). $. White. Summer. Zan- zibar. 1871. — macula'ta (spotted-Zeared). $ . Green, white. Cape of Good Hope. 1851. — mi'nor (smaller), i. Pink. Natal. 1802. — perfolia'ta (perfoliate), -J-. Greenish-white. Zanzibar. 1878. Dro'seea. n. cape'nsis (Cape). L Purple ? S. Africa. 1875. — dicho'tmna (dichotomous). £. White. Aus- tralia. ru'bra (red-leaved var.). *. White. 1880. — spathula'ta (spathulate-Zeaned). Purple. Aus- tralia. 1861. — WJiittake'rii (Whittaker's). White. Australia. 1862. Drosophy'lltjm. (From drosos, dew, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the minute dew-like drops that exude from the glands which everywhere cover the leaf. Nat. ord., Droseraceie.') A pretty greenhouse plant, with linear leaves and bright yellow flowers. It is interesting as form- ing one of the group of carnivorous plants ; the dew-like drops are very viscid, and flies that settle upon the leaves are held tight and killed by this sticky matter, and the juices of their bodies absorbed and digested by the glands, to form nutrient matter for the plant, in a similar way to the process of digestion in animals. Light sandy loam ; keep rather dry. Seeds. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 50°.. No shade required. D. lusita'nicum (Portuguese). 1. Bright yellow. April. '_ Spain, Portugal. 1869. Drya'ndra. D. runcina'ta (runcinate-Zeai-ed). 1352. — se'rra (saw-tooth-leaved). Drymo'da. (From drymodes, woody; probably because the plants grow on the branches of trees. Nat. ord., Orchi- dacex.) A minute stove epiphytical orchid which re- quires to be grown on blocks. For cultivation, see Orchids. Drymo'nia. D. crista'ta (crested). Green. October. Guiana. 1848. — turia'lvce (Turialva). White. Veragua. 1870. Dryna'ria. D. morbilo'sa (diseased). Malay Archipelago. — muscefo'lia (banana-leaved). Malay Archi- pelago. Dura'nta. D. microphy'lta (small-leaved). Blue. Autumn. — stenosta'chya (slender-spiked). 10. White. Brazil. 1876. Dlva'lia. (Named after H. A. Duval, of Paris ; author of a work on succulent plants. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacete. Allied to Stapelia.) Very dwarf greenhouse succulent perennials, natives of South Africa. All with dark purple- brown flowers, unless otherwise stated. Fox cultivation, see Stapelia, under which generic name they are usually cultivated, though they are very distinct in the structure of their flowers. Stape!lia compa'cta, S. e'legans, S. glomera'ta, S. hirte'lla, S. Jacquinia'na, and S. keviga'ta should also be added to this list. D. ccespitofsa (tufted). 1790. — Cordero'2/t(Corderoy's). Olive-green, or purple- brown, with lilac hairs on the central part. 1874. — masto'des (nippled). 1800. — poli'ta (polished). 1876. — radia'ta (r&yed-Jlowered). — reclina'ta (reclined). 1795. — replica'ta (folded-back-petaZM). 1806. — tubercula'ta (tuberculated). 1774. Dy'ckia. D. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Yellow. Brazil. 1869. —fri'gida (frigid). Orange. February. S. Brazil. 1877. Syn., Pourretiafrigida. — Lemairea'na (Lemair's). Orange-red. S. Brazil. 1874. — rega'lis (royal). Dyso'dia grandiflo'ra. See Clomeno- coma montana. Ear-shelled Slug. See Testacella haliotidea. Ebermaie'ra. (Named after Karl Heinrich Ebermaier, author of a work on medicinal plants. Nat. ord., Acan- thacese.) Stove herbs. For cultivation, see Eranthehtth. E. ni'tida (shining). Brazil. 1879. Syn., Chamxeranthemum nitidum. Ecba'lium. Squirting Cucumber. 'From elibalo, to cast out; because the I. 922 ] ELA seed3 are violently expelled from the ripe fruit. Nat. ord., Cacurhitacex.) The Squirting Cucumber is so called from the remarkable way in which it squirts out the seeds, along with the semi-fluid contents of the fruit. When the fruit is quite ripe a very slight touch causes it to separate from its stem, and by the violent elastic contraction of the pericarp, or rind of the fruit, the whole of the contents are ejected from the opening made by its separation from its stem. It is a native of S. Europe, and is usually treated as a hardy annual, though it is really a perennial, and if its roots are protected from the frost they will produce stems annually. E. agre'ste (field). Yellowish. Trailer. Momordica elaterium. Syn., Echeve'eia. See Cotyledon. Echi'dxium. (From echidnion, a young viper ; because of its relationship to Draoontium. Nat. ord., Aracex.') Stove tuberous-rooted perennial. For cultiva- tion, see Akchomaxes. E. Kegelia'num (Kegel's). 1* to 3. Purplish- brown. June. Brazil. 1866. Syn., E. spruceanum of gardens. Echtdxo'psis. (From echidne, a viper, and opsis, appearance; from a fancied resemblance of the stems to a serpent. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacem. Allied to Boucerosia.) Greenhouse succulent perennial. For cultiva- tion, see Stapelia. E. cereif&rmis (Cereus-like). i. Yellow. Sum- mer. Abyssinia. 1871. Syn., Boucerosia tessellata. Echika'cea. E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Pink. Texas. 1861. Echinocac'tts. E. cerati'otes (horned-spined). Yellow. Chili. 1837. — einndbari'nus (vermilion). P.ed. Bolivia. 1840. — Cumi'ngii (Cuming's), i. Yellow. Bolivia. 18*7. — cylindra'ceus (cylindric). Yellowish. Colo- rado. 1877. — echi'dne (viper-like). Yellow. Mexico. — echinoi'des (echinus-like). Yellow. Bolivia. — electraca'nthus (amber-spined). Yellow. — exscu'lptus (engraved). White. July. Chili. 1830. — lielcTphorus (sun-like). Pink. — hystrichaca'nthus (prickly-spined). Yellow. — Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. Mexico. — macrodi'scus (large-disced). Mexico. — Modletia'nus (Mallet's). Yellow. — Mirbe'liiQlirbeYS). Yellow. Summer. Mexico. 1873. — Monvi'llii (Monvill's). White. Paraguay. — napi'nus (turnip-like). Yellow. Chili. 1872. — orna'tus (adorned). Yellow. Mexico. — Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow. Mexico. — Pepinia'nus (Pepin's). Pink. — Pfei'fferi (Pfeiffer's). Yellow. Mexico. — platyce'ros (broad-horned). Yellow. E. recu'rvus (bent-spined). White. June. Mexico. — rhodaca'nthus (red-splned). Mcndoza. H'm, — robu'stus (strong). Yellow. Mexico. — setispi'nus (bri=tle-spined). Yellow. Ked. Texas. — Simpso'ni (Simpson's). Yellowish-green, ur purplish. Colorado. 1876. — spira'lis (spiral). June. Mexico. 1838. — tetraxi'ppus (four-sworded). Mexico. — viride'scens (becoming green). '5. Greenish. California, 1877. — Zuccari'nii (Zuccariui's). White. Mexico. 1836. Echixoglo'ssum. The species are in- cluded under Cleisostoma. Echtxo'psis. E. leuca'ntka (white-flowered). White. Chili. 1830. — mu'ltiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. Brazil. 1829. — rhodaca'ntha (red-spined). Brazil. — Sclielha'sii (Schelhase's). Pink. Country un- known. 1873. — Zuccarinia'na (Zuccarini's). Country un- known. Echixosta'chys. See 2Echmea. Echi'tes. E. argyraz'a (silvery-leaved). S. America. Stove climber. — Tu'bro-veno'sa (red-veined). Midribs yellowish. .S. America. 1867. — sple'ndens (splendid). Rose. Brazil. 1841. Edelwe'iss. Leoxtopodium aJpinum. Edraia'nthus. See Wahlenbergia. Edwa'kdsia. E. puUhe'lla (pretty). Jvew Zealand. isTo. Eel Ferx. ElaphoglosSum Hermi- nieri. Eicho'rxea. (In honour of F. Eichom, a learned Prussian. Nat. ord., Ponte- deriaceas.) Stove aquatics. Divisions of the rhizomes in' spring. E. azu'rea (azure). 1. Light blue, yellow. Summer. Tropical America. 1879. Syn., Pontederia azurea. Elaphoglo'ssoi. (From claphos, an elephant, and glossa, a tongue ; alluding to the form of the fronds. Nat. ord., Filices — Pclypodiacem.) Stove ferns. See Fekxs. E, brachyneu'ron (short - veined). Tropical America. — Merminie'ri (Herminier's). 3. S. America. 1871. The Eel Fern. — latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Tropical America. — lepido'tum (scaly). Tropical America. — microle'pis (small-scaled). Venezuela. — musco'sum (mossy). Madeira. — Presto'ni (Preston's). Brazil. 1873. — rubigino'sum (reddish). Tropical America. Olfe'ssia apo'dum, callctfo'lium, confo'rme. EL^E L 923 ] longifo'lium, and scolopendrifo'lium are now included in this genus. El^a'gnus. HAKDY. E. e'dulis (eatable). Yellowish-white. Japan. 1S69. — lo'ngipes (long-staiked). Berries orange. Japan. 1873. There are several varie- ties of this. — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Yellow. 1871. — Simo'nii (Simon's). White ; sweet scented. Late autumn. China. 1869. Ellea'nthus. (Derivation not stated. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas.) This is an older name for Evelyna, the species of which should now be included here Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Okchids and LVELYNA. (Caravata). 1. Yellow. Novem- ber. Guiana. 1858. — xanthoco'mus (yellow-haired). 1. Yellow. May. Peru. 1872. Ehbo'theitjm. E. lanceola'tum. (lance-shaped-teat'ecZ). Scarlet. Chili. Emi'lia. (Derivation unexplained, probably commemorative. Nat. ord., Compositx. Allied to Senecio.) Stove annual. Seeds sown in a hotbed in spring. Rich loam. E. sonchifo'lia (Sonchus - leaved). 2. Purple. India. Encephala'etos. (From en, within, hephale, the head, and artos, bread ; the inner part of the top of the trunk being farinaceous. Nat. ord., Cycadaceie. Allied to Zamia.) For cultivation, see Zamia. All natives of S. Africa. E. Altenstei'nii (Altenstein's). 1835. — brachyphy'llus (short-leaved). — cycadifo'lius (Cycas-leaved). 1853. — elonga'tus (lengthened). 1840. — Frederi'ci-Guilie'lmi (Prince Frederick Wil- liam's). 1879. Syn., E. acantka. — Ghelli'nckii (Ghellinck's). 1867. Syns., E. gracilis and Zamia Ohellinckii. — gra'ndis (grand). 1869. — Hildebra'ndtii (Hildebrandt's). Zanzibar. 1877. — Tu/rridus (horrid). 5. S. Africa. 1800. Syn., Zamia- horrida. [trispino'sus (three-spined var.). Leaves less spiny than in type. S.Africa. — latifro'ns (broad-leaved). 1844. — LOima'nni (Lehmann's). — ifKe'nii (M'Ken's). S. Africa. 1869. — plumo'sus (plumed). S.Africa. 1869. — spinuWsus (prickly-leaved). 1849. — Verschaffe'ltii (Verschaffelt's). S. Africa. 1875. — villo'sus (woolly). 4. Natal. 1866. Syn., Zamia villosus. — ' amplia'tus (enlarged var.). S.Africa. 1874. EPI ' (Vroom's). S. Africa. 1871. Za'mia ca'ffra, lanugino'sus, longifo'lius, pu'n- gens, aud tridenta'tus have been .added to this Encholi'eion. See Veiesta. E'ndera. See Lysistigma. Enkya'nthus. E. himala'icus (Himalayan). 20. Dull crange, red. June. Sikkim. 1879. —japo'nicus (Japanese). White. February. Japan. 1870. Enta'da. E. sca'ndens (climbing). Jamaica. Ente'lea. E. Ba'keri (Baker's). Australia. 1869. Eope'pon. Does not appear to differ from Tkichosanthes, under which it is included. . Epa'ceis. E. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Crimson, white. 1860. — onosnueflo'ra. Jlo're pie' no (double-flowered var.). 1£. White. Australia. 1876. — squarro'sa (spreading-scaied). White. Au- stralia. 1865. Epide'ndeum. E. acicula're (pointed-Zeaued). Purple, white. Bahamas. 1841. — adve'na (strange). Yellow, brown, purple. Brazil. 1872. — ama'bile (lovely). Rose. New Grenada. 1864. — amethy'stinum (amethyst). Amethyst. Tro- pical America. 1867. — antenni'ferum (antennrc-bearing). |. Brown- ish. May. Rio Janeiro. — a'tro-purpu'reum ocula'tum (dark -purple- eyed). Brown, purple, white. Venezuela. 1865. — bicamera'tum, (two-arched). Ochre. 1871. — brachio'tum (armed). Yellow. Mexico. 1880. — braote'scens (bracted). 1. Purple, white. Mexico. 1840. — Brassa'vola (Brassavola's). Straw, purple. • Guatemala. 1867. — caliga'rium {boot-lipped'). — campylosta'lix (curved-stalked). }. Greenish, brown, white. Central America. 1869. — Cati'llus (Catillus). Cinnabar, yellow. Co- lumbia. 1873. — chloroleu'cum (green and white). Green, white. Demerara. 1838. — cklo'rops (green-eyed). Green. Mexico. 1880. — cnemido'phorum (sheathed). Yellow, brown, rose. Guatemala. 1867. — colo'rans (painted). 1. White, pink. Guate- mala. 1851. — conspi'cicum (conspicuous). White, rose, purple. Brazil. 1869. — Cooperia'num (Cooper's). Green, rose. Bengal. 1867. — coriifo'lium (thong-leaved). 1. Green. March. Central America. 1850. — C'oxia'num (Cox's). Brownish, yellow, green. ■ 1877. EPI C 924 ] ERA l crini'ferum (hairy-lipped"). Yellowish-green, brown, white. Costa Rica. 1871. - cyclote'lla (small circular). Mauve, purple. 1880. Syn., Barkeria cyclotella. - dichro'mum ama'bile (beautiful two-coloured). Rose, crimson. Bahia. 1865. stri'ctum (straight var.). White; veins purple. Bahia. 1866. -cburne'um (ivory). Cream, white. Panama. 1867. - ere'ctum (erect). Rose-purple. Columbia. 1871. ■ favo'ris (favoured). Yellowish, brown. Mexico. 1874. - Frederi'ci-Guilie'lmi (Prince Frederick Wil- liam's). Crimson, white. Peru. 1871. -furca'tum (forked-lipped). Yellow, pink, white. Cuba. - Ghiesbreghtia'num (Ghiesbreght's). Claret, white, purplish. Mexico. - glutino'sum (sticky). 1. Green, purple, white. Rio Janeiro. 1843. - guatemale'nse (Guatemalan). Yellowish- green. July. Guatemala.. 1852. - ibagu'ense (Ibague). Orange, cinnabar, yellow. New Grenada. 1868. - Karwi'nskii (Karwinsky's). Ochre, brown, white. Mexico. 1869. - Lindleya'na. C«ife'rta. G. citriodWra (orange-perfumed). 5. White. Natal. —flo'rida. variega'ta. Leaves cream-spotted. — hexa'gona (six-angled). White. Brazil. ISM. — maru'bra (Marubran). White. Japan. 1866. — octo'mera (eight-segmented). White. Fer- nando Po. 1863. Gaste'kia. G. apicroi'des (Apicra-like). 2. 1879. — Bayfie'Ulii (Bayfield's), f. Syn., Aloe Bay- Jieldii. — eheUophy'Ua (lip-leaved). 1879. — colubri'na (snake). 2. Coral-red, green. S. Africa. 1873. — Crou'cheri (Croucher*s). 2. * Red, whitish. August. Natal. 1870. — di'cta (called). 14. Coral-red. S.Africa. 1876. — di'sticha. natale'rtsis (Natal var.). Natal. 1879. — excelsa (lofty). 4. Co-al-red. 1860. — fuscopuncta'ta (dusky-dotted). 2. 1860. — gra'cilis (slender). Natal. 1860. — marmora'ta (marbled). 14. 1879. — nigricans. polyspila (many-spotted). Algoa Bav. 1862. — palUscens (pale). 1. Algoa Bay. 1860. — parvifeflia (small-leaved). 1S60. — pethame'nsis, is a hybrid between G. verrucosa and Aloe variegata. — planifo'lia (flat-leaved). Red, greenish. Sum- mer. Algoa Bay. 1860 — porphyrophy'lla (purple-leaved). 1873. — squarro'sa (squarrose). 2+. 1879. — varioU/sa (variegated). 1. Algoa Bay. 1860. Gastboglo'ttis. See Leparis. Gastbolo'bicm. G. spectalnle (showy). Orange. Crimson. 1859 — veluti'num (velvety). Orange. April. 1852. Gastbose'ma. neum. fia'mmeum (flame-coloured var.). Rosy- crimson. S. Africa. 1871. Gatjxthe'bia. greexhouse. G. di'scolor (two-coloured). White, pink. Bootan. — fragranti'ssima (most fragrant). Whit-. Himalaya. 1869. — gla'bra. caraccasa'na (Caraccas var.). White. Columbia. 1874. — insi'pida (insipid). 6 to 8. White. Colum- bia. 1873. Half-hardy. Gau'ba. G. Lindhei'meri (Lindheimer's). 4. White, red. July. Texas. 1b50. Gatetjssa'cxa. G. Lindenia'na (Linden's). White. Caraccas. 1850. — ni'tida (shining"). Scarlet. Bahia. 1853. — nummula'rim (money-wort-Zeaeed). ' White. Himalaya. 1351. GEI C 931 ] GLA Geisso'is. (From geisson, the house tiles; alluding to the imbricated seeds. Nat. ord., Saxifragacex.) A magnificent stove tree. Racemes of flowers produced on the old wood. Cuttings under a hand- glass in heat. Peat and loam. G. racemo'sa (spike-flowered). Crimson. New Caledonia. 1851. Geissoehi'za. G. gra'ndis (grand). 1. Straw, crimson. May. S. Africa. 1866. Geitonople'sium. (From geiton, a neighbour, and plesion, near; alluding to its affinity with the genus Eustrephus. Nat. ord., Liliacex.) Greenhouse climber. For cultivation, see Eu- stkephus. G. cymo'sum (cymose). Green. New Holland. 1832. Gelse'mium. (From gelsemius, an Italian name of the Jasmine; alluding to the similarity of the flowers. Nat. ord., Loganiacese.) A hardy climbing shrub, commonly called Caro- lina Jasmine. Cuttings under a hand-glass. Rich loam. G. ni'tidum (shining). Yellow. June. N. Ame- rica. 1840. Gexety'llis. G.fimbria'ta (Muged-flowered). Eose. June. S. W. Australia. 1864. Gentia'na. HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. G. Andre'wsii (Andrews's). 1 to 2. Blue. N. America. 1776. Syn., G. saponaria of most gardens. The Closed Gentian. —folio'sa (.leafy). Lilac. Andes of Pichincha at the snow line. — Ku'rroo (Kurroo). 4. Blue, white. Autumn. W. Himalaya. 1879. — orna'ta (adorned), i. Blue. May. Hima- laya. 1880. — sapona'ria. a'lba (white var.). White. 1880. — septemfi'da. cordifo'lia (cordate-leaved var.). 1. Blue. Asia Minor. Syn., G. gelida of some gardens. Geo'noma. G. acutiflo'ra (sharp-flowered). 8. French Guiana. 1846. — Ca'rderi (Carder's). Columbia. 1876. — deve'rsa (bent-leaved). 3. French Guiana. 1846. —fra'gilis (brittle). French Guiana. 1849. — Ghiesbre'ghtii (Ghiesbreght's). 6. White, green. Mexico. 1864. — gra'cilis (slender). Brazil. 1874. — imperia'lis (imperial). S. America. 1868. — interru'pta (interrupted). 6. Peru. 1849. — lacera'ta (lacerated). Central America. 1869. — Martia'na (Martius's). G. Martia'na Seema'nni (Seemann's var.). Central America. 1873. — ma'xima (largest). 12. French Guiana. — Portea'na (Porte's). New Grenada. 1853. — pulche'lla (neat). New Grenada. 1853. — unda'ta (waved-Jeaved). Venezuela. 1850. — zamore'nsis (Zamoran). Peru. 1869. Geo'rchis. See Goodtera. Gera'nium. half-hardy herbaceous. G. arme'num (Armenian). 2. Purple, with black veins. Nepal. 1874. Syn., G. Back- housianum. — atla'nticum (Atlas Mountain). 1 to 1£. Purple. Algeria. June. 1878. — ca'ffrum (Caffre\ J. Lilac. S. Africa. 1862. — ornitho'podum (bird's-foot). White, with red veins. S.Africa. 1872. Ge'snera. G. cinnabari'na (vermilion-cowered). 2. Bed Guatemala. — Donkela'rii (Donkelar's). 2. Red. June. Co- lumbia. — gloxinia'jlo'ra (Gloxinia-flowered). Pink. 1860. — multifio'ra (many-flowered). 2. White. August. Mexico. — pi'cta (painted-flowered). 3. Red, yellow. August. Columbia. 184S. — Seema'nni (Seemann's). 2. Red, orange. Octo- ber. Panama. 1848. — zebri'na. See N^egelia. Gibraltar Mint. Mentha pulegium gibraltaricum. Gi'lia. G. Brandt' gei (Brandegee's). i. Yellow. Colorado. 1878. — cilia'ta (hair-fringed). Pink, yellow. 1853 Syn., Leptosiphon ciliatum. — dianthoi'des (pink-like), i. Lilac. July. Call fornia. 1855. — micra'ntha (small-flowered). J. Rose. Cali- fornia. 1870. Syn., Leptosiphon rosea*. au'rea (golden var.). 4 to t. Yellow California. Gla'diolus. G. brachya'ndrus (short-stamened). 2. Scarlet, whitish. Zambesi Land. July. 1879. — Coo'peri (Cooper's). 3. Red, yellow. Sep- tember. Natal. 1862. — crue'ntus (blood-red). Blood-red, white. Sep- tember. Natal. 1868. — draeoce'phalus (dragon's-head). 2J. Greenish- yellow, with purple lines. Natal. 1871. — Ecklo'ni (Ecklon's). 1-1*. Pinkish-white, densely red spotted. Autumn. S. Africa. 1862. — ochroleu'cus (yellowish). Transvaal Republic. — papi'lio (butterfly). Purple, yellow. S.Africa. 1866. — purpu'reo-aura'tus (purple and golden). Yel- low, purple. Natal. 1872. — Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). Scarlet, white. Au- gust. S. Africa. 1871. — seri'ceo-villo'sus (shaggy-stemm«l). 3. Yellow. S. Africa. 1864. Gla'diolus disease. In wet seasons, especially in damp heavy soils, the Gladiolus is subject to a peculiar disease. GLA [ 932 ] GON caused by some fungus. At present (18S0) the disease is very imperfectly understood, for badly diseased corms are often found to contain the mycelium of two or three kinds of fungi, as well as infusoria. A curious mycelial growth is, however, usually found in the diseased corms, called Rhizoctonia crocorum, or " Copper-web," which also attacks and destroys the corms of Crocus, Narcissus bulbs, Asparagus, etc., and probably is the main agent in producing the Gladio- lus disease. The fruit of this fungus is unknown, but in 1876 Mr. W. G. Smith discovered, some curious bodies in a diseased Gladiolus corm which may per- haps prove to be the fruit of Rhizoctonia ; no mycelium was, however, found with them. These bodies, one of which is shown in our engraving, belong to the genus Urocystis, and have received the name of V. gladioli; they are compound spores, con- sisting of from three to six inner brown cells or spores, and an in- definite number of outer nearly trans- parent cells. Both kind of cells or spores burst and produce threads of mycelium. No remedy is known. — From the Gar- deners' Clironicle, 1876, n. s. vi. 420. Glau'cium. G. Serp&ri (Serpier"s). Yellow. Greece. 1873. fio'rc-ple'no (double-flowered var.). Yel- low. Greece. 1873. — tquamuli'gerum (scale-bearing). Yellow. Altai. 1879. Gleiche'nia. G. cryptoca'rpa (hidden-fruited). 3. Chili. 1865. — dica'rpa (two-fruited). Tasmania. longipinna'ta (long-pinnaed var.). Aus- tralia. 1879. — dicWtoma (forked). Tropics. — furca'ta (forked). Jamaica. 1860. . — hecistophy'lla (smallest-leaved). New Zealand. — ilende'lii (Mendel's). Australia. 1879. — rupefstris (rock). New Holland. 1860. — se'mi-vesti'ta (half-clothed). New Zealand. 1857. Glo'bba. G. Schombu'rgkii (Schomburgk's). 1. Yellow, ; orange. August. Siam. 1864. Glo'xeba. See Psychotria. Gloxi'nia. G.finibria'ta (fringei-flowered). 1$. White, | yellow. September. — hypocyrtiflo'ra. See Isoloma. G. macula'ta. insi'gnis (remarkable var.). Lilac, crim- son. Brazil. 1864. — pallidiflf/ra (pale-flowered). 1. Purple. Oc- tober. Santa Martha. 1845. Glyptib'a. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord., Tiliacese.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see ArEiBA, to which it is allied. Glyptostbo'bus. See Taxoditm. Gni'dia. " G. imbriea'ta (imbricate). 2. June. Gode'tta. See Oenothera. Godo'ta. G. spU'ndida (splendid). 10. White. Columbia. 1869. Godwi'nia. See Dracoxtioi. Goe'thea. G. Mackoya'na (Mackoy's). 2. Blackish, rose. Brazil. 1878. Syn., Pavonia Mackoyana. — multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Dull purple, red. September. Brazil. 1876. Syns., Pavonia multijiora and P. Wioti. GoLDFTj'sSIA. Go'mphia. G. de'cora (adorned). Yellow. Brazil. 1868. — olivafo'rmis (olive-shaped). Yellow. Brazil. 1861. — Theophra'sta (Theophrasta-like). Orange. Mexico. Syn., Wolkensteinia Tkeo- phrasta. Gomphoca'rptjs. G. navicula'ris (boat-like). White. July. — padifc/lius (cherry-leaved). 3. Purplish- green. Natal. 1862. Goxata'xthxs. (From gonia, an angle, and anthos, a flower ; alluding to the bent flower-spathe. Nat. ord., Aracese. Allied to Colocasia.) Stove perennial with handsome leaves. For cultivation, see Colocasia. G. sarmento'sus (runner-producing). Yellow. E. Indies. Goxa'topcs. (From gonu, the joint or knot of a reed, and pous, a foot ; the leaf-stalk is swollen at the middle. Nat. ord., Aracese. Allied to Zamioculcas.) Stove tuberous perennial, requiring the same treatment as Aschomases, which it somewhat resembles in general appearance. G. Boivi'nii (Boivin's). 3. Spathe greenish- yellow, brown; spadix greenish-yellow. Zanzibar. 1873. Syn., Zamioculcas GON [ 93S ] GRA Go'ngora. O . armeni'aca (apricot). Apricot. July. Nica- ragua. 1*50. Syn., Acropera armeniaca. — cassi'dea (helmeted). Yellow, purple. Co- lumbia. 1874. — Charo'ntis (Charon's). Yellow, brown, white, crimson. Columbia. 1877. — gro'ssa (thick). Yellowish, blackish-purple. Ecuador. 1877. — portento'sa (monstrous). Yellowish, violet, purple. Spring. Ecuador. 1869. GONTOPHLE'BIUM. G. amce'num (pleasing). — colpo'des (embosomed). Venezuela. — cuspida'tum (short-pointed). Java. — di'stans (distant). Tropical America. — fraxinifo'lium (ash-leaved). Tropical America. — glaucophyllum (glaucous-leaved). Columbia. 1874. — glau'cum (milky-green). Brazil. — la'chnopus (woolly-footed). N. India. 1879. — lori'ceum (armour-clad). Tropical America. — sub-auricula' turn, (slightly-eared). Malay Archipelago. — triloba' turn (three-lobed). Chili. — va'cillans (changing). Brazil. — verruco'sum (warted). Malacca. Gono'calyx pu'leher, is probably a species of Ceratostemma. It is a beautiful greenhouse shrub, with bright rose-coloured flowers, and was intro- duced from Columbia in 1858. Gono'lobtjs. . G. Cundura'ngo (Cundurango). Central America. 1874.— Condor Vine. — Ghiesbr'eghtii (Ghiesbreglit's). Jamaica. 1858. — Martia'nus (Martius's). White. May. Mexico. — refra'cta (turned-back). Brazil. — re'ptans (creeping). Jamaica. — scolopendro'ides (Scolopendrium-like). Ja- maica. — serrula'ta (saw-toothed). Jamaica. Goode'nia. G. albe'scens (whitish). Yellow. Australia. 1862. Goodte'ra. G. corda'ta (cordate-Zeauec?). Yellowish-brown. September. India. 1870. Syn., Georchis cordata. — macra'ntha (long-flowered). Pink; leaves yellow-edged, veins bright green. Japan. 1867. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). |. White. • Au- gust. Madeira. 1880. — Ordia'na. See Ancechtochilus, — veluti'na (velvety). Pink ; leaves purplish- green, midrib white. Japan. 1867. G. Domi'nii and G. Tei'tchii are garden hybrids. Gordo'nia. G. gra'ndis (grand). White. 1880. — java'nica (Javanese). 4. White. August. Java. 1850. Grammatophy'lltjm. G. Elli'sii (Ellis's). 3. Brown. Yellow. August. Madagascar. G. Elli'sii Daya'num (Day's var.). Brown, yellow. 1 880. — pantheri'7ium (panther-spotted). New Guinea. 1878. — Rampleria'num (Roempler's). Madagascar. 1877. Gra'xary Wee'vil. See Calandra granaria. Grape Phyllo'xera, or Grape Louse. Phyllo'xera vasta'trix. This terrible enemy to the Grape-vine is an insect intermediate in character between the AphididcB (plant-lice), and Coccidee (scale-insects, mealy bug, etc.), but is retained in the former family. The Phylloxera attacks both the leaves and roots of the Vine, and has two corresponding types of existence, which may be designated respectively the Gall type and Eoot type. The Gall type is found in the galls formed by itself upon the leaves (Fig. 1). Each gall contains one, or some- times two insects ; they are always fe- males, as no male of the gall type is known to exist. The insect is exceed- ingly small, being about 5 'j of an inch in length, and is of a dull orange colour; it has very short legs and antennae, and is furnished with a sucker! Fig. 2 represents the insect seen from above, and Fig. 3 seen from beneath, highly magnified. These females de- posit a number of eggs in the gall, which hatch in a few days; the young lice then crawl out of the gall and spread over the plant, usually settling down upon the younger leaves, and at once commence to suck their juices. The puncture causes the tissues of the leaf to bulge out and thicken on the under side, forming a cavity above, which GEA C 931 ] GEA gradually deepens and encloses the louse, forming the gall; the mouth of the gall is closed in with hairs. In a few days after forming the gall, the lcuse commences to deposit eggs — the number deposited by each louse is said to average about two hundred — these hatch and make new galls, and the process is repeated during the summer for five or six generations. When the leaves fall, the gall louse migrates to the roots and there hybernates. The gall type does comparatively little harm to the Vine. The Boot type.— Of this type there are two forms, a wingless and a winged form. When first hatched the larvae of both forms are alike, and almost undis- tinguishable from those hatched in the galls; after a time they shed their smooth larval skin and become tubercled or warted, which is never the case with the gall type. Soon two forms are dis- tinguishable : the one is of a greenish yellow, with the front part swollen out, tapering at the ablomen; the other is of a brighter yellow, with a more oval outline, and the abdomen more truncated at the tip. The first form, like the gall type, never acquires wings, but remains upon the roots of the Vine, and is employed in depositing parthenogenetic eggs during the greater period of its exist- ence. As it matures it becomes more degraded in structure, especially with regard to the eyes, which are perfect in the larva state, and gradually become more simple with each moult, finally consisting of but triple eyelets. The second form is more active than that just described, and when mature is furnished with wings. In the larval and pupa state the body is tubercled. When the pupa are full fed, they crawl up to the surface of the ground and over the Vines, and there assume the winged state. The body of the winged insect is without tubercles ; it is of a deep yellow colour, with whitish wings. Most of these are females with an enlarged and elungated abdomen; the abdomen of the males is short and con- tracted, terminating in a fleshy pro- tuberance. The winged insects are chiefly developed during the latter part of July, August, and September ; and it is this form that is chiefly concerned in the spread of the disease, for the wingless root type and gall type can only spread the disease by crawling from Vine to Vine — necessarily a slow process. The injury done to the Vines is effected by the root type, as the gall type is comparatively harmless. The root Phylloxera commences its attack by feeding on the juices of the tips of the roots, the punctures made by the insect causing a swelling, and finally the decay of the root attacked; they then attack a fresh root, until the whole of the root system is eventually destroyed by them, and the Vine dies. The first year of attack there is scarcely any outward sign of disease; but the second year it is made evident by the unhealthy ap- pearance of the leaves, and the small amount of growth. The symptoms be- come more and more evident, and the third or fourth year the Vine dies; though before death takes place the Phylloxera leaves the doomed "Vine for a fresh one. Remedies. — No disease among plants has probably ever caused such consterna- tion in Europe as the Phylloxera dis- ease, and consequently no disease has perhap3 had so many remedies tried upon it, or with such little effect. The remedies said to be most efficacious are submersion, and the application of sulpho-carbonate of potassium. If submersion by flooding with water be tried, it should be done very thoroughly or it is of little avail. It should be done two or three times during the autumn and winter months, allowing the water to remain five or tix weeks each time. During the growing season the Vines should not be inundated for more than two or three days at a time ; by this plan, where practicable, the insect may be effectually exterminated. The application of the sulpho-car- bonate of potassium seems to be the best and simplest yet discovered, as it is said to completely destroy the Phylloxera, without injuring the Vine in the least. It is applied thus : — Take from 1 to 1^ oz. of dry sulpho-carbonate of potassium and dissolve in water ; the solution is to be poured into holes made around the stem of the Vine, and the holes plugged, up. Great care should always be taken to prevent the introduction of the Phylloxera into a vinery. Any sus- GRA [ 935 ] GUI pected plants should be bathed in some strong soap-suds before planting, and the soil well sprinkled -with lime, sulphur, or potassic salts mixed with guano, or alkaline sulphates mixed with copperas and rapeseed ; or watered with sulphuret of potassium dissolved in liquid manure.— Condensed from the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1874. Graptophy'lltjm. G. mediaura'tum. See Aphelandra. — versicolor (various-coloured). Leaves blotched with rosy-white, veins purple. India. 1861. Grave' sia. (Dedicated to Mr. Graves, a botanical collector in Madagascar. Nat. ord., Melastomacese. Allied to Berto- lonia.) Dwarf stove herbs, with beautifully variegated leaves. Seeds and cuttings, which should be rooted in bottom heat. Rich sandy loam. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°. G. gutta'ta (spotted). Lilac. Brazil. 1864. Syn., Bertolonia gutta'ta. a'lbo-punctilla'ta (white-dotted var.). Brazil. 1864. margarita'cea (pearly). Leaves white- spotted. Brazil. 1862. Syn., Bertolonia margaritacea. ro'seo-punctilla'ta (rosy-dotted var.). Bra- zil. 1864. supe'rba (superb var.). Leaves brilliant olive-green, marked with round rose- coloured spots. Madagascar. Syn., Ber- tolonia superbissima. Grei'gia. (Named after Major-General Greig, a promoter of Russian horticul- ture. Nat. ord., Bromeliacese.) Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Bill- bergia. G. sphacela'ta (scorched). White and purplish. Chili. 1865. Fruit eatable. Syns., Billbergia sphacelata and Bromelia clandestina. Grevi'llea. G. alpe'stris (mountain). 4. Red, yellow. May. — Ba'nksii (Banks's). 15. Red. Queensland. 1868. — Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 4. White, yel- low. June. 1859. — e'legans (elegant). 4. Red, Yellow. June. 1859. — erioifo'lia (heath-leaved). Red, greenish. Winter. E. and S. Australia. — fascicula'ta (fascicled). Reddish. Spring. W. Australia. 1873. — Fdrsteri (Forster's). Scarlet. Australia. 1873. — Gillivra'yi (MacGillivray's). 5. White. June. New Caledonia. 1854. — Hi'lUi (Hill's). Queensland. 1862. — intrica'ta (entangled). 6. White. May. W. Australia. 1871, — macrosty'lis (long-styled'). Crimson and yel- low. April. W. Australia. 1868. G. Prei'ssii (Preiss's). 3 to 5. Yellowish-green, red. Spring. W. Australia. 1870. — pulche'Ua (pretty). 2. White. April. S. W. Australia. 1872. — ro'sea (rosy). Pink. June. 1850. Gre'yia. (Named after Sir George Grey, Governor-General of the Cape Colony at the time of its discovery. Nat. ord., Sapindacem.) Greenhouse shrub. Seeds ; cuttings of the half- ripened shoots, in sand, under a handglass. Rich sandy loam. To make it flower well it should be periodically deprived of water for a time. Its time of flowering in Its native country is August and September, a period that corresponds with our early spring. Should be exposed to full sunlight and not over-watered. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 45° to 55°. Gri'as. G. zamore'nsis (Zamoran). Peru. 1879. Griffi'nia. G. Blumena'via (Blumenave's). 1. White, pink. Brazil. 1866. — drya'des (mountain-wood). 1J. Lilac-blue. Rio de Janeiro. 1868. — Libonia'na (Libon's). i. Blue. March. Brazil. 1848. — orna'ta (adorned). 1. Pale lilac. February. Brazil. 1876. Grinde'lia. G. specio'sa (showy). 2. Yellow. Patagonia. 1852. Herbaceoui. Griseli'nia. (Apparently commemo- rative. Nat. ord., Cornacese.) An evergreen, laurel-leaved shrub, nearly hardy. Layers and cuttings. Light rich loam. G. litora'lis (seashore). 30. New Zealand. 1872. — lu'cida (shining). 10. New Zealand. Grono'via. (Named in honour of Dr. John Frederick Gronovius, a learned botanist of Leyden. Nat. ord., Loasess.) Stove or greenhouse climbing annuals. The seeds should be sown on a hotbed ; when large rnough, pot off singly and train upon sticks. Rich sandy loam. The hairs sting like those of a nettle, which is likewise the case with many of the I^oasece. G. pulche'Ua (pretty). Lilac, purple, white. Brazil. 1866. — sca'ndens (climbing). Yellow. S. America. 1790. Gtjicheno'tta. (In honour of M. An- toine Guichenot, a French gardener and traveller. Nat. ord., Sterculiacex.) Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Loam and a little peat. G. ledifdlia (Ledum-leaved). 3. White. Spring. Australia. 1868. Syn., Lasiopetalum Baueri of some gardens. — macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3. Purple. March. Swan River. 1847. GUI [ 936 ] GYN Guilie'lma. (Dedicated to Queen Frederica Guilielma Carolina of Bavaria. Nat. ord., Palmaceas.) Stove palm. Imported seeds. Rich loam and peat, with a top dressing of rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 70° to 35 D ; winter, 60° to 70°. G. u'tilis (useful). Costa Rica. 1872. Gcnxe'ra. (In honour of J. E. Gunner, a Swedish bishop and botanist Nat. ord., Ardliacex.) Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division. Rich loam. G. brepJtoge'a (foundling). Greenish. Columbia. 1873. — manica'ta (sheathed). Leaves large, parasol- shaped. S. Brazil. 1867. — perpe'nsa (well-considered). 1±. Green. August. Cape of Good Hope. — sea/bra (rough). 4. Green. August. Chili. 1849. It has large rhubarb-like leaves ; their acid stalks are eaten. Gusta'via. G. Srasilie'nsis (Brazilian). Rosy-white. Rio Negro. 1866. — gracillima (very slender). Rose. September. Columbia. 1874. — insi'gnis (showy). 4. White. July. Columbia. 1855. — pteroca'rpa (winged-fruited). "White. Tropical America. 1861. Syn., G. Leopoldii. — Theophra'sta (Theophrasta). White. Tropical America. 1873. Gutterbe'zia. (Probably commemo- tive. Nat. ord., Composite.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division. Com- mon garden soil. G. gymnospernu/ides (gymnosperma-like). 4. Yellow. September. New Mexico. 1859. Gczma'jtsia fra'grans. See Cajjis- TBC3I eburneum. Gysixade'xia. (From gymnos, naked, and aden, a gland; the glands of the pollen-masses are naked. Nat. ord., Or- chidacese.) This genus is scarcely distinguishable from Habexaria, which see for cultivation. G. macra'ntha (large-flowered). 1. Green, flesh- colour. September. Sierra Leone. 1870. Syn., Eulophia MelleJxnHna. Gymnogra'mma. G. decompc/sita (decompound). S. America. 1873. — ferrugi'nea (rusty). Tropical America. — flexue/sa (bending). Peru. 1865. —jap&nica (Japanese). Japan. 1863. variega'ta (variegated var.) Japan. 1875. — Z'iTermimyri (L'Henninier's). 1. Guadeloupe. — Marte'nsii (Martens'sY 2. — Pea'rcii (Pearce's). Peru. 1864. — pulche'lla (neat), li. Venezuela. ramosa (branched var.). Fronds branched. Garden variety. — rutcpfoflia (rue-leaved). £. Australia. — sub-pinna'ta (slightly-pinnate). — tarta'rea G. tarta'rea aura'ta (golden var.). 2. Peru. 1870. — triangularis (triangular). \. Fronds dark orange, or white beneath. 1874. Gyiixolo'mia. (From gymnos, naked and loma, a border ; because there is no pappus. Nat. ord., Composite:.) Hardy herbaceous perennial, allied to Rcn- beckia, to which refer for cultivation. It should be protected from severe cold. G. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Yellow. New Mexico. Syn., Beliomeris miUti- Jlora. Gymxo'pteris. G. alie'na (foreign). Tropical America. Gymxosta'chyum. (From gymnos, naked, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Acanthacem.) Stove plants. Leaves variegated. Cuttings. Usual stove treatment. Loam and sandy peat. G. ceyla'nicum (Cingalese). Yellow, white Ceylon. — Terschaffe'ltii. See Fittoxia. Gymxothe'ca. See Marattia. Gymnothri'x. See Pexxisetcm. Gtnandbo'psis. Gyxe'rium. (From gyne, female, and erion, -wool ; the stigmas being woolly. Nat. ord., Graminacese.) Very ornamental grasses, hardy in the south of England. G. argenteum—the Pampas grass— suc- ceeds in any deep rich soil not clayey, but flourishes best on the south side of a sloping ground, sheltered on the north and east sides. April is the best time for planting it. It requires abundance of water during the growing season, and the protection of a mat in winter north of London. If the flower- spikes are required for decorative purposes they should be gathered before the early frosts set in, or they become discoloured. G. argefnteum (silvery). 12. White. October. Monte Video. 1848. purpu'reum (purple var.). Panicle pur- plish. 1866. — juba'tum (crested). Chimborazo. 1878. Gyxo'xys. (From gyne, female, and oxys, sharp; alluding to the pointed style. Nat. ord., Composite.) Stove climber ; suitable for trellis- work, and not liable to be attacked by insects. Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. G. fra'grans (fragrant). Yellow, white. Decem- ber. Guatemala. Gyntj'ra. (From gyne, female, and oura, a tail ; the stigma being elongated and hispid. Nat. ord., Composite.) Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings. Saady loam and peat. G. bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Yellow. Moluccas. HAB [ 937 ] HEG Habexa'ria. S. cilia'ris (fringed). 2. Orarige. X. America. 1880. — interme/dia (intermediate). 1. Greenish. N. India. 1879. — margarita'cea. See Spiranthes. — radia'ta (rayed). Green, white. Japan. 1880. Haberle'a. (In honour of Karl Kon- stantin Haberle, a Professor of Botany at Pesth. Nat. ord., Gestieracese.) Hardy perennial herb, a native of the Balkan Mountains. For cultivation, see Rajiondia, to which it is allied. H. rhodope'nsis (Mount Rhodope). J. Pale blue. Greece. 1880. Habra'nthus. H.fu'lgens (shining). 1|. Scarlet, yellow. S. Chili. 1866. H^MADl'CTYO^. H. nu'tans (nodding). 20. July. 1821. — refu'lgens (refulgent). Leaves richly coloured. Peru. 1871. H^ima'nthtjs. H. a'lbo-maeula'tus (white-spotted), i. White ; leaf white-spotted. S. Africa. 1878. — Ar-noWi (Arnott's). White. S.Africa. — cinnabari'nus (vermilion-coloured), t. Red. W. Africa. 1855. — defo/rmis (deformed). *. White. March. Natal. 1869. — hirsu'tus (hairy). ±. White. Transvaal Re- public. 1878. — incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). Pink. S. Africa. 1865. — Kalbrefyeri (Kalbreyer's). $. Crimson. Isles de Los. 1878. — Ma'nnii (Mann's). 1. Crimson-scarlet. Spring. Guinea. 1877. — Natale'nsis (Natal). Green, crimson. Natal. 1863. — rupefstre (rock), f . Red. W. Coast of Africa. — tenuifltfrus. cocci'neus (scarlet var.). Scarlet. Abys- sinia. 1868. Ha'kea. B. Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). — propi'nqua (related). Hale'sia. B. hi'spida (rough). White. Japan. 1875. Syn., Pterostyrax hispidum. Halimode'xdron. B. specu/sum (showy). Siberia ? 1878. Hama'melis. H. arWrea (tree). 20. Pale yellow, claret. Winter. Japan. 1862. Hamilto'xia. B. specta'bilis (showy). Lilac. Winter. India ? 1872. Haplopa'ppus. (From haplooa, simple, and pappos, down ; because there is no outer pappus. Nat. ord., Composite.) Hardy perennial herb. Seeds, or divisions of the plants. Ordinary garden soil. B. spinuWsus (spiny), l to 2. Yellow. August. Rocky Mountains. 1874. Hardenbe'rgia. B. ova'ta. ro'sea (rosy var.). White and pink. Australia. 1874. Hartwe'gia. B. ge'mma (gem). Amethyst. 1873. Hawo'rthia. B. affi'nis (allied). 1875. — bilinea'ta (two-lined). White, red. 1875. — Bolu'sii (Bolus's). Whitish. 1823. — Coo'peri (Cooper's), i. White, red. S. Africa. 1862. — disti'ncta (distinct). 1. Whitish. S. Africa. 1876. — gldbra'ta (smooth). White, reddish. 1834. a/ncolor (one-coloured var.). pervi'ridis (very-green var.). — glau'ca (glaucous). 1879. — Greefnii (Green's). 1879. — icosiphy'lla (twenty-leaved). 1872. — margariti'fera. coralli'na (coral var.). — mi'nima (least). 1872. — ni'gra (black). 1822. Syn., Apicra nigra. — Peaco'ckii (Peacock's). 1879. — pili'fera (hairy), i. White, green. S. Africa. 1862. — polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1860. — rugo'sa (wrinkled). 1814. — subattenua'ta (somewhat attenuated). 1814. — subfascia'ta (somewhat banded). 1814. — subregula'ris (rather regular), i. White, green. S. Africa. 1862. — subri'gida (rather rigid). Reddish-tinted. 1818. — subula'ta (subulate-leaved). 1814. — Ti'sUyi (Tisley's). 1879. — vitta'ta (striped-leaved). J. White, green. S. Africa. 1862. Hebecla'dus. (From hebe, pubes- cence, and hlados, a branch ; in reference to the hairiness of the young shoots. Nat. ord., Solanaceas.) Stove shrub. Half-ripened cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass and in bottom heat. Rich sandy loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65 3 . Pale yellow. Hebecli'nium. See Eupatorium and Clomenocoma. He'chtea. (In honour of If. Hecht. Nat. ord., Bromeliacex.) Greenhouse plant. For cultivation, see Dast- LIRIUM. B. Ellemee'H. See Ruckta. — Ghiesbre'yhtii (Ghiesbreght's). White. Mexico. 1863. — pitcairnitrfo'lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). Scarlet. Tropical America. 1868. HED [ 938 ] He'deea. H. catalpafo'lia (Catalpa-leaved). S. Americ Hedy'chitjm. and'white-^ouicred). HEM August. E. Indies. H. ckrysoUu'cum (gold Yellow, white. Hedy'saeum. H. Macke'nzii (Mackenzie's). Rose-purple. Sum- mer. N. America. 1878. Hei'ntzia. (In honour of M. Heintz. Nat. ord., Gesneracese.) Stove evergreen. Moist atmosphere. Sandy loam, turfy peat, and decayed leaves in equal quantities, thoroughly mixed but unsifted. Sum- mer temp., 65^ to 85 Q ; winter, 45° to 55°. H. tigri'na (tiger-marked). 5. White, pink. Caraccas. 1852. Helianthemtjm. H. scopa'rium (broom-like). Yellow. September. California. 1848. Helia'nthus. H. orgya'lis (nocturnal). 1. Yellow. United States. 1879. Helichby'sum. half-haedy. H.fri'gidum (frigid). J. White. May. Corsica. 1879. — grave'olens (strong-scented). Yellow. Greece. 1877. — plica'tum (folded). Yellow. Greece, Asia Minor. 1877. STOVE PEBEXNIAL. Helicodi'ceeos. (From helix, spiral, di*, twice, and heras, a horn; because the basal divisions of the leaf twist and stand erect, aud thus somewhat resemble horns. Nat. ord., Aracese.) Hardy tuberous perennial herb ; it requires the protection of a frame in severe winters. For cul- tivation, see Abcm, to which it is allied. E. crini'tus (hairy-spathed). 1 to- 1$, Dark purple-brown. April. Corsica. 1777. Syn., Arum crinitum. Helico'nia. H. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Red, white. January. Brazil. — auranti'aca (orange). 1$. Cream, orange. Mexico. 1862. — Bi'bai (Bibai). 12. Red. July. W. Indies. 1786. — brevispa'tha (short-spathed). 3. White, scar- let. S. America. 1864. — demiflo'ra (dense-flowered). 2. Orange-yel- low ; bracts red. Guiana. — glau'ca (glaucous). 3. Green ; bracts red. S. America. — hu'mills (humble). Green, scarlet. Guiana. 1867. — meta'llica (metallic). Crimson ; leaves metallic purple beneath. New Grenada. 1862. — vino'sa (wine-red). Columbia. 1871. He'lincs. (From helinos, a branch ; on account of its spreading branches. Nat. ord., Rhamnacese.') A climbing greenhouse shrub, suitable for train- ing up rafters, etc. Seeds ; cuttings of the half- ripened shoots in sand, in a moderate heat and protected from the sun. Rich sandy loam ; re- quires plenty of pot room. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 65°. H* ova'tus (ovate-leaved). Greenish. Natal. 1862. Helio'mebis. See Gymnolomia. Helioteo'pium. H. convolvula'ceum (convolvulus-flowered). 2. White. New Mexico. 1367. Annual, sweet-scented, night -blooming. Heli'pteeum. (From helios, the sun, and pteron, a wing. Nat. ord., Compo- site.) Half-hardy everlasting. For cultivation, gee Aphelexis. Aphelexis humilis belongs to this genus. a. Wtula (Cotula). Yellow, white. Swan River. 1866. — exi'mium (tall). Yellow, rosy. — Sandfo'rdii (Major Sandford's). Yellow. W. Australia. 1863. Helle'boeus. H. Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). H. Green. Caucasus. 1853. puncta'ta (dotted var.). Rose, dotted with darker. 1880. Helmho'ltzia. (Dedicated to Her- mann Helmholtz, a celebrated Professor of Ophthalmology. Nat. ord., Philydrex.) Stove herbaceous perennial of tufted habit. Seeds, divisions. Sandy loam and peat, well drained ; it requires plenty of water. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 58° to 70°. H. glabe'rrima (very glabrous). 3. White. Poly- nesia. 1873. Syn., Philydrum glaberri- mum. He'lmia. (In honour of Dr. C. Helm. Nat. ord., Dioscoreaeese.) Stove shrubby climber, with tuberous roots. For cultivation, see Dioscorea, to which it is allied. H. racemo'sa (ra.ceme-floiuered). Yellow, purple. Central America. Helmtxthosta'chys. (From helmin- thion, a little worm, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., FUices — Polypodiaceas.) Stove fern. See Ferns. H. zeyWnica (Cingalese). Ceylon. 1861. Hemeeoca'llis. H. Dumortie'rx (Dnmortier's). 1 to \\. Orange- yellow. Japan. 1870. — gra'cilis (slender). Japan. 1871. — pi'cta (painted). 186S. HEM Hemia'ndra. B.pu'ngens (strong-smelling). White, purple. May. Hemich2e'na. (From hemi, half, and chaino, to gape. Nat. ord., Scrophula- rinese. Allied to Leucocarpus.) A handsome stove shrub, with mimulus-like flowers. Ripened cuttiugs in sandy loam, under a hand-glass and in bottom heat. Loam and peat or leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 58° to 65°. H.frutico'sa (shrubby). 5. Yellow. Central America. 1873. Hemioni'tts. H. peda'ta (doubly-lobed-?ea?;evhich only fly during certain hours of the day ; and in accordance with this, the flowers only give out their perfume during those hours, some in the morning, some in the afternoon, others in the evening or at night, and there can be very little doubt that if plants to be hybridized are acted upon during the time when their perfume is greatest, fertilization will be more likely to result than if the pollen be applied at a time when they are not giving out an odour. Some plants, such as those of the genus Primula, many Rubiacese, &c, have the anthers and stigmas placed at different heights in the flowers of different plants of the same species. In Primula the flowers of some plants have the an- thers seated at the mouth of the tube of the corolla, the styles of these flowers being short, so that the stigma only reaches to about halfway up the corolla tube (commonly called thrum-eyed flowers) ; in others the anthers are placed in the middle of the tube, and in these the style is long, so that the stigma is nearly on a level with the mouth of the corolla tube (pin-eyed flowers). These two forms of flower are now spoken of as short-styled and long-styled flowers, and in hybridizing or raising improved varieties of this or any other genus that has long and short styled flowers— a character that should always be looked out for by hybridizers — the operator should take the pollen from a short-styled flower if he wishes to fertilize a long- styled flower, or from a long-styled flower if he wishes to fertilize a short-styled flower, as being likely to give better results than if two long-styled or two short-styled plants are intercrossed. Plants belonging to different genera are more difficult to hybridize than those belonging to the same genus. And when it is desired to intercross two genera in order to improve the habit or flowers, care should be taken to select genera that are as nearly related to each other as possible, and in fertilizing, all the points above alluded to should be taken into consideration. In all cases when hybridizing, the flower to be fertilized should have its anthers cut out before they discharge their pollen, in order to prevent any chance of self-fertilization; and the flower should be marked by loosely at- taching a label, on which the name of the pollen-producing plant wherewith it was fertilized, and other particulars, should be written. When possible, also, it should be covered over with a gauze net for a HYD 944 ] HYO time, so as to prevent the chanceof insects bringing to it pollen from another flower of the same species, in which case the probabilities of obtaining a hybrid from the seed would be very small, as the pollen of the same species is generally more potent than that of another species, even though it is applied after the pollen of another species has been upon the stigma for some little time, providing the stigma is still receptive. The conditions of temperature, light, shade, and water should also be carefully attended to ; these, of course, would be very different for different plants, but in all cases the nearer the natural conditions under which the hybridized plant flowers and perfects its seed in its native habitat are imitated, the greater will be the chance of success. With some plants a little more direct sunlight during the development of the seed would probably be very beneficial. Hydka'xgea. gkeexhouse. IT. acumina'ta (pointed). Ease. Japan. 1874. — cyane'ma (blue-stamened). Pink, white. Bootan. — involucra'ta (involucred). H. White and bluish. Nepaul. 18TG. — Ota'ksa (Otaksa). 2J. Flesh-coloured. Japan. 1863. — paniciUa'ta. grandijlo'ra (large-flowered var.j. White. Japan. 1874. — sca'ndens (climbing). White. Japan. 1879. — Thunbdrgii (Thunberg's). Blue or rose. Japan. 1870. Many varieties of S. japonica and steUata have been introduced from Japan. Hydkoco'tyle. (From hydor, water, and Ttotyle, a flat eup ; the peltate leaves of many species being somewhat cup- shaped. Nat. ord., Umbelli/erx.) Dwarf marsh perennials, with round or kidney- shaped leaves. Seeds; cuttings or layers. Wet boggy soil. H. asia'tica (Asiatic). I. Pinkish. Asia and America. 1869." Hybkoglo'sstjm. A synonyme of Ly- GODICTYOX. Hylo'noite. (Derivation not stated. Xat. ord., Liliacese — Asparagese. Allied to Polygonatum.) A greenhouse climber with the habit of one of the Myrsiphyllum group of Asparagus ; remark- able for the beautiful netted venation of the leaves when dried. Seeds ; suckers. Rich light loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°. XL reiicula'ta (netted-veined). White. S. Africa. 1867. Syn., Dictyopsis ThunJjcrgii. Hyxeka'xdua. (From hymen, a mem- brane, and aner. a man ; the anthers being connected by a membrane. Nat. ord., Hyrsinacese.) Stove evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see Asdisia, to which it is allied. H. Walli'chii (Wallich's). 3. Greenish. E. Indies. Hymena'ntheba. E. crassifo'lid (thick-leaved). 2 to 4. Berries white. New Zealand. 1875. Hymekoca'llis. STOVE. H. BorsTda'na (Borski's). 2£. White. La Guayra. 1845. — macrostepha'na (large-crowned). 2. White. Spring. 1879. Hymexo'dium. (From hymen, a mem- brane; alluding to the membraneous fronds. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacex.) Stove fern. See Ferxs. H. crini'tum (hairy). 1. W. Indies. Hyjceso'lepis. (From hymen, a mem- brane, and lepis, a scale ; alluding to the scales of the sporangiferous receptacles. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacex.) Stove fern. See Fkrxs. S. spica'ta (spiked). Malay Archipelago. Hymexophy 'llem. greexhopse. B. crispa'tum. (curled). Tasmania. 1858. — demi'ssum (hanging-down). $. New Zealand. 1858. — flabella'tum (6abellate-/;-oraummer. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. L. calij Vrnicum (Californian). 3. Pink. July. California. 1854. Leptogba'mma. L. Linkia'na (Link's). Brazil. — rupe'stris (rock). Tropical America. — tt/Ua (Hottentot ?). S. Africa. Lepto'pterls supe'rba. See Todea. Leptosi'phox. See Gilia. Leptospe'bjicm. ,". scopa'rium (twiggy). 'White. New Zealand. 1876. The leaves are used as tea. Lepto'syxe. See Cokeopsis. Lesse'rtta. L pere'nnans (enduring). Reddish-lilac. Natal. 1873. Letjoe'na, from leukos, shining, is a genus formed of Acacia glauca and A. trichodes. Letjcopo'gox. L. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 4. May. Letjcoste'gia. (From leukos, white, and 8tegnos, a covering ; alluding to the •white indusium. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacex.') Stove ferns. See Ferhs. T,. affi'nis (related). 3. Borneo. L. charophyWa (chervil-leaved). E. Indies. — immefrsa (buried). 2. E. Indies. Lecootho'e. (A name in heathen mythology. Nat. ord., Ericacese. Allied to Gaultheria.) Hardy evergreen 'dwarf shrubs. For culti- vation, see Axdeomeda. L. Davi'sice (Miss Davis's). White. Mountains of California. 1854. Syn., L. Lobbii. Hardy. Li'abum. L. uniflcfrum (one-flowered). Yellow, orange. Peruvian Andes. 1870. Half-hardy alpine. Syn., ParanepKelius uniflorus. Libe'btta. L. ccerule'scens (bluish). Pale blue. Chili. 1873. — grandijU/ra. ma'jor (larger var.). 3. Flowers larger. New Zealand. 1870. — ixioi'des (Ixia-like). 1. White. New Zealand. 1865. Hardy. — tricolor (three-coloured). White; leaves coloured yellow and red. New Zealand. Syn., Sisyrinchium versicolor. Liboce'dkcs. (From libanos, incense, and cedrus, the cedar; the wood being fragrant and like the cedar. Nat. ord., Coniferse.) Large evergreen trees. Tolerably hardy planted in a sheltered situation, but must be protected whilst young. Light, well-drained soil. L. chOdnsis (Chilian). CO. Chili. vi'ridis (green var.). — Donia'na (Don's). CO. New Zealand. 1S47. — tetra'gona (four-sided). 100. Patagonia. Libo'xia. (In honour of M. Libou. Nat. ord., Acanthacex.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Thusbergia. L.Jloribu'nda (densely-flowered). Scarlet, yellow. Brazil. 1864. — pcnrhosie'nsis (Penrhose). Crimson. 1870. Garden hybrid. Lte'tzia. (Named after -4. Lietze, a nurseryman at Rio Janeiro. Nat. ord., Gemeracese. Allied to Gesnera.) Stove perennial with a tuberous rhizome. The flowers are remarkable for their curious form and colour. Seeds, tubers, and cuttings. The latter should be put in sand, in bottom heat, under a frame or hand-glass; the atmosphere must b«- kept moist and warm. Light fibrous loam, leaf- mould, and sand, well mixed and well drained. Summer temp., 60 D to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°. L. brazUietnsis (Brazilian). Green, spotted with purple-brown. Brazil. 1880. Lie'vexa. (Named in honour of Prince Lieven, chief of the Imperial Botanic Gardens of Russia. Nat. ord., Bromeliacex.) Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Billbergia, to which it is allied. L. pri'neeps (prince). White ; bracts red. 1880. LIG Ligtjla'ria. See Sen'ecio. [ 953 ] LIL LlGTj'STRUM. ].. ojmpa'ctum (compact). White. Himalayas. 1874. Syns., L. longifolium, L. land- folium, L. oblongifolium, and h. Simonii. — - Hoo'keri (Hooker's). 3. White ; calyx violet. Nepaul. 1877. — IWta (Ibota). 3. White. Japan. 1861. Syn., L. amurense of some gardens. — insule'nse (island). 3. White. 1877. Syn., L. Stauntoni of some gardens. — japrfnicum (Japanese). ■ — au'reo-varieg'atum (golden-variegated). Leaves variegated with pale yellow. Japan. 1862. L. glabrum, L. Kellermanni, L. macrophyllum, and L. Skboldii are slight varieties of this. — Massalongia'num (Massalong's). 3. White. Himalayas. 1877. — nepale'nse (Nepaulese). 6. White. Nepaul. 1860. Syn., L. vestitum, — ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). 12. White. Japan. 1877. Syn., L. californicum. variega'tum (variegated oval-leaved var.). Leaves golden marked. Japan. 1865. — Quihou'i (Quihou's). White. China. 1869. — robu'stum (robust). White. Himalayas. 1877. — sinefnse (Chinese). 18. White. China. 1874. Syns., L. villosum and L. Ibota villosum. — Staunto'ni (Staunton's). White. China. 1863. Syn., L. chinense. — • syringaflo'rum and syringmfo'lium of gardens are the same as L.japonicum. Liliobhi'za. See Fritillaria. Li'littm. hardy bulbs. /.. aura'tum (golden). White, purple, yellow. Japan. 1862. A truly grand flower. crue'ntum, (blood-stained var.). White, crimson. Japan. 1870. platyphy'llum (broad-leaved var.). Leaves broader, flowers larger. August. Japan. 1880. ru'brum (red var.). Flowers with a red band down the centre of each petal. Japan. 1867. — specu/sum (showy var.). White, red, yellow. Japan. 1875. tri'color (three-coloured var.). 1±. White, yellow-dotted. Japan. 1880. virgina'le (chaste var.). Flowers un- spotted. August. Japan. 1880. Wi'ttei (Witte's var.). White, yellow, unspotted. Japan. 1867. — avena'ceum (oat-like). 3. Orange, black- spotted. Japan. 1865. There are two forms of this, one with scented orange flowers, the other with scentless scarlet flowers. — Batema'ni (Bateman's). 3. Apricot colour. 1879. — Brdvmi (Brown's). 1 to 3. White, dull purple outside. China. 1804. Syns., L. odorum and L. japonicum Culchesteri. — bulbi'ferum (bulbiferous). 2 to 4. Orange- red. July. Kurope. 1820. Syn., L. latifolium. — callo'sum (callous-bracfed). 2 to 3. Red. July. Japan. 1859. — canade'nse. — ru'bro-jla'vum (red -and -yellow var.). Oranee, red. N. America. 1875. carniolicum (Carniolian). 2 to 3. Orange- red. Carniola. ■ co'lchicum (Colchian). 2. White, brown. 1880. • Columbia' 'num. (British Columbian). 2 to 3. Orange-yellow, spotted with blood-red. Oregon, British Columbia. 1872. - c&ncolor. lu'teum (yellow var.). Yellow, spotted with purple-red. China, Japan. 1877. - cordifo'lium (heart-shaped-leaved). 3 to 5. White, yellow, purple. Japan. 1853. - davu'ricum (Dahurian). 2 to 3. Scarlet-red. Siberia. 1745. Syn., L. spectabile. - e'legans (elegant), f to 2£. Flowers varying from pale orange to dark reddish-crimson, spotted. Japan. 1835. Syn., L. Thun- bergianum. bi'color (two-coloured var.). 1. Orange- red, spots purplish-black. Japan. 1870. citri'num (orange var.). 2. Orange- yellow, unspotted. Japan. 1868. flo're-ple'no, is a double-flowered variety. Japan. 1870. -forme/sum, (handsome). Orange-red. Japan. 1866. - Fortu'nei (Fortune's). Orange, purple. Japan. 1862. -fu'lgens stamint/sum (brilliant projecting - stamened var.). Crimson. Japan. 1865. - hamatochrdum (blood-red). Dark blood-red. Japan. 1867. - Hanso'ni (Hanson's). 3 to 4. Orange, black- spotted. Japan. 1865. Syn., L. maculatum. - Hoo'keri. See Fiutillabia. - HumWldtii (Humboldt's). 4. Orange, claret- spotted. California. 1872. Syn., L. Bloomerianum. ocella'tum (eyed var.). Orange, with crimson, black-centred spots. 1876. Syn., L. Bloomerianum. ocellatum. -japo'nicum (Japan). 1 to 3. White or pink. Japan. 1873. Very fine. Syn., L. Krameri. - Leichtli'nii (Leichtlin's). Yellow, purple-black spotted. Japan. 1867. ma'jus (greater var.). Yellow, purple- brown spotted. Japan. 1872. - Ixxldigesia'num (Loddiges's). 4. .Yellow. Cau- casus. 1842. - longifldrum, (long-flowered). 1 to 3. White. Japan, China. 1819. a'lbo-margina'tum (white-margined var.). Leaves bordered with white. Japan. 1870. ezi'mium. (choice var.). A larger and finer variety. Japan. 1834. Syn., L. formosa'num (Formosa var.). 2 to 3. White, red-keeled outside. Formosa. 1880. lu'cidum. (clear). 2 to 3. Translucent orange, spotted dark-purple. Oregon. 1878. mari'timum (coast). Orange-red, black-spotted. California. 1878. Ma'rtagon. dalma'ticum (Dalmatian var.). Blood- purple. Dalmatia. 1872. • Maximovm'czii (Maximowicz's) 2 to 3. Orange-scarlet, black-spotted. Japan. 1869. pseudotigri'num (false-tiger var.). Oranccp- red, spots dark brown. China. 18W. Syns., L. pseudotigrinum, L. tigrinvm Lishmanni, and L. jv.cundum. LIM [ 954 ] LIS L. Maximowi'czii tigri'num (tiger var.). Orange- red, spots blackish-purple. China or Japan. 1871. — medeoloi'des (Medeola-like). 1 to 2. Red, black spotted. Like L. avenaceum, but with erect flowers. Japan. 1878. — ni'grum (dark). Bark purple. Kamtschatka. 1865. — ni'tidum (shining). 2. Yellow, spots red- brown. June. California. 1880. — oxypeftalum (sharp-petalled). 1 to 1$. Mauve- purple, with dark purple spots. JST. W. Himalayas. 1852. Syn., Fritiliaria — pardali'num (leopard). Orange - yellow, crimson. California. 1875. califc/rnicum (Californian var.). Tawny, blood-red. California. 1875. — Parkma'nni, is a very fine hybrid between L. speciosum and L. auratum, having the colours of the former, united with the form and grandeur of the flower of the latter. — Pa'rryi (Parry's). 2|. Yellow. California. 1879. — parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Orange, brown- spotted. British Columbia. 1874. — pa'rvum (small). Orange, red-brown spotted. June. California. 1872. Syn., L. canadense paroum. — polyphy'Uum (many-leaved). 2 to 4. Whitish- yellow, purple-spotted. Himalaya. 1873. — Roe'zlii (Roezl's). Orange-red, spots blackish- purple. Rocky Mountains. 1871. — si'nicum (Chinese). 1. Scarlet. July. China. 1824. — specio'sum. gloriosoCdes (Gloriosa-like var.). White, brownish-crimson. August. Japan. 1880. Kafmpferi (Kaempfer's var.). Rosy, purple. Japan. 1868. — supe'rbum (superb). 3 to 6. Yellow, orange- red, with blood-red spots, and green basal star. E. United States. Requires a wet swampy soiL — iigri'nurn. Jio're-pWno (double-flowered var.). Japan. 1869. sple/ndtns (splendid var.). The plant and flowers larger. Japan. 1870. — Washingtonia'num (Washington' 8 )- 3 to 6 - White, lilac. California. 1872. purpu'reun (purple var.). Purplish, black-spotted. California. 1871. Syn., L. purpureum. — WUsc/ni (Wilson's). 3. Orange, golden, dark- spotted. Japan. 1868. Syn., L. Thun- bergianum pardinum. GREENHOUSE BULB.?. h. nepalense (Nepaulese). 2 to 3. Yellowish, purplish. Nepaul. 1853. — nci'lgherre/nse (Neilgherri). White. India. 1862. — Philippine" nse (Philippine). 1 to 2. White. August. Philippine Isles. 1873. Limato'des. (Not explained. Nat. ord., Orchidacex.') Stove terrestrial orchids. For cultivation, see ' Orchids and Calaxthe, to which it is allied. L. gra'cilit (slender). Yellow. September. Svlhet. i 1852. — labr&sa (large-lipped). Yellowish-brown, i purple. Moulmein. 1879. L. rofsea (rosy). Pink. December. Moulmein. 1852. There is a white variety. Limna'ntheiiuji. (From limne, a marsh or pool, and anthemon, a blossom ; from the situations in which they grow. Nat. ord., Gentianaceve.') White or yellow-flowered aquatics or marsh plants. For cultivation, see Villabsia, to which they are allied. L. Eumboldtia'num (Humboldt's). White, yellow. Summer. Tropical America. 1856. Stove. — nymphceoi'des (Nymphjea - like). Yellow. Summer. Europe. Hardy. Ltna'bia. hardy annuals. L. linogri'sea purpu'rea (flaxen - gTey, purplo var.). Purple, yellow. Morocco? 1877. — marocca'na (Morocco). J. Violet-purple. Mo- rocco. 1872. — origanifc/lia. crassif&lia (thick-leaved var.). i. Pur- ple, yellow. May. S. Europe. 1863. HARDY PERENNIAL. L. sagitta'ta (arrow - shaped - leaved). Yellow. Morocco. 1874. Linde'nia. (In honour of M. Linden, the eminent Belgian horticulturist. Nat. ord., Cinchonaceae.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand under a bell-glass, in bottom heat. Loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 60°. White. August Gua- Lixdsay'a. Sometimes spelt LnrofiJKA. L. crena'ta (scolloped). British Guiana. 1S63. Stove. — Ltfwii. See Poltbotrva Lov;ii. —stri'cta (erect). W. Indies. 1863. Stove. Ll'NTJM. L. Macra'ei (Macrae's). Orange. Chili. 1864. Syn., L. chamissonis. — pube'scens Sibthorpia'mm (pubescent, Sib- thorp's var.). I. Pink, blue, yellow. Cilicia. 1877. Ll'PARIS. L. abbrevia'ta (shortened). Green, white, yellow. Java. 1844. Syns., Dendrochilum abbre- viatum and Gastroglottis abbreviatus. — atrqpurpu'rea (dark-purple). June. Ceylon. 1865. — formosa'na (Formosan). Purple, green, brown. March. Formosa. 1880. — Saundersia'na (Saunders's). Greenish, violet. Jamaica. 1872. — Stricklandia'na (Sir Charles Strickland's). Greenish. 1880. — tricaXWsa (three-callused). 1. Yellow, purple. Borneo. 1879. Lisia'nthus. stove evergreens. L. (Erste'dii (OZrsted's). Yellowish, white. Nica- ragua. 1871. —pri'nceps (chief). Crimson. New Grenada. LIS 955 ] LOM :..pu'lcher (beautiful). 5. Scarlet. September. New Grenada. 1846. Lissochi'ltjs. L. JJorsfa'llii (Horsfall's). Purplish-brown, white. Old Calabar. 1865. — Kre'bsii (Krebs's). 2. Green, purple, yellow. Natal. 1867. Listrosta'chys. This does not appear to differ from Angr-ECUm, under -which we include the species. Lita'nthus. (From litos, small, and anthos, a flower ; from the small size of the plant. Nat. ord., Liliaceas. Allied to Drimia.) A minute greenhouse bulb; probably the smallest known Liliaceous plant, which, despite its small size, is very pretty when a number of bulbs are grown in one pot. It should be grown in light sandy loam, and treated like Scilla and other Cape bulbs. L. pusi'llus (very small). J. White. August. S. Africa. 1870. Lithospe'rmum. L. Sastofni (Gaston's). |. Blue, white, purple. Pyrenees. 1871. — petrafum (stony), f. Blue. June. S. Europe. 1843. Syn., Echium petrceum. LlTOBEO'CHIA. L. alcifonis (Alcyone's). Brazil. 1864. — areola' ta (areolated). E.Indies. 1860. — bi-auri'ta (two-eared). 4. W.Indies. 1842. -co'mans. de'nsa (dense var.). New Caledonia. 1879. — ela'ta (tall). Tropical America. — no'Ulis (noble). 2. Brazil. 1862. — oriza'bce (Orizaban). Mexico, 1858. — tripartita (three-branched). India. 1865. — undula'ta (wavy). Fiji Islands. 1867. Livisto'na. L. alti'ssima (very tall). Sunda Islands. 1868. — austra'lis (southern). 80. Whitish. E. Aus- tralia. — borbo'nica (Bourbon). Isle of Bourbon. 1818. — Hoogendo'rpii (Hoogendorp's). Sara. 1874. — Jenki'nsii (Jenkins's). Assam. 1845. Lla'vea. (In honour of Jlf. la Llave, the discoverer of the only known spe- cies. Nat. ord., Filices — Folypodiacex.) Stove fern. See Ferns. L. cordifdlia (heart-leaved). 2. Mexico. 1858. Loa'sa. ANNUALS. L. bi'color (two-coloured). White, red. July. Central America. 1852. —pi' eta (painted). White, yellow. July. Peru. 1848. — prostra'ta (prostrate). Yellow, red. Chilian Andes. 1879. — vulca'nica (volcanic). 2. White, red, yellow. Summer. Ecuador. 1877. — Walli'sii (Wallis's). 1*. White, red. Andes of Columbia. 1879. | Lobe'lia. greenhouse herbaceous. L.nicotianafo'lia (Nicotiana - leaved). White. Neilgherries. 1866. — trigonocau'lis (triangular-stemmed). 1. Blue, white. July. Moreton Bay. 1858. Loche'ria. See Achimenes. Lockha'rtia. (In honour of Mr. David Lockhart, a traveller and the introducer of L. elegans. Nat. ord., Orchidacese.') Stove- epiphytes; should be grown on blocks. For cultivation, see Okchids. L. amcefna (lovely). Yellow, purple. Costa Rica. — elegant (elegant). J. Yellow, purple. Trini- dad. 1827. — pa'llida (pale). J. Yellowish, orange. 1854. — verruco'sa (warty). 1. Yellow, red. Guate- mala. 1841. Syn., Fernandezia robusta. Loma'ria. greenhouse. L. australis (southern). H. S. Africa. 1839. — Ba'nksii (Banks's). New Zealand. — Befllii (Bell's). New Caledonia. 1865. — blechnoi'des (Blechnum-like). I. Chili. — Borya'na (Bory's). 6. Terra del Fuego. — cape'nsis (Cape). 2i. S. Africa. — cilia'ta (fringed). New Caledonia. 1866. — crenula'ta (scolloped). Chili. 1862. — cycadif&lia (Cycas-leaved). Juan Fernandez. — cycadioi'des (Cycas-like). S. E. Africa. 1875. — Dalgai'rnsioz (Miss Dalgairns's). S. Africa. 1877. — di'scolor. bipinnati'jida (bipinnatifid var.). Aus- tralia. 1878. — dobroyde'nsis (Dobroyd). New South Wale?. 1875. — du'ra (hard). Chatham Islands. 1866. — elonga'ta (lengthened). New Zealand. — fiuvia'tilis. multi'fida (many-lobed var.). New Zea- land. 1879. — gi'bba (gibbous). 2. New Caledonia. 1862. — Gillie'sii (Gillies's). If. Chili. 1841. ■ — Le'cMeri (Lechler*s). Chili. 1866. STOVE. — L. campylo/tis (bent-eared). Tropical America. — giga'ntea (gigantic). S. Africa and Polynesia. 1876. — L'Herminie/ri (L'Herminier's). h Tropical America. — puncta'ta (dotted). H. S.Africa. — stria'ta (lined). Tropical America. Lomario'psis. (From Lomaria, and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Filices — Pdypo- diacese.) Stove fern. See Ferns. L. heteromo'rpJia (various-formed). New Zealand. Trailing, good for rock-work. Loma'tia. L. Bidwi'Uii (Bid will's). 10. New South Wales. — eleganti'ssima (most elegant). New Zealand. 1862. —ferrugi'nea (rusty). 10. Green, crimson. Chili. 1851. LOM f 956 ] LYC Lomatophy'llcm. (From loma, a border, and phyllon, a leaf; from the distinctly bordered leaves. Nat. ord., Liliaceas. Allied to Aloe.) These only differ from Aloe in having a baccate fruit. They require the same treatment as Aloe. L. SiiujuZmn (Saunders's). Mauritius. 1871. Lonchi'tis. L. Lindenia'na (Linden's). Caraccas. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). Tropical America. — sorbifcflia (Sorbus-leaved). W. Indies. Lonice'ba. L. brachyp&da. au'reo- reticulata (golden-netted var.). Veins golden-yellow ; like network on the leaves. Japan. 1862. Climber. —fragranti'ssima (most, fragrant). "White. Feb- ruary. China. 1845. — jap&nica. chine'nsis (Chinese var.). Yellow, red. China. 1869. Syn., L. fiexuosa of some gardens. — macrophy'lla ru'bra (long-leaved, red var.). Brick-red. 1870. — Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). 10. Red- violet. Amur. 1869. — Ruprechtia'na (Ruprecht's). Pale yellow. Amur River. 1870. — Standi 'shii (Standish's). White, purple. China. 1860. — tomenUflla (downy). 10. Pinkish-white. July. Sikkim Himalaya. .1849. Lope'zia. L. grandiJU/ra (lavge-flowered). Mexico. 1879. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. Lopho'lepis. (From lophos, a crest, and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiaceze.) Stove fern. See Ferxs. /..jpflosdJot'd«(Pilosella-like). *. W.Indies. Lophoso'bia. (From lophos, a crest, and ^soros, a heap ; alluding to the sori. Nat. ord., Filices— Polypodiacese.) Stove fern. See Ferns. L.pruina'ta (frosted). 8. Tropical America. Lopi'mia. (From lopimos, easily strip- ped of its bark; alluding to the bark being made into cordage. Nat. ord., Malvacese.) Stove evergreen shrubs, allied to Abutilon. Seeds and cuttings under a hand-light in heat. Light loam. L. malacophtflla (soft-leaved). 4. Pink. Feb- ruary. New Grenada. Lobinse'bia. (In honour of Dr. Lo- rinser, a German author. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacex.) Greenhouse fern. See Ferns. L. areola'ta (areolated). 1*. N. America. 3. Bright-red. Red. March. Lobope'talum. (From loron, a thong, and petalon, a petal ; in allusion to the long thong-like petals. Nat. ord., Ha- mamelidacex. Allied to Hamamelis.) A very ornamental, free-flowering, hardy shrub. Seeds aiid cuttings. Rich light soil. L. chine'nse (Chinese). 4. White. Autumn. China. 1880. Loxoco'ccus. (From loxos, oblique, and cohkos, a berry; oblique fruited. Nat. ord., Palmacex.) Stove palm. For cultivation, see Areca. L. rupi'cola (rock-loving). 30 to 40. Spadix and flowers blond-red. Ceylon. 1878. Loxso'ma. (From loxos, oblique, and soma, a body; the sporangia are obliquely girt by an incomplete ring. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacex. ) Greenhouse evergreen fern. See Ferns. In Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). New Zealand. Ltjct/ma. L. delicio'sa (delicious/rutted). 30. Green. New Grenada. 1855. Luddema'nnia. See Cycnoches. Ledo'via. See Cablttdoyica. Ltji'sia. L. macr&tis (long-eared). Yellowish-green, violet- Assam. 1869. — micrt/ptera (small-winged). Straw-yellow, purple. Assam. 1870. — Pstfche (Psyche). Green, purple. Burmab. 1865. Lu'ma. See Mybtcs Lepi'nus. haedy annuals. L. Menziefsii (Menzies'). Yellow. California. 1857. HAEDY PEBENNIALS. L, Moritzia'nus (Moritz's). 2i. Blue. July. California. Luvtj'nga, its Sanscrit name, is a genus founded on Limoxia scandens, and con- tains no other species. Luztjbia'ga. (Dedicated to Ignatut Maria Ruiz de Luzuriaga, a Professor of Medicine and Botany. Nat. ord., Lili- aceas. Allied to Callixene.) An ornamental evergreen climbing greenhouse shrub, suitable for covering the walls of green- honses, etc. For cultivation, see Phile-ix. L. rodi'cans (rooting). 3. White. Summer. 1878. Lyca'ste. L. BaringWnia. grandiflo'ra (lanre-flowered var.). White. W. Indies. 1868. — brevispa'tha (short-spathed). Green. Guate- mala. 1852. LYC C 957 ] MAC L. chrysdptera (golden-winged). Orange, yellow. June. Mexico. 1850. — cocJUea'ta (shell-like). Orange. May. — Denningia'na (Denning's). Whitish-green, reddish-brown. S. America. 1877. — Dowia'na (Captain Bow's). Brown, yellowish- white. August. Costa Eica. 1874. — jugofsus (mountainous). White, purple. Brazil. 1867. Syn., Colax jugosus. — lasioglo'ssa (woolly-tongued). 1. Olive-green, yellow. Guatemala. 1872. — leuca'ntha (white-flowered). White, green. Central America. 1850. — lingue'Ua (small-tongued). Greenish, white. January. Peru. 1871. — locu'sta (locust). Green. Peru. 1879. — macrobu'lbon (large-bulbed). Yellow, crimson. Santa Martha. 1846. — mesochke'na (half-covered). Green. Brazil. 1853. — Puy'dtii (Puydt's). i. Green, violet-brown, violet. Brazil. 1880. Syn., Colax Puydtii. — Ski'nneri. There are several varieties, as car- minata, delicatissima, picturata, and purpurea. — tri'color (three-coloured). Pink. April. Gua- temala. 1852. — xytrio'phora (pitcher-bearing). Brown, yellow- ish, purplish. Ecuador. 1868. Ly'chxis. L. Baagea'na (Haage's). Scarlet. — Laga'scce (Lagasca's). i. Eose-pink. May. Pyrenees. 1867. — Se'nno (Senno). Crimson. Japan. Hardy perennial. — specio'sa (showy). Salmon-scarlet. Japan. 1871. Lyciople'sioi. (From Lycium, and plesios, near to ; resembling Lycium. Nat. ord., Solanacex.') For cultivation, see Ltcium. J,. tu.Uflo'rum (tube-flowered). Purple. Chili. 1863. Half-hardy, or hardy. Syn., Latua venerata. Lycopo'dium. L. aloifo'lium (aloe-leaved). E. Indies. — alpi'num (alpine). J. Britain. — annoti'num (interrupted), i. Britain. — clava'tum (club-moss), j. Britain. — cra'ssum (thick), i. Peru. — gnidioi'des (Gnidia-like). 1. Cape of Good Hope. — inunda'tum (marsh), i. Britain. — luci'dulum (shining), i. N. America. — mandiocca'num (Mandioc). Mexico. 1871. — nummularifo'lium (Money-wort-leaved). 3. Java. — phlegma'ria (twined). 3. E. India. — selaginoi'des (Selago-like). i. Britain. — serra'tum (saw-toothed). 1. Japan. — taxifoflium (yew-leaved). 2. W. Indies. — tetrago'num (four-sided). £. Peru. — tetra'stichum (four-ranked). Java. 1869. — ulicifo'lium, (furze-leaved). 2. E. Indies. — va'rium (variable). 1. Tasmania. — volu'bile (twining). C. New Zealand. Ly'coris. X. Sevj«r;o'ivi (Sewerzow's). 1. Turkestan. 1877. 61 Lygodi'ctyox. (From Lygodium, and dictyon, a net ; its net-like veins distin- guishing it from Lygodium. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacese.) Stove-climbing fern. See Ferxs. L. Forste'ri (Forester's). South Sea Islands. Lyo'nia. L.jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 3. White. June. Jamaica. 1845. Lysima'chia. greenhouse. L. nu'tans (drooping-flowered). Eed. July. Cape of Good Hope. HAEDY. L. clethroi'des (Clethra-like). White. Japan. 1869. Lysisti'gma. (From lysis, a dissolu- tion, and stigma, the stigma ; stigmas separated. Nat. ord., Aracese.) Stove tuberous perennial. Allied to Stabro- stigha, which see for cultivation. L. peregri'num (foreign). 3. Spathe olive-green. Java. Syn., Endera conoplwMoidea, and Conophallus .~~ Maa'ckia. See Cladbastis. Macada'mia. (Named after John Macadam, M.D., Secretary of the Philo- sophical Institute of Victoria. Nat. ord., Proteacese. Allied to Roupala, spelt Eopala on p. 700.) Greenhouse evergreen tree, yielding an edible nut of good flavour. For cultivation, see Hakea. it. ternifo'lia (ternate-leaved). 30. Moreton Bay. 1869. Macka'ya. (In honour of Dr. J. F. MacJcay, Keeper of Dublin University Botanic Garden, and author of " The Flora Hibernica." Nat. ord., Acan- thacese.) Greenhouse shrub, exceedingly handsome, with racemes of large, delicate, lilac-tinted flowers, transversely marked with red lines. Seeds ; cut- tings of half-ripened wood under hand-glass. Light sandy loam. Summer temp., 70° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°. if. be'lla (pretty). White, with red lines. May. Natal. 1869. Maclea'nia. M.pu'lchra (beautiful). Scarlet, yellow. New Grenada. 1874. Stove shrubs. — puncta'ta (dotted-Jeaced). Bed, yellow. No- vember. Ecuador. 1848. — speciosi'ssima (most showy). Scarlet, yellow. Columbia. 1864. Stove shrub. Maclea'ya. See Bocconta. 3q MAC [ 953 ] MAM Maclc'ba. if. tricuspida'ta (three-pointed). China. 1872. A good hedge plant. Maco'des. (Not explained. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas.) Terrestrial stove orchid. See Orchids. 31. Pe'tola (Petola). Java. 1859. ifarmorata is a slight variety. Macbade'nia. 31. irassa'voUz (Brassavola). Brown, ochre, yel- low, purple. Columbia. 1864. Macbocho'ediem. See .^chiiea. Macbopi'pee. See Pipes. Mackosti'gma tupistroi'des. See Tr- pistba macrostigma. Maceoza'mia. (From malcros, long, and Zamia. Nat. ord., Cycadacex.) Greenhouse evergreen perennials. For cul- tivation, see Zamia. 31. caloc&ma (beautiful-haired). 2. Syn., Zamia calocoma. — corallipes (red-stalked). Australia. 1872. gyra'ta (twisted var.). Australia. 18*3. — cylin'drica (cylindric). Queensland. 1874. — eleganti'ssima (most elegant). Australia. 1^73. — eridWpis (woolly-scaled). W. Australia ? 1849. — exce'lsa (lofty). S.Africa. 1869. — Frasefri (Fraser*s). W. Australia. 1846. — Ho'pei (Hope's). 60. Queensland. 1865. — Macke'nzii (Mackenzie's). Australia. 1877. — magni'Jica (magnificent). Australia. 1870. — Perowskia'na (Peroffski's). Australia. 1870. Syns., 31. Denisoni, Catakidozamia Mac- leayi, and Lepidozamia Peroffskiana. —plumofsa (plumed). Queensland. 1874. — spira'lis (spiraWeaeed). Australia. ebu'rnea (ivory-white var.). Australia. Magxo'lia. HAKDT. 31. CampoeTllii (Campbell's). Pale rose inside, crimson outside. Sikkim. 1868. — stella'ta (starry). White. Japan. March. 1878. Syn., M. Hdlliana. STOVE. M.pu'mila (dwarf). Amboyna. Mahaea'sga. (The Nepaulese name. Nat. ord., Boraginacex.') A hardy, herbaceous perennial. The Nepaulese use its fusiform root for producing a blue dye. We know nothing about its cultivation. 3L emo'di (Emodian). Pink. May. Nepaul. 1851. Mahe'ejjia. 31. chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 1. Yellow. S. Africa. 1868. Mallo'tts. (From mallotos, hairy; because of the hairy fruit. Nat. ord., Eupho rbiacess. ) A large genus of trees and shrubs, nearly all trcpical, though the only one yet introduced will probably prove nearly or quite hardy in the south of England. Seeds; ripened cuttings, in sandy loam, under a bell-glass. 31. japt/nica (Japanese). Japan. 1366. Malo'ettea. (Probably commemora- tive. Nat. ord., Palmacese.') Stove palm. For cultivation, see Elais. 31. gra'cilis (slender). 2. Guatemala. 1862. — si'mplex (simple-/ ronded). Costa Rica. 1861. A dwarf palm. Malpi'ghia. 31. avgustifc/lia (narrow-leaved). 10. Pink. July. Central America. Ma'lta. gkeexhorse eyergeeen's. M. Martensia'na (Martens's). Rose. Australia. 1864. — umbtUa'ta (umbel-^oicered). Crimson. S. America. 1820. HABDT HERBACEOUS. 31. auranti'aco-ru'bra (orange-red). 2. N. W. America. 1871. — zebri'na (zebra-like). 2. White, red. August. S. Europe. Mamella'eia. 31. acantltophlefgrna (flery-spined). Pink. Mexico. 1846. — angula'ris (angular-stemmed). Mexico. — au'riceps (golden). Mexico. — bi'color (two-coloured). Purple. July. Mexico. — calcara'ta (spurred). Yellow, red. Texas. — Celsia'na (Cels's). Red. July. Mexico. — centrici'rrha (twisted-central-spin«i). Apricot colour. July. Mexico. 1S44. — cirrhi'fera (tendril-bearing). Mexico. — cla'va (club-shaped). Yellow. Mexico. — corni'fera (horn-bearing). Mexico. 1845. — crocidia'ta (saffron-coloured). — cruci'gera (cross-like). Mexico. 1843. — deci'piens (deceiving). White. July. Mexico. 1S45. — doliehocefntra (long-spurred). Purple. Mexico. — elonga'ta (drawn-out). Mexico. — Fi'scheri (Fischer's). Yellow. Mexico. — formo'sa (handsome). Red. June. Mexico. 1847. — gladia'ta (sword-shaped). Mexico. 1S45. — glochidia'ta (hooked-.«ptne/nia'na (Hawtayne's). Blue. July. Neilgherries. A climber. — Vogelia'na (Vogel's). Purple, orange. Fer- nando Po. 1863. Miche'lia. M. lanuginosa, (woolly). 12. Pale yellow. Himalayas. 1865. Mico'xia. if. jla'mmea (flame-coloured). S.America. 1805. — Hookeria'na (Hooker's). Greenish. July. Peru. 1863. Syn., if. pulverulenta. trifascia'ta (three-banded var.). White ; the three ribs of the leaf silvery. Peru. 1874. — Teysmannia'ni (Teysmann's). White. 1867. Micbaxthe'lla. (From mikros, small, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Melu- stomacete.) Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, see Ch.ito- gastka. if. Candt/llei ei««2). Green, brown, yellow. October. Brazil. Jioge'rsii (Rogers's var.). Yellow, brown. 1869. Syn., O. Rogersii. — vemi'xum (varnished). Brown, yellow. Ecuador. 1870. — virgula'tum (twiggy). Columbia. 1876. — Warzeivi'czii (Warzewicz's). Yellow, white, brown. Costa Rica. 1870. Syn., O. bifrons. — xa'nthodon (yellow-toothed). 2. Brown, yel- low. November. Ecuador. 1868. — zebri'num (zebra). White, violet-red, yellow. Venezuela. 1872. bru'nneum (brown var.). White, brown, yellow. 1876. Oncospe'rma. (From orikos, a tumour, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Pal- maceie.) Slender stove palm. For cultivation, see Areca, to which it is allied. O.JHamento'sa (thready). Java. 1847. — Van Ilouttea'num (Van Houtte's). Java. 1868. Syn., Areca nobilis. Ono'sma. O. tau'rica (Taurian). Taurus. 1879. Ony'chitjm. O.japofnicum (Japanese). Japan. Ophe'lia. O. ala'ta (winged). Green, purple. Tndia. 1868. — ' angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Purple, blue. India. 1868. fi2 O. corymbo'sa (corymbose). 1. Purple. August. E. Indies. 1849. — panicula'ta (panicled). White, violet. India. 1868. — umbella'ta (umbelled). White. June. Neil- gherries. 1863. Ophiocatj'lon. (From ophis, a ser- pent, and kaulos, a stem; in reference to its climbing habit. Nat. ord., Passi- floracese. Allied to Modecca.) Stove climber. For cultivation, see Passiflora. G. cissampeloi'des (Cissampelos-like). W. Tropi- cal Africa. 1871. Syn., Passiflora marmorea. Ophioglo'sstjm. (From ophios, a snake, and glossa, a tongue; alluding to the shape of the spike of fructification. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiaceas.) Stove and hardy ferns. See Ferns. O. lusita'nicum (Spanish), i. S. of Europe and Britain. — palma'tum (palmate-/nmded). i. Mexico. Stove. — pe'ndulum (drooping). 2. Mauritius. Stove. — reticula'tum (netted). 1. Tropics. Stove. — vulga'tum (common). £. Britain. — Adder's Tongue. Ofhiopo'gon. O. Ja'buran variega'tus (Jaburan, variegated var.). Violet ; leaves white-edged. Ja- pan. 1863. Ophio'xylon. O. ma' jus (larger). 4. White. April. E. Indies. 1850. O'PHRYS. O. mammo'sa (nippled). Green, pink. S. Europe. — vespi'fera (wasp-bearing). Yellow, brown. Corfu. Optj'ntia. O. andi'cola (Andine). Andes of Chill. — Au'beri (Auber's). Cuba. — candelabrifo'rmis (candelabrum - shaped). Mexico. — clava'ta (club-shaped). Yellow. Chili. 1854. — crini'fera (hair-bearing). Brazil. 1846. — Engelma'nni (Engelmann's). Chihuahua. 1854. — jlocco'sa (woolly). Bolivia. — frute'seens (shrubby). Yellow. Mexico. 1838. — glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). — gra'cilis (slender). Mexico. — interme'dia (intermediate). Mexico ? — Klei'nim (Klein's). Mexico. — leptocau'lis (slender-stemmed). Mexico. 1845. — macrorhi'za (large-rooted). Santa Fe. 1850. — microda'sys (small-bushy). Mexico. 1845. — ova'ta (egg-shaped). Andes of Chili. 1840. — papyraca'ntha (papery-spined). Argentine Republic. 1872. — Parmentie'ri (Parmentier's). Paraguay. 1844. — phctaca'ntha (gay-spined). — pulverule'nta (powdered). Tropical America. 1850. — Rafini'squii (Raflnisque's). 1. Yellow. N. America. 1868. — Salmia'na (Prince of Salms). 2. Yellow, red. September. Brazil. 1850. — tunica'ta (coated-spinedl. Mexico. 1840. — Turpi'nii (Turpin's). Chili. 1844. 3b OEA C 974 ] OSM Ora'nia. (From ouranos, heaven. Nat. ord., Palmacex.) A slender stove palm. For cultivation, see Phcenix. 0. porphyroca'rpa (fiery-fruited). Java. 1847. Orchids. Many orchids are now known to succeed, and indeed to thrive better in the temperatures of a green- house than in those of a stove. Among them are Bletia verecunda, Cyprypeditjm tpectabile and C. insigne, ODOXTOGLOssrsi grande, PHAirs grandifolius, Lycaste Skinneri, and Cattleya Forbesii. O'rchis. 0. hirci'na (goat). 1. Dull-green, greenish- white, purple. June. Europe. roma'na (Roman var.). Lip rosy-purple. Rome. 1871. — Utiftflia. Barto'ni (Mrs. Barton's var.). Ireland. 1880. lago'tis (hare's-eared var.). Purple ; lip with darker purple bands. Alps of Piedmont. 1869. Oreoda'phne. (From oreos, a moun- tain, and daphne, mountain daphne. Nat. ord., Lauracex.) Hardy evergreen tree. For cultivation, see Laurus. 0. caUfo'rnica (Californian). Green. California. 1862. Very aromatic. Syn., Iaxutus bullata. Oreodo'xa. (From oreos, a mountain, and doxa, glory ; alluding to the lofty stature of some of the species. Nat. ord., Palmacex.) Stove palms. For cultivation, see Pnffixix. 0. acumina'ta (sharp pointed). 50. Brazil. 1847. — granate'nsis (New Grenadan). Columbia. 1879. — olera'cea (cabbage). 100. Jamaica. 1844.— Cabbage Palm. — re'gia (royal). 50. Cuba. 1836. — Sanco'na (Sancona). 100. Carthagena. 1847. Oreopa'nax. (From oreos, a mountain, and 1'anaz. Nat. ord., Araliacex.) Small evergreen stove trees. Cuttings under a hand-glass in heat. Sandy loam and peat. O. dactylifo'lium (finger-leaved). Mexico. — Linde'ni (Linden's). Green. September. Mexico. t— pelta'tum (peltate-7eaued). Mexico. — Tliibau'tii (Thibaut's). Green. November. Mexico. 1862. Syn., Aralia Thibautii. — xalape'nse (Jalapa). Greenish. Mexico. 1869. Ori'thya. See Ttjltpa. Ornitha'ritjm. (From ornitharion, a small bird; alluding to the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchidacex.) Stove orchid. See Orchids. O. stria'tulum (slightly-striped). Yellow, red, white. October. E. Indies. 1847. Ornithi'dium. O. de'nsum (dense). White, purplish. Mexico. 1836. — struma' turn, (tumoured). White. Costa Rica. 1875. ORNiTHOCE'PHALrs. (From ornis, a bird, and kephale, a head ; in reference to the form of the column and anther. Nat. ord., Orchidacese.) Small stove epiphytical orchids. For cultiva- tion, see Epidendrum. O. Obero'nia (Obei-onia). Yellow, white. Trini- dad. 1869. Orjjitho'galum. HARDY. O. armeni'acum (Armenian). White, green. Ar- menia. 1879. — glaucophy'llum (glaucous-leaved). White. Asia Minor. 1875. — soro'rium (sister). White. Taurus. 1875. GREENHOUSE. O. acumina'tum (pointed). 2. White, green. Algoa Bay. 1862. — albovi'rens (whitish-green). 1. White, green. Natal. 1878. — ano'malum (anomalous). Yellowish. S. Africa. 1862. — auranti'acum (orange). J. Orange. S. Africa. — calcara'tum (spurred). 1. White, green. September. S. Africa. 1872. — capita'tum (capitate). White, purple. Feb- ruary. S. Africa. 1863. — chlora'nthum (green-flowered). 1. Greenish. S. Africa. 1875. — hum if u' sum (dwarf), i. White, green. March. S. Africa. 1874. — subula'tum (awl-shaped-Zea«ed). •*. White, green. September. S. Africa. 1872. Ortgie'sia. See JEchmea. Orthot.e'nia turiona'na. See Pinebud moth. Orthosa'nthtjs. O. chimborace'nsis (Chimborazo). 1. Feru. 1876. Orthosi'phon. O. stami'neus (long-stamened). 2. Lilac. July. E. Indies. 1869. Osbe'ckia. stove evergreens. O. a'spera (rough-leaved) . 2. Purple. July. E. Indies. — rubicu'nda (ruddy). Purple. Ceylon. 1865. — Wightia'na (Dr. Wight's). Purple. E. Indies. 1863. Osma'nthus. From osme, perfume, and anthos, a flower ; flowers being fra- grant. Nat. ord., Oleacex.) Hardy evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see Camellia. O. aquifo'lius (holly-leaved). White. Japan. There are two varieties with white variegated leaves, one being a dwarf. OSM [ 975 ] PAL Oshu'nda. O. gra'cilis (slender). 1. N. America. 1827. — japo'nica (Japanese), 1. Japan. Otaca'nthus. (From ote, sometimes, and acanthos, a thorn. Nat. ord., Acan- thacem.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Ruf.li.ia. 0. cceru'leus (blue). Violet, blue. Brazil. 1862. Otho'xxa. 0. carno'sa (fleshy-leaved). $. Yellow. S. Africa. 1867. — crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Yellow. S. Africa. 1870. Trailing, basket plant. — tripline'rvia (three-nerved). 5. Yellow. S. Africa. 1862. Otiorhy'xchus sulca'tus. This insect pest is figured and described as Curculio sulcatus on p. 268, where it is only noted as being destructive to succulent plants ; but it also attacks many shrubs and trees, peeling off patches of the bark, and doing other damage. The only remedy that is likely to have any effect in preventing their ravages is to lay a sheet, or any other 'white cloth, under the infected shrubs, which should be well shaken late at night, when the beetles are feed- ing; they will then fall down on the cloth and simulate death, when they should be at once killed. Orm'siA. (Perhaps from ourios, a beneficial breeze ; natives of mountains. Nat. ord , Scrophulariaceas.) Hardy perennial, but best cultivated in a cold frame. For cultivation, see Cheloxk. 0. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Andes of Chili. 1862. — Pea'rcii (Pearce's). Crimson, scarlet. Chili. 1863. There are several other species, all beautiful, but we are not aware of their being in cultivation. Ouyira'xdra. (From ouvirandrano, the native name, signifying water-yam, the roots being eatable. Nat. ord., Jun- caginaceas.) The Lattice or Lace-leaved Plants are stove aquatics. Their leaves are merely a network of vascular tissue, resembling lace, or, as the specific name of one intimates, a lattice-window. In Ma- dagascar they grow on the margins of streams. In a stove aquarium, they require the water of a tem- perature from 70 3 to 75° ; the soil for them to root in being sandy loam. Seeds and division of the roots. 0. Bernieria'na (Bernier's). 2. Pink. August. Madagascar. 1858. —fenestra'lis (window-feat-ed). 2. White. August. Madagascar. 1855. O'XALIS. HARDY BULBS. 0. e'legans (elegant), i. Purple. July. Peru. — enneaphy'lla (11-leaved). J. -White, or pale rose. June. Fuegia. 1876. GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 0. arena'ria (sand). J. Purple. Chili. 1875. — ce'rnua. Jlo're-ple'no (double-flowered Tar.). 1873. — Xers'i glabra'ta (Nee's, glabrous var.). White. Mexico. 1872. — Ortgie'sii (Ortgies's). 1. Yellow. Andes, Peru. 1875. — tubero'sa (tuberous). 5. Bolivia. 1853. — Valdiviefnsis (Valdivian). i. Yellow. Chili. 1862. Oxylo'bium. 0. ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). Yellow, red. 1852. Oxy'spora. Ozotha'jixus. 0. thyrsoi'deus (thyrse-flowered). 6. July. Pachyphy'tum. See Cotyledon. Pachysti'gma. (From pachys, thick, and stigma ; alluding to the stout stigma. Nat. ord., Butacese.) Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings under a bell- glass in heat. Sandy loam and fibry paat. P.pteleoi'des (Ptelea-like). 10. Green. February. Jamaica. 1844. Pachysto'ma. (From pachys, thick, and stoma, a mouth; referring to the thick lip. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas. Allied to Eria.) The species given below is a doubtful member of this genus ; it appears to be a stove epiphyte, and probably requires the same treatment as Eria. But those which are genuine members of the genus, none of which appear to be in cultivation, are stove terrestrial Orchids, growing naturally in grassy places ; so that should they be introduced they will require to be grown in turfy loam. P. Thomsonia'num (Thomson's), i. White, red- purple. W. Tropical Africa. Autumn. 1879. Pa'dus. See Pruxus. P. emo'di (Mount Emodus). 1£. White. March. Himalaya. 1868. Palapo'xia. PALA'YiA/ezwo'sa,wiaZra/o7i'a,andpro- stra'ta, are pink-flowered annuals. Palicou'rea. P. orna'ta (adorned). Leaves olive-green with veins. South America. 1875. Paliso'ta. (Dedicated to Palisot de Beauvois, a botanist and traveller. Nat. ord., Commelinaceee.) PAL [ 976 ] PAR Stove evergreen perennial herbs. For cultiva- tion, see Commelixa. P. Ba'rteri (Barter's). Purple. Fernando Po. X862. — Wcolor (two-coloured). Leaves green with paler disc, brown- woolly beneath. Fer- nando Po. 1878. — bracteo>sa (bracted). Whitish. W. Tropical Africa. 1879. Palm'te. See Prioxium Palmita. Paltjmbi'xa ca'ndida. Syri., Oneidium candidum. Pampas Grass. Gynebioi argenteum. Pan^'tia. (Meaning unexplained. Nat. ord., Composite.) Half-hardy annual. See Akmtals. P. Lessofnii (Lesson's). Yellow. King George's Sound. 1862. Pa'nax. P. arma'tum (armed). India. 1876. Syn., Aralia armata. — crassifc/lium. See Pseudopaxax. — e'legans (elegant). 1880. — frutico'sum (shrubby). 10. Java. — horrCdum. See Fatsia. — lacinia'tum (laciniate). Polynesia. 1877. — longi'ssimum. See Psecdopanax. - obtu'sum (blunt-Icaued). India. 1875. — pluma'tum (plumed). Polynesia. 1879. — rotunda'tum (joxmded-leajleted). Polynesia. 187$. — sambitcifo'lium (elder-leaved). Greenish. Aus- tralia. 1873. — sessilijic/rum (sessile-flowered). New Cale- donia. 1874. Pancra'tium. P. amboinefnse (Amboyna). [White. Philippines. 1863. Stove. — nota'tum (distinguished). White. 1874. — tristy'lum (three-styled). White. Java. 1880. Pandanophy'llum. (Compounded of Pandanns, and phyllon, a leaf; resem- bling a Pandanus. Nat. ord., Cyperacex.) Stove perennial herbs. Seeds, or divisions of the plants. Loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 58° to 65°. P. hu'miU (dwarf). 1. Brown. Java. 1879. Panda'ntjs. P. carico'sus (Carex-like). Yellowish-white. Mo- luccas. 1878. — conoi'deus (conoid). Indian Archipelago. 1872. Syn., P. ceramensis. — de'eorus (decorous). New Caledonia. 1870. — fce'tidus (stinking). 10. E. Indies. 1842. — glaucdscens (becoming-glaucous). 1865. — BoulleftU (Houllet's). Coppery-rose. Singa- pore. 1868. — java'nicus ftave'scens (Javan, yellowish var.). Java. 1875. — La'is (Lais). Java. 1871. — odorati'ssimus. Syn., P. Blancoi. — ornaftus (adorned). Leaves white-spined. Phi- lippines. 1866. — Pa'ncheri (Pancher's). New Caledonia. 1878. Syn., Barrotia Pancheri. P. Portea'nus (Porte's). Philippine Isles. 1866. — tenuifo'lius (thin-leaved). Tropical America. 1873. — u'nguifer (claw-bearing). 3. Bengal. 1873. — u'tilis. Syns., P. elegantissimus and P. mauri- tianus. — Tei'tchii (Veitch's). Polynesia. 1868. Paxdo'rea. See Tecoma. Pa'xicoi. (From pa jiiculum, a panicle ; form of flowering. Nat. ord., Gramineas.) A large genus of annual or perennial grasses, some ol which are hardy ; others require to be grown in a stove or a "greenhouse. Seeds or divisions of the plants. Any light soil. P. capilla're (hair-panicled). 2. Summer. N. America. 1758. Hardy. — i'ndwum, (Indian). 3. E. Indies. 1818. — plica'tum (plaited-leaved). 3. Summer. E. Ladies. 1821. ni'veo-vitta'tum (snowy-striped var.). Leaves white-striped, very ornamental. 1868. Garden variety. — variega'tum (variegated). Leaves white-striped and pink-tinted ; a beautifully variegated grass, very elegant when grown in a basket. New Caledonia. 1867. — virga'tum (twiggy). 2. August. N. America. 1781. Hardy. Paphi'xia. P. rugosa (wrinkled). Yellow, purple. Columbia. Kalbre'yeri (Kalbreyer's var.). Yelluwish, brownish-purple. Columbia. 1880. Snnderia'na (Sander's v.ir.). Yellow, brown, white, purple. Columbia. 1879. Papa'ter. P. umbrc/sum (shady). Scarlet, black. 1877. Papa'ya. See Carica. Peranephe'litjs. See Liabtjm. Paratro'pia. See Heptaplecrum. Pari'ttcm. See Hibiscus. Parmextie'ra. (Dedicated to A. Par- mender, a writer on edible plants. Nat. ord., Bignoniaceie.) Stove tree. For cultivation, see Bigxoxia. P. cerei'fera produces cylindrical fruit 2 to 3 feet long, of a waxy yellow colour, which hang down and look like large candles, whence the name " Candle-tree " has been given to it. P. cerei'fera (wax-bearing). White. Panama. 1866. Paroxy'chia. (Whitlow- wort. From paronychia, a whitlow; which it is thought to be a cure for. Nat. ord., IUecebracex.) Hardy tufted herbs. Seeds. Light sandy soil. P. arge'rttea (silvery). Whitish. S. Europe. 1879. This plant yields the Sanguinaire, which in Algeria is used as a beverage. Parso'xsia. (In honour of Dr. J. Par- sons, a microscopist. Nat. ord., Apocy- nacex.) Greenhouse climbing shrubs. Cuttings of firm PAS [ 977 ] PED side shoots in summer under a bell-glass. Light loam. P. heterophy'lla .(various-leaved). Cream-colour. May. N ew' Zealand. — variabilis (variable). — veluti'na (velvety). N. Holland. Passiflo'ra. stove climbers. P. arbo'rea (tree). 1 to 14. White, yellow. July. Columbia. 1877. Syn., P. glauca of some gardens. — Ba'nksii (Banks's). Purplish. Australia. 1867. Syn., Disemma Banksii. — Baraquinia'na (Baraquin's). Blue, white. Amazon River. — biloba'ta (two-lobed). Greenish. Central America. — chelido'nea (swallow). Greenish. Ecuador. 1879. — cincinna'ta (curled). Violet, white. August. Brazil. 1868. — cinnabari'na (cinnabar-coloured). Red. Au - tralia. 1855. — fu'lgens (shining). Crimson, scarlet, white. Brazil. 1866. — glau'ca (niilky-green-Zeatieti). White. Tropical America. — Ea'hnei (Hahn's). White, yellow. Mexico. 1870. Syn., Disemma Hahnei. — helleborifo'lia (hellebore-leaved). Rose, pur- ple. Rio Negro. 1866. ,'rpa (large-fruited). White, purple. Rio Negro. 1866. Fruit weighs 8 lbs. )'rea. See Ophiocaulox cissampeloides. — organe'nsis (Organ Mountain). Greenish, violet. Brazil. 1869. There is a variety (marmora'ta) having the leaves blotched with yellow. — quadrangula'ris. aucubifo'Iia (Aucuba-leaved var.). Leaves variegated. Nicaragua. 1875. — sanguinoWnta (blood-red). Reddish-violet. Columbia. 1868. — serratifo'lia (saw-toothed-leaved). Tropical America. — sicyoi'des (Sicyos-like). Green. August. Mexico. 1839. — tinifo'lia (laurestinus-leaved). 20. Red, purple. July. Guiana. 1856. — trifascia'ta (three-banded). Leaves with three purplish stripes. Para. 1868. — vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). Vermilion-red. Pa- nama. 1851. Syn., Tacsonia Buchanani. Patjlli'nta. P. ocea'nica (Oceanian). Polynesian. 1875. — thalictrifo'lia (Thalictrum-leaved). Pinkish. Brazil. 1871. A very beautiful climber. Pave'tta Hoo'heri. Syn., Izora odo- rata. Pavo'nia Machoya'na, P. multiflo'ra, and P. Wio'ti. See Goethia. Peach Blister. Many conflicting accounts have been given as to the cause of this disease, but it now seems clearly established that, like many other diseases of plants, it is caused by the corroding mycelium of a fungus, in this case by Asco- myces deformans. The disease takes the form of large red irregular blisters upon the leaf (Fig. 1, reduced), sometimes without any fungus being apparent to the naked eye, or, as seen under an ordinary lens, at other times the fungus is visible as a very fine whitish surface covering a portion of the blister ; this is because the fungus grows among the cells in the interior of the blister, only coming to the surface when perfecting ® 4. England. 1868. Podoca'epus. P. andi'na (Andean). 20. Chili. — anta'rctica (antarctic). Patagonia. — Bidwi'Ui (Bidwill's). N. Zealand. 1847. — chine'nsU (Chinese). 20. China. Japan. 1838. — coria'cea (leathery). 50. Jamaica. — dacrydioi'des (Dacrydium-like). 200. New Zea- land. — eUmpa'ta (lengthened). Cape of Good Hope. — Endlicheria'na (Endlicher's). N'epaul. — ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). Tasmania. — japt/nica (Japanese). Japan. — koraia'na (Corean). 3. Corea and Japan. Hardy. — macrophy'llus. rariega'tu* (variegated var.). Japan. 1869. POL (Maki, variegated var.). P. Ma'ki variega'tus Japan. 1869. — nereifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). NepauL — nubige'na (cloud born). Chili. — Purdiea'na (Purdie's). 100. Jamaica. — variega'tus (variegated). Leaves white-striped. Japan. Podo'lepis. P. ruga'ta (wrinkled-scaled). If. Yellow. N. Holland. Pcecilo'pteris. (From poikolos, check- ered, and pteris, a fern ; alluding to the net-like veins. Nat ord., Filices—Poly- podiaceas.) Stove fern. See Ferns. P. crispa'tula (rather-curled). E. Indies. — diversi/o'lia (various-leaved), M^tlay Archi- pelagft. — fiagelli'fera (lash-bearing). E. Indies. 1825. — punctula'ta (small-dotted). Mauritius. — repa'nda (waved). Malay Archipelago. — sca'ndens (climbing). Brazil. — sinur/sa (crooked). Luzon. Pogo'gynt. P. Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 1. Purple, dark violet. California. 1871. Annual. Pogo'nia. (From pogon, a beard; alluding to the fringed lip. Nat. ord., Orchidaceae.) Stove terrestrial orchids. See Obchids. P. di'scolor (two-coloured), t. Green, white. Java. 1859. — pltea'ta (pl&ited-leaved). YeKowisb-green, pink. E. Indies. Pogoste'mox. (From pogon, a beard, and sterna, a stamen ; the stamen fila- ments being hairy. Nat. ord., Labiatse.) Warm greenhouse, soft-wooded small shrub. For cultivation, see Colebrookia. P.Patckou'U (Patchouly). 3. White, purple. June, E.Indies. 1MB, POI'VREA. P. piUfsa (hairy). E. Indies. Po'llia purpu'rea. See Forrestia. Poltbo'trya. (From polys, many, and botrys, a bunch; alluding to the fructification. Nat ord., iilices — Poly- podiaceas.) Stove ferns. See Ferns. P. a/m/o'Zia (parsley-leaved). Philippine Islands. 18*3. — Lo'wii (Low's). Borneo. 1861. Syn., Lind- saya Louni. Polyca'rpa. See Ldesia. Polychi'lus. (From polys, many, and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchiaacex.) Stove orchid. See Obchids. P. c&rnu-ce'rvi (stag's -horn). Green, whitf purple. Moulmein. 1864. POL [. 987 ] POP Polycy'cnis. (From polys, many, and kyknos, a swan; because the lip and column, together, bear some resemblance to a swan. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas. Allied to Cycnoches.) Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Cata- SETUM. P. gratio'sa (agreeable). Brownish, purple. Costa Rica. 1871. — le'pida (neat). Pale brown, cream, purple. Columbia. 1870. Poly'gala. STOVE EVERGREEN. White. May. Polygona'tcm. P. oppositifo'lium. a'lbo-vitta'tum (white - striped var.). White ; stems red, leaves white-striped. Japan. 1862. — puncta'tum (spotted-stalked). 1$. White. April. Bootan. — rc/ieum (rose-flowered). 2. Pink. Siberia. — vulga're. macra'nthum (large - flowered var.). White, green. April. Japan. 1874. Syn., P. japonicum. Poly'gonum. P. adpre'ssum. See Muehlexbeckia. — capita'tum (capitate). Pink. N. India. — chine'nse fo'liis pi'ctis (painted-leaved Chi- nese). Leaves, some green, others purple, and all with a white V-shaped mark. China. — cuspida'tum (pointed-leaved). Green. July. Japan. 1825. — compa'ctum (compact). 2. White. September. Japan. Before 1875. — filifo'rme variega'tum (thread-like, variegated var.). Leaves mottled with yellow. Japan. 1865. — injucu'ndum. See Mcehlenbeckta. — sachaline'nse (Sachalin). Whitish. Sachalin Islands. 1869. — tomento'sum (tomentose). Pink. India. 1875. Poly'mnia. (One of the Muses. Nat. ord., Composite^.) A fine arborescent stove perennial. It is best propagated by seed, which should be raised in a hotbed, and then transplanted where they can have plenty of room. It is a very rapid grower, attaining a height of six to eight feet the first year, and flowering the second year. Rich loam, leaf-mould, and manure. Summer temp., 70° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. P. pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 10. Yellow, brown. New Grenada. 1867. Polypo'ditjm. hardy herbaceous. P. vulga're. acu'tum (pointed var-.). bi'fidum (bifid var.). ca'mbricum (Welch var.). cornubie'nse (Cornish var.). Cornwall. 1871. crena'tum (scolloped var.). P. vulga're semila'cerum (half-torn var.). serra'tum. (saw-toothed var.). virginia'num (Virginian var.). STOVE HERBACEOUS. P. Dia'rue (Diana's). St. Helena. 1875. — macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 4. Chili. — madre'nse (Sierra Madre). f . Mexico. — triparti'tum (three-parted). Calabar. 1865. Polysta'chia. P. abbrevia'ta (abbreviated). Brazil. 1874. — linea'ta (lineate). Green, brown. Guatemala. 1869. — = ela'tior (taller). Plant larger. Mexico. 1869. — rufi'nula (reddish). Brown, greenish, yellow- . ish, purple. Zanzibar. 1879. Poly'stichum. P. acrosticoi'des (Acrostichum-like). 2. N. America. 1820. — aculea'tum (prickly). 3. Britain. — angula're (angled). 4. Britain. — anc/malum (anomalous). 2. Ceylon. 1856. — Brau'nii (Braun's). Germany. — conca'vum (concave). Japan. 1862. Syn., Lastra>a Standishii. — coria'ceum (leathery). 3. Mauritius. Stove. — crena'tum (scolloped). New Grenada. Stove. — fle'xum (twisted). 3. Juan Fernandez. 1856. Stove. —frondo'sum (branched). 3. Madeira. Green- house. — le'ntum (dull). India. 1879. — lepidocau'lon (scaly-stemmed). Japan. 1875. — loba'tum (lobed). 2. Britain. — Icmchi'tis (spar-like). \i. Britain. — Mexica'num (Mexican). 2. Mexico. 1857. Stove. — ordina'tum (regular). S. America. — platyphy'llum (broad-leaved). 3. Columbia. Greenhouse. — seto'sum (bristly). Japan. 1862. — tria'ngulum (three-angled). i. Jamaica. Stove. — tri'pteron (three-winged). Japan. 1880. — vesti'tum. venu'stum (charming var.). — vivi'parum (viviparous). W. Indies. Pomade'reis. P. vaccinivfo'lia (Vaccinium-leaved). Cream- colour. Victoria. 1869. PonbJpa. (From poneros. miserable ; appearance of the plants. Nat. ord., Or- chidacexi). Stove epiphytical orchid. See Orchids. P. amethy'stina (amethyst). Whitish, purple. Veraguas. 1869. — Kiena'stii (Kienast's). Brownish-green. Mexi- co. 1877. — stria'ta (channelled). 2. Green. Guatemala. 1851. Po'PTJLTJS. P. alba. Bollea'na (Dr. Bolle's var.). Tiflis. 1879. — - ni'gra. sine'nsis (Chinese var.). China. 1867. — Simo'nii (Simon's). China. 1867. — tomento'sa (tomentose). China. 1867. POR [ S Po'rpax. See Eria. Po'rtea. (Dedicated to its discoverer, Marius Porte. Nat. ord., Bromeliacem.) Stove perennial. For cultivation, see Bill- BEEGIA. P. kermesi'na (carmine). Bluish-lilac; bracts rosy. Bahia. 1870. Portla'ndia. P. plata'niha (broad-flowered). White. July. 1849. Posoque'ria. P. fragrant? ssima (very-fragrant). White. Bra- zil. 1870. — mtdtifU/ra (many-flowered). White. Brazil. — revdu'ta (rolled-back-teaced). White. April. S. America. 1852. Potato murrain, or Potato disease. For the account of this disease given on p. 661 of the Dictionary substitute the following : — This disease — which has been more or less destructive to the potato crops since the year 1845, when it was so general as to cause great losses and much distress in some parts of the kingdom, by the almost total failure of the crops— is caused by the attacks of two kinds of fungi, named Peroxospora infestans and FcsisroRUM solani, which spread through the tissues of the potato, corroding and causing the death and de- cay of every part with which they come in contact, so that in the end, if left to themselves and the weather being favour- able to their growth, they bring about the death and putrefaction of the entire potato plant. The disease usually makes its appearance in July or August, some- times earlier, and is first made evident by the appearance of brown spots upon the leaves ; it generally appears soon after the first heavy summer rains, as wet weather is favourable to the de- velopment and growth of the fungi, and it is more prevalent in wet seas«is than in dry ones, especially if the season be a warm one and thunder storms frequent. That the disease is caused by fungi, has been known for many years, but it was not until 1875 aud 1876 that their life-history was fully worked out, when this was successfully accomplished by Mr. W. G. Smith, and thus a firm basis secured upon which to commence a war of extermination against the disease, be- cause the first real step towards the cure of any disease is to thoroughly under- stand its cause. From the life-hiatory of Peronospora infestans as published by Mr. Smith in the Gardeners 7 Chronicle POT for 1875 and 1876, we condenso tne fol- lowing account : — If a section be made through a badly diseased potato leaf and highly magni- fied, it will present somewhat the appear- ance shown at a in our engraving, where the thread-like jointed mycelium of the fungus is seen growing among the cells composing the potato leaf. Branches from this, as at a a a, grow through the epidermis, or pass through the stomata into the air, and there become branched. The ends of the branches develop spores of two kinds. One kind (bbbbb b) are called conidia, because they are so mi- nute and dust like. As soon as one of these is detached from the branch pro- ducing it, another is formed in its place, and so a very abundant crop of these conidia is produced, each one of which is capable of reproducing the fungus if it falls upon, or is carried by the wind POT [ 989 ] POT to, a place that is favourable for its growth. The second kind are the zoo- spores. These are formed in an egg-shaped cell terminating a branch (e), termed a swarm-spore. When wetted by dew or rain, the swarm-spore bursts and the zoo- spores are set free (d). These move about by means of the two little tails with which they are furnished, and often pass through the stomata into the interior of the leaf, and there germinate and repro- duce the fungus. These two kinds of spores are produced in countless myriads during the brief vegetating period of the fungus, but with the decay of the plant these die, and for the preservation of the species during the winter months another kind of spore is formed. The mycelium iu the interior of the leaf, stem, and tuber develop, at the ends of short branches, spherical bodies of two sizes, as shown at e. The smaller of these is the antheridium, and the larger the oogonium. The antheridium applies itself to the oogonium, which it pierces with a small tube that it protrudes, and the contents of the two bodies blend; this constitutes fertilization. The fertilized oogonium increases in size, and various internal and external changes take place, until it finally becomes matured into the rest- ing spore, shown at B, with a thick warted outer wall ; in this state it passes the autumn, winter, and spring months, being again called to life by the summer rains. The contents of some of the rest- ing spores break up into zoospores (c), which, when set free, develop two tails, or cilia (d), by the vibration of which they move about in any moist medium. After a short time they come to rest, the tails fall into dust, and they germinate and produce mycelium, as at e. Other resting spores do not break up into zoo- spores, but at once develop a mycelial thread, as at f, which is much stouter than is produced by the zoospores, and it is most probable that there is a sexual relationship existing between them ; for if the mycelium of each kind could be traced, it would probably be found that the slender threads, which produce the antheridia, are those developed from the zoospores of the resting spore, whilst the stouter threads, which produce the oogonia, are those directly produced from the resting spore. The figures b to f in our engraving are much more highly magnified than is Fig. A ; / is a hair 63 arising from the upper surface of the leaf. The mycelium developed from the resting spores, whether these break up into zoospores or not, on coming in con- tact with a potato plant, penetrates and corrodes its tissues, passing up the stem, branching as it grows, and finally pushes branches through the tissues into the air, and there completes the cycle by producing conidia and zoospores, by which the disease is rapidly spread ; for these are produced in myriads, and as they germinate under favourable con- ditions in about an hour, a large area may soon become affected with the dis- ease, from the proximity of a single diseased Potato plant. The Peronospora also attacks the To- mato, proving equally destructive to it as to the Potato. Although the Potato disease has been such a terrible plague for so many years, there is no known remedy that seems to be of much avail against its ravages. If the season is a tolerably dry one and the tubers are well formed, the crop may be saved by pulling up the haulm before the heavy summer rains come. If the crop once becomes diseased, nothing is likely to stop the disease entirely, be- cause the mycelium grows so rapidly, that although by the application of some remedy it may be killed where the dis- ease seems worst, there is almost certain to be some distant branch of the my- celium that is not killed by the remedy applied, and which will continue the From what we know of the life-history of Peronospora, it appears that it does not exist in a vegetating condition during the winter, but only in the form of resting spores, for the mycelium, aerial zoospores, and conidia are said to perish annually. From these facts two things become very evident : first, that it is hopeless to attempt to exterminate the fungus when it is vegetating and pro- ducing conidia and zoospores ; for these are produced in such abundance that the air may be said to swarm with them in the neighbourhood of infested Potato plants, and will very rapidly reproduce the fungus and spread the disease. Se- condly, that the attack upon the fungus should be made when it is in the resting state, during late autumn and winter. The first step to take is to burn all the 3 s POT [ 990 ] PEE Potato haulm as soon as the crop is lifted, so that any resting spores that may be contained in the stems or leaves may be destroyed ; for if they are thrown into a heap and allowed to rot, the resting spores will be preserved, and will, the next season, propagate the disease. The next thing is to endeavour to destroy the resting spores that are contained in the earth : if this could be successfully accomplished, the next year's Potato crop would be certain to be pretty free from the disease, unless it were in close proximity with an infected Potato patch, from which the disease could spread. How the resting spores may best be destroyed in the earth, is a question we are unable to answer, for it is here that practical experiments are greatly needed, as hitherto experiments have been con- fined to the discovery of remedies against the fungus when in a vegetating condi- tion, and these remedies have all failed, because, as shown above, they do not attack the root of the disease. What is required is something with which the ground can be watered after the crop is lifted, that is cheap enough to be used in large quantities, potent enough to penetrate deep into the soil and to kill the resting spores, and yet it must be quite harmless to the Potato when planted; that is, it should lose its power to hurt vegetation after the lapse of a month or so. It is in this direction that experimentalists should turn their attention. As a remedy of this kind, to be applied when the ground is clear of crops, we would suggest a trial of a dilute solution of sulphuric acid and water. Fi sjspo'eum Sola'ni, of which we hert. give a magnified representation, is nearly as destructive to the Potato as the Pero- nospora, which it often accompanies. The slender mycelial threads of this fungus ramify through the tissues of the Potato, producing in places aerial fusi- form bodies consisting of four cells (spores), one or more of which, in some cases, germin tes and produces a myce- lial tlnead whilst attached to the thread from « hich it was developed. In other cases the cells become gradually rounded off, aa si own at a, and separate from each other, forming the resting spores. These remain dormant for a few months, and t .en, under favourable conditions, they germinate and reproduce the fun- gus. Whatever remedy is found to answer with the Peronospora will also prevail against the Fusisporum. Potenti'lla. P. oclirea'ta (ochre-flower t$). Yellow. September- Himalaya. 1880. Po'thos. P. argyrce'a. See Scujdapsus. — au'rea (golden). Leaves variegated with yel- low. Solomon Isles. 1880. This is probably some species of ScurDAPsua or Kaphtdophora. — celatoeau'lis (concealed-stemmed). Very useful for covering walls, trunks of tree-ferns. &c, the leaves being close together and applied flat to the surface of whatever the plant climbs upon. N. W. Borneo. 1880. — sca'ndens (climbing). May. E. Indies. 1821. Poubou'ma. (A native name. Nat. ord., Artocarpeas.) Stove evergreen tree. For cultivation, see Abto- CARPUS. P. e'dtdis (eatable). Cordilleras of Columbia. 1873. Pouhee'tia. P. Achupu'lla. See. Pcta. — fri'gida. See Dtckia. — Joinvi'Uei, and P. mexica'na. See Kcckia Ellemeeti. Pra'tia. P. angula'ta (angled). "White.. New Zealand. 1879. Creeping rockwork plant. Prena'nthes. (From pretiet, drooping, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Compo- site.) Greenhouse shrubs. Common treatment. See Greenhouse. P. arWrea (tree-like). Canary Islands. — pinna 'ta (pinnate). Canary Islands. Pbesco'ttia. (Named after John Pres- cott, a botanist of St. Petersburg. Nat ord., Orchidaeex. Allied to Spiranthes.) Stove terrestrial orchid. For cultivation, see Orchids. P. densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). $. White. Brazil. 1866. PRI [ 991 ] PSA Pri'mula. HARDY. P. a'lgida. cuspidens (pointed-toothed var.). Purple. Soongaria. 1875. — auri'cula. brevisty'la (short-styled var.). Purplish. Caucasus. 1875. — cashmeria'na (Kashmir). £. Purple, with yellow eye. Kashmir. 1879. — corticsoi'des. a'lba (white Cortusa-like). AVhite. Japan. 1865. — amoz'na (charming var.). Deep rose. Japan. 1865. Syn., P. Sieboldii. — denticula'ta. purpu'rea (purple var.). £. Purple. Himalayas. 1873. — gra'ndis (grand), f. Yellow. Central Asia. 1878. — japo'nica (Japanese). Magenta. Japan. 1871. There are also varieties with white, lilac, and rose-coloured flowers. — lute'ola (yellowish). Sulphur. Caucasus. 1867. — niva'lis. ■ farinotsa (mealy var.). Leaves mealy beneath. Central Asia. 1878. > longifo'lia (long-leaved var.). Purple. Central Asia. 1878. ■ turkesta'nica (Turkestan), t. Rose; flowers generally in two whorls. Tur- kestan. 1878. — Pa'rryi (Parry's). Purple ; eye yellow. Rocky Mountains. 1865. — ro'sea (rosy). J. Bright rose. Spring. Kash- mir. 1879. — sibirica. ■ cashmiria'na (Kashmir var.). •£. Pink. June. W. Himalaya. 1879. Syn., P. elegans of some gardens. — specta'bilis (showy). J. Deep rosy purple. July. E. Alps. 1879. — Stei'nii, is a garden hybrid. — verticilla'ta. i simefnsis (Simen var.). $ to H. Yellow. Abyssinia. 1870. Syn., P. Courtii. Prio'nitjm. (From prionion, a small saw; alluding to the serrated leaves. Nat. ord., Juncacese.) This remarkable rush is found in S. Africa, not only in swampy places, but on the banks of rivers, which it helps to choke up. Very strong fibres, suitable for brushmaking, are obtained from the old leaf-stalks. P. Palmi'ta (Palmite). 6. Brownish. S. Africa. 1857. Pritcha'rdia. (In honour of W. T. Pritchard, the author of "Polynesian Reminiscences." Nat. ord., Palmacese.) Very ornamental stove palms with large fan- shaped leaves. Sandy loam, peat, and rotten leaves. Seeds. Summer temp., 80° to 90° ; win- ter, 65° to 70°. P. gra'ndis (grand). Polynesia. 1873. — macroca'rpa (large-fruited). Sandwich Islands. 1879. — paci'fica (Pacific Island). Polynesia. 1870'. Prostanthe'ba. P. cunea'ta (wedge-Zeared). 2. White. June. Tasmania. — ni'vea (snowy). Grey. N. S. Wales. 1867. Proteixopha'llvs. See Amobpho- PHALLTJS. Protj'stia. (In honour of JK Proust. Nat. ord., Composites.) Greenhouse climber. For cultivation, see MtJTISIA. P. pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). White. Chili. 1865. Fruit pappus rosy, and very beautiful. Prtjmnopi'tys. (From prumnos, the last, and pity s, a pine. Nat. ord., Coni- feras.) Hardy evergreen. P. e'legans (elegant). 40. Valdivia. 1863. Fruit eatable while green. Prtj'ntjs. P. cerasi'fera (cherry-bearing). White. Native country unknown.— Cherry Plum, Myro- balan Plum. — Davidia'na (David's). Rose. China. 1871. Syns., Persica Davidiana and Armeniaca Davidiana. a'lba (white var.). White. China. 1872. — ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). White. California. Syn., Cerasus ilicifolia. — Lannesia'na (Lannes's). Rose. Japan. 1872. Syn., Cerasus Lannesiana. — laurocirasus: cauca'sica (Caucasian var.). latifo'lia (broad-leaved var.). 1870. Syn., Cerasus Laurocerasus lati/olia. — The Versailles Laurel. Otti'ni (Ottin's var.). Leaves large. 1877. Syn., Laurocerasus Ottini. — lu'cida (shining). White. Asia Minor. — lusita'nica azo'rica. An Azores variety of the Portugal laurel, with larger leaves and flowers. 1866. — Pattonia'na (Patton's). White. N. W. Ame- rica. 1872. — pe'ndula ro'sea (pendulous rosy var.). Pink. Japan. 1871. Syn., Cerasus pendula rosea. — Pu'ddum (Puddum). 10. White. Japan. 1866. Syn., Cerasus pseudocerasus. C. Sieboldii and Sieboldii rosea plena are beautiful rose-coloured varieties. Ja- pan. 1861. — salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). White. Fruits large, resembling apricots. Mexico. 1866.— The Capollin or Capoulinos. — Simo'nii (Simon's). White. Spring. China. 1872. — subhi'rtella (somewhat hairy). 10. White. Japan. 1868. Syn., Cerasus pendula. — tomentofsa (woolly). 3. White. Spring. Japan. 1872. — trilo'ba (three- lobed-leaved). Pink. April. China. 1857. — variega'ta (variegated). Leaves yellow-edged. Japan. 1862. Syn., Cerasus variegata. Psammi'sia/ (From Psammis, a king of Egypt. Nat. ord., Ericaceae.) Stove or warm greenhouse evergreens. For cultivation, see Thibaudia. P. longicoflla (long-necked). Crimson, green. S. America. 1865. — penduliflc/ra (pendulous-flowered). Crimson, green. Caraccas. 1859. There are other species, as Hoolceriana and sclerophylla. 992 ] PUL Psecdo'panax. (From pseudes, false, and Panax. Nat. ord., Araliacex.) Greenhouse evergreen trees. For cultivation, see Panax. P. crassifoflia (thick-leaved). 10. Green. New Zealand. 1846. Syns., Aralia crassifolia and Panax crassifolia. — longi'ssima (very long-leaved). 10. Green. New Zealand. 1866. Syns., Panax long- issima and Aralia crassifolia picta. Pseudotstj'ga. (From pseudes, false, and Tsuga. Nat. ord., Coniferse.) This should perhaps be considered rather as a section of Abies than a distinct genus ; it differs from Abies in having reflexed cones with per- sistent scales. P. Davidia'na (David's). China. 1873. — Dougla'sii. Syn., Abies Douglasii. Stai'rii (Stair's var.). Young leaves creamy white. 1872. Garden variety. — Hndleya'na (Lindley's). 1868. Pstcho'tbia. (From psyche, life ; be- cause of their powerful medicinal quali- ties. Nat. ord., Rvhiacez. Allied to Eudgea.) A very large genus of stove evergreen trees and shrubs ; but as they are mostly unattractive, very few have been introduced. For cultivation, see Coffea. P. cJumtale'nsis (Chontales). White; berries blue. Nicaragua. 1870. — cyanoco'cca (blue-fruited). White ; berries bright blue, ripening in winter. Very handsome and effective when in fruit. Nicaragua. 1870. — jasminijio'ra (jasmine-flowered). White. S. Brazil. 1860. Syn., GUmera jasminijlora. — leucoce'phala (white-headed). White. Winter. Brazil. 1880. Pte'kis. HABDY. P. aquili'na. gla'bra (smooth var.). Europe. lanugin&sa (woolly var.). Europe. GREENHOUSE. P. cre'tica. stenophynia (narrow-leaved var.). — scabefrula (roughish). New Zealand. — serrula'ta. crista'ta (crested var.). Fronds crested at tips. Japan. 1863. STOYE. P. aspericaulis (rough-stemmed). 2. E. Indies. ru'bro-nefrvia (red-nerved var.). Fronds dark green, with deep purplish-red rachis and midrib. India. 1861. — crena'ta (scolloped). 1. Tropics. — defUxa (deflexed-^innaed). 4. Brazil. 1844. — fiabella'ta (fan-shaped -fronded). 4. S. Africa. — Ghiesbre'ghti (Ghiesbreght's). Tropical Ame- rica. 1857. — glau'co-vi'rens (milky-green). Tropical Ame- rica. 1858. — hetero-da'ctyla (various-fingered). Malay Ar- chipelago. — interna'ta (grown-among). W. Indies. 1880. — lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 3. W. Indies. P. mi'sera (miserable). }. Malay Archipelago. — molucca'na (moluccan). Malaya. 1880. — nemora'lis (wood). 3. E. Indies. — pu'ngens (prickly-sttped). Tropical America. — quadriauri'ta (four-eared). 3. Tropics. argyrcefa (silvery var.). E. Indies. 1859. fusci'pes (dusky-footed var.). 1. Solomon Isles. 1868. tri'color (three-coloured var.). E.Indies. 1860. — semipinna'ta (half-pinnate). E. Indies. Pterodi'scus. Pterosti'gma. (From pteron, a wing-, and stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacese.') Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings under a bell-glass in heat. Sandy peat. P. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Violot. Hong Kong. 1845. Ptero'stylis. (From pteron, a wing, and stylis, a column ; in allusiou to the broady winged column. Nat. ord., Orchi- dacem. Allied to Corysanthes.) Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Divisions. Leaf- mould, lightened by the admixture of a little sand ; the pots should be about one-third filled with broken crocks, before putting in the soil. No shade required. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win- ter, 50° to 60°. P. acumina'ta (pointed), i. Green. April. N. S.Wales. 1827. — Ba'nksii( Banks's). 1. Green. April. New Zealand. 1832. — Bapti'stii (Baptist's). 1. Green, white, brown. Winter. Australia. 1877. — conci'nna (neat), i. Purple-brown, green. N.S.Wales. 1828. — cu'rta (short-lipped), i. Green. October. Australia. 1829. — nu'tans (nodding-flowered). i. Green. Sep- tember. Australia. 1826. Ptebosty'bax. See Halesia. Ptychospe'rma. (From ptyche, a fold or winding, and sperma, a seed ; pro- bably in allusion to the ruminated albu- men. Nat. ord., Palmacex. Allied to Seaforthia.) Stove palms. Seeds, sown in a hotbed. Rich loam and leaf-mould, with a top-dressing of cow- dung. Summer temp., 65° to 85°; winter, 60° to 65°. P. Alexa'ndrce (Alexandra's). 70. Australia. 1870. — e'legans (elegant). Central America. 1S68. — Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). Java. 1873. Syn., Seafor- thia KuKLii. — lacera'ta (lacerated). Central America. 186S. — pa'tula (spreading). Sumatra. — regalis (royal). India. 1867. — Seema'nni (Seemann's). New Guinea. 1879. Pulten^'a. P. Ausffldi (Ausfeld's). S. Australia. 1S65. — ericoi'des (heath-like). April. PUS [ 993 ] RAP /'. Paaio'ni (Paxton's). Yellow, reddish. Aus- tralia. 1861. — ro'sea (rose-coloured). 2. Pink. Australia. 1877. Puschki'nia. P. si'cula (Sicilian), i. Blue. Sicily. 1875. Pu'ta. P. Acupulla (Acupulla). Leaves red-blotched. 1873. Syn., Pourretia Achupulla. — Altenstei'nii. See Pitcairnla Altensteinii. — chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Yellow. May. Chili. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. White ; calyx and bracts red. Mexico. 1861. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). Scarlet. March. Caraccas. 1844. — maidifo'lia (Indian-corn-leaved). Crimson, green. Caraccas. 1850. — vire'scens. See Schxuhbekgekia virescens. — Warszewic'zii (Warszewicz's). 3. Yellowish- white; bracts purple. Guatemala. 1860. Syn., Lamproconus Warszewiczii. — Why'tei (Whyte's). 3. Dull blue. Chili. 1867. Nearly hardy. Ptcno'stachys. P.urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). Blue. Tropical Africa. 1863. Sub-shrub. Pybe'thetjm. See Chrysanthemum. Pykkhei'ma. (From pyrrhos, red, and fAma, clothing ; from the reddish-brown hairs which clothe the whole plant. Nat. ord., Commelinacese. Allied to Tradescantia.) Stove perennial herb. Seeds in a hotbed as soon as ripe ; divisions. Rich sandy loam and leaf-mould, or a little peat. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 65°. P. Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). J. Blue. Brazil. Syn., Tradescantia fuscata. Py'btjs. P. betulmfo'lia (birch-leaved). White. China. — densifa'ra (dense-flowered). 6. White. 1879. — dome'stica (domestic). 60. White. Europe. — Ho'stii (Host's). 10. Rosy-pink. 1877. Syns., Aria Hostii and Crataegus Hostii. — leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 1879. — Mau'lei (Maule's). Orange-red. Japan. 1874. — Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). Japan. 1880. Fruit eatable. — Simo'nii (Simon's). White. Spring. China. 1872. — specta'bilis. — ussure'nsis (Ussuri). Eastern Asia. 1879. Pyxida'ntheba. (From pyxis, a box, and anthera, an anther ; referring to its form. Nat. ord., Diapensiacex.) This genus at present only contains Diapensia barbulata. See that genus, Qtjamo'clit. Q. Natio'nis (Nation's). Scarlet, house climber Qua'qtja. (The name given to thij plant by the Hottentots, who eat tha stems raw. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacew. Allied to Boucerosia.) For cultivation, see Hoodia. Q. hottentot&rum (Hottentot's). -J. Yellow. Summer. Namaqualand. 1878. Qtje'bctjs. Q. acu'ta (acute). Evergreen. Japan. a'lbo-ne'rvis (white veined). Japan. ro'seo-ne'rvis (red-veined). Japan. — agrifo'lia, is a low evergreen. — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Japan. Ever- green. — bambuscefo'lia (bamboo-leaved). China. 1860. — cortfe'rta (crowded). Syn., Q. pannonica. — cuspida'ta (cuspidate). Japan. Evergreen. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved var.). Japan. latifo'lia (broad-leaved var.). Japan. — densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). California. 1865. — gi'lva (pale-yellow). Japan. Evergreen. — gla'bra (glabrous). Japan. 1879. Evergreen. — glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). Japan. 1870. — glau'ca. Of this there are the following named forms in gardens : Q. glau'ca Awoka'si ccefsia, Q. glau'ca Tsika'si lapi'dea, and Q. glauca Kurika'si ni'gra. — Ha'as (Haas). Cilicia. 1870. — Bi'ndsii (Hinds's). California. 1865. Deciduous, and valueless as a timber tree. — hu'milis (dwarf). 1 to 12. Green. Portugal and Spain. 1874. Syns., Q. ocymoides, Q. repens, Q. hybrida, and Q.fruticosa. — invefrsa (inverted-/rwf«ed). China. 1350. — liba'ni (Libanon). 30. Syria. 1870. There is a variety (Q. liba'ni pe'ndula), with pendent branches. — Ravenscrqftia'na (Ravenscroft's). S. America. 1866. —salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Japan. Evergreen. — seti'fera (bristly). Japan. Evergreen. — sclerophy'lla (hard-leaved). China. 1850. — sempervi'rens (evergreen). Japan. 1862. — stria'ta (striate). Leaves yellow, the course of the veins picked out with green. Japan. 1871. There is also a variety (Japo'nica) with variegated leaves. Quesne'lia. See Billbergia. B. Baillia'bdia. (In honour of M. Bail- Hard. Nat. ord., Composite?) . Greenhouse evergreen. For cultivation, see Bedfohdia. R. ciliola'ta (frmged-leaved). Yellow, crimson. Sandwich Islands. 1865. Ranu'nctjltjs. E. Lya'llii (Lyall's). 2 to 3. White. New Zealand. 1879. A very handsome plant. Rapate'a pandanoi'des. See Saxofre- dericia subcordata. Ba'phia. (Probably from the native EAP [ 994 ] RES name of the West African species. Nat. ord., Palmaceas.) Stove palms. See Cocos. R.Ru'ffia (Ruffia). 60. Madagascar. — Uzdi'gera (torch-bearing). Posa. 1847. — vini'fera (wine-producing). W. Africa. Eaphtdo'phoba. (From raphis, a needle, and phero, to bear ; on account of the needle-like hairs, which abound in the intercellular spaces in all parts of the plants. Nat. ord., Aracex. Allied to Monstera.) Stove climbing evergreen perennials. Seeds ; cuttings in sandy loam and peat in bottom heat and under a hand-glass. Rich loam and fibrous peat, about half and half. They do best when planted in a border, and allowed to climb up the dead stem of a tree or a wall. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 70° to 90°; winter, 65° to 75°. R. decursi'va (decurrent). Yellowish. India. 1859. — lanci'folia (lance-leaved). Spathe apricot colour, green - spotted ; spadix white. India. 1874. — Pee'pla (Peepla). Yellow. E. Indies. —pertu'sus (perforated). E. Indies. Eaphio'lepis. R.japo'nica integer rima (whole-leaved Japanese). White. Japan. 1865. Eaphiste'mma. (From raphis, a needle, and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord., Asde- piadaceae.) A stove climber. For cultivation, see Stepha- xcms. R. cilia'tum, is a synonyme of D^jua externa. — pulchefUum (pretty). White, pink. July. E.Indies. 1852. Ea'spberey Moth. Lampeo'nia rubi- e'lla. The larva of this pretty little moth sometimes plays sad havoc in Easpberry beds, by feeding upon the buds and thereby destroying the crop of fruit. The caterpillar is about one-third of an inch in length, of a scarlet colour, with a black head marked with pale lines. When first hatched from the egg, which takes place in August, it feeds upon the foliage for a time, and then crawls to some place of concealment and hibernates- In the spring it comes out again, and commences to attack the young flowering shoots, feeding inside the flowering buds, and finally destroying the inside tissue of the young shoot. When full fed, it spins a cocoon among the withered leaves, and there changes to a brown chrysalis, from which the moth emerges in the course of two or three weeks. The moth is about half an inch in expanse: the fore wings are shining brown, with five or six golden spots along the fropt margin of each, and two larger ones on the inner margin, with a few smaller ones on the middle part of the wing; the hind wings are dark brown. The best method of getting rid of this insect is to hand-pick and destroy the attacked shoots in the early part of June. If this be done thoroughly, although the year's crop will be destroyed, yet that for the following year will probably be saved. The attacked shoots may be known by their withered, unhealthy appearance. Bavene'a. (Named after Louis Ba- vene', a zealous promoter of horticulture at Berlin. Nat. ord., Palmaceas.) A slender greenhouse palm with the habit of a ChaMjEdoeea, to which refer for cultivation. R. Mildebra'ndii (Hildebrand's). 12. Comoro Islands, at an altitude of 4000 feet. Is: i. Eea'na luxuria'ns. See Euchl^na. Eege'lia. (Named after M. Regel, the superintendent of the Imperial Botanical Gardens at St. Petersburg. Nat. ord.. Myrtaceee. Allied to Beaufortia.) Greenhouse hard-wooded shrub. For cultiva- tion, see Beaufortia. R. cilia'ta (fringed). 5. Red. W. Australia. 1874. — magni'fica, maje'stica and pri'nceps, are synonymes of Veeschaffei.ua splen- dida, a palm. Eei'dia, is a section of the genus Phtllanthtjs, under which the species are placed. Eeine'ckea. (Commemorative. Nat. ord., LUiacecB. Allied to Sanseviera.) R. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured), i. Flesh. Spring. Japan, China. 1792. Syn., Sanseviera carnea. variega'ta (variegated Tar.). Leaves white-striped. 1862. Eena'ntheea. R. histru/nica (acting). Yellow, purpUsh, white. Malacca? 1878. — Lo'taii. Syn., Tanda Lowii. — matuti'na. breviflo'ra (short-flowered var.). Sunda Isles. 1879. — molucca'na (Moluccan). Red. Amboyna. — Rohania'na (Rohan's). Yellow, crimson. Borneo. 1879. — SWriei (Storie's). Yellow, vermilion. 1880. Eestbe'pta. (Dedicated to M. Re- strepa. Nat. ord., Orchidaceae.) Stove epiphytes. Allied to Pleurothallis, and requiring the same treatment. if. antenni'/era (antenna-bearing). Yellow, red- purple. Columbia. 1869. EET RHO R. Daya'na (Day's). Violet-brown, yellow. Costa Rica. 1875. — e'legans (elegant). J. Yellow, purple. Ca- raccas. 1872. — Falkeribe'rgii (Falkenberg'6). Yellow, white, purple. Columbia. 1880. — Lansbe'rgii (Lansberg's). Yellow, spotted with purple. Guatemala. 1861. — macula'ta (spotted). Yellow, blackish. Co- lumbia. 1875. — Reichenbachia'na (Reichenbach's). J. Yellow, dark purple. Costa Rica. 1875. — prore'pens (creeping). Yellow. Costa Rica. 1877. Reti'nia turiona'na. See Pine-bud moth. Retino'spoba. See Cham^ctparis. Rha'mnus. greenhouse evergreens. R. chlorc/phorus (green dye of China). China. 1857. — croce'us (saffron-coloured). 4. California. 1848. HARDY DECIDUOUS. R. hirsu'tus (hairy). 6. Green. June. E. Indies. — libano'ticus (Libanon). 6. Caucasus. 1879. — macrophy'llus (long-leaved). Greenish. China? 1376. — oleifVKus (olive - leaved). N. W. America. 1874. — robu'stm (robust). 18. Green. 1879. Rha'pis. R.flabellifo'rmis (fan-shaped). variega'tus (variegated). Leaves striped. Japan. 1861. — hu'milis (low). Japan. 1837. — java'nica (Javanese). Java. Rhapo'nticum:. R. acau'le (stemless). Barbary. 1799. Rhe'um. R. acumina'tum (pointed-feared). 3. Purple. Sikkim. 1851. — Emo'di (Emodian). 5. White. Himalaya. — rWbile (noble). Sikkim. 1875. — officinale (officinal). 8. Greenish. Tibet 1871. — palma'tum. — — tangu'ticum (Tangut var.). Green. K. W. China. 1875. Rhe'xia petiola'ris and petiola'ta. See Pleroma Gaudichaudiana. Rhinope'talum. See Fritillabia. Rhi'psalis. R. crispa'ta (curled). —fascicula'ta (bundled). TV. Indies. —flocco'sa (woolly). — funa'lii (cord-like). Tropical America. — HovXle'tii (Houllet's). Straw-yellow. Brazil. 1872. — pachy'ptera (thick-winged). "White. February. Tropical America. — parado'xa (paradoxical). Pink. — pendulifl&ra (pendulous-flowered). White. Tropical America. 1877. —penta'ptera (five-winged). Brazil. —platy'ptera (broad-winged). R.rho'mbea (diamond-brancAed). Yellow. June. Brazil. 1835. — Sagli&nis (Saglio's). "White. — salicornioi'des (Salicornia-like). Brazil. — sarmenta'cea (twiggy-stemmed). White. Brazil. 1858. — Svjartzia'na (Swartz's). White. June. Ja- maica. 1810. — trigo'na (three-angled). Brazil. Rhoda'nthe. R. atrosangni'nea (dark-blood-coloured). Pink, crimson. W. Australia. Half-hardy annual. — macula'ta (blotched). Pink, crimson. N. W. Australia. Half-hardy annual. There i* a white-flowered variety. These two arc* perhaps only varieties of R. Manglesii. Rho'dea. See Rohdea. Rhodode'ndron. STOVE. R. Brookea'num. gra'cilis (slender var.). Pale yellow. Borneo. 1871. — citri'num (citron-flowered). Yellow. Mav. Java. 1854. —jasminiflo'rum, (jasmine-flowered). 2. White, pink. May. Malacca. 1849. — 7,oT)6h (Lobb's). Crimson. Borneo. 1S69. — malaya'num (Malay). Dull scarlet. Malay Archipelago. 1854. — retu'mm (blunt-leaved). Red. May. Java. 1S53. HALF-HARDY. R. arbo'revm. limba'tum (bordered var.). Rose, white, blood-red. Sikkim. Is62. — lepido'tum. obova'tum (obovate var.). 1 to 4. Maroon- purple. May. Sikkim. 1879. R. arge'nteum (silvery-feawa"). 30. White. March. Sikkim. 1850. — Batema'ni (Bateman's). Crimson, red. Bootan. 1863. — blandfordia'num (Blandfordia-^uwered). 8. Orange, red. Sikkim. 1851. — Boo'thii (Booth's). 6. Bootan. — - calophy'llum (beautiful-leaved). 3. White. May. Bootan. — cameUiafl&rum (Camellia-flowered). 6. White. April. Sikkim. 1851. — campyloca'rpum (curved-fruited). 6. Yellow. April. Sikkim. 1851. — cinnabari'num (cinnabar - coloured). Red. April. Sikkim. 1851. — Rdgwo'rthii (Edgworth's). White. May. Sik- kim. 1851. — exi'mium (choice). 30. Bootan. — Falkone'ri (Falkoner's). Yellow. May. Sik- kim. 1851. —farmo'sum (handsome). White. April. Silhet. 1815. —fu'lgens (shining). Red. April. Sikkim. 1851. — Griffithia'num (Griffith's). AucJda'ndii (Lord Auckland's). White. May. Sikkim. 1850. Eodgsofni (Hodgson's). Purple. April. Sik- kim. 1851. — Hoohefri (Hooker's). 14. Red. April. Bootan. Jenki'nsi (Jenkins's). 7. Bootau. RHO [ 996 ] R. Ken&ri'ckii (Kendrick's). Scarlet. Bootan. 1859. •- Kefysii (Keys's). 3. Red,-yellow. July. Boo- tan. 1851. — lana'tum (woolly). Yellow. April. S ikk im . 1851. — Mndleyi (Lindley's). White. Bootan. 1864. — longifo'lium (long-leaved). 30. Bootan. — moulmaine'nse (Moulmein). White. Arracan. — nilagefricum (Neilgherry). Pink. Slay. Neil- gherries. 1840. — -Yutta'Mi (Nuttall's). 10. 'White. May. Bootan. 1859. — Shephefrdii (Shepherd's). Scarlet. Bootan. — Smi'thii (Smith's). Red. March. Bootan. 1859. — Zltamso'ni (Thomson's). 10. Red. April. Sik- kim. 1851. — Veitchia'num (Veitch's). White. May. Moul- mein. 1857. — virga'tum (twiggy). 1*. Pink. April. Sikkim. 1850. — Wi'ghtii (Wight's). Straw colour, April. Sik- kim. 1851. — WCndsori (Windsor's). Crimson. Bootan. HABDY. spotted with green. Caucasus. 1868 — Fvriu'nei (Fortune's). 12. China. 1S59. — macrose'palum, (long-sepalled). Rosy, purple. Japan. 1870. — ITetterni'chii (Metternich's). Rose. Japan. 1870. — nuflle (soft). Orange-yellow. Japan. Syn., R. sinense. — myrtif&lium (myrtle-leaved). Red. Tran- sylvania. — orbicula're (round-Zeaced). 10. Rosy. Tibet. 1879. —paroifo'l turn (small-leaved). Pale rose. Baikal. 1877. — rfto'mWcum (rhomboid-ZearaZ). Purple. Japan. 1868. — semibarba'tum (half-bearded). Greenish-yellow. Japan. 1871. Ehodolei'a. (From rhodon, a rose and Uios, smooth ; probably alluding to the rose-like flowers and spineless stems. Nat. ord., Hamamelidaccx.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see Camellia. H. CKampi'oni (Champion's). Pink. China. 1852. Ehodospa'tha. (From rhodon, a rose, and spatha, spathe ; the spathe of some of the species is rosy. Nat. ord., Aracex.) Stove perennial evergreen. Sandy loam and peat. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 80° to ao°; winter, 60° to 75°. Rhodoty'pos. (From rhodon, a rose, and typos, a type or model ; because the flowers resemble those of a Rose. Nat. ord., Rosacea. Allied to Kerria.) Hardy shrub. Cuttings under a hand-light, suckers, or layers. Garden soil. R. kerrioi'des (Kerria-like). 15. White. April. Japan. 1866. Rhcs'o. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord., Commelinaeex.) Stove perennial herb. For cultivation, see Tradescastia. R. di'scolor (two-coloured). \. "White, pink ; leaves purple-edged. 1868. Syn., Tra- descantia discolor. — (x/ncolor (one - coloured var.). Leaves entirely green. 1868. Rhopa'la. See Roupala. Rhopalosti'gma. See Stacrostigma. Rhtj's. R. Osbe'ckii (Osbeck's). 20. White. Japan. 1867. — Sim&nii (Simon's). China. 1366. — succeda'nea (a substitute). Japan. — Japan wax. Rhyncha'stheba. (From rhynchos, a beak, and anthera, an anther; anthers beaked. Nat. ord., Melastomacex.) Stove evergreen shrub, with handsome purple flowers. Cuttings of the half-ripened side shoots, in sandy loam, in heat and under a bell-glass, which should be raised a little to permit free circulation of air, and prevent damping off. Rich sandy loam and fibry peat, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 58° to 65°. R. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Deep rose. N. Brazil. 1873. Rhynchoca'bpa. (From rhynchos, a beak, and karpos, fruit; in allusion to the beaked fruit. Nat. ord., Cucurbitacex. Allied to Bryonia.) Tuberous-rooted greenhouse perennial, but may be grown as an annual in a warm border. Seeds sown in spring in a slight hotbed. Light rich soil. Winter temp., 45° to 55°. R. glomera'ta (glomerated). Brazil. 1880. Rhyncho'sia. (From rhynchos, a beak ; from the shape of the keel. Nat. ord., Leguminosx. Allied to Eriosema.) Greenhouse or stove perennial trailing or twin- ing herbs. Seeds. Light sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50 3 to 55°. R. a'Wo-ni'Uns. See Desmodiom Skinneri albo- nitens. — cTiryso'cias (golden). Yellow. May. S. Africa. 1871. Rhynchote'chtjm. (Derivation unex- plained. Nat. ord., Gesneracex. Allied to Besleria.) Stove herb, apparently biennial ; Mid therefore must be raised from seeds. The soil and tempera- ture should be the same as for Gesxeea, which see. R. elli'pticum (elliptic - leaved). Deep rose. Himalaya. 1870. Ehyncospe'bjtum. R. HumWldtii (Humboldt's). 3. Green, purple. Central America. 1852. EIB [ 997 ] EON R. OeratCdii (Oersted's). 2. Green, purple. Cen- tral America. 1852. — tigri'dia (tiger-marked). 2. Green, purple. Venezuela. 1852. — variega'tum and va'rium are varieties of R. jasminoi'des. Eibbon grass. Phalaris arundina- ■cea. Bi'bes. li. japo'nicum (Japanese). 3. Green. Japan. 1877. — Roefzlii (Roezl's). 3. Red, white. N. W. America. 1879. — subvesti'tum (slightly-covered). Purple. May. California. Eicb paper is sliced from the pith of Fatsia papyrifera. See p. 928. Eicha'rdia. R. a'lbo-macula'ta (white — spotted leaved). White, June. Natal. 1859. — hasta'ta(ha.\beit-leaved). Yellow, green. Natal. 1859. — melanoleu'ca (black-and-white). i£. Spathe pale yellow, black-purple at base ; spadix white. Natal. 1869. Biocret/xia. (Named after A. Riocreux, a celebrated botanical artist. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacex. Allied to Ceropegia.) A free-flowering greenhouse climber. Cuttings in sand, in a slight bottom heat and under a hand-glass ; they are best taken in spring. Sandy loam, well drained; give plenty of pot room. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°. R. torulo'sa (torulose). Yellowish. S. Africa. 1862. Ei'tchiea. (In honour of Mr. Ritchie. Nat. ord., Capparidacex.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Crat^va. R. polype'tala (many-petalled). White. Tropical Africa. 1862. Ei'vea zeyla'nica. See Argyreia. Eivi'na. R. Im'vis (smooth). 6. Pink. May. W. Indies. 1733. pube'scens (downy). White. June. W. Indies. 1699. EOCHEA. R. tinijlora (Laurestinus-flowered). White. S. Africa. 1861. Syn„ Larochea tinijlora. Bock Carrot. Monizia edulis. Eodge'rsia. (Named after Admiral Rodgers, U. S. Navy, commander of the expedition during which it was first discovered. Nat. ord., Saxifragacex. Allied to Saxifraga.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions. Rich loam and peat. R.podophy'lla (Bt&lked-lea,\e&). 3. White. Japan. 1872. Eodrigtje'zia. R. deco'ra. Syn., Burlingtonia decora. R. deco'ra pi'cta, i3 a whits-lipped, purple-spotted variety. — leochili'na (lion-lipped). Yellowish, brown. Costa Rica. 1871. — pube'scens (downy), i. White. November. Brazil. 1850. Syn., Burlingtonia pube- scens. Eoe'zlia. (Named after M. Roezl, a collector and introducer of Tropical American plants. Nat. ord., Melasto- macex. Allied to Monochsetum.) Stove evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see Pleroma. R. granadetnsis (New Grenadan). Rosy. Co- lumbia. 1872. Eogie'ra. See Eondeletia. Eo'hdea. (In honour of if. Rohde. Nat. ord., Liliacex.) Greenhouse, almost aquatic. R. japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1865. There are three variegated-leaved varieties. The name is sometimes spelt Rhodka. Eomanzo'ffia. (Named after Count Romanzov, a Eussian nobleman. Nat. ord., Hydrophyllaceas.) Hardy perennial herb, suitable for rockwork ; it has much the appearance of a Saxifraga, and requires the same treatment. R. sitche'nsis (Sitcha). J. White. April. Sitcha. 1873. Eo'mneya. (Named after Rev. Dr. T. Romney Robinson, an astronomer of Armagh. Nat. ord., Papaveracex. Allied to Platystigma.) A fine and showy herbaceous perennial, which, although half-hardy, thrives best and produces larger and more abundant flowers if kept in a cool greenhouse. Seeds sown in spring. Rich sandy loam. Winter temp., 45° to 60°. R. Cou'lteri (Coulter's). 4. White. California. 1875. Eondele'tia. R. amce'na (pleasing). Pink. Guatemala. Syns., R. versicolor, Rogiera amcena, Rogiera Menechma, Rogiera versicolor, Rogiera latifolia, and Rogiera macrophylla. — ano'mala (anomalous). Red, yellow. No- vember. — corda'ta (heart-tawed). Pink. Guatemala. 1852. — erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). Yellow. Co- lumbia. 1867. Syn., R. Purdiei. — erythroneu'ra (red-veined). Pink. Tropical America. 1860. Syn., R. Backhousii. — grati'ssima (most agreeable). Pink. Mexico. 1866. Syn., Rogiera elegantissima. — odora'ta. Syn., R. speciosa. — rofsea (rosy). Pink. New Grenada. 1859. Eonnbe'rgia. (Named after M. Ronn- berg, director of agriculture and horti- culture to the Minister of the Interior of Belgium. Nat. ord., Bromeliaeex.) Stove perennial. A very distinct and remark- able genus among Bromeliads on account of its KOP RUD stalked, entire leaves. For cultivation, see Bnx- BERGIA. /.'. Horrenia'na (Morren's). Blue, white. Co- lumbia. 1876. Ro'pala, on p. 700, should be Rou 1 - PALA. Ro'sa. R. Fortunia'na (Fortune's). White. June. China. 1846. — intermedia (intermediate). White. China. 1868. — Jwa'ra (Iwara). White. Japan. 1861. Syn., R. Tvaara. — Pissa'rti (Pissart's). 20. White. Persia. 1880. — polya'ntha (many-flowered). Japan. 1865. — rugo'sa (wrinkled). Crirmon. Japan. 1871. Syn., R. Regdiana. Rosano'wia. See Sinntngia. Rose Brand, and Rust. Roses at- tacked With this disease present a sickly yellow hue, and if the leaves are ex- amined in an early stage of the disease their under sides will appear sprinkled with yellow dust. In this stage the dis- ease is termed "Rust , " at a later period, black dots appear among the yellow dust and constitute the stage of the disease termed " Brand." These appear- ances are due to a minute fungus. Formerly the Rust and Brand were thought to be produced by two distinct species of fungus, and were even placed in distinct genera ; but they are now known to be but two phases of existence of the same fungus, to which the name Phragmi'ditjm mucrona'tum is given. If the Brand be examined under a microscope it will be found to consist of a multitude of blackish, oblong, pointed, several-celled bodies, borne on colourless stalks as represented in our engraving. The oblong body at length breaks up into as many spores as it has cells. After a shorter or longer period, these spores ger- minate, and develop a fine, thread-like, branched mycelium. Upon short branches of this mycelium are developed the miaute round yellow spores, which constitute what is called Rust. When ripe, these spores become detached from the mycelium ; they soon germinate and produce a fresh mycelium, from which the Brand spores are developed, and thus the cycle completed. The only remedy known to us is to syringe the Rose trees with a very fine hose, and then dust them well with powdered sulphur. Rostelle'ra, is a corruption of Rot- tleba. See Mallotus. Ro'ttlera. See Mallotus. Rou'pala. Spelt Ropala, on p. 700. R. au'rea (golden). Stem and petioles golden- haired. St. Catherine's. Brazil. 1866. — Btrissieria'na (Boissier's). Yellow. New Gre- nada. 1853. — complied' ta (folded-leaved). 8. Columbia. 1853. — crena'ta (scolloped leaved). Brazil. — e'legans (elegant). Brazil. — heterophy'tta (various-leaved). Braail. — obova'ta (obvate-Jeared). 24. Popavan. 1855. — Po>hlii (Pohl's). Orange-red. Brazil Syn., R. corcovadensis. Roupe'llia. (In honour of the Boupell family, encouragers of botany. Nat. ord., Apocynaceas.) A shrubby, climbing stove plant. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass in heat. Fibry peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°. R. gra'ta (grateful). White, pink. May. Sierra Leone. The flowers are very fragrant. The fruit is the Cream Fruit of its native place. Ru'bus. hardy evergreen. R.jajx/nicus (Japanese). White. Japan. 1852. HARDY DECIDUOUS. R. cratotgifcflius (hawthorn-leaved). White. N. China. 1878. — delicu/sus (delicious). 3. White. May. Bocky Mountains. 1870. — nu'tans (nodding). \. White. Himalaya. — phaenicola'sius (purple-haired). 10. Pink. Japan. June. 1877. GREENHOUSE. R. austra'lis (southern). White. New Zealand. This is a very curious, slender trailer, very prickly, and remarkable for its leaf variation; the form generally cultivated is almost leafless or with small narrow leaves, but other forms have broad well- developed leaves. Ru'ckia. (In honour of Mr. Buck, a Russian gardener. Nat. ord., Brome- liacx.) Stove plants. For cultivation, see Bbomelia. R. Ellemee'ti (Ellemeet's). 1. Rose, pinkish- lilac. Mexico, lsol. Syns., Bromelia longifolia, Eechtia Joinvillei, H. EUe- meeti, Pourretia mexicana, and P. Join- villei. Ru'dgea. (Commemorative of Mr. E. Budge. Nat. ord., Cinchonaceas.) Stove evergreens. For cultivation, see Coffea. R. nirx/sa (snowy). White. Parana. 1866. Syn., Ptychotria nivosa. EUE [ 9 -R. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Cream. Brazil. 1867. Syn., R. leucocephala. Rtje'llia. K. acuta'ngula (acute-angled). Scarlet, yellow. May. Brazil. — Bai'kiei (Baikie's). 3. Scarlet. December. W. Africa. 1858. Syn., Stephanophysum Baikiei. — Devosia'na (Devos's). White; leaves purple beneath. Brazil. 187?. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2 to 3. Vermilion. Brazil. 1820. Syn., Stephanophysum longifolium. — macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 3. Scarlet. June. New Grenada. 1840. Syn., Stemona- canthus macrophyllus. — Pea'rcei (Pearce's). Scarlet. Bolivia. 1867. Syn., Stemonacanthus Pearcei. — Porte'llas (Portella's). 1. Rose. S. Brazil. 1879. — ro'sea (rosy). Rose-pink. Brazil. 1818. Rtjli'ngia. (Dedicated to John Philip Ruling, who wrote an essay on the Natu- ral Orders of Plants. Nat. ord., Ster- culiacem.) Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, see Lasio- petaxdh. B. parvifl&ra (small-flowered). 1. White. W. * Australia. 1868. Eu'pala. See Roupala. Rysso'pterys. (From ryssos, wrinkled, and pteryx, a wing : form of wing of fruit. Nat. ord., Malpighiacex.) Stove twiner. Cuttings of firm young shoots in sand and bottom heat, under a bell-glass. Fibry peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 65° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 65°. H. microste'ma (small-anthered). White. August. Java. 1820. Sa'bal. 5. ccerule'scens (bluish). Columbia. 1875. — glauce'scens (whitish-green). Trinidad. 1825. — mexica'na (Mexican). 20. Mexico. 1834. — serrula'ta (saw-tooth-Ieaued). Carolina. 1840. — Woodfo'rdii (Woodford's). Trinidad. 1836. Sabba'tia. S. campe'stris (field). 1. Lilac. July. Texas. 1855. Sa'ccharum. S. osgypti'oxum (Egyptian). 7. Panicle silvery, rivals Pampas Grass. Algeria. 1866. Saccola'bitjm. S. bigi'bbum (bigibbous). £. Yellow. November. Rangoon. 1868. — btuxo'sum (inflated). Yellowish, purple-brown. India. 1871. — curvifo'lium (curved-leaved). Red. Ceylon. — di'ves (rich). Yellowish. India. 1875. — giga'nteum. See Van-da densiflora. — gurwa'licum (Gurwal). White, blotched with amethyst. India. 1879. SAL S. Barrisonia'num (Harrison's). White. Pulo Copang. 1864. Fragrant. — Bender sonia' num. (Henderson's). Deep rosij white. Borneo. 1852. — Butto/ni (Hutton's). Purple. Java. 1868. Syn., ^Brides Buttoni. — mi'nus (small). Rose-purple, green. Poly- nesia. 1878. — pumi'lis (dwarf). £. Yellowish, purple. Phi- lippines. — ru'brum (red). Red. Nepaul. Saccolo'ma. (From sakhos, a bag, and loma, a border; alluding to situation of the spores. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypo- diaceas.) Stove fern. See Fekks. S. e'kgans (elegant). 3. Tropical America. 1860. Sadle'kia. (Named after Joseph Sad- ler, Professor of Botany at Pesth. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiaeex.) Stove ferns. For cultivation, see Fekns. S. cyatheoi'des (Cyathea-like). Sandwich Island-?. 1877. Salisbtj'ria. St adiantifo'lia. macrophy'lla (large-leaved var.). — variega'ta (variegated var.). Leaves white-striped. Salpigo'phoea. (From salpigx, a tube, and pliora, bearing ; shape of flowers. Nat. ord., Bignoniaceie.') Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see Chilopsis. S. chiloe'nsis (Chilian). Crimson. Chili. 18C2. Sa'lvia. stove evergreens. S. albo-cmru'lea (white^and-blue-^noerei). White, blue. Mexico. — Bethe'llii, is a synonyme of S. invohtcrata. — camphora'ta (camphor-scented). Rose. S. America. 1872. — dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). Scarlet. Xew Grenada. 1859. — Bee'rii (Beer's). Scarlet. Peru. 1855. — me'ntiens (deceiving). Rose-pink ; bracts ami calyx crimson. Brazil. 1870. — rube'scens (reddish). Scarlet. Columbia. 1S72. Syn., S. boliviano,. — Schi'mperi (Schimper's). 3. White. Abys- sinia. 1875. — tri'color (three-coloured). White, scarlet. Mexico. S. cacalicefoflia (Cacalia-leavcd). 3. Blue. June. Mexico. 1858. — ccelesti'na (sky-blue). Blue. Mexico ? 1878. — Goud&tii (Goudot's). 2. Purple. Columbia. 1870. Syn., S. lantanifolia. — ianthi'na (violet). Purple. Peru ? 1850. Syn., S. Boveyi. — dbtu'sa (blunt). 1£. Carmine. Mexico. 1861. — Roe'zlii (Roezl's). 1*. Scarlet. Mexico. 1S61. — ru'tilans (glowing-red). Scarlet. 1873. HARDY HERBACEOUS. SAL [ 1000 ] SAU $. candela'brum (candelabra). 3. White, purple. July. Spain. — dichro'a (two-coloured). 2 to 3. Blue, white. Greater Atlas. 1873. —farina'cea (mealy). 3. Blue, white. Summer. Texas. 1847. — Pi'tcheri (Pitcher's). 2. Blue. New Mexico, 1873. Half-hardy. —porphyra'ta (bright-red-^oioered). 1. Red. Texas. — Rcemeria'na (Reamer's). 2. Crimson. July. Texas. 1852. — taraxacifo'lia (dandelion - leaved). Pink, yellowish. Greater Atlas. 1872. Salvi'nia. (Named in honour of Antonio Maria Salvini, a Professor at Florence in the seventeenth century. Nat. ord., Marsiliacex.) This pretty little floating aquatic, which, like Azolla, is suitable for a stove, greenhouse, or indoor aquarium, is easily managed in the sum- mer time, simply requiring to be let alone or have its water changed, if necessary ; but in the winter is often lost through a want of knowledge of its life-history. The mature plant floats on the water and has no true roots, though the row of divided leaves on the under side of the stem look like roots at first sight, and assume their functions. Among these the spore capsules are developed, and from them the plant must be grown annually, as the old plants die in the winter. The best way to preserve the spores is to half fill a broad pan with sandy loam, and then fill up with water; when the water has cleared, place a number of plants u$on it, and stand the pan by in a cool greenhouse ; in the winter the plants will all die, but the spores will remain in the loam, which must not be thrown away or allowed to dry, and the next spring they will reproduce the plant. Azolla should be treated in the same manner. S. na'tans (floating). Europe, India. Sa'mbul plant. Febula Sambul. Sa'mtda. S. noWis (noble). Brazil. 1866. Sanche'zta. (In honour of Don San- ■chez. Nat. ord., Acantltxicex.) Stove sub-shrub. For cultivation, see Barleeia. & wfbilis (noble). Yellow, crimson. Ecuador. 1866. There is a variety with white- striped leaves, and another with glaucous leaves. Sandebso'nia. (In honour of J. San- derson, secretary of the Natal Horticul- tural Society. Nat. ord., Liliacem.) Warm greenhouse bulb. For cultivation, see HlPPEASTRUX. S. auranti'aca (orange-^oicered). 1*. Orange. Natal. 1852. Sangtjinai'be plant. Paronychia Sansevie'ba. S.cyU'ndrica (cylindric - leaved). 3. Yellow, green. August. Angola. 1856. Sarca'nthtjs. S. arieti'nus (ram's-head). Greenish, rosy, yel- low. Assam. 1869. — chrysome'las (golden-black). Yellowish, black- ish-purple. Moulmein. 1869. — erina'ceus (hedgehog-like). White, rose. Moulmein. 1867. Syn., JErides rubrum and &. dasypogon. — ffincksia'nus (Hincks's). Green, red. 1878. — la'xus (l&x-JUrwered). White, purple. Moul- mein. 1865. — ma'crodon (long-toothed). Yellowish, purple. Madras. 1873. — mira'bilis (wonderful). 1*. Yellowish. India. — Pari'shii (Parish's). Yellow ; lips rosy. Moulmein. 1861. Williamso'nii (Williamson's). Amethyst. 1865. Saechochi'ltjs. S. Fitzgera'ldi (Fitzgerald's). White, rose. Aus- tralia. 1877. SARCOOLO'TTia. S. Esseri (Esser's). Green, grey. Central Ame- rica. 1863. Sabcopo'dium. (From sarx, flesh, and pous, a foot. Nat. ord., Orchidacese.) Stove epiphytical orchids. See Orchids. S. Chei'ri (Cheir's). Olive-green, brown. Manilla. — Lo'bbii (Lobb's). Yellow, orange. Java. — macra'nthum (large-flowered). Lemon, brown. Singapore. —pilea'tum (hat-bearing anthers). Yellow. Singapore. — psittacogU/ssum (parrot-tongued). Yellow, red. Moulmein. 1863. Saecoste'mma. S. Brunonia'num (Brown's). Yellow. India. 1872. Sabmie'nta. (Named after Mart. Sar- miento, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Gesneracex.) Greenhouse perennial trailer. For cultivation, see Gesnera. S. re'pens (creeping). Red. Chili. 1862. Sabbace'nia. — crispa'ta (curled). White. N. America. 1879. — fla'va. orna'ta (adorned var.). Yellow. 1S79. Willia'msii (William's var.). N. America. 1874. Syn., S. Williamsii. — psittaci'na (parrot-like). Leaves red-veined, and ends parrot - headed. American Southern States. 1866. There are also several very handsome hybrids, as S. chelso'ni, S. Moo'rei, and S. Stevenso'ni. Satt'etum. S. cilia'tum (fringed-petalled). Pinkish-white. August. Himalaya. 1880. Satjbatj'ja. 5. sarapique'nsis (Sarapiqui). Costa. Rica. 1866. Sauboma'tum. (From saura, a lizard; SAU [ 1001 ] SCH alluding to the speckled interior of the spathe. Nat. ord., Aracex.) Stove tuberous-rooted herbaceous perennial, allied to Arum. Offsets. Light loam and peat in equal proportions. ■S". a'sperum. See Dracoxtium. — gutta'tum (spotted), lj. Green, purple. May. E. Indies. 1848. — puncta'tum (dotted). 1. Green, purplish. 1858. . — veno'sum (veiny). 1. Green, purple-brown. India. Sau'ropus. (From sauros, a lizard, and pous, a foot; application not ap- parent. Nat. ord., Euphorbiacex.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Phyllak- thus, to which it is allied. S. Ga'rdneri (Gardner's). Java. 1861. Saxe-Go'trsia. (In honour of his late B. H. Prince Albert. Nat. ord., Coni- fers.) Half-hardy evergreen tree. S. conspi'cua (remarkable). 30. Patagonia. Saxi'fraga. habdy herbaceous. S. Andre'wsii (Andrews's), t. Kerry. 1848. — Burseria'na. ma'jor (greater var.). Flowers larger. 1880. —florule'nta (free-flowering). 1. Lilac. S. Europe. 1872. — Fortu'nei (Fortune's). White. Japan. 1863. Half-hardy. — Greenla'ndica (Greenland), i. White. Green- land. — Ko'tschyi (Kotschy's). §. Yellow. Asia Minor. 1873. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). White, red-dotted. Summer. Pyrenees. — Mawea'na (Maw's), t. White. May. Mo- rocco. 1871. — pectina'ta (comb-like). N. America. — pelta'ta (peltate-leaved). 1. Rosy. April. California. 1873. — purpura' 'scens (purplish), i. Purple. Sikkim. 1850. — ■ Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). I. Rose. Himalaya. 1878. This seems the same as S. ligulata. — Stra'cheyi (Strachey's). f. Pink. Himalaya. 1851. — valde'nsis (forest). White. Alps. 1871. Saxo-Fredeki'cia. (In honour of Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony, Nat. ord., Bapateacex.) Stove plants, natives of the marshes of Guiana and Amazons. Loam and peat. Keep wet. Seeds, divisions. Summer temp., 85° to 90°; winter C0° to 65°. S. subcorda'ta (subcordate). 1. Brownish. Ama- zons. 1873. Syn., Eapatea pandanoides. SCABIO'SA. S. pterocc'phala (winged-headed). J. Purple. July. Greece. Schee'lea. (Dedicated to Scheele, a celebrated German chemist. Nat. ord., Palmacese.') Stove palm. Allied to Attalea, to which refer for cultivation. & imperia'lis (imperial). Columbia. 1875. Schee'ria. S. lana'ta (woolly), i. Purple. October. Mexico- 1856. Schi'ma. (Perhaps from schisma, a cleft; valves of capsule cleft half-way down. Nat. ord., Ternstrazmiacex.) Stove tree. Loam and sand. Cuttings of ripened shoots cut off at a joint, in sand, under a hand-glass in heat. S. supe'rba (superb). 20. White. Hong Kong. 1824. Schismatoglo'ttis. (From schisma, deciduous, and glotta, a tongue ; because the limb of the spathe falls off very quickly. Nat. ord., Aracex.) Stove perennial herbs, of dwarf stature, with variegated leaves. All are natives of the Indian Archipelago. Divisions. Rich sandy loam, fibry peat, and leaf-mould, in equal proportions, well drained ; they require a moist atmosphere, and plenty of water with shade. Summer temp., 70° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. S. pi'cta (painted), i. Whitish ; leaves with a feathered greyish band down the middle. Borneo. 1864. — variega'ta (variegated). t. White leaves nearly as in 8. picta. Borneo. 1862. SCHl'z.EA. S. e'legans. latifo'lia (broad-leaved var.). li to 3. W. Indies. 1861. Schiza'nthus. S. viola'ceus (violet - coloured). 3. August. Chili. 1853. Purple. Schizoba'sis. (From schizo, to cut, and basis, the base; because the withered corolla separates at its base from the receptacle, and is pushed off by the swelling fruit in the form of a ealyptra. Nat. ord., Liliacex. Allied to Bowiea.) Greenhouse bulb. Seeds ; offsets. Light loam ; place in full sunshine. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. S. intrica'ta (intricate). i. White, green. S. Africa. 1875. Schizolo'bitjm. (From schizo, to split, and lobos, a little pod ; probably in refer- ence to the dehiscence of the pod. Nat. ord., Leguminosx.) Stove evergreen tree. For cultivation, see Poinciana, to which it is allied. L. exce'lsum, (lofty). Yellow. Brazil. 1874. Schizophra'gma. (From schizo, to cut, and phragma, an enclosure or wall ; be- cause the portions of the wall between SCH [ 1002 ] scu the ribs of the fruit fall away when it is ripe. Nat. ord., Saxifragacese. Allied to Hydrangea.) Greenhouse shrub. Seeds; cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in a slight bottom heat. Fibry loam and leaf-mould. Ordinary greenhouse treat- ment. S. hydrangeoi'des (Hydrangea-like). White or flesh-coloured. Japan. 1879. Schizo'stylis. (From schizo, to cut, and stylos, a column. Nat. ord., Iridacex.) For cultivation, see Libeetia. S. cocci'nea (crimson). 3. Crimson. Kaffraria. 1864. Half-hardy bulb. Schli'mmia. (In compliment to 31. Scfilim, one of M. Linden's plant col- lectors. Nat. ord., Orchidacess.) Stove epiphytical orchid. See Orchids. •S". jasminodo'ra (jasmine-scented). White. Cen- tral America. 1852. — tri'fida (three-cleft). White, purplish, orange. Columbia. 1877. Schltjmberge'rta. (Named after F. Schlumberger, a Belgian horticulturist. Nat. ord., Bromeliacex.) Stove perennials. For cultivation, see Til- landsia. S. Koe'zlii (Roezl's). 3. White and greenish. Andes of Pern. 1879. — vire'scens (greenish). 2. Pale yellowish- green. March. Columbia. 1857. Syns., Fuya virescens, Anoplophytum vittatum, A. stramineum, and Tillandsia vittata. Schombtj'rghia. White, purple. August. Schtjbe'rtta. S. Gra'hami (Graham's). White. July. Brazil. Sciadoca'lyx. See Isolojia. Sciado'pitys. (From skias, a parasol, and pitys, a fir tree spread in Coniferse.) Hardy evergreen. Imported seed. Rich light 140. Japan. referring to the whorls of leaves. Nat. ord ;oam. S. verticilki'ta (whorlei-leaved). 1861. Sci'lla. greenhouse btjlbs. S. Berthelo'tii (Berthelot's). Pink. Tropical Africa. 1862. Stove. -~conci'nna (neat). Rose-purple. S. Africa. 1862. «- co'ncolor (one-coloured-Z«at>ed). Purple, green. S. Africa. 1862. Syn., Drimia Cooperi. — Cooperi (Cooper's). Purple. S. Africa. 1866. — floribu'nda (floriferous). 1. Green, purple. S. Africa. 1862. — linearifo'lia (linear-leaved). Lurid purple. S. Africa. 1862. S.lora'ta (thong-Zeaued). Purple-green. S.Africa. 1862. Syn., Drimia apertiflora. — Macowa'ni (Mac Owan's). i. Greenish. S. Africa. 1875. — noXaUfnsis (Natal). Blue. Natal. 1863. Green- house. — ovatifo'lia (ovate-leaved). Rosy. Natal. 1862. — pallidiJU/ra. (pale-flowered). 1. White. S. Africa. 1870. — paucifo'lia (few-leaved). Green, whitish. S. Africa. 1862. — pe'ndula (pendulous). 1. Green; stamens lilac. Natal. 1878. — polya'ntha (many-flowered). 1. Purple, green. S. Africa. 1878. —prasi'na (leek-green). Green, purple. S. Africa. 1870. —pri'nceps (prince). Yellowtsh-green, purple. S. Africa. 1862. — socia'lis (social). Greenish. S. Africa. 1862. — spathula'ta (spathulate-Ieoiied). $. Green, purple. S. Africa. 1862. — subglau'ca (rather glaucous). Rose-purple. S. Africa. 1862. — tricolor (three-coloured-Zeaeed). -}. Green. Natal. 1880. — versicolor (changeable). Greenish-white. S. Africa. 1872. — zebri'na (zebra). Yellowish-green, purple. S. Africa. 1862. HARDY BTJLB. S. Hu'ghii (Hugh's). Blue. Sicily. 1873. Scinda'psus. (From skindapsos, an ancient name for an Ivy-like climber. Nat. ord., Aracese. Allied to Kaphido- phora.) Stove evergreen climbers, requiring the same treatment as Monstera, Raphidophora, or Phi- LODENDROX. S. argy'rea (silvery). Borneo. 1859. Syn., Pothos argyrcea. Sclerochi'lus. (From scleros, hard, and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orcliidacese.) Stove epiphytical orchid. See Orchids. S. Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow, red. July. Caraccas. 1841. Scolope'ndbtjm. S. vulga're. Kelwa'yi (Kelway's var.). 1880. Scorzone'ra. S. undula'ta (wavy-leaved). 1 to 2. Purple. July. Algeria. 1874. Scrophula'ria. (So called from being a reputed remedy for Scrofula. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacex.) Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds, or divisions of the plants. Ordinary garden soil. S. sublyra'ta (somewhat lyrate - leaved). 3. Green, purple. August. Portugal. 1879. Sctjtella'ria. tender species. a'lbo-rofsea (whitish-rose). Lilac. Amazons. 1869. ■ aura'ta (golden). Yellow, Upper Brazil. 1863. SEA [ 1003 ] SEL 8. costarica'nd (Costa Rican). Scarlet, yellow. June. 1864. — Mocinia'na (Mocini's). H. Scarlet ; yellow. Mexico. 1868. Seafo'rthia. <$'. corona'ta (crowned). 20. Java. 1848. — costa'ta (ribbed-/rttt'£). 15. Java. 1853. — Dickso'nii (Dickson's). 18. Malabar. 1845. — Ku'hlii. See Ptychospebma. — latise'cta (broad-cut). 15. Sumatra. — sylve'stris (wood). 15. Cochin China. 1849. — Vei'tchii (Veitch's). Australia. 1869. Se'dum. hardy herbaceous. S. adeno'trichum (gland-haired). Pinkish-white. Himalaya. 1872. — Albe'rti (Albert Kegel's). White. July. Tur- kestan. 1880. — a'lbo-ro'seum (whitish-rose). 1J. White, rose- tinted. Japan. 1860. — aespito'sum (tufted). White. Corsica. 1872. — ca'rneum (fleshy). Yellow. Japan. The white- leaved variety is pretty, and useful for basket cultivation. — Coo'peri (Cooper's). $. White. 1869. — cordifo'lium (heart-shaped-leaved). 1$. White purplish-tinted. 1860. — cya'neum (dark-blue). }. Purplish. Siberia 1879. — glanduli'ferum (glandular). $. White, rose. Morocco. 1873. Syn., jSf. dasyphyllum glanduli/erum. — glandulo'sum (glandular), i. Rosy-purple June. Sardinia. 1871. — japo'nicum, (Japanese). Yellow. Japan. 1866 — kamtcha'ticum (Kamtchatkan). Yellow. June. Soongaiia. 1844. — ly'dium (Lydian). £. White. Asia Minor. — Maximowi'czii (Maximowicz's). 1. Yellow Japan. 1867. -- Middendorffia'num (Middendorffs). i. Yellow. Turkestan. 1880. — pulche'llum (pretty), i. Rosy-purple. July N. America. 1874. —purpu'reum (purple). 1$. Purple. August. Siberia. 1852. — rumens (reddish), i. Pinkish, white. S. Europe. 1870. — selkskia'num (Selkskian). Yellow. Siberia. 1862. — Skbo'ldii variega'tum (Siebold'e, variegated var.). Japan. 1860. — specta'bile (showy). Purplish. Japan. Syn., ■S. Fabiaria. — spu'rium. sple'ndens (splendid var.). i. Rosy- purple. Caucasus. 1875. S. califc/rnicum (Californian). $. Yellow. Cali- fornia. 1875. — ebractea'tum (bractless). 1. Yellowish-white. Mexico. 1865. — Liebmannia'num (Liebmann's). |. White. June. Mexico. 1880. — retu'sum (retuse-leaved). White, rosy. June. Mexico. 1880. — spathulifo'lium (spoon-shaped-leaved). Yellow. California. 1873. Seema'nnia. (Named after Berthold Seemann, a botanist and traveller. -Nat. ord., Gesneracex. Allied to Neegelia.) Stove perennial herbs. Gesneba. S. Bena'ryi (Benary's). America. 1875. For cultivation, see Purplish. Tropical Selagine'lla. (A diminutive of Se- lago. Nat. ord., Lycopodiacese.) Stove and greenhouse evergreens, much re- sembling mosses. See Lycopodium, from which some of the following species are taken. S. africa'na (African). 1±. W. Africa. — a'pus (footless). N. America. — atrovi'ride (dark-green). 1. E. Indies. — brasilie'nsis (Brazilian), i. Brazil. — caule'sce.ns (stemmed). E. Indies. — gra'cilis (slender var.). India. 1880. — confe'rta (pressed). 1, Borneo. 1860. — convolu'ta (convolute). $. Brazil. — cuspida'ta (pointed). £. Central America. elonga'ta (lengthened var.). 1. Colombia. — delicati'ssima (most-delicate). — denticula'ta (small-toothed). +. Europe. — erythro'pus (red-footed). Tropical America. —fdici'na (fern-like). Colombia. — Jlabella'ta (fan-shaped). Indian Archipelago. — Galle&ttii (Galleotti's). Mexico. — Griffi'thii (Griffith's). Java. 1860. — kelve'tica (Helvetian). Europe. — horte'nsis (garden), t. Sicily. — incequalifo'lia (unequal-leaved). 2. E. Indies. — increscentifo'lia (luxuriant-leaved). Colombia. — invo'lvens (rolled-up). Japan. 1868. There is a white variegation. — Kraussia'na au'rea ((Krauss's, golden var.). Leaves yellow. 1878. — Iceviga'ta (polished). 2. E. Indies. — lepidophy'lla (scaly-leaved). Mexico. 1863. — Lob'bii (Lobb's). — ludovicia'na (Louisianian). Louisiana. — Lya'llii (Lyall's). — itarte'nsii (Marten's). Mexico. — pere'legans (very elegant). Ceylon. 1879. Syn., S. bellula of some gardens. — Pceppigia'na (Pceppig's). — pube'scens (downy). E. Indies. — ri'gida (stiff). S. America. — rube'lla (red). Stem and leaves reddish-brown. 1871. — se'rpens (winding). W. Indies. — spinulo'sa (small-spined). Europe. — sulca'ta (furrowed). Brazil. — uncina'ta (hooked). China. — Victo'rice (Victoria's). Polynesia. 1878. Very elegant. — viticulo'sa (tendrilled). Columbia. — WaUi'chii (Wallich'a). Penang. 1860. Selenipe'ditjm. (From selenis, a little crescent, and pedion, a plain ; application not apparent. Nat. ord., Orchidacese.) This genus only differs from Cypbipkdiok in having a three-celled ovary, whereas in Cypiupe- dium the ovary is one-celled. In all other re- spects the two genara are identical. ■S. cauda'tum (Zonp-tailed). 2. Green. March. Quito. 1851. Syn., Cypripedium Cauda- turn. — longifo'lium (long-leaved). Green, red-brown. Chiriqui. 1869. Syns., Cypripedium longifolium and C. Reichenbachii. colora'tum (coloured var.) Petals purplish. Costa Rica. 1873. — Roe'zlii (Roezl's). 3. Greenish-yellow, purple. Columbia. 1873. SEL [ 1004 ] SEE S. Schli'nii (Schlim's). White, crimson-spotted. New Grenada. 1867. Syn., Cypripedium Schlimii. albiflo'rum (white-flowered var.) White. Columbia. 1875. — vitta'tum (striped). 1 to 1*. Pale green, red, brownish. Brazil. 1876. Sellique'a. S. caudif&rmis (tail - shaped). Malay Archi- pelago. 1862. Sempebvi'vum. HAEDT. S. ant/malum (anomalous). \. Mauve-purple. June. Syn., S. pauciflorum. — arena'rium (sand). *. Yellow. Tyrol. 1879. Syn., S. cornutum. — arvernefnse (Auveme). i. Pink. France. — assi'mile (similar). i. Pale rose. July. Tyrol. 1879. — aOa'nticum (Atlas Mountain). *. Pale red. Greater Atlas. 1873. Syn., S. tectorum atlanticum. — barba'tulum (bearded). }. Pale red. Tyrol. — Boissie'ri (Boissier's). f. Red. July. 1878. — Boutignya'num (Boutigny"s). *. Pale rose. Pyrenees. 1878. — Brau'nii (Braun's). i. Yellow. July-. Tyrol. 1874. — caicara'tum (spurred). ±. Reddish-white. 1874. — ealca'reum (chalk - loving). \. Pale red. France. Syn., S. calif vrnicum. — DoeUia'num (Doell's). 1. Red. Alps. — Fauamntfti (Fauconnet's). i. Red. Jura. 1879. —Jimbria'tum (fringed). $. Red. July. France. — Fu'nckii (Funck's). i. Red-purple. S. Europe. — glau'cum (glaucous). J. Red. Alps. — grandifiofrum (large-flowered). J. Yellow. 1880. — Gretna (Green's). *. Red. Europe. 1877. — hi'rtum (hairy). *. Yellow. Central Europe. — oHgi/trichum (few-haired), i. Red. Tyrol. 1879. — pa'rwlum (little), t. Pale red. France. 1878. — pa'tens (spreading). Yellowish. Europe. Beuffe'lii (Heuffel's var.) Yellow Europe. 1876. — PitWni (Pitton's). i. Yellow. July. Sty- rian Alps. 1879. — Pomeflii (Pomel's). i. Rose-red. July. France. — Regi'nce Amalia (Queen Amalia's). i. Pale yellow. Greece. — ruthe'nicum (Ruthenian). ito 1. Yellow. S. E. Europe. 1835. — Schtfttii (Schotfs). *. Purple. Tyrol. 1874. — soboli'ferum (sobole - bearing), i- Yellow. Austria. 1699. — tri'sU- (sad), i. Red. 1879. — Verto"!! (Verlot'e). i. Rose. France. — Wulfe'ni (Wulfen's). i. Yellow. Alps. 1879. Yellowish. S. Pa'iva (Paiva's). Green. Canaries. 1866. Sene'cio. The genus Cacalia should be added to this. GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 5. anteupht/rbium (Euphorbia-like). Yellowish. S. Africa. 1870. Syn., Kleinia ant- euphorbium. S. chordif&lia (cord-leaved). 1. Yellow. S. Africa. 1862. — c&ncolor of gardens, is S. speciosus. — Farri'sii ( Farris's). 2. Yellow. Peru. 1869. —fu'lgens (shining). Scarlet. Natal. 1866. Greenhouse. Syn., Kleinia fulgent. — macroglo'ssus (long-tongued). Climber. Yel- low. Natal. 1868. — mikanioi'des (Mikania-like). Yellow. De- cember. Cape of Good Hope. 1855. — multibractea'tus (many-bracted). Magenta. S. Africa. 1872. — pteroneu'ra (wing-nerved). 4 to 8. Whitish. Morocco. 1872. Syn., Kleinia pteroneur a. — pulcher (beautiful). 1 to i. Purple, yellow. Uruguay. 1872. Annual. — pyramida'tus (pyramid-shaped). Yellow. S. Africa. 1663. — sonchif&lia (sow-thistle-leaved). 1. Yellow. E. Indies. — subsca'ndens (somewhat-climbing). Yellow. Winter. Tropical Africa. 1873. HARDY. S. aconitifcflia (Aconite-leaved). Pinkish-red. Amur. 1877. Syn., SyneOesis aconi- tifolia. — arge'ntea (silvery). Pyrenees. 1873. — D&ria (Doria). Yellow. S. Europe. — dor&nicum (Leopard's bane). 1. Yellow. S. Europe. hosmarie'nsis (Beni-Hosmar var.). i. Yellow. May. Morocco. 1874. — Hodgs&ni (Hodgson's). Yellow. Japan. 1846. — japofnicus (Japanese). 3. Yellow. Japan. 1866. Syns., Erythrochcetepalmatifi&a. — Kafmpferi (Ksmpfei^s). Yellow. Japan. Syns., S. Farfugium and Ligularia K&mpferi. avlreo-macvXa'ta (golden - spotted var.). Leaves spotted with yellow. Syn., Far- fugium grande. crista'ta (crested var.) Leaves crisped and covered with curly hairs. Japan. 1861. Sequo'ia. (Native name. Nat. ord., Coniferx.) Hardy evergreen. For cultivation, see Taxo- Dnrar, to which it is allied. S. giga'ntea (gigantic). 300. California. 1853. Syn., WellingUmia gigantea. pefndula (pendent var.). Branches pen- dulous. 1871. — sempervi'rens (evergreen). 300. Upper Cali- fornia. Seba'pias. (An ancient Greek name for some Orchis. Nat. ord., OrcTiidacex.) Hardy terrestrial orchids. For cultivation, see Oechis, to which it is allied. S. cordi'gera (cordate-lipped), f . Lilac, purple. Mediterranean region. — li'ngua (tongue-lipped), f. Lilac, red. Me- diterranean region. elonga'ta (elongated var.). 2. Brown- purple. April. Sicily. 1878. luUfola (yellowish var.) Purolish, yel- lowish. May. Sicily. 1876. — langipe'tala (long-petalled). 1*. Purple, green- ish. May. Sicily. 1876. pallidi flora (pale-flowered var.). :. May. Sicily. 1876. — papiliona'ceo-li'ngua (a natural hybrid be- tween Oacais papUianaeea and S. lingua.) 1. Green, purple. S. France. 1876, SID [ 1005 ] SIR Sida'lcea. (From sida, an ancient Greek name of a plant, and alkea, an ancient name of some Malva. Nat. ord., Malvacex. Allied to Callirhoe.) Hardy, mostly perennial herbs. For cultiva- tion, see Malta. ST. malvceflo'ra (mallow-flowered). 1£. Light purple. Texas. 183S. Syns., NtUtailia malvceflora and Callirhoe spicata. Sideri'tis. S. canarie'nsis (Canary). Yellow. Canary Isles. 1869. Greenhouse. Sile'ne. S. Elizabe'thm (Elizabeth':;). *. Magenta. Italy. 1863. Hardy perennial. — Hoo'keH (Hooker's). Pink, white. California. 1873. — Scha'fta (Schafta). J. Purple. Summer. Trans- caucasia, Persia. 1844. Sileno'psis. See Lychnis. Sima'ba. (Native name. Nat. ord., Simarubaces:.) Stove deciduous tree. Seeds from abroad, and cuttings. See Quassia. .•>'. Cedr&n (Cedron). 20. New Grenada. 1846. The seed is a valuable febrifuge. Slmmo'xdsia. (In memory of T. W. Simmonds, botanist and explorer. Nat. ord., Euphorbiacex.) Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich light loam with a little peat. S. califo'rnica (Californian). 4. California. SlNNl'XGIA. -ST. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 1. Yellow, purple. Brazil. 1868. Syn., Biglandularia and Bosanowia conspicua. — Youngia'na (Young's), i. Purple. June. Brazil. Siphoca'jiptlos. greenhouse evergreens. S. amce'nus (pretty). Orange, red. Brazil. . — crenatifo'lius (crenate-leaved). 2. Scarlet, yellow. Brazil. 1870. —fimbria'tus (fringed). Orange-red. Brazil. 1868. — hama'tus (hooked-catyxecZ). Violet. Brazil. 1850. — Rumboldtia'nus (Humboldt's). Scarlet. Peru. 1867. Syn., S.fulgens. STOVE EVERGREEXS. .s'. ni'tidus (shining). Cuba. — penduliflo'rus (drooping-flowered). Pink. Ca- raccas. 1553. SlPHO'MA. S. ela'stica (elastic). 40. Tropical America. 1823. Si'rex gi'gas. This insect so much resembles the hornet in general appear- ance as to be very frequently mistaken for it. In the summer months the Sirex may sometimes be seen flying briskly among Fir trees, or sitting on their trunks depositing its eggs. It is rather a ibr- 64 midable-looking insect, measuring an inch to an inch and a half in length. The head is black, with two yellow spots behind the eyes; the thorax is black; the abdomen is yellow, with a dark- brown central belt; the long ovipositor — which is often mistaken for a sting, though in this respect the insect is quite harmless — is reddish-brown ; the legs and antenna; are yellow, and the wings hya- line, with a yellowish tint. The insect deposits its eggs in either living or felled Fir trees. In doing this it elevates its body, and applies its ovipositor to the wood in a manner so as to form nearly a right angle with its body ; it bores with the sheath of its ovipositor to a consider- able depth into the wood, and there deposits its eggs. The larva, when full grown, is rather more than an inch long ; the head is furnished with strong jaws, and the tail ends in a short spine. It burrows deep into the wood, forming long galleries, thereby doing considerable damage to the timber. At the termina- tion of one of these galleries it changes to the pupa state, in which condition it sometimes remains for several years before the perfect insect emerges, which at times has to eat its way through a considerable thickness of wood before it can enjoy a free, winged existence. Another species of this genus, which is not uncommon, is S. javencus ; this has 3t SIS [ 100<3 ] IOR similar habits to S. gigas, from which it ■ is distinguished by its smaller size, steel- j blue body, and black antennas. For the j above engraving of S. gigas, we are in- 1 debted to the publishers of the Gardeners' Chronicle. SiSTRi'NCHirn versicolor. See Libeb- j TIA tricolor. Sitolo'bium. S. tnolttcca'num (Moluccan). Malay Archipelago. Ski'mmia. S. fra'grans (fragrant). 3. White. April. Japan? 1880. — intermedia (intermediate). White. 18T0. — japofnica. arge'nteo-variega'ta (silvery-variegated var.). Japan. 1875. — laure'ola (laurel). 4. Pale yellow. Spring. Nepaul. — oWa'fa(oblate-oerriea"). Scarlet berries. Japan. 1864. — rube'lla (reddish). Greenish-white ; buds red. China. 1874. Smtlaci'ha. S. amce'na (pretty). 4. Green. May. Guate- mala. 1850. Smi'lax. S. a'spera (rough). 8. September. S. Europe. 1648. — longifo'lia variega'ta (long-leaved variegated var.Y. Para. 1867. Greenhouse. — orna'ta (adorned). Leaves silvery-marked. Mexico. 1863. Greenhouse. — Shuttlemo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). Leaves green, blotched with grey. Columbia. 1877. Soap-plant. Chlorogalum pomeri- dianum. Sobra'lia. 8. Ca'tUeya (Cattleya). Purplish-brown, yellow. Columbia. 1877. — fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Yellow. New Grenada. 1853. _^, — macra'ntha. a'lbida (whitish var.). Creamy-white, rosy-purple. Guatemala. 1871. na'na (dwarf var.). H to 2. June. Mexico. 1874. pa'Uida (pale var.). "Whitish, purplish, yellow. Guatemala. 1873. — ro'sea (rose-coloured). 6. Pink. Peru. — suave'olens (fragrant). Yellow, white. Cen- tral America. 1878. Sola'ntjh. STOVE. S. acantko'des (spiny). Purple. 1877. — anthropophago'rum (man-eating). Berries scarlet, lobed. Fiji Islands. Formerly the berries were eaten by the natives with — asarifo'lium (Asarum-leaved). White. Vene- zuela. 1870. — azii'reum (azure). Blue. Quito. 1879. — cilia'tum. (fringed), li. White ; berries very large, scarlet. Porto Pico. 1871. — corn i'gerum (horn-bearing). 3. Violet. Africa? 1868. Syn., S. cornicuJatum. S. Seaforthia'num (Se&fortrfs). 8. Blue. No- vember. 1870. Climbing. Syn., 8. vc- nustum of some gardens. — Walli'sii (Wallis's). 2. Purple ; fruit plum- like, eatable. Peru. 1877. GREENHOUSE OR HALF-HARDY. S. atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). 4 to 6. Yel- lowish; spines very numerous, purple. Brazil. 1869. — capsica' strum (star-capsicum). 2. Brazil. Very ornamental when bearing fruit. There is a variegated form of this. — cyana'nthum (blue-flowered). 6. Blue. 1880. — glaucophy'llum (glaucous-leaved). 3. 1880. — quercifo'iium (oak-leaved). Violet. 1830. — robu'stum (robust). 4. Greenish. Minas Genes. 1868. — texa'num (Texan). Lilac ; fruit bright red. Texas. Half-hardy annual. — To'rreyi (Torrey's). Purple. Summer. Texas. 1878. Sola'ria. (Named in honour of Fran- cisci de Borja Solar, an eminent Chilian mathematician. Nat. ord., Liliacese.) A remarkable greenhouse bulb. Seeds, offsets. Sandy loam and leaf-mould ; keep the bulbs nearly dry during their period of rest, and gradually diminish the quantity of water given when the leaves begin to die down. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 50 D . S. miersioi'des (Miersia-like). J. Green. Chili. 1871. Syn., Symea giliesioides. r So'nchcs. Sow-thistle. (The ancient Greek name. Nat. ord., Composite.') Hardy annuals or perennials. Seeds, cutting- or divisions, in the case of perennial species, whicli are the only ones cultivated. Garden soil. S.gummi'fer (gum-bearing). Yellow. Canary Islands. 1861. — radica'tus (long-rooted). Yellow. July. Canary Islands. 1780. Soneri'la. All stove plants. S. Sens(/ni (Benson's). Rose-purple. India. 1873. — e'Ugans (elegant). 1. Pink. January. E. Indies. — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. Neil- gherries. 1863. Sub-shrub. — Henderso'ni (Henderson's). £. Lilac - rose ; leaves olive green with white spots. 1875. Var. argenUa has the leaves sur- faced with silvery-grey; and in var. mar- morata they are banded with silvery- grey. — margarita'cea (pearl-spotted). 1. Purple. E. Indies. 1854. — orbicula'ta (round-teased!). 1. Pink. No- vember. E. Indies. 1352. Sophroxi'tis. S. purpu'rea (purple). Purplish. Brazil. Soroma'nes. (From sows, the fructi- fication, and mania, uncontrollable pro- pensity ; alluding to its excessive pro- SPA [ 1007 ] SPH duction of sori. Nat. ord., Filices—Poly- podiacex.) Slove ferns. See Ferxs. A serratifc/lium (saw-toothed-leaved). 2. Vene- zuela. Spaxish Moss. Tillandsia usneoides. Sparaxis. S. pulche'rrima (very beautiful). Blood-red. S. Africa. 1866. Spatha'nthetjm. (From spathe, a spattic, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers are seated on the midrib of the spathe. Nat. ord., Aracex. Allied to Spathi- carpa.) Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Offsets and division of the tubers. Rich loam and peat, well drained ; give plenty of water when growing, and place in the warmest part of the house. It requires to rest in winter like Caladicm, Ari- s.£ma, &c. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°. S. hetera'ndra (variable-stamened). 1*. Spathe and spadix green. Tropical America. 1876. Syn., Gqmochlamys lieterandra. Spathica'rpa. (From spathe, a spathe, and karpos, fruit ; the ovaries are seated along the midrib of the spathe. Nat. ord., Aracex.) Stove evergreen herbs, with tuberous rootstock. By divisions and seeds. Rich sandy loam. Sum- mer temp., 80° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 75°. 3. cornu'ta (horned). 1. Green. Brazil. 1860. — longicu'spis (long-pointed). 1. Green. Brazil. 1860. — platyspa'tha (broad-spathed). itol. Green. Brazil. 1860. — sagittifo'lia (arrow-leaved). I to 1. Green. Brazil. 1860. Spathiphy'lltjm. (From spathe, a spathe, and phyllon, a leaf; spathe leaf- like. Nat. ord., Araceas.) Stove evergreen herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown in a hotbed ; but chiefly by divisions of the rootstock. Peat and leaf-mould in equal parts, mixed with a little loam and bits of charcoal. They require plenty of water and the atmosphere must be moist. For decorative purposes some of the smaller species, snch as floribundum, Patini, candtdum, and canwrfolium, are very useful, and form a very effective contrast with Axthurium Scherzerianum or A. Andreanum. Summer temp., 65 3 to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. S. ca'ndidum (white). $ . Spathe and spadix white. Columbia. 1875. Syns., Anthu- rium candidum and Massowia Gardneri. — cannoefo'lium (Canna-leaved). 1.- Spatheand spadix white. W. Indies and Columbia. Syn., Anthurium Dechardi. — commuta'tum (changed). 2*. Spathe and spadix white. Philippines. 1870. Syn., S. Minahassoe. — Jloribu'ndum (free-flowering). 1. White. New Grenada. 1874. Syn., Anthurium Jloribundum. S. heliconia-fo'lium (Heliconia-leaved). 4. Spathe green ; spadix white. Peru. — Ortgie'sii (Ortgies's). l*. Spathe light green ; spadix white. July and December. Mexico. 1873. — Pati'ni (Patin's). J. White. Columbia. 1874. Syns., Anthurium Patini and Amomophyllum Patini. — pi'ctum (painted). Leaves mottled with golden green. S. America. 1874. — Walli'sii. See SiExosPERiiATiuir. Spatho'dea. stoye evergreen' climber. S. bracteo'sa (bracted). 8. White. Guiana. 1823. STOVE EVEKGKEEN TREES. S. adenophy'lla (gland-leaved). E. Indies. 1822. — campanula' ta (bell-flowered)-. 50. Orange, red. Guinea. — serrula'ta (saw-toothed). E. Indies. 1832. — specio'sa (showy). Pink. May. W. Africa. 1850. Spathoglo'ttis. S. au'rea (golden). 2. Yellow. Malacca. — Lo'bbii (Lobb's). Sulphur, brown. Burmah. 1876. — PCtri (Mr. Peter Veitch's). 2. Lilac, purple. Polynesia. 1877. Spe'kgula. (From spargo, to scatter ; the seeds being expelled when ripe. Nat. ord., Caryophyllacex.') Hardy evergreen herbs, suitable in some situa- tions as substitutes for grass edging. To raise from seed, sow in May. To establish an edging from plants, plant patches in September about two inches apart. They require to be frequently beaten flat with the back of the spade. It seems too apt to become patchy to be relied upon for any extensive surface, like a lawn. S.pili'/era (hair-bearing). }. White. July. Corsica. 1826. Spha'cele. (A Greek name for some Salvia. Nat. ord., Labiatx. Allied to Horminium.) A handsome free-flowering herbaceous perennial, requiring the same treatment as the more tender species of Salvia, and the temperature of a warm S. caru'lea (blue). Light blue. Summer. 1866. Sphjera'lceA. S. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). Rose. N. W. America. 1863. Half-hardy. — minia'ta (red-painted). 4. Red. June. S. America. 1798. Syn., Malta miniata. — nu'tans (nodding). Purple. Guatemala. 1852. Sphero'gyxe. ( From sphaira, a globe, and gyne, a female; shape of female organ. Nat. ord., Melastomacex.) Stove shrubs. For cultivation, see Cestra- DEKIA. S. cinnamtfmea (cinnamon-coloured). Costa Rica. 1866. — ferrugi'nea (rust - coloured). S. America. 18CS. SPH [ 1008 ] STA 9. imperia'Us (imperial). Peru. 1869. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). S. America. 1862. Sph^iroste'ma. S. marmora'tuin (marble-Zeai-ed). Borneo. 1860. Spigk'lia. S. sple'ndens (splendid). Scarlet. Central Ame- rica. Stove perennial. SpiR-as'A. HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. S. amure'nsis (Amur). White. Amur River. 1866. Hardy deciduous shrub. — cane'scens (whitish). Nepaul. 1879. — decu'mbens (lying-down). 1|. White. August. Europe. — Fortu'nei (Fortune's). 5. Pink. August. N. China. — inci'sa (cut-leaved). White. China. 1875. — Noblea'na (Noble's). 5. Lilac. August. Cali- fornia. 1859. — sorbifo'lia. — 1'alla'sii (Pallas's'var.). AVhite. 1874. HARDY HERBACEOUS. S. aru'ncus. astilboi'des (Astilbe-likevar.). 1*. White. July. Japan. 1880. Spira'nthes. S. Lindleya'na (Lindley's). Leaves dark green, banded with white. S. America. 1861. — margariti'fera (pearl-bearing). Whitish ; leaves spotted with white. S. Brazil. Syn., Habenaria margaritacecE. — Smi'thii (Smith's). Yellow and green, or brownish and green. Costa Rica. 1868. — Wei'rii (Weir's). Reddish. Columbia. 1870. Spra'guea. (Named after Isaac Spragwe, an American botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., Portulacacex.) Hardy perennial, adapted for rockwork and edge of flower borders. Cuttings in 6pring. S. umbella'ta (umbelled). White, purple. July. California. 1859. Spruce Gall. Adelges abietis. Spyri'dium. (From spyris, a basket ; application not apparent. Nat. ord., Rhamnacex.') Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, see Poma- dekris, to which it is allied. S. globulo'sum (globular). Australia. 1874. ■ Squirting Cucumber. Ecbalium agreste. Sta'chys. S. Mamea'na (Maw's). Sulphur-yellow, spotted purple. Morocco. 1878. Hardy herba- ceous. Stachyta'epheta. S. bi'color (two-coloured). Blue, white. Brazil. 1865. Stadama'nnia. (Named after M. Stadmann, a botanical traveller. Nat. ord., Sapindacex.) S. ama'bilis (lovely). Zanzibar. 1873. • Stange'bia. (Named after Dr. Stanger, of Natal. Nat. ord., Cycadacex. ) Stove plant. For cultivation, see Zamia, to which it is allied. It has the leaves of a cycad, and the forked veins of a fern. S. parado'xa (paradoxical). 2. Natal. 1851 — Ka'tzeri (Katzer's). S. Africa. 1875. — schi'zodon (cut-toothed). Natal. 1872. Stanho'pea. S. Buce'phalus. Itoe'zlii (Roezl's var.). Yellow, brown. Nicaragua. 1874. — cirrha'ta (tail-flowered). Nicaragua. — deltoi'dea (deltoid). Light yellow, crimson speckled; lip orange and blackish-brown. Peru ? 1862. — ebu'rnea (ivory-like). White. Brazil. — specta'bilis (showy var.). Straw-colour, white, crimson. Venezuela. 1868. — ecornu'ta (hornless). 1. White, yellow. Central America. 1854. — flo'rida (flowery). White, purple. 1879. — gibbo'sa (gibbous). S. America. 1870. — insi'gnis. Jla'va (yellow var.). Light yellowish 1880. — macrochi'la (large-lipped). White, crimson Mexico. 1859. — ornati'ssima (very handsome). Deep orange, red-brown. Peru ? 1862. — plaiyce'ras (broad-horned). Yellowish, purple, brown-purple. Columbia. 1868. — pu'lla (blackish). Yellow, white, brownish purple. Costa Rica. 1877. — radio'sa (rayed). Yellow, purple. Mexico 1859. Syn., S. saccata. — Reichenbachia'na (Reicheubach's). White, ochre, rosy. Columbia. 1879. — Shuttlewo'rthii (Shuttleworth's). Apricot colour, purple. Columbia. 1876. — vela'ta (veiled). White, red. — Warsczeiviczia'na (Warsczcwicz's). White, yellow. Central America. — xytrio'phora (pitcher-bearing). Straw, purple. Peru. 1868. Stape'lia. S. angula'ta (angled). |. Purple, yellowish. September. S. Africa. 1877. — atra'ta (blackened). \. Dark purple-brown, yellowish. September. S. Africa. 1877. — Bayfie'ldii (Bayfield's). \. Purplish-brown, • yellow. S. Africa. Before 1877. — di'scolor (discoloured). £. Purple-brown, yellowish. Autumn. S. Africa. 1876. — giga'ntea (giant), i. Yellowish, brownish- red. Zululand. 1802. Remarkable for its enormous flowers, which are 12 to 14 inches in diameter. — glabrijio'ra (glabrous-flowered), i. Purple- red, yellowish. S.Africa. 1862. Syn., S. grandiflora minor. — grandifio'ra. ' — linea'ta (lined var.). •}. Purple-brown, yellow. S. Africa. 1873. — hy'strix. See Hueenia. — muta'bilis. negle'cta (neglected var.). Yellowish, purple-brown. September. Africa. 1876. STA [ 1009 j STE S. oliva'cea (olive-coloured). |. Dark olive- green. Summer. S.Africa. 1872. Syn., S. erucifortnis. — orbicida'ris (ringed), i. Purple. July. — patenii-ro'stris (spTeaiimg-bea.k(A). J. Purple- ■ brown, yellow. S. Africa. ' 1870. — Pla'ntii (Plant's), i. Purple-brown, yellow. September. Natal. 1866. — scuUlla'ta (shielded). \. Yellowish, purple- brown. August. S. Africa. 1877. — tri'fida (trifld). \. Purple-brown, yellowish. September. S. Africa. 1876. — unguipeftala (hook-petalled). }. Purple- brown, yellow. S. Africa. 1877. Staphtle'a. S. co'lchica (Colchian). White. N. Europe. Sta'tice. GREENHOUSE. S. Eondue'lli (Bonduelle's). 1. Yellow. June. N. Africa. 1859. — BourgiaH (Bourgeau's). 1. Purple, white. August. Canary Islands. 1859. — brassiccefo'lia (cabbage-leaved). lfc Purple. August. Canary Islands. 1859. — macro'ptera (large-winged). Purple. Canary Islands. HARDY. S. Kaufmajinia'na (Kaufmann's). 1. Pink. Turkestan. 1880. Staento'mia. (Named after Staunton, a traveller in China. Nat. ord., Berberidacese. Allied to Holbollia.) Hardy evergreen climber, producing deliciously scented flowers. Cuttings of young, half-ripened shoots in sandy soil. Sandy loam. In autumn the long trailing shoots should be cut back, leav- ing only those from which flowers are desired. S. liexaphy'lla (six-leaved). White. April. Japan. 1876. Statjra'nthera. (From stauros, a cross, and anthera, an anther ; the anthers cohere in the form of a cross. Nat. ord., Gesneracew.) For cultivation, see Rhtncoglossuh. S. grandifo'lia (large-leaved). Lilac, orange. Moulmein. 1863. Greenhouse. Staurostt'gma. (From stauros, a cross, and stigma, a stigma ; referring to the cross or star-shaped stigmas. Nat. ord., Aracem.) Stove plants, with tuberous rootstock. They require a season of rest, during which they should be watered sparingly and not allowed to go per- fectly dry. Sandy loam and peat, well drained. Summer temp., 75° to 85°; winter, 60° to 70°. Syn., AsTF.nosTiGMA. S. colubri'num (snake-like). Livid green, purple- brown, red. Rio Janeiro. 1860. — conci'nnum (neat). 1^. Whitish, red. Brazil. 1860. — Langsdf/rffii (Langsdorffs). 1£. Green, pur- plish. Rio Janeiro. 1860. — lineola'tum (lined). 1£. Dull green, purple- brown, pinkish. Rio Janeiro. 1860. S. Luschnathia'num (Luschnath's). Green, yel- lowish, scarlet. Rio de Janeiro. — Eiedelia'num (Riedel's). 2. Dull green, cream- colour. Bahia. 1860. — zcbri'na (zebra-marked). Rio Negro. 1865. Stava'dium. S. insi'gne (remarkable). Yellow, red. Java. Ste'lis. (A Greek name for some parasitical plant. Nat. ord., Orchidaceae.) Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Pleuro- Thallis, to which they are allied. S. Bruchmu'lleri (Bruchmuller's). i. Dark purple. December. Andes. 1879. — canalicula'ta (channelled). Yellowish-green. Columbia. 1873. — Endre'sii (Endres's). Greenish-white. Costa Rica. 1870. — glo'ssula (little-tongued). Brownish. Costa Rica. 1870. Stemma'tium. (From stemmation, a small crown ; in reference to the corona. Nat. ord., LiliacezeS) A pretty and interesting greenhouse bulb, some- what resembling a narcissus. Offsets and seeds. Rich sandy loam ; not too much water. Summer temp., 60° to 80 D ; winter, 50° to 60°. S. narcissoi'des (Narcissus-like). £. White, orange. Chili. 1875. Syn. Stephanolirum nar- cissoides. Stemonaca'nthus. See Kuellia. Stena'ndritjm. See Cham^iranthe- mtjm. Ste'nia. S.fimbria'ta (fringed). Yellow, white, purplish. Columbia. 1868. — gutta'ta (spotted). Straw, purple. July. Peru. 1880. Stenoca'rpes. (From stenos, narrow, and karpos, fruit ; the fruit being long and thin. Nat. ord., Proteacese.) Stove or warm greenhouse trees. For cultiva- tion, see Lomatia. S. Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 20. Scarlet. August. Moreton Bay. 1830. — Fo'rsteri (Forster's). White. New Caledonia. 1851. STENOCHLiE'NA. S. Meyeri'ana (Meyer's). 3. S. Africa. Stanoga'stba. See Isoloma. Stenoglo'ttis. (From stenos, narrow, and glotta, a tongue ; in allusion to the narrow lip. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas. Allied to Habenaria.) Greenhouse terrestrial orchid. Divisions of the roots. Loam and rotten leaves, mixed with bits of decayed wood and charcoal. Water plentifully when growing. The temperature of an inter- mediate house suits it best. S. Jimbria'ta (fringed). Rose-pink, purple. 8. Africa. 1871. STE [ 1010 ] STR Stexomk'ssox. S. luteovi'ride (yellowish-green; \i. l'ellowish- green, with green keels. Spring. Andes of Ecuador. 1879. — Pea'rcei (Pearce's). Yellow, green. Bolivia. 1872. — suspe'nsum (hanging), i. Scarlet. Peru. 1865. Stenorhy'nckus. S. specu/sus (showy). Ortgie'sii (Ortgies's var.). Rose ; leaves blotched with white. Columbia. 1873. Stenose'mia. (From stenosemos, a narrow edge ; referring to the fertile fronds. Nat. ord. , Filices — Polypodiacex.) Stove fern. See Febxs. S. auri'ta (eared). Java. Stenospebma'tiox. (From stenos, narrow, and spermation, a diminutive of sperma, a seed ; on account of the slender seeds. Nat. ord., Araeex.) Stove evergreen herbaceous perennial. For cultivation, see Sfathiphtllum, to which it is S. WaUi'Hi (Wallis's). 1 white. Columbia. Wallisii. Spathe and spadix Syn., Spathiphyllum Stexota'phbum. (From stenos, narrow, and taphros, a trench; in reference to the cavities in the rachis in which the spikelets are seated. Nat. ord., Gra- minese.) A curious stove perennial grass. Seeds ; divi- sions. Light loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55 i to 60°. S. america'num (American), t. Green. Tropical America, Africa, and Australia. Syn., S. glabrum. variega'tum (variegated var.). Leaves white-striped. JJew S. Wales. 1874. Stephana'itdra. (From Stephanos, a crown, and aner, a man ; in allusion to the disposition of the stamens. Nat. ord., Eosacese. Allied to Spiraea.) Hardy deciduous shrub. Seeds, cuttings, layers, and suckers. Good garden soil. S. fiexuo'sa (flexuous). White. July. Japan. 1880. Stepha'nia. (In honour of Professor Stephan. Nat. ord., Menispermacex.) Greenhouse climbers. For cultivation, see Moeisosia. S. rotu'nda (round-leaved). 1866. Stepuaxoli'bion. Stephanopht'sum. Stekcu'lia. Orange. Himalaya. See Stemmattum. See Buellia. S. heterophir'lla (variable-leaved). W. Africa. — platanifo'lia (plane-leaved). 30. China. — rupe'stris (rock). N. E. Australia. IS Syns., Delabechea and OUobachia rupe* stris.— The BoUle-tree. Steeipho'ma. (From steriphoma, a foundation; the fruit-stalk being large. Nat. ord., Capparidacex.) Stove shrub. Cuttings under a bell-glass in heat- S. paracU/xum (paradoxical). Yellow, orange. July. Venezuela. 1797. • Stekxbe'rgia. S. Fischeria'na (Fischer's). Yellow. Karabagh. 1868. — lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. Autumn. S.Europe. Hardy. Stetjdne'ra. (Named after Dr. Steud- ner, of Gorlitz, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Aracex. Allied to Colocasia.) Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds, suckers, or cuttings or divisions of the rootstock. Rich sandy loam, leal-mould, and bits of broken charcoal, well mixed and well drained. Moist atmosphere. They require a period of rest. Summer temp., 65° tu 85°; winter, 60° to 65°. S. colocasicefo'lia (Colocasia-leaved). 1. Spathe purple-brown; spadix whitish. India. 1869. — di'scolor (two-coloured). 1. Spathe yellow and purple. India. 1874.. Stevexso'nta grandifo'lia. See Phce- nicophobum. Ste'via. S. convolvulifc/lium (Convolvulus-leaved). Yel- low. Guiana. — diversifo'lium (various-leaved). Yellow. June. \Y. Indies. 1826. — emargina'tum (notched-leaved). 10. Yellow. July. W. Indies, l -'J I. — fu'lgens (shining). 6. Yellow. W. Indies. 1759. — Humboldtia'num (Humboldt's). 20. Yellow, S. America. 1824. — periplocafo'lium (perinloca-leaved). 10. Yel- low. July. AV. Indies. 1818. — pu'berum (downy). Yellow. August. Guiana. 1824. Sttfftia. (Probably in memory of M. Stifft. Nat. ord., Compositx .) Peat and loam. Sum- ; winter, 50° to 55°. Orange. Stove shrub. Cutti mer temperature, 60° S. chrysa'nthq (golden-flowered). 6. February. Brazil. Stob^'a. S.purpu'rea (purple). 2 to 3. Purple. S Africa. — spiaroce'phala (globose-headed). 2*. Yellow. Autumn. S. Africa. 1864. Streli'tzia. S. Nicola'i (Prince Nicolajevitsch's). 25. Whit», blue. May. — regi'ntz. Lemoinie'rii (Lemoiniere's var.). 3. Yel- low, blue. 1880. pu'mila (dwarf var.). 1879. STR [ ion ] SYR Streptoca'rpus. & Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). Blue, purple. Natal. 1861. Stbobila'nthes. S. consangui'neus (related). Blue. Ceylon. 1873. Stbobilora'chis. (From strobilos, a fir cone, and rachis, a ridge ; referring to the form of the inflorescence. Nat. ord., Acanthacece.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Rcellia, to which it is allied. 8. gla'bra (smooth). Yellow. Brazil. 1852. Stboma'nthe. (From stroma, to strew, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Maran- tacem.) Stove perennial evergreen herb. Seeds ; division of the plant in spring. Rich sandy loam, fibrous peat, and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 53 d to 65°. S. amalilis (lovely). Brazil. 1875. Stropha'xthtjs. S. Bullenia'nus (Bullen's). Yellow, purple. W. Tropical Africa. 1870. — cape'nsis (Cape). Orange, yellow. Cape of GoooVHope. 1855. Strtjthio'pteris. S. orienta'lis (oriental). Japan. 1869. Stca'btia. S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. Japan. 1864. Styli'dittm. S.arme'ria (Armeria). 1. Purple. Tasmania. 1851. — mueronifo'lium (bristle-pointed-leaved). ■£. Yellow. August. — spathula'tum (spoon-shaped-leaved), i. Straw. S. W. Australia. 1872. Sttlo'phorum. (From stylos, a column, and phero, to bear; in allusion to the long style. Nat. ord., Papaveracex. Allied to Cathcartia.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in the open border in April; divisions of the root. Light garden soil. S.japo'nicum (Japanese). 1*. Yellow. May. Japan. 1870. Sty'rax. S. japo'nicum (Japanese). 4 to 6. White. Japan. 1868. Sutto'nia. (In honour of the Rev. Br. Sutton, F.L.S. Nat. ord., Myrsi- nacex.) Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see Mtrsine, to which it is allied. S. austra'lis (southern). 10. New Zealand. Swainso'xia. S. viola'cea (violet-coloured). Purple. Australia, A superior form of — magni'fica (magnificent). S. Greyana. Swammerda'mia. S. glomera'ta (cluster-flowered). 6. White. May. New Zealand. 1851. Sya'gbus. S. ama'ra (bitter). 25. Martinique. 1850. — botrydphora (clustered). Brazil. 1836. — Mikania'na (Mikan'6). Brazil. 1853. Sycomo'bus. (So named from one spe- cies being thought to be the Sycomore of the Bible. Nat. ord., Moracese.) Stove trees. For cultivation, &c, see Ficus, to which it is allied. S. antiquo'rum (ancients'). 30. Egypt. — cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Sy'mea. See Solabia. Sympb:obica'epu5. 5. Pink. August. 82a. Sy'mphytum. S. aspe'rrimum. au'reo - variega'tum (golden - variegated var.). Leaves bordered with yellow. 1879. — officinale. lu'teo- mar gina' turn (yellow -margined 'var.). Leaves broadly margined with yellowish. Belgium. 1870. Sy'mplocos. S.jap&nica (Japanese). Yellow. Japan. 1850. Syxade'nitjm. (From syn, united, and aden, a gland ; because the glands of the involucre are united in a cup or disc. Nat. ord., Euphorbiacem. Allied to Eu- phorbia.) Stove perennial succulent shrub. For cultiva- tion, see Pedilanthus. S. Gra'ntii (Grant's). 3. Crimson. Central Africa. 1867. Syneile'sis. See Sestecio. Syngo'ntcm. (From syn, confluent, and gone, the womb; referring to the cohesion of the ovaries. Nat. ord., Aracem.) Stove evergreen climbers. For cultivation, see Philodendbon. S. a'lbo-linea'tum (white-lined). Leaves green, with silvery-grey veinings. Central America. Syn., S. Seemanni. — gra'cile (slender). — Riedelia'mim (Kiedel's). Green, white. Brazil. 1860. Syei'nga. S. obla'ta (oblate-leaved). 10. Purple. China. 1859. There is a white variety. — rotlwmaqe'nsis (Rouen). 8. Purple. May. Hybrid. SYR [ 1012 ] TEC Syringo'dea. (From syriggodes, fis- tular ; in allusion to the slender peri- anth tube. Nat. ord., Iridacese.') A pretty little greenhouse bulb, requiring the same treatment as Ixia. S. puMie'lla (pretty). Pale purple. S. Africa. 1873. Tabern^moxta'xa. T. Ba'rteri (Barter's). 6. White. Tropical Africa. 1870. — longifio'ra (long-flowered). White. Sierra Leone. 1849. — Wallichia'na (Wallich's). White. India. 1873. Ta'cca. T. artocarpifo'lia (Artocarpus-Ieaved). 6. Green, brown. Madagascar. 1872. Tachiade'ntjs. (From Tachia, the name of another genus, and aden, a gland ; because the ovary is surrounded by a ring of glands as in Tachia. Nat. ord., Gentia- nace.x.) Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand under a hand- glass in heat. Peat, sand, and loam. Keep rather dry in winter. T. carina'tas (keeled). Purple. October. Mada- gascar. 1858. Tacso'nia. T. Buchana'ni. See Passiflora vitifo'lia. — insi'gnis (remarkable). Crimson. Bolivia. 1873. — manica'ta (collared). Scarlet. July. Co- lumbia. 1873. — quite'nsis (Quito). Rosy. Peru. 1869. . eria'ntha (woollv-flowered var.). Rose- pink. July. Peru. 1867. Syn., T. eriantha. — specic/sa (showy). Rosy-red. Columbia. 1871. — tomento'sa (woolly). Rosy-red. Columbia. 1870. — Van-Volxe'mii (Van Volxem's). Crimson. New Grenada. 1866. One of the finest. Tage'tes. T. signa'ta (distinct). 1J. Yellow. Mexico. . Talbo'tia e'legans. See Vellozia. Tali'ntjm. Tan. See Bark. Tanace'tum. T. e'legans (elegant). Yellow. July. California. 1857. — frutico'sum bractea'tum (shrubby, bracteate var.). Yellowish. India. 1877. Tapeino'tes. (From tapeinotes, low- liness; very dwarf. Nat. ord., Gesne- racese.) Stove plant. For cultivation, see Nejiatax- thls T. Caroli'nm (Empress Charlotte's). White; leaves crimson 'beneath. Brazil. 1867. Beautiful sub-shrub. Ta'bo. Coloca'sia antique-' rum. This plant forms one of the chief articles of diet in the Pacific Isles, where it is largely cultivated. The tubers are boiled or baked, or made into puddings or bread, and the young leaves may be eaten like Spinach ; but, like the tubers, they require to be well cooked to destroy their poisonous properties and acridity. Seve- ral varieties are cultivated, some being better for one mode of cooking, some for another. Dr. Seemann relates that one kind, called " Kurilagi," was pointed out to him as having been eaten with nearly a whole tribe of people, in the island of Viti Levu. This tribe, having giveu great offence to the ruling chief of the district, was condemned to die. Every year the inmates of one house were baked and eaten, the empty dwelling- burnt down, and its foundation planted with " Kurilagi." The next year, when this Taro was ripe, it was the signal for destroying the next house and its in- habitants, and the planting of a fresh field of Taro. After many years the remaining few were pardoned, and allowed to die a natural death, and in 1860 one old woman was the only sur- vivor of the tribe. See Seemann's " Flora Vitiensis." Taxo'dioi. T. di'stichum. denuda'tum (naked var.). fastigia'tum (pyramidal var.). Florida. mexica'num (Mexican var.). 120. Mexico. na'num (dwarf var.). 10. — pendulum (hanging). 1866. Syn., Glypto- strobus pendulus. — sine'nse (Chinese). 20. N. China. Ta'xus. T. bacca'ta. ■ arge'ntea (silvery var.). Dovasto'ni (Dovaston's var. y . ere'eta (erect var.). ericoi'des (heath-like var.). fru'ctu-lu'teo, is a handsome yellow- berried variety. glau'ca (milky-green var.). na'na (dwarf var.). 2. recurva'ta (rolled-back var.). — cuspida'ta (sharp-pointed). 20. Japan — Fortu'nei (Fortune's). Japan. 1861. — globo'sa (round-seeded). Mexico. — Lindleya'na (Lindley's). 40. ST. California. — Wallichia'na (Wallich's). Nepaul. Teco'ma. stove evergreen shrubs T. au'stro-caledo'nica (South Caledonian). White. New Caledonia. Syn., Fandorea atislro- caledonica. TEC [ 1013 ] THA T. chile'nse (Chilian). Scarlet. Spring. Chili. 1870. Syn., Campsidium chilense. — chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1823. —filicifo'lium (fern-leaved). Fiji Islands. 1873. Syn., Campsidium filicifolium. ■—fu'lva (tawny). Red. Yellow. November. Peru. — serrati'folia (saw-tooth-leaved). 20. Yellow. W. Indies. 1822. — specta'bilis (showy). Orange. Colombia. 1855. Tecophil^e'a. (Named after Tacophila, a daughter of Bertero. Nat. ord., Lilia- ceee.) Greenhouse bulb. Seeds ; offsets. Rich sandy loam ; the bulbs should be kept dry during their period of rest. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°. This genus is remarkable for its half- inferior ovary, which peculiarity renders its posi- tion somewhat doubtful, being in this respect ex- actly intermediate between the Amaryllidacea:, which are characterized by their inferior ovary, and the Liliacece, which have a superior ovary. T. cyanocro'cus (blue-crocus). Blue. Juan Fer- nandez. 1872. Tela'nthera. (From teleois, complete, and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord., Amarantacese.) Half-hardy herbaceous plants, chiefly used for carpet bedding. Divisions and cuttings. To obtain the latter, trim back old plants about March, and plunge in a hotbed, when they soon produce cut- tings, which will root freely in leaf-mould and sand in heat ; box off in rich light soil and keep in heat until well established, then gradually thrift them to houses of lower temperature, so as to be ready for bedding out. They are cultivated under the name of Alternanthera. T. amce'na (charming). Leaves variegated with rose, brown, and green. Brazil. 1865. ■ ama'bilis (lovely var.). Leaves green, red, and rose. Brazil. 1868. — tri'color (three-coloured var.). Leaves dark green, variegated with rose, purple, and orange-yellow. Brazil. 1862. — Bettzichia'na (Bettzich's). Leaves olive and red. Brazil. 1862. spathula'ta (spathulate - leaved var.). Stem and leaves red. Brazil. 1865. — ficoi'dea (fig-like). Leaves variegated with green, rose, and red. India. 1865. Use- ful as a bedding plant. — versicolor (various-coloured). Leaves rose, green, and dark blood-red. Brazil. 1865. Telegraph-plant. Deshodium gy- rans. Telfai'bia. T. occidenta'lis (western). White- Autumn. W. Tropical Africa, Telipo'gon. (From telos, the summit, and pogon, a beard; the column is bearded to its summit. Nat. ord., Or- cliidacex. Allied to Acriopsis. Stove epiphytical orchid. Should be grown on blocks. See Orchids. T. Crce'sus (Croesus). Yellow, with dark network. Columbia. 1877. Termina'lia. T. e'legans (elegant). Madagascar. 1866. purple. 1870. Ternstro'mia. T. sylva'tica (wood). Green, purple. February. Mexico. The Ear- Testace'lla halioti'di shelled Slug is a slug that the gardener should make himself well ac- quainted with, and not only that, but should en- deavour to get his garden well stocked with them ; for, unlike other slugs, this one is a real friend to the gardener, since it does not feed upon vege- table matter at all, but is strictly carnivorous, feeding principally upon worms and other species of slugs, of which it de- stroys considerable quan- tities. It should, there- fore, never be killed. This slug is readily re- cognized by its yellow colour, and the small ear - shaped external shell it carries upon its tail : no other British slug has an external shell. It is nocturnal in its habits, and has the power of burrow- ing to a considerable depth in the ground. See the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1877. Tetra'nthera. T. Lhu'ysii (Lhuys's). Japan. 1869. Tetrathe'ca. T. cilia'ta (fringed). Pink. Australia. — ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Pink. Tasmania. 1854. Tetj'crium. greenhouse or half-hardy ever- green. T. fru'tieans (shrubby). 2 to 3. Blue. S.Europe. 1869. Thali'ctrum. H aquilegifo'lium. ro'seum (rosy var.). Rose. June. 1880. Tha'psia. (The Greek name of T. gargarrica. Nat. ord., Umhelliferx.) The species to which the ancient Greeks gave the name of Thapsia has been long celebrated for its healing powers, the root being used exter- nally as a remedy for all kinds of pain, and for the reduction of tumours, by the Moors. Green- house perennials, with a thick carrot-like root. Seeds, or breaks from the root. Loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 60°. T. garga'nica (Garganian). Yellow. Mediterra- nean region. 1683. — deci'piens (deceiving). 6. White. Madeira. 1867. THE Themistocle'sia. [ 1014 ] TIG T. coroni'lla (small - crown). Red. Columbia. 1866. Syns., Ceratostemma and Thi- baudia coronaria. Theofhra'sta. T. imperia'Us. See Chbtsophtlldm. — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). S. America. — macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Brazil. — smara'gdina- See Deherainia. — umbro'sa. See&JkYVM. Theke'sia. (Commemorative, but of whom not explained. Nat. ord., Lilia- cese.') Hardy bulb. For cultivation, see Lilium Cax- diddh. T. persica (Persian). Mount Ararat. 1850. Thermo'psis. T. barba'ta (bearded). 1-J. Purple. June. Hima- laya. 1855. — nepale'nsis. See Pipianthcs. Theropo'gon. (Compounded from theros, summer, and the termination of Ophiopogon ; in allusion to its resemblance to Ophiopogon, and the annual reaewal of its leaves in summer. Nat. ord., Lili- acex. Allied to Polygonatum.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial, of tufted habit with grass-like leaves. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed in spring ; divisions of the plant. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 50°. T. pa'llidus (pale), i. Pink. Himalayas. 1875. Theve'tia. (In honour of M. Thevet. Nat. ord., Apocynacex.) Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass in heat. Fibrous loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. T. Ahou'ai (Ahouai). 20. Yellow. June. Brazil- 1739. — neriif(/lia (Nerium-leaved). 12. Yellow. June. S. America. 1735. — Tcco'tli (Yccotli). 8. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1800. Thibau'dia. T. acumina'ta (pointed). Red, yellowish-green. Winter. Andes of Ecuador. 1868. — angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Peru. — cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). Bed, white. New Grenada. 1866. — corona'ria. See Themistoclesia. — Je'ssicce (Jessica's). Flesh. Caraccas. 1866. — pendulijio'ra (drooping-flowered). Bed, green. Caraccas. — sarca'ntha (fleshy-flowered). Scarlet, green. New Grenada. 1864. — >• scabriu'scula (roughish). 5. Crimson. April. .New Grenada. 1850. Thladia'ntha. (From thladias, a eunuch, and anthe, a flower. Nat, ord., Cucurbitacex.) Greenhouse climber. For cultivation, see Se- cmrM. T. du'bia (doubtful). Yellow. China. 1864. Thri'nax. T. arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 15. W. Indies. 1830, — barbade'nsis (Barbados). 12. Barbados. 1875. — e'legans (elegant). Central America. 1861. Very dwarf. — exce'lsa (lofty). W. Indies. 1800. — ferrvgi'nea (rusty). Jamaica. 1840. — gra'cilis (slender). Trinidad. 1824. — graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). Cuba. 1S47. — havane'nsis (Havana). W. Indies. 1S69. — pu'milis (low). Jamaica. 1738. — radia'ta (rayed). Trinidad. 1838. — stella'ta (starred). Cuba. 1852. Thrixspe'rmum. (From thrix, a hair, and sperma, a seed ; in allusion to the slender hairlike seeds. Nat. ord., Or- chidacex. Allied to Sarcochilus.) Stove epiphytical orchid. Should be grown on blocks. See Obchids. T. Freema'nii (Freeman'3). Yellow, spotted with brownish. Assam. — Hartma'nni (Hartmann's). Cream-whits, red, yellow. Queensland. 1877. — luni'ferum (crescent-bearing). Ochre, white, brown. Burmah. 1868. — Jfoo'rei (Moore's), f. Yellow, brown. Solo- mon Isles. 1880. Thtj'ja. T.falca'ta (sickle-shaped scale spines). Japan. 1862. — giga'ntea (gigantic). 140. N. W. America. — Menzie'sii (Menzies's). 50. California. — orienta'lis. au'rea (golden Tar.). Leaves yellow. Seedling variety. 1S45. — pygmce'a (pygmy). Japan. 1861. — Standi'shii (Standish's). Japan. 1862. Syn., Thvjopsis Standishii. — Zuccarinia'na (Zuccarini's). Japan. 1868. Thujo'psis. (From Thuja, the arbor- vitsB.-and opsis, resemblance. Nat. ord., Coniferte.) Evergreen, probably hardy. T. dolabra'ta (hatchet-leaved). 50. Japan. There is a variety with white-blotched twigs. — laetevi'rens (pale-green). Japan. 1862. Thcxbe'rgia. T. Harri'sii (Harris's). Blue. E. Indies. 1854. — laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). Blue. Malay Islands. 1856. — natale'nsis (Natal). 2£. Blue. July. Natal. 1858. Thtj'nia. SeePHAirs. Thy'mtjs. T. rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). J. Pyrenees. 1879. Thtrso'pteris. (From thyrsus, a staff, aud pteris, a fern ; alluding to the con- tracted fertile portion of the fronds. Nat. ord., Filices—Polypodiacex.) T. e'legans (elegant). 15. Juan Fernandez. Tigri'dia. T. Eoutteii (Van Houtt's). 1. Yellow, lilac. Mexico. 1875. — pavo'nia. aitranti'aca (orange var.). Orange. 1830. TIL [ 1015 ] TEA. Ti'lia. T. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 50. Greenish. Europe. arge'ntea (silvery var.). Leaves bordered with, creamy-white. Silesia. 1862. Tilla'ndsia. i. Peru. 1865. T. arge'ntea (silvery). 1. Syn., T. tectorum. — Balbisia'na (Balbis's). 1. Violet ; bracts rose. W. Indies. 1874. — brachycau'los (short-stemmed). -}. Purple. Mexico. 1878. — caput-medu'sce (Medusa's-head). Mexico. 1880. — circina'lis (circinate). i. Violet. Uruguay. 1878. — complana'ta (flattened). Blue. S. America. 1871. — croca'ta (saffron - yellow). Saffron - yellow. Brazil. 1880. Syn., Phytarhiza crocata. — cya'nea (blue). Guatemala. 1852. Syns., Allardtia cyanea and Platystachys cyanea. — dista'chya (two-spiked). £. White. January. Honduras. 1880. — geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered), i. Red, yellow. February. Brazil. 1840. Syns., T. rubida and Anoplophytum geminiflorum. — Hamelea'na (Hamele's). Violet, white. 1870. Syns., Phytarhiza Hameleana and Wal- lisia Hameleana. — ina'nis (uninteresting). Purple. March. Bue- nos Ayres. 1841. — iona'ntha (violet-flowered), i. Violet. Brazil. 1871. — Jo'nghei (Jonghe's). Dull yellow. Brazil. 1874. — juncifo'lia (rush-leaved). Blue. Tropical America. 1875. — Karwinskia'na (Karwinsky's). 1. Violet. Winter. Mexico. 1878. — Linde'ni (Linden's). Violet; bracts rosy. Peru. 1867. Syns.,?. ilorreniana and Phytarr- hiza, Wallisia, and Vriesia Lindeni. — — — interme'dia (intermediate var.). Bracts rosy-green. 1871. Koutsinskya'na (Koutsinsky's var.). Flowers double. 18S0. Syn., Phytarhiza Lindeni Koutsinskyana. luxu'rians (luxuriant var.). Flower-stem branched. 1871. ma'jor (greater var.). Flowers larger. Peru. 1871. Regelia'na (Regel's var.). Blue, white ; bracts red. Ecuador. 1877. Syn., T. Lindeniana. — Malzi'nei (Malzine's). 1. White. Mexico. 1874. Syn., Vriesia Malzinei. — musa'ica. See Massangea. — marWiecioi'des (Nartheciuin-like). 1. Yellowish- white. Ecuador. 1878. — paucifo'lia (few-leaved). J. Violet. 1878. — pulchella (handsome), i. White. S.America. 1840. — recurvifo'lia (recurved-leaved). White ; bracts rose-pink. Panama. 18G1. — regi'na. See VniEsrA. — Roe'zlii (Roezl's). Rosy. N.Peru. 1877. — sanguinole'nta. See Vkiesia. — spiculo'sa (spiculose). Mexico. 1878. — sple'ndens (splendid). Yellow. Guiana. — xtaticejlo'ra (Statice-flowered). Blue. Mexico. 1871. Syn., T. Morreniana. — streptophy'Ua (twisted-leaved). Violet. Mexico. 1878. — tessella'ta (tessellated). Leaves with dark- T. tricolor (three-coloured), li. Violet, white ; bracts green. Winter. Mexico. 1877. — usneoi'des (Usnea-like). Greenish. Tropical America. 1877.— Spanish Moss, or Old Man's Beard. — vitta'ta. See Schldmbeegeeia virescens. Ti'nnea. (In honour of Mademoiselle Tinne; Nile voyager. Nat. ord., Labiate.) Stove plant. For cultivation, see Plectean- thus. T. mthio'pica (^Ethiopian). Maroon. Central Africa. 186T. Violet-scented. To'dea. T. ba'rbara (Barb&ry). 6. Temperate Australia. 1869. — Fra'seri (Fraser's). New S. Wales. — hymenophylloi'des (Hymenophyllum - like). New Zealand. — interme'dia (intermediate). New Zealand. 1869. — rivula'ris (brook). New S. Wales. — supe'rba (superb). New Zealand. 1861. Syn., Leptopteris superba. — Wilkesia'na (Wilkes's). 14. Fiji Islands. • 1870. Tomato disease. This disease is caused by Perono'spoka infe'stans, the same fungus that causes the Potato disease, to which refer for its history. Tore'nia. T. auriculozfo'lia (Auricula-leaved). Lilac, purple, white. India. 1871. — liaiilo'ni (Baillon's). +. Yellow, dark purple. Cochin China. 1873. — czap^eMdJcuZa'to (unappendagcd). White, deep blue. S. China. 1877. — Fournie'ri (Fournier's). i. Pale blue, black- purple, yellow. Summer. Cochin China. 1876. Torre'ya. T. gra'ndis (grand). N. China. — nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 30. Japan. Tova'ria. (Derivation unexplained. Nat. ord., Liliacex. Allied to Conval- iaria.) This is an older name for the genus Smuacin-a, and must therefore supersede it, and the species enumerated on p. 740 should bo here included. T.olera'cea (cabbage). 4. White. Sikkim. 1877. Toxico'phl^ia. See Acokanthera. Trachyca'rpus. (From Irachys, rough, and karpos, fruit ; probably in allusion to the hairs upon the fruit. Nat. ord., Falmacess.) Greenhouse or half-hardy palms. Allied to Cham^eops, to which refer for cultivation. T. exce'lsus (tall). 20. Yellow, green. July. China. 1844. Syn., Chamtrrops Fortunei. — Griffi'thii (Griffith's). 20. Himalaya. 1846. Syn., Ohamarops Griffithii. TEA [ 1016 ] TRI Trachyste'mon. (From trachys, rough, and stemon, a thread ; in allusion to the hairy filaments of the stamens. Nat. ord., Boraginacese. Allied to Anchusa.) Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds ; divisions in spring. Ordinary garden soil. T. crientaiis (eastern). 2. Blue. Spring. Le- vant. 1752. Syn., Borago orientalis. Teadescantia. T. di'scolor. See Rhceo. — fusca'ta. See Ptrriieisia Loddigesii. — navicula'ris (boat-shaped). Rose. Peru. — odorati'-ssima (sweetest-scented). — 7farsczewiczia'na(Wa.rsczevficz's). 2. Purple. May. Guatemala. Tra'ma auri'culx. This Aphis attacks the roots of the Auricula, and oftentimes causes serious damage to the plants. In colour the insect is greenish-white, some individuals being furnished with a woolly excretion behind (our illustration represents this form magnified), others being without it ; the legs and antenna} are brown- ish. When Auriculas are found to be attacked by the Trama, which may be known by their un- healthy appearance and the presence of white woolly matter about the collar and roots, the in- fected plants should be thoroughly cleansed of the earth, and their roots, etc., well cleaned with soft soap, and then re- potted in fresh soil and clean pots ; the earth and pots in which they grew should be scalded to kill any insects or eggs that may remain in it. The repotted plants should be placed in a fresh place, to pre- vent their being again attacked by any stray Tramas that may lurk in the neighbourhood where the infected plants stood. Tkecu'lia. (Named in honour of M. Auguste Tread, a botanist. Nat. ord., Artocarpacex. Allied to Artocarpus.) Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened 6hoots in sandy loam, in bottom heat and under a bell-glass. Rich loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 65° to 85°; winter, 60° to 70°. Moist atmo- sphere. T. africa'na (African). Greenish. W. Tropical Africa. 1872. Tree Caruot. Monizia edulis. Trema'xdra. (From tremo, to tremble and andros, a male ; the anthers vibrate with the least movement of the air. Nat. ord., Tremandracex.') Small greenhouse shrubs from N. Holland, with purplish flowers. For cultivation, see Tethka- theca. • T. hirsu'ta (h,airy). 1. — stelli'gera (star-bearing). \i. — verticilla'ta (whorled-iearaZ). Tria'nea. (Named in honour of M. Jose' Triana, a botanist and traveller in Columbia. Nat. ord., Hydrocharidacex. Allied to Hydrocharis.) Stove or greenhouse floating aquatic. Set Aquarium. T. hogotefnsis (Bogota). Columbia. 1879. Tbicha'ntha. (From thrix, a hair, and anlhe, a blossom. Nat. ord.. Gesneracex.) Stove trailer. For cultivation, see Niprsa. T. minor (smaller - leaved). Yellow, purple, scarlet. Columbia. 1864. Trichi'lia. . T. spondioi'des (Spondia - like). 15. White. Tropical America. 1870. Trichioca'rpa. (From thrix, a hair, and carpos, fruit; fructification is ele- vated on a short hair. Nat. ord., Filices —Polypodiacex.) Stove fern. See Ferns. T. Moofrei (Moore's). 11. New Caledonia. Trichoce'ntrem. T. a'lbo-purpu'reum (white-purple). Cinnamon, white, purple. Rio Negro. 1866. — capisira'tum (haltered ). Yellow, white, purple. Costa Rica. 1871. — cornuco'pix (cornucopia). Greenish-white. S. America. 1866. — ionophtka'lmum (violet - eyed). Yellowish, brown, whitish, violet. Amazons. 1876. — tenuiflo'rum (thin-flowered). Brown, white. January. Bahia. — tigri'num (tiger). Greenish, brown, purple, white.orange. Ecuador? 1869. Tricho'ceros. (From thrix, a hair, and heras, a horn ; in allusion to the two hairy antenna-like processes from the column. Nat. ord., Orchidacex.) Stove epiphytical orchid. Should be grown upon blocks. See Orchid. T. par-viflo'rus (small-flowered). Green, purple, brown. Columbia. 1870. Trichode'sma. T. a'nceps (two-edged). 2. Tropical America. — Bancrc/ftii (Bancroft's), f. Jamaica. — Bo'jeri (Bojer's). Mauritius. Trichoglo'ttis. (From thrix, a hair, and glottis, a tongue. Nat. ord., Orchi- dacex.) Stove orchid. See Orcheos. T.fascia'ta (banded). White, brownish. E. Tropical Asia. 1872. —pa'llens (pale). Green. Manilla. TR1 [ 1017 ] TRI Tbicho'manes. T. ance'ps (twofold). W. Indies. 1863. — aurieula'tum (cared), f . Java. 1871. — cri'spum. pilo'sum, (hairy var.). Fronds clothed with reddish hairs. S. America. 1863. —fiU'cula (little-fern). £. Mauritius. — fimbria' turn (finely-cut). W. Indies. 1862. — floribu'ndum (floriferous). S. America. 1863. — Kaulfu'ssii £Kaulfuss's). 1. W. Indies. — Krau'ssii (Krauss's). £. Dominica. — Luschnathia'num, (Luschnath's). Brazil. — millefo'lium (millefoil-leavcd). Brazil. — muscoi'des (moss-like). $. W. Indies. j —pa'rvulum (very-small). l£. E.Indies. 1SS0. — Pete'rsii (Peters's). N. America. 1875. — puncta'tum (dotted). W.Indies. — pyxidi'ferum (box-bearing). W.Indies. — renifo'rme (kidney-shaped), i. New Zealand. — saxa'tile (rock grown). Borneo. 1862. — sca'ndens (climbing). £. Jamaica. — seti'gerum (bristly). Borneo. 1862. — sinuo'sum (waved). $ . W. Indies. — supe'rbum (superb). Borneo. 1862. — thujioi'des (Thuja-like). J. Mauritius. — tribhoi'deum (hair-like), i. Jamaica. — trichophy'llum (hair-leaved). Borneo. 1862. — veno'sum (veined). J. New S. Wales. Teiciiopi'ua. V. rt'i \a (whitish). White, yellow. Caraccas. 1851. — Backhousia'na (Backhouse's). Columbia. — cocci'nea. flave'ola (yellowish var.). Greenish-yellow, white. 1880. — cri'spa (crisped). Crimson-purple. Columbia. 1857. margina'ta (margined var.) AVine-red; margins white, lip crimson. Central America. 1862. — fra'grans (fragrant). White, yellow. Colum- bia. 1858. no'bilis (noble var.). White, yellow. Venezuela. 1872. — Galeottia'na (Galeotti's). Yellow, brown, white, purple. Mexico. 1860. Syn., T. picta. — gra'ta (pleasing). Yellowish-green, white, yellow. Peru. 1868. Sweet-scented. - hymena'ntha (membrane-flowered). White, red. Columbia. 1854. — le'pida (neat). Wine-red, white. Costa Rica. 1873. — rostra'ta (beaked). £. White, orange. Colum- bia. 1866. — sua'vis. Lama'rchce (Lamarcha's var.). White, rose. Costa Rica. 1874. sple'ndens (splendid var.). White, purple, carmine, yellow. Costa Rica. 1868. — turia'lvm (Turialva). Yellowish. Central America. 1865. Tkichosa'cme. (From thrix, a hair, and acme, a point ; referring to the corolla's hairy appendage. Nut. ord., Asclepia- dacex.) Stove climber. All parts of the plant, except the corolla, are covered with a woolly felt. For cultivation, see Stapelia. T. lana'ta (woolly). Purple. Mexico. 1850. Tbichosa'nthes. T. japo'nica (Japanese). Greenish-white. Japan. 1872. — vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). White ; fruit large, orange-red. China. 1872. Syn., Eopepon vitifolius. Tbichoto'sia. Eeia. Tbicuspida'bia. (From tricuspis, three pointed ; in allusion to the three-toothed petals. Nat. ord., Tiliacex. Allied to Aristotelia.) A very beautiful greenhouse shrub. We know nothing of its cultivation, but it will probably be found to thrive if treated in the same way as Sparmannia. T. hexape'tala (six-petalled). Scarlet. Chili. 1880. Syn., Crinodendron Hookerianum. , Tbict'btis. (From treis, three, and Ttyr- tos, convex ; alluding to the three outer sepals hating bags at their bases. Nat. ord., Melanthacese.') Half-hardy bulbs. Greenhouse or cold pit in winter. Offsets. Sandy loam and peat. T. e'legans (elegant). 1*. White, purple. China. 1860. — hi'rta (hairy). 4. White, purple. Japan. 1863. — macropo'da (long-stalked). Greenish-yellow, purple-dotted. Japan. 1869. — pilo'sa (downy). 1. Green, red. Sikkim. 1851. Tei'llium. T. niva'le (snowy). J. White. Summer. N. United States. 1879. Tbiole'na. (From treis, three, and olene, the arm ; in allusion to the three processes from the base of the anther. Nat. ord., Melastomaceas. Allied to Mo- nolena.) Stove perennial herb, with the habit of Berto- lonia. Seeds; cuttings in sandy loam, in bottom heat and under a bell-glass. Rich sandy loam and leaf-mould ; moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 70°. T. scorpioi'des (scorpioid -flowered), i. Rose. Chiapas. 1859. Teipteey'gium. (From treis, three, and pterygion, a small wing; in refer- ence to the three-winged fruit. Nat. ord.,. Gelastracese.) Hardy shrub. We know nothing of its cultiva- tion. T. Wilfo'rdi (Wilford's). White. Japan. 1S67. Tbitele'ia, or Tbitele'ja. See Milla. Tbithei'nax. (From treis, three, and thrinax, a fan ; alluding to the division and form of the leaves. Nat. ord., Pal- macex.) Stove palms. For cultivation, see Thrinax. T. acanthoco'ma (spine-covered). Rio Grande. TRI [ 1018 ] ULL T. aculea'ta (prickly). Mexico. 1853. — brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. Brazil. 1875. — mauTitiafo'rmis (Mauritia-like). 60. Colom- bia. 1860. Tki toma. See Kotphofia. TrOP2E'OLEM. HALF-HARDY tubers. T. Be'nthii (Benthe's). Yellow. June. Bolivia. 1850. GREENHOUSE. T. chrysa'nthum (golden - flowered). Yellow. Summer. Columbia. • 1374. — Deckeria'num (Decker's). Blue, green, scarlet. Venezuela. — digita'tum (digitate-feared). Scarlet. July. Caraccas. 1852. — pendulum (drooping). Yellow. July. Cen- tral America. 1850. — pentaphy'llum (five-leaved). Cbili. — sessilifdlium (sessile-leaved). Red, shaded with violet. Chili. 1868. — Smi'thii (Smith's). Orange, red. July. Co- lumbia. Tsd'ga. (The Japanese name. Nat. ord., Coniferx. Allied to Picea and Abies.) Hardy trees. This should perhaps rather be considered as a section of Abies than a distinct genus. T. Hookeria'na (Sir Joseph Hooker's). British Columbia. 1852. — Pationia'na (Patton's). California. 1852. — Siebt/ldii (Siebold's). Syn., Abies Tsuga. na'na (dwarf var.). 3. Japan. 1872. Abies Brunoniana, A. canadensis, A. Menziesii, and A. Mertensiana, are also referred to this genus. Tc'LlPA. T. AVbetrti (Albert Kegel's). Scarlet, scarlet-yel- low, or purple. Turkestan. 1877. — Ei'clderi (Eichler's). 14. Crimson, black, yel- low. April. Georgia. 1874. — Fransonia'na (Franson's)l Scarlet, blue-black, white. S. Europe. 1878. — Grei'gii (Greig's). J. Scarlet, purple, or yellow. Turkestan. 1873. — Haa'geri (Haager's). t. Scarlet, yellow, blackish-blue. April. Greece. 1874. — ilie'nsis (Trojan). \. Yellow. E. Turkestan. 1879. — Kaufmannia'na (Kaufmann's). a'lbo-variega'ta (white-variegated var.). White, yellow, rose. Turkestan. 1877. lu'teo-variegata (yellow-variegated var.). Yellow, red, rose. Turkestan. 1877. — Kesselri'ngi (Kesselring's). |. Yellow, orange. Turkestan. 1879. — Kolpakowskia'na (Kolpakowski's). 1. Yellow, red. Turkestan. 1878. — Orphani'dea (Orphanides's). $ . Yellow, red- brown. Spring. 1862. — oxypz'tala (sharp-petalled). i. Yellow. Cen- tral Asia. 1879. Syn., Orithya oxy- petala. —pulche-Ua (beautiful - little). J. Rose-red, bluish-lilac, purple. Asia Minor. 1877. — Schre'nki (Schr nk"s). J. Yellow or red. April. Central Asia. 1879. — sylve'stris. V. sylve'stris tricolor (three-colourad var.). White, yellow, greenish. Turkestan. 1873. — undulatifoflia (wavy-leaved), i. Red, black, yellow. Asia Minor. 1877. Tu'pa. T. crassicaulis (thick- stemmed). 3. Yellow, red. Brazil. 1349. Tcptda'xthxs. (From tupis, a mallet, and anthos, a flower; referring to the form of the flower-bud. Nat. ord., Ara- liaceas.) Gigantic evergreen stove climber. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass, in heat. Sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 60°. T. calyptra'tus (calyptrate). 50. Green.' E. Indies. Tupi'stka. (From tupis, a mallet ; in allusion to the form of the stigma. Nat. ord., Idliacex. Allied to Aspidistra.) Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers, and di- vision of the plant in spring. Rich loam. Sum- mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. T. macrcsti'gma (large-stigmaed). 14. Dark purple. Winter. Khas>» 1872. Syn., Macrostigma tupistroidts. . Tc'rilea. T. obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 4 to 6. White. S. Africa. 1872. Tussa'cia. (Named after F. B. de Tussac, who wrote a Flora of the An- tilles. Nat. ord., Gesneracex. Allied to Episcia.) Stove perennial herbs. For cultivation, see : Gesn-eea. i T. semiclau'sa (half-closed). Yellow, crimson- purple. Brazil. 1870. Ty'd^a. See Isoloma. Typhoxtcv. (A name applied some Aroid by the ancients. Nat. ord., Aracese. Allied to Arum.) Stove tuberous-rooted herbs. Offsets. Rich loam and leaf-mould. Give plenty of water when flowering. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 58° to 65°. T. Bro'ionii (Brown's). J. Spathe and spadix dark lurid purple. April. Australia. — Huegel ia'na (Huegel's). Spathe purple-brown : spadix blackish. Himalaya. 1879. Syn., Seterostalis Euegeliana. Arum divaricatum and A. trifooaiunt (syn., A. orixense) also belong to this genus. r. U'llects. (From ulluco, its Quitan name. Nat ord., Forlulacex.) Herbaceous tuberous-rooted plant. It i* r\\n sively grown in the mountains of Peru and Bolivi for the sake of its small potato-like tubers. It wa ULM [ 1019 ] VAN tried in this country unsuccessfully as a substitute for the potato. XJ. tuber&sus (tuberous-roofed). 2. Yellow. Au- gust. S. America. 1847. U'lmtjs. XJ. campe'stris. umbraculi'fera (shady van). Tiflis. 1879. XJmbi'licus. See Cotyledon. Unci'fera. (From uncus, a hook, and fero, to bear ; in allusion to the curved process to which the pollen masses are attached. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas. Allied to Saccolabium.) Stove epiphytical orchid. Grow on blocks or in baskets. See Orchids. XJ. heteroglo'ssa (various- tongued). 1878. Ungna'dia. (In honour of Baron Von Ungnad, the introducer of the Horse- chestnut. Nat. ord., Sapindaceas.) Hardy deciduous shrub. For cultivation, see Pavia, to which it is allied. XJ. specio'sa (showy). 20. Pink. Texas.' 1850. TJkope'didm. (From oura, a tail, and podion, a slipper ; referring to the long form of the petals. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas.) Stove orchids. See Orchids. XJ. Linde'nii (Linden's). 2. White, green. May. . New Grenada. 1850. Ukope'tall-m. See Dipcadi. Uroski'nnera. (Named after G. Ure Skinner, a merchant and collector of Central American plants. Nat. ord., Scrophulariaceai.) Stove herbaceous plant. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°. XJ. specta'bilis (showy). Pale purple. July. Urospa'tha. (From oura, a tail, and spatha, a spathe ; referring to the long- pointed spathe of most of the species. Nat. ord., Araceas.) XJ. desci'scens (degenerate). 3. Brown, claret. Brazil. 1860. XJ. e'legans, XJ. gra'ndis, XJ. pictura'ta, XJ. spec- la'bilis, and XJ. sple'ndens, all from Para, are garden names for what are probably varieties of C. sagittifo'lia. Urosti'gma. See Ficus. Utricula'ria. Bladder-wort. (From utriculus, a little bottle; on account of the minute pitcher-like bodies developed on their roots and leaves. Nat. ord., Lentibulariaceai. Allied to Pinguicula.) A large genus of curious and very interesting plants, very few of which are in cultivation, al- though many are exceedingly pretty. We do not know that our native species are cultivated, but they are added hero as they are quite worthy. The stove species should be grown in sphagnum- moss mixed with bits of charcoal, and treated like an orchid. The pitcher-like bodies are very curious: they ara hollow, and have their inner surface covered with minute quadrind hairs ; the mouth is furnished with a little flap which acts like that of certain mouse-traps. Minute animal- cules endeavour to get in these little pitchers, which are veritable traps; they push against the flap, which yields and allows them to enter, and then it springs back into its former position and closes the entrance, so that the animalcule cannot get out again, but, after a while, dies* and decomposes, and the nutritive matter of its decom- posed body is absorbed by the quadrifid hairs, and serves to nourish the plant. HARDY AQUATICS. BRITISH. V. interne' dia (intermediate). J. Yellow. Sum- mer. — mi'nor (lesser). J to £. Yellow. Summer. — negle'cta (neglected). i. Yellow. Late summer. England, Essex. — vulga'ris (common). ± to J. Yellow. Summer. STOVE. XJ. Endre'sii (Endres's). i. Bluish. Costa Rica. 1874. Syn., XJ. montana rosea. — monta'na (mountain), ±. White, yellow. July. S. America. 1371. A beautiful basket-plant. Uva'bia. XJ. Ki'rkii (Kirk's). 4. Dull yellow. Zanzibar. 1870. V. Vacci'nitjm. V. Imra'yi (Imray's). St. Domingo. 1861. — refle'xum (reflexed). 2. Red. January. Bolivia. 1869. Valdi'via. (Nat. ord., Saxifragacex) For cultivation, see Tiarfxla. V. Gaya'na (Gay's). Rose. Chili. 1863. Ever- green herbaceous perennial. Half-hardy. Va'nda. Y. Bensc/ni (Benson's). Green, crimson dots. Rangoon. 1866. - bi'color (two-coloured). Yellowish, lilac. India. 1875. — Cathca'rtii (Cathcart's). Yellow, red, white. India. 1864. — azrule'scens (bluish). Lilac, blue. Burmah. 1869. Boxa'llii (Boxall's var.). White, lavender, violet. India. 1877. Lowia'na (Low's var.). White, amethyst. India. 1877. — co'ncolor (one-coloured). 6. China. — conge'sta (heaped). Yellow, crimson. E. Indies. — Dennisonia'na (Dennison's). White, orange. April. Burmah. 1869. — densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). White, purple. Burmah. 1863. Syn., Saccolabium gi- — giga'ntea (gigantic). 1*. Yellow, brown. April. Burmah. — hdvo'la (pale yellow). Red, purple. March. Java. \AS [ 1020 ] VIO Yellow. La Guayra- Bluish-white, rosy, F. lamella'ta. Boxa'llii (Boxall's var.). Ochre, mauve, purple-lake. Philippines. 1S90. — limba'ta (bordered). Brown, yellow, lilac. Java. 1S75. — longifo'lia (long-leaved). If. Yellow, red, white. September. E. Indies. 1847. — multifidra (many-flowered). Yellow, crimson. China. — Pari'shii (Parish's). Yellow, brown, white, violet. Burmah. 1870. Mariottia'na (Mariott's var.). Mauve, white. 1880. — parvifldra (small-flowered). Yellow, purple. E. Indies. 1843. — testa'cea (testaceous). Pale yellow, violet. Ceylon. 1877. Syn., ^Erides testaeeum. — tri'color (three-coloured). Yellow, crimson, purple. Java. cinnanu/mea (cinnamon var.). Yellow, brown. Java. 1869. — undula'ta (waved). White, greenish, orange. India. 1875. Syn., F. Gowera. Vani'lla. F. lute'scens (yellowish) 1859. — phalamo'psis (moth-like). orange. Madagascar. i»ey. Vasconce'lla. See Carica. Ve'itchia. (In honour of Mr. Veitch, the well-known proprietor of the Chelsea nurseries. Nat. ord., Coniferx.) Hardy evergreen. See Pincs. F. japdniea (Japanese). Japan. This is pro- bably some monstrous state of a species ofPlCEA. The following species bearing the name of Veitchia are Palms: — F. Canterburya'na. See Kkxtia Canterburyana. — Joha'nnis (Mr. John Veitch's). Polynesia. 1868. Vello'zia. r. ca'ndida (white). White. Brazil. 1865. — e'legam (elegant). White, turning green. Natal or Madagascar. 1866. Syns., F. Talboti and Talbotia elegans. Verno'nia. F. Calvoa'na (Calvo's). 8 to 12. White and purple. Januarv. Cameroon Mountains. 1862. — scorpioi'des (scorpioid). 1. Lilac-rose. Brazil. 1874. Syn., F. centriflora. Vero'nica. half-hardy. F. Andersdnii (Anderson's). 3. Purple. Sep- tember. A garden hybrid. — Colensdi (Colenso's). New Zealand. — eUi'ptica (elliptic-reared). White. May. New Zealand. 1852. — Hulkea'na (Hulke's). Lilac. New Zealand. 1865. — parvifidra. — angmtifo'Ha (narrow-leaved var.). Lilac. New Zealand. 1872. — specio'sa. imperia'lis (imperial var.). Purple-red. New Zealand. 1877. — syri'aca (Syrian), i. Blue. June. Syria. 1867. Zealand. Golden-yellow. W. Syn., Chrysorrhiie HAKDY EVERGREENS. F. Lya'llii (Lyall's). *. White. May. New . June. New 1870. — JVaWriii (Travers's). 2£. White. Summer. New Zealand. 1873. HARDY HERBACEOUS. F. longifo'lia. subse'ssilis (nearly-sessile-feared var.). 2 to 4. Blue. July. Japan. 187S. — prostra'ta (prostrate). Blue. Alps. 1869. Versai'lles Lau'bel. Prunes Lauro- cerasus latifolia. Verschaffe'ltia. (Named in honour of M. A. Verschaffelt, who introduced the first known species. Nat. ord., Palma- cese.) Stove palm. For cultivation, see Phoenix. Y.melanocha'tes (black-spined). 12 to 25. Sey- chelles. 1871. — splefndida (splendid). 80. Seychelles. 1S64. Syns., Regelia magnified, majestica, and , princeps. Yerttco'rdia. F. ni'tens (shining). 3. Australia. 1862. nitens. VlBU'RNUJr. greenhouse evergreens. F. smpe'nsum. (hanging-down). White, yellow. February. 1853. HARDY DECIDUOUS. F. dilata'tum (spreading-flowered). 10. White. June. Japan. 1845. Syn., F. plicatum. dilatatum. — orienta'le (eastern). 5 to 8. White. Cauca- sus. 1868. tomentdsum (tomentose var.). Japan. 1868. — Sandanke'wa (Sandankewa). 1875. Villano'va. (Derivation unexplained, probably commemorative. Nat. ord., Composite. Allied to Palafoxia.) Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border in April. V.chrysanthemoi'des (Chrvsanthemum-like). 1 to 2. Yellow. Colorado. September. 1878. Vlulare'sia. (In honour of M. Yillarez, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Aquifoliacex.) Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Moxeiia. F. mucrona'ta (hard-pointed). Chili. Villa'rsia. F. capita'ta (capitate). _ £. Yellow. W. Aus- White. White. Japan. tralia. 1879. Bog plant. Vine Maple. Acer circinatum. ■ Vl'OLA. GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS. F. ptduncula'ta (long-stalked). }. Yellow. May. California. VIO [ . 1021 3 WAR HARDY PERENNIALS. calcara'ta. albiflo'ra (white-flowered var.). White. Ea'lleri (Haller's var.). Violet. cuculla'ta. — Munbya'na (Munby's). J. Violet. Spring. lu'tea (yellow var.). Yellow. — pyrolafo'lia (Pyrola-leaved). £. Yellow. January. Patagonia. 1851. — umbr(/sa (shady). Lilac, purple. Russia. 1873. Violet Fungus. See iEcroiuM. Virgi'lia. See Cladrastus. Vi'tex. V. Linde'ni (Linden's). Lilac, red. May. Co- lumbia. 1872. — trifo'lia. variega'ta (variegated var.). Violet- purple ; leaves white-edged. Polynesia. 1876. Vi'tis. Many of the species enumerated below are cul- tivated under the name of Cissus, which is a synonyme of Vitis ; Ampelopsis should also have been included here. V. a'lbo-ni'tens (white-shining). Brazil. 1871. — amazo'nica (Amazonian). Leaves silver- veined, red beneatb. Amazon. 1866. — Bai'nesii (Baines's). Green. W. Tropical Africa. 1864. — chontale'nsis (Chontales). Scarlet. Nicaragua. 1869. — cirrho'sa (tendrilled). Green. S. Africa. 1866. — Davidia'na (David's). China. 1868. Syns., Cissus Davidiana, C. platanifolia, and C. rubricaulis. — Endre'sii (Endres's). Leaves velvety green, with purplish veins. Costa Rica. 1875. — hypoglau'ca (glaucous beneath). Yellow. Vic- toria. 1866. — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Java. humulifo'lia (hop-leaved var.). Green. Japan, China. 1868. — japo'nica (Japanese^. Green. Japan. 1875. marmora'ta (marbled var.). Leaves blotched with yellow. 1875. — javalefnsis (Javala). Scarlet. Nicaragua. 1869. — Linde'ni (Linden's). Leaves green, with white mottlings Columbia. 1870. — ma'cropus (large-based). Green. W. Tropical Africa. 1864. — planicau'lis (flat-stemmed). Green. Sikkim. 1849. — Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). Japan. — veluti'nus (velvety). Red. Malay Islands. 1859. — vitigi'nea (vine-sprung). Green. E. Indies. 1772. Vrie'sia. V. a'nceps. See Tillandsia. — Eillbe'rgice (Billborg's). Green, white, rose. Mexico. 1870. — brachysta'chys (short-spiked). Yellow ; bracts jrreen and scarlet. Brazil. 1866. — coralli'na (coral-red). Green; bracts and scape purplish - crimson. Tropical 65 America. 1871. Syn., Encholirion coraU linum. —fenestra'lis (windowed). Leaves with pellucid markings. Columbia. 1875. — gladiolijWra (Gladiolus-flowered). 1863. — gutta'ta (spotted). 2*. Yellow; leaves red- spotted. Brazil. 1875. — Linde'ni. See Tillandsia. — Malzi'nei. See Tillandsia. — musa'ica. See Massanuea. — regi'na (queen). White. Rio Janeiro. 1867. Fragrant. Syns., Y. gigantea, V. Glaziou- ana, and Tillandsia regina. — reticulata (netted). Green and yellow ; leaves netted with dark green. Brazil. 1873. — sanguinolefnta (blood-red). Leaves with ocel- lated blood-red blotches. Columbia. 1875. Syns., Tillandsia sanguinolenta and Encholirion sanguinolentum. — Saunde'rsii (Saunders's). 1*. Pale yellow. Tropical America. 1872. — scala'ris (ladder-flowered). *. Yellow, green; bracts rosy. Brazil. 1877. — tri'color (three-coloured). Greenish ; bracts crimson. Columbia. 1873. — vimina'lis (twiggy). 2. White. Costa Rica. — xiphosta'chys (sword-spiked). Purple. Tropical America. 1862. — Tnghii (Yngh's). 1*. Yellow. 1878. Syn., Encholirion Tnghii. Wahlenbe'rgia. greenhouse. W. tubero'sa (tuberous), i to 2. White, rose. Juan Fernandez. 1874. HARDY PERENNIAL. W. tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). J. Violet-blue. August. Dalmatia. 1879. Syns., Edrai- anthus tenuifolius and E. caudatus. Wai'lesia. (In honour of G. Wailes, Esq., a great cultivator of Orchids. Nat. ord., Orehidacese.) Stove epiphytical orchid. See Orchids. W. pi'cta (painted). 1. Yellow, crimson. Java. 1849. Wai'tzia. (In honour of M. Waitz. Nat. ord., Compositie.) Annuals of the Everlastings. For cultivation, see Mokna. W. corymbo'sa (corymbed). White, yellow. Swan River. 1864. — grandijWra (large-flowered). Yellow. W. Australia. 1864. One of the finest. — tene'lla (slender). YeUow. Swan River. 1861. This genus is the same as Mokna, Virata, and Leptorhynchos. Walli'sia. See Tillandsia. Wa'rrea. W. ca'ndida (white). Purple, white. February. Bahia. 1850. — margina'ta. See Ztgopetalum. — quadra'ta. See Ztgopetalum marginatum. 3D WAR [ 1022 ] XAN V. tri'color. stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like var.). Flower barred with brown. Columbia. 1873. — Wailesia'na (Wailes's). Cream colour. Brazil. Warscewigze'lla. See Zygopetaltjm. WatsO 'MA- TT, densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). 2. Rose. Natal. 1878. We'bbia. (In honour of Mr. P. B. Webb. Nat. ord., Composite.) Half-hardy sub-shrub. For cultivation, see Vekkonia. W.pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). Purple. Natal. 1863. Weige'la. See Diervilla. WeINMA'NNIA. W.. trickospefrma (hairy-seeded). Chiloe. We'lfia. (Named in honour of the royal family (Guelph) of Hanover. Nat. ord., Palmacese. Allied to Geonoma.) Stove palm. Seeds. Rich loam and leaf-mould, mixed with a little old cow-dung. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. W. re'gia (royal). Amazons. 1869. Wellingto'nia. See Sequoia. Welwi'tschia. (Named in honour of Dr. Frederic Welwitsch, a talented bo- tanical traveller. Nat. ord., Gnetacex.) This truly remarkable plant is one of the won- ders of the Vegetable Kingdom. It is a native of the elevated plateau near Cape Negro, in Western Tropical Africa, and of Damara Land ; and only grows In dry arid places where rain hardly ever falls. It forms a short obconic trunk about two feet long, the greater part of which is buried in the earth, only rising above the soil a tew inches. From the base of the trunk, roots run down very deep into the earth. The top is flat and rough, and somewhat two-lobed ; in old plants it is often three to four feet in diameter. From a deep groove at 'lie margin of each lobe proceed the two leaves — cne only ones the plant ever has, besides the coty- ledons or seed leaves. The leaves are six to eight feet long, or longer ; they spread out on each side of the plant upon the ground, and in old plants are split up from apex to base into ribbon-like pieces. From the edge of the top of the trunk, just within the leaves, arise the forked stems which bear the cones; these are produced in plenty, and their bright crimson-scarlet colour add to the very- remarkable appearance of the plant. Although it was first made known in Europe by Dr. Welwitsch, it appears to have been first discovered by Mr. C. J. Anderson, an eminent African traveller. This wonderful plant has been introduced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, but we do not know if it yet exists in any other establishment. It will probably prove very difficult to cultivate, on ac- count of the impossibility of imitating the natural conditions under which it flourishes. It appears to us that the most probable method of succeeding with it would be to enclose a space within brick walls to a height of about three feet from the earth ; this should be filled up to a height of about sixteen or eighteen inches with a very light porous soil, such as a mixture of light sandy loam and broken bricks, in the proportion of two parts of the former to one of the latter. Above this the space should be filled in with sand and brick rubbish mixed with a little sandy loam — about a tenth part of the latter, just to help to bind it. If planted in this way the long descending roots would pene- trate into the lower soil, and derive sufficient nourishment and water from it, as the water would ascend into the lower stratum from the earth by capillary attraction, whilst the upper stratum, being dry, will prevent the plant from rotting. It should be fully exposed to the sun, and no water given it, though at evening a slight syringing over the leaves and crown would pro- bably be beneficial, as this would in some way approach the dews to which it is subjected in its native country. The temperature should not be allowed to get below 50°. "Westbi'ngia. W. longifo'lia (long-leaved). Lilac. Australia. 1878. White Cama'ssia. Camassia esculenta Leichtlinii. Widdringto'nia. (In honour of Cap- tain Widdrington. Nat. ord., Coniferx.) Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. W. cupressoi'des (cypress-like). 10. Cape of Good Hope. — juniper oi'des (juniper-like). Cape of Good Winter Cherry. Physalis alkekengi. Wista'ria. W. Consequa'na (Consequa's). 15. Blue. June. China. 1818. — multiju'ga (many - paired). Lilac, purple. Japan. 1874. — sinensis. macroWtrys (large-clustered var.). White, bluish-purple. Japan. 1870. Wolkenstei'nia TheopJira'sta. See Gomphia Theophrasta. "Woo'dsia. W. poly stichoi' ties (Polystichum - like). China. 1863. Vei'tchii (Veitch's var.). i to 1. Japan. 1861. Woodwa'rdia. W. japo'nica (Japanese). 1$. Japan. — orienta'lis (eastern). China. 1858. — radi'cans. crista'ta (crested var.). 1878. Wo'rmia. W. Burbi'dgei (Burbidge's). Yellow. Borneo. 1879. X. Xanthi'sma. (From xanthisma, yel- lowness ; on account of its yellow flowers. XAN [ 1023 ] YEW Nat ord., 'Compositx. Allied to Haplo- dappus.) Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border in April. X texa'num (Texan), l to 3. Yellow. Texas. 1877. Xantho'ceras. (From xanthos, yellow, and keras, a horn ; alluding to the yellow horn-like glands or nectaries between the petals. Nat. ord., Sapindacese.) A small hardy tree. It is difficult to propagate in any other way than from seeds, but root- cuttings sometimes succeed. Light garden soil. X sorbifo'lia (sorbus-leaved). White, purple. China. 1870. Xanthochy'hus. (From xanthos, yel- low, and chymos, juice; the plants having abundant 'yellow juice. Nut. ord., Clu- siaceas.) Stove evergreen trees. For cultivation, see Gab- cixia. X ovcUifolius (oval-leaved). E. Indies. Gamboge erroneously was supposed to be obtained from its sap. — pict&rius (painter's). 40. White. E.Indies. Xaxthorehce'a. X quadrangula'ta (four-angled-Z«roed). Greenish. S. Australia. 1874. Xantho'sia. (From xanthos, yellow ; the plants having a yellow down. Nat. ord., Umbelliferas.') Greenhouse shrubs. For cultivation, see Tra- 'HrMEXB. A', pilo'sa (hairy). 1 to 2. White. S. E. Australia. Syns. X hirsuta and X montana. — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1*. White. June. W. Australia. 1836. Xanthoso'ma. X. auricula'tum (eared). Spathe green, white ; spadix white. Tropical America. 1869. — belophy'llum (arrow-leaved). Yellow. Tropi- cal America. — hdleborifo'lium (Hellebore-leaved). If to 2. Spathe and spadix whitish. Tropical America. 1793. Syns. Accmtiai helle- borifolius and Arum helleborifolium. — Linde'ni (Linden's). 1 to 1$. Spathe brownish- green outside, white within. Columbia. 1871. Syn., Fhyllotcenium Lxndeni. — macula'ta (blotched). Syn., Alocasia albo- violacea. — Maximilia'ni (Maximilian's). 5. Purple- violet, whitish, green. Brazil. 1860. — mira'bile (wonderful). Spathe pale yellow. Tropical S. America. 1874. — plu'mbea. See Alocasia cuprea. — robu'stum (strong). Yellow. Mexico. — viola'ceum (violet). White, yellow ; leaf-stalks purple. Tropical America. 1864. — TFaZU v sii(Wallis's). Leaves green, with whitish veins. Antioquia. 1869. Xantho'xylon. X. ala'tum (winged). Spring. Hardy. Half evergreen. Xeroxe'ma. (From xeros, drv, and nemn, a thread; because the filaments of the stamens dry up and persist. Nat. ord., Liliacex. Allied to Anthericum.) . A beautiful stove herbaceous perennial, with the foliage and habit of an iris. Seeds, and divisions of the rootstock. Rich sandy bam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° X Mwfrei (Moore's). \\. donia. 1878. Crimson. New Calc- Xerophy'ta. (From xeros, dry, and phyton, a plant ; dry plant. Nat. ord., Hmmodoraceae. Allied to Vellozia.) Stove perennial. Seeds ; suckers. Sandy loam, mixed with a little brick-rubbish. Care must be taken not to overwater the plants. Summer temp 65° to 85°; winter, 60° to 70°. X retine'rvis (net- veined). 12. Blue. Natal Transvaal Republic. 1877. Xtphi'dium. X floribu'ndum (many-flowered). 1. White. S. America. 1845. Xi'phiox. (From xiphion, a corn-flag. Nat. ord., Iridacex.) These are the Irises with bulbous rootstocks. For cultivation, see Iris. X filifo'lium (thread-leaved). 2. Violet, yellow. Spain and Morocco. 1869. — hi'strio (actor), f. Purple, yellow. Mount Lebanon. 1873. —ju'nceum (rush-like). H. Yellow. July. Algeria. 1869. — Kolpakowskia'na (Kolpakowsky's). *. Violet- purple, lilac, yellow. Spring. Turkestau. 1878. — planifc/lium (flat-leaved). T . Lilac, yellow. Algeria. Syn., Iris alata. — Sisyri'nchium (Sisyrinchium). Blue-purple, yellow. S. Europe. Syn., Iris Sisyrin- chium. — tingiia'num (Tangierian). 2. Violet-purple, yellow. Morocco. 1872. To these should be added the hardy bulbous species of Iris enumerated on p. 460. Xylome'lum. (From zylon, wood, and melon, an apple; in allusion to the woody fruit. Nat ord., Proteacese.) Greenhouse shrub. Allied to Lajibertia, to which refer for cultivation. X pyrifofrme (pear-shaped). New S. Wales. 1869. Ya'ng-ma'e. See Mtrica Nagi. Yellow-wood. Cladrasttjs ltdea. Yew-Gall and Yew-bud Mite. At the termination of the shoots of Yew- trees are often to be found rather large galls, resembling in general appearance miniature artichokes (Fig. 1); they are YEW [ 1024 ] YUO formed of a large number of densely packed imbricating leaves, and axe caused by tbe attacks of the larva of a small two-winged fly, named Cecidomy'ia taxi. The fly, which does not appear until June, is about one-sixth of an inch long, and about one third of an inch in expanse; the thorax, antennas, and legs are ochreous, the abdomen is orange- yellow, and the wings pale greyish. It deposits its eggs in June in the young growing buds. The larvse, when hatched, eat into the centre of the bud, causing an arrest of its growth, and gradually it develops into a gall instead of forming a lecfy shoot. Inside the gall the yellow- ish larva passes the winter, changing to the pupa stage in April or May of the following spring. The chrysalis at first is pale, but gradually becomes of a deep brown with age. In June the chrysalis pushes through the top of the gall, and the perfect fly emerges. The buds of the Yew-tree are also attacked and their growth disturbed by a minute mite, shown at Fig. 2, greatly magnified. We have not seen this mite ourselves, but have borrowed our account and figure of it from the Gardener^ Chronicle, 1875, iii. p. 659, where it is stated to be causing considerable damage to the hedges of Yew-trees at South Kensington " by injuring the buds, many of which were going black and decay- ing." It is described under the name of Tetra'nychcs ta'xi; it is "fleshy, milk- white, and translucent, and it has no eyes." The specimens examined had but four legs, and were thought to be ! " the young of a six-legged, or possibly an eight-legged species." The tail is furnished with two minute bristles. Where Yew-trees are attacked so severely as to injure their growth to any great extent, either by the Cecidomyia or the Tetranychus, the only remedy is to hand-pick the galls and the mite-in- fested buds, and destroy them by burn- ing. In the case of the galls they should be picked and destroyed in the month of March or April whilst the insect is still in a larval state. In the case of the mite-infested buds we should recommend that they be destroyed as soon as de- tected. Yu'cca. T. acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). 5. White, brown. — argospa'tha (white-spathed). White. 1869. — bacca'ta (berried). White. Xew Mexico. 1873. — Boerhaa'vii (Boerhaav's). 1870. — canal icula'ta (channel-teared). 4. Mexico. — circina'ta (curled-threaded). 1870. — constri'cta (constricted). 10. White. Mexico 1862. Syn., T. albo-spica. — cornu'ta (horned). Leaves broad, red-edged. 1862. — De Smetia'na (De Smet's). 1868. — ensifoflia (sword-leaved). White. Mexico. 1870. — exi'gua (dwarf). White, green. S. United States. 1873. — JE7ireTi&e'r0u(Ehrenberg's). Mexico. 1861. — filamenio'sa. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered var.) White. S. United States. 1873. Syns., T.fila- mentosa major and maxima. —Jili'fera (thread-bearing). 16. White. Mexico. 1876. —fle'xilis (pliable). 4. White. Mexico. 1859. falca'ta (sickle-feat'ed var.). White. 1879. no'bilis (noble var.). 1879. semicyli'ndrica (half-cylindric-Zeaued var.) 1870. — fragilifo'lia (fragile-leaved). 1870. —funi'fera (cord bearing). Mexico. 1866. — giga'ntea (gigantic). 4 to 6. White. 1859. — glau'ca (glaucous). White. S. United States. 1814. — glorutsa. — — me'dio - stria'ta (middle - striped var.). Leaves with a central whitish-green Btripe. 1880. There are, besides the above, the fol- lowing varieties of this species: — var. plica'ta, glauce'scens, no'bilis, parviflo'ra, mi'nor, mo'llis, tri'stis, pruino'sa, and Ellaco'mbei. — guatemale'nsis (Guatemalan). 6 to 8. White. Mexico. 1873. — linea'ta-lu'tea (yellow-lined). Mexico. 1863. Half-hardy. — orchioi'des (Orchis-like). 1*. White. 1861. ma'jor (greater var.). White. United States. 1875. Syn., T. antwerpensis. — pa'tent (spreading). 1870. — Peacdckii (Peacock's). Mexico ? 1879. — periculo'sa (dangerous). 1870. — recurvifo'lia (recurved-leaved). Wbite, red. S. United States. 1794. Syns., T. re- curva, T. pendula, and T. japonica. ZAL [ 1025 ] ZOM Y. rupi'cola (rock-loving). 3. White, , Texas. 1850. Syn., T. lutescens. — scabrifo'lia (rough-leaved). 1870. — specta'bilis (remarkable). Mirador. 1861. — Sto'kesii (Stokes's). Leaves variegated. 1862 — tortula'ta (twisted). White, red. S. United States. 1873. — Treculea'na (Trecul's). 20. White. Texas. 1358. — Whi'pplei (Whipple's). 4 to 12. White. Cali- fornia. 1876. Zala'cca. (From the Malayan name. Nat. ord., Palmaceee.) Stcmless stove palms. For cultivation, see Ctcas. Z. Blumea'na (Blume's). Malay Archipelago. — Wa'gneri (Wagner's). India. 1870. — Wallichia'na (Wallich's). Malay Archipelago. Zaluzianskya. (Named after Dr. Adam Zaluziansky, a botanist of the seventeenth century. Nat. ord., Scrophu- lariacess.) Greenhouse herbaceous perennial; may be planted in the open border in summer. Seeds, or cuttings in autumn. Sandy loam and peat. Winter temp, not below 45°. Syn.„NTCTERiMA. Erikus lychnidea should also be included here. Z. selaginoi'des (Selago-like). J. Yellow, white. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1854. Za'mia. Z. amplifo'lia (ample-leaved). Columbia. 1878. — caloco'ma. See Macrozamia. — Chi'qua (Chiqua). 4. Darien. 1847. — Fi'scheri (Fischer's). 3. Central America. 1849. — Ghelli'nckii. See Encephalartos. — Ki'ckxii (Kickx's). Cuba. — Linde'ni (Linden's). 8. Ecuador. 1875. — IMbo'ldii (Leibold's). Mexico. 1843. — Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). 7. Veraguas. 1851. — Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). Mexico. 1844. — murica'ta (rough). Venezuela. 1849. — dbli'qua (oblique). 6. Columbia. 1878. — Otto'nis (Otto's). Cuba. — Roe'zlii (Roezl's). Columbia. 18T3. — Siebo'ldi angustifo'lia (Siebold's, narrow-leaved var.). Cuba. 1878. — Ski'nmri (Skinner's). 6. Veraguas. 1851. — tenuif&lia (thin-leaved). Queensland. 1872. Syn., Z. Fraseri. — villo'sus. See Encephalartos. — Walli'sii (Wallis's). Columbia. 1875. Zamiocu'lcas. (A name compounded of Zamia, and Culcas, an Arabic name for Colocasia ; in allusion to its being an Aroid with Zamia-like leaves. Nat. ord., Araceee. Allied to Gonatopus.) Stove herbaceous evergreen. Remarkable among Aroids for its pinnate leaves. Divisions of the plant at the root ; young plants may also be ob- tained from the leaflets after they have disarticu- lated from the rachis, as follows: — Place some leaflets upon some soil, which must be kept damp : in a few days the basal ends of the leaflets com- mence to swell, and each forms after a short time a small tuber. The tuber with the leaf attached may then be planted in a small pot, but should only just be covered with earth; roots and leaf- quickly form, and soon a young plant is ■tv. i?f i >. Sa , ndy loam and leaf-mould, mixed with bits of broken charcoal. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. Z. Boivi'nii. See Gonatopus. — Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). If. Spathe green. Zanzibar. 1828. Syn., Caladium zamue- folium. Ze'a. Z. japo'nica a'lbo - vitta'ta (Japanese, white - banded var.). Japan. 1867. Zebri'na. (Because the leaves are striped after the manner of a Zebra. Nat. ord., Commelinacex. Allied to Tradescantia.) Stove or greenhouse herbaceous perennial, of creeping habit, with handsome white -striped leaves, purple beneath. It makes a good basket plant, and is also useful for covering the earth of very large pots or tubs, or as an edging in suitable places. Easily increased by cuttings, wbkh root very quickly. Rich light soil. Summer temp., 65° to 80°; winter, 55° to 65.° Z. pe'ndula (pendulous). Purple. Summer. Mexico. 1849. Syns., Cyanotis vittata, Tradescantia tricolor, and T. zebrina. Zehne'ria. (In memory of Joseph Zehner, a German artist. Nat. ord., Cu- curbitacese.) Greenhouse climbers. For cultivation, see Se- chium. Z. hasta'ta (halbert-shaped). Leaves silvery- veined. Japan. 1866. — sua'vis (sweet). Cape of Good Hope. Zenobia. (A queen of Palmyra. Nat. ord., Ericaceae. Allied to Andro- meda.) Hardy shrub, almost evergreen, layers. Sandy loam and peat. Z. specio'sa (showy). 2. White. America. 1800. Syn., Andromeda spe- ciota. pulverule'nta (powdered var.). Leaves. glaucous above, silvery beneath. Zephtba'nthes. Z. se'ssilis (sessile). J. Pink. Mexico. 1870. Zl'NGIBEB. Z. colora'tum (coloured). 3. Cream-coloured. N. W. Borneo. 1879. — Pari'shii (Parish's). 3. Yellowish, with purple veins. July. Moulmein. 1872. Zl'NNIA. Z. au'rea (golden). Orange. Mexico. 1862. Zomica'epa. (From toma, a kind of skirt, and karpos, fruit ; referring to the pericarp of the fruit, which when ripe bursts at the bottom and remains, cover- Seeds and zos [ 1026 ] ZYG ing the seeds like a skirt. Nat. ord.. ) Stove tuberous-rooted perennials. For cultiva tion, see Siaukostigma. Z. PytWnium (Python), green. Brazil. ] — Biedelia'na (Riedel's). Steigeria'na (Steiger's). Brazil. 1860. Glaucous- violet, Green. Brazil. Blackish-purple. Zostero'stylis. (From zoster, a rib- bon, and stylos, a column. Nat. ord., Orchidacese.) For cultivation, see Orchids. Z. arachni'tis (cobweb). Green, purple. Ceylon. 1863. Stove. Zygade'ncs. Z. Fremcfnti (Fremont's). 1. Creamy. California. 1871. Ztgopk'talcm. Bollea, Pescatorea, and Waescewiczella are now included in this genus. Z. aroma'tica (aromatic). White, blue. Chiriqui. 1867. Syn., Warscewiczella aromatica. — Backhousia'na (Backhouse's). Purplish-violet, cream, sulphur. Ecuador. 1877. — be'lla (charming"). Whitish-violet, violet, yel- lowish, brown. Columbia ? 1878. — ccele'ste (sky-blue), i. Violet, yellow, brown- ish. Columbia? 1876. Syn., Bollea ccelestis. — Daya'num (Day's). ' White, green, violet. Co- lumbia. 1873. candi'dula (white var.). White, purplish. Columbia. 1875. rhoda'cra (rose-pointed var.). Sepals and petals with purplish-rose tips. September. 1874. sple'ndens (splendid var.). White, choco- late-purple. Columbia. 1875. — euglo'ssa (beautiful-tongued). Lilac? Ecu- ador. 1877. Syn., Pescatorea euglossa. — expa'nsum (expanding). Green, brown. Ecu- ador? 1878. — finibria'tum (fririged-lipped). *. White, purple. August. Columbia. 1880. Syn., Pes- . catorea Jimbriaia. Z. Gairia'na (Gair's). Violet, black-purple, rose. 1879. — Gautie'ri (Gautier's). Green, brown, white, purple. Brazil. 1868. — Klabocho'rum (Klaboch's). White, chocolate, yellow. Tropical America. 1879. -Syn., Pescatorea Klabochorum. ■ "burforde'nsis (Burford - bridge var.). Flower darker. 1879. — la'cteum (milk-white). White. Chiriqui. 1&72. — Lali'ndei (Lalind's). Bright light violet, yellow. Columbia. 1874. Syn., Bollea Lalindei. — lamello'sa (lamellate). 1. White, yellow, brown. August. Columbia. 1875. — Lawrencea'na (Lawrence's). White, yellow, violet. 1878. — margina'tum, (margined). White, crimson. Columbia. Syns., Warrea quadrata and W. marginata. — obtusa'tum (obtuse). Green, brown, violet. — Pati'nii (Patin's). Blue, yellow. Columbia. 1874. Syn., Bollea Patinii. — Bivie'rii (Bivier's). Green, brown, white, 4ilac. Brazil. 1873. — Boe'zlii (Roezl's). White, violet. Ecuador. 4874. Syn., Pescatorea Boezlii. — Busselia'na (Russel's). Purplish-rose. Tropi- cal America. 1878. Syn., Pescatorea Busseliana. — vela'ta (veiled). Cream, purple. New Gre- nada. 1866. Syn., Warscewiczella- velata. — TTaZH'suOVallis's). White, purple. Central America. 1869. Z. Cla'yii and Z. Sede'ni are garden hybrids. Ztgosta'tes. (From zygos, a yoke, and statos, standing ; in allusion to the two processes which stand out horizontally from the base of the column, and to- gether somewhat resemble a yoke. Nat. ord., Orchidaceas.) Stove epiphyte. Should be grown upon bldcks. See Okchids. Z. Greenia'na (Green's). White, green. Brazil. 1869. .LONDON: PRTNTED BI WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, 8TAJCF0RD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 586 734 6