Hispanic Notes 
 Monographs 
 
 
 'vMEKieAHSERCES
 
 HISPANIC 
 
 HISPANIC SOCIETY
 
 AMERICAN SERIES 
 
 5^ I HE HISPANT iOCtETlCi 
 
 OF AMERICA
 
 HISPANIC 
 
 NOTES & MONOGRAPHS 
 
 ESSAYS, STUDIES, AND BRIEF 
 BIOGRAPHIES ISSUED BY THE 
 HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
 
 VI
 
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 The Hispanic Society of America
 
 PARAGUAYANS 
 
 OF 
 
 TO-DAY 
 
 EDITED BY 
 WILLIAM BELMONT PARKER 
 
 Corresp. Memb. of The Hispanic Society of America, 
 
 Editor of « Culjans of To-Dny>, « Peruvians of To-Daji 
 
 « Bolivians of To-Day », • Cliilcans of To-Day » 
 
 "Argentines of To-Day », etc. 
 
 THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
 
 LONDON NEW YORK 
 
 1921
 
 Es PROPIEDAD DK 
 
 THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
 
 All Rights Reserved
 
 en 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CJJ 
 
 so: 
 
 TO MY WIFE 

 
 FOREWORD 
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 " Paraguayans of To-Day, " the sixth 
 book in the series on the men of 
 Hispanic America, makes a special ap- 
 peal to interest because of the compara- 
 tive remoteness of the country and the 
 tragic character of its history. 
 
 The hundred and twenty persons 
 whose lives are recorded here are be- 
 lieved to be representative of the lead- 
 ers of Paraguay. Needless to say the 
 list is not complete ; some whom it were 
 desirable to include are missing and 
 others are inadequately presented for 
 a lamentable lack of data. 
 
 The subjects of the biographies are 
 drawn from all parts of the country and 
 from all classes and professions. In- 
 complete though it is, this collection of 
 biographies may therefore serve to give 
 a fairly just impression of the civili- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 VI
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 zation of Paraguay and the state of 
 art, education, government and com- 
 merce which it has attained. It may 
 also afford at least occasional glimpses 
 of the historical and geographical back- 
 ground — of the devastating war which 
 left the country maimed in 1870, 
 and of the wide leagues of unused ter- 
 ritory which stretch away to Brazil and 
 Bolivia. 
 
 As little here as in earlier volumes 
 has an alphabetical arrangement seem- 
 ed desirable; the order, therefore, except 
 for certain obligations of courtesy, is 
 purely fortuitous ; nor has any attempt 
 been made to proportion exactly the 
 biographies to the importance of their 
 subjects. 
 
 The Editor once more acknowledges 
 the obligations he has incurred in fulfil- 
 ling his task and repeats his inadequate 
 but sincere thanks for the manifold 
 signs of courtesy and cooperation 
 shown him. He remembers with grati- 
 tude the many kindnesses of Senor 
 Juansilvano (lodoi and his son Rolnn- 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 do Augusto Godoi ; he pays his thanks 
 for the facilities afforded by the Na- 
 tional Library and its staff; he records 
 his sense of obligation to Seiior Juan 
 Francisco Perez for competent and 
 diligent cooperation, and to Senor Nar- 
 ciso Binayan, who accompanied him to 
 Asuncion, for unwearied collaboration. 
 Finally he presents his thanks to the 
 subjects of the biographies themselves 
 and to the members of the press of 
 Asuncion, whose friendly interest light- 
 ened his labor. 
 
 W. B. P. 
 
 Buenos Aires, October 23, 1920. 
 
 To the second edition I hanje added one 
 nenxi biography. 
 
 W. B. P. 
 
 London, June 15, 1921. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 JX 
 
 VI
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Biographies marked with a star (') are illustratei 
 
 Manuel Gondka * 
 Juan Sinforiano Bogarin * 
 Cecilio Baez * 
 juansilvano godoi * . 
 Maria F. Gonzalez * . 
 Venancio Victor Lopez 
 Teodosio Gonzalez * . 
 Eloy Farina Nunez 
 Juan Monte * 
 Alfonso Belisario Campos 
 Gomes Freire Estf.ves 
 Federico Garcia . 
 Juan B. Nacimiento . 
 Pedro Bruno Guggiari * 
 Fermin Casco Espinosa * 
 Ernesto Velazquez * 
 J. Alfredo Aponte 
 Manuel W. Chaves * 
 Manuel J. Duarte 
 EuLOjio Jimenez . 
 Evaristo Acosta . 
 Juan L. Mallorquin 
 Daniel Codas 
 J. Benigno EsconAR 
 
 PAGE 
 I 
 
 7 
 II 
 
 15 
 19 
 21 
 
 27 
 31 
 
 Z2, 
 35 
 37 
 39 
 43 
 4? 
 47 
 49 
 51 
 55 
 57 
 61 
 
 65 
 67 
 69
 
 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Teresa L. C. de Rodriguez Alcala 
 
 Luis de Gasperi . 
 
 Gustavo M. Crovatto * 
 
 Enrique Ayala . 
 
 RoGELio Ibarra * . 
 
 Juan Stefanich . 
 
 Jose Tomas Legal * 
 
 Fernando Centurion * 
 
 Francisco Antonio Brizuela 
 
 Pablo M. Ynsfran 
 
 Pedro Saguier * 
 
 Juan B. Eenza * 
 
 Felix Paiva * 
 
 Eliseo Zavala * 
 
 Federico Codas * 
 
 Juan Bautista Gaona * 
 
 Adolfo Francisco Antunez 
 
 Juan Francisco Recalde * 
 
 Juan Emiliano O'Leary * 
 
 Andres Barrero *. 
 
 Carlos Rodriguez Santos 
 
 Juan Vicenti: Ramirez* 
 
 Emilio Acebal 
 
 Victor Abente Haedo . 
 
 Manuel Riouf.lme * 
 
 Marcial Sosa Escalada 
 
 Juan A. Samudio* 
 
 OviDio Rebaudi 
 
 /I 
 71 
 75 
 77 
 79 
 8i 
 
 8.3 
 
 85 
 87 
 89 
 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 95 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 107 
 109 
 113 
 115 
 119 
 
 123 
 125 
 127 
 129 
 131 
 135
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii 
 
 Manlio Sciienoni Lugo 
 Antonio Sosa * . 
 Jose Antonto Ortiz* 
 Jose P. Montero * 
 EusEBio A. Lugo * 
 Teodoro Rojas 
 Cristobal Duarte 
 Eduardo Sciiaerer 
 Fulgencio R. Moreno 
 Enrique Bordenave * 
 Hermenegildo Roa 
 Hector Velazquez * 
 Pedro Bobadilla * 
 Ramon Indalecio Cardozo 
 Juan Francisco Perez * 
 Enrique L. Pinho 
 Delfin Chamorro 
 Serafina Davalos * 
 Francisco C. Chaves 
 JusTO Pastor Vera 
 Guillermo Tell Bertoni 
 Juan Manuel Sosa Escalada 
 Jose P. Guggiari . 
 Pedro L. Barbosa 
 Eliseo Da Rosa . 
 Jose Irala 
 
 Arsenio Lopez Decoud * 
 Narciso R. Colman * . 
 
 141 
 
 145 
 149 
 
 151 
 155 
 157 
 159 
 161 
 153 
 167 
 171 
 173 
 175 
 177 
 179 
 183 
 185 
 187 
 189 
 191 
 193 
 195 
 199 
 201 
 205 
 207 
 211 
 213
 
 xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Benigno Ferreira 
 
 215 
 
 Jose Antonio Perez . 
 
 219 
 
 Adolfo Aponte 
 
 221 
 
 Leo Centurion 
 
 223 
 
 EusEBio Ayala * . 
 
 225 
 
 JusTO Pastor Duarte . 
 
 229 
 
 Alejandro Arce . 
 
 231 
 
 Pablo Alborno * . 
 
 233 
 
 Juan Jose Soler . 
 
 235 
 
 Adolfo Chirife * . 
 
 237 
 
 M. Eliseo Sisa . 
 
 239 
 
 Juan R. Dahlquist * . 
 
 241 
 
 Atilio a. Pena 
 
 243 
 
 Carlos Calcena . 
 
 245 
 
 Ramon Lastra Castro 
 
 247 
 
 Emiliano Gonzalez Navero * 
 
 249 
 
 Eladio Velazqukz 
 
 251 
 
 Patricio Alejandrino Escobar =• 
 
 253 
 
 Arturo Rebaudi . 
 
 257 
 
 LiBERATO MaRCIAL RoJAS 
 
 259 
 
 Manuel Pena 
 
 261 
 
 Raimundo D. Obelar * 
 
 263 
 
 Luis E. Micone 
 
 265 
 
 Mario Usher* 
 
 269 
 
 Ricardo Odriosola 
 
 271 
 
 RoMULO Goiburu 
 
 273 
 
 Genaro Romero * . 
 
 275 
 
 Concepcion Silva ue Airaldi 
 
 277
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS xv 
 
 Pedro A. Mendoza* . 
 
 GUALBERTO CaRDUS HuERTA 
 
 Pedro Pena . 
 Ca-rlos Luis Isasi * 
 
 ESTANISLAO PeREIRA 
 
 Emilia Recalde de Recalde 
 Jose Natalicio Rojas . 
 
 JerONIMO Zur.IZARRETA 
 
 Luis Alberto Riart 
 Manuel Gamarra . 
 Manuel Dominguez 
 Eligio Ayala * 
 Hector F. Decoud 
 J. IsiDRO Ramirez 
 Manuel Rojas A. * . 
 
 Silvano Mosqueira 
 Alphabetical Index 
 
 279 
 281 
 283 
 28s 
 287 
 289 
 291 
 293 
 295 
 297 
 299 
 
 303 
 305 
 307 
 309 
 
 3" 
 313
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 MANUFX GONDRA 
 
 President of Paraguay. 
 
 Manuei. Gondra, the son of Manuel 
 Gondra and Natividad Pereira, was 
 born on tlie first of January, 1872. He 
 learned his letters in the school of 
 Ipane, continued his studies in the city 
 schools of Asuncion and at the age of 
 eleven entered the Colcgio Nacional 
 where he gained the Bachelor's degree. 
 There also, almost at once, he began to 
 teach — Grammar, Geography and Li- 
 terature — and was teaching in 1892 
 when the National University was 
 founded. In spite of the urgent invita- 
 tions of his friends, many of whom 
 entered the Law School at that time, 
 to join their ranks, he continued his 
 professorial laljors, devoting himself 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 increasingly to general literature and 
 the classics, in which he won a reputa- 
 tion both as a scholar and as a teacher. 
 He accepted, liowever, the post of Se- 
 cretary of the University and cooperated 
 with its first rector, Doctor Ramon Zu- 
 bizarreta, in the difficult tasks attend- 
 ing the beginnings of the new institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Applying himself assiduously to study, 
 Sr. Gondra acquired the modern lan- 
 guages, making himself master of 
 French, English, German and Italian, 
 collected a notable library, and gained 
 steadily in prestige as scholar and 
 teacher until 1899. In this year he re- 
 signed and entered the Law School, but 
 after studying there for a time, was 
 drawn away by other attractions, aban- 
 doned the course and devoted himself 
 rather to carrying out for the govern- 
 ment investigations, at that time much 
 needed, upon education, the national 
 boundaries and other public questions. 
 In fulfilling these duties he went as 
 Connnissioner to Buenos Aires to studv 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GONDRA 
 
 the documents there relating to the 
 boundaries of the ancient Province of 
 Paraguay. 
 
 Meantime he had begun to interest 
 himself in politics : in 1896 he produced 
 a notable manifesto which is considered 
 the first clear declaration of principles 
 of the Radical Party ; on his return 
 from Argentina he took an active part 
 in the Revolution of 1904 and when it 
 succeeded, was appointed Minister to 
 Brazil; in 1908, after the Revolution of 
 July, he was appointed Minister of the 
 Interior, but soon resigned the post to 
 devote himself to the reorganization of 
 the Liberal Party ; in 1909 he took part 
 in the military expedition to the North 
 which was successful in suppressing the 
 Revolution of that year; in 1910 he 
 was nominated and elected President, 
 but remained in power for a few weeks 
 only, being obliged to resign in the 
 Revolution of January, 191 1, headed by 
 Col. Jara; after the counter-revolution 
 of the same year he accepted the post 
 of Minister of War and the Navy and 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 later became IMinister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs in the administrations of Pre- 
 sident Schaerer and President Franco, 
 where he lent invaluable services in 
 the organization of the diplomatic 
 staff; in 1917 he was appointed Minister 
 to the United States, a post which he 
 filled with marked distinction, and 
 served also during his period of office 
 as Delegate to the First International 
 Labor Conference which met in Wash- 
 ington in 1919. 
 
 Finally, in the elections of I\Iay, 1920, 
 he was elected President of the Repub- 
 lic and took possession of his office on 
 the fifteenth of August, 1920. 
 
 Throughout his life President Gon- 
 dra has been a student of literature and 
 a writer: he has contributed constantly 
 to the press : for some years he was 
 a member of the staffs of the leading 
 papers of Asuncion, including El Ticm- 
 po, La Prcnsa, La Scmaiia, EL Indc- 
 pendientc and La Dcmocracia, of which 
 he was also for a short time editor-in- 
 chief; he is the author of a number 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GONDRA 
 
 of critical essays of which the best 
 known are his review of Garay's His- 
 tory of Paraguay and his essay on Ru- 
 ben Dario. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 Monsenor Juan Sinfoi-iano Bogarin 
 
 Obispo del I'aragviay
 
 BOGARiN 
 
 JUAN STNFORIANO BOGARJN 
 Bishop of Asuncion. 
 
 Juan Sinforiano Bogarin, the son 
 of Juan Jose Bogarin and Monica de 
 la Cruz Gonzalez, was born on the 
 twenty-first of August, 1863, in the town 
 of Mbuyapey, but was educated in 
 Asuncion. There he entered the Se- 
 minary in 1880, became sub-Deacon in 
 August, 1885, Deacon in September of 
 the same year, and was ordained Priest 
 in 1886. 
 
 Soon after his ordination Father Bo- 
 garin was assigned to officiate in the 
 Cathedral where he gave strong proofs 
 not only of activity but of marked 
 ability, and three years later Bishop 
 Juan Aponte appointed him Secretary 
 with the duties of General Secretary of 
 the Diocese. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 In 1891, on the death of Bishop 
 Aponte, Father Bogarin resigned the 
 post of Secretary to return to his former 
 place in the Cathedral, but in Septem- 
 ber, 1894, the Holy See designated him 
 as Bishop of Asuncion, choosing him 
 out of the three priests nominated by 
 the Paraguayan clergy and the Para- 
 guayan government. He was at that 
 time only thirty-one years old and the 
 youngest bishop in America. The con- 
 secration took place in February, 1895. 
 
 Bisliop Bogarin has been an energetic 
 head of the Church : he has organized 
 for the women in the Capital and in all 
 the territory under his jurisdiction the 
 League of Catholic I>adies, which has 
 acquired decided importance; for the 
 young men, the Catholic Youth and 
 the Catholic Student's Club, and for the 
 men the Catholic Club. He has also found- 
 ed the Revista Dioccsana, a jieriodical 
 intended to carry to the remotest re- 
 gions of Paraguay moral instruction, 
 the decrees of the Roman Congrega- 
 tions, the Episcopal instructions and 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BOGARIN 
 
 general information about the diocese. 
 
 In August, 1920, a notable celebra- 
 tion was held on the occasion of the 
 twenty-fifth anniversary of his eleva- 
 tion to the episcopacy. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 L.^'-c-xJ-^^_l_ [/^<J^ju-
 
 BAEZ 
 
 CECILIO BAEZ 
 Rector of the University. 
 
 Cecii.io Baf.z, the son of Nicolas 
 Baez and Faustina Gonzalez, was born 
 on the first of February, 1862, in Asun- 
 cion and there was educated in the 
 schools of the city and the Colegio Na- 
 cional where he gained the Bachelor's 
 degree in 1882. Six years later he enter- 
 ed the Law School attached to the Co- 
 legio and when the University was 
 founded in 1890, he continued his studies 
 there, completed the course and obtain- 
 ed his degree as Doctor of Laws in 
 1892, with a thesis entitled Ensayo so- 
 bre la libertad civil. 
 
 From the date of receiving his degree, 
 Dr. Baez has entered largely into the 
 academic and public life of his country. 
 He began at once to teach : in 1893 he 
 
 HlSPAiNlC NOTES 
 
 \T
 
 12 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 gave the course in Law in the School 
 for Notaries : in 1894 he taught Consti- 
 tutional Law; in 1896 General History; 
 in 1899, Introduction to the Study of 
 I>aw ; in 1900, Sociology and, tempor- 
 arily Finance and the Philosophy of 
 Law; in 1913 he was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Civil Law, and in 1920 he was 
 appointed Rector of the University. 
 
 His carrer as a public man has been 
 distinguished, for he has held the higliest 
 offices, alike in the Diplomatic, the Judi- 
 cial nad the Administrative service of 
 his country: in 1901 he was Minister to 
 Mexico; in 1904, Minister to tlie United 
 States; in 1904 he served also, under the 
 Presidency of Senor Juan B. Gaona, as 
 Minister of Foreign Affairs; from De- 
 cember, 1905 until December, 1906, he 
 held office as Provisional President ; in 
 191 1, under the administration of Col. 
 Jara, he was Minister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs; during 1914 and 1915 he served 
 as a member of the High Court of 
 Justice, and from 191 7 to 1919 he was 
 Minister of Paraguay in Furope. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BAEZ 
 
 He represented his country in the Con- 
 gress of Jurisconsults held at Rio Ja- 
 neiro in 1912, and, in company with 
 Col. Juan C. Centiu-ion, was commission- 
 ed to make a study of the boundary 
 question with Bolivia. 
 
 Dr. Baez has written much, in the 
 press, in reviews and in the more per- 
 manent form, of books. He is the authoi 
 of the following works : Sociologia, 
 1903; Esiudio dc jurisprndencia, 1903; 
 La tiran'ia en cl Paraguay, 1903; Cnrso 
 de fiiiaiiaas, 1906; Ciiadros historicos y 
 descriptivos del Paraguay, 1907; Resii- 
 nien dc la historia del Paraguay, 1910; 
 Ensayo sobre el dictador Francia, 1910; 
 Ley elemcntos de la civilizacion cristia- 
 na: Caracteres dc la Edad Media; El 
 arte, 1913; El Paraguay modcrno (in 
 collaboration), T915; Confercncias da- 
 las en la Universidad de la Asuncion 
 ■^ohre el Dcrecho Constitncional, 1917. 
 
 13 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 GODOI 
 
 JUANSILVANO GODOI 
 
 Magistrate; journalist. 
 
 JuANSiLVANO GoDoi, llie SOU of Juaii 
 Vicente Godoy and Maria Petrona 
 Echagiie, was born on the twelfth of 
 November, 1850, in the city of Asun- 
 cion, but was educated in Argentina 
 at the Academy of the Immaculate 
 Conception of Santa Fe. 
 
 He returned to Paraguay in 1869 
 when the long war against Argentina, 
 Brazil and Uruguay was drawing to a 
 close, and was appointed Clerk of the 
 Superior Court. One year later he was 
 elected Deputy to the Constitutional 
 Convention to draw up a new Constitu- 
 tion for the Republic and there, although 
 he was but nineteen, he played a credit- 
 able part in drafting the liberal consti- 
 tution which is now in force. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 VI
 
 i6 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Besides having been a member of 
 the famous Convention, Sr. Godoi has 
 occupied many important posts : he was 
 Chief of the Revohition which broke 
 out on June 5th. 1879; '11 1902 he was 
 appointed Director General of the Li- 
 brary, Museum and Archives of Para- 
 guay; he has been Justice of the 
 Federal Court; he was appointed Dele- 
 gate to the XVII Congress of Ameri- 
 canists which met in Buenos Aires dur- 
 ing the commemoration of the first 
 centenary of Argentine Independence in 
 igio, and in 191 1 was sent as Minister 
 Plenipotentiary to Rio de Janeiro. He 
 has also been a member of the High 
 Court of Justice. 
 
 Sr. Godoi has done much for the 
 artistic and intellectual life of Asuncion: 
 he has formed a library which has 
 hardly a rival in the city and also an 
 art gallery which contains many pic- 
 tures of note and has placed both at 
 the disposal of the public. 
 
 He has also been an active journalist/ 
 not only in Paraguay but also in Ar- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GODOI 
 
 gentina, Avhere he founded two daily 
 newspapers— ^I a Discusion and Las Pro- 
 vincias, both pubHshed in Buenos Aires; 
 he has written much for periodicals and 
 reviews and has published the follow- 
 ing books : Monografias historicas, 
 1893 ; Ultimas operaciones de giierra, 
 1897; ^^^ mision a Rio Janeiro, 1897; 
 El concepto de patria, 1898; El coro- 
 nel J. A. Esciirra, 1903 ; La mnerte del 
 mariscal Lope.-y, 1905; El triiDivirato, 
 191 1 ; El baron de Rio Branco, 1912; 
 Docttmentos hisforicos, 1916 ; El asalto 
 a las acorazados, 1919. Of these the first 
 three ware published in Buenos Aires, 
 and the others in Asuncion. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 17 
 
 VI
 
 cir^^,^^^^^ 4. '^ y '''^'^"'^t^.
 
 GOiNZALEZ 
 
 MARlx\ F. GONZALEZ 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 MARfA F. Gonzalez was born of 
 humble parents on the seventh of 
 March, 1884, '^n the city of Paraguari, 
 but was taken I0 the Capital at the 
 age of two and there learned her let- 
 ters in the school of Las Mercedes. In 
 the year 1896 she was inscribed as a 
 student in the school then directed by 
 the Misses Speratti, but when, some 
 years later, Las Mercedes was raised to 
 the rank of Normal School, Sehorita 
 Gonzalez returned thither and graduat- 
 ed in 1905. Thereupon she was appoint- 
 ed teacher in the same school. In 1900, 
 however, she obtained from the Gov- 
 ernment a scholarship which enabled 
 her to study in the Argentine city of 
 Parana where she attended the Nor- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 19 
 
 VI
 
 20 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 \T 
 
 mal School and graduated cum laudc 
 with the degree of Teacher in 1907. 
 
 After her return from Parana she 
 was appointed Directress of the School 
 of Encarnacion ; a few months later she 
 was designated Regent and Professor 
 of Pedagogy of the Normal School of 
 Paraguay, where in 1912 she was also 
 made teacher of Physical Exercises ; in 
 1914, she became vice-Directress of 
 the Normal School ; she was recently 
 chosen to be vice-Directress of the 
 Normal School founded by the National 
 Teacher's Association and tliere she 
 teaches Pedagogy. 
 
 Sefiorita Gonzalez is a member of 
 the directing board of various societies : 
 she belongs to the Ccntro Adda Spe- 
 ratti, to the Asociacion dc Damas dc 
 Caridad, the Sitbcomision nacional dc 
 damas, the National Asylum and other 
 institutions, being also vice-Presidcnt 
 of the Asociacion Feminista Paragiiaya. 
 
 IIlSPAi\MC NOTES
 
 LOPEZ 
 
 VENANCTO VICTOR L6PEZ 
 
 Lawyer; public man; 
 author. 
 
 Vf.nancio Victor Lopez, the son ol 
 Colonel Venancio Lopez, Minister of 
 War and of the Navy during the first 
 three years of the great Paraguayan 
 War against the Triple Alliance (1865- 
 1870), and of Manuela Otazu, was horn 
 on the twenty-first of February, 1862, 
 in the city of Asuncion. He was only 
 seven years of age when he was taken 
 to Buenos Aires to study in the Ne- 
 grotto school, the Colegio Nacional, 
 the now extinct Facultad dc Humanida- 
 des where he received his Bachelor's 
 degree, and the Law School which 
 granted him the degree of Doctor in 
 Jurisprudence in 1884. 
 
 As soon as he had won his doctorate 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 he was appointed substitute-Professor 
 of Elementary Philosophy, Political 
 Economy and Civics in the Normal 
 School of Buenos Aires, but retired 
 after three years to return to Para- 
 guay. 
 
 When General Escobar assumed 
 power in 1S87, Doctor Lopez was 
 appointed Justice of the Supreme Court, 
 but did not take office because he had 
 not attained the age — twenty-five years 
 — required in the Paraguayan constitu- 
 tion. He continued in private life for 
 a period of three years, and in 1890 
 accepted the post of Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs and Colonization in the Cabinet 
 of Don Jnan A. Gonzalez — a post 
 which he held until 1894 when a revolu- 
 tion put an end to Gonzalez's govern- 
 ment. During that period, through his 
 endeavors, Paraguay concluded eighteen 
 treaties with other nations, among 
 which were the telegraph convention, 
 the parcel-post convention with Argen- 
 tina, and commercial and shipping 
 arrangements with France, Belgium and 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 LOPEZ 
 
 Italy. Thanks to his efforts Paraguay 
 celebrated, on the twelfth of October, 
 i8g2, its first National Exposition of 
 Produce and Industry. 
 
 When the Revolution of 1895 over- 
 threw the second Escobar government, 
 Doctor Lopez fled, but returned to his 
 country one year later when normal 
 conditions were restored and in 1896 
 was appointed Professor of Roman Law 
 in the Law School and Professor of 
 Private International Law in the Mer- 
 cantile School. A few months later he 
 was made a member of the Superior 
 and Secondary Council of Education 
 and cooperated in the foundation of 
 the schools of Pharmacy and Obstetrics 
 and later in the creation of a Faculty 
 of Medicine. 
 
 In i8c)9 President Emilio Aceval 
 appointed him Minister of Education 
 in which post he reformed the plans 
 of study in all branches of education; 
 in 1902 he was elected National Deputy 
 and was chosen vice-President of the 
 Chamber ; there he immersed himself 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 23 
 
 VI
 
 24 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 in the economic problems of the period, 
 serving on the Committee on Agricul- 
 ture and Industries of the Banco Agri- 
 cola, and furthering the establishment 
 of new industries as well as new agri- 
 cultural crops. 
 
 Having been appointed Dean of the 
 Law School in 1903, he was sent as 
 representative of the University of 
 Asuncion to the dedication in Cordoba 
 (Argentina) of a monument to Fray 
 Trejo y Sanabria, the founder of the 
 University of Cordoba. 
 
 In 1904 his career was again inter- 
 rupted by a revolution which caused 
 the downfall of the Conservative Party 
 to which he belonged, and once again 
 Dr. Lopez abandoned his country and 
 settled in Buenos Aires. Soon after his 
 arrival in the Argentine capital he was 
 appointed to teach Legal Agrimcnsura- 
 tion in the University of La Plata, 
 Logic in the Colrgio Nacional and 
 Geography in the Normal School, which 
 posts he has retained ever since. 
 
 He is an Honorary Corresponding 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 LOPEZ 
 
 Member of the Royal Academy of 
 Legislation and Jurisprudence of Spain; 
 a member of the Geographic Society of 
 London, and has received decorations 
 from Italy and Belgium as well as that 
 of the Palms of Education from France. 
 He has written much for the ]-)ress 
 and was for a time the editor of La 
 Patria which he founded in 1890; he 
 is also the author of several works of 
 a practical nature : Rcfoniias y crUicas 
 a las practicas nota7-iales; Escuelas 
 practicas dc agriciiltura en el Paraguay; 
 Las vias fcrrcas y los puertos dc des- 
 emharque. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI

 
 GONZALEZ 
 
 TEODOSTO GONZALEZ 
 
 Public man; lawyer. 
 
 Teodosio Gonzalez, the son of Don 
 Vicente M. Gonzalez and Dona Rosa 
 Gonzalez, was born on the tenth of 
 December, 1871, in the city of Asun- 
 cion, where he studied in the primary 
 school from 1877 to 1881 and in the 
 Colegio Nacional which granted him 
 the Bachelor's degree in 1887. There 
 being at the time no LTniversity in Pa- 
 raguay, he went to Buenos Aires and 
 read Law in the LTniversity where he 
 graduated in 1893, at the early age of 
 twenty-one, with the degree of Doctor 
 in Jurisprudence. 
 
 He returned with his honors to Asun- 
 cion and on his arrival was appointed 
 Attorney General and Prosecutor in the 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Criminal Court, holding' both posts with 
 slight interruptions from 1893 to 1902; 
 from 1895 until 191 3 he taught Penal 
 Law in the Law School of Asuncion. 
 His exceptional legal knowledge led to 
 his appointment in 1904 by the Govern- 
 ment to draw up new penal and rural 
 codes, the former of which became law 
 in 1905. 
 
 In the elections of 1905 he was chosen 
 Senator for Asuncion: in 191 1 he was 
 appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs 
 and on that occasion introduced in 
 Congress a bill for the re-organization 
 of the diplomatic and consular services 
 of Paraguay. He has also served on 
 international commissions: in 1901 he 
 was appointed Delegate of the Para- 
 guayan Institute to the Latin- American 
 Congress held in Montevideo; in 1903 
 the Executive commissioned him to pre- 
 sent a report on prisons ; in 1908 he 
 was appointed Paraguavan Delegate to 
 the Pan-American Scientific Congress 
 which met in Santiago de Chile, and 
 again in 1910 he held n similar post in 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GONZALEZ 
 
 the Pan-American International Con- 
 gress of Buenos Aires. 
 
 He has striven to aid in the develop- 
 ment of his country by furthering the 
 construction of railways, such as that 
 of the Paraguayan North-eastern Line 
 intended to establish direct communica- 
 tion between Asuncion and Rio de Ja- 
 neiro — a project of great importance 
 which would make it possible to go 
 from Asuncion to Europe in ten days 
 instead of twenty-five. 
 
 Dr. Gonzalez has written much — in 
 the press, in pamphlets and in books ; 
 in the last form he has published : Cri- 
 tica ol proyecto dc itn niicvo codigo pe- 
 nal, prcscntado par los doctorcs Znbi- 
 sarrcta y Brngada, (i vol.), 1895; Pro- 
 yecto de iin nncvo codigo penal para 
 la rcpnhlica y sn exposiciSn dc vioti- 
 z'os (i vol.), T905; Proycclo dc un 
 nuevo codigo rural para cl Paraguay y 
 su e.vposicion de motivos, 1906; Leccio- 
 ncs de derecJio penal (3 vols.), 1910, 
 which is used as a text book in the Law 
 School. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 29
 
 FARINA NUNEZ 
 
 ELOY FARIK^A NtJJjEZ 
 
 Author. 
 
 Ei.OY Farina Nqnez, the son of Fe- 
 lix Farina and Buenaventura Nufiez, 
 was born on the twenty-fifth of June, 
 1885, in the city of Humaita, but went 
 to Argentina for his education and 
 studied first in the Colegio Nacional of 
 Corrientes, where he received his 
 Bachelor's degree in 1905, and later in 
 the University of Buenos Aires where 
 he read Law. 
 
 Although he is a Paraguayan citizen, 
 Sefior Farina Nufiez has held official 
 posts in the Argentine Republic ; in 
 1906 he was appointed Clerk in the 
 General Administration of Internal 
 Revenue and there he continued for a 
 long time, dividing his energies between 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 3' 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 his official duties and the study of 
 Uterature. 
 
 He has written both in prose and in 
 verse: when in 1913 the Buenos Aires 
 newspaper La Preiisa, opened a li- 
 terary contest, Eloy Farina Nufiez won 
 the first prize with a story entitled Un- 
 cles de oro which was much praised by 
 the critics; in igii he published Canto 
 secular, a poem; in 1914 Las vertebras 
 de Pan, a collection of sliort stories, and 
 in 1918 El csfanco del tahaco, an eco- 
 nomic essay. He is also the author of 
 El jardin del silcncio, a philosophical 
 sketch; La niirada de los vinertos, a 
 volume of fiction; Cuentos gnaranics; 
 Elogio del sdencio, on philosophy and 
 aesthetics ; RJwdopis, a novel of Greco- 
 Egyptian life and customs ; Poeslas, 
 poems ; Conceptos esteticos, an essay on 
 aesthetics; Asnncion, studies on Para- 
 g'uay; Critica, critical essays on litera- 
 ture and music. 
 
 V[ 
 
 HISPANIC NOTFS
 
 MONTE 
 
 JUAN MONTE 
 
 Public man; lawyer. 
 
 Juan Monte, the son of Jose Monte, 
 and De-Jesiis Barbier, was born on the 
 twenty-fifth of July, 1875, iii the city of 
 Paraguari, where he had his early 
 education in the local primary school 
 and the Colegio Nacional which grant- 
 ed him his Bachelor's degree in 1896. 
 He then entered the University, read 
 Law, and in 1903 graduated with tlie 
 degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 
 He had begun to hold appointive posts 
 while he was still a student in the Co- 
 legio Nacional : in 1894 he taught in 
 the primary schools; in 1895 he was 
 appointed Clerk of the General Land 
 Registry; in 1898 he became Chief 
 Clerk of Archives of the Law Courts, 
 and in the same year taught Physical 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 33 
 
 VI
 
 34 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Exercises in the public sclioOls of Asun- 
 cion and served as Director of the 
 San Roque night-school; since that time 
 he has held in succession the posts of 
 Police Counsel, Attorney for the Poor 
 and Federal Attorney, (1903). 
 
 In 1912 he was elected to the 
 Chamber of Deputies where his col- 
 leagues chose him First vice-President ; 
 in 1919 he was elected President of the 
 Catholic Club of Paraguay. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CAMPOS 
 
 ALFONSO BELISARIO CAMPOS 
 
 Public official; teacher. 
 
 Alfonso Belisario Campos, the son 
 of Manuel L. de Oliveira Campos and 
 Maria de J. Fernandez, was born in 
 Asuncion on the fourth of May, 1881, 
 and educated there in the schools of the 
 city. 
 
 Tn the year 1905 he was appointed 
 General Secretary of the Banco Agri- 
 cola; in 1913 he became correspondent 
 of the Bank of Spain and Paraguay; 
 in 1918 he was appointed Chief of the 
 Department of Valorization in the 
 Treasury; from 1919 to the present he 
 has been Chief of the Postal Telegraph 
 Administration, and has been also Com- 
 missioner of the Ministry of Finance 
 in charge of administration. 
 
 In 1901 he founded a society for the 
 
 35 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS VI
 
 36 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 mutual protection of employees ; in 1906 
 he founded the Commercial School of 
 Paraguay and from 1913 to the present 
 he has been Teacher and Principal of 
 that school. He is the editor and pub- 
 lisher of the Revista de la Escucla de 
 Conicrcio. 
 
 In 1918 he received from the Mexican 
 Government the appointment as Consul 
 General in the Republic of Paraguay 
 and in 1920 the Colombian Government 
 honored him with a similar appoint- 
 ment. 
 
 Sr. Campos is the author of many 
 articles in the national and foreign press 
 on international, economic and admi- 
 nistrative topics. He initiated in Para- 
 guay the national celebrations of the 
 patriotic anniversaries of the American 
 republics, a step intended to make still 
 more ample the friendly relations which 
 subsist on the continent. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ESTEVES 
 
 GOMES FREIRE ESTEVES 
 
 Journalist. 
 
 Gomes Freirk Esteves, the son of 
 Gomes Freire Esteves and Toribia Bacz, 
 was born in the city of Asuncion on 
 the twenty-second of April, 1886, and 
 was educated there in the Colcgio Na- 
 cional and the University. 
 
 From the age of fourteen until the 
 present he has been an indefatigable 
 author and journalist; his writings in 
 newspapers and pamphlets are volumin- 
 ous and have largely been directed to 
 political ends. They are said to have 
 been effective also; for to them is at- 
 tributed in part the success of the Re- 
 volution of 1904 which brought down 
 the Conservative Party. 
 
 In 1906 he was sent as Delegate of 
 the Government to Europe; m igo8 he 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 37 
 
 VI 
 
 a^GD 
 
 (V,.
 
 38 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 undertook to combat with the pen the 
 poHtics of the so-called Radical regime 
 which after a successful coup d'etat had 
 become master of the situation ; he 
 was one of the unflinching defenders of 
 the principles of the Democratic Liberal 
 Party. 
 
 In 1910, together with other intel- 
 lectuals, he founded the daily newspaper 
 El Nacional through which he con- 
 tinued to combat the governing group; 
 in 191 5, after a prolonged cam])aign of 
 publicity, he headed a revolutionary 
 movement which almost succeeded in 
 overthrowing the Government and on 
 its failure he went abroad; in 1917 he 
 was granted amnesty and returned to 
 his country. Of late he has been the 
 leader of various movements looking to- 
 ward a radical reform in the internal 
 affairs of Paraguay. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GARCIA 
 
 FEDERICO GARCIA 
 
 Author; teacher. 
 
 Federico Garcia, the son of Jose 
 Garcia and Mercedes Samaniego, was 
 born on the twentieth of June, 1892, in 
 the village of Tobati, but learned liis 
 letters in the public school of Barrera 
 Grande. In 1908 he went to Asuncion 
 and became a student in the Colegio 
 Nacional where he won his degree of 
 Bachelor in 1914 and in the follov/ing 
 year entered the University to read 
 Law. 
 
 While a student he was President of 
 the Students' Association and editor of 
 Its periodical; in 1915 he was elected 
 Secretary of the Law Students' Club 
 and, together with Senator Tomas Aya- 
 la, founded a daily paper, La Reac- 
 c'wn, of which he became one of the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 39 
 
 VI
 
 40 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 editors; in 1915 he was appointed L'- 
 brarian and Chief of the Archives of 
 the National Congress, but resigned the 
 post before the end of the year to accept 
 the duty for which he was chosen by 
 the then Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
 Sefior Manuel Gondra — to carry out a 
 study of the historic documents in the 
 Archivo de Indias of Seville. 
 
 On his return to Asuncion in 1 91 8 
 he was appointed Professor of Geo- 
 graphy in the Colegio Nacional where 
 in 1919 he also taught Roman History. 
 He is the librarian and the chief of 
 the Propaganda Department in the 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and be- 
 longs to the staff of the newspaper El 
 Liberal — virtually the organ of the gov- 
 erning Radical Party. 
 
 Various chapters of a novel of which 
 he is the author, entitled Trcpadora 
 have recently appeared in El Libera': 
 he has written Mosaico, a collection 
 of monographs, Asuncion, 1018; he 
 also published in 1919 three historical 
 monographs in the form of biographical 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GARCIA 
 
 41 
 
 narratives of the Paraguayan War : 
 Pancha Garmendia; Juliana Insfran, 
 and Juana Carrillo dc Lope:; — the three 
 victims of the tyrant. 
 
 
 AND MOiNOGRAPIiS 
 
 VI
 
 NACIMIENTO 
 
 JUAN B. NACIMIENTO 
 
 Official. 
 
 Juan B. Nacimiento, the son of Do- 
 na Castorina de Nacimiento, was born 
 in the provincial city of Luque, on the 
 twenty-ninth of August, 1881. After 
 receiving' his early education in his 
 native country, he went abroad and 
 studied in the University of Liege (Bel- 
 gium) where in 1908, he graduated with 
 the degree of Mechanical Engineer. 
 Meanwhile he had been attending the 
 Montefiore Electro-Technical Institute 
 annexed to the University and there 
 also he graduated a year later with 
 the degree of Electrical Engineer. 
 
 In the years 1912 and 1913 he was 
 Chief of the Department of Public 
 Works of the Municipality of Asuncion; 
 in 1914 he was raised to the rank of 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 43 
 
 VI
 
 44 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Chief of the division of Bridges and 
 Highways and was appointed vice- 
 Director of the national department of 
 Public Works ; recently he has been 
 chosen Technical Director of the works 
 in the ports of Concepcion and Encar- 
 nacion; in 1919 he was appointed Post- 
 master General, a post which he holds 
 at present. 
 
 He has also served in the field of 
 education: in 1917 he received his ap- 
 pointment as Professor of Physics in 
 the Colcgio Nacional of Asuncion • since 
 1913 he has taught Algebra in the 
 School of Commerce, and in 1920 he be- 
 came Professor of Algebra in the Nor- 
 mal School. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GUGGIARI 
 
 PEDRO BRUNO GUGGIARI 
 
 Engineer; chemist. 
 
 Pedro Bruno Guggiari, the son of 
 Pedro Guggiari, was born on the sixth 
 of October, 1885, in the city of Asun- 
 cion, and there was educated at the 
 Colcgio Nacional, which granted him 
 his Bachelor's degree in 1902, and the 
 University, where he graduated with the 
 degree of Pharmacist in 1906, and 
 where he began to study Medicine. 
 
 At that time, however, the government 
 offered a scholarship for the advanced 
 study of Chemistry in Germany, which 
 Sr. Guggiari won. He left immediately 
 for Europe and attended the Royal 
 Technical High School of Charlottenburg 
 where he graduated siimma cum laude 
 in 1910 and was awarded the silver 
 medal ; he continued in the same Insti- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 45 
 
 VI
 
 46 I PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 tute, studying under Liebermann, Witt, 
 von Knorre and other famous Profes- 
 sors, and in 1912 received his diploma 
 as Doctor. 
 
 During his sojourn in Germany he 
 devoted special attention to the organi- 
 zation of Chemical Laboratories, and 
 from October, 1912 to April, 1913, held 
 the position of acting second assistant in 
 the Municipal Chemical Laboratory of 
 the city of Hamm (Westphalia) . 
 
 In 1913 he went to Spain, and engag- 
 ed in the industry; thence wood alcohol 
 he went to Geneva and studied Biolo- 
 gical Chemistry in the University un- 
 der Professor Chodat ; in 1914 he 
 returned to Asuncion where he was ap- 
 pointed Director of the Colcgio Nacio- 
 nal, a post which he held until 1917; 
 he is at present Director of the Depart- 
 ment of Public Health, of the Municipal 
 Chemical Laboratory and of the Labo- 
 ratory attached to the Military Hospital' 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 *^^^^<<5^*<-«-7
 
 CASCO ESPINOSA 
 
 FERMIN CASCO ESPINOSA 
 
 Soldier; farmer. 
 
 Fermin Casco Espinosa, the son of 
 Juan Carlos Casco and Modesta Espi- 
 nosa, was born on the seventh of July, 
 1887, in the city of Ytaugua. 
 
 Intending- to be a business man, he 
 obtained a post as clerk in a store, but 
 the glamour of a military career drew 
 him away and in 1903 he joined the 
 army. He entered the Military Academy 
 where he gained the rank of Second 
 Lieutenant in 1905; in 1907 he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of Lieutenant; in 
 1909 he was made Captain, and in 1905 
 he was promoted to be Major. 
 
 He has also held appointments of a 
 political character: in 1907 he was ap- 
 pointed Chief of Police of Villa Hayes, 
 in 1908 Chief of Police of Concepcion, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 47 
 
 VI
 
 48 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 and in 1909 he was made Military Com- 
 mander of the frontier settlement of 
 Pedro Juan Caballero. There he was 
 able to bring about many important im- 
 provements. He has also engaged in 
 business : first in and subsequently Para- 
 guayan tea (mate); in the year 191 1 he 
 acquired a distillery and a great saw 
 mill, an extensive cattle ranch in the 
 Departm.ent of Concepcion. 
 
 He was appointed Second Chief of 
 the First Military Zone in 1918, and in 
 1920 was made temporary Commander 
 of the First Zone of Concepcion where 
 since 1914 he had been Commissioner 
 of Education. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 C-C«,l^^.^„^^^i„^4t.,.^«--*'
 
 VELASQUEZ 
 
 ERNESTO VELASQUEZ 
 
 Teacher; public man. 
 
 Ernesto Velasquez was born on the 
 twenty-seventh of August, 1882, in the 
 city of Asuncion, and was educated there 
 in the primary school, the Colegio Na- 
 cioiial, the Normal School — which 
 granted him the degree of Professor 
 of Secondary and Normal Education in 
 
 1902 — and the University, where he 
 won his degree of Doctor of Laws and 
 Social Sciences in 1917. 
 
 In 19 1 2, a year after graduating as 
 Normal Professor, he was appointed 
 Regent of the Normal School of Asun- 
 cion, and in the same year was advanc- 
 ed to the post of Director of the school 
 where he continued until 1908; from 
 
 1903 until 1914 he was also Professor, 
 both in the Colegio Nacional and the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 49 
 
 VI
 
 50 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Normal School of Asuncion; from 1908 
 to 191 1 he was Director General of 
 Schools; he has taught in the Military 
 Academy, and since 1919 he has taught 
 Comparative Lahor Legislation in the 
 Law School; in 1914 he l)ecame a 
 member of the Upper Council of 
 Education. 
 
 He has also had a conspicuous part 
 in public life: he was Chief of Police 
 of Asuncion between 1912 and 1914 ; 
 from 1914 until 1917 he was a member 
 of the Cabinet with the portfolio of 
 War and the Navy, and was acting 
 Minister of the Interior until 1916; 
 in 1917 he was elected Deputy to the 
 National Congress for the term ending 
 in 1921. 
 
 Doctor Velasquez is now the Pres- 
 ident of the Instituto Paraguayo. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 APONTE 
 
 J. ALFREDO APONTE 
 
 Soldier. 
 
 ]. Alfredo Aponte, the son of Juan 
 Asencio Aponte, a distinguished pub- 
 lic man, and Patricia Silvero, was born 
 on the nineteenth of March, 1874, in 
 the village of Yhacanguazu where he 
 began his education which he continued 
 later at Asuncion at the St. Vincent de 
 Paul Academy. 
 
 For a short time he was occupied in 
 business and for another interval he 
 had a government post, but the tranquil 
 life of the civil service did not suit him 
 and in 1891 he broke into military 
 action as a revolutionist and took part 
 in storming the Cavalry Barracks of 
 Asuncion — an assault carried out by the 
 Liberal Party on the eighteenth of 
 October. His bravery attracted the at- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 51 
 
 VI
 
 y- 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 tention of his superiors and led him to 
 the miHtary career. In the following 
 year he enlisted as a private in a bat- 
 tallion of infantry. 
 
 Colonel Aponte's successive promo- 
 tions were won by actions at the front ; 
 a private in 1892, he was Corporal 
 in 1893, Sergeant in 1894, Second 
 Lieutenant in 1895, First Lieutenant 
 in 1897, Captain in 1900, Major in 1904, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel in 1909, and Colonel 
 in 1915. Upon being promoted to the 
 latter rank he was placed on the retir- 
 ed list with the right to a full pension. 
 
 An ardent partisan of democratic 
 ideals, he took part in all the revolu- 
 tionary movements which occurred in 
 the years 1904, 1908, 1909, 1910, 191 i 
 and 1912. He acted as Commander in 
 various actions such as Pariri, Puente 
 del Rio Confuso, Limpio, Puerto Maria, 
 Rosario and in the famous three days' 
 street fighting in Asuncion (January 
 15, 16, 17, 1912) in which he was seri- 
 ously wounded. 
 
 Col. Aponte has had many advcn- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 APONTE 
 
 tares : he has been condemned to exile, 
 pursued with a price on his head, made 
 prisoner; he has seen defeat as well as 
 victory, and has also held power as one 
 of the members of the Triumvirate. 
 
 He has lately been Commander in 
 Chief of the First Military Zone and, 
 on the occasion of his retirement was 
 appointed Civil Delegate of the City of 
 Concepcion, the second city of Para- 
 guay. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 53 
 
 VI
 
 a^/m
 
 CMAVES 
 
 MANUEL W. CHAVES 
 
 Public man; journal- 
 ist; author. 
 
 Manuel W. Chaves, the son of Fe- 
 derico Chaves and Felicia Careaga, was 
 born on the twenty-eighth of Septem- 
 ber, 1878, in the city of Asuncion and 
 was educated there in the Colcgio Na- 
 cional. 
 
 In 1897 he was appointed General In- 
 spector of Schools, a post which he held 
 until 1901 ; in 1904 he was chosen to 
 act as temporary Government Director 
 of Railways, and in 19 18 he entered 
 political life for the first time on beijig 
 elected National Deputy for the legisla- 
 tive period 1918-1922. 
 
 His activities as a journalist have 
 been noteworthy: in 1900 he founded 
 the daily newspaper El Pais of which he 
 
 HISPAiNlC NOTES 
 
 55 
 
 \'I
 
 56 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 was managing editor until 1903 ; in 1906 
 he founded El Tiempo and in 191 1 u 
 third newspaper, La Prcnsa. While he 
 was a member of the board of school 
 inspectors he founded La Enscnansa 
 (1900-1903), a magazine of a didactic 
 character which met with much success. 
 He has published a Guia general del 
 Paraguay which made its first appear- 
 ance in 1906 and of which six volumes 
 have already appeared; El nenc pa- 
 ragiiayo (1902), reading books for the 
 lower grades ; Nociones dc Instrnccion 
 civica (1898) and El cscolar, text 
 books for use in primary schools ; El 
 Paraguay ilustrado, a work of propa- 
 ganda with 900 illustrations (1909), of 
 which a second edition is at present be- 
 ing printed in Asuncion. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 DUARTE 
 
 MANUEL JOS£ DUARTE 
 
 Naval officer. 
 
 Manuel Jose Duarte, the son of 
 Alejandro Duarte, a Portuguese, and 
 Maria Ines Valdez, a Paraguayan, was 
 born on the nineteenth of February, 
 1873, in the city of Luque, but in ac- 
 cordance with custom went to Asun- 
 cion for his education and attended the 
 Colegio Nacional from 1886 to 1890. 
 
 More than twenty years later, he 
 entered the University of Buenos Ai- 
 res, studied in the Faculty of Exact, 
 Physical and Natural Sciences, and in 
 1915 was granted the title of National 
 Agrimensor. 
 
 Meantime, in 1891, feeling a voca- 
 tion for the naval career, he went to 
 Argentina and entered the Naval-Mili- 
 tary School in Buenos Aires, studied 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 57 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 \T 
 
 there for three years, and attained high 
 rank in scholarship. 
 
 In 1903 he had risen to be Second 
 Lieutenant in the Argentine Navy. The 
 next year, however, he returned to Pa- 
 raguay and played so notable a part 
 in the Revolution of 1904 that he was 
 made, first lieutenant Commander and 
 then Commander in the Paraguayan 
 Navy. In 1908 he was raised to the rank 
 of Captain and commended for distin- 
 guished services. 
 
 Captain Duarte has held many honor- 
 ary posts, not only in his own country 
 but also in Argentina: in the Argentine 
 Navy he held an officer's commission 
 for nearly fourteen years, during eight 
 of which he was a member of the Gen- 
 eral Staff; he served on hydrographic 
 and geodetic commissions, co'"iperated in 
 the revision of the Signal Code of the 
 Navy, etc. In Paraguay he commanded 
 the fleet of operations in the Revolu- 
 tion of 1904; he has served as Chief of 
 the General Staff of the Army; he 
 founded the Military vSchool in 1905; 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 DUARTE 
 
 he founded the Army General Staff in 
 1905 ; he was chairman of the com- 
 mittee on armaments which was sent to 
 Europe to acquire dredges in 1906. 
 
 On his return to Paraguay in 1908, 
 lie was called by President Benigno 
 Ferreira to participate in the Govern- 
 ment as Minister of War and Marine. 
 
 He is Professor of Ballistics in the 
 Military .School of Asuncion and is the 
 author of an interesting book on the 
 subject; he has made many journeys of 
 exploration into the Chaco and other 
 remote parts of Paraguay on which he 
 is regarded as an authority; he was a 
 member of the Pan-American Scientific 
 Congress which met in Buenos Aires 
 in 1910 on which occasion he presented 
 to the Geographic section a paper on 
 the Great Chaco which was highly 
 praised. 
 
 He has written on the results of his 
 explorations in the River Santa Cruz, 
 Patagonia, and elsewhere; he is also 
 the author of a pamphlet on the Ar- 
 gentine Navy, published in 1918. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 59 
 
 VI
 
 JIMENEZ 
 
 EULOGIO JIMfiNEZ 
 
 Magistrate. 
 
 EuLOGio Jimenez^ the son of Can- 
 dido R. Jimenez and Juana Villamayor, 
 was born on the eleventh of November, 
 1884, in Pilar, where he began his 
 education in the Colegio Nacional, but 
 went to Asuncion to continue his studies 
 in the Colegio Nacional there. In 1901, 
 he received his Bachelor's degree, enter- 
 ed the University, read law, and obtain- 
 ed his degree as Doctor of Laws and 
 Social Sciences in 191 5, on presenting 
 a thesis entitled Defensoria de pobres y 
 ausentes. 
 
 While a student he had fulfilled the 
 duties of Counsel for the Poor and the 
 Absent in the Courts of Asuncion 
 (1911-1914), and the year before gra- 
 duating had been raised to the rank of 
 
 HISPAxNIC NOTES 
 
 61 
 
 VI
 
 62 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Prosecutor in the Civil Courts, a post 
 which he held until 1915. In this year 
 he was made Judge of the Lower Civil 
 Courts and continued in this post two 
 years; in 1917 he was appointed Justice 
 of the Civil Court of Appeals. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ACOSTA 
 
 EVARISTO ACOSTA 
 
 Banker. 
 
 EvARiSTO AcosTA, the son of Juan 
 Gregorio Acosta and Monica Valenzue- 
 la, was born on the fourth of Decem- 
 ber, 1876, in the city of Tobati and 
 there began his education which he con- 
 tinued in Asuncion at the Colcgio Na- 
 cional and obtained his Bachelor's 
 degree in 1896. 
 
 EarHer than this, in 1894, he had 
 entered upon what was to be his career 
 — that of banker — when he joined the 
 staff of the Banco Agricola del Para- 
 guay as a clerk ; after two years in 
 that position he was appointed sub- 
 Secretary of the Bank and in the same 
 year was promoted to the post of Secre- 
 tary of the Mortgage Department ; in 
 1897 he was advanced to the office of 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 63 
 
 VI
 
 64 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Cashier of the section and made Gen- 
 eral Secretary of the Agricultural and 
 Industrial Council and General Secre- 
 tary of the Council; in June, 1899, he 
 was appointed assistant Manager and 
 in June, 1903, acting General Manager 
 of the Bank. Finally in 1909, he receiv- 
 ed his appointment as titular General 
 Manager of the Banco Agricola del Pa- 
 raguay, a post which he continues to 
 hold. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 MALLORQUIN 
 
 65 
 
 JUAN L. MALLORQUIN 
 
 Public man; lawyer. 
 
 Juan L. Mallorouin, the son of J. 
 Angel Mallorquin, was born on the 
 eleventh of April, 1880, in the city of 
 Encarnacion, but was educated in Asun- 
 cion at the Colegio Nacional, which 
 granted him the Bachelor's degree in 
 1902, and the University where he read 
 law and in 1908 obtained the degree 
 of Doctor of Laws and Social Sciences. 
 
 Immediately upon receiving his degree 
 as Bachelor in 1903 he was appointed 
 Professor of Geography in the Colegio 
 Nacional of Asuncion, a post which he 
 has held up to the present. 
 
 While a law student he gave such 
 proofs of capacity that in 1907 he was 
 appointed Secretary of the Boundary 
 Commission to study the frontier ques- 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 66 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 tion with Bolivia; the next year he 
 resigned that position and was appoint- 
 ed Civil Judge, a post which he retained 
 until 191 1 when he became a member 
 of the Appellate Criminal Court where 
 he continued until 1914. 
 
 He had always felt the attraction of 
 public life and after severing his rela- 
 tion with the Appellate Court he be- 
 came a candidate for Deputy. In 191 7 
 he was successful and was elected to 
 represent the Department of Encarna- 
 cion. In the Chamber he has introduc- 
 ed two important bills, one relating to 
 agricultural questions and another pro- 
 viding for reform of the electoral 
 system. 
 
 Sr. Mallorquin has written various 
 pamphlets on legal sul)jects and is the 
 author of a Compcndio sobre Hmitcs 
 del Paraguay, y cspeciahnente nucstra 
 cncstion dc fronicra pcndicntc con Bo- 
 livia. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CODAS 
 
 DANIEL CODAS 
 
 Journalist; public man. 
 
 Daniel Codas, the son of Cosme Co- 
 das and Ramona Insfran, was born in 
 the city of Villarrica in the year 1869, 
 but was educated in Asuncion, where 
 he received his Bachelor's degree in the 
 Colegio Nacional and read Law in the 
 University. 
 
 JournaHsm drew him away from the 
 courts, and he has now been a journal- 
 ist for over twenty-five years during 
 which time he has been editor of more 
 than ten different newspapers and has 
 written for others ; in Asuncion he has 
 edited: El Pueblo, El Comercio, La Pa- 
 tria, La Capital, La Democracia, La 
 Ley, La Evolucion, La Rcaccion, El 
 Dia and La Libertad. 
 
 In the elections of 1910 he was chosen 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 67 
 
 VI
 
 68 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Senator but resigned the post. This, 
 however,' did not keep him away from 
 pubHc life, for in the elections of the 
 following year he was again elected to 
 the Senate and served. 
 
 In the year 1912 he was appointed 
 Minister of the Interior, and made an 
 interesting attempt to compose the 
 political differences of the time and 
 ameliorate the party strife. He succeed- 
 ed in bringing to pass the unity of the 
 Liberal Party which, until then, had 
 been divided into four antagonistic frac- 
 tions and he strove to establish the 
 system of offering participation in the 
 Government to all regular parties. But 
 tliis programme was too far advanced 
 for the times; his political opponents 
 grasped the opportunity and betrayed 
 him, carrying out an armed revolu- 
 tionary movement which caused the 
 downfall of the Government in 1912. 
 
 In 1889, in collaboration with Fran- 
 cisco T. Barciro and Bias Garay, he 
 pul)lishcd a volume entitled Nucvas ideas 
 en lines tra politica. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ESCOBAR 
 
 J. BENIGNO ESCOBAR 
 
 Physician; teacher. 
 
 J. Benigno Escobar, the son of Gen. 
 Patricio Escobar and Ignacia Garcete, 
 was born on the thirteenth of February, 
 1878, in the city of Asuncion and there 
 began his education at the Colegio Na- 
 cional which granted him the degree of 
 Bachelor in 1896; but for his university 
 course he went to Buenos Aires, enter- 
 ed tlie Medical School and graduated 
 as Doctor in Medicine and Surgery in 
 1904, with a thesis on Hcjnatomielia 
 traumatica. 
 
 In 1906 he was appointed Professor 
 of Descriptive Anatomy in the Medical 
 School of Asuncion ; in 1907, however, 
 wishing to pursue his studies further, he 
 went abroad and during that year and 
 1908 attended clinics in Paris and Ber- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 69 
 
 VI
 
 70 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Hn ; in 1909 lie was appointed Surgeon 
 ad hoiwrcm of the Emergency Hospital 
 of Asuncion, a post which he still holds. 
 He was Paraguayan Delegate to the 
 First Pan-American Scientific Congress 
 which met in Santiago de Chile in 1908; 
 he was Director of the Emergency 
 Hospital from 1909 until 1915; Para- 
 guayan Delegate to the Medical Con- 
 gress held in Buenos Aires in 1910 on 
 the occasion of the Centenary; delegate 
 to the International Sanitary Conven- 
 tion held in Montevideo in 1914; again 
 Director of the National Emergency 
 Hospital from 1915-1917; Head of the 
 National Department of Public Health, 
 1919-1920, and in 1919 he was appointed 
 Professor of Topographic Anatomy in 
 the Faculty of Medicine of Asuncion. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RODRIGUEZ ALCALA 
 
 TERESA LAMAS CARtSIMO DE 
 RODRIGUEZ ALCALA 
 
 Writer; benefactress. 
 
 Teresa Lamas Carisimo de Rodri- 
 guez Alcala, the daughter of Don Vi- 
 cente Lamas and Dona Clementina Ca- 
 risimo, was born in the city of Asun- 
 cion, in the year i88g, and there was 
 educated at tlie pubHc schools. 
 
 She married Seiior Jose Rodriguez 
 Alcala. 
 
 In 1918, together with other ladies of 
 Asuncion, she founded the National As- 
 sociation of Charitable Dames (Asocia- 
 cion Nacional de Damas de Caridad) — 
 practically an Anti-Tuberculosis League 
 — of which she was elected Secretary ; 
 in 1919 she became a member of the 
 Council of tlie Paraguayan Red Cross. 
 
 Sefiora de Rodriguez Alcala is also a 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 71 
 
 VI
 
 72 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 writer; as a student she wrote sketches 
 and stories of unusual promise and in 
 1919 she was awarded the first prize in 
 a competition conducted by the daily 
 paper El Diario for Paraguayan stories ; 
 she has published in newspapers a 
 number of Tradiciones paraguayas 
 which are now being collected for pub- 
 lication in two volumes. 
 
 VI HISPANIC NOTES
 
 DE GASPERI 
 
 LUIS DE GASPERI 
 
 Magistrate; public man. 
 
 Luis de Gasperi, the son of Dama- 
 so de Gasperi and Juana Vera, was 
 born on the third of March, 1890, in 
 the city of Asuncion where he was also 
 educated at the Colegio Nacional and 
 the University, graduating in the for- 
 mer as Bachelor in 1910 and in the 
 latter as Doctor of Laws in 1917. 
 
 In 1912 the Students' Club elected 
 him delegate to the Third Students' 
 Congress which met at Lima; in 1913 
 he was appointed Clerk of the Supe- 
 rior Court; in 1915 he was advanced 
 to the rank of Prosecutor in the Cri- 
 minal Courts; in 1916 he was Secretary 
 of the Gimnasio Paraguayo and in 1919 
 was elected Deputy to the National 
 Congress. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 73 
 
 VI
 
 74 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Doctor de Gasperi is the author of 
 a study on the Civil Code of Brazil 
 (published in the Annals of the Gim- 
 nasio Paragiiayo) and has written a 
 Gcografia del Paraguay which was 
 adopted for use in the schools of the 
 Republic by the Nacional Council of 
 Education and published in Buenos Ai- 
 res in 1920. 
 
 \'l 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 I
 
 CROVATO 
 
 GUSTAVO M. CROVATO 
 
 Chemist. 
 
 Gustavo M. Crovato, the son of 
 Angel Crovato, an Italian, and Adela 
 Myszkowski, was born on the second of 
 August, 1886, in the city of Asuncion, 
 where he was educated at the "Billordo" 
 school, the Liceo Universal, the Cole- 
 gio Nacional, where he received his 
 Bachelor's degree in 1903, and the 
 School of Pharmacy where he graduat- 
 ed as Chemist sumnia cum laude in 
 1906. 
 
 In 1907 he went abroad and attended 
 the Berlin Polytechnic where he obtain- 
 ed the degree of Engineer in 191 1. 
 
 He has held many appointive posts : 
 in 1912 he was made Professor of Che- 
 mistry in the Normal School; in the 
 same year he taught Chemistry in the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 75 
 
 VI
 
 76 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Colegio Nacional and was appointed 
 Assistant in the IMunicipal Chemical 
 Laboratory; in 1913 he became Professor 
 of Chemistry in the School of Phar- 
 macy; in 1914, General Inspector of 
 Pharmacies, and in 1915 Professor of 
 Analytic Chemistry. 
 
 Senor Crovato lias written much on 
 chemistry, his principal work being 
 Observaciones al mctodo dc Imhcrt. 
 Bonnamottr, Porcher y Hervicux para 
 la dctcrminacion directa dc la acctona 
 en la orina, 1919; he is the author of 
 the regulations for the practice of phar- 
 macy which are now used in Paraguay, 
 and has published a Proyecto dc modi- 
 ficacion del arancel rclafivo a drogas. 
 productos qn'unicos y farmaccuticos y 
 cspccialidades, etc. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 AYALA 
 
 ENRIQUE AYALA 
 
 Magistrate. 
 
 Enrique Ayala, the son of Estanis- 
 lao Ayala and Filomena Benitez, was 
 born on the fifteenth of July, 1879, in 
 the city of Asuncion and was educated 
 there at the Colcgio Nacional, where he 
 obtained the degree of Bachelor in 1899, 
 and the University, which granted him 
 the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1918. 
 
 Public office possessed a powerful at- 
 traction for Sefior Ayala and in 1905 
 he obtained the post of Chief Clerk in 
 the Ministry of Finance; in 1908, before 
 completing his studies, he was appointed 
 to a judicial position in Asuncion: he 
 was then made Justice of the Correc- 
 tional Court and in the same year was 
 promoted to the post of Prosecuting At- 
 torney; in 1910 he was made Prosecutor 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 7« 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 in tlie Civil Courts; in igi2 he became 
 Prosecutor in the Criminal Courts and 
 during 1913 he served as Attorney Gen- 
 eral pro tcm; in 19 15, he was made 
 Justice of the Criminal Courts. 
 
 In 1919 he was elected Deputy to the 
 National Congress. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ^^C^ft-^,^^^
 
 IBARRA 
 
 ROGELIO IBARRA 
 
 Public man. 
 
 RoGELio InARRA, the son of S. Iba- 
 rra Legal and Inocencia Munoz, was 
 born on the fifteenth of August, 1888, 
 in the city of Asuncion, and was educat- 
 ed there in the Colegio Nacional, whicli 
 granted him the Bachelor's degree in 
 1905, and the University, where he 
 read Law. 
 
 He has divided his energies between 
 journalism and politics: in 1913 and 
 1914 he was editor-in-chief of the daily 
 paper El Liberal, the organ of the Li- 
 beral Party ; he has also been prominent 
 in the ranks of the Party and is at 
 present one of its leaders as a member 
 of the Executive Committee; in 1915 he 
 was elected Deputy to the National 
 Congress where his brilliant participa- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 79 
 
 VI
 
 8o 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 tion in the debates led to his re-election 
 in 1919, in which year he was chosen 
 President of the Chamber. When the 
 present Government came into power, 
 Seilor Ibarra was selected by the 
 President as Minister of Justice, Wor- 
 ship and Education. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 STEFANICH 
 
 JUAN STEFANICH 
 
 Author; editor. 
 
 Juan Stefanich, the son of Antonio 
 Stefanich and Juliana Troche, was born 
 on the third of May, 1889, in Asuncion 
 and was educated there in the schools 
 of the city and her University where 
 he won his degree of Doctor of Laws 
 in 1920. 
 
 While he was a student he was chosen 
 as Delegate to the Third Students' Con- 
 gress held in Lima in 1912 and headed 
 the Paraguayan delegation at the Al 
 berdi Commemoration in Buenos Aires 
 in 1920. He has been elected by the 
 Law Students' Club as Editor of the 
 Paraguayan Library, a series of books 
 by Paraguayan authors such as Manuel 
 Dominguez, J. E. O'Leary, J. V. Ra- 
 mirez and others. He is also the author 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 82 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 of several books which have been well 
 received: Hacia la cinnbre, travels and 
 impressions, Asuncion, 1914; Aurora, a 
 novel, Asuncion, 1920; Alherdi, la Ar- 
 gentina y el Paraguay, the record of 
 the celebration in Buenos Aires in 1920, 
 published in Asuncion. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 / 
 
 //^ /U^t^^ l)^^^
 
 LEGAL 
 
 B3 
 
 JOS£ TOMAS LEGAL 
 
 Magistrate; lawyer. 
 
 Jose Tomas Legal, the son of Fran- 
 cisco D. Legal and Liocencia Acosta, 
 was born on the twenty-first of Decem- 
 ber, 1865, in the city of Asuncion and 
 was educated there at the Colegio Na- 
 cional where he received his Bachelor's 
 degree in 1885. Later he went to Mon- 
 tevideo (LTruguay) to study Law in the 
 University and graduated in 1893 with 
 the degree of Doctor in Laws. 
 
 In 1895 he became Judge of the Com- 
 mercial Courts; in 1899 ^^^ ^ose to be a 
 member of the Appellate Criminal 
 Courts; in 1900 he was called into the 
 Cabinet as Minister of Justice, Worship 
 and Eduaction and as acting Minister 
 of Foreign Affairs; from 191 1 to 1912 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 8-1 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 he served as a Justice of the Superior 
 Court. 
 
 These were not, however, his only 
 fields of activity: beginning in 1893 he 
 was a Professor in the University of 
 Asuncion and taught Commercial Law 
 for twenty-seven consecutive years, 
 retiring at last with full pension in 
 1920; from 1902 to 1908 he held the 
 position of Dean of the University. He 
 has also held important elective posts : 
 in 1905 he was chosen Deputy to the 
 National Congress for the period end- 
 ing in 1908 ; in 1906 he was elected vice- 
 Prcsident of the Liberal Party, being 
 elected President in 1918 in which year 
 he presided over the Liberal Conven- 
 tion. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 J AA/ W ... ■ X.^
 
 CENTURION 
 
 FERNANDO CENTURION 
 
 Mttsician. * 
 
 Fernando Centurion, the son of 
 Colonel Juan C. Centurion, a Paragua- 
 yan historian, and Concepcion de Zayas 
 y Hechavarria, was born in the city 
 of Asuncion on the fourteenth of March. 
 1 886, and there began his musical career 
 under the direction of the violinist C. 
 Ascherman. Later he went on to Bue- 
 nos Aires and studied in the Argentine 
 Conservatory. 
 
 He went abroad and while there 
 participated in concerts given in Paris. 
 Brussels, Liege and Louvain. His 
 travels brought him also to Santiago 
 de Cuba and Havana where he was 
 much praised by the critics, but, wish- 
 ing to perfect his art, he again went to 
 Europe and, in iQio, entered the Royal 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Conservatory at Liege, where he studied 
 under Oscar Dossin; he studied also 
 in Brussels under Cesar Thomson and 
 De Boeck and in Paris under Prof. 
 Schwartz Joseph and White. 
 
 But Sr. Centurion has not limited his 
 ambition to concerts; he is also one of 
 the foremost Paraguayan composers: 
 his Marcha hcroica, a sj^mphonic piece 
 for orchestra, and his Canto amoroso, 
 a piece for violin and piano, are highly 
 considered and his Campamcnto Cerro 
 Leon is thought by many to be his 
 masterpiece; he has also composed Ce- 
 rro-Cord, a march for military bands : 
 Fantasia sohre tin tenia paraguayo and 
 Idilio, for violin and piano, and Aires 
 paraguayos. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BRIZUELA 
 
 FRANCISCO ANTONIO BRIZUELA 
 
 Soldier. 
 
 Francisco Antonio Brizuela, the 
 son of Ramon Brizuela and Cristina 
 Baez, was born on the seventeenth of 
 February, 1879, in the town of Carape- 
 gua, but was educated in Asuncion at 
 the Colcgio Nacional where he gained 
 the degree of Bachelor in 1903. 
 
 In 1905 he joined the expedition sent 
 by the Paraguayan Government against 
 the rebel Indians and his experiences on 
 this service enkindled the desire to be- 
 come a professional soldier. Next year 
 therefore, upon returning to Asun- 
 cion, he entered the Military Academy 
 whence he graduated as Second Lieu- 
 tenant and by successive promotions has 
 risen to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 which he reached in 1919. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 87 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 In 1901 he was appointed Clerk of 
 Court ; in 1903 he was chosen vice- 
 Director of the Sati Luis school ; in 
 1905 and 1906, before entering the 
 Military Academy, he served as Chief 
 of Police in various provincial villages. 
 
 For five years (1913-1918) he was 
 Second in Command of the Fourth 
 Military Zone (Encarnacion) ; in 1919 
 he was offered the post of Chief of 
 Police in the city of Asuncion and 
 accepted it, but after a year returned 
 to military duties as Commander of the 
 First Military Zone (Conccpcion). 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 YNSFRAN 
 
 PABLO M. YNSFRAN 
 
 JoHrnalist. 
 
 Pablo M. Ynsfran, the son of Doctor 
 Facundo Ynsfran and Dona Francisca 
 Jimenez, was born on the thirtieth of 
 June, 1894, in Asuncion. There he was 
 educated at the Normal School, the Co- 
 Icgio Nacional, where in 191 1 he receiv- 
 ed his Bachelor's degree, and — after an 
 intermission — at the University, where 
 he was granted the degree of Advocate 
 in 1918. 
 
 In March, 1918, he was appointed 
 General Secretary of Customs and 
 in 1919 was made Counsel for the In- 
 digent. 
 
 But he has never practiced his profes- 
 sion, preferring to enlist in the ranks 
 of journalism which exerted an over- 
 powering attraction for him. His first 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 89 
 
 VI
 
 90 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 journalistic training was acquired on El 
 Liberal in 1914 while he was a student; 
 in 1915 he was attached to the staff of 
 El Diario, the oldest newspaper of Pa- 
 raguay, where he has continued and has 
 held almost every post, until he is at 
 present editor-in-chief. 
 
 He has written various vagrant verses 
 which have appeared in periodicals, but 
 his most important published works arc 
 monographs dealing with the history of 
 the great Paraguayan War against the 
 Triple Alliance, to which period of the 
 history of his country he has devoted 
 long study. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 Pedro Saguier
 
 SAGUIER 
 
 PEDRO SAGUIER 
 
 Diplomat. 
 
 Pedro Saguier, the scion of one of 
 the oldest families of Paraguay and one 
 intimately associated with the history of 
 the country, was born in Asuncion in 
 the year 1863, but was still a boy when 
 he went to Buenos Aires to be educated 
 
 His schooling over, he returned to 
 his country and devoted himself to the 
 study of the economic problems which 
 at that time were many and difficult. 
 His appointment as President of the 
 National Bank of Paraguay offered him 
 an opportunity of which he availed him- 
 self to advance the interests of the bank. 
 Some time afterwards he was appoint- 
 ed Director-General of the Postal and 
 Telegraph Administration where he 
 succeeded in getting a bill passed by the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 91 
 
 VI
 
 92 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Paraguayan Congress establishing the 
 Postal and Telegraph codes which were 
 in use in A^rgentina. 
 
 In the year 1905 the Government ap- 
 pointed him Consul General in Argentina 
 a post which he held until 191 1, having 
 been also appointed, in 1908, Charge 
 d'affaires of the Legation. In 1912 he 
 was entrusted with a confidential mis- 
 sion to the Argentine government which, 
 having been crowned with success, was 
 followed by his appointment to the post 
 of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary of Paraguay in Argen- 
 tina which he has retained until the pre- 
 sent. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BENZA 
 
 JUAN B. BENZA 
 
 Physician; public man, 
 
 Juan B. Bf.nza was born in Humaita 
 on the twenty-fifth of February, 1875, 
 and began his education in Pilar and 
 Asuncion where he obtained the 
 Bachelor's degree in 1896. Then he went 
 on to Buenos Aires to study Pharmacy 
 and Medicine in the University where 
 he won his degree as Chemist in 1898 
 and that of Doctor of Medicine in 1905. 
 
 On his return to Asuncion he was 
 made, in 1906, a member of the staff of 
 physicians of the Municipal Emergency 
 Hospital, which post he held but one 
 year; in 1906 he taught Semeiology in 
 the Medical School of Asuncion; in 
 1908 he was appointed Director of the 
 National Board of Health and held that 
 post until 1912; in 1914 he became 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 93 
 
 VI
 
 94 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Director of the Maternity Hospital ; in 
 the same year he was Dean of the Me- 
 dical School, a position which he retain- 
 ed until 1919; from 1916 until the pre- 
 sent he has been a member of the Board 
 of Hygiene and Emergency Hospitals. 
 Doctor Benza has also held elective 
 offices: since 1912 he has been a mem- 
 ber of the Executive Committee of the 
 Liberal Party which is now in power; 
 in 1912 he was elected National Deputy, 
 and in 1917 he won election to the 
 Senate where he was chosen First vice- 
 President of the Chamber. 
 
 VI HISPANIC NOTES
 
 PAIVA 
 
 F£LIX PAIVA 
 
 Vice-President of Pa- 
 raguay. 
 
 Felix Paiva was born on the twenty- 
 first of February, 1877, in the town of 
 Caazapa, and there learned his letters 
 in the local primary school; later he 
 went to school in Villarrica and the Ca- 
 pital, attended the Colegio Nacionnl, 
 where he won his Bachelor's degree in 
 1896, read Law in the University of 
 Asuncion and graduated with the degree 
 of Doctor of Laws and Social Sciences 
 in 1901, upon the presentation of a 
 thesis on Stifragio. 
 
 Five years earlier, in 1896, he had 
 won the contest for the post of Profes- 
 sor in the Colegio Nacional and Normal 
 School of Asuncion, and from that time 
 until 1 9 10 taught Geography, Algebra 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 95 
 
 VI
 
 96 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 and Geometry; he also taught Public 
 Speaking, Introduction to the Study of 
 the Law, and Finance in the Law School 
 between 1903 and 191 1; since 1914 he 
 has been Professor of Penal Law and 
 since 1919, Professor of Constitutional 
 Law in the same Faculty. In 1908 he 
 became Dean of the Faculty of Law and 
 has twice been Rector of the National 
 University, from 1908 to 191 1, and again 
 for a few months in 1912. 
 
 From his early youth he has taken 
 a conspicuous part in Paraguayan 
 politics . Pie was a member of the staff 
 of the daily paper El Diario when the 
 Revolution of 1904 broke out and he 
 then took part in the street-fighting 
 between the revolutionists and the gov- 
 ernmental forces,. and in the 1)ombard- 
 mcnt of the harbor of Asuncion; he 
 was one of the leaders of the Revolu- 
 tion of 1908 which ended with the de- 
 position of President Benigno Ferreira; 
 he was involved also in the so-called 
 Revolution of February, 191 1, after 
 which he took refuge in Buenos Aires, 
 
 HISPANIC NOTPZS
 
 PAIVA 
 
 where he remained during the whole of 
 Colonel Jara's administration ; but when 
 President Rojas assumed power, in Oc- 
 tober, 191 1, he returned to Paraguay 
 and became the leader of the Liberal 
 Party. 
 
 During the elections of 1906 he was 
 chosen Senator for the period ending, 
 in 191 1 ; in 1912 he was aoDointed 
 Minister of Foreign Affairs ; later in 
 the same year he became Minister of 
 Justice and Education under President 
 Schaerer; he continued in office also 
 during the Government of President 
 Franco (1916-1919) and when Senor 
 Montero succeeded to the Presidency, 
 he still remained in the Cabinet, with 
 the portfolio of Minister of the Interior 
 until the latter part of 1920, thus hav- 
 ing the remarkable experience of serv- 
 ing under four successive Presidents. In 
 the Ministry of Education he carried 
 out important reforms, creating more 
 than two hundred new schools, estab- 
 lishing the Faculty of Medicine, bring- 
 ing professors from abroad, and en- 
 
 97 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 98 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 couraging the building of schools and 
 public libraries. 
 
 He has had an influence in shaping 
 legislation : he is the author of the first 
 electoral law based on the sj'stem of the 
 secret vote, and has also to his credit 
 important bills on the Mining Code, 
 and the law for the prosecution of 
 Magistrates. 
 
 Dr. Paiva has also served in the 
 Judiciary: in 1902 and 1903 he was a 
 member of the Appellate Court; in 1908 
 he was appointed Attorney General, and 
 finally, between 191 3 and 19 16, was a 
 member of the Superior Court. 
 
 Dr. Paiva has been President of the 
 Instituto Faraguayo, the leading social- 
 cducacional institution of Asuncion, for 
 more than eight years. 
 
 His militant political activities carried 
 him into journalism, and he has belong- 
 ed to the staff of various Liberal news- 
 papers and periodicals, among them, El 
 Scmanario, the organ of the Students' 
 Federation, La Dcmocracia, El Para- 
 guay, and El Diario, the oldest Paragua- 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 PAIVA 
 
 yan newspaper, of which he was the 
 founder and former editor-in-chief. 
 
 In addition to his work as a journal- 
 ist he has written much on legal sub- 
 jects and is the author of the following 
 books: Una inferpretacioii constitucio- 
 nal (art. y^), Asuncion, 1910; La in- 
 dependencia del poder judicial, Asun- 
 cion, 1915; Estudio dc dcrecho consti- 
 tucional. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 99 
 
 VI
 
 _ 
 
 Eliseo Zavala
 
 ZAVALA 
 
 ELISEO ZAVALA 
 
 Land-ozvncr ; farmer. 
 
 Eliseo Zavala, the son of Ang-ela 
 Zavala, was born on the twenty-first of 
 March, 1857, in the remote settlement 
 of paso Uritndcy, a suburb of the town 
 of Belen. He had just finished his 
 primary education in the school of the 
 city of Concepcion when the Paragua- 
 yan War against the Triple Alliance 
 (1865-70) broke out. 
 
 At the end of the terrible fight, Sefior 
 Zavala, like many of those who surviv- 
 ed the ruin, had to earn his living. 
 Though he was then only thirteen years 
 old, he had already discovered a way 
 of making a living in the mate (Para- 
 guayan Tea) industry. He began in this 
 as a laborer and it was only after thirty 
 years of arduous work, much of it spent 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 lOI 
 
 VI
 
 102 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 in the desert, in distant forests owned 
 by the Compania Matte Larangeira, and 
 in the torrid regions of Brazil, that, 
 having reached the position of General 
 Manager of the company, he was able 
 to retire. 
 
 He chief interest now is the breed- 
 ing of cattle, in which he has a large 
 capital, seventy thousand hect areas of 
 land and forty thousand head of cattle. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CODAS 
 
 FEDERICO CODAS 
 
 Magistrate; teacher. 
 
 Federico Codas, the sou of Cosme 
 Codas and Ramona Insfran, was born 
 on the twenty-second of December. 
 1868, in the town of Villarrica. He had 
 his early education at the Colegio Na- 
 cioiial of Asuncion from which he went 
 to the University of Montevideo, Uru- 
 guay, but returned to win his degree in 
 the University of Asuncion which gave 
 him the degree of Doctor in 1896 on 
 the presentation of a thesis entitled 
 Jnicio politico en el Paraguay. 
 
 He had already entered upon an ac- 
 tive career : in 1894 he had been ap- 
 pointed a member of the National 
 Board of Education; in the same year 
 he was made a Judge of the Superior 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 103
 
 104 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Court; in 1898 he was elected a Deputy 
 in the National Congress, and in 1901 
 he became Professor in the University. 
 There he revealed his capacity as a 
 teacher and an administrator ; he taught 
 International Law and other subjects 
 until 1920 and had the honor of serving 
 as Rector of the University for a period 
 of two years, from 1903 until 1905. 
 He taught also from 1904 to 19 15 in 
 the Colegio Nacional and during a 
 number of years in the Normal School. 
 
 In addition to his academic labors, 
 Dr. Codas has practised his profession 
 as a lawyer and held high posts in the 
 government: in 191 1 he was appointed 
 Minister of Justice, in 1912 he was 
 selected to fulfill a confidential mis- 
 sion before the government of Argenti- 
 na, and in the same year was made 
 Minister of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Finally in 191 5 he was appointed for 
 the second time Judge of the Superior 
 Court and retained the position until 
 1920 wlicn he retired to private life. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 Juan li. (Jaona
 
 GAONA 
 
 JUAN BAUTISTA GAONA 
 
 Banker; e.v-Presidcnt 
 of Paraguay. 
 
 Juan Bautista Ga.ona, the son of 
 Juan Pablo Gaona and Pastora Figue- 
 redo, was born in the year 1845 in 
 Asuncion and was educated there in 
 private and public schools. 
 
 Senor Gaona's career has had two 
 aspects, of the banker and the public 
 man: his career as banker began early; 
 as long ago as 1893 he became President 
 of the Mercantile Bank of Paraguay 
 and, with the exception of the years 
 191 1 and 1912, has continued in that 
 post until the present ; meantime he has 
 served on the Board of Directors of 
 the National Bank, of the Bank of the 
 River Plate, and of important corpora- 
 tions including the Industrial Paragna- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 105 
 
 VI
 
 io6 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 yo of which he has acted more than 
 once as President. 
 
 His poHtical career began somewhat 
 later: in 1905 he was President of the 
 RepubHc ; from 1909 to 191 1 and from 
 1912 to 1919 he was a member of the 
 Senate; in 191 1 he served as vice- 
 President of the RepubHc ; he has been 
 a member of the Commission on Pubhc 
 Works, and from 1912 to 1919 was the 
 Head of the Liberal Party. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ANTUNEZ 
 
 ADOLFO FRANCISCO ANTtNEZ 
 Official; journalist. 
 
 Adolfo Francisco Antunez, the son 
 of Joaquin Anti'inez and Mercedes Ba- 
 rrios, was born on the twenty-ninth of 
 January, 1871, in the city of Asuncion, 
 and was educated there in the Colcgio 
 Nacional. 
 
 In 1887 he was appointed Clerk in 
 the Ministry of Finance, but only 
 remained in that post for the period 
 of a year ; his next appointive post was 
 that of Customs Inspector, a position 
 which he retained for two years until 
 1899: from 1903 to 1906 he held a 
 higher office in the Administration, be- 
 ing Secretary of the Ministry of the 
 Interior, and finally in 1910 he was 
 appointed Assistant Business Manager 
 of the Banco Acjricola of Paraguay. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 107 
 
 VI
 
 io8 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 For the greater part of this period 
 he was interested in journalism: from 
 1S99 to 1901 he was Manager and later 
 Editor-in-Chief of the daily paper La 
 Tribiina; in 1902 and 1903 he edited 
 two papers — El Paraguay and El Pais 
 — and from 1908 until 1910 he was 
 editor of Los Principios. He is the 
 author of Iiidiistria nacional: Dcscrip- 
 cion dc las divcrsas fdbricas, 1897. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RECALDE 
 
 JUAN FRANCISCO RECALDE 
 Physician; teacher. 
 
 Juan Francisco Rfxalde, the son of 
 Juan F. Recalde and Tomasa Valdez, 
 was born on the ninth of March, 1885, 
 in the city of Asuncion and had his 
 e'arly education there at the Cole- 
 gio Nacional which granted him the 
 Bachelor's degree in 1902. 
 
 He began his medical studies in the 
 University of Buenos Aires in 1903, 
 but interrupted his course to participate 
 in the Revolution of 1914, joining the 
 expedition of the steamer Sajonia. He 
 was wounded at Pilar, but did not 
 abandon the adventure, and after Yta- 
 pytapunta had been forced and when 
 the expedition to the North was organiz- 
 ed, he joined those who continued up 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 109 
 
 VI
 
 I JO 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 the river in the steamer Constitiicion 
 under the command of Col. Elias Ayala. 
 In 1905 he went to Europe to renew 
 his studies in the National School of 
 Florence (Ilaly), where he graduated 
 smmna cum lande in 191 1 and became 
 Assistant in the Clinic of Professor 
 Burci, where he continued for some 
 time. 
 
 On his return to Paraguay he entered 
 on the practice of the profession, giving 
 special attention to surgery, and estab- 
 lished a private hospital. In 1913 he was 
 appointed Official Delegate to the Latin 
 •\merican Medical Congress held in Li- 
 ma; from 1913 to 1914 he was surgeon 
 
 n the Hospital de Caridad; in 1915 he 
 became surgeon, and in 1919 was made 
 Director, of the National Hospital; in 
 1920 he was appointed Chief of the 
 First Sanitary Zone; in 1920 he was 
 chosen Director General of the Na- 
 tional Department of Public Health and 
 of the Emergency Hospitals of Para- 
 guay; from 1919 to 1920 he taught 
 
 Anatomy in the Colcgio Nacional and 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RECALDE 
 
 in 1920 was appointed Professor of 
 Surgical Pathology in the Medical 
 School. 
 
 Dr. Recalde is an Honorary Member 
 of the Academy of Medicine of Lima. 
 He reorganized the Medical Associa- 
 tion of Paraguay ; he i« at present the 
 editor of the Rcvisia Mcdica del Para- 
 guay, and has written many pamphlets 
 on medical subjects, principally on the 
 surgical treatment of tropical diseases. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 1 1 
 
 VI
 
 Juan E. OLeary
 
 O'LEARY 
 
 JUAN EMILIANO O'LEARY 
 
 Author; lawyer; teacher. 
 
 Juan Emiliano O'Leary y Urdapi- 
 LLETA, the son of Juan O'Leary and 
 Dolores Urdapilleta, was born on the 
 thirteenth of June, 1880, in Asuncion, 
 and was educated there, at the Colc- 
 gio Nacional. where he obtained the 
 Bachelor's degree in 1899, and the 
 University. 
 
 Since the year 1899 he has devoted 
 himself chiefly to teaching and writ- 
 ing: he has taught American and Pa- 
 raguayan History, the History of Span- 
 ish Literature, Geography, Rhetoric and 
 the History of the World, both in the 
 Colegio Nacional and in the Normal 
 School of Asuncion, and in 1910 became 
 Director of the Colegio Nacional of 
 Asuncion. In 1917 he made an excur- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 113 
 
 VI
 
 114 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 sion into politics and was elected 
 Deputy to the National Congress. 
 
 As a writer he has produced poetical 
 works, such as A mi hija published in 
 1918; but his principal acliievemcnt is 
 in the field of history; there he has 
 written: Historia de la gncrra del Pa- 
 raguay, 1910; Paginas dc historia, 1916; 
 Nn'estra cpopeya, 1919; El mariscal So- 
 lano Lope::, 1920, and he considers that 
 his masterpiece will l)e the Historia 
 complcta de la gncrra del Paraguay 
 which he is writing at present. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ^^^^^iL^ /^c^^'^'^..
 
 BARBERO 
 
 ANDRfiS BARBERO 
 
 Physician; public man. 
 
 Andres Bart.eko, the son of Don 
 Juan Barl)ero and Dona Carolina Cro- 
 sa, both of Itahan birth but settled 
 in Paraguay, was born on the twenty- 
 eighth of July, 1877, in the city of 
 Asuncion and was educated there at 
 private schools, the Colegio Nacional, 
 which granted him the Bachelor's 
 ■degree in 1895, and the University, 
 where he won his degree as Chemist 
 in 1898 and as Doctor of Medicine in 
 1904. 
 
 Meantime, in 1910. he had been ap- 
 pointed Professor of Physics in the 
 Colegio Nacional of Asuncion and in 
 the same j^ear became a member and 
 Secretary of the National Council of 
 Public Health; in 1901 he received his 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 115 
 
 VI
 
 ii6 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 appointment as Professor of Medical 
 Physics in the Aledical School; in 1905 
 he was made Director of the National 
 Institute for vaccination and the same 
 year taught Physiology and Histology. 
 In 1906, he became Dean of the Faculty 
 of Medical Sciences. During this time 
 he was most active in organizing 
 and re-organizing the laboratories and 
 clinics; in the twelve years of his 
 professorship he had made three 
 separate voyages to Europe where he 
 acquired instruments for the Laboratory 
 to a value of more than 150,000 francs. 
 
 In 1905 the Government appointed 
 him Director ad Iwnorcm of the Mu- 
 seum of Natural History; in 1906 he 
 was Director of the National Board of 
 Health; in 1908 he was commissioned 
 to go to Europe to study industrial and 
 agricultural education; from 1909 I0 
 191 1 he was a member of the National 
 Council of Education. 
 
 He has also had active participation 
 in the financial affairs of his coimtry : 
 in 1913 he became a member and Prcs- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BARBERO 
 
 ident of the Board of Directors of the 
 Agricutural Bank of Paraguay (1913- 
 1917). 
 
 In 1917, as Director of the National 
 Board of Health, he conducted an active 
 campaign against one of the tropical 
 plagues of his country — Hook-worm 
 (Anqnilostomiasis). To that end he ap- 
 pointed eighty-two commissions whose 
 studies and investigations permitted the 
 conclusion that malaria, leishmaniosis 
 and anqnilostomiasis are endemic in 
 certain limited areas of the country. In 
 19 19 he was unanimously elected Pres- 
 ident of the Paraguayan League to 
 combat Tuberculosis and was also 
 chosen President of the Paraguayan 
 Red Cross. Finally, in 1920, he was 
 appointed Mayor of the city of Asun- 
 cion. 
 
 Doctor Barbero is an enthusiastic 
 collector of the fauna and flora of Pa- 
 raguay ; he has written on these and 
 related topics for the press and is the 
 author of : Instrucciou tccnica, Asun- 
 cion, 1908; Dispensaries medicos ambu- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 117 
 
 VI
 
 ii8 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 ^ 
 
 lantes e higiene municipal rural, and of 
 the Informe de la direccion del Departa- 
 menfo naciotial de higiene (August to 
 December, 1917). 
 
 VJ 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RODRIGUEZ SANTOS 
 
 CARLOS RODRIGUEZ SANTOS 
 
 Official; publicist. 
 
 Carlos Rodriguez Santos, the son 
 of Silverio R. Santos and Sara Riva- 
 rola, was born on the fifth of March, 
 1871, in the city of Asuncion, but was 
 educated in Montevideo where he at- 
 tended the primary and secondary 
 schools and won his Bachelor's degree 
 in 1889. 
 
 He has never sought elective office, 
 but has held many official posts: in 
 1890 he was appointed Clerk in the 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs; in 1891 
 he was promoted to the post of Second 
 Secretary and translator in the same 
 ministry ; in 1894 li^ was made Chief of 
 the Information Bureau, in 1896 he 
 taught Book-keeping in the National 
 Agricultural School ; in iqoo he was a 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 119 
 
 VI
 
 120 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 member of the National Council of 
 Education; in 1902 he was appointed 
 General Post Master; in 1903, Business 
 Manager of the Agricultural Bank of 
 Paraguay; in 1908 Honorary Member 
 of the Council of Agriculture and In- 
 dustries and also member of the special 
 commission appointed to report on the 
 national finances; in 1912 he received 
 liis nomination as Director General of 
 Revenue and in the same year he was 
 made a member of the National Com- 
 mission of Audit of which two years 
 later he became President, a post wliich 
 he holds at present. 
 
 But besides these duties, it has fallen 
 to him to represent his country on vari- 
 ous occasions: in 1899 he was Official 
 Delegate of Paraguay at the Interna- 
 tional- Commercial Congress which met 
 in Philadelphia (U. S. A.) ; in 1909 he 
 was a member of the Central Com- 
 mittee of the International Agricultural 
 Exposition held on the occasion of the 
 Centenary of Argentine Independence 
 in Buenos Aires; in 1910 he was 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RODRIGUEZ SANTOS 
 
 Delegate of the Agricultural Bank of 
 Paraguay to the International Exposi- 
 tion of Buenos Aires. 
 
 Senor Rodriguez Santos has also won 
 a high place among Paraguayan writ- 
 ers as the author of the following books : 
 La Repi'tblica del Paraguay, 1898; Es- 
 tudios sobrc conicrcio y colonizacion, 
 awarded the gold medal at the Interna- 
 tional Exposition of Brussels, 1897; 
 Apuntes sobrc el porvcnir de la agri- 
 cultura y de la ganaderia en cl Para- 
 guay, 1910, a book of which the Para- 
 guayan Government published a second 
 edition in 1912. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 121 
 
 VI
 
 A^i^ Aj^^^^^z^^^^^^^^^
 
 RAMIREZ 
 
 JUAN VICENTE RAMIREZ 
 
 Journalist; author. 
 
 Juan Vicente Ramirez, the son of 
 Alejo Ramirez and Victoria Acosta, 
 was born on the twenty-second of 
 January, 1877, in the remote village of 
 Santiago, Department of Misiones. He 
 had his primary education in the rural 
 schools and later went to Asuncion 
 where he attended the Colcgio Nacio- 
 nal, which granted him his Bachelor's 
 degree in 1910. Whereupon he entered 
 the Law School of the University and 
 is at present a student. 
 
 He was elected President of the Law 
 Students' Club in 1919, and in August 
 of that year was also chosen President 
 of the Students' Federation; he was 
 chosen to head the Paraguayan Delega- 
 tion sent to Montevideo to participate 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 123 
 
 VI
 
 124 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 in the funeral ceremonies of the writer 
 Jose Enrique Rodo, when the latter's 
 body arrived from Italy in 1920, and 
 he is at present Director General of 
 Statistics. 
 
 He has written much for the press 
 of Asuncion and has published four 
 books : Ensayos, a collection of article? 
 of a literary character (1917) ; La cnes- 
 fion social, a study of the labor problem, 
 1919; El divorcio, a scries of articles 
 (1919), and Visioncs nrngnayas, a book 
 containing impressions of travel. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ACEVAL 125 
 
 EMILIO ACEVAL 
 
 Man of affairs; ex- 
 President of Paraguay. 
 
 Emilio Aceval, the sou of Leonardo 
 Aceval and Monica Marin, was born 
 on the sixteenth of October, 1853, in 
 the city of Asuncion, and there was 
 educated at the Colegio Nacional which 
 granted him his diploma as Bachelor in 
 
 1875. 
 
 He devoted himself for some years 
 to practical affairs and did not appear 
 in public life until he was appointed In- 
 spector of Banks; in 1892 he became 
 Chairman of the Board of Directors of 
 the National Bank ; in 1894 he was 
 made Minister of War and the Navy, 
 a post which he held for a period of 
 four years, serving also in 1896 and 
 1897 as Minister of Finance. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 126 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 In 1898 he was nominated for Pre- 
 sident of tlie Republic, elected and com- 
 pleted the full term in office. 
 
 Again in 1904 he appeared in public 
 life, upon being- elected Senator ; on the 
 expiration of his term of office he was 
 again appointed President and Manager 
 of the Banco Agricola and later be- 
 came Director of the Bank of the 
 Republic; in 1908 he was appointed 
 Ambassador to Argentina. 
 
 The French Government has honored 
 him by making him Commander of the 
 Legion of Honor and the King of Spain 
 granted him the Naval Grand Cross of 
 Merit. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ABENTE HAEDO 
 
 VICTOR ABENTE HAEDO 
 
 Public man; lawyer. 
 
 Victor Abente Haedo, the son of 
 Victoriano Abente and Maria Haedo, 
 was born on the fifth of July, 1882, in 
 the city of Concepcion, but was educat- 
 ed in Asuncion at the Colegio Nacio- 
 nal, which granted him his Bachelor's 
 degree in 1899, and the University, 
 where he read law and won the degree 
 of Doctor of Laws in 1906 and in 1909 
 that of Public Notary. 
 
 He married Maria Irene Saguier, a 
 member of one of the most distinguish- 
 ed families of Paraguay. 
 
 In 1905, while he was still a student, 
 he was appointed Secretary to the Pre- 
 sident of the Republic; in 1906 he was 
 elected Chairman of the Law-Students' 
 Club; in 1908 he made his first appear 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 127 
 
 VI
 
 128 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 ance in politics, when he was elected 
 Deputy to the National Congress; he 
 was re-elected in iqii,, and was honored 
 by his associates by being chosen Pres- 
 ident of the Chamber in 1912, 1913, and 
 1914; in the elections of 1915 he was 
 elected Deputy for the third time and 
 in 19 19 was chosen Senator. 
 
 His activies, however, have not been 
 limited to the field of politics : he has 
 also given part of his energies to teach- 
 ing: in 1910 he became Professor of 
 History in the Colcgio Nacional of 
 Asuncion, and continued to teach dur- 
 ing the years 19 11 and 1912 when he 
 retired to the practice of his profession. 
 For two years, 1915 and 1916, he acted 
 as Counsel of the Municipality of Asun- 
 cion. 
 
 In tlic course of 1920 he was appoint- 
 ed Honorary Counsel of the Munici- 
 pality of Concepcion, his native town. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 •^-^^i^:***-*^
 
 RIQUELME 
 
 MANUEL RIQUELME 
 
 TcacJicr. 
 
 Manuel Riouelme, the son of Ma- 
 nuel Jose Riquelme and Tomasa No- 
 guera, was born on the fifth of May, 
 1885, in the city of Asuncion, where 
 he was educated in the Normal School 
 and the University. In 1905 he received 
 his diploma as Normal Teacher and was 
 awarded a scholarship enabling him to 
 study in the Normal School of Parana 
 (Argentina) where he graduated in 
 1910. 
 
 In 1912 he was appointed snb-Secre- 
 tary in the Ministry of Education and 
 in 191 5 he was made Director General 
 of Schools, a post which he has continu- 
 ed to hold until the present. He is also 
 Professor of Philosophy and Literature 
 in the Colegio Nacional and teaches 
 Literature in the Normal School. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 129 
 
 VI
 
 SOSA ESCALADA 
 
 MARCIAL SOSA ESCALADA 
 
 Official; journalist. 
 
 Marcial Sosa Escalada, the son of 
 Don Jaime Sosa Escalada and Dona 
 Asuncion Escalada, both members of one 
 of the historic families of South Ame- 
 rica, was born on the twenty-eighth of 
 May, 1873, in the city of Asuncion, 
 but was educated in Argentina, at the 
 Normal School of Buenos Aires, the 
 Colegio Nacional, which in 1892 grant- 
 ed him his Bachelor's degree, and the 
 University of Buenos Aires where he 
 read Law and graduated with the 
 degree of Doctor in Jurisprudence and 
 Social Sciences in 1899 upon the pre- 
 sentation of a thesis on Aceptacion y 
 rcpudiacion de la hcrencia. 
 
 On his return to Paraguay he was 
 made Magistrate in 1901 and continued 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 [31 
 
 \T
 
 n2 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 in the courts until 1905 when he ahan- 
 doned the judicial career to take charge 
 as editor-in-chief of the daily paper 
 El Civico; he retained that post until 
 190S, but in the meantime was appoint- 
 ed Professor of Civics at the Military 
 Academy in 1906; in the same year he 
 was made City Attorney of Asuncion 
 and also appointed Secretary to the Pa- 
 raguayan Commission on the Bolivian 
 Boundary, a position which he held for 
 two years and did not return to Asun- 
 cion until 1908. 
 
 In 1505 he had been appointed 
 Professor of Roman Law in the Uni- 
 versity and continues in that position 
 until the present. lie has been a Justice 
 of the Superior Civil Court and is at 
 present a mem])er of the Appellate Civil 
 Court in Asuncion; from 1914 to 1917 
 lie was Counsel of the Municipality of 
 Encarnacion, and from 1918 to 1919 he 
 held a similar office for the city of Con- 
 cepcion. 
 
 He has also held elective posts — in 
 1912 he was chosen Deputy to the Na- 
 
 HlSPANiC iNOTES
 
 SOSA ESCALADA 
 
 tional Congress ; and he has been a 
 journalist for many years, being for- 
 merly editor of La Epoca in 1904 and 
 of El Nacional in 1919. 
 
 He has published the following books : 
 Las instituciones jnridicas dc los roma- 
 nos, a translation of E. Cuq's text book, 
 1910; Las pcrsonas jnridicas ante el de- 
 rccho dc los romanos, a translation of 
 a chapter of the book on that subject by 
 Professor van Wetter, 1910; Cuestiones 
 sohre posesion de Est ado, 19 18. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 133 
 
 VI
 
 ^^^^^'
 
 SAMUDIO 
 
 JUAN A. SAIMUDIO 
 
 Painter. 
 
 Juan A. Samudio, the son of Satur- 
 nine Samudio and Juana Dominguez, 
 was born on the twenty-first of April, 
 1879, in the city of Asuncion, and there 
 in his native city received his academic 
 education, but, feehng an irresistible 
 vocation for the art of painting, went 
 to Rome in 1903 and studied there for 
 the next five years. 
 
 He first showed his work in Rome, 
 at the exhibition of 1906, where he had 
 only one small painting entitled Chiog- 
 gia which was signed merely with his 
 initials J. A. S., but it was discovered 
 and praised by so discerning a critic 
 as Francisco Radi; at the International 
 Exposition of Buenos Aires in 1910 
 Samudio was represented by two pic- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 135 
 
 VI
 
 1^6 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 tures, Noche de luna and Pncnte Cano- 
 nica, the former of which won for the 
 artist the bronze medal and was acquir- 
 ed by the National INIuseum of Asun- 
 cion. 
 
 In 1920, he held a special exhibition 
 in Asuncion, which was well attended 
 by the public and highly praised by the 
 local critics. Among his best pictures is 
 Lncio, a portrait. 
 
 Sr, Samudio is at present the Direc- 
 tor of the Academy of Fine Arts of 
 Asuncion. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 REBAUDI 
 
 OYIDIO REBAUDI 
 
 CJicinist. 
 
 OviDio Rebauui, the son of Antonio 
 Rebaudi and Petrona Balestra, was born 
 in December, i860, in the city of Asun- 
 cion, where he began his education, l)ul 
 at the age of seventeen his parents sent 
 him to Italy. There he entered the 
 " Carlo Alberto " Royal School of Pisa, 
 which conferred upon him the degree of 
 Doctor of Chemistry in 1880. He holds 
 also the diplomas of Doctor of Sciences 
 of the University of Chicago; First 
 Class Chemist of the School of Applied 
 Chemistry of Buenos Aires; Honorary 
 Municipal Chemist, and Chemist of the 
 Faculty of Sciences. 
 
 In the year 1882, soon after his ar- 
 rival in Buenos Aires, he was appointed 
 to a post in the Women's Hospital and 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 137
 
 n8 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 in the Children's Hospital, and became 
 a member of the Argentine Medical 
 Society; in 1894 he joined Doctor 
 Arata in founding the Oficina qiiimica 
 nacional and became one of the Direc- 
 tors; in igo2 he was made Second Chief 
 of the Municipal Chemical Laboratory. 
 
 In 1889, when the epidemic of Yellow 
 Fever was invading certain zones of the 
 Argentine Republic, the Municipality of 
 Buenos Aires asked Doctor Rebaudi to 
 study and analyse the waters of the 
 districts in danger; in 1905 he was 
 appointed Professor of Analytical Che- 
 mistry in the National University of 
 La Plata, but two years later resigned 
 that post to return to Paraguay. In 
 1907 he was asked to reorganize the 
 Chemical and Bacteriological Labora- 
 tory of Asuncion, which he accom- 
 plished;- in 1908 he becauie Rector of 
 the University of Paraguay, and in 1913 
 received the appointment of Professor 
 of Medical Chemistry in the Medical 
 School of Asuncion. 
 
 He was vicc-President of the Agricul- 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 REBAUDI 
 
 tural Exposition of Paraguay, which 
 was held in Buenos Aires in 1910; the 
 same year the ItaHan Government made 
 him a memher of the Jury at the Ex- 
 position of Pubhc Health, and again 
 in the same year the National Council 
 of Hygiene of the Argentine Republic 
 appointed him a member of the Direct- 
 ing Board of the section of " Chemistry 
 applied to the service of Public Health," 
 in the Scientific Congress (1910). 
 
 In 1910 he discovered a ghicocidc 
 analogous to glicirricina, a substance 
 with a sweetening power greater 
 than that of sacarose, the discovery of 
 which gave rise to further investiga- 
 tions in the laboratories of Vienna, 
 Antwerp, Wiesbaden and Hamburg, 
 where the new product was called Re- 
 handina, after the name of its dis- 
 coverer. 
 
 For some years Doctor Rebaudi has 
 lived in Buenos Aires, where he is 
 the Honorary President of the Scientific 
 Society for Psychical Studies, Honorary 
 member of the Circulo Farmaccnlico 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 139 
 
 VI
 
 140 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Argcnfino and of the General Pharma- 
 cological Society. 
 
 He founded and is the editor of the 
 Revista dc qu'imica y fannacia; he has 
 also lectured and written many articles 
 on suhjects of sociology and Psychical 
 Research. Among his published works 
 Tire: Dosajc del taiuuo y la materia co- 
 'orante de los fideos; Articnlos y traba- 
 ios, 1907; El cxiracto dc came, 1910. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SCHENONI LUGO 
 
 MANLTO SCHENONI LUGO 
 Soldier. 
 
 Manlio Sciienoni Lugo, the son of 
 Fernando Schenoni and Isabel Lugo, 
 was born on the second of May, 1879, 
 in the city of Asuncion. He studied first 
 in the Colcgio Nacional of Asuncion 
 and upon receiving- his Bachelor's 
 degree, in 1896, went to Chile where he 
 attended the Military School of San- 
 tiago and later the School for Military 
 Engineers. 
 
 In October, 1898, he graduated with 
 the rank of Second Lieutenant of Mili- 
 tary Engineers in the Chilean Army ; in 
 1900 he was promoted to the rank of 
 First Lieutenant and thereupon return- 
 ed to his native country where he 
 revalidated his rank and in 1904 was 
 promoted to the rank of Captain ; he be- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 M' 
 
 VI
 
 142 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 came a Major in September of the same 
 year, Lieutenant-Colonel in 1908 and 
 finally Colonel in 1915. 
 
 From 1905 to 1907 he was Secretary 
 of the General Staff ; during the same 
 period he was Director and Professor 
 in the Military School of Paraguay; 
 between 1906 and 1907 he was a mem- 
 ber of the Superior and Appellate Mili- 
 tary Courts; from 1907 until 1909 he 
 was in Europe as a member of the Pa- 
 raguayan Military Mission; from 1909 
 to 191 1 he was Secretary to the 
 Ministry of War; from 1912 to 1914, 
 Commander-in-Chief of the First Mili- 
 tary Zone; in 1913 Commissioner to 
 Chile; from 1914 to 1916 Secretary in 
 the Ministry of War. and since 1916 
 he has been Director of the Military 
 School. 
 
 In 1906 he directed the construction 
 of the first military telegraph line, 
 from Villa Hayes to the interior of the 
 Chaco, a distance of 48 miles; from 
 1909 till 191 1 he was Prefect General 
 of Harbors; at present he is a member 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SCHENONI LUGO 
 
 of the tribunal for qualifications in the 
 Army and a meml)er of the Committee 
 on Physical Education in the Instituto 
 Paraguayo. 
 
 He has translated from French hito 
 Spanish several books on military sub- 
 jects; he is the editor of El memorial 
 del Ejercito and of the Rcvista dc la 
 Esciiela Militar, and the author of 
 numerous articles on military topics. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 143 
 
 VI
 
 ^?7,^^ yy^^:^
 
 SOSA 
 
 ANTONIO SOSA 
 
 Public man; journal- 
 ist; teacher. 
 
 Antonio Sosa, the son of Casimiro 
 Sosa and Faustina Ortigoza, was born 
 on the thirteenth of June, 1870, in the 
 city of Asuncion, and was educated 
 there at the Colcgio Nacional, where 
 he received liis diploma as Bachelor, 
 and the Law School where he graduat- 
 ed with the degree of Doctor of Laws 
 and Social Sciences. 
 
 He has held many appointive and 
 elective posts: in 1893 he was appoint- 
 ed General Secretary in the Customs 
 Departmeii* ; in the same year he be- 
 came Clerk in the National Revenue 
 Office; in 1895 he received the appoint- 
 ment as Professor of Geography in the 
 Colegio Nacional; from 1898 to 1899 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 145 
 
 VI
 
 146 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 he occupied the post of member of the 
 Board of Education; in 1895 he receiv- 
 ed a Judicial appointment as Judge of 
 the Lower Courts which he resigned to 
 accept his nomination to the Chamber 
 of Deputies where he held a scat for 
 two consecutive periods, — from 1898 to 
 1903 — and served as First vice-President 
 of the body in 1902. While he was 
 Deputy he introduced the so-called law 
 of pensions and allowances, a bill for 
 the establishment of a penal colony, and 
 another, which was passed and became 
 law, increasing the annual outlay for 
 Education fifty per cent; from 1903 to 
 1904 he was Minister of Finance, and 
 in 1904-1905 was appointed Minister 
 Plenipotentiary to Argentina and Uru- 
 guay; in 1912 he was elected Senator 
 for a period of four years, and then 
 proposed that a measure be taken to 
 allow the repatriation of emigrants, 
 including political refugees; in 1913 he 
 was appointed Professor of Finance in 
 the University of Asuncion; in 1915 
 he was made a member of the Board 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SOSA 
 
 of the Emergency Hospital; from 1915 
 to 1916 he was a member of the Com- 
 mittee on Uniform Legislation. 
 
 Dr. Sosa has played a part also in 
 journalism: he has been a member of 
 the staff of various newspapers, includ- 
 ing La Opinion, La Tribuna, El Pais, 
 La Lihcrlad and El Tiempo, the latter 
 during six years, from 1910 to 1916. 
 He has travelled in Europe and resided 
 in Paris for two years. 
 
 He has published the following books: 
 Vida pnblica, 1905, dealing with poli- 
 tical controversy; El estado de sitio, 
 1907, of a strictly legal character ; Pa- 
 pel moneda, 1907, relating to the 
 standard of paper money. 
 
 AND MOlNOGRAPHS 
 
 147 
 
 VI
 
 ORTIZ 
 
 JOSfi ANTONIO ORTIZ 
 
 Public man; diplomat. 
 
 Jose Antonio Ortiz, the son of Juan 
 Antonio Ortiz and Andrea Rojas, was 
 born on the nineteenth of March, 1870, 
 in the provincial city of San Andres de 
 Limpio. He was educated, however, in 
 Asuncion, at the Concihary Seminary 
 and the Colegio Nacional where he won 
 the degree of Bachelor in 1894, and 
 in Buenos Aires where he read Law in 
 the University and gained the degree 
 of Doctor of Jurisprudence in 1902. 
 
 Ten years earlier, while he was a 
 student in Asuncion, he had been 
 appointed Clerk in the National Council 
 of Education; in 1894 he held a post 
 as Clerk in the Ministry of Finance; 
 in the same year he was appointed 
 Professor in the Normal School ; in 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 149 
 
 VI
 
 150 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 1895 he entered the diplomatic service 
 and was made attache of the Paragua- 
 yan Legation in Buenos Aires; in 1896 
 he was appointed Secretary to the Con- 
 sul in Buenos Aires, and in 1898 Se- 
 cretary of Legation and Charge d'af- 
 faires ad interim in Argentina. 
 
 In 1905 he returned to Asuncion and 
 was at once appointed Attorney Gen- 
 eral; in 1907 he hecamc Auditor of the 
 War Department; in 1909 he was elect- 
 ed to the National Senate and in 1910 
 appointed Director General of Revenue. 
 In the same year President Gondra 
 called him into the cahinet as Minister 
 of Finance during the hitter's first 
 period of office and he retained office 
 under President Col. Jara; in 191 1 he 
 again occupied a diplomatic post, heing 
 appointed Confidential Envoy hefore 
 the Argentine Government. Finally, in 
 1908, he was appointed Justice of the 
 Civil Appellate Court where he con- 
 tinues. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 MONTERO 
 
 JOSfi P. MONTERO 
 
 Physician ; ex - Pres- 
 ident of Paraguay. 
 
 Jose P. Montero, the son of Fran- 
 cisco Montero and Gregoria Candia, 
 was born on the tirst of August, 1878, 
 in the city of Asuncion where he had 
 his early education in the primary 
 schools and the Colegio Nacional which 
 granted him the Bachelor's degree in 
 1896. For his professional studies he 
 went to Buenos Aires, entered the Uni- 
 versity and graduated as Physician and 
 Surgeon in 1904, when he presented a 
 thesis on La pritcba de los dortiros. 
 
 On his return to Paraguay he entered 
 upon a career of marked success : he 
 was appointed General Director of the 
 Emergency Hospitals, which he reor- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 151 
 
 VI
 
 152 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 ganized by founding the Maternity 
 Hospital, the Pharmacy and the Che- 
 mical-Bacteriological Laboratory ; he has 
 been a member of the Superior Council 
 of Education, Professor of Pediatrics 
 in the Medical School, Professor of 
 Obstetrics in the School for Midwives, 
 and Dean of the Medical School. In 
 1906 he was made official Delegate of 
 Paraguay at the Fourth American 
 Medical Congress which met in Monte- 
 video. 
 
 Dr. Montero has had a no less suc- 
 cessful career in politics: in 1910 he 
 was elected Deputy to the National 
 Congress; in the same year he was Pa- 
 raguayan Delegate to the Pan-Ameri- 
 can Congress held in Buenos Aires ; the 
 Revolution of 191 1 compelled him to 
 flee to the Argentine Republic, but he 
 returned and in 1912 took part in the 
 Countcr-Revolution; after which he be- 
 came Minister of the Interior under 
 President Schaerer and held office until 
 1916, when he was elected vice-Pres- 
 ident of the Rci)ublic. Finally, on the 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 MONTERO 
 
 153 
 
 death of President Manuel Franco in 
 June, 1919, he succeeded to the Pres- 
 idency and held office until the end of 
 the term, in August, 1920. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 /:. 
 
 v/. %^
 
 LUGO 
 
 EUSEBIO A. LUGO 
 
 Dramatist. 
 
 ExiSEBio A. Lugo, the son of Ramon 
 A. Avciro and Isal^el Ltigo, was born 
 on the fifteenth of December, 1890, in 
 the village of Emboscada, but was 
 educated at Asuncion in the Colcgio 
 Nacional. 
 
 ■ From his early youth he has been a 
 lover of the drama and in the year 
 1912 obtained a post as stenographer in 
 the National Congress which permitted 
 him to devote much of his time to the 
 study of the stage and to the produc- 
 tion of plays based on the national 
 history and character. There he remain- 
 ed seven years and meantime wrote 
 several successful pieces : La Chala, a 
 drama in three acts, was presented in 
 1917 with great success in the National 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 155 
 
 VI
 
 156 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Theatre of Asuncion and was published 
 by the Government printing office ; Ca- 
 mino de la fiicnte, a comedy in one 
 act, repeated the success and was 
 followed by Las ruinas del rosal, a 
 comedy in one act, and La muerte dc la 
 quimera, a fantastic drama in three 
 acts, all of which were published in the 
 daily paper El Liberal, of Asuncion. 
 
 Sr. Lugo was elected President of 
 the Clul) of Paraguayan Dramatic 
 Authors for the year 1918, and in 1919 
 was elected President of the Students' 
 Club of the Colegio Nacional of Asun- 
 cion. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ROJAS 
 
 157 
 
 TEODORO ROJAS 
 
 Botanist. 
 
 Teodoro Rojas, the son of Jose M. 
 Rojas and Dolores Vera, was born on 
 the twenty-fifth of September, 1877, in 
 the city of Asuncion and there began 
 his education in the primary schools; 
 later he attended the National Schools 
 of Villa Pilar and of Limpio ; in 1897 
 he went abroad and studied at the 
 School of Arts and Crafts of Aarau 
 (Switzerland) . 
 
 He has devoted himself to the study 
 of botany and for fifteen consecutive 
 years, from 1900 to 1915, held the post 
 of " Guardian " of the Herbaria Hass- 
 leriano; in 1916 he was appointed chief 
 of herbariums and of the Museum and 
 Botanical and Zoological Gardens of 
 Trinidad in the city of Asuncion. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 158 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 A large part of each year he devotes 
 to field work and to gathering speci- 
 mens of Paraguayan plants to be offer- 
 ed in exchange for the flora of other 
 countries or given to botanists visiting 
 Asuncion. In 1906, he was a member of 
 the scientific expedition to the Pilco- 
 mayo, the results of which — from the 
 point of view of botany — were publish- 
 ed by Dr. Emilio Hassler under the title 
 of Florida Pilcomayensis in 1909. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 DUARTE 
 
 CRIST6BAL DUARTE 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 Cristobal Duarte, the son of Felipe 
 Duarte and Francisca Franco, was born 
 on the tenth of July, 1866, in the city 
 of Asuncion, where he was educated in 
 the schools of the city and the Normal 
 School which granted him the degree of 
 Teacher in 1906. 
 
 He gave such proofs of talent that, 
 in 1904, before he had graduated, he 
 was appointed Primary Teacher, a post 
 which he held until 1910 when he left 
 Paraguay and went to Entre Rios (Ar- 
 gentina). There he taught, first as 
 primary teacher, but later as Principal 
 of a school. In 1913 his Government 
 granted him a scholarship permitting 
 him to attend the Normal School at 
 
 AiND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 '59 
 
 VI
 
 i6o 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TODAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Parana, the Capital of the Province of 
 Entre Rios. 
 
 On his return to Asuncion he was 
 appointed Regent of the Normal School 
 there in 1915; in 1918 he was made 
 acting Director of the Normal School 
 of the city of Concepcion, a post whicli 
 he still holds, and meantime pursues the 
 study of Law in the Faculty of Law 
 and Social Sciences of Asuncion. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SCHAERKR 
 
 EDUARDO SCHAERER 
 
 Ex-Presidcnt of Pa- 
 raguay. 
 
 Eduardo SciiAERER, the son of San- 
 tiago Schaerer and Isabel Vera, was 
 born on the second of December, 1873. 
 in the city of Caazapii and was educated 
 there in the Colcgio Nacional. 
 
 Senor Schaerer has filled a large 
 place in the political life of Paraguay for 
 the past twenty years. He has held high 
 public offices: in 1905 he was Director 
 General of the Customs House ; in 
 1908 he was appointed by the President 
 of the Republic Mayor of Asuncion and 
 held the position for two years; in 1912 
 he was Minister of the Interior; mean- 
 time, in 1909-1910 and again from 1918 
 to 1919 he was President of the Liberal 
 Party in which he still has an influential 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 161 
 
 VI
 
 l62 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 voice; in 1912 he was llie candidate of 
 the party for the Presidency of the 
 Republic and was elected. 
 
 After the expiration of his term as 
 President in 1916 he did not retire to 
 private life, but remained active in 
 politics: he was elected Senator in 1917; 
 from 1919 to 1920 he has been Pres- 
 ident of the Senate, and in these high 
 positions has done much for the pro- 
 gress of his country and especially for 
 its capital, Asuncion, which he has aided 
 greatly to modernize. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 MORENO 
 
 FULGENCIO R. MORENO 
 
 Diplomat; author. 
 
 FuLGENCio R. Moreno was born in 
 Asuncion on the ninth of November, 
 1872, and was educated there in the 
 schools of the city and her University. 
 
 Senor Moreno lias played an im- 
 portant part in the affairs of his 
 country as journalist, public official and 
 diplomatist. His career as journalist 
 began early: in 1893, when he was 
 twenty-one, he was a member of the 
 staff of La Union and subsequently 
 served also on El Progreso, La Trihu- 
 na, and La Prcnsa on which he continu- 
 ed until 1901. He was also for a time 
 one of the editors of the literary pe- 
 riodical La Semana and editor-in-chief 
 of the Magazine of the Paraguayan In- 
 stitute (Reznsta del Liislitnto Paragna- 
 yo) the ablest literary and scientific 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 163 
 
 VI
 
 164 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 periodical which has yet appeared in 
 Paraguay. 
 
 His official career began in 189.4 
 when he was appointed Clerk in the 
 General Post and Telegraph Office; he 
 was next made Clerk of the Chamber 
 of Deputies and soon thereafter was 
 elected Deputy; in 1901 he was appoint- 
 ed Minister of Finance; in 1903 he was 
 elected Senator and dining his term in 
 the Senate fulfilled a confidential diplo- 
 matic mission to Buenos Aires; in 1907 
 he was appointed a member of a tech- 
 nical Commission to study the rights of 
 Paraguay in the boundary dispute with 
 Bolivia; in i()i2 he held for a brief 
 period the portfolio of Minister of For- 
 eign Affairs. 
 
 Earlier than this he had also occupied 
 posts in the field of education: in 1901 
 he had been chosen Principal of the 
 Colegio Nacional of Asuncion and had 
 also served as Professor of History in 
 the Normal School and as a member of 
 the Board of Education, but from this 
 date he was immersed in diplomacy and 
 
 VI 
 
 mSPANIC NOTES
 
 MORENO 
 
 authorship. In 1913 he was appointed 
 Minister to the two governments of 
 Chile and Peru, a post which he resign- 
 ed in 1915 on being selected as Pleni- 
 potentiary Extraordinary to discuss the 
 boundary question with Bolivia; in 1917 
 he attended the inauguration of the new 
 President of Bolivia with the rank of 
 Ambassador; in 1918 he took up his 
 residence in La Paz as Minister to Bo- 
 livia, and in 1919 was transferred to 
 Santiago as Minister to Chile. 
 
 As a writer Sr. Moreno has a well 
 deserved reputation : he is the author 
 of many articles and pamphlets on 
 literary, biographical and historical, as 
 well as international topics and is the 
 author of the following books: La cues- 
 tion monetaria, 1902 ; Diplomacia para- 
 guayo-holiviana, 1904; Estudio sobre la 
 indcpcndcncia del Paraguay, 1912; In- 
 formc sobrc reforma impositiva, 1912; 
 Juan Zorrilla de San Martin, a brief 
 critical essay, 1915; and Paraguay-Boli- 
 via, a discussion of boundaries, 3 vols., 
 1917-1920. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 165 
 
 VI
 
 Enrique JSunlcnavc
 
 BORDENAVE 
 
 ENRIQUE BORDENAVE 
 
 Lawyer; public man. 
 
 Enrique Borpenave, the son of Ab- 
 don Bordenave and Dolores Franco, 
 was born on the thirtieth of October, 
 1889, in the city of Barrero Grande and 
 was still a youth when he went to the 
 Capital. There he studied at the Normal 
 School, the Colcgio Nacional,, which 
 granted him the degree of Bachelor, 
 in 1907, and the University where he 
 read Law and graduated as Doctor of 
 Laws and Social Sciences in 191 5. 
 
 While he was still a student he had 
 held public posts: from 1912 to 1913 
 he was Chief of the Political Depart- 
 ment in the Ministry of Foreign Af- 
 fairs, and in 1914-1915 he was Secretary 
 to President Schaercr. In the vear that 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 167 
 
 VI
 
 1 68 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 he received his Doctor's degree he was 
 appointed Professor in the Colcgio Na- 
 cional and there taught the History of 
 the Modern World; in 1916 he was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of the Paraguayan 
 Delegation at the Conference for 
 Uniform Legislation which was held 
 at Buenos Aires and was also elected 
 a Member of the National Board of 
 Education. 
 
 In 1917 he began his political career: 
 he was elected Deputy to the National 
 Congress for a period of four years 
 and in 1920 he was appointed Secretary 
 to the Paraguayan Delegation to the 
 Second Financial Conference held at 
 Washington, where important interna- 
 tional questions were discussed and 
 where he signed for Paraguay the so- 
 called American Convention. 
 
 Dr. Bordcnave is well known in 
 his own country as a journalist: from 
 1913 until 1915 he was the Director of 
 the daily newspai)cr Rl Diario and is at 
 present the editor of the magazine 
 Letras. tic is a member of the National 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BORDENAVE 
 
 Council of Education, one of the lead- 
 ers of the Liberal Party and Counsel 
 for the Paraguayan Chamber of Com- 
 merce. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 169 
 
 VI
 
 ROA 
 
 HERMENEGTLDO ROA 
 
 Churchman; teacher. 
 
 Hermf.nf.gildo Roa, the son of Jose 
 del Rosario Roa and Simona Gomez, 
 was born on the thirteenth of April, 
 1865, in the town of Carayao, but was 
 educated in Asuncion, at the Seminary, 
 and in Rome, at the Latin American 
 College and the Gregorian University, 
 where he gained the three degrees of 
 Doctor of Philosophy in 1885, Doctor 
 of Theology in 1889 and Doctor of 
 Canon Law in 1892. 
 
 On his return to Paraguay he served 
 as Parish Priest at Luque, San Roque 
 and the Cathedral of Asuncion; he was 
 l^'ofessor of Latin from 1900 to 1906, 
 Secretary of the Curia until 1906 and 
 has been Vicar-General from 1906 until 
 the present time. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 171
 
 I?: 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 He is also a supernumerary member 
 of the Secret Council of Pope Benedict 
 XV with the title of Monscnor. 
 
 Dr. Roa collaborated with Father Fi- 
 del Maiz in the Rescna historica de la 
 diocesis del Paraguay, Asuncion, 1899. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 J lector \ckizquez
 
 VELASQUEZ 
 
 HfiCTOR VELASQUEZ 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Hector Velasqukz was born on the 
 twenty- fourth of August, 1863, in the 
 city of Asuncion and there began his 
 education at the Colegio Nacional, but 
 for his professional courses went to 
 Buenos Aires where he entered the 
 University and won his degree as Doc- 
 tor of Medicine in 1890. 
 
 On his return to Paraguay he began 
 to practise medicine and to teach in the 
 University, of which he was chosen 
 Rector in 1892, and ten years later was 
 again elected to the same office ; in 
 1897 he was made Chairman of the 
 National Board of Health, and from 
 1902 until 1907 was substitute-Professor 
 of Operative Medicine. 
 
 Meantime he was called upon to oc- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 173 
 
 VI
 
 174 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 cupy governmental posts of trust : in 
 1894 he was appointed Minister of For- 
 eign Affairs and again, in 1910, during 
 his absence from the country, was 
 selected for the same position by Pres- 
 ident Gondra, but did not arrive to 
 assume his duties until after the gov- 
 ernment had fallen in the Revolution of 
 that year; he was made Minister to 
 Washington mider the administration 
 of President Schacrer (1912-1916) and 
 was later appointed Diplomatic Repre- 
 sentative in Europe. 
 
 Dr. Velasquez was the Parn.guayan 
 Delegate at the Congress of Madrid. 
 
 He is the author of the first study on 
 Hook-Worm (Anquilosioviiasis) in Pa- 
 raguay which he published in the Rc- 
 vista del Instituto Paraguayo. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BOBADILLA 
 
 PEDRO BOBADILLA 
 
 Public man. 
 
 Pedro Bobadilla, the son of Don 
 Juan Gregorio Bobadilla and Dona Ju- 
 liana Escobar, was born in the year 
 1895 in the city of Villeta. He was 
 brought up for the Church and educat- 
 ed in the CathoHc Seminary of Asun- 
 cion where he remained from 1880 to 
 1885, but he found other pursuits more 
 attractive and after some years entered 
 the University of Asuncion which 
 granted him the degree of Doctor of 
 Laws in 1898. 
 
 He founded a private school, the Ins- 
 tituto Paragiiayo in Asuncion and was 
 Director there from 1885 until 1892; 
 in 1894 he was appointed Civil Judge 
 and was also chosen to act as Attorney 
 for Minors, holding both posts until 
 
 175 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 176 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 
 1898 in which year he was appointed 
 Justice of the Civil Appellate Court; 
 in 1905 he was made Judge of the 
 Superior Court; in 1912 he was chosen 
 Rector of the University of Asuncion. 
 
 Meantime he had occupied political 
 positions : in 1901 he was Minister of 
 Worship, Justice and Puhlic Education, 
 "n the year 1912 he was elected vice- 
 President of the Republic and complet- 
 ed the full term, holding oftice until 
 1916. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CARDOZO 
 
 177 
 
 RAM6N INDALECIO CARDOZO 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 Ramon Indalecio Cardozo was born 
 on the sixteenth of May, 1876, in the 
 city of Villarrica and began his educa- 
 tion there in the primary schools and 
 the Colegio Nacional, but continued his 
 studies in the Capital of the Republic, 
 at the Colegio Nacional which granted 
 him the Bachelor's degree in 1895, and 
 the Normal School which granted him 
 the degree of Teacher in 1898. 
 
 In 1896, before finishing his studies 
 in the Normal School, he had begun to 
 teach there ; from that time until the 
 present he has devoted his whole ener- 
 gies to the profession. 
 
 He was appointed Paraguayan Dele- 
 gate to the Second Congress for the 
 welfare of children which met in Mon- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 1 78 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 tevideo in 1919. He is now the Direc- 
 tor and Professor in Pedagogy of the 
 Normal School of Villarrica and 
 Professor in the Colegio Nacional of 
 the same city. 
 
 In the elections of 1909 he was 
 chosen National Senator, but only oc- 
 cupied the seat for a very short time 
 and presented his resignation, in order 
 to give his full time to his teaching. 
 
 Sefior Cardozo has the honor of hav- 
 ing been the leader in organizing the 
 elementary Normal School in Villarrica 
 which attained such brilliant results that 
 he was encouraged to establish others. 
 
 At the Congrcso del niiio he present- 
 ed a work entitled Educacion panameri- 
 cana. He is also the author of various 
 works on pedagogical subjects, among 
 which is Pestalozzi y la educacion con- 
 tempordnea ; Proyccto de legislacion es- 
 colar, 1919. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 PEREZ 
 
 JUAN FRANCISCO PfiREZ 
 
 Official. 
 
 Juan Francisco Perez, the son of 
 Jose del Carmen Perez and Juana Rosa 
 Acosta, was born on the fourteenth of 
 April, 1873, in Cerro Leon, Department 
 of Pirayii, but was educated in Asun- 
 cion, at the primary schools, the Co- 
 legio Nacional, which granted him the 
 Bachelor's degree in 1890, and the 
 University, where he read Law. 
 
 His first appointive post was that of 
 stenographer in the National Congress, 
 which he held from 1891 to 1899; in 
 1900 he was Counsel for the Poor ; from 
 1900 to 1902 he acted as Clerk in the 
 Department of Colonization in the 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs; in 1903 
 he succeeded Senor Manuel Gondra as 
 Secretary of the University; in 1905 he 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 179 
 
 VI
 
 i8o 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 was appointed Director of the Bureau 
 of Statistics and in the same year be- 
 came Judge in the Lower Civil Courts. 
 
 After the Revokttion of 1908 he was 
 chosen to be Secretary to the Chief of 
 Police of Asuncion; soon afterwards 
 he himself became Chief of Police, but 
 resigned that position to accept the 
 appointment as Postmaster General 
 which oftice he held from 1909 until the 
 downfall of Sehor Gondra's first Pres- 
 idency in 191 1 ; he was Secretary of the 
 Committee on Codes and Secretary of 
 the Ministry of Justice, Worship and 
 Education from 1915 to 1920; he is at 
 present Chief Stenographer in the Na- 
 tional Congress and editor of the Dia- 
 rio dc Scsioucs of that body. 
 
 After the Revolution of 191 1, on the 
 formation of the new Liberal Govern- 
 ment, he was nominated Deputy to the 
 National Congress, but he declined the 
 nomination as well as that to a seat in 
 the Senate. 
 
 During his service as Postmaster Gen- 
 eral he was appointed Delegate to the 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 PEREZ 
 
 South American Postal Congress held 
 in Montevideo in 191 1, where he was 
 elected Chairman of the first depart- 
 ment. He has held various honorific 
 posts, among others that of Secretary 
 and memher of the Board of Directors 
 of the Institnto Paraguay since 1895 
 until the present and its Delegate at 
 the Pan-American Scientific Congress 
 which met in Washington; he has been 
 editor of El Diario (1911-1912) and of 
 El Liberal (1913-1914) ; from 1912 to 
 1914 he was one of the directors of the 
 Bank of the Republic; in 1920 he was 
 made a member of the Pan-American 
 Committee. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 181 
 
 VI
 
 PINHO 
 
 ENRIQUE L. PINHO 
 
 Magistrate ; teacher. 
 
 Enrique L. Pinho, the son of Ernes- 
 to J. S. Pinho and Ana Galeano, was 
 born on the twenty-fourth of August, 
 1875, in Asuncion. He had part of his 
 education in Buenos Aires where he 
 attended the Colegio Nacional and ob- 
 tained the Bachelor's degree in 1895, 
 but he took his professional courses at 
 the University of Asuncion which 
 granted him the degree of Doctor of 
 Laws in 1907 on the presentation of a 
 thesis on Institncion del jurado — Fen- 
 tajas y defectos — Reformas que re- 
 quierc. 
 
 While he was at school in Buenos 
 Aires he was Monitor from 1893 to 
 1895 ; in 1896 he was appointed Teacher 
 in the Normal School of Asuncion; in 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 183 
 
 VI
 
 184 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 1898 he became Assistant-Principal of 
 the public school of Encarnacion and 
 in 1905 Principal. 
 
 Meantime he was studying Law and 
 in 1905 was appointed Public Pros- 
 ecutor; in IQ06 Police Judge; in 1907 
 he was admitted to the Bar; in 1909 
 he was appointed Judge of the Superior 
 Civil Court, and in 1910 Judge of the 
 Superior Criminal Court where he con- 
 tinues until the present. 
 
 Dr. Pinho has taken an active and 
 useful part also in the social life of 
 the Capital: in 1902 he joined a number 
 of friends in founding the Ubique Club 
 of which he has been Secretary ever 
 since; in 1913 he was chosen President 
 of the Paraguayan Foot-Ball League 
 and retains that post imtil now ; in 
 1914 he was made Director of the Boy- 
 Scouts and is still at its head, and he 
 has been for many years one of the 
 Directors of the Instituto Paraguayo. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CHAMORRO 
 
 DELFIN CHAMORRO 
 
 • Teacher. 
 
 Df.lfin Ciiamorro, the son of Jose 
 de la Cruz Chainorro and Juana Ines 
 Martinez, was born in the town of Caa- 
 guazu on the twenty-fourth of Decem- 
 ber, 1863, and was educated in the 
 Colcgio Nacional which granted him 
 the Bachelor's degree in 1885. 
 
 He chose teaching as his profession 
 and has devoted himself to it with rare 
 singleness of purpose, for he pursued it 
 without deviation for thirty-five years. 
 He showed similar concentration and 
 tenacity in h's subject; he chose the 
 Spanish language and literature which 
 he taught to the practical exclusion of 
 other subjects and in which he made 
 himself a competent instructor. He 
 got his first post of dignity in 1885 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 185 
 
 VI
 
 t86 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 when he was appointed Principal of 
 the school of San Juan Bautista; 
 in 1889 he was advanced to be Prin- 
 cipal of the School of Villarrica; 
 in 1892 he was made Professor of 
 Rhetoric, Poetry, etc., in the Colcgio 
 Nacional of -Villarrica, where he taught 
 in various capacities until 191 1; from 
 
 191 1 until 1919, when he retired on a 
 pension, he taught in the Colegio Na- 
 cional of Asuncion and served mean- 
 time as Secretary of the Colegio from 
 
 1912 to 1914 and also as Secretary of 
 the University in 191 1 and 1912. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 -^^-z^iu^^::^
 
 DAVALOS 
 
 SERAFINA DAVALOS 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 Serafina Davalos, the first woman 
 to obtain the Doctor's degree in Para- 
 guay, is the daughter of Don Caspar 
 Davalos and Doha Teresa Alfonze. She 
 was born on the ninth of September, 
 1883 in the town of Ajos, but was 
 educated in Asuncion — at the Normal 
 School, where she was given her diploma 
 as Teacher in 1898, at the Colcgio Na- 
 cional, where she obtained her degree 
 as Bachelor in 1902, and at the Univer- 
 sity which granted her the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws in 1907. 
 
 Sefiorita Davalos began to teach at 
 the Colegio Nacional in 1902 while she 
 was still a student in the University 
 and has continued as a member of the 
 faculty of the Colegio until the present, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 ,87 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 teaching Ancient History, Morals and 
 Common Law. 
 
 In 1905 she founded a business school 
 for girls, known as the Colcgio Mcrcan- 
 til de Ninas of which she is still the 
 head. 
 
 On receiving her law degree in 1907 
 she began to exercise the profession 
 and practices before the courts. 
 
 In 1910 she was sent as Delegate to 
 the International Women's Congress 
 which met at Buenos Aires, where she 
 was appointed a member of the Execu- 
 tive Committee of the Pan-American 
 Women's Federation and later was 
 chosen Honorary President of the Na- 
 tional Council of Women of Paraguay. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CHAVEZ 
 
 FRANCISCO C. CHAVEZ 
 
 Public man. 
 
 Francisco C. Chavez, the son of 
 Federico C. Chavez and Felicia Carea- 
 ga, was born on the seventh of June. 
 1875, in the city of Asuncion and was 
 educated there at the Colegio Nacional, 
 which granted him the Bachelor's 
 degree in 1895, ^.nd the University 
 which made him Doctor of Laws in 
 1901 when he presented a thesis entitled 
 Publicidad del delito. 
 
 He had begun his career in the pub- 
 lic service as early as 1894 when he 
 began to teach in the Colegio Nacional; 
 in 1895 he assumed also the duties of 
 Chief Clerk in the Ministry of Justice; 
 in 1898 he was appointed Public Prose- 
 cutor, and in 1900 he was made Police 
 Counsel — all of which offices he held 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 189 
 
 VI
 
 1 90 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 before receiving his degree. In 1901 he 
 was admitted to the Bar and entered 
 upon the practice of his profession; in 
 the same year he was made Justice of 
 the Superior Court and Professor of 
 Civil Law in the University where he 
 taught until 1908; in 1903 he was ap- 
 pointed Minister of Justice; in 1907 he 
 was elected National Deputy; in 1908, 
 Rector of the University; in 191 1 he 
 was Minister to Brazil; in 1913 he was 
 again elected Deputy, and in 191 5 was 
 chosen a member of the Senate where 
 he continues until now. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 VERA 
 
 • JUSTO PASTOR VERA 
 
 Physician. 
 
 JusTO Pastor Vera, the son of 
 Adriano Vera and Dolores Gonzalez, 
 was born on the seventeenth of Octo- 
 ber, 1878, in the city of Asuncion and 
 was educated there at the Colegio N^a- 
 cioiial, where he obtained his degree 
 as Bachelor in 1896. and the University 
 which granted him the degree of Doc- 
 tor of Medicine in 1905. In recognition 
 of his proficiency, the Government sent 
 him abroad to continue his studies in 
 the University of Paris where he took 
 special courses on the Nose, Ear and 
 Throat under Professors Lermoyes and 
 Luc and also made special studies in 
 Tropical Diseases, by which he won 
 the degree of Mcdecin colonial. 
 
 On his return to Paraguay in 1908 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 191 
 
 VI
 
 19: 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 he was appointed Professor of Public 
 and Private Hygiene and also of Me- 
 dical Physics in the University; in 1910 
 he served as Physician to the Emer- 
 gency Hospital; in 1912 he was appoint- 
 ed Secretary of the National Depart- 
 ment of Hygiene ; in 1914 he was elect- 
 ed President of the Paraguayan Gym- 
 nasium; in igi8 he was appointed to the 
 Municipal Council in which he repre- 
 sented the Health Department ; in that 
 year also he was made Professor of 
 Biological Physics in the Medical 
 School. 
 
 Dr. Vera is at present a member of 
 the Board of Directors of the Paragua- 
 yan Institute and of the National Board 
 of Health which has chosen him Ho- 
 norary Medical Director of tlic Schools. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BERTONI 
 
 GUILLERMO TELL BERTONI 
 Botanist; official. 
 
 GuiLLERMO Tkll Bertoni, the son of 
 Moiscs S. Bertoni, the famous Swiss 
 naturalist, who is the leading authority 
 on the fauna and flora of Paraguay, 
 and Eugenia Rossetti, was born on the 
 twenty-eighth of August, 1880, in Jesus 
 y Trinidad, a suburb of Asuncion, 
 where his father was in charge of the 
 Zoological Garden. He went to school 
 in the Capital at the National School 
 of Agriculture where he obtained the 
 title of Agronomist in 1904. 
 
 In the same year he was appointed 
 Head of the Agricultural .Station at 
 Puerto Bertoni and Editor of the Re- 
 vista de Agronomia, a post which he 
 held until 19 14 when he was made In- 
 spector of the National Department for 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 193 
 
 VI
 
 194 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 
 the Encouragement of Industry (Fo- 
 mento). In 1909 he was appointed In- 
 spector of the Agricultural Bank of 
 Paraguay which has a leading part in 
 the agricultural and industrial develop- 
 ment of the country. 
 
 He is the author of several pamphlets 
 of a hotanical and industrial interest: 
 El tahaco paragnayo, 1915; Verba mate, 
 (Ilex paraguariensis), 1916; La ycrba 
 mate, 1920; El indio gnarani, an ethno- 
 logical sketch, 1920. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SOSA ESCALADA 
 
 JUAN MANUEL SOSA ESCALADA 
 Public man. 
 
 Juan Manuel Sosa Escalada, the 
 son of Tgnacio Sosa and Josefa Encar- 
 nacion Escalada, a descendant of the 
 historic Escalada family of Argentina, 
 was born in Villa de San Pedro on the 
 tenth of November, i860, but was 
 educated in Buenos Aires, at the Co- 
 Icgio Nacional, which granted him the 
 Bachelor's degree, and the University 
 where he read law. 
 
 Meantime, in 1S69, when Paraguay 
 went to war against the Triple Al- 
 liance, though he was hardly more than 
 a child, he had fought, as many other 
 Paraguayan boys had done, as a private 
 in the ranks. 
 
 Although he has not been a lover of 
 politics, his name has appeared among 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 195 
 
 VI
 
 196 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 the leading" men of the traditional Li- 
 beral-Democratic Party which on vari- 
 ous occasions has offered him posts in 
 the Administration. 
 
 His first appointive post was that of 
 Judge in the Lower Civil Courts in 
 1890, which he resigned in 1891 on the 
 outbreak of the Revolution of that 
 year; in 1900 he was appointed Mayor 
 of Asuncion by the President, but 
 resigned in 1902 when the Government 
 changed; again in 1905 he was made 
 Mayor, but in 1906 he once more re- 
 signed. Nevertheless, his period of 
 office was fruitful in enterprise and it 
 was then that four of the principal 
 streets — Espana, Colombia, Colon and 
 15 de Mayo — were paved. 
 
 His political career also began in 
 1891 when he was elected Senator, but 
 was prevented by the Revolution from 
 occupying his scat, in spite of having 
 been elected by a great majority; but 
 having again been elected Senator by 
 the southern departments of the Repub- 
 lic he took his seat and retained it until 
 
 llISl^VNIC NOTES
 
 SOSA ESCALADA 
 
 the revolutionary movement of July, 
 igo2, caused the downfall of the Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In the Revolution of 1904 he took a 
 prominent part as Governor General of 
 War and the Navy (Intcndentc general 
 de giierra y marina) of the revolu- 
 tionary army, a post which he continu- 
 ed to hold until the peace of Pilcoma- 
 yo had been signed; in 1906 he received 
 his appointment as Chief of the Na- 
 tional Guard with the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel. 
 
 In 19 10 he removed to Buenos Aires 
 where he has lived ever since and 
 where he is now the President of the 
 Paraguayan Club which thirty-three 
 years ago, during a sojourn in the city, 
 he helped to found. 
 
 He is an Plonorary Member of the 
 Instifitlo Paraguayo. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 197 
 
 VI
 
 GUGGIARI 
 
 JOSfi P. GUGGIARI 
 
 Public man; lawyer. 
 
 Jose P. Guggiari, the son of Pedro 
 Guggiari and Petrona Corniglione, was 
 born on the seventeenth of March, 
 1884, in the city of Asuncion, but his 
 parents having settled in Villarrica he 
 had his early education there. His later 
 studies he had in Asuncion, at the Co- 
 legio Nacional, which granted him the 
 Bachelor's degree in 1900, and the Uni- 
 versity, where he graduated in 1910 
 with the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 
 For many years he has been a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Education and has 
 belonged to the Board of Directors of 
 the Instituto Paragnayo; in 1908 he was 
 appointed Prosecutor in the Criminal 
 Courts and in the same year designated 
 by Executive decree to occupy ad inte- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 199 
 
 VI
 
 200 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 rivi the post of Attorney General ; in 
 1912 he was elected Deputy to the Na- 
 tional Congress and re-elected in 1913 
 and 1917 respectively, and in 1918 he 
 was chosen President of the Chamber 
 of Deputies. From 1913 until 1920 he 
 was a member of the University 
 Council. 
 
 He had belonged to the Liberal 
 Party since 1903 and had been on 
 various occasions a member of the 
 Central Committee : finally, in August, 
 1920, he was offered the portfolio of 
 the Interior and thus became a member 
 of the Cabinet of President Gondra. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTFS
 
 BARBOSA 
 
 PEDRO L. BARBOSA 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Pedro L. Barbosa, the son of Fran- 
 cisco Barbosa was born on the thirtieth 
 of April, 1890, in the city of Encarna- 
 cion, where he received his primary 
 education and entered the Colegio Na- 
 cional; in 1904 he went to Asuncion 
 and in the Capital won his Bachelor's 
 degree at the early age of sixteen; in 
 1907 he began his medical studies in 
 the University of Asuncion, but a year 
 later the Medical School was tempo- 
 rarily closed and he was compelled to 
 abandon his career. 
 
 He then joined the staff of El Dia- 
 rto and re-entered the University to 
 read Law, but in 1911 he left Paraguay 
 on account of the Revolution of that 
 year and went to Buenos Aires where 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 201 
 
 VI
 
 202 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 he found employment on the newspaper 
 El Nacional. There his interest in Me- 
 dicine was re-awakened and he entered 
 the Medical School; in 1913, however, 
 he returned to Asuncion and soon after- 
 wards the Government granted him a 
 scholarship enabling him to study in 
 Europe. Near the end of that year he 
 entered the Medical School of Geneva, 
 but the outbreak of the Great War once 
 more interrupted his studies and made 
 his position critical, for his government 
 stopped all scholarships. After many 
 hardships he obtained a post on the 
 Genevan newspaper Le Journal de Ge- 
 neve and a few months later, thanks 
 to the editor, he was appointed As- 
 sistant in the Hospital, and finally 
 graduated in 1917 as Doctor of Medi- 
 cine in the Medical School of Geneva, 
 presenting a thesis on Tachycardia pa- 
 roxisfica. 
 
 Before returning to Paraguay, Dr. 
 Barbosa made a journey to Africa and 
 visited several European countries; he 
 remained in Monte Carlo during 1919 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 BARBOSA 
 
 and reached Asuncion in 1920, where 
 he was promptly appointed Physician 
 of the Sanitary Zone in the fight 
 against Hook-worm (Anquilostomiasis). 
 He has written much, not only in the 
 daily press as correspondent of El Dia- 
 rio, but in pamphlets and articles on 
 medical and psychological topics. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 203 
 
 VI
 
 DA ROSA 
 
 ELTSEO DA ROSA 
 
 Journalist; official. 
 
 Eliseo Da Rosa, the son of Juan Da 
 Rosa and Pilar Serqueira, was born on 
 the fourteenth of June, 1883, in the 
 city of Paraguari where he learned his 
 letters and received his secondary 
 education. In 1914 he went to Paris, 
 attended the P.cole dcs Sciences Politi- 
 ques, and graduated in 1917, receiving 
 his diploma cum laudc in Economy and 
 Finance. 
 
 Before the end of the Great War he 
 returned to his country and at once 
 embraced the journalistic career. 
 
 In January, 1918, he became editor- 
 in-chief of El Diario of Astmcion, the 
 oldest and most widely circulated news- 
 paper of the city, in whose columns 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 205 
 
 VI
 
 206 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Senor Da Rosa writes on topics related 
 to finance which is his special interest. 
 He has held important official posts; 
 he has been Secretary to the Mayor of 
 Asuncion; he was Director General of 
 Customs in 1917; Chief of Police of 
 Asuncion during a few months in 1918, 
 and in 1920 he was for the second time 
 appointed to the position of Director 
 General of Customs which he now 
 holds. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 IRALA 
 
 JOSfi IRALA 
 
 Official; diplomat; law- 
 yer; public man. 
 
 Jose Trai.a, the son of Don Gero- 
 nimo Irala and Doiia Rosa Gertrudis 
 Fleitas, was born on the nineteenth of 
 May, 1864, in the village of San Jose, 
 where he began his education, but for 
 his later studies went to Asuncion. 
 There he attended the Colegio Nacio- 
 nal and won his Bachelor's diploma in 
 1887. He entered the University and 
 won the title of Public Agrimensor ; in 
 1893 he gained that of Notary Public. 
 In 1901 he received the degree of Doc- 
 tor in Jurisprudence on the acceptance 
 of a thesis on Gohierno municipal pre- 
 sented in 1898. 
 
 While he was a student he look rin 
 active and prominent part in politics : 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 207 
 
 VI
 
 208 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 in 1891 he was elected Deputy and 
 served during the whole of that legisla- 
 tive term; he was re-elected in 1895 "'""^ 
 again in 1901, but resigned in both 
 cases before the conclusion of the 
 period to accept posts in the Admin- 
 istration; in 1917 he was elected Se- 
 nator for the term ending in 1921. 
 
 He has held other government posi- 
 tions : he has been Clerk in the At- 
 torney General's office, Clerk of Courts, 
 Judge in the Lower Criminal Court 
 and also in the Commercial Court, 
 Minister of Justice, Worship and Edu- 
 cation; he has also been the diplomatic 
 representative of his country before 
 five European governments — Germany, 
 Austria-Hungary, Italy, Holland and 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Dr. Irala has practised his profession 
 in Asiuicion, with interruptions, for 
 more than thirty years and has won a 
 place in the front rank of Paraguayan 
 lawyers. 
 
 In 1900 and 190 1 he taught Civil Law 
 in the University. He was an honorary 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 IRALA 
 
 member of tlie Sociedad de bencficen- 
 cia del Paraguay and belonged to its 
 Council until 1914 when Congress 
 decreed the dissolution of all such 
 societies. 
 
 In his youth he was a member of the 
 staff of La Democracia and wrote 
 freely on public questions, but during 
 recent years his writings have been 
 confined to official matters. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI

 
 LOPEZ DECOUD 
 
 ARSENIO LOPEZ DECOUD 
 
 Author; public man. 
 
 Arskmio Lopf.z Decoud, the son of 
 Benigno Lopez and Petrona Decoud, 
 was born in the city of Asuncion, in 
 June, i86S, but was educated in Buenos 
 Aires at the Naval School where he 
 graduated in 1887 with the rank of 
 Ensign. On his return three years later 
 to Paraguay he attended the Colcgio 
 Nacional which granted him his Ba- 
 chelor's degree in 1894. 
 
 In 1895 he won the contest for the 
 cliair of Geography of the American 
 and European continents in the Co- 
 lcgio Nacional of which subsequently 
 he became Director and retained that 
 post from 1900 to 1902. Meantime in 
 1894 he had been elected Deputy, re- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 211 
 
 VI
 
 2 12 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 elected in 1897 and in 1902 chosen 
 member of the National Senate. 
 
 He has held not only elective but 
 also appointive posts;. in 1906 the Ex- 
 ecutive appointed him Delegate to the 
 Third Pan-.'\merican Congress; on the 
 occasion of the commemoration of the 
 Centenary of Argentine Independence 
 (1910), he was appointed Plenipoten- 
 tiary; in 1912 he was Mayor of the city 
 of Asuncion, and in 1917 he was chosen 
 Delegate to the International Confe- 
 rence which took place in Havana. 
 
 Sr. Lopez Decoud holds a high rank 
 among Paraguayan writers and journal- 
 ists : he has l)een editor-in-chief of lead- 
 ing papers including El Progreso, La 
 Preusa, Til Nacional and Figaro, and 
 is the author of the following books: 
 El fcminismo, 1901 ; El tcrccr Congreso 
 Pan-Avicricano, 1906; Los interescs ar- 
 geniinos en cl Paraguay, 191 1; Album 
 grdfico del Paraguay: Un sigh de vida 
 independiente, 1912; Oscar Wilde, 1915; 
 Del deslierro, 191 5; Alfredo de Miisset, 
 1916. 
 
 liiSl'ANlC NOTES
 
 y/ayi^u^c^^i^O^^ 
 
 €^^ .
 
 COLMAN 
 
 NARCTSO R. COLMAN 
 
 Official; anthologist. 
 
 Narciso R. Colman, the son of Juan 
 V. Colman and Rosa Isabel Cuellar, 
 was born on the twenty-ninth of Octo- 
 ber, 1876, in Ibytymi but was educat- 
 ed in the Capital at the Normal School 
 which he attended from 1887 to 1889. 
 
 He then went to Buenos Aires and 
 obtained occupation as a telegraphist in 
 the Buenos Aires-Rosario Railway and 
 later had a similar post in the Buenos 
 Aires-Pacinc Railroad;, in 1900 he was 
 made Assistant Station Master; in 1901 
 he returned to Paraguay and was ap- 
 pointed Chief of the Telegraph Service 
 in the Postal Administration, a post 
 which he held for nineteen consecutive 
 years ; in 1920 he was promoted to the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 213 
 
 VI
 
 214 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 office of General sub-Inspector of the 
 Department. 
 
 He has also acted in the judicial life 
 of his country, occupying various posi- 
 tions from Clerk of Court to that of 
 Judge of the Criminal Court. 
 
 Sefior Colman has studied Guarani, 
 the native language of the most numer- 
 ous Indian stock of Paraguay and still 
 in general use throughout the country, 
 and has published: Ocara Pofy (Wild 
 flowers) an antholog\', containing 
 more than seventy poems written in 
 Guarani; Era (The seeding plot), a 
 series of lectures in Guarani, in press. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 FERREIRA 
 
 BENIGNO FERREIRA 
 
 Public man; soldier; 
 lazvyer. 
 
 Benigno Ff.rriciija was born of 
 humble parents in Isla Aveiro, Depart- 
 ment of Eimpio, in the year 1846. He 
 had his primary education in his own 
 country, but in 1859 went to Argentina, 
 and entered the historic Colcgio Nacio- 
 nal of Concepcion del Uruguay (Pro- 
 vince of Entre Rios) which in due time 
 granted him his Bachelor's degree. He 
 went on to Buenos Aires, read Law 
 in the University and after a long inter- 
 mission caused by the Paraguayan War, 
 which drew him from his books in 
 1865 and kept from returning to them 
 until 1877, he won the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws in 1880. 
 
 The fighting had practically ceased 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 215 
 
 VI
 
 2i6 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 and a provisional government been 
 organized in Paraguay in 1869. Under 
 this he served as Commander of the 
 Port of Asuncion, sub-Prefect and 
 Chief of the National Guards of the 
 ; Capital; in 1870 he was elected Deputy 
 to the National Congress; in 1871 he 
 was appointed Minister of War and in 
 1873 he was made Minister of the In- 
 terior. In March of that year a revolu- 
 tion broke out, headed by General Ber- 
 nardino Caballero, and the governmental 
 forces under Major Gonzalez were 
 defeated at Jabibiry. Thereupon the 
 , President of the Republic put Doctor 
 Ferreira in command of tlie regular 
 forces which conclusively defeated the 
 revolutionists on June i8th. In January 
 1 1874, a new revolution broke out with 
 the object of deposing Dr. Ferreira, 
 but he, in fact, had already resigned, 
 had returned to Argentina and resumed 
 his law studies. 
 
 j For the next twenty years he remain- 
 ed in Buenos Aires, studying and prac- 
 tising Law, but having returned to his 
 
 VI HISPANIC NOTES
 
 FERREIRA 
 
 country in 1895 he became the President 
 of the Liberal Party and in the same 
 year was appointed Justice of the 
 Superior Court of which he was later 
 chosen Presiding Judge. 
 
 He had retired to private life when 
 the Revolution of August, 1904, was 
 organized, but he accepted the direction 
 of the movement and the command of 
 the revolutionary army. The Revolu- 
 tion prospered and as soon as peace 
 was re-established in 1906 Gen. Ferrei- 
 ra was elected President of the Repub- 
 lic. Two years later another revolution 
 put an end to his government and he 
 again withdrew to Buenos Aires. Never- 
 theless, during his Administration he 
 had accomplished much ; he had sur- 
 rounded himself with capable men; Ije 
 had brought the railway question to a 
 settlement and the lines had been 
 extended to a junction with the Argen- 
 tine lines, thus finally 'establishing rail- 
 road commimication between the two 
 republics ; through the mediation of the 
 Argentine Government he had post- 
 
 217 
 
 AND. MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 2l8 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 poned the boundary question with Bo- 
 Hvia and obtained the foundation by 
 foreign capitaHsts of the Banco de la 
 Republica on a sohd basis. 
 
 Gen. Dr. Benigno Ferreira is married 
 to Doha Carmen Mora, a grand- 
 daughter of Don Fernando de la Mora, 
 one of the leaders of the Paraguayan 
 Independence movement, and lives in 
 Buenos Aires. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTKS
 
 PEREZ 
 
 JOS£ ANTONIO P£REZ 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Jose Antonio Perez, the son of Jo- 
 se del Carmen Perez and Juana Rosa 
 Acosta, was born on the nineteenth of 
 March, 1878, in Pirayu, but obtained his 
 education in Asuncion at the Colegio 
 Nacional, where he received his Ba- 
 chelor's degree in 1898, and in the Uni- 
 versity where he won the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws and Social Sciences in 
 1914 upon the presentation of a thesis 
 on Modos de adqiiisicion de tierras fis- 
 cales en el Paraguay. 
 
 Upon receiving his diploma he enter- 
 ed upon the practice of his profession 
 and is counted among the leading Pa- 
 raguayan lawyers. Meantime, before 
 completing his studies, he was elected 
 Deputy to the National Congress for a 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 219 
 
 VI
 
 220 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 period of three years, from 1905 to 1908, 
 and in 1907 he was appointed Professor 
 of American History in the Colcgio 
 Nacional. There he taught, however, 
 only during the years 1907 and 1908, 
 and resigned to give his full time to 
 his legal studies. 
 
 He has contributed to various pe- 
 riodicals and to such daily papers as 
 El Civico and El Democrata; he is also 
 the author of a pamphlet entitled El doc- 
 tor Bac::, sii actiiacion politica dentro y 
 flier a del pais, 1907. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 APONTE 
 
 ADOLFO APONTE 
 
 Lawyer; public man. 
 
 Adolfo Aponte, the son of Juan 
 Asencio Aponte and Carmen Fleytas, 
 was born on the twenty-seventh of Oc- 
 tober, 1873, in the city of Itape, but was 
 educated in Asuncion at the Colcgio Na- 
 cional, where he received his Bachelor's 
 diploma in 1896, and the University 
 which he entered in 1913. There he read 
 law, and graduated in 19 17 with the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws, presenting 
 on that occasion a thesis on Propicdad 
 litcraria. 
 
 In 1908 he was elected Deputy to the 
 National Congress and during his term 
 of office introduced a bill for the re- 
 gistration of literary property. 
 
 After graduating he entered on the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 221 
 
 VI
 
 222 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 
 practice of his profession and in 1915 
 was appointed to the post of Prosecutor 
 in the Civil and Commercial Courts 
 which he retained until 1920. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CENTURION 
 
 LEO CENTURION 
 
 Dramatist; journalist. 
 
 Leo Centurion, the son of Ciriaco 
 Mario Centurion and Juana Torres Ro- 
 mero, was born on the twenty- fourth 
 of September, 1893, in the city of Con- 
 cepcion and there was educated in the 
 Church Schools. 
 
 He began while he was a boy to write 
 both for the press and for the stage, as 
 he has continued to do until the pre- 
 sent: as a journalist he has contributed 
 to various periodicals including La Ra- 
 son, Pegaso, of Montevideo, La Tribii- 
 na, El Municipio and Cronica and has 
 been editor of the last three. As a 
 dramatist he has produced La ceiia dc 
 los romanticos, a comedy in two acts, 
 presented in the National Theatre of 
 Asuncion in 1916; Final de nn ciicnto. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 a comedy, 1908; El huracan, a comedy 
 of manners, 1920. He has also publish- 
 ed A traves de un alma, a psychological 
 novel, 191 1, and A traves del monoculo, 
 a collection of critical and satirical 
 articles, 1915. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CiJ-^^^^X^ ^ <
 
 AYALA 
 
 EUSEBIO AYALA 
 
 Public man; teacher. 
 
 EusEBio Ayala was born in the town 
 of Barrero Grande, Paraguay, in 1875, 
 and was educated in the Capital, at the 
 Colegio Nacional where he obtained 
 his Bachelor's degree in 1895, '^^^^ the 
 University, which granted him the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws in 1900 on 
 the presentation of a thesis on El prc- 
 supucsto nacional. 
 
 Soon after graduation he entered 
 upon his career as teacher in which he 
 has won a high reputation : he taught 
 for some time in the Colegio Nacional 
 and there won the chair of Philosophy 
 in open competition. Later he taught m 
 the University, giving the courses in 
 Political Law in 1905, Sociology, Penal 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 225 
 
 VI
 
 226 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Law and Statistics in 1906, and in other 
 years Political Economy which he still 
 teaches. He is also a member of the 
 University Council. 
 
 Dr. Ayala has visited the United 
 States and has travelled over Europe 
 where he has passed much time in 
 England and France, thus adding to his 
 preparation for the important govern- 
 mental posts which he has held : in 1909 
 he was Minister of Education and be- 
 tween 1909 and 1912 served on oc- 
 casions as Minister of Finance and 
 Minister of Foreign Affairs — a post to 
 which he was recalled in 1920 when 
 President Gondra assumed power. 
 
 Dr. Ayala has represented his country 
 in various international congresses: in 
 1910 he went to The Hague as Delegate 
 to the conference on International 
 Money Orders; he headed the Para- 
 guayan delegation to the Second Pan- 
 American Scientific Conference at 
 Washington in 1915; he was Delegate 
 to the Pan - American Conference of 
 Buenos Aires in IQ16 and also to the 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 AYALA 
 
 227 
 
 Second Pan-American Financial Con- 
 ference in Washington in 1919. 
 
 He is vice-President of the Banco 
 Mercantil of Paraguay. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 1 
 
 VI i 
 
 1 
 1
 
 DUARTE 
 
 JUSTO PASTOR DUARTE 
 
 Physician. 
 
 JusTO Pastor Duarte, the son of 
 Pedro Duarte and Facunda Ramirez 
 was born on the twenty-fifth of August, 
 1863, in the city of Hiaty, but for his 
 schoohng went to Asuncion where he 
 studied in the Colcgio Nacional and ob- 
 tained his degree as Baclielor in 1883. 
 Armed with this he went to Montevi- 
 deo (Uruguay) and there entered the 
 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 He has twice been Rector of the Na- 
 tional University of Asuncion, the first 
 time in 1893 and the second in 1905 ; in 
 1897 he became titular Professor in the 
 Medical School where he taught in vari- 
 ous chairs for eleven years and retir- 
 ed in 1908, having served as Dean of 
 the Faculty of Medicine in 1902. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 229 
 
 VI
 
 230 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Besides his formal relations with the 
 Medical School he has done much for 
 the public health : he founded the Emer- 
 gency Hospital in 1903, being its first 
 Director and a member of its Adminis- 
 trative Council from that time until 
 1920; from 1899 to 1900 he was also a 
 member of the National Board of 
 Health and of the Council of Hygiene. 
 
 He has served one term in the Na- 
 tional Senate, 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ARCE 
 
 ALEJANDRO ARCE 
 
 Physician; teacher. 
 
 Alejandro Arce, the son of Esta- 
 nislao Arce and Candelaria Montes, 
 was born on the nineteenth of March, 
 1883, in the city of Asuncion, and was 
 educated there at the Colcgio Nacional, 
 which granted him his Bachelor's degree 
 in 1900, and the University where he 
 won his degree of Physician and 
 Surgeon in 1908. 
 
 In 1903 and 1904, while he was still 
 a student, he taught Chemistry in the 
 Normal School of Asuncion and in 1905 
 he also taught the same subject in the 
 Colegio Nacional. 
 
 He has held important posts : for 
 more than five years he was Head 
 Physician in the Maternity Hospital and 
 from 1907 to 1912, Physician of the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 231 
 
 VI
 
 2^2 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Emergency Hospital of Asuncion. He 
 has been selected on various occasions 
 to represent his country at international 
 congresses : he was the Paraguayan 
 Delegate to the Medical Congress which 
 met in Buenos Aires in 1910 and was 
 also Delegate to the Medical Congress 
 held in Rio de Janeiro in 1918. 
 
 From 1912 until 19 16 he was a mem- 
 ber of the diplomatic corps of Paraguay 
 and held the position of Secretary of 
 Legation in Paris. At present be is 
 Chief of Police of Asuncion. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 .^^^
 
 ALBORNO 
 
 PABLO ALBORNO 
 
 Artist; teacher. 
 
 Pablo Ai.borno, the son of Santiago 
 Alborno and Asuncion Alfaro, was born 
 on the seventh of June, 1877, in Asun- 
 cion, but was educated in Montevideo 
 where he studied at the School of Arts 
 and Crafts and obtained honorable men- 
 tion in the classes in Painting in 1889. 
 On his return to Asuncion he studied 
 art in the Institnto Paraguayo and in 
 1903 won the competition for a gov- 
 ernment scholarship enabling him to 
 go abroad to continue his studies. 
 
 He elected to go to Kome and there 
 worked with so much success that he 
 had canvases hung in the Liternational 
 Exhibitions both of 1905 and 1906. His 
 attainments were recognized in Para- 
 guay where he was appointed Director 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 233 
 
 VI
 
 234 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 of the National Academy of Fine Arts 
 in 1909, Professor of Drawing and 
 Painting in the Colegio Nacional in the 
 same year and also Professor of Draw- 
 ing in the Colegio San Jose. 
 
 In the Centennial Exposition held at 
 Buenos Aires in 1910 he was awarded a 
 Silver Medal for his picture La parlida 
 a las castas. 
 
 Sr. Alborno is the author of the Pa- 
 raguayan method of drawing (El di- 
 bujo paragnayo), which he has set 
 forth in sixteen charts graded for use 
 in schools, and also of a series of 
 paintings of the Founders of the Na- 
 tion. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SOLER 
 
 JUAN JOS^. SOLER 
 
 Lawyer; land-owner. 
 
 Juan Jose Soler, the son of Enri- 
 que Soler and Francisca Arevalo, was 
 born on the twenty-third of June, 1880, 
 in the city of Asuncion where he had 
 his early education, but continued his 
 studies in Argentina at the Normal 
 School of Parana which granted him 
 the title of Teacher in 1902. Six years 
 later, after an active period of journal- 
 ism and politics, he resumed his studies 
 at the University of Asuncion where in 
 two years he completed the required 
 studies and obtained his degree as Doc- 
 tor of Laws in 1910. 
 
 Meantime he was occupied in acade- 
 mic tasks : he taught in the Colegio Na- 
 cional and the Law School and was a 
 member of the National Board of 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 235 
 
 VI
 
 236 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Education ; from 1903 to 1906 he was 
 vice-Director General of Schools, and 
 from 1906 to 1908 he served as Se- 
 cretary to the President of the Repub- 
 lic. 
 
 Dr. Soler has played a conspicuous 
 part as a journalist: he was one of the 
 editors of El Civico until 1908 and a 
 contributor both to tlie Rcvisla del Ins- 
 tituto Paragnayo and the Revista del 
 Gimnasio Paraguayo ; he was editor-in- 
 chief of La Revista de Inslntccion Pri- 
 viaria in 1903 and there published many 
 articles on pedagogical topics; he has 
 also written a number of pamphlets 
 such as El bucn lector and La cvoln- 
 cion de la cnsefiaiica secundaria en el 
 pais. 
 
 For the past eight years Dr. Soler 
 has taken no part in public life, but has 
 devoted himself to his profession and 
 to the care of his extensive country 
 properties. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ^-...^^
 
 CHIRIFE 
 
 '37 
 
 ADOLFO CHIRIFE 
 
 Soldier. 
 
 Adolfo CniRii'E, the son of Manuel 
 Chirife and Rufina Morales, was born 
 on the sixth of May, 1878, in Asuncion 
 and had his academic studies there at 
 the Colegio Nacional, which granted 
 him the degree of Bachelor in 1896; 
 but for his professional training he 
 went to Chile, entered the Military 
 School and was made Second Lieut- 
 enant in 1898. 
 
 He continued for five years in the 
 Chilean Army where he won his First 
 Lieutenancy in 1903 and then returned 
 to Paraguay; in the following year he 
 was made Captain in the Paraguayan 
 Army and went abroad to study German 
 methods; there he served until 1907 in 
 various branches of the German organi- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 238 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 zation — in the Sixth Rhine Infantry, the 
 Fourth Machine-Gun Division and in 
 the Upper School of Artillery. In 1907 
 he returned to Paraguay and was 
 promoted to the rank of Major; in 1908 
 he was made Lieut. -Colonel and given 
 command of the Third Regiment of 
 Infantry; in 1912 he was placed in 
 command of the troops which suppress- 
 ed the insurrection of Col. Jara; in 
 191 5 he was promoted to be Colonel; 
 in 1918 he was appointed Minister of 
 War and has continued to hold that 
 office under Presidents Franco, Mon- 
 tero and Gondra. 
 
 From 1915 to 1918 he served as 
 Governor of the Department of Para- 
 guari; he has served as Inspector of 
 Military Schools, Member of the High 
 Military Court and also as Presiding 
 Judge of that tribunal. 
 
 Colonel Chirife holds decorations be- 
 stowed upon him by the Chilean and 
 German governments. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SISA 
 
 M. ELISEO SISA 
 
 Lawyer; official. 
 
 M. Eliseo Sisa, the son of Mariano 
 Sisa, a Spaniard, and Juana B. Corva- 
 lan, a Paraguayan, was born on the. 
 thirteenth of March, 1880, in Quiquio. 
 He had his early education in the town 
 of Ibycui and continued his studies in 
 Asuncion, at the Colegio Nacional, 
 where he won his degree as Bachelor 
 in 1900, and the University, where he 
 read Law. 
 
 In 1900 he entered upon his career 
 as a public official with a post as Clerk 
 in the office of the Mayor of Asuncion; 
 in 1901 he was appointed Clerk in the 
 statistical department of the Banco 
 Agricola; in 1904 Attorney for Poor 
 Criminals (Defensor de reos pohres); 
 in 1908 District Attorney; in 1913 Cri- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 239 
 
 VI
 
 240 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 minal Judge, and in 1914 President of 
 the Court of Juries. 
 
 In the Revohition of 1904 he had an 
 active part and enjoyed the rank of 
 Captain of Infantry. 
 
 Sr. Sisa has taught both in the Co- 
 Icgio Nacional and the Colegio San 
 Luis, occupying the chair of Roman 
 History. 
 
 In 1919 he was elected one of the 
 Directors of the Iiistilulo Paragiiayo. 
 
 HISPAiNIC NOTES
 
 .<f> J-t^^
 
 DAHLQUIST 
 
 JUAN R. DAHLQUIST 
 
 Teacher; author. 
 
 Juan R. Dahlquist, the son of Juan 
 Enrique Dahlquist and Rosa Caballero, 
 was born on the second of January, 
 1884, in San Isidro, Argentina, and 
 began his education there at the pubhc 
 schools and the Colegio Nacional of 
 Pilar. In 1895, however, he removefl to 
 Paraguay where in 1898 he entered the 
 Normal School of Asuncion and obtain- 
 ed the title of Teacher in 1901. 
 
 He began at once to teach in the 
 same school and taught also in Encar 
 nacion, but in 1904 the government 
 designated him to take advanced courses 
 at the Normal School of Parana, Ar 
 gentina, where he won the title of Nor- 
 mal Professor in 1905. On his return to 
 Asuncion he was appointed Inspector 
 of the City Schools ; the next year he 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 241 
 
 VI
 
 242 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 was made Inspector General of Schools ; 
 he taught in the "Normal School in 
 1906, and in the Colegio Nacional in 
 1908; in 191 1 he was appointed Princi- 
 pal of the Normal School, a post which 
 he still holds. 
 
 He was one of the founders of the 
 National Teachers' Association. Since 
 1915 he has been the editor of the Rc- 
 vista do instrnccion primaria; he found- 
 ed and edited La Enseiianza, the organ 
 of the Teacher's Association, and also 
 founded and conducted for several 
 year^ an illustrated magazine for 
 children called Kavnrc-i. 
 
 Sr. Dahlquist has written man}- 
 articles and pamphlets on educational 
 topics: in La Tribuna of the first of 
 January, 1920, he published the Histor}- 
 of Public Instruction from 1870 until 
 the present ; he wrote the History of the 
 Normal School in Paraguay for El Pa- 
 raguay, sn prcscnte y sii fiitnro, and is 
 the author of Paginas de un maestro, 
 Aventnras dc Ratoncito Perez, and La 
 leyenda del Ihpakaa, a short story. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 PENA 
 
 ATTLIO A. PE^A 
 
 Naval Officer. 
 
 Atilio A. Pena, the son of Angel D. 
 Pena and Transito Machain, was born 
 on the eighth of August, 1878, in Asun- 
 cion and began his education there at 
 the Colegio Nacional; but for his 
 professional training he went to the 
 Naval School of Chile, where he gained 
 his first rank of Marine Guard in 1900. 
 
 Returning then to his own country 
 he won the succeeding steps of promo- 
 tion to Ensign in 1902, Lieutenant in 
 1904, Commander in 1905 and Captain 
 in 1908. 
 
 He has been entrusted with important 
 duties and missions : from 1905 to 1908 
 he was Prefect of Ports ; in 1908 he 
 liad a confidential mission to Buenos 
 Aires; du.ring the years 1910 to 1912 he 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 243 
 
 VI
 
 244 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 served as Sub-Secretary of War and 
 the Navy; in 1914 he was Attorney for 
 the War Department; in 1916 Military 
 Judge; in 1914 he was sent to France 
 on a mission to purchase armament, and 
 in 1916 was appointed Professor of 
 BalHstics in the Naval School. 
 
 He has also fulfilled educational 
 tasks: in 1908 he founded the National 
 Machine Shops and brought from Chile 
 two batteries of guns and six submarine 
 mines; in 1909 he established the Naval 
 School of Mechanics; in 1913 he was 
 one of the founders of the Boy-Scouts 
 and in the same year aided in establish- 
 ing: the General Diaz School. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CALCENA 
 
 CARLOS CALCENA 
 
 Lawyer; official. 
 
 Carlos Calcena, the son of Augusto 
 Calcena and Dolores Chirife, was born 
 on the eleventh of November, 1876, in 
 the city of Asuncion, v^^here he spent 
 his youth and began his education at 
 the Colcgio Nacional. For his profes- 
 sional training he went to Buenos Aires 
 and there won his degree of Doctor of 
 Jurisprudence at the University in 1898. 
 
 He returned to Paraguay where he 
 entered on the practice of his profes- 
 sion and soon thereafter was selected 
 for government employment in high 
 positions : in 1906 he was appointed At- 
 torney General; from 1908 to 1910 he 
 was Government Director of the Bank 
 of the Republic; in 1909 he was the 
 Paraguayan Delegate to the First Pan- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 245 
 
 VI
 
 246 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 American Congress, held in Santiago : 
 in 1910, Delegate to the First Scientific 
 Congress, held in Buenos Aires, and in 
 191 1 he was appointed Minister of Pa- 
 raguay in Buenos Aires. 
 
 Since 191 1 Dr. Calcena has resided 
 in Buenos Aires where he is engaged 
 in the practice of the law and where, 
 in 1918, he was elected President of 
 the Paraguayan Club. 
 
 HISPANIC NOIFS
 
 LARA CASTRO 
 
 RAM6N LARA CASTRO 
 
 Lawyer; public man. 
 
 Ramon Lara Castro, the son of Jose 
 Felix Lara and Ramona Oliva Castro, 
 was born in the city of Asuncion in 
 the year 1873, and there was educated 
 at various schools and the University 
 where he graduated with the degree of 
 Notary Public. 
 
 He had not yet finished his studies 
 when in 1899 he was appointed Clerk 
 in the Land Registry Bureau ; soon 
 afterwards he was appointed Clerk of 
 the Lower Civil Courts and served on 
 more than one occasion also as Clerk 
 of the Appellate Court ; in 1905 he was 
 elected Deputy to the National Con- 
 gress; in 1908 he was re-elected and at 
 the termination of the period was once 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 m 
 
 VI
 
 48 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 more re-elected. During this term he 
 was on leave, travelling in Europe, 
 when he was chosen Senator for Villa- 
 rrica, but did not take the seat, prefer- 
 ring to continue in the Chamber of De- 
 puties ; in 1914 he was appointed Gen- 
 eral Postmaster, a post which he resign- 
 ed to accept the duties of ]\Iinister to 
 Brazil; in 1915 he was elected Senator 
 and resigned his diplomatic post to 
 serve, but in 1918 he returned to Rio 
 de Janeiro as Minister and in June of 
 that year was appointed Ambassador 
 Extraordinary; in 1919 he was chosen 
 Minister of Foreign Affairs and in 
 1920 served for a time as Minister of 
 the Interior. 
 
 Dr. Lara Castro is one of the found- 
 ers of the Institnto Paraguayo, a mem- 
 ber of the Paraguayan Society of In- 
 ternational Law, and vice-Presidcnt of 
 the National Council of Education; he 
 is also a member of the Academy of 
 History and of the Bar Association of 
 Brazil and belongs to the National So- 
 ciety of Geography of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GONZALFZ NAVERO 
 
 2^9 
 
 EMILIANO GONZALEZ NAVERO 
 
 Lawyer; ex-President 
 of Paraguay. 
 
 Emiliano Gonzalez Navero, the son 
 of Don Nicanor Navero and Dofia Do- 
 lores Gonzalez, was born on the 
 sixteenth of June, 1861, in the city of 
 Caraguatay, but was educated in the 
 Capital, at the primary and secondary 
 schools, and later at the University 
 where he read Law. 
 
 He has divided his life between the 
 duties of administration — for he has oc- 
 cupied many important governmental 
 posts — and the political activities of the 
 Liberal Party of which he is one of the 
 founders and chosen leaders. In 1887 
 he was appointed Judge of the Lower 
 Courts and after two years was promot- 
 ed to be a member of the Superior Tri- 
 
 
 AND^MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 250 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 bunal of Justice in wliich post he re- 
 mained until 1894; in 1895 he began 
 his poHtical career proper, on being 
 elected Senator; in 1905 he was called 
 into the Cabinet as Minister of Fi- 
 nance ; in the same year he was elected 
 vice-President of the Republic and when 
 the President died in 1908, he occupied 
 the Presidential chair until the end of 
 the period (1910). He served also as 
 Provisional President of Paraguay dur- 
 ing several months in 1912, in conse- 
 quence of the revolutions of that year; 
 in 1913 he was elected Senator for a 
 second time and served until 1917 when 
 he was appointed Minister of War and 
 the Navy, and at the termination of his 
 period of service in the Cabinet retired 
 to resume the practice of the Law. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 VELASQUEZ 
 
 ELADIO VELASQUEZ 
 
 Magistrate. 
 
 Eladio \^Ei.ASQrjEZ, the son of Hector 
 Velasquez and Estefania Jimenez, was 
 born in December, 1883, in the city of 
 Asuncion and was educated there at 
 the Colegio Nacional, where he won 
 his Bachelor's diploma, and the Univer- 
 sity, which granted him the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws in 19 10. 
 
 In 1908, when on the death of Pres- 
 ident Benigno Ferrera, Emiliano Gon- 
 zalez Navero succeeded to the Pres- 
 idency, Sefior Velasquez was appoint- 
 ed Secretary to the President, but 
 soon retired to accept the appointment 
 of Judge in the Lower Civil Courts; 
 in 1910, upon the election of President 
 Manuel Gondra, he was promoted to 
 the Civil Appellate Court — a post which 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 251 
 
 VI
 
 252 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 he resigned in 1914; in March, 1917, he 
 was elected Deputy to the National Con- 
 gress and there was chosen vice-Pres- 
 ident of the Cliamber ; finally, in 1919, 
 President Montero appointed him Jus- 
 tice of the Superior Court of Justice — 
 the highest court in the Paraguayan 
 judiciary — which he still holds. 
 
 Dr. Velasquez is the author of a 
 monograph on Prucha dc la filiacion na- 
 tural and another on Organisacion de 
 los tribnnalcs; he has also written many 
 articles on judicial subjects. He was 
 the founder and is the editor of the 
 Boletin dc los trihunales, the official 
 organ of the courts. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ESCOBAR 
 
 PATRICIO ALEJANDRINO 
 ESCOBAR 
 
 Soldier; public man. 
 
 Patricio Alfjandrino Escobar, the 
 son of Major General Patricio Escobar 
 and Ignacia Garcete, was born on the 
 twenty-fifth of November, 1874, in the 
 city of Asuncion, but was educated in 
 Argentina, at the primary schools of 
 Buenos Aires, the Colegio Nacional and 
 the National Military School where, 
 after passing the preliminary ranks of 
 Corporal and Sergeant, he graduated 
 with the rank of Ensign of Cavalry in 
 1895. 
 
 In 1896 he was made Adjutant of 
 the San Rafael Brigade in the Argen- 
 tine Army; in 1897 he returned to Pa- 
 raguay and was immediately appointed 
 Inspector in the First Cavalry Regi- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 253 
 
 VI
 
 = 54 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 ment ; his successive ranks in the Para- 
 guayan Army are as follows : Lieu- 
 tenant, in 1897; Captain, in 1900; 
 Major, in 1904; Lieut. -Colonel, in No- 
 vember, 1904; Colonel, in 1908; Briga- 
 dier-General, in 1915. 
 
 He has held official posts consonant 
 with his military rank: in 1899 he was 
 appointed Adjutant General and In- 
 structor of the National Guards ; in 
 1900 he was promoted to be Second in 
 Command of the barracks of Fuertc 
 Olimpo ; in 1902 he became Commander 
 of the First Cavalry Regiment; in 1904 
 he was made a member of the General 
 Staff; in 1906 he was Judge of the 
 Military Court and in the same year 
 was selected to go to Europe as Se- 
 cretary of the Committee appointed for 
 the acquisition of armaments, but was 
 unable to go ; in 1909 he was promoted 
 to be Inspector General of the Army, 
 a post which he resigned in 191 1 on 
 account of the Revolution of that year, 
 but was newly appointed to the same 
 office in May, 1912; in 1913 he was 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ESCOBAR 
 
 Presiding Judge of the High MiUtary 
 Court and of the MiUtary Court of 
 Appeals ; in the same year he entered 
 the Cabinet, accepting the portfoHo of 
 War and the Navy, but in 191 5 return- 
 ed to his former position as Inspector 
 General of the Army with the additional 
 duties of Chief of the General Staff, 
 and in 1917 was again offered the post 
 of President of the Superior Military 
 Tribunal, but did not accept it, pre- 
 ferring to continue in his former posi- 
 tion. 
 
 Gen. Escobar has shared in several 
 revolutions : as to the Revolution of 
 1904 — he had resigned from the Army 
 before it broke out and was thus free 
 to participate in the movement, which 
 he headed as Commander of the Third 
 Krigade and later as Chief of Staff; 
 when the Revolution of 1908 occurred 
 he was in the service, but succeeded in 
 taking part in the fighting; the Re- 
 volution of 191 1 counted him among its 
 leaders, but on the termination of the 
 struggle he was reincorporated in the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 255 
 
 VI
 
 256 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 army and appointed Inspector General, 
 a post which he holds at present. 
 
 Gen. Escobar is joint-author of the 
 Ley orgdnica viilitar and of the project 
 for a reform of the Ley del servicio mi- 
 litar obligaforio which he introduced as 
 a bill in the Chamber of Deputies when 
 he was Minister of War. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 REBAUDI 
 
 ARTURO REBAUDI 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Arturo Rebaudi, the son of Antonio 
 Rebaudi and Octavia Balestra, was 
 born on the ninth of October, 1858, in 
 the city of Asuncion, where he began 
 his education, but for his professional 
 training he went to Italy. There he spent 
 the years from 1871 to 1883 studying in 
 the "Carlo Alberto" Royal College of 
 Pisa and the Medical School of Flo- 
 rence where he graduated as Physician 
 and Surgeon in 1883. 
 
 The year after finishing his course 
 he won the competition for the post 
 of Staff Physician in the Children's 
 Hospital of Florence, which he retained 
 for two years ; then he sailed for Bue- 
 nos Aires, where soon after his arrival, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 257 
 
 YI
 
 258 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 in 1886, he was appointed Physician in 
 the Italian Hospital. 
 
 Although he had been away from 
 Paraguay for many years his attain- 
 ments had won him the appreciation of 
 his countrymen, and the Government 
 appointed him Paraguayan Delegate to 
 the First Latin-American Medical Con- 
 gress, which met in Buenos Aires in 
 1904. 
 
 He has continued to live in Buenos 
 Aires where he has published many 
 pamphlets on medical and surgical 
 topics and has also written two books, 
 controversial in nature, on the Para- 
 guayan War (1865-70) : Giicrra del Pa- 
 raguay, Conspiracion, and Gncrra del 
 Paraguay (Veneer morir), Buenos 
 Aires, 1920. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ROJAS 
 
 LIBERATO MARCIAL ROJAS 
 
 Public man; cx-Pres- 
 ident of Paraguay. 
 
 LiBERATO Marcial Rojas, the son of 
 Gorg-onio Rojas and Avelina Cabral, 
 was born on the seventeenth of August, 
 1870, in Asuncion and educated there at 
 the Colegio Nacional and the Univer- 
 sity which granted him the degree of 
 Surveyor in 1889. 
 
 His career lias had two aspects — of 
 journalist and public man: as early as 
 1885, when he was a boy of fifteen, he 
 began to write for the papers and con- 
 tinued to play an active part as a writer 
 and a journalist for thirty-seven years, 
 until he assumed office as President of 
 the Republic in 1912. 
 
 His public career also began early : 
 ih 1887 he united with others to found 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 '59 
 
 VI
 
 26o 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 the Liberal Party of which he continued 
 to serve as one of the directors until 
 he became President. Meantime he play- 
 ed an important part in the Revolution 
 of 1904 which was promoted by the 
 Liberal Party ; he was one of the lead- 
 ers of the movement and commanded 
 the cruiser Pafria of the revolutionary 
 flotilla. In the following year he was 
 elected Deputy to Congress; in 1908 he 
 was chosen Senator by the united vote 
 of Liberals and Republicans,, and in 
 191 1 was elected President of Paraguay. 
 His election came at a troubled period 
 in the national history and he retained 
 office for only a brief period, being 
 overthrown l)y a revolution in February, 
 1912. 
 
 Sr. Rojas lives at present in Monte- 
 video. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 PENA 
 
 261 
 
 MANUFX PEfTA 
 
 Physician; public man. 
 
 Manuel Pena, the son of Jaime Pena 
 and Serapia Rojas, was liorn on the 
 sixteenth of May, 1887, in Asuncion 
 and received his academic education 
 there at the Colcgio Nacional, but for 
 his professional training he went abroad 
 and studied at the University of Paris 
 which conferred upon him the degree 
 of Doctor of Medicine and Surgery in 
 
 1913. 
 
 ' On his return to Paraguay, Dr. Pefia 
 was received with many signs of ap- 
 preciation; he was made Professor of 
 Histology and Dean of the Faculty of 
 Medicine in the University, Head of the 
 National Hospital, and Director Gen- 
 eral of the National Department of 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 26: 
 
 PARAGUAYAiNS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 Hygiene — a post which he held until 
 1920. 
 
 In 1913 he was chosen to represent his 
 country at the Pan-American Congress 
 which met in Lima; in 1914 he was 
 elected Corresponding Member of the 
 Academy of Medicine of Lima, ar.d in 
 1919, after serving for several years 
 as a member of the Board of Directors 
 of the Giinnasio Paraguayo, he was 
 chosen its President. 
 
 Dr. Pefia has also been honored by 
 political preferment: in 1919 he was 
 elected Deputy to the National Congress 
 where he served on the Foreign Rela- 
 tions Committee, and in 1920 he was ap- 
 pointed Minister of Foreign Relations. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 OBELAR 
 
 RAIMUNDO D. OBELAR 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 Raimundo D. Ojselar, the son of Ce- 
 lestino Obelar, was born on the fif- 
 teenth of March, 1878, in Asuncion and 
 was educated there in the schools of 
 the city, the Colcgio Nacional and the 
 Normal School which granted him the 
 title of Teacher in 1901. 
 
 He entered at once on the practice 
 of his profession, teaching in the pri- 
 mary schools, secondary schools and 
 the Normal School until he completed 
 the period of fifteen years' service 
 which entitled him to a retiring pen- 
 sion. From 191 1 to 1916 he served in 
 the Statistical Department in the Na- 
 tional Council of Education. 
 
 He is the author of Vocobiilario Gua- 
 rani which has gone through several 
 editions. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 263 
 
 VI
 
 MIGONE 
 
 LUIS E. MIGONE 
 
 Bacteriologist; physician. 
 
 Luis E. Migone was born in 1876 in 
 Asuncion and was educated there at the 
 primary schools, the Colegio Nacional 
 and the University wliich granted him 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 
 1903. 
 
 As a student he had taken special 
 interest in bacteriology and had col- 
 laborated with Dr. Elmassian, the head 
 of the National Bacteriologicallnstitute, 
 in a study of the Tripanosomiasis pare- 
 siante de los equinos. In 1904 the gov- 
 ernment sent him abroad to continue 
 his studies : he went to Paris and pursu- 
 ed his investigations on the Tripanoso- 
 miasis at the Pasteur Institute. 
 
 On his return to Asuncion in 1907, 
 he was made Chief of the Bacteriological 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 265 
 
 VI
 
 266 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Institute and Professor of Bacteriology 
 and Zoology in the Medical School 
 where he continued until the school was 
 closed in 1908 and resumed his courses 
 when it re-opened its doors in 1915. 
 
 Meantime Dr. Migone devoted him- 
 self to the practice of his profession 
 and to bacteriological research, espe- 
 cially in those diseases which are 
 endemic or peculiar to Paraguay: in 
 1913 he published, in the annals of the 
 Society of Exotic Pathology, a study 
 on La Icishmaniosis amcricana, com- 
 monly known in Paraguay as " Buba." 
 He published also in the same journal 
 in 1913 a case of Kala-Azar, believed 
 to be the only case hitherto known in 
 America. At the Second Pan-American 
 Scientific Congress which met in Wash- 
 ington in 1916 he presented a study on 
 the blood of the birds, fishes and rep- 
 tiles of Paraguay, and another on the 
 parasites of the A sclepiadacecB . In 191 7 
 he read a paper at the Congress of Me- 
 dicine of Buenos Aires on our know- 
 ledge of the l)actcriology of Leprosy. Tn 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 1
 
 MIGONE 
 
 1918 he was commissioned by the Gov- 
 ernment to make a study of the sanitary 
 conditions in some of the districts in 
 the North of Paraguay and he then 
 made a report on the distribution of 
 Lcishmaniosis, Anquilostomiasis, Articu- 
 lar Rheumatism, Conjunctivitis, Leprosy 
 and other diseases, setting forth in gen- 
 eral terms, the means of combating 
 these ailments. 
 
 In 19 1 4 he was made a Correspond- 
 ing Member of the Sociedad de patolo- 
 gia exotica of Paris, and in 1919 he 
 was elected President of the Gimnasio 
 Paraguayo. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 267 
 
 VI
 
 -^^s^"^^;^
 
 USHER 
 
 MARIO USHER 
 
 Journalist; official. 
 
 Mario Usher, the son of Jorge Ra- 
 mon Usher and Melchora Genes, was 
 born on the eighteenth of June, 1884, 
 in the city of Asuncion and was educat- 
 ed there at the Colegio Nacional where 
 he obtained the Bachelor's degree in 
 1898. 
 
 His career has had two aspects — of 
 journaHst and public man. He has played 
 a part in the political struggles of his 
 time and is deeply versed in political 
 methods. Among the offices which he 
 has held are Cashier of the Conversion 
 Fund — now extinct, National Treasu- 
 rer pro tern, Head of the Section of 
 Administration in the National Postal 
 and Telegraph Service, Military Gov- 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 269 
 
 VI
 
 270 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 ernor of the Misiones Territory, and 
 Chief of PoUce of Asuncion. 
 
 Sr. Usher has also had a long- ex- 
 perience in. political journalism and is 
 at present Editor-in-Chief of El Nacio- 
 nal, the official organ of the Liberal 
 Party. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ODRIOSOLA 
 
 RICARDO ODRIOSOLA 
 
 PJiysician. 
 
 RiCARDO Odriosola, the son of Sil- 
 vestre Odriosola and Asuncion Ortella- 
 do, was born on the thirty-first of July, 
 1876, in Asuncion and there was educat- 
 ed at the schools of the city, the Cole- 
 gio Nacional and the University where 
 he received his degree as Doctor of 
 Medicine in 1904. 
 
 After obtaining his degree he went 
 abroad to continue his studies and at- 
 tended the University of Naples. There 
 he served as Assistant in the Children's 
 Clinic and on returning to Asuncion 
 entered immediately upon a career of 
 success: in 1906 he was appointed to a 
 Professorship in the Medical School 
 and in the School of Pharmacy; he was 
 made Physician to the Police Depart- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 71 
 
 VI
 
 272 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 ment and Secretary to the Department 
 of Hygiene; in 1908 he removed to Ar- 
 gentina, but in 191 1 returned to Para- 
 guay, resumed his practice and was soon 
 afterwards appointed Head of the De- 
 partment of Hygiene; in 1915 he was 
 made Head of the Children's Ward in 
 the National Hospital; in 1919 he was 
 Delegate to the Second American Child 
 Conference held in Montevideo. 
 
 At present he is Head of the National 
 Hospital, a member of the Executive 
 Committee on Health charged by the 
 government with combating the diseases 
 endemic in Paraguay; he is a member 
 of the South American Bacteriological 
 Society and of the Pediatric Society of 
 Naples. 
 
 He is the author of various articles 
 and pamphlets on medical subjects 
 including one on Anqnilostomiasis en 
 los nifios and his doctoral thesis on La 
 discnicria en el Paraguay. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GOIBURU 
 
 ROMULO GOIBURtr 
 
 Public man. 
 
 RoMULO GoiP.URU, the son of Vicente 
 Goiburii and De Jesus Irala, was born 
 on the nineteenth of May, 1883, in the 
 town of San Jose, but was educated in 
 Asuncion where he attended the Cole- 
 gio Nacional. 
 
 He entered poHtical life at an early 
 age and when he was twenty-six won 
 his election to the Chamber of Deputies, 
 where he has held his seat for three 
 consecutive terms and is now President 
 of the Chamber. 
 
 During his service as a Deputy he has 
 introduced a number of bills of impor- 
 tance including one to define the rights 
 of witnesses, another to determine the 
 rules for granting pensions and a third 
 on the revision of the Constitution. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 '73 
 
 VI
 
 c^^ 
 
 t^(^^
 
 ROMERO 
 
 GENARO ROMERO 
 
 Public official. 
 
 Genaro Romero, the son of Cipriano 
 Romero, was born on the nineteenth of 
 September, 1884, in the city of Concep- 
 cion and was educated there at the Co- 
 legio Nacional. 
 
 He has held a member of official 
 posts: he was Clerk in the Ministry of 
 Foreign Relations in 1902; Chief pro 
 tcm of the Bureau of Immigration and 
 Colonization in 1908; sub-Secretary pro 
 tern of the Ministry of Foreign Rela- 
 tions in 1916, Head of the Section of 
 Lands and Colonics from 1917 until the 
 present. 
 
 From his early youth Seiior Romero 
 has been a writer : he has long been a con- 
 tributor to El Municipio of Conccpcion, 
 the oldest newspaper in Paraguay ; he 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 275 
 
 VI
 
 276 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 writes occasionally for papers in other 
 cities and is special correspondent of 
 the Pan-American l^nion of Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Sefior Romero has not only written 
 for the press, but is also the author of 
 the following books and pamphlets: In- 
 formcs sobre las Colonias, 191 1; Repa- 
 iriacion, 1913; Conccpcion, siis progre- 
 sos y sits neccsidadcs; Apnntes para cl 
 inmigraute, 1914; Los prohlemas nacio- 
 nalcs, 1915; Gu'ia del iumigrantc. 1920. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 SILVA DE AIRALDI 
 
 C0NCEPCI6N SILVA DE AIRALDI 
 
 Teache7\ 
 
 CoNCF.PcroN SiLVA, the daughter of 
 Cristobal Silva, was born on the 
 nineteenth of September, 1879, in the 
 city of Asuncion and was educated there 
 at the Normal School where she obtain- 
 ed,lier diploma as Teacher in 1898. 
 
 She had already begun to teach be- 
 fore obtaining her degree ; two years 
 later, in 1900, she won, in competitive 
 examination, the chair of Geometry in 
 the Normal Schools ; later she taught 
 Geography and Reading in the same 
 school and in 1907 became Principal of 
 the Normal School for Girls. 
 
 She married Dr. Tomas Airaldi, who 
 was also a teacher, lawyer and magis- 
 trate, with whom she collaborated in his 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 -^77 
 
 VI
 
 278 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 literary and intellectual labors until his 
 death in 1920. 
 
 Senora Silva de Airaldi is an occa- 
 sional contributor to educational journals 
 and is Treasurer of the Adela Speratti 
 Club. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 MENDOZA 
 
 PEDRO A. MENDOZA 
 
 Soldier. 
 
 Pedro A. Mendoza, the son of Lucia- 
 no Mendoza and Consolacion Arias, was 
 born on the thirteenth of May, 1S77, in 
 tlie town of Luque and there began his 
 education which he continued at the Co- 
 legio Nacional of Asuncion and the 
 Mihtary School of Santiago, Chile. 
 
 He served for a time in the Chilean 
 Army where he rose to be a member of 
 the General Staff; later he went abroad 
 and served in the German army; finally 
 he entered the army of Paraguay where 
 he won rapid promotion: in 1902, when 
 he was twenty-five, he was made Lieute- 
 nant ; he was promoted to be Captain 
 in 1905, advanced to the rank of Major 
 in the same year, made Lieutenant- 
 Colonel in 1909 and Colonel in 1915. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 •79 
 
 VI
 
 j8o 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Col. Mendoza has seen service chiefly 
 in connection with the numerous revolu- 
 tions in Paraguay : he commanded an 
 expedition against the revolutionists of 
 1909; on the other hand, he was a leader 
 in the revolution against Col. Jara, com- 
 manding a brigade until the engagement 
 of Humaita; in the Revolution of 1911 
 he was Chief of the Northern forces; 
 in 1912 he took part in the figh.ting at 
 Luque, Asuncion and Paraguari. 
 
 He has served as Professor in the 
 Military School, Clerk of the High 
 Court of Justice, Civil Governor of En- 
 carnacion. Head of the Port Works, 
 President of the School Board and Mem- 
 ber of the Board of Agriculture. 
 
 He holds the decoration of the Order 
 of Merit bestowed upon him by the 
 Chilean Government. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 CARDUS HUERTA 
 
 GU ALBERTO CARDtJS HUERTA 
 
 Lazvycr. 
 
 GuALBERTO Cardus Huerta, the son 
 of Antonio Cardus, a wealthy land- 
 owner, was born on the twelfth of July, 
 1878, in Concepcion, where he began 
 his education; but for his later studies 
 he went to Asuncion and there obtain- 
 ed the Bachelor's degree in 1896 and in 
 1900 that of Advocate in the Univer- 
 sity. 
 
 In the following year he was called 
 into the faculty and taught Civil Law; 
 he then taught Roman Law, with inter- 
 ruptions caused by absence from the 
 country, from 1904 until 1917 when 
 he went to Europe for a prolonged stay. 
 
 Meantime he had taken an active part 
 in political affairs: he had been one of 
 the managers of the Liberal Party ; he 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 2«I 
 
 VI
 
 2b2 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 had also served in the Cabinet : he had 
 been Minister of Foreign Affairs under 
 President Gaona in 1904, and in the 
 administration of Gonzalez Navero in 
 1908, Minister of Finance. The years 
 from 1909 to 1912 he spent in Europe 
 where he is at present. 
 
 Dr. Cardi'is Huerta has played a part 
 also in journalism as one of the found- 
 ers and editors of El Diario and is the 
 author of two well-known books — Pro 
 Palria and Arado, plnma y cspada, both 
 published in Barcelona in 191 1. 
 
 {IISPANIC NOTES
 
 PENA 
 
 PEDRO PERA 
 
 Public man. 
 
 Pedro Pena, the son of Manuel E. 
 Pena and Francisca Cariete was born 
 on the twenty-ninth of June, 1865, in 
 Asuncion and had his early education 
 there, but for his professional studies 
 went to Buenos Aires where he obtain- 
 ed the degree of Doctor of Medicine at 
 the University 
 
 Earlier than this he had taught at the 
 Colegio Nacional in 1895 ; on returning 
 with his degree to Asuncion he was 
 made Professor in the Medical School, 
 and in 1902 was appointed Rector of 
 the University. 
 
 He has held high political office : in 
 1902 he was for a brief period Minister 
 of Foreign Affairs; he served sub- 
 sequently as Minister to Brazil and in 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 283 
 
 VI
 
 284 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 191 1 he held office as President of the 
 RepubHc for a period of four months. 
 He has also been President of the 
 National Republican Party. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ^c^
 
 ISASI 
 
 CARLOS LUIS ISASI 
 
 Public man; land-ozvncr. 
 
 Carlos Luis Isasi was born on the 
 eighteenth of October, 1871, in Quiendi, 
 Paraguay, but was educated in Asun- 
 cion, at the Colegio Nacional, where he 
 obtained the degree of Bachelor in 1892, 
 and the University, which granted him 
 the title of Doctor of Laws in 1902 
 when he presented a thesis entitled Po- 
 Htica. 
 
 Dr. Isasi lias had a career of varied 
 activities : he has held academic and 
 political office, has taken an active part 
 in journalism, and has devoted much 
 interest and attention to his extensive 
 estates. 
 
 He served as sub-Secretary of the 
 University and taught in the Law 
 School; from 1896 to 1904 he held a 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 .85 
 
 VI
 
 286 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 seat in the Chamber of Deputies ; he 
 has held a post in the Cabinet on three 
 occasions — as Minister of Finance in 
 1906 under President Baez, as Minister 
 of Justice and Education under Pre- 
 sident* Ferreira (1Q06-1908), and also 
 as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 191 1. 
 He was President of the Civic-Liberal 
 Party in 1914. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 PEREIRA 
 
 ESTANTSLAO PEREIRA 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 EsTANiSLAO Pereira, the son of Jua- 
 na J. Pereira, was born on the sixth of 
 May, 1877 in Ibycui, but was educated 
 in Asuncion, at the Normal School 
 where he obtained his title as Teacher 
 in 1898, and in Parana, Argentina, 
 where he studied three years and won 
 the diploma of Professor in 1902. 
 
 He returned then to Paraguay and 
 entered upon his profession which he 
 has pursued with single-minded devotion: 
 in 1903 he was appointed Principal of 
 the Colegio Nacional of Concepcion and 
 also Clerk in the Ministry of Education; 
 in 1905 he was made General Inspector 
 of Schools; in 1907, Principal of . the 
 Normal School of Villarrica; in 1909, 
 Principal of the Normal School of 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Asuncion; in 191 1, Superintendent of 
 Schools and Chairman of the National 
 Board of Education; in 1914, Professor 
 in the Colcgio Nacional, and in 1919, 
 Principal of the Colcgio. 
 
 Sr. Pereira has been editor of the 
 magazine of Primary Education, he 
 teaches in private schools and is Pre- 
 sident of the Teachers' Association. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RECALDE DE RECALDE 
 
 EMILIA RECALDE DE RECALDE 
 
 Leader in zvorks of 
 charity. 
 
 Emilia Recalde, the daughter of Hi- 
 lario Recalde and Maria de Jesus La- 
 vierna Gasiaga, was born on the seventh 
 of July, 1863, in the city of Asuncion. 
 She was educated in the private schools 
 of Asuncion and Buenos Aires and in 
 1883 was married to Rufino M. Re- 
 calde. 
 
 Her life has been largely occupied 
 with works of charity: in 1888 she was 
 a member of the Board of Managers of 
 the Beggars' Asylum of Asimcion; in 
 1894 she was one of the founders of the 
 Pro-Templo Society of Villarrica, and 
 in 1918 she aided in founding the Na- 
 tional Association of Ladies of Charity 
 of which she is now the President. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 289 
 
 VI
 
 ROJAS 
 
 JOSfi NATALICIO ROJAS 
 
 Cliiirchman. 
 
 Jose Natalicio Rojas, the son of Ni- 
 colas Vicente Rojas and Florentina Ve- 
 lazquez, was born on the ninth of May, 
 1866, in Valenzuela. He began his 
 education in the school of Father Fidel 
 Maiz, the confidante and advisor of the 
 Dictator I.opez, but for his theological 
 studies he entered the Seminary of 
 Asuncion, where in 1890 he won the 
 degree of Priest. 
 
 His life in the church has been filled! 
 with active service : immediately on leav- 
 ing the Seminary he was made Priest 
 of the parishes of Trinidad, Limpio and 
 Luque; from 1892 to 1895 he was Parish 
 Priest of Caacupe ; from 1895 until 1899 
 he was Diocesan Missionary; in 1899 he 
 served as Priest of the Cathedral ; from 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES 
 
 291 
 
 VI
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 1900 to 1904 he was Priest of San Igna- 
 cio and Principal of a local school ; in 
 1905, Priest of the Church of the En- 
 carnacion in Asuncion; from 1906 until 
 1915, Priest in charge of the Cathedral, 
 and from 1916 until the present, Parish 
 Priest of San Jose de los Arroyos. 
 Father Rojas has served also as Secre- 
 tary of the Curia, Examiner of the 
 Junior Clergy and Synodal Judge. 
 
 He is the author of an Atlas y mapa 
 de la repiihUca del Paraguay which was 
 acquired by the Government in 1913. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ZUBIZARRETA 
 
 JER6NIM0 ZUBIZARRETA 
 
 Lawyer; public man. 
 
 JeRONIMO ZUBIZARRETA, the SOIl of 
 
 Doctor Ramon Zubizarreta, the first 
 Rector of the University of Asuncion, 
 and Catahna Lara, was born in Asun- 
 cion where also he was educated, at the 
 Colegio Nacional, which granted him the 
 Bachelor's degree in 1896, and the Uni- 
 v^ersity where he won his degree as Doc- 
 tor of Laws with a thesis on Del bene- 
 ficio de deliberar y de invcntario. 
 
 He entered promptly upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession and upon those 
 political activities which have occupied 
 much of his life. He joined the Liberal 
 Party to which he has been constant, 
 not only serving in its counsels but also 
 acting with it in those revolutionary 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 293 
 
 VI
 
 294 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 movements to which it has felt obhged 
 to resort from time to time. 
 
 He has held high office: from 1909 to 
 191 1 he was a member of the Chamber 
 of Deputies and opposed the administra- 
 tion of President Jara with so much 
 vigor that he was imprisoned and de- 
 ported; in 1912, after the fall of Colonel 
 Jara, he was appointed Minister of 
 Finance in the Cabinet of President 
 Schaerer and held that responsible post 
 until 1914; in 1917 he was elected Sena- 
 tor and continues in office, and in 1918 
 he was appointed Head of the Bureau 
 of Conversion where also he continues 
 until the present. 
 
 In 1910 he was honored by being made 
 the representative of Paraguay at the 
 Argentine Centenary. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RIART 
 
 LUIS ALBERTO RIART 
 
 Lawyer; public man. 
 
 Luis Alberto Riart was born in 
 Villa Florida, Paraguay, on the twenty- 
 fifth of June, 1880, and was educated in 
 the Capital at the Colegio Nacional, 
 where he won his Bachelor's degree in 
 1898, and the University, where he read 
 Law. 
 
 On leaving the University he began to 
 teach in the Colegio Nacional; in 1908 
 he was advanced to the Chair of 
 Forensic Practice in the Law School 
 which he still holds; he has also taught 
 Administrative Law and has served on 
 the Upper Council of the University. 
 
 In 1913 he was elected Senator and 
 held his seat until 1916 when he was 
 called into the Cabinet by President 
 Franco as Minister of the Interior. This 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 295
 
 296 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 post he resigned in 1919, but during his 
 term of service he proposed and support- 
 ed the reform of the electoral law which 
 was enacted and is in force. In 1920 he 
 was elected Deputy and retains his seat 
 in the Chamber. 
 
 He has been a member of the Execu- 
 tive Committee of the Liberal Party on 
 several occasions and from 1910 to 191 5 
 was the President of the Instituto Pa- 
 raguayo. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 GAMARRA 
 
 MANUEL GAMARRA 
 
 Churchman. 
 
 Manuel Gamarra, the son of humble 
 fanner parents, was born in Lambare, 
 near Asuncion, on the fourteenth of 
 November, 1888. He began his education 
 in the Capital, where he attended the 
 Colegio Nacional and the Sem'inary 
 which granted him the degree of Priest 
 in 1909. 
 
 In 1913 he went abroad to continue 
 his studies at the University of Louvain 
 but they were interrupted by the Ger- 
 man invasion in 1914. 
 
 Father Gamarra's duties have includ- 
 ed those of Vicar of the Church of the 
 Incarnation of Asuncion, Vicar of the 
 Cathedral, of which he was also Rector, 
 Ecclesiastical Notary of the Diocese and 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 297 
 
 VI
 
 298 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 Parish Priest of Itaugiia wliere he is 
 still in charg-e. 
 
 He has published several articles and 
 lectures on the European War of which 
 he was an immediate witness ; he has 
 taken part in controversies of a religious 
 character and in defence of Marshal Lo- 
 pez, and from 1915 to 1917, he edited 
 the Catholic newspaper Los Principios. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 DOMiNGUEZ 
 
 MANUEL DOMINGUEZ 
 
 Public man; aniJwr. 
 
 Manuel Domincuez, the son of Con- 
 cepcion Dominguez, was born in 1869 
 in the city of Asuncion and was eckicat- 
 ed there at the Colegio Nacional, 
 where he obtained his Bachelor's degree 
 in 1890, and the University, which grant- 
 ed him the degree of Doctor of Laws 
 in 1899 on the presentation of a thesis 
 on La traicion a la pafria. 
 
 Doctor Dominguez has had a varied 
 and noteworthy career in which he has 
 distinguished himself as a teacher, 
 lawyer, Minister of State and author. 
 He began to teach in 1889 at the Cole- 
 gio Nacional where he continued until 
 1915, giving courses in many subjects 
 including Arithmetic, Geography, Zoo- 
 logy, Roman History, Paraguayan His- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 300 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 tory, Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. 
 In 1904 he was appointed Professor of 
 Constitutional Law, a chair which he 
 retained until 1906: he served also for 
 brief periods as Rector of the Univer- 
 sity and Chief of the National Archi- 
 ves, in which post he published El Ar- 
 chivo N^acional. 
 
 His career as public man began in 
 1896 when he was elected Deputy; 
 in 1902 he was appointed Minister of 
 Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet of Pres- 
 ident Carvallo; a few months later he 
 became vice-President in the new admi- 
 nistration headed by Colonel Juan An- 
 tonio Escurra — a post which he held 
 until the government was overthrown in 
 the Revolution of 1904; in 191 1 he was 
 again called into the Cabinet of Colonel 
 lara where he served as Minister of 
 Justice and Education and also as 
 Minister of Finance; from 1908 until 
 1912 he served as Envoy Extraordinary 
 to Bolivia to treat the question of 
 boundaries. 
 
 Dr. Domingucz has a high reputation 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 DOMINGUEZ 
 
 in his native country as an orator and 
 as a writer. As a writer his reputation 
 rests not only upon his work as a journal- 
 ist, in which he continues active until the 
 present, but also upon his achievements 
 as the author of pamphlets and books, 
 among which are the following- : Las es- 
 cuelas en el Paraguay, 1897; Discusidn 
 sohre filologia etnogrdfica y gcografia 
 historica, a controversy with the Italian 
 ethnologist Boggiani, 1899; Estudio so- 
 bre la Alldntida del doctor Diogenes De- 
 cond, 1901 ; Caria al doctor Cccilio Bdez 
 sohre Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo, 
 1902; El algodon, su produccion en el 
 Paraguay, 1903 ; El cnervo y Las campa- 
 nas a study of the two well-known 
 poems of Edgar Allan Poe, 1908; La 
 Nacion, 1908; Esiado de sitio, 1909; La 
 constitucion del Paraguay, a commen- 
 tary, 3 vols., 1909-1912; Internipcion de 
 prescripcion, declaratoria de hcredcros, 
 1912; Rafael Barret, a critical study, 
 1912; Raices guaranies; Vocacion here- 
 ditaria del nieto natural, 1913; Paraguay- 
 Bolivia, the boundary question, iC)iy;El 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 301 
 
 VI
 
 302 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 abna de la raza, a collection of articles, 
 1918; Lo que fuimos y lo que scrcmos, 
 1920. All of these were published in 
 Asuncion. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 wCy^S^^
 
 AYALA 
 
 ELIGIO AYALA 
 
 Public man; teacher. 
 
 Eligio Ayala was born on the fourth 
 of December, 1880, in the town of Mbu- 
 yapey and there began his education 
 which he continued in Asuncion, at the 
 Colegio Nacional and the University, 
 which granted him the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws in 1908 on the presentation of 
 a thesis upon La soberania popular. 
 
 He had ah-eady begun to teach in the 
 Colegio Nacional where, from 1904 until 
 1910, he gave courses in Arithmetic, 
 Philosophy, Civil Government, Practical 
 Morals, Psychology and Logic. He has 
 also taught the course in Commercial 
 Mathematics at the Instituto Para- 
 guayo. 
 
 Still earlier, in 1901, he had begun to 
 hold public office : in that year he 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 303 
 
 VI
 
 304 
 
 VI 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 held the position of Attorney for the 
 Indigent; in 1902 he was also Attorney 
 for the Absent; in 1905 he was appoint- 
 ed Civil Judge ; subsequently he served 
 as Municipal Attorney, and in 1909 he 
 was elected Deputy , 
 
 He has been a member of the Liberal 
 Party from his youth and took part in 
 the Revolutions of 1904 and 191 1. In 
 the latter year he made a voyage to 
 Europe and remained there, occupied in 
 travel and study, until 1919. On his 
 return he was elected Deputy and 
 retained his seat until August, 1920, 
 when he was selected by President Gon- 
 dra as Minister of Finance. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 DECOUD 
 
 HfiCTOR F. DECOUD 
 
 Journalist; author. 
 
 Hector F. Df.coud, the son of Colonel 
 Juan Francisco Decoud and Concepcion 
 Domecq, was born on the ninth of July, 
 1855, i" Asuncion and there began his 
 ■education which was cut short by the 
 War against the Triple Alliance (1865- 
 1870). 
 
 In 1882 he was appointed District At- 
 torney, but resigned this post in the fol- 
 lowing year on being elected Deputy to 
 the National Congress where he retained 
 his seat during the full period of four 
 years. 
 
 Sefior Decoud has written much, both 
 in the press, where he also served as 
 editor of El Heraldo in 1884 and of La 
 Repitblica in 1890, and in books: He is 
 the author of Compendio de gcografia e 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 305 
 
 VI
 
 3o6 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 VI 
 
 historia del Paraguay, 1896 and 1901, 
 which was adopted for use in the schools 
 and was awarded the Gold Medal in 
 the Brussels Exposition. He has now in 
 preparation a historical work entitled 
 Una dccada dc liistoria nacional des- 
 piics de la guerra. 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 RAMIREZ 
 
 J. ISIDRO RAMIREZ 
 
 Laivyer; Official. 
 
 J. IsiDRO Ramirez was born on the 
 fifth of April, 1883, in Santiago, Para- 
 guay, and was educated in the Capital, 
 at the Colegio Nacional, where he gain- 
 ed his degree as Bachelor in 1903, and 
 the University, which granted him the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws in 1907 on 
 the presentation of a thesis on El divor- 
 cio en el Paraguay. 
 
 He was still a student when he was 
 appointed to his first post — that of As- 
 sistant-Secretary to the President — in 
 1902. After obtaining his degree he 
 began to practise law and in 1910 was 
 appointed Justice of the Civil Appellate 
 Court to which he was re-appointed in 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 3o8 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 1914 and from which he resigned to 
 resume his private practice. 
 
 Dr. Ramirez is the author of Cuestio- 
 nes fcrroviarias and of Idealcs politicos, 
 a pamphlet. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTKS
 
 /^w^^<^
 
 ROJAS 
 
 309 
 
 MANUEL ROJAS A. 
 
 Soldier. 
 
 Manuel Rojas, the son of Aniceto 
 Rojas and Patrocina Acosta, was born 
 in the town of Luque on the sixteenth 
 of March, 1878. After receiving his 
 academic ediication at the Colegio Na- 
 cional of Asuncion, he went to Chile 
 for his professional training, studied at 
 the Military School and won the rank 
 of First Lieutenant of Cavalry. 
 
 He returned to Paraguay and in 1905 
 was made Professor of Horsemanship 
 in the Military School of Asuncion; 
 from 1905 to 1908 he served as Chief 
 of the Technical Department of the 
 General Staff; in 1909 he was Secretary 
 in the Ministry of War, and -in 1915 
 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. 
 
 Col. Rojas has held military commands 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 310 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 
 as Governor of the First and Second 
 Military Zones ; he has been Head of 
 the Military Commission to acquire 
 armament in Europe, and has been 
 President both of the Upper Military 
 Court and of the Appellate Military 
 Court. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 MOSQUEIRA 
 
 311 
 
 SILVANO MOSQUEIRA 
 
 Diplomat; author. 
 
 SiLVANO MosQUEiRA was born in 
 September^ i875j in the town of Cara- 
 pegui, a place lacking in educational 
 opportunities. Force of circumstances 
 compelled him to rely upon his own 
 resources, and he is, by his own account, 
 a " self-made man." 
 
 Early in life he went to the capital and 
 there entered into the political and 
 journalistic activities in which he has 
 found his career. From 1901 until the 
 end of 1902 he was secretary to the Mayor 
 of Asuncion; from January 1903 until 
 December 1904 he was Keeper of the 
 National Archives, and then returned 
 to his former post in the Mayoralty 
 which he retained until 1908. 
 
 Four years later he was appointed 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 312 
 
 PARAGUAYANS OF TO-DAY 
 
 
 Secretary of Legation at Washington, and 
 remained there until the outbreak of the 
 Great War in 19 14, when he was trans- 
 ferred to Rio de Janeiro with the rank 
 of Charge d' Affaires. In 19 18 he was 
 called to Asuncion to take charge of the 
 Political and Diplomatic division of the 
 Department of State, a position which he 
 held until 1920, when he was again ap- 
 pointed Charge d' Affaires in Brazil, and 
 returned to his former post in Rio de 
 Janeiro. 
 
 Sehor Mosqueira has won a high place 
 among Paraguayan authors. As early 
 as 1902 he pubHshed in Asuncion a 
 volume entitled Ensayos, which was 
 favourably received; five years later a 
 second volume of papers appeared with 
 the title Pdginas Sueltas ; in 1908 he 
 issued a volume of studies of Paraguayan 
 life entitled Semblanzas Paraguayas, and 
 in 1913 he published in Washington a 
 volume of more general studies called 
 Ideales. 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 Abente Haedo, Victor 127 
 
 Acebal, Eniilio i25 
 
 Acosta, Evaristo 63 
 
 Airaldi, Concepcion S. de 2'^'^ 
 
 Alborno, Pablo 2 33 
 
 Antiinez, AdolCo F ic^ 
 
 Aponte, Adoll'o 221 
 
 Aponle, J. Alfredo 5i 
 
 Arce, Alejandro 23 1 
 
 Ayala, Eligio 3o3 
 
 Ayala, Enrique 77 
 
 Ayala, Eusebio 226 
 
 Baez, Cecilio 11 
 
 Barbero, Andres 1 1 5 
 
 Barbosa, Pedro L 201 
 
 Benza, Juan B gB 
 
 Bertoni, Guillermo Tell igS 
 
 Bobadilla, Pedro 176 
 
 Bogarin, Juan S n 
 
 Bordenave, Enrique 167 
 
 Brizuela, Francisco A 87 
 
 Calcena, Carlos 245 
 
 Campos, Alfonso B 35 
 
 Cardozo, Baraon 1 177 
 
 Cardiis Huerta, Gualberto 281 
 
 Casco Espinosa, Fermin ^7 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 3M 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LNDEX 
 
 Centurion, Fernando 85 
 
 Centurion, Leo 3a3 
 
 Chamorro, Delfin 1 85 
 
 Chaves, Francisco C 1 89 
 
 Chaves, Manuel \V 55 
 
 Chirife, Adolfo 287 
 
 Codas, Daniel 67 
 
 Codas, Federico io3 
 
 Colman, Narciso W a i3 
 
 Crovatto, Gustavo 75 
 
 Dahlquist, Juan R 2/11 
 
 Da Rosa, Eliseo 2o5 
 
 Diivalos, Serafina 1 87 
 
 Dccoud, Hector F 3o5 
 
 Dominguez, Manuel 2qg 
 
 Duarte, Cristobal 1 5g 
 
 Duarte, Justo P 229 
 
 Duarte, INIanucI J 57 
 
 Escobar, J . Renigno ' Oi^ 
 
 Escobar, Patricio Alejandrino 253 
 
 Farina Nutiez, Elov 3i 
 
 Ferreira, Renigiio 2i5 
 
 Frcire Eslevez, Gouies 37 
 
 Gamarra, Manuel, 297 
 
 Gaona, Juan R io5 
 
 Garcia, Federico 3r) 
 
 Gasperi, Luis de 73 
 
 Godoi, Juansilvano l5 
 
 (joiburu, Honiulo 273 
 
 Gondra, Manuel i 
 
 Gonzalez, Felicidad Maria ig 
 
 Gonzalez, Teodosio 37 
 
 VI 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gonzalez Navero, Emiliano 3^9 
 
 Guggiari, Jose P 199 
 
 Guggiari, P. Bruno 45 
 
 Ibarra, Rogelio 79 
 
 Insfran, Pablo Max 89 
 
 Irala, Jose 207 
 
 Isasi, Carlos L 286 
 
 Jimenez, Eulogio 61 
 
 Lara Casiro, Ramon 2^7 
 
 Legal, Jose Tomas 83 
 
 Lopez, Venancio V 21 
 
 Lopez Dccoud, Arscnio 211 
 
 Lugo, Eusebio A 1 55 
 
 Mallorquin, Juan L 65 
 
 Mendoza, Pedro A 279 
 
 Migone, Luis E 265 
 
 Monte, J uan 33 
 
 Montero, Jose P i5i 
 
 Moreno, Fulgencio l\ i63 
 
 Nacimiento, Juan B 43 
 
 Obelar, Raimundo 1) a63 
 
 Odriosola, Ricardo 271 
 
 O'Leary, Juan E 1 13 
 
 Ortiz, Jose Antonio i ig 
 
 Paiva, Felix gS 
 
 Pefia, Atilio A 2'|3 
 
 Pena, Manuel 261 
 
 Pena, Podro 283 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 315 
 
 VI
 
 ;i6 
 
 VI 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pereira, Estanislao 287 
 
 Perez, Jose Antonio 219 
 
 Perez, Juan Francisco 179 
 
 Pinho, Enrique L i83 
 
 Ramirez, J. Isidro 807 
 
 Kainirez, Juan Vicente laS 
 
 Rebautli, Arturo 267 
 
 Rehaudi, Ovidio 187 
 
 Recalde, Emilia R. de 289 
 
 Recalde, Juan F 109 
 
 Riart, Luis Alberto 296 
 
 Riquelme, Manuel 129 
 
 Roa, Hermencgildo 171 
 
 Rodriguez Alcala, Teresa L. G. de 71 
 
 Rodriguez Santos, Carlos 119 
 
 Romero, Genaro 276 
 
 Rojas, Liberate Marcial 209 
 
 Rojas A . , Manuel 3og 
 
 Rojas, Jose Natal icio 291 
 
 Rojas, Teodoro 157 
 
 Saguier, Pedro 91 
 
 Samudio, Juan A i35 
 
 Schaerer, Eduardo iCi 
 
 Schenoni Lugo, Manli 1/41 
 
 Sisa, I\L Eliseo 289 
 
 Soler, Juan Jose 235 
 
 Sosa, Antonio i45 
 
 Sosa Escalada, Juan Manuel igS 
 
 Sosa Escalada, Marcial i3i 
 
 Stefanich, Juan 81 
 
 Usher, Mario 369 
 
 Velazquez, Eladio 261 
 
 HISPANIC NOTES
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 317 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Velazquez, Ernesto ^9 
 
 Velazquez, Hector 170 
 
 Vera, Justo Pastor 191 
 
 Zabala, Eliseo loi 
 
 Zubizarreta, Jeronimo 298 
 
 Moiqueira, Silvano 311 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 VI
 
 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 By HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD., 
 
 LONLON AND AYLESBURY.
 
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 UNIVERSITY of CAT.t^'^'^NIa 
 
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 HISPANIC SOCIETY
 
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