UC-NRLF B H 5D3 1D1 AINT LOUIS: FU-TURE JREAT CITY OF THE WORLD. ILLUSTRATED WITH A MAP. BY L. U. REAVIS SECOND EDITION Henc«forth St. Lodis must be viewed in the light of her future — her mightiness in the empire of the world — her away in the rule of states and nations. I " r r * < ArjF()ir\i \ ST. LOUIS: PUBLISHKD BY ORDER OF THE 8T. LOUIS COUNTY COURT. 1870. SAINT LOUIS FUTURE GREAT CITY OF THE WORLD. ILLUSTRATED WITH A MAI BY L. U. REAVIS. SECOND EDITION. HeDcafortb St. Lodis must be viewed in the light of her future — her mightiness in tlie empire of the world — her awny in the rule of states and nationn. '' (JAl.li'OI^MA. ST. LOUIS: PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE ST. LOUIS COUNTY COURT. V 1870. f'^.vM Entered according to act of Congress, in tlie year 1870, by L. U. REAVIS, In the office of the Clerk of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eadtern District of Missouri. /3^0f MISSOURI DEMOCRAT PRINTING HODSB . e d i c a t i n . TO JAMES B. EADS, rilK MAN OF REAL GENIUS AJTD MARKED FIDELITY TO HIS FRIENDS, THE CITIZEN OF GENUINE PATRIOTISM AND RAKK PtTBLlC SPIRIT, THE MAN WORTHY OF HONOR BECAUSE SELF-MADE, TfflS WORK, DEVOTED TO THE FUTURE OF A CITY WHORE BEST HOPE 18 IN SUCH MEN, IS DEDICATED BY' THE AUTHOR. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGK Prophetic Voices about St. Louis, 6 Fac-simile Letter of the Hon. Horace Greeley about St. Louis, - - - 7 The Future Great City — The Argument, 9 The Railway System of St. Louis, 38 popttlation considered, ---. 42 "Water as an important auxiliary to the growth of a great city, and the ADVANTAGE POSSESSED BY St. LoI'IS FOR AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SUPPLY, - - 52 Missouri and her Eesources, 56 The Minerals of Missouri, _--.63 Productitk Power of the Iron Lmterest of Missouri, ------ 76 Missouri as a "Wlne-producinq State, ---.--.-.gi The CmL and LnausTRiAL Mission of the American People — The World's Com- merce AND Civilization, and the tendency of both toward the Continent of North America and the Future Great City, 86 America — Poetry, ------110 Great Bridge at St. Louis, a.\d its use, when completed, to facilitate the future growth of the City, -- Ill Closing Egotism, 126 Appendix, -- * 129 To the Honorable the County Court of fH. Louis County, State of Missouri : Gentlemen : The undersigned respectfully request that your honorable body makf an appropriation for the publication and distribution of a new work b\ Mr. L. U. Reavi«, entitU-d " St. Louis, the Future Great City of the World." Believing that our city is just entering upon a new era of commercial prosperity and material growth, unknown to her past history, we feel assured that, from the character and object of the work, it will, when published and circulated, add infinitely more to the material interests of St. Loui-; than the >iu:ill sum required for its publication. Very respectfully, your obedient servants. Geo. Bain, Chas. GresoN, E. O. Stanard, Geo. p. Plant. Samuel Knox, "Wm. McKee, John S. Cavender, Ferd. Meter, A. Sieoel, Thos. Walsh, Jno. Baker, Robert Baker. L. H. Baker, Thos. Allen, E. W. Fox, The above petition was presented to the County Court i.f St. Louis by the following gentle- men, prominent citizens of St. Louis, who presented themselves as a committee, asking the publication of the work : D. A. .Janttary, Chas. H. Peck, Lee R. Shrtock, Thos. J. Bartholow. Wm. J. Lewis, C. A. Newcomb, J. H. Terry, Wm. a. Brawner. Elon G. Smith, Haskell & Co., Albert Todd, Scott, Collins & Co Geo. Todd, Silas Bent, Nathan H. Parker. Geo. H. Kea, Sam. a. Lowe, Josiah Foog, Thos. Hit^tington, Stilson Hutchinp, Emil Preetorius. .John Loughton, M.D., Frederick Hill. John Mennie, G. W. Dreyer, Henry Shaw, D. Robert Bar<-lay, Capt. James B. Eadk, W. C. Taylor, B. R. Bonner. CAPT. JAMES B. EADS, HON. SAMUEL KNOX, GEN. JOHN S. CAVENDER, HON. CHAS. GIBSON. CAPT. BARTON ABLE, LEEiR?SHRYOCK, Esq., HON. J. H. TERRY, HON. JOSEPH PULLITZKH. HON. D. ROBERT BARCLAY. WM. C. TAYLOR, Esq.. JOHN JACKSON, E.sq. The committee, having made their arguments in favor of the publication of the work, the Court voted as"follows|: .FUDGE F. W. CRONENBOLD. in the Chair, voted aye. JOHN F. LONG " " THOiLA.S J. DAILY " " JAMES S. FARRAR " " ROBERT C. ALLEN " " THOMAS M. BRANNAN " " CHRISTIAN CONRADES " " Making a unanimous vote of the Court in favor of the publication, and ordering ton thousand copies to be printed.in English, and five thousand in German. PROPHETIC VOICES ABOUT ST. LOUIS. St Louis alone would be an all-sufficient theme; for who can doubt that this prosperous metropolis is destined to be one of the mighty centers of our mighty Republic? -Charles Sumner. Fair St. Louis, the future Capital of the United States, and of the civilization of the Western Continent. — [. J AMKS Parton. New York Tribunk, "» New York, February 4, 1870. j Dear Sir : I have twice seen St. Louis in the middle of winter. Nature made her the focus of a vast region, embodying a vast area of the most fertile soil on the globe. Man wUl soon accomplish her destiny by rendering her the seat of an immense industry, the home of a far-reaching, ever-expandmg commerce. Her gait is not so rapid as that of some of her Western sisters, but she advances steadily and surely to her predestined station of first inland city on the globe. Yours, HORACE GREELEY. L. U. Reavis, Esq., Missouri. I also remember that I am in the city of St. Louis - destined, ere long, to be the greatest city on the continent (renewed cheers) ; the greatest central point between the East and the West, at once destined to be the entrepot and depot of all the internal commerce of the greatest and most prosperous country the world has ever seen; connected soon with India by the Pacific, and receiving the goads of China and Japan; draining, with its immense rivers centering here, the great Northwest, and opening into the Gulf through the great river of this nation, the Father of Waters — the Mississippi. Whenever — and that time is not far distant — the inteinal commerce shall exceed our foreign commerce, then shall St. Louis take the very first rank among the cities of the nation. And that time, my friends, is much sooner than any one of us at the present time actually realizes. Suppose that it had been told to you — any one of you here present, of middle age — within twenty years past, that within that time such a city should grow up here, with such a population as covers the teeming prairies of Illinois and Indiana, between this and the Ohio, who would have realized the prediction ? And so the next quarter of a century shall see a larger population west of the Mississippi than the last quarter of a century saw east of the Mississippi ; and the city of St. Louis, from its central location, and through the vigor, the energy, the industry, and the enterprise of its inhabitants, shall become the very first city of the United States of America, now and hereafter destined to be the great republican nation of the world.— [B^^fmcf /rom a speech delivered in St. Louis, October IS, 1866, by Gen. B. F. Butler. Now, sir, when I see this country, when I see its vastness and its almost illimitable extent ; when I see the keen eye of capital and business fastened with steady, interested gaze upon the trade of the West, and all our Eastern cities in hot rivalry are reaching out their iron arms to secure our trade; when I see the railroads that are centering here in St. Louis; when I see this city, with 60,000 miles of railroad communication .ind 100,000 miles of telegraphic communication; when I see that she stands at the head waters of navigation, extending to the north 3,000 miles, and to the south 2,000 miles ; and when I see that she stands in the center of the continent, as it were; when I see the population moving to the West in vast numbers; when I see emigration rolling toward the Pacific, and ail through these temperate climes I hear the tramp of the iron horse, on his way to the Pacific Ocean; iwhen I see towns and villages springing up in every direction; when I see States forming into existence until the city of St. Louis becomes the center, as it were, of a hundred States, the center of the population and the commerce of this country — when I see all this, sir, I feel convinced that the seat of empire is to come this side of the Alleghanies ; and why may not St. Louis be the future Capital of the United States of America? — [Extract Jrom a speech of Senator Yates. If it were asked whose anticipations of what has been done to advance civilization, for the past fifty years, have come nearest the truth — those of the sanguine and hopeful, or those of the cautious and fearful— must it not be answered that none of the former class had been sanguine and hopeful enough to anticipate the full measure of human progress since the opening of the present century '? May it not be the most sanguine and hopeful only, who, in anticipation, can attain a due estimation of the measure of future change and improvement'in the grand march of society and civilization westward over the continent? The general mind is faithless of what goes much beyond its own experience. It refuses to receive, or it receives with distrust, conclusions, however strongly sustained by facts and fair deductions, which go much beyond its ordinary range of thought. It is especially skeptical and intolerant toward the avowal of opinions, however well founded, which are sanguine of great future changes. It does not comprehend them, and therefore refuses to believe; but it sometimes goes further, and, without examination, scornfully rejects. To seek for the truth is the proper object of those who, from the past and present, undertake to say what will be in the future, and, when the truth is found, to express it with as little reference to what willbe thought of it as if putting forth the solution of a mathematical problem. — [J. W. Scott. ffiiT 0f Die iiviliunc. S^cu.fod, .^^- f^ S.2^.^. jU^' ^^^' •• ^ L^-f-i^ Ic^ia^ ^s^^ , ^^i i> h' -\ n < hiBii UNIVERSITY OF ydrof • CALIFOKNIA. 1,1 !'. li A L;NJVKUSITY .- ST. LOUIS J^''^"''"'^ THE FUTUEE GREAT CIl^Y. Great cities grow up in nations as the mature offspring of well-directed civil rtnd commercial agencies, and in their natural development they become vital organs in the world's government and civilization, performing the highest functions of human life on the earth. They grow up where human faculties and natural advantages are most effective. They have a part in the grand inarch of the human race, peculiar to themselves, in marking the progress of mankind in arts, commerce, and civilization ; and they embellish history with its richest pages of learning, and impress on the mind of the scholar and the student the profoundest lessons of the rise and fall of nations. They have formed in all ages the great centers of industrial and intellectual life, from which mighty outgrowths of civilization have expanded. In short, they are the mightiest works of man. And whether we view them wrapped in the flames of the conqueror, and surrounded with millions of earnest hearts, yield- ing in despair to the wreck of fortune and life at the fading away of expiring glor}', or the sinking of a nation into oblivion ; or whether wo contemplate them in the full vigor of prosperity, with steeples piercing the very heavens, with royal palaces, gilded halls, and rich displays of wealth and learning, they are ever wonderful objects of man's creation, ever impressing with profoundest conviction lessons of human greatness and human glory. In their greatness they have been able to wrestle with all human time. Wo have only to go with Volney through the Euins of Empire; to trace the climbing path of man, from his tirst appearance on the fields of history to the present day, by the evidences we find along his pathway in the ruins of the groat cities, the creation of his own hands. The lessons of magnitude and durability which great cities teach may be more clearly realized in the following eloquent passage from a lecture of Louis Kossuth, delivered in New York City : " IIow wonderful ! What a present and what a future yet ! Future ? Then let me stop at this mysterious word, the veil of unrevealed eternity. '' The shadow of that dark word passed across my mind, and, amid the bustio of this gigantic bee-hive, there I stood with meditation alone. "And the spirit of the immovable past rose before my eyes, unfolding the picture-rolls of vanished greatness, and of the fragility of human things. 10 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. "And among thoir dissolving views there I saw the scorched soil of Africa, and upon that soil^ Thebos, with its hundred gates, more splendid than the most splendid of all the existing cities of the world — Thebes, the pride of old Egj-pt, the first metropolis of arts and sciences, and the mysterious cradle of so manv doctrines, which still rule mankind in ditTerent shapes, though it has long for- gotten their source. " There I saw Syria, with its hundred cities ; every city a nation, and every nation with an empire's might. Baalbec, with its gigantic temples, the very ruins of which baffle the imagination of man, as they stand like mountains of carved rocks in the desert, where, for hundreds of miles, not a stone is to be found, and no river flows, offering its tolerant back to cany a mountain's weight upon. And yet there they stood, those gigantic ruins ; and as wo glance at them with astonishment, though wo have mastered the mysteriouH elements of nature, and know the combination of 'levers, and how to catch the lightning, and how to command the power of steam and compressed air, and how to write with the burning fluid out of which the thunderbolt is forged, and how to dive to the bottom of the ocean, and how to rise up to the sky, cities like ]^ow York dwindle to the modest proportion of a child's toy, so that we are tempted to take the nice little thing up on the nail of our thumb, as Micro- mcgas did with the man of wax. '' Though we know all this, and many thmga else, still, looking at tne times of Baalbec, we cannot forbear to ask what people of giants was that which could do what neither the puny eff'orts of our skill, nor the ravaging hand of unrelenting time, can undo through thousands of years. "And then I saw the dissolving pictui'o of Nineveh, with its ramparts uovr covered with mountains of sand, where Layard is digging up colossal wingcvl bulls, large as a mountain, and yet carved with the nicety of a cameo ; and then Babylon, with its beautiful walls ; and Jerusalem, Avith its unoqualed temples; Tyrus, tvith its countless fleets; Arad, with its wharves ; and Sidon, with its labyrinth of work-shops and factories ; and Ascalon, and Gaza, and Beyrout, and, further off, Poreepolis, with its -'world of palaces." The first great cities of the Avorld were built by a race of men inferior to those which now foi-m the dominant civilization of the earth, yet there are many ruins of a mold superior, both in greatness and mechanical skill, to those which belong to the cities of our own day, as found in the marble solitudes of Palmyra and the sand-buried cities of Egypt. It is true, however, that ancient grandeur grow out of a system of idolatry and serf-labor, controlled by a selfish despot or a blind priesthood, which compelled a useless display of greatness in most public improvements. In our age, labor is directed more by practical wisdom than of old, which creates the useful more than the ornamental; hence we have the Crystal Palace instead of the Pyramids. But, leaving the ancient cities, we are led to inquire, " Where will grow up the future great city of the world ? " At the very outset of this inquiry it is necessary to clearly comprehend a few underlj-ing facts connected with the cities of the past and those now in existence, and note the influence of the more important arts and sciences that bear upon man's present intellectual and ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. li industrial interests, and, if possible, to dotcrmino the tendency of tlio world'^ civilization toward the unfolding future. The first great fact wo meet with is, that the inevitable tendency of man upon the earth has been to make the circuit of the globe by going westward, within an isothermal belt of zodiac of equal temperature, which encircles the earth in the north temperate zone. Within this belt has already been embraced more than three-fourths of the world's civilization, and now about 850,000,000 people. It is along this belt that the processions of nations, in time, has moved forward, with reason and order, " in a pre-dotormincd, a solemn march, in which all have joined; over moving and over rosistiessly advancing, encoun- tering and enduring an inevitable succession of events." "It is along this axis of the isothermal temperate zone of the northern hemisphere that revealed civilization makes the circuit of tho globe. Hero the nontinents expand, tho oceans contract. This zone contains tho zodiac of empires. Along its axis, at distances scarcely var3'ing one hundred leagues, appear tho great cities of tho world, from Pekin in China to St. Louis in America. "During antiquity this zodiac was narrow; it never expanded beyond the North African shore, nor beyond tho Pontic sea, the Danube, and tho lihinc. Along this narrow belt civilization planted its syetom, from oriental Asia to tho western extremity of Europe, with moro or less perfect development. Modern times havo recently seen it widen to embrace the region of tho Baltic sea. In America it starts with tho broad front from Cuba to Iludson's Uay. As in all previous times, it advances along a line central to those extremes, in the densest form, and with tho greatest celerity. Here are chief cities of intel- ligence and power, the greatest intensity of energy and progress. Science has recently very perfectly established, by observation, this axis of tho isothermal temperate zone. It reveals to the world this shining fact, that along it civili- zation has traveled, as by an inevitable instinct of nature, since creation's (lawn. From this line has radiated intelligence of mind to tho North and to the South, and toward it all people have struggled to converge. Thus, in harmony with tho supreme order of nature, is tho mind of man instinctively adjusted to the revolutions of the sun, and tempered by its heat." " Tliri>u;:;h the fij^es ono increasing purpose runs, Aii'l tlio tlmughts of men arc wiJoncd with tlu* procoss of tlx* «un." It is a noteworthy observation of Dr. Draper, in his work on tho Civil War in America, that within a zone a few degrees wide, having for its axis the January isothermal line of fort^'-ono degrees, all great men in luirope and Asia have appeared. He might havo added, with equal truth, that within tho same zone have existed all those great cities which have exerted a powerful influence upon the world's history, as centers of civilization ani intellectual progros<<. The same inexoraI)le but sulttle law of climate which makes greatness in the individual unattainable to a temperature hotter or colder than a certain golden mean, afTects in like manner, with oven more certainty, the development of those concentrations of the intellect of man which wo tind in great cities. 12 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. If the temperature is too cold, the sluggish torpor of the intellectual and physical nature precludes the highest development j if the temperature is too hot, the fiery fickleness of nature, which warm climates produce in the individual, is typical of the swift and tropical growth, and sudden and severe decay and decline, of cities exposed to the same all-powerful influence. Bej'ond that zone of naoderate temperature, the human life resembles more closely that of the animal, as it is forced to combat with extremes of cold, or to submit to extremes of heat; but within that zone the highest intellectual activit}' and culture are displayed. Is it not, then, a fact of no little import that the very axis of this zone — the center of equilibrium between excess of "* heat and cold — the January isothermal line of forty-one degrees — passes ^ nearer to the city of St. Louis than to any other considerable city on this V continent ? Close to that same isothermal line lie London, Paris, Eome, Con- i stantinople, and Pekin ; north of it lie New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago, t and south of it lies San Francisco. Thus favored in climate, lying in the very ^■'. center of that belt of intellectual activity beyond which neither great man nor great cit}- has yet appeared, St. Louis may, with reason, be expected to attain the highest rank, if other conditions favor. A second underlying fact that presents itself is that nearly all the great cities of the world have been built upon rivers, whether in the inteiior or near the ocean's edge : such as Babylon, on the Euphrates ; Thebes, on the Nile ; Nineveh, on the Tigris; Eome, on the Tiber; Paris, on the Seine; London, on the Thames; New York, on the Hudson ; Cincinnati, on the Ohio; St. Louis, ^^ on the Mississippi; and Constantinople, on the Bosphoi-us ; while Carthage, St. ' Petersburg, and Chicago belong to interior waters, and Palmyra and the City of Mexico to the interior country. 5 A third fundamental fact is, that the arts and sciences do more to develop interior cities, and multiply population upon the interior lands, than upon the seaboards or coast lands. Steam engines, labor-saving machines, books, the value and use of metals, government, the enforcement of laws, and other means of self-protection — all have tended more to make the people of the interior more numerous, powerful, and wealthy than those w4io dwell along the shores of the oceans. A fourth fundamental fact is, that, to all modern civilization, domestic trans- portation by •water and rail is more valuable to nations of large territorial extent than ocean navigation. This fact is founded not only upon the assump- tion that a nation's interests are of more importance to itself than to any other nation, and it hence necessarily does more business at home than abroad, but also upon the fact that the exchanges of domestic products within this country, it is estimated, already exceed in value six thousand millions yearly, while the whole value of all foreign exchanges is less than one thousand millions a year. With every year, as the country advances in population and industry, its domestic exchanges gain upon its foreign ; and those cities, like New York, which much depend largely upon foreign trade, are overtaken in the race for commercial supremacy by inferior cities more favorably located for transacting the far greater business of domestic interchange. ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 13 A fifth fundamental condition upon which to baso a high civilization, a pros- perous, wealthy, and numerous people, who are destined to huild great citiep, is a country well adapted by nature with suitable climate and resources of soil, minerals, timbers, water-powers, and navigable advantages. A sixth and final fundamental fact is, that the most favored and surely to be a prosperous, wealthy, and numerous people, are those who are favored in land and country so far as to be able to organize the producer and consumer, side by side, with full and equal advantages to work out the great problems of usefulness in life, and share the liberiy, the happiness, and intelligence which the w^orld affords. The growth of a city is analogous to the growth of a man, and auxiliary to our six fundamental facts are the throe following requisites to human life and individual prosperity: I. The necessity for food. II. The necessity for clothing. III. The necessity for shelter. There can bo no civilized life without all of these requisites ; and as they are the products of labor and skill, where they can bo produced in the greatest abundance and used to the greatest advantage, and tho most extensively, will almost certainly bo tho placo where the great city will grow up — where our problem will be solved. Added to these should be ample facilities for tho intercommunion of the people, one with another, and for tho ready exchange of commodities forming foreign and domestic commerce. These ma}- be enumerated as good roads, railways, and navigable channels, with attendant cheap freights. Thus, with this statement of fundamental facts, wo are enabled to proceed to a discussion of the causes in nature and civilization, which, in their reei|>- rocal action, tend to fix the position of tho future groat city of the world. Wo have seen that the human race, with all its freight of commerce, its bar- barism and civilization, its arms and arts, through pestilence and prosperity, across seas and over continents, like one might}' caravan, has been moving forward since creation's dawn, from tho East to the West, with tho sword and cross, helmet and distaff, to the conquest of tho world ; and, like a mighty array, leaving weakness behind and organizing power in tho advance. Ilenco, we can oasil}- realize that tho same inevitable cause that wrested human power from the cities of tho ancients, and vested it for a time in tho city of tho Ca?sars, and thence moved it to the city of London, will, in time, cross tho Atlantic Ocoan, and bo organized and represented in tho future great city ol" tho world, which is destined to grow up on the American Continent; and that this power, wealth, and wisdom, that once rulod in Troy, Athens, Carthago, and Ivome, and are now represented by the city of London — the precursor of tho final great city — will, in less than one hundred years, find a resting place in North America, and culminate in the future great city which is destined to grow up in the central plain of the Continent, and upon the great Mississippi river, whore the city of St. Louis now stands. 14 ST. LOUIS, THE In this westward march of civilization, wo know that the center of the world's commerce, which was once represented by the cities of the Mediter- ranean, has moved westward to the Atlantic Ocean, and is now represented by the city of London. The tendency is still westward, and that London cunuol remain the center for any considerable length of time is universally evident. Human power is moving westward with an irresistible tendency, and is destined to be organized on the American Continent in its most absolute and gigantic form. There may be those who will assume that New York is to be the successor of London, and even surpass in population and commercial supremac}' that great city of the trans-Atlantic shore, before the position of the iinal groat city is fixed. This is not possible. Wo have only to comprehend the new character of our national industry, and the diversity of interests which it and our rapidly increasing system of railways are establishing, to know that it is impossible. The city of New York will not, in the future, control the same proportionate share of foreign and domestic commerce of the country that she heretofore has. New Orleans and San Francisco will take some of the present valued trade, and, together with other points which will soon partake of the outpost r-ommerce, the trade to and from our country will bo so divided as to prevent New York from becoming the rival, much less the superior, of London, as Mr. Scott has 80 earnestly contended. Then, in the westwai-d movement of human power and the center of the world's commerce, from the city of London to the New World, it is not possible for it to find a complete and final resting ])Iaee in any city of the Atlantic seaboard, but it will be compelled to move forward, until, in its complete development, it will bo organized and repre- sented in the most favored city in the central plain of the Continent. Besides the diifiision of our external commerce through so many channels upon our ^■eaboard, so as to prevent its concentration at any one of the seaboard cities, there are elements at work in the interior of the country which will more surely prevent the city that is to succeed London from growing up on the Atlantic shore of our Continent. Every tendency of our national progress is more and more to our continental development — a living at home, rather than going abroad to distant markets. There is an inherent principle lurking among all people of great continental nationality and resources, which impresses them stronger with home interests than with external and distant lields of action • and this principle is rapidly infusing itself among the j)ooplo of these great valley States ; therefore, it is needless to look into the future to SCO our great cities on either seaboard of our Continent, for they are not destined to be there. But most certainly will they grow up in the interior, upon the lakes, the rivers, and the Gulf; and among theso cities of the interior we are to look for the future groat city of the world — that which London now heralds, and which the westward tendency of the world's civilization will in, loss than one hundred years, build up as the greatest industrial organism of tho human race. Leaving tho Atlantic seaboard and coming west of the Appalachian moun- tains, we at once enter tho domain of tho Mississippi Yalley, which comprises -i 1 ST. LOUIS, TUE FUTUllc: GREAT CITY. 15 i%n area of 2,445,000 square miles, and extends throu<^b tliirt}' dcirrecs of longitude and twcnty-tlnco degrees of latitude. In this valley, which is bliil new in its early development, there are already many largo and flourishing oities, each expecting, in the future, to he greater than others. First among theso stand Chicago, Cinciiuiati, St. Louis, and ^'ow Orleans — four cities doi>lined, at no di>tant day, to surpass, in wealth and population, tho four citie< of tho Atlantic seaboard — Boston, Xow York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Assuming, then, that the future great city is to be in tho Mississippi Valley, wo are to ascertain which of tho four cities it is to be, or whether sorao new and more prosperous rival will present itself for tho groat mission. As tho great cit}^ is to bo in tho future, wo must view it as tho growth of tho well-developed resources of our country; and, all things being considered, it is but just to say that, inasmuch as it will bo an organism of human power, it will grow up in or near tho center of the productive power of tho Continent. That Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Kew Orleans have each many natural advantages, there can bo no question. There is, however, this difference : tho area of sur- rounding habitable country, capable of ministering to tho wants and supplying tho trade of a city, is broken, in the case of Now Orleans, by tho Gulf and tho lakC; and by regions of swamp ; in the case of Chicago, it is diminished one-third by tho lake ; while Cincinnati and St. Louis both have around them unbroken and uninterrupted areas, capable of sustaining a largo population. Ihit if we ask to which of theso cities belong tho greatest advantages, must we not answer, it is tho one nearest tho center of the productive power of tho Continent? Most certainly, for there will grow up tho human power. And is not this center St. Louis ? Wo have only to appeal to facts to estab- lish tho superior natural advantages of St. Louis over any other city on tho Continent. But, before wo enter upon a discussion of tho productive powers of tho Continent, let us look for ono moment at tho elements of human want upon which civilization is founded ; and this brings us back to a consideration of our auxiliary and essential requisites to our six fundamental facts. Under all circumstances, and in over}- condition of life, in country or clime, tho first and greatest necessity of man is food ; and, with a civilization and an industry universally founded upon the principle of "for value rcceivoil," it is incontro- , vertibly true that, in that part of tho country whoro^jdio juoat food can be produced and supplied at the cheapest rates to the consumcr.s, there will l)e an '.essential requisite to encourage and sustain a dense population. Then, without entering into a detailed investigation of the advantages alTordod to Chicago, Cincinnati, and New Orleans, for obtaining an all-sulHcient supply of cheap food, wc shall at once assume that St. Ijouis is central to a better and grcjiter food-producing area or country than either ono or the other three cities; i-.nd that no man can disprove the assumption, is most cortainl}- true. St. Louis is, substantially, tho geographical center of this groat valley, which, as wo have already seen, contains an area of 2,445,000 square miles, and will, in tho mature development of the capacity of its soil, wield, at least, the products of 1,000,000 square miles. That wo may infer, approximately, tho yL ^U .3*> <^,/M,AAA^iCXtf^A*3~>-^<^^ -1 16 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. capacity of tho more central portions of this valley for food producing pur. poses, we call to tho calculation an estimate, made by the Agricultural Bureau, of the cereal products of the Northwest for tho next four decades : Year. Bushels. 1870 ' 702,200,000 1880 1,219,520.000 igqn 1,951,232.000 i90o!!!!!!!!.!!iiii 3,121,970,000 "We consume in this country an average of about five bushels of wheat to the inhabitant, but, if necessary, can get along with something less, as we have many substitutes, such as corn, ryOj and buckwheat. A low estimate will show that our population will be in : Year. Population. 1870 ' 42,000,000 -1880 56,000,000 1890 77,000,000 1900 100,000,000 Accordingly, we can use for home consumption alone of wheat in : Year. Bushels. 1870 210,000,009 1SS0 '.".".'.'.'.'.'.'...'. 280,000.000 1890 385,000.000 1900 500,000,000 This calculation is made for Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minne- sota ; and by taking into the account Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and Arkansas, four additional States which naturally belong to the account of this argument, we at once swell the amount of food for the next three decades to a sufficiency to supply hundreds of millions of human beings, at as cheap rates as good soil and human skill and labor can produce it. Nor do these States comprise half of the food-producing area of the Yalley of the Mississippi. Other large and fertile States, more eastern, and southern, and western — Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama^ Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska — do now, and will continue to, con- tribute largely to the sum total of the food produced in the Yalley States. And when we consider that less than one-fifth of tho entire products of the whole \ country in 1860 was exported to foreign countries, thus leaving four-fifths for . j^A « exchange in domestic commerce between the States, and that such is the tr y industrial and commercial tendency of our people to a constant proportional >^ ,' increase of our domestic over our foreign exchange, we see an inevitable tendency in our people to concentrate industrially and numerically in tho interior of the Continent. And when we take into the account that not more than eighteen per cent, of the soil of the best States of this valley is under cultivation, Ave are still more amazed at the thought of what the future will produce^ when the whole shall have been brought under a high state of improved culture. Then the food-producing capacity of this valley will be ample to supply more people than now occupy the entire globe, and with the superior advantages of domestic navigation that St. Louis has over any of the valley cities, and the still additional advantages which she will have in railway ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. IT commanications, aud her proximity to rich soils, where can a people bo supplied with more and cheaper food than hero ? Not only are the superior advantages afforded for the production of an abundance of cheap corn and wheat for food, but also for the growth of rye, oats, barley, sugar, and all kinds of vegetables and fruits essentially necossarj' for the wants of those who inhabit the land. In af Illinois, and on the other by the larger ones of Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas, who can iloubt her advantages in the use of the most important substance for the next two thousand years? On the one side we have Illinois, with her 30,000 square miles of coal, which is estimated by Prof. Eodgors to amount to l,227,r;00,- 000,000 tons, which is much greater than the deposits in Philadel|tliia — they amounting, according to the same authority, to 310,400,000,000 tuns. On the other side we have Missouri, with more than 26,887 square miles, amounting to more than 130,000,000,000 tons. Iowa baa her 24,000 square miles of coal ; Kansas, 12.000 square miles; Arkansas, 12,000 square miles; and the Indian Territory, 10,000 square miles. Nearly all the other States are likewise bountifully supplied, but these figures are sufiicient to show the position of St. Louis to the greatest coal deposits in the world. We can only approximate to the value of these resources by contrast. It is the available use of these two substances that has made England — a little island of the sea, not so groat as 20 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. the State of Iowa — the great heart of the world's civilization and commerce. She, with her 144,000^000,000 tons, or 12,000 square miles, of coal, with its greater development and use, reckons her wealth, in substantial value, at 8100,000,000,000 ; while our nation, with our 3,740,000,000,000 tons, or 500,000 Square miles, of loss developed and not so well used coal, and more than twenty-five times as large, are only reckoned to be worth $23,400,000,000, with an annual increase of $921,700,000. It is true, our nation is only in its infancy, but these facts and the contrast teach us how mighty we can be, if we do but use these apparently coarse and unattractive substances, coal and iron, as the best wisdom and skill will enable. We possess thirty-four times the quantity of coal and iron possessed by England, and perhaps double as much as that possessed by all other portions of the earth. These resources are availably located; they are in proximity to the widest plains and richest soils known to man. They are developed by ocean-like lakes or magnificent rivers, and are, or will be, traversed by railroads from ocean to ocean. Their value is incal- culable, their extent boundless, and their richness unequaled. They are mines of wealth, more valuable than gold, and sufficiently distributed over this great valley to supply well-regulated labor to 400,000,000 producers and consumers. Adjacent to our coal-fields are our mountains of iron of a superior quality, and of quantity inexhaustible. Thus is St. Louis favored with coal and iron in such endless supplies as to always render them as cheap as the American market can afford. The rich deposits of precious metals which belong to the great mountain system of our continent, being on the west side of the valley, have already, and will necessarily yet more, contribute to building up the interior of the country than either coast region ; and though this interest never can be so valuable as that of coal and iron, it is of immense value and important in its bearing upon the subject under discussion. Already the account has been made large, as the following table shows, but not the half has been taken from those rich and extended mines : Table showing the Growth of Coinage of the United States from 1793 to 1867. TEARS. GOLD. SILVER. COPPER. TOTAL. 1793 to 1800, 8 years 1801 to 1810, 10 '• 1811 to 1820, 10 " 1821 to 1830, 10 " 1831 to 1840, 10 " 1841 to 1850, 10 " 1851 to 1860, 9^ " 1861 to 1867, 7 " $1,014,290 00 3,250,742 50 3,166,510 00 1,903,092 50 18,791,862 00 89,443,328 00 470,838,180 98 296,967,464 63 $1,440,454 75 3,569,165 25 5,970,810 95 16,781,046 95 27,199,779 00 22,226,755 00 48,087,763 13 12,638,732 11 $79,390 82 151,246 39 191,158 57 151,412 20 342,322 21 380,670 83 1,249,612 53 4,869,350 00 $2,534,135 57 6,971,154 14 9,328,479 52 18,835,551 65 46,333,963 21 112,050,753 83 520,175,556 64 314,475,546 74 Total, 74 years $885,375,470 61 $137,914,587 14 $7,415,163 55 $1,030,705,141 30 Yaluable forests of the best timbers used in mechanical industry are to be found in the southeastern part of the State, and will, in duo time, furnish material for agricultural implements, furniture, and the various uses to which timber is applied. Water powers, not surpassed in any part of New England, are to be found in many parts of the eouthern half of the State, and which, ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 21 when properly improved, will contribute largely to the comraercml interests of St. Louis. There still remains to be considered the domestic navigation of the Missis- sippi Valley. This includes, in its broadest scope, the Gulf and the greater lakes, with the Mi3siBsippi river and her tributaries, which comprise the finest inland navigation on the globe. These rivers afford more than 20,000 miles of navigable water, which form transportation facilities for the commerce of the most productive portions of the great Valley States. The following remark of Col. Benton is very expressive of the magnitude and importance of the river system of this great valley : "The river navigation of the Great West," said lie, "is the most wonderful on the globe, and, since the application of steani power to the propulsion of vessels, possesses the essential qualities of open navigation. Speed, distance, cheapness, magnitude of cargoes, are all there, and without the perils of the sea from storms and enemies. The steamboat is the ship of the river, and finds in thfi Mississippi and its tributaries the amplest theater for the diffusion and the display of its power. Wonderful river! Connected with seas by the head and by the mouth, stretching its arms toward the Atlantic and the Pacific, lying in a valley which is a valley from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson's Bay ; drawing its first waters not from rugged mountains, but from the plateau of the lakes in the center of the Continent, and in communication with the sources of the St. Lawrence and the streams which take their course north to Hudson's Bay ; draining the largest extent of richest land, collecting the pro- ducts of every clime, even the frigid, to bear the whole to market in the sunny South, and there to meet the products of the entire world. Such is the Missis, sippi ; and who can calculate the aggregate of its advantages and the magnitude of its future commercial results?" St. Louis is centr ally situated in this great system of domestic navigation, and cannot fail to be, in all the future, the most important city and depot identified with its interests. In the nature of river navigation, a smaller class of boats is required for the upper waters than those which can be most economically used in deeper streams, and hence arises a necessity for transfer, at some point, from up-river boats to those of greater tonnage; and at that point of transfer, business must arise sutficient of itself to sustain a considerable city. The fact that St. Louis is this natural point of transfer between the upper waters of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois, and the great channel thence to the Gulf, is not to bo overlooked in estimating its natural advantages. To the domestic navigation we add the railway system of the Valley States, which will, in a few years more, comprise more than 100,000 miles; and, by reference to the map illustrating this new inland agency for the easy exchange of products and people, we behold at a glance a most wonderful system traversing all parts of these States. In the rapid construction of these lines of communication, St. Louis is fast becoming the greatest railway center on the Continent, .is well as in the world, and, with her advantages for domestic navigation, she is soon to be provided with the liost commercial facilities of any city on the globe ; and to her 20,000 miles of river navigation will be added, in less than fifteen years, 22 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. & continental sj-mtem of railway communication ; and with all these constantly bearing an ever-incroaaint; commerce to her markets, who cannot foi'csee her destiny among the cities of the world? These thousands of miles of railway can be built the cheapest of any extended system in the world, as they are unobstructed by mountain ranges; they Avill also bo the straightest, shortest, . and best routes from point to point, for the same reason. Granting that s-he will become the center of the greatest railway communication and of river navigation in the country-, wo must take into the account the question of freights, as an item of interest which will bear directly upon tho subject o[ the growth of all American cities. Cheap freights will have a dii'oct and important bearing upon the matter of distributing food and raiment to tho people of the Valley States, and also of giving to their products the advantages of the best market. To settle this question in favor of St. Louis, involves but two points necessary to be considered : tho first, tho universal competition constantly existing between the various rival railroads of tho Yalley States. which will, of necessity, make the freights to St. Louis as cheap as to any otkcr city; the second point is, that St. Louis stands in the midst of the greatest producing and consuming region of the country, and in this she cannot fail to have tho advantage over any rival city that may aspire for empire in the republic or the world. Situated, then, as she is, in the very heart of the productive power of the country, and destined, at a very early date, to be connected by railway and by water, in the most advantageous way, with over}- city and harbor upon our seacoast, and with every inland city and productive region where industry and wealth can find opportunity, we are led to consider her future as a commercial and manufacturing city, and her uJvantages to become a distributing point for tho future millions of industrious and intelligent of our race who are 3'ot to inhabit this Continent, under one flag and one language. Let us go a little deeper into tho discussion. Having pointed out a condi- tion of advantages which nature, by an inscrutable wisdom, has organized sufficiently strong to insure, under a well-directed civilization,' the production OB our Continent of the future great city of the world, it is a part of the argu- ment to point out some of the essential incidental wants and conditions which must control the use of products in civilized life, in order to make them sub- serve the highest use in supplj'ing tho wants of man. The first essential want of any productive people is markets, whereat to dispose of their surplus products, mechanical or agricultural, at profitable prices. Markets are a want of population in all lands. Mr. Seaman says, in the first series of his valuable work on tho progress of nations, that '• popula- tion alone adds value to lands and property of every kind, and is, therefore, one of the principal sources and causes of wealth." And why is it so ? Simply because it creates a market by causing a demand for property and products ; it enhances their price and exchangeable value, rewards the producer for his industry, and encourages and increases industry and production. Population thus creates markets, and markets operate to enhance prices and to increase wealth, industry, and production. Markets are, therefore, among tho princioal ST. LOUIS, TUE FUILKE GREAT CITY. 23 causes and sources of value and of weallh, and stimulants of industry. The farmer, mechanic, miner, and manufacturer are all bcneticial to each other, for the reason that each wants the products of every other in exchange for his own, and thus caclji creates a market for the proilucts of all the others, and thereby enhances prices and stimulates their iudustr}-. llenco the advantage to the farmer of increasing mechanical, manufacturini^, and mining industry, as far as practicable, in his own country, in order to create a market for his products and to encourage domestic commerce. Agricultural products alone cannot furnish tne materials of an active oommerco, and two nations almost exclusively agricultural have seldom much intercourse with each other. Tyro, Carthage, and Athens, in ancient, and Venice, Florence, Genoa, and the Netherlands, in more modern times, were the greatest of commercial nations at their respective eras, as Great Britain i« now, because they were also in advance of all other nations in the mcchanio arts and manufactures, and their commerce was based on their mechanism and manufacturing industry, wliich furnished the principal subject-matter and materials for making exchanges and carrying on commerce with foreign nations. Then it is that the people of this great valley must look to the proper and highest use of the resources and materials which nature has eo i)0untifully bestowed. Capital and skill must be made to supply the ever- increasing demand of this growing people, and thus it will become the mightiest in art, the most bountiful in the lield, and the richest in commerce, "and in peace more puissant than army or navy, for the conquest of the world ;" and, "Stimulated to loftier endeavors, each citizen^ yielding to irresisiiblc attraction, will .seek a new life in the gi'cat national family. r>ut it is argued by some that a city cannot be ?ucoe9sful in the pursuit of both commercial and manufacturing interests. This cannot be maintained as a correct position. There never has been any war between commerce and iho mechanic arts. There can bo none. They are the twin offspring of industry and intelligence, and alike dependent on each other for prosperity. The falsw conception of the relations they hold to each other, and the condition of pros- perit}' they impose upon a city, come from a failure to perceive the trn<» interests. The principles of economy regulate them both, and it is rarely thai a city situated, as they are, on a harbor, on the coast, or an available point on a river, where commerce can find its easiest exchange, is equally advantageously situated with reference to the raw material necessary to enter into the mechanic arts on such terms of competition as to enable the producer to compete with rival products in the market of the country. It is because cities are so situated that a strict adherence to the rules of economy cannot admit of the union of commerce and mechanic arts in the same city, that some suppose that a com- mercial city cannot be made a manufacturing city, and that a manufacturing city cannot be made a commercial city. The following remarks, from a writer in the New York Tiwrs, is a valuable item in our argument : " No one who desires to understand the whole subject cf his country's future should fail to seek the metropolitan center of that countrA-. The question which puzzles the people, and even the newspapers, of late, i» |24 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. this, * Where is Paris, the London, or the Jerusalem, of the nation ? ' I know New York has yet the clearest title to that claim, but of late St. Louis has spoken much and often in her own behalf — with what truthfulness, I propose to examine. Chicago has been heard, Cincinnati-puts in her voice, Philadelphia prides herself upon her strength and beauty, Boston calls herself the hub, and others put in their claims. Now, next to New York, I am disposed to regard the claim of St. Louis. Before slavery died this claim was not worth much, but that dead weight is now removed. Standing here, then, in St. Louis, an Eastern man, I cannot resist the impression that 1 am in the future commercial, if not political, metropolis of the land. A thousand voices conspire to enforce this impression upon the not very prophetic mind. I would make no invidious flings at the cheek of Chicago, the conceit of Boston, the cool silence of a New Yorker, as he points to a forest of masts and a million of people, the nonchalant airs of the City of Brotherly Love, and the peculiar habits of Cincinnati. Chicago has the railroads, she says. Granted. A metropolis of railroads, without a river deep, pure, and broad enough to afford drink to her present population, suggests the idea that railroads cannot make a city. Fitchburg, in Massachusetts, has more railroads than any New England town. What does that bring her, save the name of being Fitchburg ? Ship- ping alone, which you have in New York, cannot make a city. Philadelphia may keep on annexing every town in Pennsylvania, and Jersey, too, and that cannot make a metropolis. The pork trade flourishes in Cincinnati, but even so respectable a constituency as a gentlemanly porker, who loves luxury, lives on the fat of the land, and is otherwise excessively aristocratic, cannot make a metropolis. In fact, no great cosmopolitan center can be made out of one specialty. Manchester is greater than London in its specialty, but Manchester's specialty must always keep it constrained, and prevent its ever becoming a center. Cologne, with 'seventy-nine well-defined, distinct, and separate' perfumes, has made it the city of odors, but Cologne can never be a capital. Shoes make and kill Lynn at once. Lowell and Lawrence have reached their highest glory. Chicago is a depot for speculators in grain, and Cincinnati abounds in hogs, but this is the end of their glory. New York and St. Louis are alike in this : you will find every specialty in about equal proportion. St. Louis only needs one thing to make it to the West Avhat New York is to the East — railroads. She is not even an inland city. Light-draught sailing vessels can sail from St. Louis to London. All that she further needs is age. Up to 1866, capital was slow to venture and settle down in this city. Save a few thrifty Germans, the population of St. Louis was southern. This was her condition up to this time, so that she is, practically, a city of only ten years' growth." There is another principle that enters into the account, which may be termed the involuntary or fortuitous cause — a kind of happening so ! It is the highest form of incidental action in commerce. Often commerce, as if by the control of an unknown law, will change from one city to another, and impoverish the one and give vitality and strength to the other. These changes, at first thought, seem to be as inexplicable as the eddy movements of the water in the stream. ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 25 They are changes that usually have their origin in the action of a single man in the timely use of money, sometimes by a distant cause, sometimes by legislation ; but never does commerce forsake an available point for the development of mechanical industry. Looking at St. Louis, with her location for internal commerce and mechanical industry without a parallel on the earth, we can safely say that she is destined to unite in one great interest a system of commerce and manufacturing that will surpass in wealth and skill that of Old England. It is true, her iron furnace^s and glass factories will be built some distance outside of her corporate limits, but the wealth and the labor will be hers, and beneath her sway will be united side by side, in the most profitable relations and on the largest scale, the producer and consumer; and they, actuated by a universal amity, will seek the most liberal compensation, attain the highest skill, aspire to a bettor manhood, and learn to do good. The manufacturing of wood into its various uses will also form a very important part of the industry of this city, as will also the manufac- turing of fabrics of various kinds. Thus, with a great system of manufac- turing industry, compelling the coal, the iron, the wood and the sand to serve the purposes and wants of the commercial interests, as well as to enter into all channels through which capital flows and which industry serves, both wealth and population will be developed and concentrated in the highest degree. The time fixed for the future great city of the world to grow up, as the most consummate fruit of man's civilization, is within one hundred years from our date. Let us look still deeper into this matter, and consider the now agencies and influences that tend in modern times with such irresistible force to con- centrate mankind in the great interior cities of the Continents. The greatest of these agencies compels a more rapid development of the internal commerce of modern nations than in past times, and the consequent organization and concentration of human power in the interior cities. There is not a living man whose experience, if he knows the facts written in the records of his own land, does not teach him of the continental growth and the consequent interior development of the country, in support of the argu- ment under consideration. So great are the facts, that the constant develo[>- ment oft he internal trade of our continent is rapidly reversing the proportion of our domestic to our foreign commerce, so as to soon show the latter to stand in comparative value to the former, as the cipher to the unit ; and that the immense growth of our domestic and internal commerce will guide and con- trol our industry, and establish and organize human power and civilization in our own land in conformity to the most economic principles of production, sup- ply and demand, there is no manner of doubt. This done, our foreign com- merce will only bo ancillary to the enjoyments of our people, and contribute to the development of cosmopolitan ideas among the world's inhabitants, mor© than to the creation of wealth among the nations. It may be asked, to what cause must this change in the relative value of foreign and domestic commerce, and the influence of each upon civilized man, be referred ? The answer is, that steam is the cause. It is the most wonder- 26 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. ful artificial agency to advance public and private wants that man has yet made Bu&servient to his will. It almost serves his entire mechanical wants — "It sows, it sculls, it propels, it screws; It lifts, it lowers, it warps, it tows, It drains, it plows, it reaps, it mows; It pumps, it bores, it irrigates. It dredges, it digs, it excavates ; It pulls, it pushes, it draws, it drives, It splits, it planes, it saws, it rives; It carries, scatters, collects, and bring?, It blows, it puffs, it halts, it springs; It breaks, condenses, opens and shuts, It picks, it drills, it hammers, it cuts ; It shovels, it washes, mixes, and grinds, It crushes, it sifts, it bolts, it binds; It thrashes, winnows, punches, and knoads, It molds, it stamps, it presses, it feeds. It rakes, it scrapes, it bores, it shaves, It runs on land, it rides on waves; It mortices, forges, rolls, and rasps, It polishes, rivets, files, and clasps ; It brushes, scutches, cards, and spins, It puts out fires, and papers pins ; It weaves, it winds, it twists, it throws. It stands, it lies, it comes, it goes; It slits, it turns, it shears, it hews, It coins, it prints — aye, prints the news." Thus we have a suggestive statement^ in measure, of many of the varied uses of steam. Its value cannot be estimated, nor can the wonderful influence which its use, during the last half century, has exerted upon civilized man be measured. "We, then, again repeat that it is this agency that is rapidly transforming the ancient order of the world's industry and commerce to a new application and a new power j and will compel the cities of the interior, in the future, to outgrow in all time the coast cities. It is this agency, more than all other mechanical agencies, that has lifted mankind from the vassal empires of Cyrus, the Caesars, and Charlemange, to the great empires of our own time. It is this agency that will forever develop domestic commerce to a vastly greater value than that of foreign commerce, and, consequently, is the most powerful agent to produce the great city of the future that the genius of man has made subservient to his wants. But let us not be understood as desirous ot undervaluing foreign trade. We hope and believe that its greatest blessings and triumphs are yet to come. Many of the articles which it brings to us add much to our substantial comfort, such as woolen and cotton goods, sugar and molasses ; and others, such as iron and steel, with most of their manufactures, give much aid to our advancing arts. But if these articles wore the products of domestic industry — if they were produced in the factories of Lowell and Dayton, on the plantations of Louisiana and in the furnaces, forges, and workshops of Pennsylvania and Missouri — ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 27 why would not the dealing in them have the pame tendency to enrich as now that they are brought from distant countries ? A disposition to attribute the rapid increase of wealth in commercial nations mainly to foreign commerce, is not peculiar to our nation or our time ; for we find it combated as a popular error by distinguished writers on political econ- omy. Mr. Hume, in his essay on commerce, maintains that the only way in which foreign commerce tends to enrich a country is by its presenting tempt- ing articles of luxury, and thereby stimulating the industry of those in whom a desire to purchase is thus excited — the augmented industry of the nation being the only gain. Dr. Chalmers says: "Foreign trade is not the creator of any economic interest ; it is but the officiating minister of our enjoyments. Should we consent to forego those enjoyments, then, at the bidding of our will, the whole strength at present embarked in the service of procuring them would be transferred to other services — to the extension of home trade; to the enlargement of our national establishments ; to the service of defense, or conquest, or sciontitic research, or Christian philanthropy." Speaking of the foolish purpose in Bona- parte to cripple Britain by destroying her foreign trade, and its utter failure, he says : " The truth is, that the extinction of foreign trade in one quarter was almost immediately followed up either by the extension of it in another quarter, or by the extension of the home trade. Even had every outlet abroad been obstructed, then, instead of a transference from one foreign market to another, there would just be a universal reflux towards a home market that would be extended in precise proportion with every successive abridgment which took place in our external commerce." If these principles are true — and we believe they are in accordance with those of every eminent writer on political econ- omy and if they are important in their application to the British isles — small in territory, with extensive districts of barren land, surrounded by navigable waters, rich in good harbors, and presenting numerous natural ol'staclos to constructions for the promotion of internal commerce ; and, moreover, placed at the door of the richest nations of the world — with how much greater force do they apply to our country, having a territory twenty times as large, unri- valed natural means of inter-communication, with few obstacles to their indefi- nite multiplication by the hand of man; a fertility of soil not equaled by the whole world; growing within its boundaries nearly all the productions of all the climes of the earth, and situated 3,000 miles from her nearest commercial neighbor. "Will it be said that, admitting the chief agency in building np great cities to belong to internal industry and trade, it remains to be proved that New Tork and the other great Atlantic cities will feel less of the beneficial effects of this agency than St. Louis and her Western sisters? It does not appear to us diffi- cult to sustain, by facts and reason, the superior claims in this respect of our Western towns. It should be borne in mind that the North American Talley eml^races the climate, soils, and minerals usually found distributed among many- nations. From the northern shores of the upper lakes, and the highest navigable points of the Mississippi and Missouri rjvers, to the Gulf of Mexico, nearly all the 28 ST. LOUIS, TllK FUTiaE GREAT CITY. agricultural articles which contribute to the enjoyment of civilized man are now, or may be, produced in profusion. The North will send to the South grain, flour, proviisions, including the delicate fish of the lakes, and the fruits of a temperate clime, in exchange for the sugar, rice, cotton, tobacco, and th® fruits of the warm South. These are but a few of the articles, the produce of the soil, which will be the subjects of commerce in this valley. Of mineral productions which, at no distant day, will tend to swell the tide of internal commerce, it will suflfice to mention coal, iron, salt, lead, lime, and marble. Will Boston, or New York, or Baltimore, or New Orleans, be the point selected for the interchange of these products ? Or shall we choose more convenient central points on rivers and lakes for the theaters of these exchanges ? It is imagined by some that the destiny of this valley has fixed it down to the almost exclusive pursuit of agriculture, ignorant that, as a general rule in all ages of the world, and in all countries, the mouths go to the food, and not the food to the mouths. Dr. Chalmers says : " The bulkiness of food forms one of those forces in the economic machine Avhich tend to equalize the population of every land with the products of its own agriculture. It does not restrain disproportion and excess in all cases ; but in every large State it will bo found that wherever an excess obtains, it forms but a very small fraction of th« whole population. Each trade must have an agricultural basis to rest upon • for in every process of industry, the first and greatest necessity is that the workmen shall be fed." Again : " Generally speaking, the excrescent (the pop- ulation over and above that which the country ean feed) bears a very minut« proportion to the natural population of the country ; and almost nowhere does the commerce of a nation overleap, but by a very little way, the basis of its own agriculture." The Atlantic States, and particularly those of New England, cannot claim that they are to become the seats of the manufactures with which the West is to be supplied; that mechanics, and artisans, and manufacturer* are not to select for their place of business the region in which the means of living are most abundant and their manufactured articles in greatest demand, but the section which is most deficient in those means, and to which their food and fuel must, during their lives, be transported hundreds of miles, and th« products of their labor be sent back the same long road for a market. Such a claim is neither sanctioned by reason, authority, nor experience. Tha mere statement exhibits it as unreasonable. Dr. Chalmers maintains that the "excrescent " population could not, in Britain even, with a free trade in bread- stuffs, exceed one-tenth of all the inhabitants ; and Britain, be it remembered, is nearer the granaries of the Baltic than is New England to the food-export- ing portions of our valley, and she has also greatly the advantage in tho diminished expenses of transportation. But the Eastern manufacturing States have already nearly, if not quite, attained to the maximum ratio of excrescent, population, and cannot, therefore, greatly augment their manufactures without a correspondent increase in agricultural production. . Most countries, distinguished for manufjictures, have laia tne lounaatiom m a highly improved agriculture. England, the north of France, and Belgium have a more productive husbandry than any other region of the same extent. ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 29 In these same countries are also to bo found the most efficient and extensive manufacturing establishments of the whole world ; and it is not to be doubted that abundance of food was one of the chief causes of setting them in motion. IIow is it that a like cause opwating hero will not produce a like effect ? Have wo not, in addition to our prolific agriculture, as many and as great natural aids for manufacturing as any other country ? The water-power of Missouri alone is greater than that of Now England; besides, there are immense facili- ties in the States of Kentucky, Minnesota, and Ohio, as well as valuable advan- tages possessed in all the Valley States. But to these water-powers can be added tho immeasurable power of steam in developing manufacturing industry in our own as well as other States of this valloy. If our readers are satisfied that domestic or internal trade must have the chief agency in building up our great American cities, and that the internal trade of the groat Western Valley will be mainly concentrated in the cities situated within its bosom, it becomes an interesting subject of inquiry how our leading interior city will, at some distant period — say one hundred years — become the great city of the world, and gather to itself the preponderance of the industry and trade of the continent. But our interior cities will not depend for their development altogothor on internal trade. They will partake, in some degree, with their Atlantic and Pacific sisters, of the foreign commerce also ; and if, as some seem to suppose, the profits of commerce increase with the distance at which it is carried on, and the ditlieulties which nature has thrown in its way, the Western towns will have the same advantage over their Eastern rivals in foreign commerce, which some claim for the latter over the former in our domestic trade. St. Louis and her lake rivals may use the outporis of New Orleans and New York, as Paris and Vienna use those of Havre and Trieste; and it will surely one da}" come to pass that steamers from Eurojte will enter our great lakes and be seen booming up the Mississij)pi. ♦ To add strength and conclusiveness to the above facts and deductions, do our readers ask for examples ? They are at hand. The first city of which we have any record is Nineveh, situated on the Tigris, not less than 700 miles from its mouth. Babylon, built not long after, was also situated far in the interior, on Vhe river Euphrates. Most of the great cities of antiquity, some of which were of immense extent, were situated in the interior, and chiofiy in tho valleys of large rivers meandering through rich alluvial territories. Such werd Thebes, Memphis, Ptolomais and Jionie. But when wo consider that our position in vindication of the superior growth of interior cities over outporis is sustained by the civilization of the ancient nations, as found in tho examples of their great interior cities, and that, too, when water facilities ruled the commerce of tho world, must not all opposing argument in favor of seaboard cities be of naught when we bring to the dis- cussion the power and use of steam, the railway system, and the labor-saving and labor-increasing inventions which tho arts afford ? Comprehending this mighty reversal in the order and means of industrial civilization, must we not say, with Horace Greeley, that " salt water is about played out " ? 30 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. Of cities now known as loading centers of commerce, a large majority have been built almost exclusively by domestic trade. What country has so many great cities as China — a country, until lately, nearly destitute of foreiga commerce? There are now in the world more than 300 cities containing a population of 50,000 and upwards ; of these more than two-thirds are interior cities, contain- ing a population vastly greater than belongs to the outport cities. It should, however, be kept in mind that many of the great seaports have been built, and are now sustained, mainly by the trade of the nations respectively in which they are situated. Even London, the greatest mart in the world, is believed to derive much the greater part of the support of its vast population from its trade with the United Kingdom. At the present time not one-fifteenth of the busi- ness of New York city is based upon foreign commerce, but is sustained by the trade growing out of our home industry. Though the argument is not exhaustive, it is conclusive. It is founded in the all-directing under life-currents of human existence upon this planet, and from its principles there is neither variableness nor shadow of turning away. Man's home is upon the land ; he builds his master-works upon its sure foun- dations. It is upon the land that he invents, contrives, plans, and achieves his mightiest deeds. He spreads his sails upon the seas and battles with the tempest and the storm ; and amid the sublimities of the ocean he travels unknown paths in search of fame. The ephemeral waves obliterate the traces of his victories with the passing moments ; upon the land, time alone can efface his works. The organization of society as one whole is yet too imperfect to call for th© use of one all-directing head and one central moving heart, and it will only be the ultimate, the final great city, that will fully unite in itself the functions analogOHS to those of the human head and heart, in relation to the whole family of man. The center of this great commercial power will also carry with it th% center of the moral and intellectual power. One hundred years, at our previous rate of increase, will give more than four duplications, and more than six hundred millions of people, to the present area of our country. But, allow- ing twenty-five years for a duplication, and four duplications, we would have six hundred millions at the close of one hundred years. Of these, not less than four hundred millions will inhabit the interior plain and the region west of it ; and not over two hundred millions will inhabit the margin east of the Appa- lachian mountains. The productions of these four hundred millions, intended for exchange with each other, will meet at the most convenient point central to the place of the growth or manufacture of their products. Where, then, let us inquire again, is most likely to be the center of the most ample and best facilities for the exchange, in the future, of the commodities of that great people ? Where will that point be ? Which of the four cities we have under consideration is best suited for this great purpose ? Must it not be St. Louis, commanding, as she will, the greatest railway and river communication ? It cannot be a lake city, for neither of them can command, with so great ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 31 advantage, the great surplus products of the countr}-. It cannot be Cincin- nati, for she is not so well situated in the center of the productive power of the continent. It cannot bo New Orleans ; higher freights upon the pro- ducts of the country will bo against her. It cannot be Now York nor San Francisco, for all our six fundamental facts stand against thorn, and uner- ringly point to the central plain of the continent, where the four hundred millions of people will prefer to transact businorfs. Human power, as already stated, is moving westward from the old world, as well as from our own Atlantic seaboard. But a few facts are necessary to demonstrate the truth of this statement : First, in evidence that human power is moving westward from the old world, we have but to refer to the reports of the State Department at Washington upon our foreign commerco to learn that our imports are greater than our exports, and our internal commerce far greater than our foreign commerce ; and by reference to the various reports on emigration, we learn that thousands are coming from West- ern Europe, yearly, to our shores, while but few of our own people are seeking homes on the other side of the Atlantic. Second, in evidence of the west- ward movement of human power from the Atlantic States, the following statistical facts are given ; and although our tables show, in the most conclu- sive manner, that human power is moving westward, yet since they were made up, many thousands of new miles of railways have been added to the great system of the Mississippi Yalley, and at least three-tifths of the number of miles of railways of the entire country are now in the Yalley of the Mississippi. Nor can these facts, in their magnitude and character, be considered of casual concern to the American citizen ; for they are the most important in our national progress. They are the irrefutable evidences of the historic and sublime march of the American people in the course of the star of empire iu its majestic career across the continent. The following Table will show the number of nulcs of rati road in operation in the United States for each year since 1830, also the ratio of such mileage to the area and the population of the several States. J. Year. c 2 111 < IHol 1:8 18:VJ 95 72 188:^ 22'.) 184 1884 880 l.=->l 18:'..-, fi83 2.-.3 183r. l.O'.tS 2f,5 1887 1,273 175 1888.. 1,497 224 1889 1.918 410 1840 2.802 389 1841 2.818 5U\ 1842 3.585 717 1848> 4.026 491 1844 4,185 l.'iO a o i 1S44 4,377 184.5 4,688 1840 4.980 1H47 5. .'.99 l.'<48 6,996 1S40 7,8tl5 1S50 9,021 1851 10,982 18.^2 rj.'.KW 18.53 1.5.860 1854 16.720 18.55 18.874 1856 22.017 a s> 18.-,7. 18;58. 1.H.59. 1860. 1^6l. 1862 1863. 1864. 186.5. 18r.6. 18.17. 1868. 1869 24,408 26.t»68 28.789 80,6.36 81,'250 82,120 8;^.170 S;^.-"" '~ '^1 30 "♦ X S -1« -^ CC CC X •— CI o o^r. c. ci^QO '-^x co^cr^-^^^uo ci^oo 'T CO " o ^ c « ._.__.- £; ^I CO O X X O ^ 00 ^ I-. Jl .-2 CI X S 00 fe ^^ "^ fe - O Z !.C X -J ^^i f2 f2 I', § "* o "C I- i~ ci'7^ c-i o^ ci^io CO M o -> c CI T M '«f ei ?i CI b lie « ""^'j?^ "^'^ S'"" *^* *< *'" ■* ^" ^'1<'>* I- o -^ c; — C-. cr. — . -o 'O i~ ^ CI r-i I- — lO -H CI CI ■-:; ov o r-i r-. ■^^ iS .-. c^i CI s. CI Ci CO o ^ I-' 1 -' — ' ^ co' -^ CJ oi x' x' o' «r eo' •.jT o" »c m" O CI X a. CO I- CO ^ »-• X M CO 1^ 53 04 I- r-ll»^r-Oe0 M l^CO ' — uf S UC CO S-. c c t^jsxi:^- -r o-r i i X X =:- lo X t^ 1 1^ CO X o CJ C3 1~ t^ -r X '.c cr. ■- ■- £ ;t c X 4- X -^ '^ — X -r i-r -r CI — ic O CO CO o -3< x^ -^_ ■.-; X o^ t ) l-CT Co' CO C r 1 "3 cf rl »~ C; CO o Si t- 10 OC t 1.'^ C5 -J ^ L.C CO 25 C-. iT CI X ^ t- uO c -. *. ~ s, '-^^ *-. R. '--L ' — ^ c -J c; -f i.o 'O 3"" I- •^' -S 1-^ <3i -S i-^ ■>{ ca ':T >o '^ — — ; ci r. '.c -~ d --^ I- C5 X CO — cii~ I I- 1.0 l~ I- 3i,tO Cj -J «, if i^ jj,' I^ io O co' . x' oT cj co" 1.0* — "x* C5 >o i-T -o 00 c-r — ' 0«5^0==l-jJ C4 «C4 -r X CO ^^ CI X CI X Cl~ co'o ^*'-;?> C CJ S'9 2 •:a E c ;? i: o i c = •5 J "5 S^c .-3 . &. 1> C C X • iiiEi|il|l|lliyiiL :^:^-i55?i!^l:H: 34 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. coo3Mi-. % I-] €«= ^E& il > CQ c ^ 1 o toMoo ; ! !0>o : '. :c-i : : ; ? !0(M ; tc-io : ? i'B g WiO ' 00 rnCTi COO OS 'i < >o *-< -" 00 CO o od'oT co__co__ .mm " s " 5U . ... . . . . 'O § c« 2^2 '!:^ .-Hl^'*C500O>0CC55J2:j^s: o lO C-l O 05 t^ C£> CO tC' t- CO 05 .a ■*-' «*-< (h -l0 CI 00 o t- JoD'o-OCrOO"^ : 5 ns " I si: : 05" O 53^ S a; a. O ^5iO;^cO;2<00o o lo "* 00 o 44,794 60,123 99,400 39,844 51,908 34,449 40,012 6,948 a ! . <) -* (>) -H CO lO 00 -* lO CI- CO Kl § ^ ^ C5'M>0 -M ■«*< rH 00 c:5 CO o iioco-*'"i>rco'o' ^^'H <{ <1 lO — 1 t- CO !>i 03 c= 1 C-1 ^■^^M>^ J '^ ^ TJ -r '^ H s~ C S M 1 o; ^2 c 1— ( 1^1 " s c» 6 1:- ng ^ s 2 ^ ? 1 ■g 1 t 1 ^ ^ 1 c c c ;2 4 - CO B il III 11" c ffl cS -S -« g p. §^ cg^ s ^ cB a 1 c ti: s s E c 6 1 1 g r2 1 1 1 > 3 1 _3 « 1 5^ 3 i ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 35 But granting that human power is moving westward, we must assume that somewhere in time it will bo arrested, and culminate in the highest enfoldment of civil, social, and material life. Then, in its westward movement, will it bo arrested in North America, or will it cross the Pucitic to the inferior races of Asia, or will it reach and make a lodgment on the Pacific slope ? We cannot so reason or apprehend. The vast arid and mountainous regions of the western half of the continent, and the unequaled extent of fertile lands on the eastern half of the continent, and adjacent to and on either side of the great river, fixes its location inevitably in the central plain of the continent; and in the center of its productive power, and with the development and complete organization of human power in the center of the productive power of the continent, will most certainly grow up the great city of the future — the great material, social, civil, and moral heart of the human race. The raw materials necessary to the artisan and the manufacturer, in the production of whatever ministers to comfort and elegance, are here. The bulkinoss of food and raw materials makes it the interest of the artisan and the manufacturer to locate hiraself near the place of their production. It is this interest, constantly operating, which peoples our Western towns and cities with emigrants from the Eastern States and Europe. When food and raw materials for manufacture are no longer -cheaper in the great valley than in the States of the Atlantic and the nations of Western Europe, then, and not till then, will it coaso to be the interest of artisans and manufacturers to prefer a locution in Western towns and cities. This time will probably be about the period when the Mis- Bissippi shall flow toward its head. The chief points for the exchange of the varied productions of industry in our Western valley will necessarily give employment to a great population. Indeed, the locations of our future great cities have been made with reference to their commercial capabilities. Commerce has laid the foundation on which manufactures have been, to a great extent, instrumental in rearing the super- structure. Together, these departments of labor are destined to build up in our fertile valley the greatest cities of the world. It is something to us Americans that this great city, the great all-directing heart of the race, is t(5 grow up in our land. Even to as of this generation a realization of the final fact is a proud thought to enjoy, in the present and coming conflicts of this progressive life. As we have already seen, St. Louis is Bubstantially central to the Mississippi Valley, and no city on the continent can lay any just claim to become the future great city, and occupy a central position to 80 many valuable resources as she does. She is not only substantially in the center of the Mississippi Valley, but, allowing her to be nine hundred miles from New York City, she occupies the center of an area of 2,544,688 square miles, and within a circumference the outer line of which touches Chicago. She occupies the center of an area of country which, in fertility of soil, coal, iron, timber, stone, water, domestic navigation, and railways, cannot be equaled on the globe. Cities, like individuals, have a law of growth that may be said to be consti- tutional and inherent, but the measure ef that law of growth does not seem to 86 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. be sufficiently understood to furnish a basis for calculating their growth to any considerable time in the future. In the development of a nation and country, new agencies are continually coming into the account of growth and work, either favorable or unfavorable. The growth of cities is somewhat analogous to the pursuits of business men : some move rapidly forward in the accumu- lation of wealth, to the end of life j others only for a time are able to keep even with the world. So, too, in the growth of cities j and thus it is difficult to calculate with exactness their future growth. Cities grow with greater rapid- ity than nations and States, and much sooner double their population ; and, with the constantly increasing tendency of the people to live in cities, we can look with greater certainty to the early triumph of our inland cities over those of the seaboard; for, so surely as the population of the Yalley States doubles that of the seaboard States, so surely will their cities be greater. The city of ■ London, now the greatest in the woi'ld^ having more than three million people, has only doubled its population every thirty years, while New York has doubled every fifteen years. According to Mr. J. W. Scott, London grows at an aver- age annual rate, on a long time, of two per cent.; New York, at five ; Chicago, at twelve and one-half ; Toledo, twelve; Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Buffalo, and St. Louis, at the rate of eight per cent. Mr. Scott gives these calculations as approximately true for long periods of time. They may be essentially true in the past, but cannot be relied on for the future ; for, as I have already said, the growth of a city is as uncertain as a man's chance is in business — he may pass directly on to fortune, or may be kept back by the fluctuations of the markets, or greater hindi'ances interposed by wars. Touch- ing the subject of climate, I shall not deem it of sufficient bearing upon this subject to enter into a nice discussion of the influence of heat and cold upoa man in civilized life, in the north temperate zone of the North American •ontinent. All experience teaches that there is not sufficient variation of the climate throughout the middle belt of our country to adversely affect the highest and greatest purposes of American industry and American civiliza- tion. The same rewards and the same destiny await all. The densest popula- tion of which we have any record is now, and has been for centuries, on the thirtieth degree of north latitude; and if such can be in China, why may it not be in America ? Again, returning to our first fundamental fact, that human power is moving westward from the city of London, we must calculate that that great city will be succeeded by a rival, one which will grow up in the new world, and that that »ew city will result in the final organization of human society in one complete whole, and the perfect development and systemization of the commerce of the world ; will grow to such magnificent proportions, and be so perfectly organ- ized and controlled in its municipal governmental character, as to constitute the most perfect and greatest city of the world — the all-directing head and heart of the great family of man. The new world is to be its home, and nature and civilization will fix its residence in the central plain of the continent, and in the center of the productive power of this great valley, and upon the Missis- sippi river, and whei"e the city of St. Louis now stands. All arguments point ST. LOUIS, Tilt: FUTURE GKEAT CITY. 37 to this Olio great fact of tlie future, and, with its perfect realization, will be attained the highest possibility in the material triumph of mankind. Let us comprehend the inevitable causes which God and civilization have set to work to produce, in time, this final great city of the world in our own fair land ; and, with prophetic conception, realizing its final coming, let us hail it as the master-work of all art and the home of consummated wisdom, the inher- itance of organic liberty, and controlled by an all-pervading social order that will insure a competency to every member of the in-gathered family. The immense accommodation of railroads will, by rapid, cheap, and easy communi- cation, draw to great centers from great distances around, and thus the great cities of the world will continue to grow until they reach a magnitude hitherto unknown ; and, above them all, will St. Louis reap the rich rewards of modern discoveries and inventions, especially as regards steam and all its vast and varied influence. Henceforth St. Louis must be viewed in the light of her future, her mighti- ness in the empire of the world, her sway in the rule of States and nations. Her destiny is fixed. Like a new-born empire, she is moving forward to conscious greatness, and will soon be the world's magnet of attraction. In her bosom all the extremes of the country are represented, and to her growth all parts of the country contribute. Mighty as are the possibilities of her people, still mightier are the hopes inspired. The city that she now is is only the germ of the city of the future that she will be, with her ten million souls occupying the vast area of her dominion. Her strength will be that of a nation, and, as she grows toward maturity, her institutions of learning and philosophy will correspondingly advance. If we but look forward, in imagi- nation, to her consummated greatness, how grand is the conception ! We can realize that hero will be reared great halls and edifices for art aqd learning; hero will congregate the great men and women of future ages; here will be represented, in the future, some Solon and Hamilton, giving laws for the higher and better government of the people; here will be represented sorao future groat teachers of religion, teaching the ideal and spiritual unfolding of the race, and its allegiance to the angel world ; here will live some future Plutarch, weighing the great men of his ago; hero some future "Mozart will thrill the strings of a more perfect l^'re, and improvise grandest melodies" for the congre- gated people; hero some future "Kombrandt, through his own ideal imagina- tion, will picture for himself more perfect panoramic scones of nature's lovely landscapes." May wo not justly rejoice in the anticipation of the future great- ness of the civil, social, industrial, intellectual, and moral elements which are destined to form a part of the future great city ? And may we not realize that the millions who are yet to be its inhabitants will bo a wiser and bpttor people than those of this generation, and who, in more perfect life, will walk those streets, in the city of the future, with softer tread, and sing music with sweeter tones, be urged on by aspirations of higher aims, rejoice with fuller hearts, and adorn in beauty, with more tender hands, the final great city of the world ? uikling, 4. St. Louis and Southeastern Illinois R. R. Building. 5. New Albany and St. Louis R. R. Building. 6. The Ohio and Mississippi R. R. 7. The St. Louis, Vandalia and Torre Haute R. R. 8. The Indianapolis and St. Louis R. R. 9. Decatur and East St. Louis R. R. 10. Chicago, Alton and St. Louis R. R. This road will soon have a double steel track between Chicago and St. Louis. 11. St. Louis, Jacksonville and Bloomington R. R. 12. Rockford, Rock I.-^l.ind and St. Louis R. R. Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville R. R.; a connection. 13. Quincy and St. Louis R. R. Prospective. Crossing the Mississippi river, north of St. Louis, the first road we meet is 14. The St. Louis and Keokuk R. R. Building. 13. The North Missouri R. R. North Branch. 16. The North Missouri R. R. AVeet Branch. 17. The North Missouri and St. Joseph R. R., via Hannibal and St. Jo. R. R. 18. St. Louis, Chillicothe and Omaha R. R. Building. 19. Missouri Pacific R. R. Sedalia and Lexington Branch of Mo. Pacific. Sedalia and Ft. Scott Branch of Mo. Pacific. 20. St. Louis and Ft. Scott Air Line R. R. Prospective. 21. Southwest Pacific R. R. 22. Iron Mountain R. R. to Galveston and Mexico. 23. St. Louis and Springfield, Illinois. Projected. 24. Illinois Central R. R. Running through trains between Chicago and St. Louis and St. Louis and Dubuque, using the Yandalia line to come into St. Louis. Thus wo have twenty-four distinct trunk roads converging at St. Louis, nearly every one of which is built, or under way of construction, and not one will be abandoned. No other city on the couLinout or in the world has so many, nor is it likely that any rival place will ever be favored with so great a number. I have neglected to place on the list several local and connecting roads, which properly belong to the St. Louis system and are valuable feeders to other lines, but for their not being essentially trunk lines, were omitted. My object has been more especially to show that St. Louis stands in the center of a great system of railways and navigable rivers, which radiate from her as a focal point to almost every extremity of the countrj-, touching oceans, lakes, and seas, and uniting the civil, social, and commercial interests of a conti- nental people, as well as creating an easy exchange for the fish, fruits, and other products of antagonistic climates. 40 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTUKE GREAT CITY. The following statement of distances will show how St. Louis stands in relation to some of the principal cities of the country, as well as to our seaboard markets. Places. Distance. Places. Distance. From St. Louis to — Miles. From St. Louis to — Miles. Boston, via rail 1200 New Orleans, via rail 722 New York 1042 Galveston 787 Philadelphia 974 San Francisco 235R Baltimore 929 Denver City 912 Washington City 951 Omaha 43S Eichmond 1096 Leavenworth 298 Norfolk 117G Chicago , 280 Charleston 970 Cincinnati 340 Savannah 960 Louisville 302 Mobile 666 Indianapolis 238 Kansas City 272 Cairo 158 Buflalo 704 Detroit 564 Milwaukee 365 Pittsburgh 611 In submitting this statement of the railway system of St. Louis, its mighty frame-work and net-work which ramifies the entire Yalley of the Mississippi, and extends its Briarean arms to each ocean, the gulf and the lakes, and holds in its grasp the empire of the continent, we also submit that in the mosli superlative degree does St. Louis occupy the center of the greatest productive power, as well as the greatest center of river navigation afforded on th« globe ; and thus uniting the greatest means with the greatest facilities that the world affords, who, with a just comprehension of the facts, does not see the truth of the argument in favor of the future great city so conclusively as to be convinced of its coi"rectness, generations in advance of the actual existence of the city itself? But this vast contribution of productive power, this system of river navigation, as well as the ever-expanding railway system, has a primary meaning. They all mean and foreshadow generations of civil, indus- trial, and commercial progress, and these lead to a consideration of a new RAILWAY POLICY FOR ST. LOUIS, as well as for the entire West, and this new policy means nothing more nor less than a "Western railway policy, and with its establishment will also be organized a political and commercial policy for the West. It is no longer the fact that the great States of the Mississippi Valley are commercial or political dependencies to the cities of the Atlantic seaboard. It is true they have political and commercial interest with those States and cities, and it is to b© hoped ever will have. But the time is now and will continue henceforth, long as the waters run, that the commercial and political importance of the Valley States are greater than those of either seaboard, and therefore they must bo the dictators of such political and commercial policies as their wisdom and welfare may demand. The political power and commerce of the American people have spanned the continent, and from the Pacific shore civilization ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 41 re-acts to the center, where, like a great maelstrom, sweeping from the circum- ference to the center, will be the greatest power and activity of our people in their future growth and struggle for gain. It therefore becomes the people of St. Louis, as well as of the "West, to establish a railway policy that will best subserve their commercial interest — a policy that will create an exchange of Western products North and South, instead of allowing them to be carried away in less valuable channels. East and West. Nature has already dictated that the commerce of this groat valley must follow the flow of the waters to the gulf, and there seek the markets of the world ; and those of the West who do not already comprehend this truth will soon learn it through the impoverished railway policy that is rapidly binding them to the East, as the Philistines bound Samson. St. Louis must make a bold stand for a railway policy that will cause the exchange of the products of the Valley States North and South — exchange them between the lakes and the gulf — between climates, and not along parallel lines of longitude. St. Louis wants the tTade of the tropics and the trade of the North. She must have a railway policy that will establish this trade, and make her the point of exchange between the two climates. By the new railway line now projected, via Iron Mountain, Fulton and Galveston Railroad, which is under way of construction, the gulf can be reached at a distance of 787 miles. When this road is completed it will be of vastly more value to St. Louis than any other road that reaches her, and its completion will open the way for that policy for North and South exchange which must be established in the interest of the trade of the Valley States. In the interest of the especial climatic trade and postal service of the people between the lakes and the gulf, it is highly probable that a project will, in the course of ten years, be set on foot to construct a pneumatic tube from Chicago, via St. Louis, to New Orleans. The postal patronage, together with the fish and fruit trade, would well nigh, if not wholly, repay for its construction. 43 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. '/ LIBKAllY ^ UNIVEKSITV OF CALTFOIJNIA.^ POPULATION CONSIDERED. The material growth of St. Louis, from its foundation by Pierre Laclede Liguest, on the 15th day of February, 1764, will ever furnish a historical lesson of varied interest to those who now and henceforth enroll themselves among its inhabitants. " In 1790 a St. Louis merchant was a man who, in the corner of his cabin, had a large chest which contained a few pounds of powder and shot, a few knives and hatchets, a little red paint, two or three rifles, some hunting shirts of buckskin, a few tin cups and iron pots, and perhaps a little tea, coffee, Bugar and spice. There was no post-office, no ferry over the river, no news- paper." From its foundation to the date of the Louisiana purchase, in 1804, but little change was made in the character of its social society and industrial interests. The ruder and rougher forms of life were everywhere impressed upon the society of her people, and marked the growth of an infant city destined to be the future capital of the United States and the great city of the world. The Louisiana purchase at once fixed not only the destiny of the nation, but also of St. Louis. A change in the title of the land wrought a change in her material growth and prosperity. A newspaper was established in 1808; in 1809 fire companies were organized; in 1810 there were road- masters, who had power to compel the requisite labor on the highways; in 1811 two schools were established, one English, the other French; in the same year a market-house was built, and prosperity gradually awakened new life in the place, and pointed to a future full of hope. A record of the population of St. Louis began to date in the year 1764, a little more than one hundred years ago, and the succeeding increase at different periods is shown by the following statement : Population. Tears. Population. 120 1333 6,397 687 1835 8,31S 897 1837 12.040 1,197 1840 16,469 925 1844 84,140 ~ 1,400 1850 74,439 4,928 1852 94,000 ~ 5,000 1856 125,200 ■ 5,852 1860 160,773 1870 312,960 Dr. Scott, in fixing the annual average growth of cities, estimated that of St. Louis, previous to 1860, to be at an annual average rate of 8 per cent. Tears. 1764..., 1780..., 1785..., 1788..,, 1799... 1811..., 1820... 1828..., 1830..., ^ /tv^o■^ L^. 8T. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GKEAT CITY. 48 But by the rapid change which has so recently swept over the country — abolishing ulavery and equaliring labor alike in all sections of the country, and founding our prosperity alone upon the advantages which God has fixed throughout tho land — St. Louis, in spite of the terrible ravages of four years of devastating ^ar, has grown into the ascendency, during the last ton years, at an annual average rate of a little more than nine per cent. But, if we allow a discount of two per cent, for decimations during the four years of war, we must, to attain to the present population of the city, have well nigh increased annually at the rate of twelve per cent, since tho war. This would almost equal ^he increase of Chicago in the days of her precocious growth. In fact, St. Louis has to-day, notwithstanding the vigilance of the United States Marshal in taking the census, not less than 315,000 citizens within her corporate limits; and it requires but a slight analysis in the discussion to establish the fact that St. Louis is a much larger city than Chicago. Aside from the facts which tho United States census has established for both cities, we have only to refer to the extent of area within the corporate limits of each of the cities to establish beyond a question of doubt tho superiority of St. Louis over Chicago. Th« facts are these : Incorporate limits. Area of square mil'!^'}. Pop. in 1S70. St. Louis - 19 9-10 312,9^)0 Chicago - 34J 297,718 These figures show Chicago to exceed St. Louis more than fourteen and one- half square miles in the area of her corporate limits — nearly double — and yet fall short in population about l.^OOO; and with an extension of the city of St. Louis so as to equal Chicago, St. Louis would contain at least 325,000, and 25,000 more than Chicago. Be it remembered that Carondelet, containing about five square miles, is included in the nineteen and nine-tenths square miles comprising the present city limits of St. Louis — tho old city limits including only a fraction more than fourteen square miles. But there is still another view in the argument. St. Louis is a much older city than Chicago, and, as a consequence of her growth and wealth, far more of her business men, with their families, live in suburban places, as the facts will demonstrate. Kirkwood, of about 3,000 inhabitants, is made up wholly of citizens who in some way do business in St. Louis. Webster is the same way. Many live down the Iron Mountain railroad, at St. Charles, at Alton, at Lebanon, at Belleville, and East St. Louis — thus establishing, bej'ond any question of doubt, St. Louis to be the third city on the American continent, and the imperial city of the great States of the Mississippi Yalley j and if Chicago would bo a modern Carthage in industry and art, St. Louis will be a modern Babylon in commerce, skill and greatness, vieing for the rich trophies of the world. In tho discussion of this part of tho subject, it must be borne in mind that, in the past, St. Louis, in establishing her increase at eight per cent, per annum, had many adverse interests to contend against, which impedod her growth and retarded her progress. She is now for the first time entering upon a ne\T career of growth and prosperity. She is untrammeled. Advantages of every kind surround her with prodigal profuseness. Henceforth her future advance 44 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. ment cannot be gauged or measured by the past, and instead of an annual growth of eight per cent., she will move forward at the rate of at least ten per cent. for the next decade. This we assume with the full assurance of being supported by the facts of the future, at least for twenty years to come. But, as it is well known that cities have a rapid or slower growth in the long run, varying according to the eras or transitions through which nations must inevitably pass, thereby rendering it impossible to fix a uniform standard of growth, wo assume the following figures to be as near the range of a reasonable possibility, or at least for a few succeeding decades, as the best judgment could dictate in advance of the facts which time and other generations will demonstrate. Starting with the present population, as given by the United States census, we submit the following figures as showing the probable prospective growth of St. Louis : Population of St. Louis in 1870, per United States census , 312,963 Population increased at the rate of 10 per cent per annum to 1880. 811,74*i 9 " " 1890. 1,917,571 " 6 " " 1900 8,4(;4,079 " 4 " " 1910 5,083,297 «' " " 3 " " 1920 6,831,502 " " " 3 " " 1930 9,180,967 «* " « 2 " " 1940 11,192,633 «« " " 2 " " 1950 13,643,757 *« " « 1 « " I960.. 15,071,194 " 1 " " 1970 16,647,941 Notwithstanding the apparent correctness of the percentage of growth given above, it is not probable that either St. Louis or any other city of this earth will ever grow to such an enormous size as to contain at any time a population so numerous. We therefore submit the figures, and leave them for others to analyze and criticise. We, however, with confidence predict that St. Louis, in 1880, will not contain less than 800,000 inhabitants, and from 100,000 to 200,000 more than Chicago. Thus' fixing her at that time the second city on the continent, and, in 1890, the first; and in less than one hundred years, the solution of our problem — the great city of the world. There are those, no doubt, who will regard the prediction for 1880 as reaching beyond the bounds of possibility; but not so. Let those object who are over- cautious and in ignorance of the under-life developments of our continental country, or envious of the prosperity of a rival city. There is no monopoly in progress, none in industry, none in intellect ; they are gifts alike to all who, under the rule of God, toil in righteousness. Civilization in the nineteenth century is not walled in. It is the free heritage of the great family of man, continental, national and individual. Nations and States are born under its peaceful supervision as new heralds of man's rising and progressive life ; and great cities, like stars that begem the skies, will adorn our republic under its higher administration, and be as fine jewels set in the crown of the imperial nation of the earth. In considering the probabilities of the rapid growth of St. Louis in the future, it is well to consider how strongly the rapid growth of the great Valley States which surround her on every side, bear upon the subject. During the ST. LOUIS, TUli FUTURE GIlEAT CITY. 45 decade intervening between the years 1850 and 1860, the growth of Illinois was more than 100 percent. — more than doubling her entire population in ten years. The increase of Indiana was more than thirty-six per cent. Iowa and Kansas have increased with greater rapidity, and the census of the present year will show Missouri to have more than doubled her population since the census of 1860. Arkansas and other new regions will soon bo enrolled as prosperous members with their sisters of the great Yalley States, and the rapid increase in the population of kindred States cannot fail to be a favorable index to the growth of St. Louis. Taking it as a primary truth that the growth of a city, or at least an inland city, depends much upon the growth of the surrounding country-, we may be sure that St. Louis is highly favored in this way. \Vc may safely assume that for the next thousand years, or nearly so, the cities of the world will grow to be much larger than they have in the past, and that St. Louis will reach a population ranging from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000, and with a probability of going beyond these figures within the next one hundred and fifty years. In less than fifty years London will cease to grow, and quite likely Paris. Civilization in the Old World will soon begin to re-cast itself in the farther east, and Kome will yet, under ^ new government and more advanced civilization, become the imperial city of the trans-Atlantic world. In less than one hundred years New York will cease to grow, and, adjusted to a now oi'dor of the world's commerce and civilization, the struggle for the future great city of the world will be between competitors many of which are not now in the race. In less than one hundred years St. Louis will move forward in the advance in. the majestic march of the cities of the world to her predestined goal of victor in the great race. What new agencies the arts and sciences may yet call into existence that will have an important bearing upon the distribution or concentration of the people, is difficult to tell. We may reasonably expect that in less than fifty years both the storms and the rains will be controlled by science, and the people can call the winds and the rain at their pleasure; that transportation by moans of pneumatic tubes, as well as aerial navigation, will be introduced into practical use, which, together with cheaper freights and more rapid travel on railroads, will exert a powerful influence upon the future interests and civilization of the world's people. How far such contributions by science and art will tend to more readily satisfying the business interests and wants of the people, so as to tend to a dispersion rather than a concentration, must be left for actual experience to demonstrate. We may assume, however, that neither Bcienco nor art can very soon contribute anything that will prevent capital and monopoly from concentrating people as well as public interests. The marvelous growth of cities is well established by the facts of the follow- ing table, taken from the New York Tribune: " Thirty-eight years ago, there were thirteen European cities having larger populations than New York ; now there are only three, and these have been capitals for centuries. The table which follows gives the population of the fifteen largest European cities in 1832 and 18'59, and their respective rate of increase. In comparing New York we quote the censuses of 1S30 and 1870 :" 46 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTUKE OKEAT CITY. Increate 1SS2. 1069. percent. London 1,624,000 3,214,000 98 Constantinople 1,000,000 1,500,000 60 Paris 890,000 1,950,000 118 New York..'. ~ 197,092 924,313 368 St Pelersbur- ■ 480,000 667,000 37 Naples 358,000 600,000 67 Vienna 310,000 640,000 107 Dublin o « 300,000 362,000 21 Moscow 280,000 420,000 50 Berlin 250,000 800,000 220 Lisbon .- 240,000 340,000 44 Manchester , - 288,000 350,000 49 Amsterdam 230,000 250,000 12 Glasgow ~ 202,000 401,000 99 Liverpool 190,000 620,000 174 Madrid - 190,000 890,000 105 It is evident from the above figures that modern civilization, on account of its greater protection of human life, enables a more rapid growth to the citie* of our own time than was experienced by the cities of the ancients. In fact, monopoly has always bean a rule of the human race ; and whatever improve- ment or art that contributed to man's welfare, also contributed to his monopo- lizing tendencies, and therefore to the more rapid and numerous building up of great cities. It remains for time alone to change this rule of monopoly, if it is to be changed at all, and man dispersed to rural life. As for me, give m« the great city, where man's master-works are reared — where great men and women attract and are attracted. " Let poets sing of rural felicity, of flowing brooks and singing birds, and so forth; but give us the. surging of the city's life, the unspeakable rapture of being surrounded by the heart-beats of humanity. We love mankind mor« than birds or brooks. The prattle of the school-yard is sweeter to us than a forest full of orioles, and the refined face of woman a fairer sight to look upon than all the rocks that ever scowled from mountain fastnesses. The solituda of being among woods, and looking forever on the stars and listening to brooks and birds, would drive on© mad; but the very thought of being iurrounded by one's kind, and listening to the melody flowing up from th« great heart of the city, makes our garret a palace." The great cities of the world will continue to grow in the future for fivt hundred or a thousand years, until civilization and republicanism shall hav« exhausted themselves in a final culmination of individualism, or stealing, by the human race, and the inauguration of a new and truer government and society — a society and government of unity and universality, which, in the very nature of their organizations, will tend to diffusion, and be adverse to monopoly, and consequently adverse to the building of great cities. But to return, St. Louis in her future growth will be supported largely by her suburban towns, which will 'stand as jewels in the crown of the great city, as they are to be seen in embryo on the map representing the area withia ST. LOUIS, TUE FDTUKE GREAT CITY. 4T which tho destined city now Btanda. On the east side of the river, and lying within a circle of sixty miles diameter, and with St. Louis for its center, are the following towns, with their present population : Thwna. Population. Towns. Population. East St Louis » 5,648 Shiloh 260 Venice 2,000 Mascoutah - ~ 2,800 AMon ...10,000 Freeburg 1,000 Belleville ...10,000 Waterloo 2,000 Edwardsville 8,000 Columbia ^ ». .- 1,600 Monticello ^..~* ► 1,000 St Jacobs ~ ~ 600 Marinelown 800 Mitchell .. 108 Lebanon 8,000 Centreville 2,200 Troy ^ 1,500 Prairie du Pont 60 Collinsville 1,500 Cahokia. 1,600 Greenwood ., ^ COO Pittsburg - 600 Caseyville ~ 250 Henrysville « 6* O'Fallon 675 Smithton 860 Total BUburban population on east side of the river ^..52,776 The suburban towns, and their population on the west side of tho river, and within the circle, are as follows : Toxons. Population. Toxons. Population. St Chnrlps ^ 7,000 Baldwin 800 llock Springs » 1,000 Eureka - 800 EUeardvillo 8,000 Allenton 200 Lowell .« 1,000 Floris85vnt ». « ...^..^.. 1,500 Kirkwood » 2,500 Georgetown « (JO Webster » 2,000 Linton 76 Bridgton 700 Glencoe 60 Manchester 600 Black Jack - 400 Baden 1,600 Total population 22,486 Add those numbers, with those who live in the country, to onr city population, and we have well nigh 500,000 people residing upon the area of country represented by the map ; and it will not require many years to pass away before 500,000 people will do business within the corporate limits of St. Louis, and yet reside, with their families, at a distance from the city. Trains will soon run upon our railroads at the rate of sixty miles an hour, and at very greatly reduced rates. This will afford advantages and opportunity for cheaper living in tho country, as well as bettor living to many. And wo may safely assume that when St. Louis reaches a population of 5,000,000 to 10,000,000, that, in unity with tho growth of her suburban tows, she will occupy, in many directions, the country reaching to tho extremity of the map ; and in the future, it will not be uncommon to find streets of the finest char- acter fifteen and twenty miles long, well paved and lighted with gas, streeta more splendid than those once so beautiful and wonderful in Cordova. Then, 48 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. looking through the future to the wonderful growth which will be spread ont in and around this great city, may we not anxiously inquire with the poet — "Who'll throng these streets, in eager haste, One hundred years from now ? ****** " Who will be those patriots brave, To guard our flag o'er land and wave, One hundred years from now 1" THB GEOGRAPHICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OP THE CITY OP ST. LOUIS. The city of St. Louis is situated, geographically, very nearly in the center of the great Valley of the Mississippi, or basin of the continent, on the west bank of the Mississippi river, and about half way between St. Paul and New Orleans, and Pittsburg and Denver City. The topography of St. Louis county consists of a system of ridges branching from a water-shed between the Missouri, Meraraec and Mississippi rivers. This water-shed has a general altitude of two hundred feet above the Mississippi river, and has numerous small ridges or arms branching from it and winding in serpentine courses, and maintaining this general altitude along their summits, and terminating in bluffs or low escarpments and declining grounds towards the Meramec, Missouri, and Mississippi rivers. The city is built geographically on the ends or termination of this ridge system, and extends some twelve miles up and down the river, the ground rising gently from the river back for one mile to Seventeenth street, which follows in part the apex of the first ridge, and is one hundred and fifty feet above the river. The ground then gently declines, and rises in a second ridgo at Twenty-fifth street, or Jefferson avenue, and parts of Grand avenue, and again slopes and rises in a ridge at Cote Brilliante, or Wilson's Hill, four miles west of the river. This point is some two hundred feet above the river, and overlooks the city. Looking at the topography of the site which St. Louis now occupies, the observer will be most intensely impressed with the thought that nature in her immutable decrees had ordained, from the beginning, that here she laid the foundation for a great city — the future imperial city of the world. Nor are the character and superiority of the land circumscribed by the present city limits— not at all. The same beauty in the general formation and adaptability of the ground for building purposes, and the consequent expansion of the city, extends back in every way from the river for an indefinite distance, and with still greater advantages for building purposes as we advance into the country. The geological formation of St. Louis county is limestone, shales, and sand- stones of the coal measures, these being covered with alluvial clays from ten to twenty feet deep, making the contour of the ridges wavy and dividino- tho 8T. LOUIS, TUE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 49 country into rich roUinf; prairie, from ono to two hundred feot above the rivers, and bordered with belts and groves of black and white oak woods; and the country shows many substantial brick mansions, highly-cultivated farms, vino- yards, orchards, meadows, slopes — forming the most natural grounds for build- ing purposes found in any part of our 'country. Viewing this rolling prairie, with all its wealth of alluvial soil, its contour of ridgo and valley, its springs and meandering streams, it seems as if the laws of nature had here amassed their wealth, and centralized the material resources to supply the wants of a dense and wealthy population ; and, not being content with this wealth of soil and art on the surface, had underlaid a large part of this area with coal veins, St. Louis county containing an undeveloped coal basin of over 10,000 acres. While New York is limited to a barren, rocky island, Philadelphia to a low ridge between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, "Washington City to a flat, sterile, uninteresting region, Chicago to land from five to fifteen feet above Lake Michigan, and swampy prairie beyond, Cincinnati to a small circuit surrounded by steep, rocky hills, St. Louis has the most natural con- tour of surface for elevation of residence streets — deep clay over the lime- stone for brick, cellars, sewerage, and foundations, quarries of building rock in all parts of the city, wells of pure water in the deep clays in many parts of the city, natural sewerage and dome-shaped hills for waterworks, and essen- tially combining all the material resources for a groat city. London and Paris are built upon tertiary basins, where the soil is thin and rocks generally too soft for good building material. Grand avenue is twelve miles long, running parallel with the river, and forming a grand broadway from the north to the •outh end of the city, and is destined in the future, with its fair-grounds, its great parks, cathedrals, churches, waterworks, 'and private residences, to be the boulevard of the Western continent. And yet, when this has been said, we have but commenced to tell of tho wonders of a city destined in the future to equal London in its population, Athens in its philosophy, art and culture, Rome in its hotels, cathedrals, churches and grandeur, and to be the central commercial metropolis of a continent. It may bo asked, how shall we have cognizance of the laws to give as faith in this being accomplished? Go, then, in imagination, ninety miles south of the city, over the railroad to tho Iron Mountains, whore is stored above the level of the valleys, iron ore sufficient to supply the wants of a densely- populated continent. One thousand tons of this ore now comes daily, over a down grade of seven hundred feot, to St. Louis. In another year a double- track railroad will bo needed. Flanking this iron system is 10,000,000 acres of iron, lead, copper, zinc, antimony, nickel, tin, silver and gold rogioHs; west of this is another 10,000,OUO acres, including Southwest Missouri, being fields of similar ores, and part coal. This, you will bear in mind, is south of tho city. Now, let us look east. The four groat trunk railroads leading east at ten miles from the city reach the coal measures, run each over two hundred milos of the groat Illinois coal basin, where five or six coal veins are piled one vein above the other. To the north this same coal system is found, and all the railroads in North Missouri are crossing more or less over coal veins. To the 50 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTUKE GREAT CITY. West, the great trunk Pacific railroad, beyond Jefferson City, crosses over vast coal-fields, Kansas City being built centrally in this great field. Coal and iron are the bones and sinews of the most powerful of modem nations. Lead, zinc, and copper add strength. In the future, the country to pay tribute to this center are the vast* cotton-fields of the lower Mississippi, the grain-growing regions of the North and West, the argentiferous and auriferous belts of Colorad© and Montana. St. Louis, like ancient Eorae, once with its 10,000,000 population, is destined to be flanked and surrounded with a galaxy or cordon of continental cities. Memphis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Leavenworth, Dubuque, Keokuk, Daven- port, Jacksonville, Springfield, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis are a part of these satellites that in the future are to pay tribute to this center— taking in view the fact of their vast material resources, and these being the center of the great fruit, agricultural and wine belt of the continent. The people, the Teutonic and Celtic races, are the pioneer people in all th« departments of human industry, politics, culture, theology. We apprehend that the most acute vision, even were that mind in" harmony with the spirit of the times, and enabled through that means to look back through the dim geologic history of the past, when the economic laws were piling the iron, atom by atom, in these iron mountains, growing the dense flora of the coal plants, repleting the veins of lead, zinc, copper, tin, silver and gold, and at th« same time comprehend the ridge, valley, spring, prairie, timber and river systems, and was enabled to go back in the ethnography and heraldry of these populations, and could fuse these elements or facts in the future, and at the same time realize the grandeur of the empires of the past — the Persian, under Cyrus ; the Macedonian, under Alexander the Great ; the Eoman, under the Eepublic and the twelve Csesars — that the truth would be forced upon the mind, that in the future this great Valley of the Mississippi will include the center of an empire, before which, in wealth, power and grandeur, all these shall pale ; that St. Louis, sitting like a Queen on the banks of the great Father of Waters, will be the central city of this people, the tidal waves of whose civilization will roll to China and Japan on the west, and to the Bosphorus on the east ; and with her continental railroad system, her telegraphs over mountains and under oceans, her vast water communication, will radiate law and order, and become the leading national, mining, and commercial metropolia of the Western hemisphere. St. Louis, though in its infancy, is already a large city. Its length is about twelve miles, and its width from four to five. Suburban residences, the outr posts of the grand advance, are now stationed six and eight miles from the river, and will soon be twenty. In 1865, the real and personal property of the city was assessed at 100,000,000, and in 1866 at 126,877,000. These figures, as ■well as the present assessment, 8147,968,070, are understood by our city officials to be much below the real value of the city. St. Louis is a well-built city, but its architecture is more substantial than showy. The wide, well-paved streets, the spacious levee and commodiou* warehouses; the mills, machine shops and manufactories; the fine hotels, ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GKEAT CITY. 61 •hurches, and public buildings ; tho universities, charitable institutions, public ichools and libraries, the growing parks, the well-improved and uncqualed fair- grounds, and Mr. Shaw's jewel of a garden, which is by far the grvrden of the continent, constitute an array of excellencies and attractions of which any •ity may justly be proud. The appearance of Si. Louis from the eastern bank of the Mississippi is impressive. At East St. Louis the eye sometimes com- mands a view of one hundred steamboats lying at our levea. A mile and a * half of steamboats lying at the wharf of a city 1,000 miles from the ocean, ia the heart of a continent, is a spectacle which naturally inspires largo views of •ommercial greatness. The sight of our levee, thronged with busy merchants «nd covered with the commodities of every clime, from the peltries of the Rocky Mountains to the teas of China, does not tend to lessen the magnitude •f the impression. These thoughts of the growth and commerce of St. Louis could easily be extended to a discussion of the wealth and industry of our continent, but tho amplification would be of no avail to a people whose minds, like their eyes, are ■o accustomed to range over large extents, and are not content to eit dowa after having acquired a little power. Note. — While this work is written in the especial interest of St Louis, it is not meant to cast « selfish or disparaging reflection upon Chicago, or any other city on the American continent, or ki tho world. In fact, in a broader and higher sense, it indicates a grander growth for the entire American nation than is ordinarily conceived. It indicates a final organization of the world'* ■wealth, industry and civilization, so aa to foreshadow a better time for the world's people. It is not in my nature to be jealous or envious of tho growth and prosperity of any place or people; on the other hand, I am proud of Chicago. She is the great city of my native State — a State born under tha influence of an ordinance wide-reaching and beneficent in its influence — an •rdi nance akin to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of my country. I shall always be proud of Illinois, her prosperity, her people, and her cities. I only yield to the decisioD •f that Providence which has assigned distinction and more abundant favors to State* and •ities, in proclaiming for St. Louis unequaled advantages over any city on tho continent, and a destiny equal to any city in the world. No filial love can weigh against nature in tho distribu- tion of her favors to establish power and greatness among men. Therefore, I am for St. Loui*, destined, at no distant day, to he the great vitalizing heart of the world's civilization. But thia is not an envious decision, not a declaration against Chicago, or any other city of the continent; lor it is narrow foolishness for the citizens of Chicago and SL Louis to be envious of each other** prosperity and industry. In the great West there is ample room for both cities to reach a point of growth uncqualed in human history, and there never will be a time when there is not room enough for both of them in this great valley, and never a time when the interests of the one do not con- tribute to the interests of the other, and the growth of the one be aided by the growth of th« other. Then let each learn that her true interests are beet served by an enterprising industry, guided by a liberal and comprehensive conception of the rapidly advancing progress of our nation. Without these, written essays in favor of either will be of no avail ; and in the face of these, jealousy and envy are unbecoming the dignity of the citizens of either. Then away with tiiat narrow judgment which is hemmed in by locality and warped by selfishness ! All our great •ities are kindred in interest and humanity. They are triumphs of our industrj', and living monu- ments to the genius of our people. "They are all pearls upon one string" — ^jewels of a commoo M)untry, blossoms of our civilization, and governed by one all-pervading, beneficent law. 52 ST. LOUIS, THE FUXUHE GREAT CITY. WATER AS AN IMPORTANT AUXILIARY TO TIIE GROWTH OF A GREAT CITY, AND THE ADVANTAGE POSSESSED BY ST. LOUIS EOR AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SUPPLY. • H A liberal supply of water has at all times been considered one of the chief necessities to the growth and prosperity of a large city. In many parts of Syria and Palestine large reservoirs and tanks were constructed in the past, which at the present time are the only resource for water during the dry season, and a faijure of them involves drought and calamity. The most celebrated of the pools mentioned in Scripture are the pools of Solomon, about three miles southwest of Bethlehem, from which an aqueduct was carried which still supplies Jerusalem with water. These pools are said to be three in number, partly hewn out of the rock, and partly built with masonry, but all lined with cement. The largest of them is 582 feet long by 207 feet wide and 50 feet deep. The Romans spared no expense to procure for their city an abundant supply of pure water. Their aqueducts, some of which are still in operation, at one time carried to that city 350,000,000 gallons of water daily, or 290 gallons daily for each inhabitant. Some of these aqueducts had a length of from thirty to seventy miles, and in magnificence and costliness far surpassed the most cele- brated works of modern origin. The earliest and m.ost liberal provisions for a water supply on our own con- tinent were made by the cities of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and to this must be ascribed in a great measure the rapid growth of these cities. In 1860 the amount of water supplied daily to each inhabitant of these cities averaged ninety-seven gallons in Boston, fifty-two gallons in New York, and thirty-six gallons in Philadelphia. The works in these cities when designed seemed to be of sufiicient capacity to furnish a supply for many years, but their growth has been so rapid that they already feel the necessity of husband- ing their resources, and of taking measures to extend their works so as to be enabled to meet the increased and increasing consumption. In fact, during the severe drought of last year a scarcity of water was experienced in each of these cities, owing to the inadequacy of their sources of supply. The great advantage possessed by St. Louis in this respect consists in the fact that its source of supply is inexhaustible. The Mississippi in time of an I ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 68 ordinary stage carries past the city about 1,500,000 gallons of water per eecond, or enough in six seconds to supply the present necessities of its inhabit- ants for a whole day. It is not only abundant, but is one of the most whole- some waters known. It is true that in time of high water it contains a large per centago of sedimentary matter, brought down by the swift current of lh« Missouri river, but of this it is easily freed by settling and filtering. And it is worthy of mention hero that the old inhabiiants of our city are so far from. being averse to this admixture of sedimentary matter, that they almost regret that the now works now in course of construction will furnish them settled or clear water. The first waterworks in St. Louis consisted of a reservoir on the B;g Mound, Bup[iliod by a small engine from the Mississippi river. It was constructed ia 1829-30, and designed to contain 300,000 gallons. The city of St. Louis thoa numbered 5,852 inhabitants. In 1850, the population being then 77,860, a larger reservoir was completed, holding about 8,000,000 gallons. This reser- voir has also boon out of use for many years. The reservoir by which the city is now supplied was finished in 1855, when the city contained 125,000 inhabit- ants. The water is pumped into it by three pumps located at the foot of Bates street, and having a total capacity of about 11,000,000 gallons per day. One of these pumps was procured by the present Board of Water Commis- Bionors in 1868, the other two not having sufficient capacity to supply the city beyond a contingency. Previous to the year 1860 it had become apparent that the existing works would soon be insufficient to supply the city. In fact, the area of the city had been extended so much, and in the direction of grounds so much higher than the reservoir, that a largo portion of the territory included within the new limits could not be supplied. Tho question of ne\r and more extended works was agitated for several years, but without any result, until tho Governor of the State, under a law passed in January, 1865, appointed a Board of Water Commissioners. These gentlemen appointed Mr. James P. Kirk wood, tho acknowledged head of hydraulic engineers in the United States, sinco his completion of tho Brooklyn waterworks, their Chief Engineer. In October, 1865, Mr. Kirwood submitted several plans of works to the Commissioners. The one adopted by them was subsequently rejected by tho Common Council, to whom, according to tho then existing law, belonged the final decision of tho matter. The members of the Board of Water Commis- sioners resigned, and a now Board appointed by tho Governor, having retained Mr. Ivirkwood's services, submitted new plans to the Common Council for approval, after Mr. Kirkwood had modified his former plans so as to bring them in accordance with the expressed opinion of the Council. There seeming to bo but little hopo that tho coatlicting opinions of tho members of our City Council would over admit of their approving any plan, a new low was passed by the Legislature which placed the whole matter in the hands of a commission of three membgrs, and authorized them to apply tho proceeds of throo and a half millions of bonds, to be issued by tho city, to the construction of the works. Tho new Board appointed as their Chief Engineer Mr. Thomas J. Whitman, an 64 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GRBAT CITY. engineer of long experience in hydraulic works. Mr. Kirkwood had declined to accept the position again, but consented to act as consulting engineer. The plan of their predecessors, with some slight alterations, was adopted by the new Eoard, and after acquiring the necessary land they proceeded at once with the construction of the works. These works, of which we will give a brief description, are now nearly finished, and will, within two nionths, furnish the city with an abundant supply of pure and wholesome water. The water is taken from the Mississippi river, at what is called Bissell's Point, close to the northern boundary of the city. It first enters an iron towei:, 80 feet high, sunk to the rock, and provided with gates at different heights, so that the water may be taken at any desired depth below the surface. In this tower are several strainers and screens to free the water from foreign matter before entering the pump-well. From this tower a pipe of 5i feet interior • diameter, and 800 feet in length, conducts the water to the pumping engines, that are to lift it into the settling reservoirs. These engines are two in number, and are duplicate engines of the Cornish-bull class — steam cylinder 64 inches diameter, 12 feet stroke, and plunger 54 inches in diameter and 12 feet stroke, each of a capacity to pump 17,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. The foundations for these engines are of the most substantial character, and to pro- vide for the rapidly increasing demand, have been constructed large enough to hold three engines, although one engine, working half time, could supply the present average demand of the city. To free the water from the sedimentary , . matter, or to settle it, particularly at seasons of high water, four settling , "V^ reservoirs, each 210 by 660 feet, and averaging in depth about 20_feet, have ^>^ ■ 4)een constructed close to the river bank. The water pumped by the low- *T!^, ^-eervice engines is, by an appropriate set of gates, admitted at will into either ^ /■ of these four reservoirs j there it is left at perfect rest for twenty-four hours, y during which time, according to experiments made on the subject, about nineteen-twentieths of the sedimentary matter falls to the bottom. Dui'ing the next day the water is drawn off by a system of gates so arranged as not to stir up the sediment, and allow the water to discharge at all times near its surface ; the last three or four feet of water is not drawn off, but on the fourth day is allowed to run out into the river through proper sluice-gates, taking with it most of the sediment, while the remainder is washed out with the aid of an engine, and the reservoir is then ready for a new supply. Thus, each of the four reservoirs passes through the cycle of operation during four days. The water, after leaving the settling reservoirs, runs by gravity through a covered conduit about one-half mile long, into a small reservoir near the high- service engines, called the clear-water well, and from it through a short conduit to the high-service engines. These are two in number, with steam cylinders of 85 inches diameter and 10 feet stroke, and pump cylinders 50 inches diameter and the same stroke. To give an idea of the size of these engines, we will state that the walking beam of each engine alone weighs 32 tons, and the fly-wheel 36 tons ; in fact there are only one or two engines in existence that have a larger capacity than these, each of which must be able, according to contract, to raise sixteen and a half million gallons to a height of 270 feet within twenty- 6T. LOUIS, THE FUTUKK GRKAT CITY. 65 four hours. These engines were built by the Knap Fort Pitt Foundry Com- pany, at Pittsburg, Penn. They pump through a lorce main five miles in length, and of 36 and 30 inches diameter, into the storage reservoir on Compton Hill. To relieve the engines and force main from any concussion, a stand pipe is now in process of construction which, when completed, will have a height of 242 feet above the ordinary high-water level of the river. It is about one-half mile from the high-service engines, and will, from its summit, present a view of the whole city, and of the river for many miles in its course. Before reaching the storage reservoir two pipes of 20-inch diameter branch off into the city and connect it \yith the present system of distribution, while a third feeder of the same size starts from the storage reservoir so as to secure con- tinual motion, and thereby prevent the water from becoming foul. The storage reservoir covers about seventeen acres of land, and is built near the city boundary, at the most elevated point within its limits. The elevation of its water surface will be twenty-six feet above the highest street grade, and will be ample to supply the upper story of every house in the city. We must not omit to mention in this connection that the greatest portion of the 8,000 tons of large pipe needed in the construction of these works has been east in this city by the enterprising firm of Shickle, Harrison & Howard. As before stated, the Commissioners expect to have the works ready to •upply the city within a few months ; and unless some delay impossible to anticipate occurs, St. Louis will soon be able to boast of having the most liberal supply of wholesome water of any city in this country. What bene- ficial influence the completion of these works will have on the comfort and health of its inhabitants, and on the prosperity of its manufacturing interesta, may be easily imagined. LIB \: VNIVKIi -^. ill O I vo.^j'^''-^^^*-^ ay 66 B'X. LOUIS, IHK FUTURE GKEAT CITY. MISSOURI AND HER RESOURCES. Missouri is the great central State of the World's Republic. Geographically considered, nearly equal portions of the American Union stretch out from her borders towards the North, South, East, and West. Its dormant and latent energies being once awakened and developed, Missouri must become the Empire State of the Center, as New York is of the East. Its climatic position is altogether propitious, the surface not being greatly elevated, and the State lying between the temperate parallels of 36° 30' and 40° 30' N. latitude, and between the meridians of 89° 2' and 95° 52' W. longitude. The greatest length of the State, from East to West, is 320 miles, and itg width, from North to South, 280. These dimensions embrace an area of 67,380 square miles, equal to 43,123,200 acres of land; being about one-third larger than England, and possessing twice the productive capacity of that ■wonderful country. Missouri is larger than any State east of the Mississippi, and possesses as much fruitful and arable soil as any of her sister States, whether East or West. Not less than 36,000,000 acres of land in Missouri are well adapted to furnish all the products of a temperate clime. No State is better supplied with fountains and streams, as well as with great riyers. It is bounded and bisected by the Mississippi and Missouri, two of tho largest and longest rivers in the world ; rivers whose fountains are more than three thousand miles away, fed by the waters of the Itasca, or the eternal Btorms that breed and brood about the cliifs and canons of tho Eocky Moun- tains, whose affluents water a score of States and Territories, and whose accumulated floods are poured into a torrid sea. One thousand miles of these great rivers lie within or upon the boundary of Missouri. The principal streams flowing into the Mississippi from this State are the Salt, Meramec, White, and St. Francois, the two latter being more properly rivers of Arkansas; and the main afl^uents of the Missouri are the Osage, Gasconade, LaMine, Chariton, Grand, Platte, and Nodaway. Nature has given to Missouri vast resources in agricultural and mineral wealth, also abundant facilities for commanding and managing tho internal commerce of the West. St. Louis, her commercial capital, is near the conflu- ence of the two great rivers. There she stands, like the Apocalyptic angel, *' with one foot on the land, and tho other on the sea," beckoning to her tho white-winged messengers of commerce from every ocean, and stretching out her iron fingers to grasp the internal trade of half a continent. ST. LOUIS, THB FUTURE GREAT CITY. 57 Tho geographical and minoralogical features of Missouri are not only pecu- liar, but such as add greatly to the value of its products. What is known as tho "Ozark range" — not of mountains, but of hills — passes through the south half of tho State from west to east; sometimes appearing morel}' in the shape of elevated tal)lo-lands, and then again broken into rough and rugged hills. Most of tlio latter, however, are rich in metals or minerals, such as iron, lead, zinc, cupper, coal, etc. Much tho larger portion of this hilly region, too, is susceptible of cultivation; and for raising sheep, or the culture of the cereals, fruits, and espociallj- grapes, no better land can bo found anywhere cast of the Rocky Mountains. As tho first settlers in ^lissouri generally sought tho rich alluvial and prairie soils of the northwestern and central portions of tho State, tho vast and fruitful region lying in tho southwest, south, and southeast was neglected, and doomed almost worthless. Large quantities of this land, so rich in minerals, and readily )'ielding fine crops of grain and fruit, have, within a few years, been sold for 12J cents per aero. That time has passed, however, and thousands of enterprising immigrants, both farmers and miners, are making for themselves pleasant and profitable homes in the south half of Missouri. The soil along the river bottoms of Missouri is rich as tho famed valley of tho Nile. Only a little less fruitful, and much more easily put into cultivation, aro tho millions of acres of rich prairie land in tho northwest and central por- tions of tho State. The capacity of this State for producing food for both men and animals is something enormous. Whenever there is a full development of tho State's resources, Missouri will furnish happy homes for five millions of people ; one-half making bread, not only for themselves, but to feed two or three millions of miners, mechanics, merchants, and professional men ; and tho whole State receiving every year many millions more for her exports than she pa3-3 for imports. liOoking at the two grand districts of Missouri a little more ii\ delail, anti beginning with the extreme southeast, we find an extensive bottom-land along tho Mississippi, extending from Capo Girardeau south to tho Arkansas river. It includes many swamps, which are rendered almost impenetrable by a dense growth of trees. The most extensive of these, called the Great Swamp, com- mences a few miles south of Capo Girardeau, and passes south to tho month of tho St. Francois, penetrating far into the State of Arkansas. This pcculiur feature gave to Missouri its southeastern "pan-handlo," or projection south of 30° W, the onco charmed parallel between freedom and slavery. Tho early settlers in the region below Cape Girardeau, and south of the proper boundary of tho Stato» could not reach any settlements in Arkansas, on account of the swamps, and prayed to bo attached to Missouri, where they were in tho habi; of trading and getting their corn ground. Turning northward from the swamp region, and following up tho course oi" tho Mississippi, we find a belt of high lands reaching all the way up to tho mouth of tho ^Fissouri. The highest part of this range is botweon St. (Jeiio- viovo and tho mouth of the ^[eramec, where tho ridgo rises from three to four hundred feet above tho waters of the Mississippi. This ridgo of high lands is the Ozark range, before alluded to, cut asunder bv the Father of Waters, 58 ST. LOUIS, TUE FUTURE GREAT CITY. extending westward through the State, not losing its rough and rugged char- acter until it is lost in a ridge of high prairie. In the country north of the Missouri, constituting about one-third of the. State, the country is more level, but sufficiently undulating to secure good drainage ; and the soil is generally excellent, a large portion of the country boin"- a rich prairie, watered by numerous streams, each with its belt of timber. Altogether the richest soil and most productive portions of Missouri are to be found in the western and northwestern counties of the State. The Platte country, in the northwest, and Clay, Jackson, and Lafayette counties, in the west have long been famed for their wonderful yield of hemp, grain, and stock. THE CLIMATF Of Missouri is peculiar. Being situated about half way between the great Southe-rn Gulf and the semi-arctic regions of the North, with but slight barriers on either side, she is subject, like all Western States of the same latitude, to frequent changes of temperature. But notwithstanding the great and sudden transitions as indicated by the thermometer, Missouri may be considered a very healthy State. Pulmonary diseases very rarely originate here. In most parts of the State plowing and putting in crops commence in March, and the forests are in full foliage early in May; while in the extreme southern counties cotton is raised, and young stock manage to live through the winter with little or no care. Taking the State with all its advantages — its fruitful soil and healthful climate, its vast wealth of metals and minerals, its facilities for transi^ortation by rail or river, its present wealth and prospective greatness — and there is scarcely another State in the American Union that affords such attractions and inducements either to the capitalist or the emigrant. Although the life of Missouri^ as a State, has only extended through half a century, yet it has been the busiest and most progressive half century in the annals of the world, and its characteristics have been stamped upon the history and fortunes of the State. Missouri had its origin amidst the first great political troubles and disputes of the American Eepublic. A compromise gave legal existence to the State, and this compromise was finally washed out in the blood of a civil war. The fraternal strife which for four years transformed the most beautiful country and the grandest political empire in the world into a great battle-field, gave a full share of its bloody fortunes to Missouri. Some of the fairest portions of the State were almost depopulated, and whole sections passed through the ordeal of blood and fire, and when the desolation had gone by, presented nothing but unpeopled and smoking ruins. But after the night came the day, and the horrid wounds inflicted by civil war began to be healed by the angol of peace. It was sharp and painful surgery that cut away the old excrescence, but it left the body politic healthier, and all the people happier and more prosperous than ever before. ST. LOUIS, TUE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 59 Under tbo old regime, tho States of Illinois and Indiana, although far behind us in natural resources, were outstripping Missouri in the march of empire. xVlthough tho great advantages of the State brought many immigrants in spite of tho system then in vogue, yet our sister States across tho Mississippi were, at the commencement of the war, far in advance of us as regarded population and material wealth. This state of things is being rapidly changed by tho multitudes of immigrants from tho Eastern and Middle States and the Old World, who are seeking homos on our rich prairies, in our fruitful valleys and extensive forests, or in our exhaustlnss mines of iron, lead, and zinc. POPULATION. The present population of Missouri may be safely put down at nearlv, if not quite, 2,000,000. The first census of the State, when it was admitted into tho Union in 1821, showed a population of 70,047. From that date the number of inhabitants very nearly doubled each decade up to 18G0, when the population of Missouri, including white, free colored, and slaves, amounted to 1,172,797. Tho war drained tbo State, not only of material wealth, but of multitudes of people ; but tho return of peace, and the increased and ever-increasing tide of immigration, will bring tho State up to three millions before the year 1880. Of tho present inhabitants of Missouri about one hundred thousand, or one ia fifteen, aro colored. Considering the condition these people have been in for generations past, the}- havo conducted themselves with great propriety since their formal emancipation in 1865. A largo majority of them are not only making an honest support for themselves and families, but, by their industry and frugality, accumulating a decent competence. On the south side of the Missouri river especially, there is a largo German element in tho population. Wherever these people make homes in tho countr\', and plant vineyards or cultivate small farms, you may look with confidence for present prosperity and future wealth. Every town or neighborhood in Missouri that has been planted by Germans is now actually wealthy, or has the elements of certain prosperity in the future. EDUCATION. But let us pass from these general views of a great State and its varied resoui-ces to some of tho details which constitute the grand result. When we speak of tho wealth of a State, we should not so much consider its rich mines, its fruitful soil, its genial climate, and its natural channels of commerce and communication, as its people. Tho people are all that give real wealth to an}* country. Without inhabitants, tho fairest lands upqn which the sun shines would bo of no moro value than a barren beach or a rocky cliff. But, then, the people must have intelligence in order to give value to the country they inhabit. Savages make a land poorer instead of richer by their presence. And just in pi'oportion as a community rise in the scale of civilization, intelligence, refinement, and moi*al worth, their lands aiul houses go np in their money value. 60 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY, In this matter Missouri made a grand investment at the very start, and her school fund has been so well husbanded and increased by legislation that she has now a system of public instruction that may challenge comparison with that of any State in the Union. It is not meant by this that the educational machinery of the State is everywhere in perfect working order, but that the foundations of the system are laid deep and secure; and if any child of Mis- souri grows up in absolute ignorance, it will be because it refused the light that is offered almost "without money and without price." The following items will serve to indicate the present working of the common school system in Missouri : Number of children in State between five and twenty-one years, 584,026 for the year 1869; number of children in public schools, 249,720. It would be safe to estimate that 150,000 students were in the numerous colleges, seminaries, private and parochial schools, during the same year. jSTumber of teachers in public schools, 7,145 ; number of public schools in the State, 5,307 ; number of public school-houses, 5,412; value of public school-houses, $3,087,062. The richly-endowed Industrial College, incorporated with the State Univer- sity, at Columbia, offers not only an academic but an agricultural education to all who desire to become scientific as well as practical farmers. Other incor- porated and leading institutions of learning in Missouri are : North Missouri Xormal School, at Ivirksville ; William Jewett College, at Liberty ; Grand Kiver College, at Edinburgh ; Plattsburg College, at Plattsburg ; McGee Col- lege^ at College Mound ; Christian University, at Canton ; Washington Uni- versity and St. Louis University, both at St. Louis; St. Paul's College, at Palmyra ; and Bethel College, at Palmyra. MANUFACTURES. No great community, living in a fertile and productive country, can be long or largely prosperous unless it shows a certain amount of independence, or rather an ability and disposition to supph' most of its ordinary wants. A simple monopoly is always an evil, tending to enrich a few and impoverish the multitude. Before the war, the Southern States made cotton and sugar^ and looked to the North almost entirely for breadstuffs. Since the war they have learned to produce a lai-go portion of their food supplies, and, as a result, will soon be more prosperous than ever before. Missouri has a food-producing capacity sufficient to sustain thirty or forty millions of people. But it is by no means her policy to devote all her energies to raising corn, wheat, and pork, trusting entirely to other States and foreign countries for the ten thousand articles and implements demanded by the present civilization and the various industries connected with it. Missouri has illimitable quantities of the raw material, and wonderful facili- ties for generating the necessary power to transform that raw material into the thousand forms suited to the wants of civilized men. Until lately we have done but little in the way of manufactures beyond making wheat into flour, corn into whisky, hemp into bagging and rope, tobacco into shapes to suit smokers and chewers, and iron into stoves and heavy castings. But a new era \ ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE QKEAT CITY. 61 has dawned uijon the State. Wo have dibcoverod that we can make a thousand articles of primary and pressing need just as well as they can bo made m Now or Old England. In the single article of iron, the capital invested in its nianu- facturo has quadrupled within tho last four or five years. Capitalists from abroad, who have studied our resources and facilities for manufacturing iron, have become satisfied that Missouri must soon becomo one of the largest iron- producing States in tko world j and thoy are adding millions to tho working capital employed in this branch of industry. Tho time is approaching when avo shall not have to import our railroad iron from Europe, much of our pottery and queensware from other States, our glass and hardware from tho good cit}- of Pittsburg, and many of our woolen and cotton goods from New England. When that time comes, Missouri will haro achieved her great destiny as tho Empire State of the Mississippi Valley. CREDIT OF MISSOURI. A country possessing such vast stores of material wealth as Missouri, although much of it is still undeveloped, should have proper credit and con- sideration in all bureaus of finance throughout tho world. A State that could oe sold under tho hammer to-day for more than a thousand niiliions of dollars should have her bonds as good as gold. Thoy are nearly so, in spite of the heavy railroad debt incurred before tho war. This debt is being rapidly can- celed, and very soon Missouri 6's will stand at par or a premium. It may not be improper to add in this connection, that the assessotl value of tho taxable property in Missouri in 1868, with such addition as the assessors themselves allow to be correct in estimating the real cash value of property, amounted to 81,177,000,000, and this vast amount will be increased to at least §1,250,000,000 the present j'car. tSTOCK-RAISINO. Perhaps thero is no ono of tho great Western States of tho American Union better adapted to stock-raising than Missouri. Abundant crops of grain and corn are almost as certain as the return of tho seasons. The climate in most parts of tho Stato is mild enough to preclude tho necessity of much shelter or long feeding in winter. Small streams, with their meandering branches and bubbling fountains, lie like a net-work all over tho State ; and some of those streams are so impregnated with salt as to supply stock with all they need of this article. The following exhibits tho number and value of horses, mules, cattle, shoep, and hogs, in 1868 : VALUE. Horses 375,400 S10,203,-I27 Mnlos 86,200 4,8-22.9« Cattle 933,517 12,ir,0,2.'H Sheep 1,385^805 1,051,078 Uogs 1,952,532 3,734.00« Total. ..4,733,453 $41,880,733 (52 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. VALUE OF LAND IN MISSOURI. It is doubtful whether any other State in the Mississippi Valley can furnish "•ood land at so moderate a price as Missouri. On the south side of the Mis- souri river there are more than a million of acres (much of it good land) still to be given away as homesteads. In the same portion of the State there are millions of acres, mostly lying south of the Osage river, that can be bought for from fifty cents to five dollars an acre. Much of this land is equal to any in the whole country for vineyards, fruit, and sheep farms. In the extreme southeastern quarter of the State there is an immense body of the richest land in the world, which can be restored to use by drainage, and that, too, at a mod- erate cost, compared with the value of the land to be redeemed. Not only can a large portion of the land in the south half of Missouri be obtained very cheaply, but even the finely cultivated farms along the valley of the Missouri and all over the rich prairies of the western, central, and northern portions of the State, can be purchased lower than the same kind of land and improvements in Illinois. No country in the wide West offers stronger inducements to the enterprising and industrious immigrant than Missouri. If he is a farmer, our fruitful soil awaits the hand of the cultivator, to whom it will return " thirt}', fifty, or an hundred fold." If he is a miner or mechanic, his hands shall find plenty of work, with liberal pay. ST. LOLL-, THE FLTLKE UKEAX dTY. 63 MINERAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. BY PEOF. G. C. SWALLOW, FORMER STATE QEOLOOIST. CoLtTMBiA :Mo., Septonber 20, 1870. L. U. Reavis, Esq. : My Dear Sir: Your note requesting mc to make out ft chapter on the Mineral Itesourcea »f Missouri for the now etVitiou of your woric, was dulj* received. I have attempted to comply with your request; but numerous previous entjagemcnts have rendered it impossible for mc to make it as perfect and complete as I would wish. IVrmit mo to suggest that your article on this subject, in the first edition, is too vnlunble to I omitted in the future editions. Our minerals and our soils arc the foundations of the nrgumei.i. and upon these you can scarcely say too much, I heartily wish you entire success in your great work, hoping ere long to congmlulate you in the Mound City, when it shall have become the Business Metropolis and the Political Capital of the nation. Very truly, your obedient servant, G. C. SWALLOW. I There is no territory of equal extent on the continent which contains sc many and such largo quantities of the most useful minerals as the State o: Missouri. In making this remark there is no desire to underrate the mineral resources of other States or of the adjacent Territories, but to announce tlu' fact that some good fortune has set the boundaries of this State around a por- tion of country filled with an unusual amount of the mineral substances useful in the arts and manufactures, and that several of those most useful are found in such quantities that the supply is virtually inexhaustible. There are some that no demand for home consumption or for foreign supplies can exhaust within the time allotted for the rise, progress, and decaj' of nations. Only small portions of the precious metals have been discovered in Missouri ; nor is it desirable there should bo. It is true that deposits of silver and gold concentrate populations very rapidly and yield many largo fortunes ; but histoiy does not show that countries producing silver and gold have boon per manently prosperous. Gold ituilt up California very rapidly, and it is now filled with a great and prosperous people ; but gold does not keep them there, nor does it induce the present immigration. The beautiful climate and wonderful agricultural resources are its present attractions. 64 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. Mexico and Peru have large and numerous deposits of precious metals ; but they have never secured permanent prosperity, though peopled by what were the best races of pjurope. Spain has had vast quantities of gold and silver, both at home and in her loreign possessions, from the earliest antiquity ; but the most prosperous nations of ancient and modern times have imported nearlj' all the gold and silver they have used. Gold mining has yielded many colossal fortunes, as to CrcBSUS in ancient times, and to many familiar names of later date; still the great mass of those engaged in gold mining have lived poor and died poor. These results might be expected from the ver}' nature of the business. Nine- tenths of all the labor spent in the search for and in mining gold meets with no reward, while some of it has been rewarded with signal success. All who engage in this business, therefore, have high expectations, and many spend their gains lavishly, live fast, and, if not successful, often become dissipated and worthless. Almost all other pursuits yield a reward which may be calcu- lated with some degree of certainty, which gives stability and permanence and leads to regular habits and progress. Those results become very marked in national character when examined in the light of histor}'. Great Britain and Spain give a striking illustration. Scarcely three centuries have elapsed since the united crowns of Castile and Aragon ruled a more prosperous people than the thrones of Albion and Scotia. Spain extended her rule over the fairest portions of the New "World and held the commerce of both hemispheres. Galleon after galleon, deeply laden with the precious metals from the mines of Mexico and Peru, filled the treasury of the government and the pockets of her people. England, on the other hand, was opening her mines of iron and coal and pushing her manufactories by all the appliances of science and art. Spain has squandered her gold and become a mere pensioner on Cuba. But England now holds the commerce of both Indies, and the world pays a golden tribute to her iron and coal. If Missouri will w^ork up her iron and coal she may become as powerful and rich as England. She has more territoiy and better soil, more and better iron and quite as much coal. People who work iron partake of its strong and hardy nature. They move the world and shape its destinies. The region tributary to St. Louis has far more of the very best varieties of iron ore than can be found available for any other locality in the known world ; and the facilities for working these vast deposits are unsurpassed. The country is well watered ; timber is abundant ; and all is surrounded by inexhaustible coal beds. These facts alone will make St. Louis the great iron mart of the country. SPECULAR OXIDE OF IRON. This is one of the most abundant and valuable ores in the State. Iron Mountain is the largest mass observed. It is two hundred feet high and covers an area of five hundred acres, and is made up almost entirely of this ore in its purest form. The quantity above the surface of the valley is estimated at ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE QKEAT CITY. 65 200,000,000 tons. But this is only a fraction of the ore here, as it descends to unknown depths, and ever}' foot of the descent will yield some 3,000,000 tons. Veins of this ore cut the porphyry at the shut-in, the location of the first iron furnace erected in this region. Fine beds of this ore wore also found at the Buford ore-bod at the Big Bogy Mountains, at Russell Mountain, at the JameH iron-works, and other localities in Phelps county; and in sections two, three,' ten, and eleven, of township thirt\'-five, range four, west, in Dent county, on the Southwest Pacific railroad, and in several other localities in that county There are several important deposits in Crawford, Phelps, and Pulaski counties. S1LICI0U8 SPECULAR OXIDE Is found in very largo quantities in Pilot Knob, where it is interstratificd with slates and porphyry, as in tho famous Iron Mountain near I^ake Superior. The iron of Pilot Knob has been worked for many years. Its quality is as good as its quantity is great. MAONETIC AND SPECULAR OXIDE Kxists in largo veins iu the porphyry of Shepherd Mountain. It is very pure, and largo quantities have been worked. • There is iron enough, of the very best qualit}-, within a few miles of Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain to furnish one million tons of manufactured iron per annum for tho next two hundred years. All these ores are well adapted to the manufacture of pig metal, and the most of them are suitable for making blooms by tho Catelau process, and steel bj' the Bessemer. Has been discovered in beds several miles in extent in tho swamps and c^-presses of Southeast Missouri — in Scott, Mississippi, Duiiklin, Pemiscot, and Now Madrid counties, in quantity suiBcient in itself alone to mako Missouri tho great Iron State. HEMATITE ORES Of good quality are vory generall}' distributed over the soutlicrn part of tho State, whore it is often found in very extensive beds. Large deposits havo been discovered in Cooper, St. Clair, Green, Ilenry, Franklin, Benton, Dalian, Camden, Stone, Madison, Iron, Washington, Perry, St. Francois, Reynolds, Stoddard, Scott, and Dent counties. The beds discovered in Scott, Stoddard, and Perry counties are very extensive and of good quality. The beds in tho tertiary rocks of Scott county are not so good. In these bods of hematite alone Misssouri has more iron than can bo smelted in the present and succeeding generations. 6PATU1C ORE Has been discovered in very extensive beds in tho tertiary rocks of Scott county, where the ore is very pure. Tho coal measures of Missouri contain 66 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. many bods of spathic ore; and it is found in greater or less quantities through- out the entire area of 27,000 square miles covered by these rocks. These beds of ore are similar to many worked extensively in England and Pennsylvania ; and, in the absence of the vast beds of other ores of better quality, they would attract more attention and be made productive. Were it possible to exhaust the more available deposits in the State, the spathic ores of the tertiary and coal rocks could supply all the demands for iron for a long period. In a chapter so limited it is impossible to mention all the hundreds of locali- ties already discovered, to say nothing of the areas not yet explored. There are already recorded in the reports of the geological survey fifty-six workable beds in Green, Phelps, MarieS; and Crawford counties alone, and good ore is still more abundant in the counties of the Southeast. In other States there are many very extensive iron deposits, which will naturally gravitate toward St. Louis. Among them there are some very valuable in the Indian Territory, which our railroads will make available. But the most extensive iron bed jet observed is on the Missouri river, crop- ping out in the bluffs on both banks of the river for a distance of more than twenty-five miles. These beds are on the river, and many million tons could be mined and put on boats for less than one dollar per ton ; and the expense of carr^'ing to St, Louis, down stream, would be very small. Other localities might be mentioned, but we have shown the position of enough of the various vai'ieties of iron ore to supply any possible demand of any possible manufacturing city for the next thousand years, and all is so located as to be tributary to St. Louis, The simple fact that such quantities of iron ore do exist so near and in places so accessible, will compel this young and vigorous city to become the Iron Mart. The iron furnaces at Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, Irondale, Moselle works, James works, St. Louis, and Carondelet, fifteen in all, with a capacity of 130,000 tons, and two rolling mills with a capacity of 40,000 tons, and the numerous foundries and machine shops, are the growth of a few yeai's — a mere beginning of the great work of utilizing our iron ores. These will increase in a rapid ratio until a hundred furnaces pour forth the molten metal, a score of mills roll it into rails and bars and plates, and a hundred foundries mold it into the ten thousand shapes and forms demanded by human industry. Then shall we see the millenium of iron men, and our people be prepared to appre- ciate the value of our iron beds ; and they will appreciate the justice of your noble tribute to the pioneers of iron in Missouri. COAL. Mineral coal has done much to promote the rapid progress of the present century. Commerce and manufactures could not have reached their present unprecedented prosperity without its aid ; and no people can expect success in those departments of human industry unless their territory furnishes an abun- dance of this useful mineral. Previous to the geological survey it was known I 3T. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 07 that coal existed in many counties of the State, but there was no detinite knowledge of the continuation of workable beds over any considerable areas; but since the geological survey commenced, the southeastern outcrop of the coal measures Las been traced from the mouth of the Des Moines, through Clark, Lewis, Shelb}-, Monroe, Audrain, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, llenry, St. Clair, Bates, Vernon, and Barton, into the Indian Territory, and every county on the northwest of this lino is known to contain more or less coal, giving us an area of over 26,000 square miles of coal bods ^n that part of tho State. Wo have proved the existence of vast quantities of coal in Johnson, Pettis, Lafayette, Cass, Cooper, Chariton, Howard, Boone, Saline, Putnam, Adair, Macon, Carroll, Pay, Callawa}', Audrain, and it is confidently expected that the counties to the northwest will prove to be as rich when fully examined. Outside of tho coal- field as given above, the regular coal rocks also exist in Palls, Montgomer}-, Warren, Callaway, St. Charles, and St, Louis, and local deposits of cannel and bituminous coal in Moniteau, Cole, Morgan, Crawford, Callaway, and probablj- other counties. Workable beds of good coal exist in nearly all places where the coal measures are developed, as some of tho best beds are near their base, and must crop out on the borders of tho coal-field. This is found to bo tho fact where examinations have been made. All of tho little outliers along tho border contain moro or less coal, though tho stratas aro not moi'o than forty or fifty feet thick. But, exclusive of these outliers and local deposits, wo have an area of twenty-six thousand eight hundred square miles of tho regular coal measures. If the average thickness of workable coal be one foot only, it wuU givo 26,800,- 000,000 tons for tho whole area occupied- by coal rocks. But in many places tho thickness of the workable beds is over fifteen feet, and the least estimate that can bo made for the whole area is five feet. This will give over 134,000,- 000,i'00 tons of good available coal in our State. Such were our estimates of the coal in Missouri in 1855. Since then new beds have been opened in the area above designated and large tracts discovered in other parts of tho State, along tho whole lino of tho southeastern outcrop of the lower coal strata, from the mouth of the Des Moines to the Indian Torritorj-. Along tho linos of all tho railroads in North Missouri, and along tho western end of tho Missouri Pacific, active and systematic mining has opened our coal beds in a thousand localities, and developed a series of facts w^hich render it absolutely certain thai our former estimate falls far below tho real quantit}- in tho State. Prior to 1855 no eoal bods had been discovered on the Missouri river between Kansag City and Sioux Citj-, save one or two thin bods in tho upper coal measures, and practical men were slow to believe the geologist could detect the existence of coal beneath the surface. But some brave men at Leavenworth City have sunk a shaft to ono of the lowest coal beds, 700 feet beneath their city, and more than 600 feet below the Missouri river at that point. The success of this enter- prise proves the deductions of science that our lower coal beds, which crop out along the eastern boundary of our coal-field, from Clark county to Yemon, dip beneath tho surface and extend to the west as far at least as Leavenworth, or beyond tho western boundary of Missouri. This and other similar developments prove to a moral certainty that our esti- 68 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. male of the coal iu the State at 134,000,000,000 tons is much too small. But since that is enough, we need not make new figures. But it is not the coal of Missouri alone which is tributary to St. Louis. The 1 .J,000 square miles of coal measures in Kansas, as much more in the Indian Territory and Arkansas, and still hu-'J-er areas in Iowa and Illinois and Kentucky, are so located as to form around St. Louis a circle of fuel at once accessible and inexhaustible. Coal is but one remove from the diamond ; but that slight difference makes it vastly more valuable — the motive power of the world. Could all the millions of men on the earth live a thousand years, and put forth all their strength for that whole period, the power exerted would sink into insignificance when compared with the latent power inherent in this circle of coal-fields. What crown, then, can be more fitting for this Queen Citj- than this circle of coal-fields, gemmed with mountains of iron. ECONOMICAL VALUE. \\\ our efforts to appreciate the value of so vast a deposit of this most useful mineral and its influence on the growth of St. Louis, we should constantly bear in mind the position of these beds, beneath the soil of one of the richest agri- cultural regions on the continent, within a State whose manufacturing and commercial facilities and resources are scarcely inferior to anj^, and adjacent to the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and the Pacific, the JSorth Missouri, and the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads. With all these advantages of location, the certaintj^ that these coal beds can furnish 100,000,000 tons per annum for the next thirteen hundred years, is a fact of the first importance to your city and its wonderful future. These coal beds contain nearly all known varieties of bituminous and cannel coals, such as are suited to almost all manufacturing purposes. The most important deposits of lead in Missouri are galena, or the sulphuret ef lead. Carbonates of tin occur in considerable quantities, and sometimes small portions of other ores of this valuable metal are found. Our lead mines have been worked with great success for the last half century. It is true that the amount of mining done and the success at various points have been sora,e- what vai-iable, as is always the case in mining operations when conducted and carried on by men who have but little capital and practical knowledge of the work, as ours have been in some considerable degi-ee at least. Many of our mines have been neglected for various reasons ; some on account of disputed titles ; others from the general depression of the business ; and others on account of the late militar}' troubles. But there is no good reason to suppose our mines would be less productive now than at any previous period. Few or none have been exhausted, and many are now worked with greater success than at any previous time. All the facts encourage a more extended effort to work and more fully develop some of the neglected mines and open new ones. Our space will not permit a detailed account of the lead mines of the State. ST. LOUIS, THE rUTLRE GREAT CITY. C9 There arc more than five hundred localities, old and now, that promise good returns to the miner. Two hundred and sixteen have been catalogued in my report on the Southwest Pacific railroad. The Eastern Lead Region comprises a largo portion of Franklin, "Washington, Jefferson, Crawford, Phelps, Dent, Madison, St. Francois, Perry, St. Geneviovo, and some parts of the adjoining counties, giving an area of some fivo thousand square miles. The Southwestern Lead Jlegion comprises a largo portion of Nowton, Jasper, and small tracts of the adjoining counties, making an area of about two hundred square miles. The Osage Lead liegion contains a considerable portion of Colo, Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Camden, Pettis, Cooper, and Miller, and sonio of the adjoining counties — an area of about ono thousand fivo hundred square miles. The Southern Lead Region comprises portions of Tane}^ Christian, Webster, and probably other counties not yet surveyed on the south. Tho extent is not known, as that part of tho State has not been fully examined; but there is ai least ono hundred square miles in tho counties above named. In the Eastern Lead Region "(,000 .S(ju;ire inik'«. " Scuthwest'n " 200 " " Osago " 1,500 *' Southern " 100 '* In all those an area of. ., 0,800 square miles. It is not to be supposed that those areas, large as they are, contain all the load lands of tho State. We have not yet examined a single county south of the Osage and tho Mis- souri, save in tho swamp country, without finding in it more or less of this valuable mineral; and besides, nearly all thcso counties are underlaid by the true lead-bearing rocks of our State. We have, then, six thousand eight hun- dred square miles in which lead deposits in workable quantities have been found and successfully ■svorked, and at least fifteen thousand square miles more of lead-bearing rocks, -where wo may reasonably expect to find valuable deposits of this minoi'al. Detailed descriptions of many of our load mines may be found in the State Geological Reports. Some havo supposed our mines aro like those in Illinois and other points on tho Upper Mississippi, and that they would soon be exhausted. But tho mines of Missouri are entirely different in many respects. 1. The\- aro in entirely different formations. Tho lead mines in the South- west ajid in Cooper county are in tho lower carboniferous rocks, the same as the lead-bearing rocks of England, which have been worked so long with si> much success; and tho mines in tho Eastern, Southern, and Osago lead regions of the State aro in tho calciforous sand-rock and Potsdam sand^^tone — rocks much older than tho Galena limestone. 2. Tho lead-bearing rocks of Galena have a thickness of only about 100 feet, whereas the lead-bearing rocks of Missouri are more than 1,000 feet in thickness. 70 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 3. The veins on the Upper Mississippi do not pass through into the forma- tions above and below the lead-bearing limestone ; they stop when they come to the sandstone. In Missouri the veins cut through the sandstone above and below the load-bearing limestones, as at the Mount Hope mines. 4. In Wisconsin and Illinois there appear to be no true veins, whereas in Missouri there are many veins like the true veins of Cornwall. These and other marked differences indicate the more permanent character of the Missouri mines. That they belong to the same class as the more perma- nent mines of England and Wales, is clearly shown by the following charac- teristics, which they possess in common with the best mining regions of the world. No one who is familiar with the geological features of the principal mineral regions of the globe can fail to observe the striking characteristics which our mineral region has in common with many of the most important in ©ther parts. 1. Proximity to igneous or eruptive rocks. It is a well-known fact that nearly all the great mining regions of Great Britain, Russia, Hungary, Ger- many Norway, France, South America, Mexico, and this countrj^, are in regions adjacent to igneous rocks, like the mineral region just described. There are, however, some productive localities which are far removed from any known or exposed igneous rocks. The localities occupied by the Kupfer Schiefcr, at Mansfeldt, the lead region of the mountain limestone in England, the Upper Mississippi lead region, those in the southwestern part of this State, and some others, seem to be exceptions to this rule. The mines in the most of those exceptional regions, though often rich and vastly productive for a time, have not proved so extensive and durable, as their mineral deposits seldom occur in true veins. It may be remarked that some portions of the mineral region of Southeast Missouri are somewhat removed from Iron and Madison counties, the principal center of igneous action in this State; but we have good reason to believe that igneous rocks underlie this whole mineral region at no great depth, since they come to the surface in a few places, even on the outer borders of it, as in Crawford, Washington, St. Genevieve, Wayne, Shannon, and Texas counties. This fact being understood, this whole region, in its relation to igneous and eruptive rocks, is the peer of the most favored mining districts in the world. 2. The sedimentary rocks have been more or less fractured, tilted, and meta- moi'phosed by those intrusive or igneous rocks, as shown by the metamorphic slates at Pilot Knob and in several places in Madison county. The same results have been produced on Lake Superior, in Cornwall, and in many other rich localities. 3. The several kinds of igneous rocks have been forced to the surface at several successive periods. This is true of our region, of Cornwall, and of other favored mining districts. 4. The ores occur in true veins, as in Cornwall and nearly all the best mines in the world. 5. Gossan, a porous oxide of iron, occupies the upper part of many veins, especially those of copper, in this, the Cornwall, and many other districts of ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 71 great nilnei-nl wealth. This cap of gos.san — '' chopeuu defer" of French minors, and " eiscrne hut" of the Germans — is common in the best mining regions of Europe, Asia, and America — in Franco, Cornwall, Colorado, Mon- tana, and Missouri. The German couplet expresses the popular opinion among miners : "Es ist nic iiitlit Gang so gut, Dor triigt niclit cineii eiscrnon Hut." No vein is deemed so good J As one that lins an iron hood. G. Large eruptive masses of iron ore characterize many of the b6st mining regions, as in the U^-al Mountains, Norwaj-, Sweden, Lake Superior, and Mis- souri. These mountain masses are not alwaN's in the immediate vicinity of the other ores, but they are intimately connected with the disturbing forces which have produced the mineral veins. 7. As a general rule, the true veins of this region do not possess such woll- raarkod and extensive selvages as this variety of lodes usually do; but, like the true veins of Cornwall, their gangue is usually connected with or cemented to the wall-rock. 8. In many of the best mining regions there are two sets of veins — one running nearly north and south, and the other noarlj- east and west. One set is usually more productive than the other. In Missouri there is an approximation to this. The true veins of Franklin county usually run north and south, but there are others which run cast and west, as on Mineral Branch, or Lead Hun, near the Bourbeuse. These east and west veins contain some galena and tiff, but they have not been sufficiently explored to prove their value. In Cornwall the east and west veins aro the most productive, whereas in Brittany the north and south veins are the richer. Beside these eight most important characteristics of the best mining districts, our mining region has others in common with them all ; but I will not enlarge upon this part of the subject further than to mention a few particulars in which tbis region is strikingly like that so renowned in Cornwall : Igneous or eruptive rocks play a conspicuous part in each region. Both have 'jranite knobs and ridjrs ; both green stone and syenitic trap di/kes. Both have mctamorphic slates, i[\Q " killas" o^ the Cornish minors. Both have intrusive masses of porphyry, or porphyritic dykes, the '^eleraus" of the Cornish miners. Both have true veins, in which the veinstone is usually cemented to the wall-rock without any selvages. Both have veins with gossaii caps. Both have veins containing copper, iron, lead, ::inc, cobalt, nickel, and silver. Both have about the same varieties of the ores of copper and some other metals. Both have about the same elevation above the ocean. Both have similar topo- graphical developtnents. The lead mines of Arkansas and the L^ppcr Mississippi send their products to St. Louis. The p]nglish mines also send their tribute, as will the ten thousand lead veins of Colorado and Montana. 72 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. This motal is found in many localities in the State, Several varieties of copper ore exist in the Missouri mines. The copper mines of Shannon, Madi- son, and Franklin counties have been known for a long time. Some of those in Shannon and Franklin were once worked with bright prospects of success, and some in Madison have ^yielded good results. Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, Maries, Greon, Lawu-ence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Rej-nolds, and Wright counties. But the mines in Franklin, Shannon, Madison, Crawford, Dent, and Washington give greater promise of yielding profitable results than any other yet discov- ered. AVhen capitalists arc prepared to work these mines in a systematic manner, they may expect good returns for the money invested. SulphureL of zinc is very abundant in nearly all the lead mines in South- western Missouri, particularly in those mines in Newton and Jasper, in the mountain limestone. The carbonate and the silicate occur in the same locali- ties, though in much smaller quantities. The ores of zinc are also found in greater or less abundance in all the counties on the southwestern branch ; but the distance from market and the difficulties in smelting the most abundant of these ores, the sulphui-et, have prevented the miners from appreciating its real value. It often occurs in such large masses as to impede very materially the progress of mining operations. For this reason black-jack is no favorite with the miners of the Southwest. Many thousand tons have been cast aside with the rubbish as so much worthless matter; but the completion of the South- western railroad will give this ore a mai'ket value and convert into valuable merchandise the vast quantities of it which may be so easily obtained in Jasper, iSTewton, and other counties of the Southwest. Considerable quantities of the sulphuret, carbonate, and silicate also occur in the eastern lead regions. At Perry's mine^ at Mount Hope mine, and at a locality near Potosi, these ores exist in some considerable quantities. Little has been done to test the value of the ores of zinc in these and other localities in the State ; but a beginning has been made Avith promising results. There is an extensive vein of calamine in Taney county, which will doubtless prove very valuable. COBALT Exists in considerable quantities at Mine La Motte. It has been found in one other locality. It will doubtless be discovered in other places. NICKEL Is also worked at Mine La Motte in considerable quantities. MANGANESE. The peroxide of manganese has been found in several localities in St. Genevieve and other counties. ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITI. JS BILVEa Occurs in small quantities in nearly all the lead mines in the State, in com- bination with the ores of that metal. Though often reported in large quantities in sundry localities, has never beem worked to any considerable extent in any part of the State. Ores said to have large quantities of tin have attracted much attention, and much money and labor have been spent in efforts to mine and reduce them ; bul the results are unknown to the writer. Flattering reports have been made of the yield at some localitie PLATINUM. Some parties have reported platinum in small quantities in the dykes of Madison county. MASBLK. Missouri has numerous and extensive beds of marble of various shades and quantities. Some of them are very valuable, and will become a very important item in our resources. Fort Scott Marble is a hard, black, fine-grained marble, with veins of yellow, buff, and brown. It receives a fine polish, and is very beautiful. It belongs to the coal measures, and is found in several places in Kansas near the Missouri line, and doubtless extends into Missouri. There are several beds in the St. Louis limestone, in St. Louis county, which have attracted some attention aa fine marbles. Some of them are very beautiful and durable. The fourth division of encrinital limestone is a white, coarse-grained, crys- talline marble of great durability. It crops out in several places in Marion county. One of the best localities is in the bluffs of the Mississippi, between McFurland's branch and the Fabius. The lithographic limestone will furnish a hard, fine grained, bluish-drab marble, that would contrast finely with whit« varieties in tesselated pavements for halls and courts. The Cooper marble of the Onondaga limestone has numerotis pellucid crys- tals of calcareous spar disseminated through a drab, or bluish-drab, fine, compact base. It exists in great quantities on the La Mine, in Cooper county, on Lee's creek, and in some other places in Marion county. It is admirably adapted to many ornamental uses. There are many extensive beds of fine variegated marbles in the upper silurian limestones of Cape Girardeau county. They crop out in many places extending from Apple Creek, on the northern boundary of the county, to Cape Girardeau, and thence along the bluffs facing the swamps to the southwest. Cape Girardeau marble is also a part of the Trenton lime- stone located near Cape Girardeau. It is nearly white, strong and durable. There are several beds of ver}- excellent marble in the magncsian limestone series. In sections thirty-four and thirty-five of township thirty-four, ranga 74 8T. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. „hree, east, aro several beds of semi-crystalline, light-colored marbles, beauti- fully clouded with buff and flesh colors. They receive a fine polish ; are durable and well fitted for many varieties of ornamental work and building purposes. But one of the most desirable of the Missouri marbles is in the third magnesian limestone, on the Niangua. It is a fine-grained, crystalline, silico-magnesian limestone, light drab, slightly tinged with peachblossom, and beautifully clouded with deep flesh-colored shades. It is twenty feet thick, and crops out in the bluffs of the Niangua for a long distance. This marble is rarely surpassed in the qualities adapted to ornamental architecture. There are also several other beds in this and the other magnesian limestones. Some are plain, while others are so clouded as to present the appearance of breccias. The beautiful Ozark marbles are well known. Some of them have been used in ornamenting the Capitol at Washington and for other purposes. Wherever the magnesian limestones come near the igneous rocks we may expect to find them so bl>anged as to present beds of these beautiful variegated mai-bles. LIMESTONES. There is a great variety of excellent limestones in all parts of Missouri and in many localities in the adjacent States, which will furnish any quantity of the best materials of that class for building purposes. Some of these lime- stones have been much used, and others will supply the increasing demand as the means of transportation are extended to interior localities. HYDHAULIO LIME3 Are abundant in numerous localities. Some of them have been tested with good results. The middle beds of the vermicular sandstone in Cooper and Marion counties are hydraulic. The upper beds of the lithographic limestone in Marion, Ealls, and Pike counties possess marked hydraulic properties; and several limestones in Cape Girardeau county appear to be hydraulic. The upper beds of the Chouteau limestone in Boone, Cooper, Moniteau, Pettis, and other counties, aro in the highest degree hydraulic. They resemble the hydraulic strata at Louisville. The upper and lower strata of the Hudson river group have the same properties. The same is true of some portions of the magnesian limestone series as developed in some parts of South Missouri. From some of these sources we may confidently expect an abundant supply for home consumption and all demands for exportation. GYPSUM. Though no extensive beds of gypsum have been found in Missouri, there aro vast beds of the pure white crystalline variety on the line of the Kansaa Pacific railroad, on Kansas river, and on Gypsum creek. It is also found ia several other localities accessible to St. Louis by both rail and boat, as at Fort Dodge in Iowa, and on the liopublican and Blue rivers in Kansas. ST. LOUIS THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 76 CEMENT. All of the limestone formations in the State, from the coal measures to the fourth magnesian, have more or less strata of very nearly pure carbonate of lime, which will consequently make good quick-lime. But few, if any, of the States have such an abundance and so general a distribution of this important article of domestic use. CLAYS, Suitable for potters, are worked in many localities in the State. There will b6 no lack of this material. Kaolin has been discovered at a few places, and worked at one or two. Brick clays have been discovered and worked in nearly all the counties where there has been a demand for them. The argillaceous portions of the bluflF for- mation make good brick, as shown in the brickyards of nearly all the towns on our large rivers where this formation abounds. The brickj-ards of St. Louis are suppliod from this source. FIRE-BRICK Are manufactured from the fire-clays of the lower coal series in St. Louii county. These bricks have the reputation of possessing fine refractory prop- erties. There are many beds of fire clay in the coal measures. Some beds of the Hudson river group in Kails and Piko counties, of the Hamilton group in Pike and Marion, and of the vermicular sandstone and shales on North river, Bcem to possess all the qualities of the vor}- best fire-clays. The quantitj- of these clays is great, almost beyond computation. No possible demand could exhaust it. FIRE-ROCK Has often been observed. Some of the more silicions beds of the coal measures are very refractory, as many have discovered. The upper strata of the ferru- ginous sandstones, some arenaceous beds of the encrinital limestone, the upper part of the Chouteau limestone, and the fino-grained, impure beds of the mag- nesian limestones, all possess qualities which will enable them to withstand the action of fire. But the second and third sandstones are the most refractory rocks yet examined. They are used in the furnaces at Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob. There are several beds of purple shales in the coal measures which possess the properties requisite for paints used in outside work. Numbers ten, thirty- one, and fifty, of this formation have shades of a bright purple color, and a firm texture; but number ten possesses the best qualities. Yellow and rod ochres are found in consitlerablo quantities. Some of these paints have been thor- oughly tested by the Hon. Geo. S. Park and others, who have found them fire-proof and durable. These beds are on the Missouri river. T6 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. ROAD MATERIALS In any desirable quantity may be obtained in the drift formation and in the creeks and rivers of all parts of the State. There is an abundance of coarse reddish granite in several counties. Some of these will make admirable stone for heavy, massive structures, SANDSTONES, Of various shades of buff, red, and brown, occur in all the geological systems of the State. Many of them are firm and durable, and they present colors suited to various styles of architecture. This brief and general view of the deposits of useful minerals in the country tributary to St. Louis shows that Nature has been lavish of the materials necessary for the growth and stability of a great city. If, in connection with these vast and varied mineral products, we take into the view the well-known facts that Missouri and the adjacent States possess soils of wonderful fertility, and in varieties suited to all the staple crops and fruits of the temperate zone ; that the whole region is intersected by rivers and creeks, and watered by count- less living springs ; that it is groaning beneath boundless forests of nearly every variety of the best timber on the continent ; that numerous railroads and ten thousand miles of river navigation center here ; that we are in the great high- way of the moving populations of both hemispheres, we shall have more of the causes and conditions of growth, wealth, and permanence than have ever surrounded any city of ancient or modern times. IRON FURNACES AND MILLS IN MISSOURI, THEIR CAPITAL AND CAPACITY 07 PRODUCTION. Notwithstanding the immense store of mineral deposits in Missouri", art and industry have done comparatively little in rendering these mines of wealth serviceable to the people of the country. The following statement of facts, as given by one of our principal iron merchants, will show what is being done in Missouri in the practical development of the iron interest : St. Loxns, May 7, 1870. fi L. TJ. Reavts, Esq.: Below is a list of the furnaces and mills in our State, all of which, with' the exception of the rail mill about being erected at Carondolet, are or will be in full blast by June! next. The rail mill should be completed and finished by December next. The estimate of the working capital of the several establishments is my own, and may not be entirely correct, i BT. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 77 CHABCOJLL FX7RNACXS. Furnaces. Pilot Knob ^ 2 Iron Mountain 2 Irondale ^ 1 lleramec 1 Scotia 1 Moselle ^ 1 Capital. $1,000,0(X> .... Capacity, Ton* 12 000 1,000,000 .... 12 000 300,000 ... 7 000 300,000 .... 6 000 250.000 .... 7 000 250,000 .... 6,000 Total » 8 $3,100,000 60,000 BTONK-COAL AND COKE FURNACES. Furnacefl. Capital. Capacity, To Kingsland 2 $250,000 25,000 Lewis 2 250,000 25,000 Bouth St. Louis ^ 2 250,000 25,000 Carondelet ». 1 150,000 8,000 Total „ 7 $900,000 83,000 BOLLmO MILLS. Capital. Capacity, To Laclede Eolling Mills $.')00,000 10,000 Kail Mill, Carondelet. 500,000 .-W.OOO Total $1,000,000 40,000 RECAPITULATION-. Capital. Capacity, Toai M furnaces... $4,000,000 133,000 Mill* 1,000,000 40,000 VALUE OF PB0DUCT8. 183,000 tons pig iron, at $35., $4.fi55,000 0,000 tons merchant iron, at $85 850.000 Annual product value- $5,505,000 I have no means of arriving at the number of men directly employed in the several establiA- »enta named, but believe that 2,000 would be alow estimate. Yours truly, JULES Y.\LLB. Since the above note was written, Mr. Yalle having stated that the Kingsland Iron Company was merged in the Vulcan Iron-worky, to make railroad iron, »nd that the capital invested was $1,000,000, and the capacity 40,000 tons of rails, this change will therefore increase his previous statement $250,000 in eapital and 10,000 tons of rails in capacity — leaving the capital of the fifteea furnaces at 84,000,000, and increasing the capital of the mills to 81,250,000, and the capacity of the mills to 50,000 tons, and the value of rails and mer- ehant iron, at 885, to $4,250,000 ; and the value of pig iron being $4,655,000, the total value of pig iron, railroad and merchant iron will therefore amount to $8,905,000. X8 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GllEAT CITY. An extensive business is carried on, in many parts of the State, in the production of lead. Quite a number of furnaces are in active operation, which are affording a constant yield for the markets. Although lead mines in Missouri have been worked for more than one hundred years, their richness is 80 great that they will afford a profitable field for labor much longer than another century. ZINC. The production of zmc in the State is quite recent. Some three or four fine mills are now in active use in and around the city, preparing the zinc for market. The number will no doubt be increased at an early day. PLATE GLASS MANUFACTURE IN ST. LOUIS. Among the exhaustless treasures of mineral wealth in Missouri are found, in ample abundance, the best materials for the manufacture of plate glass, of which there is not a single manufactory in the United States worthy the name, to supply the great and increasing demand. A few miles below St. Louis, on the banks of the Mississippi, there is a locality admirably suited for the purpose of making plate glass — an exhaustless mountain mine of white sand of the finest and best quality, at the door of the works, to save the cost of cartage. Good coal can be obtained at a short distance, and brought in barges to the wharf, which has a frontage of two thousand feet, and deep water. Clay for pits, and lime for flues, and other materials, are easily obtainable. The best grinding sand is found nearly in the river, of which a large quantity is used. Fire-brick for the furnaces can be had. A largo supply of timber is on the premises. The position is one of great centrality and convenience for the conveyance of the glass to market by water. The best manufacturing mill has been provided, and experienced skilled labor has been secured for the erection of the works and the successful manufacture of plate glass of the best quality and largest dimensions required. The enterprise promises large aud certain profits, as the duty on plate glass is sixty per cent, per square foot. Arrangements have been made for the immediate organization of a plate glass company, under the auspices of public-spirited and influential citizens of St. Louis. It will be an honor to this city to have organized and put in successful operation the first plate glass manufactory in the United States, and one of the most profitable investments in the country, and of permanent value to the property of this city. MISSOURI TIN. The fact of the existence of tin in Missouri is established beyond a question or doubt. Yery rich lodes and veins are found in Madison county, of this State. Small quantities are known to exist in adjoining counties, and, in all probability, will be found in other parts of the State when more extensive and ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 79 accurate geological surveys are made. Tin ore from the Madison county lodo has been smelted in several instances, and found to be very rich. In several cases, the smeiting proved the ore to contain, at the lowest yield, six and one-half per cent, of pure tin. Other smelts, at the same time, yielded eight and one half per cent, of pure tin, this being the highest yield. Both together make an average yield of seven per cent, pure tin. This is understood to be by far the richest yield in the world, and the quantity of ore sufficient to supply the world with tin. A joint-stock company, with a capital of $200,000, is now organized, under the name of the Missouri Tin Company, for the purpose of working the mines, and the company will proceed at once to erect furnaces and machinery, for the purpose of smelting tin. This enterprise will, without question, be a valuable contribution to the mineral development and industry of the State of Missouri. VALUABLE STONES. Notwithstanding the great variety of valuable stone in the State of Missouri for building and finishing purposes, there are but few of them, in comparisoa to the whole, that have entered into serviceable use in the State, and such a« have, are only used in a too limited extent. It is time this negligent policy among our builders and stone-cutters were abolished. Why should we go abroad for stone when we cannot surpass in beauty and value that which belongs to our own State ? Aside from the many valuable quarries of marble and hard and soft stone of the State, which are generally known, we have thought proper to mention two or more specimens which are not so well knoira to our citizens, and the use of which is improperly neglected by our buildert and ornamental stone cutters. There is the ROSS-ANTICO MARBLE OF CAPE GIRARDEAU. • This is a fine specimen, as well as quality, of variegated and somewhat chocolate-colored marble. Its texture is fine, and is susceptible of a superior polish. Its strength and specific gravity is nearly equal to that of granite. It will sustain a pressure of more than fifteen thousand pounds to the cabio inch. This valuable stone will supply a great want in our city and State for building purposes, as well as for tiling, for tablets, paneling, and variout ornamental uses about the homes of the wealthy and tasteful of our people. Its similarity to the Etruscan highly befits it for such uses, while for monu- ments and out-door buildings it will hardly be surpassed in durability, for it has already been thoroughly tested by exposure in the cemetery at Cape Girardeau. It abounds in large quantities in Cape Girardeau county, and it easy of access, and can be put into market without difficulty. The quarry out of which this marble is now obtained is in the hands of a company, Colouel Charles Durfee & Co., who are making great efforts to bring it into oooa- mercial uee go 8T. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. HI. LOUIS MABBLE. Another fine quality of stone, known as the St. Loujs marble, is found in great abundance in St. Louis county, about twenty-five miles west of St. Louis, near Gloncoe station, on the Missouri Pacific railroad. This stone is of a beautiful greyish color, of fine texture, and susceptible of fine polish, and is known as a species of marble. It is of great strength, and well adapted for building purposes, as it weathers well. A company, the Messrs. Terrys, are msing every effort to bring this valuable stone into market and practical use, in supplying a choice material for many of the new buildings of our city. It i» more properly defined as a light, variegated, fossiliferous marble. The bed is compact, without lines of stratification, and favorable for getting out slabs or columns of large dimensions. MISSOURI BLUE GRANJTE. This granite is found in St. Francois county, on the line of the Iroa Mountain road, at Knob Lick. Its complexion is a hue between the Quincy and New Hampshire, and sustains the great pressure of 18,444 pounds to the cubic inch. It is remarkably fine-grained and uniform, and will undoubtedly be extensively used where strength and durability are required in building. Other valuable marbles are found in different parts of the State, but not having the neceshaiy facts, a special description of them must be omitted. QUEENSWARB. It is well known to those familiar with the resources of Missouri, that there are to be found in different parts of the State quite a number of the most raluable clays used in the manufacture of queensware; and although no home effort has been made to convert these raw materials into useful articles, large quantities have been exported from the State, and made into wares and returned to our market, to be distributed to the trade, which ought to be •npplied from the hands of our own industry. Kaolin, out of which the finest wares are made, is found in Cape Girardeau county in inexhaustible quantities. And why it is not converted into wares, of an innumerable variety and value, is a Btandmg marvel to those who are familiar with the fact of its existence and quality. Why there may not be built a new Staffordshire in that county, supplying to the continent wares for every kind of domestic use, we cannot understand. Enterprise, capital, and skilled labor must be organized and applied. One company is already organizing, and without question will meet with great success, but there is room for many more. How often must it be published abroad that Missouri has many resources sufficient to supply the people of this great valley with many of the most important materials required in civilized life? and yet they remain undeveloped. Will those who have «apital unoccupied accept of the advantages ? Let us have a Staffordshire ia America, a workshop equal to that of the Old World, whose labor will supply valuable wares to the millions of people belonging to those great States which surround us. ST. LOUIS, THfi rUTUKK GRiiAT CITY. Si MISSOURI AS A WINE-PRODUCING STATE. BY L. D. MORSE, M.D., PBBSIDENT MISSISSIPPI VALLEY GRAPE GROWERS* ASSOCIATION. It is a little over twenty years since grape culture was commenced ac a business in Missouri, since which it has steadily increased, and rapidly bo within the latter half of the period. During the last five years the increase has been at the rate of about 300 acres per year. Within the period last named, several companies have been formed for producing wine on a large scale. The Cliff Cave "Wine Company, in the south part of St. Louis county, has about twenty-five acres of vines, sold a large quantity of grapes last year, and made 3,000 gallons of wine. The AugustatWine Company, of St. Charles •ounty, has 22,775 vines, and made last year 8,000 gallons of wine. The Bluffton "Wine Company, of Montgomery county, has 69,83-4 vines, and made last year from the portion in bearing 13,490 gallons of wine. The Missouri Smelting and Mineral Land Company, of Stanton, Franklin county, is engaged in grape growing as a portion of its business, and has about seventy acres of Tines planted, nearly all of which are in bearing this year. In addition to the foregoing, we have the American "Wine Company, of Bt. Louis, started several years earlier. It does not depend upon raising grapes for wine, but buys largely, and claims to have made last year over 100,000 gallons of still wines, and half a million bottles of champagne. The vineyards of the town of Hermann yielded last year over 150,000 gallons of wine, and about 85,500 pounds of grapes sold, the total value of both being •itimated at $157,557. In the Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1868, partial reports from nineteen counties are given, the average footing to 1,508. Statistics obtained last year by the Mississippi Valley Grape Growers' Association, entirely reliable so far as they go, indicate that there are about 3,000 acres of vineyards in the Stale, and the entire value of the grape product of the State this year will not be less than §3,000,000. SUPERIORITY OP MISSOURI GRAPES AND WINES. It is not so much, however, the number of acres planted during the last few years, as it is the more or less favorable results from those in bearing, and the comparative quality of the fruit and wines produced therefrom, which tend to determine the question of superiority of our State above most others. 82 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. What little statistical information has been gathered thus far on this subject, and the very imperfect statements and incorrect figures given in the various reports, including that of the U. S. Agricultural Department, make it impossible to give reliable comparisons; but even this last named report shows that the average produced per acre in Ohio was 3,745 lbs. grapes, or 320 gallons wine ; it was in Now York 4,571 lbs. grapes, or 416 gallons wine; and in Missouri 6,900 lbs. grapes, or 488J gallons wine. A more reliable proof of the Buperioi'ity of Missouri's grapes over all others, we find by comparing the strength of the must by Oechsle's must-scale, which always comes out in favor of Missouri, even against the most celebrated wine localities of the Union. This is due to climate and soil. Eev. Chas. Peabody, who has given much attention to the investigation of this subject, says: "The two important natural conditions demanded by the grape are climate and soil. Given these two, all the rest will eventually follow from the application of the skilled industry of the vine-dresser. In this portion of the Valley of the Mississippi, we find these two elementary conditions, climate and soil, existing together. That the soil and climate of Missouri and the adjacent parts of other States, especially those on its eastern and western boundaries (Illinois and Kansas), are eminently adapted to the growth of the grape, is a point too well estab- lished to need discussion here. The fact is well known and universally acknowledged throughout the entire district, and perhaps I may venture to add, throughout the United States. Compared with other sections of the United States (at least all those east of the Bocky Mountains), so far as their capabilities have been tested, our advantages for the production of wine are certainly superior." We have not the space to show by the isothermal lines^ ascertained by yeart of actual observation, that our mean temperature during the various seasons comes nearest to those most celebrated places in France where the grape is known to succeed, and must confine ourselves to but few data, of which the following tables, extracted from essays read before the Mississippi Yalley Grape Growers' Association, will afford a ready comparison : Place. ^^3' ^''P^' ^'^^- ^"V* deg. deg. deg. deg. Cleveland 70.3 64.0 61.3 61. 6t Cincinnati 74.2 66.0 53.2 64.47 St. Louis 76.5 68.7 65.4 66.8« For the highest development of the wine properties of the grape a mean temperature of no less than 65^ Fahrenheit is demanded during the season of ripening. In the tables above alluded to we find the following: ( ~ A verage of— — ^ April. May July, Aug. and June. ajid Sept. Six months, deg. in. deg. in. deg. in. Kelly's Island, O., 1867 57.3 3.18 72.0 1.54 64.6 2.3S St Louis, Mo „ 63.7 3.95 75.1 1.65 69.4 2.80 Marseilles, France 63.4 72.1 67.7 Besides the high temperature, a diminished rain-fall during the same season ifl essential to the perfection of the grape. Dr. Stayman, of Leavenworth, ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE UKEAT CITY. 88 Kansas, in an able discussion of these meteorological influences, comparing the averages of Illinois, Missouri and Kansas with those of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, for 18G7, finds a difference of 4.14® more heat and 6.45 inches less rain for the months of Jul}-, August and September, and for the whole period 7.20'' more heat and 10.38 inches less rain in favor of the Western States. Wherever Missouri wines have been tested, in comparison with those of other States, either at home or abroad, they have almost invariably taken the highest rank. At the meeting of the American Potnological Society, held in St. Louis in September, 1867, there was a large exhibition of American wines, including twenty varieties, from various States. The committee on Catawba wines, using a scale of 100 to designate degrees of excellence, rated tlie best Missouri sample at 95, and other samples from this State at 90, 84, &c. The highest from any other State was Illinois, 83 j the best, from Ohio, was rated at 70. These were still wines. The sparkling Catawba of the American Wine Company, of St. Louis, were rated one and two degrees higher than samples from the celebrated Longworth Wine House, of Cincinnati. The committee was composed of two gentlemen from Ohio and one from Washington. At the Paris Exposition, the American Wine Company's champ.agne was awarded honorable mention, and diploma sent them on account of its fine flavor, although the French jurors remarked it had too much of the fruity taste. The German jurors, accustomed to wines of high bouquet and flavor, were very much pleased with the American wines which possessed these qualities. The American committee, consisting of the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Alexander Thompson, William J. Flagg, and Patrick Barry, said : " From what com- parison we have been able to make between the better samples of American wines, on exhibition at the Paris Exposition, with foreign wines of similar character, as well as from the experience of many European wine-tabters, we have formed a higher estimate of our own ability to produce good wines than we had heretofore." Wines which have since repeatedly been sent to Germany from Missouri have been highly spoken of, and were pronounced very superior wines by the best connoisseurs. It is also a notable fact that the trade ia native wines has assumed such proportions in St. Louis, that even her importers of foreign wines, who have heretofore strongly disfavored any others, feel now compelled to buy and keep always on hand the Catawba, Concord, and Norton's Virginia. There are several other varieties that are destined to take high rank, but have not yet been made in sufficiently large quantities to become well known. There are about seventy-five varieties of native grapes in cultivation and on trial in the State. About one-third of this number may be considered as well tested, and more or less successful. Our Concord wine is becoming more and more popular, and should take the place of imported clarets. It suits the uncultivated taste better than either claret or Catawba. The Norton's Virgini.i, as it becomes better known, is more and more esteemed for its valuable tonic and astringent qualities. As a medicinal wine, it is not excelled probably by any wine, native or imported- 84 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. Catawba has generally been considered too acid by those unaccustomed to it, but it makes an exceedingly wholesome and palatable summer drink, and is especially admired in the form of Catawba cobblers. When made into spark- ling wine or champagne, it has a very agreeable bouquet, and is preferred by those who become accustomed to it to the best imported champagne. It is purer, contains loss alcohol, and is rapidly superseding them. WINE CONDUCIVE TO HEALTH AND TEMPERANCE. Taking into consideration the fact that the manufacture of wine is yet in its infancy in this country, the above results indicate that it is rajiidly attain- ing a prominent place among the leading industrial pursuits, and materially aiding the cause of temperance by decreasing the consumption of distilled and fortified liquors. On this point an intelligent writer says : " Of the good or evil effects of drinking pure wine, Americans have small means of judging. The dogmas of total abstinence have been built upon facts existing in two countries where pure wine is an almost unknown thing — upon British and American facts. Not in France, not in Spain, or Portugal, or Italy, or Switzerland, or South Germany, are gathered the awful statistics of the temperance lecturer; but from Britain, from America, and other countries where a kind of necessity, or at least a controlling fatality, has led to the using as a beverage what in grape-growing countries is hardly known save as medicine. " The advocates of abstinence, having made out their case against distilled spirits, demand judgment against wine also. Having ishown that drinking whisky or rum tends in a dangerous degree to make men drunkards, they jump to the conclusion that wing drinking must also tend in a like degree to the same calamitous result. By such reasoners it is assumed : " First, that alcohol as found in distilled spirits, and alcohol as found in wipe that has not been distilled, exists in both cases under identically th« same conditions, and has on the drinker the same effects. " Secondly, that foreign wines which are usually consumed in America and Britain are the same as what the people of the countries which produce them drink at home, and the same as what we should drink in case we grew our own wines at home. *' But distilled and undistilled alcohol exist under very different conditions and have very different effects. And to reason from Port, Sherry, and Madeira, and other liquors that come to us in ships, to the wines that will spring from our own soil, if our vine culture bo blessed, is by no means admissible. Simple alcohol is not a drink at all. It is never taken without a large admixture of water, and usually of other substances. Brandy, whisky and rum contain nearly as much water as they do of alcohol, even before being diluted for drinking; while wine is in its nature a very delicate combination of variom ingredients, with all of which we are not yet fully acquainted. Alcoholic drinks, then, being essentially compounds either naturally or artificially formed, they cannot be fairly judged without considering the properties of the substances which compose them, the proportions they bear to each other, and ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 85 the manner in which they combine. And to assert that the alcohol which condenses in the worm of the atill from the vapor of boiling wine is the very same thing to the drinker of it — to his stomach, brain and nerves — that it would have been if it had remained united with all those other constituents, with the sugar, acids, tannin, rosin, salts and others which wore its compauiong in the vine sap, were elaborated with it in the leaf, and ripened with it in the grape, is to say what requires the strongest proof to sustain it. But no such proof exists, while the contrary can be abundantly shown." As conducive to health, our light wines possess a special value deserving of more general appreciation. It has been said, with too much truth, that we are a nation of d3'Bpepiic.s. For the cause of the frequency of dyspepsia, we may rationally look to the habit of eating fast, boJting the food in a half-masticated condition, drinking too largely of water and other liquids, the too common use of salt meat, particularly salt fat pork, among the hard-working classes, &c. Thore is a largo portion of our population who, although not confirmed dyspeptics, are yet persons of feeble digestive powers — a condition sometimes brought upon themselves by their own improprieties or bad habits, and quit© as often inherited from parents, for the progeny of such people are sure to inherit the "family failing." Now it generally happens that this class of people are under the necessity of accomplishing more work, either bodily or mental, than they are physically capable of doing without loss of vigor. Their powers of assimilation are unequal to the task of appropriating of each meal sufficient to meet the interstitial destruction or necessary out goings of the system. Hence, they are always overworked, and live a life of faiigue. Their muscles are soft and flabby, and their vessels deficient in tonicity. They are liable to disease from various causes; the circulation in the extreme vessels being weak, they are unable to resist the effects of cold, and are hence liable to congestions. They have no power to resist malaria or contagious diseases. Under a feeling of relaxation and fatigue, they often resort to distilled spirits to their injury. It is certain that the habitual daily use of a small allowance of such a stimulus as our pure wines afford, would bestow upon such persons the nervous energy necessary to enable them to digest more food — to economize the waste of the system — to perform the duties of life with more ease and comfort, and would make them more useful members of society instead of the mere drones they often aro and must continue to be under a total abstinence regimen. li would also better enable them to resist disease, which is an important con- sideration in malarious districts. When moderately taken with a regular meal, the small amount of stimulus contained in the light wines is very little felt; no unnatural appetite is created for such stimulus, but rather a fooling of satiety is produced, digestion is aided, the wants of the system are better supplied, and there is less inclination or craving for stimulus between meals. This would be particularly the case with tho class referred to, who need " wine for the stomach's sake." As wine would enable tho body to appropriate more food and gain strength, the feeling of fatigue, with the instinctive craving for stimulus, would be removed. While people continue to drink for the sake of drinking, by all moans give them the least dangerous article. Let it bo more abundant and cheaper than the more fiery and maddening compounds. NoTK. — The American Wine Compnny has mndo diinnij tho present vcar 100,000 pallons of wine, and from ttio vintni^o of 1870 will put up iilxuit 750.000 hollies of Iinporiiil chiunpiis^ne. The increiised produrlion by o^hor coinpnuies furnishes the most fiivonihle showing, for the rapid growth and increase of the grupe and wine busineaa of tho Slalo of Alissour 86 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTUKE GREAT CITY. THE CIVIL AND INDUSTRIAL MISSION OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. I feel more deeply than ever before, Ihat there is nothing in human history which can compiire in interest with the condition of the American continent on the eve of "its discovery and colonization, and its transition into the sphere of civilized and Christian. culture, looking back from our present point of view upon ihe various stages of this transition, as one great operation in the order of Providence. Consider it a moment : there it lay upon the surface of the globe, a hemisphere unknown to the rest of the world, in all its vast extent, with all its boundless undeveloped resources, not seen as yet by the eye of civilized men, unpossessed but by the simple childrer. of the forest. There stretched the iron chain of its mountain barriers, not yet the boundary of political communities; there rolled its mighty rivers unprotitably to the sea ; there spread out the measureless but as yet "wasteful fertility of its uncultivated fields; there towered the gloomy majesty of its unsubdued primeval forests ; there glittered in the secret caves of the earth the priceless treasures of its unsunned gold ; and more than all that pertains to material wealth, there existed the undeveloped capacity of a hundred embryo States; of an imperial confederacy of republics, the future abode of intelligent millions, unrevealed as yet to the "earnest" but unconscious "expectation " of the elder families of man, darkly hid by the impenetrable veil of waters. There is to my mind an overwhelming sadness in this long insulation of America from the brotherhood of humanity, not inappropriately reflected in the melancholy expression of the native races. The boldest keels of Phoenicia and Carthage had not approached its shores. From the footsteps of the ancient nations along the highways of time and fortune — the embattled millions of the old Asiatic despotisms, the iron phalanx of Macedonia, the living crushing machinery of the Roman legion, which ground the world to powder — the heavy tramp of barbarous nations from "the populous north ;" not the faintest echo had aroused the slumbering West in the cradle of her existence. Not a thrill of sympathy had shot across the Atlantic from the heroic adventure, the intellectual and artistic vitality, the convulsive struggles for freedom, the calamitous downfalls of empire, and. the strange new regenerations which fill the pages of ancient and mediaeval history. Alike when the Oriental myriads, Assyrian, Chaldean, Median, Persian, Bactrian, from the snows of iSj'ria to the Gulf of Ormus, from the Half's to the Indus, poured like a deluge upon Greece, and beat themselves to idle foam on the sea-girt rock of Salamisand the lowly plain of Marathon; when all tho kingdoms of tho earth went down with her own liberties, in Koine's imperial mselstrom of blood and fire, and when the banded powers of the West, beneath the ensign of the cross — as the pendulum of eonr]uest swung backward — marclied in scarcely intermitted procession for three centuries to the subjugation of Palestine — the American continent lay undiscovered, lonely and waste. That miglity action and reaction upon each other of Europe and America — the grand systole and diastole of the heart of the nations — and which now constitutes so much of the" organized life of both, had not yet begun to pulsate. The unconscious child and heir of the ages lay, wrapped in the mantle of futurity, upon the broad and nurturing bosom of Divine Providence, and slumbered serenely, like the infant of Danae, through the storm's of fifty centuries. — Edward EvjfiRETT. Ninety-four years ago — when the fifty-two signers of the Declaration of Independence, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of their intentions, declared that the united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States — but few of the most sanguine of that day dreamed of the extent and greatness which this country would attain in the comparatively brief space of a century. But before our Independence was achieved, the thought of continental empire had already entered the minds of many far-seeing persons in this and other lands. "Prophetic Voices about America" were not wanting in numbers to foretell the triumphs of that spirit of adventure which, in the fifteenth century, carried Yasco di Gama around the ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 87 Cape of Good Hope, and Columbus to America. Even the age Beoracd to be instinctive with a better life, and prophets of one land and heroes of another wore unqualifiedly pointing to America as the place for the future empire of the world. As early as 1755, John Adams, but twenty years old, and the future states- man of Massachusetts, wrote to a friend in the following words: "Soon after the reformation a few people came over into this new world for conscience take. Perhaps this apparently trivial incident may transfer the greit seat of trrifiire into America. It looks likely to me; for if we can remove the turbulent Gallics, our people, according to the most exact computations, will in another century become more numerous than in England itself. Should this be the case, since we have, I may say, all the naval stores of the nation in our hands, it will be easy to obtain a mastery of the seas, and the united force of all Europe will not be able to subdue us." This was the expression of a young school-teacher twenty-one years before the Declaration of Independence was made by the colonies. John Adams lived to see a system of government founded which, with broad and compre- hensive policies, was destined to bring forth upon the American continent a nation of grander proportions and greater triumphs in civilization than hi* most enlarged understanding could comprehend. His son, John Quincy Adams, at a later day, remarked of his father's letter: " Had the political part of it been written by the minister of state of a European monarchy, at the close of a long life spent in the government of nations, it would have been pronounced worthy of the united wisdom of a Burleigh, a Sully, or an Oxenstiern. In one bold outline he has exhibited by anticipation a long succession of prophetic history, the fulfillment of which is barely yet in progress, responding exactly hitherto to his foresight, but the full accom- plishment of which is reserved for after ages." Next to John Adams stands Mr. Jeiforson, with clear conceptions of the future of the American nation. Soon after the treaty with the Kaskaskia Indians, by which was acquired a broad belt of territory extending from the mouth of the Illinois river to and up the Ohio, Mr. Jefferson first began to look with serious consideration to the future greatness of the nation ; and that treaty, together with the Louisiana purcha^ie, led him to say that he " would not give one inch of the waters of the Mississippi river to any nation." And with prophetic conception he was again led to say: " When we shall be full on this side the Mississippi river we may lay off a range of States on the western bank, from the head to the mouth, and so, range after range, advancing com- pactly as we multiply." In addition to the Louisiana purchase, Texas was annexed in 1845. New Mexico, California, and all the territory between the Mississippi river and the Pacific ocean has been added within the present century; and in rapid sucv cession has State after State come into the Union, and the tologrnph, the railroad, the steamboat, the printing-press, and the school-house, have followed on in this groat march of empire, and taken the place of the Indian trail, the wigwam, the hunting-ground, and the home of the buffalo. 88 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. Turn which way we will, upon this "vast, wide continent," and we see th« cbain of empire being made complete under one all-embracing Constitution. Climates of every character, minerals of every quality and value, rivers stretching in great lengths and uniting every zone, all combine to give greatness and destiny to this nation, made of the wisdom and excellences of all nations, and this people, made of the commingled and regenerated blood of all people. Sublime thought! Grandest and broadest of our age; that which energizes th« individual and regales the future with royal promise. At the beginning there were thirteen sparsely populated colonies; now w» have thirty-seven powerful States, and ten large Territories on the threshold of membership. The following statistics, showing the means and degrees by which the great Empire of the West has been regarded, will be read witk thrilling interest by every American citizen : New Statks and Territories — When Admitted. — Under President Wash- ington's administration, the following new States were admitted : Yermont, im the year 1791; Kentucky, in 1794; Tennessee, in 1796. Under President Jefferson's administration, the following new States and Territories were added to the Union : Ohio, in the year 1802 ; Louisiana, purchased in 1804. This purchase contained space enough for fifty new States. It gave to the United States the entire control of the Mississippi, the outlets of which had hitherto been in the hands of a foreign power. Territorial gOT- ernments were organized in Mississippi, Indiana and Louisiana. Under President Madison's administration, the following addition was made to the Union : Indiana, in the year 1816. During the administration of President Monroe, the following States wers added to the Union : Mississippi, in the year 1817; Illinois, in 1818; Missouri, in 1821; Maine, in 1820; Florida, purchased in 1821. Under the administration of President Jackson, the following States wers admitted : Michigan, in the year 1837 ; Arkansas, in 1836. During the administration of President Polk, the following new States wers admitted : Texas, in the year 1845 ; Iowa, in 1845; Florida, in 1845; Wisconsin, in 18 17 ; California, New Mexico and Utah were bought. Under the administrations of Presidents Taylor and Fillmore, the following State was admitted : California, in the year 1850. The following new Territories were organized : New Mexico and Utah, in the year 1850 ; Washington in 1853. Under President Pierce's administration, Arizona was purchased. Under the administration of President Buchanan, the following States wers admitted: Minnesota, in the year 1857; Oregon, in 1859; Kansas, in 1861; Dakotah Territory organized in 1861. During the administration of President Lincoln, the following States wer« admitted: West Virginia, in the year 1862; Nevada, in 1864. The following Territories were also organized: Arizona, in the year 1863; Idaho, in 1863; Montana, in 1864. Under the administration of President Johnson, the Territory of Wyoming was organized in 1868; Northwestern America, or Alaska, was purchased, bj treaty of May 28, in the year 1867. ST. LOUIS, TUE FUTUllE QUEAT CITY. 89 Thus stands Iho record to-day of tlio American nation, with a population running IVoni 3,000,000 in the year 177G, up to 42^)00^000 in the year 1870. Our coinmerco, in the year 1701, was valued at §52,000,000 imports and $19,000,000 exports. Now the imports of merchandise to our country are, at sold value, 8280,519,344, and our national wealth ct.tiMialchere, the land mass of Asia and Europe is thus joined to Africa by ii neck of less than a hundred miles in extent. In the West, the great American Isthmus — of about fourteen hundred miles in its full extent from Tehauntepec to the Atrato river — at one point narrows itself to even a less breadth than Suez. In the countrj' of Dai'ien proper it is scarcely more than thirt}' miles wide. And this further point of interest may be again noted on the world-map, that the Isthmus of Suez is but the center of the old conti- nently, Asia, Europe, and Africa, while the American Isthmus is the center of oceans as well as of countries. The commercial value of this will be seen at a glance, and it belongs to the Isthmus of Darien. The chief practical point of difference, in considering the American Isthmus and the African, with the view of opening up communication across each, is their opposite geological formation. Suez is an arid, sandy, longitudinal depres- sion, of which more than one-half is on a level with or below the Eed Sea and the Mediterranean. The American Isthmus strikingly contrasts itself, in its being chiefly a ridge of the Great Cordilleras. Its counter-slope toward the Pacific is not in most places found to be extended. To cross the Isthmus of Suez is to encounter its drift sands, but scarcely an elevation whose mean height is above fiftj^ feet. To cross Central America is to encounter, in Hon- duras, elevations of at least two thousand nine hundred feet; or, in Panama, the line of the lowest level as yet found, with any certaint}^, elevations from four hundred and fifty to two hundred and seventy feet. The summit ridge, on the Panama railroad, is two hundred and eighty-seven feet above the mean tide-level of the Atlantic. The contrast between the two isthmuses is as marked from a historic point of view. Suez has witnessed the tramp of many armies, and the noise of busy trade around cities now wholly lost beneath the sands. The narrow neck of Darien has scarcely a historic record. M. de Lesseps, the engineer of the Suez canal, remarks : '< We cannot approach history Avithout touching upon Suez ; I he Bible gives its early record; Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and the patriarchs, crossed it ; Moses was rescued from a branch of the Nile running through it! Afterward the tliird station of his rescued'pooplo was Ethan, which still keepa ST. LOUIS, Till': FUTURE GREAT CITY. 95 ila name. ' Piluihiroth/ one of their encampments, meaning in noln-cw th« ' Bay of Jleods,' has its name preserved by the Arabs in the track near Lake Timsah. Tradition points to the same locality as a resting-place for the IIolv- Tstmily when fleeing from Herod. The Persians fought upon the plains around Pelusium, 7iear the modern Port Said. Alexander's troops thronged the isth- mus ; C'josar disembarked on this coast; Pompoy was there assassinated." Alongside of such a record the American Isthmus has, as yet, but little to •how; but little of any record of the races within it before the Spanish occu- jiaiic}-, and but little even since that date except the heroic cros.sing of Balboa ihe murderous visits of the Buccaneers, and the struggle for colonization by «ueh noble men as Paterson and Campbell. Yet may not this isthmus, when ihe shall have become the highway of nations, more than compensate for the l)u.st by her greater instrumentality in promoting peaceful intercourse, in civil- izing and christianizing her neighboring districts and the P^ast ? There seems Hurely a common point as regards both isthmuses, vitally affecting the future of each hemisphere, centering in the opening up of world-intercourse across each. There seems also some natural indications that each will permit such opening. Their very narrowness suggests it. Certainly the great interests of civilization loudly call for such open and easy intercourse. For to say that these narrow necks ^/om two land masses is to use language commonly held and expressive of a physical or geological fact. But, oommercially, the opposite is true. They separate men. They are the bar to the world's trade, and to the fuller extending of the accompanying blessings of (livilization. The Isthmus of Darion, now crossed by the Panama railroad, pi'oves, In- her liusy throng from the two sides of the great Pacific and from distant New Zealand and Australia, what she will be, and what more succcssfivU}- s4ie can do !'or humanity, when a yet readier water passage shall be opened. The Isthmus of Suez, until fully opened for heavy frei-ghting, Avill continue to make necessary the hundred-day voyage around the stormy capo. For, how- ever readily the traveler bears the heavy expense of a shorter overland route !»}• the railroad from Alexandria to the Ped Sea, the freights of commerce boar neither this nor the yet greater disadvantages of transhipments. The bulk of i»-ado still follows the route discovered nearh- four centuries ago. It awaits the oompletion in full of the maritime canat which shall in fact join Asia to Africa and to Europe. Let us compare two distance-saving tables on this point. 96 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. DiSTANCE-SAVINa TABLES, OR COMPAIUSON OP EOUTES, (A) BY SuEZ CaNAL WITH Route by Cabe of Good Hobe, (B) by Darien Canal with Icoute bt Cape Horn. The distances are in most cases taken either from a table prepared by tb« Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department ; or from BerghauB' Chart, or th» tables of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. A. — Table of the Saving in Distances for Trade passing through the Suez Cana to Bombay, a central point in the Indian Ocean. PORTS. II :5^ CO Cnllinff the dis- tance from Liv- erpool to Bom- bay 100 miles. 4 «'1 6,550 5,950 5,900 5,950 5,200 5,350 5,800 5,C50 5,960 6,100 6,200 6,450 3,700 3,100 S.050 3,100 2,224 2,500 2,824 2,374 2,340 1,800 3.761 3,724 2,850 2,850 2,850 2,850 2,976 2,850 2,976 3,276 3,620 4,300 2,439 2,720 111 100 100 100 88 90 98 95 100 103 104 109 52 52 Amsterdam Liverpool London Cadiz Lisbon 4S Marseilles 40 Trieste 39i Constantinople 30a 63^ 03 (a) The saving between London and the ports on the east coast of Asia may be stated at about 4,800 miles ; the saving from London to Melbourne, Aus- tralia, at about 3,000 miles. (6) Lesseps, in bis original memoir (1855), estimates the saving between th» East and West to be an average of 3,000 leagues. (c) The Prench engineers, in 1801, estimated that the Suez Canal Avould sav. one-third of the distance and one-fifth of the time in navigating from Franc* to India. (d) The saving between England and India may be stated at 49 per cent, j between France, Southern Russia, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, at 52 per cent. ST. LOUIS, TUB FUTURE GREAT CITV. 97 Table showing the Saving in Distance for Trade passing through the Darien Canal. PORTS. J S» By Cape By Darien | Hum. Canal, j Xew York ttj Valparaiso Liverpool to Vaipiiraiso New York to Callao Liverpool to (fullno New York to Honolulu Liverpool to Honolulu New York to San Francisco Liverpool to San Francisco Now York to .Jeddo Now York to Shanghai New York to lloni^ Kong New York to Hong Kong by Cape of Good Hope. New York to Meli^ourne Liverpool to Moihourne.., New York to Sydne\- Liverpool to Sydney' Havre to San Francisco 8.720 4.800 8,02-> 9,100 7,500 1,)M)0 10,OjO 3.5.50 0,470 10.400 (•.,200 4,200 i:!.o.]0 6.850 6,280 i:5,7.HO 9,.500 4,2HO U.OIO 5..310 8,:ioo i:5,t;r,.-, 7,'Jf.O 5,7a5 ]t;,700 10,200 0,-500 ] 4.. 500 11,100 :].40O 17,IJ0 11,850 5,.570 11.01.-. TJ.7J0 10,400 2,320 l:},:'..-.0 12,000 750 12.S70 9,950 2,920 12.s.-)0 12.400 450 13,040 7,900 5,740 Those estimates, which are best understood by having the eye either on a i^Iobe, or upon the world, on Mcrcator'a projection, will suffice at present as points of comparison in proof of the interest which for so many years has held many of the ablest minds to the problem of canalizing both isthmuses. Among these the late Henry AYhoaton, United States Minister to the Court of Berlin in 1845, deserves high place. In the midst of his official duties he found time for the study of the subject in its widest range, and addressed an elaborate dispatch to our Secretary of State, discussing with marked ability the canalizing of each of the isthmuso:^, and developing the results to be expected therefrom. This was before the foundation of the Pacific States had been laid. (See Lawrence's foot-notes, Wheaton's International Law, and Ex. Doc. 29th Con- gress, 21st session.) The following additional tables, kindly furnished by Mr. F. A. Walker, Chief of the Statistical Bureau, United States Treasury Department, will bo found in place hero. (A corresponding table made by the friends of the Suez Canal would claim, in brief, an annual tonnage of 6,000,000, from almost the outset of the opening of navigation, with a steady increase.) 98 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. Table showing the Trade of England that would pass through the Darien Canal if 710 w finished, taken from the Official Returns for the year 1SG7. CoHiitrus Traded with. Exports and Imports. Tonnage. 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CO 01 r- Ti o X 01 Xj X -J: iO O ec' C y r: %r' o i O CO oo c^i c; :i-or ir oiLo'oi-r'-riC C -f 01 5f I- X X) X 1< T C "»• O l'- ^ 01 ri CO X -♦ o ^ lO r. c c C I- i-0 X C 01 01 -r 03 c'—' —'—■—' o'l-!' o CI y 01 -« X o — c c o c 01 la CO e 5 g 'cc'c-r— "x"csi x" ■«»< lO CO 01 r-> «■ - 2 106 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. Let US turn now to a final consideration of the civil mission of our people, for this, too, cannot be regarded otherwise than a great consideration in the world's civilization. Are we to remain one people — the great republican nation of the world ? What civil mission through the national life is our people yet to fulfill? What beneficent influences are they yet to extend upon the nations and the people of the earth ? Iq the consideration of the civil and industrial mission of our people, we must not forget that all the future greatness and glory of each depend as well upon the maintenance of fundamental principles of civilization over this entire continent. We must have one race, one language, one law, and one religion, and the entire life of our people tempered by cardinal principles of justice and morality. Sad and trying experience has long since taught mankind the abso- lute necessity of these essentials. We look over the history of all races of men that have lived in Western Asia and Europe, and we find ,that the antagonisni of races, of religions, and of language has been the bane of all national devel- opment and high civilization. But few of the nations have escaped bloody wars produced by collisions between races, religions, laws and languages ; wars that have been destructive of the best productions of civilization. We look further East to find an exception to the general experience. In the far East we find China spread over with a single race, a single law, a single language, a single religion, and a common civilization, all tempered with the highest principles of honor and morality. Through thousands of years have they perpetuated themselves, and this example we find nowhere else on the globe. Turning from the far East, it is in the far West that we would imitate, on a higher scale, that grand experience of man in history. We have every advantage to do so. We have a continent at our command. Its topography and natural advantages and resources are in every way fitted for man's highest use and civilization. We have all the essential elements of one race, diverse from every other, and peculiar to the country. So,'too, have we of law, of language, of religion, and of civilization. It therefore remains for our people to be faithful to the highest use of what they possess. The theory of our government is correct. Let us labor to progress from the theory, Transitional Eepublicanism, to the practice, ORGANIC LIBERTY. With the knowledge of the grand possibilities which our nation and people can yet attain, let us pray for a coming statesman, a law-giver, who will herald the rising glory of the Republic. A man of mighty, wide, grasping, reasoning, calculating, poetic mind, who, though born in a manger, the kings of the earth will bow before his simple grandeur and majesty. A statesman too lofty in his bearing to deceive his people, and too pure in his nature to usurp their rights and bounties ; a man whose life-example is a source of perpetual admi- ration for all his people ; a man, in short, who in every way is a statesman which the necessities of the Republic demand to point the way to its future greatness and honor. The birth of such a man is not impossible. God gives to the necessities of men and nations, and while we hope for the future, let us fully realize the present, and vindicate the Republic, its national life and character. ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. 107 Said Gamut, the groat French statesman, when spr^aking of Republics : " One only has been the work of philosop^ij, and that is the United States." The universal judgment of enlightened mankind corroborates the truth of this statement. When our fathers appealed to the Universal Judge of the world in vindication of the rights and independence of the colonies, they opened a way that no man can shut — a way for the free exercise of the inherent rights of all mankind, through the rolling ages of the future. They cstablis^hed a government that interposed "no restraint but those laws which are the same to all, and "no distinction but that which a man's merit may originate." They established a union of independent colonies, which, yielding to an irresistible national attraction, sought a new life in becoming a part of the great whole. Then realizing the character of a nation just born, we can readily apprehend what good it is destined to subserve in the civil interests of mankind, and over what lands its laws will seek dominion. Said the Uon. Charles Sumner, in ■peaking of the final supremacy of our constitution over all of North America: "The end is certain; nor shall we wait long for its mighty fulfill- ment. Its beginning is the establishment of peace at home, through which the national unity shall become manifest. This is the first step. The rest will follow. In the procession of events it is now at hand, and he is blind who does not discern it. From the frozen sea to the tepid waters of the Mexican Gulf, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the whole vast continent, smiling with outstretched prairies, where the coal-fields below vie with the itifinite corn- fields above — teeming with iron, copper, silver, and gold — filling fast with a free people, to whom the telegraph and steam are constant servants — breathing already with schools, colleges, and libraries — interlaced by rivers which are great highways — studded with inland seas where fleets are sailing, and 'poured round old ocean's' constant tides, with tributary commerce and still expand- ing domain. Such will be the groat Republic, one and indivisible, with a common Constitution, a common Liberty, and a common Glory." Said the Hon. William II. Seward: "This Union has not yet accomplished what good for mankind was manifestly designed by Him who appoints the seasons, and prescribes the duties of States and Empires. It shall continue and endure. No other government can exist here." With these eloquent declarations we at once ascend to the grandeur of the Bubject, and behold the great Republic, actuated by the inevitable tendency of power and profit, moving forward to complete dominion over North America. The boundary linos of Canada and those of Mexico will soon be effaced, and the new regions absorbed into the Federal family. Beyond this will follow Central America, the West India and Sandwich Islands, and still beyond. South America will furnish a new field of industry and civil government for the redundant population of our Continental Republic; and, strengthened by the nniversality of one language and one law, the power and civil mission of our 'people will go forth from one people to another, until Old England, "proud and potent as she now appears," shorn of her colonies, will, like a widowed mother, kindred in language and religion, but weak like the shorn Samson, 108 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTURE GREAT CITY. Bupplicate the young child, America, for sustenance and protection. Thus will America move forward until^ in political power and prestige, she becomes the New Eorae of the world, and in industry and civilization the Chinese or Celestial Empire of the earth — uniting at once, in universal rela- tionship and in the highest possible order of development, and under one con- stitution, the representative characters of the two mightiest historic nations of the earth. In the gift of empire, dominion will be hers, and her flag will yet wave in amity over the most ancient capitals of the woi-ld. Her art and industry will jet make the earth bloom as a universal Eden. In Epopseia America will yet have greater poets than have ever walked upon the earth. In classics she will have her Salamis and Lepanto, her Alhambra and Parthenon ; and with a universal recognition of the principles of the golden rule by all, who will not with prayerful hearts " Hail the dawn of the coming day" ? The universality of one language, one law, and one religion over all this continent, will be invulnerable to the powers of the world. Europe and Asia, distracted with their many languages, nationalities, and religions, will con- tinue for centuries to struggle with all the adversities produced by discordant elements among nations j hence the civil mission of our people will be universal and beneficent to all parts of the world. Intervening between the two great oceans of the globe, ours cannot fail to be the great representative nation of the earth in its population, its laws, and its commerce. In its bosom all the extremes of the earth will bo represented, and to its growth a' I parts of the world will contribute. We look around. East, "West, North and South, and in every land foreign powers watch our progress with awe, and seek favor from our institutions. After all, it is America that will inherit the earth. India with its 200,000,000, China with its 400,000,000, Polynesia with its 26,006,000 — more than two-thirds of the whole human race — are only now for the first time really open to our enterprise and. commerce ; and " no matter in what region a desirable product is bestowed on man by a liberal Providence, or fabricated by human skill — it may clothe the hills of China with its fragrant foliage — it may glitter in the golden sands of California — it may wallow in the depths of the Arctic Seas — it may ripen and. whiten in the fertile plains of the sunny South — it may spring forth from the flying shuttles of Manchester in England, or Manchester jn America — the great world-magnet of commerce will attract it alike," and to us will be given sumptuously from the bountiful supply, as it is " all gathered up for the service of man." Then, conscious of a transcendent destiny for the Great Eepublic of the world, and the co-equal industrial mission of the American people, the hopes and motives of all are made doubly strong as they go forward in the battle of life. Already the nation is in a great transition ; its very life is epical and unen- cumbered. From its crucifixion between the two thieves, slavery and rebellion, it triumphantly rides over the billowy waves of sad and desolating war into ST, LOUIS> TUE FUTLUt: GUEAT CITY. 109 the haven of peace, hope, and prosperity. But the suhjoct must not be dis- jnissod without its appropriate Ioshoii of patriotism — a plea for an unchanging devotion of the citizen to the Union of the States, as an absolute necessity for the perpetuity of the life of the liopublic. The truest and broadest sense of filial love is understood to be a love of country — loyalty, patriotism. The necessity of this devotional sentiment or principle, by the citizen to the govern- ment, is just as important to the welfare of mankind as the devotion of the individual to so,^(|i,lg general ifni-* 'it men will pass on in universal relationship, as Nations stop into rank At Time's loud hw^hi sound. [ts removal is no more a question of stato--ilny, The Promised Land to-niorrow." The conception of the future great city would bo a vagary if wo fail to maintain one government and one law all over this land wo lovo so well. It is the future hope of the world, and let us bo of that faith, that " no other government can exist here." "I am confident that this Union of our fathers — a union of intelligence, of freedom, of justice, of industry, of religion, ot science and art," will through succeeding generations of men grow stronger and stronger as time moves on. "This Union has not yet accomplished what good for mankind was manifestly designed by Him who appoints the seasons, and proscribes the duties of States and Kmi)ires. Woe: woo! to him that madly lifts his hand against it." There are still other duties equally binding upon all whose power it is to do; thoro is a royal commission for all to fill. Poverty still stalks abroad; igno- rance still depraves; vice still brutalizes, and crime still entails its miseries. There is work yet to be done, rules yet to bo prescribed, wants to bo satisfied, and wisdom to be supplied, and "wdioso does it to the least of these, docs it also unto me." Then let us hail the present wonderful growth of our country and her cities as a bright heraldry of a more glorious future, and hope for tho royal rule of righteousness. 128 ST. LOUIS, THE FUTUllE GREAT CITY. In presenting this pamphlet to the public, as an argument in favor of an organized hope of the race of man as being inherent in the preconceived future great city of the world, I have the full assurance that copies of it will pass into our librai'iea, and be read by inquisitive and earnest minds of other genera- tions, long after we of this generation shall have passed on through the gates of the eternal world, to take our places ""With patriarchs and prophets, and the blest, Gone np from every land to people heaven." In testimony whereof I have spoken, and of |having been faithful to ray work, I offer the following from the Missouri Democrat, as one of many witnesses : "Our hearts ought all to warm to this patient,, hard-working, unselfish man, who accomplishes more than the most of us for the community about him, and looks for and reaps a more slender reward than fiills to the lot of many who never lift a finger for their fellows." As for me, I see no path of ambition marked out over the slain of my countrymen, nor can I hail with delight a land rent with feuds and despoiled by political factions. I can only pray for the great Eopublic to be a sublime achievement, " over which humanity will eternally shod its blessings and God His benedictions." L. U. EEAVIS. Sr. Louis, November 1, 1870. APPENDIX. Since the body of this book went to press, many important facts relating to the growth and prowperity of St. Louis have been collected, and it lias been thought worth while to give some of thorn brief mention in an appendix. It is usoles.s to stereotype a doscriptijon of St. Louis, for a few weeks or months will render it necessary to revise the text or eke it out with pages of addenda. The domestic trade of the city for 1870 has been far in advant'O of any preceding 3'ear. The item of wheat is not a fair example, because it falls far below the increase of other articles ; but as the statistics for wheat, and flour reduced to wheat, arc known up to the last week in December, this item id selected to show that our city is making "no backward steps." The following table exhibits the receipts of wheat, and flour reduced to wheat, during the last six years : BuEhels 1870 2:5,115,0-2i .. 18G9 20,170, 4-JJ ri^ 18G8 15,444,731 18G7 17,848,755 18GC, 22,070,072 18G5 17,057,252 Inquiries amongst leading merchants lead to the conclusion that the domestic trade of St. Louis for 1870 is largely in advance of that of any preceding year. Our import trade, as exhibited b}' the statistics of the Custom House, indi- cates a similar increase in the commercial operation.^ of the city. The augmentation of banking capital, and of loans and deposits, shows plainly the same general fact. The amount of duties paid on imported merchan[ercanlile Library 0:1,000 vols. Polytechnic Library 121,700 vols. Academy of Science 3,000 vol,-". Law, Court nou>o 0,800 vols. Law, Poh-tcclmic 000 vols. Law, Washington University 1,(KX) vols, St. Louis Universitv 2l',000 vols. "Washington University 1,500 vols. Circulating Libraries DT.OOO vols. Sabbath Schools 2.">,000 vols. Other Law Libraries lo,000 vols. Total Io7,000 vols. BLILDINO STATISTICS FOR 1S70. The buildings erected or commenced in 1870 number 1,330, at a cost of $0,027,100. Most of these structures are of a very substantial character, built of iron, brick, stone, or marble, and one of them costing upwards of $300,000, and numbers of others more than §50,000 each. LIST OF STEAMERS AND I5AR»iES rLVINO BETWEEN ST. LOUIS AND OTHER PORTS DURING 1*^70, WITH THEIR VALUE AND CARRVINQ CAPACITY. Steamers, 209 ; barges, 220 ; total, 43S. Value, §0,844,200 ; carrying capacity, 23<>,000 tons. This showing of St. Louis tonnage is largeh- in advance of previous years. RECEIPTS OF COAL. Tiio receipts of coal during 1870 were 23,031,475 bushels, a large excess over former years, and showing in ilsclf a great increase in the mechanical industries of the city. IJ H U A K \ ij ijuNlVK.USlTV <>K. GALIFUUNIA.. 132 APPENDIX. ^ ^ ^— lO 1^ —;; ^ eo CD .- < '.^h" o o as Q(j a> to c\ o : CO rj< ■( Cl CO C3 CO CI c» ci t § j ^- -ti ci t- C^ Oi ?J Ij 1 ~ii: : -^ Fi ■^ CI --♦< o ,_, c o '" " C5 o CD O CO o o CO ;ij 5 8 o 8 g gj s g o CO o i i « si no. 50,0 ne. a ' d" I-- 1 i i CO o J CI o o i- Q O '- JL co" ■<*( r ^ >5 « l^; o~ -f< CO ""§8" "'g^S"!^ o o ~c T-( O o o CJ CO o o O cc O CO ci 1- 8 1 cd' d d d d d 1-^ CO 'OLSI CI g § ?; OD 8 8 8 8 8^8 uof ^qjQ; puog; ^ g O CO 8 S CI CD O CD >0 O CD O CD O CO oo Ci ■^ '^ -h Ci o o LO o o o o" C-l CO CI ti lO Ttl 00 •>*1 "* CO CI z '^ s~ CI — 1 CO lO OD E^ O .-1 1 'OlST o o c^i : : » CO c CO o cj CO -*_ -^_ 1 'r>}'idD[)Mdxvj, i 03 CO : : U d d i~; M CJ CC CD O C5 Ci o o ~co ccT jl^ CI o '^ i-O c o o ^'\L /o ■^^ C5_ CO LO Ci CO O O UO ~ <^ o o fo funotay jufoj, ^ cc" J s 8 fi ^" 8" ^f O CO S 8 S^ o oo C-3 O o .- o o t- «» "^„ 5.1 co" C5 I- ^ O CO Tjl lO c; CI T-T Si i-O »0 i-H c lO lO CI It- .-H ■UOffVXVJ, ^^W'Jj o CO g i 8 i§ § - - CO o 8 S S T-^ : ci CO T- < CO -rt^ _^ Cl co" -*! oo 7^ ' \ s f2 . •xvjj jooips g L? c : § 8 o o a CO CO o -n o : 00 r-l O CO oo p: o o o _^ :_ o o d d d 5^ d d ci "^A ^ lO s 1 •xvj, rif]Q »o o o o O O 1- CTi CI o L? ^ : 1 i i.-O lO O CO CO 05 T-H I- CO 'S" o .-H .-H ^ ci ci d' ci ci i^i ..^-i. CO lO CD 1 •xvjj ripaioQ c % 5 8 § o 2 o § 0.862 0.745 455 o O CO o C5 O ^ o M S d ^ __^ d l25 „^' !^ y ^ I- »o o o ^ •XV jj sfv;s C3 o 2 O cr> vo o o lo g .o o o 1 ^ i~ UO o < 'rji l- 00 ^ CI CI , o o o o d d —■^--^P o c o c d 1 1^ <^ o O o o Cl CD --< ."■ CI c 1- o i CI CD CD C^ 00 CO c; Cl 1.0 1 ^ o O C CO o j 'OISI •"■'/ ^ 1^ 1^ " o- lo" ^'- 1^ . cf c CD~ c- " oo" o" ' CO CI -tl lO O O — H oc o CC O -f ^^l^A 'psss^ssy C5^ OD c^ co^ co^ o og i= o c- CO . % ^^ \ cT l.tl ■*" cc r-T '^i o CO t- CO o o CO 1- ;5 CO Cl o a> c CI CO 1 OD i.O i.t> CI CI rf\ — CO o '& g ~c CO 0- O ~~^ -c CV o 1 'OlST g o 'J CO d .lof uo-ifvjndoj rs" CO b; 8 ^ sf fe * 2 $ 8 § o co" ! C5 CI J^ c^l_ c C •SpiUl'J PtpQ III ^3 ^1 1 cr o : \ 1 «^im '^S «*''F ?l ci ? c- CO o cc --1 ^ S • ; ^ i^-i ;^-^ ' 1 : . c.v. cent. rn : "^ 1 W : <;^ JT c '^ 00 1 H : c" 1 8 ^ 1 Jji 'S c ,J : t "5 c rS o ^ : O o 'a 3 '5 o .1 c .| o 1 s a o 'S c O 3 'A K ^ « IX 5 P5 b ^ ^ H^ ^ Q « APPENDIX. 133 POPULATION. Table shoicing the Populaiion of the States of the Union, as givni by the United Statea Census returns for ISGO and 1870; also showinr/ the pT cent, of increase each State has made during the past decade, as well as the per cent, of growth for each intervening year. STATES. €2 2 'S3 c2 S ibb§ Alabama (approximate) Arkansas (estimated). California " - Coimecticut (official) Delaware " District of Columbia (official).. Florida (estimated) Georpjia " Indiana (approximate) Illinois " Iowa (estimated) Kansas '• Kentucky (approximate) Louisiana (estimated) Maine (approximate) Maryland (csii mated) Mieiiiji^an (official) Massachusetts (oflicial) Minnesota (estimated) Mississi]ipi " Missouri " Nebraska " Nevada (approximate) New York (estimated) North Carolina " New Hampshire (official) New Jersey (approximate) Ohio (approxinwte) Oregon (official) Pcnnsvlvania (estimated) Rhode Island (official) South Carolina (estimated) Tennessee (estimated) Vermont (official) Virginia (estimated) West Virginia (estimated) "Wisconsin (ajiproximatc) Texas (estimated) Total of States and Territories. TERRITORIES. Alaska Arizona (official) , Colorado '* Dakota " Idaho " Montana " , New Mexico (approximate) Utah (cstiinalod) "Washington (official) , Wyoming " or,4,2ni 1 4:^,.-,,jr,0 1 ll-J.iilG I 7.-..OS0 ' 140, 424 l,n.j7.'jsi; l.n.-.0,42>( i l,711,'.t:)l ! (i7l,'..i;i ' 107,'J()ii i i.i.y-..i;st ■ 7(is,0{)2 ! t;2s.279 I (;^7.oi'.) I 7t'.Mi:] l.-j:;i,o.;:{ i 17J.02:J I 7'.)l.-0.-, i ],1S-_'.012 j r],R.>^o.'7.";.-, ! ;SoS : 'J/'O,;.!!.-, 70.;, 70S 1.1 Oil, SOI ;]15,0U8 1.5%.318 With Va. 775.020 004,215 907,140 472,885 552,208 537,418 125,015 i;51,70«5 180,005 t 1,170,880 l,0i;8,ir,o 2,540,210 I 1,1 78, .380 • 3(;2,.]07 : 1,324,087 ; 730,118 030,423 08 1.500 I 1,184.200 ' 1,457,351 ! 3;;5,ooo i 834,100 1,700.000 i 123.000 1 44,080 : 4,370,703 1,041,000 I 318,300 00--..514 2,075,408 00,022 I 3,475.000 1 217.350 720.000 1,25*<.:{20 330,5*^5 1,200.007 i 450,000 I 1,055,200 i 797,109 37.790 60,053 170,214 70,739 12,834 50,809 40,571 127,714 317,741 755,081 511,020 152,234 107,580 9,024 1,004 92,951 342,350 218,079 28S,014 42.885 520,088 70,159 34,079 400,111 79,378 , Decreased, i I 227,095 i 332,791 I 57,535 I "42,079' 31,292 148,525 25,137 270,100 24.5,785 II 47 10 11 35 12 23 44 70 142 14 12 3 14 45 17 100 5 43 201 600 12 8 "'i'i' 109 "24" 4 13 7 30,230,400 ;38,215,231 9.0.58 30.700 14,181 14,098 20.594 91.898 95,000 23.'.t01 9.118 1.1 4.7 1.6 1.1 7.6 3.6 1.2 2.3 4.4 7.6 14.2 1.4 1.2 f.« 4.6 1.7 16.6 .6 4.3 26.1 50 1.2 .8 '"{a '1*0.9 "2.'4 .4 1.8 .7 8.6 In 1800 we had in tho United States twelve cities contVming 50.000 inhabitnnta and upward ; wc now have twcntv-two, on©-half of which are east of the Alleghanics, tho other half west of them 134 APPENDIX. CITY PAEIvS. Although St. Louis has quite a number of small parks distributed throughout her corporate limits, which are highly prized by her citizens, it is well known that she has no Great Park, such .is i? required for her present and future growth. Nor is it possible for her citizens to remain much longer indifferent toward this important matter. At this eventful period of her history the subject of pai-ks is paramount, and, whether many or few, the enlightened sentiment of her people will soon demand that these important improvements be made commensurate with the magnitude and character of the city itself. If this is to be an imperial city — the imperial city of the nation and of the Avorld — its foundations should be laid deep and broad in government, in com- merce, in industry, in art, in culture, and in such improvements for beauty, for health, and for pleasure, as its future grandeur and greatness will demand. No people build wisely who do not build for the future. It is the sensuous, the slothful, and the ignorant who live in the ever-present time. It is those who have grown from sensation to consciousness — those who realize a material growth in usefulness on this side of the grave — that reach beyond the life of a man, even to remote generations, in their conceptions and works of improve- ment. It is such that make their earthly homes beautiful, that adorn cities with parks and gardens. It is a gratifying thought that St. Louis is favored with such men. Mr. Shaw has already proved himself to be a man of more than ordinary refinement and public spirit in the founding and improving of his beautiful Botanical Garden, for which the good people of St. Louis will ever bear him in grateful remem. brance, and testify of him as a benefactor. As returning springs cause the flowers to bloom, will his memory come afresh in the minds of this people, and their hearts Avill be made glad for the work he leaves behind him. SHAW'S PAIIK. Not only has he improved the finest garden in America, but also, through his foresight and liberality, contributed to the city, ground adjoining his garden for a fine park, which is now under way of being improved, and before many months will be opened to the citizens of St. Louis — a beautiful park, much finer and larger than any the city now has. Although this park is well situated, and will bo as a flowery mead ia a fairy land, it cannot supply the future wants of the city. 13: LEFFIXG' WELL'S PKOPOSKD J'AKK. Kindred to Mr. Shaw in his conception of suitable i)ark.s lor ^t. Louis is Mr. Lofrin<:;vvclI, Avhoso correct viowH and comprohcnsion of the required i)ark improvemeiit.s are entitled to the hi^^liest consideration by thiH people. In fact Mr. Lcllingwoll's proposal for a great park is a bold concej^tion, which graspn the subject fully and truly in its connection with the present and future ol St. Louis. The project is only equaled in its ma,i,'nitudo by the possible great- ness of the city which it is designed to adorn. It is well that St. Louis should have the greatest and finest park on the continent, destined as she is to be the greatest city. Mr. LoflingwoH's proposed park is situated about four miles from the Court IIouso, and immediately west from the central portion of the citj*. It will contain 3,000 acres, is three miles long, east and west, and about one mile and ft half wide. It will bo bisected just cast of its center by a #ow and maf^-nill- cent avenue, which is also proposed by Mr. LoHlngwoll, and is designed to bo uOO feet wide, and encircle the entire city, touching the river above and below, and to bo improved in the most tasteful manner and supplied with .«team transportation. The park euibracos a district of country most admirably adapted for beauty and variet}'. In fact, nothing can surpass it. It can easily be supplied, in an\- part, with good water ; the IJiver Des Peres meanders through it for a distancg of four or five miles, giving a picturesque and varied view. Original limber, consi-ting of all our varieties of oak, elm, maple, ash, hickory, black and white walnut, hackberry, and other kinds common to this region of country-, is etlll in its native condition growing on many parts of this proposed park. Our country has at no previous time presented so grand a sehomo for a ])ark as this under consideration, and it is a gratifying thought to know that the project meets the liearty approval of the people of f?t. Louis. How could thcv decide otherwise, when the park is wanted and it can be had at a small expense ? Let the city secure it at the earliest moment, and thus will bo added another trophy to her future honor and greatness; and millions in after times, who will yet walk these streets in more perfect life, will bless the momor}- of the man who conceived this great project, and praises will bo given to those whoso generous efforts mould it into being and fashion it well. It will be holy ground, where the true-hearted, and those that love their fellows, will delight to tread. It will be enchanted ground, where genius can draw fresh truths from the mysterious rcahns of inspiration. It will be classic ground, where palatial edifices of royal structure wil) invito the sago, the pool, and the orator to higher lields of intrllictual boaut v and culture. It will be a park wiio-o miigniliccnco arid munifii-enco wiii bo ueo i) .•i.i, n:ii alike to all ; the poor will lind it alike their field of pleasure as well as the 136 [APPENDIX. rich. There will they fiixl God equally bountiful to them, na do those of wealth and position. To St. Louis it will bo more famed than were the classic groves of Orontea, the forests of the Druidical oaks, or the beautiful valley of Easselas. Then in view of the want and the great character of such a park, let the determination of our people be as that of one earnest man to secure it for the future great city of the world. EEEATA. Page 11, 5th line from top, for "belt of," read "or." Page 11, 3d line from bottom, for "unattainable to," read "in." Page 51, in xote, for "State born under the influence," read "auspices." Page 110, IGth line of Poetry on America, for "immoral" read "immortal-.'