UC-NRLF $B 735 331 ( ■■ 'h 1 Kiii. • ■ < GEFT OF ^ I INTRODUCTORY MANUAL OF THE HINDI LANGUAGE WITH EXTRACTS FROM THE PREMSAGAR TOGETHER WITH TECHNICAL VOCABULARIES FOR Theologians and Missionaries Lawyers, Judges, Magistrates, and Police Officers The Medical Profession and Dispensers, and Interpreters BY F. P. LUIGI JOSA CANON OF ST. GEORGE'S, GUIANA AUTHOR OF "the APOSTLE OF THE INDIANS," ** ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI," ETC. LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Ltd. DRYDEN HOUSE, 43, GERRARD STREET 1907 ^* rONDON : rRI>TED BT GILBERT AND SIVINGTOJf LIMITJiD, ST. JOHW'S HOTTSF, CLTJKKEKWEI.L, K.O. • • ■ i> p V ) 133 To The Eight Keverend JOHN FRANCIS WELSH, D.D. LORD BISHOP OF TRINIDAD IN APPRECIATION OF MUCH KINDNESS TO THE AUTHOR AND HIS CHILDREN THIS LITTLE MANUAL IS DEDICATED. Christ Church, GUIAXA, 1907. M191400 PEEFACE. According to the most enliglitened philologists^ Hindi is the language spoken by more than eighty-six millions in Hindustan proper. The Hindus of the North- West Provinces emigrate in large numbers to South America (British Guiana), to the West Indies (Trinidad especially), and also to Natal and several other parts of the world. These speak mostly Hindi, and but very few of them Urdu or Hindustani. Although Hindustani has a very large element ^f Hindi, yet this is so mixed with Persian and Arabic that the common people do not under- stand it. Therefore, a knowledge of Hindi is ab- solutely necessary to be able to converse with these people, either in India or in the countries in which : they settle. Hindi is derived from Sanscrit, as Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French are derived from Latin. PREFACE. Sanscrit,* althougli a dead language, and unspoken, is preserved as the sacred language of India, just as Latin is of the Western Church. It is nearly allied to many of the European languages, ancient and modern, and may be called the elder sister of Latin and Greek. It is almost impossible to learn a language without mastering the characters in which it is written. The various attempts to transliterate this language in Roman characters are hardly satisfactory. The time may come, however, when the East Indians may adopt a Western alphabet, which would save them the necessity of learning at least two widely different scripts, viz. the Devanagari character for Hindi, and the Arabic character for Urdu. In this little popular manual an attempt is made to teach the language in such a way that, if the learner will endeavour to master what at first sight appear difficult characters, he will in a week or two be able to read easy sentences, and, in a short time, with daily practice, to read any book in the language. * This word signi^es the polished language : from ^PT {=za-vv=: cow) and "Wlf {= /actus = {ormed)j "carefully constructed," or "symmetrically formed," as opposed to HT^rf Prakrit, "the natural" or "common " language spoken by the people. PREFACE. This is a manual for beginners. When tlie student has mastered all that it contains, he may proceed to more elaborate works. The extracts from the " Premsagar '^ may seem rather too advanced for an elementary book ; but the reason for the choice is that, in some places, the Premsagar is the appointed text-book for Government examinations. A main feature of this Manual is the Vocabularies, which may prove useful to all students of the language, and especially to interpreters, theologians, the legal and medical professions, merchants, and others. F. P. L. J. CONTENTS. GRAMMAR. PA.GSS Alphabet 1 — 12 Articles 13 Nouns 13—18 Adjectives ........ 19 — 20 Pronouns 20-26 Verbs 26—37 Adverbs 37—39 Prepositions, &c 40 — 42 Interjections, &c. 42—43 Numerals, &;c. 43 — 47 Formation of Sentences 50—52 Of Time— Da3\s Months, Eray . . . .47 — 50 EXTRACTS From the Premsagar, with Translation and Notes 55—71 TECHNICAL VOCABULARIES. I. Ecclesiastical 75 II. Legal 89 III. Medical 109 INTEODUCTOEY MANUAL OF HINDI. LESSON I. The Alphabet. § 1. The Hindi cliaracters, borrowed from the San- scrit, are called Nagari or Devanagari. These words mean '^city^^ and "god + city/^ that is, (writing) of the gods, or Brahmans. The word Nagari seems to imply that the art of writing was first practised in cities. § 2. The Vowels. — These are twelve in nnmber, of which the 7th and 8th (ri, ri) are very seldom used. They have tjsco forms, initial and non-initial. Initial : ^^^^^^^^^$^^Y. Non-Initial: T f ^ ^ ^ "^ > 1* a ail w u rl rl e al o an, ^ = a, pronounced as u in furiy e.g. ^ "a servant. ^^ The learner will at once bo somewhat puzzled because in the word ^ {das) he does not notice the letter ^. The reason is that there is no B : : •: : : ;hlini)I grammar. shortened or non-initial form of this vowel, but a is inherent in every consonant not otherwise vocalized. Some pundits indeed aver that the shortened form is shown in the perpendicular stroke T which, in full or in part, is to be seen in every letter. ^TT as a in master, e.g. iTTH nam, name. ^ f i in tiny „ fxnn pita, father. t ^ i in caprice, „ ^^ nadi, river. "5 u in pull „ "^ kuchh, some. u in rule, „ ^ hun, am. '^ e ri in hrlnJc, „ ^ ritu, season. ^ t the preceding, only longer.* TT ^ a in ache, e.g. ;?oR eh, one. i in rnile, „ "^ maint I. ^t "^ in go, „ ^j^ Zo^, people. ^•>^ ow in Tioic;, „ ^"^T aur, and. Note that the short i, f, is placed before the letter after which it is pronounced. The long and short u, ^ ^, the long and the short n, ^, are placed under- neath the letters with which they are pronounced ; while e and ai are placed above the letters after which they are pronounced. The last four vowels are classed as diphthongs. ♦ This letter is seldom or never used. Probably it is kept in the alphabet for the purpose of completeness, there being a long and a short form for every vowel. Gutturals ^ h Palatals ^ ch Linguals z t Dentals K t Labials ^ V Semivowels ^ y ^ 9 X? gk T u ^ J m jh ^ u T d ^ (Jh m n ^ d V dh TT n ^ h H hh ^ m ^ I ^ V or w ^ sh TI s ? h THE ALPHABET. 3 § 3. The Consonants. — These are thirty-three in number, and are most methodically arranged as follows : — ^ lih ^ chh Z th T^ th ^ ph T r Sibilants and Aspirate ^ s These consonants are to be pronounced as follows: — ^ like the English h in king, e.g. oR^ hal, to-morrow. ^ jf J J h-h in inlc-horrij e.g. ^TiT hhet, a field. Note that every aspirated letter, for which we have to use two English letters, represents only one sound, and we have simply to intensify the non- aspirated letter. The word ink-horn is as near an illustration as we can give, but there must be no hiatus between the k and the h — indeed, we might rather divide the word thus, in-khom. The best way to learn the coirrect sounds is to hear them from a Hindu. T{ as ^ in go, e.g. aiTT Gangd, the Ganges. Ty „ g-h in log house, „ Tjnf ghds, grass. ■3?*,, n in wrangling, „ ^^ daiigd, wrangling. * See next page. 4 HINDI GRAMMAR. ^ as ch in church, e.g. ^T^y^TT chalnd, to move. H „ ch'h in watch-him, „ ^^TTT chhdpnd, to print. W „ ; in jest, „ m jd, go. '^ ^^ i + ^j ii ^J jhutdj a liar. >f*„ n in inch, ,, cir^fT hanchan, gold. T „ < in tit'for-tat, „ T^ /a/fw, a pony. 7 ,, t+h, „ ZT{ (hag, a robber. In pronouncing the f in the last two letters, turn up the tip of the tongue, and strike it towards the roof of the mouth. ^ as d, e.g. TT^nn ddlndf to cast down. 3" „ d-k-h, „ ZVpn dhdras, boldness. In pronouncing these two letters, turn the tip of the tongue, and strike it towards the upper teeth. When these letters have a dot underneath, thus, ^ 7, and are used as medials or finals, they=/* and rh ; r is pronounced like the r in the French eternel, and the aspirated letter like rh in Ehine. Be careful in pronouncing these two letters, as the pronunciation affects the meaning of the words. E.g. TTfi ghard means "water-pot,^' but I18T garhd, ''a ditch '^; Tfp^J parnd means "to fall,'' but H^in parhnd, "to read.'' Care must also be taken to properly distinguish between these Lingual letters and the Dentals. ■* lliere are no words heginning with these letters. TT as ^ in tip, e-g V „ t + h ^ „ d in do, V „ d+h, '^ }j n in nay XI „ JO in poundy Tfi „ ph in hop-house f ^ „ 6 in hoy, H „ 111 in Hoh-Jiouse, THE ALPHABET. O 5tJi something like our n in gun. It has a cerebral sound; e.g. m^XM Brahman, a Brahman, e.g. Jfhf (7^^, a song. yj\ thd, was. ^^ c?ei;, a god. v)wr dhohhd, deceit. ,, "^TTrrT 7?t77i^Z, various. in^ pdp, sin. Hi^ pAaZ, fruit. ^TrT ?;5i, word. >Tc5T bhald, good. ?T ^, m in mother, „ ir^ mahd, great. If ,, y in ?/ow, „ ^tt yug, an age. , (also as j in Jtt^.) T*must be well rolled as r in rascal, e.g. nWT r^i«, king. ^ as Z in law, e.g. ^»fT lend, to take. ^ sometimes as v and sometimes as w ; practice only can determine which^ and the two are frequently interchangeable. It is also often used for the letter ^, e.g. "^w^rw^ ■= vamvdsl or hanhdsl, a hermit.'' * When this letter is combined with another it undergoes a change of form and position ; when immediately preceding another consonant it is written as a small curve above it, thus, * ; e.g. '^T^ artli^ " interpretation." When, however, it follows another consonant it is written as a short oblique stroke beneath it, thus, ^ ; e.g. UH Prahhu, " Lord." b HINDI GRAMMAR. :^ as ss in session (or s in sure), e.g. tt^ pasu, an animal. ir f, sh in shut, e.g. ^V^ ii, various. W^^ chhdpnd, to print. "qx^ j>i/:>, sin. iTT jf7, go. Hi^y 2^^^^> fruit. «K3rT jhutdy liar. «|^ ^a6, wlien. Cs oirw«T kanchaiij gold. >T^ hhaldy good. ZTtaftu, pony. TfT mahdj great. 3T ^/iflt^, an assassin. yr 2/^^5^> ^^ ^g®- TT^nn ddlndj to cast down. THTT ^'^ja, a king. q? j9er, a tree. ;^T 7e?i«, to bring. 'S^m dhandhan, search. "^TTTT^ vanvdsi, hermit. ^^ifT barhnd, to increase, xj^ pasu, an animal. TJ^ gun, a quality. ^"^ dosh, fault. JT^ ^^^, a song. ^^ sack, true. '^rr thdj was. fT^ Aa^A^ hand. 1^^ c^ev, a deity. W% a?-^/t, interpretation. >ft?rr dhohhd, deceit. HH, Y)rahhu, ruler, lord. § 5. Above there have appeared three words, viz. T, %, 'fJTT, over each of which is a dot *. This is called anuswdr, and indicates the nasal twang so common in French. Thus the above words are pronounced as hurij main, and Gangd. There is also another sign or mark, consisting generally of two diamond-shaped dots :, or sometimes two small rings, thus 8. This is called visarga, and occurs after a vowel, which it aspirates almost imper- ceptibly — so slightly that it is frequently dropped. 8 HINDI GEAMMAR. E.g. ^:'^z=duhhh, "pain/^ but it is equally correct to drop the visarga and write •^'^ cluhh. § 6. ®, called sun or shunya. This is (1) a mark of repetition, denoting that the word or sentence should be repeated ; (2) a sign of abbreviation ; (3) in Arithmetic it represents the cipher. ^, called virdma (= ''rest'O, is placed under a con- sonant to indicate the absence of the inherent vowel ^ a. § 7. I, called chhewd, is the half-pause, equal to our comma or even semicolon. n, the double chhewd, has the power of a full stop. ?, the figure 2, when placed immediately after a word, signifies that it is to be repeated; thus, ^"^^ = do do J *Hwo each," or "in twos.'^ . When a dot appears under any letter except those above noticed (^, 7s), it generally denotes that the word is of Persian or Arabic origin, and that the letter so marked stands for a sound foreign to Hindi ; thus »! is used for z, &c. T" jna is sometimes treated as a separate letter ; it is, however, a compound of »r and H, but pronounced as gya. Thus, '^'m^gydn, '^knowledge." It is also written U. "tf lish is sometimes treated as a separate letter ; but it is really a compound of ^ and ^, and is pro- nounced as Icsh in the English word hodkf^hclf. Thus, ■^»rr= Ishamd, "forgiveness.'' It is also written TJ. CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS. V LESSON III. How to add Vowels to Consonants. § 8. From the examples given in the following section it will be seen how vowels are added to con- sonants to form syllables, and the student is recom- mended to write these out several times over for practice. The correct way of forming the letters (taking e.g. the it) is to write the perpendicular stroke first, thus I, then the body or centre of the letter, *i, and lastly the horizontal stroke, n ; but the commoner way is to write the horizontal stroke first, the body of the letter next, and finally the perpendicular. § 9. Vowels are added to consonants thus : — oFcFTfw^^f^^€'5h>^^^: ka hd ki kl ku ku ke kai ko kau kan kah ^ ^ f^ ^^ 73 ^ ^ # ^> ^1 ^ W* kha khd khi kin khu khu kite khai kho khau khan khoh and the student is recommended to go through the whole alphabet in the same manner, treating all the other letters in the same way. ^ 10. Peonunciation. — In Hindi every letter of a word must be sounded, and when there are double letters they must both be sounded distinctly. The short a or inherent vowel is not always sounded, even where the letter is not marked with virdma. 10 HINDI GEAMMAE. It is not sounded (1) between two consonants which are combined, e.g. ^;^ = dangd (not danagd) ; (2) not generally at the end of a word, e.g. ^^^=:das {not dasa); nor (3) at the end of some syllables, e.g. '^fTT = clialnd (not chcdand). But it is sounded at the end of a word when the last letter is a compound, e.g. '^^=sattiua; and also after a final it, e.g. fjni=priya, " beloved. '^ It is also pronounced in certain monosyllables, as «T na, ''no,'' "5? chhaj "six,'' ^ lea, the letter /fa, ^ Ma, the letter hha, IT ga, the letter ^a, &c. Compound Characters. ^ 10a. When two or more consonants come together without an intervening vowel they are joined in a manner very methodical and easily recognisable. Most commonly only two consonants are found in com- bination, but sometimes three, and rarely four or five. Note that usually in these compounds a portion of one (or more) of the component letters is lost, frequently the vertical or the horizontal stroke, or both, leaving only the centre or body of the letter, which is combined with the other member of the compound. Thus, if we desire to compound the two letters JT and tt, we retain the whole of the JT, but of the •? we use only the central portion, viz. #• , which we place below the distinguishing portion of the other letter, and we have Jf, pronounced gn. Take again if »T; here we add the central part ^ of the first to the whole of the second. COMPOUND CHARACTERS. 11 and thus we have ^ ; or they may be placed one under the other, ^. One more example : if we wish to com- pound the letters ^ and "ai, we retain the whole of the second letter and prefix the distinguishing portion or centre -c of the first letter, thus, ^, as in the common word ^^gfT achcJihd, "good, well." We will now give an example of ^/iree-letter com- pounds. To combine ^ TT T we take a portion of each letter, * p •, and place the three within the usual per- pendicular and horizontal strokes, thus, ^z=str, as in the word ^^ strl, "a woman.'' §11. The following examples should be read care- fully after the learner has mastered the simple letters. Two-letter Co'm]^ounds : hk M hy kr hi hv Ichy gn gy (jV gl gv gm gh glin ghy ghr nJc nhh ng chch cJichh cJiy jg jjh jv ISTtIRT^ ^ ^^ ^TP^Tcf ^ W W jr jm nj ncJih ty thy dhy nt nth nd ndh nn ny it tn tm ty tr tv thy dg dd ddh dhh dy dr dhy nt nth nd ndh tin nm ny nv nh pt 2?n py pr pi hd hdh hhy mp mph mh mhh mm mv ml 12 HINDI GKAMMAll. mil II Iv vy vv sch sv si/ slit shth shn shy sk skh st spli sy sv hn hn hm Id, Note again that the letter T when in compounds is subject to the following rules : (1) It is written over a letter or group of letters in the form of *" when it is to be sounded first, as f<& mt/r/c^, "absurd^'; (2) when it follows another letter or group of letters it is represented by an oblique stroke under the letter after which it is pronounced, as ^^ Chandra^ ''the moon^^ ; (3) when t is combined with ^ or ^ they are written ;5 ru and ^ ru. Note also that IT is doubled thus, ^. Note further that TJ is doubled by adding an oblique stroke across the centre of the letter, thus, ^. Three-letter Compounds, Compounds of three letters are very few, but when they occur they are formed on the same principle, thus, ^^ is a combination of •!, 7T,T ; e.g. *T^ "a mantra,^^ a holy text or charm; 15^ of TT, 7T, ^, e.g. TJ^ sattwa, ''being.'' Four- and even Five-letter Compounds are to be met with, but they are merely grammatical conceits, and the reader of Hindi is not likely to meet with them. We will give an example showing a compound of four letters, which is really a Sanscrit word, viz., ^T lS kdr&hnja, " blackness,'' and another showing a com- pound of five, viz., oTTTF^ Mrtsnyam, "wholeness." NOUNS.— GENDER. 13 LESSON IV. Nouns, Gender, <&c. § 12. The Aeticles '^ the'' and '^a'' (definite and in- definite) have nothing corresponding to them in Hindi. But definiteness is expressed by using the demonstrative pronouns f^^ yih, "this,'' or «r^ wuh, * that"; thus, ''the man'^ = f[T^ i?^ yih mard ; ''the thing" = ^ W^ ivuh vastu, Indefiniteness is expressed by ^oU elc "one," o|ft| Icoi, "someone" ; as ^oir i^t ^^^ mard, 'a [or one] man " ; «F^ ^ hoi stn, " some woman" ; 5^oF *n«J^ eh mdnus, or o^t^ '^T^^ hoi mdnus, ' a certain man." § 13. Nouns. — There are three kinds of nouns : 1, Proper ; 2, Common ; 3, Abstract ; as ^»JJ?ltT Hanu- mdn, the monkey-god; irf mard, "a man"; ^'^ZT^ mlfhdSf " sweetness." § 14. Gendee. — There are only two genders in Hindi, masculine and feminine ; but practice alone will enable the student to know with certainty to which gender a word belongs. Of living creatures the gender is according to nature, that is, words denoting males are masculine, as ^ZJ hetdy "a son" ; and those denoting females are femi- nine, as ^zi befzj "a daughter." Masculines, — (1) Nouns ending in'srr (t) d, and those ending in any consonant but it, are generally mascu- line ; e.g. ^rfT hhdnd/'food/^ X(j-q pdp, " sin," if^ ja/, "water." 14 HINDI GRAMMAR. (2) Abstract nouns witli the following endings are all masculine : wr^ dw, as MSN charhc'iWj ascent. FT twa 3, Hj^rci manuhhyativa, manhood. xTrf j)an J, ^TT^n haurdpan, madness. 1IT pa „ Wdim hurhdpd, old age. ^ 2/^^ j^ '^ sdtya, truth. (3) Purely Sanscrit words retain their Sanscrit gender ; but, as in Sanscrit there is a neuter, the rule to follow in Hindi is that Sanscrit masculines and neuters are masculine in Hindi. Feminines, — (1) Nouns ending in the following letters are feminine : I (^) i) as xi^^ pothl, a book. TT ta ,, mtf hdtj a word ; tTlT rat, night. ^ i „ U eh 1^1 prahds, bi'ightness. (2) Abstract nouns having the following termina- tions are feminine : l!rr| dl, as ^i\^ lardl, fighting. TTT td „ fJTTrTT mitratd, friendship. f^ ti „ TjrflR saTcti, power. "'TfT vat „ "^VAZ sukhdwat, dryness. "53 hat „ P*l«fc«!Ii^i chikndhaf, greasiness. § 15. Number. — There are two numbers, singular and plural. The nominative singular remains without alteration as a basis or root throughout the declension, and in many masculine nouns there is no difference NOUNS. — CASE. 15 between the nominative singular and nominative plural (but see § 19) ; there is, however, a difference in the oblique cases ; as li^ nom. sing., and i^f is also nom. plural ; but in the oblique cases plural it becomes t^. Feminines, however, add in the plural the syllable ^ 0) '^Vf to the nominative singular, thus, T.W , TJ^ ; but if the singular ends in | (Y) I ov "^ it they add ^ 'dn. Thus, 7ctZ% pi. xVrNlt "loaves'^ ; iSt^, pi. «ll^^3il '^tears.'^ Or, for the sake of euphony, nouns ending in ^ [Y) shorten the i and insert it before the addition, thus, T^f?^ rotiydn. Plurals are also formed by adding ^Vt ''people,^^ as >TT^ ^Vt "brethren ^^; or im "flock,'' as HTnnxrj ''the starry host''; or IR "folk/' as f^rSff^PT "little folk." § 16. Case. — There are eight cases, called the Nominative, Objective (or Accusative), Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Possessive (or Genitive), Locative, and Vocative. These are expressed by certain particles called postpositiojis, which are equal to the Latin and Greek terminations. The only case that has no post- position is the nominative — and sometimes the accusa- tive — singular and plural. The Vocative particle is prepositive. The postpositions are the same for the singular and plural. Thus : — Nominative has no distinguishing sign. Objective (or Accusative) takes oR> to. Instrumental (or Agent) „ ^ by. 16 HINDI GRAMMAR. Dative takes o|?V to. Ablative „ ^ from. Possessive (Genitive) „ WT, ^, ^^ of. Locative ,, Sin, tj^ on, if ^ up to. Vocative „ ^ 0. § 17. The Possessive or Genitive has three termina- tions, and their use is determined as follows. (1) The terminations are governed by the word which follows, not by that which precedes them. (2) When the governing noun is masculine, in the nominative singular, oFT Tict is used ; e.g. "a man^s house,^^ i.e. "the house of a man'' = ^ aTT ttt mard^^ gliar {'^ is nominative). "i he is used before all other cases of the masculine singular or plural, thus, ^ in the house of the man,^^ or '^in the man's house,'' =^1^ «F ^S mard ke gliar men (irt in the locative). oF^ lil precedes all feminines, singular or plural, thus, »?f oF^ ^"^^ mard ki ghort, "the man's mare" ; ^^flfil' oR^ folTfTT^ larkon ki kitdheHf " children's books." LESSON V. Declension. § 18. There is but one scheme for declining nouns, the postpositions being the same for all. One example will show at a glance this general scheme of declension. NOUNS. — CASE. 17 ^(^ jal, "water." The singular is ^T^, and for the plural we add ^ (in the oblique cases). It will bo noticed that »TqJ remains unchanged throughout the singular, and the oblique cases in the plural all end in ^, with the exception of the Vocative, which drops the anuswdr \ Singular. Norn. 'I^ water. Ace. '^^ ^> water. Inst. ^r^ ^ by water. Dat. ITc^ ^> to water. Abl. ^T^ i from water. Gen. ^t of water. Loc. ^^ ^, ^T, TT^ in, on, up to water. Voc. i^T^ water. Plural Nom. ^T^y waters. Ace. IT^t ^> waters. Instr. ^(^f ^ by waters. Dat. i^f -sRi to waters. Abl. "s^^ i from waters. Gen. iT^ '^, W; , ^^ of waters. Loc. »r^^ ^, tpc. TT^ in, on, up to waters Voc. ^^ waters. § 19. From this general scheme there are some modifications, and the following four classes are here specified. 18 HINDI GRAMMAR. (1) Masculine nouns ending in long a (^T, t) change this letter into e in the oblique cases of the singular and the nom. of the plural (sometimes, however, the accusative singular remains unchanged) ; and in the remaining cases of the plural the final vowel of the nom. sing, is dropped altogether before the termination on. E.g., nom. sing, (and ace. sometimes) , ^JoRT larhd ; oblique cases sing, and the nom. pi., ^?c|r larl:e ; the remaining cases of the pi., ^pfiY larlcon. Eemember that the Voc. rejects the aniiswdr (*)• (2) Feminine nouns are declined like *r^, but add en to the nominative plural when they end in con- sonants or T dj or in diphthongs. E.g. xjKrdtf ''night,^' nom. pi. tT?f rdten-, JTHTT rndtd, ^'mother,^' nom. pi. ^Tl{Vi mdtd,en ; TTT^ft gdp, '^cow,^' nom. pi. im^ gd,en, (3) Feminines ending in | 0) I, or "Si ( ) u, however, form the nominative plural by adding ^ (t) dn. E.g. jfjiT huddhi, *^ understanding/' nom. pi. jfiT'Tt huddhi- ydn ; ^^ dnsu, * tear,'' nom. pi. ^lf|>S(l dnsu^dn, § 20. (4) There are various Exceptions to the general rules. Euphony is a tyrant for the sake of which the Hindu sacrifices much : e.g. V^t dliu,dn, ''smoke," has in the plural, Vi* dhu,en ; \ff hhaiin, " eyebrow," pi. >fi"^ hhauwen. The ? is inserted solely for the sake of euphony. The letter ^ also serves the same pur- pose, thus, W(^^ mdll, ''gardener," obL pi. ^Tlf^ifY mdliyon. For the sake of euphony also words ending in long f (^) * or ^ ( ) w shorten these vowels, as shown above, in mdliyon, dnsu^dn. ADJECTIVES. 19 LESSON VI. Adjectives. [Note. — Henceforth we shall not transliterate the NagarT characters.] § 21. (1) Adjectives generally precede their sub- stantives. Thus, we say "qf^"^ fl j% *' a holy man.'' (2) Those which end in any letter except WT or ^ are uninflected, as in English. (3) But if they end in 'STT (t), or sometimes short a, these vowels are changed into ^ when agreeing with masculine nouns in the oblique cases of the sing, and in all the cases of the plural. Thus, "^P.^ xjjw tr " on a bigh mountain " ; ^Rj ^^ '' good children.'' When tbese adjectives agree with a feminine noun the a (or a) is changed to f ffl throughout. Thus, iftT't ^-^-^t '' a fair girl " ; ^^"^ Tw't '' a long string." (4) [Read again Lesson IV., § 17.] All nouns and pronouns in the Gen. case may be considered as adjectival, and are treated as adjectives, the Gen. affix being inflected in accordance with the rules given above and in § 17. (5) Adjectives may be formed by adding the word HT or HZ:T *' full," to nouns. Thus, f^fTHT '' all day " ; ^^^>TT " a sound body." § 22. Comparison op Adjectives. (1) The Gomparative is formed by means of the ablative ; i.e., that with which the comparison is made 20 HINDI GRAMMAR. is put in the ablative case. If we wish to state that "this house is higher than that house/' we must say, "this house hy (i.e. standing by it for the sake of com- parison) that house is high/' ^r^ xj^ "5^ ttt; ^ ^^ f I (2) Comparison may also be made by using the word ^^ "more''; thus, tt^ ^IC ^1"^ ^^ f '"this house is more high.'' The Superlative. — (1) This also is formed by the same use of the ablative with the addition of the word wsf. If we wish to express "this is the highest house," we must say, "this house by (when compared with) all houses is high," thus, 1T^ ij^ ^R Xf^Y ^ "^^ ^ ; or we may omit the word ^tf. (2) A kind of superlative may be made by repetition of the adjective — the first being put in the ablative ; thus, ^Tai i ^^T *t| "the best man" ; ^^ i JT^ ^"^ "the worst woman." (3) Sometimes the adjective is simply repeated, as, "^r^J ^^[T ''excellent." LESSON VII. Pronouns. § 23. Of Pronouns there are six kinds, viz. : — 1. Personal. 2. Demonstrative. 3. Possessive. 4. Relative. 5. Interrogative. PRONOUNS. 1. Personal Pronouns are inflected tlius : First Ferson. Sing. Nora. ^ I. Ace. n^y 5«fil^ me. Instr. ^^^ by me. Dat. 2*R, 5)^^ to me. Abl. gsfri from me. Gen. ^n, ^T, ^c^ of me, mine. Loc. ^m.^ on me. Plur. Nom. -^ we. Ace. ^H, ^^>, ^t-^R^ us. Instr. ^ ^, ?»ft ^ by us. Dat. 1^, ^lT"5fi>, ^IT?^ to us. Abl. 1^ ^, ^Y H from us. Gen. ^mCl, ^HK, ^ifK't of us, ours. Loc. Second Person. on us. Sing. Nom. IT thou. Ace. 3«fc, 5«K^> thee. Instr. \^ by thee. Dat. 3^, g*BL^ to thee. Abl. 3*Bl9 from thee. Gen. CRT, HT, cTK^ of tbee. Loc. 5^^ on thee. Voc. thou. 21 22 HINDI GRAMMAR. Plur. Nom. WR you. Ace. 3*%, J'TcF^, Jpe^li ^"^ you. Instr. HJT «T, J'R^T^ *T by you. Dat. 5^, J'' "51?^; 3^Y«r\ to you. Abl. TT5? ^, TTJ^ ^ from vou. Gen. 3*^^, 3*f TT, 3?^i^^ of you. Loc. WH »T, 5»5t ^ on you. For the Third Person the Demonstratives are used. It will be noticed from the above that these pro- nouns are inflected. The postpositions are the same as with nouns ; but the genitive, instead of taking ■3FT, "^Sf, ^^, ends in tT, X, Ti^ in both numbers and in both pronouns. A plural of these pronouns is frequently formed by adding the word ^n ; thus, "^^Vr '^we/' JJI^y^ *^you" ; and in the oblique cases ^^l is inflected, thus, ^11^'^n! W> "to us." §24. 2. 2)e?no?is<»'(i^ive Pronouns (used also as Third Personal) : (a) Sing. Nom. '^, f^^ (i(?) this, he. Ace. ^, Tn^, ^, ^^> this, him. Instr. ^ ^ by this. Dat. ^J, «r^, ^, ^ ^ to this. Abl. 1^ $ from this. Gen. ^ «FT, ^, ^'t of this. Loc. ^^ ^ on this. PRONOUNS. r i Plur. Norn. ^ thesej they. Ace. r^t, ^ '^J ^^ ^ these, them. Instr. !^^ ^, ^^ ^ by these. Dat. ^, ^ ^, ^^*T ^> to these. Abl. ^ i, ?.^"f i from these. Gen. ^^ ^T, ■ ^, -SR^ ^^ W{ of these. Loo. ^^ ?, ^"t ^ on these. (b) Sing. Norn. 3^. ^^ that, he. Ace. ^^•sh, that, him. Instr. ^H ^ by that. Dat. T^ "5R>, "5H to that. Abl. ^T? ^ from that. Gen. "3^ "5FT, 9,^^ of that. Loc. ^^ S on that. Plur. Nom. ^ those, they. Ace. "5R ^>, ^^> "^^ ^« those, them, Instr. ^^ ^ by those. Dat. g^ sh, "^^ "57^ "srr to those. Abl. "^ ^ from those. Gen. "3^ "SRT, ^, ^^ of those. Loc. ^^^ on those. 23 ^* 25. 3. Possessives. (a) The Gen. sing, and j^^ur. of the Personal and Demonstrative pronouns are used as Possessives, as follows. 24 HINDI GRAMMAR. Singular. Plural. »fTT mine, "i^HRl ours. IRJ thine, 3»fKT yours. ^ "3|iT of this, his, ^ aFT of these, theirs. 3^ oFT of that, his, "3^ oft of those, theirs. (h) The other possessive is '^rr^, which can be used instead of any of the above, but more frequently when it is desired to express respect. It undergoes no inflection — simply the postpositions are added, thus, W^ «F^, ^m "q", &c. A plural is formed by adding c5Vt, thus, ^Tq^'^T, &c. § 26. wm is also used as a reflexive pronoun, in the singular only : Norn. ^m self. Ace. ^m ^>, WR ^ self. Instr. ^m ^ by self. Dat. ^m ^"t, ysTi^ oA to self. Abl. ^^ i from self, Gen. ^'RT, -^, -"Hi of self. Loc. ^m ^, ^ixj^ S on self. § 27. There is a plural met with in the genitive and locative cases only, thus : ^JT^ftT w\ ^rrn '^T^:^ ^ ^^^ '^ "We (people) also formerly were enemies among ourselves.'' ^^ ^^ ^mTf ^ ^fz ^ "Having taken this, divide it among yourselves.'' § 28. 4. The Belative is »ft, and its Correlative is ^. These are declined on the same principle as '^J. PRONOUNS. 25 Singular. Nom. "jft who. Gen. f^ «FT whose. &c. Nom. '^jfr that same. Gen. fire oFT of that same. &c. Plural. Wt who. fiPT «irr, f»Pft WT whose. &c. ^ those same. frT^ ^T, flT^ ^T of those same, &c. § 29. 5. Interrogatives. For animate things, «F^tT ; and '^TT for inanimate things. «5tiT is declined like iT^. Singular. Nom. "Sfit^ who ? Gen. foTO oBT whose ? &c. Plural, ciJ^ who ? f^U^, f^F^ ^FT whose ? Note that this inter- rogative serves for both the singular and plural. TH is declined thus : Nom. ^RT what ? Ace. wn what ? Instr. oFTf ^ by what ? Dat. oFT^ oR> to what ? Abl. oFT^ i from what ? Gen. "SFli ^T, ^, -wi of what ? Loc. oF7"f ^ on what ? (a) Note that in Hindi very frequently in asking a question the sentence begins with the word ^T, which is simply equal to our note of interrogation (?) at the end of a question. Thus, ^T f^'^ S^^RT HT^ f " Is this your brother ? " 26 HINDI GRAMMAK. ib) ^T may also be used as a note of exclamation. E.g. ^T ^^ ^>t: "What a thief!'-' fVj^ ^T ifTrf t '^What an affair this is ! '' (c) mj repeated is used distributively ; as ^ ^T ^TT 5?TT| "^ ''What (in particular) has each one of these brought ? " Note ^= " several/' but ^ = "how many ? " § 30. 6. Indefinite Pronouns. These are two in number : (1) Norn. oF^I someone. Ace. iw^'i oF^ „ The other cases are declined as usual. There is no plural. c^ when repeated has the sense of "a few/' thus, i|f^ ^F^ oF^W *^ ''some say/' (2) ^ "some/' is used in any case, singular or plural, and may be said to be indeclinable. LESSON VIII. The Verb. § 31. Verbs are Transitive, Intransitive, and Passive. Each verb has three principal parts, and from these all the tenses are formed. THE VERB. 27 The infinitive of every verb ends in ffT, tbe form whicli is found in the dictionary. By removing the termination *TT we get the root of the verb, which form is the same as the 2nd pers. sing, of the imperative. Note that the root is generally also a noun. Add TTT to the root, and we have the present parti- ciple. Drop the TT (or, if preferred, add T to the root), and we have the past participle. Thus, the word ''^^'f^J is the infinitive, which signifies ' to go'' ; ^^ is the root ; ^^ITT the present participle, and ^^T the past participle. From these parts all the tenses are formed. § 32. The following diagrams will be helpful to the student. Retrospective Conditional. ^V^^ — Present. Imperfect. Prospective Conditional Imperative. [or Aorist. Future. Past. Perfect. 'Pluperfect. The application of this scheme is shown as follows. ilooT 28 HINDI GRAMMAR. E.g. Togo go going gone. ^ '^ITT I would go. ^ — "^ ^f^m i'lrt) ?^ I am going. ^ ^^IfT ^, ^^ I was going. ^A^ ^^ I may go. s^— ^[^ go thou. N"§f ^^TT I shall go. •tf '^^T 1 went. ^— ^ '^^T (^) ^ I have gone. \*f ^^T ^T, ^^ I had gone. § 33. The Noun of Agency is formed by changing the infinitive "Jfr into •? and adding Wl^ or ^TT or ^TT ; thus, ^c^^T^T or ^cJ^^TT or '^^^TTT " walker.'' § 34. In the above diagram it will be seen that, in forming certain tenses, use is made of two words, 1^ and "m W). These are from two auxiliary tenses, which should be learnt by heart. They are conjugated thus : Present, Sing. "^ ^ I am. Plur. fi? ^ we are. 7T ^ thou art. HIT ^ you are. Ti^ or ^ f he is. "^ ^ they are. •^ and ^ are also used in place of ^ in the plural. THE VERB. 29 Im'perfect. Sing. If xjT (^^) I was. Plur. ^ "^ i^^f) we were. fJ^^T J, thou wast. IS^ "^ jy yo^ were. ^ "^ „ he was. ^ ^ „ they were. ■ Note that in the second auxiliary ^T must change like an adjective (§ 21 (3), cf. § 17), and must agree with its nominative in gender as well as in number. This applies also to all past participles. LESSON IX. The Verb {continued). § 35. The Hindi verb is extremely regular ; and we shall now give a Paradigm of an Intransitive Verb, as an example how all such are to be conjugated. 1. Tenses derived from the Root. (a) Prospective Conditional, or Aorist. "% ^^ I go, or may go. "^^ ^$ we go, &c. H ^^ thou goest, &c. g^ ^^ you go, &c. 2^ 'g^ he goes, &c. ^ ^ they go, &c. (h) Future. This is formed by adding to the termi- nations of the Aorist, in the sing. JTT (of course, iT^ if it bo feminine), and J\ or ifi in the plural. ^ ^^TT, -Tft ^ I shall "5^ ^^^^ -1^* ) we shall ?r^^m, -»f> \ or will JH ^r^»T, -Tt(i\ or will p "^m, -n\) go, &c. ^ ^ij, -ni ) go, &c. 30 HINDI GRAMMAK. There is a kind of respectful future — used to superiors : ^foS^PTT or ^q ^%qnT '^Will your honour be pleased to go/' (c) Imperative. With the exception of the 2nd pers. sing. (iT "^ or ^^y "go thou'O^ this tense is con- jugated like the Prospective Conditional. There is also a kind of respectful imperative : ^%^ or ^f^s^ft "Your honour be pleased to go.**' § 36. 2. Tenses derived from the Present Participle. (a) Retrospective Conditional. — "I would go/' &c. H^'^ITT, 'lit JH ^sr^lT, -id (b) Present. This is conjugated exactly like the above with the addition of the auxiliary j ; thus, ^ ^^WT (-TTt) ? "I go, or am going.'' (c) Imperfect. This is also declined as above, but with the addition of the auxiliary ^T ; thus, "h ^f^lTT xrr or ^Conr^ ^% "1 was going." § 37. 3. Tenses derived from the Past Participle. (a) Past "I went," &c. 1| -^T or ^^^ ^ ^ or ^^T {h) Perfect. This is conjugated like the Past, with the addition of the auxiliary ^ ; thus, '^ ^^T (-^) 1? "I have gone." THE VERB. 31 (c) Pluperfect. This is also conjugated as above, but with the addition of the auxiliary ^T ; thus, '^ ^^T ^T or 's^'t ^"t ''I had gone/' § 38. For all practical purposes the above tenses are sufficient to enable the student to understand and to make himself understood ; but there are other tenses which are of great use. Two of these are formed from the present participle, and two others from the past participle. Present Participle Past Participle "'< This diagram may be here exemplified as follows. 32 E.g. '^HT HINDI GRAMMAK. ^^-^l ^t ot %^ ^?rr ^>^ il^Tjj %?r? 02- ^ ^^ ^ V^T '^^ <^\ ^*^t &c. ^r ^^gbrr c^( § 39. It will be noticed that these four additional tenses are formed by the help of another verb; the verb is ^^ttfT, and the tenses used are the prospective conditional or aorist and the future, ^"^tn is the most extensively used verb in the language, and is con- jugated just like ^[^•IT. It has, however, several euphonic variations, and its past part, is irregular. Infinitive ^tfT '^to be.'' Root ^'^; Present Parti- ciple ^nn ; Past Participle is not ^^ but ^T. THE VERB. 33 As the conditional and future of this verb are frequently used we shall give them m extenso. Note the euphonic variations ; but the forms most generally heard are the shortest and simplest. Conditional. — "I may be/^ &c. ^ ^> or ^>^ ^ l^t or ^, ftiT, ^>^ K f^ or ^li?, ^^ ^m ^ 1^ or ^^"^ '^^ }y ,} >, ^ f? or ^>?, ^, ^>if Future. — "I shall be,^' &c. Sing. "^ fT\j or ^t^TTT, l^tm or -jft IT ^*^ or ^"^^nr, ^^t'TiT, ii^m or -n^ Plur. ^if ^"tit or i^n, in^n, t^^fn WH 15>JT or ^I^Vt ^ fTn or ^t^iT, ^Vm, -^X^Ji The irregular past participle is used quite regularly in the conjugation ; thus, Vast. — ''1 was, or became/' &c. Sing. % ?^T Plur. JH ?^ As irregular past participles have been mentioned,, this is the proper place to state that there are siix ^4 HINDI GRAMMAR. other verbs which form the past participle somewhat irregularly, and these are, for the most part, the commonest verbs in the language. They are : — Past Participle. ^T^T to do. f^P^, Wi done. ^T to give. f^T, ?[^ given. ^^T to take. %^T, ^^ taken. ifPTT to go. JRT, Jit gone. ^TtRT to determine. Jmr, 3t|, determined. ^T";TT to die. (sometimes) ^^T, ^1 dead. LESSON X. The Verb (continued). § 40. .Transitive Verbs are conjugated just like in- transitive verbs, except in the tenses derived from the past participle (§ 32) ; in these, instead of the nominative the instrumental case is always employed. Thus, we do not use If, TT, 5^, ■^, gi?, and ^, but "W ^, TT^, "^H "ki ^'T ^, JH ^, 7^ ^, that is, '"by me/' ''bythee,'^ "by hinV'by us,'' ''by you,'' "by them." In this way, "I have beaten the horse" becomes "the horse has been beaten by me." THE VERB. 35 E.g. ^'l have beaten the mule/' &c. *f ^ *ipsx oF> jm:T I ^ ^ fHTT ^> inn t •1^, T jf )f 3"^ •? j> ft Note, however, that in such constructions, where ojTt is used with the object, the verb is not made to agree with either the subject or object, but remains in the form of the 3rd pers. sing. masc. E.g. "5?t tt ift?^ oR^ ^TT^ % ''he has beaten the mare.'^ But, when the object is not defined by oFt, the transitive verb, in these tenses formed with the past participle, must agree in gender and number with its object, not with the subject. Thus, T^ •! ^ ^^ ^^ ''he saw two dogs'' ; H tf ir^fT ^"^i^ffxrt ^^^* "thou sawest three foxes" ; again, »?t ^T "^Tt^^ TTT^ % ' the man has beaten the mare"; wi "T "'T^'T ^^ TTT ^ "the woman had beaten her sons.^' § 41. Passive Verbs. — In consequence of the peculiar use of the instrumental case in the past tenses of transitive verbs, there is no great need of the Passive Voice. It is, however, formed by using, along with the past participle of a verb, the tenses of the verb •rnfTT "to go,'^ whose past participle, as noted above, is irregular — viz. inTT. Thus, to convert ^'^ffT "to see " into the passive "to be seen/' we say ^i^j 9fi«TT. Both the participle and WT^ must agree with the subject. * For the meaniDs^ of the dot under l^ see § 7. 3G HINDI GRAMMAR. Prospective Conditional, "Sf ^(Wt Wr^ I should be seen. ff ^^ *n^ thou shouldst be seen. 5? ^W[ in^ he should be seen. 7^ ^ WTJ? we should be seen. g«T ^^ ^rra^ you should be seen. ^ ^ »n$ they should be seen. There is no necessity for any further examples, as the conjugation is merely that of ifT'Tr. I 42. ^^IRT ''to be able/' and ^in ''to have done," are two useful verbs, which, used with the root only of any other verb, form a sort of compound verb. Both are conjugated in the ordinary way, being pre- ceded by the root of the verb they govern. Thus, to be able to speak ^"^ wwm ,j 3, read xre" ^oir*rr ), ;, write f^^ ^«F5n y> ,, give $ ^ir^RT I have finished eating *f ^ ^cirr ^ thou hast finished walking H trt »n ^ofTT ^ (lit,, feet goiDg). § 43. There are many other verb combinations, formed by adding certain verbs to the root of others ; but for these the student who desires to make a thorough study of the language is referred to a fuller Grammar. We must, however, say a word as to Catisal and Nominal Verbs. ADVERBS. 37 (1) Causals. Any verb may be made causal or doubly causal by the addition of ^T (t) or Wl to the root. Many of these verbs must be translated in English by a different word. Thus, ^'RT ^'to hear/' ^T^T ^^to telP' (=to cause to hear), g^T^T^T ^^to cause to tell '^ ; ^^T "to read/' i^'dMT '* to teach'' (= to cause to read), tr^f^T^T "to cause to instruct." (2) Nominal Verbs. Any number of verbs may be formed by using a substantive or adjective together with (chiefly) the verb ^T^ ''to do" ; thus, >ftiTrf «FT«n (to do a meal=) to feed. ^ftoli „ (to do a sorrow =) to be grieved. ^nr ,, to marry. mx ^T^T to be beaten. ^TVT^ ^T to be bound. LESSON XI. Adverbs, Prepositions, &c. § 44. Most adjectives may be used adverbially ; e.g. Tl^ Qjf^T W^J "^Kl i ''this lad speaks well." The following quintuple series of adverbs derived from pronouns, and called by Dr. Gilchiist a " philological harp," is given here with some slight variations. Note that the last three of the series are also adjectives. 38 HINDI GRAMMAR. ft 1 > Place. Manner. Likeness. Quantity. Number or Quantity. © 1 "3 El © © II who, which 1^ It © fi © ex s "Hill n Iff 51 il If li II ll II I el © n ^ ^ © a ^< ^ % % fl K- °3 S^ fc-2 l»'-2 ADVERBS. 39 . § 45. By adding "^^ to any of the foregoing they are rendered more emphatic ; thus, ^H^= '^just now.'' Those, however, whicli end in ?t change this ending into '^ ; thus, TTirt ^^here,^' becomes ^ir^* ''right here'' as the Americans would say — "just here." Certain of the above adverbs are used together idiomatically ; thus, »T?t TT^t "here and there," W^ WH "somehow or other." By inserting the sign of the genitive oFT between two adverbs, they are intensified ; thus, inrt Wl rT?t "in the same place." By adding the sign of the ablative ^ we obtain certain modifications ; thus, ^R ^ "henceforth, from now," ^>it: i ''from this direction." rfcF and TT^^ may similarly be used ^vith these adverbs; as, for instance, ^?t w^ "thus f ;r," w^ W^^ "till then." § 46. Some Adverbs of Time are very peculiar; thus, '^TST "to-day," is quite regular, but oFqJ may mean "yesterday" or "to-morrow," and the sense only of the conversation or sentence can determine the exact meaning. ^3TT5f ^ f^^ = "to-day"; ^11{ ^"^ TTW "to-night"; ^T»r oj?^ "now-a-days." From TTTT "night," "^V^ TTW "midnight," TTW HT "all night long," TTrT f?f^ "night and day," ^f^ TTTT or TR^ "late at night" or "in the dead of night." ^nff may mean "tvo days ago" or "two days hence." in:^ „ "three days ago" ,, "three days hence." i|T^ „ "four days ago" „ "four days hence." 40 HINDI GKAMMAR. § 47. The following alphabetical list of indeclinables, including Prkpositions, &c., may prove useful. About, f^^^ behind, n^ above, ^nn:, (in addition below, tf'h^, F^ to) ^fvgF according to, ^^lf!C across, Ttnx: after, ^^TifT, ^T^, U^ afterward, ^WRffT again, f^ against, f^^, fw^r:^ almost, cnr H^ along, ^ along with, WT^^ ^HT also, ^, "^K although, ^ITn:f^ always. "^^ among, ^^'«r and, ^sftr around, wm t^W as far as, XR^ as well as, ^T 'RT at, riW, *f at once, ^flfcT^*, ^Jefc^icft because, ^ifoF before, "^m, "^rf^ beneath, ir^ between, ^1"^, ^^^*r beyond, ^n, ^T, ^ but, ^oF^, tit^ by, H, ^, in: by means of, ITTTT by reason of, ^^ close to, f^iT, 5^1 HT concerning, f^if constantly, ff^ down, *rt^, w^ equal to, W\r^ even, H^ except, ftnrr, ^g(y?w exceedingly, ftf^iUrt, ^w for, ^ofr?r from, ^, ^^R how, WRT however, ^f^su^r how often, ^ ^ how many, ftdifH howsoever, ^^^ ?^ PKEPOSITIONS, &C. 41 if, ift, ^TTTT immediately, WTnT in, ^, H^hR in addition to, "^fveip inasmuch, fsR^ %T| f«F in consequence, mx in front, ^T ^ in the middle of, »Tifl, ^^^ in order that, wif^ inside, H^TH: instead, ?r^^ lest, ^T ^ ^"V f% like, m likewise, H^ little (a), f^ many, ^^ more, ^t: moreover, ^"^ much, ^IT near, f^iT, tt^^^of never, oFH^ ^^^* nevertheless, w^f"^ no, ir^, ^T, ^, 'TrT nothing, ^"S^ ^TT^ now, ^^ now and then, ifW W^ of course, ^ftT^TT {=what else ?) on, -qn, ^mn on account of, ^^'T, TTW once, ^oF Wt on the contrary, ^f^ opposite, ^rrf"^, ^^ ^^^ or, HT, ^"53^ or else, ^^niTT otherwise, rf"^' ift out, frfT, ^T^ outside, ^rr^TT over, m, "3itrc over and above, "35^^: ^ W over against, mM^ peradventure 1 ^ perhaps J quickly, JT'tf, »T^^ rather, ^f^, ^^ repeatedly, ^Tt ^Tt respecting, f^:^^ since, ii^ f5F, isft so, vide § 44. sometime or other, WH^ "Jf sometimes. 5jsr TW, >l^ f it* 42 HINDI GRAMMAR. still, ^^^, ^T^ ^STl through, tTT, ^, >T^ to, THif to and fro, T*l^ "T>n: towards, fg^T then, "fft, TT^ thence, ^^ ^ therefore, 5R^, fim ^ till, inF till now, W^ W«F, ITT ^T^ together, TiffK together with, iT^, ^T^^ ^T^ to wit, XTTtT under, 7f^, Tf^ up, ^iTT up to, TToF up, up ! '^ ITS with, wr?iT within, Wiwi, ^^^ S without, Tf?'iT where, vide § 44. whereas, ^f«5? whereat, fTT^xn;, f iT?T "q^ wherefore, WNit wherever, iT?t . . . W^t why, mj yet, ^f^FT^, xn:?5 ^TXT ^TH §48. Ah! Alas! Bravo ! ifTf »T^ Lo ! ^> Fie ! ^ ^^ Hurrah J m^ 'W^ O ! (when pleased) Interjections. Father ! (astonished). Pah ! Ti -q Shame ! fvcF Shut up ! Hush ! ^ 1 say ! (in calling atten- tion) ^, ^ O ! when displeased) ^n, Well done ! ^TWT^ ^ in the marc, T^ in Get away ! 7,x, ^x i\ the fern. How fine ! ?iTT HINDI GRAMMAR. 43 § 49. Salutations. How do you do ? 5JT ^'ffT Wf ^sfRW "?T ? t^ ^> ? All East Indians salute Europeans with ??^"nT, "peace. ^^ When an East Indian salutes a Brahman, he says •fJH^TT, ''niy reverence^' ; a boy to his tutor says ^n^^^^ '^')t your service,^^ '^your slave. ^^ When East Indians meet one another they invoke the names of their deities : TTf T.m ^^Ram ! Ram!^^ an appellation of three incarnations of Vishnu, the most popular c.f their deities ; xm n^T 'l?!*^^^ another name for Shiva, the third person of the Hindu Triad ; HT Tf^ ^^UTOi?. § 50. It may be noticed also that every Hindu book is dedicated to some deity, as e.g. ^^^^iTW^T^ •T'?:, *' Salutation to the n.ost illustrious (or holy) Ganesha ! '' ^^ HT^^TT "^m '' Holy Bhagavat be revered ! '' LESSON XII. Numerals, &c. § 51. The numerals, as far ns the cardinal numbers are concerned, are not so regular as in European languages, where, when we have learned the first ten or twenty the remainder are easily made up. In Hindi we must learn the first hundred. The figures, however, are used in the same way as ours. They are :~^ ^^iM^Sfc 77?rrc5^, "sr^t^W 15 <^M 1^5^ 40 io ^T^^ 16 <\^ ^^ 41 g^ ^mcJ'hT 17 s* ?r^ 42 «? ^^T^'hr, ^t^J^ 18 «^b ^r3TT? 43 d^ Ifin^'hT, Tnn^'Nr 19 ^^ ITH^, ^W^ 44 ^a ^tt^fT^^ 20 ?o w^ 45 gM TnTTc^^ 21 ^<\ ^^H ^^ifNf 46 d^ f^PHcy'Nr, ^t^^ 22 ^^ ^^ 47 i9 IfwT^^ 23 s^^ 7r$^ 48 «b ^TWT^'t^r, tott- 24 ?i ^"^^^ c>j^ 25 ^M ^^'N 49 « 1905 <^) . ii 57. Names op thk Month. As grammarians and others enumerate the months differently, we shall adopt the European method, and begin with : — January — February February — March March — April April — May May — June June — July July — August August — September September — October October — November November — December December — January xfimTf or m^^ ^m or ^^im ^rfff^ or ^rrf|«ir § 58. Eras. The great Prince Vikramaditya, who reigned over TJjjain, was the founder of an era still in use. It commenced in the year 56~57 before Christ. It is called the TR^rT. The Christian era is also commonly used ; as, ^fHT <^ vg^ ^i^oF 7T^ TT^ f^^T ^ "jf ^^ "^rf^ fo|« oF%j7r^ 2«R^ w^^m Tf^zj %TTT I 2^ »i^mm^ jf oFTT ^^ » wr*r >rT »nT ^'t certain day(s) ha\dng passed the Raja again ^cF^TTHT ^^TTofi^ TR Wtr: ^^ff '^ff once hunting went, and going going [= as he went along] a great thirst befell. Of the head in the [golden] crown the Black Age was residing. He his own opportunity having found, the king without knowledge made. TheEaja, of thirst in consequence, there comes (that) where EXTRACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 57 Samik Rishi sat, eyes shut, of Hari [=Mahadev] iflT^ ^m^ lf^ ^t t^ "§ i ^ [on] meditation intent penance doing was engaged. Him on seeing, Parikshit in his mind [to himself] to say began, f cF - TT^ ^^^ rf"q^ ipfTR 5^ (that) " This [man], own of penance from pride, me having seen, eyes closed keeps/' Such wickedness intent, ^^ 5^T ^s\^ *ft ^ tj|T '^r €^ a dead snake which there had fallen, the same >?gi^^ ^ZJTf ^fq^ n^ with a bow having raised the Rishi's on the neck having thrown, own house came. Crown having taken off, toEaja knowledge returned; then, reflecting, began to say, (that) " In gold Black Age's abode is ; this my head on was. Therefore to me such a wicked ace befell as a dead snake taking Rishi's on the neck threw ; so I ^^ ^nrW fw -grf^jn^ 5«R^ ^q^T T^7T now understand that Black Age upon me his revenge 5B HI^'DI MANUAL. has taken. This from great sin I how shall be delivered? Kather, wealth, caste, wives and kingdom, all to-day my why not gone ? ITot I know which in birth this wickedness shall depart, which I a Brahman have persecuted.'^ § 71. A Free Translation of the above. After certain days, the Eaja went once again to hunt ; and as he proceeded a great thirst came upon him. The '^ Black Age/'^^^ in fact, was residing in the [golden] crown on his head ; he having found his opportunity, deprived the king of understanding. The Raja, in consequence of thirst, came to where Samik Rishi sat, with his eyes shut, intent on meditating on Mahadev,^^^ and engaged in doing penance. When Parikshit saw him, he began to say within himself, ^^This man from pride of his penance, having seen me, is keeping his eyes shut.^^ Intent on such a wicked thought, he raised with his bow a dead snake which had fallen there, and flung it on the saint's neck, and went to his house. At the moment that the Raja took off his crown, understanding returned to him ; then, having reflected, he began to say, ^'^The Black EXTRACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 59 Age has his dwelling in gold. It was on my head, and therefore I committed such a deed as taking a dead snake and throwing it on the neck of a Rishi. I am now aware that Black Age has revenged himself on me. How shall I atone for this great sin ? Why have I not this day rather lost wealth, caste, wives, kingdom, and all things ? I know not in what birtm^ this evil deed shall be removed — that I have perse- cuted a Brahman/^ § 72. (1) The Blach Age. The Hindus reckon four great ages, corresponding to the Golden, Silver, Brasen, and Iron ages of the Classics. The Black Age is the present; and the worst of all ages. (2) ^T^R HIT = to sit in the peculiar mode adopted "by Hindu ascetics ; wm^ is the seat. We would say "squatting."'' (3) Mahadev, an epithet of Shiv, the third person — the destroyer — in the Hindu Trimurti, or Trinity. (4) This refers to the doctrine of transmigration of souls by a series of birth. LESSON XYI. § 73. In this lesson it is proposed to give the translation of a word or phrase here and there, leaving out the simpler words or phrases, which should be known. A few notes are added. 60 HINDI MANUAL. wealth, caste, family illusion forsaking," free from attachment penance to practise [proper name] banks went [and] sat alas ! alas 1 doing [= crying] grieving grieving [= grieved much] without weeping did not remain [= ceased not weeping]. news sages [proper name] Shringi's [name of a person] curse for the purpose of dying [3 words] on the banks of the Ganges came [and] sat lT?r ^^ ^ftll? HT^m ^T^innT tlTT^ »fK^ f^igif?!^ ^Ti?i^ [The following are the names of sages.] ^T^^nr '^Tf^(^) "^jm^ ^^ ^^ ^T^ ^1-T ^T^»T i^w^ et cetera in groups [lit. rows (upon) rows] [Each on] his own W^f^'^Tx: ^1t ^^ '^SF ^fff^ \|^ several kinds Dharma [ = religious observances] began to cause to hear [ = taught]. EXTRACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 61 meanwhile faith book arm -pit naked [disguise] [a name : the last syllable, however, is " also."] arrived [the last syllable ^^ is emphatic : flTlR iff! ^ ^ ^ni^^^ ^ the moment of seeing] sage one and all rose up and stood folded in a supplicating [posture] mansion of com- passion ! [an epithet of God] compassion time remembered [proper name] [proper name] [proper name] grandson ^^ g^ ^ ^f g-fi't^ i\-m^^^ -^z -^ ift -^rfsnT ^i^* nevertheless becoming the reason of this doubt [proper name] 62 HINDI MANUAL. knowledge inferior indeed respect did hope the saviour of the saved since birth took a fakir forest-dweller WT^ % ^t Xi^J TO ^r't ^>t ^ 31R "^xr |WT ^> became virtues rise became since best virtuous acts will declare being liberated the ocean of existence wilt get across having prostrated enquired Dharma [= religion] explain destiny's noose shall I escape boundless sea of existence cross § 74. A Free Translation of the above. Having said this much, forsaking theillusionof wealth, relations, and sovereign power, being free from [worldly] attachment, [the Raja] went and sat on the banks of EXTllACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 63 the Ganges, and himself practised penance^^^ Whoso- ever heard this began to cry alas ! alas ! and, grieving exceedingly, ceased not from shedding tears. And when the sages heard the news that King Parikshit, in consequence of the curse of the Eishi Sringi, went and sat on the banks of the Ganges for the purpose of dying, then Vyasa, Vasishta, Bhardwaja, Kalyayana, Parashara, Narad, Vishwamitra, Vamdev, Jamadagni, and over and above these 88,000 sages came and spread their mats and sat in rows, (and) each one intent on his sacred books [shastras], began to explain several kinds of religious observances to the king. Mean- while, seeing the Eaja's faith, Sri Shukadevji also, carrying a book under his arm and being naked, arrived. At the moment of seeing him, as many of the sages as were present one and all stood up, and the Raja Parikshit also, with folded hands, and in a supplicating posture, stood up and began to say : '^ Mansion of compassion ! you have shown me great mercy, having remembered me at this time.^^ Having said this much, the sage Shukadev also sat down. The Raja said to the sages: ^^ Great kings ! Shuka- devji is the son of Vyasji, and the grandson of Para- sharji, on seeing whom you who are great sages rose up, which is not becoming ; tell me the reason of this, that the doubt in my mind may disappear.'^ Then the sage Parashar spake : ''0 Raja, as many as there are of us are very great Rishis, but in understanding we are inferior to Shukadevji; therefore we all paid respect to him, some on this hope that he is the saviour of 64 HINDI MANUAL. the saved, for since his birth he has become a fakir and lived in the desert [forest], and, king, your several great virtues have been enhanced since the arrival of Shukadevji. All these shall declare to all of us his most virtuous acts, by means of which you, having been liberated from life and death, will cross the ocean of existence." When the Raja Parikshit heard this word, having prostrated himself before Sri Shukadevji, he asked : '' Maharaj ! cause me to under- stand religious duties ; tell me in what manner can I be delivered from the fetters of Fate ? What shall I do in seven days ? My unrighteousness is boundless ; how shall I cross the sea of existence ? " § 75. (1) This first sentence illustrates what is grammatically termed the Conjunctive Participle, which is of frequent use. It expresses an action preparatory to that indicated by the finite verb of the sentence, and often obviates the use of conjunc- tions — hence its name. Thus, here, the Raja '^having said . . . having forsaken . . . having become . . . having gone, sat"; otherwise, ''the Raja said . . . and forsook . . . and became . . . and went and sat." This Conjunctive Participle has several forms ; here it is the same as the root, but it is also found with the terminations -A;e, -kar, -Icarke, (2) irPT = Union, or endeavour of the soul to be reunited with Deity, from whom it sprung, and be freed from transmigration. EXTRACTS FEOM PREMSAGAE. 65. (3) ^f^ = et cetera. Here it signifies, -^we liav€ given the above names ; the 88_,000 that follow them were of the same importance as those we have named ^'; = '^from this as a beginning onwards/^ (4) f^Jt^=clad by the regions of space, i.e. naked; any Hindu ascetic who goes about naked. (5) ^oF here = "although.'^ The sentence is: '' You very great sages as you are, nevertheless you arose.'^ (6) "3^1^^ = a dejected one; applied to a set of fakirs who live on the alms of the people and spend their lives in religious contemplation. LESSON XVII. § 76. In the two extracts following, we shall give examples of the repetition of words, and the context will show the force of each repetition. These repeti- tions are used for various purposes, sometimes simply to emphasize, at other times to convey the idea of continuity, or thoroughness, or intensity, or variety ; instances of all these will be found in the extracts following, the first of which is from chapter iii. § 77. It will also be noted in these extracts that F 66 HINDI MANUAL. the Hindi language makes use of ellipsis in a very marked way ; inflections, words, portions of sentences are frequently dispensed with, and these omissions can be determined by the context only. § 78. ly^ ^9T m ^R ^^jT ^Ft ^ ^T»R^ ^n vfws ^^ seized, seized [i.e. seized right and left] [no matter in what position they found them, whether] eating (or) drinking, standing (or) sitting, sleeping (or) waking, going [forward] or turning [backward], as many as they found so many ^ ^>?T ^^> ^^li^ ^m ^ "^1 ^^j 5^ 5?T not they spared gathering burnt drowned dashed them down tortured killed ^i ^? >Ttfw HtflT^ HlTR^ irq ^nt ^^T small (and) great various kinds frightful disguises lane searched right through iij^^'t ^:?f nm T^ ^1^ igfi? ^ irt ^ 1^ family of Yadu distress finding taking this life (only) EXTEACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 67 § 79. A Free Translation of the ahove. Having obtained this order, they bowed and went. Having come to the city, they seized and bound [in whatever position they found] them, [whether] eating or drinking, standing or sitting, sleeping or waking, going [home] or returning — as many as they found tbey spared them not ; and having gathered them together in one place, they killed them all, by burning them, or drowning them, [some] they dashed on the ground and tortured them. In this manner, [the demons — mentioned in the preceding paragraph] great and small, with frightful disguises of various kinds, searched right through cities, villages, lanes, houses, and destroyed them ; and the family of Yadu being greatly distressed, forsook their country, and fled barely with their life. LESSON XVIIL § 80. The following lesson is taken from the fourth chapter; it is somewhat difficult, and many words will have to be translated. There will be found in this extract several remark- able coincidences, and one might be tempted to think — as some have actually declared — that the writers of the Holy Scriptures borrowed from such a source as 68 HINDI MANUAL. this to obtain material for their account of the birth of Christ. It is therefore necessary to remind the student that the Premsagar was written not earlier than the tenth century, and possibly the compiler may have seen the apochryphal Grospel of S. Thomas, or even the Gospel of S. Luke, and borrowed therefrom. § 81. ^^"^51^^^^ Tt^ fsF ^ i:T»n f^m ^Hn ^"t^w^^ Shri Krishna Chandra arose joy forest, grove, green ponds various kinds Ti^ •SF^J'^ "^^^y ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ 'rt^ ^^ ^ 'iJT^yT'^rn: frisk rejoicings sacrifices offer the whole ten regions the lords clouds turn about (in joy) thrones sky celestial attendants, musicians, dancers, kettle-drum, drum, pipes kept on playing eulogized quarter or corner [proper name] EXTEACTS FROM PREMSAGAE. 69 et cetera female dancers eighth midnight cloud-coloured moon-faced lotus-eyed yellow silk covered necklace, begemmed ornaments decked, four-armed conch-shell, disk, club, lotus appeared primeval man fortune 'SmR ^^ f^^ ^^ *RT -^TM'Sfil f^if T f^'JlT H death end [or completion] § 82. A Free Translation of the above, Sri Shukadev-Ji thus spake : king ! At the time when Sri Krishna Chandra was about to be born, at that time^ in the lives of one and all such joy up-rose that not even the name of sorrow remained. Through joy the forests and groves being green became productive ; the rivers, rivulets and ponds filled. From that time 70 HINDI MANUAL. the various kinds of birds began to frisk about, and there were rejoicings in every city, village and home. Brahmans offered their sacrifices; the lords of the whole of the ten regions were filled with delight ; clouds danced for joy over the district of Braj. The deities, each seated on his throne, rained flowers from the sky ; the celestial attendants, the musicians and dancers kept on playing on [their various instruments] kettle-drums, drums and pipes, and eulogized ; and, in one quarter, Urvasi, together with all the female dancers, were dancing, when — at that time, in the dark half of the month Bhadon, on the 8th day, on a Wednesday, in the Rohini Nakshatra of the Zodiac, at midnight — Sri Krishna Chandra was born ; and he being of the hue of a cloud, with a face shaped like the moon, lotus- eyed, clad in yellow, wearing a crown and the Vaijanti necklace, and decked with begemmed ornaraents, shaped with four arms, holding the conch- shell, disk, club, and lotus — he appeared to Vasudev and Devaki. On seeing him, being astonished, they both of them thought in their minds that they recog- nized in him the Primeval Man ; then, joining their hands, making their due reverence, said : "It is our great fortune that you have appeared to us, and have completed our birth and death /^(^) § 83. (1) This ^f?, which generally follows the verb with which it is used, here belongs to all the inflected infinitives in the succeeding clauses. (2) ^15^1 = a "nullah" or ravine. EXTEACTS FROM PEEMSAGAR. 71 (3) ^^Y f^W are ten regions presided over by ten guardians. f?^*qi^Jj is the designation applied to the guardian deities of the different quarters of the world. Of these there are two divisions, the astro- nomical and the mythological. (4) The Braj district, i.e. the Arcadia of India, about 168 miles in circumference, containing Mathura, the birth-place of Krishna. (5) The fifth month = Aug.-Sept. ; see § 57. (6) ttf'l^^, the fourth Nakshatra, comprising Aldebaran and four other stars in Taurus. (7) The Hindus divide the Zodiac into twenty- seven Nakshatras, each of which has a name of its own. (8) Vishnu's necklace was composed of five gems from the five elements : (1) sapphire, from the earth ; (2) pearl, from the water; (3) ruby, from fire; (4) topaz, from the air ; (5) diamond, from space. (9) That is, there would be no more transmigra- tions, but they would be reabsorbed in the Great Spirit whence they sprang. 72 Friend, stay ! m^o I ^^ II (§ 35, c.) Say on. ^^® I ^R HH f^^JTTH ^ ^^V^) IR ^ ^^ ^ 'm^ if HIT rest assistance Aha ! sweetmeat indeed : then '^T^T ^J^TIT t II time doorkeeper . (1) "When you shall have thoroughly rested/' (2) ^'In which there will be no need to rush and tear about/' [See Pincott's annotated edition of Sakuntald in Hindi, an excellent text-book for the thorough student. ] TECHNICAL YOCABULAEIES The following vocabularies contain many technical terms which will prove useful for Interpreters ; and the first of the series especially for Theologians, Missionaries, Catechists, &c. ; the second for Judges, Magistrates, Police OflScers, Commercial Men, and others; and the third for the Medical Profession, Dispensers, Nurses, &c. The first vocabulary will contain many Sanscrit words, the only ones by which to express theological terms. In the second and third there will be found many Urdu words, showing the influence of the Mu- hammadan conquest over India. English words are already incorporated in Hindi, and will continue to be so. Such terms as aliasj alihij summons^ should be used as they are and then paraphrased in translation. The following abbreviations are used : o|r. = ^r^n, k. = harnd ; ^. = ^tfr, d, = dend ; ^. = ^RT, L = lend; ^. = ^t!TT , /j . = hond. 75 VOCABULAEY I. For Interpreters, Theologians, Missionaries, Catechists, &c. Ablution, ^Ttf m. sndn. Abstinence, inm m. sanyam. Acolyte, q^K^ m. 'pujdri. Adoration, Jin m. puja. Adult, IT^TU m. tarun. Almighty, OT^fTT^fT sarvasdmarM. Alms, >T^^ m. hhihk, ^HT m. dan. Alpha, fiT^ ^^UKt ^^^TT ^ xrf^T ^^T. t yundnl halaikrd'kdpahild achchhar hai aiir uskd arth ^'pahild" hai. Altar, ^^t( ^'Sjl f. 2)ci.f^i^ci mez, n?|cf<»^ f. yajna-vedl. Angel, ^K m. c£w^. „ of death, JW ^w m. yam-dut. Annunciation, Feast of, v^ ^JK\ f^km ^FT ^m^R ^ "m«n dhanya kumdrl Miry dm hi samdchdr pdnd. Apostle, Jftw m. prerit. 76 HINDI MANUAL. Archbishop, it^t T^RRi m. mahd usMph. Ark, (^ cjj^) f^F^^ f. {nnh hi) Mshti. Articles of religion, v§ ^^^^ f^^ dharm samhandhi nirnaya. Ascension, ^ftlt^^'iir m. swarg-drohan. Ash Wednesday, >T^W5V^T m. hhasam hudhivdr. Atheist, fTlfWch ra. ndstik. Authority, ^fVoRK m. adhihdr. Baptism, adult, ^fTRRT TT^TFJ or ^HTT^T W TTW haptismd tarun or saydnd Tee ivdste. „ infant, ^fHWT ^^ or ^T^cF "^ "srr^ haptismd bachchd or hdlah lie waste. Baptistery, ^PhWi oF ttt haptismd he ghat. Begotten, ^tTif m. janit. Benediction, ^m^^T^ m. dslrhddj w^^n^ m. halydn. Bishop, ^^RTfi m. ushufy fof^m m. hishap. Blessing. See Benediction. Burial-ground, jftlFIT^ m. gorsthdn, TCK^ m. pret- griha. Burial Service, ^cjfr ^"^ f^^ ^^ ^T fM^I mritahon ho mitti dene hd vidhi. Calendar, iRCl" f . yantrl or iR?^ jantH. Candlestick, ^^qonsf m. dlpvriksh. Canon, ^'Htt f. rltiy IFT'R m. hdnun. Carnal, wm hdm, "wm^ hdmi, „ mind, 5in:^ft«ii ""STHT^T sdrJrih swcthhdv. VOCABULAEY I. 77 cfiTf^^^T m. hatakhismd, f^^T m. sikshd, 'Sf'^T^^^J^ jawdb-saiudl. oFirf^^^ m. hatekhistj ^^"^^fT^T m. imclihneivdld. ^T fh^T m. hard girjd. flU ^"t% 5R Jcatholik, WTT^ m. hdran. ^if^ cRTi:?!T ^f^i hdran. f^HI f. hriydy f^^fSF^ m. hriydkarm. fQ^T^ m. piydla, "SFTttT m. hat or d. m\H^ clidnsal, "iftTT fl^T m. chhofd girjd. See Clergyman. Wl^ m. Z>«?>, ^winr m. adhydya. JRTIT m. puny a, Tqx^ m. ^^Z^*'* |^[^^ m. Jsz^^, W^fVm»T m. Khrishfi' yun. W& V^ &i5^ dliarm. e •• • t^ JTO*^ oF »T^ «FT f^»T isi M'asih h janma hi din. Idflfi^irMMT f. elMlsiydj ^T^T m. ^iV^^, ^F^^^ m. halisdj W^^ f. mandali. Churching of women, f^f^Y eFT V^TT^ striyon kd dhanyavdd. Churchyard. See Burial-ground. Catechism, Catechist, Cathedral, Catholic, Cause, „ first. Ceremonies, Chalice Cup, Chancel, Chapel, Chaplain. Chapter, Charity, Christian, Christianity, Christmas, ^ Chui'ch, Ice 78 HINDI MANUAL. Circumcision. Wim m. khatna. Clergyman, i^T^ m. pddn, Tf\^ m. prlsht, Ti^M m. sawak. Collect, ur^T m. prdrthand. Collection, fn^ m. hhUchj T3FJT m. elcatthd, ^^ m. arpan. Commination Service, lT#»f f%VT«T tarjan vidhdn. Communion, Holy, '^f^^ ^HlfhTTT ^ST^'s^^ pavUra salia- hhdgitd samhandhl. Communion of saints, TrfWl' '^ ^^ifmrr pavltron lu sahabhdgitd. Conception, ii^nwH m. garhhdgaman, t|^TVT»T m. garhliddhdn. Confirmation, '^iff't^lR^ m. drirhikarcuK Congregation, HlJiciJ^ f. mandali. Conscience, f^R«F m. vivekj "^ m. jl. Consecration, ^^TT: m. samhdr. Conversion, "qfT^S^T m. parivartan. Convert, ^5^^ m. naiimurld (usually of con- verts to Islam). Corporate, ^Jcrff^rf m. ehchit. Covenant, tf[^^ m. niyam. Create, ^? "V. srisht h. Creature, ^Tt f. syishti, ^rw m. vasiu, ,, rational, i^Tt m. haSar, Creed, fV^fni m. viswds. VOCABULARY J. 79 Cross, IfS IcrUs. Curate, '^K^'^ m. j)dl(i\i,. See Clergyman. Damnation, «fT«li^^ m. naralcdand. Day of Judgment, f^^^TT f^*! m. vicJidr din. Deacon, T^^ff m. dihan. Death, wtlt f. 7na^d, ^ f. inrityu. Dedication, ^imft m. utsarga. Deist, ^Tf^flfi m. dstik. Destiny, HTTir, m. bhagya, ^^l^, f. hapal. Devil, >J7T m. bhutj ^^TFTT m. diishtdtmd. Disciple, '^T m. chela. Divine, ^T^^ Isioariya, Divorce, -mm^^ m. tyagiKitra. Doctrine, 4m^ m. upades. Easter, 3«T^WR m. punandtlidn. „ Day, g^^f^n*! oFT f^«T punamtthdn Jed din. Elect, mrV^^, manonUj "^l^tm chunliond. Ember Days, J^^X cF f<(^H awibar lie din. Epiphany, 'Iff'TRifjRT epiphaniyd. Epistle, filZ^ f. cliitthly iT^ f. pcitrl. Eternal, Eternity, Evangelist, ^^J?T^T^ m. susamachan. Evensong, ^VEil'^T^ flfTT T^ sandhydkdl led, git. Everlasting. See Eternal. life , ^H'rt wt^'T ananta jman. 80 HINDI MANUAL. Examination, ^^^T^ f- puchhpuchhdr. Exhortation, ^^^ ni. upades. Faculty, ^f^ f . sahti. Faith, f^'^^nf m. vis was, ^i[T f. sraddhd. Faithful, >|^ dfiarmJ. Fast, '^^J^ m. upas J "^im m. upvds. Feast, "qlf m. jj*ar6, ri«(^K ni. tewlidr. Font, 5?^ m. hund. Forgiveness, "^rn f. Iishamd. Freewill, " ^^T f. sivechchltd. Friday, Good, :g>T^^^T suhhsiiJcnvdr, Futurity, ^jToFT^T m. ant-hdl. Ghost, ^Tc»rr m. dtmd. „ Holy, "^rf^TTriTT m. Pavitrdtmd, Glory, »rf^T m. mahimd. God, ^^ m. Isioarj M<*FTFRT m. dharmdtmd, G 82 HINDI MANUAL. Justification, vffoRT^ m. dharml-haran. Justify, v»ff 7^«TT dliarmi thaharnd. Law, f%V^ m. vidM. „ ceremonial, W^TT ^^fw f. h:lyd nUi. „ judicial, TXn Tj^fiT f. raj nlti. „ moral, i{\fi( f. g^«^i. Lawgiver, '^!(X^'^ ra. nydyah. Lesson, mz m. j^^/Zi. Life everlasting, ^fTiT »t^TT m. anant jlwan. „ this, fir^ cfTT^r m. yi/i hdl. „ this and the next, f^^ ^"^oF ^ xtt^'^oF ylh I oh o 2Kirloli. Lifegiver, mvf ^^ m. prdn-dewd. Light, ^9f|(^T m. ujdld. Litany, %frf«rTT or ;jmyTT:5^ f^mti litaniyd or sddhdran vinti. Lord, mj^ m. Prahliu. Lord's Supper, U^ W^ Prahhu bhoj. See Communion. Love, xcfin m. 2^2/^**^ 5ff m. prem. Lovingkindness, T?^fif f. priti. Manhood, '^''J^ ^« 'mamishyativa. Martyr, ^^^ ^' shahld, WT^i m. sdkshi. Mass, mw wzrt^s. See Communion. Matins, HmriiFT^J Wf ITT^^T f. prdtah'kdl B pirdHhnd. Matrimony, fw^ m. vivdha. VOCABULAKY I. 83 Mercy, Merit, Messiah, Miracle, Minister, Ministration, Ministry, Mosque, Mystery, Nativity, Nature, „ divine, „ human, Oblation, Offering, „ to the Omega, Omnipotent, Omnipresent, Omniscient, Orders, y, Holy, ^m f. hripd, ^^ m. puny a. ^^^^'^ masih. ^T^^T oR*^ dscharya Icarmma. W^'dR m. sewah. "^m f. sc'wd. ^^rf m. sewan. ?wf»T^ f. masjid, >T^ m. hhed. ar»rf^ri m. janma-din. ^HT^ m. suhhdwa. t'^fCT ^HT^ Iswariya suhhdwa. HTJBl ^HT^ mdnushya suhhdwa. ^^^T m. charhdwd. '^FZ^f{ m. ufsarga, dead, fnf%«r^«T m. hhdvivachan. Prophet, U^ihl m. pravaUa. Psalm, Tc\jf f. gU. Pulpit, "^v^m w\ ^^ f. upadesak M vedl, ■fiffTJI^H m. singhdsan. Purification, 5jftf f. suddhi. Redemption, gi5^ f. muhU, -fT^n: m. chJmtkdr. Regeneration, WU iT«R m. nayd janma. Religion, V^ m. dharmm. Remission, jft^ff f. mochan. Repentance, Resurrection, jTf^r^T^ m. jntnarutthdn. Righteousness, JT^JT^ f . bhaldij ht^it^ m. ydthdrthya, Rogation, fsf^ f. hmti. „ Days, f^^irt W f^*r hinti he din. Sabbath, Sacrament, ^^TrT m. sahhdt, ^R^^T sanichar. par sad. Sacrifice, 'rf^nr m. haliddrij "^ m. horn. Sacrilege, «F^RR'^W I. kajan-cliori. Saint, "tTw^ pavitra, Tfn^ di. sddhu. Salvation, jf^ f. muhti. Sanctification, ^iw^l{J m. pavitratd. Sanctify, Satan, l^nn«T m. shaitdn. 86 HINDI MANUAL. Satisfaction, Saviour, Scripture, Holy, Season, Sect, Seraphim, Sermon, Service, Sin, „ actual, „ original Sinner, Son of God, Soul, Spirit, „ Holy, „ Supreme, Spiritual, Substance, Suffrage, Sunday, Supererogation, Supplication, Temple, Temptation, UTTf^gW m. lordyascliit. gf^TWT m. muhtiddttd, ^^^ W^ ^' l^c^vitra sastra. W{'^ m. samaya. Vi^ m. panth. ?TTTTI?^ sardfim, ■gni^ m. upades, fVfv m. vidhi. TTT^ ni. pdp, ^^ f^^PT pdp nUchay. tJT^ '^^^^ pdp janaml. tr^^^ m. pdpi. ^T «FT g^ Iswar hd putra. »frfr m. jdn. W[WT m. dtmd. itN'^ wrWT pavitra dtmd, "*TT^TWT paramdtmd. W^ jdnl. in^ m. tatwa. ^^ m. vdhya. ^WTTT m. Itwdr. works of, ^TlT^ ^T^f ^ ^V«F fcar^a- hya hmina se adhik, fw^lti f. vinti, »rf^^ m. mandir. iR^T m. pankshd. VOCABULAEY I. 87 Testament, fFfXR m. niyam. „ New, ^^T frf^ nay (I niyam. J, Old, jnTfr f^^^ imrdnd niyam. Thanksgiving, >rirsrT^ m. dhanyabdd. Tradition, "^T^^T^ f. paraynpardyi. Transfiguration, ^qinfT^ HT^ rupdntari hhdwa. Transubstantiation, "J^T^ifT^ f. dravydntarl. Trinity, f^r^TT m. tritwd. J, in Unity, %^oirr^ m. traiehativa. Truth, ^rait f. sachchdyi. Unchangeable, "^Z^ atal. ^HR say am. ^nmf^T^cli m. antydbhisheJc. l!«F^ m. eliattwa. „ Trinity in, ^lETsiri^ m. traiehativa. Venerable, ^m?^ ni. pujyattva. ^»rr m. pujd. ^^ sack. W^% f. sachchdyij ^mm f . saiyatd, ■q^ m. pad. ^THTOOr m. jdgaran. ^sttt:^ f. humdrl. Visitation of the Sick, ^AfTnrf ^ xpc "^ UT^^ ^IR^ ^FT f^f^ rogiyon he ghar men prdrthnd harne hd vidhi. Water, i|^ m. jal. Uncreate, Unction, Unity, Veneration, Verily, Verity, Verse, Vigil, Virgin, 88 HIJS'DI MANUAL. Water^ Baptismal, irrf^f 1(^ m. sdnti jaL y, of Immortality, gvT f. sudhd, "Whitsuntide, il'iTflF^rr pentehoshtd. Word, ^iT f. hdtf ^^^ m. vachan. „ Incarnate, ^'M^ ^^^ H^T vachan sarir hJiayd. „ of God. See Scripture. Works, good, ^oF^^ m. sukarmma, „ of supererogation. See Supererogation. Worship, ^(TT m. sewd, ^WT m. jpujd. Worshipper, ^JT5R m. seivah, ^IHF m. pujah. „ of God, ^T8R ^T3F Isivar-sewah, „ of Kali, ^^ m. Sdkta, ,, of Siva, ^ m. Saiva. ,, of Vishnu, ^^R^ m. Vaisnava. 89 VOCABULARY 11. For InterppvEtees, Judges, Magistrates, the Legal Profession, Police Officers, Civil Servants, AND Commercial Men. Abduction, T^^ ^ HJTT ^ iTRT randi M hliagd le jdnd. Abetter, ^T^mx^ m. madadgdrl. Abortion, ViZ fm:^! :pet gimd. Abscond, HFT TfT^T bhdg jdnd. Absentee, f^^ ^^^T^T videS rahnewdld. Accessory, Wi'^i m. sdtM, ^ ^tTT^ ham-gundh. Accomplice, ?TTT^ m. sangij ^T^eF m. sarJh. Accountant, f^T^^ ni. Msahl, ^^Rf m. lehliak, VtZ^\'^ m. pntwdri. Accusation, f^ f. dosh. Accuse, ^i^ ^TTtTT dosh lagdnd. „ falsely. n^#iff QJIT^n tuhmat lagdnd. Acknowledgment, oF^^ f. hahaj, t:^^ f. rastd, n^w f . mannat Acquit, f^K^^ «ir. nirdoshl h.j Hd^d^ "Sfi. miiktl h., ^^^ "Sfi. siirlch'ru Jc. Acquittal, f^{Xj^^ f. nirdosM, W9fiw\ f. muhti, ^^9t\ surhh-rUft. 90 HINDI MANUAL. Act, ofTR m. Mm. Action, ■5n%^ in. ndlish. Actionable, •TT%^ air oFlfw^ ndlish Tie hdhil. Actuary, oFTfc^ m. lidrindd. Adjourn, ^TToFTR oF. mdhfiph h., ^IfX. "SR. antar h. Adjustment, TO^ m. faisla. Administer (an oath), ^^JT ^. kasam d., ^^H^. halafd, „ justice, ^T'y oR. insdf A*., ^T^ oR. nydya h. Administrator, "^nr^ m. vdsl. Adultery, ^H'^K m. vijahhichdr, f'STTT^TT m. chhindld. Advance, ^^^ m. peshagu „ for purchase of produce, ^T^*!^ dddnl, „ for work, wnf\ sdyi. Advice, *Pin: m. mantarj "^^^ upadeL „ of a bill, f^^ ^^wr^TTT chitti samdchdr. Agent, yiT^HT m. gumdslitd, c^ch*)^ m. luakU. Agreement, ^^^ f. dalll. Alcohol, ^T^^?^ alkuhal, Fc/i A;a lekhd. Award, ^ 4^TmT^ f. panchdnaU, "qw^T m.faiivd. Bail, ^"jysF f . bandhaJcj iPif'T f. jamni. Bail-bond, »RT^?nT •HH jamdnat-ndm. 92 HINDI MANUAL. Bailiff. ^ninf't^ m. chax^rdsif ?rarT^ m. sajdwal. Balance Caccounts), ^JW^ f. hdl Bankj „ -bill. Banker, Bankrupt, Bankruptcy, Bench, Bequest, Bill, Bona fide. 'Cl. Bond (deed). Bonded goods, ^FcF f . hanh, "aft^l" f . kotM. ??S^ f . Jiundt. JT^TiPT ni. mahdjan. ^^ifcjSm m. dewdliyd, ^^T^T m. deivdld, tfT^TT^ f. ndddrl. W^Vi f. kachahrlj ^T^IT f. 'addled. ff^ m. Mbctj 5a"ff clingy m. sanhalpa. "^T^ f. Imndl, ^y^ m. lehha. Use the Latin words ; in Urdii it is haqiqat men. TflWoF m. tamassuk. *n^ ^^ m«/ ^harid, „ warehouse, ?c|i?7t o|?^^ hukumat hotM, Breach of contract, ^^ ^TeF"^^ 'rt7m<^ suhm, „ peace, TOT^ fasdd, ^m dangd. ,. trust, fH^IHff Miydnat. Bribe, jJ^ ht"^ f . ^^wm/i hharl, ft^nriT f . rishwat. Broker, ^flRT ni. arhatiyd. Brokerage, ^TOIT f. arhat. Buggary. See Sodomj'. Burglar, ^^VlT m. sendh-chor. Burglary, 5^ m. scndh, w^^x^ f. sendh-chori. Business, W[^ «RT*T m. kdni kdj. Capital, ^^ f. punjJ, VOCABULAKY II. 93 Cargo, JV^ "sfX W^T^ mdl bar-jahdj. Case, S^TR^T m. mu dmalu, ,j tlie merits of, H^^T hhald-hurd. Cent., per, SoF^T saihrd. Certificate, "q^ m. ijatray ^R^ m. sanad, „ birth, ^TH'^'ar janampatra. „ death, JRim^ maranpatra. Cheat, TTHTT m. thagnd. Cheque, J^l" f. hundi. Civil. See Court. Claim, ^"RT m. ddyd, ^^T m. dawd. Claimant, ^T^^ m. hddl, ^^^T^ m. dawdddr. Clerical error, oFifrT'sr wt x^ir^ hdtih hi ghalatl. Client, ^T"WW^ m. dsdmi, ^'fft^ m. mumh. Clue, TTrTT m. patd, ^THJ m. surdgh. Collect, to, ^cfiTt oF. ehathdn h, ^m ^. jama h. Collector, ?]T^? m. hatorUj "^T^tT^TTT m. ugdhne- hdrd. Collusion, ^^'HT f- sdjish, iftjT^N^ jogsanjog. Commissary, cfnftTT m. karord. Commission, "^ftt f. arJiat, Commit in custody, ^mdiTTT ^ ^. haiudldt men d., iT^ oF. hand Ic, „ for trial, ^^ ^qf "SF. daura supard K Company, oF«T»T^ Icampanlj imv^ «R^^ jamd^at Icoild. 94 HINDI MANUAL. Compensation, Complainant, Complaint, Compromise, «r^T m. badld. «TT%^^ m. ndlislu. •TTf^^ f. ndlish. JRWT^^ m. musdlaha. Conclusion of sale, ^i! rf^i'? khatam nildm. Conditional, ^W^ shartl. Confession, ^^n: m. ikrdr, oR^T m. halid. Consent, t^ rajd. ,, free, T^'?^^ rajdmandi. Consignment, f^ Wt ^ff^ ojrt h?TT itt^ mdl jo arJiatl ko hhejd jdwe. Conspiracy, ^f^?[^ f. handhli. Constable, ''TTT^TT m. thdnaddr. Contempt of Court, jrwwl f. gustakM, Contract, ^15^ f. cJmhU. Contractor, 3^^Tt m. tliilzeddr. Copartner, ^ic:l«(i m. mnh. Coroner, T^ m. hhul, '^ojr m. chuh. Errors excepted, ^^ '^Toff "sf^oir hhtll chuh chhorlie. Estate, itTqJ m. mdl. Estimate, ^T^^»^^ f. ddnahandij H'^^fiJ m. talc- damd. Evidence, TTTf'^ f. gawdhl. „ to give, TT^T^^ ^. gaicdhi dend. Examine accounts, ff^TR f»?^T«TT hisdh mildnd. Exchange, ^^^^ "^^^^ f. adll-hadU, „ rate of, ?^^ ^T >7T^ hundl hd hhd^o. Exchequer, H?PTT m. hhanddr. Execution (capital punishment), XR*^^ TC«n gar dan marnd, ilitTC^ f. pJidnsl. „ (performance) ^JT^ m. 'amal. Executor, ^^^ m. ivasl. Ex parte (use the Latin) ; ^oF H^-y^ ek tarafl, „ statement, ^^ TTT^yt "^^m m. eZ; ^ara/^ hay an. Expenses (in a law-suit), ^^T m. k/mrclid. 98 HINDI MANUAL. Export, TTTrTT^ f. rawdngl. Fail. See Bankrupt ; "Sfm '^. ham hond. Failure. See Bankruptcy. Falsification, WWt^ni f. sdkhtagl. Fees, ^^^ m. kharcJi, ^^ToF^ f. sahMkl. File (of legal papers), rf^ f. nathl. Finances, ^T»T^^^ f. dmclam, q^T^TT^ f. x>aidd' ivdrl. Fine, ^H!? m. ddadj »T^^T*T m. jarlmdna. Firm, ^"t^THTT m. sauddgrd, "di^zi f. hofJu. Flaw, ^^W m. 'a/h, ^^ m. doJch. Forger, »i-*rcj5f«T^ m. jal-sdj. Forgery, »T^^^T^ f . jal-sdjJ. Fraud, ^^ m. daghd. W^ i^i- cliJidl. Fraudulent, ^TTT^T^T daghdhdz. Gallows, ifiNl^ oRTT phdnsl hlf, ifitTf^ "^^ ^oF?^ phdnsl hi lahrl. Gambler, IRTT^ m. juwdrl. Gambling-house, "Jf^^T^TT ni. ju^e-hhdnd. Gaol, „ delivery. Gross receii)fcs, Guarantee, Guarantor, Guard, ^^ m. jel, "^T^^^ffT m. handl-hJulnd . ^^^^T^t f. handk/ialdsi. cjiW^ ^T^»T^ f. hachchl dmdanl. fiT»*?T m. jimmd. Tllf^^ m. sdlisj f^'^^Wl^ m. jimmahdr. •q'^X.l m. paJiard, ^ofr^TT m. chauhJ- ddr. VOCABULARY II. 99 Guilt, 5*^11^ m. gundhf ^"^ m. dohh. Guilty, 5«n^nK m. cjunclhgdry "g^ m. jurm. ,, to plead, "^ cF^^ oF. jurm hahfil k. „ to plead not, g^ ^^ J^feFT ^. jurm se munhir hond. Handcuffs, ^T'^IoF^^ £. hdth-karJ. Harbouring, ^JT^HfT Wl^ ^. badmadsh jagah d. Harbour Master, l^T^q^T: m. skdh-bandar. Hire, HTTT m. bhdrd. Homicide, *?r?iH«f^ m. mardum-kush. „ (the act) JTT^JTJ^^ f. mardum-kuslil . House-breaker, ^^'^ m. sendh-chor. Illegal, oiri^^ kfqmthJ, r[T3"^^ nd-durust. Imprisonment, ^F^ m. band. „ with hard labour, 7:^^^ f. duhkli- bandi. Incendiary, WUl ^nR^Y^T dg lagdneivdld. Information, ^^ m. khabar. In propria persona, ^T^T^^ ^m dp-hl dp. Inquest, ^HdHI^ m. dhundh-mdL Insolvency. See Bankruptcy. Insolvent. See Bankrupt. Instalment, f^^^ f. biharl. Insurance, f^T m. bimd. „ agent, f^T^TT^T m. bimdwdla. „ policy, f^T^ f^l^ f. bimd^i chitflu. 100 HINDI MANUAL. Interdict, ^*fr m. mand. Interest, i|^ m. sud, ^^ sudt, „ compound, ^^ oFT ^ sud M sudj ;|^ t^T ^^ sud dar sud. Interpreter, J^TlfR^T m. duhhdshiyd, TTT»nn«T m. tai'jumdn. Invest, TSi^ oF. saraph h., ^n"^ oF. jama 1c. Investment, ^xfi ni. saraphj im^ f. jama'. Invoice, ^^oF m. hijah. Jail. See Gaol. Jailer, ^K^IT m. ddrogd, ftpTT'^^T'T m. nigdh- hdn. Joint stock ffW^R^ *?T^ m. hissaddrl mdl. Judge, "^^^ m. hdhim, ^TRcF m. nydyah. „ Puisne (the words Judge and Puisne Judge are in common use). Judicial proceedings, ^^cUtt:^ ^T^ f. ru-ha-hdrt addlat. Jurisdiction, ^cIWTr f. liaTcumat. Jury, »lfT f. jUrl, iJ^T^if panchdyat. „ -man, 4^nriT^ m. panchdyatL Justice, Chief (the English words are frequently used), ^TT ^ifoF^ hard hdhim, „ of the Peace, ^^^ m. kdzi. Kidnap, ^ HJT«!T le bhagnd. Larceny, ^^^ f- chori. VOCABULARY Ii. 101 i Law, ^T^W m. addlat. „ -suit. joF^ m. muhaddamd. Lawyer, ^oF^ m. waML Lease, xc^ m. 'pattd. Leave, "5^^ f. clihuttJ. „ without. f^Tf^^ hin-chlmttl. Ledger, ^TWT ^f^ f. hhdtd-bahi. Legacy, ffW m. hiba, ^^^^IT f. waslijat. Legal, 'T^Tf^cF muiudphihj 5"^^ durust. Legality, *T^T1T m. jawdj. Legislator, ^^cFTT m. sarhdr. Letters patent. xr^TT^ m. loarwdUj ilH< f. sanad. Liabilities, g«R^^ m. nuksdn. Libel, fiT^ m. gila, J^ifR m. huhtdn. Licence, TjtTR m. pariudUj ^'ff^ f. sanad, f^^ f. c/iiY^/iJ. „ to sel]. ^^^ ^T fj^T 6ec^7ie A;a ^Ai'A;«. Life insurance. /S'ee Insurance. Life sentence. if'^Tif^T^ 'm iR^T jlwan-hdl ha phaisld. Liquidate, ^T W. ft<^f^ h. Liquidation, ^T m. a<^c. Litigation, RoF^T m. mukaddamd. Loan, ^VK m. udhdr. Loss, g«i?m^ m. nuhsdn. „ Profit and. if^ goF^T^T ja6ar nuhsdn. 102 HINDI MANUAL. Mace, ^^^ f. chohdastl. ,y -bearer, ^"^TT m. chohddr. Magistrate, ^Tf«R?? m. hdhim, i, Clerk to, ^^^^F m. lekhak. Malpractice, ^^ifir«F^ f. bad-tdrJcL Manslaughter, T^J'^^'^ f. mardum-'kushi. Margin, foF^TK m. hindr. Market, '«||MK m. hdjdr. „ -price, f^ m. nirhh, H"n5ft m. hhd,o. Measure, Trt^ m. taul, jtr m. map, mhm m. jmmdn, oFj^T m. Jcattd, „ fair, ?rWT ift^ sachchd taul, „ false, ^flRTT wt^ jhuthd taul. Minimum, "Sfm ^ "dfm ham se ham. Mortgage, fht^^ f. girwi, „ conditional, ^"rr^ fht^^ sharti rjirwi. „ deed of, fjR^^ ^THT m. girwl-ndma. Mortgagee, ^^^T m. rinddr, JHff^ m. mur- takin. Mortgagor, Tlf^ m. rdhin, fjTR^^R m. girwlddr. Municipal, ^TfT^ f. shah an. Murder, "^WT f. hatyd, '^ m. khmi. Murderer, ^TT^ f. hatydri, ^r«=ft m. khunt. Negotiate, J^m^J ^. mudmal h,, ^TirfVir W. hat-chit 1c. Negotiation, J^fH?^ m. mudmal, Wliff^iT f. bat-chit. VOCABULARY II. 103 Net, ,j proceeds, ,j produce, Non compos, fcf"? m. nit J f«TTT m. nira. m^T ^^T3(^ pahkd paiddish. ^^^ f»T«frra^ pakM nihdsl. ^^TT khabt. Non est inventus, ^cft^ ru-j^fosh. Non suit, ^Tft»f m. khdrij. ^ri^ m. sakkdh, T«F^ m. wakil. ^^ir. m. dabir, ^^T^W^ m. saudd'pattar. ^ZJ f^^ khotd chitthl. o IT'R^go!? m. tamassuk, ^T^^T^W f. ydd-ddsht. cj^HT f. kasam. ^ m. jurrtij J^T? m. gundh. TrTI^JlIi m. gundh-gdr. ^■RifTT^R m. daftar-khdna. ^T^K m. sarddr, V^TT m. dhareddr. "^Wi^lX m, chmtkiddr, „ Customs, x|T;fjTT^T^T m. parmitwdld, „ of a village, ^T^^TT m. Jidlddr, Order, JcFIT m. hukm. Ordinance, *''T^«T m. kdniin, T^X m. dastur. Overcharge, HTtfT bharnd, fwm^ ziydda, K^^i oF. talabl k. Overdraw, ^^";T »rH^ H ^T J?|^^ oF. apne jama se aur hundt k. Notary, „ Public, Note (a bill), „ fraudulent, „ promissory, „ (memo). Oath, Offence, Offender, Office, Officer, „ Police, 104 HINDI MANUAL. Overseer, mf^ m. sdJiib (frequently used), fn'i(^«fR m. nigah-ban. W^T^^ f. hardhari. -^irt f. harhtJ. ^n?rT^ f. kamtl. W^ m. Icshamd, 5^?^ m. mudf. f^%^ m. nirhandh. ^^ m. sharlh. ^TWIT m. shardlmt, deed of, ^TTWinTm m. shardJcat-ndma. ^!T^^ m. ddml ; (in a law- suit) ^^^ m. pharih. ftt^ f . girwt. W^^'t m. bandhahL at sight, ^T^"^ darsam. ^^y^G, xn«^-fT^T m. pdnewdld. Payer, ^^T^T m. denewdld. Percentage, toRTT m. 5aiA:r<7. Perjury, v^^ ■g^^ f. j/if^/^^ kasam. to commit, v^^'t ^R ^rt j^g/Zt^ Aro^am M«««. Petition, f^^TTT^ f. bintz. Pickpocket, ^ m. chor, ^^^kj m. Jeb-lmtrd. Piecework, t^oft ra. fJiiJcd, Plaint, ^^^^ f. cZa'i^;?-, in^T ni. ndld. Plaintiff, ^^\ f. 7?iwdfcfa'f, T!T%^^ m. ?w//s/iJ. Par, „ above, y, below. Pardon, „ free. Partner, Partnership, }) Party, Pawn (pledge). Pawnbroker, Payable, VOCABULARY IT. 105 Plea, ^TTf f. hat, "grTTT m. uzr. Plead, ^mcjj^ off. saivdll k., i{^m o|r. jawdb h. Porterage, f^T^^^ f. majduri , Postpone, T|^^ ^. inchhe d. Practice, ^Hi; m. dastur. Principal (capital), JiT^ f. puriji, ^^ f. asL Property, Proviso, Provost, Purchase, Purchaser, Quash, Quota, Rape, Rate, Ratify, Readjustment, Rebut, Receipt, Record, Records, Recorder, Record-keeper, Reimburse, Remission, m^ m. mdL ^TiT f. sJiarat. WtT^T^ m. kohudlj ^ifsinT m. hakim, ^^T m. sauddj jft^^ m. mol ; (verb) jft^ ^. mol I. ^T^^TT m. kharldddr. i^^ItfT dahdndj mf^ oR. hdtil k. f^WT m. liissd. f»nTR»T«rT: f. jind-ha-jahar, ^T. m. dar, h^ m. moL 3^qF ofT. tJiik k. •rm ^''^V^^ m. nayd hand-o-hast. Tj^ «rr. radd k. X^"^ f. rasid. ^^ f. hahl. "^Ty^TTW f. kdgha^ult. ^TWrt m. daftaVj tt^^^ m. ^iRjTK^ m. daftdri. ^T m. chliut. 106 HINDI MANUAL. Remittance^ ^^^ f. hundi. Remuneration, H^ ^^ m. hhar hadln. Repeal, T^ m. radd, }(im m. tydg, TTT^^ m. tardid. Reprieve, ^[^c^r ^. muhalat d. Revenue, Jn^nirn:^ f. mdlgujdri. „ Collector, H^«1ci5<»TT m. tahsilddr. Reverse, "5r^TT m. ultd. Riot, Y'WR f. dhumdlidm, ^ITT m. dangd. Robber, ^K m. chor, ^oFTT m.dahait, 3»T m. thag. Robbery, ^^^ f. chorl, 1TW\ m. ddhd, 3»TT$ f. Sale, f^^^ £. hilcri. Sample, •TfTT m. namund. Scales and weights, oFt^r m. hdntd, irTJ\ m. tardju, '^(ZWn m. hathhard. Schedule, ^TfiR m. daftar, f^Rft^TT f. phirist Seal, ^g^nr m. chhdp, w^ m. muhar. Sentence, ^i^»T'R/aisZa-na?ria, Tm^m.faisld, Session, ^3cF m. haithak. Sessions, ^H: m. daura. „ Petty, '^Zl ^T m. chhotd daura. Settlement, ^^"^^fW m. hand-o-hast. Share, f^WT m. hissd. Shareholder, ffWr^ m. hissdddr. Sign, I ?^^?nR m. dast-khattj f^«n^ m. ehinha, J, J f^lff m g m. Ukhdwat, Signature, VOCABULARY II. 107 Smuggle, Smuggler, Sodomy, Solicitor, Solvent, 'T^^c? TTT^T mahsfil mdrnd. ^cj)^ *?TT m. chaukl-mdr, ^5551^1^^ f. Iau7i(ld-hdzi, TJ^iTTT m. mu/c/itdr. TT^^R mdlddr. Splitting of claims, IToTO^H ^^T tahslm dawd. ^T m. chor. ^^ m. mttZ, ^1T^ f. punjly m:^ m. mdya, ^JTR m. sarmdya. A'^f oFT Jrrc? m. ;panclion lid mdl, "ffoS^ffnT m. talah-ndma. ^^^^ f. hhud-hushl. ^'^(^^ f. dawi. "w{^ saman/' K^^ m. iaZa6. ^^^^Tt m. charhanddr, ^T^^T"^^ ^T^IT f. hddshahl ^addlat. Tfilf^r^ f./<:^2!^7, ^^T hachdj "^Tif^harhU. "g'^T^T^T m. uchakkdpand ; (verb) ■gr^^T m. ucJiahhd. Task, Taskwork, T^FT m. //i«it5. Tax, ''^^ ^« 'mahsiil. Tenant, foRTT^TT: m. Idrdyaddr. Title, "JfTTH m. ndnij ^^rSF m. /mAA:, T|^ vn.pad,. Trade, ^t^TO^ f. sauddgarl, ^jif^tT m. 7ewa- cZenci, offTT^Tt m. Itdr-hdr. Stealing, Stock, capital, „ common, Sub-poena, Suicide, Suit-at-law, Summons, Supercargo, Supreme Court, Surplus, Swindle, Swindler, 108 HINDI MANUAL. Transaction, J^TT^T m. mil amid. Trial, IHT^Ih m. tajwljj m^^l f. parihslid. Tribunal, ^^t{'^ f. masnad, ^^^'^^ ^T^JIT mas- nad-i- adcllat. Trust, ^ff^ir m. tttbdr. Trustee, ^HMrT^R m. dmdnat-ddr. Undersigned, ^^^w't m. dastkhaU. Underwriter, f^TT^TT^T m. himdwdld. Usage, T:^iT f. rit, '^rf m. chalan. Usufruct, ^iftf^TW f. ludsildt. Usurer, ^^T. m. sUdkhoTj "^ifi m. vydjL Usury, ^W^l" f. sudhhorl. Valuation, l^wft^ m. takhmhi. Valuator, W^^T^hr^lT: m. takhminddr. Value, oF^iTW f. hhnat, ?ft^ m. mol. Vendor, ^^•T^T^T m. bechnewdld. Vendue, ft^^ f. hihri. Verdict, ififT^T m. fahvd. Voucher, ^^^ f. sanad. Wager, i\l f. hor. Wages, IT^W m. talah. Warrant, ?"«FR«TT'T m. huJcm-ndma, Wholesale, Vi^ik'^'i f. thok-bikrl. Witness, 'NI^^ f. gawdhl. Writ, Tyt^T«T m. parwdnaj ^^o|i m. dastak. 109 VOCABULAEY III. For Interpreters, the Medical Profession, Dispensers, and Nurses. Abdomen, Abscess, Ache, Ague, viZ m. pet. ^ToJlft^ m. hdl-tor. ^^ m. dard. H^^ f. jurl, ZW^ li^ f. tliandl tap. Aloes (tbe drug), 5^W^ in. musahhar. Ani procidentia, oFT'?!'^ f^cir^»TT Mnach nikalnd. Aniseed, ^T^ f. saiinf. Ankle, TjT m. gciftd, ToFtTT m. taknd. Antimony (black), ^T m. surmd. Anus, Apoplexy, Aqua fortis, Aqua vitse, Arm, Arm-pit, Arsenic, Artery, r[T^ f. gdndy J!!^ m. mdrg. ^oRTTT m. sahtd, ^VT"^ m. ardhdng. nTTT^ m, tez'dh. ^% T^'R m. gidi giddh. ^t^ f. hdnh ; from the shoulder to elbow, >pT m. hhuj ; from elbow to wrist, '^i^ m. pahunchd. "W^n^ f. haldirl. ^f^TTT^ m. haritdl. TTi m. rag. 110 HINDI MANUAL Asafoetida, f^ m. hingu. Asthma, ^oF m. sdnh, ^?n m. damd. Back, jftz m. pith. Balsam, ^^T«T m. balsdn. Barrenness, ^flRL m. bdnjh, ^JWfr{ m. hdjhpan. Beard, ^T^^ f. ddrJn, Belly. See Abdomen. Bile, ftTiT m. pit, fTiRn m. safrd. Bleed, ^"^ ^. lohu I. Bleeding of the nose, •T^»^^ W^^ nakslr phuhid. Blind, ^^T m. andhd. Blister, iRt^TT m. phold. Blood, ^iiw m. lohu. Bloodshot eyes. ^T^ ^t^ m. Id I dnkh. Blood-vessel, TJ\ m. rag. Bloody flux. ^y^ cFT ^T m. lohu hd vega. ^farmr. m. atisdr ; ^)^ ^^ lohu baithnd = to pass blood. Boil, trVtT m. phord. Bone, ^ f . haddi. Brain, HUT ra. hhejd, iT^ m. gad. „ fever, iX^m m. sarsdm. Breast, Wirt f. chlidtl. Breath, ^t?l m. sdns, 7^^ m. dam. Bubby, M^"^ f. (dug) chunchJ, Wirt f. chhdti. Bubo, ^V3r\ f. hdghl, ^^ f. bdiv. VOCABULARY III. Ill Burn, 5T^ jale. Buttock, ^TTT m. chutar. Calf (of the leg), fq^Pf^S^ f. ;pindaU. Camomile, ^'f^ m. hdhuna. Camphor, ofr^ m. hapur. Cancer, «TT^ m. iidshar, ^(Z m. chatj «P^- ?TW m. handar-hhatt Canker, JTrrTTTT ra. mangarmdrj "f^TT m. vihdr. Carbonate of potash, «rjt ofTT f^^^ m. jhdr hd nimah. „ soda, ^fs^oUT f. sarjjihd, ^wt ff^^ f. sajjl mittl. Carbuncle, J^nCT m. muhdsd. Cassia, inr m. tej. Castor-oil, T^^ ^FT W^y m. rendi hd tel. Cataract, 'ftfinnf^ m. motiydvind. Catarrh, ^IT^'t 7^ f. sardi thand. Catechu, oRT^ m. kdtJi. Cheek, iTT^ m. gdl. Chest, "^Iti f. chhdti. Chicken-pox, jftfTPTT m. motiyd ; also ^^iT^^ sUali.^ Chin, Jl"^ f . thuddi. Chloride of soda, W^^T, m. samhhar. Cholera, ^^t'^ m. sitaras. * Sitala is the goddess who presides over small-pox. 112 HINDI MANUAL. Cinnamon, ^TT^^^I" f. ddrchinl. Cold, '^Tj^ zm f . sardt thand. Colic, Collar-bone, iH(^^ f. hansli. Colocynth, '^Jf^T^'^ f. indrdyan. Consumption, "2^^ f. chha,l, fw^ m. sllla. Convulsion, ^'(tf m. mar or, f^^^ m. chihonJc, ^Tt f. hd,i. Costiveness, ^^T m. handhd, "SF^if m. havaj. Cough, ^itw\ f. Mohhi, ^(\w\ f. Ichdnsl. „ whooping- ?fT m. dahhd, ^M^T m. thadhra. Cow-pox, iftz"^ f. gotij jft'iiiT ^"hr^TT f. gothan sltald. Cramp, ^cR^^lt f- aharhd/i. Croup, w\W[ m. sihd, ^^^ m. dumgaz. Crown (of the head), ^q^^ f. khoprl. Cut, xT^TT m. chlrd. Deafness, '^r^X^ f. bahird,i. Diabetes, i^wn^j m. madliuprimyd. Diaphoretic, ^^^^ iA<^t*>^^\^\paslna nihahmmla. Diarrhoea, ^^ m. (^?as^, ^TTfiu^ f. sangraliam. Disease, ^^K^ f. bhndrl. Dropsy, sT^"?^ m. jaUandhar, Dysentery, ^frtfilT m. atisdr. Dyspepsia. See Indigestion. Ear, "SRT^ m. Ay? 71. VOCABULAEY III. 113 Ear-ache, «irr?r «irT ^t m. lain hcl dard. „ -wax. oFTff ^ m. Mn-maiL Elbow, 5^^^ f. Icuhm. Elephantiasis, T\\^ T^^-m m. god fUpd. Entrails, ^i^^fs^K ni. antrlydn. Epilepsy, fijiff f. mirgl. Epsom Salts, Tlt^r: ^"Vj^ m. sdnchar non. Eructation, TSFK f. dahdr. Eruption, '^Wt fjnKToJ m. plmnsl nihdl. Eye, ^?t^ m. dnich. „ -brow. H^T m. hhaun. „ -lash. Tmjft f. papnl. „ -lid. mft^'t f . papotl. „ pupil of. Y1Tq5^ f. putli. Face, 4^ m. munh, f^^T m. rJdhrd. Fainting, jt^WT m. durhaltd, ^it^^i. he-Uoshl, Fever, K^ m. ^rtp, ^^n: m. buhhdr. „ remittent (every second day) f^r^? W^ m. diroj tap. „ intermittent (every third day) fiRT^ 7T^ m. siroj tap. „ brain-, ?R^rm m. sarsdm. Finger, •^>T^^ f. ?«i(7/L Fits, TJTT^ f. ^arJ, m^ f. ghdsh. Flatulency. See i Eructation. Flooding, ^ftrt^ls^ m . istlhdj. Fluor albus. MH(^^ f. panaill. Foetus, ^^ m. tec/i^Z, ipfrr m. janhi. 114 HINDI MANUAL. Forehead, Ginger, Gonorrlioea, Gout, Gravel, Gum, „ Arabic, Hair, Hand, Head, „ -ache. Heart-burn, Hectic, Heel, Hemp, Henbane, Hernia, Hiccough, Hip, Hydrocele, Hydrophobia, Hypochondriac, Hysterics, IndigestioD, Inflammation, , ■ of the xi^T^^ f. peshdm. ^oF m. adraJc. TTT^ m. 'prameJia, ^TW ttn m. Mt rog. V^fXi f. patharl. JT^TT m. masurd, ^^ oF^ jff^ f. hdhul Icl gond. "m^ m. hdl. ^T^ m. hath. ^T m. savj fvtX m. sir, ^T oFT ^^ m. sar Jed dard, ^RqJ fcjTT m. gramal pit, TSyxy m. Jcshaya, ifr m. jwar. Wf\ f . erl. 7Tt»rr m. gdnjd. HtT m. hhdng. ^sniJ Tfi^ f. and soth. f^^^gfr^ f. hichald. oF^T m. hUldj W^Z m. cltutar, ^nS5 ^^ f. and soth, ^oF m. had ah. Tit^1% m. saudd/U ^m^ ^TT m. a5e& bhiit. ^^■?R^ f. had-hajmi. ^*^f^ f. sozishy »T^rT m. jalan. lungs, "R^TT oFT ^^ phephra hi dard. - VOCABULARY III. 115 Injection (to give an), fq^oFTT:^ ^. j^ichkan, k Insanity, g^ m. junurij ^^f^l m. saucld. Intestines. See Entrails. Itch, ^m f. khdj, ^iT^^ f. hJmjh. Jalap, »ft^T^ m. joldb. Jaundice, "^J^XUl m. pdndu'rog,'^'^^ m. Jcanval, Jaw, cF^ m. halldj "ST^T m. jahrd. ;, -bone. »R|?|^ f. jahm-haddl. „ -tooth. ^T^ m. ddrh. Joint, iTt3 m. gdnth. Knee, TT^tTT m. ghutnd. „ -cap. ^xjrf't f. chapnl. -Knuckle, itiZ m. gdnth J f^rft^ f. girih, op^ m, hand. Laudanum, ^TjiliT oFT "^i^T m. aphvm kd gliold. Leg, Zm m. tdng, ftj^^^ f. pindaU. Leech, ift^oii f . jonaky »TToF f. jonk. Leprosy, ojf^ m. ^'or/i. Limb, ^oh^r m. tukrd. Linseed, -5i^^^ f. alst. „ -oil. ^T^^^ oFT ff^ m. aZs^ fc^ tel. Lint, ^^ m. sa?i. Liver, oF^^T m. kalejd, f»fJTT m. jif/ar. „ complaint. ^^^ or fimT ^T ^^ ... ka dard. Lock-jaw, ^nT oF^ c^awi klra^ iT"^^ '^'r^jahrt hand. Loins, ofJrc m. kamar. 116 HINDI MANUAL. Lumbago, oFi^ ^ m. hamar-dard. Lunatic, ^^T hdwaldj f^^TT^ diwdna. Lungs, Manna, "^W^ m. phejyhre. j < H »f ^1 H nuranjahin . Measles, JUff ^T^T m. garml'ddnay ^i^n^z\ pangdtl. Miscamage, iT^xniT f. garhhpdt. Moustache, ^ m.jnuchh. Mouth, gf m. munh. Muscle, ^TT m. pathd. Mustard, nt f. rd/. Myrrh, JT? m. muj\ Nail, •T^ m. nalilij •T'reR' m. ndMun. Nape (of the neck), jfeFT m. manhd. Navel, '^'^] f. ndbi. Neck, TR^if m. gar dan. Nerve, TTi m. rag, ^ m. pai. Nightmare, oiTTW^ m. kdvus, nm m. mumd. Nitre, ^[ikT m. sora. Node, Tf\Z m. ghdnfh, T?r^T m. plmld. Nostril, Tf^^ m. nathnd. Nux Vomica, ^'q^T m. hucJdd. Oil, ^ m. feZ. Ointment, ^ m. Zep, iftf'i m. marham. Ophthalmia, ^^ ^T ^^ m. dnhh hd dard. Opium, ^■qjiTfT f. aphyun. VOCABULARY III. 117 Otitis, wm W\ ^^^ f. Jcdn hi pir. Pain, ^f m. dardi ■q'^ f. pir. Palate, ITTl^ m. tdlu. Palm (of the hand), f^f^^ f. hathaU. Palpitation, VTcF m. dharalc. Palsy, ^^TTtt m. shUdng, ^yiT m. adhang. Piles, blind, ^l^^ ^^TT^^T hddl hawdslr. „ bloody, ^rf^ ^m^^ hhum hawdslr. Pimple, "55^^ f. 2:>hunsiy t^T m. ddtid. Pore, ^T'TaR'il m. Idmhupj HHlH m. masdm. Potash, ^T^ m. khdr, -msft f^^i f. sajji mittl. Poultice, ^*^^ f. loprl. Pox, chicken-, jftfTfTT ^^TT^^ motiyd sitaU.^ „ cow-, Tftrf^T m. sUald.^ ,, small-, ^^oF mm f. chachak mdtd.* „ venereal, '^XKt f. gharml.^ Prickly heat, TjifiT'i" f . ghamaiirl. Red-lead, ^??nc m. sandier. Rheumatism, ^TTT ^T^ f. bdt bd^i. Rib, "^^TITT:^ f. panjari. Ringworm of the body, ^T^ m. ddd. „ „ head, tt^T^T m. ganaj. Rose-water, ^T^ m. guldh. * Sitala, the goddess of small-pox, who is also named Mdtd^ " mother." 118 HINDI MANUAL. Sal Ammoniac, Salt, Salts, Sarsaparilla, Scrofula, Sea-sickness, Senna leaves. Shingles, Shoulder, „ -blade, Side, Sinew, Skeleton, Skin. Skull, Small-pox. See Sole of the foot. Sore, „ -throat. Spasm, Spasmodic, Spine, Spit, „ blood. Spleen, •rt^T^T m. naushddar, f»TT«F m. nimak, Tlt'^ m. sdnchar, fft^T m. non. wr^^T m. sdlsd. ^^<*ii(?T m. Jmnthmdld, "5§TT m. ghur- ghurd. '^^^ f. ghumm. ^*Tr W^ m. saiid makhl. ^"SF ^T^ m. Icachh dad, oFT'^T m. hdndlid. 4?fT m. pankhd, MM^^ m. pdnjar. VZT m. pathd. ZTiX^ f. thathan, '^JTTT m. chamrd, ?frtf^ f. hhoprh Pox. W^^T m. talu^d. "m^ m. ghd^o. T^ oFT ^ m. ^oZ A:rt Jarc^. »?^^ m. mar or J $7 m. aintha. ^'^ cy«F^ maror lakah, j^"^ m. r^r^. TciRT tliuknd. cj"^? ^ ^. ?o/iM thuk dend, fq^ f. pila/t, fwwt f . ^t7Zf . VOCABULARY III. 119 Sponge, ^5''5[C^'JT m. samundar-phen, ^^tfi»T m. isfanj. Sprain, IT^ m. maror, ift^ m. moch. Squill, ^T^^ nr^TiT jangali piydj. Straining (at stool), oiff^ m. honth. Stye, ^^iT*T^TT^ f- anjanhdri. Sugar, ^^^ f. chmi, ,, of lead, iT^ ifJi m. murd-sang. Sulphate of copper, jfifxr m. tutiya. „ iron, oTO^ m. hasts. Sulphur, n^"^ m. gandhah. Sweat, xj^^T m. pasind. Syncope, 'J,^'^ ^' 'i^urchhd. Syringe, fq'^cfrn:^ f . inchhdrl. Tamarind, Kf{T^ ff^ m. tamar-i'Mndj ^^^ f. imll. Temple (of the head), oFrf^3^ f. Jcanpati. Testis, ^5?^ m. and. Thigh, iTt"^ m. jdngh, n«T m. ran. Throat, Tt\^J m. gala. Thumb, ^Jttt m. anguthd. Toe, vn wi ^^^ f. ]pair M_ungU. „ great, ^HTT m. anguthd. Tongue, w\^ m. jlbh. Tooth, ^nT m. danf. „ -ache, ^^ "ql^T f. dant-pird. 120 HINDI MANUAL. Trunk (body), 55^ m. loth. „ (main blood-vessel), ^^ xj\ f. shah-rag. Tumour, ir^jt m. phord. Turmeric root, ^^^ f. haldl. Turpentine, n^^Tl^T m. ganda-Uroj. „ oil of, IRT^ w^ m. tar pan teL Tympanum, ^^ ^t th;^? m. Idn hd 'pardd. Ulcer, •TT^ m. ndsur. Vein, »f^ f. nas. Venereal, tt^^ f. gharmJ, Verdigris, ^m m. jangdr, f^^ f. pitrdji. Vinegar, f«T^ m. siralz. Vitriol, id^j '^fhrr nlld thothd. Vomiting, T^^T^ f. uhhd,l. Waist, ?FHT m. kamar. Wart, ^m m. masd. Wax (bee's), *f^ m. mom. Wen, J|<^J|r< m. gala-gand. White-lead, ;ff^ m. saphedn. Whitlow, T'I