IC-NRI 
 
 F TRAVEL 
 
 0URNEYS 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
GIFT OF 
 H-D.LINCL'IST 
 
 EDUCATION DEPT. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY 
 
 TO 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES 
 
 BY 
 
 MARIAN M. GEORGE 
 
 7 
 
 FOR INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER 
 GRADES 
 
 
 
 . CHICAGO . 
 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 
 

 y o / 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1901 
 
 BY 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANV 
 
 Gift 
 
 R.D 
 
 EDUCATION DEPT 
 
A Little Journey to 
 England. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 LONDON AND LIVERPOOL. 
 
 "A snug little island! 
 A bright little, tight little island! 
 Search the globe round, 
 And none can be found 
 So happy as this little island." 
 
 You and I may not agree with the person who 
 wrote this bit of verse about England, but our English 
 ancestors believed it firmly. To them "Old England" 
 was the most beautiful spot on earth. We can under- 
 stand why America did not seem an attractive country 
 to them, for they endured much suffering and hardship 
 during the first few years they spent here. 
 
 When they left their comfortable homes in Eng- 
 land and came to America they found but a wilder- 
 ness. Much of the time their lives were in danger 
 from unfriendly Indians, and in addition to this they 
 sometimes suffered for lack of food and other necessi- 
 ties, so we cannot wonder at their looking back upon 
 England as a happier place in which to live. 
 
 They told their children stories of the pleasant 
 years spent in the old home in England, and these chil- 
 dren came to have something of the same affection 
 for the mother country as the parents. To-day 
 
 575825 
 
A t JJTTWS JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 
 
 JUBILEE PORTRAIT OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. O 
 
 the name and pictured face of England's former 
 queen, Victoria, are almost as familiar as that of our own 
 president. And though to us no country can be so 
 dear as America, no foreign land can be so interesting 
 as England, the home of our ancestors. 
 
 When our grandparents came to the place where 
 Chicago now stands, they found but a frog pond. They 
 came west in wagons and it took them weeks to make 
 the trip from the Atlantic Coast. 
 
 If these pioneers could be here to-day and take the 
 trip from Chicago to New York on the "Pennsylvania 
 Limited" with us, their eyes would open wide with 
 astonishment at the marvelous changes that have 
 taken place. 
 
 They came west in wagons. We are leaving the 
 West in a train that gives the comforts and freedom 
 enjoyed in a home. We are not obliged to remain in 
 one compartment, but have at our disposal a cafe, a 
 dining room, a smoking room, a parlor, bed rooms and 
 a bath. There are also a library and cosy corners for 
 reading and lounging. 
 
 If one wishes to write letters there is a train sten- 
 ographer and typewriter to call upon, and the mail is 
 collected from the train. What more could the most 
 exacting traveller desire ? 
 
 There is an observation parlor too, where one may 
 view the scenery through plate glass windows until 
 darkness falls about. Swiftly the train bears us 
 
 ' 'Through fertile fields 
 And pretty vales, 
 By mountain streams 
 On guarded rails. 
 
6 . A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Here pastures green, 
 There marts of trade, 
 Or well-kept farms 
 And woodland shade." 
 
 The next evening finds us in New York a trip that 
 required weeks and even months of travel seventy- 
 five years ago. We can sail from New York in a fast 
 steamer and land on England's shore in six days, a 
 trip that would also have taken months of time during 
 the life of our great-great-grandparents. What fortu- 
 nate people we are to live in the twentieth century. 
 We would scarcely know how to get along without the 
 steam cars and steamships. 
 
 THE VOYAGE. 
 
 New York is not the only point of departure for 
 Europe, but it is the principal one. From this port 
 thirty companies send steamers every week to Eur- 
 opean ports. 
 
 Our steamer lies at the wharf, clean, flagged and 
 giving signs of her readiness to depart by letting off 
 steam. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 7 
 
 As the hour for sailing approaches, the wharf 
 swarms with people, of all ages and kinds. Vendors 
 of steamer chairs, flowers, pop-corn and candies, 
 mingle their shouts with those of newsboys, drivers 
 of baggage wagons and coaches; express messengers 
 and telegraph boys hurry through the crowds with 
 notes and gifts of fruit and flowers for departing pas- 
 sengers. 
 
 On board the vessel the crowd is even greater than 
 on shore. Across the gang plank and at the end 
 stands a uniformed officer, who directs us to the saloon 
 or parlor. Cabin boys are rushing about with sat- 
 chels, boxes and trunks. 
 
 The decks, dining room and saloon are filled with 
 people. Some of these are passengers and others are 
 friends, come to bid them good bye. Visitors walk 
 about the ship, peering into the state rooms, dining 
 room and other parts of the ship with curious eyes. 
 Many of them have never seen an ocean steamer 
 before. 
 
 A bell rings to warn them that it is time to go ashore, 
 and the next minute they hurry down the gang plank 
 while their friends assemble on the upper deck. The 
 great fog horn sounds; the last pieces of baggage are 
 lowered into the hull, the gang planks taken up, the 
 cables shipped and we are off on a three thousand 
 mile voyage. 
 
 The wharf with its cheering multitude is left behind 
 and after the last glimpse of the harbor we retire to 
 our state rooms to arrange our belongings. 
 
 The call to lunch comes very soon after leaving 
 land and it finds us ready with keen appetites. By 
 
8 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 dinner time, however, we have no desire to even look 
 at the dinner table. We feel sure we shall never care 
 to eat another meal, and wish we were back on land 
 again. Seasickness has driven many to their state 
 rooms. 
 
 The old ship-doctor walks about among the sick 
 passengers and tells them that if they wish to be well 
 at sea, they must laugh and keep out of doors. We 
 take his advice and soon again enjoy the voyage. 
 
 The first morning out is a great delight to the for- 
 tunate traveler who is not seasick. After a bath, a 
 cup of coffee and a biscuit, one is ready for an early 
 
 OUR DINING ROOMf- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 9 
 
 walk on deck. There are not many out at this time 
 and it is the best part of the day for a promenade. 
 
 Breakfast follows the morning walk and this dis- 
 posed of, every one not prostrated by sea-sickness 
 gathers on deck again. Some wrap themselves in rugs 
 and shawls and stretch out on steamer chairs to re- 
 main for the greater part of the day. Here they read, 
 talk, nap, and watch the water. 
 
 Others vary the monotony by playing quoits, hop- 
 scotch, bean bag, shuffle board, checkers or cards. 
 By and by the band appears and for an hour there is 
 music. Then the deck steward brings cups of coffee 
 or beef tea to those who wish refreshments. Indeed 
 it seems as if one does little else but eat, for five meals 
 are served each day. 
 
 The evening is the time for gaiety. The dining 
 room is brilliantly lighted with electric lights and dur- 
 ing the evening meal an orchestra plays. After din- 
 ner we stroll out on the deck for the fresh breeze that 
 is always blowing. 
 
 The nights are beautiful arid everyone remains on 
 deck as late as possible to watch the starry skies and 
 phosphorescent sparkle of the light-flooded sea. 
 When the wind blows a stiff breeze the sea' rises, and 
 at times the ship seems almost engulfed in the moun- 
 tain billows. The days are long. The twilight con- 
 tinues so late that at 9 o'clock in the evening it seems 
 not much later than seven at home. Time is kept 
 by bells. We are puzzled at first at the difference be- 
 tween the time shown by our watches and that of the 
 ship, but find that we h^ve gained from fifteen to 
 twenty minutes a day by sailing eastward. 
 
10 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Some mornings are enlivened by a life-boat or fire 
 drill, or a distant view of a passing ship, but the most 
 exciting incident is an encounter with an iceberg. A 
 long way off it appears like the back of a great camel. 
 A closer view reveals a monster mass of ice, over a 
 hundred feet rising out of the water. 
 
 A ship officer tells us that the ship sometimes 
 passes a hundred of these fragments of Arctic glaciers 
 in a single ocean trip. We are not alarmed by the 
 iceberg, since it is almost a quarter of a mile away, 
 but we are glad that there is no fog at this particular 
 time. A collision with one of these would probably 
 destroy our vessel. 
 
 We never tire of watching the birds that accom- 
 pany the ship. There are some about the size of spar- 
 rows, known as "Mother Gary's Chickens." The sail- 
 ors believe that certain disaster would come to their 
 vessel if one of these birds were injured, and are care- 
 ful not to hurt them. 
 
 As we near the end of our voyage, large flocks of 
 sea gulls sail about our ship. They are beautiful 
 birds, about as large as crows. At times they settle 
 on the water and ride the waves, and then suddenly 
 arise and dart away, touching the waves with the tips 
 of their wings. 
 
 The voyage slips rapidly away, and the coast of 
 Ireland draws nearer and nearer. The next to the 
 last evening the passengers give an entertainment for 
 the benefit of a sailor who was injured during the last 
 voyage made by our ship. Some of the passengers 
 give selections on the piano or violin; others sing, re- 
 cite or lecture, and a very pleasant evening is passes 
 
Longitude from G 
 
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 U.Tl.to .s,a^l! 
 N 
 
 BRITISH ISLES. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 13 
 
 Then comes the last night at sea, when all gather 
 on deck and sing, "Home, Sweet Home." Far away 
 on the horizon flash the lights which sentinel Ireland. 
 In the morning the ship stops at Queenstown for mail 
 and passengers, and then speeds on its way once more 
 for Liverpool, where we land. 
 
 The island for which we are bound is one of a group 
 that lies off the northwestern coast of Europe. Eng- 
 land is the largest of the five thousand isles that are 
 included in the British Isles. The island of Great 
 Britain is divided into England, Wales and Scotland. 
 England is the most important part of this island. It 
 contains London, the capital of the British Empire, 
 and Liverpool, one of the greatest seaports of the 
 world. 
 
 We have planned to spend our first month abroad 
 in these two cities, another month in other parts of 
 England and Wales, a third in Scotland and a fourth 
 in Ireland. 
 
 LIVERPOOL. 
 
 England at last! How glad we are to enter the 
 harbor and feel the solid earth beneath us once more. 
 We have been told that Liverpool is one of the great- 
 est seaports in the world, and are quite ready to be- 
 lieve it when we see its wonderful docks. It is a city 
 of ships. 
 
 There are acres of masts and funnels, and the flags 
 of all nations are fluttering over them. 
 
 We do not understand at first why there are so few 
 American flags among them, but learn later that the 
 American people, as a rule, use English ships. Eng- 
 
14 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 land owns half the merchant vessels and steamships 
 of the world, other nations employing them to trans- 
 port goods and passengers, instead of building vessels 
 of their own. 
 
 Great Britain has twice as many vessels as the 
 United State-, and London and Liverpool together 
 have almost three times as much commerce as our 
 greatest seaport, New York. 
 
 America develops trade at home, and leaves the 
 commerce of the seas to England. Ours is a man- 
 ufacturing and agricultural nation. We have plenty 
 of land and a rich home market. England lacks land 
 but has the seas and a great foreign market. 
 
 It is said that more ships enter Liverpool harbor 
 yearly than any other port in the world, and that on 
 its docks may be found sailors and merchant traders 
 from every nation on the face of the earth. 
 
 There are steamers in the harbor bringing cargoes 
 of beef and grain from the plains of South America, 
 beef and mutton from Australia, sugar, spices and 
 fruits from the East and West Indies ; fish and oil 
 from the north, gums, ivory and hundreds of other 
 things from goodness knows where. It is a wonderful 
 sight to look down the Mersey River upon this army 
 of ^hips coming in with the tide. 
 
 Liverpool is built on the eastern shore of the Mer- 
 sey, a tidal river. The tide rises and falls about fif- 
 teen feet, and this has made it necessary to enclose 
 the docks and build a landing stage for the use of pas- 
 sengers from the great ocean steamers. 
 
 Liverpool has seven miles of fine docks, faced with 
 stone. They enclose almost three hundred and fifty 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 15 
 
 acres of water. To walk around these would take a 
 day , but one can ride a long distance beside them on 
 the electric railway and get a good idea of what they 
 are like. 
 
 Different docks are used for different purposes. 
 Some are for grain, some for lumber, others for cot- 
 ton, and so on through a long list. The largest one is 
 Alexandra dock, named after the queen. It covers 
 over forty acres. There are sheds connected with 
 these docks, and in and about them crowds of busy 
 men. Wagons, vans and drays loaded with goods of 
 every kind are moving back and forth. 
 
 Trains of "goods vans" are also there being loaded 
 and unloaded. The English have no freight trains 
 such as ours. The freight is piled into open vans and 
 covered with tarpaulin. The van is a short, four- 
 wheeled wagon, something like a coal car but about a 
 fourth as large. 
 
 There are monstrous brick warehouses where goods 
 are stored to be shipped or reshipped to other parts of 
 the world. Liverpool's chief trading port is America. 
 Eigland sends to the United States and to the Eng- 
 lish colonies for cotton, grains, live stock and tobacco. 
 In return she sends out manufactured articles of wool, 
 cotton and iron. The iron and steel goods are sent to 
 Liverpool from other cities; coal and salt from the 
 south and south-west part of England. 
 
 Liverpool seems much like a busy city in the States. 
 There are few ancient landmarks or interesting build- 
 ings. The most magnificent structure is St, George's 
 Hall, which is said to contain one of the finest organs 
 in the world. We will not remain to hear it for we 
 
16 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 wish to hurry on to London. Few travellers remain 
 here long, as there is little to interest them aside from 
 the docks. 
 
 But this we have learned, Liverpool is the most 
 densely populated city in the world. It is also the 
 chief emigrant station of Great Britain, and the great- 
 est cotton market in the world. 
 
 TRAVELING IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Before taking the train for London we must find 
 our baggage, which is in the inspection shed. This is a 
 big enclosure on the wharf, with room for hundreds of 
 trunks. Every piece is labeled with the name and 
 destination of its owner; so it is not hard to find ours. 
 
 The trunks marked London are put in a place by 
 themselves, while we wait for the custom house in- 
 spectors to examine them. The porter unstraps the 
 leather bands and throws the trunks open. The inspec- 
 tor looks at the things and we declare that there is 
 nothing there on which we should pay a duty. Tobacco, 
 spirits and reprints of English books are the forbidden 
 things. The porter then loads our trunks on a truck 
 and takes them to a "goods van" of the waiting train 
 that is to take us to London. No check is given to 
 us. The railroad companies do not issue them. Each 
 passenger must be on hand to pick out his baggage 
 when his journey's end is reached. 
 
 The stubby little English railroad carriages do not 
 compare very favorably with our palace cars, but one 
 finds them comfortable. America is a country of great 
 distances, where a journey of four or five days is no 
 uncommon experience. One needs for these long 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 17 
 
 journeys every convenience and luxury of toilet to 
 make the trip endurable. 
 
 But in England the distances are short, the major- 
 ity of journeys not requiring more than three hours. 
 One is very seldom required to pass a night aboard a 
 train. So you see the necessity for conveniences is 
 not so urgent. 
 
 The English people speak of their cars as carriages. 
 The carriages are divided into three sections; first, 
 second and third class. The first class is the most ex- 
 pensive and is occupied by the wealthy. These cars 
 are upholstered in cloth. The second class are not 
 quite so fine, and the third class have brussels covered 
 cushions in place of cloth. 
 
 A section has two long seats facing each other, as 
 in our horse cars. The windows are at the end 
 of the sections instead of at the side. The section is 
 locked between stations. Our tickets are taken by the 
 guard at the end of the journey, instead of the begin- 
 ning. 
 
 Going to Liverpool, we sit in one of the saloon car- 
 riages, in which passengers holding first class' tickets 
 are allowed to ride. In the middle of the car is a 
 drawing room provided with reading tables. There is 
 a dressing room at each end of the car, one for gentle- 
 men and one for ladies. If we desire anything we 
 have but to touch one of the many electric bells of the 
 car. and an attendant enters and asks what we wish. 
 There are only two stops between Liverpool and Lon- 
 don, a distance of two hundred miles. This will take 
 us over four hours. There is no dining car, so we tele- 
 graph ahead to Crewe for lunch. When we arrive at 
 
18 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 this place a boy at the station will bring it to us in 
 wicker baskets. 
 
 Now we are off and rushing along at the rate of 
 fifty miles an hour. The railroad track does not cross 
 the streets, but runs below or above them to avoid 
 danger of accidents. The fare is two cents a mile. 
 
 We cannot describe the beauty of the country in 
 England, but it does our eyes good, and we feast them 
 upon it. Through vales and along silver streams, 
 across farms and wooded lands the train flies all 
 too rapidly. We get only glimpses of poppied hedges, 
 daisy-starred fields, patches of purple foxglove, ivy- 
 covered walls and cottages. Here and there the spires 
 of a country church or a little village show through 
 
 the trees. 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 Here we are in London. The roar and rumble of 
 its busy streets greet us as we step from the cars into 
 the station. What a dreary, lonesome place it is. It 
 is not so large a depot as the one in Boston. That is 
 said to be the largest in the world. 
 
 Who are these splendid looking men in fine uni- 
 forms walking about? Only station and hotel porters! 
 They look important enough to be generals, and we 
 hesitate to ask them to assist us. 
 
 The streets of central London are so crowded with 
 traffic that underground railways have been built in 
 that part of the city. These roads run in tunnels 
 forty, fifty and sometimes a hundred feet under- 
 ground. This is to avoid clashing with the system 
 of sewers, gas and water mains, electric wire conduits 
 and other pipes necessary in a great city. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 19 
 
 Wherever stations are built in the business part of 
 the city, subways are built for passengers. Smoke 
 
 and bad air in the 
 tunnel is avoided 
 by using electric- 
 ity to run the 
 trains. 
 
 At the station 
 we take hansom 
 cabs and in a few 
 minutes are at 
 the end of our 
 journey. 
 
 OUR HOTEL. 
 
 There are many 
 fine hotels in Lon- 
 don, similar to the 
 one you see in 
 this picture, but 
 as these places are 
 more apt to afford 
 style than com- 
 fort we decide in 
 favor of a more 
 modest one for 
 our headquarters. 
 The one selec- 
 ted is in the very 
 heart of London. Near us is Trafalgar Square, and 
 everything centers about Trafalgar Square. Not far 
 away are the Charing Cross and the Golden Cross 
 
 VICTORIA HOTEL, LONDON. 
 
20 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 hotels that Dickens has made famous in his stories. 
 
 The bedrooms in this place are large, dark and 
 dingy looking. There are four post-beds with cur- 
 tains, such as our great grand-parents used to own, 
 and furniture so ancient that its proper place would 
 be a curiosity shop. 
 
 Our rooms are lighted by candles, for gaslight in 
 most English hotels is only to be found in the halls 
 and public rooms. The candles one uses are charged 
 in the bill, and so many travellers carry candles about 
 with them in their luggage to avoid paying for a new 
 one every night. 
 
 We are told we can have breakfast served to us in 
 our rooms, and a servant comes to take our order for 
 this morning meal. 
 
 There are many hotels in the States said to be con- 
 ducted on the "European plan. " We have supposed 
 that this meant serving meals after the fashion of the 
 people in Europe. But it doesn't at least not always. 
 When we order breakfast we find it different from what 
 it is in the States. 
 
 We tell the waiter that we want a plain breakfast 
 and he brings us two boiled eggs, a roll as hard as a 
 paving stone, a little marmalade and a pot of coffee. 
 For this we pay two shillings and six pence, or half a 
 crown, which is sixty cents in our money. If we order 
 a regular breakfast we will get ham and eggs, steak 
 or bacon, rolls and coffee. At the bake shops we can 
 buy coffee and rolls in the morning for six or nine 
 pence. 
 
 At noon the restaurants are all open, where one 
 can order anything one wishes just as in the States. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 21 
 
 Such excellent bacon and mutton we have nowhere 
 in the world. And the marmalade! Surely nothing 
 better was ever made. We wonder why we cannot 
 get any like it at home. 
 
 The dinner served between six and eight in the 
 evening is a very formal meal. In the larger hotels it 
 consists of eight courses and one spends an hour and 
 a half to two hours at table at these places. Everyone 
 appears in evening dress, but at the smaller hotels and 
 taverns, tourists may dress as they like. 
 
 After dinner we open our map of London and our 
 guide books and plan the next day's sight seeing. 
 
 WHAT OUR HAP SHOWS US. 
 
 Our map shows us that London lies on both sides 
 of the Thames, and in parts of four counties. Middle- 
 sex and Essex are on the north, and Surrey and Kent 
 on the south. The most important and interesting 
 parts of the city are on the north bank of the river, 
 while the part south of the river is devoted to manu- 
 facturing and residences. 
 
 The north side is divided into the East End and 
 the West End, Temple Bar being the dividing line. 
 This Temple Bar is neither a temple nor a bar. It was 
 at one time an old city landmark or stone which sepa- 
 rated the city of London and the city of Westmin- 
 ster. The old bar is now gone, but another has been 
 put in its place. 
 
 We have often seen this old bar mentioned in his- 
 tory. It was formerly the custom to close and lock 
 this bar when the sovereign of England approached 
 the city of London. The queen's herald approached 
 
22 A TJTTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 and asked for admission. The gates were then un- 
 locked and thrown open, and the keys of the city pre- 
 sented to the queen. Queen Victoria knocked at this 
 old gate during jubilee week in 1897. 
 
 To the east of Temple Bar we find the port, the 
 docks, custom house, bank and royal exchange. Fur- 
 ther out toward East End are places known as Mile 
 End Road, and Whitechapel, which is the poor dis- 
 trict of London. 
 
 West of Temple Bar are Westminster Abbey, the 
 Houses of Parliament, the Queen's Palace, government 
 offices, clubs, museums and picture galleries. There 
 are to be found the parks also, and the homes of the 
 wealthy and aristocratic people of the city. 
 
 If we keep these things in mind, it will be easy to 
 make our way about and find what we want. 
 
 WHAT OUR GUIDE TELLS US. 
 
 When we tell our guide that we have a whole 
 month in which to see London, he tells us that it will 
 give time but for a glimpse. One might spend a life- 
 time in studying the city, and then know but a small 
 part.. 
 
 If we could take in the whole city at a glance, we 
 would see three thousand miles of streets, and six 
 millions of people. We would see an area of 121 
 square miles, and a city twice the size and double the 
 population of Greater New York. 
 
 Let us stop for a minute to think what it means 
 when he tells us that in their London Town are more 
 Roman Catholics than in Rome, more Jews than in 
 Palestine, more Scotchmen than in Aberdeen, more 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 2'6 
 
 CHEAPSIDE 
 
24 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Welchmen than in Cardiff, more Irishmen than in 
 Belfast. 
 
 There are 750 miles of railway in this metropolis. 
 Its streets end to end would extend 3,000 miles. 
 There are over 800,000 dwelling houses, 1,500 
 churches, and 1,700 coffee houses. The streets are 
 lighted by over a million gas lamps, and guarded by 
 over 15,000 policemen. 
 
 THE LONDON BUS. 
 
 The best way to see London is from the upper 
 deck of an omnibus. This 'bus is one of the most im- 
 portant, and perhaps most popular, conveyances 
 used by the people. There are more than one hun- 
 dred separate lines which reach every part of London, 
 between 8 o'clock and midnight. They all keep to the 
 left, and stop at the corners of the streets, and at 
 many other points to discharge and take on passen- 
 gers. 
 
 Here is one coming down the street now. Let us 
 take it for a ride through the city. Upon the roof of 
 the car is a platform built out in an extended way 
 slightly over its body, upon which are placed seats, 
 arranged to accommodate from sixteen to twenty per- 
 sons. The driver sits in front, and the top of the 'bus 
 is reached by a winding stairway with an iron railing 
 to the back of the 'bus. 
 
 The sides of the vehicle are covered with brightly 
 colored advertising posters. The 'bus is engineered 
 by a conductor, who stands on the rear platform and 
 collects fares. This fare varies from a penny to a six- 
 pence, according to the length of the ride, but for the 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 25 
 
 average distance is 2J pence. The London General 
 Omnibus Company collects 90,000,000 fares in a year. 
 The seats on top are almost always taken first un- 
 less it be rainy weather. The inside seats cost a penny 
 more, while the view from the windows is not so 
 good as from the top of the vehicle. There is no over- 
 
 crowding. When a car is full the conductor admits 
 no more passengers. We wish this plan might be 
 adopted at home. 
 
 A ride through the streets of Chicago on a convey- 
 ance of this kind, would be more interesting and less 
 tiresome than one afforded by a cable car or elevated 
 train, where one is often obliged to stand and hold on 
 to a strap to keep from being thrown to the floor. 
 
 From our safe, high perch atop the -bus, we note 
 our cabman and his ways. He is neatly dressed and 
 clean, which is more than we can say of many cabmen 
 
26 A. LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 in the States. He is polite, too, and very willingly 
 points out to us the many places of interest along the 
 way. 
 
 The London cabman is a fine horseman, and never 
 lashes and abuses his beast. He carefully drives and 
 gently guides and speaks to his sleek, stout, dignified, 
 large-footed and slow-moving Norman horse. Then 
 the 'bus conductor how pleasant, good-natured and 
 polite he is. When we give our fare, he says "thank 
 you/ ' and the same to every other passenger. We 
 wonder how many times a day he says this word. He 
 never seems to omit it. It must mount up into the 
 hundreds by the time his day's work is done; but 
 everyone feels the pleasanter for his civility. 
 
 There are cabs, too, everywhere. It is said that 
 there are ten thousand of them and about twenty 
 thousand hansoms daily employed in the streets of 
 London. 
 
 Another kind of conveyance which we often see is 
 the drag, a high, four-wheeled carriage something like 
 a tally-ho coach. 
 
 LONDON STREETS. 
 
 The streets of London are the best paved of any 
 city in the world. They are kept clean by being 
 washed with a fire hose every morning, and yet they 
 are dirty for walking, because of the changeable 
 weather. The sun shines a little while and then it 
 rains, and the constant travel makes the walking rather 
 disagreeable. 
 
 Mud and filth are never allowed to accumulate. 
 This refuse is swept from the asphalt streets by nim- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 27 
 
 ble-footed boys in white coats. With brush and tray 
 in hand they are constantly darting in and out among 
 the horses and vehicles of the crowded thoroughfares. 
 Most of these boys are from orphans' homes, and other 
 charitable institutions. 
 
 At almost every corner, too, there is a crossing 
 sweeper. Sometimes this is a boy or girl, but oftener 
 an old man or woman too feeble to earn a living in 
 any other way. Day after day and year after year 
 they stand at the same posts. The living won in this 
 way is a very scant one, for they are dependent on 
 the pennies and half pennies dropped into their hands 
 by the people who hurry by. 
 
 London streets are narrow and crooked and run 
 into each other in a most perplexing way. Where four 
 or five streets converge into one point or circle they 
 call it circus; such as Ludgate Circus, Picadilly Circus, 
 Oxford Circus, etc. 
 
 It is somewhat difficult to make our way about at 
 first, but the policemen are polite and helpful, and 
 cheerfully direct us to where we should go. There are 
 times when even the people who have lived in London 
 all their lives cannot find their way about. This is 
 during the foggy weather. It is then necessary to 
 light the streets with gas for days at a time. 
 
 There is one curious thing about London that re- 
 minds us of an old saying that u Birds of a feather 
 flock together. " People of the same nationality or 
 those of the same profession or trade live in the same 
 streets or district. The French live in one neighbor- 
 hood, the Germans in another. 
 
 Lawyers live at Lincoln's Inn and the Temple; sur- 
 
28 
 
 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 29 
 
 geons and dentists in George and Burlington streets; 
 doctors in Harley street, etc. Then the milkmen live 
 on Milk Street, the men who deal in honey on Honey 
 Street, etc. 
 
 Trafalgar Square is the very heart of the city. 
 Every thing starts from there and centers around it. 
 Standing by the Nelson Monument we see the most 
 wonderful sight which London can give us its crowds 
 of people. One wonders how the city can furnish roofs 
 to cover so many. 
 
 There are cabs and buses and hansoms too, vehi- 
 cles of all kinds and descriptions, three, four and five 
 abreast. The procession is endless and keeps up day 
 and night, or at least a great part of the night. 
 
 This square was named for England's great naval 
 hero, Lord Nelson. It is his statue you see on the top 
 of that high column. It has been almost one hundred 
 years since he won his famous victory over the French 
 and Spanish fleets at Lake Trafalgar, off the coast of 
 Spain. There are other statues of brave soldiers in 
 this square also, and one of George IV, one of 
 England's former kings. On the northern side of this 
 square is the National Gallery, which contains a fine 
 collection of pictures. 
 
 A little south of the square is a statue of King 
 Charles I. This marks a place called Charing Cross. 
 Back of this is a story. Everything in England, you 
 will find, has a story. There is no cross there, but 
 there was once upon a time. It was called Charing 
 Cross in honor of Eleanor, the wife of King Edward I. 
 She died in the north of England, and her husband 
 had her body carried to Westminster Abbey. 
 
30 
 
 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Every evening during this journey her body rested 
 in the market place of some town. Wherever it rested 
 the king afterward had a beautiful cross erected. The 
 last evening of the journey the bier rested in the vil- 
 lage of Charing, which is now a part of London, near 
 Trafalgar Square. So now you know why the name 
 clings to the place even though the cross is gone. 
 
 THE STRAND, LONDON. 
 
 From Charing Cross we enter the Strand, one of the 
 busiest and most crowded streets of London. On this 
 street are the finest theaters of London, the law courts, 
 and many of the newspaper offices and shops. The 
 street is called Strand because this was the road near 
 est to the shore or strand of the Thames River. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 31 
 
 Passing down the Strand we come to London's 
 Courts, or the Royal Courts of Justice. For centuries 
 this has been the place of England's celebrated school 
 of law. The building is a huge one, nearly 500 feet in 
 length, and contains eleven hundred chambers or 
 apartments, beside the large central hall and nineteen 
 court-rooms. Many lawyers and students of law live 
 in this building, as students live in colleges. 
 
 The Strand now runs into Fleet Street, Temple Bar 
 marking the place where the one street ends and the 
 other begins. 
 
 Fleet Street is one of the great thoroughfares where 
 most of the daily papers are published. Then come 
 Regent and Oxford Streets, the two dry goods centers, 
 and Cheapside, the most crowded of them all. 
 
 The traffic of this street is one of the sights of Lon- 
 don. What a hurly-burly and crush of cabs, hansoms, 
 hand carts, wagons, buses and vans in one narrow 
 street. It seems as if all the shops in the world are 
 sending their goods along this old market-way of 
 Cheapside. 
 
 Cheapside means market place, but it is now noted 
 for its stores rather than its market place. From this 
 street we notice a number of streets running to left 
 and right, named Poultry street, Wood, Bread and 
 Milk streets; these we are told have been named after 
 the dealers by whom they are occupied. 
 
 Leaving Cheapside we ride down Poultry street to 
 see the place where the London people tell us 
 Thomas Hood, the poet, was born. Do you remember 
 what he says about this house? 
 
 Milk street is also celebrated as the birth place of 
 
32 
 
 LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Sir Thomas More, an author and a cardinal. Do you 
 know what it means to be a cardinal? There on 
 Bread street lived the famous John Milton, whose 
 "Paradise Lost" you have seen in your father's li- 
 brary. 
 
 So you see that these streets, tho possessing com- 
 mon names, are really quite celebrated and are as apt 
 to be sought out as those having finer sounding 
 titles. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE, OFFICIAL RESIDENCE OF LONDON'S LORD MAYOR. 
 
 THE RICHEST SQUARE. 
 
 We are now in the part of London called "the city." 
 More business is transacted in this square than in any 
 other section of the world. Near the corner of King 
 William street is the Mansion House, the official 
 residence of the Lord Mayor of London. The mayor 
 is a great personage in the eyes of his countrymen, and 
 receives as much salary as our president. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 33 
 
 Unlike most mayors he rules over but one square 
 mile of this immense city. But this one is the richest 
 mile of territory in all the wide world. It contains 
 the Bank of England, the mint, the stock and produce 
 exchange and London's only cathedral. 
 
 BANK OF E^ 7 GLAND, LONDON. 
 
 Suppose we visit some of these important build- 
 ings. The Bank of England, the greatest bank in the 
 world, we find to be almost opposite the Mansion 
 House. It is amusing to learn that this celebrated 
 and dignified structure is on Needle and Thread street. 
 The bank is a one story building, covering four acres 
 of ground. Its walls are of granite and are very thick. 
 The outer walls have no windows. The rooms receive 
 light from inner courts and skylights. 
 
34 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Some of the officers of the bank make their homes 
 in this building. We are told that it takes 900 men 
 to carry on the work of the bank, s nd a great many 
 guards beside. An immense amount of money is kept 
 in the vaults and it is said that the business done here 
 in a day amounts to $10,000,000. 
 
 THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. 
 
 Across from the Bank is the Royal Exchange. 
 The west front has a porch which is considered the 
 finest thing ot the kind in England. It has seventeen 
 large figures in the pediment. These figures repre- 
 sent Commerce or Trade, the Lord Mayor and mer- 
 chants of different nationalities. 
 
 Every day bankers and other wealthy men come 
 here to transact business. The prices fixed by these 
 men on grains, wool and cotton are quickly sent to 
 every part of the world and affect business in America 
 and many other parts of the earth. 
 
 In one part of the building are Lloyd's Subscription 
 Rooms. This is the greatest shipping firm in the 
 world. Every man engaged in a large shipping busi- 
 ness sends to Lloyd's for shipping news, marine in- 
 surance and other shipping business. Boats have to 
 be insured as well as houses, you see. A register is 
 kept here of all the ships. This register tells us about 
 the age, build and seaworthiness of the ship. You 
 see how necessary this would be if a man wished to 
 buy or sell a ship, or insure it. 
 
 In front of the Royal Exchange is a fine equestrian 
 statue of the Duke of Wellington, another English 
 hero. In what way is an equestrian statue different 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 35 
 
 from other statues? Was Lord Nelson's an eques- 
 trian statue? Why not? Did he win his battles on 
 land or sea? There are two other statues near the 
 building, one of George Peabody, an American, and 
 the other of Rowland Hill. The monument was 
 
 BLACK FRIAR'S BRIDGE AND ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 
 
 erected to Mr. Hill because he did so much to intro- 
 duce cheap postage. But why should a statue have 
 been erected on this spot in memory of Mr. Peabody? 
 Can any one tell? Mr. Peabody was the first American 
 to receive the freedom of London. So you see the 
 English people have especially honored him. 
 
36 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. 
 
 About half a mile west of the Bank is St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. A long way off we can see its lofty dome, 
 surmounted by a golden cross, but it is so surrounded 
 by tall buildings that a view of the whole church is 
 impossible. 
 
 All around the church is a street called St. Paul's 
 Churchyard, but the neighboring buildings are so close 
 as to spoil the effect of the cathedral when standing 
 near it. 
 
 We pay one shilling to see the sights at St, Paul's, 
 and for two hours roam about the place studying the 
 clock, the library, the whispering gallery and crypt. 
 It is a large and beautiful building, but inside the 
 walls look bare. It has a great bell which strikes the 
 hour, but is never rung except on the death of some 
 member of the royal family, the Lord Mayor or the 
 Bishop of London. There are many statues of English 
 heroes in the church and the tomb of two of England's 
 greatest men, Wellington and Nelson. In the crypt 
 are also the tombs of three famous English painters, 
 Turner, Reynolds and Landseer. 
 
 In the vault of the church is the tomb of the man 
 who built the church. His name was Sir Christopher 
 Wren. The church was thirly-five years in building 
 and was finished in 1710. It was paid for chiefly by a 
 tax on coal. Sir Christopher built fifty churches in 
 London, but St. Paul's is the finest of them all. 
 
 Not far away is St. Swithins Church, where is kept 
 the London Stone. This stone has for a thousand 
 years been used to mark off distances. All distances 
 in London were measured from this stone. If a man 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 37 
 
 living in the suburbs of London tells you he lives fif- 
 teen miles from the city he means fifteen miles from 
 
 this stone. 
 
 THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 Near the city is the British Museum, which contains 
 a larger collection of books, manuscripts, coins, curi- 
 osities, medals and antiquities than any other museum 
 in the world. In one of the rooms one may see the Elgin 
 marbles, brought from Athens, Greece, about a hun- 
 dred years ago. They consist of statues, reliefs and 
 yards of a frieze. The frieze represents in low relief a 
 procession of men, women and horses, chariots and an- 
 imals for sacrifice, all going to celebrate the festival 
 of Athena. 
 
 These marbles are exquisitely beautiful and are ad- 
 mired by every one who comes to the museum. They 
 are called the Elgin marbles because they were bought 
 by Lord Elgin. He sold them to the English govern- 
 ment for half what was paid for them. 
 
 The Egyptian room contains the famous Rosetta 
 stone, with its lettering of Greek and Egyptian char- 
 acters. It was this stone that furnished the infor- 
 mation that enabled scholars to read the language of 
 the Egyptians. Inscriptions on old wooden statues 
 and granite columns thousands of years old, and the 
 history of these early days were made clear and 
 plain. 
 
 The streets surrounding the museum are quiet and 
 afford homes or lodging places to many students, writ- 
 ers and scholars. It is a favorite neighborhood with 
 them because of the assistance the museum gives them 
 in their work and studies* 
 
38 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 THE DOCKS AND THAMES RIVER. 
 
 We have learned that London is the first city in 
 commerce in the world, and have not far to look for 
 the reasons for this. One reason is because of its situ- 
 ation. It is built on the Thames river fifty miles 
 from the coast. This river is navigable to London for 
 ships of the largest size. Then too, the city is cen- 
 
 PICADILLY. 
 
 is near 
 canal 
 
 trally situated with regard to other lands. It 
 to the continent and to trade through the Suez 
 or around the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 The Thames river is always crowded with shipping 
 and both shores are bordered by docks, wharves and 
 huge warehouses for all sorts of merchandise and 
 vaults for wines. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 39 
 
 The London docks cover 120 acres. The St. Cather- 
 ine docks are the largest of the city, covering 24 
 acres, 11 of which are water. We can visit these 
 docks when near the tower of London. 
 
 One sees the same pictures during an hour at the 
 London docks as at the Liverpool docks. So we decide to 
 take a steamer for a ride on the Thames. It will give 
 us an excellent view of the bridges, the fine embank- 
 ments, the London Tower and the splendid Houses of 
 Parliament. 
 
 Of all the famous rivers of the world, the Thames is 
 one of the smallest and most famous. In size it is a 
 mere creek, but its history has more of interest to the 
 English reader or traveler than any other stream. 
 
 For centuries kings and queens have lived beside it, 
 going from their court in London to find rest or recre- 
 ation at some riverside place. 
 
 It is one of the greatest pleasure resorts in the 
 world. Every fine day in summer it is thronged with 
 holiday makers in every imaginable kind of craft. 
 There are row-boats, house-boats, punts, steam 
 launches and even gondolas. 
 
 The river is spanned by many bridges. Some of 
 these are used by the public and others by the rail- 
 roads. 
 
 There is a tunnel under the river, and underground 
 railways. Not far from the docks, up the river, we 
 come upon the Tower,a grim, dismal old building that 
 was at one time England's state prison. 
 
 Let us stop and take a look at the Tower bridge, of 
 which we have read in our guide book. It is said that 
 it took eight years to build this bridge and that it 
 
40 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 cost six million dollars and a number of lives. It is 
 different from other bridges we have seen. It has 
 three spans. 
 
 The roadway in the central span shows us a space 
 200 feet long and 50 feet wide. Beneath this road- 
 way is a span 30 feet high, under which small boats 
 can pass. 
 
 When large ships come up the river traffic must stop 
 for a time. The roadbed parts in the middle, and 
 each half rises to a vertical position, to allow the ship 
 to pass; this takes but a minute. The foot passen- 
 gers do not have to wait. They enter an elevator in 
 the bridge tower and are lifted to the high level foot- 
 way 112 feet above. We should like to visit the tower 
 too, but this will take a long time and must be post- 
 poned until another day. 
 
 Not far away is London Bridge, but before we stop 
 there we will take a look at Billingsgate, the principal 
 fish market in London. The fish are brought here in 
 boats in great quantities, and sold to both retail and 
 wholesale fish dealers. The busiest hours are at five 
 and six in the morning. 
 
 Beyond the fish market is the oldest and most 
 famous of all the bridges of the Thames London 
 Bridge. The first one was built hundreds of years ago, 
 but that is not the one we see to-day. The present 
 bridge is a magnificent one, 900' ft. long and 54 wide, 
 built of granite. This bridge is said to have cost $10,- 
 000,000. It has lamp posts made from the cannon 
 captured during one of England's w r ars. 
 
 Long ago the heads of traitors were set up on the 
 iron spikes of London Bridge to terrify evil-doers. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 41 
 
42 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 There used to be stores on this bridge too, but as the 
 city grew, more space was needed and they were taken 
 away. To-day, London Bridge is the most crowded 
 place in the city. It is said that 30,000 vehicles and 
 200,000 people cross it every twenty-four hours. 
 
 The embankment above London Bridge has been 
 made a beautiful place. The river is edged with a 
 granite wall eight feet thick and forty feet high ex- 
 tending from Black Friars Bridge to Westminster 
 Bridge. A wide roadway borders the river, and foot- 
 ways, planted with trees. This embankment is 
 known as the Victoria Embankment. 
 
 The Westminster bridge w r e find to be the finest of 
 all the bridges of London. It is eighty-five feet wide, 
 is built of iron and rests on stone piers. 
 
 Following up the river we reach the suburbs of 
 London. The Thames is here bordered by pleasant 
 homes with green lawns sloping down to the water's 
 edge. There are many skiffs or boats on the river, 
 where boys and men are practicing for the races which 
 are held every year. Picked teams from all the princi- 
 pal English clubs take part in this Royal Regatta, or 
 rowing carnival, and excited crowds gather to witness 
 the fun. 
 
 Suppose we return now and visit the Tower of 
 London. 
 
 THE TOWER OF LONDON. 
 
 London has many towers, but this is the most 
 noted and interesting of all. It is in East London, near 
 St. Catherines Docks. Once a fortress, a royal resi- 
 dence, a court of justice and a prison, it is now but a 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 43 
 
 government store-house. The building is very old, so 
 old that no one knows exactly when it was begun. 
 
 The buildings known as the Tower are surrounded 
 by a bat t lenient ed wall and deep moat. At one time 
 this moat was rilled with water and the only way to 
 reach the tower was by means of a drawbridge. The 
 high walls and moat were for defence, in case of attack 
 
 TOWER OP LONDON. 
 
 by enemies. When the bridge was drawn up the at- 
 tacking party had no way to reach the gates. 
 
 There are three entrances, the Iron Gate, the Water 
 Gate, the Traitor's Gate, all from the Thames. Then 
 there is the Lion's Gate, the ordinary entrance on the 
 west side. Traitor's Gate was so called because polit- 
 ical prisoners were so often taken to the Tower in this 
 way. Princes and nobles, lords and ladies, and even 
 queens have entered the gates, and many of them never 
 
44 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 came out again. If they did they thought themselves 
 very lucky. 
 
 We will not go in that way, but by the Lion's Gate, 
 on the west side. The Tower is guarded by quaintly 
 dressed warders, or, as some people call them, "beef- 
 eaters." These men have been soldiers and are now 
 members of a body of men or policemen called Yeo- 
 men of the Guard. One of the guards acts as our 
 guide through the tower. 
 
 Let us enter by the Lion's Gate. We receive tick- 
 ets of admission and cross the bridge that spans the 
 moat, pass through the Byward Tower and so reach 
 the inside of this great prison. Inside the battlement 
 wall is another and higher wall, and between the two 
 a space, or court. We are now in this outer court. 
 Both the walls are strengthened by towers and in the 
 central space, or inner court; rises a grand tower. 
 
 We come first to the gateway of the Bloody Tower 
 and pass through it to the great inner court. It was 
 so named because some little princes were murdered 
 here by order of the king. There are thirteen towers 
 in all, each having a historical name. Among them 
 are the White Tower, the Bell Tower, the Wakefield 
 Tower, Middle Tower and Brick Tower. 
 
 In these prisons and gloomy chambers many noble 
 prisoners have been imprisoned for years, pined away 
 and died. The walls of White Tower are fifteen feet 
 thick. Just imagine such a prison. It was here that 
 Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned for twelve years. 
 He was sentenced to death, but the king did not dare 
 to have him executed, and so confined him here. It was 
 in this tower he wrote his History of the World. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 45 
 
 William Penn was also imprisoned in this tower at 
 one time. 
 
 On Tower Hill outside the moat stood the scaffold 
 for the execution of prisoners. Within the walls is 
 St. Peter's Chapel, and near it is the burying ground 
 where the noble prisoners were buried. 
 
 The most interesting room of all to many is the 
 upper room of the Record Tower, where crown jewels 
 or regalia are kept. There are a number of crowns, 
 Queen Victoria's being the finest. It is set with 
 almost three thousand beautiful diamonds, besides 
 rubies and sapphires. The crown of the Prince of 
 Wales was of gold, and without jewels. There are 
 many other beautiful and costly things, the whole 
 collection being valued at $15,000,000. 
 
 The largest diamond belonging to the British sov- 
 ereign is called the Kohinoor, or Mountain of Light. 
 Its value is nearly half a million dollars. This jewel 
 is kept at Windsor, but a model of it is shown here 
 with the crown jewels. There are also bracelets, and 
 swords, and crosses, and scepters, and royal spurs, the 
 salt cellar of state, made to imitate the White Tower. 
 These are kept in cases of glass and iron and carefully 
 guarded. 
 
 There are two armories, Queen Elizabeth's Armory 
 and the Horse Armory. In the former are swords, 
 lances, halberds, pikes and other ancient arms, as 
 well as instruments of punishment. In the armory 
 are the figures of twenty-two mounted kings and 
 knights in full armor, showing the different styles of 
 armor worn at different times. 
 
 Some of the instruments of torture used by the 
 
46 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 English people of past centuries are to be seen in one 
 of these towers, and fearful looking instruments they 
 were. First and worst of these was the executioner's 
 axe, with which so many noted prisoners were be- 
 headed. Its first victim was a queen; so you see that 
 members of the royalty were quite as apt to suffer 
 death in this way as others. 
 
 Sometimes the branding iron was used for the pur- 
 pose of burning the figure of a gallows upon a man's 
 face. There is also a revolving iron cage, the barrel 
 for the punishment of bakers who defrauded the peo- 
 ple by giving false weight. The stocks and whipping 
 post were also used, and a ducking stool for scolding 
 women. 
 
 If we are to believe the stories of olden times, we 
 must believe that there were a great many scolding 
 wives and ill-tempered women, called shrews, among 
 the English. This ducking stool was a long beam of 
 wood balanced on a pivot over a river or pond. It 
 was so arranged that the scold could be dropped into 
 the water and lifted out again before she was drowned. 
 This method of punishment was found to be very un- 
 satisfactory, and an iron bonnet was next used. This 
 was put over the head and mouth and fastened with 
 a padlock. 
 
 The stories of the crimes and tragedies of this 
 tower would fill a whole book. Many, or perhaps 
 most of the prisoners confined and executed here were 
 innocent of the crimes of which they were accused. 
 No one was safe from wrongful imprisonment, and 
 perhaps death. The dread of this tower inspired a 
 desire on the part of many to find a refuge, or coun- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 47 
 
 try where they might be safe from injustice. So you 
 see that if it had not been for this, our ancestors might 
 not have come to America. We may be indebted 
 to the tower more than we imagine. 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 
 
 The most interesting building in London to many 
 visitors is Westminster Abbey. England's kings and 
 queens for eight hundred years have been crowned 
 
4:8 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 and buried there. It was first designed for the burial 
 place of kings and queens only, but after a time Eng- 
 land's great and good men were honored by having 
 their bodies laid to rest beside those of royal blood. 
 Today this building contains the graves of more 
 famous men and women than any other in the whole 
 world. 
 
 The building is celebrated for its beauty as well as 
 its age, and to get the best view one should approach 
 it from the front. The walls are dingy and grimy, 
 for the atmosphere is laden with dust and smoke of 
 many factory chimneys. 
 
 Inside the building all is hushed and still. A few 
 visitors like ourselves are wandering about, or sitting 
 in the pews reading books. At first we think they are 
 prayer books but a closer view reveals guide books, 
 similar to our own. There is no talking or noise of 
 any kind, tho outside the thick walls the din of the 
 streets is deafening. 
 
 Are we disappointed at first? Perhaps, a little. 
 We have expected so much. The walls and floors are 
 dark and worn, but after a time the beauty and mag- 
 nificence of the place impress us, as they have all 
 others. The vaulted roof, pointed arches, clustered 
 pillars and carved stalls first attract our attention, and 
 we wander about for a long time fascinated by the 
 place. 
 
 We visit first the tomb of Edward the Confessor, 
 who founded the Abbey. It is one of the oldest tombs 
 here. His shrine is a most beautiful one. 
 
 In the chapel behind the altar where Edward is 
 buried stands the old English Coronation Chair. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 49 
 
 Seated in this chair all the sovereigns of England since 
 Edward's day have been crowned. In the seat of 
 the chair is the famous Scone Stone on which the 
 Scottish kings used to be crowned. The Scots be- 
 lieved it to be the stone on which Jacob rested his 
 head in the desert. It was a great blow to the Scot- 
 tish people when this stone was taken away from them 
 by the English king. 
 
 The Jerusalem Chambers are interesting to most 
 people. The tapestries of the walls represent scenes 
 from Jerusalem and the cedar wainscot came from 
 the Holy Land. It is noted as the place where the 
 common version of the Bible was made. It is also 
 the room where the Westminster Assembly of minis- 
 ters has always met. It is these men who have given 
 us the Confession of Faith and the Longer and Shorter 
 Catechisms. 
 
 The most beautiful part of the Abbey is Henry VIFs 
 chapel. It is separated from the rest by a flight of 
 stairs and brass gates. The walls are covered with 
 tracery and contain the statues of many saints and 
 martyrs. The tomb of Henry VII is of black marble, 
 elaborately carved, and effigies of the king and queen 
 in gilt bronze, recline upon the tomb. 
 
 Two other most interesting tombs in this chapel 
 are those of Queen Elizabeth and her lovely but un- 
 lucky sister Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots. Their 
 tombs are much alike. 
 
 There are many statues in different parts of the 
 building. One could spend hours in wandering about 
 looking at the busts, figures and monuments of Eng- 
 land's famous men, and reading their epitaphs .Some 
 
50 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 are erected to great statesmen, others to naval com- 
 manders, to soldiers and to the former deans of West- 
 minster. 
 
 Our own war with England is brought to mind by 
 the sight of the monument to Major Andre. You re- 
 member, do you not, that he was hung as a spy in 
 America? But he was a brave soldier and after the 
 Revolution his body was sent back to England with 
 every mark of respect and consideration. It was laid 
 here in the Abbey and this fine monument erected to 
 mark the spot. 
 
 Britannia is represented as mourning over his early 
 death. The bas-relief on one side of the tomb repre- 
 sents a British officer carrying a flag of truce and a 
 letter to the tent of Washington with the request of 
 Andre that as a soldier he might be shot, and not hung. 
 The request was not granted, but the sculptor has 
 pictured the death scene as Andre wished it. 
 
 General Burgoyne, whose surrender at Saratoga lost 
 America to England, has no monument. He was not 
 buried in the Abbey, but in the North cloister. 
 
 In one place we notice a slab which records the fact 
 that the grave beneath was the resting place for a 
 time of the body of George Peabody. On the slab are 
 also carved the words of his early prayer that if God 
 prospered him he would render some memorial service 
 to his fellow-men. Do you know how he kept his 
 word? 
 
 POETS' CORNER WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 
 
 One chapel in the Abbey is called Poets' Corner. 
 In it are buried many of England's great warriors, while 
 others have monuments, busts or tablets, Dickens 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 51 
 
 and Thackeray are both buried here. There are busts 
 of Shakespeare and Milton and many other poets, but 
 Longfellow is the only foreigner honored by having 
 his bust placed in the Abbey. 
 
 A stained-glass window has been placed here in 
 memory of Lowell. Other windows have recently 
 
 POETS' CORNER, WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 
 
 been given to the Abbey in honor of the poet Cowper, 
 and George Herbert, by a wealthy American. 
 
 Near by the cathedral is the Westminster School 
 for the choirboys, for both St. Paul's and Westminster 
 have boy choirs. These boys are chosen from hun- 
 dreds of applicants, and must be between the ages of 
 eight and ten. They are required to remain until they 
 have served their full term, and while members of the 
 
52 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 choir they are boarded and receive an excellent high- 
 school education. On one day of each week they are 
 allowed to go to their own playground in the country 
 and have their holidays at Christmas, Easter and mid- 
 summer. In some of the boy choirs, the best singers 
 receive a salary. 
 
 If we were to come to the Abbey to hear them sing, 
 Sunday afternoon, we would feel ourselves well paid 
 for the trouble. We would find the church crowded 
 with eager listeners, two or three thousand, or even 
 more. Many are glad to stand through a long service 
 for the sake of the eloquent sermon and the beautiful 
 music one is sure to hear. 
 
 WESTMINSTER PALACE. 
 
 The building next to the Abbey is Westminster 
 Hall, which forms the grand entrance to the new Par- 
 liament Buildings. This Hall is very old and has an 
 interesting history. Kings have been crowned in it 
 and grand banquets given. It has been the scene of 
 many famous trials too. 
 
 The hall is one of the largest in the world, being 
 300 feet long and 70 wide. The ceiling is of wood and 
 finely carved. There is also a St. Stephen's Hall, which 
 contains statues of celebrated English statesmen, and 
 a Central Hall which separates the House of Commons 
 from the House of Peers. 
 
 The English laws are made by Parliament which 
 consists of two legislative bodies, the House of Lords 
 and the House of Commons. The members of the 
 House of Commons are elected by the people. West- 
 minster Palace contains rooms for the assemblage of 
 these bodies of men. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 53 
 
54 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 The Houses of Parliament are modern buildings. 
 They cover eight acres, contain eleven hundred rooms, 
 one hundred staircases and eleven courts. The buildings 
 are of stone and decorated with five hundred statues. 
 
 The main building has three towers. At the north 
 end, next to Westminster Bridge, is the clock tower. It 
 is 318 feet high and contains a monster clock. This 
 clock has four dials, and each of these dials measures 
 twenty-three feet across. Another remarkable thing 
 about this clock is that half a day is required to wind 
 it up. 
 
 The central tower is smaller and lower than the 
 clock tower. At the other end of the building is the 
 beautiful tower called Victoria Tower. It is 340 feet 
 high arid contains the entrance through which the 
 queen passed when she visited Parliament. 
 
 Entering the House of Commons, we find it smaller 
 than the House of Representatives at Washington. 
 There is a reason for this. It was thought best to 
 make it small in order that all might hear distinctly. 
 The room looks much like the interior of an old church. 
 
 The ceilings, walls and furniture are of dark carved 
 wood. The windows are of stained glass and the room 
 is but dimly lighted. Galleries run around the four 
 sides of the room. One is for newspaper reporters, 
 another is for gentlemen visitors. There is another 
 gallery higher up for ladies. The hall has seats, but 
 no desks. 
 
 The House of Peers occupies the southern half of 
 the new part of the Houses of Parliament. The room 
 is handsomely finished in oak, leather and gold. The 
 Queen's throne is in this room, and during her reign 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 55 
 
56 
 
 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 she came here annually to open Parliament and make 
 her speech. The chair of state resembles the " corona- 
 tion chair." It is ornamented with the national flow- 
 ers of England, Ireland and Scotland the rose, sham- 
 rock and thistle. 
 
 In the central part are seats for the Lords or Peers. 
 When the Queen opened Parliament the members of 
 
 PALL MALL, LONDON. 
 
 the House of Commons as well as the Peers assembled 
 in this room. We should like to have been here dur- 
 ing Gladstone's life and have heard one of his wonder- 
 ful speeches. He was England's prime minister, and 
 in America as well as in England we hear him spoken 
 of as the "Grand Old Man." 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 5? 
 
 BUCKINGHAM PALACE. 
 
 The queen when in London lived at Buckingham 
 Palace on the Mall, a wide, pleasant street, leading 
 from the government offices and fashionable clubs. 
 
 ALEXANDRA, QUEEN OF ENGLAND. 
 
58 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 This palace was one of the early homes of Queen Vic- 
 toria, and here the Prince of Wales was born. 
 
 On the first floor are the Throne Room, the Grand 
 Saloon, the Green Drawing-Room, the Ball Room, 
 Picture Gallery and many other rooms. The 
 Queen's Drawing Rooms w r ere held in this building. 
 These affairs were receptions. On drawing-room days 
 this street was thronged with the carriages of the 
 people who came to pay their respects to the queen 
 and other members of the royal family who re- 
 ceived with her. Young ladies belonging to the 
 aristocratic families were not considered as having 
 entered society until they were presented to the 
 queen or "at court. " 
 
 King Edward now reigns in Queen Victoria's place, 
 and his wife, Queen Alexandra, will hold court at the 
 palace. 
 
 Queen Victoria spent part of the season at Windsor 
 Castle, at the little town of Windsor, twenty miles 
 from London. We shall take an excursion to Windsor 
 Palace another day. 
 
 A WALK IN LONDON. 
 
 London is so crowded that there does not appear to 
 be room for the people. There are so many that they 
 are obliged to push each other out of the way in order 
 to get along at all, in the busy streets. 
 
 All the men in the streets are dressed in black. 
 There is not a straw hat to be seen or a light felt one, 
 altho it is quite warm. 
 
 There is a very good reason for this, however, and 
 we find it out before we have been in London many 
 
A LITLLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 59 
 
 days. The air is full of particles of soot, and our faces, 
 light traveling suits and hats are soon changed in 
 color. We are obliged to wash our face and hands 
 
 every three or 
 four hours to 
 prevent our- 
 selves becoming 
 as black as the 
 London chim- 
 ney sweeps. 
 
 It is the smoke 
 and soot that 
 makes the 
 houses so black 
 and dingy look- 
 ing. It does not 
 seem to affect 
 the complexions 
 of the people, 
 however. They 
 have fine, fair, 
 ruddy faces and 
 look healthy and 
 vigorous. The 
 
 e 866111 
 
 LONDON CHIMNEY SWEEP. 
 
 er and heavier than the people of any other coun- 
 try we have visited. Their faces have more color, the 
 result of their outdoor life. 
 
 They are both courteous and kind too, and answer 
 pleasantly and cheerfully our many questions about 
 London. They are proud of their city and quite will- 
 ing to point out the historic land-marks of the place. 
 
60 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Sunday is a delightful time for a ramble about the 
 old streets and ancient buildings, interesting to all the 
 world because of their histories. At this time one can 
 walk through the streets without being crowded or 
 jostled or run over. It is a quiet day and few people 
 or vehicles are in the streets. The great chimneys 
 have ceased smoking, and the air is free from soot. 
 The sky is blue and clear and without the dust and 
 smoke of other days. 
 
 We find many historic places connected with the 
 lives of famous Americans. In the church of St. Sav- 
 ior, the next finest Gothic church in London, John 
 Harvard was christened. Why are we interested in 
 him? Because he founded our oldest university. 
 
 At Bears Head Tavern, Irving spent some time. 
 What fascinating pictures of English life he found 
 here and gave to us in his "Sketch Book." 
 
 Every Christmas we read it with new delight. If 
 only we might see inside some of these happy homes 
 that look so dingy and uninteresting from the outside, 
 we, too, might carry with us pleasant memories of the 
 home life of these people. 
 
 We have heard it said that if one were to follow 
 Dickens as he shows us London in his books, he 
 would see almost the whole of the city. We cannot 
 do that, for many of the buildings he has mentioned 
 have been torn down or removed. 
 
 But we can find the " Old Curiosity Shop," which 
 is still used as a place of business. We almost imag- 
 ine that we see old Scrooge coming out of the build- 
 ing, but poor old Scrooge is dead. You know the 
 story, do you not? 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 61 
 
 "OLD CURIOSITY SHOP." 
 
 CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 Charles Dickens was one of the world's greatest 
 story tellers, and many people think that he did more 
 to better the condition of the poor people of England 
 and to bring wrongs to light than all the statesmen 
 Great Britain ever sent to Parliament. He was a 
 great teacher, for he taught the whole world lessons 
 of the value of kindness, of generosity and of unself- 
 ishness. 
 
 Would you like to know how he was able to do 
 this? It was not because he was favored in any way 
 by good luck. He was a sickly little fellow, and did 
 not go to school or mingle with the other boys much 
 
62 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO. ENGLAND. 
 
 in their lively games. His mother taught him how to 
 read, and amused him during his years of ill-health 
 by telling him stories. 
 
 When Charles Dickens was about nine years old, 
 his father lost his money and was thrown into prison 
 because he could not pay his debts. In those days it 
 was a crime for a man not to pay his debts, and if he 
 failed to do so, he was promptly put into a debtors' 
 prison. 
 
 These were troubled days for the family, and 
 Charles was obliged to go to work in a London black- 
 ing manufactory to earn a little money. He hated 
 this work, for while in the factory he was thrown with 
 low, rough, dishonest companions, who bullied and 
 tormented him. He had hoped to be able to become 
 famous as a scholar, yet here were all his plans 
 spoiled. 
 
 There were many other children around him, how- 
 ever, who were as unfortunate and miserable as he, 
 and his sympathy for these other lonely, oppressed 
 children was so great that he tried to be brave in 
 order to help them. He sang songs and told funny 
 stories, which he acted out in a ridiculous way, in 
 order to amuse and cheer up his friends. 
 
 He spent his evenings and every spare minute he 
 could find in the reading room of the British Museum, 
 which we have lately visited. After a time the father had 
 money left to him, and then Charles was able to go to 
 school. He grew well and strong, and was at last 
 able to have the books he loved so much. 
 
 After a time he entered a lawyer's office and 
 studied shorthand. He worked so faithfully at this 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 63 
 
 that he soon became very proficient, and was offered a 
 position as reporter on a newspaper. When engaged 
 in this work he met all classes of people and had good 
 opportunities to study the lives of the poor people 
 about him. 
 
 When about twenty-one, he wrote his first story 
 and sent it to a magazine. When it was printed he 
 was delighted beyond measure, and immediately 
 wrote others. They were not at all like the stories 
 published in the books and magazines at that time, 
 and became popular almost at once. 
 
 At the age of twenty-five he had published two 
 volumes of his sketches, and had begun the book 
 which made him famous. This book was " Pickwick 
 Papers. " Near our hotel is the inn where Mr. Pick- 
 wick had his quarrel with the cabman, 
 
 In Dickens' next book he tells the story of a poor 
 orphan, Oliver Twist, who like himself had been 
 thrown among scenes of misery and want. He re- 
 membered his factory days, and the children who 
 were cruelly treated. He had wished to do something 
 to relieve the children who were ill-treated, and now 
 he saw an opportunity to do so. 
 
 So he wrote this story and others to attract atten- 
 tion to these evils, which he wished people to see, 
 to know and correct. 
 
 Then he wrote Nicholas Nickleby, and what an up- 
 roar it did bring about ! The Squeers of this story was 
 so very much like several English schoolmasters that 
 they thought he had written the story about them, and 
 sued him for slander. Do you know what that means? 
 
 After this came the sad story of "Little Nell," and 
 
64 
 
 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 the "Old Curiosity Shop/' and so many others I can 
 not name them here. In the book which is most POP- 
 
 CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 ular of all, "David Copperfield," we find the story of 
 his own life. In "Little Dorrit" he tells of the debt- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 65 
 
 ors' prison. This too is a picture from the memory of 
 Dickens' own childhood, as he used to visit his father 
 when confined there. 
 
 With a master hand he has painted the home lift 
 of the English people, , whether humble or great. 
 Among the best of these are his Christmas stories. 
 Dickens loved the ancient customs and especially the 
 Christmas festival. No one who has ever read his 
 Christmas Carol will ever forget Tiny Tim, and old 
 Ebenezer Scrooge. It leaves one wishing to live and 
 do more for others. It is full of good will and sympa- 
 thy for the poor, as Dickens himself was. 
 
 He never forgot his own sad life, and tried to keep 
 sorrow from other little ones. When Dickens died his 
 body was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey. Many 
 school children came, each bearing a flower, until the 
 grave was nearly filled with blossoms. 
 
 THE EAST END. 
 
 Now let us visit the East End, where live so many 
 of the poor and wretched whose sad lives Dickens has 
 pictured for us and whose wrongs he helped to right. 
 
 In this part of London we find the streets narrow, 
 dark and dirty. The buildings are so high that the 
 sunshine rarely finds its way into these homes, and the 
 air is foul with bad odors arising from the unclean sur- 
 roundings. The wretched tenement houses that hold 
 London's poor are here crowded together. What a 
 dismal picture they make! 
 
 These houses are divided up into small rooms, into 
 which whole families are often crowded. In this one 
 room they must live, eat and sleep. 
 
66 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 There are no yards or trees or playgrounds for the 
 children. They must play in the streets or the gut- 
 ters. There are no wide pleasant porches where the 
 tired workmen and their families may gather in the 
 evening. On the doorsteps of these cheerless places 
 lounge many idle, half-drunken men and women. 
 
 Whitechapel is the home of the evil-doer, the thief 
 and outcast, as well as the poor, and to walk in some 
 streets in this part of London even by day is to place 
 one's life in danger. Drink has brought many to this 
 neighborhood, who, in days of prosperity, lived in the 
 West End. 
 
 Dirty, ragged children swarm about some of the open 
 windows. At others pale, haggard women sit sewing. 
 They are making garments for the shops or factories and 
 are obliged to toil early and late in order to earn enough 
 to buy the poorest kind of food. Day after day, 
 month after month, they spend in this way. without a 
 breath of fresh, pure air, or a glimpse of the beautiful 
 country just a few miles beyond. 
 
 Do you wonder that the people who live here com- 
 mit crimes? Do you think that it would be easy to be 
 good, living in such a place? No wonder that Dick- 
 ens' heart ached for them. 
 
 We are glad, very glad, to get away from all this 
 misery back to a more pleasant part of London. If we 
 turn our steps to the part of the city south of the river 
 we shall find factories and residences. North of the river 
 and city proper are the districts where the middle 
 class live the tradesmen and prosperous working 
 people. 
 
 Now let us look at the West End. It is as differ- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 67 
 
 ent from the East End as day is different from night. 
 There are no smoky factories there. The air is fresh 
 and free from smoke, the streets wide, clean and at- 
 tractive. There are parks too, where the people may 
 sit, walk, ride or drive. 
 
 The houses that line the streets are palaces or 
 stately dwellings of brick and stone, and in them live 
 London's lords and ladies, and the wealthy and fortu- 
 nate. 
 
 LONDON PARKS. 
 
 No city in the world has so many fine parks, pleas- 
 ure grounds and *' green' 7 squares as London. A walk 
 through these shows the love that the English people 
 have for trees and flowers and green things growing. 
 Some of the parks belong to the Crown, and are con- 
 trolled by His Majesty's commissioner and cared for 
 by men who wear the royal livery. Among these are 
 Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park, 
 Greenwich Park, Kew Gardens. 
 
 Others belong to the people, or at least such as are 
 fortunate enough to live near them. Parks are in- 
 tended for the poor as well as the rich, but many of 
 them seldom see or use them. The most of the parks 
 are in the West End and are too far removed from 
 the homes of the poor. The East End has one 
 tiny ^ark of three acres that was formerly a church 
 yard. It has been made attractive with fountains, 
 ferneries and flowers, and a delightful resting place for 
 many who could never go to the other parks. Victo- 
 ria Park is also a heaven of beauty to tens of thousands 
 of children and toiling fathers and mothers. 
 
68 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 
 
 St. James and Green Parks are in the midst of the 
 city, near the West End. Near St. James Park are 
 St. James Street and Piccadilly famous for their club 
 houses. These are the favorite resorts for men of 
 wealth and fashion. Much of their time is spent there, 
 and some of them know no other, homes. 
 
 There are many other clubs in various parts of Lon- 
 don, where workmen may congregate and spend their 
 evenings. Indeed it is said that in no other city in the 
 world will one find so many. 
 
 Regent's Park is a magnificent place for games of 
 all kinds. On Sunday the people gather there in large 
 numbers for divine worship, and these open air ser- 
 vices and the music are very attractive. 
 
 This park contains the Zoological Gardens, and that 
 accounts perhaps for the troops of children with their 
 nurses or teachers that we see there. The famous 
 "Jumbo," that Mr. Barnum brought to this country, 
 lived in this park before it was brought to America. 
 
 Many tourists come to the celebrated Kew Gardens 
 for their botanical collections. Here are mammoth 
 green houses and gardens, green lawns and forests. It 
 makes one think of fairyland, and is a quiet, peaceful 
 spot in which to rest or study. 
 
 Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens together make 
 the largest park in London. It is frequented by the 
 wealthy and aristocratic people of the city. This park 
 contains an ornamental lake called the Serpentine, and a 
 wide street called Rot ton Row. This road is used only 
 by those on horseback, and from twelve to two o'clock 
 one may see fashionable ladies and gentlemen on high- 
 bred, spirited horses, horsemen in jockey costume, and 
 children on Shetland ponies, pacing up and down. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 69 
 
70 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 The Row is bordered on each side by a walk and 
 this is thronged by people who come to watch the 
 riders. Under the trees are chairs which one may rent 
 for a penny apiece. We are glad to rest awhile in 
 the shade, and watch the crowd of riders and walkers. 
 Between the hours of four and six the crowd drifts to 
 another part of the park, where the fashionable people 
 come later to drive. The wide, shady avenues are 
 then filled with carriages drawn by splendid horses. 
 The ladies in these carriages are elegantly dressed and 
 many beautiful faces are seen among them. 
 
 Kensington Gardens are separated from the Park 
 by the Serpentine Lake. It is a lovely place, far more 
 beautiful than the park, and not so noisy and crowded. 
 On the western side is Kensington palace, the place 
 where Queen Victoria was born, and lived until a young 
 woman. 
 
 South of the palace we find Albert Memorial, erected 
 in memory of the Queen's husband, Prince Albert. This 
 is one of the finest monuments that has ever been 
 erected, and it ought to be, for it cost $600,000. Near 
 it is Albert Hall, which is also a memorial to Prince 
 Albert. This great amphitheater seats nearly 10,000, 
 and contains one of the largest organs in the world. 
 
 Not far away is the Kensington museum, where one 
 might remain for hours. There are many fine paint- 
 ings, and among those we note are several by Land- 
 seer, whose tomb we saw in St, Paul's Cathedral. 
 Would yon like to know something of this London 
 boy, who loved animals and painted dogs as no other 
 artist has done? 
 
 Edwin Landseer drew pictures as soon as he was able 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 71 
 
 to walk, and at five years of age could sketch a dog as 
 well as most grown-up people. He liked better than 
 anything else to watch the dogs at play with the chil- 
 dren. One* morning when strolling about he saw a 
 
 LANDSEER AND HIS DOGS. 
 
 beautiful St. Bernard dog. He wished to sketch the 
 splendid fellow, so he followed him home. The sketch 
 
72 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 made of this dog is said to be the finest representa- 
 tion of a dog ever made. 
 
 His father often took him to the Zoological Gardens 
 to see the animals, and while there he drew horses, 
 donkeys, sheep, lions and tigers. He drew pictures of 
 pointers, mastiffs, spaniels and bull- dogs, and gave to 
 each the right expression. He found by studying, 
 working and playing with them that dogs of one 
 breed may be very different in temper and dis- 
 position. Poor people who owned dogs or other pets 
 that they prized very highly were interested in these 
 animal pictures. They could not afford to buy a 
 painting but they could spare a few shillings for an 
 engraving. So Edwin Landseer's father began to en- 
 grave the pictures of his son's dogs. So many people 
 bought them that Edwin's father and brothers soon 
 devoted all their time to making these engravings. 
 
 By and by rich people came and wanted Edwin to 
 paint portraits of their dogs, so he opened a studio, 
 where the principal sitters were dogs. He loved horses 
 as well as dogs but had not had so good an opportu- 
 nity to study them. He now began to paint them 
 too. Rich people liked to have their portraits with a 
 favorite dog or horse. Queen Victoria herself came to 
 his studio to have him paint her picture on horseback, 
 and a portrait of her husband, Prince Albert, as well. 
 
 He was the first artist to be received by the Queen 
 as a friend, and was invited to her palace many times. 
 
 WINDSOR CASTLE. 
 
 There is one excursion that few London visitors 
 fail to make that is to Windsor, the chosen resi- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 73 
 
 dence of English kings for many centuries. It was 
 the royal home of Queen Victoria for three score years, 
 and is now the residence of King Edward VII. 
 Windsor Castle is situated in the little town of Wind- 
 sor, about twenty-one miles from London. 
 
 The train will take us to Windsor station in less 
 than a half hour. The Castle is the most interesting 
 and imposing of all the great houses that overlook the 
 Thames. It is not a beautiful building, but its fine 
 situation, its huge, picturesque, ivy-covered walls and 
 towers make it a magnificent one. 
 
 The Castle is more than eight centuries old, and has 
 always belonged to the crown, but there have been 
 times when it was not used as a royal residence. It was 
 begun by King William, and at that time was intended 
 as a fortress. But each succeeding sovereign has 
 added to it until it has become the most important 
 royal state palace of England. Queen Victoria lived 
 here during the winter and at times while Parliament 
 was in session, but the autumn and summer were 
 spent elsewhere. 
 
 The grounds around the castle make a beautiful 
 park of over 1,800 acres. Everything that can be 
 done by human hands to make a perfect landscape has 
 been done by the gardeners of Windsor. There are 
 forests and avenues of grand old trees, some of them 
 known to be over 1,000 years old. There are an arti- 
 ficial lake, statues and lodges half hidden with foliage 
 and covered with ivy. 
 
 The Castle consists principally of two courts the 
 lower or western court and upper or eastern court. 
 Each of these is surrounded by buildings, with the Great 
 
74 
 
 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 75 
 
 Round Tower between them. This tower is built on 
 a high eminence and rises 80 feet from the ground. It 
 is the oldest part of the Palace. From the top of the 
 tower we have a beautiful view of the country around 
 about Windsor. Before us lies the valley of the Thames. 
 In and out winds the river like a silver thread. On 
 its calm waters boats are idly drifting or darting back 
 and forth. Across the river rise the gray walls and 
 towers of Eton. 
 
 In the East End are the State Apartments, the 
 Audience Chamber, the Presence Chamber, the Guard 
 Chamber, the Grand Reception room, the Throne 
 room and Picture rooms. The Queen's Audience 
 Chamber is hung with French tapestry whereon artists 
 with skillful fingers have told the Bible story of Esther 
 and Mordecai. In the Guard Chamber are suits of old 
 armor, and busts of English heroes. The Rubens room 
 is filled with pictures by that artist, and the Van Dyck 
 room contains portraits by that master. 
 
 The Albert Chapel is a memorial by the Queen to 
 her husband, Prince Albert. This is one of the most 
 beautiful rooms in the world. Its ceilings are of 
 mosaics and its floor and walls of richly colored mar- 
 bles and precious stones. At one end of the room is 
 a marble figure of the Prince. The walls are decorated 
 with scenes from the lives of Joseph, Daniel and the 
 Saviour. The windows are decorated with scenes from 
 the life of the Prince. Beneath this chapel lie the 
 bodies of two of England's kings. The remains of 
 Prince Albert lie in a mausoleum in the park. 
 
 From Albert Chapel we are taken to St. George's 
 Chapel, where many English kings are buried. This 
 
76 
 
 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 THRONE ROOM, WINDSOR CASTLE. 
 
 was built as a meeting place for the Knights of the 
 Garter, and here each knight still has his stall and 
 hangs his banner. It was in this chapel that the mar- 
 riage of the Prince of Wales took place. Jennie Lind 
 sang one of the songs at the ceremony. A poem has 
 been written about it by Tennyson, knd a grand 
 picture of the ceremony painted by a celebrated artist. 
 King Edward, the seventh king of that name, came 
 to the throne in the early part of 1901 and now rules 
 over the British Empire and 300 ,000,000 of the human 
 race. He was the oldest son of Queen Victoria, and 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 77 
 
 before he succeeded to the throne was known as the 
 Prince of Wales. His wife, the beautiful Queen Alex- 
 andra, is almost as much loved by the people as 
 England's former Queen. 
 
 ENGLAND'S KING. 
 
 The king has five brothers and sisters, the Duke 
 of Connaught, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Princess 
 Christian, the Marchioness of Lome, and the Princess 
 
78 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 Beatrice. There are over sixty living descendents of 
 Queen Victoria. Among these are princes, princesses, 
 dukes, duchesses, one emperor, one empress, one mar- 
 chioness and one lady. 
 
 The king has five children, but the most important 
 child in Europe to-day is his little grandchild, Prince 
 Edward of York. King Edward is now sixty years of 
 age; his oldest son, the Duke of Cornwall and York, is 
 not strong, and so .there is a chance that the Duke's 
 little son may be king of England before he is of age. 
 
 When the new king and queen made their first ap- 
 pearance in London, early in the year, he rode in the 
 carriage with them, and the crowds went wild over the 
 baby Prince. It seemed great fun to him to have the 
 people cheering and saluting on all sides, but he did 
 not dream that they were hailing him as their future 
 king. 
 
 This will only be told him when he is old enough 
 to understand what it means. But in the mean time 
 he will go on romping in his nursery and studying with 
 teachers just as other boys do. By arid by his father 
 will receive the title of Prince of Wales, and he in turn 
 will become Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and 
 Baron of Killarney. He will have then to be addressed 
 as "Royal Highness" and shown to people on public 
 occasions, but after all his life will not be very dif- 
 ferent, and not a whit easier or more pleasant than 
 that of thousands of other little English lads. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 We are interested of course in knowing how the 
 little English Prince and his two sisters, the princesses, 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 79 
 
 are being edu- 
 cated, but we 
 wish also to 
 know something 
 of the education 
 of other London 
 children. Some 
 of them we 
 have seen have 
 received the 
 greater part of 
 their education 
 in the streets 
 while selling 
 fl ow e r s a nd 
 newspape r s, 
 blacking boots, 
 running errands 
 and sweeping 
 crossings. 
 
 But what about the others who have parents and 
 friends to care for them? We find that all children 
 between the ages of five and thirteen must attend 
 some kind of a school. The churches support more 
 than one-half the schools and the government the 
 rest. This is very different from our own system, 
 where the government supports nine tenths of the 
 schools. 
 
 The pupils in the government or public schools do 
 not come from all sorts of families as in the states. 
 Families that can afford to pay for their children's 
 education send them to private schools/ The public 
 
 LONDON FLOWER BOY. 
 
80 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 or free schools, as they are called, are looked upon as 
 charity schools. The children who attend them come 
 from the families of poor laboring men. 
 
 The girls as well as the boys who attend these free 
 schools must earn their own living as servants, or in 
 the factories, when their school days are over. They 
 must learn how to live comfortably on small incomes 
 at home. 
 
 For this reason house-keeping schools have been 
 introduced into the public schools. In these the girls 
 are taught how to cook, wash, iron, clean house, take 
 care of sick people and babies, do marketing and keep 
 accounts. As these schools have only lately been 
 established, additions have been made to all the 
 school houses in the city in order that this plan may 
 be carried out. 
 
 There are a number of noted endowment schools 
 which prepare boys for college. Four of these are at 
 Eton, Rugby, Harrow and Winchester. These are 
 boarding schools with from four hundred to one thou- 
 sand pupils. A high degree of scholarship is required 
 at Winchester, and to this school are sent the children 
 of clergymen, professional men and the upper classes. 
 Many wealthy people send their children to Eton, 
 where the pupils are not required to study so hard. 
 But many noted men have received part of their edu- 
 cation there. 
 
 in these schools much attention isjrnid to develop- 
 ing character and to the physical growth. Fights are 
 a common occurrence in schools, but there is rarely 
 any ill-feeling over them. The boys fight to deter- 
 mine which is the stronger physically. The favor- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 81 
 
 ite game is cricket, which gives them plenty of exer- 
 cise. The object of their games seems to be a good 
 time, rather than the winning. 
 
 Before leaving England, we shall visit two of its 
 great universities, Oxford and Cambridge. 
 
 THE LONDON SEASON. 
 
 The pleasantest time to be in London is the season 
 between Easter and the middle of August. When 
 Parliament closes the season is over, and the fashion- 
 able people of London leave the city and go to their 
 country homes,to the seaside.the island resorts or travel 
 on the continent. 
 
 You have seen how some of the society people 
 amuse themselves. They ride or walk in the morning; 
 drive in the afternoon; spend their evenings at the 
 club or at dinners, parties, balls, concerts and the 
 theatre. 
 
 Then there are special events which attract all 
 classes of Lodoners. These are the cricket matches 
 between Eton and Harrow, the Derby race and the 
 boat races or Royal Regatta. The boat races are held 
 near the town of Henley on the Thames. 'You remem- 
 ber that our ride on the Thames took us near this 
 place. 
 
 The cricket matches take place at Eton, beside 
 the Thames. Eton is across the river from Windsor, 
 and is one of the oldest public schools of England. 
 Many of the boys who attend school there are sons of 
 noblemen and wealthy Englishmen and so it is the 
 fashion for not only their families, but for great 
 crowds, to attend the cricket matches between this 
 
82 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 
 
 school and its rivals. The majority of those attending 
 are not much interested in either side. The carriage 
 drive and the day in the country are pleasant; how- 
 ever, and it gives them an outing. 
 
 The greatest event of the year is the Derby race. 
 Members of the royal family usually attend this, and 
 many of London's great men and women. Numbers 
 who do not care for the races go merely to see Eng- 
 land's lords and ladies, and other important spectators, 
 who appear in places reserved for them. 
 
 All of the fashionable ladies have costumes especially 
 prepared for this occasion, and the stands and car- 
 riages that border the race course present very gay 
 pictures. The finest and most beautiful horses in 
 England are to be seen at these races. The race 
 horses are the fleetest the world can afford. The 
 leaders are known far and wide, for they have been 
 made known to the people through their pictures and 
 newspaper descriptions. 
 
 But these races mean much more than amusement 
 to some of those who attend, for they are made the 
 occasion of betting. Many men stake their last 
 dollar upon the horse they feel confident will win, and 
 while some win others lose all they have. 
 
 Now, let us say good-bye to London with its fog 
 and smoke, and go out into the beautiful country 
 around about the city. There are many pleasant ex- 
 cursions to be made into the suburbs. Then, too, we 
 must see something of English country life and of 
 the people and places in other parts of England. 
 This will take us another month, and these trips will 
 make the next of our little journeys. 
 
A Little Journey 
 to England and Wales 
 
 AROUND ABOUT LONDON. 
 
 We have seen many of the wonders of London, its 
 busy, crowded streets and something of the work that 
 is being carried on in both London and Liverpool. 
 But we have seen little of the home life of the English 
 people. For this we will go to the country. 
 
 When the London season is over, everyone who can 
 afford to do so leaves town. Some go to their country 
 homes, others to Brighton, or the Isle of Wight, or to 
 some seaside or country resort, for a rest or change. 
 Let us go, too. 
 
 There is so much yet to be seen that we are tempted 
 to linger awhile longer in this fascinating old London 
 Town. There are so many excursions we might make 
 into the suburbs, if time would but permit. There is 
 the great Crystal Palace, where everyone goes who 
 wishes to study the products and industries of the 
 world. It is a huge building of glass and iron stand- 
 ing in the midst of forests and parks. 
 
 Then there are Richmond and Hampton Courts, Kew 
 Gardens, Epping Forest and High Beech. Tourists are 
 sure to visit these places. It is said that a quarter of 
 million persons visit Hampton Court every year. The 
 palace at this place is the largest royal palace in Great 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Britain, containing 1,000 rooms. Many years ago it 
 was used as a royal residence, but most of it is now 
 occupied by royal pensioners of the Crown. The peo- 
 ple who go there are attracted by the fine picture 
 galleries and the beautiful grounds. 
 
 Greenwich is a pleasant place, too, a little over four 
 miles from London Bridge. Greenwich Park is a 
 favorite resort of Londoners on Sundays and holidays. 
 In the center of this park is the famous Greenwich 
 Royal Observatory. It is at this place that the cor- 
 rect time for the whole of England is settled every 
 day. From this place it is telegraphed to other im- 
 portant towns and cities. 
 
 BRIGHTON. 
 
 i If we look on the map we shall find, as we do, 
 that Brighton is on the sea and directly south of Lon- 
 don. It is the most popular of all the seaside resorts 
 in the British Isles. Over 50,000 visitors and tourists 
 go there every year. It is not a pretty place, but the 
 air is clear and bracing, and the bathing fine. 
 
 The most attractive place in the town is the beach. 
 Crowds are walking up and down in the sun listening 
 to the music or bathing in the cool sea. Children with 
 bare legs are wading in the water or playing in the 
 sand. There are numberless people driving about in 
 carriages, and houses stretching along the shore.' 
 Everyone seems bent upon amusement. A man 
 comes to us and asks us to buy some shells ; another, 
 fruit; and tho third, papers. A gipsy wants us to 
 have our fortune told, and a sailor begs us to let him 
 take us out for a sail in his boat. There is a Punch 
 
COUNTY MAP 
 
 VV) 
 
 ENGLAOTT <& WALES, 
 
6 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 and Judy show, too; but all these things we have had 
 elsewhere and so we decide to visit the Aquarium. 
 
 This is a place where all kinds of curious fish are 
 kept. What a huge tank! These certainly can not 
 be fishes they look like plants. But they are fishes- 
 anemones, that live on the rocks in the sea and make 
 the bottom of the ocean look like a beautiful flower- 
 garden. And there are dolphins, too; and porpoises 
 and seals and sea-lions and mackerel and herrings and 
 shrimps and ever so many more, whose names we do 
 
 not know. 
 
 THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 
 
 "Of all the southern isles, she holds the highest place, 
 And evermore hath been the great'st in Britain's grace." 
 
 The Isle of Wight is the one spot in England where 
 "skies are blue and bright" always, and "harsh winds 
 never come." Its air is soft and pleasant, and thous- 
 ands of English people go there every year for rest 
 and health and recreation. 
 
 To reach this little paradise we must take a 
 steamer, but the channel that divides the island from 
 the main-land is less than half a dozen miles. 
 
 It was in Norris Castle on this island that Queen 
 Victoria passed many of her happy childhood days, 
 and later she selected this isle as her winter home. 
 In 1840 she purchased an old manor house called 
 "Osborne House" and made it her home for several 
 months each year, for sixty years. It was in this 
 house she passed her last days. 
 
 Osborne House is in the midst of a lovely park, 
 sloping down to the beach, and well worth a visit, but 
 the Castle of Carisbrooke is a more interesting build- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 7 
 
 ing. To reach it we go through the heart of the island. 
 On either side of the road are blossoming fields 
 with green hedges. Here and there are farm houses, 
 or tiny ivy-covered cottages with thatched roofs, and 
 gardens gorgeous with flowers. 
 
 OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT. 
 
 Carisbrooke is one of the most famous old castles in 
 England. It stands on a hill overlooking the town 
 of Carisbrooke. where it has stood for twenty centur- 
 ies. If its walls could speak, what wonderful stories 
 they might tell! 
 
 Kings have lived within these walls. They are so 
 strongly built that it is thought to have been a Brit- 
 
8 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 ish camp long ago. It has been used as a fort, too. 
 The outer wall was added to it for tnis purpose. 
 The castle is surrounded by a moat and over this the 
 draw-bridge hung. The moat was kept full of water 
 in olden times, and watchmen in the towers were 
 constantly on the lookout for enemies. When the 
 enemy appeared, the bridge was drawn up and there 
 was no way to reach the gate, except to swim across. 
 
 The part of this castle that stands higher than the 
 others is called a keep. In the center of the keep is a 
 well three hundred feet deep. In the court-yard is an- 
 other, two hundred feet deep. The water from this 
 well is drawn up by means of a wheel and a donkey. 
 The people in this castle did not mean to suffer from 
 water famine, you see, in case they were besieged by 
 their enemies. But the castle is in ruins now and its 
 enemies gone, ages ago. 
 
 Near the village is the old Whiffingham church, but 
 we only stop for a glimpse, for we want to reach Far- 
 ingford which was the poet Tennyson's home for 
 years. The house is not beautiful; but it is in a quiet, 
 peaceful spot, "far from the noise and smoke of town." 
 This was the home where most of his poems were 
 written. But crowds of visitors sought out Tennyson, 
 in this home hidden away in the pine woods, and left 
 him so little time that he was at last obliged to go 
 away from this place, to get time for his work. 
 
 ALFRED TENNYSON. 
 
 Why should people wish to see and talk to this man? 
 Because he was one of England's greatest poets. Al- 
 fred Tennyson was born in the little town of Somersby, 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 9 
 
 WHIFFINGHAM CHURCH, CARISBROOKE, ISLE OP WIGHT. 
 
10 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 in a beautiful valley in the northern part of England. 
 When he and his brother Charles were children to- 
 gether they were fond of acting out old-time stories of 
 England. True stories they were, too, and as wonder- 
 ful and fascinating to the English boys today as to the 
 little Tennyson boys many years ago. For they were 
 of brave knights defending a castle, or their king; or 
 
 TENNYSON'S BIRTHPLACE. 
 
 rescuing some person in distress. They made castles 
 of stones and dug moats or little ditches about them. 
 They carried water and filled the moat. Then one 
 boy would don a kind of armor, and with his spear 
 make a fierce attack upon the castle while the other 
 defended it. 
 
 And when Alfred grew up He wrote beautiful poems 
 about the brave deeds of these old English knights 
 and their kings, for he had read them and thought them 
 all out so many times that he knew them by heart. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 11 
 
 Alfred's home was not far from the sea, and in the 
 summer the family went to a little town on the sea- 
 shore called Marblethorpe. It was while there that 
 Alfred began to write his poems. He explored the 
 coast carefully and studied the dunes and dykes, the 
 
 ALFRED TENNYSON. 
 
 salt marsh, the shells and stones, and after a time he 
 put into verse the thoughts that came to him about 
 these things. Among these verses are 'The Brook," 
 'The Seashell," and "Break, Break, Break.' ' His 
 later poems are full of pictures of English scenes and 
 
12 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 homes, arid no modern poet has equaled him as a 
 word-painter. His poems are full of high and noble 
 ideals and are as true as they are beautiful. 
 
 As a man he was rich, honored, and sought after by 
 people all over England; but he liked best to remain 
 quietly with his family, and his pen was never idle. 
 Mr. Tennyson had three homes in different parts of 
 England, and beautiful homes they were. But the one 
 in the South of England he loved the best of all, for 
 its windows looked out on his much-beloved sea. 
 
 Charles Dickens was one of his friends and was very 
 fond of reading his poems; and so was the Queen, for 
 she made Tennyson Poet Laureate. This is considered 
 a great honor. A Poet Laureate is a court poet for 
 great occasions. The office is kept for life. 
 
 When he died he was buried in the Poet's Corner in 
 Westminster Abbey. One thing Tennyson has said 
 which should never be forgotten: 
 
 "Howe'er it be, it seems to me 
 
 'Tis only noble to be good; 
 Kind hearts are more than coronets 
 And simple faith than Norman blood." 
 
 ENGLISH HOflES. 
 
 "The stately homes of England 
 
 How beautiful they stand! 
 Amidst their tall ancestral trees 
 
 O'er all the pleasant land. 
 The deer across their greensward bound, 
 
 Through shade and sunny gleam, 
 And the swan glides past them with the sound 
 
 Of some rejoicing stream. 
 ***** 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 13 
 
 The cottage homes of England! 
 
 By thousands on her plains, 
 They are smiling o'er the silvery brooks 
 
 And round the hamlet fanes; 
 Through the glowing orchards forth they peep 
 
 Each from its nook of leaves, 
 And fearless there the lowly sleep 
 
 As the bird beneath the eaves. 
 
 Felicia Hemans. 
 
 Let us return to the mainland and visit some of the 
 fair country homes of England. English people love 
 the country and, where they are wealthy or can afford 
 to, live there the greater part of the year. The home 
 of the well-to-do Englishman is usually from six to 
 twenty miles from town. It is built on a terrace or 
 set in the midst of well-kept lawns and parks. 
 
 But we want also to see England's ruined castles, its 
 stately ancestral halls, its beautiful old manor houses, 
 and the cottages of the peasants, far removed from 
 the city. To do this we must drive through the coun- 
 try, and for a long coaching trip we find the drag the 
 most comfortable and convenient conveyance. It is a 
 long, high-wheeled carriage, something like our Tally- 
 ho coach. From its top one can see much more than 
 from an ordinary carriage. 
 
 Nothing could be more lovely than the country 
 in England. We do not wonder that the people pre- 
 fer to live here. 
 
 The road is bordered by rows of stately trees; the 
 roadsides are as neat as a lawn. The vine-covered, 
 thatched cottages are set back in gardens gay with 
 old-fashioned posies. The walks and hedges are 
 trim, the fields without weeds, the barns, sheds and 
 
14 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 granaries well built, and every home is carefully fenced 
 or walled about. 
 
 As we drive gaily along the smooth, fine country 
 
 A COTTAGE HOME. 
 
 road, one beautiful picture after another passes before 
 our eyes, 
 
 "The green lanes, the thatched cottages, the mead- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 15 
 
 ows brightened with wild flowers,the little churches cov- 
 ered with dark-green ivy, the gables festooned with 
 roses, the foot-paths that wind across wild heaths 
 and lonesome fields, the narrow, shining rivers brimful 
 to their banks and crossed here and there with gray 
 and moss-grown bridges, the stately elms with low- 
 hanging branches drooping over a turf of emerald vel- 
 vet, the sheep and deer that rest in shady places, the 
 pretty children who cluster round the porches of their 
 cleanly, cozy homes and peep at the wayfarer these 
 are some of the everyday joys of rural England." 
 
 In every part of the country one sees flocks of 
 sheep on the moors and hills, in the valleys, and al- 
 ways on the farms. The farmers often confine them 
 in hurdles, a basket-work fencing woven from split 
 hazel. These fences are light and easily moved; and 
 as soon as the sheep have eaten the grass from one 
 field, the fences and sheep are moved to another. 
 
 The country is cut up into a sort of checker-board 
 by hedges- solid banks of green. The fields are of 
 every size and shape, and each field has its particular 
 name. Every farm has its name, too a name it has 
 borne for hundreds of years perhaps. These' fields 
 and farms and estates remain in the possession of the 
 same family for generations, being handed down from 
 the father to the oldest son. 
 
 It is a very difficult matter to buy a farm or estate 
 on this account. The Englishman is very unwilling 
 to part with his ancestral home. The honor of the 
 family demands that it be kept and passed to the next 
 who bears the name and takes the place of the head oi 
 the family. 
 
16 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Much of the land outside of the city belongs to the 
 estates of the nobility. Do you know what is meant 
 by this term? It means members of the royal family 
 or persons who have inherited titles from their ances- 
 tors, or had titles given them by their sovereign. 
 
 A COUNTKY LANE. 
 
 Sometimes titles and lands are conferred upon people 
 for some service rendered the country or its sovereign. 
 In this way much of the land in England has come in- 
 to the possession of its princes, dukes, lords, barons, 
 and wealthy squires. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 17 
 
 These estates contain hundreds, even thousands, of 
 acres, and to them we must go if we wish to see the 
 old castles, halls and manor houses that are England's 
 pride. 
 
 Many of these homes are in ruins, but their owners 
 will not have them rebuilt or changed in any way. 
 They reverence and value them because of their his- 
 tories, and because they have been their family 
 homes for generations/ 
 
 Often, when it is impossible to live in these places, 
 the owners keep the grounds in good condition and 
 throw them open to the public. For the events and 
 people connected with these old places have come to 
 be a part of the history of England, and they are of in- 
 terest to the whole world as well as to the owner. 
 
 We pass shepherds with dogs at their heels, watch- 
 ing their flocks in the meadows; farm laborers carrying 
 their hoes or hooks for hedge trimming, and work- 
 men with baskets of tools. They are going to their 
 day's work. There are carters, too, in white blouses, 
 walking beside tandem teams; and farmers, or garden- 
 ers going to market. 
 
 A splendid carriage dashes by, with a distinguished 
 looking old gentleman seated within. He is some coun- 
 try squire, perhaps, returning from the city. 
 
 It may be that the land lying along this very road- 
 side is a part of his estate. A sudden turn in the road 
 takes him from our view, but a minute more brings us 
 also to the bend and to our eyes the very thing we 
 have been wishing to see one of England's "ancestral 
 halls," a stately and grand old castle. 
 
1.8 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE CASTLE. 
 
 A castle is the name of the principal residence of a 
 nobleman, when it is also a fortress. In olden times 
 they were compelled to build such strongholds to pro- 
 tect themselves from their enemies. There was little 
 law but might. 
 
 England for many centuries was the scene of con- 
 stant warfare. The people were often obliged to de- 
 fend themselves from the attacks of different nations 
 that wished to conquer them. 
 
 In their castles the chiefs of clans would gather 
 their own people, their family, soldiers, servants and 
 all who looked to them as their head. The castles 
 were usually built upon islands or high places, that 
 cowld be easily defended. They had thick walls of 
 stone and were surrounded by deep, broad ditches, or 
 moats, filled with water. Underneath the castles 
 were dungeons for prisoners. 
 
 In the center of the castle was a great hall, where 
 the owner could entertain a large company of his 
 friends. At the end of this hall was a place raised 
 higher than the rest of the floor, called the dais, where 
 the chief stood. Near him, at meals, were seated per- 
 sons of the highest rank, while lower down were those 
 of less importance 
 
 Will this castle be like those others of which we 
 have read so often? Perhaps this place has not been 
 the scene of any fierce battles. It is at the top of a 
 hill, but there is no deep moat about it. 
 
 The castle before us has many towers and turrets,and 
 its gray stone walls are half covered with the beautiful 
 ivy which one sees everywhere in England, and of which 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND 'AND WALES.' 19 
 
20 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Dickens wrote. The building must cover almost half 
 an acre, and is big enough for a dozen families, and 
 large ones at that. If we might spend just one day 
 there ! Perhaps we might be allowed to drive through 
 the grounds. 
 
 The castle and grounds are surrounded by a high 
 stone wall, green in places with moss and ivy. There 
 is a great stone gateway, with massive iron gates. Just 
 inside is the lodge-house, also of stone and covered 
 with climbing roses and ivy. The gate-keeper comes 
 out and admits his master's carriage. Through the 
 gates we see a broad, graveled driveway and a lawn as 
 smooth as velvet. Sturdy oaks and sweeping elms 
 lend their shade to the park about the house. Some 
 of these magnificent trees are more than four hundred 
 years old. 
 
 The old gate. keeper answers our questions politely 
 and grants our request. His master is very kind to 
 visitors, he tells us, and often allows them to drive 
 through his grounds. Sometimes he is allowed to take 
 visitors through the castle, too, but that is when his 
 master and the family are away. Part of the sea- 
 son the owner must spend in London, for he is a mem- 
 ber of the House of Lords. But he is at home now 
 and the house is full of guests. There are forty of 
 these, and others expected, for a hunting party. 
 
 Part of the castle is too old to be used. Its walls 
 are crumbling to pieces. When the family is gone, 
 most of the rooms now open are closed, and only the 
 servants' quarters used. Yes, it is a pleasant place to 
 stay. No place in the world is so dear to the gate- 
 keeper. He was born there the same year as his Lordship. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 21 
 
 They played together as boys, for his father had been 
 the gardener on the place, and his grandfather as well. 
 
 His Lordship was fond of him and kind to his chil- 
 dren. He had sent them to school and paid for their 
 education. When the gate keeper is too old to work he 
 will be provided for. His father had been remembered 
 in the former master's will, and this one, he was sure, 
 would not forget him. He had tried to be faithful. 
 Many of the other servants had been at the castle all 
 their lives, and so had their fathers and mothers before 
 them. They were as fond and proud of the place as 
 if it were their own, and no wonder ! 
 
 The lawns are dotted with flowerbeds of many 
 shapes, and on the grounds are a great flower garden, 
 a market garden, conservatories, graperies, and orch- 
 ards. There are stables full of fine horses, and ken- 
 nels for the hunting dogs. Many acres of the estate 
 near the house have been reserved for parks deer 
 and hunting parks. 
 
 These parks or game preserves are cared for and 
 guarded by gamekeepers. No one but the master 
 and his friends is ever allowed to hunt or shoot 
 there. If a hunter from the city, or one of the coun- 
 try men should venture to shoot even a partridge, he 
 would be arrested by the gamekeepers and impris- 
 oned by the squire. 
 
 It must seem very hard for the poor people living 
 near to be obliged to suffer hunger at times, with 
 these great parks full of deer and rabbit, grouse, and 
 birds of all kinds, before their very eyes. It seems a 
 pity, too, for so much land to be lying idle when so 
 many poor people in the neighborhood have not even 
 
22 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 a garden patch. These poor laboring people think so, 
 also. They think the land should be put to a better 
 use than to provide amusement for a few weeks each 
 year for one rich man. 
 
 But the noble lord who owns all these acres cares 
 very little what they think. The land is his, and he 
 means to do what he pleases with it. His hunting 
 grounds are his particular pride, and hunting and 
 shooting his favorite pastime. He entertains a great 
 many of his friends during the hunting season, and 
 this is the gayest time of the year for the people at 
 the great house. 
 
 There are big dinners and balls, and garden and 
 hunting parties for the "gentry," and entertain- 
 ments for the servants. 
 
 One of the most exciting events of the year in the 
 country is the fox hunt. This is attended by gentle- 
 men and ladies from many parts of the country. They 
 meet at some central place near the castle, accom- 
 panied by their hounds. The holes of the foxes have 
 all been closed: and so there is no place for a fox to go 
 and nothing else to do, when released or raised, but to 
 run for his life. 
 
 The men and hounds follow quickly after, jumping 
 ditches, walls, gates, hedges, and turning aside for 
 nothing in the way. It is reckless sport, for many of 
 the riders are thrown and killed every year in the 
 wild effort to reach the fox first. It seems rather 
 cruel sport, also, for the harmless fox has no way of 
 defending himself from his enemies. 
 
 But there is a part of this estate we have not seen 
 the farm lands. We take leave of the kind old gate- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 23 
 
 keeper, and follow the road which will lead to the 
 home of a farmer who lives near, and also to a village 
 a little farther on. 
 
 THE FARMER. 
 
 The great estates and farms of Great Britain are 
 not tilled by the owners. They rent the land to 
 farmers, who employ laborers to do the work. The 
 farmer is the most important tenant of the nobleman, 
 
 OLD ENGLISH FARM HOUSE. 
 
 or the wealthy country squire. But this farmer does 
 not lead the life of the farmer in America. He never 
 thinks of milking or going out into the fields to plow 
 or reap his harvest. 
 
 All this is left to his laborers. He gives orders 
 to his workmen, and acts as a manager only. The 
 
24 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 chief farmer of this big estate is a fine-looking man- 
 tall, broad-chested and pleasant-faced. He always 
 wears his leathern riding-gaiters, for he is in the saddle 
 much of the time, riding back and forth between the 
 farms or to town. 
 
 His home is a very comfortable one. He takes time 
 to read the morning papers before breakfast, and after 
 breakfast has morning prayers, for he is a devout 
 churchman. The servants are called in for prayers, 
 but the children are not there. They are away at 
 boarding-school near town, and only come home for 
 the holidays. 
 
 The homes of the English are very attractive from 
 the outside, and the yards and gardens and lawns are 
 beautifully kept; but the houses are not so cheerful 
 and sunny as ours, nor so comfortable. The windows 
 have small panes of glass, and are set in such thick 
 stone walls that little sunshine comes through. They 
 lack the conveniences, too, to which one is accustomed 
 in the United States. 
 
 Come into this house with me. The hall looks bare 
 and rather dark, but the drawing rooms are lighter 
 and very pleasant. The room is crowded with chairs, 
 lounges, tables, cabinets and other pieces of furniture, 
 leaving little room for one to walk about. There is 
 not a rocking chair in the room, and the furniture is 
 dark and rather stiff. But there are flowers, ferns and 
 palms all about, and these brighten the room and 
 make it look home-like. 
 
 The dining-room also we find furnished with dark, 
 heavy furniture, and this room too is dark. House-- 
 keeping in England is very different from house-keep- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 25 
 
 ing in America. Come into the kitchen and see for 
 yourself. What a dingy place! The windows are very 
 small and the walls are blackened with smoke. In- 
 stead of a smooth wooden floor, painted or oiled, there 
 is one of blocks of stone, with cracks between the 
 stones. 
 
 There is no stove; but, instead, a "Kitchner." This 
 is an iron arrangement built into a brick fire-place. 
 It extends into the room but a few inches. In the 
 middle of the kitchner , is a small, open grate in 
 which a fire of soft coal is burning. On one side of 
 the grate is a small iron tank to hold hot water, 
 and on the other, an oven. Sometimes there is no 
 tank for hot water, and then the water must be heated 
 in the teakettle on the grate. The oven holds a joint 
 of meat. When a fowl or joint of meat is to be 
 roasted, it is hung by a chain before the fire and 
 turned and basted until it is cooked through. Some- 
 times, usually on Sunday, the meat is sent to the pub- 
 lic bakery and brought home at noon. Sometimes 
 the cake and tarts are also sent there to be baked. 
 The pots containing the vegetables are hung over the 
 fire on cranes. 
 
 The ovens are very small to bake bread. So the mis- 
 tress usually buys her bread of the baker. Very good 
 bread it is, too, and cheap. Every day the baker's 
 wagon comes to the door and leaves a number of 
 loaves. This furnishes the reason for the great num- 
 ber of baker shops one sees in the cities and towns. 
 In many of these shops nothing is sold but bread and 
 flour; in others, cake and biscuit may also be bought. 
 
 Coal is commonly used in the open fires in the kitch- 
 
26 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 ners, and everything in the room is soon covered with 
 soot unless it is cleaned very often. 
 
 The mistress of this home does not try to do as 
 many things as the mistress of a similar home in 
 America. She keeps more servants, because servants 
 are not paid as high wages in England. There is 
 less work in English homes, too. The bread and cake 
 are made by the baker, and the laundry work and 
 dressmaking done outside the home. 
 
 Each servant has his or her particular work and is 
 rarely called upon to do extra work without extra pay. 
 
 The kitchen is presided over by a rosy-cheeked maid, 
 with a snowy cap. She is preparing the dinner and 
 tells us that this is not a difficult task in England. 
 English people are not so fond of soups, salads, hot 
 breads and desserts as we. They like good roast beef, 
 mutton, and vegetables, and their dinners are simple 
 affairs. For breakfast they like tea, toast, eggs, bacon 
 and marmalade. 
 
 When we tell this little maid that it appears to us 
 the English people are always eating, she says, "No; 
 the English do not eat more than the people of 
 America; but they eat oftener." 
 
 She says that six meals a day are served in this 
 house, and in many others, and that four are taken by 
 rich and poor alike. A cup of tea is served in bed; 
 then come breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and 
 late supper before bed time. 
 
 All English people are fond of tea, and every after^ 
 noon, between four and five o'clock, tea is served to 
 the family and friends, or neighbors who happen in for 
 a chat. If one drops in at a cafe or tea-room at this 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 27 
 
 hour in the afternoon, it is almost impossible to find a 
 seat. Sometimes one is obliged to visit three or four 
 places before room can be found at a table. 
 
 The rooms are crowded with shoppers, tourists, 
 business men and their employees all drinking tea. 
 How odd it would seem to us if the men at home left 
 their places of business in the afternoon to drink tea! 
 But we wish that some of the English people would 
 come to the States and teach the people in our res- 
 taurants and lunch rooms how to make dainty bread- 
 and-butter sandwiches, and pound cake. 
 
 THE COUNTRY VILLAGE. 
 
 On one corner of the estate, and not far from the 
 castle, is a village. At one time it consisted of the 
 laborers and servants on the place, but others have 
 come to make their homes there, arid the village now 
 numbers a thousand souls. They are almost all ten- 
 ants of the lord at the castle. 
 
 The village has one long street, with a few two- 
 story houses of brick and stone ; but most of the build- 
 ings are cottages with roofs of red brick, tile or straw 
 thatch. In the large houses live the steward of the 
 estate, the doctor, and the shopkeepers. There are a 
 market place, also a town hall and a church; and 
 last, but not least, an inn. 
 
 Sometimes the cottages are crowded closely to- 
 gether, and are built directly on the street without 
 even room for a path. Sometimes there is a flower 
 garden in front, separated from the street by a stone 
 wall or hedge. There are flowers in the windows and 
 vines trained over the doors and walls. 
 
28 
 
 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 These cottages are pictures of neatness. The yards 
 are kept clean from litter, and wherever there is room, 
 trees, bushes, plants and flowers are growing. One 
 thing about this village we notice is that many of the 
 cottages display something for sale. Numbers of the 
 men in the village are mechanics or farm laborers, and 
 their incomes are small. The wife and children help by 
 keeping a few articles of various kinds for sale. The 
 
 A COUNTRY VILLAGE. 
 
 stock is always very small just a few candies or cakes, 
 bread, vegetables, writing materials, school supplies, 
 etc. 
 
 For amusement the people have football and cricket 
 matches, band concerts and festivals on the "recrea- 
 tion ground" of the village. They have flower-shows 
 and bazaars in the town hall, for the benefit of the 
 church; annual agricultural product shows; monthly 
 cattle, sheep and horse fairs, and the weekly market- 
 day. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 29 
 
 It is at the fairs that the country people best enjoy 
 themselves. There are athletic sports, with prizes given 
 by the Lord of the castle, the squire or the farmer. 
 
 The villagers enter heartily into the contests in 
 jumping, throwing, wrestling, sack and wheelbar- 
 row races. There are greased pigs to be caught, and 
 a greased pole to be climbed for prizes hung at the 
 
 top. 
 
 THE VILLAGE INN. 
 
 The village inn is a big solid-looking stone building. 
 Its vine-covered walls, gables and dormer windows, 
 and its dainty white curtains, give it a very homelike 
 look. It has a great doorway that leads to an inner 
 court. On either side of the court are the bar and 
 the coffee rooms, and at the far end the stables. 
 
 The waiting hostler takes us to the barmaid, who 
 meets us with a pretty courtesy, and leads us to the 
 chambermaid. She takes us up a dark old oak stair- 
 way, through a dark hall, and to a pleasant room, 
 where we are to pass the night. There is a cheerful 
 grate fire, a tall old "grandfather's" clock in the cor- 
 ner, easy chairs, and writing materials upon the table. 
 
 There is a four-post bed with heavy curtains, and a 
 perfect mountain of a feather bed. What a comfortable 
 place it is. How well we shall sleep after our long 
 ride. We may have our meals served in our rooms or 
 in the public coffee room, and we decide to have our 
 supper in our room. 
 
 Breakfast is taken in the coffee room; but we are 
 the only guests, and see no one but the servants. 
 Where is the landlady all this time, and the landlord ? 
 Perhaps he is in the tap or bar-room. This is the 
 
30 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 place where villagers drop in for their glass of beer or 
 toddy. It is a plain, bare room, with high-backed 
 settles and deal tables. At the end is a counter, pre- 
 sided over by the rosy-cheeked barmaid. But the 
 landlady is not here. She is in the bar parlor. Only 
 a few favored customers are admitted to this place. 
 This room has a fire in the open grate, a table fur- 
 nished with writing materials and the morning papers, 
 easy chairs, a rug on the floor, and some bright pic- 
 tures on the wall. Here, before the fire, the squire and 
 his steward and the farmers are gathered, talking 
 about the crops and sipping ale. 
 
 THE LABORER. 
 
 In some of the houses of this village of a thousand, 
 the people are packed together almost as closely as in 
 the crowded parts of London. Two or three families 
 of ten occupy a cottage that would be considered too 
 small for one family in America. In this place and in 
 some others, the farm laborers and other workmen 
 have no vegetable gardens at home, so they rent a plot 
 of land near the village from the squire. This plot is 
 divided into equal-sized strips with paths between, and 
 each laborer has a strip, and pays his share of the rent. 
 In the summer evenings they gather out here, with 
 their wives and children and tend their gardens. 
 They hoe, and weed, and visit together, finding this,per- 
 haps, the pleasantest part of their day's work. 
 
 These laborers are very poor and depend on their 
 daily wages for food; but they can usually find em- 
 ployment throughout the year, as work on the farms 
 in England does not stop in winter as in some other 
 countries. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 31 
 
 In the poorer parts of England a .laborer receives 
 ten or twelve shillings a week, but in better districts 
 twice that amount. Work begins at six o'clock in the 
 morning and ends at five in the evening. The 
 English laborer eats oftener than the laborer in the 
 States. At eight, work is stopped half an hour for 
 breakfast; at ten, it is stopped again for lunch; and at 
 
 PLOWING WITH OXEN. 
 
 noon an hour is taken 
 supper is eaten, and 
 
 for dinner and rest. At five, 
 just before bedtime another 
 lunch. 
 
 The food of the laborer and his family is poor and 
 coarse. Meat is eaten but once or twice a week. The 
 cottages are small and apt to be over-crowded, for the 
 families are large. There are often but two sleeping 
 rooms for a family of eight or ten. It is impossible 
 
32 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 for many of the laborers to support their families on 
 their weekly wages. They and their wives and child- 
 ren often do extra, or as they call it "task work/ 7 to 
 earn extra money to keep them out of the poor- 
 house. 
 
 During the busy season the men work early and late. 
 On some of the farms, mowing machines are used; and 
 on others the mowing is done by gangs of men with 
 scythes. These gangs go from farm to farm, and 
 carry their lunches with them. In their lunch bas- 
 kets are bread and cheese, and beer or ale is added to 
 this at meal time. 
 
 Sometimes the farmer for whom they work sends 
 them their ale. 
 
 In September, when the grain is nearly all reaped and 
 the hay harvested, the hop picking begins. The hay 
 and grain fields look bare and brown, or have just 
 been plowed. In the corners .of the fields are new 
 ricks with tidy roofs of fresh thatch. 
 
 Over in the hop fields are men, women and children 
 pulling the hops off vines and putting them into great 
 baskets. The poles are taken down as needed, that 
 the hops may be easily reached . 
 
 Sometimes the women go out in the fields to help the 
 men, and so we find them in the hop gardens, the wheat 
 and hay fields. In the hop fields the vines are fastened 
 to the poles so that they will climb and not run along 
 the ground. Rushes are used to tie the vines, and 
 these are carried in a long bag fastened to the waist. 
 
 Hop picking is looked upon as a kind of holiday, 
 and the people come from far and near to the hop 
 regions in September, It is pleasant, healthy work, 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEiT TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 33 
 
 and tongues are as nimble as fingers, in the merry 
 groups in the fields. The children work and play by 
 turns, while the grandmothers tend the babies that 
 tumble about on the ground near the hop pickers. 
 
 Many who live a number of miles from the fields 
 come in great farm wagons. They bring their 
 
 WOMEN WORKING IN THE FIELDS. 
 
 bedding and fopd, and come prepared to stay till the 
 hop-picking season is over. They sleep out of doors 
 or in barns or sheds. 
 
 But all do not come in wagons. Many come by 
 train from London. At the station we see a crowd 
 of rough-looking people, heavily laden with their bags, 
 baskets and household goods, all bent on securing work 
 in the hop fields. 
 
34 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Would you like to see how the hops are dried? Let 
 as stop a minute at this hop kiln. Smoke is issuing 
 from its chimney and a door at one end is open, so 
 one may be able to learn how the hops are dried. How 
 dark it is inside! There are men feeding fires with 
 charcoal and brimstone, and the air is heavy with 
 fumes. It would soon choke one in this place. Let us 
 get outside in the fresh air again. 
 
 In some fields we sometimes see four horses used by 
 the ploughman because the soil is so heavy. A boy 
 walks along beside the horses to urge them on, and 
 constantly shouts at them. At one place a laborer is 
 ploughing with bullocks, but we are told these are sel- 
 dom used now. The steam plow is used now as in the 
 States, and the steam thresher is a familiar sight. 
 Sometimes these engines come steaming along the 
 roads of the country or villages, but our horses have 
 become accustomed to them and do not seem to mind 
 them. 
 
 The laboring men are not attractive, and are rude 
 both in manner and speech. They are not neat or 
 clean, and usually carr}^ about with them the odor of 
 tobacco and beer. Their ordinary clothing is rough, 
 usually of corduroy, with straps encircling the leg 
 above the calf to keep the trousers baggy at the knee. 
 
 But in spite of their poverty the laboring people as 
 a rule, are contented and cheerful. Their wants are 
 few. If they have food from day to day and a rude 
 home in which to find shelter, they do not worry about 
 the future. They seldom save for old age. If there is 
 any money to spare, it is spent on drink. Drunken- 
 ness is very common among them. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 35 
 
 If their children do not cprovide for them when 
 old or disabled, therfe is always the poorhouse, or, as 
 they call it, the Union Workhouse. This is the place 
 where thousands of these people expect to spend their 
 last days. Some of them are quite indifferent about 
 it, but others have a great dread of the poorhouse. 
 They have food and shelter, it is true, but little tea, 
 tobacco or beer. For this reason they think it is a 
 place to be avoided. 
 
 THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 
 
 The English people are not so easy to become ac- 
 quainted with as the people of many other nations. 
 They are not always agreeable traveling companions 
 and do not talk much to those they do not know. But 
 in their own homes we find them to be the most de- 
 lightful people we have met in all our journeys. 
 
 The better class of English people are the most in- 
 telligent and refined of any nation. This is not true, 
 though, of the middle and lower classes. But most of the 
 English are honest, truthful, peaceable and law-abiding. 
 They are a religious people and devoted to their 
 church. The Episcopal Church is the established 
 church of England. On Sunday all the shops, stores, 
 and places of business and amusement are closed. The 
 streets on this day are almost deserted. 
 
 The English are fond of outdoor exercise and open- 
 air sports and games. Perhaps it is due to their habit 
 of exercising so much in the open air that they have 
 such good health and fine figures. Where a family is 
 not well-to-do, and it is necessary for the men to live 
 close to their work tin the cities, outings at the seaside 
 
36 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES* 
 
 or in the country are provided and planned for as care- 
 fully as food and clothes. 
 
 The country people know little of the cities ; 
 most of them live out their lives in or near the vil- 
 
 KING EDWARD VII AND FAMILY. 
 
 lages where they were born. They never go farther 
 than a few miles from their home, and cling to the 
 ways and customs of their forefathers. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 37 
 
 ENGLISH CHILDREN. 
 
 There are no children in the world so carefully educa- 
 ted and cared for as the English children. In some ways 
 we find their home and school life much like our own; 
 in other ways quite different. The English children 
 are not allowed to do as they like, as are many Ameri- 
 can children. They are respectful and obedient to 
 their parents and teachers, and do not expect to have 
 their own way. 
 
 During their baby days they are kept in the nursery 
 in charge of a nurse. They are not allowed to romp 
 and run about the whole house, and do not take their 
 meals with the older members of the family, but with 
 the nurse or governess in the nursery. Their table is 
 provided with good, plain food, but with none of the 
 luxuries, not even where the family is very wealthy. 
 Until the boys are sent away to boarding school, and 
 the girls are big girls, they have only this plain food. 
 They have their daily cold bath and out-of-doors exer- 
 cise and games, under the watchful care of a nurse or 
 governess. 
 
 Study lasts but a few hours each day,but their lessons 
 are not all from books. The nurse and the governess 
 must see that correct habits are formed and give les- 
 sons in manners and deportment. The boys remain 
 with the governess until the age of eight or ten, and 
 are then sent to a boarding school or day school. The 
 girls remain with the governess until they are seven- 
 teen, or attend a private day school and receive les- 
 sons from tutors or masters. 
 
 These children see very little of other children, and 
 are seldom allowed to play with them. The governess 
 
38 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 is their constant companion. She chooses their read- 
 ing and accompanies them in their out-of-door walks 
 and games. 
 
 But there are many children who are not so well 
 cared for. There are thousands of children in Great 
 
 A LABORER'S FAMILY. 
 
 Britain who must work for their living, in mines or in 
 factories, or in the streets or fields. They have few 
 holidays or games, no toys or books, and the poorest 
 and coarsest of food. 
 
 Others have much to do at home, because the 
 mother as well as the father must work to help sup- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 39 
 
 port the family. The little girls in these poor families 
 learn early ' o mind the baby, wash, mend, cook, go to 
 market and care for the home. These children attend 
 the board schools, and have lessons in housekeeping. 
 
 The best places to see the English children are the 
 parks. The paths and benches, the shady nooks and 
 grass are home to them. They are there early and 
 late. Most of them are with nurses and governesses, 
 mothers or older sisters. Some walk primly up and 
 down the walks; others romp and' visit to their hearts' 
 content. 
 
 The parks are the only playgrounds that some of 
 these children possess. 
 
 Their homes are smalL Sometimes the kitchen is 
 the only living room, and if the children stay indoors 
 they are in the way. So they come to the parks. 
 Many of them go without hats or bonnets, but none 
 go barefoot. Some of the lassies wear white bonnets 
 with frills about their faces and remind us of daisies. 
 But neither boys nor girls care much for a covering for 
 the head or face, for the sun does not scorch the face 
 as in America. 
 
 The summer dress of a child in skirts has no sleeves, 
 and on a chilly day the arms are very apt to look red 
 or purple. The knees are also bare, for the stockings 
 come up only a couple of inches above the shoe tops. 
 Rubbers are seldom worn, as their shoes have very 
 thick soles. What clumsy shoes! Great heavy affairs, 
 with the bottoms all studded over with big projecting 
 nails. But they wear well and keep the feet dry. 
 
 The boys and girls do not play their games together^ 
 except when very young. The boys seem to like the 
 
40 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 rougher, more violent games and the girls the quiet 
 ones. But neither boys nor girls are quarrelsome while 
 at their play. 
 
 Cricket is the national and favorite game of the 
 English boy, just as baseball is with the boys of the 
 States. It is the ambition of every English boy to 
 become a clever cricketer, and if allowed he will keep 
 at it all day. This game is played in the streets, the 
 fields, parks or wherever room can be found. 
 
 The girls are as fond of their skipping ropes as the 
 boys are of cricket. They play many ring games, such 
 as drop-the-hankerchief, thump-back, and orange-and- 
 lemon. In this last the girls form in two long oppos- 
 ing lines and have a tug of war. 
 
 The holidays are Christmas, May-day, and the Fifth 
 of November. May-day means more to the children 
 of the villages than to those in London, however. In 
 the villages groups or processions of children parade 
 the streets, carrying sticks with flowers tied on the 
 ends. They sing songs before the houses and in return 
 receive pennies from the listeners. 
 
 The money received is spent for candy or cakes. In 
 the villages, out-side of London, fetes are held, and at 
 these fairs are merry-go-rounds, shooting galleries, 
 swings and wandering gypsies, and vendors with all 
 kinds of wonderful things to sell. 
 
 The fifth of November is "Guy Fawkes Day." This 
 is the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot. Guy 
 Fawkes and some of his friends meant to blow up the 
 king and parliament. But the plot was discovered 
 and the king and members of parliament saved from 
 a terrible death. For a time the fifth of November 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 41 
 
 was observed by thanksgiving services in the church, 
 but the day is now celebrated by children more than 
 grown people. 
 
 In some towns the day is celebrated by proces- 
 sions, bonfires and sham battles. 
 
 Christmas is celebrated in much the same way as in 
 our own country. The churches are made bright with 
 evergreens and holly berries; the Christmas tree is hung 
 with presents in the schoolroom of the home; Christ- 
 mas carols are sung. 
 
 ENGLAND TO-DAY. 
 
 England does not seem a very important country 
 when one looks at the map and compares it with 
 other countries. It is but 400 miles long, and 360 
 miles wide; yet it is the richest kingdom in the world. 
 
 Scotland and Ireland were once separate kingdoms, 
 but are now united to England and Wales under the 
 title of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. This is the home country of the British 
 Empire, but is only a small part of it. 
 
 Great Britain is a great mother country. It has so 
 many children that all cannot be fed and cared for at 
 home. Many of them therefore go to other coun- 
 tries, where colonies are formed. The population of 
 the United Kingdom is 40,000,000, and of England 
 and Wales alone, 32,525,716. So you see it is nec- 
 essary for some of these people to go elsewhere for 
 homes. It would be hard to find a corner of the earth 
 where the British have not settled. 
 
 The British colonies are protected by Great Britain, 
 and some of them have become parts of the British 
 
42 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Empire. This now extends over more than 11,000,- 
 000 square miles, and numbers 400.000,000 people. 
 The principal colonial possessions are Gibraltar, Heli- 
 goland, the Channel Islands, Malta and Cypress in Eu- 
 rope. In North America are the Dominion of Canada 
 and the West India Islands. In South America are 
 British Guiana and the Falkland Islands. There are 
 Australia, New Zealand and the Fiji Islands, and in 
 Africa are the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Gambia, St. 
 Helena, Ascension, the Cape Colony, Natal, the British 
 South Africa and Mauritius. In Asia are India, 
 Hong Kong, British Burmah, Ceylon, Labuan, Aden, 
 the Straits Settlement, and Andaman and Nicobar 
 Islands. 
 
 Australia and Cape Colony are self-governing colon- 
 ies, and others are a part of the British Empire. But 
 though widely separated from the mother country by 
 lands and seas, these colonies and distant parts of the 
 Empire are united by telegraph. There are lines 
 reaching to India and to Australia, as well as to 
 America. 
 
 The army of England consists of over a million men, 
 and as English soldiers are said to be among the best 
 and bravest in the world, England is well able to 
 defend herself. All of these men are not stationed 
 in England, but in different parts of the Empire. 
 Some are at home, others in the colonies, and in India. 
 
 England has the largest and strongest navy in the 
 world. She needs many war ships, because her pos- 
 sessions are scattered through so many parts of the 
 earth. 
 
 If we could but visit each of these British posses- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 43 
 
 sions or colonies, what wonderful things might we not 
 see! But we will content ourselves for the present 
 year with a short visit in England and Wales, and a 
 month each in Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 NORTHERN ENGLAND. 
 
 We have seen England's two most important cities, 
 its favorite summer resorts, and something of the life 
 of the people in both city and country. Now let us 
 visit some of the places made famous by English his- 
 tory or literature. We will begin at the far north and 
 travel southward, stopping wherever there is a place 
 of especial interest or beauty. 
 
 We find England on the north separated from Scot- 
 land by the Cheviot Hills. South of the hills there 
 are high, dreary, wild moorlands, with little vegeta- 
 tion excepting grass and heather, which the Scotch 
 people love so much. Farther south are plains and 
 valleys, quarries and mines of coal and iron. These 
 mining districts are manufacturing centers, and here 
 are many of England's largest and busiest cities. 
 
 Northumberland is a busy mining district, whose 
 chief city is Newcastle. Look at the mouth of the 
 River Tyne. What a fine harbor! See the hundreds 
 of vessels coming and going. Those from foreign 
 lands are laden with provisions. Those going out are 
 carrying coal. The castle, from which the city was 
 named, still stands, and part of it is used for a museum 
 for the war relics found in the neighborhood. South 
 of this county lies Durham, another county rich in 
 coal. 
 
 Near the coast of this part of England, are the 
 
44 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Fame Islands. On one of these islands is a light- 
 house, and it was here that Grace Darling lived. Her 
 father was the light-house keeper. You have heard 
 
 A MARKET PLACE. 
 
 of this brave girl who saved the lives of so many ship- 
 wrecked soldiers, I am sure. When she died many of 
 the leading men of England followed her to the grave. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 45 
 
 A monument was raised to her memory, too, and she 
 will always be remembered as one of the bravest 
 women in England. 
 
 Not far away is another island called" Holy Isle." 
 It was used as a refuge by persecuted priests in olden 
 times. Sir Walter Scott has told us about it in a 
 poem called ' i Marmion." 
 
 The counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, in 
 the Northwestern part of England, are especially noted 
 for their beautiful lakes and mountains. The largest 
 lake, Windermere, does not seem very large to us. It 
 is but little over ten miles long, and the highest moun- 
 tain, Scafell, is less than 3,000 feet in height, yet the 
 country is attractive to every traveler. 
 
 One reason for this is that three of England's most 
 celebrated poets made this lake country their home, 
 and the subject of many of their poems. These men 
 were Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Words- 
 worth lived at Rydal, and at Grasmere where he is 
 buried. Almost his entire life of eighty years was 
 passed in this lovely lake county, and many of 
 his poems have been written about it. He believed 
 that too much had been written of heroes and knights, 
 and so he wrote of the simple, honest people among 
 whom he lived, and the beautiful things in nature 
 the flowers, fields, forests, the brooks and birds. 
 
 East of Westmoreland, and south of Durham, lies 
 Yorkshire, one of the largest counties of England. 
 Along the coast are quaint little fishing villages and 
 towns used as health resorts by the weary workers in 
 the manufacturing districts to the southwest. The 
 cliffs are of chalk, which have been worn into many 
 queer forms by the waves. 
 
46 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 In this county are the York Wolds, beneath which 
 lies a peculiar kind of stone. It is soft and easily 
 worked with the chisel when it is first quarried, but 
 with exposure to the air grows hard and flinty. 
 
 YORK CATHEDRAL. 
 
 In the center of Yorkshire we find the old city of 
 York, and York Cathedral, which is one of the grand- 
 est gothic buildings in the world. England is noted 
 for its beautiful cathedrals, but it has only two arch- 
 bishopries York and Canterbury. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 47 
 
 The cathedral rises from a lovely landscape. The 
 country round about is dotted with castles and mon- 
 asteries. The building has a grand front and three 
 stately towers. The choir and ceilings are carved 
 wood, and its windows are richly stained glass. It has 
 an east window, which is one of the largest in the 
 world. 
 
 There are many other cathedrals of which we have 
 read Ely, considered the most beautiful, and Salis- 
 bury, which has the loftiest spire in all England; and 
 Lincoln and Exeter. How we wish we might see each, 
 but time will not permit. 
 
 In the western part of Yorkshire are wild, bleak, 
 swampy moorlands. The hills are high and in some 
 places barren, in others covered with heather, gorse 
 and moss. There are few houses or signs of life of any 
 kind. Even the birds seem to have forsaken the place. 
 
 South of Yorkshire the land along the coast is low, 
 flat and marshy. It is known as the fen district. It 
 is not a pleasant country in which to travel, and we 
 will not stop there. 
 
 MANUFACTURING CITIES. 
 
 England is a land of large towns and great manu- 
 factories. So large is its population that it is said the 
 crops raised on its farms each year would not feed the 
 inhabitants three months. What do the people do 
 then for their food? They must import it from other 
 countries, and in order to give employment to the peo- 
 ple that will provide them with the means to buy food 
 and other necessities England has become a manufac- 
 turing nation. If the people lack material they send 
 
48 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 out ships to the countries that produce it and buy it. 
 They carry it back to England, make it up into use- 
 ful articles and sell them back to the countries that 
 furnished the raw material. 
 
 A few hours' ride southward from the Lake District 
 brings us to a group of manufacturing towns. We 
 can not visit all, but will find out what each is cele- 
 brated for and visit as many as we can. There are 
 Leeds and Bradford, noted for the manufacture of 
 woolen goods. Much of the broadcloth we use in the 
 States may come from the towns in the west of York- 
 shire. Leeds is also noted for porcelain china; Sheffield 
 for cutlery; Birmingham for plated ware ; Manchester, 
 Wigan, and Preston for cotton. 
 
 Sheffield is set in the midst of this moorland coun- 
 try. About it are hills and valleys, and beautiful 
 streams, yet the city itself is one of the ugliest places 
 in the world. The streets are narrow and dirty. The 
 air is filled with steam and smoke, and the rattle and 
 thump of machinery fill one's ears on every hand. 
 
 Yet this disagreeable town contributes much to the 
 comfort of the people everywhere. It sends out rails 
 with which to build our railroads, it makes the plates 
 which encase our steamers, it makes the scythes with 
 which we cut our grain, the knives and forks and spoons 
 on our tables, and perhaps the scissors and pocket 
 knives that we have with us. 
 
 We wish to see cotton spinning and calico printing, 
 and so visit Manchester, for this city alone has a hun- 
 dred cotton mills. It is the third city in size in England, 
 having a population of 543,969. It is connected with 
 Liverpool by a huge canal, which really makes it a sea- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 49 
 
 port town. This canal is thirty-six miles long, one 
 hundred and twenty feet wide and twenty feet deep. 
 Ships laden with cotton from our own shores, come 
 through this canal and unload their cargoes almost at 
 the doors of Manchester's great mills. 
 
 A MARKET WOMAN. 
 
 The most interesting place in the city is the Ex- 
 change, an immense building where the buyers and 
 sellers of cotton meet on certain days. Crowds of peo- 
 ple from many parts of the country are present on these 
 market days and the Exchange is a lively scene. 
 
 North of Manchester is the city of Preston, another 
 cotton manufacturing town. It was at this place that 
 
50 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 the inventor of the spinning- jinny, Richard Ark- 
 wright, was born. 
 
 North of Birmingham we enter a belt of England 
 called the Black Country, because there is so much 
 black smoke and dust from the great manufacture of 
 
 KENILWORTH CASTLE. 
 
 iron. Tall chimneys and furnaces are everywhere, 
 with their clouds of smoke and flames. At night it 
 seems as if we were in the midst of a number of vol- 
 canoes. The country is covered with a network of 
 railways and mines, and the roar and rumble of ma- 
 chinery is heard in every busy town. 
 
 Birmingham is the fourth city of England in size, 
 containing 522,182 inhabitants. It is one of the bus- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 51 
 
 iest cities in the world. Almost every thing Tender the 
 sun is manufactured here; and it is sometimes called 
 the toyshop of Europe. The Gillot pen we use is 
 made here, and guns, nails, screws, pins, watch chains, 
 jewelry of all 'kinds, pencil cases, buttons, glass beads, 
 sewing machines, bicycles, tools of many kinds and 
 almost every kind of metallic ware. 
 
 Birmingham has a fine town hall that contains a 
 magnificent pipe organ. Every third year a grand 
 musical festival is held, and musical people from all 
 over England attend the concerts. 
 
 Had we but time we would visit Witney, where 
 blankets are made; Kidderminster, to see carpets wov- 
 en; Spitalfields and Macclesfield, for silks; Barnsby for 
 linen, Coventry for watches and ribbons, Hamilton for 
 lace, and Nottingham for lace, stockings, boots and 
 
 shoes. 
 
 THE GARDEN OF ENGLAND. 
 
 We are now in the great county of Warwickshire, 
 sometimes called the Garden of England. It is a 
 quiet, peaceful farm country, with fertile fields, perfect 
 roads and cosy vine-covered cottage homes. The 
 town of Kenilworth itself interests us little. It is the 
 castle, a mile beyond, we wish to see. 
 
 The ruins of this castle are probably the grandest 
 in England. This stately old building covers several 
 acres, and is enclosed by lofty walls fifteen feet thick. 
 These walls are strengthened by massive crumbling 
 towers, now partly covered with ivy. One part is 
 called the Normon Keep, and was at one time'three or 
 four stories high. There are broken arches, uncased 
 windows, a great banquet hall with fallen stones, 
 
52 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 and great kitchens where the feasts were prepared for 
 the noble occupants and their guests. 
 
 The castle is very old, but some parts more so than 
 others. As the place passed from one owner to an- 
 other, additions were made. 
 
 WARWICK CASTLE. 
 
 This castle was a favorite resort of kings and queens 
 in the olden times. During the reign of Edward I, a 
 grand tournament was held here, in which a hundred 
 knights, with their ladies, were in attendance. Sir 
 Walter Scott has told us all about it in his story of 
 Kenilworth. 
 
 The situation of the castle adds much to its beauty. 
 It is elevated above the surrounding country, andsur- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 53 
 
 rounded with sloping meadows, shady groves and 
 pasture lands. 
 
 Five miles from Kenilworth, on the bank of the 
 Avon River, is another famous place, Warwick castle. 
 From the bridge of the river we have a fine view of 
 the castle. It is a fine old place, containing relics of 
 the past which are of interest to every student of 
 English history. Some of these relics are kept in a 
 room in the gateway. Among others are the shield, 
 sword, breast-plate and helmet of the former owner, 
 Guy of Warwick. 
 
 In some of the rooms are paintings, busts, vases 
 and rare old pieces of furniture that we should like to 
 examine carefully, but the guide rushes us through 
 and leads us at last to Guy's Tower for a view of the 
 surrounding neighborhood. 
 
 STRATFORD. 
 
 About eight miles away is the old town of Stratford, 
 sacred to the memory of England's greatest poet, 
 William Shakespeare. Stratford-on-Avon is a sleepy 
 little place, with pleasant and quaint old houses, with 
 flowers on the window-sills or porches, and vines and 
 climbing roses over the walls. 
 
 By the river bank stands the church where the poet 
 is buried. It is in a grove of ancient elms, and sur- 
 rounded by the graves of those who died three 
 hundred years ago. It is a beautiful little building, 
 and Shakespeare loved it. He asked to be buried be- 
 neath its chapel, and his wish was respected. In the 
 floor of the chancel we find the plain marble slab that 
 marks his resting place. Upon the slab are cut these 
 words : 
 
54 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 1 1 Good friend, for Jesus sake f orbeare, 
 To digg the dust enclosed heare; 
 Blest be he that spares these stones, 
 And cursed be he that moves my bones." 
 
 Above this tablet in a niche in the wall of the chan- 
 cel is a marble bust of the poet, which is thought to 
 have been a likeness. Farther down the river bank 
 stands Shakespeare Memorial Theatre and Library, 
 which was opened with a grand festival on the 315th 
 anniversary of the poet's birth, April 23, 1879. 
 
 The town has also a beautiful memorial drinking 
 fountain, which was given by an American, George W. 
 Childs. 
 
 The house where the poet was born is in the center 
 of the town, and not far from the church. It is a low 
 wooden house, built in the old English fashion, with 
 oak timbers filled in with plaster or clay. Inside the 
 house the timbers are black with age, and the rough 
 walls are covered with the names of visitors. Among 
 these are the names of Dickens and Tennyson. 
 
 Some of the rooms on the second floor are used as a 
 museum, where are gathered a few Shakespeare relics. 
 His portrait is shown, and his chair and desk and a 
 few other articles. The house is cared for by a keep- 
 er, who was placed in charge by the English govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Nowhere in England is the country so lovely as 
 that part along the Thames, through which we are 
 now going. Every vine-clad cottage is a picture, every 
 hedge and lane a thing of beauty. 
 
 We are almost at Oxford. What grand old build- 
 ings are these looming up before us? They are col- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 55 
 
 leges, for Oxford is a college town. Young men come 
 here to live after they have left school and stay for 
 three or four years to finish their education. 
 
 Oxford University consists of a large number of 
 separate colleges united under one head. There 
 
 OXFORD, ENGLAND. 
 
 are twenty-three of these independent colleges. The 
 president of this University is always a nobleman, who 
 holds this position for life. Lectures are given by pro- 
 fessors, as in our own colleges, but many of the stu- 
 dents are assisted in their studies by private tutors. 
 There are many vacations in college life, but studies 
 often go on just the same away from college, with the 
 aid of these tutors. 
 
56 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 We can see many of the students walking about 
 with queer-looking caps on their heads and little black 
 gowns over their shoulders. Let us enter the gate and 
 walk about the gardens a while. 
 
 The buildings are some of them over 600 years old, 
 and they look it. The stone shows the effect of the 
 weather. But inside, the rooms are very comfortable. 
 There are easy chairs and sofas, and flowers in the win- 
 dows. In the dining room are long tables, where all 
 the men dine. The walls have many pictures. 
 
 Where are the men? Some of them are under the 
 trees smoking and drinking. Others are playing lawn 
 tennis and cricket, and others are practicing races on the 
 river. This is the chapel where prayers are said every 
 night and morning. The students must attend whether 
 they wish to or not, and a porter stands at the door 
 before services to check their names off, as they enter. 
 
 Who are those men dressed in white flannels? They 
 have just come from the station in large wagonettes 
 drawn by four horses. They are cricketers come to 
 the college grounds to play a match. 
 
 Now let us go down to the river to see the college 
 races. -How gay the river is! See the yachts cruising 
 up and down with their white sails flying. There are 
 flat-bottomed boats too, called punts. In them are 
 men lying at full length on cushions, and with books 
 in their hands. How comfortable they look! These 
 punts are pushed along by a man with a pole in his 
 hand. 
 
 There are barges by the side of the river, too. They 
 belong to the colleges, and inside them are easy chairs 
 and couches and books. What a pleasant place to 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 57 
 
 rest! There are big boats called tubs, that cannot 
 upset easily, and slim boats shooting rapidly through 
 the water. There are nine men in each of the boats, 
 called the College Eights. They are going to race. 
 There is a crowd of college men on the bank on their 
 way up the river, too. They are going to watch the races. 
 
 A gun is fired; that is the signal, and the boats are 
 off. The men on the bank cheer the men of their own 
 college crew, and urge them on to do their best. The 
 Englishmen at this college spend a great deal of time 
 boating and at other out-of-door sports, but they do 
 much studying, also. There are examinations to pass, 
 and they are anxious to carry off honors. If a stu- 
 dent fails a certain number of times he cannot com- 
 pete for honors again. 
 
 Many of the great men of England have been edu- 
 cated in this university, and England is very proud of 
 the place. Oxford is thought by many people to be 
 one of the most beautiful little cities in the world. It 
 has both old-fashioned and modern buildings, stately 
 halls and libraries, chapels with; spires and pinnacles 
 like cathedrals, ivy-covered walk. and. towers, lovely 
 garden lawns and walks shaded by grand old trees. 
 
 Cambridge is another university town, with almost 
 as many colleges as Oxford, which are quite as noted. 
 
 CANTERBURY. 
 
 To see the most interesting of all England's cathe- 
 drals, we must go to the county of Kent in the south- 
 eastern part of England. In the old city of Canter- 
 bury, on the site occupied hundreds of years ago by 
 the first church, now stands a magnificent cathedral. 
 
58 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Cathedral means a church built in the form of a Greek 
 or Latin cross, and containing a bishop's seat or 
 throne. 
 
 The arch-bishop of Canterbury is the head of the 
 English church, and ranks next to royalty. He is the 
 first peer of the land, and he alone has authority 
 to crown the monarchs of England, though the 
 ceremony is performed in Westminster Abbey in 
 London. His London residence is Lambeth Palace 
 on the Thames, not far from the Parliament House. 
 
 CANTERBURY. 
 
 SOUTHERN ENGLAND. 
 
 In the southern part of England is the great 
 Plain of Salisbury, with pleasant, prosperous farms 
 and fertile fields. Long years ago this plain was the 
 scene of many a fierce battle between the Britains and 
 their enemies, and hosts of warriors lie buried here. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 50 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 At Stonehenge we find the ruins of an open temple, 
 built by the ancient Britons for use in Druid worship. 
 It consists at present of three concentric circles of 
 huge granite boulders. Some of these are twenty feet 
 high, and weigh from twelve to seventy tons. These 
 were connected by enormous flat stones, too large to 
 have been lifted by human hands. It seems as if 
 these ancient people must have had machinery, but 
 no one knows. 
 
 South of the Island of Wight, across the channel 
 and near the coast of France, lies a group of islands 
 called the Channel Islands. The largest of these are 
 the Guersey, Jersey, Alderney and Sark. Where have 
 you heard these names before? They sound very 
 familiar. Who has not heard of Jersey and Alderney 
 cows? 
 
60 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 These islands are noted for their fine cattle, choice 
 fruits and flowers, for their delightful winter climate 
 and picturesque scenery. 
 
 England's two great naval ports are Portsmouth 
 and Plymouth. In Portsmouth harbor 1,000 ships 
 can be at anchor at the same time. It is a strongly 
 
 LYN MOUTH HARBOR. 
 
 fortified town, and the principal naval station of Eng- 
 land. Its streets are full of soldiers, and in its har- 
 bors are many modern warships. 
 
 The dress of the English soldiers at the forts seems 
 rather odd to us. They wear little caps stuck on the 
 side of the head, and their clothes are very tight. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALESA 61 
 
 The port of Plymouth is also on the southern coast 
 of England. It was from this harbor that the May- 
 flower started to make its journey to America. It 
 was for this town that the first Plymouth in the 
 States was named. There is little to see but the 
 arsenals, dockyards, warships and forts. 
 
 Fourteen miles to the south is the Eddystone light- 
 house, whose light can be seen many miles out at sea. 
 
 CORNWALL. 
 
 Cornwall is a little county in the western end of 
 England, including Land's End. It is a bleak, bare, 
 hilly country, with a wild, rugged coast. But the 
 riches of the country lie underground, for Cornwall 
 furnishes nine-tenths of all the tin and one-half of all 
 the copper produced by the whole British Isles. It is 
 a splendid place to collect specimens of ores, for one 
 can find all sorts of rocks, such as granite, porphyry, 
 horneblend, mica-slate, serpentine, as well as tin and 
 copper. 
 
 The best tin mines are on the south side of Corn- 
 wall, and we can visit one of these mines that is open 
 to the day- light, and see the men and horses moving 
 about at work. Near Cape Cornwall is a copper mine 
 that extends under the sea. Veins of copper run along 
 the cliffs into the sea, and are hidden in the water, 
 but a tram-road has been built down a precipice and 
 the mine is entered by ladders until below the sea 
 level. The salt water oozes through the ceiling and 
 the ocean roars over the heads of the miners as they 
 work. 
 
 We notice many buildings deserted and in ruins, and 
 
62 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 are told that some of the mines have been closed because 
 mining has ceased to be profitable. The miners have 
 many of them gone to America to the copper mines in 
 Colorado, Nevada and Michigan. 
 
 There are many brave arid noble people among 
 the rough fisherfolk of Cornwall. Many a sailor has 
 been saved from an ocean grave by their kindness. 
 They often risk their own lives to rescue others from 
 danger, and think nothing of it. 
 
 At the extreme end of Cornwall is a little island 
 called St. Michael's Mount. It rises straight up from 
 the water to a height of two hundred feet. One can 
 reach it from the mainland by a natural rocky cause- 
 way, one-half a mile long. This causeway is under 
 water except at low tide, three hours every day. On 
 the top is a very old castle, said to have been the home 
 of hermits long ago. 
 
 From Land's End we go out to the Scilly Islands. 
 There are a great many of these, but only five of them 
 are inhabited. The people who live here call them- 
 selves Scillonians, 'but other people call them " Scilly 
 Folk." The climate of the islands is mild, and the 
 rocks enclose many fertile little valleys which are used 
 for flower farms. Here flowers of all. kinds are culti- 
 vated during the winter jonquils, daffodills, crocuses, 
 nacissuses and sent to London and other large cities, 
 where they find a ready market. 
 
 How quickly time flies ! Our month is almost over 
 and we have not yet seen Wales. 
 
A Little Journey to 
 Wales 
 
 Wales, though one of our nearest neighbors across 
 the sea, is not visited by travelers so often as other 
 parts of Great Britain, and the people who have visited 
 it have told us so little about the country that we are 
 very anxious to see it. 
 
 It is not a large country, having but a fourth the 
 area of. the state of Ohio. Its greatest length from 
 north to south is only 140 miles, while its width in 
 places is but 40 miles, a distance a railway train will 
 cover in an hour. 
 
 Wales is a very old country and will well repay us 
 for the time we shall spend journeying through it, for 
 it is most interesting to both the student and the 
 tourist. Though so small, and connected so closely 
 with England and Scotland, it has a people and a lan- 
 guage as different from those of the other portions of 
 Great Britain as the people and the language of Mexico 
 are from our own. 
 
 At one time Wales was a land of warriors. Before 
 gunpowder was known, their weapons were the lance 
 and the bow, in the use of which they were very ex- 
 pert. 
 
 They were being attacked continually by the people 
 of different countries who wished to subdue them, but 
 they were very brave and always ready to defend 
 themselves. Thev did not thpn have farms and culti- 
 
64 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 vate the land as now, but they had flocks of sheep and 
 herds of cattle, which gave them food. 
 
 The people of Wales have always kept much to 
 themselves, and have been very jealous to preserve the 
 purity of their language, and their customs of life. 
 Thus they have kept themselves as a distinct race 
 from the English people. 
 
 Because they were thus able to defend their land, 
 and keep themselves separate from others, they were 
 called " Welsh," which means " strangers." But the 
 Welsh have always called themselves "Cymri," which 
 is a word of their own language and means " native to 
 the soil. 77 
 
 Wales was through many centuries the scene of 
 constant warfare, which was always a heroic struggle 
 to maintain freedom against the attacks of different 
 powerful nations. We shall find everywhere the remains 
 of encampments, fortresses, castles and fortified man- 
 sions, telling where their battles were fought long ago. 
 
 Wales is the south-west portion of the island of 
 Great Britain; it is bounded on the north by the Irish 
 Sea, and by the estuary of the River Dee; west by St. 
 George's Channel; south by the Bristol Channel, and 
 east by counties of England. 
 
 The estuary of a river is its mouth, where the cur- 
 rent of the river, Sowing out, meets and mingles with 
 the inflowing tide of the sea. 
 
 CHESTER. 
 
 Six miles from the border line that separates Wales 
 from England, is the town of Chester. It is situated 
 on the river Dee, the very river the old song tells us 
 about. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 65 
 
 There dwelt a miller hale and bold 
 
 'Beside the river Dee; 
 He worked and sang from morn till night, 
 
 No lark more blithe than he. 
 
 This is the place from which most travellers start to 
 visit Wales, and it is a very good place to come, for it 
 is more like a Welsh than an English city. It has a 
 
 OLD CHESTER, WALES. 
 
 population of 40,000 people, and so many of them are 
 Welsh that some people imagine when here they are 
 already in Wales. 
 
 The city is surrounded by a wall seven or eight feet 
 thick, and on the top is a walk where people go to 
 
66 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 promenade and get a view of the country. This wall 
 is very, very old. No one knows just who tuilt it, but 
 it is thought to have been built by the Romans who 
 invaded England centuries ago. What wonderful 
 workers and warriors those old Romans were ! But 
 they found their match when they met the sturdy 
 Welshmen, and they probably felt the need of stone 
 walls to protect them from the attacks of these 
 patriots. 
 
 What queer old houses! And the sidewalks! There 
 are none like them in the world. They are built on 
 the roofs of the houses, and covered with galleries to 
 protect the promenaders from the rain. The only in- 
 convenient thing about these walks is that one has to 
 go down and up again at each cross street. 
 
 Leaving Chester we cross the river and follow its 
 banks for a time. When the tide is in it looks like a 
 very noble river, but when the tide is out it shrinks to 
 a tiny creek. It does not seem to be used much now 
 for purposes of navigation, though it was once more im- 
 portant than the Mersey, the great river that carries 
 the shipping of Liverpool. 
 
 The train bears us swiftly through the country, past 
 towns and villages, into the hills. What a beautiful 
 country! Look at the tall mountains just ahead. 
 We are approaching the Snowdon Range, the great 
 mountain range of Wales. The mountain is pierced 
 by a tunnel, through which our train carries us. 
 
 The highest peak in this range is also called Snow- 
 don. It means a snowy height. It is the highest 
 mountain in either England or Wales, rising 3,770 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 67 
 
 The top of this mountain is not more than six or 
 seven yards in diameter and is surrounded by a wall. 
 People often go up to the top for a view of the coun- 
 try, or to see the sun rise. From this point one can 
 see much of North Wales, of the sea, and nearly fifty 
 lakes, or "tarns," as the Welsh people call them. On 
 
 SNOW DON. 
 
 the rocky hill sides ponies, sheep and goats are graz- 
 ing. What lively animals these goats are! They 
 jump from one crag to another as no other animal 
 could. The Welsh people are very fond of goats, and 
 often make pets of them. 
 
68 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 What dear little ponies, with shaggy coats and long 
 
 " manes. We shall soon want some of them for a ride 
 
 through the mountains. They are surer footed than 
 
 any human being, and they know every road and path 
 
 for miles around. 
 
 This is the most mountainous district that we shall 
 see in North Wales, but* there are also extensive moors. 
 These moors are tracts of waste land whose soil is too 
 poor to repay cultivation. They are usually covered 
 with patches of heath (or heather, as it is also called), 
 and are sometimes wet and marshy. Peat bogs, too, 
 are found on these moors. 
 
 Let us stop to take a closer look at the heather, 
 which is a useful plant, if it does grow in waste places. 
 Here is a clump of it we can examine. It is a low- 
 growing shrub, with very small evergreen leaves. It 
 is in bloom, and its clusters of pink flowers are very 
 lovely. 
 
 The heather is used for brooms, for thatching the 
 roofs of the humbler homes, for beds for the poor, and 
 for fuel. We shall see few more beautiful sights than 
 this field of heather in bloom. 
 
 Now we come to Holywell Station, where we will 
 stop long enough to visit the picturesque ruin of Bas- 
 ingwerk Abbey, which is close by. 
 
 Some famous dikes are near. Watt's Dike ends 
 at the coast near Basingwerk, while Offa's Dike runs 
 southward as far as the mouth of the Wye River 
 that is almost to the southern part of Wales. 
 
 These dikes are embankments, such as we may see 
 along the rivers in various parts of the United States, 
 wherp tbev KSVP been bui 1 ^ to protect low lands from 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 69 
 
70 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 the river's overflow. With us they are called levees. 
 
 Further on we come to Conway, an ancient fortified 
 town. Here stands Conway Castle, a magnificent fort- 
 ress, now the most beautiful ruin in Wales. 
 
 This castle was built by King Edward I to hold the 
 Welsh in check. The walls of this castle are twelve 
 and fifteen feet in thickness, and strengthened by 
 eight massive circular towers. Here, at least, we may 
 wander about without guides to urge us on. We may 
 linger in the courts, the towers, the battlements, the 
 stairways, the banqueting hall and the chambers as 
 long as we wish. The roof of the beautiful banquet- 
 ing room is gone, but there are still the wide fire- 
 places with their rich carvings. What fine feasts King 
 Edward and his nobles must have -had in this great 
 old hall. 
 
 The wall about the town is 1^ miles in length, 12 
 feet thick and fortified with towers and battlements. 
 
 Conway River has been celebrated from earliest 
 times for its pearl fisheries. The pearls, which are 
 sometimes very valuable, are found in the shell of the 
 pearl mussel. 
 
 Near Llandudno is the vast rocky promontory called 
 Great Ormes Head, and the smaller one called Little 
 Ormes Head. The former is now a place for recrea- 
 tion. The cliffs are hollowed out by the sea and 
 abound with seabirds. 
 
 The scenery in rural Wales is always picturesque, 
 and often grand and beautiful. Here and there are 
 rounded hills, cultivated to the top, but there is much 
 land that is of little use for agriculture. There are 
 few ploughed fields, as in England, for the Welsh do 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 71 
 
 not grow much corn. But in the cultivated parts 
 good crops of grain and vegetables are grown. 
 
 The hills are occupied by small mountain sheep, 
 and Welsh ponies and cattle. There are old farm 
 houses, in which generations of the same family have 
 dwelt, and pleasant stone cottages mantled with ivy 
 and surrounded by roses. Here and there are stately 
 mansions and ruins of castles and strongholds. 
 
 What a clattering noise! What can it be? We are 
 near the town of Bangor, which has slate quarries that 
 keep 25,000 men busy. Look across at that mountain- 
 side and you will see a quarry. The Penrhyn slate 
 quarries are the largest in the world and quarry about 
 300 tons of slate every day. Most of the slate roofs 
 of Great Britain come from Wales. 
 
 A closer view of the quarry shows it to be about 
 1,000 feet deep. It looks like a huge amphitheater. 
 It is interesting to watch the men at work in the 
 quarry. Some are blasting, and some are splitting and 
 dressing the slate. Only a small part of the slate is 
 quarried. There are four kinds of slate, red, blue, 
 green and gray, all found in this quarry. W^e buy 
 some little objects carved in slate to take home as 
 souvenirs, and then visit the Castle. At Penrhyn 
 Castle lives Lord Penrhyn, who owns the quarries. It 
 is a magnificent place with a park seven miles in cir- 
 cumference. The park is surrounded by a high slate 
 fence, to keep out intruders. 
 
 Bangor is one of the oldest cities of Wales. It has 
 a fine cathedral and the University or College of North 
 Wales; but the thing that interests us most in this 
 neighborhood are the two magnificent bridges crossing 
 
72 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Menai Strait and connecting the mainland with the 
 island of Anglesey. 
 
 The Menai Strait is the piece of water running 
 between the island and the coast. See the wonderful 
 bridge that goes across! It is the longest bridge in 
 Great Britain, and is so high that large ships can pass 
 
 MENAI STRAIT SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 
 
 under it without lowering their masts. It is made of 
 thousands of pieces of iron and will carry the heaviest 
 trains. This bridge, called Britannia, cost over half a 
 million dollars and was five years in being built. 
 
 Crossing to Anglesey we come to Holyhead, the 
 market town of North Wales, and an important point 
 in Anglesey. Holyhead is on an island which is con- 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 73 
 
 nected with the mainland by a huge embankment 
 three quarters of a mile in length. (This is the termi- 
 nation of the great railroads from London and Chester, 
 and the most convenient point from which to depart 
 for Ireland.) 
 
 There is a great pier, nearly 1,000 feet in length, 
 
 CAERNARVON CASTLE, WALES 
 
 upon which is a marble arch, that was erected in 
 honor of the visit of King George IV. in 1821. On 
 South Stack, a lonely rock three miles west, is a light- 
 house, which has a powerful light, 212 feet above high 
 water mark. If we wish, we may go up and inspect 
 its great lamps, for there are twenty-one in all, with 
 
74 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 powerful reflectors, which at night throw out their 
 light to guide the ships safely into port. 
 
 The promontory of the Head is an immense preci- 
 pice, which affords shelter for innumerable seabirds, 
 such as gulls, cormorants, herons and razor-bills. On 
 the highest crag is the home of the peregrine falcon, 
 ihe bird so greatly esteemed when falconry was the 
 fashionable sport of the nobles. 
 
 Journeying on we come to Caernarvon, an old, old 
 town situated on the Menai Strait. Its Castle is re- 
 garded as the finest in the kingdom and was designed 
 by the architect of Conway Castle. This was also 
 built by Edward the First, and it was here that the 
 first Prince of Wales was born. The oldest son of 
 Great Britain's ruling monarch is still called the Prince 
 of Wales. 
 
 Leaving Caernarvon we find our surroundings 
 changed almost at once. Great, bleak hills rise about 
 us. The green hedges give place to stone walls. The 
 pastures are wild and rocky. From the town of Dan- 
 beris we drive through the famous pass of Danberis. 
 For miles we are shut in by the great bare mountains, 
 with just space for the roadway. 
 
 Merioneth has much of the most beautiful scenery 
 of Wales. Its lofty mountains contain deep, dark 
 dells. Rich foliage covers its crags. There are wide 
 sea views; and rivers, lakes and waterfalls add to the 
 attraction. In the higher altitudes the climate is bleak, 
 while in the lower lands myrtle grows in the open air. 
 
 Near Dolgelly, the most important town in Merioneth, 
 are many celebrated waterfalls. The most magnificent 
 one of all is a narrow stream rushing down a rugged 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 75 
 
76 > A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 slope, at least 150 feet in descent. Large fragments 
 of rock scattered about at the bottom of the fall give 
 a look of wild desolation to the scene. 
 
 At Mil ford Haven, in Pembrokeshire, we find one 
 of Great Britain's finest harbors. To the eye it has 
 the appearance of an immense lake, and is so land- 
 
 BRTTWYS-Y-COED (SWALLOW FALLS), WALES. 
 
 locked, or enclosed by jutting points of land, as to be 
 secure from winds and tempests. This is important, 
 for Pembroke, while having a climate that is warm 
 and mild, is exposed to severe gales. 
 
 Flowers, fruit and vegetables are produced earlier 
 here than in most other parts of the United Kingdom. 
 The homes of the farmers are comfortable and are 
 generally built of stone, but the cottages of the peas- 
 ants are mostly huts built of a clay and straw com- 
 pound called "clorn," 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 77 
 
 A WELSH HOME. 
 
 Let us stop for awhile at this farmer's home. How 
 pretty it is! The roof is thatched and the lattice win- 
 dows filled with flowers. Climbing roses and vines 
 almost cover the walls. Behind the house is an orch- 
 ard of apple and pear trees. 
 
 Inside the rooms are neat, clean and attractive. 
 White curtains are at the windows; and a cheerful fire 
 blazes upon the hearth, for the day is chilly. On 
 either side of this fire-place is an old oaken settee. 
 Against the wall is a dresser, on which are displayed 
 some curious pieces of old china. Not a speck of dust 
 or dirt can be seen anywhere not even in the kitchen 
 grate. 
 
 A man and a woman seated in the room rise as we 
 enter. The man is tall and strong; he wears a white 
 coat of coarse cloth (frieze), corduroy breeches coming 
 to the knee, gray woolen stockings, and stout shoes. 
 His wife w r ears a long, blue, woolen gown, crimson pet- 
 ticoat and white apron, broad shoes with buckles, and 
 a kind of round hat. 
 
 When the Welsh people meet each other their greet- 
 ings are peculiar, and to us would appear tedious. 
 " How is thy heart?" they ask. Then "How are the good 
 wife at home, the children and the rest of the family?" 
 
 These country people are always hospitable. A 
 stranger may travel amongst them without any ex- 
 pense for food or lodging. Their fare may be coarse, 
 but it is wholesome, consisting of bread or oatmeal, 
 with milk, butter, cheese, and potatoes; also with fish 
 if they are near streams or the seashore. In winter 
 they have bacon, dry salted beef, mutton, and smoked 
 venison. 
 
78 A LITTLE JORNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 The farmers' wives are thrifty and saving. Fami- 
 lies are large. Ten or twelve children is the usual 
 number among the farmers' families. Most of the 
 women are strong, and are great workers and walkers. 
 
 Even among the wealthy farmers the wives look 
 after the dairy, and make the butter and cheese. 
 They entertain a great deal if they live near a city, 
 
 A WELSH HOME. 
 
 and a meal in one of these homes will long be remem- 
 bered, for the women are famous cooks. 
 
 The women of Wales engage in almost all occupa- 
 tions that are open to men. They are commonly to 
 be seen at work in the fields, and are employed as por- 
 ters, ticket sellers, station keepers, and in banks and 
 offices. They enjoy outdoor labor, and do not con- 
 sider it beneath them. They may be seen in groups 
 in the fields, singing and laughing at their work. 
 
 The Welshmen are hard workers; many of them 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 79 
 
 find their employment in the mines and quarries, 
 where the toil is most severe and the hours of labor 
 long. Their holidays they spend smoking their pipes 
 
 OLD WELSH COSTUMES. 
 
 in their cabins, or walking about the fields and roads 
 near by. Though hospitable, they practice close 
 
80 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 economy, and are shrewd and crafty in their dealings, 
 In the west of Wales, at Glamargan, there are num- 
 bers of women who get their living by selling cockles. 
 They go about their daily rounds crying, "Cockles, 
 fresh cockles, fine cockles! Will you buy my fresh 
 cockles?" These cockles are much in demand in 
 Welsh market places. 
 
 Very picturesque figures these cockle women are. 
 They often wear short dresses of red and black flan- 
 nel, which are turned up in front and pinned close m 
 under the waist at the back. Flannel aprons protect 
 the dresses. Snowy kerchiefs are worn about the 
 throat, and sometimes neat white caps under the 
 Welsh hats. Little shawls are worn over the shoul- 
 ders. 
 
 In the west part of Wales we see the old Welsh cos- 
 tumes, which the people in other parts of Wales have 
 laid aside. Here the women still wear tall beaver 
 hats with broad brims that look somewhat like the 
 stove-pipe hats worn by men years ago. These women 
 wear short gray or red flannel skirts, black or red 
 dresses, long pointed bodices hooked in front, and flan- 
 nel aprons. Kerchief and cap complete the costume 
 
 WELSH flARRIAQES. 
 
 A marriage among the Welsh is surrounded by 
 many curious customs which have survived from old 
 times. On the occasion of the marriage, a "bidder" 
 goes from house to house inviting guests to the wed- 
 ding. The ceremony always takes place on a Satur- 
 day, but the guests assemble on Friday with their 
 presents. On Saturday ten to twenty of the groom'? 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 81 
 
 friends who are best mounted, go to demand the 
 bride. She is placed on a horse behind her father, 
 who rides off as fast as he can. He is soon overtaken, 
 however, and the bride brought back. Presents con- 
 tinue to be received on Saturday and Sunday, and on 
 Monday they are sold. Sometimes quite an amount 
 is received from the sale, perhaps two hundred or 
 three hundred dollars, which is quite a help to the 
 young country couple. 
 
 FAIRS. 
 
 Wales is said to be the greatest country in the 
 world for fairs. We begin to think this is true, for 
 wherever we go we find the people holding out-of- 
 door fairs of some sort. 
 
 We are going now to attend one of these gatherings 
 just a little way down the street of this country town. 
 The country roads and streets are filled with people 
 all bound for the fair. There are many farmers, some 
 of the tradespeople of the town, and servants of the 
 well-to-do people who own country places near by. 
 Donkey carts go past laden with cherries, hazel nuts 
 and other good things to tempt the buyer at the fair. 
 
 On the grounds we find tents for the sale of food, 
 fruits and drinks. Peddlers walk about with various 
 articles for sale. Here is one with canes or walking 
 sticks. He carries them in a deep old willow basket, 
 shaped like a section of stovepipe. 
 
 Among the things to amuse the people we see a big 
 image like a great jumping- jack: it is six feet high, 
 with a "pudding" in its stomach, and bells on its 
 head. The "pudding" is of cloth with some soft 
 
82 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 stuffing, and by striking this you test your strength. 
 When you hit it a straight blow the bells ring, thus 
 showing your force and skill. 
 
 There are other strength testers, games of chance, 
 etc. There is a shooting gallery, attended by a big, 
 good-natured girl. 
 
 Out-of-door fairs of various sorts are held all over 
 Wales at all seasons of the year. These gatherings 
 had, as their original purpose, the bringing together of 
 the people for the purpose of selling and buying the 
 produce of the country. Many of them now are 
 wholly for pleasure and for racing. 
 
 Before large towns existed, all sorts of goods and 
 necessaries of life, which can now be bought in shops, 
 were sold at these fairs, and everybody went to them. 
 
 Among the different sorts of fairs are the horse 
 shows, flower shows, Christmas shows, fat cattle shows, 
 poultry shows, etc.; while other gatherings bear such 
 unique names as Warm Fair, Winter Fair, Midsum- 
 mer Fair, Martinmas Fair, October Fair, April Fair, 
 Dish Fair, Pear Fair a list without end. 
 
 Llangellen Fair is one held principally for purposes 
 of barter. It is held in a little square in the town, 
 half way across which extends a row of carts filled 
 with pigs. Near by stand the owners, men and 
 women, dickering with the buyers. The pigs are 
 small, and the buyers carry them away in their arms, 
 while the porkers squeal. 
 
 Cattle are sold at this fair, also; and a curious cus- 
 tom is that each bargain is^concluded with a slap of 
 the hand between buyer and seller. 
 
 The Hiring Fair is a peculiar institution, to which 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 83 
 
 come serving men and maidens in vast number, and 
 farmers in search of toilers for the coming year. 
 
 We cannot pause at every point of interest, for, if we 
 did, we should hardly make any progress at all. Yet 
 there are some points it will not do to miss, and one of 
 these is Llanfyllin, where a market is held every Thurs- 
 
 A WELSH GIRL CROSSING A FORD. 
 
 day. Here also are held six annual fairs, the chief 
 purpose of which is to bring in the celebrated Welsh 
 ponies, called Merlins, for sale. On these days the 
 usually quiet town is transformed into a very busy 
 place. Early in the morning the farmers and breeders 
 of ponies from the country all about may be seen on 
 every road leading into Llanfyllin, each one with a 
 large or small herd of the ponies. 
 
84 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 In the town the streets are soon thronged, the lively 
 little animals being the center of attraction. Buyers 
 come from a distance, and bargaining, buying and 
 selling go on at a lively rate. 
 
 A local fair worth visiting is the Cattle Fair in the 
 old town of Carmarthen. This place was once the 
 capital of Wales, for centuries the seat of kings and 
 the home of the Welsh Parliament. It is now a dull 
 agricultural town, and its streets are busy only on 
 great market and fair days. At this fair no language 
 but Welsh is heard the hawkers cry their wares in 
 Welsh, and all bartering is conducted in that language. 
 
 MUSICAL FESTIVALS 
 
 The Welsh people are extremely fond of music. 
 Singing seems as natural to them as to the birds. The 
 mother sings to her babe in the cradle; the children sing 
 on their way to school; the workmen in the fields sing 
 to their horses, and the milk-maid sings to the cows. 
 
 There is singing at the feasts, fairs and festivals, at 
 churches .and at funerals. The people seem especially 
 fond of ^ar songs and we often hear "The March of 
 the Men of Harlech." 
 
 The Welsh people hold every year a National Song 
 Congress. This is for the purpose of encouraging 
 music, Welsh literature, the making of songs similar 
 to those sung by the old Bards, to maintain the Welsh 
 language and customs, and to promote patriotism. 
 
 The bards were professional poets and singers, whose 
 occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of 
 the heroic deeds of princes and brave men. It was 
 through them that much of the history of the early 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 85 
 
 times was preserved, as their songs and verses, though 
 not written, were taught by parents to children from 
 one generation to another, and so kept from being for- 
 gotten. 
 
 This festival is called the Eisteddfod. Every little 
 town has also its Eisteddfod conducted in the same 
 manner as the great festival. 
 
 When a National festival is held the trains bring in 
 thousands of people from the towns and country round 
 about. Before noon the place is crowded with people 
 and vehicles. In this crowd are noblemen and peas- 
 ants, fashionable city people and plain country folk, 
 clergymen and priests, Druids and Bards, and musi- 
 cians without number. 
 
 There are celebrated harpists and great choirs, some 
 of them numbering five hundred voices. m The persons 
 representing the Druids and Bards conduct a cere- 
 mony similar to that conducted hundreds of years 
 ago when the Druids and Bards were real people. 
 
 All the Welsh people love poetry, and many com- 
 pose and recite it. At the festival of the Eisteddfod, 
 prizes and medals are given to the successful contest- 
 ants for original poems, stories and songs, for choral 
 and solo singing, for singing with the harp, and to the 
 best performers on the harp or stringed or wind in- 
 struments. 
 
 The highest object of a Welsh Bard's ambition is to 
 be the winner at these festivals and to receive the re- 
 ward, which is to be seated in a silver chair. This 
 ceremony is imposing and is performed with sound of 
 trumpets. 
 
 The people value education very highly and make 
 
86 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. AND WALES 
 
 great sacrifices in order to educate their families. The 
 population of Wales is less than 2,000,000, yet they 
 have four colleges and many schools. 
 
 CARDIFF. 
 
 Cardiff, at the mouth of the River Taff, is the me- 
 tropolis of Wales, and the second most important sea- 
 port town in the country. It has a population ol 
 200,000. The docks of Cardiff are famed the world 
 over. They were built by the Marquis of Bute, and 
 cost over five million dollars. At the docks, which 
 are walled about with stone piers, are found great ocean 
 steamers from every land. More steamers land here 
 than at London, and the place is of so much impor- 
 tance that the United States sent a consul to the port. 
 
 We find the streets broad and clean. The houses, 
 instead of being numbered, are given pretty names, by 
 which they are always known. In the country the 
 same plan is followed. More than fifty churches may 
 be counted here, and we find that in them only the 
 Welsh language is spoken. 
 
 Cardiff is the center of England's greatest coal and 
 iron region. It has the largest coal-shipping trade 
 in the world, and exports large quantities of iron, and 
 manufactures from the southern part of Wales. The 
 New South Wales University at this place has over 
 3,000 students. 
 
 Another city of importance in the southern part of 
 Wales is Swansea, a busy place of over 100,000 inhab- 
 itants, at the mouth of the Tarve. It is the chief 
 center of the tin-plate trade of England, and is one of 
 the most important copper-smelting centers in the 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 87 
 
 world. The copper is r ot found in this part of Wales, 
 but is brought from Cornwall and from foreign coun- 
 tries to be manufactured here, because of the abund- ! 
 ance and cheapness of fuel. 
 
 Our last visit will be to the town of St. David's, 
 where we see St. David's Cathedral, the finest and 
 most interesting church in Wales. Perhaps you won- 
 der who Saint David was or is. He is the patron 
 saint of Wales. A patron saint is one who is a spec- 
 ial protector of a country, place or community. 
 
 This man, who was a prince, devoted his life to 
 good deeds and to teaching the people the Christian 
 religion. The people of Wales have never forgotten 
 him, and every year on the third of March religious ex- 
 ercises are held in the magnificent cathedral that 
 bears his name. The place is now in ruins, yet *o 
 beautiful is it that in all England there is no fii er , 
 
 church. 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 The people of Wales are very religious, and they 
 have shown their devotion to their church by erecting 
 many fine chapels throughout the country. 
 
 A hundred years ago it was a very unusual thing 
 to see a copy of the Bible in the home of a poor f am- ; 
 ily in Wales. You will be interested, I think, to 
 know how it happens that the Bible is found in every 
 home to-day, because it came through the efforts of a 
 poor little peasant Welsh girl. 
 
 This child's name was Mary Jones. She had been 
 taught something of the Bible in one of the schools, 
 and was very anxious to study it. A farmer who 
 lived two miles from her home gave her permission to 
 
88 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 read his copy. Every week after this for six years 
 Mary walked, in all kinds of weather, to the home of 
 this man to read this Bible. She began at the same 
 time to save up her pennies to buy a book for herself. 
 Think of saving your pennies so long as that for a 
 book! At last she had enough, and walked fifty miles 
 to make her purchase. 
 
 The minister of whom she bought the book told the 
 story to the members of a tract society, and suggested 
 the need of a society that would furnish Bibles to peo- 
 ple who were too poor to buy. The people were much 
 touched by the story, and the result was the forma- 
 tion of the British and Foreign Bible Society, which 
 has since caused the Bible to be printed in every lan- 
 guage and circulated all over the world. 
 
 And now good-bye to England and Wales, for our 
 month is ended, and we must be on our way to Scot- 
 land. 
 
A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 89 
 
 YE MARINERS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Ye mariners of England, 
 
 That guard our native seas! 
 Whose flag has braved a thousand years 
 
 The battle and the breeze! 
 Your glorious standard launch again 
 
 To match another foe, 
 And sweep through the deep, 
 
 While the stormy winds do blow; 
 While the battle rages loud and long 
 
 And the stormy winds do blow. 
 
 The spirits of your fathers 
 
 Shall start from every wave 
 For the deck it was their field of fame, 
 
 And ocean was their grave ; 
 Where Blake and mighty Nelson fell 
 
 Your manly hearts shall glow, 
 As ye sweep through the deep, 
 
 While the stormy winds do blow; 
 While the battle rages loud and long 
 
 And the stormy winds do blow. 
 
 Britannia needs no bulwarks, 
 
 No towers along the steep; 
 Her march is o'er the mountain waves, 
 
 Her home is on the deep; 
 With thunders from her native oak 
 
 She quells the floods below 
 As they roar on the shore, 
 
 When the stormy winds do blow; 
 When the battle rages loud and long, 
 
 And the stormy winds do blow. 
 
 The meteor flag of England; 
 
 Shall yet terrific burn, 
 Till danger's troubled night depart, 
 
 And the star of peace return. 
 
 I 
 
90 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Then, then, ye ocean warriors! 
 
 Our song and feast shall flow 
 To the fame of your name, 
 
 When the storm has ceased to blow; 
 When the fiery fight is heard no more, 
 
 And the storm has ceased to blow. 
 
 Thomas Campbell. 
 
 SEAFARERS. 
 
 fhe traders that hail from the Clyde, 
 And the whalers that sail from Dundee, 
 
 Put forth in their season on top of the tide 
 To gather the grist of the sea, 
 To ply in the lanes of the sea. 
 
 By fairway and channel and sound, 
 By shoal and deep water they go, 
 
 Guessing the course by the feel of the ground, 
 Or chasing the drift of the floe 
 Nor 'west, in the track of the floe. 
 
 And we steer them to harbor afar, 
 At hazard we win them abroad, 
 
 When the coral is furrowed by keels on the bar, 
 And the sea-floor is swept by the Lord, 
 The anchorage dredged by the Lord. 
 
 And what of the cargo ye bring, 
 For the venture ye bore over seas? 
 
 What of the treasure ye put forth to wring 
 From the chances of billow and breeze? 
 In spite of the billow and breeze. 
 
 Oh, we carry the keys of the earth, 
 And the password of Empire we bear 
 
 Wherever the beaches held promise of worth, 
 We 'stablished your sovereignty there; 
 We planted our flag over there. 
 
 PERCIVAL GIBBON, in the London Spectator. 
 
THE MILLER OF THE DEE. 
 
 CHARLES MACKAY. 
 
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 There dwelt a mill - er, hale and bold, 
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 'Good Mend, " said Hal,and sighed the while, 
 
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 He wrought and sang from morn till night, No lark more blithe than he; 
 For could my heart be light as thine, I'd glad - ly change with thee. 
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 And this the bur - den of his song For - ev - er used to be, 
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 That turns the mill that grinds the corn To feed my babes and me!" 
 Such men as thou are England's boast, O mill - er ~ f ***- -ni> 
 
 of the Dee!' 
 
 E^ H 8 - 
 
MARCH OF THE MEN OF HARLECH. 
 
 pJ^iiiT __) ^ 1 v I ^ 
 
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 I. Men of Har - lech! in the hoi- low, Do ye hear, like 
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 rush - ing bil - low, Wave on wave that surg - ing fol 
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 -row? 
 
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 Eat - tie's dis - tant sound? 'Tis 
 Death is glo - ry now! Hurl 
 
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 Sax - on foe -men, Sax - on spear-men, Sax - on bow- men; 
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 Loose the folds a - sun ^ der, Flag we con - quer un-der! The 
 Strands of life are riv - en; Blow for blow is giv en In 
 
 plac - id sky, now bright on high, Shall launch its bolts in thunder! 
 dead - ly lock, or bat - tie shock, And mer-cy shrieks to heav-en! 
 
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 Onward! 'tis our country needs us; He is brav-est,he wholeadsus! 
 Men of Harlech ! young or hoar-y, Would you win a name in sto- ry ! 
 
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 Hon - or's self now proud-ly heads us! Freedom! God, and Right! 
 Strike for home, for life, for glo - ry ! Freedom! God, and Right! 
 
A LIBRARY OF TRAVEL 
 
 Little Journeys to Every Land 
 
 Edited by Marian M. George 
 
 These charming books of reliable, up-to-date information, 
 written by a successful teacher and exceedingly popular writer, 
 give a unique and vivid portrayal of each country, in language 
 within the range and comprehension of children of the interme- 
 diate and upper grades. 
 
 As we travel along with the author, we study the climate 
 and size in comparison with our own country ; the habits, cus- 
 toms and conditions of the people as seen in their homes and 
 daily occupations; their dress, manner of living, their personal 
 appearance and manners ; the scenery and natural features of the 
 country ; its commerce and industries, etc. But hold ! the author, 
 through a gifted pen, has us in her clutches, and now leads us on 
 into the shallow places of history, art and literature, which hold 
 us for the deeper waters of later life and release us only when 
 our yearnings are satisfied from the unending stores of knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Each book is to one or more different countries, and con- 
 tains from 1 60 to 240 pages, with colored maps, colored flags, 
 and from 60 to 80 illustrations. They have been selected for 
 use by State Library Boards and Reading Circles, adopted as 
 supplementary readers in most of our largest cities and endorsed 
 by teachers and superintendents everywhere. 
 
 The following volumes have been issued : 
 
 Alaska and Canada Italy, Spain and Portugal 
 
 China and Japan Mexico and Central America 
 
 Cuba and Porto Rico Norway and Sweden 
 
 England and Wales Russia and Austria 
 
 France and Switzerland Scotland and Ireland 
 
 Germany South Africa and up the East Coast 
 
 Hawaii and the Philippines Turkey, the Balkans and Greece 
 
 Holland, Belgium and Denmark 
 
 OTHERS IN PREPARATION 
 
 Uniformly bound in Cloth (size 5^ x 7J inches). Price, each 50 cents 
 
 A* Flanagan Co., Publishers 
 
 338 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
Heading 
 
 FOR THIRD AND FOURTH GRADES 
 
 & ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i i ^^^^^^^i 
 
 THE PUNCHINELLOS. By Katherine Wallace Davis, Author of Cradle 
 Songs of All Nations. A Story of Southern Italy. Pappina, a little Neapol- 
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 Pompeii, Amalfi, Sorrento, and the beautiful coast towns of Italy. The 
 story is a pathetic recital of how Pappina was sold by her father to the cruel 
 owner of the Punchinellos, Giuseppe by name. Her many trials and their 
 happy outcome are told of in a way that holds the interest of the reader and 
 imparts much valuable information about the habits and customs of the peo- 
 ple. Pappina is one of the quaintest and most fascinating little heroines a 
 child's story has ever had since Mrs. Burnett ceased writing of Sarah Crewes. 
 Mrs. Davis is to be congratulated on the literary style with which she has 
 written "The Punchinellos." Illustrated with reproductions from photo- 
 graphs. Cloth, 171 pages. Price, 40 cents. 
 
 LITTLE PEOPLE OF THE SNOW. For Third and Fourth Grades. By 
 Mary Muller. Away up in the North Land live the Eskimos, or the Little 
 People of the Snow. This book tells in a fascinating way the story of Eskimo 
 life, ever interesting to all children. Cloth, 109 pages. Price, 35 cents. 
 
 LITTLE PEOPLE OF JAPAN. By Mary Muller. In the story of the 
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 WRETCHED FLEA, A CHINESE BOY. Miss Muller has a charming 
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 trated, cloth, 100 pages. Price, 35 cents. 
 
 AKIMAKOO, AN AFRICAN BOY. By Mary Muller. The scene is laid 
 in the wilds of Africa. Akimakoo is the son of the ruler of a strong tribe of 
 of the wilds of Africa. He is ambitious to become a great hunter. In tell- 
 ing the story of the attaining of his wishes, descriptions are given of the peo- 
 ple, their habits and productions, etc. Cloth, 171 pages. Price, 35 cents, 
 
 MUSTAFA, THE EGYPTIAN BOY. By Laura B. Starr. A fascinating 
 story of an Egyptian boy, showing the customs of the Egyptians from the 
 time of a boy's birth to manhood, the boy's babyhood, his clothes, his prayers, 
 his school and occupations, the practices of the Mohammedans, the climate 
 and productions of the country, the wonderful Nile, and much else of great 
 interest. Cloth, 146 pages. Price, 40 cents. 
 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANY, CHICAGO 
 
. Supplementary Reading 
 
 For First and Second Grades 
 
 WORK THAT IS PLAY. A dramatic reader for advanced first and second 
 grades. By Mary Gardner of Duluth (Minnesota) Public Schools, Based 
 on ^sop's Fables. Fifty stories in large type. Splendidly told. Each 
 followed by a simple dramatization. Cloth, 160 pages. Price, 35 cents. 
 
 THE ART AND LIFE PRIMER. By Nellie C. Jacobs, of the Ne<w York 
 City Schools. Its beauty and utility in leading the pupil to an appreciation 
 of art, and at the same time in advancing him in a knowledge of English 
 cannot be gainsaid. The pictures are such as appeal to every child; many 
 of them are copies of famous paintings. The sentences are short, and the 
 vocabulary is limited to 190 words. Cloth, 144 pages. Price, 30 cents. 
 
 THE BROWNIE PRIMER. By N. Moore Banta and Alpha Banta Benson. 
 With over sixty drawings, beautifully printed in four colors. This book is 
 based on the idea that children love color and that they learn to read more 
 rapidly from a book that is attractive and presents the matter in such a way 
 that it can be easily interpreted. The vocabulary contains but 332 words, 
 while there are nearly 6,000 words in the total amount of reading matter. 
 Well graded. Cloth, 98 pages. Price, 35 cents. 
 
 MOTHER GOOSE STORIES IN PROSE. By Laura R. Smith. Here the 
 "Mother Goose people" have cast off their jingle clothes and appear in new 
 attire. In cleverly worked out lessons and many illustrations, the pupils 
 recognize their friends and fairly walk away with what would otherwise be 
 difficult reading. Excellent ideas also for dramatization. Cloth, 110 pages. 
 Price, 30 cents. 
 
 TWO LITTLE INDIANS. By Emma M. Maguire, Huntington School, 
 Campello, Mass. Designed to be used as a first supplementary reader. 
 Through the story of Little Bird and Bright Eyes the child reads for himself 
 the home life, play life and the work life of Indian children. This little book 
 is written in language easy enough to be read by children beginning to read. 
 It tells of Indian babyhood, growth, plays, work, story telling, fire light life 
 and home life. Cloth, 100 pages. Price, 30 cents. 
 
 ROBINSON CRUSOE READER. For first and second grades. By Julia 
 Darrow Cowles, Minneapolis. A delightful writing down to the compre- 
 hension of little children of the fascinating story of Robinson Crusoe. The 
 work is profusely illustrated by outline drawings with suggestions for manual 
 training work in connection with reading. Cloth, 115 pages. Price, 30 cents. 
 
 HAWK EYE: AN INDIAN STORY READER. For first and second 
 grades. By Laura Rountree Smith. The life of a little Indian boy is made 
 the fascinating theme around which the author spins her story of the ways 
 and traditions of the native American the Indian. With songs and illus- 
 trations. Cloth, 109 pages. Price, 30 cents. 
 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANY, CHICAGO 
 
Helps and Aids in History 
 
 OUTLINES, TABLES AND SKETCHES IN U. S. HISTORY 
 
 By S. Laura Ensign, for years in the Iowa Normal School. Teach- 
 ers' edition. The best and most complete outlines in U. S. History 
 published. Over one hundred thousand copies of this work have 
 been sold. This book is also used by thousands of pupils in all parts 
 of the country, including many of the leading schools of the City of 
 Chicago. Price, 25 cents. 
 OUTLINES OF ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY 
 
 By S. Laura Ensign. Prepared for the use of teachers and pupils 
 
 Eursuing the study of history by the topical method. An attempt 
 as been made to put a good deal of information in the terse state- 
 ments, especially on points not apt to be given in text-books. Are 
 adapted to any text or reference book to which the pupil may have 
 access. Contains 260 pages of outlines, notes, maps; all difficult 
 names respelled or diacritically marked; also 80 blank pages for notes. 
 Cloth. Price, 75 cents. 
 U. S. HISTORY CARDS 
 
 By Mary Hall Husted. One hundred and ten cards with from 
 three to five salient facts in questions referring to the names or name 
 at the top of the cards. 
 
 Pupils will enjoy them and use them until they wear out. May be 
 played during intermission or at home. They will serve as valuable 
 help in review and general exercises. Price, 40 cents. 
 OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY 
 
 By S. S. Dodge, of the Chicago Public Schools. Designed to aid 
 teachers and students in the presentation, study, or review of English 
 history. It aims to placs before its readers a clear, continuous, inter- 
 esting and suggestive outline of the social, political, intellectual and 
 religious development of the English people from the earliest time to 
 the present. The topical reviews, topics for written work, queer 
 queries, etc., will be found both useful and suggestive. 128 pages. 
 Price, 25 cents. 
 AIDS IN U. S. HISTORY 
 
 By O. H. Marsh, formerly County Superintendent, Mills County, 
 Iowa. The outlines are not proposed as a "patent method" for 
 teaching history, but are the result of long experience in teaching the 
 subject in the schoolroom and in Normal Institutes. The entire work 
 is based upon the associative and chronological plan, and affords 
 abundant opportunity for personal investigations. 125 pages. Price. 
 25 cents. 
 LEWIS' EPOCH OUTLINE MAPS 
 
 They are of the United States, the Eastern States, the New England 
 States, the Middle States and the Southern States. Outline maps are 
 a necessity in locations in war, results of war, land grants, territorial 
 claims, territorial growth, locating railroads, capital cities, produc- 
 tions, minerals, etc. Each map is 6 x 8| inches, on heavy drawing 
 paper. Price, per dozen, 12 cents. 
 
 A. FLANAGAN CO 338=344 Wabash Ave. CHICAGO 
 
WORKS TO ASSIST IN 
 
 TEACHING MORALITY 
 
 Keitge's Quotations 
 
 A new book of practical quotations well arranged by topics. A handsome book. 
 Cloth Price, 35 cents 
 
 Thompson's Morning Exercises 
 
 Scripture and literary selections, suggestive songs, etc Price, 20 cents 
 
 Select Stories for Opening Exercises 
 
 Anecdotes and poems to illustrate attributes that should be cultivated by all. 
 A splendid book. Paper. 256 pages Price, 30 cents 
 
 Gems of Literature, Liberty and Patriotism 
 
 A book of quotations. Cloth. 230 pages Price, 60 cents 
 
 Memory Gems for Home and School 
 
 Price, 10 cents 
 
 Primary Memory Gems 
 
 Price, 10 cents 
 
 Young Folks' Book of Etiquette 
 
 For teaching politeness in home and school to children from 10 to 20 years. 
 Price, 35 cents 
 
 How to Teach Manners 
 
 By Julia M. Dewey. Manners can be taught in the schoolroom; they render the 
 schoolroom more attractive; they banish tendencies to misbehavior. It discusses 
 for pupils the manners in school, at home, in public, at the table. 104 pages. 
 Cloth Price, 50 cents 
 
 Lessons on the Virtues 
 
 Attractive stories are used to impart vividness to every virtue or ethical principle 
 described. It gives lessons on the growth of character by showing conduct charc- 
 teristic of true life. Besides the stories there are instructions, questions and sug- 
 gestions. Stories are for inculcating lessons on Truth, Justice, Wisdom, Benevo- 
 lence and Self-Control. Excellent for opening exercises. 232 pages. Cloth. 
 . Price, 60 cents 
 
 Patriotic Quotations 
 
 A collection of over 300 quotations relating to American history. The only book 
 of the kind published. Should be in every schoolroom Price, 25 cents 
 
 Young Folks' Book of Etiquette, The 
 
 By Caroline C. Griffin. Topics discussed: Politeness at Home; At School; Man- 
 ners in Public Places the Train, Church Manners; Table Etiquette; Letters and 
 Notes; Bits of Politeness. 
 
 In this little book the different topics are treated in a plain, sensible, reliable 
 manner. Every boy and girl, no matter what his home training may be, will be 
 benefited by the use of this little work in school. A handsome book. Cloth. 
 Gilt top Price, 35 cents 
 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANY. CHICAGO 
 
Marian M. George's Books 
 
 and 
 
 Publications for Teachers 
 
 Primary Plan Books, 10 numbers, September to June, each 25 cents. 
 
 The Intermediate Plan Books, 10 numbers, September to June, each 
 25 cents. 
 
 Character Building, 6 numbers, one each on Kindness, Industry Obed- 
 ience Charity, Cheerfulness, Honesty Each 25 cents. 
 
 Little Journeys, a Library of Travel for young people to supplement 
 geography work, 14 numbers in cloth, 50 cents each. 
 
 Songs in Season, cloth, 75 cents. Paper 50 cents. 
 Stories in Season, paper, 30 cents. 
 
 How to Sleep, a book of suggestions for the overworked teacher, 
 50 cents. 
 
 Christmas in Other Lands, Christmas Entertainments, Language, 
 Literature, Music, etc., 25 cents. 
 
 Washington and Lincoln, plans for celebrating these days and for 
 language and literary work, price 25 cents. 
 
 Suggestions for Seat work, manual of 64 pages, suggestions enough 
 for September to June, 15 cents. 
 
 How Little Cedric Became a Knight, arranged for use of teachers 
 15 cents. Pupil's edition, the story only, 5 cents. 
 
 Citizenship Report Cards, same size as the ordinary monthly report 
 card but showing pupil's grade, rank of class as a citizen in the 
 school community, per dozen 10 cents. 
 
 Commendation Cards, to be presented to the pupil for improvement, 
 per dozen 10 cents. 
 
 A. Flanagan Company, Chicago 
 
YC 44075 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY