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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 COMMODORE BYRON MCCANDLESS
 
 THE LIFE 
 
 ULEIC ZWINGLI, 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 JEA.ISr OROB 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 FUNK & WAGNALLS, Publishers, 
 10 AND 12 Dey Street. 
 
 1883.
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 18S3, by 
 
 FUNK & WAGNALLS, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.
 
 SM"? 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The present is honored in appreciating the past. But 
 the records of bygone days are largely made up of the 
 ' deeds of individuals whose true greatness is estimated by 
 the beneficence of their acts. If worthy, they should be 
 held in everlasting renaembrance. Such is the righteous 
 treatment bestowed by every generation deserving of the 
 inheritance of heroic ancestors. 
 
 Well-nigh the entire civihzed world recently honored 
 the memory of one of the moral heroes of the race. 
 The four hundredth anniversary of the birth of another 
 is at hand. 
 
 Ulric Zwingli, the Reformer of Switzerland, merits 
 the gratitude of every lover of civil and religious liberty. 
 For the highest welfare of his Fatherland on earth and 
 for his best interests in his Fatherland in Heaven, he 
 lived and died a true patriot and a sincere Christian. 
 
 It is the design of this volume to present a reliable 
 record of the man, in Church and State, without enter- 
 ing into the details of political questions or theological 
 problems. 
 
 Owing to the shortness of time for publication, the 
 work of translation was divided between the ReVs. I. K. 
 
 1 028021
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 Loos and G. F. Belirino^er. To the latter was assigned 
 the task of editing the whole. 
 
 In justice to the author, the Rev. J. Grob, it is due to 
 state that portions of the original of a doctrinal and con- 
 troversial nature were omitted in the ti'anslation, be- 
 cause of the undenominational character of the " Stand- 
 ard Library," of which this volume forms a part. 
 
 G. F. B. 
 
 Bbookltn, Dec. 25th, 1883.
 
 OONTEI^TS. 
 
 FAOZ 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Ulkic Zwingli's Fatherland 7 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Zwingli's Parentage and Home, 18 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Zwingli's Boyhood— His First Fifteen Years, . , 29 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ZWINGLI AT THE UNIVERSITIES OP ViENNA AND BaSEL, . 30 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 From Basel to Glarus, 35 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 From Glarus to Einsiedeln, 43 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Zwingli's Connection with Rome — Sad Results, . . 53 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Other Preparatory Circumstances, .... 61 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Quiet Beginnings, 67 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 From Einsiedeln to Zürich, 73 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Great Reputation in Switzerland and Abroad, . . 79
 
 vi CONTENTS. 
 
 FAOB 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 D-VNGEROus Illness, 88 
 
 CHAPTER Xlll. 
 Two Hostile Schemes, ........ 91 
 
 CHAPTER XIY. 
 First Fruits op his Labor, 96 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Great Discussions at Zürich and their Consequences, 101 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 ZwiNGLi's Standpoint over against Luther, . . 135 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Attempts at Murder, 189 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 The Marburg Conference, 147 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 The First War of Kappel, 155 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 ZwiNGLi AT Home 163 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 ZwiNGLi's Teachings and Writings, 169 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 ZwiNGLi's Death at Kappel, 174 
 
 Chronological Table 196 
 
 Index, 197
 
 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWI1\'GLI. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ULEIC ZWINGLl's FATHEELAND. 
 
 The outline of Europe may be compared to tliat of a 
 maiden in a sitting posture. Beautiful Switzerland 
 forms the heart of this maiden. It is the native country 
 of the man of whom this volume will relate great, won- 
 derful, and truly divine things. 
 
 From the remotest times of its history, Switzerland 
 seems to have been inhabited. In primitive ages, how- 
 ever, the people chiefly occupied the highlands, the low- 
 lands consisting of swamps and forests. But the names 
 of the tribes which iirst selected Switzerland as a per- 
 manent place of abode are not known. Six centuries 
 before the birth of Christ, Rhfetius, prince of an 
 Etruscan race which had occupied Italy as far as the 
 Alps, fleeing witli many of his nobles and warriors be- 
 fore the wild and brave Gauls — -who dwelt beyond 
 Mount Jura and Lake Geneva, and who had overrun 
 upper Italy and conquered the Etruscans in bloody battles 
 — came from Italy across the Alps. He found a peace- 
 ful reception, and from this time forward the inhabitants, 
 out of respect to him, called themselves Rhößtians^ and 
 the country HJuetia. The primitive inhabitants whom 
 he met placed no obstacles in his way, but gradually
 
 8 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIXQLI. 
 
 adopted the customs and language of these fugitives. 
 Thus the Rhaätians gradually grew to a numerous and 
 warlike people, and spread themselves victoriously in all 
 directions. Their boundaries extended, on the north side 
 of the Alps, from the sources of the Rhine to Lakes 
 Wallen and Constance, and far into the modern Tyrol ; 
 on the south to Lake Como and the river Adige. 
 
 The Rhsetians, moreover, were divided into numerous 
 small tribes, which for the common defence of their 
 country formed themselves into a confederacy. The 
 leaders of the united people dwelt in castles erected on 
 almost inaccessible rocks. The Rhsetians were no 
 strangers to agriculture. The sunny soil was well adapted 
 to it, while the green mountain, sides invited to grazing. 
 Vine culture also received attention. The Emperor 
 Augustus, who in a later age conquered the Rhaetians, 
 was a lover of Rhsetian wine. 
 
 Their nearest neighbors on the west were the Helve- 
 tians, of the same lineage as the Gauls, who dwelt be- 
 yond the Jura Mountains and Lake Geneva. The 
 Helvetians occupied tvrelve cities and four hundred \al- 
 lages, and numbered about two hundred and sixty-three 
 thousand souls. They submitted about the year 58 b.c. 
 to the Romans, by whom vineyards were planted, roads 
 laid out, and Roman customs, culture, and language in- 
 troduced. Forty-two years later the Rhaetians also sub- 
 mitted to the Emperor Augustus, and remained under 
 the Roman government five hundred years, until 476 
 A.D., when the last Roman emperor was dethroned and 
 jiart of Helvetia fell into the hands of the still savage 
 Alemanni, and part into the hands of the Burgundiahs, 
 who had already been converted to Christianity. The 
 name of the HelvetiarbS was extinguished. They had 
 been slain bv the sword or reduced to servitude, and
 
 ULRIC ZWINGLl'S FATHERLAND. 9 
 
 their formerly flourishing cities, Wifflisburg, Windisch, 
 Angst, and very many others, fell into ruin and decay. 
 Thus nations disappear. New generations dwell upon 
 their graves. Joyfully the farmer drives his plough 
 over the relics of a former age, and here and there strikes 
 against remarkable monuments of it, as at Knonau, 
 Maschwanden, Mettmenstetten, Affoltern, and Windisch. 
 
 But from the ruins of the disappearing ancient world, 
 the Christian Church shines triumphantly upon us as the 
 preserver and propagator of the doctrine of the Crucified 
 Saviour. Upon it and by it the modern world was 
 founded. In very early times the Gospel came to 
 Ehgetia. The first herald of the Faith was St. Lucius. 
 Other missionaries followed him, among whom was St. 
 Gaudentius. 
 
 In Helvetia too, as early as the time of the Roman 
 supremacy, Christianity was proclaimed. One of the 
 first missionaries there M'as St. Beatus, who, after having 
 preached the Gospel in various places, retired to a cave 
 near Lake Thun, which still continues to bear his name. 
 Ursus and Victor brought the Gospel to Solothurn, 
 Felix and Regula to Zürich, and still others to other 
 places. In Geneva, Martigny in Wallis (Vallais), Aven- 
 ticum, Raurika, and Windisch, bishoprics were estab- 
 lished, which were afterward removed to Sitten, 
 Lausanne, Basel, and Constance. The terrible inroads of 
 the heathen Alemanni, who devastated the country and 
 destroyed the inhabitants, ruined most of these Christian 
 congregations. The Burgundians and these Alemanni 
 furnished a new population to Helvetia. 
 
 Then new missionaries arrived from neighboring 
 France and distant England and Ireland. Thus St. 
 Germanus came into the valleys of the Jura, through 
 which flows the Birse ; St. Immerius came into a valley
 
 10 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 at the foot of Mount Chasseral, watered hj the Reuss ; 
 Romanus and Lupizinus came into the wilds of Jura, not 
 far from Orbe ; and where these pious men lived and 
 labored arose cloisters and villages — Münster, St. Inier, 
 Komammotiers. Distinguished above all is St. Gallus, 
 for he became the founder of the monastery of St. Gall. 
 About A.D. 640, one of his companions, Sigisbert, founded 
 the church of the Schattdorf, in the Canton of Uri, and 
 the monastery of Disentis, in which undertaking St. 
 Placidus, a rich man of that region, supported him. Yic- 
 tor I. , Count of Chur, placed all j^ossible obstacles in the 
 way of these godly men, and caused St. Placidus to be 
 beheaded. 
 
 ^ These missionaries were always travelling, partly to 
 confirm the faithful, partly to win additional souls ; and, 
 disregarding all misery, even persecution and death, they 
 established cloisters and schools ; and the enthusiasm 
 which they awakened continued in its good effects dur- 
 ing succeeding centuries. And when Christianity had 
 long been established in Switzerland, new cloisters con- 
 tinued to be erected up to the highest solitudes. In 
 those dark ages these cloisters were for a time radiant 
 centres of light for the preservation and spread of Chris- 
 tianity. In the course of time, however, when the pres- 
 ents and bequests of the faithful enriched them more 
 and more, they lost their good old spirit, the love of the 
 world gained control of them also, and swerved them 
 from their original design. After the death of Charle- 
 magne,"^ who had consolidated Germany, France, and 
 Italy into one kingdom, Rh^tia and Helvetia were in- 
 corporated with the German kingdom. Burgundy fol- 
 lowed in the year 1032, and from this time forward 
 
 * Charlemagne died January 28, a.d. 814. — L.
 
 ULRIO ZWINGLl'S FATHERLAND. 11 
 
 entire Switzerland constitnted a part of the German Em- 
 pire. Those were trying times for the generations of 
 that early period. Neither life nor property was safe ; 
 neither divine nor human laws were regarded ; might 
 made right ; the law of the sword reigned snpreme. It 
 began then, and continued its sway for centuries. Only 
 in constant dread could the weak pass their fleeting exist- 
 ence. Mighty strongholds, whose ruins to this day look 
 mournfully down into the valleys, were erected on ele- 
 vated places, on mountains and ledges of rocks. In 
 locating them, greater reference was had to their safety 
 and strength, or, if designed as a haunt for robbers, to 
 concealment, than to comfort. The principal apart- 
 ments of such a castle were the hall of the knights, the 
 armory, the dungeon, and the chapel. The walls of the 
 ground floor were very strong, and served as ramparts. 
 On the outside there were no windows — all the windows 
 opening on the inside toward the courtyard. Here were 
 the stables for the horses, the cellar and rooms for the 
 servants. The only way into and out of the castle was 
 over a drawbridge, which was always up when not in 
 use. To open and close it there was a watchman at the 
 gate day and night, and another stationed in the tower, 
 whose duty it was to note what was passing near at hand 
 and at a distance. The watchmen and servants in the 
 castle were under the command of a castellan, or 
 governor, who was responsible for their good behavior 
 and safety. The most dreadful place in the castle was 
 the dungeon in which captives were kept. Seldom if 
 ever did a single ray of sunlight penetrate into these dark 
 dens of torture, in which the unfortunate slowly lan- 
 guished and died. 
 
 The most spacious room in the castle was the hall of 
 the knights. Here hung the trophies which tlic
 
 12 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIKGLI. 
 
 knightly owner liad won in numerous encounters with 
 his foes. Here lie entertained his guests, and enjoyed 
 himself, after the wild play at arms, in feasting and 
 drinking. In the armory hung offensive and defensive 
 weapons, swords, helmets, coats-of-mail, lances, etc., for 
 knights, escpiires, and servants. If there was no quarrel, 
 no tournament, no adventure, no predatory expedition, 
 and if the time was not favorable for hunting, or the 
 storms of winter swept into the lonely castle, fatal ennui 
 entered there, and the knight vainly sought relief in 
 games at dice. 
 
 About seventy-eight years after the death of the 
 Emperor Frederick I.* the power of the counts and 
 feudal governors ceased. The race of the dukes of 
 Swabia had become extinct. The spirit of hberty and 
 independence began to stir more mightily in these 
 Alpine regions. Then Rudolph of Hapsburg was born, 
 May Ist, 1218, whose descendants to this day occupy the 
 throne of Austria, while the ruins of their ancestral 
 castle, "Hapsburg," look down from the edge of 
 Mount Wulpel into the beautiful valley of the Aar, as if 
 to say : " When those who formerly commanded here 
 had learned abroad to domineer, and attempted it also in 
 this their ancestral home, they aroused the spirit of Free- 
 dom ; it came and crushed the cradle of their house." 
 RudoljDh was a brave man, and his fame was sounded far 
 beyond the bounds of his native land. In the year 1273 
 he was chosen Emperor of Germany, and received the 
 news of his election just as he began to lay siege to the 
 city of Basel. He at once made peace with the city and 
 entered on his imperial government. He introduced 
 good order, restrained the law of the sword, destroyed 
 
 * Died June 10, 1190.— L.
 
 ULllIC ZWINGLl's FATHERLAND. 13 
 
 the ro])bGr8' castles, and ordered the knightly robbers to 
 be hanged. This severity produced good results. 
 Peace prevailed in the country during his entire life. In 
 Argau, Zürich, and Thurgau, in Gastel, the March, 
 Glarus, Zug, Luzerne, and in the three Forest Cantons — 
 Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwaiden — he had many manors, 
 possessions and privileges. He confirmed and increased 
 the ancient liberties and privileges of the cities and coun- 
 try districts. He gained by conquest Austria, Steiermark, 
 Carinthia, and Carniola. He died July 25th, 1291. 
 
 His son, Emperor Albert, was of a different disposi- 
 tion. He deprived the three Forest Cantons of their 
 rights and liberties. He also sent cruel lieutenants to 
 govern them— Beringer of Landenberg to Unterwaiden, 
 and Gessler of Branek to Schwyz and Uri. In vain the 
 three cantons complained of the oppression. There was 
 no relief. Justly indignant, Conrad Baumgartner slew 
 Wolfenschiess, the governor, who lived in the Castle of 
 Rossberg, and fled to Uri. Thither also fled Arnold of 
 Melchthal from the cruelty of Beringer of Landenberg, 
 who resided in the Castle of Sarnen ; and on account of 
 this flight, as Arnold learned afterward, to his great 
 grief, the eyes of his poor father were put out by 
 command of the governor. Gessler, riding by the fine, 
 newly built house of Werner Stauflacker, at Steinen in 
 Schwyz, called out to the owner, whom he saw at work 
 on it, "I will not permit farmers to build houses with- 
 out my consent, and to act as if they were free. I have 
 the power to check this evil disposition." These words 
 of the governor caused "Werner Stauffacker serious re- 
 flection. His wife, Margaret, who saw his concern, said 
 to him, " Go to Uri, to Walter Fuerst and other honest 
 friends, and consult with- them how the three districts 
 may be relieved of their misery." Werner went to Uri
 
 14 THK LIFE OK TLKIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 and consulted witli his friends. Soon afterward the 
 three men, "Walter Fnerst of IJri, "Werner Stauffacker of 
 Schwyz, and Arnold of Melchthal, came by night from 
 Unterwaiden to a secluded mountain meadow on the 
 Rütli, each accompanied by ten trusty men, and here by 
 solemn oath they formed a perpetual league : " That 
 they would faithfully stand by one another, and devote 
 their property and blood to free the three Cantons from 
 the tyranny of the governors, and to keep them free for- 
 ever." January 1st, 130S, was appointed as the time 
 for the general uprising of the people. Meanwhile at 
 Altdorf, in Uri, Oessler ordered a hat to be raised on a 
 pole, with strict orders that the people show to it the 
 same reverence as to himself. William Tell, a citizen 
 of Biii'glen, refused to bow before the hat of the tyrant, 
 and was condemned to shoot an apple from the head of 
 his own son. Tell hit the apple ; but when Gessler saw 
 that he had another arrow in his waistcoat, he asked 
 what he intended to do with it, assuring him that his life 
 should suffer no harm if he told the truth. Tell an- 
 swered : '' That arrow was intended for you, if I had 
 killed my child, and you I should certainly not have 
 missed." Upon this Gessler ordered him to be chained 
 and brought to the boat on which he sailed to Kuess- 
 nacht. A fierce storm arose ; the boat seemed lost, and 
 only Tell, who was as skilful a steersman as marksman, 
 could save those on board with him. His chains were 
 removed. As soon as he was free, helm in hand, he 
 steered the boat hard by a flat rock which still bears his 
 name. With one bound he was on shore, leaving the 
 boat to wind and wave. His concern now was to save 
 his life from the vengeance of the governor. At the 
 narrow pass near Kuessnacht Tell awaited Gessler, and 
 there his arrow pierced the tyrant's heart.
 
 ULRIC ZWIXGLl's FATHERLAND. 15 
 
 On ISTew Yecar's day, 1308, the people rose in the 
 three Cantons, took possession of the strongholds, and 
 sent away the governors with their goods and servants 
 unharmed, after they had solemnly sworn never more to 
 enter the country, nor take revenge for what- had just 
 been done. In the spring of the same year the Em- 
 peror Albert came to Baden, in xlargau. He was on his 
 way to meet his wife, who was going from Hheinfelden 
 to Brugg. His nephew, Duke John of Austria, was ap- 
 prised of it, and secretly told the nobles who had con- 
 spired with him against the Emperor : " He rides toward 
 Brugg. ' ' The conspirators had resolved on the Emper- 
 or's death. They accompanied him, crossed the river 
 Reuss with him, the rest of his attendants remaining be- 
 hind, and murdered him near Windisch, on the spot 
 where afterward the monastery of Königsfeld was built. 
 A curse followed this deed. 
 
 A series of struggles for freedom ensued at Morgar- 
 ten, Laupen, Sempach, and Nafels. Luzerne, Glarus, and 
 Zug joined the Riitli league. Zürich and Berne follow- 
 ed. The alliance of the eight old Cantons of the Con- 
 federacy was thus complete. From this time onward 
 history mentions the Helvetian or Swiss Confederacy. 
 Battles were fought at St. Jacob's on the Birse, at Gran- 
 son, and Murten, with the design of again reducing the 
 Confederate Cantons to subjection to the House of Aus- 
 tria ; but in vain. In 1481 the League had increased 
 by the reception of new members ; Freiburg and Solo- 
 thurn joined it. Twenty years later Basel and Schaff- 
 hausen followed ; in 1518, Appenzell — increasing the 
 Confederacy to thirteen Cantons. Basel so greatly re- 
 joiced in the League that, instead of the numerous 
 watchmen formerly stationed at the city gate, a woman 
 with a spinning-wheel was placed there to signify how
 
 16 THE LITE OV ULUIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 safe ami inapproacliaLlo the city felt since its reception 
 into the Confederate League; 
 
 In 1803, after 200 years of alternate joy and sorrow, 
 six additional Cantons joined the Confederacy — Gri- 
 sons, Aargau, Thurgau, St. Gall, Vaud, and Ticino. 
 Twelve years later Wallis, Neuenbürg, and Geneva were 
 received, and thus the number of Confederate Cantons 
 increased to twenty-two, which ratiöed their perpetual 
 alliance by solemn oaths August 31st, 1815. 
 
 In this sketch we have rapidly travelled through the 
 Fatherland of Zwingli, and permitted a series of its 
 events, extending over centuries, to pass in review before 
 us. In the history of its heroic deeds, its words and 
 works. Providence permits a people to see, as in a glass, 
 its good and evil peculiarities, its virtues and faults, its 
 advantages and weaknesses, right aiid wrong, truth and 
 error, times of joy and sadness, and much more besides, 
 bringing it thus to self-consciousness, and calling to it : 
 " In vain do the boldest and bravest contend, in vain do 
 the wisest and most prudent consult and resolve, if the 
 Lord withdraws His hand." Bloody tyranny opj^ressed 
 the beautiful Alpine country of Switzerland till the 
 Riitli League laid the corner-stone of the Swiss Republic, 
 which is now 5Y5 years old. 
 
 In times of severe distress previous to 1481:, God 
 raised up those who protected the cause of the oppressed 
 people. Great liberties and rights had already been 
 secured for them. But this liberty was freedom from 
 secular tyranny alone. Their greatest nobility consisted 
 in being: faithful Confederates. This made them so 
 strong that friendship and right were of more value to 
 them than all else. They knew as yet no higher dig- 
 nity. With all their patriotic liberty they were servants 
 of sin. Spiritual tyranny oppressed their country with
 
 ULRIC ZWINÖLI'S FATHEHLAND. 17 
 
 a weight like that of the Alps. Other men must follow 
 those of the Rütli League with a high and holy in- 
 spiration for freedom, not merely from the tyrannical 
 yoke of earthly rulers, but from the bondage of sin and 
 the most grievous corruption of morals. Such men 
 came.
 
 CHAPTEK II. 
 
 ZWIXGLl's PARENTAGE AND HOME. 
 
 WiLDHAus is a small Alpine village at tlie eastern end 
 of the valley of the Toggenburg, which valley is about 
 thirty miles in length, elevated 2010 feet above Lake 
 Zürich, having the Tyrolese Alps in the east, Mt, Sentis 
 on the North, Kuhfirsten with its seven peaks on the 
 south. On account of a remarkable historical occur- 
 rence this village has always been gladly visited by tour- 
 ists in Switzerland. One mile from the church, in the 
 centre of the village, to the left of the road leading over 
 the Thur, stands in a green meadow a. plainly-built, 
 cheerful-looking house, with slender walls, round win- 
 dow-lights, and a shingle roof, weighted down, accord- 
 ing to the custom of the time, with stones. In this 
 house was born the great Reformer, Dr. Illric Zwingli, a 
 man whom God called to become a distinguished teacher 
 of Christianity, and the first of the fathers and found- 
 ers of the Reformed Church. 
 
 In this house lived, in the last quarter of the fifteenth 
 century, a pious couple, the parish bailiff, Ulric Zwingli, 
 and his wife Margaret, whose maiden name was Meili. 
 His brother Bartholomew was pastor at Wildbaus, and 
 afterward dean at Wesen, where, with constantly increas- 
 ing reverence, he discharged the duties of his office 
 during twenty-five years. The wife of bailiff Zwingli 
 had a brother, John Meili, who was for thirteen years 
 abbot of the monastery at Fischingen, Canton Thurgau,
 
 ZWINGLl's PARENTAGE AND HOME. 19 
 
 and at the same time a higlily respected divine. The 
 Zwingli generation was, throughout Switzerland, " a 
 higlily-respected, good, and honorable family." Bailiff 
 Zwingli was sincerely loved by the entire population. 
 He was not ashamed of honest toil. By fidelity and in- 
 dustry in his calling he set the inhabitants of the Thur- 
 gau Alps a praiseworthy example. He was a shepherd, 
 "When early in May the valleys and Alps were arrayed 
 in green, Ulric Zwingli, the parish bailiif and patriarch 
 of Wildhaus, could no longer be detained in the vales 
 below. Accompanied by his two sons, Heini and Claus, 
 he drove his flock up toward the green, fresh Alpine 
 heights. Rising gradually higher, from station to sta- 
 tion, they reached, by the 1st of August, according to 
 custom, the upper pastures on the highest peaks. Then 
 they returned slowly down the mountain. Toward the 
 end of October the flocks had again returned to the val- 
 ley, and were ready for their winter quarters. Let no 
 one suppose, however, that these six pasture-months 
 were without their interest. On fine summer days the 
 song-loving school-children of Wildhaus frequently 
 formed excursion parties, ascended the Alps, visited 
 their fathers, brothers, friends, enjoyed the delightful 
 Alpine air, sang their Alpine songs, drank Alpine milk, 
 and amid songs and the clang of Alpine horns enjoyed 
 life and amused themselves with games, jumping, pluck- 
 ing Alpine roses, and then returning to their homes in 
 the valley to ]3rosecute their domestic labors, attend to 
 their gardens and meadows, and prepare comfortable 
 stables for their cattle. 
 
 Through the long winter months also bailiff Zwingli 
 well understood how to make the evenings pass pleas- 
 antly to himself, his Margaret, liis sons Heini and Clans, 
 and the other citizens of Wildliaus. In ahnost every
 
 •^U TUK I.IFli OF LLRIC ZWINÜLI. 
 
 hous?e in the Swiss valleys and on the mountains, at least 
 one person knows how to play upon some musical instru- 
 ment. So it was in the days of bailiff Zwingli. As soon 
 as the sun had disapj^eared behind the fir-trees and dusky 
 m'ght had settled upon the Alps, when the cattle had 
 been attended to in the barns and the day's work was 
 done, when the dreadfully cold mountain blasts daunted 
 the peaceful inbabitants, and all, before retiring, wished 
 to enjoy an liour of rest, baihff Zwingli used to take down 
 his guitar, and delight with its music the young and the 
 old, assembled for a joyous, social evening hour. By 
 nearly every one was brought a musical instrument for 
 mutual entertainment, music from which was interspersed 
 Avitli Alpine songs ; and if the bailiff did not himself do it, 
 some one of those present related a fragment of patriotic 
 history of the years of public oppression and want, dur- 
 ing which the country and people suffered for more than 
 two hundred years from the Hapsburg governors, till 
 finally, after many well-fought battles, they com])eUed 
 them to acknowledge the Swiss as a free and indepen- 
 dent people, and secured this freedom by the Swiss Con- 
 fed<^.ration. 
 
 It is plain that such conversations increased the patriot- 
 ism of the inhabitants of the mountains ; that each one 
 rejoiced anew in his Swiss, liberty-loving blood, was 
 more closely united to his country, thought and spoke 
 more devotedly of it, and endeavored to increase his own 
 and others' desire for the welfare of his Fatherland. 
 The liberty of these mountain j)eoi)le cost too much noble 
 ])lood for a Swiss ever lightly to forget the history of his 
 fathers. The history of the past afforded them, and 
 will always afford to reasonable persons, insight, power, 
 and courage. It places the old dangers — alas ! too often 
 forgotten, yet by no means wholly vanished — and the
 
 ZWINGLl's PARENTAGE AND HOME. 21 
 
 remedy for them, in a light at once new and well worthy 
 of calm consideration. Therefore it well comports with 
 the disposition of the Swiss gratefully to remember in 
 their social circles, even on the day of patriotic rest and 
 national peace, the Fathers of Morgarten, Laupen, 
 Nafels, Sempach, St. Jacob on the Birse, Granson, and 
 Mnrten. Thus they encouraged each other in love for 
 freedom, religion, and their native land, putting to the 
 test thereby, exercising and indefinitely increasing, the 
 power of the individual and of the nation, so that in 
 times of national confusion all the arts of the enemy 
 might be confounded by a courageous, genuine old 
 Swiss resistance. Neither youth nor old age was ever 
 permitted to imagine that all troubles were past. 
 
 With such winter evening considerations — summer 
 and autumn gone by — Ulric Zwingli and his Margaret 
 and their two sons close the year 1483 in the village 
 circle of Wildhaus. The last day of the year, Decem- 
 ber 31st, a Friday, comes. The last night succeeds the 
 day. From the steeple of the Wildhaus church the bell 
 rings out into the holy stillness of the Old Year's night ; 
 for, according to an ancient Swiss custom, the last hour 
 of the expiring year was proclaimed by the ringing of 
 bells. Bailiff Zwingli and family piously fold their 
 hands in prayer. The light is extinguished, and — all 
 are at rest.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ZWIXGLI'S BOYHOOD HIS FIRST FIFTEEN YEAKS. 
 
 Like the expiration of the old, the l^eginning of the 
 new year is proclaimed by the ringing of the church 
 bells — a custom which, assisted by midnight silence, 
 seems truly venerable, and is exceedingly touching to 
 persons of advanced age. To tliem the question comes 
 home : " Will this ringing out of the old and ringing in 
 of the new year be the last one on earth for me ?" 
 The eyes preparing for sleep are filled with tears. The 
 l^ast life of from sixty to eighty years is again reviewed. 
 Old memories revive. J^ow one thing, then another, 
 presents itself in a lively manner to the soul — past days 
 of domestic joy, the anxiety endured, the stars of hope 
 once sending forth a bright radiance, only as suddenly 
 to disappear, misunderstandings in the narrow circle of 
 friends, etc. To these reminiscences is often added a 
 hasty visit to the grave of a dear departed one, till 
 finally, overcome by the power of sleep, the eyes are 
 closed. Whether this was the experience of the brave 
 bailiff in the early morning hours of January 1st, 1484, 
 we cannot definitely say. Having arrived at the age of 
 forty, he had just entered upon his most vigorous man- 
 hood, in which, as experience teaches, there are fewer 
 sighs and tears than fall to the lot of one between 
 seventy and eighty years of age. Still at that age many 
 things may have happened, outside of one's domestic 
 circle, which rob the days of joy of much of their attract-
 
 ZVVINGH'S nOYHOOD — HIS FIRST FIFTEEN YEARS. 23 
 
 iveness, and cause the otherwise bravest man to sigh : 
 " All flesh is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the 
 flower of the field : the grass withereth, the flower fadeth, 
 because the spirit of the Lord bloweth upon it ; surely the 
 people is grass. The grass withereth, the flower fadeth,. 
 but the Word of our God shall stand forever." 
 
 While bailiff Zwingli and his family slept sweetly, the 
 new year, unperceived in its a])proach, began. It was 
 the year 1484, and the first of January was destined to 
 be a day of unutterable joy to the patriarch of Toggen- 
 burg. Toward noon his faithful, noble wife, Margaret 
 Meili, told her Ulric of the birth of a lovely little boy. 
 His joy was great, as for the first time he pressed to his 
 bosom the pretty babe, with its long, dark hair, prom- 
 inent forehead, dark, clear eyes, closed lips, and goodly 
 form. An equal pleasure he afterward experienced 
 when he discovered that the little boy was destined to 
 become a learned man, and would probably never watch, 
 with Heini and Claus, his father's cattle on the Sentis 
 Alps, and for recreation play the Alpine horn and sing the 
 herdman's song. But moi"e fervent than ever his joy 
 would have been if he had foreseen in his fair offspring 
 his own future honor, his support, the staff of his old 
 age. The happy father now had three sons — Heini, 
 Claus, and the babe. Afterward followed Hans, Wolf- 
 gang, and Bartholomew, to whom, still later, two other 
 brothers, Jacob and Andreas, and a sister, Anna, were 
 added. Jacob died in 1517, Andreas in 1519. The 
 bailiff found it a pleasure and duty to prepare for the 
 baptism of the child. As his brother, Bartholomew, 
 was a minister, the baptism was intrusted to his care and 
 attended to by him. In gi-ateful joy for the birth of his 
 eon on New Year's day, the name of his father — Ulric 
 — was given to him. Little Ulric Avas now the delight
 
 .24 THE LIFE OF ULHIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 of tlic liouschold, tlie centre of attraction to all. His 
 health M'as good ; he prospered bodily and spiritually. 
 Except God, who created him, no one knew what course 
 on earth had been assigned to him, what high calling he 
 was appointed to fulfil here in the short space of the last 
 thirteen eventful years of his life. Observing his mental 
 faculties, which unfolded themselves early and rapidly, 
 many may haA^e asked, " AYhat v.'ill become of this 
 child ?" But no mortal saw in him the man chosen of 
 God to become the Eeformer of Switzerland, through 
 whom God permitted the light of His Gospel to shine in 
 new splendor on the Church of Europe, darkened and 
 disfigured by all sorts of errors — the man who brought 
 to pass, through the Reformation which he established, 
 an inexhaustible source of blessing to the nations of the 
 earth. If his parents, in the pressure of their delight, 
 could have seen him, in imagination, standing as priest 
 beside his two uncles and reading mass — ^they would have 
 failed to see in him the protector which, from the thirty- 
 second year onward, he became to his Fatherland, in the 
 storms which agitated both State and Church. Of his 
 brothers and sisters, of whom he had seven, besides 
 Anna and her sister, history relates nothing of special in- 
 terest. Of him, on the contrary, many volumes were to 
 be written. 
 
 As ZAvingli advanced in years he distinguished himself 
 above all the other children of the village by his mental 
 powers. During the long winter evenings, when the 
 bailiff related annals of Confederate history to those who 
 had come from the village to spend an hour with him, or 
 to his own family, and the young Ulric heard how the 
 Helvetians gained renown by their successful struggles 
 for liberty in 1315, 1339, 1386, 1388, 1444, and twice in 
 1476, it WÜB observed how such narratives fell into his
 
 ZWIN'GLl'S BOYHOOD — HIS FIKST FIFTEEN" TEARS. 25 
 
 inmost soul like glowing sparks. These impressions, as 
 liis later life showed, were never erased, but aided mate- 
 rially to make liim, as no other man of his time, a 'tnan 
 who equally cTierished both Church and State roith wann 
 and cordial love. It was his habit to sit silent, earnest 
 and entirely absorbed in thought at the feet of his 
 father, or of one of the elders of the Church, or of his 
 pious grandmother, as during the long evenings and by 
 the light of feebly-burning tallow candles they told of 
 St. Lucius, the lirst missionary, who brought the Gospel 
 to Tlhffitia — how he had lived in a rocky cavern above 
 Chur, and proclaimed the message of salvation and 
 brought many souls to the Lord J esus Christ ; or when 
 tliey told of Beatus' cave on the shore of lake Thun ; or 
 of Ursus and Yictor, missionaries to Solothurn ; or of 
 Felix and Regula, who brought the Word of the Cross to 
 Zürich and vicinity ; or how St. Gallus, after founding 
 St. Gallen, had come to Grabs to visit Deacon John, and 
 had stayed with him six days ; how afterward Fridolin 
 and Pirmin, in union with other heroes of the faith, had 
 transformed the whole region of Ehaetia and Helvetia 
 from a natural and spiritual wilderness to a fruitful land, 
 full of meadows and pastures— a delightful garden of 
 God ; and how in this way the valley of Toggenburg and 
 the other parts of Switzerland had become a dis- 
 tinguished country. As, at such hours of devotion at 
 home, the father and grandmother found in him a most 
 zealous listener, so in the temple of nature none listened 
 as earnestly as he to the voices of the magnificent moun- 
 tains. "1 have often thought," says Myconius, "that 
 being brought near to heaven on these sublime heights, 
 he contracted a something heavenly and divine." 
 Tending his father's cattle, withdrawn from the tumult 
 of "Wildhaus life, high up on the truly glorious mountain
 
 26 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 pastures, surrounded hj flocks of sheep and lierds of cat- 
 tle, and moving among the most sublime scenes of the 
 Alpine region, the young lad received the first holy im- 
 pressions of God's greatness and majesty, which contrib- 
 uted so much to the lofty manhood he afterward at- 
 tained, and which inspired him from his youth for the 
 great conflict which he undertook against the imperfec- 
 tions of the Church and State of his Fatherland. How 
 early his thoughtful mind dwelt in rapture on the works 
 of God among these mountains ; how greatly he, even as 
 a boy, devoted himself to the contemplation of the 
 divine government, is evident from his work on the Prov- 
 idence of God, in which in maturer years he so vigor- 
 ously described the life and habits of mice, hedgehogs, 
 marmots, and squirrels on the mountains, and pointed to 
 them as a proof of the providence and wisdom of God. 
 He treats of the earth too, the nurse of all, the dew, the 
 rain, the streams, and closes with a consideration of the 
 mountains. His composition, celebrating in lofty strains 
 the power and majesty of God, will always show how 
 greatly this boy was filled, by the heights around him, 
 with a sense of God's glory. He was at the same time 
 characterized by an unusually tender conscience, which 
 filled him with a horror of all dishonesty and lying, and 
 with a deep love of truth. "When eight years of age he 
 once said that he had considered whether Ipng did not 
 deserve greater punishment than theft, for truth is the 
 mother of all virtues. From such expressions his father 
 readily inferred that it would be doing injustice to little 
 ITlric to confine liim to a shepherd's life. He rejoiced 
 greatly in this happy tendency of his son's mind. His 
 parents believed that Ulrie was destined for something 
 better than the watching of cattle on the hills, and re- 
 solved that he should study for the ministry.
 
 ZWINGLI'S BOYHOOD — HIS PIRST FIFTEEN YEARS. 27 
 
 One day, accordingly, liis father took the eight-year- 
 old boy to Wesen, to place him in care of Bartholomew, 
 the bailiff's brother, and a pastor in the place. Dean 
 Bartholomew Zwingli was requested to examine his 
 yomig nephew as to his qualifications, and, if possible, to 
 take him under his care and instruction for two years. 
 'No one can divine the thoughts that flashed through the 
 mind of this enthusiastic boy, as by his father's side he 
 walked over the shining green heights of the Ammon, 
 and passed the immovable rocks which so boldly jutted 
 out from the shore into Lake Wallen. He had never 
 before seen so much of the mountains. The road, too, 
 led him across one of the peaks from which he could sur- 
 vey at one glance the entire country which should 
 become the scene of his future labors — the valley of 
 Glarus, the heights of Mt, Etzel, behind which is situ- 
 ated Einsiedeln and the smiling, stately shores of Lake 
 Zürich. These are the three places in which his struggle 
 for the rights of the people, for the truth of the Gospel, 
 and for the justification of the sinner by faith without 
 the works of the Law, was afterward so manfully deter- 
 mined upon, and so cautiously and systematically begun 
 and continued, ending only with his death. And all this 
 without the least precipitation, as he was accustomed to 
 expect everything from the gradual enlightenment of 
 ideas which must necessarily result from instruction con- 
 stantly imparted. 
 
 However learned Dean Zwingli of Wesen might have 
 been, his attainments were not suifficient to satisfy the 
 increasing thirst for knowledge of the zealous little 
 TJlric, his nephew, for more than two years. The kind- 
 hearted uncle therefore sent him at once to tlie St. Theo- 
 dore school at Basel, under the care of George Binzli, a 
 thorough scholar, a kind, tender-hearted man, where he
 
 28 THE LlFli OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. . 
 
 made rapid progress in tlie study of the Greek and Latin 
 languages. 
 
 lie was now, a.d. 1494, ten rears old. Here at Basel, 
 too, liis attainments so rapidly increased that in the de- 
 bates -which had for many years been conducted in the 
 schools of Basel, he invariably gained the victory. This 
 incurred the dislike of the older boys. In music, to 
 which he was also enthusiastically devoted, he advanced 
 far beyond what is common in boys of his age. When 
 Binzli, his faithful teacher, who cordially loved him, saw 
 that his school was no longer well adapted to the wants 
 of his talented scholar, he sent him home, and advised 
 his father to send him to a higher educational institu- 
 tion. At the close of three years' course in Basel, a.d. 
 1497, when thirteen years old, he w^ent to Berne, where 
 Henry Wölflin, or Lupulus, a good Latin scholar, poet, 
 and historian of his native land, had oj)ened a classical 
 school of high rank, in which he taught his numerous 
 pupils the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans. 
 Here the boy, studjang two years with the same success 
 which characterized his stay at Basel, was introduced 
 into the sanctuary of the Latin classics, by which he 
 gained keenness of judgment, increased knowledge, and 
 a good style of composition. He acquired the laws of 
 poetry so thoroughly that at the age of fourteen he was 
 able to Avrite poems and to criticise those of other authors. 
 He also actively exercised himself in music, learned 
 the use of many instruments, and frequently accompa- 
 nied his own voice in song, in which he was as well versed 
 as in playing on the lute. The Dominican monks, 
 therefore, were at great pains to attract the boy, and to 
 induce him to join their order. But he could not make 
 up his mind to enter a monastery ; his father and uncle 
 also were opposed to it. To withdraw him from the in-
 
 ZVVINGLI'S BOYHOOD — HIS^FIRST FIFTEEN YEARS. 39 
 
 fiiience of tlie monks, his father desired him to return 
 home without delay. By this recall, ITlric, now fifteen 
 years old, escaped the very dangerous snare of the 
 monks. The eye of God had evidently watched over 
 his life. The years were approaching in which he should 
 emerge from the privacy of student life into publicity.
 
 CHAPTER lY. 
 
 ZWIXGLI AT THE U^'ITEESITIES OF VIENNA AND BASEL. 
 
 ZwiNGLi, having studied the languages sufficiently, 
 was now to devote himself to philosophy. His father 
 sent him under the name of Cogentius to the famous 
 University of Yienna. Here the works of the Greeks 
 and Romans were in high repute, and the professors 
 knew how to familiarize their pupils with the beauties of 
 these heathen compositions and to inspire with zeal in 
 their behalf. Here a warm friendship soon sjDrang up 
 between him and two fellow-students (upon whom 
 Maximilian I. afterward conferred the poet's crown), 
 countrymen of Joachim of AYatt, called Yadianus, after- 
 ward mayor of St. Gall, and Henry Loritti, called Gla- 
 reanus, of Mollis, Canton Glanis, who like Yadian 
 became a devoted friend of the Reformation. He also 
 formed friendship with the brothers Conrad and Leo- 
 pold Grebel of Zürich, and became acquainted with the 
 Swabians, Faber and Eck. In social intercourse with 
 these four Confederates the two years at Yienna passed 
 like so many days, and his efforts in all branches of study 
 were crowned with the most satisfactory results. Bnt 
 he did not by any means allow the clear, sound views he 
 had already acquired, to be dimmed by the study of 
 heathen authors. He was often heard to complain to his 
 friends that so many persons studied heathen poets 
 rather than the Lord Jesus Christ and His apostle Paul ! 
 
 He was now called home to Wildhaus, but was soon
 
 AT THE UNIVEUSITIES OF VIENNA AND BASEL. 31 
 
 convinced that tlie sliepherd's every-day life no longer 
 suited him, and therefore — not to be absent from his 
 books too long — he returned to Basel in the year 1501. 
 Though now only seventeen years old, he was clearly 
 conscious of the fact that heathen wisdom could give to 
 man nothing to help his immortal soul by leading, en- 
 couraging, strengthening, and comforting it in its efforts 
 and strivings after truth, light, rest, and peace, in order 
 that it might attain a blessed consummation after the 
 countless troubles and toils of the present life. And he 
 was conscious also that the Christian Church, in its then 
 prevailing Koman character, had widely departed from 
 its peculiar calling, and was no longer able to accom- 
 plish what it had accomplished for the salvation of men 
 in the first few centuries after Christ. In this glorious 
 knowledge and solemn experience, the youth Zwingli 
 was destined to be led an important and very decisive 
 step farther. In spite of his youth, he was, imme- 
 diately after his arrival at Basel, appointed teacher in 
 the Latin school of St. Martin. 
 
 With uncommon industry he instructed his pupils in 
 Greek and Latin, prosecuting meanwhile the study of 
 philosophy, and thus enjoying the opportunity of be- 
 comino; the vig-orous-minded man who soon rose above 
 the mists of his age and shone as a star of the first mag- 
 nitude among the Reformers. With rare skill, and sup- 
 ported by a happy humor and social talents, he combined 
 his early studies with cheering jjleasantry and musical 
 recreation on the lute, harp, violin, flute, timbrel, clar- 
 ionet and the hunter's horn — instruments which the 
 lively, hajDpy youth played with remarkable skill. Such 
 invigorating recreations for body and mind he also re- 
 commended to his students. He often made his room 
 and the houses of his friends echo with the airs and joy-
 
 32 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIIS'GLI. 
 
 fill Alpine melodies of his beloved country. He found 
 a faithful friend in Leo Judca, who shared with him, 
 above all other friends, his love of the sciences and of 
 mnsic. 
 
 Meanwhile the fame of this young man's learning in- 
 creased to such an extent that the degree of Doctor of 
 the Liberal Sciences was conferred upon him by the 
 University, Ilis noble character at this early age of less 
 than twenty-two years is shown by the manner in which 
 he accepted the title, bestowed on him as a valuable, 
 merited testimonial to his learning. Yielding to the ear- 
 nest entreaties of his friends and the jDrejudices of his 
 time, he accepted the title of Master of Arts, but never 
 used it, always saying : " One is our Master, Jesus 
 Christ." 
 
 Thoroughly prepared by philology and philosophy, 
 he now devoted himself, according to his own peculiar 
 design, to the study of scholastic theology. But he soon 
 felt convinced that the time devoted to this confused 
 study was lost, and that no benefit was to be derived 
 from it for the sound doctrine of the Gospel. He never- 
 theless continued its study in order to make himself ac- 
 quainted with the errors of this doctrinal system. It 
 was a very fortunate occurrence for his further culture, 
 that, in the midst of his labors here, Thomas Wytten- 
 bach, a famous scholar, became his teacher. This pious 
 man taught openly and boldly that j)'^^i'gatory, the mass, 
 priestly rule, and the invocation of saints were in direct 
 conflict Avith the Word of God ; that the time was not 
 far distant when scholastic theology would be abolished, 
 and the ancient doctrine of the Church be i*estored on 
 the foundation of the Bible ; that absolution was a 
 Romish fraud, and the death of Christ the only satisfac- 
 tion for our sins.
 
 AT THE UNIVERSITIES OF VIENNA AND BASEL. 33 
 
 The doctrine taught by Wyttenbach was just what 
 the youthful Dr. Uh'ic Zwingli had been seeking for. 
 His heart had been prepared for its reception. Neither 
 the dignity of his doctorate nor his learning sufficed to 
 calm his restless heart. It longed for that peace which 
 the world cannot give, which was neither to be sought 
 nor found in Rome, which surpasseth the wisdom of the 
 wise, and which the God of peace and our Lord Jesus 
 Christ only can put into the hearts, according to His 
 Word : " Peace I leave with you ; my peace I give unto 
 you : not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not 
 your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid." His 
 heart longed for the assurance of the forgiveness of sins 
 — and found it. 
 
 Amcmg the students who sat at the feet of Wytten- 
 bach was tlie equally mild and fearless youth from 
 Alsace, whose name -Leo Juda — ^is already known to us. 
 A communion of spirit soon manifested itself between 
 him and the youthful 3f agister Zwingli. Many precious 
 hours they passed together in singing and playing on 
 their instruments — Leo Juda singing with his fine treble 
 voice and beating his drum, while Dr. Ulric Zwingli, 
 with ready skill, accompanied him upon some one of his 
 own instruments. At such times these two friends little 
 thought that they were destined by Divine Providence 
 to one and the same conflict — the same work of Refor- 
 mation. They were separated for twelve years only to 
 be again brought together afterward, when, in addition 
 to their otherwise onerous official labors, they translated 
 the Holy Scriptures from the original Hel)rew text into 
 Swiss German, producing the famous Zürich version of 
 the Bible. It has since undergone but very slight revi- 
 sion, little more than to render the then prevalent 
 Swiss dialect into Scripture German. It is to this day
 
 3-4 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 regarded as one of tlie most excellent translations of the 
 Bible, and has had a very extensive circulation in 
 America. The complete translation was in the hands of 
 the people in 1530.
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 FROM BASEL TO GLAETJS. 
 
 The youthful Master of Arts had now finished his 
 studies in Basel. The goal which he had so long desired 
 to reach heckoned him onward. Sustained by the con- 
 fession : " I confess indeed that I am a great sinner 
 before God, but I am free from crime, so that no hnman 
 being has ever found it necessary to call me to account 
 for any sin ;" and grateful for God's guidance hitherto : 
 ' ' From my boyhood the Lord has always kindly helped 
 me in the investigation of human and divine things" — • 
 he could look to the future without fear or the least 
 wavering. The treasure of knowledge which he had 
 been uninterru])tedly gathering during fourteen years 
 from the writings of Greeks and Romans, but especially 
 the doctrine taught by "Wyttenbach of salvation on the 
 foundation of the apostles and projshets, Jesus Christ 
 Himself being the chief Corner Stone, had cultivated in 
 him such an independent manhood that, in his twenty- 
 second year, he was already willing and ready to live and 
 die for the common welfare of the Church and State of 
 his Fatherland. Providence beckoned him. Before his 
 consecration to the priesthood, almost before the com- 
 pletion of his studies, he received (by whose suggestion 
 is not known ; perhaps through the recommendation of 
 Glareanus), a call to the pastorate of Glarus. The 
 charge was vacant. Henry Goeldli, the Pope's groom, 
 who already possessed the revenue of a parisli, appeared
 
 36 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINQLI. 
 
 with a parchment in his hand, liaving been sent by tlie 
 Pope, and claimed to be the duly appointed incumbent 
 of the vacant charge. In a trice the Glaroans remem- 
 bered the struggles for freedom by which they had 
 achieved their liberty, and turned the papal hanger-on 
 back to Zürich, whence he had come. As the groom 
 could not possibly serve the congregation, it was at once 
 evident to the city church of Glarus that the only object 
 of Henry Goeldli was money. To preserve the public 
 peace, therefore, the kind-hearted Glareans gave him a 
 purse of gold and silver coin, and thus hastened his de- 
 parture. 
 
 The honorable call to the youth of Wildhaus, and es- 
 pecially the fact that he had risen to the dignity of Doc- 
 tor of Philosophy, had long since been heralded as far as 
 the Glarean Alps. Pride in their ancient jsastoral race 
 blazed up anew in the hearts of the Glareans. They 
 were determined to have the young Doctor of the Arts 
 and Sciences as their priest, and they elected and for- 
 mally called him in the year 1506. Dr. Ulric Zwingli, 
 Pastor of Glarus, was ordained priest in Constance, de- 
 livered his first sermon, on his return, in Rapperschwyl, 
 on the shore of Lake Zurich, and soon thereafter read 
 mass for the first time in Wildhaus, his birthplace, and 
 entered upon the duties of his pastorate in Glarus 
 toward the close of the year. 
 
 There, during an active life of ten years, he showed, 
 without fear or favor to high and low, that forms may 
 and do change, but that truth and justice are always the 
 same, and that the whole of Switzerland should remain 
 true to their ancient destiny — namely^ the defence of the 
 liberty achieved by the fathers against clerical and secu- 
 lar enemies. In him was clearly manifest the great 
 friend and dehverer of the Church and the Fatherland.
 
 FROM BASEL TO QLARÜS. 37 
 
 The reconstruction of the Chnrcli in doctrine and cultus 
 began while he, assured that the minister to be useful 
 in his office ought himself to know much, applied himself 
 with new zeal to his studies. He read the ancient 
 classics, especially the historians. Among the Greeks 
 he preferred Lucian. 
 
 The attainment of two things especially concerned 
 him : a complete knowledge of Scripture doctrine, and 
 the art of making his sermons understood by all. He 
 succeeded in both these things in a remarkable degree. 
 Learned and scientifically qualified men considered him 
 a finished expounder of the Word of God.* With ever- 
 increasing zeal he endeavored to master tlie original lan- 
 guages. With liis own hand he transcribed the Epistles 
 of St. Paul, and read them so industriously that he knew 
 them literally by heart. He afterward familiarized him- 
 self in the same way with the other books of the ISTew 
 Testament. Meanwhile he continued to make less and 
 less account of commentators, and more and more of the 
 Scriptures themselves. He found that the Church 
 Fathers were often led by the philosophical systems, 
 which, from regard for the authors, had gained equal 
 authority in the Church with the Bible itself. Not to 
 fall into the same mistake, he compared passages with 
 each other, endeavoring to determine the meaning of 
 those that were dark and difficult by those that were easy 
 and clear. 
 
 He soon perceived that Christian doctrine could not 
 gain entrance as long as the fountains of moral disorder 
 were not checked. He earnestly attacked in his sermons 
 the prevailing vices, especially the annual pensions 
 which foreign princes paid to prominent citizens to 
 
 * "Zwingli, the son of an humble peasant, but a profound and ele- 
 gant scholar." — Brownson's (Roman Catholic) Beview, 1856. — L.
 
 38 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZTTINGLI. 
 
 secure tlieir favor for the enlistment of troops for tlie 
 foreign military service. His sermons against the prev- 
 alent vices, the pensions, and the mania for going to 
 foreign wars, from the abolition of which he expected 
 the restoratiun of the former prosperity of the Swiss, 
 raised up against him, even in Glarus, some powerful 
 enemies among the opposers of enlightenment. But 
 Avhen the hum of these bumblebees reached his ears, 
 he comforted himseK with the cordial friendship of all 
 right-thinking persons, among whom Avere often the 
 elderly men and those among the priests distinguished 
 by irrej^roachable character. These respected and loved 
 the zealous preacher of morals on this very account, and 
 hoped from him the restoration of the 23rosj)erous times 
 of primitive innocence and simplicity of manners. 
 " Let us believe and obey what is revealed to us in the 
 Word of God. "Whatsoever is not found in it must be 
 regarded as superfluous ; and whatsoever is against it, as 
 erroneous and untrue." This was the law of his preach- 
 ing and of his other official acts. Here in Glarus he was 
 already a truly evangelical preacher, but not as yet 
 openly a Reformer of the Church. He proclaimed the 
 doctrine of the Gospel pungently and plainly. The er- 
 rors that had crept in he very briefly confuted, or 
 passed by unnoticed, maintaining that the truth, when 
 once perceived and understood, had power sufficient to 
 beat down all errors. Under the circumstances, in the 
 prevailing corruption of the entire Church, the only safe 
 measure seemed to be to raise up the truth. Had he 
 levelled his attack against the reigning errors and abuses, 
 before the time had fully come for it, more harm than 
 good would have resulted. 
 
 Zwinffli learned to know Komish affairs still more in- 
 timately from his personal intercourse and correspond-
 
 FROM BASEL TO GLARUS. 39 
 
 ence with the leading princes of the Church, especially 
 Cardinal Schinner, bishop in Wallis (Yallais). This 
 official observed the great influence which Zwingli was 
 visibly gaining, and as he constantly endeavored by gold 
 and other means to win the Swiss over to the Pope as 
 food for hostile cannon in his unrighteous campaigns 
 against the King of France and other princes, it vv'as of 
 vast account to him to win Zwingli also. lie offered 
 him therefore an annual pension of fifty florins to aid 
 him in purchasing the books necessary for his studies, 
 which were then so dear that Zwingli, being poor, could 
 not have bought them without this aid. Zwingli be- 
 lieved that the Cardinal had no dishonest motive in the 
 bestowment of this pension, and therefore directed the 
 bishop's attention to existing abuses, and hopefuliy 
 believed that the Roman See felt sincerely inclined to 
 abolish them. But soon the Court at Home sent him 
 earnest admonitions, not by any means to preach against 
 the Roman Church, but to confide implicitly in the 
 Pope. Zwingli now became painfully conscious that 
 the pension, ostensibly conferred upon him to aid him in 
 liis studies, was really designed to make him also subser- 
 vient to the Pope. Boldly he declared that no money 
 could induce him to depart a hair's breadth from the 
 known truth, because he well knew that the blood of the 
 lambs, perishing through any fault of his, would be re- 
 quired at his hands. 
 
 At this time the duties of his office called him far 
 beyond the boundaries of his parish into the wild throng 
 of the camp and to the battle-field. In 1512 and 1513, 
 when 20,000 Confederates in the pay of Pope Julius II. 
 marched to Italy, it was the duty of the young pastor of 
 Glarus, according to the primitive custom of the Swiss, 
 to accompany the troops of the Canton twice to the
 
 40 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 field, in tlie capacity of cliaplain. The Pope's cam- 
 paign was against Louis XII. of France. Two years 
 later Zwingli was present at tlie bloody battle of Marig- 
 nano, to Avliicli tlie Swiss, in spite of his protest, had al- 
 lowed themselves to be incited by Cardinal Schinner, 
 In a two-days' battle with the French, September 13tli 
 and 14th, 1515, the Confederates lost several thousand 
 men.* Zwingli had penetrated the cunning knavery of 
 the Cardinal, and had seen that the Pope was less con- 
 cerned for the salvation of souls than for earthly power 
 and aggrandizement, for the attainment of which he 
 allowed, without any scruples of conscience, the blood 
 of his friends as well as of foes to be freely shed on the 
 field of battle. 
 
 The Italian campaigns, which brought Zwingli re- 
 luctantly to Milan, were, in other respects, of great im- 
 portance to him. He had previously been convinced 
 by old hturgies that the manner in which things were 
 done in ancient times differed from the present ; that 
 then, for instance, the Holy Communion was adminis- 
 tered in both kinds. In Milan he soon saw that the cus- 
 tomary form for the celebration of mass was very diifer- 
 ent from that used by Pope Gregory ; and that formerly 
 individual churches, like that of Milan under Ambrose, 
 had maintained great freedom in opposition to the Pope. 
 
 These observations, in connection with his inner long- 
 ings after consolation and truth, urged his mind more 
 and more to the Holy Scriptures. He painfully experi- 
 enced that " Out of the heart proceed evil thoughts,'' 
 against which one's own will is wholly powerless. 
 Though he could comfort himself with the forgiveness 
 of his sins and imperfections, his mind was not yet fully 
 
 * More than 5000, says Hottinger. — -L.
 
 FEOM BASEL TO GLARUS. 41 
 
 satisfied ; he desired not only forgiveness of sins, but to 
 be fully cleansed. About this time he saw a composi- 
 tion by Erasmus, in which Jesus laments that men do 
 not seek all good things in Him, who is the only Fountain 
 of all good, yea the only comfort, defence, and Saviour 
 of souls. This complaint from Jesus touched Zwingli 
 deeply, and he resolved to lay aside all other writings of 
 Erasmus in honor of the saints, and to seek all good in 
 Jesus alone, his only Mediator. 
 
 These observations and experiences doubtless had great 
 effect in causing Zwingli's liberty-loving heart to rebel 
 against the leaders of the inoffensive people, Avhose 
 greedy poverty was so incessantly allured by the prom- 
 ises of the rich that they allowed themselves to be bar- 
 tered away by thousands like cattle for the slaughter. 
 They also induced him more determinedly to wage the 
 war that presented itself to his inmost soul — not to turn 
 aside, but to take a decided stand for the Reformation in 
 Switzerland, Germany, and France, which he so glori- 
 ously helped to accomplish. 
 
 The commendable zeal with which he interested him- 
 self on behaK of young men afforded him an opportunity 
 not only to maintain but to constantly increase the love 
 and respect of the people of Glarus. Whenever he dis- 
 covered peculiar talents in young men, he endeavored, 
 by fnendly advances, by instruction and example, to 
 lead them to become lovers of the sciences and friends 
 of their Fatherland. Of his success, and the affection 
 with which his friends and pupils clung to him, there 
 are to this day many touching evidences in the archives 
 of the Church at Zürich. Louis and Peter Tschudi, 
 their brother JEgidius, the excellent historian, Valen- 
 tine, their nephew, who succeeded Zwingli in the pas- 
 torate of Glarus ; Jacob Heer, Fridolin and Philip Bran-
 
 43 T]IE LIFE OF ULIUC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 nei, Francis Cerviiras, ^Nicholas Baling, and a certain 
 Taureolus, belong to the known friends of Zwingli, wlio 
 in later years and from foreign lands manifested tlieir 
 love to him by word and deed. 
 
 The position of this bold preacher of the Truth, with 
 his patriotic heart and honest purpose, began to become 
 critical. He was moreover not to remain more than ten 
 years in Glarus. Einsiedeln and Zürich 'were waiting for 
 him. Besides, no one would have supposed that after 
 only fifteen years this great man of the Church and the 
 Fatherland would no longer be among the living. A 
 powerful party insisted on a Swiss alliance with France. 
 Zwingli cautioned his country against it. The Pope's 
 party also sought adherents. In vain Zwingli called 
 upon, admonished, and entreated his Glareans not to en- 
 gage in foreign alliances. He could no longer contain 
 himself. His oj^pressive grief embittered all his minis- 
 trations. He would fain leave Glarus. The Lord too 
 had so ordered it, that His champion might come nearer 
 the battle-field on which He designed to place him. A 
 new charge beckoned him away. The Lord called His 
 champion, and he followed.
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 FKOM GLARUS TO EINSIEDELN. 
 
 Ten years passed by. While Zwingli's enemies in 
 Glarus intended to do liira harm, God employed friends 
 to open a refuge in which he might rest from the fierce 
 assaults of those who opposed him in Glarus. Dr. Die- 
 bold of Gerodseek, jDrior of the monastery and a lover 
 of the sciences, offered him the subordinate living of 
 the princely foundation at Einsiedeln (Canton Schwyz). 
 Zwingli accepted the appointment with joy, and entered 
 into a written contract with the prior at Pfseffikon, on 
 Lake Zürich, April l-iih, 1516, in reference to the 
 duties and salary of his new office, while he declined the 
 call of the Council of "Winterthur to a cliarge there. 
 The calling of Zwingli to the monastery at Einsiedeln 
 happened doubtless with the knowledge and consent of 
 the abbot, Conrad of Tlechberg, a pious, upright man, 
 possessing no great learning indeed, but holding firmly 
 the truth as far as he understood it. Once, when his 
 monastery was visited by his superiors, and he was told 
 that he was suspected of undervaluing the mass, he inno- 
 cently replied : "If Christ be in the bread, I, a poor 
 monk, am not worthy to behold the eternal God, much 
 less to offer Him. If Christ be not therein, woe to me 
 if, instead of God, 1 offer bread, and let the people wor- 
 ship it." His prior, Diebold von Geroldseck, was also 
 a pious man, a Swabian, who delighted in gathering 
 around him men of genius and piety, and appointing
 
 44 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 them to office in tlie monastery. He invited Zwingli to 
 come to Einsiedeln, especially as the papal chaplain, 
 Francis Zink, an influential man, advised this step. 
 Einsiedeln, to which Zwingli removed in the summer of 
 1516, was the last station in the course of instruction by 
 which God prepared him for the work of a Reformer. 
 The causes which led him to locate at Einsiedeln were 
 partly the intrigues of the French and the papal J^arty, 
 partly the design and hope of spreading evangelical 
 truth more rapidly and widely in this most celebrated 
 place of pilgrimage for Southern Germany, and to over- 
 throw superstition in this its stronghold. That the 
 people of Glarus regretted his departure is evident from 
 the fact that his salary as priest of Glarus was paid to him 
 for two years, in the hope that he might return. The 
 old love of the Glareans to their pastor appears also from 
 a letter, written by him a year after he entered on his 
 pastorate at Einsiedeln, and directed to the Council of 
 "Winterthur, Canton Zürich, in reference to the charge 
 offered to him in that place, in which he says he could 
 not accept their call, "as it might displease his gracious 
 lords in Glarus." He signed his name as priest of 
 Glarus and minister at Eiusiedeln. 
 
 In this latter place Zwingli soon became the intellect- 
 ual centre of a circle of friends, embracing men like 
 Franz Zink, John Oechslein, Dr. Michael Sander, and 
 others, who gladly pennitted him to lead them to a still 
 deeper knowledge of the Gospel. But while leading 
 others into the truth, he himself enjoyed such deep inner 
 experience of the truth as it is in Jesus, the only Sav- 
 iour, that he could no longer calmly permit its open 
 denial. He desired not only to direct his friends in the 
 monastery to the Holy Scriptures, and to tell them, 
 *' The time will soon be at hand, when neither Jerome
 
 rftoir GLARUS to einsiedelx. 45 
 
 nor any other but the Scriptures will have nmcli weight 
 with Christians ;" but he also himself felt compelled to 
 preach the Word of God purely and ])lainly to the im- 
 mense ]nultitudes that flocked together in this place of 
 pilgrimage. 
 
 In golden letters above the door to the monastery 
 stood these words : ^^ Hie est plena remissio omnium joec- 
 catorxtm a culpa et poena.'' '''^ This inscription was the 
 more readily believed by thousands, as a number of the 
 popes had promised absolution from the guilt and pun- 
 ishment of sin to all who here invoked the image of the 
 Virgin Mary. The coarse superstition of the crowds 
 streaming from Switzerland, Alsace, and Southern Ger- 
 many soon reported miracle after miracle performed by 
 this image of Mary. People prayed to the image, and 
 bestowed upon it the most valuable gifts. The monas- 
 tery grew richer and more famons. To these hosts of 
 pilgrims it was Zwingli's duty to preach. It was always 
 considered a special duty of the vicar to confirm the 
 people by his sermons in their faith in the miraculous 
 power of the image of the Virgin and the reliability of 
 absolution. Zwingli, however, did not preach what the 
 superstitious hosts of pilgrims expected to hear, but he 
 preached " the one thing needful." He directed the 
 people to Jesus, who might be found wherever He was 
 sincerely sought ; that it was foolish and unchristian to 
 confine the grace of God to particular localities ; that 
 the Pope had indeed so ordered it, as the Saviour had 
 foretold, Matt. 24 : 2G— " Wherefore if they shall say 
 unto you. Behold He is in the desert, go not forth ; be- 
 hold He is in the secret chambers, believe it not." 
 Thus the Pope had done, and confined Christ and His 
 
 * Here is full absolution from the guilt antl punishment of all 
 sins.— L.
 
 4G THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 grace to Rome and other places of pilgrimage. He "who 
 attributes full power to man to forgive sin, slanders God. 
 He also showed the pilgrims that tlie invocation of Mary 
 ■vras offensive to the Law of God and to herself also. 
 
 Though he could not bring about a peculiar reforma- 
 tion here, as he afterward did in Zürich, he was never- 
 theless the Reformer who fearlessly and under the power 
 of a divine call attacked the errors of the Church creed, 
 as he invariably did during the great festivals, when from 
 near and far thousands assembled in the abbey. He had 
 now entered upon the thirty-thii'd year of his life, en- 
 riched by the experience of ten years in Glarus, and 
 could no longer be shaken in the position he so boldly 
 assumed, that "Christ is our only salvation." On the 
 great festival of the Holy iVngels, a.d. 1517, a day when 
 the abbey was usually filled to overflowing, he boldly 
 proclaimed to all that remission of sins and everlasting 
 life were not to be sought of the holy Virgin, but of 
 Christ ; that absolution, 2^ilgrimages, and vows, and the 
 presents made to the saints, have no value ; that God's 
 grace and help are everywhere within reach ; and that 
 He hears prayer at other places as well as at Einsiedeln ; 
 that the excessive veneration of the holy Virgin was prej- 
 udicial to God's glory ; that, as there is no purgatory, 
 the masses for the soul are useless ; that the merit which 
 some thought to gain by assuming monastic vows was 
 pure imagination ; that not Mary, but Christ, is our 
 only salvation. 
 
 These faithful testimonies of the bold, youthful 
 teacher penetrated the cities and villages of Switzerland, 
 down into Alsace, over into Germany, where they every- 
 where prepared the hearts of those who heard and were 
 moved by them, for the work of the German Reforma- 
 tion.
 
 FROM GLÄEUS TO EIKSIEDELN'. 47 
 
 The results of the hitherto unheard-of doctrines which 
 he preached at Einsiedehi soon followed. Hartman, 
 the historian, states that these evangelical sermons had 
 effected a visible diminution of pilgrimages, and that 
 many of the pilgrims had taken home with them the 
 gifts they had intended to bestow on the Virgin. Zwin- 
 gli quieted the prior, who had become somewhat uneasy, 
 by saying : "Once for all we must determine to cling 
 inseparably to right, truth, and God, though with the 
 loss of property and life. Once for all we must vent- 
 ure, and expose ourselves to the danger of death for the 
 truth, and to confirm the mind against all the attacks of 
 the flesh, the world, and the devil." These words j)er- 
 fectly calmed the aged Geroldseck. He was surprised 
 at the magnanimity of Zwingli, who lost more than he 
 by the diminution of superstition, for Zwingli's annual 
 salary was only eighty florins, besides perquisites derived 
 from altar presents and masses for the dead. Thereafter 
 he allowed the youthful but inspired pastor to proceed 
 unhindered in his labors. The image of Mary, hitherto 
 so idolatrously worshipped, was removed and buried. 
 The golden inscription concerning absolution was also 
 taken away from the door of the abbey. In place of 
 Latin hymns, the New Testament was read in the Ger- 
 man language ; an Order of Worsliip, which Zwingli, 
 by direction of the prior, had already in 1516 introduced 
 in the abbey Fahr, which belonged to Einsiedeln, was 
 adopted and used. His bold festival sermon on the day 
 of the Holy Angels, 1517, was followed by a similar one 
 on "Whitsunday, 1518, on the miraculous cure of the sick 
 of the palsy, Luke 5 : 21. The efi^ect of these festival 
 sermons was great, and extended far beyond the bound- 
 aries of Switzerland. Such a bold, profoundly learned, 
 and inspired preacher had not been seen in Einsiedeln
 
 48 TUE LIFE OP ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 before. Many pilgrims heard tlie word of truth with 
 dread, others received it with joy, and propagated it on 
 their way home, saying : " People need no longer go to 
 Einsiedeln for the forgiveness of sins ; God gives it 
 through Christ, and without money, wherever they sin- 
 cerely ask it of Ilim." Such surprising accounts 
 sounding almost like a fable, induced other souls in 
 search of salvation to come to Einsiedeln, desiring to 
 hear more of such comforting doctrines. Even learned 
 men travelled to Einsiedeln in order to hear the testi- 
 mony concerning the Crucified One from the lips of 
 Zwingli himself. Thus, at Whitsuntide, 1517, there 
 appeared in the great congregation a minister by the 
 name of Dr. Hedio, from Basel, who was so transported 
 with joy that he most earnestly entreated Zwingh to 
 receive him into the circle of his friends, or at least to 
 allow him to be the shadow of a friend. Of the sermon 
 he expressed this opinion : "It was beautiful, thorough, 
 solemn, comprehensive, penetrating, evangelical in the 
 power of its language and spirit, reminding one of the 
 old Church fathers. ' ' 
 
 Zwingli not only endeavored to impress the people 
 during his stay in Einsiedeln, but also, wherever possible, 
 the clergy and dignitaries of the Church. When the 
 Cardinal-bishop of Sitten in Yallais, Matthseus Schinner, 
 once visited Zwingli, the latter led the conversation to 
 the human ordinances and the great pomp in worship. 
 He cautioned the Cardinal as to the results that would 
 follow the evils that had been so long and vainly noticed, 
 and admonished him to lay hold of the Reformation him- 
 self, as the papacy rested on a poor foundation, which 
 he clearly and irrefutably proved to him from Holy 
 Scripture. He also discussed the Reformation with the 
 papal legate in Switzerland, Antonius Puccius. He
 
 FROM GLARUS TO EIXSIEDELN. 49 
 
 desired tlie free and unhindered preaching of the Gospel, 
 saying that he, hitherto unmolested bj human ordi- 
 nances, would continue to preach the pure Gospel to the 
 people, which would cause popery to totter. 
 
 Such well-meant, warning voices, however, remained 
 unheeded, though both these dignitaries acknowledged 
 the demoralized condition of the Church. True, an an- 
 swer to such complaints reached Zwingli from Rome. 
 Zwingli despised it. He esteemed the ignominy of 
 Christ and His crown of thorns more highly than the 
 honorable position of "an acolyte-chaplain to the Pope," 
 which was offered him with the most flattering expres- 
 sions of regard. Instead of allowing himself to be 
 bribed by Rome, he now directed his attention to the 
 Bishop of Constance, Hugo of Landenberg, who had ad- 
 dressed a pastoral letter to the clergy, solemnly deplor- 
 ing the increasing degeneracy of the Church. Nor from 
 Constance could Zwingli obtain support in his struggles 
 for Kefonnation, The high dignitaries of the Pope 
 were evidently not the men whom God had destined for 
 the reconstruction of His deeply corrupted Church. For 
 a long time indeed Zwingli had been assured in his own 
 mind that no help could be expected from Rome ; that 
 the papacy must fall ; and he calmly and deliberately 
 continued the work of Reformation. 
 ' At this time, when Zwingli still labored in Einsiedeln, 
 Bemhardin Samson, a barefooted friar, entei-ed Sv/itzer- 
 land by way of Mount Gothard, August, 1518, bringing 
 letters of indulgence from the Pope, and selling the for- 
 giveness of sin for money. He had obtained power 
 from Pope Leo X,, not only to forgive past sins for pay, 
 but also sins that were yet to be committed.* He es- 
 
 * Indnlgcnlicc ante factum. — L.
 
 50 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 pecially claimed power to deliver souls from purgatory, 
 and boasted : 
 
 " When the money in mj- platter rings, 
 The soul from purgatory .springs. " 
 
 As soon as Zwiugli heard of Samson's imposture, lie 
 earnestly preached against indulgences, no one under- 
 taking to hinder him. The result was that the papistical 
 impostor fled hurriedly from the Cantons Uri and 
 Schwyz. He came to Zug, where he carried on his 
 trade for three days, receiving wagon-loads of money. 
 The poor and the rich crowded around him. One day 
 when the poor were more importunate than the rich, he 
 turned them a\\'ay M^ith these words : " Dear people, do 
 not crowd yourselves forward so eagerly. Let those 
 come first who have money ; I Avill afterward give good 
 advice to those also who liave no money." From 
 thence he visited the Cantons Unterwaiden and Lu- 
 zerne, and after first sending several loads of money to 
 Christoph of Ferli, the Pope's general agent in Switzer- 
 land, he continued his very remunerative journey to 
 Berne. At first the Bernese refused to receive him, but 
 Samson was not easily frightened. Here too he suc- 
 ceeded in filling his bags with money, and then early in 
 the year 1519 he moved down the Argau toward Zürich, 
 where we shall meet him again. 
 
 Public esteem for the fearless preacher of Einsiedeln 
 rose higher daily. At home and abroad his admirers in- 
 creased, new friends daily joining his ranks, and the old 
 becoming more intimately united to him. Entire cities 
 also looked up to him, Winterthur sent him a call ; 
 Glarus begged him to return ; Einsiedeln tried to keep 
 him. All in vain. Zürich was waiting for him. 
 Thither he should go, according to God's counsel and
 
 FROM GLAUL'S TO EINSIKDELN". 51 
 
 will. There his appropriate and last field awaited him, 
 for which Glarus and Einsiedehi had served as prepara- 
 tory schools to qualify him by a twelve years' experience 
 in the pastoral office, to he the man whom Zürich 
 needed. A remarkable arrangement of God : When 
 toward the close of the year 1518 the pastorate in the 
 Great Minster of Zürich became vacant, many men im- 
 mediately suggested that Zwingli be secured for it. My- 
 conius, for several years dean in the Great Minster 
 school, wrote to Zwingli and solemnly asked liim to con- 
 sider the matter. Zwino-li manifested a willingness to 
 accej)t the position, especially so as Myconins replied to 
 him : " You have friends here, but also bitter fault- 
 finders — a smaller number of these. I have visited 
 many of the laity. They say that vou will be the evan- 
 gelist of their native city. I also know that some of the 
 canons say the same thing, but secretly." Though 
 Zwingli could call his situation at Einsiedeln a happy 
 one, and the lord of Geroldseck had bound him by great 
 promises, which he had not yet fulfilled, his resolve had 
 been firmly made to accept, if elected, as he had good 
 reasons to hope that in Zürich he could labor with yet 
 better results than in Einsiedeln. For Zürich was not 
 only the centre of all public affairs of Switzerland, 
 which always drew thither immbers of distinguished 
 statesmen, but it was also, on account of its many 
 learned men, who lived in retirement there, the most 
 convenient place for work on a grand scale, for scatter- 
 ing the seed of the Word over entire Helvetia. Hero he 
 also found a permanent audience, whereas at Einsiedeln 
 his hearers consisted of pilgrims who had no abode there. 
 On the 11th of December, 1518, the election was held. 
 He was chosen by a largo • majority, seventeen canons 
 voting for him, and only seven against him, which is a
 
 5;i Tin-: life ov ulkic zwixoli. 
 
 matter of great wonder, as they all knew that there Avould 
 be an end of the papacy and of the honors which they 
 had received from Rome, if Zwingli's sermons should 
 jjrevail, of which each felt alreaily assured in advance. 
 At Einsiedeln the people reluctantly gave him up. Ho 
 was greatly beloved, not only by the prior, but by the 
 people and the government of the Canton Schwyz. At 
 home and abroad, ^vllerever Zwingli's name was known, 
 the people were delighted with the news of his election. 
 Glareanus Avrote from Paris, January 19th, 1519 : " All 
 the Swiss youth rejoice and huzza, especially the Zürich- 
 ers." Before he left Einsiedcln, however, he took 
 measures to secure for it a like-minded successor, who 
 was found in the person of Leo Juda. On the strength 
 of his recommendation the congregation in Glarus chose 
 Valentine Tschudi. To the people of Winterthur he 
 recommended his friend Dingauer, whom they accord- 
 ingly elected. Though Einsiedeln has remained in the 
 bosom of the Roman Church, his two years of evangeli- 
 cally reforming work were by no means in vain. 
 Calmly and with good cheer he could now, toward the 
 end of December, direct his steps toward Zürich.
 
 CIIAPTEE YII. 
 
 ZWING Li's CONNECTION WITH EOME — SAD RESULTS. 
 
 By tlie successful issue of the Bnrgundian war and the 
 war with the Emperor and the Swabian League of the 
 Knights of St. George's Shiekl, Confederate Switzer- 
 land had not only saved and confirmed its freedom, and 
 thereljy secured a stronger self-consciousness, but was 
 also elevated for a time to a political prominence which 
 brought for the people of the Confederacy not only ad- 
 vantages, but also very painful losses. It is true, many 
 old prejudices were lost by the war, and people learned 
 how to judge more correctly of state and national wants. 
 But the succeeding struggles and fortunes of this vener- 
 able Republic taught that many pious customs of the an- 
 cient fathers — who oifered up everything to their faith 
 in freedom, and felt themselves so strong in this tliat 
 they esteemed friendship and right above everything — 
 were lost by customs imported from abroad ! For the 
 present, the political freedom obtained strengthened the 
 old indignation against the tyrannic rule of the priests 
 and the intolerance which enchained the spirit of the free 
 people. P^our hundred years before, Ilanrich in "West- 
 ern Helvetia and Arnold of Brescia, in the eastern part 
 of the country, had risen against the Eoman hierarchy, 
 its culttis, teaching, and dogmatics. They had found 
 many adherents, who in secret earnestly longed for more 
 propitious times. In the beginning of tlie lOtli century 
 th.e Swiss entered into political connection with the
 
 54 THE LIFE OF ULIIIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 Poj^e, AvliosG crafty rcpreseutations tliey readily believed, 
 aud wlio knew well liow to gain the first place among 
 the princes that applied for their troops. Yet the indi- 
 vidual cantons were not blind to the abuses and assump- 
 tions of the PajDal Court, which, on account of its re- 
 peated perfidy toward inoffensive Switzerland, they 
 could no lunger esteem as formerly. The alliance, 
 which had been too inconsiderately entered into with 
 Rome, and the more intimate acquaintance with the 
 Court resulting from it, opened the eyes of those whose 
 perception had not beeii blinded by their ancient rever- 
 ence. Though the Pope and his legates insidiously 
 tried to induce them to obey him blindly also in political 
 affairs as the infallible Head of Christendom, they never 
 succeeded. In the year 1517 Leo X. conferred the 230si- 
 tion of chief of his guards, rendered vacant by the death 
 of Casper of Silenen, on the distinguished burgomaster 
 of Zurich, Marx Poust, through whom he designed to 
 influence the Swiss in his favor ; but throughout Switz- 
 erland the proffered position was looked upon as nei- 
 ther honorable to the Head of the Swiss League nor 
 compatible with his office ; and the burgomaster himself 
 pleaded that his advanced age prevented the acceptance 
 of it. But Ennius, the Pope's legate, knew weU how 
 craftily to meet all objections. He maintained "that 
 the guarding of the Yicegerent of Christ was the high- 
 est possible honor for the Swiss. Many had tried to 
 obtain the position, but the Pope would confer it upon 
 no one except his most dearly beloved sons, the Ziiiich- 
 ers. And not to deprive Switzerland too long of the 
 services of this excellent man, the Pope would ere lonsj 
 honorably discharge him, and allow his son to succeed 
 him. He would incur no risk as to his health, as God 
 would not allow that one travelling in the service of His
 
 ZWIJfGLl's COifJSrECTION" WITH HOME — SAD RESULTS. 55 
 
 vicegerent on eartli should suffer injury while obeying 
 the divine call." That sufficed. The burgomaster was 
 allowed to depart. Meanwhile the Pope did not gain 
 much by this step. For, as he called upon the Swiss to 
 take part in the war against the Turks, but directed his 
 attacks against the Duke of Albino, and through the 
 Cardinal-bishop of Sitten, Mattheeus Schinner, hired 
 several thousand Swiss, the Confederate cantons pro- 
 hibited the enlistment. Leo sent a second time. He 
 asked for 6000 men. They were refused him. But he 
 in other ways procured 7000, led them in seven divisions 
 into Italy, and thus broke the treaty of alliance. 
 
 A third time Leo sent a legate, and asked for 12,000 
 for the Pope's expedition against the Turks. His legate 
 was not now, as before, Ennius, but Antonius Puccius. 
 He promised, in the name of his master, that the Pope 
 would take the entire Swiss force, on account of their 
 bravery and fidelity, as liis body-guard, and command 
 them in person. In vain. A few months later, in 1518, 
 he again under a similar pretext asked for the same 
 number of men. Switzerland promised him 10,000 as 
 soon as all Christendom would take up arms. To make 
 up the deficiency of 2000 men, they proposed to send 
 him that number of priests ! But the Pope could not 
 be intimidated, and a year later he sent his legate Puc- 
 cius to the Confederate Diet at Glarus, requesting Switz- 
 erland not to enter into an alliance with any nation, so 
 that the Pope might, in case of necessity, use their 
 troops against the Turks. Switzerland replied to him 
 with a complaint : " The Pope pays the annual pensions 
 very tardily, and even then in depreciated currency. 
 The clerical offices were sold for money to the soldiers, 
 who afterward resold them. The bishops defended and 
 acquitted priests charged with murder, and convicted of
 
 56 TnU LIFE OF ULUIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 lieresy and the grossest crimes." Puccius made all sorts 
 of promises, but kept none. "When the cantons saw 
 that no abolition of existing abuses could be expected 
 from the Eoman Court, they unanimously resolved to 
 rely upon themselves ; that thereafter every one that 
 bought a pastoral charge should be put in a bag and 
 drowned. The Pope remained silent. In October of 
 the same year he sent his legate, with increased powers, 
 to the Confederates, and asked the Diet to defend the 
 Holy See, exterminate the new doctrine, and burn all 
 books on the subject. At this demand a fire hitherto 
 smouldering under the ashes had well-nigh broken out 
 into brilliant flames, for some approved, others rejected, 
 the demand. First, the troops asked for the defence of 
 the Holy See were refused. The Diet wished to know 
 first against whom they were to be employed. After 
 declining to tell for a long while, Puccius said : " Per- 
 haj)s against the Duke of Ferrara ; also against the 
 French." To secure this dukedom for himself, the 
 Pope had made an attempt to assassinate the Duke. In 
 May of the same year he had also l)roken with the 
 French, and formed an alliance with the Emperor. At 
 last 6000 men were furnished him. 
 
 In the following year the King of Franco asked of the 
 Diet, which met in Luzerne August 3d, a levy of 
 troops, and to gain his end bribed the deputies of the 
 cantons. He succeeded. Two months later the Pope 
 again sent his legate Ennius, and demanded through him 
 at least 6000 men to light against France. They were 
 refused, as Switzerland had lately formed an alliance 
 with France. Ennius threatened that soldiers must be 
 speedily furnished, or Rome would hire Confederates in 
 and outside of Switzerland. In vain was the prohibi- 
 tion of enlistments more firmly insisted upon. During
 
 ZWIXGLI'S CONNECTION WITH HOME — SAD RESULTS. 57 
 
 harvest, in some localities, tlie reapers in crowds crossed 
 the boundaries and joined the papal arm3\ Money daz- 
 zled them. In vain the Diet, assembled at Zürich 
 August 17th, forbade the taking of any money or pen- 
 sions from foreign princes. However fervent the wish, 
 it accomplished no good. 
 
 At this Diet also tlie Pope's legate, Ennius, ap- 
 peared, and asked the question, Whether or not the 
 Swiss would furnish the Pope with troops ? In vain 
 Zwingli preached and warned tlie Swiss against the en- 
 listment. Zürich alone gave 2700 more men, and the 
 Pope continued to flatter, thus securing 11,700 addi- 
 tional men. All the districts except Zürich forbade on 
 pain of death this running to the Pope, but could not by 
 such decrees hinder many citizens from secretly offering 
 their services to the Cardinal, who promised them almost 
 double pay. On learning that the Cardinal was leading 
 the troops to France, Switzerland quickly checked him. 
 The troops were required to take an oath not to fight 
 against their brethren. The Pope was more powerful 
 than the oath. Having reached Italy, the soldiers were 
 released from the obligation of their oath, and the Pope 
 succeeded in taking Milan without a battle. This, how- 
 ever, produced only temporary joy. Parma and Pia- 
 cenza were occupied by the Zürichers. The Pope died. 
 The two cities were transferred to the Zürichers as secu- 
 rity for arrears of pay, and, in case of non-payment, the 
 cities were to belong to them. The Zürich troops were 
 called home. France obtained sympathy ; the party of 
 the Pope, opposition. During the vacancy of the papal 
 chair, Ennius, in the name of the College of Cardinals, 
 desired that Switzerland should dissolve its alliance with 
 France, and join the alliance of the Pope and Emperor 
 for the defence of Milan, and furnish 10,000 soldiers
 
 58 THE IJFE OF ULRIC ZWIXGLT. 
 
 for the purpose. Both requests were declined. On the 
 contrary, France now received 10,000 men, of whom 
 3000 never returned, but were buried in Bicocca. 
 This loss of life pz'oduced aversion to foreign pensions, 
 and induced Zug to renounce foreign service for 
 twenty-five years. In January, 1522, Adrian VI. was 
 elevated to the papal throne, and his election was an- 
 nounced to the Swiss. He proposed an alliance to 
 Zürich. In vain. Adrian died the same year, and was 
 succeeded, in 1523, 1)y Clemens YII. He at once 
 began greatly to extol the Zürichers for the faithful ser- 
 vices they had constantly rendered the Papal See, 
 offered excuses for the non-payment of the joensions 
 during several years past, and promised to cancel the 
 debt if the Zürichers would conform to the religion of 
 the other cantons. But the money was never forth- 
 coming. In 152'!, therefore, Zürich sent two dis- 
 tinguished jnen to Rome, Treasurer Jacob Werdmueller 
 and John Rudolph Lavater. The former kissed the 
 Pope's slipj)er. Lavater, on the contrary, refused to 
 come nearer to the Pope, saying : "I am sorry that I 
 must be so near you." Clemens i-eceived the two 
 deputies very ungraciously, accused them of heresy, de- 
 manded that they should desist from it and exterminate 
 it from their country. The request was not granted. 
 Thereupon the Zürichers went to Constance, but here 
 too they were refused. 
 
 In the same year, 1524, the Confederates granted 
 four levies of troops to France, with which France re- 
 covered Milan without a battle. Zürich continued to 
 demand the pension arrears, but in vain. Joachim am 
 Grütwas sent to Rome in October, but was informed that 
 no payment would be made unless Zürich returned to 
 the bosom of the Church. Am Grüt proved a traitor.
 
 ZWIXGLI'S CONNECTION WITH ROME — SAD RESULTS. 59 
 
 lie returned from Rome and showered a flood of accu- 
 sations against the Reformation that had been begun. 
 The Pope had himself sent a letter to the Zürichers, say- 
 ing : " If you do not renounce your new, ungodly er- 
 rors, how can we satisfy your demand for money, how^ever 
 just it may be, without violating the justice and fear of 
 God, when we cannot even allow errorists to keep what 
 they have inherited from their parents ?" Zürich replied, 
 but all its representations availed nothing. The Papal 
 Court was pleased to seethe enemies of the faith involved 
 in perplexity. It did not wish to help them out of their 
 embarrassment. To restore domestic peace, Zürich was 
 compelled, after the unfortunate battle of Kappel, to 
 appear so submissive as to seem to confirm the report, 
 designedly circulated, that Zürich would again introduce 
 the mass. 
 
 To deprive their enemies of this hope and the friends 
 of the Gospel of their fear, the Council of Zürich pub- 
 lished a declaration, in which the liberty heretofore ac- 
 corded to go to mass was withdrawn. It gave the assur- 
 ance that they would adhere to the received truth, in 
 spite of the mishaps that had befallen them, and that 
 they would no longer permit mass to be said in any part 
 of their territory. This binding declaration, which the 
 friends of the Gospel made known everywhere, even in 
 the Diet assembled at Regeiisberg, so excited the legate 
 Ennius, whom the Pope had again ordered to Switzer- 
 land, that he made every possible effort to bring Zwin- 
 gli's faithful helpers, Leo Juda, and his successor in 
 office, Bullinger, into discredit, and have them dismiss- 
 ed, because by their sermons they again kindled the 
 failing courage and zeal of the people. He employed all 
 means to incite the cantons that remained Catholic 
 against those that had become Reformed.
 
 60 TUE LIFE OF ULKIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 In the succeeding year, 1533, Clemens YII. formed 
 an alliance ■\vitli the Catholic States — Lnzerne, Uri, 
 Schwyz, Unterwaiden, Zng, and Freiberg — against the 
 Reformed cantons. Zürich demanded the dissolution 
 of this alliance because it was in conflict with the Con- 
 federate covenants, and because Zürich itself had 
 recently declined an alliance with France prejudicial to 
 the Pope. Ennius promised to pay the debts of the 
 Pope if Zürich would come back. But Zürich preferred 
 to let its demands on the Pope go, and to remain 
 faithful to the Refomiation. This forever divided 
 Switzerland into Reformed and Catholic cantons. Such 
 was the end and such were the sad results of the alliance 
 of Ziii'ich and the now Reformed cantons with Rome. 
 At that time Rome had already adopted the principle, 
 afterward loudly proclaimed, that *' no faith is to be kept 
 with heretics," which assisted the Reformation far more 
 than Rome itself suspected, and enkindled in all right- 
 minded persons a holy indignation against this proced- 
 ure. A reformation could no longer fail to come.
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 OTHER PEEPABATOKY CIRCUMSTANCES. 
 
 If the ancient Swiss had two hundred years before en- 
 gaged in war, it was to maintain their freedom and inde- 
 pendence. Now, on the contrary, wars were waged for 
 money and glory. The imhappy results of the Italian 
 wars contributed greatly to secure an entrance for the 
 teachings of the Swiss Eefonners. With undaunted 
 courage they held up these results before the eyes of the 
 Confederates. These representations made a deep im- 
 pression upon all districts where self-interest had not yet 
 blinded the mind of the great in regard to the welfare of 
 the Fatherland. It was remarkable how the mania of 
 the Swiss to enter foreign military service destroyed tlie 
 foundations of all civil and moral order, the obedience 
 of subjects to the command of the government, the 
 obedience of children to parents, the peace of families, 
 the general welfare, and private and public education, 
 producing disagreement between citizens and members 
 of the Confederacy, rebellion, depopulation, neglect of 
 agriculture, luxury, poverty, and beggary. The viola- 
 tion by the great and rich of the prohibitions concerning 
 pensions, presents, and foreign enlistments accustomed 
 the common people to the disregard of the laws. If a 
 son was not indulged in every whim, he at once ran off 
 to war ! How sadly this habit must have weakened the 
 bond of love between parents and children, and brothers 
 and sisters, and especially when such a runaway son re-
 
 6y THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 turned liomo as an old soldier, a good-for-notliing fel- 
 low unused to work, his only j^ossessions some foreign 
 curses — disease and shameless presumption. The disso- 
 lute husband and father, too lazy to work, too proud to 
 beg, if his wife failed to please him in all things, or was 
 no longer beautiful, deserted w ife and children and went 
 to war ! People complained bitterly that the untrained 
 children, deprived of their fathers, grew up without 
 proper discipline, in filth and poverty, becoming a bur- 
 den to their relatives ; and even if the father Avas not 
 killed in war, they received no support from him during 
 his absence, as he needed all his earnings for himself ; 
 and when ho returned home, they learned from his ex- 
 ample only curses, scolding, idleness, carousing and 
 gambling, stealing and begging. 
 
 The factions of the Pope and the French, who had 
 their adherents in each canton, designedly disturbed the 
 peace between the citizens as well as cantons, and occa- 
 sioned frequently most saddening scenes in meetings of 
 the Diet and Council. Such a sight occurred at Berne in 
 1520. When color-bearer Casper "Wyler, who had ob- 
 tained this honor in 1488, suddenly died of paralysis in 
 the Council, the French party, led by color-bearer Bene- 
 dict of Weingarten, attacked the honor of this upright 
 man. He had remained unshaken in his fidelity to the 
 imperial and papal party, and had frequently accused 
 them of receiving French mone}' ; they now retaliated 
 by charging that he had himself received 28,400 francs 
 from the Pope. They insisted upon it that his remains 
 should be removed from the minster and thrown on the 
 camon field ! The dishonor was not committed, but 
 his heirs were compelled to pay the sum named into the 
 state treasury, until they could prove that he had not 
 received the money for himself. Party spirit caused
 
 OTHER PKEPARATORY CIRCUMSTANCES. 03 
 
 still greater mischief at Freiburg, where in 1511 Mayor 
 Franz Arsent was beheaded at the instigation of the 
 Austrian party. Similar results appeared in Zug. 
 Zürich itself, because it refused to join the other can- 
 tons in their alliance with France, but sided with the 
 Pope, drew down upon itself the hatred of nearly all the 
 other states. 
 
 It is indeed true that these wars brought vast sums of 
 money into Switzerland. Milan atoned for its incon- 
 stancy, after the battle of Navarra, by paying 200,000 
 ducats. Francis I. sent 4,800,000 francs to Berne ; at 
 Freiburg liis ambassador poured out a heap of golden 
 crowns on the pavement to display the wealth and lib- 
 erahty of his king ; his treasurer showed the Swiss that 
 they had received, during nineteen years, exclusive of 
 the pay of the troops, in pensions and presents alone, 
 23,110,840 francs. To this must be added the booty 
 obtained. A single Swiss tailor-apprentice once seized 
 two bags of money, each containing GOOO crowns, or 
 120,000 francs. In this way, however, but few became 
 rich. " The rest are poor, ragged felloAvs ; if some 
 escape alive, they lounge around, bent, lame, and useless, 
 a burden to their parents. The king cares nothing 
 about it." Those who returned empty-handed hated 
 their more fortunate brethren, and these provoked the 
 anger of the poorer ones so much that harmony and 
 feeling for the mutual good grew ever rarer. Some of 
 those who had enriched themselves with this money 
 were again reduced to poverty by the increasing luxury 
 in clothing and display. The friends of primitive sim- 
 plicity of manners complained loudly that the returned 
 officers introduced into the cities and cantons foreign 
 fashions in clothing, costly furniture, and expensive food 
 and drink. The pomp of the Spanish, the changing
 
 64 THE LIFE OF ULKIC ZWIXOLI. 
 
 fashions of the French and Italian embroidery, prevailed 
 more and more, Peoj^le recognized the Swiss no longer. 
 To check the evil Berne imposed a fine of five francs for 
 the cutting of clothing in such a way as to show the silk 
 lining through it. Jacob von Stein, surnamed " the 
 Small,' ' from the Canton Berne, a returned soldier, soon 
 involved himself, by display of costly kneebands, in 
 debts which he could not pay. Lombardy neck and 
 shirt collars of finest quality, Spanish cajDs, hats, and 
 other head-coverings of velvet ; gay-colored shoes, such 
 as barely concealed the toes, and yet costing twice as 
 much as those usually worn in the country ; long pon- 
 iards, Italian swords, expensively gilded daggers, cut and 
 frizzled hair and beards, constituted the dress and adorn- 
 ments of the men trained in foreign lands. The women 
 too received from abroad cloaks with capes, Milanese 
 embroidery on head-cloths, hoods, sleeves, and aprons, 
 which \vere far more expensive than the material of 
 which they were made. This love of splendor begot in 
 the once proud Swiss people a despicable beggar-spirit, 
 not only in the men but also in the women, and even 
 in the maturer youth. The French commissioners 
 especially stimulated it by presents. They provided 
 meals at the hotels for the country people that came into 
 the cities. In Luzerne they paid at one time for 8(M), 
 and at Berne for 1100 guests. The ancient love of 
 lionor soon became lost, and many who in their youth 
 would hare been ashamed to allow others to feed them, 
 crowded themselves, vrithout hesitation, to these disrepu- 
 table drinking banquets. 
 
 The loss of men, and indeed of the most vigorous 
 youths, which the Italian wars occasioned, is almost in- 
 credible. Thus, of the 8000 Confederates vrho went on 
 the Neapolitan expedition, only 1500 returned home,
 
 OTHElt PREPAIIATORY CIRCUMSTAIs'CES. 65 
 
 Dut died soon after their arrival. About 5000 men in 
 French pay were lost in the wars of Lombardj. The 
 battle of Marignano alone cost 5000 men. The battle 
 of Bicocca consumed 3000 men. Besides these, many- 
 thousands lost their lives by starvation and pestilence. 
 This dread depopulation and the inclination to an idle 
 life withdrew so many hands from agriculture that the 
 once beautiful fields lay uncultivated and overgrown 
 with weeds and forests. In the year 1513 there even 
 arose rebellions in Berne, Solothurn, and Luzerne. The 
 unhappy campaigns of foreign rulers, who drew their 
 troops from the Swiss, and the factions which were in- 
 cited among the people by the agents of these rulers, 
 brought the country to the verge of ruin. The adher- 
 ents of France opposed the party of the Pope and Em- 
 peror. These latter opposed the former. Between the 
 two lay poor Switzerland, plucked and impoverished by 
 both. On all hands arose disturbances and insurrections. 
 In Canton Berne 300 farmers arose, went to the city of 
 Berne, and challenged the French instigators, who ceased 
 not in their own interest to scatter money among tlie 
 people. They were especially exasperated against Con- 
 i-ad Glaser, the treasurer, who used to throw the money to 
 the people. Not finding him, as he had escaped, they 
 seized the cellar and took by storm the house of the 
 veteran color-bearer, Casper Iletzel, of Lindach. But he 
 v/as absent. One may imagine how the enraged farmers 
 acted in going from the cellar through the house. The 
 whole city was tlirown into fear on account of these 
 country assailants. Peter Dettlinger, the color-bearer, 
 whose duty it M^as to hinder their entrance, narrovv'ly 
 escaped with his life. The old Mayor, Wilhelm von 
 Dieszbach, only prevented the plundering of his house 
 by the use of wine and kind words. The Oberlanders
 
 66 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINQLI. 
 
 {i.e. those from tlie uplands) also had come as far as 
 Wabern, a mile and a half from the city, where messen- 
 gers from the Ilasli valley pacified them. The Mayor 
 of Wattenwyl ordered the gates to be closed and the 
 alarm bell to be rung. . The insurrection subsided 
 here, but in other places it again broke out. In the 
 Cantons Luzerne and Solothurn it continued an entire 
 year, and demanded many victims. Foreign and domes- 
 tic traitors alarmed the country and disturbed the nation- 
 al prosperity. Critical junctures and popular circum- 
 stances of this sort called loudly for a man who, by his 
 trust in God, by his courage and perseverance, was 
 qualified to guide country and people, State and Church, 
 into a new path. This man, by the providence of God, 
 was given to Switzerland, and with it to all Christendom. 
 And although, after leaving Einsiedeln, he was permitted 
 to labor but thirteen years as the distinguished Eeformer 
 of his Fatherland, yet the condition of the people and 
 times shed a clear light upon his reformatory efi^orts, 
 both civil and. religious, so that his work in the Swiss 
 Reformation appears to have been truly marvellous and 
 divine.
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 lUIET BEGINNIN Cr S. 
 
 In connection witli the discords previously noticed, 
 caused by papal and Frencli intrigues, there was a griev- 
 ous disintegration in the clerical rank. At one time, 
 shortly before 1516, when all the deans of the Swiss 
 rural chapter were assembled, scarcely three could be 
 found among them who were versed in the Bible. The 
 rest frankly admitted that they had not even read the 
 whole of the Kew Testament. From this we can infer 
 the character of the remaining priesthood. It was in a 
 still worse condition. Of study there was nothing said. 
 Playing and feasting were tlieir principal employments. 
 He who outwardly appeared to be more earnest was 
 guilty of hypocrisy. Scholastic theology and papal law 
 were perhaps read by a few. The greater part I'cad only 
 the Sermoiogos or spiritual Talkers, memorized the 
 printed or written sermons of the monks, and rehearsed 
 them to the people. Others, who were considered dis- 
 tinguished preachers, mingled their theology with that 
 of Aristotle, and preached from Thomas Aquinas, the 
 celebrated preacher of the Dominican order in the fif- 
 teenth century, who was called Doctor Angelicus. 
 
 The bishops did not concern themselves about the 
 morals and studies of the common jn-iests. They wore 
 better pleased if priests and people were often i:)unish- 
 able, because that increased their revenues. They were 
 concerned onlv to collect their contributions from the
 
 68 THE LIFE or ULHIC ZWINGLT. 
 
 lower clergy, and if possible increase tlieni. It is truG 
 the Confederates and tlieir priests often opposed tlicso 
 usurpations of the bishops, bat in vain. When the 
 Confederates curbed the immorality of the higher and 
 lower clergy, the Pope, because he wished neither to 
 renounce his supremacy as chief shepherd nor lose the 
 friendship of the Swiss, granted, in the year 1522, the 
 demanded power to punish clerical as well as lay crimi- 
 nals by civil authority. Scarcely three weeks after the 
 arrival of the papal permission and its publication in 
 Baden, the people of Berne beheaded a criminal belong- 
 ing to the priests, named S chuff elhauser. This public 
 punishment of the hitherto unrebuked vices of the 
 priests gave those Swiss who differed from the Romish 
 Church in articles of faith, the strong hope of a speedy 
 change, and aroused their courage to overthrow the 
 hated priesthood at an early day. Among these, the 
 people of Züi'ich were not the last. The vicar-general 
 Faber, in a letter written to a friend, colls them a people 
 who will not allow themselves to be trifled with. Faber 
 had experienced this. The canons, in common with the 
 Council, in the Christian order which they adopted 
 September 29th, 1523, openly acknowledged : " They 
 felt and found that tlie common man, rich and poor, 
 Avho supported the clergy with his bitter toil, with rent- 
 als and tithes, Avas not pleased, but greatly displeased by 
 the abuses." And further on : " When all kinds of 
 disturbances arose, and the common man complained of 
 being overburdened by the priests with tithes, fees, and 
 other charges, the Provost and Chapter resolved to 
 release their fellow church-members from these griev- 
 ances. The press also rose up against this disorder. In 
 the city library of Zürich there may still be foimd a 
 wood engraving, in which Moses, Paul, Peter, and the
 
 QUIET BEGIIS'NINGS. 69 
 
 four Evangcliöts are represented as hunters, who chase 
 into a net different animals, clothed in mitres and sheep- 
 skins. Among these sits Isaiah. This is the inscrip- 
 tion : 
 
 " That there is so much treachery in the land, 
 
 Is owing to the wolves in clerical dress. 
 
 And the sheep also run wild ; 
 
 Therefore follows u divine punishment." 
 
 The prosperous printing-press in Switzerland now 
 began to work for the good cause, and by colporteurs 
 vigorously spread its publications abroad. In 1519, 
 Christopher Froschauer, a Bavarian, appeared in Zürich 
 and founded a publication house whicli afterward 
 printed all the M^ri tings of the Swiss reformers. The 
 same was done in Basel, and later in Geneva. With in- 
 credible rapidity, Zwingli's writings, and therewith the 
 Reformed doctrine, appeared in Italy, France, Spain, 
 Southern Germany, even in Saxony and England. The 
 people everywhere eagerly bought and read them — a 
 proof that the reformation of the Church was not the 
 work of several men, but that the people desired it. 
 Without this, our fathers would have preached in vain, 
 and the publishers could not have scattered the writings 
 of the Heformation so successfully. 
 
 Certainly there must have been men in Switzerland 
 who, by education and good character, were competent to 
 maintain the light of illutuination, to lead the people, 
 and procure for its dissatisfaction a hearing. Wlien 
 Providence has determined to confer upon the world a 
 benefit, the incidental circumstances are found as 
 though they had been prepared. Rome had boasted 
 that Switzerland had no man who could resist her. But 
 Switzerland's Romish enemies soon and very disagree- 
 ably discovered that it ensnared itself in its i)reconceived
 
 70 THE LIFE OF I'LRIU ZWINGLT. 
 
 opinion. Switzerland had excellent men who in quiet 
 seclusion received their first culture, whom God trained 
 Tip and then called to appear in public. Besides Ulric 
 Zwingli, who, on account of his learning, had as a mere 
 jouth received the degree of Doctor of Divinity, the 
 following a2:>pear to advantage : Henry Loristi or Glarean, 
 four years younger than Zwingli ; Michael Kubellus ; 
 John Zimmermann, canon of the Chapter of Leodoga- 
 rius at Luzerne and at Munster, in Argau ; Rudolph 
 Collin or Am Bruelil, of Grundellingen, in the Canton of 
 Luzerne; Oswald Myconius, four years younger, also from 
 Luzerne ; John Mueller, of Tlslhkon, Canton of Zürich, 
 near Greifensee ; Jacob Wiesend anger ; Melchior Mak- 
 rinus, of Solothurn ; George Staehli, of Golganen, Can- 
 ton of Scliwyz ; Werner Steiner, of Zug ; Henry Luetti, 
 of Wadenschwyl, Canton of Zürich ; Benedict Burgauer ; 
 John Dorfmann, who labored especially in Hh^tia ; 
 Erasmus Schmid, of Stein on the Rhine ; Sebastian 
 Wagner, of Schaffhausen ; John Haller, of Wyl, in 
 Canton Thurgau. 
 
 Foreign young men immediately united with these 
 Swiss, who co-operated in the work of the Swiss Refor- 
 mation. Among the many, only the following are enu- 
 merated : John Oekolampadius, of Weinsberg, in France ; 
 W. F. Capito, of Hagenau, Alsace ; Casper Hedio, of 
 Ettlingen, in Baden ; Conrad Pellican, of Alsace ; Leo 
 Juda ; Sebastian Muenster, of Ingelheim, in the Palatin- 
 ate ; Simon Grynaus, of A'^ehringen, in the Palatinate ; 
 Martin Keller, of Stuttgart ; Beat Rhemaus, of Schlett- 
 stadt ; Ambrose Blarer, of Constance ; Berthold Haller, 
 of Aldingen, in the Province of Rothweel ; Sebastian 
 Meier, of Neuenburg ; William Farrell, of Gap, France. 
 
 To add more and equally prominent names to these 
 Swiss and foreign ones is unnecessary, because those
 
 QUIET BEGINNINGS. 71 
 
 already mentioned abnndantly prove that a general de- 
 sire for a better state of affairs had arisen in eastern and 
 northern Switzerland and in the adjoining French and 
 German provinces, which could not possibly fail to pro- 
 duce great consequences. That western and southern 
 Switzerland took so little interest in it is owino' to the 
 fact that these parts of the country had no schools of a 
 high grade, like the universities at Basel, Tübingen, 
 Freiberg in Breisgau, and Heidelberg, and did not stand 
 in connection with them, like Zürich, which became the 
 focus of the Reformation in Switzerland, because here 
 for years a greater freedom of thought had prepared the 
 people to receive the truth. 
 
 But why did this greater freedom of thought among 
 the people of Zürich, which they had already manifested 
 in former times, produce hitherto no Keformation ? 
 Why did this newly enkindled love for the sciences 
 arouse neither in Zürich, nor in Basel, nor in any other 
 city of Switzerland, a man who would undertake and 
 finish what thousands had long since thought, wished, 
 and foretold ? Why did all stop with thinking, wishing, 
 and foretelling ? Because no one had the spirit, courage, 
 and firmness to begin and complete the immense work. 
 I^one of those enumerated, though they were otherwise 
 excellent men, had the power which alone produces the 
 call, and the will to live for a great and noble "work. 
 This power will not allow him who is conscious of it to 
 turn back in his path, but, regardless of everything, 
 helookssimply to thegoal, and presses incessantly toward 
 it — and, though he fall this side of it, yet he closes his 
 eyes with the firm assurance that the work can and must 
 be completed. Not one of them was calculated to stand 
 at the head ; but as associates of the num whose heart 
 and courage placed him there, they were all indispensa-
 
 72 THE LIFE OF CLRIC ZWINGLT. 
 
 ble. Without a leader tliey -would not have com- 
 menced, or being weary wonld have desisted ; without 
 them he conld not have completed it. In the Swiss Ref- 
 ormation they constitute a large circle, with Z^wingli in 
 the centre.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 FROM EINSIEDELN TO ZUEICH. 
 
 After laborino; two years in Einsiedeln, Dr. Ulric 
 Zwiiigli came to Ziiricli December 27th, 1518. He was 
 immediately ordered to appear before the Provost and 
 Chapter. After greeting them, lie stated that he formed 
 a resohition, and would carry it out, not to preach on the 
 Pericopes, but explain the Gosj^el of St. Matthew in 
 order, and in so doing confine himself to the Holy 
 Scriptures and not to human doctrines. Some of the 
 canons present expressed their joy at this ; others cen- 
 sured it as an innovation. But Zvvingli proved to them, 
 from the sermons of Augustine and Chrysostom, that 
 this was the old custom, and that the discourses on the 
 evangelical Pericopes had been first introduced by Char- 
 lemagne. 
 
 This satisfied them for the present. Before, how- 
 ever, publicly entering on his ofiice, he, on Friday, 
 December 31st, wrote to the Council of Glarus that as 
 the time of two years which they had granted him for 
 his return to his pastorate in Glarus, had now expired, he 
 would return the offer, with thanks for their kind inten- 
 tion, into the hands of his lords. On that Friday he 
 also closed the thirty-fifth year of his life. Next morn- 
 ing, Saturday, January 1st, 1519, he publicly entered on 
 his duties in Zürich, and preached a sermon in wln'ch he 
 announced that the next day, Sunday, January 2d, ho 
 would • begin to «ixplain the Gospel of St. Matthew.
 
 74 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 This was attended by a large concourse of people — prais- 
 ing God and referring to Clirist as the onlj source of sal- 
 vation. 
 
 At the same time he admonished them to cultivate 
 Christian love and lead a godly life, to avoid super- 
 stition in doctrine and public Trorship, idleness, intem- 
 perance, pride of dress, and by a true amendment of life 
 to become worthy of the grace of God. He also spoke 
 earnestly against the oppression of the poor, against war- 
 like expeditions, and pensions. He recommended to the 
 Council the administration of justice, the care of widows 
 and orphans, the maintenance of Swiss liberty, and that 
 they should refuse the demands of foreign princes. 
 This was a good and timely introductory sermon. In 
 the most honorable light it shows us the entire man, 
 who had come to make Zürich great. This inaugur^] 
 sermon did not please some persons, who said that by 
 such sermons Zwingli would create great disturbance in 
 Zürich ; others praised God that He had given them 
 such a fearless preacher. 
 
 Two respected men— Henry Rauchli, the pre^^ident and 
 treasurer of the Council, a diligent reader of the Bible, an 
 enemy of superstition and of the disorderly clergy, who 
 once declared that the most pious man in attendance was 
 burned during a meeting of the Council in Constance ; 
 and Henry Fuessii, the inspector of the armory, compiler 
 of a Confederate record which reaches to the year 1519 — 
 Iiad heretofore declared that they did not wish to hear 
 another sermon from a priest. But when they learned 
 Zwingli's intention, they were anxious to hear him. Soon 
 after this introductory sermon they praised God and said, 
 " This is a preacher of the truth, who is not afraid to 
 epeak — who will be our Moses and lead us out of Egypt. " 
 
 The greater the crowd to hear Zwingli's sermons, and
 
 FROM EIN8IEDELX TO ZURICH. : 75 
 
 the greater the approval which they found, especially 
 among the common people, the less did those who were 
 originally dissatisfied trust to express their disapproba- 
 tion beyond their own circle. When, however, they 
 gradually discovered that not every one who heard 
 Zwingli agreed with him, they hesitated no longer to 
 speak frankly, at least to these people, and emboldened 
 by their approval to come forward with complaints and 
 cli arges. Zwingli had expected this, and did not allow 
 himself to be misled, while his frhends admonished him 
 to be firm, as though he needed such admonitions. 
 Scarcely an hour passed that was not improved by 
 wordly and religious men to lay snares to hold secret 
 meetings and arouse enemies against the defender of 
 right and truth. 
 
 But he came to Zürich with the settled conviction 
 that tribulations awaited him there. Among the monks 
 he found his first and bitterest opponents. Glarean 
 wrote to Zwingli from Paris, June 7th, 1519 : " I 
 hear that you have trouble — I know not of what sort 
 — with the monks : persons of whom you must be more 
 afraid than of the poison of snakes. They can injure 
 you, and will benefit but little. I am concerned for 
 you." Rhenan wrote to him. May 7th, 1519, from 
 Basel : "Our Simon told me verbally that you still con- 
 tinue to preach true Christianity, which, partly by open 
 wickedness and partly by seductive sujDerstition, was mis- 
 represented in the most unworthy manner, not only here, 
 but in all places. Notwithstanding that some oppose — 
 because the good always excites envy — still hitherto 
 nothing- could move you to lose sight of the goal 
 toward which you incessantly press. I admire your de- 
 termination, which presents to us a man of the times of 
 the apostles. Some contradict, ridicule, threaten, and
 
 76 THE LIFlS OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 slp.nder you ; but you bear all ^Tith true Christian 
 composure. Continue, dear Zwingli, to pursue a right 
 course ; he who would win corrupt men for Christ must 
 allow a great deal to pass unnoticed. Our Lord also 
 drew the Jews to Himself by blessings, not by re- 
 proaches." "I praise you," he wrote on the 2ith of 
 the same month, "that you have commenced such a 
 good work with prudence ; but you deserve still more 
 praise that you proceed steadily, and do not allow your- 
 self to be detained a moment by those who are grieved 
 that piety revives again, and that the pure doctrine of 
 Jesus is preached to the people." 
 
 These good testimonies show how earnestly Zwingli 
 labored to lead souls to Jesus, and be for every one what 
 he needed, and thus strengthen a later declaration : " In 
 the storms of winter no field is ploughed or sowed. 
 Spring is the proper time. In the beginning I made 
 great concessions to the weak ; nevertheless all 1 pro- 
 claimed and all 1 withheld was done unto edification. I 
 did not wish to impart strong food at the wi'ong time, nor 
 cast pearls before swine. I plainly proclaimed and stead- 
 fastly taught that Jesus Christ is the tnie salvation, and 
 that we must expect all from Him, and look to Him in 
 time of trouble. I announced to men the kindly grace of 
 God, and made it lovely for them, since I knevv' what 
 God will accomplish by His word. Many who in the 
 beginning were opposed to me, thereby gradually dis- 
 covered how good the Lord is, and that every one who 
 rightly leams to know Him can exclaim with the dis- 
 ciples : ' Lord, to whom shall we go ? Thou hast the 
 words of life ! 1 have apprehended thee, I will never 
 more leave thee.' " 
 
 After Zwingli, according to his previous announce- 
 ment, had explained St. Matthew's Gospel and acquaint-
 
 FUOM EINSIEDELN TO ZUltlCH. 77 
 
 ed his hearers with tlie doctrine, works, and life of 
 Jesus, ho showed them, from the Acts of the Apostles, 
 how Christianity was planted. Afterward he taught 
 tliem, from the first Epistle to Timothy, their duties ; 
 from the Epistle to the Galatians, the pure, genuine faith 
 of the early Christians ; from the Second Epistle to 
 Timothy, the duty of Christian ministers to resist false 
 doctrines, to preserve and extend the Gospel in its pu- 
 rity. Inasmuch, however, as some of his op2)onent8 
 highly exalted Peter above Paul, and contended against 
 the worthiness of Paul with all kinds of sophisms, he 
 proved, from the Epistles of Peter, their mutual agree- 
 ment ; and finally, from the Epistle to the Hebrews, 
 that Christ, by the sacrifice of His life, had rendered all 
 other sacrifices superfluous and abolished them. He 
 finished the exposition of these books of the New Testa- 
 ment in the sermons he preached on the Sundays of the 
 first four years. 
 
 Besides this, he began, in December, 1520, to 
 explain the Psalms to the farmers who attended the 
 weekly market in the city on Fridays, and j^repared 
 himself for this by diligently studying the Hebrew 
 language. He was of the opinion that a fundamental 
 knowledge of the Christian doctrines, derived from the 
 Holy Scriptures, must precede the removal of abuses in 
 religion, then they would disappear of their own accord ; 
 and the result unexpectedly showed that he had not been 
 deceived in tiiis expectation. The simple and yet earnest 
 manner in which Zwingli was accustomed to explain the 
 Word of God appears instructively from the following 
 lines taken from a sermon in the year 1519 : " If we 
 consider all men, we will certainly find that in the whole 
 multitude no one is so completely righteous that he could 
 satisfy the justice of God in Himself. Since we are all
 
 78 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 affected by tlie same infirmities and the same disease, we 
 can never satisfy God, because we are all debtors and 
 criminals, and tlierefore punishable. Out of the depths 
 of His wisdom God regarded onr misery and determined 
 to repair our loss. When He found none among us who 
 could satisfy His justice for Himself and others, He or- 
 dained His Son to be a propitiation for our sins, that He, 
 since He is true man and our brother, may be our right- 
 eousness, and the procuring cause of our pardon before 
 God forever ; because He, being just, took upon Him all 
 our guilt and expiated it before God. Behold, what a 
 merciful act of God — a friendly, joyful message — a sure 
 guidance of the disconsolate soul, that it has found Him 
 by whom it was reconciled to God, by whom it could at 
 all times have access to God.
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 GEEAT EEPUTATIOJ^ IN SWITZERLAND AND ABROAD. 
 
 Hitherto Zwingli liad not openly assailed the Pope. 
 But the certain prospect that Berhard Sampson would 
 soon come to Zürich with his indulgences, compelled him, 
 after he had entered upon his office, earnestly to warn 
 the people of the city from the pulpit, and to show 
 them that salvation was obtained for us by the death of 
 Christ, and that faith in Him, not money, is the means 
 to obtain it. Sampson had gathered great treasures in 
 Berne. Poor and rich crowded around him. The 
 former bought the cheaper indulgences on paper for two 
 " batzen" (about twenty cents), the latter the dearer, on 
 parchment, for a " crown" (about five dollars). An in- 
 dulgence for a whole city and district was sold still 
 dearer. Jacob von Stein, Lord of Belp and Utzingeu, 
 who was captain of a company of 500 men in the pa,pal 
 service, bought with a dapple-gray stallion full forgive- 
 ness of sins for himself and his ancestors, for his sol- 
 diers, and for the people under his authority at Belp. 
 The inhabitants of the village of Aarberg, who for several 
 years had suffered losses by fire and water, and who 
 ascribed them to the anathema of a papal messenger, 
 whom tliey had insulted, obtained through the mediation 
 of the government, for cash, absolution for the dead and 
 the living, which, however, did not produce the desired 
 effect. 
 
 On the way to Zürich, Sampson had reached Lenz-
 
 8Q THE LIFE OF ULKIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 burg, but was not received, and bastened on to Baden. 
 Tbat be migbt not also be repulsed bere, be boasted to 
 tbe resident clergyman of tbe bonors wbicb be bad 
 received from tbe antborities at Baden, at Luzerne, at 
 Berne, and at otber places. Tbis so moved tbe good 
 man tbat, contrary to tbe command of tbe bisbop, be 
 allowed tbe monk to sell tbe indulgences. Sampson, by 
 tbe audacity witli wbieb be promised tbe foolisb people 
 tbe deliverance of souls from purgatory, gave occasion 
 for a jest, M-liicb was calculated to rob tbe indulgences 
 of tbeir credit. He exposed bis wares in tbe cburcb- 
 yard, exclaiming, witli tbe sale of every piece of paper, 
 Ecce volant ! (See bow tbe souls fly !). A wag wbo was 
 present bastened into tbe cburcb steeple, and tbrougb a 
 window in tbe belfry emptied tbe f eatbers out of a pillow 
 upon tbe people, exclaiming likewise, l^cce volant I Ecoe 
 volant ! Sampson took tbis jest, w^bicb created great 
 laugbter, very niucb amiss, and came near avenging it. 
 From bere be went to Bremgai'ten, But Henry Bul- 
 linger, tbe pastor and dean, resisted bim courageously. 
 " And sbould it cost me my life, 1 will not open my 
 cburcb for you, " was Bullinger's answer. In tbe most 
 violent passion tbe monk called bim a brute, placed bim 
 tinder tbe beaviest ban and swoBe not to release bim 
 again till be paid tbree bundred ducats for bis unbeard- 
 of impudence in refusing to allow tbe sale of indul- 
 gences. BuUinger received tbe auatbema very coolly. 
 Sampson, bowever, took tbe matter more seriously, " I 
 wnll soon get to Ziiricb, you insolent brute," cried tbe 
 monk to Bullinger, '' and will accuse you before tbe 
 Confederates. Sucli an insult was nowbere offered to 
 me in all Switzerland." Tbe dean rejjlied : " I can ajD- 
 pear before tbe Confederates as well as you, and will 
 certainly not remain away. "
 
 REPUTATION IN" SWITZERLAND AND ABROAD. 81 
 
 The reputation of Zwingli meanwhile continually in- 
 creased. His sermons had already accomplished so 
 much that the people everywhere began to see the 
 Eomish knavery practised with these indulgences. "With 
 hearty thanks to God, he was allowed to see and hear 
 how the work of the Lord prospered in his hands. His 
 sermons touched tlie people in city and country. His 
 name resounded far and wide. He laid great stress upon 
 pastoral w"ork. That great multitudes heard his ser- 
 mons did not satisfy him. He endeavored, by the help 
 of God, to establish the assurance also in individuals, 
 whenever he could reach them, that the doctrine of the 
 cross was specially designed for every one of them. His 
 particular care appears from a letter written to Myconi- 
 us, at the end of 1519, in which he says he had already 
 more than 20('0 souls, who were so far nourished and 
 strengthened by the milk of the Gospel that they now 
 desired stronger food, which he with good confidence 
 could give them. So much the more courageously could 
 he proceed and expose the traffic in indulgences, because 
 just at that time, when Sampson was nearing Zürich, 
 the deputies of the Bishop of Constance, who should 
 bring charges against Sampson before the Diet, were 
 sojourning in the city. 
 
 At the end of February Sampson arrived at Zürich. 
 Bullinger had preceded Samj)son, and had already 
 entered complaint against him before the Confederate 
 Diet. The deputies of the bishop, to whom he related 
 the whole matter, and his numerous friends among the 
 great men at Zürich, as well as the delegates of the 
 remaining cantons, supported him powerfully. 
 
 The Council resolved to deny Sampson permission 
 to enter the city. Tn the suburbs, where he had 
 alighted at an inn, a messenger of the Diet handed him
 
 82 ' THIS LIFE or ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 the resolution of tlie CoimciL Under the pretence tha 
 he had something to saj to the Diet in the name of hii 
 Lord, he was nevertheless allowed to enter. He wai 
 compelled to remove the ban from the dean (Bullinger 
 gratuitonsly, and then allowed to depart in peace, afte: 
 having been strictly forbidden to sell his wares. Full o: 
 indignation, he departed with the money which he hac 
 liastily gathered. The Pope himself was compelled t( 
 recall him to Rome. Zwingli's influence was knowi 
 oven in Rome, and previously had been quietly tolerated, 
 It is true Sampson, even before he had come to Zürich, 
 openly declared that Zwingli would oppose him, but h( 
 (Sampson) would shut his mouth. Consequently i1 
 might have been expected to see him mentioned in tin 
 papal index as a deceiver of the people. But it con- 
 tained not even the least reference to his name. E^d■ 
 dently the resolutions of the Diet had startled the Pope. 
 He could not as yet calculate upon the assistance of the 
 upper classes in Switzerland, who, it is true, soon united 
 with the monks to suppress Zwingli and his doctrine, in 
 case he should succeed with his far-reaching propositions 
 of reform. 
 
 Zwingli's influence, which had already been ac- 
 quired, must have been certainly known in Rome, 
 since he had the courage to discuss the sale of indul- 
 gences with the papal legate, Anton Pucci. In vain the 
 legate endeavored to persuade him to be silent ; in vain 
 were the brilh'ant promises he gave Zwingli. He told 
 the prelate boldly, if he and other superiors of the Pojje 
 would not do their duty, nothing should deter him from 
 working with all the strength which God would grant, 
 for the removal of superstition and imposition, till light 
 should have triumphed over darkness. He also sent by 
 the deputies of the Pope a letter to the Bishop of Con-
 
 REPüTATIOISr IN SWITZERLAND AND ABROAD. 83 
 
 stance, in which he exhorted him courageously to oppose 
 the impositions of the Pope, and assured him that the 
 Word of God and the truth of the Gospel would cer- 
 tainly maintain the mastery ; he requested him to j>ro- 
 cure for the noble house of Laudenberg the honor that 
 he would be the first among the bishops who accepted 
 and promoted the purified doctrine of Christ. BuUinger 
 says truthfully that Zwingli did not proceed inconsid- 
 erately and against good order, but had properly warned, 
 and first tested every other means before he began in 
 full earnestness. 
 
 These courageous stops increased the renown and 
 respect wdiich he had already gained to such a great 
 degree in Einsiedeln, and carried them far beyond 
 the borders of Switzerland. In Southern Germany, 
 in Nuremberg, in Swabia, especially in Augsburg, 
 he had a large circle of friends, who were united to 
 him ; even from the interior of France the preacliers of 
 the Gospel turned to him and asked for advice and com- 
 fort. The friends of the Reformation in Constance 
 were so devoted to him that they regarded those in 
 Zürich in many respects as their model. In Mayence, 
 Iledio remembered their old friendship. Zwingli had 
 gained many friends there by his writings, who eagerly 
 read what he published, and hoped that the example of 
 the friends in Zürich would kindle the zeal of the Ger- 
 man cities. After a perusal of tlie first discussion at 
 Zürich, it became evident to Iledio and many others 
 that truth is invincible, and falsehood weak. The de- 
 luded, who will not see the bright light of the Gospel, 
 deserve either pity or scorn. There arc also in his 
 vicinity people who hate the Gospel, because it com- 
 bats their passions. He encouraged Zwingli to labor on 
 cheerfully, to raise the standard, to preach, to conceal
 
 "84 - THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 nothing. The time has come when the mask mnst be 
 pulled off from the ignorant and hypocritical. The 
 lawyer, Nicholas Gerbellins, in Strasburg, had such great 
 confidence in Zwingli's friendship and in the protection 
 of the Zürichers, that he commended to him a perse- 
 cuted friend who had renounced the Homish supersti- 
 tion and sought a safe abode, that he might support 
 himself, wife, and children. Likewise John Sapidus re- 
 quested Zwingli to receive a young scholar, whose love 
 for evangelical truth constrained him to leave the Order 
 of St. John. "Receive him in such a manner," Sapi- 
 dus wrote, '* that he will feel that he has been recom- 
 mended as a Christian by a Christian to a Cliristian 
 friend." 
 
 Unknown persons also declared to Zwingli their 
 great respect. Moved by his constantly increasing 
 reputation, and very desirous speedily to obtain the ex- 
 planation of the 67 Articles, Adam Weiss, clergyman at 
 Ereilsheim, in France, who was very much pleased with 
 the manner in which Zwingli had conquered Faber, 
 wrote : " Happy are you, to live in such a country and 
 among such people." William Xesenus, in "Wittenberg, 
 -gives us the best testimony of Zwingli's great learning 
 and excellent character. Among those who encouraged 
 him to continue his course boldly and confidently, we 
 find Ins former teacher. Dr. Wyttenbach, who was pas- 
 tor in Biel since 1515. The favorable testimonies of a 
 Capito, Hedio, Rhenan, Glarean, and many others, are 
 generally known. Even in those parts of Switzerland 
 where he was soon afterward proscribed and execrated 
 he enjoyed, in the first year of his ministry in Zürich, a 
 respectful confidence. The clerk of the court at Uri, 
 Jost Schmid, in a letter written August, 1519, thanked 
 him most heartily for the great pains and labor and
 
 REPUTATION IN SWITZERLAND AND ABROAD. "85 
 
 earnest diligence wliich he had bestowed upon him 
 years ago at Basel, and commended his brother to him. 
 
 Even in the temporal affairs of the city his public rep- 
 utation asserted itself. When the Confederates, after 
 the death of the EmjDcror Maximilian, in the beginning of 
 the year 1519, allowed themselves to be persuaded by the 
 Cardinal-bishoj) of Sitten, M. Schinner, to write in favor 
 of the grandson of the deceased, to the Pope, who 
 favored the King of France, Charles's competitor for 
 the royal crown, and to the electors admonishing them 
 not to disgrace and bring into danger the German nation, 
 to which also the Swiss belonged, by the election of a 
 foreign sovereign, Zwingli was of the opinion that 
 Switzerland should not meddle with the election for an 
 Emperor. They should favor neither of the two prin- 
 ces, but care siuiply for their freedom, and not meddle 
 too much with the empire. Charles, the Spaniard, was a 
 young man, and might be inclined to govern the Ger- 
 mans despotically. Charles the Fifth, as Emperor, would 
 only aim to oppress the German nation and rob them of 
 the divine word. He thought the Germans were not 
 necessitated to bring an emperor from a distance and 
 burden themselves with foreign authority. On this 
 account he was also opposed to the King of France, 
 whom many wished to make Emperor of Germany. 
 And long after his death the result showed how correct 
 his judgment was. The people of Zürich resolved 
 henceforth to resist foreign lords, and more and more 
 withdrew their support from the Pope. Zwingli clearly 
 convinced them that the Pope did not need their ai'mies 
 to defend the Church or the papal territory, but to 
 make conquests. It was acknowledged to be true, what 
 Zwingli said of the cardinals, who like plunderers 
 bribed the people, bought them for popish purposes, and
 
 86 THB LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 tten had them slaughtered in bloody conflicts. *' The 
 cardinals," he said, " jnstlj ^vear red hats and cloaks; 
 if yon shake them, dncats fall out ; but if you wring 
 them, the blood of the sons, the brothers, friends, and 
 fathers runs out." 
 
 In Schwyz the great respect which Zwingli everywhere 
 enjoyed asserted itself in the most honorable manner in 
 the resolution of the National Assembly, by which the 
 canton for twenty- five years abstained from all foreign 
 leagues and pensions. lie was not less concerned for the 
 deliverance of the Swiss from foreign military sei-vice, 
 than the deliverance of the Chiu'ch from the yoke of the 
 Pope, becciuse, according to his conviction, the salvation 
 of the Fatherland depended lipon these two things. 
 On the 21st of May, 1522, he sent the authorities of 
 Canton Schwyz a letter, with the urgent request to 
 beware of the foreign lords, and finally to free them- 
 selves from all obligations to them. In his writing 
 which precedes tliis exhortation, Zwingli says : the great 
 love wliich he had for them from childhood compelled 
 him to take this step, particularly since he, as a son of 
 Toggenburg, was in duty bound to be attentive to them. 
 He reminded them in the exhortation, that their fore- 
 fathers had carried on war only for freedom, and not 
 killed Christians for wages. Therefore God gave them 
 the \ictory at Morgarten 1315, at Laupen 1339, at 
 Sempach 13S6, at Xafels 1388, and at other places. 
 Afterward they became arrogant and allowed them- 
 selves to be deluded by the gold and flatteries of princes, 
 to do and to care more for them than for home, wife, 
 and children. They were misled by people who were 
 concerned more for their possessions than for their 
 Fatherland. But the greatest loss and the greatest dan- 
 gers fell upon the public estate. These dangers he
 
 REPUTATION 11^ SWITZEELAHD AND ABROAD. 87 
 
 describes in detail, and enumerates among them the 
 divine punishments with which the avarice and the in- 
 humanity of the warrior are threatened in the Holy 
 Scriptures (Micah 2, Isa. 5, Matt. 18, Ezek. 29, 
 Jer. 51). Furthermore, the prevalence of injustice 
 and deeds of violence, love of pomp and banqueting, of 
 immorality and effeminacy, of envy and unfaithfulness 
 toward the Fatherland finally ; the danger of losing free- 
 dom either by enemies or friends among the foreign 
 princes. In the same way he controverts what was said 
 in favor of foreign military service, and gives them a 
 solemn description of the calamities of war, and puts the 
 question of conscience to the Confederates : what we 
 would say if a foreign people rioted among us, like the 
 Swiss did in the enemy's country. The great loss which 
 the Confederates, especially the Canton of Schwyz, had 
 suffered in the battle of Bicocca, impelled the great 
 benefactor of the Fatherland to compose this letter. 
 This noble deed bore immediate fruit.
 
 CHAPTER XIL 
 
 DANGEEOUS ILLNESS. 
 
 In tlie summer of 1519 a pla^-ue broke out in Zürich, 
 of whicli 2500 j)ersoiis died in less than six months. 
 Zwingli escaped in the beginning, though he daijy visit- 
 ed those who were sick with the plague. Conrad Brun- 
 ner, a friend, wrote to him from Basel in September : 
 " However laudable his fidelity to his office mi«rht be, 
 he should not forget that he must also take care of his 
 ownhfe." Alas, this warning came too late. Zwingli 
 took sick in September, and was brought to the verge of 
 the grave. Dr. Iledio, of Basel, wrote to liim ' " We 
 were very sorrowful when that murderous pestilence 
 seized you, for who would not mourn when the pros- 
 perity of his Fatherland sinks down, when the trumpet 
 of the Gospel, the courageous proclaim.er of the tnith in 
 the most flourishing, yea, the most hopeful age, is 
 silenced?" The danger which threatened his life was 
 so great that all hope was relinquished, and the report of 
 his death spread in Switzerland and Germany. The 
 monks rejoiced that the devil had fetched the heretic ; 
 yet tlieir rejoicing was soon silenced. 
 
 During his sickness he composed three hymns, which 
 are an evidence of his sincere piety, his childlike conii- 
 dence, that, even if he should die, God would not iet the 
 work perish which he had commenced, aud of humble 
 submission to His will. The language of his heart is ex- 
 cellent. Bullinger has preserved them in the history of
 
 DANGEKOÜS ILLKESS. 
 
 89 
 
 the Keforniation. In the tiret hjran, which he com- 
 posed in the beginning of his sickness, he asks God for 
 His dehvcrance, if it be His will ; if, however, He 
 would let him die in the middle of life, he was resigned ; 
 he was His creature, whom He could preserve or de- 
 stroy^ The second hymn he wrote in the middle of his 
 sickness, when it was most violent. The third hymn he 
 wrote when he was convalescent. He rejoiced that he 
 woul J. hereafter be able to labor in the service of Qoä. 
 
 BEGINNING.* 
 
 Lo ! at my door 
 Gaunt death I spy 
 
 Eear, Lord of life, 
 Thy creature's cry. 
 
 The arm that hnng 
 Upon the tree, 
 
 Jesus, ujjlift, 
 And rescue me. 
 
 Yet, if to quench 
 My sun at noon 
 
 Be Thy behest, 
 Thy will bo done ! 
 
 In faith and hope, 
 Earth I resign, 
 
 Secure of heaven, 
 For I am Thine. 
 
 Fierce grow my pains ; 
 
 Help, Lord, in haste ! 
 For flesh and heart 
 
 Are failing fast. 
 
 Clouds wrap my sight, 
 My tongue is dumb ; 
 
 Lord, tarry not, 
 The hour is come ! 
 
 In Satan's grasp. 
 
 On hell's dark brink, 
 My spirit reels : 
 
 Ah ! must I sink ? 
 
 No, Jesus, no 1 
 
 Him I defj^, 
 While here beneath 
 
 Thy cross I lie. 
 
 My father, God, 
 Behold me whole ! 
 
 Again on earth, 
 A living soul ! 
 
 Let sin no more 
 My breast aunov, 
 
 But till it. Lord, 
 With holy joy. 
 
 Though now delayed, 
 My hour must come, 
 
 Involved, perchance, 
 In deeper gloom. 
 
 It matters not : 
 
 Rejoicing yet, 
 I'll bear my yoke 
 
 To heaven's bright g£ 
 
 * From the English translation of Merle D'Aubigne's " History of 
 the Reformation." The German of Zwingli has there been followed, 
 and the original form and spirit of the poems well preserved.
 
 90 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIKQLI, 
 
 Before the breaking out of tlie plague, Zwingli was at 
 the mountain ravine, called Pfeffer's baths, near his 
 home, and therefore familiar to him, where he sought to 
 strengthen himself for the conflict with the plague, which 
 was advancing from the east. When he heard that 
 the plague had advanced to Zürich, he hastened to his 
 post in August, without calling to see his relative, Chris- 
 topher, the Abbot of St. John, in Toggenberg, who had 
 expected him. According . to the example of the Good 
 Shepherd, who givetli His life for the sheep, he, true to 
 liis preacliing, appeared in the midst of his parishioners, 
 and exposed himself daily to the danger of infection, by 
 fearlessly visiting those sick of the plague and bringing 
 them the consolations of the Gospel. This powerful 
 man, who confided in God, was allowed to do his duty 
 many weeks. 
 
 While the plague raged still more frightfully in 
 Zürich, and reached its highest stage of develop- 
 ment about the middle of September, his friends from 
 far and near looked with sympathy and astonishment 
 upon the brave champion of God, warning and pleading 
 that He would spare his precious life. Ho could and 
 would not think of his own preservation, so the plague 
 seized him too. Near unto death, he hfted his heart to 
 God, and found comfort and peace in his Saviour. The 
 three hymns quoted suffice to show us a Christian fully 
 ripe, enlightened, and sustained by the spirit of the Gos- 
 pel. He recovered, though very slowly. At the end of 
 the year his health was so fully restored that on Decem- 
 ber 31st he could write : ' ' Yesterday I finally laid aside 
 the last plaster of the plague-ulcer." By the grace of 
 God he had been preserved from death ; therefore he was 
 now the more determined to risk his life for the cause of 
 the Lord. He kept his word.
 
 CHAPTER XriL 
 
 TWO HOSTILE SCHEMES. 
 
 ZwEs^GLi liad scarcely recovered from liis sickness 
 when liis enemies began to work against liim openly. A 
 monk journeyed to Basel to have four sermons printed 
 against him for the suppression and refutation of the 
 new doctrine. As heretofore, Zwingli desired to carry 
 forward the work of the Reformation quietly and avoid 
 an utterly useless controversy. Therefore he applied to 
 Hedio, and requested him, in his name, to entreat Cardi- 
 nal-bishop Sch inner, of Sitten, who chanced to be just 
 then at Basel with the Provost, Felix Frei, that he 
 might prevent this publication. Upon the rej)resenta- 
 tions of the provost, the cardinal obtained the desired 
 interdiction from the bishop and Council at Basel. 
 " The cardinal loves you," Hedio wrote to Zwingli, 
 " and indeed honestly, for many reasons, but particu- 
 larly because you preach the Gospel, and have the cour- 
 age to tell the truth to people whose tender ears do not 
 like to hear it. He remembered yon on this occasion, 
 with great praise. Let therefore the outrageous con- 
 duct of this monk not disturb you ; proceed boldly, heed 
 not this shameless fellow ; he himself has prepared the 
 rod which will punish him. I know a pR,inter who will 
 depict this ravenous animal in lively colors. Capito will 
 take care at Strasburg that the press there is not stained 
 with the poison of his mouth." 
 
 The Vicar-general, Faber, who could not remain 
 ignorant of all this, still continued to be Zwingli's friend.
 
 d'Z THE LIFE OF ULKIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 December 1 8th, he declared to hnn in a letter his gvesA 
 joy for his recorery : ''I love you 80 heartily and 
 honestly that no greater sorrow could befall me than 
 to be obliged to hear, which may God prevent, a mis- 
 fortune happening unto you ; and on the other hand I 
 can have no greater joy than when I hear you are well 
 and happy. I think these sentiments toward you are in 
 accordance with justice. For you labor so unweariedly 
 upon the work of the Lord that I am convinced the 
 cause of Christianity would suffer no small loss if you 
 should get into danger." 
 
 From Luzerne Myooniiis wrote, December 28th, 
 1519, to Zwingli : " Our friends here say that both 
 of us alone are not able to support the religion of 
 Christ ; we should therefore be quiet, because our work 
 will be for the most part in vain. Again, our enemies 
 say our doctrine is of the devil, not of God." Zwingli 
 answered him : " You must learn more and more to re- 
 spect yourself, that you do not become excited by such 
 objections. How much such displeasure will injure 
 you, 1 know from my own experience. Your answer 
 receives my approval. Still I Vv'isli tliat these wilful 
 people might be attracted more by kindness and yielding 
 complaisance than carried away by violent strife. At 
 Zürich there are many people, more than 2000, to whom 
 indeed I still give milk, but who, because they have a 
 craving appetite, can soon bear strong food. I nmst con- 
 tinually contend with malicious men, iiot because my 
 character comes into contact with theirs, but because 
 they are bent u|)on persecuting Christ and the Gospel. 
 I am very much conceriied for the peace and the Father- 
 land, although my hope is constantly strengthened that 
 the present disorder will once give place to a far better 
 state of affairs."
 
 TWO HOSTILE SCHEMES. 93 
 
 When the calculation of the monk failed, to have a 
 refutation of the new doctrine which Zwingli preached 
 printed in four sermons, liis opponents sought to ap- 
 proach him from another direction. The Church 
 archives at Zürich contain an original document, without 
 date, which in the name of several canons was handed to 
 Zwingli, and in which twenty-one points were cen- 
 sured, whicli he was said to have taught from the pulpit, 
 and for which, he deserved a reprimand. It is composed 
 in true monkish Latin, and abounds in lies and misrepre- 
 sentations. 
 
 They charge him that he suppresses customs of 
 the Church, instituted for the honor of God and the 
 saints ; that he does not, like his predecessors in 
 office, dihgently exhort the people to the payment of 
 tithes ; that he falsely affirms the festival of John, of 
 Paul, and of the 10,000 martyrs, to be an invention of 
 the priests ; that he despises Corpus Christi day, the pro- 
 cessions on that day, and changes of dress after the 
 mass ; the indulgences at this festival, and the celebration 
 of the mass itself ; that, contrary to the opinion of the 
 lawyers, he affirms the Pope, who alone besides the em- 
 peror is regarded as sovereign, to be no sovereign. 
 Secrets intrusted to him he reveals in the pulpit, dis- 
 closing names ; therefore he must be commanded to stop 
 preaching. At the same time Provost Felix Frei sent 
 him a document of similar import, only, as it appears, 
 more compreliensive, and supported by proofs. It can 
 easily be imagined what Zwingli thought and felt while 
 reading these two documents. In a letter to Myconius, 
 February 20th, 1520, he says concerning them : " The 
 Provost expressed a part of his displeasure against him, 
 and indeexl in writing, that it might not be forgotten, 
 by a letter, wherein he asserts tlie tithes M-ere appointed
 
 :94 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 by God for the priests, •wliieh assertion Zwingli publicly 
 refuted in Latin ; he further instructs him that it is not 
 always best to speak the truth, because he is of the opin- 
 ion that the priests must not be slandered ; aftenvard 
 he touches on questions of law, and admonishes him not 
 to place weapons against the clergy in the hands of the 
 laity. And all this the sly little man writes, he says, as 
 a friendly w^arning. Since Utinger, who advised peace, 
 could effect nothing, I went to him and explained the 
 whole matter, and the causes of my dissatisfaction, and 
 asked him hereafter ]iot to transmit in writing what he 
 could tell me verbally, particularly such weak reasons, 
 which would certainly not win me to his side. These 
 were principally taken from the paj^al law, and he had 
 so perverted the Holy Scriptures that the authors would 
 not have recognized them." 
 
 It was natural that the papists began to consider Zwingli 
 as their enemy, who was in earnest about his separation 
 from Rome. Likewise they believed that they must 
 hinder their enemy in his efforts against the Romish 
 priesthood, and if necessary, not only oppress but render 
 him harmless forever. Yet, considering the powerful 
 city, and Switzerland in general, a sudden attack was 
 not allowable at present. The calumniation of his per- 
 son and the new doctrines he preached was at present all 
 that could be done against him, in part verbally, and 
 with the assistance of the press. Besides, they secretly 
 brought it to pass that the Council, to a previous resolu- 
 tion allowing common priests and preachers in city and 
 country everywhere to preach the Holy Gospels and 
 Epistles, added a decree that nothing dare be preached 
 against the monks. Then the Council had Zwingli 
 brought into the house of the provost, where the 
 burgomaster, in the presence of the officers of the mon-
 
 TWO HOSTILE SCHEMES. 95 
 
 astery, commanded that hereafter nothing should be 
 preaclied that would disturb the public peace. Never- 
 theless Zwingli arose and said : " 1 cannot receive 
 this command ; I will preach the Gospel free and un- 
 restrained, as it had been formerly resolved." Then the 
 Council was compelled to yield, in spite of the monks, 
 since it was bound by its own resolution. So much 
 the more did the monks rage, and the monasteries were 
 the meeting-places of all who hated Zwingli and the 
 Gospel. Yet Zwingli continued bravely but prudently 
 on the way of his calling unto the end.
 
 CHAPTER • XIV. 
 
 FIKST FKUITS OF HIS LABOK. 
 
 Since Zwingli found tlie pastor's assistants, who were 
 in Zürich at the beginning of ]iis ministry, to be very un- 
 skilfnl persons, who refused to assist him, lie took as 
 helpers two vigilant young men, George Staeheli and 
 Henry Lueti. This was a proof of the zeal with which 
 he endeavored to promote the cause of the Gospel, of the 
 certainty with which he strove constantly to press toward 
 the appointed goal, and of the courage which filled his 
 soul for the welfare of the Fatherland. These two as- 
 sistants he took into his house and to his table, that he 
 could at all times employ them in the service of the Gos- 
 -pel. 
 
 During the first two years he read mass ; and all 
 the remaining duties of hia ofiice, according to the pre- 
 vailing custom, were incumbent on him. They assisted 
 him to perform the laborious duties of the large parish, 
 which embraced the greater half of the city and the sur- 
 rounding villages, whereby he gained more time to pre- 
 pare his sermons, which were so indispensably necessary, 
 because until the year 1521 he was the only preacher in 
 Zürich and Switzerland who proclaimed the pure doc- 
 trine. In all his sermons he insisted that his hearers 
 should confine themselves entirely to the written Word 
 of God, believe what accorded with it, and reject the re- 
 mainder. He said this with such power, plainness, ajid 
 persuasion that the Council commanded the pastors of its
 
 FIRST FRUITS OF HIS LABOR. 97 
 
 district to preach from tlie ISIew Testament in like 
 manner, and prove their doctrine only from the Bible, 
 but omit innovations and human inventions, Zwingli, 
 with increased courage, with deep gratitude toward 
 God, and with uninterrupted faithfulness, clung to the 
 hteral meaning of the resolution. He believed that 
 errors will disappear of their own accord, when the 
 necessary knowledge of the "Word of God is attained, 
 and avoided every violent interference. Such a course 
 could produce only the best results for himself, the 
 Church, and the Fatherland, since his conduct hitherto, 
 under the most unfavorable circumstances, showed in 
 him the man who had come to Zürich for this under- 
 taking, not of his own accord, but as sent by the Lord. 
 With this resolution of the Council, which had been se- 
 cured through the influence of Zwingli, Zürich, upon 
 which the eyes of all the Swiss who honored the Word 
 of God were turned, had taken not only an important 
 but the chief step in the reconstruction of the Church, 
 her doctrine and customs. 
 
 There was joy far and wide on account of this reso- 
 lution of the Council, and the rapid, fearless progress 
 of Zwingli. The example which Züi-ich thereby gave 
 to the rest of Switzerland had a blessed effect even 
 beyond its borders. From Paris Glarean wrote, July 
 7th : "I surmise that Zürich will soon be equal to many 
 a university ; for this it is indebted to you and your 
 unwearied industry." From Constance, Sebastian Hof- 
 meister wrote to Zwingli, September 17th: "I under- 
 stand that you continue to preach the truth. I praise 
 your steadfastness and incorruptibility. Would to God 
 I could be your assistant, especially in Zürich, that when 
 that part of our blessed Fatherland will have been healed, 
 the same good- fortune may befall the remainder."
 
 98 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 Scaicely was that far-reaching order of the Coun- 
 cil issued to the preachers and common priests in 
 city and country, when a second resohition foilovved, 
 June 17th, which would have been adopted as little 
 there, without Zwiugli's blessed influence, as at strange 
 places, where he was not known. The Chapter of 
 Canons unanimously resol^,^ed that the old register of 
 festivals, completed in the year 12G0 (which, as the 
 record says, on account of the multitude of festival 
 and fast days introduced and adopted by our ances- 
 tors and ourselves, could by no means be completely fol- 
 lowed), be exchanged for an improved one — a resolu- 
 tion which is another glorious evidence that Zwingli 
 was not rash, but sought only gradually to introduce the 
 desired improvements. An important step was gained, 
 since the canons not only saw, but also admitted, that 
 by the enormous multitude of holidays an intolerable 
 burden had been imposed upon the people ; and it was 
 still more important that, without consulting the spiritual 
 authorities, they took courage, on their own responsibil- 
 ity, to lessen the burden, whose entire removal vrould 
 have been premature. 
 
 Still it must have been very encouraging to Zwingli 
 that the clergy had fallen in with his ideas ; among 
 whom Henry Ulinger was the most prominent and 
 courageous, who also, in letters to their mutual friends, 
 praised Zwingli' s firmness and determination. Such 
 first-fruits are so much the more precious, since he had 
 two parties as enemies, which attacked him with equal 
 zeal — the pensioners of foreign princes and the higher 
 and lower clergy, whose intentions became daily more 
 evident. Naturally Zwingli wished to be surrounded 
 by men united to him by equal courage and similar 
 sentiments, who would help him to bear the burden
 
 i-IRST FRUITS OF HIS LABOR. 99 
 
 which was constantly growing heavier, and to contend 
 with the daily accumulating hindrances, as well as to 
 preserve what had already been acquired. 
 
 In whatever direction he turned his eyes, he jould 
 nowhere find a man so fully qualified as his youth- 
 ful friend and follower in Einsiedeln, Leo Juda. "With- 
 out informing him of his purpose, he wroto to him 
 about two years later, May 22d, 1522 : " Next Sun- 
 day a monk of Riiti will read the first mass at St. 
 Peter's. It seems advisable that you preach the ser- 
 mon. Therefore come to me on Saturday, that you can 
 preach to the people the following morning. This will 
 serve our purpose excellently. "VVe must occasionally 
 do something that is by no means agreeable, in order 
 afterward to reach what we earnestly desire. When 
 you come, Ave will have much to talk about." Leo 
 came, preached several times, and pleased the congrega- 
 tion, which, according to its unlimited right of election, 
 chose him as its pastor on Sunday before Whitsuntide. 
 What Zwingli expected from this new assistant, he says, 
 in a letter to Myconius, dated August 26th : " Soon the 
 lion, with his powerful voice and heart inflamed for the 
 right, will be here, who indeed is small of stature, but 
 full of undaunted courage." 
 
 About eight months later Leo Juda settled in Zürich, 
 and so fully met the expectations of Zwingli that a 
 large part of the success in the preservation and ex- 
 tension of the Reformation may be ascribed to his 
 faithful zeal and constant activity. What Zwingli en- 
 deavored to secure for the Lord he obtained. The 
 fear of the Lord animated him, therefore the blessing 
 of the Lord followed him everywhere. The purpose 
 of the Lord prospered in his hands. All who, far and 
 near, longed for the blessings of Zürich looked and
 
 100 THE XIFE OF ULRIC ZWINQLI. 
 
 listened to him, and received courage and etrengtli, 
 counsel and consolation from him. Wherever the Ref- 
 ormation penetrated after protracted conflicts, or was 
 suppressed by the united efforts of the 2")nests and pen- 
 sioners, Zwingli was regarded by friends and enemies as 
 the head and principal supporter of the Reformation. 
 
 1
 
 CIIAPTEE XY. 
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZUBICH, AND TIIEIE CONSEQUENCES. 
 
 The constantly growing respect wliicli accompanied 
 the reformatory labors of Zwingli disturbed the mul- 
 titude of rude monks. They sought that they might 
 find. But when Zwingli, in a sermon on 1 Tim. 4 : 1-5, 
 proved that the Lenten rules, as they were prescrib- 
 ed by the Church, had no foundation in the Holy 
 Scriptures, and some without consulting Zwingli ate 
 meat during Lent, 1522, the monks thought they had at 
 last found the long-sought-for opportunity to destroy 
 Zwingli's influence. Zwingli's sermon on the institu- 
 tions of men and the eating of meat were reported to 
 the bishop at Constance, who thereupon sent three am- 
 bassadors to the Council of Zürich. Zwingli's enemies 
 rejoiced greatly when they arrived, and many friends of 
 the courageous witness were apprehensive. 
 
 The Council recei ved the embassy with great solemnity. 
 Only with difficulty did the citizens of Zürich succeed in 
 obtaining permission that Zwingli v/ith two colleagues 
 might be present during the proceedings. Tho suifragan 
 bishop stated his charges in general terms, without 
 naming Zwingli, and wished to depart immediately. But 
 Zwingli compelled him to listen to his defence, and 
 proved clearly from the authority of the Holy Script- 
 ures that there was no Divine law to bo honored in tho 
 Lenten rules, that the relinquishing of this statute was 
 absolutely no rebellion against the government, as the
 
 103 THE LIFE OP ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 bishop had asserted, and that Zürich, since the adoption of 
 the new doctrine, was the most peaceable city in Switz- 
 erland. " I am also justly astonished," said Zwingh, 
 " that though I have been a preacher in the Diocese of 
 Constance for sixteen years, the bishop never sent an 
 embassy to ascertain the condition of faith and godli- 
 ness in my congregations. But when the external order 
 is violated only a trifle, they üil the world vvuth charges 
 and cries that Zürich has departed from the Church of 
 the faithful." 
 
 In conclusion, he declared he did not wish fasting 
 to be forbidden, but eating to be allowed ; if any one 
 really fasted in faith, he would rather that such a 
 one do it during the whole year than not at all. This 
 bold language and fearless bearing of the faithful witness 
 impressed the embassy of the Bishop of Constance so 
 powerfully that it silently withdrew. Wanner, the 
 cathedral preacher, one of the three sent by the bishop, 
 was so convinced of the truth that he afteru^ard became 
 a true servant of the Gospel. Concerning these three 
 ambassadors, Zwingli, at the end of May, wrote as follows 
 to Myconius : " The bishop sent his substitute, Mel- 
 chior Yattli, Doctor of Theology ; John Wanner, and 
 Doctor Breudli, to Zürich. Here also the best was in the 
 middle, for both ends were worm-eaten." Zwingli 
 himself prejjared a detailed report of tlie happy result of 
 this embassy in a letter to his friend, Erasmus Fabrizius, 
 who was then in his native city. Stein on the Rhine. 
 This report proves that the coadjutor bishop, Yattli, who 
 played the principal j^art, sought to overthrow Zwingli 
 deceitfully, because he was afraid to risk an open attack. 
 
 The three ambassadors of the bishop arrived in Zürich 
 in the afternoon of April Ytli. Only late in the even- 
 ing Zwingli, who knew they were coming and was
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZÜKICH. 103 
 
 curious to hear what tliej proj)osed to do, learned from 
 his assistant, Lueti, that a notary had invited all the 
 priests to assemble in the chapter-room of the preben- 
 daries early the next morning. Here the vice-bishop, 
 Yattli, April 8th, delivered a discourse, whose contents 
 can easily be inferred from Zwingli's reply. He spoke 
 very violently, arrogantly, and provokingly, but without 
 mentioning Zwingli's name, although the whole address 
 applied only to him. 
 
 When he had linished, Zwingli arose, because he con- 
 sidered it disgraceful to allow this address, which could 
 do so much mischief, to remain unanswered, especially 
 since he saw by the pale faces and sighs of several 
 priests, whom he had lately gained for the Gospel, that 
 tbey were greatly terrified. The ambassadors of the 
 bishop, who discovered tbat they could accomplish 
 nothing here, turned immediately to the Lower Coun- 
 cil, where the bishop delivered the same discourse, 
 without mentioning Zwingli's name. In the beginning 
 it had been determined that the matter should be post- 
 poned vrithout citing Zwingli, because they had nothing 
 to do with him. In all the other cantons Zwingli's bit- 
 terest enemies were among the members of the Lower 
 Council, and so it seemed to have been here. The 
 friends of Zwingli in the Lower Council brought it to 
 pass that the matter Vv'as laid before the Upper Council 
 the following day, but Zvfingli and his two assistant 
 priests were not cited. He exerted himself to the ut- 
 most to gain admission for himself and his two colleagues, 
 but in vain. He was resigned, and committed all to God. 
 
 The Upper Council met April 9th, but immediate- 
 ly expressed its dissatisfaction that the pastors could not 
 be heard. The Lower Council wished to maintain its reso- 
 lution adopted on the previous day, but was necessitated
 
 104 TIIK LIFE OK ULFvIC ZWINGLi. 
 
 to allow an investigation. Then it ^vas decided that 
 three city pastoi's, who in regard to the question of Lent 
 were of a different opinion, shonld be present ! Zwin- 
 gli, Engelhardt, and Rösclüi entered the council-cham- 
 ber. The vice-bishop began to speak. Zwingli had 
 his tablets in his hand, and noted the principal points, 
 that he might be able to answer them, Zwingli, as 
 already observed, was victorious. The bishop and the 
 old faith lost more than they gained by this discussion. 
 It was generally remarked at Zurich that the deputies 
 would never more collect their defeated forces or en- 
 gage in a conflict with success ; true, it was also said, on 
 the other hand, that Zwingli wrote to Myconius, " They 
 arm themselves a new ; but I do not fear them." Since 
 the matter of fasting was now publicly disposed of, he 
 issued, April 16th, the first j^rinted work with his name 
 attached about fasting, in which he shows that no person 
 will be saved by the deeds of the law. " God Himself 
 gave the law only that we might thereby learn our sin- 
 fulness and seek grace alone in Christ, and after Christ 
 has delivered us from all sin by His death, we are also 
 in baptism delivered from all human institutions. In 
 short, do you wish to fast, do it, but leave Christians 
 free, for the eating of flesh is not forbidden by any 
 Divine law. If, however, your neighbor is injured or 
 offended by your eating, you should not do it, unless 
 compelled, till the weak in the faith are strengthened." 
 JSIotwithstanding the rapidity with which he composed 
 this as well as the most of his pamphlets, it is written 
 with such eloquence and precision of expression, with 
 such moderation a,nd prudence, that it could not miss its 
 aim, to satisfy and convince the minds that a moderate 
 use of freedom could not be condemned either by God 
 or reasonable men.
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT zUllICH. 105 
 
 Tliis excellent pamphlet of Zwingli was most favor- 
 ably received in the whole province of Zürich and in 
 other places. The sensation which it produced must 
 have been 230werful, for the Bishop of Constance was 
 compelled to issue a pastoral letter to all the priests 
 and laity of his diocese. It is dated May 2d, and 
 contains twenty theses, written in a venomous tone and 
 with odious insinuations concerning the new doctrine, 
 which he had better not have written. Toward the 
 close of the year Zwingli published for the peojjle a 
 printed refutation of this pastoral letter, containing the 
 bishop's twenty theses together with comments. Mean- 
 while the delegation had returned to Constance from 
 Zürich and handed the reply of the Council to the 
 bishop ; but it did not meet his approbation. The 
 bishop directed a new Latin letter to the Provost and 
 Chapter at Zürich, in which he calls upon them to be- 
 ware of the poison of the new doctrine, and expressed 
 the hope that the scabby sheep in Zürich would finally 
 be thrust out. 
 
 "When this letter was read in the meeting of the 
 Chapter, the canons all silently looked at Zwingli, 
 who immediately arose and said : "I see from your 
 countenances that you all believe this letter is direct- 
 ed against me. I am of the same opinion ; therefore 
 I desire that it be delivered to me. With the help of 
 God I will answer it, that every one may see the de- 
 ceit of these people and the exact truth." The letter 
 was given to him, and he answered it likewise in Latin, 
 in a long publication, which bears the title " Archet- 
 eles," because he hoped, as he expressed himself in the 
 dedication to the bishop, that as this was his first re- 
 joinder, it would also be his last, and terminate all strife 
 with his opponents. But he was disappointed.
 
 106 THE LIFE OF ULKIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 About tlie same time that lie wrote Archeteles he also 
 composed other pamphlets, in which he praised the 
 reconciliation by the blood of Christ. In one of these 
 pamphlets he thus prays : " dear Jesus, Thou seest 
 how the ears of Thy people are closed by wicked trai- 
 tors and selfish men. Thou knowest also that I from my 
 childhood have avoided every strife, and that Thou art He 
 who dost always lead me again into strife. Upon Thee 
 I confidently call, that Tliou wilt finish what Thou hast 
 begun. Have I built anything that is wrong, overthrow 
 it by Thy Almighty hand. Have 1 laid any other 
 foundation than Thee, destroy it. O precious Jesus, 
 forsake me not. Thou hast promised to be with us to 
 the end of the world." 
 
 The bishop, provoked by his hitherto unsuccessful 
 efforts, turned to the Diet, in which the majority were 
 friends of the Pope and people Avho took pay from foreign 
 princes. Here the resolution was easily passed, that in 
 the name of the Confederation, j^reachers who caused dis- 
 turbances should be forbidden to preach. Likewise the 
 new sermons should be forbidden. In all things the old 
 customs should be upheld. The Diet, which was in ses- 
 sion in Baden, immmediately wrote to Zürich and Basel 
 exhorting them to prohibit the publication of the new 
 books. Everytliing was in a state of fermentation ; a 
 final decision of these matters was everywhere desired. 
 Zwiugli resolved in the name of God to bring about this 
 decision by desiring the Council to allow a jjublic discus- 
 sion, in which he would justify himself and vindicate 
 the cause of the Gospel. 
 
 After a protracted consideration the Upper Council 
 resolved on Saturday after the circumcision of Christ, 
 the first week in the year 1523, that all preachers and 
 the remaining clergy in its province should appear in
 
 GREAT DiSCUSSION-S" AT ZURICH. 107 
 
 the coimcil-liall at Ziiricli January 29th, and every one 
 should express, in the German language, his opinions 
 concerning the disputed points by quotations from the 
 Holy Scriptures. In pursuance of the resolution, not 
 only the Bishop of Constance was invited, but also the 
 deputies of the Confederation assembled at Baden were 
 ■requested to send their learned men and priests to 
 Zürich. The Bishop of Constance sent a delegation, 
 but tlie Confederates were indifferent and even prohibit- 
 ed their delegates from going to Zürich. Schaffhausen 
 sent Dr. Sebastian Hofmeister { Dr. Sebastian Meyer 
 came from Berne ; no person appeared from Basel. Be- 
 fore the discussion Zwingli had sixty-seven theses, on ac- 
 count of which he had been declared a heretic, printed 
 on a quarto sheet. Every one should know what pointf 
 were to be discussed. The size of this book does not al- 
 low the eimmeration of all the sixty-seven articles, but 
 several are given : 
 
 1. All who say the Gospel is naught, without the a-p- 
 proval of the Church, err and slander God. 2. Briefly, 
 the Gospel is that our Lord Jesus Christ, true Son of 
 God, revealed to us the will of our heavenly Father, and 
 redeemed us from death and reconciled us to God. 3. 
 Therefore Christ is the only way of salvation for all who 
 ever lived, now live, or will hereafter live. 4. He who 
 seeks or shows any other door, errs ; yea, is a murderer 
 of souls and a thief. 6. For Christ is the guide and 
 captain, promised and given by God to the whole human 
 race. 7. That He is the eternal salvation and head of 
 all believers, who are His body, which is dead, and can 
 do nothing without Him. 16. In the Gospel we learn 
 that human doctrines and institutions are useless for sal- 
 vation. IT. That Christ is the only, eternal high priest ; 
 wherefore we conclude that they who have pretended to
 
 108 THE LIFE OF ÜLRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 be liigli priests resist the honor and power of Christ, 
 yea, reject them. 18. That Christ, who offered Him- 
 self once, is forever a perfect and satisfactory sacrifice 
 for the sins of all believers ; from which we conclude that 
 the mass is no sacrifice. 19, That Christ is the only 
 mediator between God and man. 50. God forgives sins 
 only for the sake of Jesus Christ, His Son, our Lord. 
 51. He who ascribes this to a creature robs God of His 
 honor and gives it to Him who is not God : this is real 
 idolatry. 57. The genuine Holy Scriptures know of no 
 purgatory after this life. 58. The judgment as touch- 
 ing the departed is known only to God. 61. The Holy 
 Scriptures know nothing of the ordination, which the 
 priests have lately invented. 62. They also recognize 
 no priests, except those who proclaim the "Word of God. 
 
 Zwingli's introduction was as follows: "I, Ulric 
 Zwingli, acknowledge to have preached in the estimable 
 city of Zürich the following sixty-seven articles upon 
 the authority of the Scriptures, which is Theopneusios, 
 i.e. inspired, and offer to defend and prove these articles 
 by the same ; if, however, I have not rightly understood 
 said Scriptures, to learn a better interpretation, but only 
 from the Holy Scriptures mentioned." At the end of 
 it he said : " Let no one undertake to contend with 
 sophistry or idle talk, but come, allowing the Scriptures 
 to be the judge (the Scriptures breathe the Spirit of 
 Uod), that he may either find the truth, or if he, as 1 
 hope, has already found it, may retain it. Amen. God 
 grant it." 
 
 On Thursday, January 29th, 1523, early in the morn- 
 ing, more than 600 citizens and strangers were assembled 
 in the large council-hall at Zürich, among whom was 
 also the deputation of the bishop, consisting of the 
 Knight Fritz Jacob von Anwyl, the bishop's steward ;
 
 GREAT DISCUSSION'S AT ZURICH. 109 
 
 the vicar-general, John Faber ; Doctor Yengerhans and 
 Doctor Martin Blansch, of Tübingen, besides other 
 learned and prominent men. Even from foreign lands 
 and universities ecclesiastical and civil lords had come 
 to hear the discussion. The burgomaster, Marx Roust, 
 arose first and stated the reason why this discussion had 
 been announced, and that Dr. Ulric Zwingli was readj to 
 give an account of his doctrine. Whoever wished to 
 complain could speak frankly and without fear of pun- 
 ishment. He thanked the friends present, particularly 
 the delegation of the Bishop of Constance, that they had 
 accepted the invitation of the Council. Hereu]3on 
 Anwyl answered : " The bishop knows and feels the vari- 
 ous dissensions that exist in his whole diocese ; he and 
 his colleagues had been sent to speak kindly of these 
 matters, and if possible to make peace." In the centre 
 of the hall Zwingli sat alone at a table, on which lay the 
 Bible, in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. It 
 was his beloved book, with which he was remarkably 
 well acquainted. He arose and delivered a short address 
 to the assembly : " For a long time," he said, " the 
 Word of God has been so arbitrarily su2)pressed by 
 human institutions that salvation was sought in these 
 things, although our salvation, our comfort, and happi- 
 ness exist not in our merit, nor in external works, but in 
 Jesus Christ our only Saviour, concerning whom our 
 heavenly Father bore witness that we should hear him as 
 His beloved Son. When this doctrine is again brought 
 forward, it is condemned by many as heretical. Thia 
 also happens to me. I am violently accused, throughout 
 the whole Confederation, of being a deceiver and a 
 heretic. Of this I complained to the honorable Council 
 at Zürich, and desired that it would grant me the privi- 
 lege of holding a discussion before learned and unlearned
 
 110 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 men, also before the Bishop of Constance, or his depn- 
 ties ; yes, I am even ready, with a letter of safe- conduct, 
 to appear in the city of Constance. I thank the honor- 
 able Council meanAvhile for the arrangement of this dis- 
 cussion, for which I have brought my doctrine in sixty- 
 seven articles, that every one may see what I have 
 taught, and if I err, may correct me. Whoever imag- 
 ines that my doctrine and sermons are heretical, I prom- 
 ise to answer him kindly and without any ill-will. 
 Kow, in the name of God proceed. Here I am," 
 
 Then the bishop's vicar-general arose and endeavored 
 to frustrate the object of the discussion in the very be- 
 ginning, by declaring that as a deputy and servant of his 
 gracious lord of Constance he would not undertake to de- 
 bate here. He thought such matters should be brought 
 before a council, and if anything would be determined 
 here what would other nations, France, Spain, and Italy, 
 say. Therefore he repeated: "I am not here to 
 debate." 
 
 Zwingli inteiTupted : " The honorable lord deputy 
 OSes all kinds of arts to dissuade you from your pur- 
 pose. He says he is not willing to debate about old 
 and laudable customs of the Church. We do not ask 
 how long they have existed, bat whether they be the 
 truth ; for the papal law itself says usage must give 
 way to truth. He says further, such matters should be 
 brought before a council or settled by a large assembly. 
 I ask him whether this present assembly is not also a 
 large Christian assembly, in which there are many godly 
 pastors, many doctors, and many friends of God. 
 Formerly the bishops were only pastors, not mighty 
 ruling prelates. Christ says : ' Where two or three are 
 gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst 
 ■of them.' It matters not what other nations will say ;
 
 ÖREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZÜRICH. Ill 
 
 if they liear the truth, they will be satisfied. . . . We 
 do not need the universities and people in general for 
 our judges ; we have the Holy Scriptures, which cannot 
 lie or deceive, in three languages : this is the only true 
 judge. Therefore let no one delay nor draw back. 
 Especially you gracious lords of the Council, proceed con- 
 fidently to protect the truth of the "Word of God." 
 
 A long silence ensued : not a sound was heard. Then 
 the burgomaster said : "Is there any jjerson here who has 
 anytliing to say ? Let him speak." But no one replied. 
 
 Then Zwingli arose again and said : "1 ask you, 
 for the sake of Christian love and truth, that you 
 come forward and refute me, if I am wrong. If you 
 do it not, I will mention the names of those who have 
 accused me of heresy. But I warn you beforehand, for 
 it is more honorable to appear unchallenged. ' ' This he 
 repeated a second and a third time. 
 
 The Abbot of Kappel, Wolfgang Joner, then asked : 
 *' Where are the persons who intend to burn us at the 
 stake ? Let them come forward." All were silent. 
 
 Then Jacob Wegner, the pastor of Nestenbach, said : 
 " Less than a year ago our gracious lord of Constance 
 issued a mandate that the traditions of the Church 
 should be observed, whereupon Urban Weiss, the jDastor 
 of Fislispach, was seized. Since no one will speak in 
 opposition to Dr. Ulric's sixty-seven articles, whicn are 
 against tradition, I hope we are now exempt from the 
 bishop's mandate, so that we may freely preach the 
 pure Word of God. It may also be inferred that too 
 much severity was used toward the pastor of Fislis- 
 pach. I say this simply that I may receive good advice 
 concerning this mandate." 
 
 The vicar-general was in a dilemma. Now he must 
 speak ; but he spoke very unadvisedly. God so ordered
 
 11-2 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINQLI. 
 
 it that lie suggested a question for discussion, by boasting 
 that lie convinced an evangelical pastor, wlio had been 
 brought to Constance a prisoner, that according to the 
 testimony of the Holy Scriptures, the saints had 
 already been invoked under the old covenant. Zwingli 
 quickly seized the Bible : " "Without doubt God so 
 ordered it," he said, "that the vicar-general touched 
 the article concerning the invocation and intercession of 
 the saints. This article is not the least important among 
 those with which I am reproached. I know that what I 
 preach is the true doctrine of the Holy Scriptures, that 
 Christ Jesus is our only Saviour, and mediator between 
 us and His heavenly Father. Since the vicar-general 
 publicly boasted that he convinced the jJastor of FisHs- 
 pach of error, with jDassages from Genesis and Exodus, 
 Ezekiel and Baruch, I ask him, and 1 demand nothing 
 more, than that he mention the chapters and passages 
 of the Holy Scriptures with which he convinced the 
 said pastor. If I have erred, I am willing to be convinced 
 of my ignorance." 
 
 The matter now depended upon verses of the Holy 
 Scriptures, referring to this subject. Faber was pain- 
 fully embarrassed. He could mention none. " I see 
 very well, dear sirs, that I have the worst of the argu- 
 ment. I am reminded of what the wise man says : 
 'The fool is easily caught in his words.' I am to 
 blame for my folly, in attempting to speak, although I 
 had distinctly said I did not wish to debate. Since, 
 however. Dr. Ulric has challenged me, I answer in 
 reply : Many hundred years ago, heretics apj3cared, 
 who also said the invocation and intercession of the 
 saints, purgatory, and the like things, were nothing. 
 These were brought before the councils of the fathers 
 and then condemned.' *
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIOlfS AT ZURICH. 113 
 
 Zwingli answered : " Sir Yicar, further digression 
 is unnecessary. Show us, I beg you, the passages of 
 the Holy Scriptures with wliicli you convinced the 
 pastor of Fislispach of error. Answer in simple and 
 plain language : there and there it is recorded ; then 
 we will refer to the passages, and see whether it 
 is so ; such a long speech is unnecessary. We no 
 longer respect the fathers and councils unless they prove 
 their matters from the Holy ScrijDtures. Everybody 
 knows that councils have contradicted one another." 
 Faber sought to use artifice. Zwingli, however, held 
 him to the question, by again demanding the specifica- 
 tion of those passages which allow the intercession of 
 saints. " These you must show us in the Holy Script- 
 ures ; all else is idle talk." 
 
 Faber finally answered : *' Since then all my words 
 are unprofitable and trifling, I will gladly be still." 
 Doctor Blansch of Tübingen arose, but only to repeat 
 what Faber had said. Then Sebastian Hofmeister ex- 
 horted the Council to proceed valiantly with the Word of 
 God, because there was no one present who could advance 
 anything better. The burgomaster again challenged any- 
 one who felt so disposed to advance his opinion. AL 
 were silent. The assembly was dismissed. 
 
 The Council tarried, and adopted the following reso- 
 lution, which was read in the afternoon session : " The 
 sword with w^liich the pastor of Fislispach was slain 
 will not make its appearance. Since Dr. Ulric Zwingli, 
 canon and preacher in the cathedral at Zürich, has often 
 been secretly calumniated and abused on account of his 
 doctrine ; and since upon his offer and the publication 
 of his sixty-seven articles no one confronted him or 
 ventured to convince him of error from the Divine 
 Word, although he thrice challenged those wlio up-
 
 114 THE LIFE OF ULEIC ZWIKGLI. 
 
 braided him vriih being a heretic ; since no one cou- 
 vinccd him of heresy in his doctrine, the above-men- 
 tioned burgomaster's Lower and Upper Council of the 
 city of Zürich, to remove disturbance and discord, after 
 mature consideration, resolved, and it is their earnest 
 opinion, that Dr. Ulric Zwingli shall continue to preach 
 according to the Spirit of God and the best of his abil- 
 ity, the Holy Gospel and the pure Divine Word. Wo 
 also command all other common priests, pastors, and 
 preachers in our city and province to teach and preach, 
 publicly nothing but what they find to agree with the 
 Holy Gospel and what can bo proved from it. They shall 
 also in no maimer in the future abuse, accuse of heresy, 
 or reproach one another. Whoever disobeys shall be 
 made to see and feel that he did wrong. Done in the 
 city of Zürich, January 29th, 1523." 
 
 After this resolution of the Councils had been read in 
 the afternoon session, Zwingli arose at his table, visibly 
 affected and full of divine joy, and spoke of the glorious 
 victory of the Word of God : " God be praised, who will 
 have His holy Word reign in heaven and on earth. He, 
 the almighty, eternal God, will, I doubt not, grant you, 
 my lords, the power on other occasions to maintain the 
 Word of God, the Holy Gospel, in your canton, and pro- 
 mote the preaching of the same. Do not doubt that the 
 almighty and the eternal God will in other ways reward 
 you for this. Amen." 
 
 After Zwingli had openly preached the i^ure Word 
 of God since 150Ö in Glarus, still plainer and more 
 fearlessly since 1510 in Einsiedeln, and labored especial- 
 ly upon the Reformation of the Church since 1519, 
 60 by the issue of this great discussion in Zürich a new 
 and highly important foundation-stone was laid in the 
 vigorous and constantly extending work of the Swiss
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZURICH. 115 
 
 Reformation. In Zurich and in tlie province a free 
 and unobstructed path was opened for the Gospel, 
 and other cantons were encouraged to honor the Gospel 
 more decidedly. For in external matters not even the 
 smallest changes had yet been made. In Zürich 
 the mass was still read, they confessed and baptized 
 according to the old custom, and the ch arches were 
 adorned with the j^ictures of the saints. In the public 
 service the Latin language, though miintelligible to the 
 people, was still used. Since, according to Zwingli's well- 
 considered ])]&!!, all improvements in religious matters 
 among the people and the learned should proceed from 
 a conviction produced by proofs, so he by his teaching 
 aimed at the removal of the still existing abuses. The 
 removal itself must follow, although proceeding slowly 
 and prudently. 
 
 In the same year, 1523, the German language was 
 introduced in the public service, the Latin being remov- 
 ed. Zwingli prepared a baptismal formula in German, 
 wherein he omitted the exorcism, the salt, the sign 
 of the cross, and other additions ; and on the 10th of 
 August the first child was baptized in the cathedral 
 according to the new form. This new forai produced 
 inch surprise and joy that soon an entirely German 
 liturgy was introduced. 
 
 1 Zwingli was fully convinced that the existing external 
 forms of public service should be changed. To this ho 
 livas impelled by the incojisiderate conduct of a fanatical 
 l^oung man, Ludwig Hetzer, whose sentiments agreed 
 ivith Carlstadt and Münzer, also in many respects with 
 ;he Anabaptists, and who became Zwingli's bitterest 
 pnemy. He, in his premature zeal and full of wild fire, 
 printed in September, 1523, a pamphlet against the 
 Images, which was eagerly read by the people. Au
 
 110 TUi; Lll-E OF L'LRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 otherwise pious citizen, named Hettinger, became so ex- 
 cited by this pamphlet that lie overthi'ew a crucifix 
 standing in Stadelliof, a suburb of Zürich, and with 
 the permission of the owner gave the wood to the poor. 
 The government arrested him ; the people became 
 excited, and took Ilottinger's part. It was high time 
 to interpose with instruction and order. Zwingli next 
 printed a pamphlet on images, in which he first of all 
 declared that no one had a right to remove the images 
 except the government, and that it was ill-advised 
 to remove them forcibly, without previous instruction. 
 "The child will not leave the bench, " he wrote, "till 
 you have given him a ehair to support himself, before 
 he is able to walk. So you must not be too much 
 in haste to remove the images and idols from those 
 who ai'e not instructed in the GosjDel, until faith in 
 the one true God has been impressed upon their 
 hearts." Reproved clearly that images in general are 
 not forbidden, and that beautiful pictures and statues, 
 which no one admired more than he, are not to be re- 
 jected ; only the superstitious adoration of them is abso- 
 lutely forbidden. Then he showed that the arts of 
 painting and sculpture are noble gifts of God, and that 
 God Himself ordered the tabernacle to be adorned with 
 beautiful pictures. He especially defended the paintings 
 on glass in the churches, because no one ever thought of 
 adoring them. But that the images are to be regarded 
 as books for the laity in the church he refuted with the 
 question : " Why is it that, although the cross has con- 
 fronted us everywhere for so many years, we never 
 sought salvation in Christ ?" 
 
 Before the pamphlet on images appeared, Zwingli had 
 issued two pamphlets about the doctrine of the mass, 
 which caused a great sensation among the clergy, and-
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZURICH. 117 
 
 raised the question among the people why the mass was 
 not abohshed, since it was proved from the "Word of God 
 to he something entirely different from what they had 
 'hitherto believed. Zwingli did not wish to be hasty, 
 hoping that those who on account of old prejudices stiU 
 clung to the mass, would be convinced of their error by 
 being kindly instructed. 
 
 After these pamphlets concerning the images and the 
 mass were widely distributed, the Council arranged a 
 second discussion, October 26th, 1523. All the bishops 
 and the governments of the cantons of Switzerland were 
 invited. Sehaffhausen and. St. Gallen alone accepted 
 the invitation, all the other cantons declined. When on 
 Monday, October 26th, early in the morning, the discus- 
 sion was opened in the hall of the council-house, 
 although ten cantons had declined, more than 900 per- 
 sons of all stations in life were present. In the centre 
 of the hall Zwingli and Leo Juda sat at a little round 
 table, upon which lay the Old and the New Testaments, 
 in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. Conrad 
 Hoffman opened the discussion, commencing v^^ith the 
 images. As a violent enemy of Zwingli he spoke very 
 insolently. Since Zwingli and Leo Juda waited in vain 
 for a refutation, because none of those present ven- 
 tured to make any objections which accorded with the 
 Holy Scriptures, and since on the second day, when the 
 discussion about the mass took place, no one ventured 
 to contend for it, the pastors from the country, who had 
 called Zwingli's doctrine heretical from the pulpit, were 
 challenged several times to confute it by the Holy 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Finally, when all were cpiiet, the president called 
 upon them, one after another, by name. The first 
 two called upon, Henry Hurliman. pastor of Wädens-
 
 118 TIIK LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINQLI. 
 
 ßcliweil, and the pastor of Horgen, were not present. 
 Of the first it was reported, " He is asleep ;" the second 
 sent a substitute, who M'ould not answer for him. Next 
 in order was Pastor Alexander Schyterbei'g, of Laufen, 
 who was a great fighter in the pulpit against Zwingli. 
 "When he hesitated to prove that the new doctrine was 
 heretical, he M'as again called upon, either to vindicate 
 his doctrine here or to desist from abuse at home. 
 Then he answered : "I will give you a short answer ; I 
 know nothing against the article." Next to him came 
 the pastor of Glattfelden, Casper Sehüchysen, who was 
 called upon to give an account why those whom he 
 always rebuked from the pulpit as heretics deserved 
 the name. Since he could give no explanation, he 
 promised to speak the truth in the future. At the re- 
 quest of the Council, President Badian arose and con- 
 tinued the questioning. But all those who were ques- 
 tioned admitted that they were caught, and the last one 
 thought he could not fight, since his sword was broken 
 off at the hilt. 
 
 On Tuesday, when the mass was discussed, Zwingli, 
 Badian, the Abbot of Kappel, the Abbot of Stein, the 
 Provost at Embrach, and the Commander at Küsnacht 
 spoke in turn. Zwingli showed that the Lord's Supper 
 is no sacrifice which one man can offer for others. The 
 longer the discussion lasted the more earnest and solemn 
 it became, so that at last it seemed as if they were as- 
 sembled in a church. "When Zwingli at the close ex- 
 horted the Council to allow God to rule in spiritual 
 matters, and said to them : " Dear, gracious lords, be 
 not terrified ! God is on our side. He knows how to 
 protect His cause. I see well that you wiU encounter 
 many things. But for the sake of the pure Word of 
 God, disregard it. Now, in God's name ! We will
 
 GEEAT DISCüSSIOKS AT ZÜRICH. 119 
 
 commit all to tlie Lord ; He will never forsake us in 
 time of need. 1 heard tliat last night people walked 
 hither and thither and said that the body and blood of 
 Cln-ist were to be rendered of none effect. But no one 
 intends to do this" — then he himself and others were 
 deeply affected, and many a man had tears in his eyes. 
 Zwingli, on account of weeping, could say no more. Leo 
 Juda added a short, appropriate addi-ess, whereupon the 
 assembly dispersed ; the discussion was ended. 
 
 The two articles concerning the images and the mass 
 were argued so thoroughly from the Word of God by 
 Zwingli and Leo Juda that their argument, by its perfect 
 conformity to the Scriptures, triumphed over all doubt. 
 The Council now appointed a committee of four members 
 of each Council, who should consult w^ith the Abbot of 
 Kappel, the Provost of Embach, Commander Schmid 
 and the three pastors, Engelhardt, Leo Juda, and Ulric 
 Zwingli, how the Christian doctrine concerning images 
 and the mass could best be promulgated. Zwingli was 
 unanimously requested to write a short introduction, by 
 which the pastors who did not as yet know the Gospel, 
 and those who had shown themselves to be averse to it, 
 could be induced to preach Christ. Zwingli quickly 
 complied with this request. The Christian introduction 
 was read to the Council and approved. The removal of 
 the images and the mass was postponed till the people 
 were further informed by this introduction. Without 
 delay this truly glorious production of Zwingli was 
 printed and sent to all the 73astors by order of the Coun- 
 cil — a new mandate preceding, composed, like the in- 
 troduction, by order of the Council, which in its opinion 
 was firmly grounded upon the Divine Evangelical Script- 
 ures of the Old and the New Testaments. 
 
 In this document Zwingli adrairabl}^ shows how beauti-
 
 120 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZTTIKGLt. 
 
 fully and preciously the Law has been abolislied Ly tlio 
 Gospel, because Christ lias rendered satisfaction for our 
 gins, whereby wc are not only redeemed from punishment, 
 but for the j^ious believer the law has been removed 
 (Galatians 2 : 10), for he lives in Christ, and Christ in 
 him. Where the Spirit of God is, there is liberty. 
 Therefore a man who lives in God is free from the laws 
 which concern the inner man, and does freely and cheer- 
 fully all things which become a Christian. "We judge 
 them by their fruits, who are thus free. Are they 
 humble ? it is owing to the Divine Spirit which dwells 
 witlun : Christ too was humble. Are they concerned 
 for the salvation of other men ? so was Christ. Are 
 they patient ? Christ too was patient. Are they peace- 
 able ? this too is from God. Are they brave when the 
 honor of God is concerned ? so too was Christ. Thus 
 Zwingli taught true Christian liberty, which is the same 
 as obedience toward the Word and command of God. 
 
 As the Council felt the importance of this step which 
 it took by the publication of this mandate and the Chris- 
 tian mtroduction, so Zwingli also perceived the impor- 
 tance of his commission ; therefore he with the greatest 
 prudence went not a step further than the people had 
 come, and spoke of the adherents of the old usages with 
 a forbearance which merits great respect. The whole 
 tenor of his pamphlet shows that he wrote for the un- 
 educated, since no learned arguments appear, and the 
 doctrine is as simple as the language ; but even the edu- 
 cated he did not overlook. The joy at this splendid pro- 
 duction of Zwingli was so general that the people of 
 Zürich undertook to send it to the Pope. Yet the Pope 
 was not pleased, either with the httle book or its large 
 circulation. 
 
 Kevortheleös nearly all the chaplains and vicars
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZURICH. 121 
 
 in the province did not wish to read mass any more. 
 "When Henry Widiner continued to read mass, he 
 was reproached by his colleagues. In this perplexity 
 the Provost with the Chapter appeared before the Coun- 
 cil and stated in the presence of the chaplains their re- 
 fusal to read mass. The Council examined the common 
 priests, the chaplains, and assistants, and declared that 
 the mandate concerning the images and the mass should 
 be read again in the three churches of the city. The 
 committee appointed on these articles should consult 
 once more how the clergy must act in reference to the 
 mass. The three common priests, according to the re- 
 quest of the Council, framed an expression of their opin- 
 ion. They dared not violate their own. conscience, nor 
 did they wish to violate the consciences of those who still 
 clung to the old doctrines and customs. " The advice 
 and opinion of the common priests, Engelhardt, Zwingli, 
 and Leo, concerning the mass and the images," was the 
 following : 
 
 1. The Lord's Supper and the mass are different cus- 
 toms. The word mass is never mentioned in the Holy 
 Scriptures. The body and blood of Christ shall not be 
 diminished, but used according to the institution. 
 
 2. The assertion that the mass is a sacrifice is a 
 denial of the all-sufficient sacrifice of Jesus Christ ; 
 therefore every good Christian must insist upon abolish- 
 ing the mass. 
 
 3. We must abide by the explicit "Word of God, and 
 leave the consequences to God. Every alteration which 
 does not accord with the Word of God must again be 
 removed ; this change will cause fresh disturbances. 
 
 4. According to its institution, the Lord's Supper shall 
 be administered to Christian people in both forms. 
 
 5. Since they could not deny the people the proper
 
 12'-i THI-: MTB OF ULKIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 use of tlie Lord's Supper any longer, tliey offer to ad- 
 minister it on the approaching Christmas festival entirely 
 according to the command of Jesns. If not allowed to 
 do this, tliey must, according to their conviction, give 
 body and blood, bread and wine, to those who desire 
 it, or stand convicted of falsehood by the Word of 
 God. 
 
 G. Daily sinners need daily strengthening by the 
 "Word of God ; therefore they offer to preach a short 
 sermon every day instead of reading mass, and to ad- 
 minister the Lord's Snpper according to the institution 
 of Christ, to every one who desires it. 
 
 7. Whosoever is offended at the multitude of idlers 
 belonging to the priesthood should remember that it is 
 always better to let them die off in peace than compel 
 them to act contrary to the order of God. lie who 
 begins to break solemn promises and obligations Avill 
 soon not hesitate to attack other things also, which would 
 produce great distractions. The great number will be 
 diminished as soon as no new ones are admitted and the 
 parishes are supplied with canons and chaplains. 
 
 If the Council did not accept these propositions, they 
 could offer no others which would agi*ee with the "Word 
 of God. They ask that none of the clergy be com- 
 pelled to read mass. Iso one compels a layman to com- 
 mune so and so often, therefore it is also proper that a 
 clergyman should be free from such compulsion. The 
 Word of God compels them to use this sacrament and 
 others according to their divine institution. Fearlessly 
 the Council shall adhere to the "Word of God. God will 
 not forsake it. The opponents have only man's word ; 
 the Council the clear Word of God, upon which, like a 
 firm foundation, it can base its resolutions. Like obedi- 
 ent sons, the councils phall let God manage His servant.
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZL'kICH. 123 
 
 and do what He commands ; then they will neither err 
 nor be overcome. 
 
 Zwingli coincided witli this opinion, becanse it ac- 
 corded with the Word of God, and he constantly advised 
 tliem to undertake nothing whicli would not accord with 
 the spirit of the age and the directions of the Bible. 
 Since the hearts and the faith of people were different, 
 and he knew many weak and timid ones who needed for- 
 bearance, he yielded to the weak till they w^ould be able 
 to bear strong food. He sought an expedient which 
 would not injure the strong, neither strengthen the 
 weak in their error, nor offend them, hoping that God 
 would regard his heart, which desired only to build up 
 and not to tear down. 
 
 In his opinion, the mass and tlie Lord's Supper could 
 exist together, since some would not forsake the mass, 
 others not observe it. The common priest should 
 administer the Lord's Supper in both forms to every 
 one who desired it, and mass should be read for some 
 time, at least on Sunday, in all the churches, with- 
 out any one attempting to reproach the mass-priests, 
 of Mdiom a great many well know that the mass is 
 no sacrifice. Instead of offensive language, it becom- 
 eth every one to pray for a general illumination, that 
 all may be favorable to pure, simple Christian cus- 
 toms. When several priests differ in their opinions, 
 they should adhere to the VV^ord of God : " Love bear- 
 eth all things. " The Word of God makes all things 
 easy, and the grievances of both parties will be thereby 
 so diminished that hope revives nothing but the seeds 
 of peace, and reconciliation will be sown. What shall 
 be read or omitted in the mass is left to each one's con- 
 science. This proposed moderation would attain the de- 
 sired object slovv'ly but surely. Zwingli sought to make
 
 I2i TUE LIFi: OF ILRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 provision for tlio waiits of all, altliongli the iiupctuoiLS 
 advocates of the old and neM' faith might not be satisfied 
 with it. 
 
 In reference to images, it vras the nnanimous opinion 
 of the common priests that the tablets slionld be locked 
 and not opened again. The silver, gold, and other 
 images should not be ])ronght out and carried around, 
 neither at the great festivals nor on other occasions. 
 The Council shonld abide by its mandate, that no one 
 shall place images in the churches or remove them, un- 
 less he had placed them there before, or unless it had 
 been determined by the majority of the whole congrega- 
 tion. 
 
 This advice of the three common priests was first sub- 
 mitted to the committee ajjpointed by the Council, which 
 carefully considered it. It found the resolutions on the 
 images complete, and further action concerning them un- 
 necessary. In love, without offence and dissension, they 
 may be taken away. The mass shall be freed from 
 abuses, and such parts retained as agree with the Holy 
 Scriptures. Xo one shall be forced to attend mass. 
 The committee will not discuss at present the new prop- 
 osition, to administer the sacrament of the body and 
 blood of Christ according to the original institution. 
 This article was neither transcribed nor debated, and no 
 advice concerning it imposed upon the common priests. 
 This matter needs a closer discussion, since it concerns 
 the faith, and not abuses. Finally it was recommended 
 that cver}'thing which did not agree with the Holy 
 Scriptures and serve to promote the glory of God, should 
 be removed from the canon of the mass. 
 
 The Council could now adopt a resolution according to 
 the advice of the three common priests, or according to 
 the opinion of the committee. Both views had their ad-
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZÜRICH. 1:25 
 
 vantages. Concerning the images the Council agreed 
 with the advice that the tablets should be locked and 
 that the images should not be carried about. The re- 
 moval of idols was something suspicious, repugnant, and 
 a heavy burden to Marx Roeussen. 
 
 The mass was the principal subject of consultation. 
 It was retained for the present, but every one was at 
 liberty to read mass or not. Brotherly love and unity 
 were recommended to both parties. To instruct tlie 
 clergy still further, the whole priesthood was invited to 
 appear before the Council. Meanwhile the Council would 
 not take further action concerning the Reformation. 
 The faith was too highly esteemed to precipitate a 
 change ; the Council would not listen to any harsh meas- 
 ures. A decisive resolution was postponed until Pente- 
 cost. 
 
 Evidently better information was sought ; therefore 
 it was resolved to send the Christian introduction 'to 
 the Bishops of Chur, Constance, and Basel, the Univer- 
 sity at Basel, and all the Confederates, with the request 
 kindly to communicate their objections founded on the 
 Holy Scriptures. After hearing them, the matter shall 
 be taken up again in a half year, to determine what is 
 pleasing to God and profitable to His word. In the same 
 session of the Council a certain resolution was adopted, 
 which had immense influence upon the future course 
 of events. Hitherto the Lower Council alone trans- 
 acted all business which concerned the clergy, received 
 complaints against them, and determined punishments. 
 Hereafter this business was brought before the Upper 
 Council, whereby the reformed party gained a decided 
 majority, while their opponents belonged principally to 
 the Lower Council. Many of them were respected on ac- 
 count of their age and services and too much accustomed
 
 136 THE LIFE OF ULItlC ZWINGLI. 
 
 to seek pensions or support from princes and lords for 
 themselves or their children. This mania, destructive to 
 the Fatherland still secretly lingered in Zürich. 
 
 The people of Zürich, earnestly meditating upon the ex- 
 tirpation of this state-poison, in order to deal with every- 
 one as free men, won the grandest victory over themselves 
 and decreed the abolition of pensions. On the evening 
 of St. Thomas's daj, December 21st, Zwingli, who never 
 lost sight of his object to deliver the Confederates from 
 all injurious alliances with foreign princes, preached in 
 the small cathedral earnestly and decidedly against pen- 
 sions. Immediately after the sermon all the secular 
 priests, canons, assistants, and chaplains of the city took 
 an oath not to receive pensions either from the Pope, 
 the Emperor, nor from kings, princes, and lords. The 
 burgomaster and the Councils took a similar oath on the 
 following day in the choir of the large cathedral. In the 
 evening all priests were likev>'ise assembled in the choir 
 of the cathedral, and bound themselves by a like oath. 
 Whoever transgressed forfeited his life. So the truth, 
 which the great Reformer proclaimed, celebrated one 
 victory after another. 
 
 It can easily be imagined that the work of the icono- 
 clasts caused many an unpleasant scene. Although the 
 images were more and more despised^ yet the hour ap- 
 pointed for their removal had not yet come. Rashness 
 in regard to them could not remain unpunished. The 
 iconoclasts, headed by Ilottinger, the shoemaker, had 
 acted contrary to earnest mandates, and by their vehe- 
 mence caused the government to be slandered. Shoe- 
 maker Ilottinger Vvas exiled for two years, and even 
 then not allowed to return without being joardoned. 
 Lorenz Hochruetiner, the weaver, was also compelled to 
 leave the Canton of Zürich. Ilenrv Ockenfuss was ar-
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIONS AT ZURICH. 127 
 
 raigned before the two Councils and censured. All were 
 required to pay the costs. 
 
 The images had lost their claims to respect. Ten 
 years after it had happened, Thomas Platter artlessly 
 relates how he, as the servant of the school-teacher 
 Myconius, was required to kindle fire, and having no 
 wood, sneaked into the church and took from the altar 
 the image of the Evangelist St. John and threw it into 
 the stove with the words : " Jseggli, now stoop ; you 
 must go into the stove, although you are said to be St. 
 John." The image blazed up. Myconius, who did not 
 know what had been done, praised his servant for the 
 good fire, but became uneasy and apprehensive when 
 he heard two priests quarrel and one harshly assail 
 the other, " You Lutheran villain, you stole my John." 
 Fortunately no one saw the young church robber ; and 
 it would have cost him his life had he not kept it a 
 secret ten years. Others were not always deterred 
 from similar attempts by Hottinger's punishment. 
 
 In St. Peter's Church the palm-mule was kept. 
 Annually the butchers took it to the linden-yard on 
 Palm Sunday. It was a little festival for them. It 
 was incumbent on the common priest to treat them to 
 cakes. In defiance oi the butchers, or induced by the 
 contempt for this annual procession, several malicious 
 persons stole the keys of the church at twilight. With 
 great difficulty the mule, adorned with the image of 
 Christ, was taken out over the railing and into the 
 churchyard to frighten those passing by, or otherwise 
 create a disturbance. They accomplished their pur]»ose, 
 since the right persons came. Two citizens, armed ac- 
 cording to the custom at that time, with side-arms, were 
 tlie first to meet this monster. Quickly they drew 
 their swords, attacked the mule, and stoned him, with-
 
 1-28 TIIK LIFK OF I'LUIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 out knowing against Avhoni they Averc fighting. The in- 
 considerate jokers were near by to await the result. Ono 
 of the citizens who fought against the inulo thought lie 
 knew the enemy, and wjien lie found the men together, 
 promised them a drink if they would go witli him and 
 see whether it really was the palm-nndc. They ac- 
 companied him. The proposition to throw the mulu 
 into the lake pleased them. He was dragged to the 
 bank near by, cast into the water, and sunk with stones. 
 Conrad Baunian had taken the keys. Henry Dachsman 
 gave the advice to cast the mule into the sea. Both of 
 them, together M'ith five others, w^ere imprisoned. The 
 wise and prudent Council would not allow such mischief. 
 The images' last hour had not yet come. ]^o new im- 
 ages dared be made, and processions must be omitted. 
 
 One reform evidently followed another. They w^ero 
 willing to do wdiat could no longer be prevented. The 
 chapter of the canons was now so changed that divine 
 services were held every morning in the choir of the 
 cathedral, consisting of a prayer, the reading of a selec- 
 tion of the Holy Scriptures in the Latin, Greek, and 
 Hebrew lano-uaofes, and the so-called matins in German 
 for the congregation. Soon afterward, singing was also 
 added. Yillage-schools flourished in the counti-y, the 
 fanners read the Xew Testament, which was translated 
 into the German language by Zwingli and Leo Juda. 
 The cloisters, at the request of their occupants, M'ere 
 used for the sick and the poor. The nuns and monks 
 who laid aside the dress of their orders could remain. 
 The peaceful, just, and decided procedure of the Coun- 
 cil prevented all unpleasant scenes. 
 
 The work of the Lord prospered and showed plainly the 
 wisdom and prudence with which Zwingli conducted the 
 Reformation of the Church. The former dis(;ourscs of the
 
 GUEAT DISCUSSIONS AT zL'fUCII. 129 
 
 mendicant friars, St. Jacob's brethren, hermits, and others, 
 concerning the heights of heaven and the joys therein, the 
 depths of hell and the torments therein, the sonls in 
 purgatory and indulgences, had lost their power, because 
 the people fathomed the basis of such sermons. The 
 preachers could not help themselves any longer with 
 Seneca, Aristotle, and Scotus. Even the edicts of the 
 Popes were futile. The people demanded proofs from 
 the Holy Scriptures, and the doctrines of St. Paul were 
 valued only so much the higher as his opponents under- 
 valued him. In the homes of the people, in city and 
 country, were to be found those books of the Old and 
 the New Testaments which Zwingli had hitherto trans- 
 lated, to which were added those finished in 1530, so 
 that at the end of this year many thousands possessed 
 the whole Bible in Swiss-German, according to Zwin- 
 gli's translation. 
 
 The houses of the country people were made Christian 
 schools by the reading of the Holy Scriptures, and this 
 pious custom in their native hmguage rendered the Latin 
 services unendurable. Zwingli 's work had taken root, 
 deeply and extensively. 
 
 In the year 1525 the Lord's Supper was celebrated for 
 the first time in the manner offered by Zwingli, based upon 
 the old churchly custom. It was Thursday in Passion- 
 week. The great cathedral was not able to contain all 
 who wished to commune in the new way. After the ser- 
 mon, Zwingli with two deacons stepped to the altar, cov- 
 ered with a white cloth, which stood in the nave of the 
 church. They stood behind it, Zwingli in the middle, 
 facing the congregation. After a short prayer, during 
 which the whole congregation knelt, one of the deacons 
 read 1 Cor. 11 : 20-29, whereupon both, with the whole 
 congregation said: " God bo praised." Then Zwingli,
 
 loO THE LIKE OF ULKIC ZM'IXGLI. 
 
 -witli the two deacons and tlie congregation repeated 
 alternately the Gloria in Excelsis : *'" Glory be to God 
 
 on high. And on earth peace " After the 
 
 salutation : " The Lord be with yon," to which the 
 congregation responded, '' And with thy s]oirit," one of 
 the deacons read John G : 47-53. After lie had finished 
 reading, ho said : " God be thanked and praised for 
 this, who will forgive us all our sins according to His 
 Holy Word," closed the book and kissed it. The con- 
 gregation answered solemnly, "Amen." Then, the dea- 
 cons having repeated responsively the Apostles' Creed, 
 Zwingli exhorted to self-examination, and the people 
 kneeling repeated the Lord's Prayer. After the sol- 
 emn Amen of the people, Zwingli prayed again, when, 
 amid the breathless silence of the congregation, the 
 words of the institution were repeated in a loud solemn 
 voice, Zwingli held up the bread, brake it, and handed it 
 to the two deacons, and then also held up the cup and 
 presented it. The two deacons took the bread and the 
 cup and carried them to the congregation still kneeling 
 in the pews. Because there were so many people, and 
 the golden vessels were not sufficient, they took v^'ooden , 
 plates and wooden cups, as was often done in the early 
 Christian Clmrch. "When all had received the consecrated 
 bread and wine, wdiile the last words of Jesus according 
 to John 13, 14, 15, 16, were read from the jjulpit, 
 Zwingli offered a prayer of praise and thanksgiving, sim- 
 ilar to the 103d Psalm, wdien the celebration was closed 
 with a short exhortation and the benediction. 
 
 Indescribably great w^as the impression made by this 
 first celebration according to the new mode. All were 
 most deeply affected. Aged men and women, while re- 
 ceiving the bread and wine with thankful emotions, wept 
 aloud. After the celebration manv embraced each other
 
 GREAT DlSCJSSlOisS AT ZURICH. 131 
 
 as redeemed brethren. People wlio had long been enemies 
 extended their hands sincerely to one another ; a spirit 
 of brotherly love as in the early Christian Church conld 
 he felt everywhere. Zwingli conld not thank the Lord 
 sufficiently for the rich blessing of this first celebration 
 of the Lord's Supper. As in the city, so also in the 
 country, the Lord's Supper was celebrated hereafter in 
 the same manner. 
 
 Since this celebration three hundred and sixty 
 years have passed away, yet the manner of the cele- 
 bration remains substantially the same. The reforms 
 which gradually prepared a path for themselves, 
 in Zürich and in the country ; the growing conviction in 
 the Council and among the people of the magnitude of 
 the abuses and their necessary removal ; the hatred of 
 the power and dissolute life of the priesthood, allowed 
 no cessation in the onward movement. The innova- 
 tions which had been introduced proved themselves to 
 be so salutary beyond expectation that Zwingli imme- 
 diately planned a Christian order of service in the 
 Church, that the life of a Christian should agree as much 
 as possible with his new confession. The ties which 
 had bound the wardens, the clergy, and the people to the 
 Pope and the Bishoj) of Constance v/ere already as good 
 as broken. 
 
 The Synod, which consisted of all the clergy and 
 several members of the Great Council, took the place 
 of the bishop. At the head of the Synod was an Antistes 
 who through deans and elders administered order and 
 had the oversight. In the congregation several pious, 
 honorable men elected by the congregation were added 
 to the pastor, who should take care of the congregation. 
 They cared for the sacred observance of the Sabbath, 
 besides which, as long as Zwingli lived, not only the
 
 132 THE LIFE UF ULKIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 chief festival days, but also several other days, were 
 celebrated. They were concerned for the sacredness of 
 the marriage tie. If any one led an nnchristian life, 
 they cited him, and admonislied him kindly and earnestly. 
 But if he would not listen to them, and continued in his 
 perverseness, they excluded him from the holy commun- 
 ion. If he transgressed those commandments of God 
 which come within the sphere of the government, they 
 informed the authorities, that wickedness might be 
 punished in good time. Zwingli experienced the joy of 
 being able to write concerning the church at Zürich : 
 " The apostolic, true, holy Church of God has the real, 
 pure doctrine, prayer, the breaking of bread, holy bap- 
 tism, confession, repentance, amendment, and forgiveness 
 of sins. This the church at Zürich has also. What the 
 early Church considered to be necessary customs, those 
 the Church at Zürich has too. Marriage she confirms in 
 good order and with prayer to God. The saints are 
 remembered with honor, whose love and faith are to be 
 imitated. The dead are buried decently, but without ob- 
 serving ceremonies, which are not taken from the "Word 
 of God. Fasting and almsgiving, wliicli were highly 
 honored by the early Christians, have also in Zürich 
 their honorable Christian order. The beloved youth 
 are diligently instructed in the fundamental doctrines of 
 the true Christian religion. That it has no external 
 ornaments of gold and silver, pictures, carved and en- 
 graved images, is owing to the fact that the early Church 
 did not have them, and even rejected them. Therefore 
 the Church at Zürich laid aside the ceremonies and re- 
 turned to ancient simplicity. God will be honored not 
 with outward show, but with faith, love, innocency of 
 spirit, and in truth. To Him be praise and honor 
 through Jesus Christ forever. Amen."
 
 GREAT DISCUSSIO:!^S AT zLJRlCU. 133 
 
 Thus we see the glorious results of the two discussions 
 at Zürich reaching their highest point in 1525 : the im- 
 provement in doctrine and faith, as it was already called 
 in Zwingli's time, is in substance finished. The onward 
 course of the great Reformer was systematic, tranquil, but 
 firm and decided. He followed his conscious aim v/itli 
 steady consistency, only step by step, sparing the con- 
 sciences of the weak and the strong, because he wished not 
 to tear down, but build up. He was perfectly success- 
 ful in introducing and grounding the reformation of the 
 Church and of the Fatherland by an uninterrupted vin- 
 dication of the divine authority of the Holy Scriptures. 
 The glorious results of his labors in the short period of 
 about six years were : A German sermon as the centre 
 of every divine service ; Baptism and the Lord's »Supper 
 according to the command of the Holy Gospel ; instruc- 
 tion of the youth'and examination before their first com- 
 munion ; morning and afternoon services on Sunday, 
 with singing, prayer, reading a selection of the Holy 
 Scriptures, and a sermon ; weekly meetings to study the 
 Bible instead of matins and vespers ; a daily biblical dis- 
 course, with the exception of Friday, in the chapter- 
 house ; mass and choir singing are silent ; synods, classes, 
 etc. , instead of the supervision of the bishop ; the deliver- 
 ance of the Fatherland from the dreadful plague of re- 
 ceiving pensions from popes and princes ; the great cor- 
 ruption of morals among all classes powerfully restricted ; 
 a prosperous theological seminary for Chi'istian young 
 men, according to his plan and under his guidance, hav- 
 ing as teachers, Ceporin, Pellican, Myconius, Collin, 
 Megander, and others. His friends in his own country 
 justly named him "the trumpet of the Gospel." In 
 Southern Germany he was called " the eye and true 
 bishop of the Fatherland." Even in papal Italy he
 
 134 THE LIFU OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 ]al)ored, by ]xiniplilcts and letters, for the pure Gospel, 
 M'liilc Lis scholars transformed entire churches. The Ke- 
 former of the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been his 
 scholar ; also Lasko, the Reformer of East Frisia. 
 The Evangelical Church of Italy, the AValdenses, ac- 
 cepted his doctrine. To the people of Muehlhausen he 
 could -write : " God, who watches our conflict, rules 
 over all countries. He will not overlook you, who con- 
 tend for His name's sake ; He will, when the time has 
 come, regard also your enemies and put them, to flight. 
 God increase your faith.''
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 ZWIXGLl's STANDPOINT OVEE AGxVINST LUTHKK. 
 
 At the early age of twenty-two years Zwingli was 
 honored by learned and experienced men of science far 
 and wide " as a perfect expounder of the Scriptures." 
 His scientific knowledge bordered on the marvellous, and 
 caused in his Fatherland the greater surprise, since he 
 never used the title of Doctor of Divinity which the Uni- 
 versity at Basel had bestowed upon him on account of 
 his great knowledge. His constant communion with 
 God, who since the days of his childhood had become 
 his staff and support in happy and sorrowful hours, and 
 continued to be until death, did not allow him to use 
 such honors and dignities to increase his reputation. 
 " One is our Master, Christ," he was generally accus- 
 tomed to say to those who advised a public use of the 
 justly merited title of honor. 
 
 It must have been very painful to Zwingli that 
 Luther, without knowing him, was accustomed to re- 
 proach him verbally and in writing that he (Zwingli) was 
 a mere repeater of his (Lnther's) doctrine. This grieved 
 Zwingli, who was otherwise modest, not because his de- 
 served renown was thereby diminished, but because this 
 calumny, which was spread among the people to ruin his 
 great reputation in Switzerland and in Germany, weak- 
 ened a strong proof of the truth of their common doe- 
 trine, that two men, so widely separated, standing in no 
 confiection, even unknown to each other by name,
 
 13G Tin: i.irn of i lric zwixgli. 
 
 taught as harmoniously as if tliey Lad agreed upon it. 
 "' I connuenced to preach the Gospel of Christ in 151(5, 
 before a single person in our country knew anything of 
 Luther's name. When Luther's exposition of the Lord's 
 Prayer was issued, and 1 shortly before had preached on 
 this prayer in Matthew, many good people M'ho found 
 my thoughts everywhere in it could not be dissuaded 
 from the opinion that I was the author of the little book, 
 and had i:)refixed Luther's name because I was afraid to 
 own my work. Who could reproach me with being a 
 Lutheran ? Why did the Iloman cardinals and legates, 
 who then lived in our city, Zürich, not accuse me of 
 being a Luthei'an until they had declared Luther a here- 
 tic, although that did not make him a heretic. After 
 that they said that I was a Lutheran. Luther's name 
 ■was not known to me for two years after I had adhered 
 only to the Bible. But it is only through craftiness that 
 papists give me and others this name. If they say, You 
 must certainly be a Lutheran ; you preach as Luther 
 "writes, my answer is, ' I preach also as Paul writes ; 
 why do you not rather call me a Paulinian ? Yes, I 
 preach the AVord of Christ ; wdiy do you not rather call 
 me a Christian ? ' Therefore this is only a trick. In my 
 opinion, Luther is an excellent champion of God. What 
 does it concern me that the papists accuse me and him of 
 being, heretics? In the manly spirit with which heat- 
 tacked the Pope of Rome, none has equalled him. But 
 whose is the deed — God's, or Luther's? Ask Luther 
 himself ; he will certainly tell you it is God's doings. 
 Why do you ascnbe the doctrines of other persons to 
 Luther, when he himself ascribes them to God, and pro- 
 duces nothing but what is contained in the Word of 
 God ? Nevertheless, I will not bear Luther's name, 
 because 1 have read little of his doctrine, and carefully
 
 ZWINGLI'S STANDPOINT AGAINST LUTHER. 137 
 
 avoided liis books, only to satisfy tlie papists. What I 
 have read of his writings, so far as it concerns the doc- 
 trines and opinions of Scripture, is generally well ex- 
 amined. I know also that in several things he concedes 
 much to the weak ; for instance, in his little book con- 
 cerning the ten lepers (as I have been told, for I have 
 not read it), he concedes something to confession, that 
 yon shall present yourself to the priest, which cannot 
 be dra^wn from this narrative of the Evangelist. Devout 
 Christians do not allow the honorable name of Christ to 
 be exchanged for the name of Luther ; for Lnther did 
 not die for us. Does Luther preach Christ ? he does 
 what I do ; although, God be praised ! by him a greater 
 number will be led to God, since God makes the meas- 
 ure greater or smaller, as He pleases. I will bear no 
 name but that of my captain, Jesus Christ, whose sol- 
 dier I am. JSTo one respects Luther more highly than 1 
 do. But I testify before God and men that I never 
 wrote a syllable to him, nor caused one to be written, 
 nor he to me. I refrained from this, not that I feared 
 any one, but because I wished to show all men how uni- 
 form the Spirit of God is, since we who are so widely 
 separated are so harmonious without any consultation." 
 
 Before the ban pronounced against Luther, June 15th, 
 1520, was published, Zwingli, hearing that the letter of 
 excommunication had been despatched, resolved to go to 
 his friend, William de Falconibus, the secretary of the 
 legate Ennius, who in the absence of the legate man- 
 aged the affairs of the Roman Court, and remonstrate 
 against the publication of the papal edict of excommuni- 
 cation. In this connection the fact is worthy of mention 
 that Zwingli, in a letter to Myconius, already expressed 
 a presentiment of his violent death, which happened 
 eleven years later, and stated that he would shortly uu
 
 13S TIIH I.IFK OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 tercede in belialf of Luther. " As for mc, a victim de- 
 voted to death, I expect only evil from all, clergy and 
 laymen, and beg of Christ only the grace to hear all with 
 manly courage, and that lie, according to- His good 
 pleasure, destroy or preserve his vessel. And if the 
 ariathema falls ujjon me, 1 will remember the holy Hila- 
 rius, M-ho M'as exiled from Gaul to Africa, and Pope 
 Lucius, who was expelled, but reinstated with great 
 honor. Tnie, I do not consider myself equal to them, but 
 the wholly undeserved fate of these excellent men will 
 comfort me. Yea, I will rejoice to suffer ignominy for 
 the sake of Christ. But let him that standeth take heed 
 lest he fall" 
 
 Since Zwingli's generous intercession for Luther Avas in 
 vain, he sought by other means to prevent the Pope's 
 thunder of excommunication against him. He issued 
 a pamphlet, without prefixing the name of the author, the 
 place of publication, or publisher (which was Zwingli's 
 first printed pamphlet, and deserves to be mentioned 
 on this account, but more for its contents), which shows 
 the author's great wisdom, love of peace, Impartality, 
 and love of truth. This beautiful proof of faith closes 
 tlius : "I desire that evangehcal truth may triumph, 
 and all things subserve the honor of Christ." Tlie 
 secret of its authorship was so o-ell preserved that Zwin- 
 gli's name was not mentioned then nor since, and the 
 pamphlet appears to have been quite forgotten. But 
 alas, M-ith this pamphlet Zwingli did not succeed In con- 
 vincing the Pope of his error. Yet this noble deed 
 which Zwingil performed In behalf of Luther, who 
 knew nothing about it, is narrated from generation to 
 generation. May the Church which Zwingli founded 
 nevG=r lose hla spirit !
 
 CHAPTEE XVII. 
 
 A T T E JI r T S AT M Ü K D E R , 
 
 As early as 1520 Zwlngli was visited by friendly, 
 lionorable citizens, who inquired whether the doors of his 
 dwelling were secured by strong fastenings. Receiving 
 an affirmative answer, they remarked : " Then be watch- 
 ful to-night. Your friends will also be on the watch ; 
 but they might arrive too late. If attacked, hold out at 
 least a little while." 
 
 " Such evenings," relates George Stcäheli, " we passed 
 many. Yet we had the support of good friends, who 
 often stood guard about the house at night. Many a 
 time we surely expected to be attacked. But we were 
 well prepared. At one time we received a letter from 
 an unknown person at a distance, so that we greatly mar- 
 velled and regarded it as a manifest dispensation of Prov- 
 idence. On the following day I chanced to pass over 
 the upper bridge on my way to church. Here I met a 
 chaplain, who invited me to a walk about the moat of the 
 city walls. He besought me most earnestly to remove 
 my effects from Zwingli's residence, and also to leave it 
 myself. Should I refuse to heed this warning, I would 
 repent of it hereafter, for something gi-eat was about to 
 happen. Then he read to me an extract from a letter : 
 ' Let Zwingli take good care from whom he purchases 
 bread and meat.' From this I perceived that the chap- 
 lain had heard of the attempt against which the lirst- 
 named letter had warned us, and that this information
 
 llü THi: I.[FK OF ULKIC ZWINOLI. 
 
 had been ßcp.t to Constance. But 1 did not pursue the 
 matter any farther." More liglit is thrown npon tliis 
 occurrence by an anonymous commnnication, which, us 
 it afterward appeared, was written by Michael Hummel- 
 berg, and by its date determines the year to have been 
 1522. It is apparently tlie same letter to which Stälieli 
 refers, and it seemed to him of necessity to have been a 
 providential means of saving Zwingli, since the writer, 
 by reason of his youthful timidity, had been hitherto 
 restrained from honoring Zwingli and beseeching his 
 friendship ; ])ut now, for the first time, he would do 
 so, because his heart impelled him to vrarn the lie- 
 former. And thus he writes : 
 
 '* If you (Zwingli) ever cared for your life, you must 
 do it especially at this time, because you are menaced by 
 tsecret traps and snares. Deadly poison is j^repared to 
 put you out of the way. Since the godless fellows dare 
 not attack you openly, they desire to remove you from 
 the earth as they did Claudius Ctesar, by secretly mix- 
 ing a poisonous nrasliroom witli your food. Therefore, 
 be on your guard. If you are hungry, eat at home of 
 the food that your own cook has prepared, for outside 
 of your own house you can nowhere eat without danger. 
 There are people living within the walls of Zürich who 
 would do everything in their power to destroy you. 
 Take care, dearest Ulrich, beloved of God, take the 
 T)est care of yourself ; and again I say, beware of these 
 murderous eunuchs, and believe me that all victuals not 
 prepared in your own house are poisoned ; for you are 
 nowhere safe ; danger threatens you from every side. 
 And now as to the sources whence I have derived this 
 knowledge, and as to the oracle that has revealed it to 
 me, it is not necessary for you to know ; it speaks more 
 truly than did the oracle of Delphjs. Yet it? priest
 
 ATTEMPTS AT MUltDEK. 141 
 
 dare not publicly reveal it. Your plain understanding 
 will naturally lead you to suspect whence tliat comes 
 whicli I have not been willini]^ to conceal from you, 
 because of the regard and the fraternal love I entertain 
 for you. In great haste from Swabia. Whoever I am, 1 
 am yours. Tou will learn to know me in due course of 
 time." 
 
 A letter similar to the above was also received from 
 Constance. Zwingli referred the matter to the Council 
 of Zürich, which body immediately applied to the 
 authorities of the former city for an investigation. But 
 the conspirators were never discovered. Myconius re- 
 lates : "Not an hour passed but that priests and lay- 
 men concocted conspiracies of the worst kind against this 
 defender of virtue and truth." And again he narrates : 
 *' When priests and monks had been overthrown and the 
 resolution of the legislative Grand Council (of Zürich) 
 had been enforced against the pensioners, recourse was 
 had to intrigues to do away, if possible, with this hated 
 man. I pass over those conspiracies that remained con- 
 cealed to the world, but which I shall never forget ; I 
 will mention only those that are well known. At one 
 time a person called at midnight at Zwingli' s residence 
 to call him to the bed of a dying man. Zwingli's vicar 
 replied that hie master, fatigued by the labors of the 
 day, could not be aroused at this time, and offered to 
 go in his stead. The caller would not accept of this, 
 and by reason of his obstinate refusal excited the suspicion 
 of a secret conspiracy. Under the pretext of informing 
 Zwingli, the vicar locked the doors, leaving the inquirer 
 standing on the outside. On the following morning it 
 was reported that it was intended to gag Zwingli, place 
 him in a boat, and thus secretly abduct him. A few 
 M-ecks later a horse was held in readiness with a similar
 
 143 TUE LIFE OF ULlllC ZWIMGLI. 
 
 aim in view. Still later tliero wiis sccii openly walking 
 about the city of Ziiricli an assassin — reported to liave 
 been a native of Zug — who intended to slay Zwingli in 
 the streets. lie was betrayed, apprehended, but escaped 
 from confinement. Two natives of Zürich, whose names 
 I conceal, attacked Zwingli's house by night, demolished 
 the windows with stones, and by their cursing and stone- 
 throwing occasioned such a fearful, scandalous, and in- 
 human noise that the neighbors did not dare open their 
 windows. Nor did they cease their tumult until their 
 supply of stones, voice, and strength had been ex- 
 hausted. Complaint was made to the burgomaster of 
 the city. In the morning the gates were locked. Arm- 
 ed men vainly sought the disturbers of the peace in 
 every corner of the city. At last some women, through 
 their loquacity, betrayed one of the offenders ; the 
 other had fled. The former was pulled out of the wine- 
 barrel of a certain priest and carried to jail. After long- 
 continued deliberations he was condemned to imprison- 
 ment for life, but in the course of a few weeks he was 
 released from jail, at the request of the authorities of 
 Berne. Zwingli often of an evening supped at the 
 house of a trusty friend, or at an inn. On his return 
 home he was nearly always accompanied by trustwoi'tliy 
 citizens, in order that no evil might befall him. And 
 the Council of the city ordered his house to be guarded 
 at night during these dangerous times." 
 
 Another attempt to murder Zwingli is mentioned by 
 Jodocus Kilchmeier, of Luzerne, in a letter to Zwingli, 
 written the same year, 1522 : " It is reported that, not 
 long ago, two monks, pretending to interrogate you con- 
 cerning certain religious questions, demanded very bois- 
 terously that you should visit Luzenie. Your readiness 
 to serve everybody inclined you to promise it, but your
 
 ATTEMPTS AT MURDER. 143 
 
 vicar is said to have reminded yon that jou ought not, 
 especially at night, to leave j'^our dwelling at the impor- 
 tunate demand of every one ; but that he would first re- 
 connoitre, so that you might not, during these troublous 
 times, fall into any life-imperilling snare. You are re- 
 ported to have followed this advice, and to have remained 
 at home. As soon as your vicar left the house he was 
 seized, under the impression that it was yourself (Zwin- 
 gli), and, threatened with death, carried off. But his 
 voice betrayed him, and perceiving their error, his assail- 
 ants hurriedly fled, in order not to be apprehended, and 
 thus themselves to fall into the pit prepared for you." 
 
 Since the time of the two disputations of Zürich, tlie 
 friends of the Reformation in Switzerland looked more 
 than ever to this city for support, so beneficial were the 
 results of these conferences. Yet, on the other hand, 
 the more energetically did the enemies of the cause 
 labor, and but awaited the secret alliances which were 
 being formed among the Swiss Confederates. In some 
 way Zwingli must be removed ; nntil this were accom- 
 plished they would not rest content. To this end 
 another disputation should be held, yet not indeed at 
 any place friendly to the cause of the Reformation, but 
 rather in some purely Roman Catholic city, in order that 
 their end might be gained. The general vicar of the 
 Bishop of Constance, John Faber, and the notorious Dr. 
 Eck, a valiant defender of the Pope, Archduke Ferdi- 
 nand of Austria, as well as the higher clergy, labored to 
 create among the people a desire for a public disputation 
 concerning the doctrines as held by the Roman Church. 
 Zwingli and the Council of Zürich, to whom the murder- 
 ous designs as connected with this proposed disputation 
 were unknown, were at first greatly inclined to favor 
 this plan. Indeed the Council sent Dr. Eck a letter of
 
 iii THE LIFE OF ULlllC Z\VIXüLr. 
 
 sufo-conduct, and invited him in a very friendly manner 
 to clioo^e Zürich as the place of dispntation. But since 
 tlie murderous plans of Faber and Eck could not well 
 h^v'e succeeded in the Kefomied city of Zürich, Eck de- 
 clined the extended invitation, well knowing that the 
 Swiss Diet would appoint the j^apal city of Baden, in 
 Aargau, as the place of meeting. Accordingly the Swiss 
 Diet, which well knew that the five Eoman Catholic 
 cantons — Uri, Schwyz, TJnterwalden, Zug, and Luzerne 
 — held the controlling influence in Baden, to the astonish- 
 ment of all Switzerland, appointed the disputation to 
 take place on the 16th of May, 1526, at Baden, in Aargau, 
 where long before this Zwingli's teachings had been 
 persecuted by fire and sword ! In Luzerne, before this 
 conference was held, pictures of Zwingli were burned. 
 In Freiburg his writings were destroyed by fire. Every- 
 where within the jui'isdiction of the canton to which 
 Baden belonged it was publicly declared that Zwingli 
 would be arrested should he set foot upon the territory. 
 One of their prominent leaders, named Ueberlinger, 
 boasted that he would be willing to be called a hangman 
 the remainder of his days could he but have the wished- 
 for opportunity of hanging Zwingli ! 
 
 All this reached the ears of Zwingli and of the Council 
 of Zürich in due time. From different quarters faithful 
 warnings Vv'ere received. Dr. Eck, who for many years 
 had made the extermination of heretics with fire and 
 sword the subject of public and private addresses, sent 
 Zwingli a letter of safe-conduct, but which was so 
 cunningly worded that Zwingli could have been law- 
 fully arrested upon his arrival in Baden. For a clause 
 in this letter declared that protection should only then 
 be afforded him if he were found worthy of it ! Xo 
 doubt the confession of evangelical truth would have
 
 ATTEMPTS AT MURDER. 145 
 
 been regarded as iinwortliy ])eliavior, and — Zwingli 
 would have been put to death. In fact, bloody sacrifices 
 already proclaimed the fate that awaited Zwingli should 
 he appear in Baden ! A consistory, with Faber at the 
 head, a week before the appointed disputation, con- 
 demned an evangelical minister, named John Hiigle, to 
 be executed as a heretic. On his way to the place of 
 execution he sang the first verse of one of Luther's 
 hymns : 
 
 " Lord God, thy praise we sing ; Lord God, our thanks we bring ; 
 Father in eternity, all the world worships Thee. 
 Angels all and heavenly host of thy glorj' loudly boast ; 
 Both cherubim and seraphim sing ever with loud voice this hymn : 
 Holy art thou, our God, the Lord of Sabaoth. " 
 
 Peter Sprugler, pastor at Freiburg, was drowned at 
 the command of the Bishop of Constance. Everywhere 
 murmurings were heard : Zwingli would be seized and 
 carried off should he appear in Baden. Upon hearing 
 such reports Zwingli arose in the Council of Zürich and 
 said : " Ye know how the brave men of Stammheim 
 were treated in Baden, and how their blood flowed upon 
 the scaffold. To this place of execution they invite us 
 to assemble. Let them choose Zürich, Berne, St. Gall, 
 Basel, Constance, or Schaffhausen ! Let none but im- 
 portant questions be discussed ; let nothing but the 
 Word of God be acknowledged as the supreme judica- 
 tory ; and then I will be inclined to appear at the dis- 
 putation. " The Council thereupon decided that Zwingli 
 should not go to Baden, and thus the cunningly devised 
 plan of Zwingli's assassination was brought to naught. 
 
 The opening of the appointed disputation was defer- 
 red until the 21st of May, when, it being Whitsunday, 
 it was opened with gi'eat pomp and splendor. During 
 the disputation messengers informed Zwingli of its prog-
 
 14G THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 res5, mid tliu representatives of the cause of the Befor- 
 inatioii were enabled to give a good account of their 
 faith and mightily to refute the errors of the enemy. 
 Zwingli's teachings triumphed. Schaffhausen, Basel, 
 Berne, St. Gall, and Appenzell received the new doc- 
 trines with favor. In vain did Thomas Murner, monk 
 at Luzerne, prepare himself solemnly to declare Zwingli 
 the heretic to be a conquered perjurer, liar, adulterer, 
 unbeliever, thief, etc. ; in vain did he picture him as 
 already hanging upon the gallows ! The whole progress 
 of the conference plainly showed that the E-oman Catho- 
 lics had prepared to celebrate a great victory. But in 
 this they were disajDpointed. This the papal party 
 perceived, and indulged their wrath in verbal and writ- 
 ten denunciations ; and since they could not ajjprehend 
 Zwingli, they excluded Zürich, Basel, and St. Gall from 
 the confederation.
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE MARBURG CONFERENCE. 
 
 At the Diet of Spire, on the 19th of April, 1529, the 
 fundamental doctrines of Protestantism received a defi- 
 nite form and a final acknowledgment. This victory of 
 the Word of God, which alone was at stake, excited the 
 Roman Catholic party to devise some counter movement 
 to overthrow Protestantism. An alliance among all 
 Protestants seemed to be necessary, and would have been 
 accomplished but for the opposition of Luther. Philip 
 of Hesse was greatly annoyed at this, and said : " On 
 account of the Zwinglians, no union is desired by some ; 
 let us then remove the differences between the two par- 
 ties. " Such an alliance seemed to be indispensable to 
 the growth of Protestantism. '^ It is necessary," writes 
 Landgrave Philip, of Hesse, in the year 1529, to the 
 Elector John, of Saxony, " that we do not permit our- 
 selves to be so shamefully divided, although our learned 
 theologians are not agreed upon some points that are 
 either unimportant or else debatable, and upon which 
 our faith and salvation do not dejDend." In these beau- 
 tiful words the noble Landgrave pointed out the way 
 which he was inclined to j)ursue in the reformatory re- 
 generation of his principahty. It was owing to him 
 that, at the imperial Diet of Spire, all the cities which 
 "were friends and adherents of Zwingli were not sacrificed 
 to the demands of the Roman Catholic majority. 
 
 Moreover, since at that time the civil polity wafl under
 
 148 TJIK hlFK OV ULKIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 tlio control of tlic prevailing tlieology, there was but one 
 course for the Landgrave of Hesse to pursue : to effect 
 a reconciliation by bringing together the Lutheran and 
 the Eeformed representatives. If existing circumstances 
 hud not been so unfavorable, Landgrave Philip would 
 have appointed a meeting for the year 1528, but he 
 postponed it until 1529. Melanchthon had already been 
 M'on over to Philip's views to such an extent that he de- 
 clared the differences between the two churches to be of 
 no great consequence. This encouraged the Landgrave, 
 who now turned to Zwingli and requested him to accept 
 the invitation to a mutual conference with the Lutheran 
 party. Zwingli, whose heart longed for peace between 
 the churches, thanked the Landgrave for his exertions 
 on behalf of the Church's welfare, and promised to come. 
 Luther did not favor the conference, nor was Melanch- 
 thon much inclined to go. But since the Elector of 
 Saxony desired them to attend, they consented and went, 
 sending him the following declaration : "If the Swiss 
 do not yield, then all your trouble is in vain." 
 
 Zwingli, on the other hand, would not avoid a discus- 
 sion concerning the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. lie 
 desired to see and to meet Luther, And the progress of 
 the disputation showed that he Vas well furnished with 
 arguments out of the Holy Scriptures, well-grounded in 
 dogmatic theology, and well acquainted with the writings 
 of the old Church fathers. lie was never at loss for 
 an answer. He stood completely upon the immovable 
 foundation of the Divine Word. 
 
 Zwingli sought permission from the Council of Zürich 
 to undertake the journey to Marburg. " I am con- 
 vinced," said he, " when we doctors shall meet, the light 
 of truth will enlighten our eyes." But the Council 
 would not give its consent, for it did not wish to sec its
 
 THE ilARBURG CONFERENCE. 149 
 
 beloved pastor go on so remote a journey. Zwingli, 
 however, who had entertained great expectations from 
 the results of this conference in the interests of the 
 peace of the Church, could not and would not remain at 
 home. Fastening his gaze upon the spiritual welfare of 
 all Christendom, he hfted up his eyes, filled with scald- 
 ing tears, and prayed : " O God, Thou that hast never 
 forsaken me, Thy will be done, to Thine own honor and 
 glory." He then prepared himself for the journey. 
 But because of his enemies, who still souglit his ruin, he 
 was obliged to keep his departure a secret. Not even 
 his wife knew whither he was going. Rudolph Collin, 
 professor of the Greek language, accompanied him. On 
 the night of the 31st of August they mounted their 
 horses and set out for Basel. When his enemies heard 
 of his departure they rejoiced. Some said the devil had 
 visited him and carried him oif. Others said that he 
 left the city in company with several rogues. To the 
 Councils of the city he wrote : "If I depart without 
 notifying you beforehand, this will happen not because 
 I do not respect and honor you, but because I know 
 your love to me, and that your concern on my account 
 would hinder my departure." 
 
 On Tuesday, September 6th, Zwingli, accompanied 
 by Oekolampad and other friends of the Reformation, 
 left Basel on board of a boat, descended the Rhine and 
 reached Strassburg in tliirteen hours. Here they 
 sojourned at the house of the dean of the cathedral, 
 Pastor Matthias Zell, whose wife, after attending to 
 their wants, seated herself at the feet of the two Reform- 
 ers, to hear the Word of Salvation. Zwingli found her 
 to be so intelligent a woman that he ranked her higher 
 than many of the learned doctors. 
 
 From Strassburg Zwingli and Oekolampad continued
 
 150 THE LIFE OF L'LRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 tlieir journey in all quietnesa, accompanied by forty 
 Hessian hoi"semen, and reached Marburg on Wednesday, 
 September 29tli. The next day Luther arrived. In 
 order tliat the Reformers might become more intimately 
 acquainted with one another, the Landgrave had ar- 
 ranged that Luther and Oekolampad, Zwingli and Me- 
 lanchthon, sliould hold a private conference concerning 
 the questions in controversy before beginning the jjublic 
 discussion. Accordingly on the 1st of October, after the 
 morning service had been held, these four men met in 
 pairs and conferred in separate rooms. After the lapse 
 of three hours they were called to dinner. That finish- 
 ed, Zwingli and Melanchthon continued their conference, 
 but not Luther and Oekolampad, The latter complained 
 of the treatment he had received from Luther, and enter- 
 tained no hope of union because of tliis. 
 
 Zwingli demanded that the conference should be open 
 to every one, Luther opposed this, and would not con- 
 sent to the presence of representatives from Frankfort, 
 Strassburg, Basel, and from other Swiss cities, as well as 
 from the Rhine region. As Zwingli relates, there were 
 but twenty-four persons present. On Saturday, the 2d 
 of October, at six o'clock in the morning, the conference 
 was opened in the great hall of the Knights of the 
 Castle, at Marburg, The Itessian Chancellor, Feige, 
 opened and conducted the proceedings, and in the name of 
 the Landgrave reminded every one again ^' to seek every 
 possible way and means through which this burdensome 
 and injurious division may be speedily ended, and they 
 all brought together again to steadfast unity," Luther 
 was not altogether inclined to comply with this wish, and 
 in reply to the above reminder he wrote with chalk, in 
 large letters, upon the table at which he, Melanchthon, 
 Zwingli, and Oekolampad were seated, these words :
 
 THE MARBURQ CONFERENCE. 151 
 
 "This is my body." All were astonished at this 
 action. 
 
 The Hessian chancellor once more requested all pres- 
 ent not to overlook the wish of the Landgrave. But 
 Luther replied : " I solemnly declare that I differ from 
 ray opponents on the doctrine of the Lord' s Supper, and 
 that I will continue to differ !" And to this declaration 
 he practically adhered. Before touching upon the 
 Lord's Supper, Luther sought to include all the other 
 Christian doctrines within the range of the discussion ; 
 but Zwingli insisted that the conference should be con- 
 fined to the doctrine concerning the Holy Sacrament. 
 Luther then began the discussion by declaring that it 
 was necessary to abide by the very letter of the words 
 of institution. Oekolampad replied that it would be im- 
 possible to receive all the declarations of Christ liter- 
 ally ; thus, for example : "I am the true vine, and my 
 father is the husbandman," "1 am the door of the 
 sheep," " John is Elias," " The seven good- and the 
 seven ill-favored kine are each seven years," " Christ 
 is the rock," "This is my body.'' Luther conceded 
 that many passages of Scripture are to be taken spiritu- 
 ally, but not so the passage touching the Lord's Supper. 
 Oekolampad reminded him of John 6 : 63 : " It is the 
 Spirit that quickeneth : the flesh pro fitetli nothing," and 
 added : " What Christ here rejects he cannot approve in 
 the Holy Sacrament." Luther refused to continue the 
 consideration of this passage, pointed to his chalk writ- 
 ing, and maintained that when God speaks man must 
 believe and not criticise. Oekolampad desired to know, 
 since man received a spiritual benefit by partaking of the 
 Lord's Supper, what further special benefit the oral re- 
 ception would impart ? Luther declined a direct answer, 
 but replied : " If God should command me to eat dung.
 
 lÖ'i THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLT. 
 
 I M'ouUl do it ; it would certainly be wholesome to me I 
 We must believe, and do it. We must do it." 
 
 At this point Zwingli took up the discussion with Lu- 
 ther, and emphasized the statement that Scripture must 
 be explained by Scripture, and hence Christ's words of 
 institution of the Sacrament must be intei-preted accord- 
 ing to John 6 : 63. Luther again pointed to his writing, 
 and simply said: "This is my body." Zwingli en- 
 joined him to cease repeating this same remark. Land- 
 grave Philip, perceiving that his attempts at union 
 were in danger, intimated his approval of Zwingli's ex- 
 planation. The whole jaarty then proceeded to dinner. 
 
 At the afternoon session Zwingli read Luther's and 
 Melanchthon's published spiritual interpretation of 
 John 6 : 63, to show that both agreed with him in teach- 
 ing a spiritual reception or benefit. Straightway Luther 
 and Melanchthon disavowed this explanation, and main- 
 tained : " As soon as the words of institution have been 
 spoken, the body is present, no matter how bad the 
 priest may be that utters the words." It was evening, 
 and the conference adjourned — without result. 
 
 On the following day, Sunday, October 3d, the dis- 
 cussion was resumed at the point where it was broken olf 
 on the previous day. Zwingli called upon Luther to 
 prove how a body could be in different places at the 
 same time, for the latter had made this statement. 
 Luther continued to repeat: "This is my body." 
 Zwingli grew weary of this repetition. He had sought 
 to prove the spiritual benefit of the Sacrament, accord- 
 ing to exegetical rules, from the scriptures, and from 
 Katural Philosophy. n.e now adduced the Church 
 fathers in evidence. He quoted the declarations of 
 Fulgentius about the natures of Christ ; then also a 
 citation from Augustine. Luther responded : " The 
 
 J
 
 THE MAUBUKG COXFEUENCE. 153 
 
 body of Christ is present in the Lord's Supper, but not 
 as in a place," i.e. locally. It was now noon. Oeko- 
 lampad summed up the result of the morning's confer- 
 ence, claiming that, if the body of Christ were not local- 
 ly present in the Sacrament, then it is not a real body, 
 and that thus Luther had refuted his own previous state- 
 ments. 
 
 After dinner the conference was continued. Oeko- 
 larapad began the discussion with the remark that, 
 since Luther had conceded that the body of Christ is not 
 locally present in the Sacrament, they would now in all 
 kindness proceed to investigate the manner of the pres- 
 ence of Christ's body. To this Luther replied : " You 
 will not drive me a step further. If you have Fulgen- 
 tius and Augustine with you, then we have all the other 
 Church fathers with us." Luther was asked to name 
 them. " We shall not name them," was his reply ; 
 and, lifting the table-cover, he pointed to his writing 
 and exclaimed : " Behold, thus reads the passage ; you 
 have not driven us from it, as you have boasted ; we 
 care nothing for other evidence." It was in vain to 
 continue the conference ; the discussion was at an end. 
 The frightened chancellor implored them to come to an 
 agreement before separating. Luther replied : "I know 
 of but one means to secure this : let our opponents 
 believe as we believe." " That we cannot do," re- 
 turned Oekolampad. " Then I will leave you to the 
 judgment of God, and pray that He may enlighten 
 you," responded Luther. " We shall do likewise," an- 
 swered Oekolampad. During this time Zwingli stood 
 silent, deeply moved, and shed tears in the presence of 
 all. Landgrave Philip accepted the teachings of Zwin- 
 gli. At the close of the conference he desired that they 
 should recognize one another as brethren. Thereupon
 
 154 TUE Ul'K OF ULKIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 Zwingli, bathed in tears, extended to Luther the hand 
 of peace. To the surprise of every one, Luther refused 
 to accept tlic proffered hand, remarking : ' ' You have a 
 different spirit." "We are conscious of having acted 
 from pure motives ; posterity will testify to this," replied 
 the Swiss representatives. On the 5th of October they 
 left Marburg. Luther also returned home.
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE FIRST WAR OF KAPPEL. 
 
 The cause of the Reformation now controlled the can- 
 tons of Zürich, Berne, Basel, St. Gall, Schaffhausen, Gla- 
 rus, Appenzell, and the free districts. These formed an 
 alliance, to the chagrin of the Pope, the bishops, and the 
 Roman Catholic element of the population. In fact, the 
 Roman Catholic party now exerted itself to the utmost 
 to suppress the Gospel in the territory under their juris- 
 diction. The Bishop of Constance issued a pastoral 
 letter enjoining them to remain good Catholics, and to 
 defend themselves bravely, otherwise all Switzerland 
 would soon become Reformed. On the other hand, the 
 Reformed cantons were all the more zealous on behalf of 
 the Evangelical cause. Canton Zürich, alternately with 
 the five Roman Catholic cantons of Zug, TJri, Schwyz 
 and Luzerne, administered the government for a period 
 of two years in Thurgau and in the valley of the Rhine. 
 Under the Reformed governors appointed by Zürich these 
 districts enjoyed the free exercise of religion, whereas 
 under the Roman Catholic governors they were badly 
 oppressed. Thus, under Joseph am Berg, of Schwyz, 
 and Jacob Strack, of Zug, the Reformed allies were great- 
 ly abused. They were fined, imprisoned, and tortured. 
 One of the Reformed preachers had his tongue cut off, 
 some were beheaded, and others burned at the stake. All 
 copies of the Bible, wherever found, were thrown into the 
 fire. In the old treaties, concluded before the Reforma-
 
 156 THE LIFE OP ULRK; ZWIifOLI. 
 
 tion, no mentioTi wiis made of religion. Hence the 
 people of Ziiricli demanded that tlie civil governors 
 should discharge the functions of the secular government, 
 hut should not concern themselves about matters of re- 
 »ligious belief. The Catholics maintained, on the other 
 hand, that during the two years of their administration 
 they could do as they pleased. Hence dangerous con- 
 troversies ensued ■which must lead to war. Fraternal 
 hatred was carried so far that the four forest cantons 
 completely ignored the battles of Murten, Laupen, Mor- 
 garten, Sempach, Näfels, etc., in forming an alliance with 
 their ancient enemies, the Austrians, who were defeated 
 in the above-named battles and thereby expelled from 
 Switzerland. Even the imperial party were astounded 
 at this act, which was regarded by some as infamous 
 treason to the Fatherland. Universal sorrow filled the 
 land. The Reformed assembled in Zürich and sent am- 
 bassadors to the Catholic cantons offering reconciliation. 
 But they were everywhere badly received, especially in 
 Unterwaiden, and returned to Zürich. The treaty with 
 Austria contained this clause : " Whoever originates 
 new sects shall be punished by death. If it be necessary, 
 Austria will assist in executing the law. ' ' Carried away 
 by this condition of the treaty, the people of the four 
 forest cantons wantonly broke the Federal peace. 
 
 On the 22d of May, 1529, Pastor Jacob Kaiser went 
 to Oberkirchen, intending to preach. In passing through 
 a forest he was beset by six Roman Catholics, dragged 
 away to Schwyz, and on the 26th of May condemned 
 to death at the stake. In vain did Zürich and Glarus 
 interpose on his behalf. He died the death of a martyr, 
 joyfully confessing his Lord at the stake. That was the 
 signal to a premeditated war, which soon broke out. 
 A cry of anger rang out through all Switzerland. Zwin-
 
 THE FIEST WAR OF KAPPEL. 157 
 
 gli foresaw tliat peace could no longer be maintained. 
 He regarded it to be an imperative duty to put an end 
 to the uncertain condition of affairs on account of which 
 so many innocent persons were obliged to suffer. 
 Hence he declared himself publicly in Zürich, and also 
 wrote to his friends in Berne : " The existing peace 
 which many continue to favor is really war ; the war 
 tliat I desire is peace. There is no security for the truth, 
 nor any safety for its confessors, unless the very pillars 
 of tyrannical government are overthrown. Undoubtedly 
 we are called upon to tnist in God alone, but we are also 
 called upon to defend our righteous cause, and, like 
 Gideon and Joshua, pour out our blood for God and 
 Fatherland." 
 
 Upon Zwingli lay the burden of the welfare of Church 
 and Fatherland. His highest aim was to secure the free- 
 dom of the preaching of the Gospel throughout all Switz- 
 erland. A few days after the death of Pastor Kaiser 
 throngs of refugees arrived in Zürich from the oppressed 
 districts. Canton Unterwaiden, supported by Austria, 
 had declared w^ar against the free provinces and de- 
 spatched an armed force against them under the com- 
 mand of Ahaber, of Unterwaiden. Whereupon Canton 
 Zürich declared war against Scliwyz. In this declara- 
 tion of war the following causes were assigned : That 
 the Reformed had been persecuted without right or 
 reason ; that the Confederate treaties of peace were no 
 longer respected ; and that Pastor Kaiser had been 
 burned at the stake. A force of 500 men with four guns 
 was sent from Zürich to meet Ahaber at Bremgarten, 
 and to j^rotect the free provinces in their religious liber- 
 ties. Zurich's banner waved over cloister Muri. Tiie 
 war had begun. Roman Catholics confronted Reformed 
 in battle array.
 
 1J3 tup: life of uluic znixGLi. 
 
 A force of GOO men from Ziiricli niarclied upon Eap- 
 perschwjl, and another of 400, commanded by Captain 
 George Berber, and accompanied hj Chaplain Conrad 
 Schmidt, of Küssnacht, advanced upon KappeL Upon 
 this Zwingli declared : " Since my brethren risk their 
 o^^^l lives in the conflict, I shall not remain seated alone 
 at the hearthstone ;" and, seizing his halberd he 
 mounted his horse and rode to the seat of war. Zürich 
 a2')pealed to Berne for assistance. But envy at Zurich's 
 growing influence inspired this reply : " Alone ye 
 began the conflict ; see ye to it how ye shall end it." 
 The Homan Cathohcs, on the contrary, proceeded 
 differently. As soon as Canton Zug issued its appeal for 
 assistance, Schwyz, Luzerne, Uri, and ITnterwalden re- 
 sponded and hastened to extend the required aid. The 
 army of Zürich, about 1000 strong, stood in battle array 
 before Zug. A messenger was sent to the army of the 
 latter to notify them that they (Zürich) were ready for 
 the conflict. But the forces of Zug were dismayed 
 because they were not yet ready for battle. By subter- 
 fuge Zug sought to gain time in order to strengthen its 
 forces. A messenger is sent to Kappel. The army of 
 Zürich is on the point of advancing into the territory of 
 Zug. At that moment they behold a horseman riding 
 in great haste from the direction of Baar. It was Aebh, 
 the chief magistrate of Glarus. He had returned to ask 
 for a truce, with a view to peace negotiations, on be- 
 half of his own enemies ! The latter had impressed him 
 with their expressed sorrow at the prospect of bloodshed 
 when there was really nothing in the way to hinder their 
 living together in peace. The kind-hearted Aebli did not 
 perceive that their object was to gain time to secure rein- 
 forcements. But his intercession for the enemy met 
 ■with a favorable response. Zwingli, however, penetrated
 
 THE FrKST WAU OF KAPPEL. 159 
 
 tlieir designs, and in the presence of the officers of the 
 army said to Aebli : " Father Magistrate, God will call 
 you to account for this proposed intercession. Our ene- 
 mies are in a dilemma, hence they favor us with kind 
 words. A little later on, when they are fully prepared, 
 they will suddenly surprise us with an attack, and then 
 no one will intercede for them." To this Aebli replied : 
 " Dear Father, I trust in God that all will go well. Let 
 us do our best." Saining this he rode away, and the at- 
 tack upon the enemy did not take place. The army of 
 Zürich encamped close to the outposts of the five forest 
 cantons. But Zwingli was filled with forebodings. 
 Seated in his tent, in fear and silence, he momentarily 
 expected danger. " In moments of real danger Zwin- 
 gli was certainly fearless, but he had a horror of shed- 
 ding blood, even that of his deadliest enemy. His heart 
 was alone concerned about the liberty of his Fathei'land, 
 the virtues of our fathers, and the lionor of Christ. I 
 speak the trnth as in God's presence." Thus intimately 
 was Mycouius acquainted with his beloved Zwingli. 
 
 In the mean while Canton Berne offered to raise 5000 
 men to chastise Zürich in case of necessity ! The Swiss 
 Diet was assembled in Aarau. This was the swift mes- 
 sage that Aebli carried from the Council at Zürich to 
 the army in tlie field. Zwingli *s fears were being real- 
 ized. Yet he comforted both himself and the army 
 when he said : " Our future destiny depends upon our 
 courage. ' ' 
 
 While the hostile forces thus confronted each other, 
 Zürich, Thurgau, and St. Gall on the one side, Zug and 
 Yallis on the other, a scene transpired between the out- 
 posts of the two armies which recalled the glory of an- 
 cient Switzerland, worthy to be remembered forever. A 
 few hungry soldiers of the army of Zug were captnred
 
 1(;0 THi: LIFK OF ULKIC ZWISOLT. 
 
 In- the forces of Zürich, and after being well siipj^lied 
 vith provisions they were sent back with the fraternal 
 assurance that they were associates and brothers of a 
 comtnon Patherland. At another time the Catholic out- 
 posts placed a ]:)ail of milk outside of tlie line, and cried 
 out to the Reformed : " We have milk, but no bread." 
 Thereupon the men of Zürich brought the needed bread to 
 their enemies, who crumbled it into the milk, and joyfully 
 ate it, although the Catholics had been ordered by their 
 priests never to eat M'itli heretics. 
 
 The Swiss Diet adjourned from Aarau to Steinhausen, 
 a Catholic village in the vicinity of both armies, and re- 
 solved that the claims of both parties should be heard. 
 Zürich demanded that the Word of God might be 
 preached without hindrance in the entire Confederacy, 
 yet that no one should be compelled to renounce the 
 mass, nor even pictures. Also that no one should be 
 permitted to enter the military service of the Pope, the 
 Emj^eror, or the King of France, or of any other foreign 
 potentate. And finally that Canton Schwyz should be 
 obliged to pay the sum of one thousand florins to the 
 children of the martyred Pastor Kaiser. At the same 
 time Zwingli admonished the Council of Zürich to con- 
 clude naught but an honorable peace. But such a peace 
 was only then attainable when it would be impossible for 
 foreign princes, by the use of money, to buy up men all 
 over Switzerland. 
 
 On the 26th of June, 1529, the treaty of peace was 
 signed. The principal feature or condition of the treaty 
 was this : That neither party should attack the other 
 because of any article of religion, and that the districts 
 hitherto under the common government of both parties 
 might decide by a majority vote for or against the Ref- 
 ormation, The forest cantons were called upon to give
 
 THE PIRST •W'AR OF KAPPEL. IGl 
 
 up their alliance with Austria, and to surrender the writ- 
 ten documents containing the terms of the said treaty. 
 Canton Berne added the proviso that if these writings 
 were not immediately surrendered they would be sent 
 for ! Early in the morning of the 26tli of June the 
 documents arrived, and were read in the presence of the 
 assembled forces. 
 
 In concluding this treaty of peace between the con- 
 tending parties Zwingli's warning voice was not heeded. 
 Plis heart was uneasy over the result, x^nd indeed it 
 was a worthless peace. It lasted but two years three 
 months and fourteen days. Full of gloomy thoughts, 
 he looked forward into the future. He was conscious 
 of having done his duty before God and man in having 
 warned liis Fatherland in tlie hour of danger. Before 
 leaving Kappel and the gloi'ious mountain scenery of 
 Albis, he composed a hymn, which was afterward sung 
 on the battle-fields of Switzerland, as well as in the 
 palaces of kings and in the dwellings of the people, for 
 Zwingli's hymns were popular among all classes. 
 
 Now mount the cliariot, Lord, 
 
 We know not where to go. 
 Thy hand must now uplift the sword 
 
 And smite the haiighty foe. 
 
 God, for Thy honor and our land 
 
 Blast Satan's progeny, 
 And teach Thy faithful flock to stand 
 
 Ever more firm in Thee. 
 
 To bitter strife, put an end ! 
 
 And waken love anew ; 
 Kind hearts to parted brethren send. 
 
 Old feelings warm and true. 
 
 Soon indeed it was seen that peace thus established 
 was a deceptive one. In the course of a few months it
 
 102 THE LIFE OF ULUIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 appeared, that the Papists intei-preted the conditions of 
 the treaty in a different sense from that in whicli they 
 •were understood. They continued to persecute the Re- 
 formed, and to drive them into exile. Zwingli and the 
 Keformation were derided. It was now publicly con- 
 ceded that the peace of Kappel was premature — indeed 
 that it would yet be necessary to regain the ancient liber- 
 ties by force of arms. 
 
 In the mean while the Emperor Charles V., having 
 formed a more intimate union vdth the Pope, arrived in 
 Germany and opened the Diet of Augsburg. On ac- 
 count of Protestant dissensions the papal party expected 
 the best results. The Swiss Romanists sent an embassy 
 to the Diet, which Avas graciously received by the Em- 
 peror, and which served the more to increase their bold- 
 ness. Zwingli sent a confession of faith froin the Re- 
 formed party, which awakened a feeling of opposition, 
 if not of hatred. The Saxon theologians declined ail 
 union with the Swiss Reformed. Bucer proposed a 
 compromise formula, w^hich, however, was rejected by 
 Luther and Zwingli. Melanchthon, on the other hand, 
 was conferring with Dr. Eck, the Romanist, with a view 
 to reunion. For all these reasons the enemies of Zwin- 
 gli in Switzerland believed that they would soon gain 
 their object, and hence they used every opportunity to 
 break the conditions of the treaty of Ivappel. A second 
 war was impending. Zwingli, the powerful friend of 
 the Fatherland, vainly endeavored to prevent it.
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 ZWINGLI AT HOME. 
 
 While Zwingli was born at "Wildhaus, in Toggenburg, 
 in 1484, Anna Reinliard was born in tlie same year in 
 Zürich. At tlie age of twenty she was married to John 
 Meier, son of Conncillor Gerald Meier, of Knonau, in 
 Canton Zürich. Councillor Meier sent his son to Con- 
 stance to be educated at the Ej^iscopal court, and had 
 also planned to provide him ^^'ith a wife. But John, 
 without his father's knowledge, espoused Anna Rein- 
 hard. This marriage caused an irreconcilable separation 
 between father and son, and induced John Meier to 
 enter the foreign military service. In the year 1517 
 he returned from an Italian campaign sick and dis- 
 abled, and soon after died. His widow, Anna Meier, 
 retired from the world and devoted lierseK to the educa- 
 tion of her three children, two girls and a boy. The 
 latter, named Gerald, received his ediication at the 
 church seminary in Zürich. He soon developed distin- 
 guished talents united with piety and a retired disposi- 
 tion. Zwingli inferred that the quiet and pious disposi- 
 tion of the boy implied a good home training, and that 
 this signified a good mother. 
 
 Zwingli was not mistaken. Ho was publicly married 
 to the widow, Anna Meier, on the 2d of April, 1524. 
 Four children were born to them— two sons and two 
 daughters. The oldest child, Regula, was married in 
 1541 to Rudolph Gwalther, the second successor of
 
 1G4 TUR LIFE OF ULRIC ZWING!,!. 
 
 Zwingli aiid the first editor of Ins writings. Slie died in 
 the year 1565, of the plague. Zwingli's youngest cliild, 
 Anna, died in youth. His oldest son, William, was 
 born in 1526, and died at the age of fifteen years, being 
 at the time a student of theology in Strasburg. TJlric, 
 Zwingli's second son, was born in 1528, and afterward 
 became pastor and Professor of Theology in Zürich. 
 He died at the age of forty-three, in the year 1571. lie 
 also had a son named Ulric, who likewise beca]ne Profes- 
 sor of Theology, and died at the age of twenty-nine, in 
 the year 1600. With his death the male line of the 
 family of Zwingli became extinct. The flourishing 
 family at present living in Canton Zurich are descend- 
 ants of one of Zwingli's brothers, who established him- 
 self at EUy. 
 
 Zwingli was found at home in plain attire, in a com- 
 foi*table clerical go"vvn and hat. He was always of a 
 cheerful countenance, revealing the manly courage of a 
 hero, and friendly to every one that called upon him. 
 At times he would be stirred by a righteous indignation 
 at some exhibition of hypocrisy, obstinacy, or igno- 
 rance. But the storm-clouds of anger soon passed away 
 before the beams of that truth which he remembered, 
 that we all sin frequently. 
 
 In his manner of living Zwingli preferred the greatest 
 simplicity. His wife Anna, who possessed many costly 
 garments, as Zwingli -^Tites, " no longer touched the 
 plunder, much less wore it for display. As it becomes a 
 good housewife, she dresses like the ^\'ives of the com- 
 mon citizen, simply and well, that no one will notice her 
 former rank. ' ' 
 
 The early morning hours were spent in devotion, in 
 prayer, and in meditation upon the Word of God. 
 Thus he prepared himself, by personal communion with
 
 ZWIXGLI AT HOME. 1G5 
 
 God, for the many arduous labors of the day, that he, 
 owing to his extraordinary spiritual gifts, attended to 
 with marvellous rapidity. But there were times when 
 he labored not only till midnight, but indeed through 
 the entire night. For in addition to his daily sermons 
 and scholastic M^ork, to his care for Church and school, 
 to the labor of answering letters from at home and 
 abroad, there was added special care for the poor, the 
 sick, and the exiled refugees that flocked to Zürich. 
 Besides all this, he wrote many large volumes in Ger- 
 man, Latin, and Greek, which he bequeathed to his 
 Church and Fatherland. Who does not behold in all this 
 the iron constitution of this great man and his wise divi- 
 sion of time into periods of work, rest, and recreation ! 
 If Zwingli himself could not spare the time, his wife en- 
 tertained his guests. She took an active interest in all 
 that concerned Church and Fatherland. Zwingli could 
 not cause her greater joy than to read to lier from his 
 latest writings, or when he translated to her beautiful 
 passages from the old Greek and Latin poets. She 
 valued as a precious gift the first proof-sheets of the 
 Zurich Bible which Zwingli and Leo Juda translated 
 into Swiss-German, and which was completed in the year 
 1530. As soon as the proof-sheets of a form were at 
 hand, she would have Zwingli read the same to her, 
 if she had been obliged to wait until after midnight. 
 And as they both revered God, so they induced the in- 
 mates of their household to follow their examj)le, to the 
 effect that visitors joyfully remembered the hours sjjent 
 in their home. The Silesian Chancellor, Nicholas 
 Arator, long after Zwingli's death, writes as follows : 
 " In Zwingli's household, among these dear friends, I 
 was so well pleased with their Christian family life that 
 I can never forget it as long as I live, and that I shall
 
 l(.i(.! THE LIKK OF ULlllC ZWINGLI. 
 
 always coniniend it to my own. More especially did he 
 reconiincnd'tlie liabit of prayer to all who visited him. 
 For, said he, if we grow wiser and more learned in our 
 intercourse w'ith wise and learned pei'sons, how much 
 more will we gain in our inner life by communing with 
 God in prayer." 
 
 But l^esides such serious moments, Zwingli spent many 
 a happy hour at the cradle of his children, singing with 
 them their youthful songs, or accompanying them upon 
 some musical instrument. Among the many instru- 
 ments which he could play, the lute, was his favorite. 
 For his own comfort and joy he composed many a song 
 and hymn, both music and words. Rome found fault 
 with, and even Faber criticised his music. Yet he was . 
 not pained by this reproach. To Faber he wrote : "I 
 make good use of my musical Icnowledge, which I 
 steadily practised from my youtli, both to cheer my 
 children and to put them to sleep. " Even Socrates in his 
 old age grew young again after he had begun to play the 
 hai-p. And as at the cradle and in the family circle, so 
 did he make good use of his musical knowledge in the 
 circle of his friends that were accustomed to assemble at 
 liis house on Sunday afternoons. Many of his personal 
 clerical friends and many of the to urn Council, accom- 
 panied by tlieir wives, spent the afternoon at his home. 
 But all centred about God's "Word, which his own soul 
 found so precious in times of sorrow that he could not 
 refrain from recommending it most heartily to his conti- 
 dential friends. After reading the Scriptures and edify- 
 ing conversation upon the same, the time was spent in 
 friendly talk, interspersed with cheering song, usually 
 conducted by Leo Juda. 
 
 These afternoon meetings of song and praise gave rit^c 
 in later times to the popular songs and sacred hymns ai^
 
 ZWIXGLI AT HOME. 167 
 
 tliey are still sung, after the lapse of three centuries, in 
 four voices or parts, all over Switzerland. In both the 
 high and the common schools of the Canton of Zürich 
 the singing of church chorals and patriotic songs in four 
 voices is obligatory. The hjmns of all the hymn-books 
 of the Reformed Cantons of Switzerland are set to four 
 parts or voices. 
 
 In the p^ilpit or before the Council, among the people 
 or with the students and in his study, in his family or 
 among his friends, wherever Zwingli was, he was sincere 
 and true. His highest aim was to reconstruct the badly 
 degenerated Church and to save the Fatherland from the 
 brink of ruin. " According to my judgment, truth is for 
 the human soul what the sun is for the world. Wher- 
 ever the sun arises it is joyfully greeted, and men pre- 
 pare themselves cheerfully for work. In like manner 
 the soul rejoices in the light of truth from whatsoever 
 source it comes. It looks up and congratulates itself 
 that the darkness of ignorance disappears before the 
 splendor of truth. As there is nothing more welcome to 
 the world than the sun, so there can be nothing lovelier, 
 more precious, and higher to the human soul than the 
 truth. Whoever brings the truth to light, becomes my 
 friend, even if he disparage my name ; he enriches, 
 blesses my soul, and fulfils its higher destiny. ' ' 
 
 When Vadiau, burgomaster of St. Gall, in company 
 with many riflemen, visited Zürich to participate in a 
 national festival, which the authorities had instituted in 
 honor of his helpful services, Zwingli was among the 
 number that welcomed their honored guests. He sat at 
 the festive board and rejoiced that everything unworthy 
 had been removed from such festivities, and that because 
 of the purifying and sanctifying influence of the Gospel 
 a faithful Christian could also participate in them. As
 
 ICS THE LIFE OF ULlilO ZWINOLT. 
 
 at tlic meetings of the guilds of citizens and laborers in 
 their halls, so at the popular festivals, Zwingli showed 
 by his presence that among the best fruits of Swiss lib- 
 erty this is to be prized : that men in Church and State, 
 of liigh and low degree, in public and jDrivate life, in 
 the circle of friends and on national festival days, can be 
 sincere — thoroughly sincere and true. 
 
 I
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 ZWnSTGLI S TEACHINGS AND WKITING8. 
 
 In all the doctrines that Zwingli formulated he was ac- 
 customed to ascribe all salvation imto God as the abso- 
 lute determining jiower. Nowhere does he j^ermit sal- 
 vation to be conditioned by human resolves or actions, 
 things, or ceremonies ; nor does he admit that any creat- 
 ure could influence the decrees of God. " In God man 
 rests and confides ; God is the Sabbath of his soul, his 
 one and all ; God is the incomparable highest good, the 
 only exclusive Author and Giver of all Salvation ; it is 
 impossible for him to do without God ; hence he sur- 
 renders himself entirely to God, whose instrument he is. 
 God is therefore the real object of faith, especially since 
 faith really means to trust in God alone ; and all else 
 that belongs to faith, including Christ and His salvation, 
 the Word of God and the means of grace of the Chris- 
 tian Church — all are included in this dependent and ex- 
 clusive relation of the subject to God. The security of 
 the soul is that intimate dependence upon God, and this 
 is real faith that everything exists alone in and through 
 God. Our salvation is founded alone upon God, upon 
 the grace of God, whose Mediator and Advocate is Jesus 
 Christ, upon the operations of divine grace, in and for 
 man, but not upon anything human, external, or finite. 
 All confidence that does not rest in God is founded 
 on unbelief, is idolatry ; whereas the greater the faith in
 
 170 lUK LIFE OF ULIIIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 the all-controlling God, the greater is God in thee as 
 the eternal, unchangeable power of all goodness." 
 
 Such beautiful thou^-hts as these Zwingli expresses in 
 numerous passages of his writings. They originated in 
 liis untiring study of the Holy Scnptures, as well as in 
 his intimate communion with God in prayer. He felt 
 perfectly assured of his possession of personal salvation. 
 Keconciled, united with God in Christ, possessed and 
 impelled by His Spirit, he deserted neither the Church 
 nor the Fatherland in trials. In times of need and pub- 
 lic tri])ulation he was their firmest support, and continued 
 to be the same until death ; although, had he yielded to 
 the inclinations of the flesh, he would rather have avoid- 
 ed the conflicts. 
 
 " It happens to us," said Zwingli, "as it happens to 
 those at sea. In the beginning of their voyage the land 
 seems to them to be of far greater extent than the sea. 
 But the farther they sail upon the sea, the more and 
 better they perceive how small a part of the whole earth 
 the land really is. Thus it is with us : as long as we de- 
 pend upon our own understandings, we know nothing of 
 the works and ways of God. But when we remove our 
 gaze from the earthly and fasten it upon the Divine, 
 then we begin to learn of things that fill our minds with 
 great amazement. But what is the sea of which I have 
 been speaking, other than the Divine Providence and 
 government over all things, the immeasurable and in- 
 exhaustible power and activity of God ? Let us then 
 leave the shores of earth and contemplate the works of 
 God, and we shall behold glorious things. Let us con- 
 sider the wonderful acts of God until we shall have 
 become capable of appreciating still greater things." 
 
 These precious passages of Zwingli's concerning man's 
 absolute dependence upon God show that such eenti-
 
 ZWINÜLl'S TEACHINGS AND WHITINGS. 171 
 
 ments, as in Zwiiigli himself, are not calculated to render 
 men careless and secure, bnt rather humble and obedient 
 to the Divine Word. " lie that is tilled with God's 
 Spirit," sajs Zwingli, " he advises, assists, is always 
 busy about the welfare of his neighbor, always desires 
 to do something good and useful, never ceases his benev- 
 olent activity, is untiring in every good work, and is 
 anxiously concerned lest he do less than he should. 
 God's Spirit works in the hearts of the pious ; they re- 
 aemble a mill upon a hill, that is rendered active by the 
 blowing of the wind. Let us remember that we are in- 
 struments of the Divine activity, whom God employs to 
 execute that which lie has in mind. With zeal and 
 diligence we are to undertake our work, never grow 
 weary over it, not forsake the Divine work, nor merely 
 celebrate holy day, but rather lay hold upon and help in 
 all things. 
 
 " Keligion had its origin," continues Zwingli, " at the 
 tame when God recalled fugitive man, who otherwise 
 would have remained a fugitive. For God pitied the 
 perverseness of his flight and the dismay of his soul ; 
 He regarded him as a faithful father, who, although he 
 hates the folly and the presumption of the son, yet he 
 can never hate the son himself ; but graciously calls the 
 last and despairing one : ' Adam, where art thou ? ' 
 O wonderful, inexpressible mercy of our heavenly 
 Father ! lie thus asks, in order that man may always 
 remember in what condition an all-merciful God found 
 him, and out of which He called him. Here, I main- 
 tain, stood the cradle of religion. Unhappy man saw 
 that he had merited naught but God's wrath, and, de- 
 spairing, he fled from God. But behold the Father's 
 fidelity to the unfaithful son ! He pursues him, and 
 overcomes his resistance amid his obstinate endeavors.
 
 \7'i THE LIKE OF ULIUC ZWIXGLT. 
 
 AVhat is this other tlian fidelity to the son ? And thus, 
 until this very day, originates the fidelity of God, and is 
 exercised for our benefit. And only then is it God's 
 complete fidelity when we are converted to Him who 
 deliv^ers us from our own counsels. But oh ! the un- 
 happy human father that pursues the son with uninter- 
 rupted kindness, i)ut whose efforts are in vain ! Yet not 
 so with our Divine Father. For whomsoever He calls 
 is obliged to answer, whether he will or will not, as is 
 proven in the case of Adam the disobedient one, David 
 the adulterer and murderer, and Paul the persecutor. 
 Hence religion consists in this : God leads man to ac- 
 knowledge his disobedience, sin, and misery, not less 
 than Adam, and especially to see why it is that he de- 
 spairs of himself. At the same time God reveals the 
 fulness of His benevolence, in order that man may see 
 that there is a certain hope and abundant grace prepared 
 by his Creator and Father for him, by virtue of which 
 he can never be separated from Him. Such a depend- 
 ence, therefore, by which man trusts God alone, as 
 the only Good, who can relieve us of our troubles, turn 
 away from us all evil, or else overrule it to His honor 
 and to our good — this is fidelity, l^iety, and religion." 
 
 Actuated by so great degree of piety, Zwingli regard- 
 ed the Scriptures of the Old and the Kew Testaments 
 as the inviolable "Word of God, i.e. the sacred writings 
 of both Testaments are the inspired Word of God. Not 
 human historical evidence or proof, not the testimony of 
 the ancient Church, but alone the Divine impression 
 which the believer receives from the Scriptures, our 
 spiritual life being assisted thereby, and the testimony 
 of the Holy Spirit to that effect can establish the firm 
 conviction in the inspiration of the Bible. 
 
 Zwingli left a large number of writings, especially
 
 ZWINGLl'S TEACHINGS AND WRITINGS. 173 
 
 exegetical treatises upon the books of the Old and tlie 
 New Testaments. The stormy times of his experience 
 as Reformer for a period of thirteen years afforded him 
 but little time to arrange and perfect his writings, as a 
 man of letters would like to have done. They were 
 composed amid great difficulties. They are, however, a 
 pi'ecious and valuable testimony of the great spirit that 
 dwelt in him. 
 
 The first edition of his writings, though not perfectly 
 complete, comprising four volumes in folio, appeared in 
 1545, and was edited by his son-in-law, R. Gwalther. 
 In 1581 a new Latin edition was published. In the 
 year 1530 appeared his renowned translation of the 
 Bible, which remains to this day one of the best ver- 
 sions extant, and enjoys a large circulation arBong the 
 Swiss and the German Reformed in the United States. 
 In 1536 there appeared an edition of his writings, in 
 folio, and in 1592, in quarto, in Basel, both, however, 
 incomplete. An enlarged and improved edition of his 
 complete works was published in Zürich in 1828-42, 
 edited by M. Schüler and J. Schultliess, under the name 
 and title: "Huldreich Zwingli's Werke.'' L. Usteri 
 and S. Yoegelin issued his select works, in 3 volumes, in 
 1819. 
 
 The following biographies have appeared, all in Ger- 
 man : Nüscheler, 1776 ; J. C. Hess, 1810 ; J. M. 
 Schüler, 1819 ; Röder, 1855 ; R. Ohristoffel, 1857 ; 
 Ilundeshagen, 1862 ; Spürri, 1866 ; Mörikofer, 1867.
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 ZWINGLI ß DEATH AT KAPPEL, 
 
 The unhappy consequences of the peace signed at 
 Kappel, which the clear insight of Zwingli liad foreseen 
 %vith misgivings, were soon reahzed. Berne indeed had 
 rejoiced, and Zürich had celebrated festivals because no 
 blood had been shed. But Zwiugli's soul mourned, for 
 he thought that, although the people now rejoiced, the 
 time would come when they would all lament over this 
 alleged triumph. The words which he spake in the pul- 
 pit were words of prophetic warning to Zürich and her 
 allies : " The peace concluded at Kappel will yet lead to 
 it that we shall wring our hands because of trouble and 
 sorrow.'' And so it came to pass. Berne had rejoiced 
 at the victory, and Zürich had returned home in joy. 
 But the five forest cantons had left the field embittered 
 against their enemies. They had vowed to remain eter- 
 nally true to the old faith. The terms of the ratified 
 treaty of peace were regarded by them as an unbearable 
 yoke, and were interpreted by them with a different 
 meaning than that attached to them by Zürich. In fact 
 the treaty of peace proved a burden to them. ' ' 'We 
 shall have no rest," said they, "until we have broken 
 every fetter and regained our former freedom. " 
 
 On the 8th of January, 1531, the Swiss Diet assem- 
 bled in Baden, at which the representatives of the five 
 forest cantons declared that they vould not again appear 
 in the Diet unless the unla-svful efforts at evangelization
 
 ZWINGLl'8 DEATH AT KAPPEL. 175 
 
 set forth and encouraged bj Ziiricli were put an end to ; 
 indeed in case of necessity tliey might alone undertake 
 to punish such efforts by the use of force. On the other 
 hand, Zürich complained that the clause of the treaty 
 forbidding aspereions, "in order that new dissensions 
 may not be caused through misrepresentations giving rise 
 to greater disorders," was being continually violated by 
 Canton Schwyz. But in this very matter lay a spark 
 of lire which was to enkindle the llames and lead to the 
 beginning of the second war of Kappel. 
 
 To curb the tongues of the Roman Catholic cantons 
 was an impossibility. Through all their valleys they 
 cried out : " Zwingli is a murderer and an arch-heretic, 
 provoking most fearful scenes of disorder ; the men of 
 Zürich are all heretics, guilty of horrible'sins. " A pen- 
 sioner ran about the streets, shouting that he would not 
 rest until he had plunged his sword into the breast of 
 the godless heretic, Zwingli. The Reformed and the 
 cause of Reformation were publicly insulted. In Canton 
 Schwyz, however, their behavior was the worst of all. 
 The Reformed were not only insulted, but shamefully 
 abused. The enemies of the Reformation appeared in a 
 local assembly with fir-branches in their hats as a sign of 
 war, without remonstrance on the part of any one. The 
 five Catholic cantons prepare.d themselves for the conflict 
 they had already contemplated. Haughtily they looked 
 down upon the heretical cantons. On all sides was 
 heard the clanking of sword and cuirass. Under such 
 circumstances the Reformed cantons were of necessity 
 obliged to bestir themselves. 
 
 In February a Swiss Diet met in Basel, in March in 
 Zürich, and on the 10th of April a general assembly of 
 all the cantons was convened in Baden. But nothing 
 was accomplished at any of these meetings that could
 
 170 THE LIFE OF LLUIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 have preserved peace between the two parties. Zürich 
 demanded the free preaching of the Gospel everywhere 
 in Switzerland, On the other hand, tlie five forest can- 
 tons kissed tlie Pope's foot and the hands of the Aus- 
 trians, whose Emperor sent them weekly messages, ex- 
 horting them boldly to resist the Reformed, and assuring 
 them of his certain assistance. 
 
 War was unavoidable. Zwingli recognized this fact. 
 His heart beat for the welfare of Church and State of the 
 Fatherland, The blood of the ancient Swiss coursed 
 through his veins ; he felt as they did, that it was the 
 highest honor for a man to live and die for his native 
 land. It was his wish that energetic measures might be 
 taken, before the Emperor, who was engaged in a war 
 with the Turks, might come to the assistance of the 
 Roman Catholic cantons. On the 12th of May, 1531, 
 a meeting was held in Aarau, Zurich advocated war. 
 Berne proposed a blockade of the frontier lines, forbid- 
 ding the admission of grain, wine, salt, iron, and steel 
 weithin the lines of the Roman Catholic cantons, and thus 
 avoiding bloodshed. They claimed that the end sought 
 would thus be reached. Zürich, on the contrary, re- 
 garded this proposition to be unwise, because an oppor- 
 tunity would thus be afforded to the enemy to rally their 
 forces, and indeed would compel them to attempt sorties 
 in order to provide themselves with the needed articles. 
 The innocent would suffer with the guilty, friends 
 would be converted into enemies, and thousands would 
 unnecessarily be deprived of all food. But in vain were 
 Zurich's representations. By resolution of the 15th of 
 May, the frontier lines were closed against all trade and 
 trafiic. Zürich yielded, and Zwingli mourned. 
 
 On the following Sunday he preached openly and 
 earnestly against this unrighteous and unwise measure.
 
 ZWINGLI'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 177 
 
 He was profoundly convinced that, not only as minister 
 but also as Christian citizen, the right and the duty de- 
 volved upon him to punish and to hinder all unchris- 
 tian proceedings, even if authorized by the government, 
 so far as God should give him power and opportunity. 
 Among other things he said in his sermon : " You men 
 of Zürich forbid all food to the five cantons as 
 ye would to malefactors. You had better follow up 
 your threats with an emphatic blow, rather than starve 
 poor, innocent people. You think there is no sufficient 
 cause or reason for punishing them, and yet you refuse 
 them food and drink, thereby nevertheless compelling 
 them to resort to arms, cross the borders, and inflict 
 punishment upon you. And thus it will come to pass." 
 Zwingli's view was clear ; his sorrow over the measures 
 adopted was just and right. Soon enough the forest 
 cantons seized their swords, sharpened their halberds, 
 and marched in the direction of Berne and Zürich with 
 the cry : " They have closed our highways, but we shall 
 open them by force." Catholic France endeavored to 
 preserve peace between the contending parties, but at 
 the same time did not neglect secretly to instigate the 
 forest cantons not to yield an inch in their demands. 
 Again the Diet assembled, but again without accomplish- 
 ing anything. Added to all this, a time of famine op- 
 pressed the land. And not only in the Roman Catholic 
 forest cantons," but also in Zürich, the poor suffered 
 severely ; the more so since extortionate tradesmen 
 sought to profit by the hard times, and rich money- 
 lenders by their usurious exactions. Zwingli energeti- 
 cally resisted these unrighteous acts, and procured the 
 adoption of certain rules and regulations to which millers 
 and bakers were subjected, and by which all usurers and 
 extortioners should be punished. All persons thus re-
 
 178 THE LIFE OV ULIilC ZWIXGLT. 
 
 ßtricted became Zwingli's enemies, plotted and worked 
 against him wherever they could. Monks, pensioners, 
 nobles, and discontented persons generally united aiid 
 made common cause against him, in order to overthrow 
 him. With heavy grief Zwingli observed the manipnla- 
 tions of these allied parties. Great sorrow filled his 
 soul. His heart was burdened with the thought that 
 he who had never sought his own, but who had always 
 labored for the present and eternal welfare of the people, 
 for Church and Fatherland, should thus ungraciously be 
 treated. 
 
 Filled with pain and sorrow, Zwingli appeared before 
 the Great Council of Zürich, on the 26th of July, and 
 spoke with his heart deeply stirred : " For a period of 
 eleven years I have preached to you the Gospel, faith- 
 fully and pateraally warning you against the dan ers 
 which threaten our Confederacy, should the five can- 
 tons — that is, the throng that lives upon foreign pensions 
 and subsidies — gain the upper hand. But all this seems 
 to be of no consequence to you ; for you continue to add 
 those to your Council who long for such blood-money. 
 But such men are the best friends of the five cantons 
 and the most dangerous enemies of the Gospel. But 
 you will not obey the truth, and yet hold me responsible 
 for all the evil that happens. I desire therefore that 
 you will accept my resignation. I will provide for my- 
 self in some other way." Zwingli then departed, his 
 eyes being filled with tears. 
 
 But the Council was very much disconcerted at this 
 turn of affairs. Every member of the Council felt 
 deeply moved, and the respect entertained for him so 
 many years was newly aroused. All acknowledged that 
 with Zwingli's departure a great misfortune would befall 
 both Church and State. ''To lose him now," said
 
 ZWIXGLI'S DEATH AT KAPPEL, 179 
 
 every one, " would he ruinous to Zürich. A committee, 
 consisting of the burgomaster and several magistrates, 
 was appointed to call upon Zwingli at his home, and to 
 persuade him to withdraw his resignation. This was 
 done on the same day, and Zwingli demanded three days 
 for further consideration. 
 
 For three days and three nights the soul of this great 
 man was agonized to find the right solution to the ques- 
 tion. He well saw that the statesmen, with all their 
 political wisdom and half-heartedness, had so confused 
 the situation, had furthered dissensions and party spirit, 
 and had so strengthened the enemy, that nothing short 
 of some stirring event or some grievous providence 
 could bring deliverance. That he himself would fall as 
 a sacrifice he recognized as a probability. How much 
 more agreeable then would it have been for him to insist 
 upon his resignation, and to retire, either to the hills of 
 Toggenburg, to Wildhaus, or elsewhere. Yet the great 
 man could not and would not forsake his Fatherland in 
 the hour of national danger. At last the sacrifice was 
 brought and tremblingly laid upon the altar. All evil 
 directed against him he left to the just Judge, and anew 
 devoted himself unreservedly to the service of God. 
 
 After the lapse of three days Zwingli again appeared 
 before the Council and declared : " Because you have 
 promised to do better I shall remain with you, and by 
 God's grace shall labor for the welfare of the people 
 until the end of my life. " ISew courage and zeal im- 
 pelled him from this time forth, and he developed a re- 
 markable activity for the spread of the Gospel, notwith- 
 standing the numerous labors which the pastoral ofiice 
 imposed upon him, which he attended to from the year 
 1519 onward. Zwingli lived in the immovable faith 
 that the Word of God is the only and thorough means
 
 ISO THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWIXGLI. 
 
 of salvation for all the failings and shortcomings of his 
 Fatherland, not only for the Church bnt also for the 
 State. Ilence he could not relin(j[uish the hope that all 
 Switzerland might yet be won for the Gospel. lie 
 never doubted the willingness of the people of the 
 mountain cantons to receive the Gospel, and in spite of 
 all reproaches and accusations on their part his heart beat 
 warmly for them until his death. 
 
 At the S}Tiods of Frauenfeld, in the years 1529 and 
 1530, he was received with distinguished honors in the 
 presence of 400 clergymen. He was also summoned to 
 attend the synods of St. Gall and Toggenburg, in order 
 to assist in the reconstruction of Church relations. He 
 preached in the presence of enthusiastic multitudes, and 
 received their confidence and reverence to a high degree. 
 In St. Gall the people assembled before his quarters and 
 expressed their gratitude to him in vocal and instrumen- 
 tal music. The eyes of all that loved the truth re- 
 garded him. From him, as from a prophet of God, 
 they expected counsel and admonition, correction and 
 comfort, 
 
 Notwithstanding this extraordinary activity, he was 
 very busy at this time in preparing exegetical commen- 
 taries upon Isaiah and Jeremiah. In the summer of 
 1531 both volumes appeared in print. In many respects 
 his own position resembled that of these prophets. He 
 looked into the future, and the nearer the impending 
 storm threatened himself and the Church, the more cer- 
 tain was he that God would fulfil His promises to His 
 chosen people. The Word of God was his only rule in 
 all activity, so that he was ready rather to lose his life 
 than to yield in the least to forcible measures employed 
 against God and His Word. Hence he so clearly view- 
 ed the duty that God imposed upon him, without the
 
 ZWINGLl'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 181 
 
 least wavering at the tliouglit of approacliing tribulation. 
 He continnally sought to penetrate into tlie hidden mys- 
 teries of God, and acted, in view of the needs of his 
 Fatlierland, hke one that has his home, his citizenship 
 above. In his last commentary, published shortly be- 
 fore the breaking out of war, he writes (Jeremiah 
 33 : 2) the ever-memorable words : " Here we must 
 well consider the higher necessity that controls the 
 prophets. Is it not evident treason to advise those who 
 desire to save themselves to go over to the enemy ? 
 Could treason be otherwise so clearly expressed than it is 
 in these words ? "When God commands us to do that 
 which conflicts with the views of all men, when He en- 
 joins us to do that which human laws forbid, then we 
 find ourselves in a dilemma. But a soul that fears and 
 honors God cares nothing for the threats of the world. 
 To further the Council of God is its chief concern, . . . 
 Let us be courageous then in the work of the renewal of 
 the Church of Christ and the restoration of a Christian 
 government, even if sorrows and dangers confront ns, 
 even if we shall not live to see the successful result. 
 The Judge sees us, and will crown us after the conflict. 
 Others upon earth will rejoice in the fruits of our suffer- 
 ing, while we shall enjoy our eternal reward in heaven !" 
 Because of the distinguished honors that were paid 
 him on his synodical visits to the mountain cantons, 
 Zwingli had deceived himself in concluding that they 
 would gladly receive the Gospel. He overlooked the 
 fact that these ancient Catholic cantons clung with tenac- 
 ity to the old faith and customs. Yet his self-deception 
 was honorable and touching to a very high degree, for it 
 showed his whole-hearted love for the Fatherland. He 
 felt himself called of God to secure the free 2:)roclama- 
 tion of the Gospel for all Christians in general, and thus
 
 183 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINOLI. 
 
 ill particular for the people of the five forest cantons, 
 in order to lead them on this way to true Swiss liberty. 
 The prospect of an imminent tragic end did not cause 
 him to fear, but rather quickened his courage ; for to be 
 chosen of God and deemed worthy to die for His cause, 
 he regarded to be the Cliristian's greatest crown of vic- 
 tory. 
 
 As Zwingli had correctly foreseen, the restriction of 
 articles of food had done more harm than good. The 
 forest cantons, instead of being humbled, grew more ob- 
 stinate and at the same time more united. The Reform- 
 ed cantons knew not what course to pursue. If they 
 raised the blockade, it would signify that they had 
 gained nothing, or that they were neither united nor 
 strong enough to go further and attempt an attack. If 
 they did not raise the blockade, no one could tell what 
 the end would be. The five cantons were already so de- 
 fiant that they would no longer listen to moderate de- 
 mands, but insisted first of all upon an immediate re- 
 moval of the restriction. 
 
 Zwingli advised as^ain and again that this should be 
 done, and repeatedly expressed his regret that his advice 
 had not been followed. It appeared to him, as he had 
 often recommended, that an occupation of the Roman 
 Catholic cantons would be less objectionable, and also 
 less injurious to the spread of the Gospel, than the pro- 
 hibition of trafiic in provisions. Accompanied by Collin 
 and Wemer Steiner, Zwingli attended the fourth session 
 of the Diet at Bremgarten, although in so doing he ex- 
 posed himself to fatal danger. Under cover of night he 
 secretly reached the house of his friend Bullinger, and 
 there conferred, before daybreak, with the delegates 
 from Berae, and implored them to take the welfare of the 
 entire Fatherland into consideration. Moved by the
 
 ZWINGLI'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 183 
 
 earnest representations of the Reformer, they promised 
 to do their best to avert impending evils. If the dele- 
 gates of the five Roman Catholic cantons had known of 
 Zwingli's presence, his days on earth would have been 
 nmnbered. For this reason three members of the City 
 Council guarded Bullinger's house during Zwingli's 
 nightly visit. Before daybreak, Zwingli took leave of 
 Bullinger at the gates of the city, where a heart-rending 
 scene of sacred friendship marked their separation. 
 Three times did Zwingli take leave of Bullinger, em- 
 bracing him and weeping bitterly. Finally he blessed 
 him, saying: "God bless you, dear Henry ; remain 
 faithful to the Lord Jesus Christ and to His Church." 
 He then rode away to Zürich. 
 
 When Zwingli arrived in Zürich he found the city in 
 the greatest state of excitement. The minds of all were 
 filled with apj)rehension at impending danger. Won- 
 derful signs appeared in the heavens. On the western 
 horizon was seen a comet, shining as if in a state of con- 
 flagration, its pale yellowish light extending far toward 
 the south. 
 
 In the night of August 15th Zwingli stood with his 
 friend George Müller, the former Abbot of Wettingen, 
 in the cathedral cemetery. To the question of the 
 latter as to the significance of the appearance of the 
 comet at this time, Zwingli replied : " It shines to light 
 me and many a worthy man, who love to see truth and 
 right triumph in the Confederacy, to our graves !" 
 
 " Kot indeed," answered his friend, " if it be God's 
 will. God will not permit this to take place." 
 
 " Tes, yes," responded Zwingli, " He will order it 
 thus to verify the sign ! But when the rod is applied to 
 the house of God, then woe be to the enemies of the 
 Gospel ! God will maintain His cause, even if it should
 
 1S4 TUB LIFE or ULUIt; ZWIXGLI. 
 
 appear as if all were on tlic verge of ruin. 1 liaA'e faith 
 iu our cause, for it is good and true. But I have little 
 confidence in the people. Our only comfort is in 
 God !" 
 
 On the 3d of September the comet disappeared. 
 It had been a terror to all Switzerland, and had been 
 regarded as a sign of the wrath of God, signifying not 
 only the shedding of blood, but the death of many 
 learned and renowned men. 
 
 Other wonderful signs were reported from the several 
 cantons, but all of a similar fearful import. From the 
 forest cantons was heard the cry : '' "War, war ! Blood, 
 blood !" Yet every one seemed to be at a loss what to 
 do. Zwingli alone remained calm and self-possessed. 
 As a champion of God, he received every warning. 
 His soul-communion with God strengthened him. His 
 heart was filled with that peace which the world cannot 
 give. His faith rested in Hira who once spoke to his 
 disciples : " Peace I leave with you, my peace I give 
 unto you. Not as the world giveth give I unto you. 
 Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid " 
 (John 14 : 27). 
 
 Once more he lifted his warning voice from the pul- 
 pit and appealed to the people : '' The most faithful 
 warnings are of no avail, and cannot save you. You 
 prefer not to punish the foreign pensioners that so 
 haughtily raise their heads among you. They have a 
 strong support among yourselves. Your chains are 
 forged ; there they are, link after link ; they are pre- 
 pared to throttle me and many a pious soul of Zürich. 
 All this is directed fi gainst me. But I am ready, and 
 submit to the will of God. Yet these people shall not 
 be my masters. You will not punish them, hence they 
 will punish yon. But God will protect His Holy Word
 
 ZWINGLl'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 185 
 
 and soon end their glory. May God protect and defend 
 His Church !" 
 
 Once more an attempt was made to preserve peace, 
 but in vain. The forest cantons had already held an as- 
 sembly in Luzerne and determined upon war. Yet 
 Zürich seemed to remain careless. Whatever reports 
 were received of the preparations of the Roman Catho- 
 lic cantons, they were not credited until it was too late. 
 In greatest quiet the Catholics guarded all the roads so 
 that no communication could be had with Zürich. Her 
 friends in Zug and Luzerne were themselves shut up in 
 their valleys, as if imprisoned. Thus Zürich remained 
 uninformed as to the resolutions passed by the forest 
 cantons, until October 4th, when a message of warning 
 was received in great haste from the cloister at Kappel : 
 "Arm yourselves, and be on your guard." But the 
 warning was not heeded. 
 
 On Sunday, October 8th, 1531, Zwingli occupied his 
 pulpit for the last time. On that day there arrived a 
 messenger from the five cantons demanding their release 
 from the Confederate covenant. Fear, indecision, and 
 treachery prevailed in the city. The people seemed to 
 have become cowardly, and their leaders wavering in 
 their attachment. Zwingli alone stood firm and confi- 
 dent. Immovable, he looked unto the Lord and upon 
 eternal life with the victor's crown, for he well knew 
 that although God might veil His countenance He would 
 never forget His own. Thereupon he addressed the 
 wavering and despairing populace, as if he beheld the 
 spectre of Home rising from behind the Alps to deprive 
 him and his friends of their faith : " That alone is our 
 real treasure, to have God as our friend, whom neither 
 death nor any earthly power can tear away from us. 
 No, no ! I shall never deny my Saviour."
 
 186 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 On the 9tli of Octol)cr it was reported that 10,000 
 men had issued from the mountains and were marking 
 their way with fire and blood through the free districts 
 and up to KappeL On Tuesday morning, the 10th of 
 October, Captain George Goldli, a secret friend of the 
 Catliohcs, was sent with 600 men to seize and hold the 
 town of Kappel, distant about ten miles south of Zürich. 
 The artillery did not follow until afternoon, the horses 
 not being ready, and was not assigned to a position on 
 the field until the next morning. Keinforcements ar- 
 rived from Meilen and Grüningen, so that the united 
 forces amounted to 1200 men. 
 
 At eleven o'clock the outposts reported an immense 
 multitude approaching from the direction of the Ail- 
 ment. Goldli marshalled his forces and formed a line of 
 battle. They then knelt in prayer. 
 
 On Wednesday, October 11th, 1531, the forces of the 
 five cantons were arrayed upon the broad plains of Baar 
 and prepared to advance. They had the advantage of 
 position, ha\"ing possession on their right of a highway, 
 and being protected by a forest on their left. The soft 
 ground of the meadows, on the other hand, was to their 
 disadvantage, for the progress of their trains was im- 
 peded ; and indeed they would have fallen into the 
 hands of the forces of Zürich had not Goldli, their com- 
 mander, treacherously refused to permit an attack upon 
 the enemy in his embarrassed position. 
 
 In Zürich the great banner of the canton was raised on 
 the town hall on the morning of the 11th of October, and 
 all capable of bearing arms were summoned to assem- 
 ble. During the night about 500 men had been sent to 
 the free districts, and 400 men to Waedensschweil. On 
 this account it was difficult to raise a large force for the 
 main army, which in tliis hour of its greatest danger
 
 ZWIKGLl'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 187 
 
 oiierht to have numbered at least 4000 men. But a few 
 hundred men gathered, and these in a disorganized con- 
 dition ; some hastened to join the main army without 
 their commanders, while the remainder tarried until 
 afternoon, took the oath of fealty, and slowly prepared 
 themselves for the advance. The Council itself was still 
 uncertain as to the wisest course to pursue. Zwingli ex- 
 claimed : " If we tarry here much longer, I fear we shall 
 arrive too late to be of any help to our own people. It 
 is not right for us to wait and hear what our forces are 
 suffering at Kappel. In God's name, I shall go down to 
 our brave soldiers, to die with them or to help save them. ' ' 
 
 " According to one of our ancient Swiss customs, the 
 great standard dare not leave the city unless one of the 
 chief pastors will accompany it !" Such was the uni- 
 versal cry. All eyes were now directed upon Zwingli. 
 Some said: "We cannot do without his counsel." 
 Others replied : " Who shall comfort us, if not Zwin- 
 gli ? " The Council now appointed him as cJiaplain of 
 the army. He was obliged to take the lield. The rem- 
 nant of the yet available forces was assembled in the 
 cathedral square, before the residence of the Reformer. 
 At 11 o'clock he appeared at the door, accompanied by 
 his weeping wife, children, and friends. His counte- 
 nance was firm, but sad. Standing at the side of his 
 horse, he said to his weeping wife : "' The hour of part- 
 ing is come ; the Lord wills it to be thus. Ainen ! He 
 will be with thee, with me, and with our children." 
 
 "And shall we never see each other again?" asked 
 his wife, tremblingly. 
 
 " If it be the Lord's will ! His will be done !" re- 
 plied Zwingli. 
 
 "And what will you bring back to us again ?" in- 
 quired his wife.
 
 188 THE LIFE OF LLlilC ZWINGLI. 
 
 '^ Blessings after the dark night," responded Z^dngli. 
 As a dying one blesses his own, so did Zwingli bless his 
 wife and children, committing them to the care of God. 
 And kissing his children, and once more bidding his 
 wife farewell, he mounted his horse and rode away. 
 
 " We shall not see him again," remarked one stand- 
 ing near. " The Lord protect him !" added another. 
 " Ah !" said a third, " did he not bid farewell to Bul- 
 linger in Bremgarten lately, as a man that is advancing 
 unto death ?*' And they never saw him again. 
 
 "Without looking back, Zwingli accompanied the small 
 number of men that hastened to the relief of their be- 
 sieged countrymen at Kappel, arriving at the latter 
 place at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. The total strength 
 of the army of Zürich amounted to ISOO men, while 
 that of the five cantons was about 8000. It was 4 
 o'clock in the afternoon, and the sun was about setting. 
 The enemy had observed the reinforcements which the 
 army of Zürich had received. They held a council of 
 war, and resolved upon an immediate attack. With 
 fierce outcries they advanced upon the forces of Zürich. 
 A bloody conflict ensued. T\vice they were driven 
 back. While the foremost lines were bravely resisting 
 the fierce attack in the front, the enemy executed a 
 flank movement on the right, which struck terror into 
 the rear lines, caused them to yield and take to flight. 
 Those grouped about the banner, seeing this, also re- 
 treated. The enemy, perceiving the success of his 
 flank movement, returned to the attack in front, and 
 now drove the broken lines of Zurich's army. Those 
 that survived took to flight, pursued by their implacable 
 foes. The dead, the wounded, and the dying filled the 
 ditches and were thickly scattered by the way. The 
 banners of the five cantons advanced prudently and with
 
 ZWIXGLI'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 189 
 
 closed ranks as far as Allement. The enemy was every- 
 where successful. It was no longer a battle, but a 
 slaughter upon the meadows of Kappel. Zürich had 
 lost the day. 
 
 As the leaders of the five cantons passed over the bat- 
 tle-field, they enjoyed the melancholy pleasure of recog- 
 nizing among the dead of Zürich the most resolute 
 defenders of the Evangelical cause. Among the slain 
 were 26 members of the two Councils and 98 citizens of 
 Zürich, steadfast friends of the Reformation. Just as 
 bravely fought and fell their brethren from the country 
 districts, 500 in number. According to an old Swiss 
 custom, the pastors of the congregations were obliged to 
 accompany their countrymen to the field of battle. Of 
 these that comforted their countrymen with the Gospel, 
 25 fell by the sword. Of the 25 slain preachers, 7 were 
 of the city and 18 from the country. Caj)tain Göldli, 
 tha.t played the traitor on the battle-lield, removed from 
 Zürich to Constance. The total loss of the five Roman 
 Catholic cantons was 80 men, that of Reformed Zürich 
 about 900 men. But there was one death more bitter 
 than all the rest. 
 
 Zwingli stood firm at his post, in the midst of the 
 members of his congregation, with helmet upon his 
 head, the sword at his side, and battle-axe in hand. 
 This was in accordance with old Swiss custom, though 
 Zwinffli made no use of his arms. Durino; the former 
 war he had planned, ordered, and conducted every- 
 thing, step for step, with untiring application. In this 
 second war he occupied a passive position, awaiting 
 with melancholy patience coming events, and foretell- 
 ing their sad ending. After having imparted his ad- 
 vice and admonition, he left the cause in the hands of 
 the Lord, and bowed patiently and submissively to His
 
 190 THE LIFE OF ULKIC ZWIXÜLI. 
 
 will. The close of liis introduction to the history of the 
 sufferings of Jesns presents to us a glorious testimony of 
 his submission to God even unto death, and of his faith- 
 ful following- of Christ. These words indicate the spirit 
 in which he hastened to the battle-field of Kappel : 
 ""We also will endeavor to remember the death of 
 Christ, in order that we may remain brave, steadfast, and 
 undismayed, when we are called uj^on to suffer for 
 Christ, for truth, and for righteousness." 
 
 On his way from Zürich to Kappel, Zwingli was heard 
 praying most fervently to God, and commending his 
 body and soul, as well as the Church, to His care. After 
 the flank attack had been made, and the firing of the 
 enemy had caused disastrous havoc, Zwingli was heard 
 making inquiry concerning the import of this move- 
 ment. "When the number of the slain had sadly in- 
 creased, Bernhard Sprüngli entreated him to encourage 
 the soldiers. This he did, by saying to those within 
 hearing : " My dear people, be of good courage, be not 
 afraid. Even if we must suffer defeat, ours is a good 
 cause. Commend yourselves to God, who can help us 
 and our friends." 
 
 Among the slain lay quite a number of Zwingli's rel- 
 atives by blood and marriage. And in the midst of the 
 noble dead lay Zwingli himself. Twice he was hurled 
 from his horse in the tumult of the conflict, but each 
 time be arose and stood firmly among liis comrades, 
 until he fell pierced by two lances. Natural darkness 
 stiiTounded him, but in his soul there was light, for he 
 knew in whom he had believed. He was certain of the 
 sweet hope that Christ was his life, and that his citizen- 
 ship was in heaven. And so he cried out: "What 
 matters it ? They may kill the body, but not the soul." 
 These were Zwingli's last words. For the third time he
 
 ZWINGLl'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 191 
 
 attempted to rise, when a stunning blow upon the head 
 felled him to the ground. When the plundering ene- 
 mies, torches in hand, were torturing the wounded and 
 outraging the dead, they came across the wounded Re- 
 former. Finding him still alive, they asked him whetlier 
 they should procure a priest to confess him. But he 
 gave them a negative answer. Whereupon the brutal 
 fellows, without knowing him, derided him as an ob- 
 stinate heretic. At that moment Captain \^okinger, of 
 Unterwaiden, approached, and, seizing his sword with the 
 ciy of rage : " Die, thou obstinate heretic, shameful 
 traitor and malefactor," he inflicted the death-blow. 
 
 Zwingli died at the age of forty-seven years nine 
 months and eleven days. All night long his remains 
 lay upon the battle-field, near to the highway that leads 
 over the Albis to Zürich. On the following morning, 
 when the victors examined the battle-field and found so 
 many distinguished men among the slain, they began to 
 comprehend the greatness of their victory. But when 
 they beheld Zwingli dead at their feet, their exultation 
 knew no bounds. The expression of determined cour- 
 age with which he died remained in death. Chaplain 
 Stocker, of Zug, who knew Zwingli well, testified that 
 he looked as hale and hearty as in life. 
 
 The old Abbot Schönbrunner, formerly of the Minster 
 of Zürich, who accompanied Chaplain Stocker to the 
 battle-field, when he beheld Zwingli' s remains, could not 
 refrain from tears, and said : " Whatever your faith may 
 have been, I know that you were a true patriot. God 
 be with your soul !" 
 
 Finally the drums beat and the entire army of the five 
 forest cantons was assembled to sit in judgment upon the 
 remains of the arch-heretic, Zwingli. The pensioners 
 cried out: "Divide his body into five parts, and send
 
 19 V THE LIFB OF LLEIC ZWINGLL 
 
 one part to eacli of the five cantons." Two officials 
 from Canton Zug admonished tliem to let the dead rest 
 in peace, since judgment belonged alone to God. But 
 with a wild cry of rage the multitude demanded that 
 Zwingli's remains should ])e quartered, mixed v»'ith 
 dung, and afterward consumed by fire. The hang- 
 man of Luzerne executed this sentence. The ashes of 
 ZwingK were scattered to the four winds. 
 
 At 7 o'clock in the evening the first news of the terri- 
 ble defeat was received in Zürich. The unexpectedness 
 of the news increased the fearfulness of the blow. 
 Anna Zwingli likewise heard the crj : " Zwingli is 
 dead." The unfortunate widow kissed her fatherless 
 children, knelt with them, and sobbed : " Lord, Thy will 
 and not ours be done. ' ' But when she heard that her 
 son Gerald, her brother, her sons-in-law, her brother-in- 
 law, her cousin, and many of her friends had fallen, she 
 was overcome with grief, and her children wept bitterly 
 with her. 
 
 The news of Zwingli's death was earned with the 
 rapidity of lightning through all Gennany, The Eoman 
 Catholic princes and rulers sent congratulatory messages 
 to the five forest cantons. Austria and Rome did like- 
 wise. But, on the other hand, from Alsace, Swabia, 
 Hesse, and many German cities were received messages 
 of condolence to the Council of Zürich. These com- 
 forted the people, and gave them to understand that, 
 even if the enemy rejoiced in the fall of Zwingli, thou- 
 sands of hearts in all Germany beat in sympathy, and in 
 tears and with cries of sorrow expressed their reverence 
 for the great Reformer. 
 
 " May our enemies rejoice because of his mortal re- 
 mains, and may they scoff at innocence. He yet lives, 
 and %vill forever live. The brave hero has left a me-
 
 ZVVINGLl'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 193 
 
 morial of renovpn that no flame of fire can consume. 
 God, to whose honor he labored until death, will glorify 
 his memory. And I, for whom he did so much, will 
 defend his reputation and praise his virtues." Thus 
 spake Leo Juda, Zwingli's faithful assistant at the 
 Church in Zürich. Oekolampad, who died in grief over 
 the result of the battle, on the 24th of November, im- 
 ])ressed his many friends in Germany that Zwingli, as a 
 faithful shepherd in the midst of his flock, had given his 
 life for his Fatherland and for the Church. 
 
 Since the 11th of October, 1531, on the evening of 
 which day Zwingli laid down his life, more than three 
 centuries have passed aM^ay, and many generations have 
 come and gone. But Zwingli's name and work have not 
 disappeared. They yet live, and exert a great blessing. 
 And their memory among us would be infinitely more 
 regarded, were it not for the morbid tendency of the 
 spirit of our times. According to this spirit Zwingli is 
 unnecessarily measured and judged by the record and 
 person of Luther, and tlius the former never receives his 
 just dues. This would not be the case were Zwingli 
 judged in and for himself alone. 
 
 Zwingli received his early training as shepherd son 
 amid the Alps of Toggenburg, receiving there at the 
 same time his first and permanent impressions of God's 
 glory, enabling him to measure the emptiness of all 
 human display. His early development for his divinely- 
 ap2:)ointed calling transpired under the blessed influences 
 of family and friends, by the which he laid hold upon 
 life in a happy and courageous manner. This enabled 
 him also to overlook the coarse, degenerate present, and 
 with a world-embracing view to rejoice beforehand in a 
 better future, and at the same time, with God's Word in 
 hand, to lay its foundations wisely, thoughtfully, and
 
 J94 TUE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI; 
 
 systematically. The distressing conditions of his Con- 
 federate Fatherland at the time of his reformatory activ- 
 ity exerted a decided influence upon his life and career. 
 His premature death, by which he was suddenly torn 
 away from his work of reconstructing the Church must 
 not be forgotten in a just estimate of his life. All these 
 are considerations that speak for themselves, and form 
 the rule or measure by which the man must be right- 
 eously judged. Nor can it be forgotten that in less than 
 thirteen years, amid the most serious dangers and the 
 most obstinate opposition, he laid the foundations of the 
 entire Reformed Church in Switzerland and in foreign 
 parts. 
 
 No matter what the judgments of other Reformers in 
 other countries may have been, Zwingliremains the great 
 and ever-beloved Reformer of Switzerland, the leading- 
 founder and father of the whole Reformed Church. 
 His Church Reformation, realized in the spirit and upon 
 the foundations of prophets and apostles, found an echo 
 in the j^opular conscience, and is cultivated until this day. 
 
 The fraternal ties of spiritual communion which 
 Zwingli established with Wiirtemberg, Bayreuth, and the 
 Palatinate, Hesse and Brandenburg, with the princes 
 and cities of the Lower Rhine, with England and Hol- 
 land, have endured centuries after his death. And they 
 have afforded to Switzerland the exalted consciousness 
 that although Zwingh, her greatest teacher, was killed 
 in battle, the work founded by him is indestructible. 
 
 It is and will remain an ever-precious sentiment, what 
 Bullinger wrote to Zwingli' s friends and admirers in for- 
 eign lands : " The victory of the truth rests in the 
 power and will of God, and is not bound to any time or 
 person. Christ too was put to death, and His enemies 
 imagined that they v.'on the victory. But -after forty
 
 ZWINGLl'S DEATH AT KAPPEL. 195 
 
 years had passed by, the triumph of Christ was revealed 
 in the destruction of Jerusalem. But truth does not 
 triumph in such a manner as if it suffered no oppression, 
 but rather in tribulation does it find its realization. But 
 for this, faith, patience, and perseverance are necessary. 
 The power of a Christian grows more powerful in M^eak- 
 ness. Hence, beloved brethren, let not our defeat at 
 Kappel become a stumbling-block, but persevere in the 
 "Word of God ! This has always won the victory, even 
 if, on its account, holy prophets, apostles, and martyrs 
 Lave been reviled and put to death. Blessed are they 
 that die in the Lord ! Victory will follow in due time ; 
 for a thousand years are in God's sight as one day. Nor 
 is there but one kind of victory, for he also triumphs 
 that suffers and dies for the sake of the truth I"
 
 CHUONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS IN 
 THE LIFE OF ULRIC ZWINGLI. 
 
 1484. January 1st. Zwingli is bom at Wildhaus, in Switzerland. 
 
 1492. Studies at Wesen under Bartholomew Zwingli. 
 
 1494. Enters the St. Theodore school at Basel, under George Biuzli. 
 
 1497. Studies at Berne under Henry Wolliin (Lupulus). 
 
 1499. Attends the University of Vienna. 
 
 1501. Teaches in St. Martin's Latin School, Basel. 
 
 1505. Receives the degree of Master of Arts (Ph.D.). 
 
 1506. Is ordained priest and called to Glarus. 
 
 1512-1515. Accompanies the Swiss troops, as Chaplain, to Italy. 
 
 1516. Accepts a call to Einsiedeln, 
 
 1517. Preaches Forgiveness of Sins through Christ alone. 
 
 1518. Denounces the Sale of Indulgences. 
 
 1518. Removes to Zürich, in obedience to a call, as Chief Pastor. 
 
 1519. Assumes the duties of his new Pastorate. 
 1519. Becomes dangerously ill. 
 
 1522. Condemns Foreigu Enlistments of Swiss Mercenaries. 
 
 1522. Publishes his first printed work. Fasting. 
 
 1523. Issues his 67 Theses and engages in the Church Councils. 
 1523. Introduces the German Language in the Public Services. 
 1521. Marries the Widow Anna Meier. 
 
 1525. Celebrates the Lord's Supper according to its Institution. 
 
 1529. Attends the Marburg Conference. 
 
 1530. Publishes the Bible in German. 
 
 1531. Issues Commentaries upon Isaiah and Jeremiah. 
 153L October 11th, Dies on the Battle-field of Kappel,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abbli of Glarus, 158. 
 Agriculture, 8. 
 
 Albkrt, Emperor, 1.3 ; assassinated, 15. 
 Alemanni, The, 8 ; f iiruish a new poj>- 
 
 ulatioii, 9. 
 Aratok, Nicholas, 1C5. 
 " Aucheteles," 10."). 
 AuosBuiio, Diet of, 1G2. 
 Augustus, The Emperor, 8. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baden, Church Council at, 145. 
 Baptism, A new formula of, 115. 
 Barbarism, Keli^nous, 193. 
 Bible, The, Zwingli's translation of, 
 
 33 ; estimate of, I'iiJ. 
 BicoccA. .59. 
 BiNZLi, George, 27. 
 Blockade of the frontier, 176 : works 
 
 evil, 183. 
 Bdllingeb, Henry, 80 ; prefers charges 
 
 against Samson, 81 ; opinion of 
 
 Zwiiigli, 83 ; after Kappel, 1Ü4. 
 
 BURQUNDIANS, 9. 
 
 C. 
 
 CAKTOKSin Switzerland, 16. 
 
 Castle, A, in olden times, 11. 
 
 Charlemagne, 10. 
 
 Charles V., 85; at Augsburg, 1C3. 
 
 Children of Ulric Zvvingli, 103. 
 
 Church, The Christinn, ü ; introduced 
 into Switzerland, 10. 
 
 Church services, 13S. 
 
 Clemens VII., 58; reproves Zürich, 59 ; 
 fonns an alliance with the Catholic 
 Cantons, 60. 
 
 Cloisters founded, 10. 
 
 Comet, Appearance of a, how regarded, 
 183. ° 
 
 Confederact, The Swiss, 15 ; constit- 
 uent cantons of, IC. 
 
 Congregation, Government of the, 131. 
 
 Conrad of Eechberg, 43. 
 
 Constance. The Bishop of, 105; appeals 
 to the Swiss Diet, 106. 
 
 Councils, at Zürich, 101 ; again con- 
 vened, 107 ; at Baden, 145. 
 
 Dominicans, The, 28. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eck, Dr., 143 ; invited to Zürich, 144. 
 Einsiedeln, 43; crowds of pilgrims 
 
 to, 45. 
 Ennius, Papal Legate, 54 ; aslcs for 
 
 troop.", 50 ; repeats his demand, 57. 
 Erasmus, 41. 
 
 F. 
 
 Faeer, Vicar-General, 91 ; in the Zü- 
 rich Council, 110; his designs, 143. 
 
 Fasting, 104. 
 
 Feige, Chancellor, 150; exhorts to 
 union, 151. 
 
 Festivals, Anew order of, 98. 
 
 Forgiveness of sins, 45 ; through 
 Christ alone, 40 ; sold for monej-, 49 ; 
 the sale continued, 79. 
 
 Fhauenfield, Synods of, 180. 
 
 Frederick I., Emperor, 12. 
 
 Gauls, The, 7 ; defeat the Ilelvetians, 8. 
 
 German language. The, introduced,! 15. 
 
 Oessler, 14. 
 
 Glareanus, 53 ; encourages Zwingll, 
 75 ; rejoices in Zwingli's progress, 97. 
 
 Glarus, 35 ; its atiachmeut to Zwingli, 
 44. 
 
 God, Dependence npon, 170 ; and His 
 Word, 180. 
 
 GÖLDLI, George, Captain, 186. 
 
 Governors, Ancient Swiss, 13; ex- 
 pelled, 15.
 
 198 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habsbcrg, The houfe of, 13. . 
 
 Hedio, Dr., 48; encourages Zwingli, 
 
 83 ; writes of his sickness, 88 ; of 
 
 Schiniier's opinion, 91. 
 TIelvetians', 8. 
 Hetzek, Ludwig, 115. 
 Home Life op Ulkic Zwingli, 164 ; 
 
 hi8 love of cliildren, KiS. 
 HoTTiSGEn, 110 ; is banished, 126. 
 HvMNSof Zwiugli, 89 ; at Kappel, 161. 
 
 I. 
 
 Images, 115; how treated, 116; how 
 
 disposed of, 124 ; as kiudling-wood, 
 
 127. 
 Indulgences, 49 ; sold in Switzerland, 
 
 50 ; at different prices, 79. 
 Introdcction to the mass, Zwingli's, 
 
 119. 
 
 J. 
 
 JuDA, Leo, 32; companion of Zwingli, 
 33; called to Einsiedelu, 53; called to 
 Zürich, 99 ; engages in the Church 
 Council, 119 ; liis tribute to Zwingli, 
 192. 
 
 Jdlius II., Pope, 39. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaiper, Jacob, Pastor, executed, 156. 
 
 Kappel, The first war of, 155 ; its treaty 
 of peace, 160 ; a failure, 161 ; its terms 
 annulled by the Catholic Cantons, 
 174 ; the second war of, 183. 
 
 Kapi-el, The battle of, 188. 
 
 I.. 
 
 Lenten rules, 101 ; discussed in Coun- 
 cil, 104. , „ . 
 
 Leo X., 49 ; his designs upoc the Swiss, 
 54 ; asks lor mercenailes, 55. 
 
 Lord's Supper, The, 40; no sacrifice, 
 118 ; its import defined, 121 ; in both 
 forms, 123; administered in the new 
 way, 129. 
 
 Louis XII., of France, 40. 
 
 Luther, his relations to Zwingli, 135; 
 how estimated by Zwingli, 136; at 
 Marburg, 150; defines bis position, 
 151 ; refuses fellowship, 154. 
 
 Luxuries, Foreign, 64. 
 
 JIarbubg Conference, The, 147. 
 >tARif;NANo, Battle of, 40. 
 Martyrs, Protestant, 145; a noble ex- 
 aii>ple of, 156. 
 
 Maps, The, 40; Zwingli's view upon, 
 43 ; his printed views upon, 116 ; dis- 
 cussed, 118; is not the Lord's Supper, 
 121. 
 
 JIeier, Anna, Widow, 163. 
 
 Melancutiion, Philip, 148. 
 
 Mercenaries, 38 ; employed by the 
 Pope, 38 ; enlistment of, prohibited, 
 .55 ; asked by J'rance, .56 ; .suffer severe 
 losj^es, 58 ; exert a degradini influ- 
 ence, 61 ; number of men elain, 64. 
 
 Missionaries, Early, 9 ; their labors, 
 10 ; their stmggles, 25. 
 
 Monks, The, oppose the Reformation, 
 75; hostile to Zwiugli, 91; present 
 charges, 93 ; hinder Gospel preach- 
 ing, 94 ; their preaching void, 129. 
 
 Murderous Conspiracies, 141. 
 
 Myconius, 51 : encourages Zwingli, 
 92; writesof his danger?,141. 
 
 Nature, Signs of, 184. 
 ^'Ew Testament, The, explained In ser- 
 mons, 73-78. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oekolajipad, 149 ; complains of Ln- 
 ther's treatment, 150; (liscusses with 
 Luther, 151 ; closes the debate, 153 ; 
 his death. 193. 
 
 Order of Worship, 47. 
 
 P. 
 
 Palm Mule, The, 127. 
 
 Party Spirit, 62. 
 
 Pensions, The system of. 37; tardily 
 paid, 55 ; forbidden by Zürich, 57 ; 
 their degrading influence, 61 ; im- 
 mense amounts paid, 63 ; renounced 
 by oath, 126. 
 
 PEiacoPES, Preaching from the, 73. 
 
 Persecutions of Protestants, 144 ; con- 
 liuned, 1.55. 
 
 Philip of Hes=e, 147; favors Zwingli's 
 teachings, 153 ; exhorts to fellowship, 
 153. 
 
 Pictures, 116. 
 
 Praise Meetings iu Zwingli's home, 
 166. 
 
 Priests, Multitudes of, 55; ignorance 
 of, 68 ; one of them beheaded, 68. 
 
 Printing presses, 69. 
 
 Puccius, Antoninus, 48 ; demands sol- 
 diers, .55 ; promises reforms, 56 ; hears 
 the truth from Zwingli, 82. 
 
 R. 
 
 Reformation, The, 69; its .idvocatcß 
 in Switzerland, 70 ; desired by tlo 
 people, 71 ; opposed by the monks,
 
 INDEX, 
 
 199 
 
 75 ; progresses slowly, Gl ; discussed 
 
 in a Cuuucil, 107 ; taking flriu root, 
 
 129 ; gaining ground, 14G. 
 ■Reformers, Swiss, 70. 
 Relatives, Zwingli's, killed atKappcl, 
 
 102. 
 Religion, its origin, 171. 
 Rn.ETiANS, The, 7 ; the tribes of, ß. 
 
 RlI.BTIU.<, 7. 
 
 RoMK, 53 ; its designs, 54. 
 
 Roust, Marx, 54. 
 
 Rudolph of Hapsburg, 12. 
 
 RÜTLI, Covenant of, 14 ; enlarged, 13. 
 
 S. 
 
 Salvation of God, IfiO. 
 
 Samson, Bernhardin, 49 ; operates at 
 Berne, 79 ; near Zürich, 80 ; is driven 
 away, 81. 
 
 ScuiNNER, Cardinal, 30 : employs mer- 
 cenaries, 40 ; acivised by Zwingli, 4S ; 
 hires troops, 55 ; favors Charles V., 
 85. 
 
 Schools, Village, 123. 
 
 ScnwYZ, Canton, forbids pensions, SG ; 
 persecutes the Reformed, 175. 
 
 Simony, 56. 
 
 Spire, Diet of, 147. 
 
 Staeheli, George, 9C ; relates of dan- 
 gers, 139. 
 
 Switzerland, 7 ; its ancient inhabi- 
 tants, 8 ; part of the German Empire, 
 11 ; oppressed by An^itrian governors, 
 13 ; struggles for independence, 15 ; 
 the Conlederacy established, 15 ; Can- 
 tons in, 10 ; its connection with JJonie, 
 53 ; nearly ruined by foreign inilu- 
 ences, G5. 
 
 Synods, Establishment of, 131. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tell, William, 14. 
 Theses, Zwingli's, 107. 
 Tkutu, its import, 1(J7. 
 
 'V. 
 
 tJNivEr.siTiEs, Influence of, 71. 
 UsuEERs punished, l'"i7. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vices of the clergy, C7. 
 Vine culture, 8. 
 
 Virgin Mary, The, 45; her imago re- 
 moved, 47. 
 
 W. 
 
 "Waldenses, The, 13 1. 
 
 Wap.s, Foreign. 38; demoralizing In- 
 fluences of, (j2 ; money spent' upon, 
 63. 
 
 ■WlLDHAUS, 18. 
 
 Winter evening pastime«, 20. 
 Wölplin, Henry, 23. 
 Writings of Zwingli, 173. 
 Wyttenbach, Thomas, 32 ; hla Gospel 
 teachings, 33. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Year, The Old and the New, 22. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zell, Matthias, 149. 
 
 ZÜRICH, 51 ; forbids enlistments and 
 pensions, 57 ; character of the people* 
 of, G8 ; breaks with the Pope and for- 
 eign lords. 85 ; afflicted by the plague, 
 88 ; resolves upon free Gobpel preach- 
 ing, 97 ; resolution adopted in Coun- 
 cil, 114 ; as to the images and mass, 
 125; abolishes pensions, 127; declares 
 war against Sehwyz, 157 ; marches 
 against Ziig, 15S ; concludes a treaty 
 of peace, luO ; demands warlike mea- 
 sures, 170 ; also free preaching, 176 ; 
 is surprised, 185 ; sends out its forces, 
 186 ; is defeated, 188 ; consternation 
 at, 19G. 
 
 Zwi.sGLt, Anna, Mrs., 164 ; her interest 
 in her husband's work, 165 ; takes 
 leave of ht-r husband, 186 ; receives 
 the news of his death, 192. 
 
 Zwingli, Bartholomew, IJean, 27. 
 
 Zwingli, Ulric, Sr., 18 ; his family 
 and occupation, 19 ; his children, 23. 
 
 Zwingli, Ulric, 18 ; his parentage and 
 home, 18; birth, 23; mentil powers, 
 24; youthful impressions, 25; moral 
 development, 2C ; designed for tha 
 ministry, 27; studies at Wesen, 27; 
 then at Basel, 27; at Berne, 28 ; dis- 
 like to monasteries, 28 ; returns home, 
 29 ; goes to Vienna and studies phi- 
 losophy, 30; his student friends, 30; 
 returns home, 30 ; goes to Basel, 31 ; 
 his evangelical convictions, 31 ; is ap- 
 pointed teacher, 31 ; his love of music, 
 31 ; receives a degree, 32 ; meets Juda, 
 33; translates the Bible, 33 ; finishes 
 his studies, 35 ; is ordained priest, 
 called to Glarus, 35 ; studies the 
 Scriptures, 37 ; attacks vices and 
 abu-^es, 38; receives a pension, 39; 
 goes to v/ar, 40 ; visits Milan, 40; re- 
 solves iijjon reform, 41 ; a firm friend 
 to young men, 41 ; accepts a call to 
 Einsiedeln, 43; preaches Jesus, 45; 
 introduces a Gernntn ortler of worship, 
 47 ; discusses the Reformation move- 
 ment, 48 ; is bribed by the Tope, 49 ; 
 denounces the sale of indulgences, 50; 
 is culled to Zürich, 51 ; secures ap- 
 pointments for his friends, 52 ; preach- 
 es against foreign enlistments, 57 ; 
 his writings ))rjnted and circulated, 
 69 ; his ciTcctlve prcac liing, 74 ; op-
 
 200 
 
 IXDEX, 
 
 posed by the monks, T5 ; explftlns the 
 Scriptui-ee, 76 : his inlluoncc increus- 
 iug, 81 ; in temporal affairs, 85; de- 
 nounces ])onsi<)iis, St) ; becomes dan- 
 gerously ill, SS ; composes hynnif*. 8'J ; 
 19 attacked by a monk, 91 ; by other 
 parties, 93 ; boldly proclaims the 
 truth, 95 ; appoints assistants, 9ü ; his 
 enemies, 98 ; invites Juda to Zurich, 
 99 ; engages in councils, 101 ; his opin- 
 ions on Lenten rules, 104; publishes 
 his first work, 104; writes "Archet- 
 eles," 105 ; prints 67 theses, 107 ; in 
 the Church Council at Zürich, 109 ; 
 introduces German, 115 ; his opinion 
 on images and pictures, 116; on the 
 Mass, 116; engages in another Coun- 
 cil, 117 ; writes an introduction, 119; 
 secures the renunciation of pensions, 
 126; celebrates the Lord's Supper, 
 1.J9 ; results attained in 1525, 133 ; his 
 relations to Luther, 135 ; his ojiinions 
 of Luther, 136 ; intercedes for him, 
 137 ; presentiment of hi- own death, 
 137; attempts upon his life, 139 ; asks 
 to go to Marburg, 148 ; departs with- 
 out permission, 149; arrives at Mar- 
 
 burg, 150; debates with Lnther, 152; 
 offers the hand of peace, 154 ; in favor 
 of war, 157 ; concerned about his 
 country, 159 ; displeased with the 
 treaty, 161 ; sends a Confession to 
 Augsburg, 102 ; marries Widow Meier, 
 163; his children, 163; his home life, 
 164 ; his love of children, 166 ; love of 
 music, 166 ; his sincere character, 167 ; 
 love for popular festivities, 167 ; per- 
 sonal salvation, 170; his doctrines, 
 169; his writings, 173; his life, 173; 
 mourns at inactivity, 174 ; is derided, 
 
 175 ; demands energetic measures, 
 
 176 ; enemies plotting against hira, 
 177 ; resigns his position, 178 ; with- 
 draws his resignation, 179 ; attends 
 Synods, 180 ; prepares commentaries, 
 181 ; visits the Diet at Bremgarten, 
 181 ; views the comet, 18:3; again 
 warns the people, 184 ; preaches for 
 the hist time, 185 ; takes leave of wife 
 and children, 186 ; goes to the front, 
 186 ; prays fervently, 190 ; his last 
 words, 190 ; is killed, 191 ; ignomini- 
 ously treated, 192 ; his death, how re- 
 ceived, 193.
 
 201 
 
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