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 LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
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FACTS AND FOSSILS 
 
 ADDUCED TO PROVE THE 
 
 DELUGE OF NOAH, 
 
 AND 
 
 MODIFY THE TRANSMUTATION SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 D A R W I N, 
 WITH SOME NOTICES 
 
 REGARDING 
 
 INDUS FLINT CORES; 
 
 BY 
 
 MAJOR GENERAL GEORGE TWEMLOW. 
 
 FIRST AND SECOND VOLUMES IN ONE, WITH A FRONTISPIECE, 
 AND THIRTY-TWO REDUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
 
 LONDON : 
 SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co. 
 
 GUILDFORD : 
 W. STENT, 32, HIGH STREET. 
 
PALEONTOLOGY LIBRARY" 
 Gift of C. A. Kofoid 
 

 
 'KEFACF, 
 
 THE author of this humble attempt to restore belief in the 
 Scriptural Deluge, accidentally picked up (in the year 
 1810) some chalk fossils, which then gave him the im- 
 pression that the upheaved chalk Downs must be part of 
 the "^garment " of the earth renewed at the Deluge. 
 
 The original impression constantly increased, and he 
 now offers the result of his researches on this subject 
 during a period of more than half a century, much 
 regretting that they militate against the recorded opinions 
 of many eminent men he respects ; but he is himself 
 upheld by conscious rectitude of purpose, feeling that he 
 has closely followed Scriptural narration in the description 
 of the great Flood ; to him at least firm belief in the 
 Deluge of Noah is requisite for belief in the Bible. 
 
 The reader is particularly requested, before perusal of 
 this brochure, to turn to page 39, and correct the mistakes 
 of the eleventh line from the top, so that it may read as 
 follows : " times, cognizant of the Metonic cycle ; THAT of 
 six;" a few less important misprints may be corrected 
 when observed ; such as slags, printed instead of snags ; 
 " mastricating " instead of masticating ; " metaphoric " (at 
 page 116) should have been metamorphic ; and No. 8, 
 plate vii, the word "carbonate" should have been sulphate; 
 at page 30, (second line) " fifth " should be sixth ; and at 
 page 163, Baron Cuvier has his name unintentionally 
 misspelt. The third (concluding) volume will be reserved 
 for replies to those who persist in advocating a partial 
 Deluge, and for further proofs and specimens tending to 
 support the Biblical Deluge in its integrity. 
 
 " The Flint Cores allued to, were described and deline- 
 " ated in vol. III., No. x., of the Geological Magazine for 
 "October, 1866, page 423." 
 
LIST OF FOSSILS IN THE FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 No. 1. Head apparently of a mammal, from solid chalk, Guildford, Surrey. 
 It is now solid flint, whatever it may have been originally. 
 
 2. A piece of fossil wood, from under the Hog's Back, Guildford, on 
 
 which four creatures appear to have clung, probably to 
 escape diluvial waters. 
 
 3. A shell-shaped creature, with a duck bill ; and a smaller shell of 
 
 strange shape, both from solid chalk, Guildford, Surrey. 
 
 4. A plesiosaurus (small) from the lias, near Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire ; 
 
 and one of the vertebra of on ichthiosaurus, from the County 
 of Berks., England. (See page 163) for Baron Cuvier's 
 exclamation on first seeing a fossil plesiosaurus. 
 
 5. Fossil wood embedded in lias, from Dorsetshire. 
 
 6. A bust, or idol, found at Guildford, within the walls of the old 
 
 Castle. 
 
 7. A bust, having resemblance to No. 3, plate viii. 
 
 8. A small bust, or doll, having a pad for the hair, otherwise similar 
 
 to several other dolls, found in solid chalk, near where the 
 pair of shoes were found (see plates 22 and 23). 
 
 9. A flint implement from New Zealand. 
 
 10. One from County Cork, Ireland. 
 
 11. One from Guildford, England, found in gravel drift. 
 
 12. A group from the Indus. 
 
 These appear to indicate that these wedge shaped implements 
 have been cut when soft, rather than chipped into Cores. 
 
 13. Apparently a small hippopotamus, the Egyptian hieroglyphic for 
 
 Time. 
 
 A. A model, in wood, shewing how very large blocks of stone might 
 
 be passed up inclined planes of earth (see p. 187). 
 
 B. Cement, eight hundred years old, off the water face of the walls of 
 
 fort Bukhur, on the Indus; an outer silicate varnish preserved 
 the walls eight hundred years against a rapid stream and 
 concussion of boats ; such a cement would be invaluable 
 where breakwaters are made of shingle or rubble stone. 
 
PART I. CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 THE Cores must, no doubt, have been chipped, or 
 cut, by the hand of man, at a remote period, they 
 having been found three feet below the rock of the 
 bed of the river Indus; but it is possible they 
 may have been carried down by currents, or 
 " swallows," such as are known to engulph streams 
 on the continent, and even (on a small scale) in 
 the river Mole, in Surrey, England; the date 
 must not be carried back to too remote a period- 
 human bones, commingled with extinct animal 
 remains, have been found under Portland rock. 
 
 But, on the other hand, we ought not to restrict 
 Time more than is authorized by the text of the 
 Bible ; whoever carefully looks over the books of 
 Moses, will find a studious refrain from chrono- 
 logical definition or limitation; and, as regards 
 genealogical computation, let those who feel in- 
 clined to calculate by that mode, decide by the 
 first verse of the New Testament what number 
 of centuries had elapsed between King David and 
 
G 
 
 Our Saviour, and they will be constrained to 
 confess that they cannot make out more than 
 two. 
 
 Let them refer to Job, the still older inspired 
 writer, and they will find the Patriarch of those 
 early days (with all the ancient writings before 
 him) recording, " We are but of yesterday and 
 know nothing ;" whilst Moses cautions, "Remember 
 the days of old 9 consider the years of many 
 generations." 
 
 Let them accompany Abraham on his journey, 
 they will find kingdoms organized, cities and 
 palaces built, laws established, rights of heirs 
 recognized, books on medicine composed, ruins of 
 former ancient cities rebuilt upon, even Ur or 
 Orchoe itself being so ancient that its origin before 
 Abraham was and is involved in mystery; they 
 will find that the use of bronze and mixed metals 
 had superseded iron ; experience having already 
 shewn that iron corroded and injured buildings, a 
 fact that we have only recently recognized from 
 experience in a chapel at Windsor. 
 
 They must not suppose the science of ancient 
 Egypt worthless ; works and monuments refute 
 this ; wisdom guided Nile's canals over lands not 
 reached by natural overflowings ; Marea and Apis 
 were thus retained to Egypt, their inconsiderate 
 
inhabitants wished to have become exempt from 
 Egyptian control, but the oracle of Ammon 
 decided " All inhabitants below Elephanta who 
 drinJc the waters of the Nile are Egyptians," there- 
 by saving effusion of blood, and providing pure 
 water for their use. 
 
 They must not pronounce the Pyramids useless 
 were Britons to isolate the Portsdown Forts, fill 
 up all marsh lands round Portsmouth, and make 
 a safe harbour for our fleets under the guns of the 
 forts, it is probable that the removal of the Lybian 
 hills to increase the valley of cultivation, and con- 
 vey Nile waters into the Fayoom valley, would be 
 the more useful ivork. The Pyramids are mere 
 mounds left by the workmen, afterwards utilized 
 as tombs and cased ; and yet Stanley considered 
 that Moses, perhaps Abraham, may have looked at 
 these tombs of Memphian Kings as ancient struc- 
 tures ! 
 
 Abraham when requiring a sepulchral cave for 
 Sarah's burial, had not to dig one, he purchased 
 one for four hundred shekels of silver current money 
 with the merchant," and the purchase was " made 
 sure" by a legal document "unto Abraham for a 
 possession," in the presence of the Children of 
 Heth before all they that went in at the gate of the 
 city, " The field of Ephron, the cave and trees." 
 
8 
 
 But if they persistently abide by the marginal 
 notes (no portions of the Bible, nor inspired), 
 they will be involved in all sorts of difficulties 
 from undue restriction of Time, not in any way 
 authorized in the Text ; if they took the Hebrew 
 version, they would find only two hundred and 
 ninety two years elapsing between the flood and 
 the birth of Abraham, which would involve the 
 supposition that Abraham had lived fifty-eight 
 years before Noah died, and the septuagint version 
 scarcely gives time for the full growth of an 
 Adansonia tree. 
 
 Let us abide by the Text of the Bible, there is 
 then no difficulty, no restriction of time ; the in- 
 spired writers do not even inform us whether the 
 few names given are those of individuals, or 
 generations, though Moses speaks of " Tears of 
 generations.' 9 
 
II. TIME OF THE DELUGE. 
 
 IF we take the date of Abraham and trend back, 
 we find in the 14th chapter of Genesis a specifica- 
 tion of nations and kings, which would have re- 
 quired centuries of years of generations to perfect. 
 We find the river Euphrates a river of commerce, 
 cities such as Damascus, Ur, and Nahor, and a 
 civilization and diffusion of language and arts, 
 totally irreconcilable with the marginal restric- 
 tions. 
 
 The learned authors of Elements of Mineralogy 
 and Geology, Schcedler and Medlock, are on this 
 account reduced to declare that " The diluvial 
 " drift arose in pre-historic times, as a deposit 
 " from a general inundation, before the existence 
 " of mankind." 
 
 Dr. Pye Smith wrote, "I cannot imagine any 
 " motive but that of veneration for the Bible, that 
 " would limit the Creation to six or seven thousand 
 " years ;" but the Bible does not limit the time 
 either of the Beginning or the Deluge ; it admits 
 
10 
 
 of the rise of Kingdoms, names Nations, mentions 
 Giants, Eephaims and their rock-hewn cities, 
 tribes who dwelt in ruins, and leads an unfettered 
 mind to conclude that a vast number of " years 
 of generations " would have been required to 
 bring about the civilization witnessed by Abraham. 
 
 If we attempt to look into Times before the 
 Flood, we find glimpses only of a vision were 
 given the man inspired, who merely tell us that in 
 " six yomes " God created all things, resting on the 
 seventh, hence our Sabbath holy day of rest from 
 labour, giving time to attest our progress and 
 renew our strength. 
 
 The term "yome" has been restricted to twenty- 
 four hours, without adverting to its use made in 
 other parts of the sacred writings to signify time 
 or period but we must recollect that man was 
 created on the same sixth "yome" as living 
 creatures, " Cattle and creeping thing, and beast of 
 the earth after his kind : and it was so." 
 
 If wild animals had been allowed to multiply 
 and increase, it might have been more difficult for 
 man to maintain dominion over them. 
 
 Job counsels, "Enquire I pray thee of the former 
 age } and prepare thyself for the search of their 
 Fathers, for we are but of yesterday, and know 
 nothing." Job thereby probably meant that the 
 
11 
 
 *' Beginning " was past comprehension at all 
 events we should not limit the Time, or Power of 
 the Almighty by our feeble vision, the years in 
 the margins of our Bibles are scarcely sufficient 
 for the full growth of a Cupressus disticha and 
 quite inadequate for the rise of Kingdoms and 
 Dynasties on record. 
 
 Modern men of science should not be too hasty 
 in condemning or despising the suggestions of 
 ancient authors, Job long ago asked, " Canst 
 thou say to the lightning, go and say here we 
 are" to him probably we owe the hint of the 
 Atlantic Cable. 
 
12 
 
 III. PROOFS OF THE DELUGE. 
 
 AMPLE proofs are in the Scriptures, and in tra- 
 ditions of all nations, placed on record by Josephus, 
 Berosus, Mnaseas, and many other authors. 
 Ionian sailors were termed Nauta3, the first historic 
 King of Egypt was called Mahi Nuh, great Noah 
 the Phrygean Noe of the celebrated Apamean 
 medal, and the worship of Baris, recorded by 
 Aristides, all commemorate the Flood. 
 
 The rivers, gardens, bowers of Eden, and the 
 great Atlantis have been swept away, men and 
 brutes have been promiscuously entombed in 
 diluvial drift as at Pakermi in Greece, near 
 Pantelican., 
 
 Human remains and implements of Man are 
 found commingled in caverns and fissures, tropical 
 fruits and organisms were brought by diluvial 
 waves to the valley of the Thames extinct 
 animals washed into the elephant bed or combe 
 rock of Brighton ; which is so full of phosphates 
 
13 
 
 and animal matter that it is used without cal- 
 cining, for road making; and similar extinct 
 animals were deposited on the slopes of the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Mammals of extinct kind are found commingled 
 with the works of man in the drift gravel of 
 France, as described by Boucher de Perthes. 
 
 How could the vast ridges of chalk and gravel 
 drift have been deposited in juxta position (without 
 other intermixture than having similar marine 
 and land fossils), excepting by vast diluvial waves, 
 and where is the Antediluvian Ocean if it is not 
 the present upheaved land ? 
 
 Then how could the mines of coal and salt have 
 been hermetically sealed up, excepting by a 
 mighty deluge ? We find estuaries filled up by 
 trees washed out of banks, their roots weighted 
 by adhesive soil causing them to settle like slags 
 one above another, until the estuary fills up a 
 future coal mine. 
 
 Those who ignore the Deluge allege that these 
 trees grew in situ, and that the land has been let 
 down and lifted up repeatedly, admitting of suc- 
 cessive growth of forests, and in the same manner 
 they attempt to account for the marine terraces 
 found at various levels ; but we prefer the scrip- 
 tural record. 
 
14 
 
 It has been urged, greatly to the detriment of 
 some men's faith in the Deluge, and, conse- 
 quently, in the Bible, that the volcanic scoria on 
 the slopes of Auvergne have not been washed 
 away by the Deluge ; but, fortunately, ample 
 proof exists that ashes have been thrown up in 
 France subsequently to the Flood of Noah, as 
 certified by Greg. Toronensis, and others; for 
 example Sidonius Apollinaris makes mention of 
 eruptions in the fifth century, which changed the 
 cones of Auvergne, and caused such terror, that 
 Mamercus, then Bishop of Vienni, caused three 
 rogation litanies to be composed and read, to 
 avert volcanic dangers; as is fully explained in 
 Origines Ecclesiastics, v. 4, p. 93, and Sidon, 
 lib. vii., ep. 1. But even if we go back to what 
 Sir Charles Lyell terms the Upper Miocene and 
 Pliocene Eras, we allege that they are subsequent 
 to the appearance of man on the earth, and he 
 himself records " extinct quadrupeds of those eras, 
 belonging to the genera mastodon, rhinoceros, 
 and others, were buried in ashes and beds of 
 alluvial sand and gravel, which owe their preser- 
 vation to overspreading sheets of lava;" whilst he 
 subsequently discovered flint implements (the 
 acknowledged work of man) buried with those 
 extinct animals. "We rejoice to find that men of 
 
15 
 
 erudition and science are beginning to resume 
 faith in the Deluge: the local paper, "Abbe- 
 villois," some time ago, alluding to the congress 
 of " savants," who examined the Abbeville human 
 jaw, made the following observations "we cannot 
 "too highly applaud the scrupulous care these 
 " eminent men have given to this interesting 
 " enquiry, on a point so important to our history, 
 " and confirming all that tradition tells us of the 
 "Biblical Deluge, and of the existence of man at 
 " the epoch when that great Cataclysm altered the 
 "face of the Earth." 
 
 We see, in the present day, the great Ocean 
 plough, and those of the minor rivers, constantly 
 abrading the land, turning the older shells into 
 newer strata ; had it not been for the consoli- 
 dation, caused by the general deluge, Mr. Smith, 
 who has been termed the Father of Geologists, 
 would never have originated the shell-per-centage 
 theory of calculation. 
 
16 
 
 IV. NUMBERS SAVED IN THE ARK. 
 
 If undue restriction of Time has done mischief, 
 unauthorized limitation of the numbers saved, 
 has also added to the difficulty of comprehending 
 the Deluge. 
 
 If persons, however learned, in the present day, 
 were to allege that two persons alone, Wellington 
 and Blucher, won the battle of Waterloo, they 
 would not be credited, nor would they if they 
 asserted that Attus Clausus (whom the Eomans 
 called Appius Claudius), was only received with 
 his wife and family by the Eomans ; history 
 records that he was received with " his whole 
 house," this we know included five thousand men 
 capable of bearing arms. 
 
 When we read in the Bible " Thy Fathers went 
 c< down into Egypt , with three score and ten per sons 9 
 " and now the Lord thy God hath made thee as the 
 "stars of heaven, for multitude," we ought to 
 understand those seventy persons as Heads of 
 Tribes, they would be accompanied, each, by " all 
 his house," their followers, and herds. 
 
17 
 
 Three Chief Priests only are mentioned by 
 name, but many more blew trumpets at Jericho ; 
 the son of Eleazer, is incidentally mentioned ; as 
 indeed Canaan was, soon after leaving the ArJc. 
 
 In II. Samuel, iii., 1, we read "now there was 
 long war between the House of Saul, and the House 
 of David:" the two principals only are named. 
 
 In I. Samuel, iii., 12, 13, the House of Eli is 
 judged and threatened : only the one principal is 
 named, but we know that his two sons and thirty 
 thousand footmen were slain. 
 
 In I. Chronicles, xvii, 24, 27, David prays, 
 "Let the House of David thy servant be estab- 
 lished, and let it please thee to bless the house of 
 thy servant." 
 
 Again, II. Samuel, xii., 8, God said to David 
 by Nathan, "I gave thee thy master's house, and 
 gave thee the house of Judah." 
 
 In fact, throughout the Bible, the expression 
 " House" is used collectively, the names of 
 Principals only being given. When Cyrus, King 
 of Persia, issued his proclamation to build the 
 house of the Lord God of Israel, and for the 
 release of the Israelites from bondage, the names 
 of the principal captives only are given, but the 
 households, even to the singing men and women, 
 were released. Ezra i. and ii. 
 
18 
 
 In I. Kings, xvii, 9 to 24, the son of the widow 
 of Zarephath is not mentioned, but is included 
 " And she, and he, (Elijah) and her house, did eat 
 many days." 
 
 We read (II. Kings, ix., 8, 9,) For the whole 
 house of Ahab shall perish, and I will make the 
 house of Ahab like the house of Jeroboam, the son 
 of Nebat, and like the house of Baasha, the son of 
 Ahijah. 
 
 In the New Testament, likewise, the term 
 house is used comprehensively "If a house be 
 divided against itself, that house cannot stand." 
 St. Mark iii., 25. Again, St. John (iv., 53), 
 "Himself believed and his whole house." Even to 
 the present day, we have continued the same 
 original definition of the term House; we say, 
 House of God House of bondage our house, a 
 full house, then why restrict those saved in the 
 Ark, to the eight principals, or " Souls," who 
 alone were named? The command of the Al- 
 mighty was full and explicit, "COMB THOU 
 AND ALL THY HOUSE INTO THE AKK." 
 
 Noah was a just man and righteous is it to 
 be supposed that he would even wish to exclude 
 the members of his house, with whose aid he 
 had constructed the ark. 
 
 The grand-children of Noah are not mentioned 
 
19 
 
 by name, but is it likely that the wives of his sons 
 would consent to leave their children outside, and 
 tend in preference the cattle ; Heaven forbid such 
 a supposition ! 
 
 The Covenant made was with Noah and those 
 with him, not with eight persons, and the number 
 of clean beasts offered up in sacrifice, indicates a 
 great number of recipients. 
 
 It is true that in Chapter in. of the I. Epistle 
 general of Saint Peter, v. 20, we find " When once 
 " the longsuffering of God waited in the days of 
 "Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein 
 "few, that is, eight souls, were saved by water." 
 But the eight souls, evidently refers only 
 to principals: heathen writers mention "eight 
 Gods.' 9 
 
 We find in early times indications of diversity 
 of races, Moses himself married a woman of a 
 dark race, daughter of Jethro, Priest of Midian ; 
 but all difficulties regarding races, sculptures, and 
 drawings on early Egyptian monuments, vanish, 
 if we read the Bible right, and with the true 
 scriptural meaning of the term House. 
 
 Dr. John Jahn, in his Hebrew Commonwealth, 
 translated by Calvin E. Stowe, observes, "I 
 "will in this place merely suggest the enquiry, 
 " whether, in the enumeration of the family of 
 
20 
 
 "Noah, as well as of Jacob, the servants are not 
 " omitted ? If they are, then there will not be 
 " the least difficulty remaining, in regard to the 
 " rapid increase of population during this period." 
 (see vol. 1, p. 10.) 
 
 Dr. Isaac Watts, in his Short View of Scripture, 
 asks 
 
 Q. How was Noah saved ? 
 
 A. In an ark. 
 
 Q. Who was saved with him ? 
 
 A. All his family, and some living creatures. 
 
 The use of the word family is not so compre- 
 hensive as the scriptural term House. 
 
 Dr. Pye Smith, in quoting in his lectures, the 
 fifth verse of the second general Epistle of 
 Saint Peter, leaves out the restrictive portion, 
 quoting only, " God spared not the old world, 
 bringing the flood upon the world of the ungodly." 
 
 Ancient authors do not restrict the number to 
 eight : Berosus mentions the Pilot of the Ark. 
 
 But we need not dwell more on this subject, 
 what the Bible affirms is proved by diversity of 
 races, by ethnology, and by onomatology. 
 
 Any extension of the vision of man, will enable 
 him the better to comprehend what is recorded 
 in the text of the Bible. 
 
21 
 
 V. PROOFS BY FOSSILS. 
 
 FREDERICK DIXON wrote, " Every fossil as well as 
 recent being, is the record of the will of God" and 
 Professor Sedgwick has declared " All nature is 
 but the manifestation of a Supreme Intelligence." 
 
 Kestrained and guided by these axioms, we 
 would humbly hope to aid in eliciting truth by 
 means of fossils from the old Ocean Cemetery. 
 
 We do not pretend to be a geologist ; in fact, we 
 have conscientiously declined being enrolled as 
 one, because we have failed to comprehend some 
 of the annunciations ; we collect and adduce 
 specimens. 
 
 We read, " The waters prevailed upon the earth 
 an hundred and fifty days" (Gen. vii., 24). If 
 this declaration of the inspired writer be true 
 (and it is recorded by pious believers of early 
 times), we may expect indications by fossils, her- 
 metically sealed by superincumbent debris of 
 former lands, now disclosed to our view, having 
 been upheaved, when, as we are told, " The waters 
 returned from off the earth continually." (Gen. 
 viii. 3.) 
 
22 
 
 FRUITS, TREES, AND VEGETABLES. 
 
 PROFESSOR PHILLIPS has laid down the axiom, that 
 (f Pomaceous fruit and ruminant animals may be 
 " employed as marks of the human period" (Life : 
 its Origin and Succession, p. 50.) 
 
 We know that in the beginning, God said, 
 " Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, 
 f( which is upon the face of all the earth, and every 
 " tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding 
 " seed ; to you it shall be for meat." (Gen. i., 29.) 
 
 Now we humbly allege, that this gives strong 
 evidence that our first parents must have had 
 fruit to eat, and this is confirmed to us in the 
 description given of Eden. 
 
 If we are right in supposing that the garment 
 of the earth underwent an entire change at the 
 Flood of Noah, fruit ought to be found in the coal 
 measures, and no doubt this will be the case ; in 
 fact, Mr. John Taylor, of Levenshulme, has found 
 some near Bolton, (Geologist for 1860, p. 198) ; 
 and Professor J. Phillips himself, on 14th April, 
 
23 
 
 1858, exhibited before the Geological Society of 
 London, the " seed vessel of a fossil fruit " found 
 in the upper wealdon deposits in the Isle of 
 Purbeck. 
 
 The enlightened editor of the Geologist, at page 
 1 of the number for January, 1862, delineated 
 fruit from the chalk at Kochester, and Dr. 
 Buckland was informed by Mr. Bowerbank, that 
 he had in his collection more than twenty-five 
 thousand specimens of fruit from the London clay. 
 We enumerate these as " marks of the human 
 period." (We shall be able hereafter to adduce 
 Mammals.) 
 
 In Mantell's Pictatorial Atlas, plate vi., many 
 fossil fruit are delineated ; also in Dr. Buckland' s 
 Bridgewater Treatise, vol. 1, p. 479. 
 
 In this edition of our " Proofs" we shall be 
 unable to give engraved Plates, but we will arrange 
 the Specimens in our Museum at Guildford, in 
 the exact order in which they would be delineated ; 
 should they, on inspection (to which all will be 
 welcome), be deemed worthy of being engraved, 
 and a sufficient number of copies called for, 
 to warrant the expenditure requisite for their 
 delineation. 
 
 No. 1. Plate i. A Pear, in solid black flint from the 
 chalk. 
 
24 
 
 2. Plate i. A Wood- Apple, turned to flint from 
 
 the Devil's Dyke, Brighton. 
 
 8. Plate i. A Passion-flower (in iron pyrites) from 
 the excavations made in the Bern- 
 bridge Hill, Isle of Wight, for the 
 Fort. 
 
 And a Tray, containing a selection from fruit, found 
 upheaved from the old ocean. 
 
25 
 
 2. BIRDS. 
 
 OUR eminent Palaeontologist, Owen, tells us, 
 that birds having left foot prints in triassic sands, 
 they must then have lived. 
 
 We have seen that fruit trees abounded in 
 Antediluvian times, birds must have roosted in 
 primeval forests, they were created on the fifth 
 yome or period, before man; they were requisite 
 to keep down insects, and we learn (Deut. xxii. 6.) 
 that their preservation was inculcated of old. 
 
 We are informed by M. Pierre Beron, that the 
 Diluvian Cataclysm was so sudden, that all 
 creatures " Oesserent de vivre sans avoir eprouve 
 " aucun suffrance physique, chaque individu resta 
 " dans la position qu'il possedait." (See Deluge, 
 par Pierre Beron, Paris, 1821, p. 21.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Plate ii. Represents two Doves so asphyxied. 
 2. Plate ii. Seems to be tlie head and beak of 
 
 the extinct bird, the Dodo. 
 8. Plate ii. The head and neck of a bird of the 
 
 Crane species. 
 
 4. Plate ii. A Bird of Plumage, like the Bird of 
 
 Paradise, it has an Echinus eating 
 into its back. 
 
 5. Plate ii. A Bird just emerging from its shell, 
 
 having only its head out. 
 A Group of Birds. 
 
26 
 
 3. FISH, MOLLUSCA, EADIATA, &c. 
 
 PRODIGIOUS currents (diluvial waves) have passed 
 over the surface of our earth ; its present garment 
 readily discloses Fish, Mollusca, Kadiata, &c., but 
 so commingled that it is difficult sometimes to 
 discriminate between marine and terrestrial 
 creatures. 
 
 God " Covered the earth by the deep, as with a 
 garment, the waters stood above the mountains," 
 the Psalmist tells us. 
 
 The flower gardens of Keigate and Dorking, the 
 hop grounds of Farnham and in Kent, owe their 
 fertility (or might do so) to phosphates arising 
 chiefly from creatures deposited by those diluvial 
 waves ; and the trees of Albury and Wootton their 
 luxuriant growth and vegetation. 
 
 At page 448, of the Geologist for 1860, plate 
 xiv., is given a beautiful slab of Bethersden 
 marble (weathered), formed chiefly of Paludinge 
 land shells; this accumulation of fresh water 
 shells is wide spread in Kent and Sussex, and 
 
27 
 
 may be seen in thin courses at the foot of Leith 
 Hill, in Surrey ; the common building stone 
 called Bargate is compact or otherwise in pro- 
 portion to calcareous and animal matter ; the 
 Kentish Eag, used for curb stones, is hardened 
 chiefly by decomposed oysters. Our marbled 
 thrones and halls are due to river snails ; marine 
 mollusks (chiefly) made the stone of the Pryamids. 
 Sir Christopher Wren took the hint of the spiral 
 stairs from the Terebra-aciculina, a fossil Tur- 
 rilite. Brunei in his tunnelling under water, 
 imitated the Pholadina, as did Hannibal in using 
 acid vinegar in splitting limestone rocks, previously 
 calcined in long narrow cuts in fact, small 
 creatures invisible to the naked eye have by united 
 labour, regulated from on high, renewed the land 
 we live on ; and worms work incessantly to restore 
 to us good soil as may be seen on a large scale 
 on the heights of Beechy Head, where by mas- 
 tricating the chalk they have formed fertilizing 
 mould. 
 
 Even now diatoms are at work in the Atlantic, 
 depositing chalk between Ireland and Newfound- 
 land ; in Time, they may render the Cable no 
 longer requisite they have built tombs over men 
 and cities, perhaps of the olden time, looking 
 back by " years of generations" Eichmond and 
 
28 
 
 Petersburg, in America, are built on foundations 
 raised by diatoms. Well may the Psalmist 
 exclaim, " Let the heavens and the earth praise 
 God, and everything that moveth therein; 99 they 
 magnify the Almighty, more than we poor 
 creatures possibly can. 
 
 But to return to our more immediate subject ; 
 snails of large size (said to be descendants of 
 those brought from Kome), still luxuriate in the 
 vale of Albury, but none are found, we believe, of 
 the size of the supper snails as described by 
 Pliny, whose empty shells would hold a quart of 
 liquid ; this leads us to wonder what can have 
 become of the shells of the still more gigantic 
 Planorbi Cornui of the primeval forests ? 
 
 We find some of diminutive size on the present 
 land, but no Ammonites are to be seen in any 
 existing ocean. 
 
 We find in drift chalk some casts of Ammonites 
 with mouldings on the outside spiral coils, as if 
 marks of contact with the body of the mollusk, 
 but without indication of chambers. 
 
 If some of the five-hundred species of Ammon- 
 ites should prove to be the gigantic Planorbi of 
 the primeval forests, they would speak volumes 
 regarding the Deluge and the comparatively recent 
 present garment of the earth ; we consider the 
 
29 
 
 subject deserving consideration by the British 
 Association, and their enlightened, noble Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 No. 1. Plate iii. The cast (from chalk) of an Ammonite 
 
 (so called). 
 
 A. the outer side and markings. 
 B. the inside, devoid of chambers. 
 2. Plate iii. An Ammonite ? with distinct chambers, 
 
 evidently a marine shell. 
 8. Plate iii. A Fish (Balistes ?) turned to flint. 
 A. shews the head and one eye. 
 B. the reverse side a nautilus on it. 
 
 4. Plate iii. A sea slug Trapang having in its 
 
 gorge an Echinus of existing species ; 
 the whole turned to flint. 
 
 5. Plate iii. A fresh- water fossil Planorbis enom- 
 
 phalus, from Headon Hill, Isle of 
 of Wight, having a Paludina on the 
 Operculum ; it exactly resembles 
 (as does No. 6) the Ammonites 
 varicosus of the gault. 
 
 6. Plate iii. A modern shell (Planorbis Cornuus ?) 
 
 from the river Wye, Guildford, 
 Surrey. 
 
30 
 
 4. MAMMALIA. 
 
 WE know from the Scriptures that Mammals were 
 created on the fifth yome ; that Abel in the early 
 time offered sheep in sacrifice, and we are in- 
 structed, that at the Deluge, " All flesh died, both 
 of fowl and of cattle. 
 
 We may therefore expect to find their remains 
 in the upheaved renewed garment of the earth. 
 
 We do find them in every part of the world, 
 commingled with marine creatures, and indications 
 of man in caves, and fissures, and in valleys. I 
 intimated to the late much regretted Dr. Falconer, 
 that in the valley of the Pyen-Gunga, near 
 Hingolee, in the Nizam's territories, I had seen 
 fossil bones (with crystals of quartz inside), that 
 might have laden a ship, a great flood having 
 washed away the bank; and many years ago, 
 sent to Sir Philip Egerton, the head and tusk of 
 a fossil "Elephas," washed out of the left bank 
 of the river Godavery, from a depth forty feet 
 below the present cultivated valley; the tusk 
 
31 
 
 measured twenty-nine inches in circumference; 
 but what makes this "Elephas" more remarkable, 
 is, that by its side, lay a human skull, pronounced 
 by two medical men who examined it, to differ in 
 essentials from any Asiatic cranium it was left 
 in my garden at Arungabad, and no doubt, has 
 been returned to the earth; but, after a con- 
 versation on the subject with Sir Charles Lyell, I 
 wrote to one of the medical men, Dr. Bradley, the 
 official statistical reporter of the Nizam's ter- 
 ritories, and received from this officer the following 
 reply now before me : " I remember perfectly 
 "well the circumstance of the skull being found 
 "in the banks of the Godavery, by the side of 
 " the mammoth, and that its conformation differed 
 " essentially, in my opinion, from the Asiatic." 
 
 Dr. Bradley is alive and in Europe, and might 
 afford, if applied to, further information. 
 
 No. 1. Plate iv. Is the head and neck of some creature 
 like that alluded to in Psalm xxix. 6. 
 
 2. Plate iv. An Embryo in flint, like the young of 
 an hippopotamus. 
 
 8. Plate iv. A Lepus, in flint. 
 
 4. Plate iv. An Animal like an Ant-eater, turned to 
 flint. 
 
32 
 
 5. EEPTILES, SEBPENTS, BATBACHIANS, &c. 
 
 REPTILES of the ordinary kind are very abundant 
 in the diluvial drift and chalk, turned to flint, as 
 may be seen in our Museum. 
 
 The mystic serpent entered into the mythology 
 of every nation, and had place in most temples 
 the Ophites adored a serpent deity; we may, 
 therefore, expect to find Snake Idols. 
 
 Nag is the Eastern name for a serpent, derived 
 from the Hebrew Nachish. 
 
 It is probable, that even so late as the time of 
 the Romans, snakes were more common than at 
 present. Pliny and Lucan notice the precautions 
 taken in the Roman camps to drive away serpents, 
 by fires of odoriferous wood and by the incantations 
 of the " Psylli," or charmers ; who, if they found 
 a person bit by a snake really poisonous, would 
 not trust to their voice, but rather, as Rowe writes : 
 
 " With forceful lips would fasten on the wound, 
 Drain out, and spit the venom on the ground ;" 
 
 an alleviation I have myself found effectual in 
 respect to a scorpion bite, and it is always available 
 at the moment. 
 
33 
 
 Servius, in his Commentary on Virgil (Eneid 
 ii., v. 240, writes : 
 
 Angues aquarum sunt, serpentes terrarum, 
 Et Dracones templorum. 
 
 We may conclude from the delineations of the 
 winged snakes on the Egyptian tombs, that there 
 must have been some foundation for the " flying 
 serpents," of which Herodotus speaks, and which 
 are alluded to in Isaiah xxx., 6, and xiv., 29. 
 
 There is a Draco -volans in Arabia, and we have 
 in our Museum several recent specimens from 
 India; it must have been a comparatively in- 
 offensive creature, that sprang from tree to tree ; 
 but, who can assert that more formidable "flying 
 fiery serpents " may not have existed ? 
 
 The famous Chirurgeon, Ambrose Parey, in an 
 English edition of his work printed in London by 
 " Mary Clark," MDCLXXVIII, gives an engraving of 
 a creature without legs, called, he says (by the 
 Hebrews), Manucodiata, Bird of Paradise. 
 
 Dr. Parey refers his readers to the De Sub- 
 tilitate of Jerome Cardane, and to Clusius, lib. v., 
 cap. 1., if more information is required. 
 
 No. 1. Plate v. A Flying Creature, something like Dr. 
 
 Parey's Manucodiata. 
 2. Plate v. A large Specimen. 
 8. Plate v. A Flying Fox. 
 4. Plate v. An Antediluvian Batrachian from the 
 
 chalk. 
 
34 
 
 6. IDOLS, IMAGES, &c. 
 
 WE are informed (Numbers xxi.. 6), " And the 
 Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they 
 lit the people; and much people of Israel died." 
 So that Moses was instructed (verse 8), "Make 
 thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole ; and it 
 shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, 
 when he looketh upon it shall live." Again, we are 
 told (verse 9), " And Moses made a serpent of 
 brass (probably wood, painted), and put it upon a 
 pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had 
 bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, 
 he lived" 
 
 In setting up the brazen serpent, did Moses 
 intend to encourage idolatry ? By no means ; any 
 more than the subscribers to the Surrey Koyal 
 Hospital do, by setting up the statues of Prince 
 Albert and the Good Samaritan. A man bitten 
 by a viper, if promptly taken to them at a quick 
 pace, would be surely cured, he would live. When 
 we were in the East, a native soldier once ran up 
 
35 
 
 to us, having in his grasp a huge Cobra de 
 Capella, and shewing his bleeding thumb, affirmed 
 that he had caught it in our premises, and that it 
 had bitten him severely ; considering this a case 
 of " kill or cure," we immediately gave him half 
 a bottle of Eau de Luce in hot water, and had 
 him trotted in front of our house, whilst we wrote 
 a note to our Esculapius ; he was then sent at 
 double march to the hospital, and there got more 
 of the hot mixture and exercise, and soon ac- 
 knowledged himself cured. From his unwillingness 
 to permit the snake to be killed, we, on reflection, 
 considered he might be one of a set of snake 
 charmers, who had lately turned snakes loose and 
 pretended to catch them; so we had his hut 
 searched, and there found a skull, bagpipes, and 
 all the paraphernalia of a snake charmer. 
 
 This native soldier would probably have been 
 cured by the prompt measures taken, had the 
 snake really been a wild Cobra as pretended the 
 quick circulation and perspiration saved him, 
 probably, from being killed by the Eau de Luce ; 
 the man recovered, and promised on parade never 
 again to be a " charmer" he became, eventually, 
 a useful, intelligent non-commissioned officer, and 
 aided in preventing impositions of like kind. 
 
 We are distinctly informed, however, that 
 
36 
 
 idolatry was the great besetting sin of the olden 
 times. Terah, father of Abram, was a maker of 
 images ; but, no doubt, the brazen serpent merely 
 indicated where persons bitten should run to, 
 instead of lying down to die. 
 
 The snake idols we allot to plate vi., must 
 either be antediluvian, or have been buried in the 
 upper chalk in very early times, as they have 
 turned to flint. 
 
 They must have been of wood originally, or 
 they could not have been carried on poles. 
 
 No. 1 has the lower part cut for a socket of 
 insertion at the top of a pole, and there are 
 perforations for fixing it firmly. 
 
 No. 2 has a marine shell embedded in it, which 
 would indicate that it had been in the Antediluvian 
 sea ; and it was found under the Hog's Back, at 
 Guildford, Surrey, in the railway chalk pit, when 
 blasting, apparently, undisturbed chalk. 
 
 To prove that wood does turn to flint, if left in 
 chalk a sufficient time, subject to infiltration of 
 water (bearing silex) ; we give two blocks of wood 
 which have turned to flint, with exception of 
 small portions in the centre. 
 
 No. 1. Plate vi. An Idol the snake holds either a 
 citron or wood-apple, off which it 
 has taken a bite ; the piece seems 
 to be between his lips. 
 
37 
 
 2. Plate vi. An Idol, with three heads turned to 
 
 flint. 
 
 3. Plate vi. A Block of Wood turned to flint, with 
 
 exception of a central part, which 
 shows distinct fihres. 
 
 4. Plate vi. A second Specimen. 
 
 Our second number is under preparation, and 
 will contain more direct proofs that the chalk 
 formation cannot be so old as at present supposed; 
 our object is to accumulate proofs of the Deluge, 
 in confirmation of Scripture, conceiving that faith 
 in the Bible would be shaken, if disbelief in the 
 Deluge were encouraged. 
 
 We endeavour to adopt the most appropriate 
 means, holding up the shield of truth ; we will 
 meet courteously, all who oppose in propria persona, 
 treating anonymous assailants, as would-be effacers 
 of truth, whose attacks may, nevertheless, bring 
 out its brightness. 
 
VI. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 AT page 30 of our first number the word " fifth " has been 
 inserted, instead of " sixth " as intended ; this has brought 
 more prominently to our notice, that marine Mammals were, 
 in fact, created on the fifth day ; and this may account for 
 the preponderance of marine fossils in the Drift and 
 upheaved Ocean. 
 
 Men and animals were added on the Sixth yome, and 
 the latter nam,ed by Adam (Gen. ii.), before, apparently, 
 Eve was created; " And God saw every thing that he had 
 made, and, behold, it was very good." 
 
 We had reserved Plate vii. for a Photograph of the three 
 Flint Cores, from the Indus, but, on application at the 
 British Museum, we found that there is an Act of Par- 
 liament forbidding the re-delivery (for however short a 
 time), of any article once presented ; this shews the care 
 taken of them. Models of the Cores were courteously 
 offered, and the Editor of The Geologist accorded us 
 permission to take photographs from his plate of engra- 
 vings ; of this latter we have availed ourselves. 
 
 We have received another communication from Lieut. 
 Edward Doyly Twemlow, with a sketch, section, and 
 description of the exact spot in the Indus (near the fort of 
 Bakhur) where the Cores were found, and we immediately 
 
11 
 
 placed them at the disposal of the learned Editor of The 
 Geologist Magazine. 
 
 Our son is sending us more specimens, and on their arrival, 
 we will give direct photographs of them in a future 
 number. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that JSTummulitic limestone 
 underlies the silt of the Indus, as that of the Nile near 
 Cairo. 
 
 We complete the photograph, plate vii.. with the fol- 
 lowing specimens from our Museum. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 No. 1. A Vase (perhaps funereal), from the sea near 
 Dieppe, in France, encrusted over with 
 Serpula and Coral; it was fished up by 
 Dieppe fishermen, and we purchased it 
 from the head of the photographic es- 
 tablishment at that place. 
 
 2. A Vase which we caused to be submerged, for 
 
 thirty days, at the end of the old Brighton 
 Pier, but no serpula attached themselves, 
 merely incipient sea- weed. 
 
 3. A piece of Violet Quartz, from inside a block of 
 
 Trap rock, South of India. 
 
 4. Shells and Chert from the Sathpoora range of 
 
 hills, near Ellichpoor, South of India. 
 
 5. One Valve of a flat Shell, from Bembridge hill, 
 
 Isle of Wight. 
 
 6. A fossil Sponge. 
 
 7. A modern Sponge. 
 
 8. Gypsum, or Carbonate of Lime, from India. 
 
 9. Fossil Wood, from near Cairo, in Egypt. 
 
 10. Group of fossil Calamites, from Wharfedale, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
Ill 
 
 No. 11. A Productus gigantea? from the river Wharfe, 
 near Ilkley, Yorkshire. 
 
 12. Scale off a Chelonian, from near Bolton Abbey, 
 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 13. Laterite, from the Mahabaleshwur Hills, near 
 
 Bombay ; on these hills iron-stone to sup- 
 ply all India might be rolled down a 
 precipice, four thousand feet of nearly 
 perpendicular height, to the vicinity of a 
 canal (easily made) ; provided fuel could 
 be got for smelting it. 
 
 14. A curious fossil Vegetable Concretion, from the 
 
 South of India. 
 
 15. A specimen of Flint, from the Godavery, near 
 
 where the Mammoth was found ; it has 
 apparently been subjected to heat, during 
 the upheavement which dispersed the 
 Chalk. The Greeks and Hebrews are said 
 to have got Onyx stones from near Moon- 
 gay Peyton, where this flint was found, 
 this is in the vicinity of the scarped hill, 
 near Dowlelabed, which was the Tagara of 
 the Greeks, now called Chummum Takara. 
 The Ganges of the Greek historians was 
 probably the Godavery, it is still called 
 Gunga- Godavery. 
 
 16. Moss Stone, from India (polished). 
 
 17. Specimen from the Concrete" bed of the Go- 
 
 davery, where the Mammoth was found. 
 
 18. A Ship Biscuit, three months exposed to the 
 
 sea at Shoreham. 
 
 19. Sandstone, with Fern impression, from Rajpoo- 
 
 tana, India ; and a small specimen from 
 some place in England. [Label rubbed 
 off.} 
 
IV 
 
 A. A Photogragh of the three Flint Cores, taken 
 from the engraved drawings of The Ge- 
 ologist, by permission accorded by the 
 Editor. The small specimen in the centre 
 is Nummulitic Limestone, underlying the 
 Silt of the Indus, and the little spot-like 
 pebbles are found intermixed. 
 
89 
 
 VII. PROOFS BY ASTRONOMY. 
 
 WE envy not the man who can believe that the 
 glorious orbs of Heaven performed their courses 
 millions of years, shining for the benefit merely 
 of Saurians, Mollusca, Megatherise, and other 
 irrational creatures, before the seven thousand 
 years assigned to Man's enjoyment of their light. 
 We rather incline to believe, with Hipparchus and 
 Josephus, and modern sages of extended vision, 
 that the motion of the heavenly bodies had been 
 observed and registered by men of the olden 
 times, cognisant of the MYtonic cycle; of six 
 
 f\ * A 
 
 hundred years, the precession of the equinoxes, 
 and the Septennial cycle; so that when the 
 surges of population spread to China, Asfa, and 
 the far West, nearly identical designations were 
 retained for the days of the week, derived alike 
 from the Planets. 
 
 Galen was of opinion that post-diluvian men 
 only restored sciences ; Cicero tells us that the 
 Chaldeans stated that they had records going 
 
40 
 
 back thousands of years ; even if they calculated 
 lack, yet they must have had data to go upon. 
 Plato tells us that Solon was assured by a Priest 
 of Sais, (the Tanis or Zoan of Scripture,) that 
 his native city had existed ten thousand years. 
 
 Sir David Brewster adduces Isaiah xlv., 12, in 
 proof of the Heavens being inhabited of old. 
 
 If enlightened modern astronomers (relin- 
 quishing dread of infringing on marginal chron- 
 ology) would establish an Astronomic Well at the 
 appropriate place for the next summer Solstice, 
 and would calculate what time has elapsed since the 
 Sun, as we are informed by Strabo and Diodorus 
 Siculus, looked direct (without shadow) into the 
 Astronomic Well at Essuan (Syen6) at noon of 
 the vernal Equinox, important aid to true chrono- 
 logy, prior to Abraham, might be afforded. 
 
 That changes of climate have taken place with 
 harmonious precision, only to be ascribed to an 
 Almighty Omniscient Eegulator of the Universe, 
 is evictent ; Job speaks of Ice and Snow on the 
 brooks, and we know that forests were so thick in 
 Syria and Egypt that lions were disturbed by the 
 swelling of the Jordan, and the soldiers of Nebu- 
 chednezzar had to cut their way with axes, in 
 their advance on Thebes ; we are informed, like- 
 wise, by Herodotus and Theophrastus, that the 
 
41 
 
 Kings of Egypt and Syria built their fleets of 
 Cedar. Bochart also mentions its abundance, in 
 former times, around Babylon. 
 
 We would believe that man was created on the 
 sixth yome, and conclude with Ammianus Mar- 
 cellinus, Celsus, and Origen, that Heavenly Man- 
 sions have long been under preparation for 
 purified souls. We would conclude with good 
 Bishop Heber 
 
 If thus thy bounties gild the span 
 Of ruined earth and sinful man, 
 How glorious must the mansion be 
 Where the redeem'd shall dwell with Thee. 
 
42 
 
 VIII. ETHNOLOGY. 
 
 THE evident derivation of Western Languages from 
 a central Asian source, from which both Sanscrit 
 and Hebrew are derived, has been so well set 
 forth by able writers, ancient and modern, that 
 we refrain from troubling our readers with the 
 notes we have accumulated, further than a few 
 brief observations derived from them. 
 
 First Noe, or Noah has in almost every 
 language given terms signifying new renewed- 
 thus in Greek Nea or Nao ; Sanscrit Nava ; Latin 
 Novus ; French Neuf or Nouveau ; Hindoostanee 
 Nowah or Nya, it also signifies second, as " Novus 
 Camillus," even our terms Man, Mankind, may 
 perhaps be derived from Mahnue, Great Noah ; 
 Manusha, Manava. 
 
 Secondly The oldest cities have names of 
 central Asian origin ; Chester was called Diva ; 
 there was also one in Spain, and ancient Decideva 
 in Transylvania ; Diva in Sanscrit ; Deus in 
 Latin ; hence our divine, divinity, &c. 
 
43 
 
 Thirdly Our term for the Almighty is derived 
 from God-mah ; great God ; written Godama ; 
 the term applied by the Bhuddists, who made the 
 original caves of Ellora and other places in the 
 East, and who held doctrines not unlike those of 
 Pythagoras. 
 
 When at Aurungabad, we found in the bed of 
 the river Kaum, a tributary of the Godavery, a 
 small bust having the features probably of the 
 dark flat-faced race who preceded the Brahminical 
 Arian races, it must have been washed out of the 
 bank of the river Kaum, probably from about the 
 same level as the Mammoth of the Godavery 
 which we sent to Sir Philip Egerton ; this bust 
 we give in Plate viii., No. 1, and the bust of a 
 female of the conquering fairer race, which we 
 found buried in the old city above the Caves of 
 Ellora, as marked ii. in Plate viii. 
 
 Fourthly Our western terms of relationship 
 are derived from eastern sources. 
 
 Our term Mother is identical with the Celtic 
 Mathair ; Latin Mater ; Sanscrit Matara. 
 
 Brother is the same as the Celtic Brathair ; 
 Persian Brader, &c. 
 
 Fifthly Mamma has the same signification in 
 the East and West. The names of rivers are in 
 many cases identically derived ; the river Dee is 
 
44 
 
 from Diva ; there is a river Wye, at Guildford ; 
 one in the South of India; one in Monmouth- 
 shire ; one near Amsterdam. 
 
 Sixthly Western Alphabets are confessedly 
 derived from those of central Asian origin ; also 
 numerals. 
 
 Seventhly Our words domicile, domestic, are 
 derived from some common source with the Latin 
 Domus ; Greek Domos ; Sanscrit Dama ; Celtic 
 Daimh ; Slavonic Domii. 
 
 The word Druid, or an approximation to it, is 
 found in most languages ; the Greeks derived it 
 from Drus, an Oak, but in that case the Greek 
 name for an Oak must have been derived from an 
 Eastern source ; Duru in Persian ; Drui in Irish ; 
 Drusinu in Hebrew ; Derwish, or rather Durveish, 
 in India, are terms applied to priests. 
 
 Diogenes Laertius identifies the Druids of the 
 West with the Gymnosophists of India, and the 
 Chaldeans of the Assyrians, and Dr. Borlasse 
 says they correspond with the Magi of the 
 Persians. 
 
 Ceesar greatly lauds the Druids of Gaul, but 
 says their institution was from England; and 
 that even in his time, those of Gaul who desired 
 advanced knowledge, went over to Britain to 
 attain it. 
 
45 
 
 Disclplina in Britannia reperta, atque inde 
 Galliam translata esse existiniatur : et nunc qui 
 diligentius earn rem cognoscere volunt, plerum 
 que illo, discendi, causa proficiscuntur. 
 
 Caesar also mentions that the G-auls calculated 
 by nights rather than by days, " Spatia omnis 
 "temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium 
 " finiunt, et dies natalis et mentium et annorum 
 "initia sic observant," according with the Mosaic 
 mode. 
 
 Mercee Merowe was a favourite designation for 
 a high place with pure air and water- sure ; there 
 was a Meroe in Ethiopia; one in Egypt; one 
 near Bijoo, in Picardie ; one in Spain ariorum 
 mons or Meroeenus mons, the Sierra Morena ; 
 and in fact a Merewe may be found, we believe, in 
 most countries, both in the East and West. 
 
 We read in the Times, of the 8th March, 1866, 
 that the British in Bhootan, have abandoned 
 Dewangiri, which has only an elevation of 1500 
 feet, and is unhealthy, and have made a permanent 
 cantonment at Meroe, a cool and well-watered 
 plateau, 5000 feet above the sea. 
 
 We, ourselves, are now residing in the vicinity 
 of a plateau in England, which bears indications,, 
 in groves and circles, of having, in days of old, 
 been a favourite place of the ancient Druids and 
 
46 
 
 Britons ; the village near the Downs is still called 
 Merrow, in old documents it is more correctly 
 written "Merowe," and Moel Moer, the com- 
 manding position, now called Saint Martha, (from 
 the Chapel on it,) was the entrenched camp of 
 the ancient Britons, when they opposed the 
 Komans, ahout forty three years before our sera. 
 
 On the prolongation of these Downs, near the 
 Guildford Union, two remarkable flints were 
 found, bearing indications of the hand of man, 
 therefore we gave them place in our Museum, and 
 now adduce them in proof that the Chalk is not 
 so old as has been generally supposed. 
 
 No. iii., plate viii., seems to have been an Idol, 
 shaped like " Gunnees," as may be seen by com- 
 paring it with the two figures brought from India, 
 cut in Steatite or soap-stone, given as Nos. iv. 
 and v., plate viii., and with an ancient one in the 
 British Museum, which, as we have ascertained, 
 (by personal inspection) has the Proboscis (like 
 the Merowe Downs specimens) feeding from the 
 left hand ; indication that both were made before 
 the Hindoos took up the Mahomedan prejudice 
 about the left hand ; none are now made with the 
 Proboscis turning to the left the British Museum 
 and Merowe specimens are ancient. 
 
 But how did it get into the upper Chalk on the 
 
47 
 
 Guildford Downs ? It has been suggested that 
 the Gypsies brought it, but then, how has it 
 turned into solid, heavy flint ? whether originally 
 Steatite or Wood, is not apparent. We submit 
 the matter for consideration of the Ethnological 
 Society, to whom the original can be sent, if 
 required ; it has a mutilated appearance, as if 
 destroyed and cast out of some temple, but it 
 must have been cut and carved, the head dress in 
 particular, could not be fortuitous. 
 
 No. vi., Plate viii., appears on the plate chiefly 
 to support the figure Gunnees, whilst being 
 photographed ; but it is a curious fossil ; the 
 " OrnitJiorynchus paradoxus," or duck-billed Pla- 
 tipus, and of a larger size than any of those in 
 the British Museum. It was found in the Chalk 
 at Guildford, Surrey. 
 
 No. vii., Plate viii., is a small bust of a Bimanan 
 apparently of some elongated headed nation, it 
 may have been a Dholl; it was picked up in 
 Eastwear Bay, near Folkestone, washed out of 
 Chalk ; it is now hard flint, whatever it was 
 originally, perhaps wax. 
 
 No. viii., Plate viii., is the other remarkable 
 flint, apparently the Mummy of a bird, perhaps 
 the Falco Aroeris, the sacred bird of Egypt ; it 
 gives a sonorous harmonious response when 
 
48 
 
 struck, and might be used as one of the stones of 
 a musical instrument, as might the Mummie 
 d'enfant in our Museum. 
 
 Both have pins or skewers, fixing the last turn 
 of the wrapper ; the Bird Mummy was found in 
 solid chalk, when a well was dug on the Char- 
 lotteville Estate, not far from where the Idol 
 Gunnees was found, only that the latter was in loose 
 chalk about 350 feet above the level of the present 
 sea, whereas the bird being 100 feet below, was 
 in situ 250 feet above the sea. How came it to 
 the Merrow Downs ? is a question we would 
 rather should be answered by the Ethnological 
 Society, to whom we shall be happy to submit 
 the Specimen. 
 
 We may mention that although the Mummies 
 do not bear indications of having been in the 
 Antediluvian Ocean, (not having been attractive 
 perhaps), yet most of the other fossils have shells 
 embedded in them, or echini eating into them, 
 as particularly exemplified in a small embryo 
 bimanan fossil, where an echinus is embedded in 
 its head ; it will be given in a future plate and 
 number. 
 
 When on our visit to the British Museum, we 
 took the opportunity to ascertain what Major 
 Wilford has placed on *cord regarding the White 
 
49 
 
 Island of the West ; we found his essay at page 
 11, vol. xi., Asiatic Researches, and we give 
 abbreviated extracts. 
 
 " Chrishna lived B.C. 1370, born probably 1429 
 " years before our .ZEra ; when his son, Samba 
 " was of the age of twenty years, eighteen families 
 "of Brahmins went from the White Island to 
 " India ; they were Sacas (Saxons). 
 
 Again, " The King of Indra-puri, whose 
 " daughter married the son of King Saca, was not 
 " a Saca, but a native Prince of the White Island," 
 
 Major Wilford further records (from the Bha- 
 vishya Purana), " It certainly tends to prove not 
 "only an early connection between the White 
 " Island and India, but also that there is a tribe 
 "of Brahmins in India to this day, actually 
 " descended from a Sacerdotal race residing 
 "originally in the White Island," and he adds, 
 " (they the Brahmins) acknowledge that the light 
 "of revelation came from the West, that the 
 "Vedas resided personally in the White Island, 
 "the holy land of the Hindoos, whence even the 
 "chalk with which they mark their foreheads, 
 " ought to come." 
 
 We place on record, for future consideration, 
 the above curious extracts, without making any 
 deduction from them ; we are aware that poor 
 
Major Wilford was greatly put down and abused, 
 so was Bruce ; but as Dr. Nares observes, in the 
 ninth edition of his General History, vol. 1, p. 33, 
 " Bruce, whose assertions have generally been found 
 " correct, though at first disbelieved, made known 
 " that the Pyramids were rocks hewn into a 
 " pyramidal form, fyc.," so it may occur that the 
 much maligned Major Wilford may be found 
 eventually, like Bruce, to have intended elucidation 
 of Truth. 
 
 It may be remarked that pure chalk is not 
 easily procured in India, the upheavement having 
 probably been more intense in the East than in 
 the West, the chalk was dispersed, and is in 
 process of collecting again as impure " Kunkur." 
 
 There are proofs both in the East and in the 
 West, that the ancient Arians knew better how to 
 avail themselves of healthy Plateaus, and how, 
 there, to make water sure, than their descendants 
 do ; the deserted Downs near Guildford, with 
 scenery scarcely to be equalled in Europe, the 
 Devil's Dyke, near Brighton, and Salisbury Plain, 
 testify to this in the West ; and the table lands 
 of Beismallah and Ellora, and hundreds of other 
 now deserted plateaus, afford melancholy proof 
 of this in the East, mountains were cut down 
 formerly, if they interfered with irrigation, and this 
 
51 
 
 gave occupation to surplus population, rendering 
 emigration unnecessary ; we are told by Diodorus 
 Siculus, that in the time of Ptolemy Lagus (323 
 years only before our ./Era), more than 30,000 
 towns remained in Egypt, and that from a single 
 city in Sicily (Syracusa), Dionysius had levied 
 100,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry, and four hun- 
 dred ships of war ; and we know that population 
 was much greater in the days of the Pyramids, 
 as indicated by ruined cities and labyrinths, on 
 tracts now marked on the map of Egypt " immense 
 sandy plains." 
 
52 
 
 IX. THE SEA AND ITS WONDERS. 
 
 THE waves of the Ocean ebbed and flowed long 
 before the Flood; few tracts of land withstood 
 their denudating power. 
 
 A slight vibration or alteration of the axis of 
 the earth might, even now, renew the " garment," 
 but we have still the covenental bow visible (Gen. 
 ix.,) and this year, 1866, in particular, it was 
 doubly displayed; we observed on several suc- 
 cessive days of the late continued rains, two most 
 beautiful rainbows spanning the Vale of Wharf- 
 dale, in Yorkshire; and there have been lunar 
 rainbows. The excess of rain of the present year 
 may be to preserve the earth from another 
 element. 
 
 Eeader, have you ever considered why the 
 Ocean was made so wide and expansive ? Esdras 
 will tell you, " The sea is set in a wide place, that 
 that it might be deep and great. But put the case 
 the entrance were narrow, and like a river ; who 
 
53 
 
 then could go into the sea to look upon it, and to rule 
 it ? if he went not through the narrow, how could 
 he come into the broad? (II. Esdras, vii., 3, 4, 5.) 
 
 Have you ever been seated on a shingly shore 
 attentive to its music, did your thoughts not soar 
 aloft to your Creator ? Have you ever observed 
 (after heavy rains) streams carrying materials (say 
 chalk and sand) down a slope (as opposite Albion 
 Terrace, Folkstone,) depositing each in distinct 
 ridges, the lightest first, and highest, accordant 
 with specific gravity ; then reflect, that during the 
 one hundred and fifty days that the diluvial waves 
 passed over the earth, and subsequent months of 
 deposit, what vast ridges of distinct materials may 
 have been deposited, what deep valleys filled up, 
 and you may be led, with God's blessing, to 
 understand that the Almighty would not require 
 the three hundred millions of years, specified by 
 Darwin (chap. 9, p. 207), for accumulating the 
 stores of Coal, Salt, and Minerals, deposited for 
 use of post-diluvial man. Be gratefully recog- 
 nizant. 
 
 Geologists admit that Echini, Mollusks, and 
 Shells, have fossilized; or as good Dean Buckland 
 (with clear intellect) expressed it, " taken with 
 faithful accuracy the form of the body, which 
 afforded to the silex its mould, or nucleus." Then 
 
54 
 
 we ask why should not Birds, Fruits, and Mam- 
 mals have done the same ? Why expect indi- 
 cations of flesh or bone in them ? 
 
 We give a group of animals preserved merely 
 by their skins, without any (intentional) artificial 
 aid; they are certainly " Amorphozoa," like our 
 flint specimens, although they have not under- 
 gone the rolling and compression to which the 
 fossils must have been subjected, "their bones have 
 resolved into phosphates of lime, to replenish our 
 fields, so exhausted by Time and want of restorative 
 
 care." 
 
 One was a rat which got into an oven, and no 
 doubt gave a peculiar taste to the bread, as did 
 the rat which had fallen into the soup kettle, and 
 attracted the notice of Napoleon the First to the 
 peculiarly rich taste of the soldier's soup. (This 
 is marked 1.) 
 
 The cat got smothered between trusses of new 
 hay, and was not discovered until the end of the 
 loft was cleared in after years. (It is marked 2.) 
 
 Two animals, like ferrets or weasels, are marked 
 3 and 4, whose particular fate we are not able to 
 specify. 
 
 Two specimens of Echini from the present sea 
 are given ; marked 5 and 6. 
 
 A group of fossil Echini from the antediluvian 
 
55 
 
 ocean, we believe very similar to those of the 
 present sea ; but neither bone or flesh could be 
 found in any one of them : then why, we again 
 ask, should geologists expect bones of any ante- 
 diluvial fossil, which has been subjected to 
 the same silicifying infiltration of silex-bearing 
 waters ? The groups are marked A. 
 
 Men (as M. Boucher de Perthes avers) " merely 
 scratch the earth, and fancy they attain knowledge 
 of what is below," but much less can they discover 
 what monsters are in the "waters under the 
 earth." We are told by the inspired writer, "All 
 the fountains of the great Deep were broken up, and 
 the windows of heaven were opened" (Genesis 
 vii., 11.) 
 
 We know what tremendous eruptions occa- 
 sionally occur in South America, throwing up 
 fish, and other indications of the interior of the 
 earth. Poulett Scrope, Esq., M.P., &c., in his 
 work, termed " Volcanoes," p. 173, writes " So 
 great a quantity offish were, it is said, ejected by 
 the Volcano of Imbambaru, in 1691, that fevers 
 were caused in the neighbourhood, by their putre- 
 faction;" and we know that the Pimelodes- 
 eyclopum, and other fish, are occasionally found 
 in volcanic "Moya" (mud), thrown out of volcanoes 
 in the province of Quito. At the destruction of 
 
56 
 
 "Riobamba, in the year 1797 (recorded by 
 " Humboldt), when shocks were not attended 
 " by any outbreak of the neighbouring volcanoes, a 
 " singular mass, called " Moya" (he says) was 
 " uplifted from the earth in numerous continuous 
 " conical elevations, the whole being composed of 
 " carbon, chrystals of augite, and the siliceous 
 " shells of Infusoria." (See Geologist, 1858, p. 
 351.) 
 
 The French have for a long time found fish, 
 when digging Artesian wells in the Sahara. 
 
 It is matter of fact that when the diggers of 
 wells in the South of India (a particular class 
 called " Wuddars,") in blasting rocks, find frogs in 
 cavities of the rock, they know that permanent 
 supplies of water will be sure ; the ova of tadpoles 
 may always be conveyed wherever water perco- 
 lates, also air and infusoria ; and no doubt nature 
 enables the growing frog to secrete solvents for 
 increase of his mansion. We have been assured 
 by a gentleman, in whom we have the most 
 perfect confidence, that in digging a well in 
 Khandeish, he had himself seen two live frogs 
 taken out of rock, at a depth of thirty-five feet. 
 We have ourselves been surprised, when opening 
 trenches for springs on the table land of the 
 Satpoora range of hills, near Gawilghur, to see 
 
57 
 
 little fish rash out, no doubt from subterraneous 
 rock hollows. 
 
 Kirby, an enlightened pious man, joint editor 
 with Spence of a work on Entomology, was 
 inclined to consider that "there may be things 
 below our earth which pass comprehension." 
 
 If it should be found that any of the five 
 hundred species of Ammonites (with names so 
 difficult to recollect), fed in the primeval gardens 
 and forests, may it not be worthy of enquiry 
 whether some of the Saurian monsters, to whom 
 the Almighty gave telescopic and microscopic 
 eyes, different from marine and terrestrial crea- 
 tures (and which Geologists are at a loss to 
 assign either to land or sea), may not have had 
 their abodes in the " waters under the earth," and 
 been upheaved when " the fountains of the great 
 Deep were broken up." 
 
 We make no assertion, but we cannot under- 
 stand why Grattan, and Christian (a respectable 
 Captain in the Danish Navy), should be dis- 
 believed (like Bruce), because learned men, who 
 sit at home at ease, have never seen a huge sea 
 snake, or similar wonders, really seen by travellers 
 by land and water. We have conversed with a 
 medical gentleman (he is still alive and in Eng- 
 land), whose character for truth and judgment 
 
58 
 
 we consider pre-eminently trustworthy, and he 
 assured us, that he had himself seen distinctly, as 
 did the captain of the vessel (of eight hundred 
 tons), in which he was sailing, a sea snake (we 
 will avoid the term serpent) fully the length of 
 the ship; and why not? Pliny has placed on 
 record, (confirmed by other writers, such as Livy, 
 Floras, Valerius Maximus, and Aulus Gallitis,) 
 that the Eoman army, under Eegulus, killed a 
 serpent (stranded in the river Bagrada), which 
 was one hundred and fifty feet 'long, that its skin 
 and jaws were preserved in a temple at Home, 
 down to the time of the Numantine war ; and are 
 there not Pythons in the existing forests ? 
 
 We have not as yet found any very large 
 specimens in the Chalk, they may have been 
 broken into fragments at the upheavement; but 
 we give the head and part of the body of a marine 
 snake, including the joint which enabled it to 
 swim with upraised head, as described by Captain 
 Christian and others. It is marked 7, in plate ix. 
 
 We give another smaller one, with a marine 
 shell in its mouth, marked 8. 
 
 And a tortoise, which is made use of to support 
 the large snake, we have marked 9. 
 
 No. 10 is a fish, but whether a " Sea Surgeon," 
 "Acantharus Chirurgus," or " Flounder Pleuro- 
 nectes flesus," we do not undertake to decide. 
 
59 
 
 We conclude by a brief extract from a little 
 brochure we printed (but did not publish), some 
 years ago. 
 
 " Clouds are formed from sea evaporation, 
 Hence the parched lands derive quick renovation, 
 The sea its salt and silex. 
 
 With these Mollusca firmly brace their pearly floats, 
 Men fail to equal them, with wood or iron boats ; 
 They rust or fast decay. 
 
 Leviathans, Saw-fish, Seals with lion features, 
 Still more Diatomacea, and coral creatures, 
 Evince God's power and might. 
 
 ' Art, empire, earth itself, to change are doomed, 
 And where the Atlantic rolls, wide continents have bloomed.' 
 The Poet Beattie wrote." 
 
60 
 
 X. PROOFS OF THE ANTIQUITY OF THE PRESENT 
 " GARMENT" OF THE EARTH. 
 
 IF we tried to find any spot on the present earth, 
 which has not been subjected to diluvial waves, 
 we should probably fail to do so, for "the moun- 
 tains, all the high hills that were under the whole 
 heaven, were covered." (Gen. vii., 19.) And we 
 are told by the Psalmist, in corroboration, " the 
 waters stood above the mountains." (Psalm civ.> 
 6.) And the Israelites were warned by Jeremiah, 
 (iii., 23.) " In vain is salvation hoped for from the 
 hills, and the multitude of mountains," indicating 
 that such had failed on the former great occasion. 
 The Himalayan slopes, the Alpine regions, the 
 American plateaus, all have their marine proofs ; 
 the valleys throughout the world also adduce 
 deposits of commingled, water worn, remains of 
 extinct and other creatures, with indications of 
 the works of man ; not distinct deposits, but as 
 left commingled by the waves of the Deluge. 
 
61 
 
 If we searched for an antediluvian city, we 
 should not find one remaining, but we may find 
 "indications," and we hope hereafter to produce 
 some ; the post-diluvians will have utilized all 
 pillars and stones they could procure, but if all 
 persons will record any remarkable objects they 
 find embedded in chalk or drift, proofs will soon 
 be abundant. A good commencement in this 
 respect has already been made by E. Godwin- 
 Austen, Esq., F.G.S., who has recorded a granitic 
 boulder and a mass of Jurassic lignite, or coal 
 (four feet square), found embedded in chalk, the 
 boulder at Croydon, the latter near Lydden Hill, 
 in Kent, deposited probably by icebergs. The 
 oldest cities, such as Ur (Orchoe), Zoan (Tanis), 
 and Babel, are built on alluvia, deposited over 
 surfaces bared by the Deluge ; as were Memphis 
 and Thebes. Ainsworth confirms this "It has 
 " been further shewn, by physical and historical 
 " enquiries united, that Chaldaea, which contained 
 'the city of Erech, coeval with Babel, the 
 " Gerah of Abraham, and the antique Ur or 
 " Orchoe, was evidently not a country of post- 
 " Babylonian alluvia; and therefore all circum- 
 " stances unite in lending their testimony to the 
 " same great facts, of the antique existence of the 
 " alluvia of Babylonia." (Ains worth's Babylonia, 
 p. 195.) 
 
62 
 
 The immigrants from the Shinar plains, on 
 arriving in the valley of the Nile, would find the 
 lower grounds "marshes" and the higher grounds 
 denuded of soil ; the petrified forest described by 
 the Kev. Whitaker Churton, would probably 
 bestrew the plain ; " we passed," (writes Mr. 
 Churton,) " the Gebel-el-Hashab (hill of wood), 
 "commonly called the petrified forest. It is a 
 "sloping sandy valley, bestrewn thickly with 
 "petrified wood, large pieces and small. " Again 
 this intelligent traveller observes, " March 2nd. 
 " To-day we have journeyed about eight hours, 
 "from nine to five, through hard desert, for three 
 " or four hours the petrified forest continued on our 
 " left ; all the stones bore the appearance of logs 
 " of wood, some of firm round timber, some like 
 "touchwood, and of various brown colours." 
 (Land of the Morning, p. 62.) The author also 
 mentions the " shell-covered hills," as proof of the 
 Deluge (p. 66). We give a specimen of the fossil 
 wood from this petrified forest, No. 6, plate x. 
 
 The authoress of "Oldest of the Old World" 
 seems to have considered that the trees were cut 
 down on the spot, but these fossil trees must have 
 been brought by diluvial waves, and have been 
 hermetically covered over by chalk, or limestone, 
 to admit of petrifaction. 
 
63 
 
 There is no doubt that, in after ages, trees grew 
 in Egypt, and on the banks of the Euphrates (the 
 Plain of Shinar), luxuriantly ; we are apprised by 
 Jeremiah, xlvi., 22, that the Babylonian army, 
 under Nebuchadnezzar, had to cut their way with 
 axes towards populous No ; and the oaks of 
 Bashan, the wood of Ephraim, the lion-haunts 
 of the Jordan, and many indications in Scripture, 
 testify to the luxuriance of vegetation in the early 
 ages. 
 
 Petrified wood is found in all stratifications, 
 chiefly, perhaps, in what is termed carbonaceous ; 
 we have given, in plate vii., some specimens from 
 Wharfedale, Yorkshire, and a fern in sandstone, 
 from Eajpootana, in India. 
 
 We have reason to believe that metamorphism, 
 by infiltration of silex, is much more rapid than 
 is generaily supposed ; no intelligent person can 
 walk over the Trappean rocks of the South of 
 India, without observing how rapidly, in a warm 
 climate, infiltration by silex-bearing water fills up 
 the pores of trap rocks, causing their meta- 
 morphism. On the plateau of Rowzah, above the 
 caves of Ellora, a tree had grown and died, it had 
 turned into pure quartz. A somewhat similar 
 case was brought to our notice, by the late Major- 
 General Charles Dixon, of the Royal Engineers, 
 
64 
 
 as described in an American paper, called The 
 Christian Intelligencer 9 as follows : " Petrified 
 " Tree. In the hydraulic claim of Bush, Dixon, 
 " & Co., near Newton, El Dorado County, the 
 " men have washed out a portion of the body of a 
 " petrified tree, which is not only a curiosity on 
 " account of its petrifaction, but also serves to 
 " upset all the recognized theories in relation to 
 " the formation of quartz rocks. This log is the 
 " stump end of a tree twenty-four feet long, and 
 " twenty-two inches in diameter, the roots, fibres, 
 "and even the bark of the tree are perfectly 
 "developed. The log was found about twenty 
 "feet below the surface, lying in a horizontal 
 "position: the greatest marvel about it is, that 
 " the whole log is a solid mass of genuine quartz 
 "rock. Mr. Dixon, himself, assures us of this 
 " fact, so that there can be no mistake about it. 
 "Now, the query is (observes the editor), if trees 
 "have changed into quartz, may not quartz be a 
 " secondary instead of a primary formation ? " 
 
 Our wheat would not stand up to ripen but for 
 silicious support. St. John has stated that quartz 
 grows like grass in the East ; each rill of water 
 that dries up under a hot sun, leaves a deposit, 
 and metamorphism by infiltration is most rapid : 
 primary rocks (so called) rapidly form. There 
 
65 
 
 can be no doubt that infiltration of water (par- 
 ticularly volcanic water), has had great effect in 
 changing the present "garment" of the earth. 
 Poulett Scrope, at page 38 of his work, Volcanoes, 
 gives an extract from Bulletin de la Societe Geo. 
 de France, shewing that M. Daubree has proved 
 this; we have only room for the concluding 
 paragraph : " We are then justified in thinking that 
 " water plays a most important part indeed, in the 
 te principal phenomena that proceed from the in- 
 " terior of 'the earth" (Etudes, &c., p. 102.) 
 
 If we attentively consider the enumeration of 
 the " Generations of the sons of Noah," given in 
 chapter x. of Genesis, the nations and countries 
 they explored and occupied, the cities they built, 
 and the languages they originated and perfected, 
 we cannot but come to the conclusion that long 
 periods of years of generations would be required 
 for the development of the civilization, established 
 prior to the Kingdom under Menes, unless the 
 persons saved brought with them arts and sciences, 
 for we are informed by Manetho, that the suc- 
 cessors of Menes failed to surpass the architec- 
 tural works of the old empire; the harp is 
 delineated on the monuments of the time of 
 Menes, and Athotis, the son of Menes, is said to 
 have written on medicine. 
 
66 
 
 Baron Bunsen places the commencement of the 
 idea of Egypt as an empire under Menes, 3500 
 B.C., this would be eleven centuries before the 
 year 2348, assigned in the marginal notes of the 
 Bible, as the time when Noah removed the 
 covering of the ark, but there is no authority for 
 this restriction in the sacred book itself. The 
 Baron requires fourteen thousand years, B.C., 
 as requisite before the immigration from the 
 plains of the Euphrates to those of the Nile ; he 
 observes and writes, " It can be proved that a few 
 "centuries after the time of Menes, everything 
 " had become rigid, not only in language, but also 
 "in writing, which had grown up entirely on 
 "Egyptian soil/' And adds, "If instead of six 
 " thousand, we reckon four thousand more, or 
 "about ten thousand for the first immigration, 
 " down to Menes, the date of the Egyptian origines 
 "would be about fourteen thousand years, B.C." 
 
 But if the immigrants brought with them the 
 accumulated science and advanced knowledge of 
 the people before the Flood, (we are informed by 
 Josephus that the priests saved the sacred vessels) 
 there would be no actual necessity for the ten 
 thousand six hundred additional years required by 
 the Baron. We know that soon after the Flood, 
 there were cities built, "Babel, and Erech, and 
 
67 
 
 " Accadj and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. Out 
 "of that land went forth Ashur, and builded 
 "Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calehj and 
 " Resen, the same is a great city. (Genesis x. 
 10 to 12.) 
 
 The building of these cities must have taken 
 Time, and even when the immigration to the 
 plains of Egypt took place, the building of cities, 
 such as Memphis and Thebes, must have been 
 works requiring Time, why should we restrict it 
 without divine authority ? The Lybian and Mo- 
 kuttum ridges formed under the Antediluvian 
 Ocean by Nummulitic operators, had recently 
 been upheaved, the early immigrants probably 
 settled on their slopes, and eventually, when they 
 had gained confidence, and population had in- 
 creased, they appear to have cut down a portion 
 of the heights, to increase the area of irrigation, 
 and detain the fresh water treasures of the Nile. 
 
 Josephus tells us that " The sons of Noah first 
 " of all descended from the mountains into the 
 " plains and fixed their habitations there, and 
 " persuaded others who were greatly afraid of the 
 " lower grounds, on account of the Flood, and so 
 " were loth to come down from the higher places 
 " to venture to follow their examples." 
 
 We are informed by Josephus, "Now the plain 
 
68 
 
 in which they first dwelt was called Shinar," and 
 he adds, as to the plain of Shinar in the country of 
 Babylonia, Hesticeus mentions it, when he says 
 thus ; " Such of the Priests as were saved, took 
 the sacred vessels of Jupiter Enyalius, and came 
 to Shinar, of Babylonia." 
 
 There being no mention of this in the sacred 
 volume leaves the matter on the testimony of 
 heathen writers it may be said ; but still it may 
 be supposed that there were good men amongst 
 those who administered divine worship before the 
 Flood, and if so it might be satisfactory to know 
 that they were saved, whether in the Ark or 
 otherwise ; and if they took care of the sacred 
 vessels, they would no doubt preserve documents, 
 and that would in a great measure account for 
 the very high state of civilization, and of arts and 
 sciences in the time of Menes, as certified by 
 Manetho and others, and by existing monuments. 
 
 The Egyptian immigrants probably fell off from 
 purity of worship ; for we are told of " Idols of 
 wood and stone, silver and gold " (Deut. xxix., 16- 
 17) ; but this was long afterwards, after hundreds 
 of Kings had succeeded Mahi Nuh (Menes). If 
 we search for volcanic records for the age of the 
 "garment" of the earth, we find the village of 
 Meerfeld prospering in an extinct crater, called 
 
69 
 
 the Meerfeldar Maar, in Germany ; and British 
 troops performing their evolutions in the extinct 
 crater of Aden. Three thousand years ago the 
 city of Cumea stood as now, within a crater ; it 
 was built twelve centuries before the birth of our 
 Saviour; Vesuvius is a smaller cone within an 
 ancient crater (see Bakewell, p. 355) ; Pliny tells 
 us that Julius Caesar encamped his army amongst 
 the cones of Auvergne. The hills of Eome are 
 volcanic fossil musk deer (nearly allied to Hy- 
 moschus), are found in the lacustrine calcareous 
 marls of the Puy de Dome of Auvergne, in France ; 
 the Phonolite overlaps fresh-water marls and 
 sands of the plain of Le Puy, and the lava in 
 strands overtops the denuded valleys. 
 
 In central Italy the Lacus Cimini has its waters 
 over a submerged city, sunk 1450 years B.C. 
 
 The island of Chryse near Lemnos, has dis- 
 appeared beneath the sea. 
 
 " The Almighty gather eth the waters of the sea 
 as an heap ; he layeth up the depth in storehouses 
 (Psalm xxxiii., 17), perhaps subterranean lakes. 
 
 We find limestone resting on sandstone ; slate 
 formations broken through ; we find plateaus of 
 Basalt overlying brown coal converting it, in some 
 places, into Anthracite. (Poulett Scrope's Vol- 
 canoes, p. 306.) 
 
70 
 
 " We are informed there are no records within 
 " the historical era, which lead to the opinion that 
 " the altitude of Etna has varied within the last two 
 " thousand years ;" again, Sir Charles Lyell asks, 
 " How many years then must we not suppose to 
 "have been expended in the formation of eighty 
 " cones ? it is difficult to imagine, that a fourth 
 "part of them have originated during the last 
 "thirty centuries (Principles, ninth edition, p.p. 
 " 422-423.) But if we conjecture the whole to have 
 " been formed in twelve thousand years, how in- 
 " considerable (it is Sir Charles Lyell who writes) 
 " would this portion of Time constitute in the 
 " history of the Volcano!" to this startling question 
 we would with humility allege, do not restrict 
 Time for the occurrence of the Deluge, say it 
 occurred twelve thousand or even three thousand 
 five hundred years before our era, and then the 
 base of Etna being " ninety miles in circumference" 
 would only prove that when the fountains of the 
 great deep were broken up, the same day they were 
 broken up the upheavement of this mountain alone 
 would have caused diluvial waves of great de- 
 vastating power ; there would be no deficiency of 
 water for spreading the garment over the Earth. 
 What a beautiful narrative we have of the Deluge 
 in Scripture ! we will copy it word by word. 
 
71 
 
 " And it came to pass after seven days, that the 
 " waters of the Flood were upon the earth. In the 
 " six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second 
 " month, the seventeenth day of the month, the 
 " same day were all the fountains of the great deep 
 "broken up, and the windows of heavens were 
 " opened. And the rain was upon the earth 
 "forty days and forty nights." Again, "And the 
 "flood was forty days upon the earth; and the 
 "waters increased, and bare up the Ark, and it 
 " was lift up above the earth. And the waters 
 "prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the 
 " earth ; and the Ark went upon the face of the 
 "waters. And the waters prevailed exceedingly 
 " upon the earth ; and all the high hills that 
 " were under the whole heaven, were covered. 
 " Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail ; 
 " and the mountains were covered. And all flesh 
 " died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, 
 " and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping 
 " thing that creepeth upon the earth, and of every 
 " man : all in whose nostrils was the breath of 
 " life, of all that was in the dry land died." 
 
 "And every living substance was destroyed 
 " which was upon the face of the ground, both 
 " man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and 
 " the fowl of the Heaven ; and they were destroyed 
 
72 
 
 "from the earth : and Noah only remained alive, 
 " and they that were with him in the Ark. And 
 " the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred 
 " and fifty days." 
 
 We confess, with considerable shame, that even 
 up to the time of writing page 21 of our small 
 work, we had been rather inclined to suppose the 
 one hundred and fifty days as the limit or duration 
 of the Flood ; and we believe many persons have 
 had similar restriction on their minds ; for we 
 have recently asked three intelligent persons how 
 long the waters were on the earth, and they all 
 answered one hundred and fifty days. We will 
 now continue to copy the beautiful narrative. 
 "And God remembered Noah, and every living 
 " thing, and all the cattle that was with him in 
 " the Ark : and God made a wind to pass over the 
 " earth, and the waters assuaged ; the fountains 
 "also of the deep and the windows of heaven 
 " were stopped, and the rain from heaven was 
 " restrained ; and the waters returned from off 
 "the earth continually; and after the end of the 
 " hundred and fifty days the waters were abated." 
 
 " The waters were abated " after one hundred 
 and fifty days, but the Flood was not over ; we 
 must continue the narration ; " And the Ark 
 " rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth 
 
73 
 
 " day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat. 
 " And the waters decreased continually until the 
 " tenth month : in the tenth month, on the first day 
 " of the month, were the tops of the mountains 
 "seen." But even after ten months, Noah did 
 not leave the Ark ; we must continue the 
 Scriptural record. 
 
 " And it came to pass at the end of forty days, 
 " that Noah opened the window of the Ark which 
 " he had made : and he sent forth a raven, which 
 " went forth to and fro, until the waters were 
 " dried up from off the earth. Also he sent forth 
 " a dove from him, to see if the waters were 
 " abated from off the face of the ground ; hut the 
 " dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and 
 " she returned unto him into the Ark, for the 
 " waters were on the face of the whole earth ; 
 " then he put forth his hand, and took her, and 
 " pulled her in unto him into the ark/' 
 
 " And he stayed yet other seven days : and 
 " again he sent forth the dove out of the ark ; 
 " and the dove came in to him in the evening ; 
 " and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt 
 "off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated 
 "from off the earth. And he stayed yet other 
 " seven days ; and sent forth the dove ; which 
 " returned not again unto him any more." 
 
74 
 
 "And it came to pass in the six hundredth 
 " and first year, in the first month, the first day 
 " of the month, the waters were dried up from 
 "off the earth : and Noah removed the covering 
 " of the Ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of 
 " the ground was dry. And in the second month, 
 " on the seven and twentieth day of the month, 
 "was the earth dried. And God spake unto 
 " Noah, saying, Go forth of the Ark, thou, and thy 
 " wife, and thy sons, and thy son's wives with 
 "thee." 
 
 We cannot conceive anything more demon- 
 strative and truthlike than the above ; those who 
 have seen how rapidly branches shoot out again, 
 and know the oriental practices in regard to 
 renewal from slips, will at once comprehend that 
 all the arguments against the dove finding a 
 branch with a leaf on it, fall to the ground at 
 once ; an olive tree, even though it fell and 
 were uprooted would, however far carried, sprout 
 again when the waters abated and left any portion 
 of its branches above water. It would appear 
 that the violence of the flood lasted forty- seven 
 days, that the waters ran off the earth continually 
 until after one hundred and fifty days they had 
 abated, but the Ark did not touch land until the 
 tenth month ; forty days after which Noah opened 
 
75 
 
 the window of the Ark ; and, not until fourteen 
 days afterwards, did they venture forth, so that 
 the Deluge, as regards confinement to the Ark of 
 Eefuge, must have lasted more than eleven months, 
 allowing at least one hundred and eighty days 
 for the (previously much agitated) waters to 
 deposit and cover up the stores of Coal, Salt, 
 Clay, &c., so beneficially laid up for postdiluvian 
 Man. After the waters had run off sufficiently, 
 and Noah and all his house had occupied the 
 dried up portions of the earth, vast lakes of water 
 would be left, as is indicated by the Tchornozen 
 or black earth of Kussia and Siberia, and the 
 Kegur or black cotton soil of India ; also over 
 the plains of America, and the plateaus of Pat- 
 agonia, in fact, all over the earth. Kichardson 
 tells us (p. 425), " The black earth of the South 
 "of Eussia extends on the right bank of the 
 "Volga, from the foot of the Carpathians to the 
 "Ural mountains, over a range of country occu- 
 "pying no less than one hundred millions of 
 " acres. It consists of an extremely fertile soil, 
 " providing food for upwards of twenty millions of 
 " inhabitants, and annually exporting upwards of 
 " fifty million bushels of corn of various kinds." 
 
 The deposit of this black soil in Kussia and 
 Siberia, is supposed to be connected with the 
 
76 
 
 snbmergement of the extinct mammals, whose 
 remains are so abundant all over the world ; we 
 can testify that the Eegur, or black soil, of the 
 South of India overlies the fossil bed of the 
 Godavery, in which we found the gigantic fossil 
 elephant, and the skull of the man so unlike 
 existing Asiatics. This black portion of the 
 present garment of the earth, is probably a 
 deposit from the vast lakes, left after the main 
 body of the waters of the Deluge had run off. 
 
 One strong proof of the antiquity of the present 
 garment of the earth, consists in the monuments 
 and indications of upwards of three hundred 
 kings (some of them conquerors from Ethopia), 
 who ruled in Egypt between Menes and Abraham. 
 Hermes, the Mercury of the Egyptians, supposed 
 by Sir Isaac Newton to have been the Secretary of 
 Osiris, struck with his foot the shell of a tortoise 
 on the plains of Egypt (left, perhaps, by the 
 Deluge), and remarking the sound the dried 
 cartilages gave, within the hollow shell, invented 
 the lyre ; this is mentioned by Apollodorus, who, 
 however, says the tortoise was left by the Nile. 
 The Theban harp excited the surprise of Bruce 
 (the greatly underrated traveller), who observes, 
 " It overturns all the accounts of the earliest state 
 " of ancient music and instruments in Egypt, and 
 
77 
 
 " is, altogether, in its form, ornaments, and com- 
 4 * pass, an incontestible proof (stronger than a 
 " thousand Greek quotations), that Geometry, 
 1 ' Drawing, Mechanics, and Music, were at the 
 " greatest perfection when this harp was made, 
 "and that what we think in Egypt was the 
 " invention of Arts, was only the beginning of 
 " the (Era of their restoration." Indeed, when 
 "the beauty and powers of this harp, along with 
 "the very great antiquity of the painting which 
 "represents it, are considered," (observe the 
 Editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica, article 
 Music,) " such an opinion as that which Mr. 
 " Bruce hints at, does not seem to be devoid of 
 "probability." 
 
 No doubt those saved in the Ark would bring 
 with them their instruments of music. Tubal Cain 
 was the half-brother of Jubal, the inventor of the 
 Kinnor and Ugab (the Syrinx, whence our organ) ; 
 and probably the Latin Cano, to sing, the Welsh 
 Caina, Cain; and the Eastern term Guina, to 
 sing, may all be derived from a proficient in 
 music before the Flood. Canticles, Canticum, 
 Canticormn, and Canna, a reed, have similar 
 origination. There is reason to suppose that 
 sonorous stones were used in ancient times, one 
 is still used as a bell in the Greek convent of 
 
78 
 
 Mount Sinai. (Land of the Morning, p. 85.) 
 Chardin relates that the Persians and Arabians 
 call musicians and singers " Kayne," or de- 
 scendants from Cain; and Kitto writes, " The 
 instruments invented by Jubal seem to have 
 
 
 
 remained in use after the flood, or at least the 
 names were still in use, and occur in the latest 
 books of the Old Testament. (Article, Music.) 
 
 Poulett Scrope quotes Darwin, thus : " The mind 
 " recoils from an attempt to grasp the number of 
 " centuries of exposure to the Atlantic waves, 
 " necessary to have ground into mud and dis- 
 " persed the enormous mass of hard rock, which 
 "has been pared off the circumference of this 
 "island (St. Helena)." 
 
 We now give, in plate x., a few specimens 
 calculated to prove that the Chalk may be the 
 upheaved Antediluvian Ocean, and the Drift 
 thence derived. 
 
 No. 6 is a block of fossil wood, from the petri- 
 fied forest near Cairo ; it would be very desirable 
 to ascertain whether the Copts are correct or not, 
 in asserting that in the dry channel of the Nile, 
 which formerly existed between Lake Moeris and 
 Taposiris, petrified ships or portions of boats are 
 to be found : they shew rocks said to be so. 
 
 No. 7. Fossil wood from the Godavery, is 
 
79 
 
 bored (as is the Egyptian wood) by Teredina, 
 shewing that both have been subjected to diluvial 
 agency. 
 
 Nos. 9, 10, and 11 shew that the Pholadina were 
 alike active before the Flood, as after it. 
 
 No. 15 shews that Chalk is still forming in the 
 ocean. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 No. 1. Head of a Seal, perhaps the Sea Lion, Otaria 
 jubata, found on the Merrow Downs. 
 
 2. The Head and Proboscis, and part of the Body, 
 
 of a Phoca, perhaps the Morunga probos- 
 cidia, found at Norwich, Norfolk. 
 
 3. A small Land Tortoise, from under the Chalk 
 
 in the garden of Poyle Lodge, Guildford, 
 Surrey. 
 
 4. The Shell of a modern Tortoise, of about the 
 
 same size, shewing identity of species. 
 Hermes, the Egyptian Mercury, Secretary 
 of Osiris, is said to have invented the lyre, 
 from such a shell. 
 
 5. A Snake, asphixied in the act of devouring a 
 
 winged creature, (see Deluge par Pierre 
 Beron, Paris, 1821, p. 21). 
 
 6. A specimen of Fossil Wood, from the fossil 
 
 forests, near Cairo, in Egypt; bored by 
 marine insects. 
 
 7. Fossil Wood (from the vicinity of the Godavery 
 
 mammoth bed) bored by Teredina. 
 
 8. Fossil Wood, from a field belonging to Mr. 
 
 Savage, of Guildford, Surrey, lent by Mr. 
 Savage, to whom the Author returns his 
 
80 
 
 thanks ; it shews distinct fibres, and yet 
 the whole was turning into flint. 
 
 No. 9. Specimen of Chalk, bored by Pholadina, from 
 the coast at Eastbourne. 
 
 10. A small specimen from under the Hog's-back, 
 
 Guildford, shewing that the Pholadina 
 bored in Antediluvian times, precisely 
 similar to those of the present day. 
 
 11. A Coprolite, bored by an Antediluvian Pholas, so 
 
 artistically that many persons were per- 
 suaded that the boring could only have 
 been done by man. 
 
 12. A piece of Stone, bored (and exfoliated off the 
 
 Ramsgate Pier), shewing that the Pholas 
 lithodomus bores even stone for a domicile. 
 
 13. A piece of Oak Wood, from the old wooden Pier 
 
 at Ramsgate, perforated by the Teredo 
 navalis. 
 
 14. Sketch of the Teredo navalis, out of its case or 
 
 shield. 
 
 15. A modern Sponge, shewing that Chalk is for- 
 
 ming in the post-diluvial ocean. 
 
 16. A Fossil Sponge. 
 
 17. Vertebra of some Antediluvian Creature, turned 
 
 to flint. 
 18. A Fossil Oyster, from Kentish Rag. 
 
 We reserve, for the next number, our more 
 direct proofs of man having existed during the 
 deposit of the Chalk; and we solicit from all 
 persons, interested in proving the Deluge (as 
 requisite for belief in the Bible), any aid they may 
 be able to afford, by loan of specimens. 
 
I II. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN plate xi. several specimens have not shewn well in the 
 photographs, from having been fore-shortened ; we have 
 therefore added a plate xi., B. 
 
 But even in it the sandal marks on No. 10 have not 
 shewn so plain as in the original, on account of the color 
 being the same as the rest of the foot. 
 
 We have availed ourselves of this additional plate to 
 give the only specimen of Hieroglyphics in Flint we have 
 as yet found ; it seems originally to have been a round 
 ball of clay, and to have had a foot of similar material 
 stuck upon it, by some one, perhaps, of a party preceding 
 another, the foot indicating the direction taken by the 
 advance. 
 
 We have given a North American Despatch, taken from 
 page 45 of " Ten thousand wonderful things" by Edmund 
 Fillingham King, M.A., where a translation in full, of the 
 Despatch, may be found ; the foot on the flint corresponds 
 exactly with that in paragraph 4 of the Despatch. 
 
 This specimen of clay (apparently) turned to flint, and 
 having on it a well delineated Hieroglyphic foot, which 
 must have been made and stuck on by the hand of Man, 
 was found in the chalk of Bernbridge Hill, Isle of Wight. 
 
 We hope, in time, by the aid of kind friends, to obtain 
 better specimens of Hieroglyphics and indications of the 
 works of Man in Antediluvian times ; meantime we would 
 refer our readers to the " Pre-historic Man " of Daniel 
 Wilson, L.L.D., for proofs that the American nations re- 
 stored (in early ages after the Flood) Seramic and Hiero- 
 glyphic Arts practised before the Deluge. ' 
 
81 
 
 XI. THE ARK AND ABKITE KITES AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 IN days of old, it was the custom for heads of 
 houses to reside on, or to have ready access to, 
 lofty plateaus, scarped and prepared for defence, 
 having water made sure in cisterns and reservoirs, 
 often in rock caverns and underground hollows. 
 
 Such pre-arranged refuge grounds abound in 
 the East ; there was one on the North side of the 
 vast city which formerly was called " Subha," 
 afterwards Bhudravuntee, on the plain above the 
 caves of Ellora, the refuge plateau is considerably 
 higher than where the great city was built, and 
 was formerly called Siadree and Omawund, but 
 is now termed Bysmallah, or Myesmallah. 
 
 On the South the approach was defended by 
 Dowletabad, and another fortress, now in ruins, 
 called Chumar Takara, but formerly Cherem 
 Takara, the Tagara of the Greeks. 
 
 The citadels of Jerusalem, and that of Ani, the 
 ancient capital of Armenia are examples on a 
 smaller scale. 
 
82 
 
 When Noah was warned to build his Ark, he 
 would no doubt move up with all his house to his 
 prepared plateau, where, as we know, cedars 
 flourished, as in Lebanon. 
 
 The Patriarch, we are told by St. Peter, was a 
 preacher of righteousness, he no doubt had friends 
 distant as well as near, ships and boats must have 
 been known, and in use ; the Patriarch would 
 exhort his friends to separate themselves from the 
 ungodly, and to prepare their arks and refuge 
 plateaus. 
 
 In the East, the highest part of the prepared 
 refuge ground is called the Ark, as at Tabreez, or 
 Tauris, where a great variety of vaulted apartments 
 or nests, and a vast circular tower of great height 
 still remain. 
 
 The Ark was constructed with reference to 
 being " lifted up" rather than for navigation ; we are 
 told, " The waters increased and bare up the Ark, 
 and it was lift up above the earth" and again, 
 " The Ark went upon the face of the waters." 
 
 The violence of the Flood only lasted forty 
 days, and would not at first reach the lofty site 
 of the Ark ; even after the hundred and fifty days, 
 " fifteen cubits upwards " was the utmost the 
 prepared Ark would be lifted ; it is remarkable 
 how universal the custom has become of building 
 
83 
 
 on piles, wherever inundations have been 
 apprehended. 
 
 The Ark may not have been washed off the 
 plateau ; the hill on which it rested in the 
 Brahminical legend is termed Nau-bandhana 
 (ship binder). 
 
 It is probable that the high mountains of the 
 present "garment" of the earth had not been 
 uplifted when the Ark was prepared, or how could 
 the creatures destroyed by the Flood have been 
 deposited near their summits, waves that reached 
 near the summit of the Himalayas would have 
 caused more than eighteen cubits as an average 
 height of upliftment ; it is more accordant to 
 existing evidence to suppose that the upheave- 
 ments of such mountains as the Himalayan 
 ranges, those of the Alps, Andes, and Ararat, 
 caused the waters gradually " to return from off 
 the earth ; " we are told, " And the waters decreased 
 continually, until the tenth month 9 in the tenth 
 month were the tops of the mountains seen." 
 
 But the mountains may have been those 
 uplifted; we find fossil wood very commonly 
 overspread by volcanic rocks ; at Ani-Ana, or 
 Ancion, the ancient capital of Armenia, under the 
 Bagration dynasty ; there is a range of caves high 
 up in the rock of a ravine, which were probably 
 
84 
 
 originally scooped out of a soft strata of ligneous 
 debris, capped by lava, afterwards converted into 
 catacombs which can at present only be reached 
 by ladders, but when they were a portion of the 
 defensive arrangement of the Am ArJc, no doubt 
 they would have ready communication with the 
 interior summit. In plate xi., we give a specimen 
 of the fossil wood from the Ani Catacombs, it is 
 as light in weight as any dry sponge ; we 
 are indebted to a scientific esteemed friend 
 for this specimen. Similarly preserved wood 
 underlies some of the trap rocks of India, as we 
 have seen ; and the Physa-principia, and other 
 fresh-water shells delineated (No. 4, in plate vii.) 
 are from Chert, of the Sathpoora range of up- 
 heaved hills near Ellichpoor ; in other parts, 
 oysters and marine indications prove that the 
 upheavement extended from the depths of the 
 Antediluvian Ocean ; the specimen of flint, No. 
 15, plate vii., shows that chalk, with flints, over- 
 lay the present valley of the Godavery, near 
 Moongey Peyton ; probably the volcanic action 
 was great, so that the chalk was broken up and 
 dispersed ; it is now reforming as impure 
 Kunkur. 
 
 The Almighty waited long whilst the Ark was 
 preparing ; full warning was given : we do not 
 
85 
 
 find anything in the Holy Scriptures forbidding 
 the supposition that the Lord may have found 
 righteous men of other generations ; Moses, the 
 inspired penman, wrote chiefly for the Hebrew 
 race ; in enumerating cities of refuge, he only 
 names those belonging to the chosen people, and 
 generally avoids discursive narratives regarding 
 other races and generations ; but every nation 
 has traditions of the great Flood, and their new 
 man and families saved. 
 
 Nicolaus of Damascus is thus quoted by Jose- 
 phus (p. 29), " There is a great mountain in 
 " Armenia, called Baris, upon which it is reported 
 " that many who fled at the time of the Deluge 
 " were saved ; and that one who was carried in an 
 " Ark came on shore on the top of it, and that 
 "the remains of the timber were a great while 
 "preserved; this (he adds) might, be the man 
 " about whom Moses the legislator of the Jews 
 "wrote." 
 
 We extract from the Gazetteer of the World an 
 account of Mount Ararat. "Parrot describes 
 "Mount Ararat as a mass of volcanic rocks (we 
 " give specimens in plate xi.), heaped in confused 
 "fragments upon each other; here masses of 
 " regularly melted lava ; there cinders ; there 
 "trachytic rock in various gradations of colours, 
 
86 
 
 " thickness and composition, with plain marks of 
 "the agency of volcanic heat. Parrot fixes the 
 " snow line on Ararat at 14,080 feet ; the limit of 
 " arborescent vegetation, 7800 feet." 
 
 In plate xi, we give a specimen of wood from 
 ancient Ani, and specimens of volcanic rocks and 
 scoria from near the summit of Mount Ararat, 
 and the mountains of Asia Minor near it, and a 
 specimen of native sulphur from Mount Duma- 
 wund, in Persia ; they tend to prove vast volcanic 
 action and upheavement, probably when the 
 waters were sent off the earth. 
 
 In plate xi., is given a photograph marked A, 
 of the Church of Elchmiadzin, fifty miles from 
 Mount Ararat ; it is the Church of St. Gregory, 
 in which is shewn a piece of the Ark, said to 
 have been delivered by the Angel Gabriel ; prints 
 of the Ark (on the top of the mountain) with the 
 Angel delivering the specimen, are sold at Etch- 
 miadzin. The photograph marked B, is from a 
 photograph of part of Ararat, 17,000 feet above 
 the sea, with a Kurdish encampment of 12,000 
 feet. But to return to our more immediate subject; 
 the world of the ungodly had to be destroyed, 
 both man and least ; we are told, " there were 
 giants on the earth in- those days, the wickedness 
 of man was great on the earth," and we know 
 
87 
 
 that there were giant beasts, Megatherise, 
 Pteridactylcoe, and Saurians; they would not be 
 taken into the Ark, nor admitted on the plateau ; 
 it would be " laden with what is profitable to man; 9 ' 
 the Polynesian enumeration includes only the pig, 
 dog, and fowls, their domestic animals, but the 
 Ark would no doubt have sheep, oxen, horses, and 
 a good assortment of useful creatures for reno- 
 vating the earth ; and if righteous men of other 
 generations were forewarned and saved in their 
 respective Arks and pre-arranged plateaus, the 
 various circles of Fauna, and Flora, and Bimanan 
 races would be accounted for. 
 
 The Great Eastern has room for animals for a 
 long voyage, and ample accommodation for the 
 Captain, Commander, and all his crew, or house, 
 and if requisite the capacious ship (though not so 
 roomy as the Ark with its nests) could convey all 
 useful animals to re-stock an island or continent ; 
 and as to the second main objection adduced in a 
 late influential work, that " had the whole globe 
 been submerged, the sea water would have destroyed 
 every fresh-water fish, molluslc, and worm" we 
 would suggest, for the Author's consideration, 
 that the Ova and Larva of all useful creatures 
 might be deposited in congenial places : the 
 diluvial waves during the forty days of violent 
 
88 
 
 action would not reach the refuge plateau and 
 Ark, and even if none of the adult creatures (other 
 than those in the covered portion of the Ark) 
 escaped, we may conclude that arrangements appro- 
 priate for the renovation of the earth were made. 
 
 The dread of renewed inundations must have 
 continued in the East even up to the present 
 time ; in the valley of the Payen-gunga, in the 
 South of India, artificial mounds or Arks are 
 made round "wells of springing water; 99 these 
 structures, made of well mixed unctuous mud, 
 are of course available as Arks of refuge against 
 plunderers or oppressors. The work we have 
 alluded to, adds, " There are, then, it must be 
 " confessed, very strong grounds for believing that 
 "no universal deluge ever occured. 99 
 
 But to our mind a partial deluge (in the sense 
 indicated) which left marks near the summits of 
 the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Andes, seems 
 an Antithesis, an impossibility ; M. M. Larlet and 
 Gaudry state that the commingled masses of 
 bones at Pakermi, near Pantelicus, in Greece, 
 belong to the denizens of different countries and 
 climates, " which could only have been brought and 
 massed there by a flood, 99 that they include the 
 rhinoceros, giraffe, ox, mastodon, hyaena, lion and 
 and monkey. 
 
89 
 
 In Australia, a fossil uplifted Whale was recently 
 found, one hundred and fifty feet long. 
 
 Such commingled bones are found all over the 
 globe, near the summits of hills, as well as deep 
 under valleys ; some submerged at once, others, 
 perhaps, conveyed by icebergs to higher levels ; 
 upwards of twenty-five thousand specimens of 
 fruit (chiefly tropical) have been collected from 
 the London Clay by one learned individual. If 
 we ignore the Deluge, all sorts of difficulties arise ; 
 acknowledge the word of God (not taking oriental 
 terms too literally), and they all vanish ; " the 
 " plain of Thibet is found on examination " (we 
 copy from the Gazetteer of the World) "io be a 
 " tertiary deposit of boulders and gravel, which 
 "has attained its present level of fifteen thousand 
 " feet, without any sensible disturbance of the 
 " horizontality of the beds, in which it was origi- 
 " nally laid out; bones of elephant, rhinoceros, 
 " and horse, the latter apparently identical with 
 "the horse of the Suvaliks, also of some large 
 " undetermined ruminant, as well as of a new 
 " species allied to the goat, are found embedded in 
 "these strata." We learn that Silurian fossils 
 have been found at an elevation of from nineteen 
 to twenty thousand feet on the Himalayan slopes, 
 and Oxford Clay even still higher. 
 
90 
 
 The fossil bones of the carnivorous elephant 
 have, it is said, been found in the Cordilleras of 
 the Andes, at from 7500 to 9584 feet of elevation. 
 
 The Author of the Article Noah, in the work we 
 have already quoted, observes, "Suppose the flood 
 " on the other hand to have been local, suppose for 
 " instance the valley of the Euphrates to have been 
 " submerged, and then the necessity for preserving 
 " all the species of animals disappears." 
 
 The object of the Almighty seems to have been 
 to destroy all monstrous beasts and men, giants in 
 wickedness, and if the Flood were limited to the 
 valley of the Euphrates, how was the carnivorous 
 elephant destroyed so high up the Cordilleras of 
 the Andes ? or how were extinct monsters lifted 
 up so near the summits of other hills in opposite 
 quarters of the Globe ? 
 
 We prefer the Bible record ; we find it confirmed 
 by traditions of all nations ; the Chaldaeans have 
 their Noah under another name, " Xisuthrus," 
 who landed with his daughter and the Pilot, 
 leaving the rest to take up the writings that had 
 been buried at " Sippara." 
 
 Hesticeus wrote " Such of the Priests as were 
 " saved, took the sacred vessels of Jupiter Enyalius, 
 " and came to Shinar, of Babylonia." 
 
 This practice of burying important documents 
 
91 
 
 in earthen vessels must have been learnt from the 
 people saved ; we read in Jeremiah xxxii., " Take 
 these evidences (legal documents) this evidence 
 of the purchase, both which is sealed, and this 
 evidence which is open, and put them in an earthen 
 vessel, that they may continue many days." 
 
 Such earthen vessels (with tops to lute on) we 
 have seen; some of them with Bhuddist Aphorisms 
 engraved within ; we have also seen funeral 
 earthen vessels with corpses seated in them, as if 
 prepared for a second birth : a cemetery of them 
 may still be seen in the left bank of the river 
 Kaum, immediately north of the cantonment 
 bridge, built by (then) Major Twemlow, to facilitate 
 communication between the cavalry and infantry 
 of the Aurungabad division, Nizam's contingent. 
 
 Strabo informs us that the Ethiopians buried 
 their dead in such earthen vessels ; the Jain and 
 Lingite tribes in India, still bury in earthen 
 jars filled with salt ; those who can afford it, bury 
 in vaults. 
 
 It would be very desirable that all jars found 
 buried, should be carefully examined ; the ancient 
 British Arians may have deposited documents like 
 those alluded to (in Jeremiah, chapter xiii. and 
 xxxii.), and by Josephus and Hestiaeus. Simon, 
 son of Jonathan, built seven pyramids for his 
 
92 
 
 parents and brethren, one for each of them ; this 
 may explain the more modern custom of appro- 
 priating pyramids and caves for sepulchral pur- 
 poses, after dread of a renewed Deluge had 
 abated. 
 
 The Chinese have given the name Fah-he to 
 their Noah, or renovator, and date the Flood four 
 thousand years before our ^Era. 
 
 In Mexico, the Deluge is fully recognized ; and 
 paintings of Coxcox, his wife, and the mountain of 
 refuge, are delineated on the rocks, far above the 
 reach of the present streams. 
 
 Humboldt writes, " These ancient traditions of 
 "the human race, which we find dispersed over 
 " the surface of the Globe, like the fragments of a 
 "vast shipwreck, are of the greatest interest in 
 " the philosophical study of our species ; and he 
 " adds, the substance of the traditions respecting 
 "the destroyed races, and the renovation of 
 "nature, is everywhere almost the same, although 
 "each nation gives it a local colouring. In the 
 "great Continents, as in the smallest islands of 
 " the Pacific Ocean, it is always on the highest 
 " and nearest mountain, that the remains of the 
 " human race were saved ; and this event appears 
 " so much the more recent, the more uncultivated 
 " the nations are." 
 
93 
 
 The British nation cannot be termed " unculti- 
 vated ; " too much restriction should not therefore 
 be put on the Time of the Deluge ; Job knew not 
 the time ; neither does Moses specify it, nor has 
 it been revealed to us. 
 
 There is reason to believe that caves owe their 
 origin to Arkite dread and worship, they are 
 always elevated above the valleys, and have water 
 sure and abundant ; subsequently, when structural 
 buildings were found more convenient, the caves 
 have been appropriated as places of reception for 
 the dead instead of the living ; and Arkite pillars 
 have been cut down into structural columns and 
 temples, as at Mavellipore, on the coast South of 
 Madras. 
 
 In the West also, there are many such appropi- 
 ations of rock masses ; for example, the Eudston 
 pillar in the East Biding of Yorkshire, and those 
 near Boroughbridge, in the some county. 
 
 If the Deluge had destroyed merely " ungodly 
 men" the earth would not have been a fit place 
 for Man. But the Almighty said to those saved, 
 " The fear of you. and the dread of you, shall be 
 upon every beast of the earthy and upon every fowl 
 of the air, and upon every thing that moveth upon 
 the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea, into 
 your hands are they delivered." (Genesis ix., 2.) 
 
94 
 
 That all creatures not useful to Man were de- 
 stroyed, would appear to be indicated by the next 
 verse, " Every living thing that moveth, shall be 
 meat for you." 
 
 The Lord said, " Behold now Behemoth, which 
 I made with thee, he eateth grass like an ox, 
 behold he drinketh up a river and hasteth not, he 
 trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his 
 mouth," such an animal was no doubt of use to 
 Man when fens and morasses abounded, but is 
 now receding from the vicinity of the habitable 
 parts of the earth, man having retained dominion 
 over him. 
 
 It would appear that some monstrous mollusks 
 are attaining a size that might be inconvenient to 
 Man ; an account is given in Croose and Fisher's 
 "Journal de Conchyliologie," of a Cepholoped, 
 from sixteen to nineteen feet in length (without 
 reckoning eight formidable arms), whose estimated 
 weight was 4,410 pounds ; with this monstrous 
 cuttle fish, the French steamer Alecto, commanded 
 by M. Bonyer, had on 30th November, 1861, a 
 sort of running fight or chase for about three 
 hours with harpoons and guns, and at length M. 
 Bonyer succeeded in getting a rope noosed to the 
 monster, but in attempting to haul it on board, 
 the rope cut through the hind part of the creature, 
 
95 
 
 and it escaped ; we extract the above particulars 
 from Fraser's Magazine, for March, 1866. 
 
 Another mollusk, theXylophaga-dorsalis, though 
 of small dimensions, has turned its attentions 
 towards electric telegraph cables, and requires to 
 be checked in its operations ; it does not appear 
 to be deterred, either by tar or gutta-percha. 
 Xylophaga dispatches would not be acceptable to 
 Man ; some mode of preventing their depredations 
 must of course be adopted, perhaps a cement or 
 coating of pounded obsidian or glass might deter 
 them ; we recollect white ants in India lifting up 
 large slabs of stone, so as to make way between the 
 joinings (which they had effected by moistening 
 the earth below the line of juncture), so that we 
 were obliged to put down ashes and refuse char- 
 coal, which proved effectual ; they had previously 
 eaten the beddings of the soldiers on guard, and 
 it was to prevent their depredations that we (as 
 Executive Officer) put down heavy slabs which 
 they so scientifically lifted up, whether by united 
 labour in bringing water, or by exudations from 
 their millions of little bodies, we know not. 
 
 We give, No. 13, plate xi., three pieces of wood 
 which had been apparently tarred, and, notwith- 
 standing, were attacked by the Teredo-navalis, 
 see also plate x. 
 
96 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 No. 1. The Draco volans of the East of the present 
 day ; a group of four, to compare with the 
 flying reptile, No. 2, of plate v., and that 
 of Isaiah xxx., 6 ; and xiv., 29, to prove 
 that the earth has been renovated gradually 
 from the "fiery flying reptile.'" These in- 
 ocuous Dracos spring from tree to tree in 
 in the East in the present days. 
 
 2. A specimen of Antediluvian Wood, as light (in 
 
 weight) as sponge from under the volcanic 
 rock of the summit of Ani, the ancient 
 Bagratian capital of Armenia. Catacombs 
 have been made in the softer strata where 
 this wood was found. 
 
 3. Two pieces of pure Obsidian, from near the 
 
 summit of Mount Ararat ; and two pieces 
 (outside the little box) not so pure, from 
 the Saghauli Dagh mountain, near Kars, 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 4. A group of three pieces of the Volcanic Eocks, 
 
 from near the summit of Mount Ararat. 
 
 5. Volcanic Scoria, from the plain of Bayazid, at 
 
 the foot of Mount Ararat. 
 
 6. A group of three pieces of Volcanic Rocks, 
 
 from the mountains in the vicinity of 
 Ararat ; and one specimen of Native 
 Sulphur, from Mount Demawund, in Persia. 
 
 7. A Sepulchral Figure, apparently carved out of 
 
 of wood (now flint), which was found 30 feet 
 below the surface in drift gravel, near 
 Guildford, Surrey. They were commonly 
 buried with mummies. 
 
 8. Has all the appearance of a Mummie d'enfant ; 
 
97 
 
 It is now solid flint, and had a very re- 
 markable, melodious sound when struck, 
 before it was accidently broken into three 
 pieces. It is from the Drift Chalk of 
 Norwich, Norfolk. 
 
 9. Is apparently a Bimanan Foot ; it is from 
 Oolite, near Cheltenham. 
 
 10. A smaller one from the Chalk, Guildford, 
 
 Surrey ; it has on it marks of the Sandal. 
 
 11. A smaller one from a Chalk Pit in Loseley 
 
 Park, Guildford, Surrey. 
 
 12. A Bimanan Embryo, having an echinus which 
 
 must have been eating into its head ; re- 
 ferred to at page 48, and near it is placed 
 the fossil head and face of a Quadrumanan, 
 to shew that before the flood they were as 
 distinct as now : we are making a collection 
 having in view refutation of the Darwin 
 theory as regards Bimana and Quadrumana. 
 
 13. Three pieces, apparently wood, tarred, which 
 
 has not deterred the Teredina ; see plate 
 x. from their ravages ; and we have put them 
 on a drawing of wood attacked by them. 
 
 14. A Bottle, in the lower part of which an oyster 
 
 had fixed itself. 
 
 15. Apparently what had been the Rudder Bolt 
 
 Socket of a boat. 
 
 A. The Church of Etchmiadzin, fifty miles North 
 
 of Ararat. 
 
 B. Distant view of Mount Ararat, 
 
98 
 
 XII. PROOFS THAT ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 
 SURVIVED THE FLOOD. 
 
 First. The fact recorded in history (admitting 
 of verification by inspection), viz., that the monu- 
 ments of Menu (Mahi Nou), first King of Egypt, 
 have not been surpassed by those of his suc- 
 cessors, affords strong proof that those saved 
 retained knowledge of Arts and Sciences, and 
 vigorously applied that knowledge. 
 
 Secondly. It is known and recorded that the 
 ancient Egyptians considered a brick -raised 
 Pyramid, or mound, a work of greater merit 
 than one cut out of, or built of, stone ; and why ? 
 A satisfactory reason is given, that the bricks 
 were made in the course of deepening, and 
 keeping in order, works of irrigation, such as 
 Lakes and Canals. This must have been in 
 accordance with what was done before the 
 Deluge, for we find Nimrod and his followers 
 (according to Hebrew Chronology, in the one 
 hundred and first year after the flood), making and 
 
99 
 
 burning bricks for the tower, and, according to ori- 
 ental tradition, making gigantic blocks, or nnburnt 
 bricks, said to have been thirteen cubits in 
 length, ten in breadth, and five in thickness. 
 These were apparently moulded in situ for the 
 raised foundations of the city, and the clay would 
 be taken in course of drainage and irrigation. 
 
 We are aware that the Samaritan Chronology 
 allows four hundred and one years after the flood, 
 and the Septuagint five hundred and thirty-one 
 years ; strong confirmation of Job's affirmation, 
 " we are but of yesterday and know nothing." 
 
 Moses, the inspired Penman, notices the fourth 
 son of Ham, but does not state at what Time the 
 three elder brothers left the Paternal House, so 
 that Canaan alone received the Curse. 
 
 Thirdly. Science and Arts enabled Sesostris 
 to cherish and feed a population, which permitted 
 that Conqueror to keep up, in time of peace, a 
 militia of four hundred and ten thousand men, 
 distributed in the different provinces, convertible 
 (as we are told by Herodotus and Diodorus 
 Siculus) into an army of six hundred thousand 
 infantry, two hundred and forty thousand cavalry, 
 and twenty- seven thousand chariots ; such a force 
 (it would be easy to calculate), could not be 
 supported, with camp followers, on the "immense 
 
100 
 
 sandy plains" of modern Egypt, but might be 
 again, if an energetic ^modern Sesostris were to 
 make artificial blocks, thirteen cubits long, of the 
 sand which overlies the former mould of culti- 
 vation, the blocks might form fence barriers 
 against drift sand, and the slime be obtained, as 
 formerly, from the channels and lakes. Sesostris 
 invaded India as far as the bank of the " Ganges" 
 (Gunga Godavery?) and had, in the Arabian 
 sea, a fleet of four hundred vessels ; Bruce wrote 
 that Sesostris resumed the commerce with India, 
 previously possessed by Semiramis. 
 
 Fourthly. The cities so rapidly built imme- 
 diately after the Flood, attest proficiency attained 
 in times before the Deluge. 
 
 The description given by Diodorus Siculus of 
 ancient Nineveh, represents the city as forty- 
 seven miles in circumference, surrounded by walls 
 of immense height, on which three chariots 
 might course abreast. 
 
 Herodotus mentions that the houses of Babylon 
 were three or four stories high ; those of Thebes 
 and Diospolis in Egypt, four or five stories in 
 height. 
 
 Home also mentions, on the authority of Sir 
 E. K. Porter, "Part of the bricks of the cele*- 
 "brated Tower of Babel (or of Belus, as the 
 
101 
 
 " Greeks termed it) were made of clay, mixed 
 " with chopped straw, or broken reeds, to compact 
 " it, and then dried in the sun. Their solidity is 
 " equal to that of the hardast stoned 
 
 We believe that artificial stone was extensively 
 made, as a mode of utilizing the sand; a very 
 intelligent French author asks, may not the 
 Pyramids have (some of them) been made in this 
 way, N'est il pas vraisemble qu'elles ont etc faites 
 avec le sable du desert et fondues sur la place ? 
 The ancient Bhuddists, as well as the people of 
 Egpyt, were adepts in utilizing surplus materials. 
 
 Immediately after the Deluge, boulders of all 
 sizes would have been ready to throw into the 
 moulds, and reeds, slime, and bitumen were 
 abundant. Herodotus did not see the tower of 
 Belus until after Xerxes had plundered it ; but he 
 describes it then as an area of a thousand feet, 
 entered by gates of brass, in the centre of the 
 area rose the tower, from a basement of five 
 hundred feet, eight successive towers rising (on 
 decreasing bases), ascended by steps winding 
 outside. 
 
 Xerxes, it is said, found plunder equivalent to 
 twenty- one million of our pounds sterling. 
 
 The summit tower had its astronomical uses, so 
 that when Alexander the Great took Babylon, the 
 
102 
 
 philosopher Calisthenes found astronomical ob- 
 servations for one thousand, nine hundred and 
 three years from that time, which carried up the 
 antiquity of the original tower as high as the one 
 hundred and fifteenth year after the flood, or 
 within fifteen years after the Tower of Babel was 
 built, according to the Bible Chronology. (See 
 Cyclopcedia of Biblical Knowledge, article Babel.) 
 
 We can by no means agree with Dr. Nares, 
 when he states, " the state of those antediluvian 
 " ages could have had no material influence on the 
 " times which succeeded them," on the contrary, 
 we attribute the wonders of architecture, and 
 proficiency in music, and arts and sciences, so 
 apparent in the early post-diluvians, entirely to 
 what had been perfected before the flood, and 
 consider that we may yet find granite pillars, and 
 other marks of their works, built up in post- 
 diluvian buildings. On the plain, above the caves 
 of Ellora, there is a block of jaspar, four feet 
 square, which may be an antediluvian relic. We 
 may mention our belief that a tower formerly 
 existed, protecting the supply of water for the 
 Caves. We found near the waterfall, close to the 
 Indra Subha Caves, two burnt burnt bricks of the 
 Egyptian size, viz., sixteen inches by eight, and 
 four and a half, just a weight sufficient for a 
 
103 
 
 strong man to carry up an inclined plane scaf- 
 folding. 
 
 If this should meet the eye of any Officers, at 
 present stationed at Aurungabad, we would be 
 very glad to have one of these bricks of the olden 
 time sent to us ; particularly one that has any 
 mark on it. 
 
 Fifthly. Bruce expresses astonishment at the 
 caves made by the early Cushites ; he says " the 
 " Cushites, with unparalleled industry, and with 
 " instruments utterly unknown to us, formed 
 " themselves commodious, yet wonderful habi- 
 tations, in the heart of mountains of granite 
 " and marble, which remain entire in great 
 " numbers to this day." 
 
 Bruce adds, they (the Cushites) extended along 
 the mountains, and, in the days of Abraham, 
 built Axum, and afterwards Merowe, the better to 
 enable them to pursue astronomical observations, 
 but they still held ready their caves and refuge 
 heights ; even after they had built Thebes. Bruce 
 declares they still retained dread of a renewed 
 deluge, more particularly, as in Ethiopia, a 
 partial flood had renewed their alarm. 
 
 Bruce notes that the Chronicle of Axum gives 
 5500 years between the Creation of the World 
 and the Birth of Christ ; that 1808 years, B.C., 
 
104 
 
 the empire of Abyssinia, or Ethiopia, received 
 its first inhabitants. 
 
 The people of Meroee appear to have had great 
 commercial transactions with the East, Diodorus 
 Siculus relates that native traditions reported that 
 the worship of Ammon and Osiris originated at 
 Meroe ; and that Arts and Sciences thence 
 descended into Egypt. Kitto says, " one great 
 " cause of the early prosperity and grandeur of 
 " Ethiopia, was the carrying trade of which it was 
 " the centre, between India and Arabia on the one 
 "hand, and the interior of Africa, and especially 
 " Egypt, on the other." The remarkable carriers 
 called in the East, Binjarrahs, may, we think, be 
 descended from the shepherd Cushites, who 
 occupied Beja, from Massuah to Suakem, also 
 Atbara, now called Meroee. 
 
 The Caves of Ellora have remained after the 
 old city of Subha, Bhudravuntee or Unasnugger, 
 which we have mentioned at p. 81, has dwindled 
 down into the modern Mahomedan town of 
 Eowzah (or Paradise) built from the ruins of the 
 old city. 
 
 This city is remarkable First, for its religious 
 associations. The elevated Plateau, called now 
 Myesmallah, formerly Siadree, and Omawend, was 
 evidently an Arkite Plateau, it has mounds of 
 
105 
 
 ruins on it, and is annually resorted to by the 
 Bhyds, a class who pretend to dig for medicinal 
 roots but in reality search the old mounds. 
 
 Secondly. For the vast extent of its water 
 supply. The small river which runs from the 
 Siadree Plateau, supplied all the Caves abun- 
 dantly ; and was, we think, protected, as we have 
 stated, by a tower. 
 
 The city was supplied by means of eight suc- 
 cessive mountain reservoirs feeding a central 
 reservoir, having fifty ranges of cut stone steps, 
 like the Naumatia of Patnea in Idumea, only 
 larger it is now called Purree Talao, or fairy tank. 
 
 The Dowlelabad and Phoolmurry Ghauts are 
 paved with stones (reversed) from this old city, 
 many of them blocks of black marble, we often 
 wished to have turned them over, to ascertain 
 whether any inscriptions were below, but the 
 Mahomedan government were very jealous of 
 interference, and we received an order to remove 
 a pleasure boat we had established on a sheet of 
 water, which fills the ditch of the fortress when 
 requisite. 
 
 But what gives the greater interest to this old 
 city, is, that tradition universally affirms, that 
 Bilkeis went to visit Solomon from this particular 
 city, which had great commercial intercourse 
 
106 
 
 from its port of Oopara, or Supara, with Ezion- 
 geber and the Ked Sea ports. Captain George 
 Sydenham, when resident at Hydrabad, knew of 
 this tradition, but the Khoran specifies a place in 
 Arabia, therefore Mahomedan prejudices thwarted 
 exposition of the truth. We have in our pos- 
 session letters from two learned natives of the 
 Court of Hydrabad, stating that they had seen 
 mention of the tradition in a Persian work ; and 
 it is not likely she went from Arabia, the fleets of 
 Solomon were further south. 
 In Plate No. xii., we give from our Museum 
 
 No. 1. A Paramoudra (Parabhudra ?] or Pot Stone, 
 from Norwick, Norfolk, having something 
 the appearance of the front half of a sheep, 
 the limbs broken off. 
 
107 
 
 XIII. MAN ANTEDILUVIAN, AND POSTDILUVIAN. 
 
 ANTEDILUVIAN. 
 
 WE have only glimpses of a vision given us of 
 Antediluvian Men. Solomon observes, when de- 
 scribing wisdom, " When God prepared the heavens, 
 "I was there ; when he set a compass upon the face 
 " of the depth, then I was by him, rejoicing in the 
 " habitable part of his earth, and my delights were 
 (( with the sons of men," which Bishop Patrick 
 explains, " Beholding them made in the image of 
 God, capable of holding converse." 
 
 The only specific announcement of the Time of 
 the creation of Man, in the Bible, is the following; 
 "And God said, let us make man in our image 
 " after our likeness, and let them have dominion 
 " over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the 
 " air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, 
 "and over every thing that creepeth upon the 
 "earth." 
 
 And the evening and the morning were the 
 sixth day. Gen. chap. 1. 
 
 In the second chapter of Genesis, the creation 
 
108 
 
 is somewhat differently described, but Man seems 
 in both narratives to have been created as early as 
 beasts of the field ; " And out of the ground the 
 "Lord God formed every beast of the field, and 
 " every fowl of the air, and brought them to 
 " Adam, to see what he would call them, and what- 
 "soever Adam called every living creature, that was 
 "the name thereof." Now there was " Wisdom" 
 in creating Man- at the same time as the beasts, 
 he was to retain dominion over, for otherwise they 
 would have increased, so as to render his "do- 
 minion" impossible ; and in fact we find that Man, 
 as it was, failed to maintain dominion ; gigantic 
 beasts increasing in size and numbers, so as to 
 require the Flood to destroy them. 
 
 Geologists have erected on "a primary rock 
 Base" a vast superstructure, which militates 
 against the supposition that the present garment 
 of the earth was entirely changed at the Deluge ; 
 but as it has been proved that even their Base is 
 " Metamorphic," it is to be hoped that many right 
 minded men will return to the true understanding 
 accordant to Scripture. 
 
 It is not our intention to enter on the very 
 difficult question of unity of species, we know 
 that Wisdom guided all creation ; the view taken 
 by Sir William Holland, Bart., MJX (in his essays 
 
109 
 
 on scientific and other subjects) seems to us 
 judicious. 
 
 " An original act of creation in Time, and under 
 " design, being assumed in every Hypothesis, the 
 " conception of any primordial unity, capable of 
 " evolving and multiplying itself into all the 
 " actual forms of life, is infinitely more difficult 
 "than that of many distinct primitive forms, 
 " brought into simultaneous or successive ex- 
 istence by one designing and creating power." 
 
 Wisdom would dictate distinct Fauna, Flora, 
 accordant with clime ; the minute Diocercea- 
 nivalis would not thrive in the tropics ; nor the 
 white ant in the polar snows. 
 
 When Cain, the murderer, was banished to the 
 East, " The Lord set a mark upon Gain, lest any 
 finding him should kill him;" and Cain went out 
 from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the land 
 of Nod, on the East of Eden : again ; and he 
 builded a city, and called the name of the city 
 after the name of his son Enoch ; the term used 
 for "city" may signify a cave, and we know that 
 caves were places of defence in early ages. 
 
 In chapter v. of Genesis, the genealogy of 
 Adam's third son Seth is given ; concluding with 
 " And Noah was five hundred years old, and Noah 
 legal Shem, Ham, and Japheth." 
 
110 
 
 No further notice seems to be taken of banished 
 Cain, except that when men began to multiply on 
 the face of the earth, and daughters were born 
 unto them, the sons of God (of the line of Seth) 
 saw the daughters of men (of the line of Cain) 
 and took wives of all which they chose, Hence 
 apparently rose up a mixed race, giants in in- 
 iquity ; for " God saw that the ivickedness of man 
 was great in the earth." Noah was warned to 
 prepare the Ark ; he appears during many years 
 to have warned and preached. 
 
 The Hebrew record gives no account of other 
 righteous men taking advantage of the warning ; 
 but this seems in accord with the restriction of 
 the narrative to what concerned the chosen race ; 
 Moses does not mention when Ham was born, nor 
 when his three eldest sons left the house of Noah; 
 they apparently were not present when the curse 
 fell on the youngest son, and yet we find Nimrod, 
 son of Gush, the leader apparently at Babel. 
 
 But we know that " Wisdom" attended all 
 proceedings dictated by the Almighty ; Noah was 
 directed to warn and preach, and did so for many 
 years, whilst the Ark was preparing ; every nation, 
 as Humboldt informs us, has its own peculiar 
 sacred mountain, we find in every part of the 
 world scarped plateaus and refuge heights ; it is 
 
Ill 
 
 not unreasonable to suppose that good results 
 would follow what had been expressly ordered by the 
 Almighty, we confess our belief that those righteous 
 men in distant parts who had faith in the 
 preaching of Noah, may have prepared their Arks 
 and saved their houses, as universal tradition 
 seems to testify. The earth would thus be reno- 
 vated, and the giants in wickedness in all parts 
 of the world, both man and beast, be destroyed ; 
 whether like the carnivorous elephant on the 
 Andes, or like the multitudinous creatures whose 
 bones are commingled on the slopes of the 
 Himalayas. Josephus must have believed what 
 Hesticeus wrote (see page 68), and he himself 
 alludes to others besides the sons of Noah (see 
 page 67), who would not descend at first from the 
 higher places. 
 
 Kesults in all parts of the world seem to require 
 that the preaching of Noah should have caused 
 separation of righteous men having Faith from 
 the wicked, who refused to take the warning. 
 
 It will be found on enquiry that almost every 
 nation have a name for the particular hill or 
 plateau on which their Noah was saved. 
 
 The Hindoos call their Ararat, Nau-bandha, 
 ship-fastener ; the Cashmeerians have their moun- 
 tain similarly designated. Kotzebue tells us the 
 
112 
 
 Kamscatkans have their lofty refuge mountain on 
 which Kutka (Noah) descended. 
 
 Humboldt says the Tamanacks of America call 
 their Ararat " Tamanuca," and observes, " A few 
 " leagues from Encamarada, a rock called Teper- 
 " merme (or the painted rock) rises in the midst 
 " of a savannah, and displays resemblances of 
 " animals and symbolic figures ; these hieroglyphic 
 " figures are often placed at great heights on the 
 " walls of rocks that could be accessible only by 
 "constructing very lofty scaffolds. When the 
 " natives are asked how these figures could have 
 "been sculptured, they answer with a smile (as 
 " relating a fact of which a stranger, a white man 
 "only, could be ignorant), that at the period of 
 "the great waters, their fathers were forced to 
 " have recourse to their boats, to escape the 
 " general inundation ; and this belief prevails 
 " among the tribes of the upper Oronooko ; " we 
 copy the above from the Cyclopaedia of Biblical 
 Geography, just published. 
 
 The Mexican Xelpua had his refuge mountain 
 named Tlaloe ; the raft of Coxcox and his wife 
 consisted of the trunk of a tree, the Ahakuete or 
 Cupressus-disticha, as represented on the rock 
 paintings. Some American tribes, such as the 
 Guancas, of the vale of Xausea, and the natives 
 of Chiquito, had caves as their refuge places. 
 
113 
 
 The Brazilians had high mountains. The tribes 
 of North America have traditions that some per- 
 sons were saved " on high mountains, in barks, 
 and on rafts." Sir Alexander Mackenzie (we copy 
 from the Cyclopaedia) tells us that " the Chip- 
 "pewyams describe a Deluge when the waters 
 " spread over the whole earth, except the highest 
 " mountains, on the tops of which they preserved 
 "themselves." 
 
 The Ararat of the Polynesian Islands is called 
 Mouna-kea, as Mr. Ellis was informed at Hawaii ; 
 that of the Sandwich Islands, Mouna-roah ; per- 
 haps both having reference to Mahi Nou. 
 
 At Otaheite, the place of descent was near 
 Tiataepua. In the Leeward Islands, Toomarama 
 was the refuge island. 
 
 In fact, all nations (even distant American 
 tribes) recognize the Deluge, and have their chosen 
 righteous men saved, to renovate the earth. We 
 firmly believe all that the Hebrew inspired writer 
 tells us, having reference to his own particular 
 people ; but we must be allowed to consider that 
 others may have been saved, consequent on the 
 reiterated warnings by express command of God 
 during many years before the actual occurrence of 
 the Flood. 
 
114 
 
 POSTDILUVIAN MEN. 
 
 Of postdiluvian men prior to Abraham, little 
 is known ; the sons of Cush, son of Ham, seem 
 first to have made a name ; we find it recorded, 
 " And Cush begat Nimrod : he began to be a mighty 
 one in the earth. He was a mighty hunter before 
 the Lord : wherefore it is said, even as Nimrod, the 
 mighty hunter before the Lord. And the beginning 
 of his Icing dom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, 
 and Galneh, in the land of Shinar. Out of that 
 land went forth Ashur, and builded Nineveh, and 
 the city of Rehoboth, and Galah, and Resen, between 
 Nineveh and Galah: the same is a great city" 
 
 Very interesting information, regarding the 
 early races of men who built the older cities of the 
 postdiluvian world, may be expected in a forth- 
 coming work by Sir Henry Eawlinson. 
 
 We will not therefore pursue the subject further, 
 at present. 
 
 We give a few more flint fossils, being anxious 
 to establish the fact that all kinds of animals may 
 have had their outward forms preserved, by reason 
 of the indestructible nature of their skins ; and 
 fruits by their peel or coating; as mollusks by 
 their shells. 
 
115 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 No. 1. A Parabhudra, or pot stone, from Norwich, 
 Norfolk, perhaps a Phoca, or Seal. 
 
 2. A Sea Anemone, in flint, from Bembridge, Isle 
 
 of Wight. 
 
 3. A group of Reptiles, from the Chalk. 
 
 4. A group of pieces of Metal, like Tabasheer, 
 
 taken from the inside of some cylindrical 
 potstones at Norwich, which seemed like 
 gigantic bamboos. 
 
 5. Specimen of the cylindrical internal nucleus of 
 
 these Bamboos, like Paraboodras ; it is the 
 same as that alluded to by Sir C. Lyell, in 
 Manual, p. 245. 
 
 6. An Antediluvian Toad, from under the Hog's 
 
 Back, Guildford. 
 
116 
 
 XIV. PROOFS THAT THE DELUGE WAS 
 (TERRITORIALLY) GENERAL. 
 
 WHEN Bishop Colenso based his calculations on 
 bare and barren plains, and ridges of sand and 
 rocks, as now seen, instead of on ' mattock cul- 
 tivated terraces and fertile lands, irrigated by 
 muddy brooks and streams," as described in the 
 Bible, we felt assured that men of sense would not 
 be wanting to reassure their Christian neighbours ; 
 and when we read the melancholy confession of 
 the Bishop's withdrawal of belief (detailed at page 
 viii. Preface, part 1, on the Pentateuch) on account 
 of volcanic ashes, remaining undisturbed in Au- 
 vergne, we considered that Geologists, having 
 found their " primary rocks " a metamorphic base, 
 might gracefully modify some of their annunci- 
 ations, so as to reassure those whose faith has 
 been shaken. 
 
 But instead of this, we find a very influential 
 Biblical Dictionary, published under strong Geo- 
 logical guidance, denying the general Deluge (see 
 
117 
 
 pages 88 and 90 of this work for extracts), and 
 asserting belief that " no universal Deluge ever 
 occurred," this, as we confess, alarmed us much ; 
 and caused us to go to considerable trouble and 
 expense, in hope to make our belief firm, and 
 reassure others. 
 
 A partial Deluge, such as that described (the 
 valley of the Euphrates submerged !) instead of 
 renovating the earth, would have destroyed alone 
 the descendants of Seth, and left those of Cain, 
 the giants in wickedness, untouched ; whereas di- 
 luvial indications are especially abundant in the 
 East, as well on the slopes of the high mountains, 
 as in the depths of valleys (see pages 30 and 60). 
 
 Cities in the East are named consequent on 
 their fossil strata, for example, Eakush-bowen, on 
 the Godavery, whence we brought the specimen of 
 fossil matrix, No. 17, plate vii. 
 
 A partial Deluge is the exploded theory of 
 Vessius and Coetlogen ; even Bishop Colenso 
 indignantly rejects it ; observing " such attempts 
 " have ever seemed to me to be made in the very 
 "teeth (sic) of Scripture statements" (p. viii., 
 Preface, part 1). 
 
 Coal has been deposited and sealed up in every 
 portion of the Globe ; not that there could have 
 been any exclusive " carbonaceous period ;" chalk 
 
118 
 
 is now forming, and has been so at all times. Any 
 sponge of commerce, if cut open, will shew chalk 
 within it, as does that given (15, plate 10), but 
 we cannot understand any exclusive " cretaceous 
 period;' 9 porous rocks are constantly having the 
 pores filled up, so as to look like primary rocks ; 
 but we do not find fossils being hermetically 
 sealed up and preserved. 
 
 Eestriction of Time, other than authorized by 
 the Bible, we hope and trust may be withdrawn 
 by quiet discontinuance of marginal chronological 
 notes ; and then we may expect to find right 
 minded scientific men withdrawing assertions 
 made consequent on "incompatibility of Time" 
 as Ainsworth expressed it. 
 
 There is, in reality, no incompatibility of Time, 
 if the text of the Bible is conformed to ; if Time 
 would come out correct from the unconnected 
 geneology of the " Book of the Generations of 
 Adam " (unexplained by subsequent chapters of 
 the Bible), by the same rule " The Boole of the 
 Generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the 
 son of Abraham," would only indicate two cen- 
 turies. 
 
 But in like manner as the specification of 
 dynasties and periods in subsequent chapters of 
 the Bible fully explains vast lapse of Time, the 
 
119 
 
 subsequent detailed geneology of Abraham in the 
 New Testament, shews that we should err if we 
 supposed (from the first verse of the New Test- 
 ament) that our Saviour really was the " son of 
 David, the son of Abraham." 
 
 Both Job and Moses warn us against undue 
 restriction of Time, and so does the Psalmist. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 Nos. 1 & 2 are Vertebrae of some gigantic, probably 
 cetaceous creature ; they are from the 
 chalk of Norwich, Norfolk, and are 
 there called " Potstones." 
 3 A group of Fish, from the chalk of Guild- 
 ford ; but they have not shown well in 
 the photograph. 
 
 W. Stent, Printer, Stationer, <fc., 32, High Street, Guildford. 
 
121 
 
 XVI BIMANAN INDICATIONS, AND MODIFICATION OF 
 THE TRANSMUTATION THEORY. 
 
 IN this, our second volume, we continue to rely 
 more on Facts and Fossils than on any arguments 
 we might adduce from Scilla, Scheuchzer, White- 
 hurst, Wallerius, Harcourt, Holdsworth or the 
 enlightened founder of the professorship at Cam- 
 bridge ; all of whom have advocated the Biblical 
 Noachian Deluge. 
 
 We keep to this resolve, the more from ob- 
 serving that the lecturer at Cambridge on the 
 26th October, 1866, pronounced the theory of the 
 founder "most wild and irrational; it amounted," 
 said the professor, "to this, that at the Deluge the 
 whole Earth" (we copy from the Geologist of 
 January, 1867) "was melted down into a sort of 
 " ' Irish Stirabout,' 1 but that at the same time, by 
 " some inexplicable, unaccountable contrivance, all 
 "fossils, even the minutest, were preserved from 
 " general destruction and handed down to us. 
 " Such a theory," said the professor, "it was 
 
122 
 
 " impossible for a man to lecture upon who had 
 " anything like a conscience." 
 
 Notwithstanding this malediction, we adhere to 
 the "Founder's" theory as far as authorized by 
 the Kecord of Moses, confirmed as we conceive 
 by the testimony of the Eocks ; we do not find 
 any allusion to "melted down" and we cannot 
 imagine how fossils could have been so well pre- 
 served as by by being hermetically sealed up by 
 diluvial waves. We do not find fossils now form- 
 ing, or very rarely ; never rolled and massed to- 
 gether, marine and fresh water organisms, as 
 detailed in Part III. of our first volume. 
 
 In accordance with our promise we adduce some 
 fossils which we consider to be Bimanan skulls 
 silicified. Nos. ], 2, and 3 were obtained from 
 the Guildford Chalk-pit under the Hog's Back, in 
 course of blasting solid undisturbed chalk, and 
 within an area of about the size and shape of a 
 large canoe or boat ; within which space were also 
 found the two pieces of petrified wood, Nos. 3 and 
 4 of plate vi., also the sandal embroidered foot, 
 No. 10, plate ii. B, which we give again as No. 4, 
 plate xv., with the sandal marks better defined. 
 
 The three-headed snake idol, No. 2, plate vi., 
 was found in the same pit; it has pieces of marine 
 
123 
 
 shells adhering to it, as indeed is the case with 
 No. 2, the fossil skull in plate xv. 
 
 Sandal marks are apparent on the foot of the 
 child given as No. 12, plate ii. B. Eastern cus- 
 toms do not permit sandals or shoes to be worn in 
 doors ; priests put them off when administering, 
 as did Moses at the bush, and Lord Bute (recently) 
 on entering the Mosque at Hebron. The wearers 
 of these sandals could not have been at home ; 
 they may have been attempting to escape the 
 flood. 
 
 Advocating a modification of the transmutation 
 system of Darwin, fully admitting that species 
 have been permitted modification by natural 
 selection and by local circumstances to a very 
 great extent, we yet revolt at the idea being ex- 
 tended further than perhaps the talented author 
 himself intended ; we cling to the Biblical decla- 
 ration " God created man in his own image, in 
 the image of God created he man 9 male and female 
 created he them." 
 
 We note, however, that " When men began to 
 multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters 
 were born unto them, the sons of God saw the 
 daughters of men that they were fair, and they 
 took them wives of all which they chose." But 
 we also find it emphatically recorded that this 
 
124 
 
 mode of selection was entirely against the will of 
 the Almighty, the result being the Deluge and 
 renovation of the earth by the destruction of all 
 such "giants" in wickedness, whether men or 
 beasts ; after which we do not find much ten- 
 dency to transmutation to gigantic forms, but 
 rather a salutary tendency to medium progeny, 
 a beneficial diversity of tastes and ideas, con- 
 servative of suitable selection, and manifest mani- 
 fold preventatives to incongruous transmutation. 
 
 We have the high authority of Sir Charles 
 Lyell (page 415, Antiquity of Man), that "in 
 " the eyes of most naturalists, the structure of 
 " the embryo is even more important in classi- 
 fication than that of the adult." Our specimens 
 of course only show outward form and feature. 
 
 We give No. 5, plate xv. as one of the embryos 
 we are collecting in the hope to prevent the theory 
 of transmutation extending to man; we entirely 
 agree with Judge Ardmillan : " There could be 
 " no brotherhood of Man if it was to include the 
 " baboon and gorilla/' 
 
 No. 6 shows the outward form of an antedi- 
 luvian monkey, quite as different from that of 
 man as at present; it is from the chalk of 
 Guildford. 
 
 The Koph or Kapi is delineated on very old 
 
125 
 
 Egyptian monuments, without any approximation 
 to the form of man or association with him. We 
 do not find that they have ever participated in the 
 faculty of speech, or attained to any of the human 
 attributes ; though the bones of their hind paws 
 may have some resemblance to those of the feet of 
 man, yet they walk not erect any more than a 
 bear does occasionally ; they are in fact, arboreal. 
 We cannot admit them to brotherhood, we repu- 
 diate the idea. We believe with Sir Charles Lyell 
 and Professor Phillips that " species have a real 
 " existence in nature, and that each was en- 
 " dowed at the time of its creation with the 
 " attributes and organisms by which it is now 
 " distinguished," modified no doubt in some de- 
 gree as described by Darwin. 
 
 It is supposed by the author of the transmuta- 
 tion theory, that if the record of life in the fossili- 
 ferous strata were complete, those changes which 
 now appear interrupted and sudden would be found 
 to have been continuous ; but that we have only 
 fragments. Truth will be best eliminated by re- 
 cognition of the silicifying process, and testing 
 whether geologists have not carried the sponge 
 and amorphozoa system to too great an extent. 
 
 We believe that by a most admirable arrange- 
 ment of the great regulator of the Universe, all 
 
126 
 
 antediluvian organisms have been deprived of 
 their phosphates ; but their outward forms have 
 been retained, and that cumulative evidence 
 against the transmutation system extending to 
 man, may be found in the fossils of the present 
 garment of the earth. 
 
 At page 46 we have alluded to an ancient 
 figure of Gunnees found on the Merowe Downs, 
 near Guildford, and to the probability that inter- 
 course existed in former ages between the Arian 
 races of the East and of the West. Professor 
 Phillips (in his Life on the Earth, page 19) 
 observes, " The late Dr. Eoyle long since called 
 " attention to this remarkable fact (similarity of 
 " plants and birds in the East and West), and 
 " Dr. Hookej has recently stated that no less than 
 " 222 species of * British' plants extend to India, 
 " and oblige us to look to a common origin for 
 " the species found in both these regions, and to 
 " seek for causes no longer in operation for their 
 " distribution over so extended an area. It is re- 
 "markable that these 222 species include no less 
 " than 154 genera." The professor continues 
 " Among them are the plants which flower in 
 " fields and meadows, in woods and wastes, in 
 " marshes and in water ; trees and herbs, climbers 
 " and parasites, reproduce before us the familiar 
 
127 
 
 " aspect of European vegetation. The water 
 " plants include ranunculus-aquatilis, nymphcea- 
 " alba, myriophyllum-verticilatum, hippuris vul- 
 " garis, alisma plantago, sagittaria sagittafolia, 
 " butomus umbellatus, acorus calamus, and seve- 
 " ral species of potamogeton." 
 
 " Another inferance from such facts" (observes 
 Professor Phillips), " is of equal importance. The 
 " species of plants thus shewn to be identical in 
 " the regions of the Himalaya and the islands of 
 " the West, have retained their characters during 
 " all the time of the existence of each race ; these 
 " characters have survived the chances of long 
 " emigration, have traversed large tracts without 
 " hybridism, and have been subject to various 
 61 physical influences without suffering any sen- 
 " sible change. Kanunculus aquatilis in India 
 " and Britain, everywhere retains the little nec- 
 "tary at the base of each petal to mark the 
 "genus, still spreads its white blossoms on the 
 " water, and extends its filmy leaves beneath. 
 " Still ranunculus lingua distinguishes itself by 
 " its leaves, and ranunculus arvensis by its prickly 
 " seeds." 
 
 So that if transmutation does really cause 
 alterations, the advocates of the system seem 
 
128 
 
 justified in asking for millions of years as requi- 
 site for the supposed changes. 
 
 With reference to this recorded identity of 
 plants and birds, it may be interesting to men- 
 tion that the white liorse has from time imme- 
 morial been in the East, as in the West, an 
 emblem of dominion, in particular of spiritual 
 conquest. 
 
 Allusion to a white horse is made in Be vela - 
 tions, chapter vi. 2. "And I saw, and behold a 
 " white horse ; and he that sat on him had a bow ; 
 " and a crown was given unto him : and he went 
 " forth conquering, and to conquer." 
 
 Conquerors in the East, as an emblem of vic- 
 tory and spiritual dominion, used in former ages 
 to turn loose one or more white horses ; they had 
 free pasture. The act of molesting or carrying 
 them off, was equivalent to a declaration of war. 
 
 The White Horse of Berkshire, in England, has 
 been described by T. Hughes, Esq., M.P., and 
 by Dr. Buckland ; the eye of the horse was four 
 feet across, and its length, including its tail, one 
 hundred and seventy yards ; it was periodically 
 "scoured," that is to say, the trenches giving the 
 lines of indications, were renewed and chalk added 
 where requisite. 
 
 There is another representation on the Ham- 
 
129 
 
 bleton Hills in Yorkshire, of the " White Horse," 
 and it would appear that the Komans had a 
 similar practice, as Julius Caesar on passing the 
 Rubicon, let loose white horses. 
 
 This noble animal, the horse, has from the 
 earliest ages been subject to the service of man. 
 It is probable before the flood men had both 
 horses and elephants in subjection. We have 
 mentioned at page 31, that a fossil human skull 
 was found close to the Mammoth of the Godavery ; 
 several specimens of equine teeth were in the 
 same matrix. Fossil remains of the horse have 
 been found in Europe, Asia, and in North and 
 South America ; but with the mastodon, the me- 
 gatherium, the mylodon and other giant creatures, 
 the indiginous equus seems to have been destroyed 
 at the deluge. The present horse was supplied 
 by postdiluvian men. 
 
 We were very much struck on our visit to the 
 caves of Adjuntah, in India, with the elegant 
 black leather bridles and trappings of the horses 
 delineated in those caves ; the Assyrian sculptures 
 in the British Museum, also show that the Assy- 
 rians had bits and bridles and trappings for their 
 horses, perhaps more gorgeous than those at 
 present in use. 
 
 As far, therefore, as we can trace back man, we 
 
130 
 
 do not find any affinity to the quadrumanan 
 species, either in appearance or appliances. 
 
 If we trace back shells, (the brachiopoda, for 
 example), four genera, rhynconella, crania, dis- 
 cina, and lingula are persistent through the so 
 termed silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian 
 Jurassic, cretaceous, tertiary and recent periods 
 still retaining in the existing seas the identical 
 shape and character which they exhibited in the 
 earliest formations ; no transmutation can be de- 
 tected, and yet, according to the calculations of 
 those who advocate the Darwinian theory, mil- 
 lions of years must have elapsed. According to 
 the Woodwardian theory, and the biblical record 
 which we advocate, they may all have been de- 
 posited and hermetically sealed up during the 
 eleven months of diluvian redistribution. This, 
 we must admit, is contrary to the doctrine of Sir 
 Charles Lyell, who writes "No geologist will 
 deny that the distance of time which separates 
 some of the eras (above alluded to), or the dates 
 of the earliest and latest appearances of some of 
 the fossils above mentioned, must be reckoned by 
 millions of years ;" nevertheless, this great geolo- 
 gist by no means recognizes (to any undue extent) 
 the Darwinian theory, (see Antiquity of Man, 
 pages 427 to 429.) 
 
131 
 
 Sir Charles very truly observes : " The ques- 
 " tion now at issue, whether the living species are 
 " connected with the extinct by a common bond, 
 " will best be cleared up by devoting ourselves to 
 " the study of the actual state of the living world, 
 " and to those monuments of the past in which 
 " the relics of the animate creation of former ages 
 " are best preserved and least mutilated by the 
 " hand of time." (Page 470, Antiquity of Man.) 
 
 We cannot believe that any preservation of 
 fossils can have been equal to that of submerge- 
 ment at the Deluge. 
 
 If we observe the transmutation of the works 
 of nature, they are in reality merely temporary 
 transformations. Water by heat is changed into 
 vapour ; by cold into ice. The rays of the sun 
 produced carbon in the olden times, which (her- 
 metically sealed up at the deluge), is now being 
 restored to the atmosphere, being burnt as coal, 
 and will again be stored up as carbon for future 
 generations. 
 
 Fermentation causes bodies to rarify into va- 
 rious kinds of air ; dead bodies give out by putre- 
 faction their carbonates and sulphates for future 
 use ; their skins resisting, (under certain circum- 
 stances), decomposition, are silicified, hence our 
 flint fossils. 
 
132 
 
 Alchymists of old could transmute, apparently, 
 cinnabar into silver, producing from the crucible 
 the same number of grains as put into the cru- 
 cible ; but if pressed, the bubbles would burst and 
 resolve into the former relative proportions. 
 
 The Cylinder of Appappa, of the 6th Dynasty 
 of Egypt, in the British Museum, is the oldest 
 known metal ; it is copper, transmuted into bronze 
 by admixture of tin and zinc in certain suitable 
 proportions. 
 
 Tubal Cain is supposed to have been a trans- 
 muter of metals before the Flood, but it was 
 metaphorically speaking ; we believe the ante- 
 diluvians did know how to transfuse soft copper 
 into hard tools capable of cutting granite and 
 porphyry, by due admixture of other metals ; and 
 that probably some of the knowledge which has 
 in the East been handed down, has not even yet 
 been recognized in the West ; for example, a 
 blacksmith in India contrives to transfuse silex 
 into his chissels or other tools from chopped straw 
 mixed with his wood or coal fuel. 
 
 Plate XV. comprises the following : 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, and 8. Three Bimanan Heads. 
 No. 4. Sandalled Foot. 
 
 ,, 5. Bimanan embryo. 
 
 ,, 6. An Antediluvian Monkey. 
 
133 
 
 XVI. THE UNIVERSE AND ORBS OF HEAVEN. 
 
 "ORDER is HEAVEN'S FIRST LAW." When we 
 observe the wonderful precision with which the 
 celestial orbs perform their courses, each bright 
 star, a sun to other planets, greater than our 
 terrestrial globe, each stedfast in the course pre- 
 scribed by will supreme ; when we recognize that 
 the seasons in succession renovate all nature, 
 joyous spring following winter, giving hopes of 
 summer flowers and autumn fruits, we cannot 
 but acknowledge that harmony pervades all God's 
 works, and surmise that the larger orbs are occu- 
 pied by creatures more intellectual than ourselves, 
 that they are mansions preparing and prepared 
 for those deserving a better world. 
 
 Little do we understand the mutual aid by 
 attraction and repulsion the several spheres afford 
 each other. Tides pervade the several atmospheres 
 influencing all nature. The atmospheric air of our 
 earth, as the Eev. J. G. Wood declares "is an 
 " aerial ocean having waves, whirlpools, calms and 
 " storms, although our eyes are too dull to per- 
 ceive them. 
 
134 
 
 We are much gratified to find that Sir David 
 Brewster has emphatically recorded : " We are 
 not entitled to maintain as a demonstrated truth, 
 upon which we can found extravagant speculation, 
 that the ancient earth was under the sole dominion 
 of the brutes that perish." This eminent philoso- 
 pher further (at page 60, " More Worlds than 
 One,") observes : "The astronomers of the present 
 day have penetrated far into the celestial depths, 
 compared with those of the preceding age; descrying 
 in the remotest space glorious creations, and es- 
 tablishiny mighty laws. Like them, may not geolo- 
 gists descend deeper into the abyss beneath, and 
 discover in caverns yet unexplored the upheaved 
 cemeteries of primordeal times ? The earth has 
 yet to surrender its strongholds of gigantic secrets, 
 and startling revelations are yet to be read on 
 sepulchres of stone" We envy not the man who 
 can believe the mansions of the redeemed had 
 expansion only seven thousand years ago ; the 
 Bible makes no such limit. Job emphatically 
 wrote : " We are but of yesterday, and know 
 nothing." Evidences of design pervade all nature. 
 The earth is inhabited, why not the larger spheres ? 
 Physical equity suggests moral justice. May not 
 mortals be allowed and require further probation 
 in other orbs before admission to the higher 
 
135 
 
 grades of celestial abodes ? "In my Father's House 
 are many mansions ; I go to prepare a place for 
 you," said our Saviour. And what have become 
 of the billions of millions of descendants of Adam 
 before the flood ? Our terrestrial globe is but a 
 small orb as compared with other planets ; for 
 example, Jupiter is thirteen hundred times larger 
 than the Earth ; is it credible that so grand a 
 planet could be subordinate to this small globe, 
 on which Adamic man passed his first proba- 
 tionary trial ? Is not the relative size of Jupiter 
 rather proof (as Sir David Brewster has well ob- 
 served) "that it must have been made for some 
 grand and useful purpose ; to be the seat of 
 animal and intellectual life." 
 
 Is it probable that the Almighty would require 
 millions of years to prepare the orbs for residence 
 of intellectual beings ? " Man does not spend a 
 thousand years," (observes Sir David) in building 
 and furnishing a house only to be occupied for 
 a year." Mankind actually alive at the present 
 time on this small globe, are obliged to emigrate 
 for want of space, how should there be room for 
 renewed residence of the billions of millions of 
 intellectual beings who have lived and died on it ? 
 Their future abode must surely be the the larger 
 celestial orbs of Heaven for those deserving, other 
 
136 
 
 regions for those requiring punitory retrogression, 
 or as it is expressed in Scripture, " they that have 
 done good unto the resurrection of life, and they 
 that have done evil unto the resurrection of damna- 
 tion" or as we would rather hope, of future proba- 
 tion and reformation. Surely no man or woman 
 who says daily (( thy will be done in Earth as it is 
 in Heaven," can for a moment suppose that there 
 are not inhabitants in the important spheres 
 above celestial mansions or as St. Paul writes : 
 "An house not made with hands: eternal in the 
 Heavens" 
 
 We poor mortals on this globe know little or 
 nothing regarding the beings of other spheres. 
 Some ignore the Deluge, (so emphatically re- 
 vealed,) and yet every day and hour perhaps, 
 were it not for providential care, we might all 
 be destroyed a few more degrees of frost this 
 very month of January, 1867, (had the protective 
 mantle of snow been withheld), might have des- 
 troyed all plants, shrubs, and cereals; and yet, 
 had the frost not opportunely occurred, bread, our 
 staff of life, might have been made scarce, as 
 various coleoptera and brachyptera, (destructive 
 insects), had commenced attacking the young 
 wheat ; frost, modified by the snow, killed the 
 insects and larvaa the wheat has been preserved. 
 
137 
 
 On the night of the 22nd of the same month of 
 January, 1867, a bland south wind dissolved the 
 ice and snow ; how this was so opportunely 
 effected, we mortals (thus repeatedly benefitted), 
 know as little as did Job, when he asked "Dost 
 thou know the balancings of the clouds, the wondrous 
 works of Him that is perfect in knowledge ? How 
 thy garments are warm when he quieteth the earth 
 by the south wind." Or the Psalmist, when he 
 wrote " He caused the east wind to blow in the 
 Heavens, and by his power he brought in the south 
 wind." 
 
 When the Israelites were in distress for food, 
 
 "God rained down manna upon them to eat, and 
 
 gave them the corn of Heaven. Man did eat angel 9 s 
 
 food. He rained flesh upon them as dust, and 
 
 feathered fowl as the sand of the sea." 
 
 It is said by St. Paul, of our Saviour "For by 
 Him were all things created that are in Heaven and 
 that are in Earth, visible and invisible, whether 
 they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or 
 powers." We entirely agree with Sir David Brew- 
 ster, that " neither in the Old nor in the New 
 " Testament is there a single expression incom- 
 " patible with the great truth, that there are other 
 " worlds than our own which are the seats of life 
 " and intelligence." 
 
138 
 
 The portion of the universe comprising the 
 terrestrial atmosphere and the primeval forests 
 which have furnished our coal fields, were on 
 negative evidence supposed not to have been en- 
 livened by the songs, plumage, or flights of birds, 
 " anterior to the deposit of the oldest tertiaries" 
 until the discovery by Van Meyer, (the eminent 
 palaeontologist of Frankford) of a fossil "feather" 
 in the Solenhofen slate of Bavaria ; the feather 
 led to the discovery, in a slab of the same slate, 
 of a curious fossil creature having feathers it got 
 the name griphosaurus, afterwards archaeopteryx 
 lithographica it was obtained at considerable cost 
 for that noble institution the British Museum, 
 where it may be seen under the improved desig- 
 nation archaeopteryx-macrurus, having been veri- 
 fied as a bird, and described by Professor Owen. 
 This discovery appears to have created such very 
 great interest, that although in plates 2 and 5 a 
 number of birds from chalk and chalk drift are 
 given, another group are represented in plate xvi. 
 in the hope to aid in proving by affirmative evi- 
 dence, that birds were created even before the 
 beasts of the earth, that is to say on the "fifth 
 day." 
 
 Plate XVI. A Group of Birds in Flint. 
 
139 
 
 XVII. OEIGIN OF FLINT FOSSILS, AND 
 
 MODE OF SELECTION. 
 
 "ELISHA NOYCE," in his " Outlines of Creation," 
 (p. 77), thus quotes Dr Carpenter, " It may be 
 " stated as a fact, beyond all question, that nod- 
 " ular flint and other analogous concretions (such 
 " as agates) may generally be considered as fossil- 
 " ized sponges, or alcyonian zoophytes." Elimi- 
 nation of Truth and discovery of Antediluvian 
 Organisms requires the above to be modified, 
 hence our numerous photographs. 
 
 A noble Author has recently remarked, " There 
 is a brotherhood of error, as close as the brotherhood 
 of truth. Therefore, to accept as a truth, that which 
 is not a truth, or to fail in distinguishing the sense 
 in which a proposition may be true, from other 
 senses in which it is not true, is an evil having 
 consequences ivhich are indeed incalculable. There 
 are subjects in which one mistake of this kind, will 
 poison all the wells of truth, and affect with fatal 
 error, the whole circle of our thoughts." Keview in 
 
140 
 
 the Times, of 31st January, 1867, of the " Reign 
 of Law." 
 
 If this can be proved applicable to the Author 
 of this Brochure, he will frankly acknowledge his 
 error, and endeavour to believe that all his sup-, 
 posed fossil " Fruits," " Birds," "Fish," " Bep- 
 tiles," " Mammals," " Idols," &c., are mere 
 " Sponges or zoophytes," otherwise it would greatly 
 aid in elaborating truth, and disentombing ante- 
 diluvian fossils, if the restriction were withdrawn. 
 
 Dean Buckland did not recognize the exclusive 
 sponge theory, nor does Sir Charles Lyell (we 
 believe) ; but many geologists cling to the opinion 
 adduced in the " Outlines of Creation." 
 
 It may be asked, how account for the lines of 
 flint in the upper chalk ? our reply is, clay has 
 detained water (bearing silex) at those levels ; and 
 the organisms within its influence, have silicified ; 
 those intermediate (between the lines) retaining in 
 part or wholly, the calcareous state ; beds of coal 
 are formed consequent on retention of carbon by 
 seams of day. "It is to be specially noted 
 " (observes Jukes, p. 199, Manual of Geology), 
 " as regards the occurrence of coal, that it almost 
 " invariably rests on a fine argillaceous bed, often 
 "what is called fire clay." Those who have built 
 their habitations on a bed of clay (without suitable 
 
141 
 
 drainage), might thereby shorten their lives, from 
 living in a damp house ; and if buried within the 
 influence of water so detained, might in Time, be 
 fossilized. 
 
 With reference to the extract given at the 
 commencement of this article, it may be proper to 
 give Dr. Carpenter's reasons for restricting flints 
 to sponges and zoophytes ; he adds, " Since not 
 only are their external forms and their superficial 
 markings often highly characteristic of those or- 
 ganisms, but ivhen sections of them are made 
 sufficiently thin to be transparent, a spongy texture 
 may be most distinctly recognized in their interior." 
 
 In reply, we would adduce that silex forms on 
 Bamboos, and on growing wheat, being requisite 
 to admit of their retention of erect posture ; that 
 spicula of silex will be found in thin sections 
 made from them, that silica (in general) shoots 
 like needles ; that in the East it is collected from 
 trap rock cavities, in its efflorescent state, and 
 sold under the name " rnader-i-sung " (mother of 
 stone), for its supposed medicinal qualities. 
 
 Since plate xv. was photographed, another fossil 
 Bimanan foot has been found in the chalk of 
 Guildford, which is given in plate xvi., as No. 1 ; 
 we cannot conceive the possibility of its having 
 been a sponge ; two of the toes are unfortunately 
 
142 
 
 broken off ; it must have been rolled into its 
 position by diluvial waves, after dislocation from 
 the body, as no other portion could be found 
 within six feet in the mass of chalk, as would 
 have been the case, probably, had the body been 
 interred there ; we give a flint fossil found near 
 it, which has a reptilian appearance, it is marked 
 No. 2. 
 
 Those who persist in restricting the formation 
 of flint nodules to " sponges and zoophytes," will 
 have difficulty in explaining why sponges and 
 corals should have established themselves in hori- 
 zontal parallel lines in the upper chalk ; or as 
 chert, in limestone, as at Middleton Moor, in 
 Derbyshire ; almost all masses of limestone, as 
 truly observed by Jukes (Manual of Geology, p.p. 
 143-144), " have their flints or silicious concretions. 
 These are frequently called " Chert," as in the 
 carboniferous limestone where the nodules avid layers 
 of chert exactly resemble the flints in the chalk" 
 
 Even the tertiary limestones around Paris (adds 
 Mr. Jukes) have their flints, the Menilite of that 
 locality being nothing but a silicious concretion 
 found in the Calcaire St. Ouen, and possibly other 
 places. 
 
 Collectors of flint fossils should (before taking the 
 trouble to extricate from their cerement encasement 
 
143 
 
 what are supposed to have been living creatures) 
 ascertain that each specimen has at least three 
 organs distinctly denned ; if a bird has a beak, 
 they should not be satisfied unless it has one eye 
 at least well denned, and some other organ in its 
 proper place, then the more the difficulty in 
 getting the bird out of its coffin (chalk hardened 
 by decomposition of the flesh and bones), the 
 better will be the specimen. 
 
 When it is required to open flint specimens, it 
 should be done by steam ; the bird in plate 2, in 
 two pieces, was so opened ; its anal canal was 
 thereby disclosed, but no indication of food ; the 
 infusorian scavengers alone are found. 
 
 The Norwich pot stone, photographed as No. 1, 
 of plate 13, took a large quantity of boiling hot 
 water to open it, being solid ,* we give the two 
 pieces, marked A and B there are some curious 
 indications ; but it is proposed to open more, 
 before "coming to any conclusion what they are ; 
 when the fossils are hollow, boiling water, poured 
 inside, causes them to crack, without splintering. 
 
 One of the birds of the group in plate xvi., re- 
 sembling an owl, has been opened by steam ; we 
 give a view of the interior of its head, marked C, 
 in plate xvii., which will therefore contain 
 
 No. 1. Plate xvii. A fossil Bimanan foot, from the 
 chalk, Guildford. 
 
144 
 
 2. A reptilian fossil, found near the foot. 
 
 A and B. Two pieces, disclosing the inside 
 
 of No. 1, plate xiii. 
 
 C. The head and interior of one of the owls 
 of plate xvi. 
 
145 
 
 XVIII. FLINT TOOLS ABE FOUND WITH EXTINCT 
 
 ANIMALS, WHY NOT KEMAINS OF MAN AND HIS 
 
 WORKS ? 
 
 SIR DAVID BREWSTER considered that we have not 
 gone deep enough ; M. M. Boucher de Perthes 
 alleges that men can merely "scratch" the earth; 
 Sir Charles Lyell observes, " We must not forget 
 "that Dr. Schmerling, after finding extinct mani- 
 " malia and flint tools in forty-two Belgian caverns, 
 " was only rewarded by the discovery of human 
 " bones in three or four of those rich repositories 
 " of osseous remains," and Sir Charles adduces 
 the fact of the absence of human bones in the 
 lake of Haarlem, although naval fights had taken 
 place on it, and from thirty to forty thousand 
 people had lived on its banks, yet he had been 
 assured that search had been made in vain for 
 human bones (Antiquity of Man, p.p. 145, 147) 
 and adds, " A bone washed through a rent into a 
 " subterranean cavity, even though a rarer con- 
 
146 
 
 " tingency, may have a better chance of escaping 
 " destruction, especially if there be a stalactite 
 " dropping from the roof of the cave " (p. 149). 
 
 The above extracts tend to explain the improb- 
 ability of finding human bones other than those 
 suddenly submerged, and hermetically sealed up 
 at the Deluge ; and they, by a provident arrange- 
 ment, will have given out their phosphates, and 
 carbonates, displaced atom by atom by silicious 
 infiltration. 
 
 No. 1, of plate xviii., appears to be a human 
 bone so silicified ; it was picked up by a scientific 
 friend, on Mordon Hill, North Currie, near 
 Taunton, Somersetshire ; it has been water worn. 
 
 No. 2, is the under side of the silicified Bi- 
 manan foot, of which a view was given in plate xvii., 
 No. 1, shewing the upper side. 
 
 It appears probable that the flints hitherto 
 called Amorphozoa, may prove to be interesting 
 outer delineations of organisms, that lived during 
 the Antediluvian period, or were destroyed at the 
 Deluge ; if encouragement be given to miners and 
 quarry men to put aside carefully, for further 
 examination, all extraneous substances, it is prob- 
 able, that in Anthracosian and other stratifications 
 of the coal measures, silicified (or otherwise pre- 
 served) bones of men, worked pillars, carved 
 
147 
 
 wood, petrified and other indications of Antedi- 
 luvian Man, will be brought to light. 
 
 Masses of Anthracosia, allied to the mussel, 
 have been found in the Ince coal pit, near Preston, 
 (specimens of which we hope to give in another 
 plate) ; frogs and spiders have been found in the 
 coal measures; other creatures, including man, 
 must have lived when the coal was deposited for 
 the use of postdiluvian man, if, as we suppose, the 
 upper and middle coal measures are part of the 
 renewed garment of the earth. M. M. Foudel has 
 lately discovered in the Lehm of the valley of the 
 Ehine (which is stated to have the same strati- 
 graphical position as the Lehm of Alsace, forming 
 the upper part of the diluvial beds) "human 
 remains," intermingled with extinct creatures, 
 such as the Elephas, Bos, and a very large Stag. 
 
 The very fact that no indications of cities or 
 monuments before the Flood have been found, 
 appears strong proof of the general nature of the 
 Cataclysm ; early postdiluvian men did not build 
 like persons in the infancy of science, they at once 
 burnt bricks of a larger size than those now made, 
 and formed artificial stone of gigantic dimensions, 
 an Eastern tradition says, " Thirteen cubits long, 
 ten cubits broad, and five thick " (see Cyclopcedia 
 of Biblical Geography, &c. Article Babel). The 
 
148 
 
 works of the early Cushites in caves and sculptures 
 astonished Bruce (the enlightened traveller) ; ex- 
 perience gained before the Flood must have guided 
 them ; to this day in the East is retained a mode 
 of quarrying enormous blocks of limestone not 
 practised in the West ; long narrow cuts are made 
 in the stone of the length required, fuel is ignited 
 in the cuttings, and when the stone (along the 
 cuts) is in part calcined, liquid is thrown into the 
 grooves, causing the rock to split ; Hannibal is 
 said to have used vinegar as more effectual than 
 water. 
 
 We find an early race of people inhabiting 
 Scotland, who knew how to vitrify the walls of 
 their hill fortresses ; Dr. Maculloch seems to 
 consider they were Celtic tribes from the East. 
 No. 3, of plate xviii., is a specimen of the vitrified 
 portion of the walls of Craig Phadrick, one of the 
 vitrified forts near Inverness ; and No. 4, is a 
 specimen of the rock not vitrified ; it is laminated 
 by black lines at regular distances, and is appar- 
 ently sand stone ; it does not effervesce with acids. 
 
 The circular towers called " Burgs," such as the 
 " Burg of Mosa," near Quanterness, are, probably, 
 very old ; Burj is the oriental name to this day 
 for a tower or bastion, and Moosa is the oriental 
 name of Moses, this may be accidental, but deri- 
 vation may be from the East. 
 
149 
 
 It is recorded that Sesostris constructed at 
 Thebes, in Egypt, a " Theba," Ark, orBaris, 280 
 cubits in length, of cedar, plated with gold 
 outside, inlaid with silver ; this was probably a 
 Dracontian, or Arkite Temple, commemorative of 
 the great Tophon, or Flood ; this word "Tophaun" 
 is in use in the East at present to represent a 
 great storm ; the pillars of Sesostris had records 
 on them, as is mentioned by Strabo and Eratos- 
 thenes, the latter wrote 276 years B.C. 
 
 Whatever pillars or building materials remained 
 visible after the Flood, would be used up by 
 successive postdiluvian builders ; Alexander of 
 Macedon took the stones of old Tyre to form his 
 ramp of approach to new Tyre, so that fishermen 
 now, dry their nets on the rock, as foretold ; 
 Saxons have used up Eoman materials ; the 
 Eomans on the Continent destroyed Etruscan 
 works ; Mahomedans destroyed Hindoo religious 
 edifices; in fact, all materials may have gone 
 through many changes ; even the Assyrian sculp- 
 tures in the British Museum (taken from the ruins 
 of buildings) had been in use for former palaces. 
 
 No. 5, of plate xviii., is a Boinan tile, found at 
 Guildford ; it is said that a Boman pavement was 
 discovered near the river Wye, in consequence of 
 some cattle always selecting a particular spot, as 
 
150 
 
 being dry ; the proprietor of the field, struck with 
 the circumstance, dug up the ground, and found 
 the pavement; the particular tile photographed, 
 is said to have been found on the spot on which 
 the central Church is built, near the Castle of 
 Guildford ; the Eomans, no doubt, were at Guild- 
 ford, and its vicinity. 
 
 In fact, no works of man can stand the shock 
 of Time, but those of the Almighty are uniform 
 and sublime ; though constant change and reno- 
 vation is apparent. 
 
 Professor Phillips instructs us (at page 8, " Life 
 on the Earth") thus "The researches of Geolo- 
 " gists seem to shew, that from the earliest periods, 
 "carnivora" and "herbivora" (plants and animals) 
 " have been combined into the same general 
 " relations of mutual dependence as at present," 
 in the forests which supplied the coal measures, 
 gigantic snails would no doubt thrive, and Mega- 
 therise and large birds and reptiles abound ; but 
 we must not forget that man was created on the 
 same " sixth day " (whatever period that may 
 have been) as the beasts of the field ; the vital 
 energy in plants, compared with that of animals, 
 has most likely retained a certain relative propor- 
 tion ; this ought to afford encouragement to 
 miners and quarrymen to preserve specimens from 
 
151 
 
 the coal measures ; it is a remarkable circumstance 
 that no Ammonites are found in any existing sea ; 
 whereas shells similar (but diminutive) are abun- 
 dant on land such as the Planorbi, delineated in 
 plate iii., Nos. 5 and 6 may they not have been 
 of large size in the primeval forests ? 
 
 Sir Charles Lyell states that up to the year 
 1830 " It was taken for granted that man had not 
 " co-existed with the mammoth, and other ex- 
 " tinct mammalia ; yet he observes, now we have 
 " traced back the signs of his existence to the 
 " Post Pliocene era, and may anticipate the finding 
 " of his remains on some future day in the Plio- 
 " cene period ; but (adds Sir Charles) we cannot 
 " expect to meet with human bones in the Miocene 
 " formations, where all the species, and nearly all 
 " the genera, belong to Types, widely differing 
 " from those now living ; " to this we demur. 
 
 No Geologist is better aware of the uncertainty 
 regarding geological restrictive enunciations than 
 this eminent Author, who (at page 402, Antiquity 
 of Man) records " For no less than thirty-four 
 " years it had been a received axiom in palceon- 
 " tology, that reptiles had never existed before the 
 " Permian or Magnesian limestone period, when 
 " at length, in 1844, this supposed barrier was 
 "thrown down, and carboniferous reptiles, ter- 
 
152 
 
 " restrial and aquatic, were brought to light." 
 No doubt the sun shone bright when so much 
 carbon was produced, and man in those days may 
 have benefitted by the light ; it may be proved, 
 perhaps, eventually, that the coal measures are 
 part of the garment of the Earth, re-arranged at 
 the Deluge. 
 
 We are aware that our supposition that mam- 
 mals are to be found in chalk, and chalk drift will 
 be opposed and denied ; we are open to reason ; 
 our object is to elicit Truth; if it can be proved 
 that our specimens are merely amorphozoan, we 
 will acknowledge ourselves wrong, but meantime 
 we adduce specimens. 
 
 No. 6, plate xviii., we submit as an animal of 
 the Manis, or Ant-eater kind, until we find out 
 what it really is ; it is not like a sponge or 
 zoophyte. 
 
 No. 7, seems to be a marine creature, between a 
 fish and a snake, it has recently been dug out of 
 chalk, at Guildford ; the photograph may perhaps 
 cause its recognition. 
 
 No. 8 appears to be more like an embrionic 
 quadrumanan, than any zoophyte. 
 
 In Lowdon's " Magazine of Natural History " 
 (vol. iii., p. 265), are given delineations of "jointed 
 and fluted stems of plants (reeds) abounding in 
 
153 
 
 shale, in the Hastings sandstone series ; " and the 
 Eevd. George Dawson Kowley, M.A., F.G-.S., has 
 lately given in his paper "Upon the remains of 
 Man and extinct mammalian Fauna/' found at 
 Eynesbury, near St. Neots, Huntingdonshire, 
 drawings of articles (said to be in bone) found in a 
 field called Dove House Close, near Eynesbury, 
 which he states to be " Of a class well known in 
 the British Museum, but their origin and use 
 have perplexed- Archaeologists much ; " we believe 
 that in very early times, joints of bamboos were 
 used in culinary operations ; that to preserve the 
 bamboo joints from the fire, clay was put round 
 them ; that from the occasional burning of the 
 wood (leaving the baked clay still available) pottery 
 originated, gradually giving rise to fictile art ; 
 since which, the joints of bamboos and bone 
 cuttings have been used as measures, and boxes, 
 as in the case of the two Bhurmese carved bamboo 
 joints, Nos. 9 and 10, of plate xviii. 
 
 Plate xviii. comprises 
 
 No. 1. A human bone, silicified from Mordon hill, 
 Somersetshire. 
 
 2. The under side of the Bimanan foot, No. 1, 
 plate xvi. 
 
 8. Specimen of the vitrified walls of Craig 
 Phadrick, near Inverness. 
 
154 
 
 4. Specimen of the laminated sandstone rock 
 
 of Craig Phadrick, not vitrified. 
 
 5. A Boman tile, found at Guildford, Surrey. 
 
 6. An animal of the " Mania" or Ant-eater 
 
 kind apparently. 
 
 7. A marine creature, between a fish and snake. 
 
 8. An embrionic quadrumanan. 
 
 9. A Bhurmese carved bamboo joint. 
 
 10. Another Bhurmese carved bamboo joint. 
 
155 
 
 XIX. CLIMATE AND LOCALITY AS REGARDS 
 DEPOSITION OP FOSSILS. 
 
 THE indiscriminate commingling of Fauna, Flora, 
 and other organisms, Tropical and Arctic, wave 
 borne to various stratifications such as the London 
 clay, the alum shale of Yorkshire, " Up the 
 valleys of the mountains of Snowdonia," (Jukes, 
 p. 673), and even the coal measures, tend strongly 
 to prove that some great Cataclysm must have 
 deposited them. 
 
 Holdsworth, describing his discoveries at Bil- 
 lesdon Coplow, states "At an apparent fault which 
 " inter sects the southern extremity of the Coplow 
 " basin, are found large masses of fused matter, 
 " mussel shells, coal and oyster shells in con- 
 " glomerated masses ; fragments of fir trees, 
 " partly carbonized and striated with sulphur, all 
 " evidently having been subjected to the powerful 
 " action of fusible heat." Holdsworth continues, 
 " I would ask the founders of the existing system 
 " to account, by reasonable inference, for the 
 
156 
 
 " assemblage here of the Cirrus-acutus of the 
 " mountain limestone, the Pecten-fibrosus of the 
 " under Oolite, the Trigonia-costata of the upper, 
 "the Mytiloides-labiatus from the chalk and 
 " superior strata, with madripores, mussels, corals, 
 " and oysters from the coal formation." 
 
 Again, this able advocate of the Scriptural 
 Deluge observes (we copy from Art. x., vol. 7, 
 Lowdon's Magazine, p. 43), "No man will surely 
 " tell us that the Belemnites, the Ammonites, the 
 "Trochites, the Nautiles, and the Gryphites 
 "found in the lowest strata of the alum shale of 
 " Yorkshire, are of a totally different order from 
 "those of the same name in this district, and in 
 " the chalk and limestone ranges of the South of 
 " England ! " Notwithstanding this remonstrance 
 however, Conchologists have given learned names 
 to nearly five hundred species of Ammonites, 
 because of some slight varieties in adapting their 
 shells to circumstances ; no doubt the Genus 
 Homo might be multiplied to a similar extent, if 
 every variety of cabin, hut, cottage, house, or 
 palace were made to constitute a new species ; 
 mollusks, like men, construct their .shells or 
 habitations according to their means and require- 
 ments ; but a " man's a man for a' that," and an 
 Ammonite an Ammonite. 
 
157 
 
 Holdsworth further announced that within the 
 Lias range he had discovered " immense number 
 and great variety of tropical fruits, with knots of 
 wood and other vegetable fossils ; and he adduced 
 the fact of a similar discovery of tropical fruit in 
 the London clay, supposed to be a much more 
 recent deposit than the Lias. (See our plate, 
 No. 1). 
 
 Holdsworth upholds, like us, the Biblical 
 Eecord, and observes, "With the semblance of 
 " Truth on our side, and reason for our guide, 
 " we may unhesitatingly infer that the tropical 
 " fruits, plants, and other fossils, which we find 
 " so indiscriminately scattered in the submedial, 
 "medial, and superior strata of Geologists (and 
 " many others which may arise from their tombs) 
 " were upborne to their respective destinations by 
 " the levelling floods of the Noachian Deluge, and 
 " are consequently (like the strata in which they 
 " are embedded) of contemporaneous origin.'* 
 
 The occurrence of tropical fruit in the London 
 clay, seems to have induced Geologists to suppose 
 that " the district south of the Thames and the 
 Bristol Channel, remained land during the whole of 
 the glacial period, at a time when the northern 
 area was under water" (Antiquity of Man, p. 275); 
 we may suppose, for the same reason, the Lias 
 
158 
 
 ranges may have been dry land if tropical fruit 
 grew there, but does it not seem more reasonable 
 to conclude, that in both cases, they were brought 
 by the diluvial waves ? 
 
 In the latest tertiary formations of Sicily we are 
 informed by Sir Charles Lyell (Antiquity of Man, 
 p. 323), shells of a northern climate, such as 
 Cyprina-islandica and Natica-clausa, with others, 
 are found ; " That on this Conchologists found a 
 " supposition that a period of refrigeration would 
 " be required for their deposit," but may they not 
 have been brought by diluvial waves or ocean 
 currents ? 
 
 Sir Charles Lyell observes (Principles, p. 76), 
 " The Mammoth also appears to have existed in 
 England when the temperature of our latitude could 
 not have been very different from that which now 
 prevails;" but if the mammoth had died where 
 his bones were found, how was it covered over so 
 as to fossilize ? The hippopotamus found by Mr. 
 Strickland may not have lived at Cropthorn, near 
 Evesham ; nor the elephants found in the Pease 
 Marsh, near Guildford, have lived in Surrey ; 
 pines, firs, sigillarise, may not have grown in 
 England ; the gulf stream still brings tropical 
 wood to the Hebrides, and may bury many 
 organisms. 
 
159 
 
 The Authors of the recently published Cyclo- 
 paedia of Biblical Geography, &c. (Article Geology) 
 argue against a general Deluge ; they admit, 
 however, that at the probable time of the Cata- 
 clysm of Noah, the Sewalik range of hills was 
 probably uplifted, " For it contains bones of the 
 giraffe, an animal which could not have lived at 
 the elevation where the bones are found, and (they 
 write) was one of the likeliest creatures possible, to 
 roam about the plains of the region inhabited by the 
 Antediluvians (see Article Geology, p. 244). 
 
 If the diluvial waves left the bones of the giraffe 
 on the slopes of the lofty Sewalik mountain, would 
 they not have passed round the earth ? and in 
 fact, M.M. Larlet and M.M. Gaudry have found 
 the giraffe's bones water worn and massed with 
 the remains of the mastodon, hyaena, lion, and the 
 monkey at Pakermi, near Pantelicus, in Greece, 
 under circumstances convincing these learned and 
 experienced men that " They could only have been 
 brought and massed there by a flood " (see page 88 
 of our 1st volume.) 
 
 If the giraffe had lived in Greece as well as 
 near the Sewalik mountains, still it is probable 
 diluvial waves massed them with other creatures 
 destroyed ; Colonel Cantley, and the lamented Dr. 
 Falconer, " Found together with portions of mas- 
 
160 
 
 "todon, five extinct elephants (three of them 
 " Stegedon," intermediate between elephas and 
 " mastodon), a Hexaprotodon (extinct hippopot- 
 " amus), a Ohalicotherium, a camel, and large 
 " ostrich, the very remarkable genus " Siva- 
 " tJierium," together with carnivora and monkeys, 
 " great crocodiles, and a tortoise, the curved shell 
 "of which was twenty feet across" (see Jukes' 
 Manual, p. 663). 
 
 . It is surprising how some Geologists cling to 
 the idea that where fossils are found, there they 
 must have lived (we copy from Jukes' Manual, p. 
 420), "It is almost solely from the nature of the 
 " animals and plants that have left their remains 
 "on the rocks, that we can draw any certain 
 " conclusions as to the kind of climate possessed 
 "by different parts of the earth, where those 
 " animals and plants lived. When we find in the 
 " British Islands the remains of crocodiles, turtles, 
 " large nautili, and monkeys, together with palm 
 " fruits and other tropical-like plants, we cannot 
 " resist the conclusion that the climate of the 
 " British Islands must have formerly been more 
 " like that now found within the tropics, than 
 "that which they at present possess/' 
 
 But why suppose these multitudinous dissimilar 
 creatures lived on the British Islands ? They were 
 
161 
 
 most likely massed from all parts of the earth, 
 under the influence of the diluvial currents which 
 brought them. 
 
 The very circumstance that bones of gigantic 
 creatures like the giraffe and elephant, the cave 
 bear, and elk, are commingled in " caves and 
 recesses," should convince us that they must have 
 been water borne into these localities. 
 
 All the great rivers throughout the old and new 
 world have their antediluvian relics ; at Seelburg, 
 opposite Canstadt, on the river Necker, bones and 
 teeth of elephants, rhinoceroses, horses, stags, &c., 
 have been found massed. M.M. Fiquier records 
 (The World before the Deluge, p. 352), "All the 
 " great river basins of Germany have, like those 
 " of the Necker, yielded fossil bones of the ele- 
 "phant; those especially abutting on the Ehine 
 " are too numerous to be mentioned, nor is Can- 
 " stadt the only place in the valley of the Necker 
 " where they are found ; but of all parts of 
 " Europe, that in which they are found in greatest 
 " numbers, is the valley of the upper Arno ; we 
 " find there a perfect cemetery of elephants." 
 
 M.M. Fiquier continues, " It is very strange 
 that the East Indies (that is one of the two regions 
 which is noii} the home of the elephant) , should be 
 the only country in which the fossil bones of these 
 
162 
 
 animals have not been discovered." But this is not 
 the case now : they may be found in the basins 
 of the Nerbuddah, Godavery, Pyen Gunga, and 
 other rivers in the East, deeply embedded ; and 
 also high up on the slopes of the highest moun- 
 tains ; there is, probably, no portion of the re- 
 newed " garment " of the earth which may not 
 have received the creatures swept off the former 
 land ; and they are commingled. 
 
 At first thought, the vast quantities of Coprolites 
 spread over the British Islands, might lead to the 
 supposition that the creatures must have lived 
 where their exuviae so abounded ; but the same 
 waves which brought the bones and bodies (perhaps 
 ice bound) may have brought the Coprolites, which 
 are chiefly those of Saurian and marine creatures. 
 At page 196, The World before the Flood, is given 
 (fig. 95) the skeleton of an ichthyosaurus, found 
 in the Lyas of Lyme Kegis, Dorsetshire, with fig. 
 96, "A Coprolite, enclosing bones of small ichthyo- 
 saurus," the Coprolite having been found within 
 the abdominal cavity of the monster. 
 
 The Lias mud is a mysterious deposit of a very 
 peculiar colour and consistency ; argillaceous 
 limestone with marl and clay. "In England," says 
 Professor Eamsay (we copy from the World before 
 the Flood, p. 185), " the Lias constitutes a well- 
 
163 
 
 " defined belt of strata running continuously from 
 "Lyme Eegis on the South West, through the 
 " whole of England to Yorkshire on the North 
 "East, and is an extensive series of alternating 
 " beds of clay, shale, and limestone, with occasional 
 " layers of jet." 
 
 When the drawings of the Plesiosaurus were 
 
 sent to Baron Cuiver, he is said to have exclaimed, 
 
 " Truly, this is altogether the most monstrous 
 
 animal that has yet been dug out of the ruins of a 
 
 former world." 
 
 When " the fountains of the great deep (were) 
 broken up" it is impossible to tell what creatures 
 may have commingled their bones and exuviae 
 with ocean and terrestrial fossils ; we are told, 
 " In the whole of the English Lias, there are about 
 243 genera, and 467 species of zoophytes and 
 mollusJcs ;" but the diluvial waves were eminently 
 commingling ; the so called Ammonites may 
 (some of them) have fed in forests, and not have 
 swam with Saurians. 
 
 Dissimilar organisms are found commingled in 
 the same chalk pit as exemplified in plate xix., 
 all of which are from the railway pit, under the 
 Hog's Back, Guildford, Surrey ; their particular 
 nature may hereafter be ascertained. 
 
164 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 No. 1. A round elongated flint, the nature of 
 which we could not ascertain, whether 
 animal or vegetable ; we had it broken 
 in two, and will give a view of the 
 interior in plate xx. 
 
 2. Apparently a silicified fish, somewhat rep- 
 tilian in form. 
 
 8. Some creature like a small phoca or seal. 
 
 4. The head of some creature like a dog* 
 
 5. A fossil, having the appearance of an 
 
 embrionic Llama. 
 
165 
 
 XX. DISTRIBUTIVE AND ASSORTING POWER OF 
 DILUVIAL WAVES AND OCEAN CURRENTS. 
 
 THE Gulf Stream, having the greatest influence on 
 the portion of the globe we inhabit, is, perhaps, 
 the one least understood by those benefitted by 
 its influence, it modifies the climate of England, 
 and the Western Isles, making them salubrious 
 and productive, and it is at present, in all prob- 
 ability, distributing and assorting coal, chalk, 
 gravel, salt, &c., for the use of future generations. 
 The Editors of the Gazetteer of the World, thus 
 describe the " Gulf Stream :" " The name given 
 " to a great current in the ocean produced by the 
 " trade winds, which are constantly blowing from 
 " East to West. This current, cording from the 
 " Pacific and Indian Oceans, passes round the 
 " Cape of Good Hope, and after going along the 
 " coast of Africa, crosses to America, towards the 
 " Equator. It is there divided and reflected 
 " South to Brazil, and running along the shores 
 
166 
 
 " of Gyayana, passes through the Caribbean Sea, 
 "and coasts along the Gulf of Mexico. Issuing 
 " from the Gulf between Cape Florida, and the 
 " island of Cuba, it traverses the coast of East 
 " Florida, the United States, New Brunswick, and 
 " Nova Scotia, and advances East to the banks of 
 " Newfoundland, where it turns off to the South 
 " East, and runs through the Western Islands, 
 " from which it trends to the coast of Africa, and 
 " passing in a South direction along the coast, 
 " supplies the place of the waters carried to the 
 " West by the trade winds." 
 
 Captain Maury calls it " a river in the ocean" 
 having a current more rapid " than the Missisippi 
 or Amazon, and its volume more than a thousand 
 times greater," the mode by which it passes like 
 a vast river dispensing heat and warmth to colder 
 regions, is not so easily comprehended ; we may 
 consider this great stream as part of the ma- 
 chinery by which the harmonies of nature are 
 preserved ; by it, steam (under divine regulation) 
 causes winds"and calms as required. 
 
 We may suppose such agency distributed and 
 assorted coal, salt, gravel, and other materials in 
 antediluvian times, prior to the upheavement and 
 final redistribution at the Deluge. 
 
 At page 53 of this work, we noticed having 
 
167 
 
 observed a stream depositing chalk in a distinct 
 line ; and we have observed the same effect below 
 the piers of a bridge over a shallow stream near 
 Shalford, in Surrey; we are aware that Wood- 
 ward's view regarding the action of gravity were 
 not admitted by some Geologists ; Sir Charles 
 Lyell, after describing Woodward's theory, observes 
 " In corroboration of these views, he insisted upon 
 " the fact that marine bodies are lodged in the 
 " strata according to the order of their gravity, 
 " the heavier shells in stone, the lighter in chalk, 
 " and so of the rest. Eay immediately exposed 
 " the unfounded nature of this assertion, remar- 
 " king truly, that " fossil bodies are often mingled, 
 " heavy with light, in the same stratum, and he 
 " even went so far as to say that " Woodward must 
 " have invented the phenomena for the sake of 
 " confirming his bold and strange hypothesis, a 
 " strong expression (observes Sir Charles) from 
 " the pen of a contemporary." 
 
 Organisms are often commingled, which become 
 (when fossilized) some heavy, others light ; it 
 must of necessity be so in violent eddies or es- 
 tuaries, or when they are ice borne ; but as a 
 general rule, specific gravity will have its effect, 
 hence the ridges of chalk, of gravel, and sand, and 
 the deposits of coal, salt, and iron stone ; in the 
 
168 
 
 Lias of the Alps, fossils of supposed different 
 strata are found commingled (Geologist, 1858, p. 
 104). 
 
 Mr. Hull, describing the coal fields of South 
 Wales, observes, " The lower coal measures along 
 " the southern borders of the field form a well 
 " marked zone, very rich in coal and iron stone, 
 " and distinguished by a remarkable group of 
 " fossil shells of marine genera, some of the 
 " species (as is also the case in the lower measures 
 " of the Northern Counties) descending into the 
 " carboniferous limestone ;" and Mr. Hull adds, 
 "It is a very remarkable fact that these lower 
 " measures appear to form the upper limit of this 
 " essentially marine fauna, the shells which occur 
 " in the higher beds being confined to the genus 
 " Anthracosia." 
 
 Mr. Hull further observes, " Whatever may 
 " have been the conditions under which this genus 
 " of mollusks lived, whether (as once supposed) in 
 " fresh water, or brackish or marine, the extent of 
 " its range, as compared with Goniatites, Nautili, 
 " Pectens, Spirifers, and other shells of the lower 
 11 coal measures, seem to point to some marked 
 " physical differences in the original state of the 
 " middle and lower portions of the coal formation/' 
 
 Coal will no doubt be discovered in many places 
 
169 
 
 of Great Britain ; at present reputed " dead ground 
 where search need not be made" the distributive 
 power has been very great ; faults are subsequent ; 
 nevertheless, it is very desirable to economize 
 expenditure of coal, and to utilize ground near 
 coal pits ; coal dust should be moulded into ar- 
 tificial coal ; cinders and slag should be utilized 
 as subsoil and for levelling; the best wheat in 
 Italy is grown on land prepared from Scoria and 
 volcanic ashes ; the most delicious grapes in 
 India are grown near Dowletabad, on the Debris 
 of trap rocks. 
 
 Whenever coal and iron can be imported cheaper 
 than it can be worked, some portion of British 
 miners will have to resort again to agricultural 
 pursuits, the land should therefore be carefully 
 retained and preserved. Hugh Miller deprecated 
 (page 127, England and its People) the slovenly 
 way in which the refuse of the mines is left to 
 encumber the land, that might be advantageously 
 cultivated. 
 
 In proof that the distributive power of diluvial 
 waves has been greater than was supposed, we 
 may adduce the fact that some important dis- 
 coveries of coal have been recently made to the 
 East of the line geologically known as the " Great 
 Shropshire Fault," and some in Cheshire. 
 
170 
 
 The waves which massed the oyster shells for- 
 ming the ragstone of Kent, used on account of 
 its hardness for curbstones, and those which 
 commingled shells in the bargate stone of Surrey 
 (making it a good building stone), may have 
 deposited carbon in appropriate places for future 
 use. 
 
 That coal has formed in all ages is proved by 
 the fact that there are coal beds in the Oolite 
 rocks, in America, in Australia, and in the East 
 Indies ; there is also tertiary coal, as at Bovey- 
 Tracey, and on the Continent ; we recollect being 
 much struck with the similitude to coal of the 
 black mud dug out of the sluice end of the lake 
 of Ellora, when we had to restore the dam and 
 sluice ; the periodical burning of the grass, and 
 underwood of the hills, had (for an unknown 
 number of years) caused carbon to be washed into 
 the lake ; and no doubt the same process still 
 goes on ; the lake of Killarney, in Ireland, is 
 filling up, partly on this account, but chiefly from 
 growth of aquatic plants in successive layers. 
 
 We believe that the preparatory accumulation 
 of materials for formation of coal, is much more 
 extensive than is generally supposed ; every river 
 has its deposit ; wood swept into rivers carbonizes ; 
 in plate xx. we give some specimens marked A, 
 
171 
 
 from the river Wey, near Guildford, which have 
 been sifted out of sand, carted up from the river 
 to mix with mortar. 
 
 Mr. Salter, in his Christmas Lecture on Coal 
 (Geologist for 1861), observes, " Old England 
 " has more of it than any European nation, she 
 "is dependent on it for her industry; it has 
 " helped to make her peaceful conquests over half 
 " the world," but he deprecated the enormous 
 expenditure in supplies to other nations for pur- 
 poses of war, and no doubt posterity will suffer 
 from any wasteful uses at present made of so 
 useful a material ; the exportation of coal from 
 the United Kingdom last year (1866), had in- 
 creased to 9,616,244 tons, and the Times, of llth 
 March, 1867, remarks, " The exports of coal have 
 " immensely increased during the last twenty 
 " years." England, in fact, is being disem- 
 boweled ; we were in a large house lately in the 
 coal districts where all the pictures had daily to 
 be put to rights, owing to their losing their proper 
 position from the vibration consequent on coal 
 waggons passing below. 
 
 Mr. Salter notices that the " Thick coal of 
 Staffordshire " is the very thickest seam of the 
 invaluable mineral known in the world, being 
 thirty feet thick ; how long would it take for 
 
172 
 
 thirty feet of coal to be massed from successive 
 growth of trees on one spot ? Under diluvial 
 accumulation eleven months would suffice. Mr. 
 Salter notices that in deep mines the water is 
 generally salt, salter than the sea, it often contains 
 green vitriol (sulphate of iron) iodine, bromine, 
 and other constituents of sea water, which (ob- 
 serves Mr. Salter) no doubt it once was. There 
 being cockroaches, beetles, spiders, scorpions, 
 lizards, batrachians and dragon flies in coal, would 
 appear to militate against submarine forest growth; 
 the trigonocarpum is considered by Mr. Salter to 
 be the fruit of the land fir tree dadoxylon. 
 
 As regards the Anthracosia, he states " The com- 
 " monest fossil in the coal measures, the one 
 "which par excellence is the coal fossil, is the 
 66 Anthracosia or Unio, as it used to be called; this 
 " is a bivalve shell with closed valves, looking not 
 " at all unlike the common Unio of our streams ; " 
 Mr. Salter considers the Anthracosia a mud-bur- 
 rowing shell allied to Myadae ; he observes, " On 
 " carefully looking over a number of specimens, 
 " every now and then one shows the whole surface 
 " of the shell wrinkled, not the beak merely, but 
 "the broad surface of the shell itself; this is a 
 " character not found in the true Unio, but is com- 
 " mon to all the mud-burrowing tribes of the Myadce 
 
173 
 
 " or Gaper, and to this tribe I would refer the 
 " shell in question ; the more so, as another shell 
 " often accompanies the Anthracosia, which clearly 
 " belongs to some family of mud-burrowing shells." 
 Mr. Salter calls this shell Anthracomya. 
 
 In whatever mode the trees grew that furnished 
 (with other vegetable products) our stores of coals, 
 the light and heat of former days furnished the 
 carbon, or as Mr. Salter's poetical friend describes 
 it 
 
 " 'Tis the old sun's heat 
 
 " That now cooks our meat ; 
 
 (< 'Tis his bottled up beam 
 
 " That gets up our steam ! 
 
 Plate No. xx. contains 
 
 A group of pieces of wood (turning to carbon) from 
 the river Wey, at Guildford. 
 
 No. 1. The inside of No. 1, of plate xix., in two 
 pieces. 
 
 2. A large block of Anthracosia, from 180 
 
 yards in depth of the Ince coal pit, 
 near Preston, Lancashire. 
 
 3. A piece of fossil tree (stigmaria) from the 
 
 same pit. 
 
174 
 
 XXI. PBOOFS ETHNOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL 
 
 (FEOM THE NEW AND OLD WORLD) OF A GENERAL 
 
 DELUGE. 
 
 AMERICA has been termed the "New World," 
 because Western nations had retained no know- 
 ledge of it until Columbus gave the clue to its 
 re-discovery ; but the Missisippi and the Amazon 
 had for " years of generations " rolled their com- 
 merce-bearing waters to the deep ; cities and vast 
 monuments had been raised long before America 
 and its inhabitants became known in the West. 
 
 Ethnologists reckon that there are about six 
 hundred languages and dialects in Europe, but 
 more than double that number in America ; Dr. 
 Wilson says " Twelve hundred and sixty highly 
 " inflected and peculiar in structure, demanding 
 " centuries for their development, but at the same 
 " time singularly suggestive of nomad isolation." 
 (Pre-historic Man, vol. i., p. 11.) 
 
175 
 
 In the Gazetteer of the World, four hundred and 
 thirty-eight languages, and upwards of two thou- 
 sand dialects, are said to be peculiar to America ; 
 to admit of these being matured^ we must trend 
 back to the early ages, when " Men began to mul- 
 tiply on the face of the earth; " when large empires 
 are eventually formed languages decrease in num- 
 ber, merging into the one used by the ruling 
 power. 
 
 Dr. Daniel Wilson, with much force and truth 
 remarks, "Now that it seems almost certainly 
 " demonstrable that the human family was widely 
 " dispersed over the face of the earth at the 
 " earliest possible date at which we can reconcile 
 " chronologies of science and revelation, possibly 
 " some may be tempted to return to their old 
 " convictions, that when ' All the fountains of the 
 " great deep were broken up, and the windows of 
 " heaven were opened, and the rain was upon the 
 " earth forty days and forty nights, and the waters 
 "prevailed exceedingly upon the earth, and all the 
 " high hills that were under the whole heaven were 
 "covered;' THAT IT ACTUALLY WAS so." This 
 also is the object we have in view. 
 
 The first recorded use of language is that given 
 in Genesis ii., 19-20, when Adam was required to 
 give names to the newly created " cattle, fowl of 
 
176 
 
 the air, and beast of the field." Adam seems a 
 generic appellative name applied to human kind, 
 whether male or female (Gen. v., 1-2.) 
 
 We find the words Ma and Mamma in early use 
 in America, as well as in the East and West. 
 Eve is called Mamma Oello by the Peruvians and 
 other tribes of America ; and in India she is 
 called Mamma Uvah. 
 
 Dr. D. Wilson thinks the languages of South 
 America indicate a tide of population from the 
 Deckan, or South of India, by the Polynesian 
 Isles, and observes, " Striking analogies have been 
 " recognized between the languages of the Deckan 
 " and those of the Polynesian group " (vol. i., p. 
 438) ; and the Eev. Eichard Garnett has remarked 
 that most of the languages of the American con- 
 tinent, respecting which definite information has 
 been acquired, bear a general analogy alike to the 
 Polynesian family, and the languages of the 
 Deckan in their methods of distinguishing the 
 various modifications of time ; and he adds, " We 
 " may venture to assert in general terms that a 
 " South American verb is constructed precisely on 
 " the same principle as those in the Tamul, and 
 " other languages of Southern India, consisting 
 " like them of a verbal root, a second element 
 " defining the time of the action, and a third, 
 
177 
 
 " denoting the subject or person." Mr. Crawford, 
 President of the Ethnological Society, admits that 
 the American languages have traces of Malayan 
 tongues. 
 
 The Malay navigators of the Pacific Ocean are 
 supposed, in ancient times, to have been much 
 more enterprising than in recent periods, as in- 
 dicated by sculptures and ancient stone structures 
 noticed by Captain Beechey on some of the islands 
 nearest to the coast of Chili and Peru, and more 
 recently observed on Bonabe, and other islands 
 lying off the Asiatic shores. 
 
 It is probable, however, that tides of population 
 have " girdled the globe;" and that germs of 
 population have also entered America from the 
 North, moving South, and coming in contact with 
 those from Asia ; but Dr. Wilson gives the pre- 
 ponderance to Asiatic immigration, and seems to 
 consider the Mongols of Asia and America one 
 race (vol. ii., p. 457) ; great facility of communi- 
 nation by Behring Straits must, however, have 
 existed, the Eastern extremity of the old continent 
 being only separated from the new, by a strait 
 forty-nine miles across, periodically bridged over 
 by solid ice, and originally, in all probability, 
 joined. Reindeer even now pass over ; why 
 should not men have done so ? 
 
178 
 
 If we examine monuments and ruins, they 
 indicate vast lapse of time since men occupied the 
 plains of America ; the mound forts (like the 
 pyramids of Egypt) indicate dread of a renewed 
 deluge ; Dr. Wilson observes, " There are man- 
 " ifestly two entirely distinct classes of ruins in 
 " Mexico, central America, and Yacatan ; and 
 " amid architectural remains so extensive and 
 " so varied, it may well he believed that there may 
 " be included relics of widely different periods ; 
 " Palenque, Qurigua, Copan, and other voiceless 
 " relics of cities already in ruins, before the in- 
 " truding Europeans mingled the descendants of 
 " native conquered and conquering races in one 
 " indiscriminate degradation." The ruins are said 
 to indicate originality ; the structures to be vast 
 and unique ; the hieroglyphics different from those 
 of Egypt. 
 
 One of the buildings of Uxmal is thus described : 
 " A terrace of cut stone, six hundred feet in 
 " length, forms the platform on which a second 
 " and third terrace of narrower bases are raised, 
 " to a height of thirty-five feet from the ground, 
 " and on this is raised the noble structure of the 
 " Gasa del Governados," decorated throughout its 
 " whole facade (of three hundred and twenty feet) 
 " with rich, strange, and elaborate sculpture." 
 
179 
 
 A people who could erect such buildings, make 
 roads of porphyry, throw suspension bridges over 
 rivers, and convey water through tunnels four 
 hundred miles in length (as in the district of 
 Condesuyer, see vol ii., p. 72, Pre-historic Man), 
 must have been far removed from barbarism, they 
 must, like the Shinar builders, have derived 
 experience from Antediluvian records. 
 
 The mode of burial of some of the ancient 
 Americans, accords with that in use in India (see p. 
 91 of this work) "the bodies (Mr. Blake wrote, when 
 describing cemeteries in the Bay of Checota) are 
 always found in a sitting posture, with the knees 
 elevated towards the chin, and the arms crossed 
 upon the breast." 
 
 Inscriptions such as that on the Pemberton 
 Axe (given at p. 186, vol. ii., of Dr. Wilson's 
 Pre-historic Man) resemble much the characters 
 in which the rock edicts of Piyadasa or Asoka are 
 given in No. 75, Journal of the Asiatic Society of 
 Bengal, March, 1838, p. 19; if read with the 
 sharp part of the axe upwards, the letters resemble 
 those of the Sanscrit Alphabet of the 5th century 
 B.C., as given at p. 276, of No. 75, the Journal 
 above referred to. 
 
 Mr. Princeps explains in his paper that these 
 rock inscriptions " Have slightly the advantage in 
 
180 
 
 " antiquity over the Lats of Delhi -and Allahabad, 
 " the edicts are all moral and religious ;" we copy 
 the seventh. " The seventh edict expresses (not 
 " an order), but an earnest desire on the part of the 
 " king that all diversities of religious opinion may 
 " be obliterated, that every distinction in rank 
 " and in tastes may be harmonized into one 
 " system of bhava-sudhi, that peace of mind or 
 " repose of conscience which proceeds from know- 
 " ledge, from faith and entire assent." 
 
 These rock inscriptions are very interesting, as 
 proving early intercourse between Egypt and 
 India ; and if the Pemberton Axe should have on 
 it a Bhuddist or Sanscrit writing, it would tend to 
 prove early intercourse between India and America. 
 
 The domesticated animals of America were 
 different from those of other countries, the Llama 
 and Alpaca for example ; Dr. D. Wilson writes, 
 " America has no domesticated animals common to 
 " the other quarters of the globe, excepting such 
 " as have been introduced by her modern Euro- 
 " pean colonists ; this tends to prove that America 
 " has been inhabited from a very early period." 
 
 Traditions of the Deluge abound in America, 
 they say "In the time of a great freshet which 
 " took place many centuries ago, and destroyed 
 " all the nations of the earth, all the tribes of the 
 
181 
 
 " red men assembled on the " Ooteau and Prairies," 
 " to get out of the way of the waters. After they 
 " had all gathered here from every part, the water 
 " continued to rise until at length it covered them 
 " all in a mass, and their flesh was converted into 
 " red pipe stone ; therefore it has always been 
 " considered neutral ground, it belongs to all the 
 " tribes alike, and all were allowed to get it, and 
 " smoke together," (vol. xi., p. 11, Pre-historic 
 " Man.) 
 
 The pipes delineated are of peculiar elaborate 
 workmanship, as may be seen at pages 18 and 19, 
 vol. ii., of Dr. Wilson's work ; and they have been 
 found in the early mounds. 
 
 As regards fossil indications of the Deluge, the 
 Anthracosia (allied to Unio) is in Canada as in 
 England, the prevailing mollusk of the coal 
 measures ; and instead of fossils being arranged 
 as described by Hitchcock, "In as much order as 
 the specimens of a iv ell-regulated cabinet; we are 
 credibly informed that " Pampean mud," at a 
 height of twelve thousand feet on the Andes of 
 South America, has shells of recent species com- 
 mingled with remains of the Megatherium, the 
 Mylodon, and other extinct animals, so that M.A. 
 d'Arbigny considered " That the agitation and 
 " displacement of the waters of the ocean caused 
 
182 
 
 " by the elevation of the Andes, gave rise to a 
 " deluge. 
 
 Specific gravity could only have been invented 
 or pre-arranged by the Almighty ; more than five 
 centuries before our MTSL, the youthful Cyrus was 
 taught by Araspes (Travels of Cyrus by the Chev- 
 alier Kamsay, third edition, London, MDCCXXVIII., 
 vol. i., p. 202) that " Beds of salt and bituminous 
 " matter were hid in the bottom of the sea, the 
 " weight of each particle of these salts is regulated 
 " in such a manner that the sun cannot draw 
 " them upwards, whence it is, that the vapours 
 " and rains which fall upon the earth, not being 
 " overcharged with them, become plenteous sources 
 " of sweet waters." 
 
 This phenomena is commemorated also by the 
 " Preacher, the son of David," " All the rivers run 
 into the sea, yet the sea is not full ; unto the place 
 from whence the rivers come, thither they return 
 again" 
 
 We have not any specimens from the New 
 World to offer, and those we had expected from 
 the East have not arrived ; we give some from our 
 museum. 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 No. 1. A very "heavy" specimen (in flint) appar- 
 ently two seals, coiled together. We may 
 
183 
 \ 
 
 PLATE xxi. continued. 
 
 observe, generally, that we do not under- 
 take to assign names to any of our 
 specimens ; this must be done by persons 
 more competent. 
 
 No. 2. Looks like a block of wood carved by the 
 hand of man, into a snake idol ; it was 
 found in the same (Guildford Railway) 
 chalk pit as the idol with three heads, 
 No. 2, of plate vi. 
 
 8. A curious looking fossil somewhat re- 
 sembling the Lophius-piscatorius or fish- 
 ing frog ; we must refer it to others to give 
 its true name ; it is from the Guildford 
 Railway pit. It will be observed that 
 its projecting gill on one side was broken, 
 but fits on exactly. 
 
 4. Apparently a snake or reptile, from the 
 
 same pit. 
 
 5. A block of curious coloured clay, from the 
 
 Railway, Guildford, about twelve feet 
 from the present level of the Railway ; 
 it cuts like steatite (soapstone) water 
 had access to it ; and it was apparently 
 turning into selenite. 
 
 6. Some detached pieces of the block, No. 5, 
 
 and specimens of the chrystals. 
 
 7. Is a small bowl, made of steatite, from the 
 
 Deckan, or South of India. 
 
 8. A piece of steatite, rudely carved ; taken 
 
 out of a tank or reservoir of water on 
 the top of the pass leading from Kunhur 
 into the valley of Khandeish, in the 
 South of India. 
 
185 
 
 XXII. QUARRIES AND CAVES, BOCK BASINS, 
 ABRASIONS, GLACIAL MARKINGS, INCRUSTATIONS, 
 BAIN DROPS. 
 
 1. QUARRIES AND CAVES. 
 
 BRUCE (the celebrated traveller) expressed great 
 astonishment (see page 103) at the wonderful 
 caves made by the early Cushites, in the heart of 
 mountains of granite and marble; these early post- 
 diluvians acted on experience gained before the 
 Flood, they would cut the rock promptly, not 
 allowing it time to harden. 
 
 It seems probable that the ancient people who 
 made the stone implements in such vast quantities, 
 may, in some cases at least, have cut the soft 
 stone into shape, and have afterwards hardened 
 the implements by some artificial process ; the 
 Indus Cores, we think, may have been so cut ; 
 Lieutenant Twemlow is too attentive to his official 
 duties to have time for written explanation, but 
 he has sent some of the rock from which the Cores 
 must have been cut ; a piece which left Bombay 
 
186 
 
 9th May last, reached us at Guildford on the 12th 
 June, it had still the water of the quarry in it, so 
 that we had it engraved hy an engraver at Guild- 
 ford, and we ourselves scooped one side similar to 
 those on the Cores ; we then had it baked for 
 three days. It has hardened, but perhaps alter- 
 nate immersion in water, and drying, would be 
 requisite to induce silicification ; and we are 
 subjecting it to that trial. 
 
 We give the specimen (so experimented on) as 
 No. 1, of plate xxii., and No. 2 are a group of 
 Cores, received at the same time. 
 
 We recollect, many years ago, having to erect a 
 monument at Aurungabad, where blocks of por- 
 phyry, ready cut out of the quarry, might have 
 been had free ; but Time had so hardened the 
 stone, that the tools of the masons could not dress 
 them into shape, and it was found cheaper to 
 quarry the stone, and work it up promptly before 
 it hardened. 
 
 The Laterite of the Mahabaleshwur hills, near 
 Bombay, can be cut with a mattock when first 
 exposed, but will harden into a good building 
 stone -and is much used. 
 
 As regards the Indus Cores, we have examined 
 the account given at page 16, part ii., Eeliquise 
 Aquitanicae, and also that given in " Anahuac," of 
 
187 
 
 the machine used by the ancient people for cutting 
 and chipping obsidian ; the accounts are very ob- 
 scure, but they seem to have had a lever machine, 
 which enabled them to cut or chip flakes " as 
 neatly as a turnip could be cut by a sharp knife," the 
 machine, perhaps, somewhat similar (though with 
 a longer lever) to that used for cutting up loaf 
 sugar. 
 
 Whilst on the subject of quarries, we may notice 
 that the ancients moved much larger blocks than 
 we moderns use for building ; the Kev. George 
 Musgrave, in his " Nooks and Corners of old 
 France," has expressed much astonishment at the 
 stones which have been placed over DruidicUl 
 Dolmens ; he observes, " Imagination cannot con- 
 ceive the methods adopted for lifting such masses of 
 stone to a height of many yards ; " their mode was 
 very simple, they rolled them up an inclined 
 plane of earth, taking the precaution to fill the 
 inside of the Dolmen also with earth ; they would 
 cut holes for insertion of levers on all four sides, 
 and, with artificial cement, fill up the holes, as is 
 known to have been done in Egypt. 
 
 2. KOCK BASINS. 
 
 The Druids and Brahmins of the East, as well 
 as of the West, have aided nature in making rock 
 basins ; a stone, gyrating under a water fall, would 
 
188 
 
 cut a basin which these observant recluses would 
 enlarge, by supplying larger grinding stones as 
 required, initiating the process so as to ensure a 
 succession of basins where required; and these 
 philosophers and capitalists would no doubt utilize 
 them for detaining specimens of tin, gold, &c., 
 brought down by the streams. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 No. 8. Is a piece of marble, which has assumed the 
 shape of an egg in course of making a 
 rock basin, in the bed of the river Ner- 
 buddah, near Jubbulpoor ; its white, egg- 
 like appearance has not been preserved in 
 the photograph. .. 
 
 4. Is a piece of granite, which may have been used 
 by some British Druid in enlarging a rock 
 basin in England ; it was found near the 
 Castle (Guildford), and may, in after times, 
 have been used on the walls as a missile 
 (see Judges ix., 58). 
 
 3. ABRASIONS. 
 
 The aspect of the present garment of the earth 
 has, we think, been more changed by abrasion, 
 than is generally admitted; Fulham in his " Mar- 
 vels of Science," asserts " Enormous boulders 
 " have been wrenched from their beds and carried 
 " over mountain ridges, into other regions; masses 
 " of rock have been torn from the rugged heights 
 " of Scandinavia, and swept across the sea to 
 
189 
 
 " Yorkshire and Cumberland ; even" the Alps have 
 " formed no barrier to the swollen tide, and the 
 " green valleys of Switzerland are strewn with 
 " fragments of St. Bernard ; " this is very poetical, 
 and no doubt to some extent true, but practical 
 observers will be inclined to believe that unless 
 "ice borne," the softer strata is more generally 
 washed away, leaving harder blocks in situ. In 
 Bundelcund, in India, may be seen a ridge of 
 boulders and rocking stones, left divested of all 
 softer strata. 
 
 The pinnacle, forming the frontispiece of Mr. 
 Fulham's work will, when it falls, be an example 
 of abrasive inflence, which has been in operation 
 from time immemorial. 
 
 Homer (we quote the translation of Lord Derby) 
 wrote 
 
 " Hector straight forward urged his furious course 
 
 " As some huge boulder from its rocky bed 
 
 " Detached, and by the wint'ry torrent's force 
 
 " Hurled down the cliff's steep face, when constant rain 
 
 " The massive rock's firm hold have undermined, 
 
 " With giant bound it flies." 
 
 4. GLACIAL MARKINGS. 
 
 That there are glacial markings, and ice borne 
 rocks and " murraines, 5 ' there can be no doubt ; 
 they are in operation at the present day, but 
 denudations and abrasions are more constant and 
 
190 
 
 extensive in tMeir operations ; water markings are 
 forming daily, wherever (as in the lake of Kil- 
 larney) waves beat against rocks having strata 
 hard and soft, the latter washes away. 
 
 There are indications, such as birds frozen on 
 their nests, and on branches of trees ; pachyderms 
 found frozen in Siberia ; sudden termination of 
 life in peculiar positions, which indicate glacial 
 action as part cause of the destruction of life at 
 the Deluge. 
 
 5. INCRUSTATIONS. 
 
 May be accounted incipient petrifactions. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 No. 5. Is a basket of eggs, incrasted, we believe, at 
 
 Knaresborough, in Yorkshire. 
 6. Is a basket of Book's eggs, from Matlock, 
 Derbyshire. 
 
 Many streams and rivulets have the property of 
 incrusting twigs, branches of trees, or other ar- 
 ticles placed in their waters ; the group marked 
 "A" are specimens from a small rivulet at Badge- 
 worth, near Axbridge, Somersetshire. 
 
 In India, every twig or root projecting from a 
 bank, gets incrusted, if water percolates along it ; 
 they break off, and form nodules of Kunkur. 
 
 But incrustations merely on the outside are very 
 different from silicious petrifactions. 
 
191 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 No. 7. Is a pair of shoes, turned to flint, they are 
 right and left foot, are bound together like 
 a pair of new shoes (apparently of a child, 
 or of a Chinese lady), are made differently 
 from modern shoes, having what appears a 
 sort of basket work inside the leather ; they 
 were found in the Railway Chalk Pit, Hog's 
 Back, Guildford, about the junction of the 
 drift with the solid chalk ; it would be in- 
 teresting if it could be ascertained when 
 these shoes got into the chalk. 
 8. Is a bird, apparently on its nest, probably 
 frozen ; it is from the chalk, Guildford, 
 Surrey; it has not come out well in the 
 photograph, but with a lens, the head may 
 be seen ; the hole at the top was made by 
 the workmen at the chalk pit. 
 
 6. BAIN DROP MARKINGS. 
 
 There is very high authority for the existence of 
 ancient rain drop markings ; but there is reason 
 to suppose, that in some instances, small creatures, 
 such as Talitri (sand hoppers) have caused inden- 
 tations, which have been mistaken for rain drops ; 
 animal matter hardens sandstone ; rain drops 
 would seldom have that effect. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 No. 9. Is the upper part of half a slab of micaceous 
 sandstone from Yorkshire, which we pur- 
 chased as a slab supposed to have been 
 marked by rain drops, but we believe they 
 are made by some such creature as the 
 Talitrus. 
 
192 
 
 10. Is half the same slab reversed, to shew that the 
 
 perforations go entirely through the slabs ; 
 
 but the creature itself would be much lower. 
 
 B. Is a sketch shewing that the insect goes down 
 
 to water, or at any rate damp sand. 
 
 In the Geologist for 1865, there is a communi- 
 cation from A. Bryson, Esq., of Hawk Hill, Edin- 
 burgh, lucidly explaining how the Talitri burrow ; 
 and Ainsworth, in his " Assyria, Babylonia, and 
 Chaldcea" page 135, observes, " The mud banks 
 " on the Shat el Arab which are left bare by the 
 " ebbing time, are the abode of a species of Go- 
 " bius, which, by burrowing the ground, prepare it 
 " for the reception of plants." 
 
 It may be remarked that some the Gobioidce 
 (Acanthopterygoid) family build nests of sea-weed 
 in sand, in which to lay and hatch their eggs, a 
 beautiful provision of nature, apparently for con- 
 solidating sea margins ; Ainsworth adds, " This 
 " species, like other Acanthopterygoid fish, to 
 " which the labyrinthiform gills give the property 
 " of living out of the water, delight in basking in 
 " the most, powerful sun of summer, lying in 
 " myriads on the banks, and moving with great 
 " agility on the approach of birds." 
 
193 
 
 XXIII. WEAPONS, WARS, SHIPS, AND STRUCTURES 
 
 OF MEN OF THE EARLY AGES. 
 
 A VIVID minded author, has this year (1867), 
 published, what it appears he wrote in 1864, re- 
 garding mankind ; he remarks, " The fountain out 
 (( of which the race is flowing, perpetually changes ; 
 " no two generations are alike, each varies from the 
 " last, because it inhales as its atmosphere the air, 
 " which we breathe as we grow, and in the multi- 
 " plicity of elements of which that air is now 
 " composed ; it is for ever matter of conjecture what 
 " the minds will be like, which expand under its 
 " influence." 
 
 This is indeed a subject of vast conception ; if 
 men acquired generation after generation con- 
 stantly cumulative knowledge and power, this 
 small globe would soon become unfitted for their 
 residence ; Nitrocis, the " rosy cheeked " Queen 
 of Egypt, is said to have made herself a pyramid 
 by building round and over that of Mykerinus ; if 
 each succeeding monarch had done the same, 
 Providence would no doubt have caused a second 
 
194 
 
 dispersion ; the pyramids have for nucleus solid 
 rock, and are on a plan admitting of unlimited 
 expansion. 
 
 Steam power is fast disemboweling England ;. 
 and our vessels of war are not now constructed on 
 the principle of the ark, in nests or compartments ; 
 so as to attain speed and avert fatal concussion, 
 it is probable that experience will prove, that 
 instead of heavy iron armour, it would be better 
 to let shot pass through the nests with the least 
 possible resistance, and to have ready, appliances 
 for instant stoppage of shot holes in any " nest " 
 perforated. 
 
 The antediluvians must (like the Chinese) have 
 had their ships constructed in water-tight par- 
 titions ; it is very difficult to sink one of the 
 Chinese silk junks by any number of shot, as we 
 were once told by an eminent admiral who had 
 seen it tested. 
 
 We know but little regarding the " weapons " 
 used before the Flood, we have as yet only found 
 war clubs; No. 1, plate xxiii., appears to have 
 been a club shaped by the hand of man out of 
 wood originally, now turned to flint, it has minute 
 pebbles embedded in it, and was found in solid 
 chalk, at a depth of one hundred and twenty-five 
 feet from the surface, when a well was dug in the 
 
195 
 
 Merowe downs ; we took specimens of the chalk 
 and embedded fossils at the several depths, down 
 to one hundred and thirty feet, where water was 
 found abundant ; and it will be seen (photograph 
 A, plate xxiii.) that the chalk is the same ;" we put 
 en eminent professor of geology in possession of a 
 box of smaller specimens from the same well, with 
 a view to test whether any difference could be 
 detected in the fossils composing the chalk, and 
 we believe none could be found. 
 
 No. 2, plate xxiii., appears to be a war club, 
 shaped like the head of a dog ; it must have been 
 of wood, and have had a handle attached to it, 
 probably admitting of striking over a shield; some 
 war clubs of the New Zealanders are said to have 
 had flexible handles, admitting of blows being so 
 given ; this specimen is from the chalk at Guild- 
 ford, and has part of a marine shell embedded in 
 it, proving that it has been subject to diluvial 
 action. 
 
 Very few written records exist regarding 
 weapons before the Flood ; the weapon with which 
 Cain slew Abel is not defined/ further than it 
 shed blood ; but we read in Genesis iv., 22, that 
 Tubal-Cain was an instructor of every artificer 
 in brass and iron ; the blood of Abel is also 
 alluded to in the New Testament, Hebrews xii., 
 24. 
 
196 
 
 The artificers who made the ark and its water- 
 tight nests or compartments, must have had tools ; 
 and weapons must have been in use for defence 
 against wild animals, and for hunting ; those who 
 survived the Deluge, must have saved their tools, 
 for they commenced building on a gigantic scale, 
 and planted the vine. 
 
 The mace, hammer, and axe must have been in 
 use ; the throw stick of heavy wood is said by 
 Kitto, to have been delineated on early Egyptian 
 monuments ; such implements would be modified 
 by insertion of flint chips, teeth of fish, and other 
 conversion into weapons ; the saw fish, by its saw, 
 would naturally indicate a weapon ; the one rep- 
 resented as B, plate xxiii.. is modern. 
 
 In Kitto's Cyclopaedia, drawings are given of a 
 great variety of ancient weapons. 
 
 Armies seem to have been assembled, in early 
 ages, with great rapidity, by signals sent round, 
 and in numbers denoting dense population ; the 
 men of Israel numbered four hundred thousand 
 men that drew the sword ; Abijah led that number 
 of chosen men against Jeroboam (2 Chron. xiii., 3- 
 17) ; and the Ethiopians in the time of Asa (about 
 950 B.C.) came out under Zera, with an army 
 stated (2 Chron., xiv., 9) at a thousand thousand, 
 and three hundred chariots. 
 
197 
 
 War Chariots seem to have been in use in very 
 early times ; at Nineveh, at Thebes, by the Phos- 
 nicians (Canaanites), and by the ancient Britons ; 
 they must also have been in use at a very early 
 period in the East, and the advantage of the 
 entire band round the wheel have been then 
 known and appreciated ; Baron Bunsen gives the 
 following extract from the thirty- second hymn, 
 first book of the Veda 
 
 " Indra, Lord of the free and of the fettered " 
 
 " Of the abundance of horned cattle ; wielder of the thunderbolt " 
 
 " He is Lord indeed, a king of mankind," 
 
 " As the tire, the spokes, so doth he encircle all." 
 
 Experience in war must have shewn that wooden 
 chariots might be burnt, therefore Sisera had 
 chariots of iron ; we in the West only obtained 
 this experience, regarding entire tires, within this 
 century. 
 
 If we look back to the sieges of Antiqnity, we 
 shall find, 2134 years B.C., a king of Assyria, 
 beseiging Bactria with four hundred thousand 
 men, and that it was for a very long time ably 
 defended ; Bactriana having at that time a large 
 population, and, as we are informed (by Ammianus 
 Marcellinus), a thousand cities. 
 
 Machines for hurling missiles were on the walls; 
 besiegers had to draw lines of circumvallation, 
 
198 
 
 erect counterforts, raise mounds ; and they were 
 accustomed to undermine the walls, propping them 
 up until required to fall ; Joshua, at Jericho, was 
 probably inspired to adopt this plan. 
 
 The wars of Joshua are interesting, as being 
 waged against the Canaanites (Phoenicians), who, 
 before the time of Abram, were a commercial 
 people; the glass of Sidon, and the purple and 
 fine linen of Tyre, are mentioned in Scripture. 
 
 The West probably derived its early civilization 
 consequent on the pressure put by Moses and 
 Joshua on the Canaanites, ; the ancient inhabi- 
 tants of Greece, the Pelasgi, Hiantes, Lelages, and 
 other previous settlers were, it is said, civilized by 
 a colony of Phoenicians (Titans), about the time 
 of Moses. 
 
 Inachus founded the kingdom of Argos about 
 1856 years B.C. Cecrops landed in Attica 1582 
 B.C., and built Athens, and other cities. Cadmus 
 about 1519 B.C. (we quote Nares's Elements of 
 General History), introduced alphabetic writing 
 into Greece; the alphabet of sixteen letters. 
 
 The pressure put upon the Canaanites by 
 Joshua, thus benefited the Western people, ; Cad- 
 mus is said to have taught them the use of the 
 vine, and all processes of metallurgy. 
 
 We read (in Deuteronomy) that Moses, after he 
 
199 
 
 had conquered Sihon, king of the Amorites, and 
 Og, king of Bashan, caused himself to be conveyed 
 to the top of Pisgah, over against Jericho, and 
 having seen thence, the promised land, died, aged 
 120 years, enjoining Joshua to conduct the war in 
 full reliance on the promise. 
 
 Joshua accordingly, having carefully arranged 
 his commissariat and intelligence departments, 
 crossed the Jordan, and invested Jericho ; he 
 seems for six days to have marched his forces 
 round the place, sounding trumpets, and threat- 
 ening attack ; on the seventh day, after seven 
 times encircling the place with trumpets sounding, 
 Joshua at length directed his people to shout ; the 
 wall fell down under it, no doubt undermined. 
 Joshua then took Ai by a stratagem, encouraging 
 them by a first success, he led them on a second 
 occasion to quit their stronghold again, in pursuit 
 of one portion of his army feigning retreat, on 
 which he with the other (held in ambush) entered 
 Ai, and intercepted their return. 
 
 The crossing of the Jordan by Joshua is said to 
 synchronize with the 14th year of the reign of 
 Eamses III., of Egypt. Joshua continued to con- 
 quer, smiting and deposing thirty-one kings, whose 
 territories were allotted to the children of Israel. 
 Joshua died, aged 110 years, being succeeded by 
 
200 
 
 Judah and Simeon, whose wars are described in 
 the book of Judges. 
 
 As regards structures, we find that the early 
 postdiluvians said " Let us build us a city and a 
 tower, whose top may reach to heaven;" that the 
 antediluvians built citie's we are informed, for Cain 
 " built a city, and called it Enoch." 
 
 Iron had probably been proved to deteriorate 
 structures, whether ships or buildings, and a mode 
 of building without cement was in use ; it is 
 called in India, " Haimar Punty," because a cele- 
 brated physician brought the knowledge of it, and 
 of the square written character and alphabet, from 
 Mah Lunka, where he had been summoned to 
 attend a sick monarch. 
 
 There are many Haimar structures still re- 
 maining in the East, we tried to give a photograph 
 of a bridge still standing in Assam, but it did not 
 come out distinct, having been placed too distant ; 
 a full description of it may, however, be had, and 
 a good drawing of it seen, in the Calcutta Asaiatic 
 Journal, No. 4, of 1851 ; the peculiarity of the 
 structure is, that the stones are joined without 
 any cement, but cramped, perhaps with stone 
 cramps or wedges. 
 
 We believe that what have been considered 
 as flint cores, have not improbably been used in 
 
201 
 
 the East as wedges and cramps ; Bunsen (Egypt, 
 vol. ii., p. 98) states that on one at least of the 
 pyramids of Egypt " stone cramps " were used. 
 
 No. 8, plate xxiii., is a model of the cramps or 
 fox wedges used in fixing large blocks of stone to 
 the rock for the foundation of the bridge adverted 
 to at page 91 ; the wooden wedges used (as well 
 as the charred cylinder) were of Acasia (Baubul), 
 the " Shittim " wood of Scripture ; but in the 
 photograph, two of the Indus fossils very well 
 represent the wedges of hard wood which were 
 really used, the cores are found in such numbers 
 in the bed of the Indus, and in the old canals of 
 irrigation, as to lead to the supposition that they 
 have been cut into shape when the clay or stone was 
 soft, and have been hardened by some artificial 
 process, such as causing them to imbibe water 
 (having silex in it) at night, and drying them in 
 the sun or in a kiln by day ; that is to say, sub- 
 jecting them to alternate moisture and heat; a 
 piece of the Indus matrix (whence the cores must 
 have been taken) was cut by the author a day or 
 two after its arrival, last month, (June 12th, 1867) 
 easily with a chisel, and has since been subjected 
 to this process ; it could not now be cut without 
 chipping, and we think it will, in time, become a 
 sort of chert. 
 
202 
 
 The mode of using the shittim wood cramps, 
 the author thinks, must have been suggested to 
 him by the native masons ; holes were made, two 
 in each large block of stone, sufficient to admit 
 the cylinder, the wedge split the cylinders on 
 being driven half into the stones, so that no force 
 would draw them out ; similar holes being made 
 (with a common jumper) in the solid rock, the 
 stone was forced down ; the wedges expanding the 
 other half of the cylinder, the attachment became 
 firm and complete, particularly when the (pre- 
 viously charred) wood became swollen by moisture ; 
 the bridge in question was made with inadequate 
 funds (only about four hundred pounds being 
 available), so that the arches could not be raised to 
 a sufficient height ; but, though the torrent of the 
 Khaum river has several times filled the archeSj it 
 has never lifted them, and the bridge stands firm, 
 and still affords communication between the in- 
 fantry and cavalry of the Aurungabad division ; 
 the road way and arches may be said to be one 
 block of stone, with as much truth as that the 
 whole roof of the labyrinth is one stone, the whole 
 being well cemented rubble stone. Strabo wrote, 
 regarding the labyrinth, " The marvel is, that the 
 ceiling of each of the chambers in the courts is 
 formed of a single block of stone;" but Diodorus 
 
203 
 
 outdid this, by affirming that the whole roof of 
 the labyrinth was of one stone ! the truth being 
 that each roof is well beaten and amalgamated 
 fine rubble work, polished like marble. 
 
 The right sole of the pair of shoes found in the 
 chalk pit of the Hog's Back is given, marked "D" 
 plate xxiii. ; the left sole was given in plate xxii. 
 
 No. 3. Looks like a bird defending its nest from an 
 intruder. 
 
 4. A carapaced creature, apparently in conflict 
 
 with a bird. 
 
 5. A bird of peculiar shape, perched on fossil wood. 
 
 These three specimens (and many others in our 
 possession) have the appearance of having been 
 asphyxied or frozen ; they are from Guildford 
 chalk. 
 
 No. 6. The fossil tooth of a small sized equus, from 
 
 drift gravel, Guildford. 
 
 7. Two echini, from the matrix of the Indus Cores, 
 in which likewise a shell, allied to Turri- 
 tella, is found, as in Portland stone ; we 
 gave to the editor of the Geologist's Maga- 
 zine, a piece of the Indus matrix, having in 
 it the cast of one of those screw- shaped 
 shells, and a small piece of the matrix 
 which could still be cut. 
 
205 
 
 *XXIV. MOTION AND CHANGE, AND OCCASIONAL 
 " SHAKINGS," SEEM DESIGNS OF PROVIDENCE. 
 
 AT page 8, the author observed, " Let us abide by 
 the TEXT of the Bible ; there is then no difficulty, 
 no restriction of Time;" since which, he has read 
 the following, (at page 100, the Reverend Charles 
 Kingsley's " Water of Life," "Are we to degenerate 
 66 into unmanly and faithless wailing s, crying out 
 " that the flood of infidelity is irresistible, that the 
 66 last days are come ? Not if we believe the Text. 
 " The Text tells us of something which cannot be 
 " moved, though all around it reel and crumble, of 
 " a firm standing ground which would endure." 
 
 If a man in the East were to object to his 
 carpets being taken up occasionally, and his floor 
 looked to, he might, at some unexpected moment, 
 find himself sinking into a cavity mined by termites ; 
 we are told (Hebrews xii.) not only is the earth 
 shaken occasionally, but heaven also, that those 
 things which cannot be shaken, may remain. 
 
206 
 
 Men cannot now (at least in Great Britain) be 
 dragged before the Inquisition for believing that 
 the earth, as compared with the heavenly orbs, is 
 but a small globular planet revolving round the 
 sun ; nor for expressing belief that man was 
 created on the same sixth yume as animals, he^ 
 may be assailed by some ardent geologist, but, 
 relying on the affirmation of Scripture, the author 
 will not be disconcerted, but endeavour the more 
 to elicit truth. 
 
 Referring back to part xvi., it will be seen that 
 the author ventured to suggest that some of the 
 orbs above may be under preparation, as mansions 
 for the blessed, " others, regions for those requiring 
 punitory retrogression, future probation, and refor- 
 mation" 
 
 The Eeverend author writes thus : " Able and 
 " pious men are considering that men are dis- 
 " torting the plain literal Text, in order to make 
 " Scripture fit the writings of Dante and Milton, 
 " when they translate into ' endless torments after 
 " death ' such phrases as the outer darkness 
 "the 'undying worm' 'the gehenna of fire '- 
 " which manifestly, if judged by fair rules of 
 " interpretation, refer to this life, and especially 
 " to the fate of the Jewish nation ; " they demand 
 " a more reverent interpretation of Scripture." 
 
207 
 
 Josephus is much more liberal in his interpretation 
 (see Whistin's Josephus, p. 663.) 
 
 Torture, whether of mind or body, being no 
 longer permitted, men of education look to have 
 reason and truth for their guidance, not threats 
 unauthorized by the Text ; the wages of sin, no 
 doubt, are death, but the " consuming fire " 
 (Hebrews xii., 29) may purify candidates who 
 have not as yet qualified for a blessed mansion, 
 rather than send them to "eternal torment;" 
 rather subject them to punishment proportionate 
 to their misdeeds, causing reform and restoration. 
 
 Theologians, to use the words of the Keverend 
 author, " Should look at new truths with caution ; 
 " with caution, lest in grasping eagerly after ivhat 
 " is new, we throw away truth which we have 
 " already" 
 
 Eestriction of the Deluge to the banks of the 
 Euphrates, and the denial of the Noachian Flood, 
 would be attended with far more complicated 
 difficulties than stowage room in the ark (see 
 pages 12, 159, 161). It is written in the Dictionary 
 of the Bible, edited by Dr. Wm. Smith, " But it 
 " is not only the inadequate size of the ark to 
 " contain all, or anything like all, the progenitors 
 " of our existing species of animals, which is 
 " conclusive against a general Deluge. Another 
 
208 
 
 " fact points with still greater force, if possible, in 
 " the same direction, and that is, the manner in 
 " which we now find these animals distributed over 
 " the earth's surface. 
 
 In part xiv., and at pages 30 and 60, we have 
 endeavoured to uphold the Scriptural account, 
 that the Deluge was territorially general ; animals 
 were saved by other tribes and nations, or why 
 should so long a period of exhortation and prepa- 
 ration have been accorded ; we believe that many 
 of the scarped plateaus and isolated heights of the 
 East, owe their origin to the Deluge, and to the 
 dread of a renewal ; they were, and are still called 
 arks. 
 
 To our mind, one strong proof of the Deluge Is 
 the vast number of fossil birds to be found in the 
 diluvial drift ; birds would be the last destroyed ; 
 many of them seem to have been suddenly frozen, 
 or asphyxied, as shown in the photographs. 
 
 That the earth has been " shaken " and up- 
 heaved, is indicated in every part ; tjie first 
 immigrants to Egypt would not have (thereafter) 
 indications of the great Flood, but they would 
 have to cut their pyramids out of limestone 
 abounding in marine indications, they would find 
 some tracts of the wave-washed plains overspread 
 with prostrate trees, and water-worn flints, and 
 
209 . 
 
 the " shell covered hills" (as the Kev. Mr. Churton 
 wrote) " giving proofs of the Deluge." 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 No. 1. Is a piece of fossil wood, from one of the 
 prostrate trees of Egypt, near Cairo. 
 
 2. Is a piece of fossil wood, out of the rock of 
 Gibraltar, the bark very distinct. 
 
 Gibraltar (Mons Calpe) one of the pillars of 
 Hercules (the other being Abyla, on the opposite 
 coast), is a rock of limestone based on flinty slate, 
 jutting prominently out of the sea, in form, resem- 
 bling a Lion-Couchant, connected (tailward) to the 
 mainland by a narrow strip of sand apparently, 
 but based on the same rock ; it must have been 
 connected formerly with the mainland, and have 
 received trees now fossilized ; bones of animals, 
 birds, &c.', are also found ; it is abundantly sup- 
 plied with water, not only for the garrison, but 
 for the protecting fleets. 
 
 It will be seen that the fossil wood out of the 
 limestone rock of Gibraltar retains, in part, its 
 fibrous indications ; and the bark is beautifully 
 preserved. 
 
 In the group of fossil wood from the West 
 Indies, marked A, the ligneous fibre marks are 
 very distinct ; whereas, in chalk, silex seems 
 entirely to have displaced the wood and fibre. 
 
210 
 
 B is a group of specimens from the Indus 
 matrix, indurated and approaching to the hardness 
 of chert. 
 
 The Indus limestone is numulitic ; has in it 
 the turritella and echini. 
 
 No. 8. Is a piece of fossil wood, from the coal measures 
 of South Staffordshire, one projecting portion 
 has assumed a more advanced state of 
 silicification, probably from being more of 
 an organic nature ; something embedded 
 in the wood. 
 
 Petrifaction is one of the changes constantly in 
 operation ; entire protection from atmospheric 
 agencies seems requisite; otherwise decomposition 
 ensues ; sudden submersion or immediate deep 
 embedment seems requisite. 
 
 At Herculaneum, bodies suddenly enveloped 
 and excluded from free air, retained thdr form ; 
 the marbles and bronzes are preserved as in a 
 case made to fit them, owing to the non-adhesive 
 quality of the scoria and ashes which enveloped 
 them ; may not indications of the cities in the 
 " vale of Siddim " be looked for eventually ; and 
 may not there have been some foundation for the 
 reports regarding petrified cities in Africa, not- 
 withstanding the ridicule attempted to be thrown 
 on those reports, by the asserted mistake of echini, 
 for loaves of bread. 
 
211 
 
 It is very probable the pair of shoes we have 
 had photographed may not be recognized as such, 
 but we submit them ; truth will, in due time, 
 make itself apparent ; we must have patience. 
 
 The petrified foot, delineated in plate xvii., No. 
 1, some say may not be of very old date ; we 
 therefore give, No. 4, plate xxiv., a Bimanan foot, 
 in which is embedded part of a marine shell, 
 shewing that it must have been in the antediluvian 
 ocean. 
 
 The Phoenician ships, also those of Alexander 
 the Great, were made of gopher (said to be cypress) 
 wood, on account of its lightness and durability ; 
 is it not strange that none have been found pre- 
 served in a fossil state ? is it because they are not 
 recognized or admitted when found ? 
 
 Some ships of a modern date have been found, 
 as particularized by Sir Charles Lyell (Principles, 
 p.p. 316, 725, 758), and at page 759, we obtain 
 the following information : " We are informed by 
 "Leigh, that in draining Martin Meer, a lake, 
 " eighteen miles in circumference in Lancashire, 
 " a bed of marl was laid dry, wherin no fewer than 
 " eight canoes were found embedded; in figure and 
 " dimensions they were not unlike those now used 
 "in America. In Ayrshire, also three canoes 
 " were found in Loch Doon, some years ago, and 
 
212 
 
 " during the year 1831, four others, each hewn out 
 " of separate oak trees ; they were twenty-three 
 " feet in length, two and a half in depth, and 
 " nearly four feet in breadth at the stern ; in the 
 " mud which filled one of them was found a war 
 " club, of oak, and a stone battle axe. A canoe 
 " of oak was also found in 1820, in peat, overlying 
 "the shell marl of the Loch of Kinnordy, in 
 " Forfarshire." 
 
 The fossil (5, plate xxiv.) seems more like the 
 Squatina-vulgaris than any other fish, but we do 
 not presume to assign names to any of our fossils, 
 and a young friend suggests that it is more like a 
 devil than an angel-fish ; it is from the chalk of 
 Guildford, and has embedded in it proofs of 
 having been in the antediluvian ocean, viz : pieces 
 of marine shells. 
 
 No. 6. Seems an anvil (flint), it has part of it rounded, 
 as if to fix into a block or stump of a tree. 
 
 7. A shark's tooth, shewing that in early times 
 
 this predaceous fish must have attained 
 great size ; it is from diluvial gravel drift. 
 
 8. A diplodus (double toothed) tooth, from coal of 
 
 North Staffordshire. 
 9 & 10. Two other specimens of coal, having in each the 
 
 tooth of a fish. 
 
 11. A piece of pottery, burnt out of Clay Cross 
 Coal ; it is bored and made concave inside, 
 apparently by the hand of man, but when 
 and how it got into the coal, remains to be 
 discovered; it has still coal emb^ded in it, 
 
213 
 
 In part xxiii., we gave reasons for supposing 
 that some of the (so called) flint 'cores may have 
 been cut when soft ; we, a few days ago, found 
 amongst the gravel thrown up to form the foun- 
 dation for the new Stoke Church, a chisel- shaped 
 tool, cut like a flint implement, but apparently 
 originally wood, and having marks of worms ; 
 such a wedge would be very well adapted for the 
 fox wedges to join and cramp stones of a moderate 
 size ; we give the specimen as No. 12, of plate xxv. 
 
215 
 
 XXV. ALLEGATIONS AGAINST THE BIBLICAL 
 
 GENEEAL DELUGE ; WITH REPLIES. 
 
 FIRST ALLEGATION. It has been asserted that 
 traces of Eden cannot be found in any part of the 
 world. 
 
 The reply may be made that this is one of the 
 strongest affirmative proofs of the general nature 
 of the Flood of Noah. Luther and Kitto con- 
 sidered that all traces of Eden would of necessity, 
 be obliterated ; the Euphrates and Tigris would 
 not have the same beds after the Flood. 
 
 Second Allegation. That volcanic scoria and 
 ashes were not washed away, nor volcanoes ex- 
 tinguished. 
 
 It may be asserted, with truth, that scoria 
 and ashes have been thrown up repeatedly 
 since the Deluge ; that water (producing steam) 
 increases volcanic upheavements ; that volcanoes 
 are active under the sea ; that Etna was rekindled 
 1700 years before our sera, and Vesuvius is known 
 to have resumed activity twice at least since the 
 Deluge. 
 
216 
 
 Third Allegation. It has been asserted that 
 around Etna, seven successive stratas of lava have 
 been formed, each strata having soil upon it, which 
 would reguire two thousand years, or fourteen 
 thousand for the lowest. 
 
 To this it may be replied that Herculaneuni 
 was destroyed so late as A.D. 79 ; and yet six 
 distinct eruptions of lava, with intervening soil, 
 can be distinguished (see Ph. Trans. K. Society, 
 vol. Ixi., p. 7). Time must be accorded. 
 
 Fourth Allegation. If all mankind sprang from 
 Noah, it is impossible, it is said, to account for 
 varieties of races and languages. 
 
 The reply may be, that if Noah obeyed the 
 command of God, " Gome thou, and all thy house 
 into the ark," all existing races would be accounted 
 for ; the climatic reasons put forth by Home are 
 not conclusive ; neither is there any necessity for 
 fancied creations of Preadamites (whether inferior 
 races of men or angels) further than recorded as 
 inhabiting other spheres. 
 
 Fifth Allegation. It has been alleged, that had 
 the Deluge been general, every fresh-water fish, 
 mollusk, and worm, would have been destroyed. 
 
 Fish will live in mud, in underground reservoirs ; 
 vast lakes remained after the waters subsided, as 
 proved by the black earth on elevated plateaus in 
 
217 
 
 the East, in America, Eussia, Siberia, and every 
 part of the world ; ova might be suspended in the 
 clouds ; even fish sometimes descend, mollusks 
 and worms may have been preserved without 
 resort to any great miracles. 
 
 Sixth Allegation. The great quantity of water 
 that would be required for a general deluge. 
 
 The uplifting of the former ocean bed (earth's 
 present garment) would cause such a mighty rush 
 of waters as would bring " Tropical Fruit " to the 
 valley of the Thames, and spread drift and com- 
 mingled fossils as we find them ; even a slight 
 deviation in the axis of the earth might again 
 cause a rush of waters round the globe ; it is 
 beyond comprehension how such precision is 
 maintained as to avoid recurrence of such cata- 
 clysms. Wisdom Supreme could only so arrange. 
 
 Seventh Allegation. The difficulty of providing 
 for the creatures congregated in the ark. 
 
 The Polynesians in their ark are said only to 
 have taken the dog, pig, and fowls (their domestic 
 animals). Noah and his house would no doubt 
 be more provident, and take sufficient for their 
 wants, either into the ark or on the plateau, for 
 it is not unlikely some lofty summits may have 
 been exempt from the rush of waters ; Gerizim is 
 said to have derived its holiness from this ex- 
 
218 
 
 emption, but as this mount is of numulitic lime- 
 stone, the Hebrew vision may not be correct. 
 
 Eighth Allegation. It has been assumed that 
 the Deluge only extended to the valley of the 
 Euphrates and its vicinity. 
 
 If so restricted, how account for the universal 
 spread of drift and commingled fossils ; drift wood 
 is found with the bones of the mammoth of the 
 Godavery, in the South of India ; and M. de 
 Middendorf has lately made known, that the wood 
 in N. Siberia (near the fossil frozen mammoths) 
 is Drift Wood. 
 
 How could the thirteen billions of human 
 creatures have had room near the Euphrates, or 
 those destroyed have been buried ? We find more 
 indications of the diluvial waves on distant hills. 
 
 Dr. Gumming has well remarked, that the 
 Almighty does not resort to miracles without 
 obvious necessity ; what occasion for an ark 
 at all, if, by moving away from the devoted 
 valley, Noah might have saved his House ? Joseph 
 saved the House of Pharoah by establishing gran- 
 aries in all the cities of Egypt (Genesis xli., 40- 
 41-48). 
 
 Ninth Allegation. The nephalim of Canaan, if 
 descended from those mentioned in Genesis vi. ; 4, 
 must have had ancestors saved. 
 
219 
 
 This has been adduced sometimes to prove that 
 the Deluge was not general, but in our view, it 
 only tends to prove, that even amongst the 
 Nephalim, there may have been some righteous 
 men, who attended to the warning given, and 
 saved themselves, and their Houses. Great men 
 had many followers in the olden times. 
 
 Tenth Allegation. It has been asserted, that 
 eight persons (four of them females) could not have 
 managed the ark, and its contents. 
 
 This is admitted fully ; but the suggestion of 
 Dr. John-jahn (see page 19) would be conclusive, 
 and we are told (Hebrews xi., 7) " By faith Noah, 
 being warned of God, prepared an ark to the saving 
 of his house; 99 in no part of the Bible are the 
 domestics excluded in the definition, house, or 
 household. Abraham armed 318 of his house. 
 (Genesis iv., 14.) 
 
 Eleventh Allegation. That the mound builders 
 of America were not destroyed. 
 
 They were probably descended from those who, 
 " by faith saved their houses,' 9 and, in dread of a 
 renewed flood, made refuge mounds at an early 
 period after the Deluge. 
 
 Twelfth Allegation. It has been alleged, that if 
 the Deluge had been general, the dove would not 
 have found an olive leaf to pluck off. 
 
220 
 
 Those who have resided in the East, know how 
 readily branches conveyed to long distances sprout 
 again, and will consider this objection pointless. 
 
 We are not aware of any other attempts to 
 shake belief in the Biblical Deluge ; such " sha- 
 kings " should make belief more firm. 
 
 From the upheaved chalk or wide spread diluvial 
 drift, we give a few more specimens. 
 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
 Nos. 1 & 2. Two paws (the front one with five claws) of 
 a creature about the size of the Felis 
 Leo ; the under view will be given in the 
 next plate : they are from under the 
 Hog's Back, Guildford, Surrey. 
 8. A Batrachian ; the reverse side is shewn in the 
 small photograph, on the right, at the 
 foot of plate v. 
 
 4. Front part of a Batrachian reptile. 
 
 5. A very heavy fossil, somewhat like a Chelonian; 
 
 from the Railway Pit, Guildford. 
 
 6. A curious shaped fish, from the Railway Pit. 
 
 7. The front part of a creature like a reptile .or 
 
 conger eel. 
 
 8. A small spirited looking little creature, of a 
 
 kind unknown ; it is from the chalk, 
 turned into flint. 
 
221 
 
 XXVI. AFFIRMATIONS REGARDING PEE-ADAMITES ; 
 AND EEPLIES. 
 
 A LEARNED author, having faith apparently in the 
 marginal notes, rather than in the Text of the 
 Bible, finds (like Ainsworth) six thousand years 
 quite " incompatible," and therefore has recourse 
 to Pre-Adamite inferior races of men ; whilst 
 another author has supposed Pre-Adamites of an 
 angelic or superior race. 
 
 The advocate of the inferior race, affirms 
 First When the Scriptures are sifted, nothing 
 appears that directly, or impliedly warrants the 
 position, that Adam was the first of created human 
 beings on the earth (Adam and the Adamite, page 
 295). 
 
 Reply Adam was created "In the beginning 
 (Be-Reshith) " the earth had been " without form 
 and void," and the " Lord God had not caused it to 
 rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till 
 the ground" (Gen. ii., 5). Adam was required to 
 give " names to every living creature." 
 
222 
 
 Second This author limits the Deluge to the 
 "part of the earth's surface, the abode of the family 
 of Adam." 
 
 Reply What necessity in that case would there 
 have been for an ark ? A distant mountain would 
 have sufficed, having such warning ; and as Dr. 
 Gumming has stated, the Almighty does not without 
 necessity resort to miracles ; a blade of corn re- 
 producing seventy fold is a permanent miracle 
 ordained of old. 
 
 Third The antediluvian period is restricted to 
 1656 years. 
 
 Reply No such limitation, we think, exists in 
 the Bible. Moses gives only genealogical notices, 
 male names, men of dynastic note. Job wrote, 
 " we are but of yesterday ; " at least six generations 
 are omitted in Ezra vii., 1, between Azariah and 
 Maraioth (see 1 Chron. vi.) 
 
 Fourth That the Patriarchs (including Noah) 
 lived from six hundred to a thousand years. 
 
 Reply Hebrew genealogists are confessedly non- 
 consecutive ; David is the only one named between 
 Abraham and our Saviour. " Son of Seraiah " 
 means only of the line of Seraiah ; many gener- 
 ations intervening. The Patriarchs from Adam to 
 Noah may have been chiefs of dynasties or races. 
 
 Fifth This author states, "-The doctrine that 
 
223 
 
 deduces the Bushman, the Fuegian, the Hottentot, 
 and the Negro, from the same stock that produces 
 the European, the Arab, the Brahman, and the Jew, 
 has all the vices of the Lamarckian and Darwinian 
 theories of the production of species, without any of 
 its plausibilities. 
 
 Reply If Noah obeyed the mandate (Gen. vii., 
 1) come thou and all thy house into the ark (see 
 part xi., p. 81) races of all colours would spread 
 over the earth, and the more so from their being 
 different ; and there may have been righteous 
 men (besides those of the Caucasian race) that 
 attended to the earnest preachings and warnings 
 of Noah. 
 
 Sixth This author can only understand (page 
 279) how in the days of Abraham, there were the 
 nations, kings, &c., enumerated, unless there were 
 Pre- Adamite races. 
 
 Reply Chedorloamer was an Arian king of 
 Elam (Persia) ; and Ellasar a median Arian ; 
 great lapse of time must be accorded. The hippo- 
 potamus (time) had long existed. 
 
 Seventh At page 295, this author writes, " It 
 was not known in his (Bonn's) days, as is now 
 known that the priority of Adam in the procession of 
 humanity, was destructive of the Bible Chronology." 
 
 Reply Entirely a misconstruction, arising from 
 
224 
 
 marginal restriction, not authorized in the text; 
 no Bible Chronology is attempted by the inspired 
 writer. 
 
 Eighth At page 309, he writes, " The minds ' 
 that developed the arts and sciences that flourished 
 in Nineveh and Babylon, in Egypt and Greece, 
 were as acute and creative as the most cultivated 
 intellects of the artists and philosophers of Europe 
 to the present hour." 
 
 Reply Admitted but such development had 
 not matured in 1656 years, nor were they Pre- 
 Adamites ; those " minds" were of the race of 
 Adam. Allow time, and faith will be restored; 
 no modern sage (any more than Job) can de- 
 clare what chronology is comprehended in the 
 Hebrew term " Be-Reshith," " in the beginning;" 
 Moses was not inspired to announce when that 
 was. 
 
 We offer a few more flint specimens, considering 
 it very conducive to onward progress towards 
 truth, to establish the fact that other fossils may 
 have" silicified and turned to flint, besides sponges 
 and Alcyonian zoophytes (see page 139). 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 
 No. 1. The inside view of half a gigantic shell, the 
 
 outside in plate xxvi. B. 
 
 2. The inside (two pieces) of a fossil ; the same 
 closed will be shewn in xxvi. B.) No. 2). 
 
225 
 
 ' . * 
 
 PLATE xxvi. continued. 
 
 3. The inside (two pieces) of a somewhat similar 
 
 fossil ; the same closed is given plate xxvi. 
 B, 3. 
 
 4. Two pieces, giving inside view of a fossil which 
 
 is given closed, No. 4, plate xxvi. B. 
 
 5. The inside (one piece) of apparently a fossil 
 
 bird, the reversed side given No. 5, plate 
 
 xxvi. B. 
 (k Inside view (two pieces) of what looks like the 
 
 head of a monkey ; see also plate xxvi. B. 
 7 & 8. The reverse or under view of the two paws, 
 
 represented as Nos. 1 & 2, plate xxv. ; the 
 
 hind paw has only four claws. 
 9. A Chinese puzzle fountain ; it is somewhat like 
 
 No. 8, of plate xxv., and leads to the 
 
 supposition that No. 8, of plate xxv., may 
 
 not have been of organic origin. 
 
227 
 
 XXVII. HISTOKY, WRITTEN AND MONUMENTAL, 
 
 WITH REFERENCE TO RESTRICTED CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 IN advocating extension of chronology (beyond 
 that accorded in the margins of our Bibles), the 
 Author trusts he has not adduced anything that 
 could have the slightest tendency to impair any 
 person's belief in the text, nothing could be 
 further from his intentions; he .cordially agrees 
 with good Dr. Marsh that it would be both dan- 
 gerous and uncharitable, to do what might have 
 that tendency, but the marginal restrictions of 
 time have confessedly done mischief, and must 
 impede correct appreciation ; truth, science, and 
 religion, are inseparable. 
 
 " There is nothing more certain (Baron Bunsen 
 " wrote) than the historical sketch which has been 
 " preserved in the Bible, taken in its general 
 " features ; the history of the world is to be 
 " divided into Ante and Postdiluvian" (vol. iv., 
 p. 478). 
 
228 
 
 t 
 But there has been error in restricting time by 
 
 genealogical tethers, never intended to be applied; 
 in the Bible only eminent male names are given ; 
 our Saviour, for example, is mentioned as " of the 
 seed of Abraham* and the son of David ; to him 
 was to be given the throne of his father David." 
 The Hebrews adapted genealogical divisions to 
 make up mystical periods ; thus between Salmon 
 and David only three names are given, whilst for 
 a similar lapse of time between Solomon and 
 Jehoiachim (Luke's Genealogy), no less than 
 twenty names are given ; Shebuel is termed the 
 son of Gershon (Gershom), the son of Moses ; 
 Jehu is called the son of Nimshi (1 Kings, xix.), 
 and in another .part " the son of Jehosophat, the 
 son of Nimshi " (2 Kings ix., 2-14) ; and in 
 Genesis xxix., when we read " Know ye Laban, 
 the son of Nahor?" we should understand Laban 
 descendant of Nahor, he was his grandson, being 
 in reality the son of Bethuel ; as we read "Laban, 
 son of Bethuel, the Syrian, the brother of ' RebeJcah " 
 (Genesis xxviii., 5). 
 
 Generations are indefinite as regards TIME ; the 
 Hebrew term signifies period, revolution ; and 
 some learned men have considered the names of 
 the antediluvian patriarchs dynastic periods (rather 
 than the term of life of individuals), as in the 
 
229 
 
 records of the Medes and Persians ; a man of the 
 present generation may be descended from one of 
 the Norman immigrants of times past, (without 
 being his son, or 1200 years of age.) 
 
 Biblical enumerations of kingdoms and nations 
 demand extension of time. A South Babylonian 
 empire had existed centuries before Abraham's 
 visit to Egypt ; and this postdiluvian patriarch 
 found a monarch, court, princes, and law estab- 
 lished in Egypt that would require centuries of 
 years of generations to perfect (see Part II., p. 9). 
 
 Memphis (Ptah) must then have been a fortified 
 city, nineteen miles in circumference ; what inter- 
 esting discoveries might be made, if a " Limited 
 Liability Company " would obtain a " Firman " 
 from the ruler of Egypt, to admit of digging up 
 the foundations within the nineteen miles of area 
 of this ancient city, using all worthless stones and 
 materials in embanking a lake, with islands, pre- 
 serving all remarkable objects, at present, above 
 ground, such as the spring of fresh water, and 
 the (renewed) sycamore tree, under which the 
 Holy Family are stated to have rested. Sites for 
 buildings, and sales of discoveries, might be re- 
 munerative ! Pococke observes (vol. 1, p. 30), 
 " Nothing can be imagined more beautiful than to 
 " see those places (lakes filled by the Nile) filled 
 
230 
 
 4 'with water, round which the best houses in the 
 " city are built ; and when the Nile is high in the 
 " summer, it must be an entertaining prospect to 
 " see them covered with the fine boats and barges 
 "of all the great people, succeeded by corn fields 
 " and harvests." 
 
 Reservoirs would of course retain an ample 
 supply (obtained at high rise of the Nile) of water 
 for the crops within this artificial garden and 
 park ; with a circuit of nineteen miles the embank- 
 ment, having breadth (as on the walls of Nineveh) 
 for three chariots to course abreast. 
 
 Instead of going to the Northern lakes for a 
 supply of water for London, it might not be diffi- 
 cult to turn the uncultivated heaths, commons, 
 and marshes, round London, into a succession of 
 reservoirs and filtering tanks, alike useful for 
 defence and maintenance of a permanent available 
 supply of pure water, collected from the atmos- 
 phere by conducting ducts. The lakes should 
 have islands on them adapted for batteries of 
 cannon if requisite, and be deep enough for gun- 
 boats in those parts designed as canals of defence. 
 
 The ancient Egyptians, in constructing their 
 works of irrigation, adapted them for defence, 
 particularly against chariots and cavalry ; and the 
 Bhuddists and Druids of the early ages were 
 
231 
 
 adepts in making reservoirs and lakes, disposing 
 of surplus soil, by raised island mounds for 
 building sites, cultivation, or other useful pur- 
 poses. The mound builders in America " erected 
 gigantic earth pyramids, hill forts, and river terrace 
 enclosures ;" and beneath their mounds are found 
 " sculptures fit to vie with the most beautiful adorn- 
 ments of mediaeval architecture 19 (Dr. Wilson's 
 Pre-historic Man, vol. ii., p. 51). 
 
 The early inhabitants of America could bring 
 water from a distance of four hundred miles, as 
 described in the following extract from Dr. Daniel 
 Wilson's Pre-historic Man ; quoting M. Blake on 
 Primitive Peruvian Megalithic Architecture and 
 Works, he observes, " Numerous canals and sub- 
 " terranean aqueducts were formed to conduct the 
 " waters of lakes and rivers for irrigating the soil. 
 " Some of these have been preserved, and are still 
 "used by the Spaniards. One in the district of 
 " Condesuyer, is of great magnitude, four hundred 
 "miles in length ; but these great works, like the 
 " roads, were not confined to the more fertile parts 
 "of the country. In the Southern part of Peru, 
 " and in the midst of the desert, extensive and 
 " numerous tunnels were excavated horizontally in 
 " sandstone rock, through which the water still 
 "runs, and is conducted into reservoir's, from 
 
232 
 
 "whence it is taken to the various gardens of 
 " Pica, producing in this arid and desert land, one 
 " spot, which in the luxuriousness of its vegetation, 
 "is rarely found surpassed in places the most 
 " favourably situated for cultivation " (see Pre- 
 historic Man, vol ii., p. 72) ; Dr. Wilson makes 
 the remark, " In the megalithic character of their 
 " (Peruvian) architecture, the elements of a self- 
 " originated and primitive art are strikingly ap- 
 " parent." 
 
 Perusal of Dr. Wilson's work will tend to extend 
 our vision, and make us more conscious that in 
 very early times, in very distant lands, arts and 
 sciences flourished ; that the world has existed 
 and has been occupied by man longer than the 
 marginal restriction will admit, is evident from 
 the Cyclopean works of postdiluvian man still to 
 be seen ; for example, a race of men appear to 
 have quarried stones near Baalbec, which a sub- 
 sequent race of men (about the time of Solomon) 
 could only work into basement courses. Volney 
 gives the dimensions of one only partially extracted 
 from the limestone quarry as sixty-nine feet two 
 inches long, twelve feet ten inches in width, and 
 thirteen feet three inches deep. The cubic con- 
 tents 15,892 feet, as estimated by Marshal Mar- 
 mont ; for their mode of moving and raising such 
 
233 
 
 stones, see page 187, and the model in the 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact, indicating lapse of time 
 and reminiscences of antediluvian arts, that the 
 nearer we approach the early postdiluvian period, 
 the more gigantic the works, and larger the pop- 
 ulation and armies are represented; Zerah, the 
 Ethiopian, came out against Judah, with " An 
 "host of a thousand thousand, and three hundred 
 "chariots" (2 Chron. xiv., 9), "And Asa had 
 " an army of men, that bare targets and spears, 
 " out of Judah, three hundred thousand ; and out 
 " of Benjamin, that bare shields and drew bows, 
 " two hundred and four score thousand ; all these 
 " were mighty men of valour." 
 
 And as regards gigantic works, the Sarcophagus 
 of Oimenepthah (who is supposed by M. Bonomi 
 to have died 1147 years before our sera, or about 
 two centuries before Zerah fought Asa), may .be 
 inspected in the museum of Sir John Sloane, in 
 London ; and if we go back to the time of Menes, 
 we find the people of that early period, cutting 
 down ranges of nummulitic limestone, leaving pyra- 
 mids (as workmen in the present day leave mounds 
 to shew how deep they have cut), and using the 
 stones for embankments to turn the Nile into 
 another channel, so as to leave a. dry and favour- 
 able site for a city (Memphis). 
 
234 
 
 Herodotus records this, and Wilkinson explains, 
 that by so diverting the stream of the Nile between 
 the two chains of mountains, a suitable site was 
 obtained for the city, old Memphis. 
 
 If we are to believe Clemens, of Alexandria, as 
 quoted by Baron Bunsen (vol. i., p. 9 and 10), 
 royal authors had written treatises on the art of 
 medicine, from Athotis, son of Menes, to Nechepso; 
 and Herodotus and Theophrastus are quoted, to 
 prove that the inhabitants of the cultivated portion 
 of Egypt were the best informed and most learned 
 of mankind; we are informed (Actsvii., 22) "And 
 Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the 
 Egyptians, and was mighty in words and deeds ;" 
 terms similar to these applied (Luke xxiv., 19) to 
 our Saviour. Abraham became rich, and gained 
 power in Egypt ; but lower Egypt must have been 
 a marsh or an estuary when Merose and upper 
 Egpyt were flourishing, nay, the nummulites that 
 formed or consolidated the stones of the Libyan 
 range of limestone may have been at work under 
 the sea. H * 
 
 The learned German author expresses him- 
 self somewhat strongly, "No man can honestly 
 "deal with the present (marginal) chronology, 
 " when by the dates of the pyramids, and other 
 " contemporary monuments, he must go back 
 
235 
 
 " nearly four thousand years B.C., or the Judaic 
 " date of creation in order to arrive at Menes, a 
 " united empire, established upon a basis of long 
 " and progressive constitutional development. 
 
 The Baron gives 3784 years B.C. as the date 
 back to the South Babylonian empire (vol. iii., 
 p. 321) ; the chronology of Menes, 3623 years 
 B.C.; these two epochs representing (according to 
 Bunsen) the commencement of two vast empires 
 requiring thousands of years to perfect. 
 
 The Baron dates back the Flood to 9250 years 
 B.C., and is disposed to ask for four thousand 
 years additional, on account of the advanced state 
 of arts and sciences in the time of Menes ; we 
 have suggested (p. 66) that "if the immigrants 
 brought with them the accumulated' and advanced 
 knowledge of the people before the Flood, less time 
 might be admitted." 
 
 The Baron, calculating by ethnology, judges 
 that one hundred and eighty generations may 
 have preceded Menes ; the same argument would 
 apply, languages were probably perfected before 
 the Deluge, although latterly " The wickedness of 
 of man was great on the earth, and every imagi- 
 nation of his heart was only evil continually " 
 (Gen. vi., 5). The house of Noah may have had 
 races speaking various languages ; and other 
 
236 
 
 nations may have had their " just man perfect in 
 his generations," who may have attended to the 
 warning, and they have saved their houses by prep- 
 aration of arks. European engineers might with 
 advantage study the arks or refuge plateaus to be 
 found in various parts of the world, where, by 
 scarping mountain plateaus, strong positions have 
 been made (with water sure) that would give 
 refuge to a hundred thousand men, with cattle, 
 and* yet admit (during peace) of being adequately 
 defended by a small number for example, Avaris, 
 or Abaris, was such a prepared ark, capable of 
 holding an army of two hundred thousand men ; 
 it would, however, have been too small to hold 
 the house of Pharoah (Gen. xli., 39 to 41). 
 
 It was the 'custom in former ages, for those 
 destined to great works, to travel in foreign coun- 
 tries remarkable for science and wisdom ; Cyrus 
 did so, and with reference to this, Solon observes, 
 " Happy the nation that is governed by a prince 
 " who travels over the earth and seas, to bring 
 " back to his country all the treasures of wisdom." 
 
 Tiglath Pileser, who was captive in Babylon, 
 B.C. 1110, has recorded " The pine tree, the 
 " Likharina tree, and the algum tree ; these trees, 
 " which none of the former kings, my fathers, 
 "had planted, I took from the countries which I 
 
237 
 
 " subdued, and I planted them in the groves of 
 "my own country; whatever was not in my own 
 "country, I took and planted in the groves of 
 "Assyria (Science Gossip, May, 1865). 
 
 The princes of England, under parental guid- 
 ance, have certainly not been wanting in this 
 respect. 
 
 With regard to history, recording early emi- 
 grations, Sir Henry Holland, Bart., M.D., has 
 observed, "Where do we find the faintest au- 
 thentic trace of those maritime migrations, 
 "seemingly not singly, but successive, which 
 "peopled the great American continent, giving 
 "birth to numerous nations and languages, and 
 " to various monuments of power, and partial 
 "civilization?" The ship first on record is the 
 ark, and the directions to Noah indicate that his 
 house had been accustomed to make large vessels ; 
 " Make thee an ark of gopher wood, rooms shall 
 thou matie m the ark, and shalt pitch it within and 
 without with pitch ; the length of the arJc shall be 
 three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, 
 the height of it thirty cubits." The Phoenicians, or 
 Canaanites, appear to have had large sea-going 
 ships, and speed was attended to. Job wrote, 
 " My days are swifter than a post, they flee away, 
 they see no good ; they are passed away as the 
 
238 
 
 swift ships " (Job ix., 25-26) ; and we read " In 
 " that day shall messengers go forth from me in 
 " ships " (Ezekiel xxx., 9) ; and swift dispatch 
 vessels are alluded to in the 18th chapter of 
 Isaiah. 
 
 We are glad to observe that Baron Bunsen, 
 whilst advocating extension of time, disclaims the 
 transmutation theory, and observes (vol. iv., p. 55) 
 " Monkeys may have existed millions of years, 
 " not man ; he must have left traces of develop- 
 "ment and creation behind;" and at page 47, 
 " Man no more grows out of the lower animal 
 " forms, than the animal does out of the plant, 
 " or the plant out of the stone." 
 
 We must first believe that other fossils than 
 sponges and zoophytes may have silicified in 
 flint, and then indications of man of the early 
 ages will be found and admitted; at present they 
 are ignored when found ; the ubiquity of the up- 
 heaved -marine nummulite in the present garment 
 of the earth is admitted, why should the Deluge 
 be restricted to the valley of the Euphrates, and 
 parts adjoining ? 
 
 We persist in our search, and submit the 
 following 
 
 PLATE XXVII A. 
 
 No. 1. A creature resembling a large Lepus; the other 
 
239 
 
 side of it with marine shells in the eye and 
 mouth; may be seen as No. 1, plate xxvii. 
 B. It is from the chalk, of Guildford. 
 
 2. A marine creature ; the reverse side No. 2, 
 
 plate xxvii. B. ; from under the Hog's 
 Back, Guildford. 
 
 3. Apparently a fish ; reverse side No. 3, plate 
 
 xxvii. B. ; from under under the Hog's 
 Back, Guildford. 
 
 4. A group of four curious carapaced creatures, 
 
 from the chalk of various places ; their heads 
 will be shewn better in plate xxvii. B. 
 
 5. A block of fossil wood, on which a small Che- 
 
 Ionian and another creature had fixed 
 themselves ; the under side has various 
 sea shells sticking to it, as will be seen in 
 No. 5, plate xxvii. B. 
 
 6. Another piece of fossil wood (from the Isle of 
 
 Wight), having pieces of sea shells attached 
 to it, as will be better seen in No. 6, plate 
 xxvii. B. 
 
 7. A fish, with a powerful screw propelling paddle ; 
 
 see also No. 7, plate xxvii. B. 
 
241 
 
 INDEX AND ADDENDA, 
 
 OCTOBER, 1867. 
 
 PART I. CHRONOLOGY. PAGES 5 to 8. 
 
 THE important admissions made on the 6th September, 1867, at 
 Dundee, regarding tertiary coal and volcanic upheavements, 
 indicate gradual return to belief in the Deluge of Noah (see 
 Geologist, October, 1867, p. 470), provided undue restriction of 
 time is avoided. 
 
 Baron Bunsen, from not adverting to co-existing dynasties and 
 joint regencies, may have demanded more extension than is 
 requisite ; Hushung was " Dustoor " to his grandfather Kyomurz 
 (Shah Namah line, 294, Calcutta printed edition), so there were 
 many dual dynasties and joint rulers in Egypt (also in Ethiopia), 
 before Menes united upper and lower Egypt. King David had 
 Solomon as Regent during his declining years ; and Jotham ruled 
 jointly with Uzziah. Time must not be increased by multipli- 
 cation of dynasties ; but, on the other hand, it must not be 
 restricted to that extent as to be incompatible with what is 
 recorded in the Bible, and confirmed every year more and more 
 by "stones crying out" (see pages 434, 462, and 465, 2nd 
 edition of the work so called), where it is proved that the Assyrian 
 monarchs Tiglath-Pilesur (B.C. 1120), and Pul (grandson of 
 Divanubar) were content to have it recorded that they were 
 " restorers of noble buildings that had gone to decay ;" there had 
 been a former Pul and Semiramis. 
 
242 
 
 PART II. TIME OF THE DELUGE 9 to 11. 
 
 THE precise time has not been revealed in the Bible ; it may 
 have occurred when the great volcanic upheavement took place, 
 which placed nummulitic limestone high out of the ocean on the 
 Alps, Appennines, Pyrenees, Himalayas, and on high hills in all 
 parts of the world. 
 
 Menes, the first king of upper and lower Egypt, when he 
 desired to build a city (old Memphis), cut down a range of hills 
 of this limestone to form a foundation for his city, and to divert 
 the Nile towards the Fioom plain. This .occurred, according to 
 Dr. Hales's calculation, 2,412 years before our asra. 
 
 The Egyptians used the hippopotamus as the hieroglyphic for 
 Time ; Menes, after reigning three score years, died of old age ; 
 had this been known to the author of " Man's Age in the World" 
 he would better have understood the allusion to the death of king 
 Menes. 
 
 PART III. PEOOFS OF THE DELUGE 12 to 15 ; 
 also 116 to 119. 
 
 DEEAD of a renewed Deluge seems to have kept the early post- 
 diluvians to the hills and highlands. Firdoosi, in the Shah 
 Namah, mentions that Kyomurz " bu koh underoon sakht jaee" 
 (made dwellings, (caves) in the hills) ; and that Hushung " had 
 his court and strength in high places;" Homer, in the Iliad, 
 makes Pelides say " Firm walls of rock secure my native reign;" 
 and in the Odyssey, the Spartan city is described, " Sparta, whose 
 walls a range of hills surround." 
 
 Even in later times the dread of a renewed Flood (as we are 
 informed by Josephus) led men to prefer terrace cultivation ; and 
 
243 
 
 this is confirmed by many allusions in Scripture (see Isaiah viii., 
 25 ; Deut. viii., 7 ; Chron. iv.,'-40.) 
 
 Mattock cultivated terraces may, in some instances, have been 
 mistaken for sea or lake margins. 
 
 Ovid describes the Deluge in terms strikingly accordant with 
 those of Scripture. Jove having secured the aid of Neptune, 
 strikes the earth ; " The mouths of the fountains are relaxed, 
 " waters rush forth, with irresistible force ; corn, groves, flocks, 
 "men, houses, temples, are borne away or submerged;" the 
 withdrawal of the waters is described in equally strong terms. 
 
 PART IV. NUMBEKS SAVED IN THE ARK 16 to 20 \ 
 
 also 81 to 97. 
 
 THE whole of Israel, comprised in the eyes of the Almighty, one 
 house ; we read " The house of Israel rebelled against me in the 
 wilderness, and my sabbaths were polluted" (Ezekiel xx., 13-39). 
 Johath had to conjoin his retainers with those of the three 
 younger sons of Shimei, to admit of his being representative of a 
 house. In describing the family of Simeon, it is expressly stated 
 "Those mentioned by their names t were princes in their families ; 
 and the house of their fathers increased greatly " (see 1 Chronicles 
 iv., 38). Only thirteen of the sixteen sons are mentioned as 
 heads of houses ; the six daughters are not named, but they all 
 entered into the cities and villages. 
 
 PART V. PROOFS BY FOSSILS 21 to 37. 
 
 AGASSIZ and Hugh Miller coincided with Professor Phillips, that 
 fruit (more especially the order Rosaceae) would indicate man ; 
 hence the importance of finding them fossil in chalk. 
 
 Birds are most abundant in the upper drift chalk, just where 
 Ovid's description would lead us to look for them ; he wrote, 
 
244 
 
 " Stranger waves beat over the heights of the mountains , birds tired 
 their wings in seeUimg land, finding none, they fell into the sea.' 1 
 Pliny inform us that Ccecina of VolaterraB (a friend of Augustus), 
 employed birds (swallows) to give him the earliest information of 
 the winners of the chariot races ; the breadth of a valley (whether 
 that of Thessaly, or the Euphrates) would not have tired their 
 wings. 
 
 Ovid makes allusion to flying reptiles, and so do Cicero and 
 Pausanias. 
 
 PART VI. INTRODUCTION i. to iv., after 87. 
 
 THE additional specimens of the Indus "Cores" are given in 
 plate xxii. ; it is probable such wedges were cut by a machine, 
 the operators taking advantage of the stone being soft when first 
 taken out of the rock. The Assyrians baked the clay on which 
 they made their arrow-headed inscriptions and astronomical 
 calculations. These Indus wedges are found in such great 
 numbers and at such varied depths, as to lead to the supposition 
 that they may have been used as " fox wedges " in ancient works 
 of irrigation (see No. 8, plate xxiii.) 
 
 It is a curious fact in oriental history that the cyclopean 
 mode of building (with stones without cement) was brought from 
 great Lunka (perhaps Meroee, in Ethiopia), by Heimar Pundit, a 
 physician, who, on bis return from attending the king of Lunka, 
 brought back the square written character, and several kinds of 
 grain. 
 
 This square written character will perhaps be found in Abys- 
 sinia, or Meroe. It may perhaps have some affinity to the 
 Himyer, of Sheba, or Suba (see " Stones crying out," p. 266.) 
 
 There was an intimate connection between the Phoenicians and 
 the Himyarites. 
 
245 
 PAET VII. PBOOFS BY ASTRONOMY 39 to 41. 
 
 IT has been stated (see Archives des Sciences, No. 107) that it 
 has recently been ascertained, that in the 70th parallel of Latitude, 
 the Segusia, Taxodium, Quercus, Planera, Juglans, Andromeda, 
 and Ehamni, flourished formerly in the North of Greenland, at 
 present a region of snow. But may they not have been drifted 
 there at the Deluge ? 
 
 PART VIII. ETHNOLOGY 42 to 51. 
 
 IP words derived through Latin from Eastern languages were 
 pronounced in English with a broad, it is surprising what simi- 
 larity exists ; gate would be the same in the West as in the East, 
 for the entrance passes to a country ; Boorgate, Tullgate, in 
 India, having the same terminal as Ramsgate, Polgate, Ryegate. 
 
 Amen has no serious meaning in the East, but pronounced 
 Amen it would be heard with reverence, indicating Ameen, faith, 
 affirmation, so be it. In the valley between Ebal and Gerizim, 
 the broad pronunciation would be requisite in order that the 
 responses might be heard. The letter a is not pronounced short 
 either in Arabic, Persian, or Greek. 
 
 PART IX. THE SEA AND ITS WONDEBS 52 to 59. 
 
 LITTLE do we know what may be in underground reservoirs, and 
 in lakes And rivers below the earth ; Ovid describes the Lucas, 
 the Erisenus, and other rivers as disappearing under ground, and 
 reappearing ; and attributes the increase of waters at the Deluge 
 in part, to underground rushes upwards, of streams irresistible, 
 " et defmnato volvuntur in aquora cwrsw." 
 
246 
 
 Occasionally a Proteus -anguinus, with four legs or paddles, is 
 forced up from below ; one found in the cave of Adelburg, in Aus- 
 tria, was kept alive in a darkened glass case for five years, without 
 (it is said) any food beyond what it got from the water and atmos- 
 phere (see Wood's Natural History, p. 193, vol. 3.) In our 
 frontispiece we have given one of the lias fossils. 
 
 PART X. PROOFS OF THE ANTIQUITY OF THE PRESENT 
 GARMENT OF THE EARTH 60 to 80. 
 
 BILLIONS and millions of nummulitie antediluvian submarine 
 workers, having been upheaved from the ocean (probably at the 
 Deluge), now afford proofs on all high hills; and commingled 
 marine and terrestrial (perhaps subterraneous) creatures have 
 been wave borne and commingled in every part of the globe. In 
 our frontispiece we have given a piece of fossil wood, from under 
 the Hog's Back, Guildford, on which four creatures seem to have 
 attached themselves ; and such aggregations are common in the 
 chalk, strong proof that some great cataclysm occurred when they 
 were so massed and asphyxied, probably frozen ; birds seem to 
 have been frozen on their perches. 
 
 PART XI. THE ARK, AND ARKITE RITES AND 
 CUSTOMS 81 to 97. 
 
 EVERY part of the world bears indications of arkite rites and 
 customs ; even the Downs of England were scarped and barrowed 
 before the inhabitants had confidence to descend to the plains ; 
 and this has been uniformly the case all over the world ; in 
 Nubia and Ethiopia much interesting information will be obtained. 
 Bruce was greatly struck with the caves of the early Cushites. 
 
247 
 
 In plate X!A., the fossil nmmmie d'enfant was not well placed ; 
 No. 8, of plate xis., shews better ; the pin which fastened the 
 limbs together (probably bronze originally) may be seen protruding 
 below ; we have added a round ball (now flint) which has a foot 
 stuck upon it ; this is the only specimen of hieroglyphics we have 
 found ; it is from the chalk of the Bembridge Hill, Isle of Wight, 
 and was probably left by some party of travellers to indicate the 
 direction they had taken, to some friends following them; a 
 similar hieroglyphic foot is given in a North American Despatch, 
 at page 45, "Ten thousand wonderful Things." 
 
 PART XII. PROOFS THAT ARTS AND SCIENCES SURVIVED 
 THE FLOOD 98 to 106. 
 
 WORKS and monuments of the early postdiluvian races fully 
 testify, that immediately after the Flood, the people saved, 
 resumed and renewed arts and sciences. 
 
 The early Ethiopians are mentioned in terms of respect by 
 Homer, in the Iliad, book i. 
 
 " The Sire of Gods, and th' etherial train 
 On the warm limits of the farthest main, 
 Now mix with mortals, nor disdain to grace 
 The feast of Ethiopia's blameless race." 
 
 And Firdoosi, in the Shah Namah, mentions that in the great 
 war between the Persians and the Seah-Deos, the latter (when at 
 length conquered) in return for clemency shewn, taught the 
 Persians arts and sciences, architecture, and reading and writing. 
 
 Ethiopic sculpture will probably be found older than Egyptian. 
 Ancient geographers describe Meroe as " more ancient and more 
 mighty than the Egyptian Thebes." 
 
 If the " Juzera ul Juzera" Island of Islands could be held, 
 terms might be dictated without bloodshed, and probably it would 
 
248 
 
 be proved to be the Mah Lunka of the Brahmins, unless, indeed, 
 the White Islands of Great Britain should prove to be great 
 Lunka ; there may have been several Lunkas, as there were many 
 Meroes. The Phoenicians probably supplied tin from the White 
 Islands to the Assyrians and other oriental nations. The Persians 
 in their war with the Ethiopians, had ships which conveyed their 
 armies " ze kishwur bu kishivur shitab" (from country to country 
 quickly) ; the war between the Arian and Cushite races was a 
 long continued severe struggle ; though a dark race, the people 
 of Ham were in early times an enlightened people (see Chronicles 
 iv., 40) ; it would be very desirable to elevate them by education, 
 and improve their creed. 
 
 PART XIII. MAN, ANTEDIDUVIAN AND POSTDILUVIAN 
 107 to 115. 
 
 HOOSHUNG, one of the early kings of Persia, is said by wisdom to 
 have detached stone from iron " bu danish, ze ahun, juda kurd, 
 sung;" this, in the Calcutta printed edition, preceded the discovery 
 of fire ; whether this is an error of emplacement we have at 
 present no means of ascertaining ; but by cold hammering, it is 
 found that copper vents for heavy guns stand better 'than iron, and 
 we profited in this respect many years ago, by a hint from 
 an Arian, " Ahungur," or smith at Aurungabad. 
 
 PART XIV. PROOFS THAT THE DELUGE WAS territorially 
 
 GENEEAL 116 to 119. 
 
 WHY should an ark have been requisite at all, if, by leaving the 
 valley of the Euphrates, the forewarned righteous Noah might 
 have saved his house ? And would not birds have flown to higher 
 
249 
 
 grounds ? The temporary stoppage of the river Peneus, and 
 consequent inundation of the valley of Thessaly, would not have 
 caused birds to fall into the sea, or destroyed Megatherias and 
 Saurians in all parts of the world. In metamorphosing the great 
 Deluge into that of Thessaly, Ovid intended, no doubt, to be very 
 facetious, but he afterwards burnt his work ; and in his Epistle to 
 Augustus, acknowledged deviation from truth ; his death occurred 
 about 16 years B.C., in retirement, having been banished on 
 account of the immorality of his writings. 
 
 PART XV. BIMANAN INDICATIONS, AND MODIFICATION OF 
 THE TRANSMUTATION THEORY 121 to 132. 
 
 MAN, in the antediluvian period, was as fully distinct from the 
 monkey tribes, as in the present period ; there is no indication of 
 any affinity; even the dolls found silicified in chalk, testify to 
 this. 
 
 In all ages, men have looked with respect to their ancestors, 
 representing them as a superior race. 
 
 One of the dolls in our collection tends to prove that the 
 antediluvians adorned their heads as elaborately as postdiluvians. 
 It is given in the frontispiece. 
 
 PART XVI. THE UNIVERSE AND ORBS OF HEAVEN 
 133 to 138. 
 
 THE Reverend author of " Twin Records of Creation," has cal- 
 culated that the orbs of heaven gave light to irrational creatures, 
 1,531,680,000 years before man enjoyed light ; we would rather 
 rely on the view taken by Sir David Brewster ; that man has been 
 long under probation on the earth for admission to the heavenly 
 mansions. 
 
250 
 
 PART XVII. ORIGIN GF FLINT FOSSILS, AND MODE OP 
 SELECTION 139 to 154. 
 
 FLINT must have had something to form upon, whether organic or 
 inorganic ; and if a flint nodule be taken unbroken from undis- 
 turbed chalk, its origin may almost always be detected. In 
 general, a sort of coffin or cerement envelopes creatures that had 
 flesh and bones ; decomposition hardens the chalk attached ; 
 it is the skin usually that preserves the general form. 
 
 The head, marked No. 1 in our frontispiece, had for years 
 served as a weight to keep open the door of our Museum Shed, 
 until by constant friction on the floor, its nasal organ became 
 apparent ; it seems like that of a fox. 
 
 PART XVIII. FLINT TOOLS ARE FOUND WITH EXTINCT 
 ANIMALS, WHY NOT MAN ? 145 to 154. 
 
 FOOT prints were discovered before birds. Flint tools made by 
 man are found in all parts of the world, but remains of the men 
 who made them are not sought for ; their bones must have 
 resumed use as phosphates. Antediluvian bones are not likely to 
 be found, but indications of man and his works in flint are 
 abundant. 
 
 PART XIX. GLIMATE AND LOCALITY AS REGARDS DEPOSITION 
 OF FOSSILS 155 to 164; also 57, 165 to 173. 
 
 NON recognition of the Biblical general Deluge, has necessitated 
 the supposition that creatures must have lived where their fossil 
 remains are found, whereas they are wave borne to distant places ; 
 
251 
 
 tropical fruit and spices to the valley of the Thames ; the giraffe 
 to Greece, its bones being massed at Pakermi, with those of the 
 mastodon, lion, and monkey (p. 159). 
 
 PART XX. DISTRIBUTIVE AND ASSORTING POWER OF 
 DILUVIAL WAVES 165 to 173. 
 
 ATTRACTION and specific gravity probably combine in distributing 
 and assorting materials. Mica floats better than sand, though a 
 heavier mineral, in like manner chalk may float and settle higher 
 than sand, and distinct from it. 
 
 We observe the following in Blackwood's Magazine for Sep- 
 tember, 1867 ; " If we really cannot form any other conception 
 " of gravity than as the result of an attractive force, we must 
 " reconcile ourselves to this conception ; and the general mind of 
 " Europe seems indeed to have adopted this attractive force, as 
 " an article of scientific belief. But if the older and indisputable 
 " force or law of momentum be sufficient to explain the facts of 
 " gravitation, then let us adhere exclusively to it." 
 
 But on such exclusive theory, it might be difficult to account 
 for the beautiful arrangement of nature, placing coal, salt, chalk, 
 in distinct assortment for use of man ; ofttirnes in juxta position, 
 as for example the chalk ridges of Surrey, and the Eargate stone, 
 and ridges of sand. 
 
 PART XXI. PROOFS ETHNOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL (FROM 
 THE NEW AND OLD WORLD) OF A GENERAL DELUGE 174 to 183. 
 
 IN distant America, the mode of burial (see pages 91 and 179) 
 is singularly like what must have prevailed when the chalk Downs 
 of England had their barrows in use, as described by Llewellyn 
 Jewitt, F.S.A., &c., in a paper published in the Intellectual 
 Observer for October, 1867. 
 
252 
 
 PART XXII. QUAEEIES, CAVES, ROCK BASINS, ABRASIONS, 
 
 GLACIAL MARKINGS, INCRUSTATIONS, RAINDROPS 185 to 
 
 192 ; see also p. 103. 
 
 THE astonishment expressed by Bruce at the caves of the early 
 Cushites has been noticed at page 103. These caves, probably, 
 will be met with in the course of the expedition to Abyssinia ; 
 some of them admitting of use as places of defence ; in former 
 times they were so used, and no doubt during peace were adorned 
 and furnished. Ovid, in describing the marriage of Pirithous, 
 son of Ixion, mentions " tables ranged in order, in a cave shaded 
 by trees;" the terraces in front of the caves were formerly gardens 
 and groves flanked and defended ; denudation has removed the 
 terraces. 
 
 At page 107, the astonishment expressed by the Reverend 
 George Musgrave at the immense blocks of stones placed over 
 the Druidical Dolmens has been mentioned ; we have given in 
 our frontispiece a model, in wood (an inch to a foot), of a stone, 
 eighteen feet long, five feet broad, and four feet deep, shewing 
 how such stones might be moved up inclined planes of earth, by 
 simply turning them over ; three pounds applied to each of the 
 four levers of the wooden model, will turn it over; a stone 
 (limestone or marble) of similar dimensions would weigh about 
 580 cwt. weight ; with levers of sixteen feet in length, a few men 
 at each of the ropes of the levers, would pull it over in succession ; 
 for larger stones, such as those of Baalbec, a greater number of 
 levers would be used, and perhaps pullies, see B. The ancients 
 
 were adepts in making artificial stone cement, and would readily 
 
 
 fill np the lever insertion holes of the stones. 
 
253 
 
 PART XXIII WEAPONS, WABS, SHIPS, AND STRUCTURES OF 
 MEN OF THE EARLY AGES 193 to 200. 
 
 WARS and sieges appear to have been conducted on a gigantic 
 scale in early ages (see p. 99). At the siege of Troy, Ovid 
 mentions that the Pelasgians (Greeks) were conveyed in a 
 thousand ships ; Homer enumerates 1186, and mentions that 
 each vessel carried " twice sixty warriors." On arrival, " Far 
 on the beach they HAUL their bark to land, the crooked keel divides 
 the yellow sand " (Iliad, B viii). They appear to have used the 
 ships on shore as fortified barracks, " The ships and tents in 
 mingled prospect lay;" and that the fortified camp had a citadel 
 or ark is apparent from the following, "High on the midmost bark 
 the king appeared ; Here from Ulysses's deck his voice was heard. 1 " 
 
 The Greeks no doubt had suitable capstans for hauling up 
 their ships ; we have this morning (at Eastbourne) watched the 
 "Triumph" sailing boat being hauled up* the shingle beach 
 (high and dry) by one capstan, and one man, a slow process ; but 
 if speed had been requisite, there are three capstans ready, and 
 any number of men might have turned the twelve bars. 
 
 The 120 Greek warriors in each ship would soon have hauled 
 up and placed in position their intended land barrack. 
 
 It would be a mistake to suppose ships were not constructed 
 with skill in former ages ; Hefner describes Ulysses as saying 
 " My fleet shall waft me to Thessaiias shores." When Senna- 
 cherib, king of Assyria, attacked Beth Yakina (the inscription 
 records) then Merodach Baladan fled ; his household Gods and 
 women were sent by swift ships to the country of Nigiti Rakhin 
 (see p. 468, " Stones crying out.") The great ark appears to 
 have been built in water tight nests or partitions ; we cannot help 
 considering that speed will be so requisite in offensive war, that 
 
254 
 
 our ironclads will have to act as slowly moving fortresses of 
 reserve, to " swift ships " nest built on the direct opposite 
 principle, viz. : instead of resistance and consequent concussion, 
 to let shot pass through like a thin wall, having available means 
 for stopping leaks, and pumping out water from any partition 
 perforated. The Chinese silk junks being so made in nests, 
 cannot be sunk by firing at them with shot within any moderate 
 time, as we were once told by an experienced naval officer of 
 high rank. The Assyrians, aware of the perishable and corroding 
 nature of iron, tried to coat it with bronze ; in the still earlier 
 times, Tubalcain was proficient in \\orking metals ; and constant 
 proof is afforded (see p. 350, " Stones crying out ") " That, the 
 arts of the world's fathers were not lost after the Flood. The 
 memories of the ark family caused a resurrection of those arts from 
 the drowned world, and the very building of the ark itself perpetuated 
 them.'" Assuredly Truth, this is enlightend Truth ; but it 
 relieves righteous Noah from the apparent cruelty, ingratitude, 
 and disobedience involved in the supposed exclusion of the 
 artizans and other members of his house who aided in building 
 the ark, and arranging its contents. 
 
 PART XXIV. MOTION AND CHANGE AND OCCASIONAL SHAKINGS," 
 SEEM DESIGNS OF PROVIDENCE 205 to 213. 
 
 UNDER Divine guidance, all creatures perform their assigned 
 parts in the continued changes ever progressing ; worms masticate 
 chalk, converting it into mould (see p. 27) ; the gobius fish leaves 
 the sea, and aids in consolidating the earth (p. 192) ; beetles aid 
 in renewing vegetation where most required ; birds carry in their 
 crops seeds to distant climes. 
 
 The great ocean plough, aided by minor ploughs (the rivers) is 
 
255 
 
 constantly changing land into sea, and vice versa. Ovid, in B 
 xv., gives an interesting account 'of the changes that had been 
 recorded in his time; he describes Pythagoras as saying "Antissa, 
 " Pharos, and Pooenician Tyre were once surrounded by waves ; 
 " no one of these is now (in Ovid's time) an island," whereas 
 Pharos, according to Herodotus, was once a whole day's sail from 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Baron Liebig, in his late controversy (detailed in Frazer's 
 Magazine for April, 1867), observes, " The theory according to 
 " which it is indispensible (in order to keep up the fertility of the 
 " soil) to restore to it the elements which have been taken away 
 " from it in the crops, dates from the oldest times, but the only 
 " thing was, people did not know how it was to be done." We 
 rather think that in the olden times of terrace cultivation, it was 
 probably better understood, and more appropriately applied than 
 at present (Deut. xxiii., 12-13) ; the treading (grazing) of cattle 
 on the higher grounds, and the periodical burning of the grass, 
 caused rich liquid manure to fructify the lower terraces when the 
 " first rains " fell. 
 
 PART XXV. ALLEGATIONS AGAINST THE BIBLICAL GENERAL 
 DELUGE, AND REPLIES 215 to 220. 
 
 WE are not aware of any other allegations than the twelve 
 recorded, and replied to. Bishop Colenso has asserted truth 
 apparently in the following " I am well aware that some have 
 " attempted to shew that Noah's Deluge was only a partial one. 
 " But such attempts have ever seemed to me to be made in the 
 " very teeth of the Scripture statements, which are as plain and 
 "explicit as words can possibly be" (see page viii., Bishop 
 Colenso, on the Pentateuch, part 1). 
 
256 
 
 PART XXVI. AFFIRMATIONS REGARDING PRE-ADAMITES, 
 AND REPLIES 221 to 224. 
 
 WE do not know of any other affirmations regarding Pre-Adamites, 
 than those replied to. 
 
 PART XXVII. HISTORY, WRITTEN AND MONUMBNTAI 
 227 to 239. 
 
 THE society formed for exploring the Holy Land, will no doubt 
 (from beneath the " sixty feet of rubbish " on which Jerusalem is 
 built) procure stones and records of very absorbing interest ; but 
 the highlands of Abyssinia and the Meroe of Ethiopia were 
 occupied before even Egypt had thence its soil and civilization. 
 
 The advantages of visiting foreign countries has been adverted 
 to ; some of the allusions in Scripture, as for example Job xv., 2 ; 
 Isaiah i., 8 ; Psalms cxliv., 13, can scarcely be comprehended 
 fully, by one who has not travelled in the East. 
 
 PART XXVIII. INDEX AND ADDENDA. 
 
 THE additions (if a reprint be made) may be added after each 
 part, the Index only being then printed. 
 
 The list of specimens in the frontispiece will be appended to 
 to the plate. 
 
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