ASHINGTON 
 
 NATIONAL 
 
 MONUENT 
 
V 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THK 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIKT OK 
 
 Received 
 Accession No. 82612 MS No 
 
7/y 
 
 ni? 
 Ur 
 
 ADOPTED BY THE CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION 
 
 
 
 FEBRUARY 21, 1885. 
 
THE CEREMONIES AT THE BASE OF THE MONUMENT WILL COMMENCE PRECISELY AT 
 
 ELEVEN O CLOCK. 
 
 i. The Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, a Senator from Ohio, Chairman of the Commission 
 authorized by the Joint Resolution of May 13, 1884, will preside. 
 
 2. MUSIC. 
 
 3. PRAYER by the Rev. Mr. SUTER, of Christ Church, Alexandria, Va. 
 
 4. REMARKS by W. W. CORCORAN, Esq., the First Vice- President of the Washington 
 National Monument Society. 
 
 5. MASONIC CEREMONIES by the GRAND LODGE of the District of Columbia. 
 
 6. REMARKS by Colonel T. L. CASEY, the Engineer of the Joint Commission, 
 
 delivering the Monument to the President of the United States. 
 
 7. DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT to the Name and Memory of George 
 Washington by the PRESIDENT of the United States. 
 
 8. MUSIC. 
 
 The procession will forthwith be formed, and will move to the Capitol by the 
 following route: through the President s square to Seventeenth street, up 
 Seventeenth street to Pennsylvania avenue, thence along Pennsylvania avenue 
 to the Capitol, where it will be reviewed by the President of the United States 
 from a stand at the east front. 
 
 9. AFTER THE REVIEW THE PROCESSION WILL BE DISMISSED. 
 
 When the procession begins to move salutes of one hundred guns will be fired at the 
 Navy Yard, the Artillery headquarters, and Fort Myer. 
 
 y^ 
 
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL P. H. SHERIDAN, MARSHAL OF THE DAY, 
 
 with a Chief of Staff, and an Aid from every State and Territory. 
 
 CONSISTING OF THE REGULAR FORCES OF THE ARMY AND NAVY 
 CHARTERED MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS, 
 
 taking precedence by t lie dates of their charters. 
 
 OTHER MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 (Eitnc 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION. 
 
 THE ORATORS AND CHAPLAINS OF THE DAY. 
 
 THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SOCIETY. 
 
 MEMBERS AND EX-MEMBERS or THE JOINT COMMISSION FOR THE COMPLETION 
 OF THE MONUMENT. 
 
 THE ENGINEER OF THE MONUMENT, HIS ASSISTANTS, AND DETAIL OF WORKMEN. 
 THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. 
 PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT F.LECT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 EX-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT AND OTHER FEDERAL COURTS. 
 
 THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS. 
 GOVERNORS OF STATES, AND THEIR RESPECTIVE STAFFS, 
 
 taking precedence in the order of admission of their States into the Union. 
 
 THE SENATE. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 
 
 THE MASONIC FRATERNITY, 
 
 u ith other organizations which have made contributions for the erection of the Monument. 
 
 CITIZENS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES, 
 
 and ci-cic organizations without partisan flags or emblems, each State and Territory 
 taking precedence in the order of its admission into the Union. 
 
 THE FIRE DEPARTMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, AND 
 VISITING FIREMEN. 
 
o- 
 
 In the Evening", from eight to nine o clock, there 
 will be a display of Fireworks near the Monument. 
 
 v 
 
d)lR]l):[ VR DIP 
 
 AT THE 
 
 CAPITOL 
 
 The Capitol will be closed on the morning of the 2ist to all except 
 the members and officers of Congress. 
 
 At eleven o clock the east door leading to the Rotunda will be 
 opened to those to whom invitations have been extended under the joint 
 resolution of Congress, and to those holding tickets of admission to the 
 floor of the House and its galleries. 
 
 The floor of the House of Representatives will be opened for the 
 admission of Senators and Representatives, and to those having invita 
 tions thereto, who will be conducted to the seats assigned to them. 
 
 The President, the President-elect, the Vice- President-elect, and 
 ex-Presidents of the United States and special guests will be seated in 
 front of the Speaker. 
 
 The Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court 
 will occupy seats next to the President and ex-Presidents and special 
 guests, on the right of the Speaker. 
 
 The Cabinet officers, the Admiral of the Navy, the Lieutenant- 
 General of the Army, and the officers of the Army and Navy who, by 
 name, have received the thanks of Congress, will occupy seats on the 
 left of the Speaker. 
 
 The Chief Justice and Judges of the Court of Claims and the Chief 
 Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the District of 
 Columbia will occupy seats directly in rear of the Supreme Court. 
 
 The Diplomatic Corps will occupy the front row of seats. 
 
 Ex-Vice-Presidents, Senators, and ex-Senators will occupy seats on 
 the second, third, fourth, and fifth rows, on east side of main aisle. 
 
 Representatives will occupy seats on west side of main aisle and in 
 rear of the Senators on east side. 
 
 Commissioners of the District, Governors of States and Territories, 
 general officers of the Society of the Cincinnati, the Washington National 
 Monument Society, members and ex-members of the Joint-Commission for 
 
the completion of the Monument, Engineers of Monument and detail of 
 workmen, and guests invited to the floor, will occupy seats in rear of 
 Representatives. 
 
 The Executive Gallery will be reserved exclusively for the families 
 of the Supreme Court and the families of the Cabinet and the invited 
 guests of the President. Tickets thereto will be delivered to the Private 
 Secretary of the President. 
 
 The Diplomatic Gallery will be reserved exclusively for the families 
 of the members of the Diplomatic Corps. Tickets thereto will be de 
 livered to the Secretary of State. 
 
 The Reporters Gallery will be reserved exclusively for the use of the 
 reporters for the Press. Tickets thereto will be delivered to the Press 
 Committee. 
 
 The Official Reporters of the Senate and of the House will occupy 
 the Reporters desk in front of the Clerk s table. 
 
 The Marine Band will be in attendance. 
 
 Upon the arrival of the Procession at the Capitol, and immediately 
 after passing the reviewing stand, the Members of the Senate will pro 
 ceed to the Senate Chamber; the Members of the House to the Hall of 
 the House; the Judiciary to the Supreme Court Room. 
 
 The Diplomatic Corps will proceed to the Senators Withdrawing 
 Room ; the President, ex-Presidents, the Cabinet, the President-elect, the 
 Vice-President-elect to the President s Room. 
 
 The House being in session, and notification to that effect having 
 been given to the Senate, the Senate in a body, preceded by the President, 
 ex-Presidents, the Cabinet, the President-elect, the Vice-President-elect, 
 the Judiciary, and Diplomatic Corps, will be conducted to the Hall of 
 the House of Representatives. 
 
 The President of the Senate will occupy the Speaker s chair and will 
 preside. 
 
 The Speaker of the House will occupy a seat at the left of the Presi 
 dent of the Senate. 
 
 The other officers of the Senate and of the House will occupy seats 
 on the floor at the right and the left of the Speaker. 
 
 The Architect of the Capitol, the Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, 
 the Sergeant-at-Arms and the Doorkeeper of the House are charged with 
 the execution of these arrangements. 
 
IN THE 
 
 all itjf the U]^-u::c . 
 
 PRAYER will be offered by the Rev. S. A. WALLIS of Pohick Church, 
 near Mount Vernon, Virginia. 
 
 Music. 
 
 ORATION by the Hon. ROBERT C. WINTHROP, of Massachusetts, read 
 by the Hon. JOHN D. LONG, a Representative from Massachusetts. 
 
 Music. 
 
 ORATION by the Hon. JOHN W. DANIEL, of Virginia. 
 
 The BENEDICTION will then be pronounced by the Rev. JOHN S. LINDSAY, 
 Chaplain of the House of Representatives. 
 
 Music. 
 
 During which the assemblage will disperse. 
 
G 
 
 ^ PGT L.W^I S M KllLCo, 5 >^/// . W X/ A^.v. 
 
 EMISSION appointed Uqder the Joint T^eollitior] ojQDnr 6^5 
 JY\.ay 13 1554, ir? relation .to cererqonie^ to be authorized 
 at the dedication oj the 
 
 -WASHINGTON MONUMENT 
 
 the pleasure of ^oQr attepdar|ee at 
 to be held \i\ the 0^ of Ufa 
 

 THE 
 
 DEDICATION 
 
 WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT, 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 HON. ROBERT C. WINTHROP 
 
 AND 
 
 HON. JOHN W. DANIEL. 
 
 FEBRUARY 21, 1885. 
 
 /^ ^WTfiB 1 5 
 f UNIVERSITY 
 
 V^^o^v 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF CONGRESS. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1885. 
 
4 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 tributed blocks of stone, and such bodies of citizens as may desire to 
 appear. 
 
 Third. An oration in the Hall of the House of Representatives, 
 on the twenty second day of February, anno Domini eighteen hun 
 dred and eighty-five, by the honorable Robert C. Winthrop, who 
 delivered the oration at the laying of the corner-stone of the Monu 
 ment in eighteen hundred and forty-eight, with music by the Marine 
 Band. 
 
 Fourth. Salutes of one hundred guns from the navy-yard, the artil 
 lery, headquarters, and such men-of-war as can be anchored in the 
 Potomac. 
 
 And such sum of money as may be necessary to defray the ex 
 penses incurred under the above provisions, not exceeding two thou 
 sand five hundred dollars, is hereby appropriated, out of any money 
 in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 Approved, May 13, 1884. 
 
 The Commission, as appointed by the Presiding Officers 
 of the Senate and of the House, was: Senator John Sher 
 man, of Ohio; Senator Justin S. Merrill, of Vermont; Senator 
 William B. Allison, of Iowa ; Senator Thomas F. Bayard, of 
 Delaware ; and Senator Lucius Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi ; 
 Representative William Dorsheimer, of New York; Repre 
 sentative John Randolph Tucker, of Virginia; Representa 
 tive John H. Reagan, of Texas ; Representative Patrick A. 
 Collins, of Massachusetts; Representative Nathaniel B. El- 
 dredge, of Michigan; Representative Henry H. Bingham, of 
 Pennsylvania; Representative Joseph G. Cannon, of Illinois; 
 and Representative James Laird, of Nebraska. With these 
 members of Congress were associated, under the joint reso 
 lution: Hon. W. W. Corcoran, J. C. Welling, LL.D., and 
 J. M. Toner, M. D. , members of the Washington National 
 Monument Society; and Lieut. Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey, 
 U. S. Army, the engineer in charge. 
 
 The Commission, after the performance of the duties 
 assigned to it, made the following 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 5 
 
 REPORT : 
 
 The Commission organized under the joint resolution, approved 
 May 13, 1884, "In relation to ceremonies to be authorized upon the 
 completion of the Washington Monument," as modified by the joint 
 resolution approved December 18, 1884, respectfully report that at a 
 meeting of said Commission, held in the room of the Joint Commit 
 tee on the Library, June 19, 1884, Hon. John Sherman was desig 
 nated chairman, E. J. Babcock secretary, and F. L. Harvey assistant 
 secretary. 
 
 An invitation was extended to Hon. Robert C. Winthrop to deliver 
 an address in the House of Representatives on the occasion of the 
 dedication, which was accepted. The correspondence relating thereto 
 is herewith communicated. 
 
 Special invitations were sent to the distinguished persons described 
 in the joint resolution, and an engraved card of invitation was sent 
 to a great number of civil and military organizations throughout the 
 United States, the Regents of Mount Vernon, relatives of General 
 Washington, and distinguished persons, a copy of which is herewith 
 communicated. 
 
 Selections from the letters of acceptance and declination are also 
 communicated. 
 
 The Commission invited Lieut. Gen. P. H. Sheridan to act as 
 Marshal of the Day, with an aide-de-camp from every State and Ter 
 ritory. This invitation was promptly accepted, and General Sheri 
 dan entered with zeal and activity upon the performance of the duties 
 assigned him. 
 
 An order of proceedings for the dedication of the Monument, for 
 the procession from the Monument to the Hall of the House, and for 
 the arrangements at the Capitol was provided by the Commission and 
 approved by concurring resolution of the two Houses. This order 
 of proceedings was executed in all its details without any accident, 
 interruption, or change. 
 
 The thanks of the Commission are justly due to General Sheridan 
 for the admirable manner in which the order of procession was exe 
 cuted. 
 
 The addresses, prayers, and ceremonies are herewith communicated 
 in the order in which they occurred. 
 
 The Commission feel that they will not have fully discharged their 
 duty without reporting to the two Houses a resolution of thanks to 
 
6 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey, Engineer Corps, U. S. Army, for his skill, 
 ability, and fidelity, and to his associates and the workmen for the ad 
 mirable manner in which they have performed their respective duties 
 in the erection and completion of the Monument 
 
 A monument has been erected to the name and fame of George 
 Washington, more imposing, costly, and appropriate than ever before 
 was erected in honor of any man, and without the loss of a life in its 
 construction, or any accident or event to mar the hearty satisfaction 
 of the American people at its successful completion. 
 
 JOHN SHERMAN. NATHANIEL B. ELDREDGE. 
 
 JUSTIN S. MORRILL. HENRY .H. BINGHAM. 
 
 WILLIAM B. ALLISON. JOSEPH G. CANNON. 
 
 THOMAS F. BAYARD. JAMES LAIRD. 
 
 Lucius Q. C. LAMAR. W. W. CORCORAN. 
 
 WILLIAM DORSHEIMER. JAMES C. WELLING. 
 
 JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKKR. JOSEPH M. TONER. 
 
 JOHN H. REAGAN. THOMAS L. CASEY. 
 
 PATRICK A. COLLINS. 
 
 Programmes were published, under the direction of the 
 Commission, giving the Order: of Proceedings at the Monu 
 ment and at the Capitol. General P. H. Sheridan published 
 a series of Orders, giving the appointments of Marshals 
 and of Aids, directing the formation of the several Divisions, 
 stating the route over which the Procession would march, 
 and making special assignments of : The Ancient and Hon 
 orable Artillery of Massachusetts as honorary escort to the 
 President of the United States ; the George Washington Post, 
 No. 103, Grand Army of the Republic of New York, as hon 
 orary escort to the President-elect of the United States ; and 
 the First Troop of Pennsylvania City Cavalry as escort to 
 the Marshal of the Day. The details for the organization of 
 the Procession were carried out by the Chief of Staff of the 
 Grand Mar.4ial of the Day, Bvt. Brig. Gen. Albert Ordway, 
 U. S. Volunteers. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument 
 
 THK T> T^DIOATORY 
 
 Tlie weather on Saturday, February 21, was clear and 
 cold, the ground around the base of the Monument was 
 covered with encrusted snow, and the keen wind, while it 
 displayed the flags on every hand, made it rather uncomfort 
 able for those who arrived before the appointed time. The 
 regular troops and the citizen soldiery were massed in close 
 column around the base of the Monument, the Freemasons 
 occupied their allotted position, and in the pavilion which 
 had been erected were the invited guests ; the Executive, 
 Legislative, and Judicial Officers ; Officers of the Army, the 
 Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Volunteers ; the Diplomatic 
 Corps, eminent Divines, Jurists, Scientists, and Journalists; 
 venerable Citizens, representing former generations; the 
 Washington National Monument Society, and a few Ladies 
 who had braved the Arctic weather. 
 
 The Marine Band, stationed in front of the pavilion, en 
 livened the scene by the performance of admirable music. 
 
 Senator Sherman, precisely at n o clock a. m., advanced 
 to the front of the pavilion and commenced the dedicatory 
 exercises with the following prefatory remarks : 
 
 ADDRESS BYHOX. JOHN SHERMAN. 
 
 The Commission authorized by the two Houses of Congress to pro 
 vide suitable ceremonies for the dedication of the Washington Monu 
 ment direct me to preside and to announce the order of ceremonies 
 deemed proper on this occasion. 
 
 I need not say anything to impress upon you the dignity of the 
 event you have met to celebrate. The Monument speaks for it 
 self simple in form, admirable in proportions, composed of endur 
 ing marble and granite, resting upon foundations broad and deep, it 
 
8 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 rises into the skies higher than any work of human art. It is the 
 most imposing, costly, and appropriate monument ever erected in the 
 honor of one man. 
 
 It had its origin in the profound conviction of the people, irre 
 spective of party, creed, or race, not only of this country, but of all 
 civilized countries, that the name and fame of Washington should be 
 perpetuated by the most imposing testimonial of a nation s gratitude 
 to its Hero, Statesman, and Father. This universal sentiment took 
 form in a movement of private citizens associated under the name of 
 the Washington National Monument Association, who, on the 3ist 
 day of January, 1848, secured from Congress an act authorizing them 
 to erect the proposed Monument on this ground, selected as the most 
 appropriate site by the President of the United States. Its corner 
 stone was laid on the 4th day of July, 1848, by the Masonic frater 
 nity, with imposing ceremonies, in the presence of the chief officers 
 of the Government and a multitude of citizens. It was partially 
 erected by the National Monument Association with means fur 
 nished by the voluntary contributions of the people of the United 
 States. 
 
 On the 5th day of July, 1876, one hundred years after the Decla 
 ration of American Independence, Congress, in the name of the peo 
 ple of the United States, formally assumed and directed the completion 
 of the Monument. Since then the foundation has been strengthened, 
 the shaft has been steadily advanced, and the now completed structure 
 stands before you. 
 
 It is a fit memorial of the greatest character inhuman history. It 
 looks down upon scenes most loved by him oh earth, the most con 
 spicuous object in a landscape full of objects deeply interesting to 
 the American people. All eyes turn to it, and all hearts feel the 
 inspiration of its beauty, symmetry, and grandeur. Strong as it is, it 
 will not endure so long as the memory of him in whose honor it was 
 built ; but while it stands it will be the evidence to many succeeding 
 generations of the love and reverence of this generation for the name 
 and fame of George Washington " First in war, first in peace, and 
 first in the hearts of his countrymen." More even than this the 
 prototype of purity, manhood, and patriotism, for all lands and for 
 all time. 
 
 Without further preface I proceed to discharge the duty assigned 
 me. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument, 9 
 
 After music by the Marine Band, prayer was offered by 
 the Rev. Henderson Suter, Rector of Christ Church, Alex 
 andria, Va., where Washington worshiped. 
 
 PRAYER BY REV. HENDERSON SUTER. 
 
 Almighty God, Ruler of nations and of men, by whose providence 
 our fathers were led to this goodly land, and by whom they were 
 guided and sustained in their efforts to secure their liberties, accept 
 this day the grateful homage of us, the inheritors of their well-earned 
 rights. 
 
 Them and their leaders Thou didst choose. With courage and 
 patriotism Thou didst inspire all ; but we to-day, while unmindful of 
 none, are specially called to acknowledge as Thy gift George Wash 
 ington. 
 
 In honor of him, Thy servant, the Nation of Thy planting and 
 of his thoughts and prayers has built this Monument, and we to 
 day, in that Nation s behalf, speak to his God and ours in prayer 
 and thanks. 
 
 As we stand beneath the lofty height of this memorial work, 
 and mark the symmetry of its form, we would remember Wash 
 ington s high character and all the virtues which in him builded up 
 the man. 
 
 A leader fearing God; a patriot unstained by self; a statesman 
 wishing only the right, he has left us an example for whose following 
 we supplicate Tliy help for ourselves and for all who are now, and 
 shall hereafter be, the instruments of Thy providence to this land and 
 Nation. 
 
 In so far as he followed the inspirations of wisdom and of virtue 
 may we follow him, and may his character be to the latest genera 
 tion a model for the soldier, for the civilian, and for the man; that 
 in our armies may be trust in God, in our civilians integrity, and 
 among our people that home life which extorteth praise; and so all 
 those blessings which he coveted for his people and his kind be the 
 heritage of us and of our children forever. 
 
 O God, the high and mighty Ruler of the universe, bless to-day 
 
i o Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 and henceforth Thy servant the President of the United States and all 
 others in authority. 
 
 To our Congress ever give wisdom. Direct and prosper all their 
 consultations. 
 
 May our judges be able men, such as fear God, men of truth, gov 
 erned in judgment only by the laws. 
 
 May our juries be incorruptible, ever mindful of the solemnity of 
 the oath and of the great interests depending on its keeping. 
 
 May no magistrate or officer, having rights to maintain or order to 
 secure, ever " wrest the judgment of the poor," or favor the rich man 
 in his cause. 
 
 O God, throughout our land let amity continually reign. Bind 
 ever the one part to the other part. Heal every wound opened by 
 human frailty or by human wrong. Let the feeling of brotherhood 
 have the mastery over all selfish ends, that with one mind and one 
 heart, the North and the South, and the East and the West, may seek 
 the good of the common country, and work out that destiny which 
 has been allotted us among the nations of the earth. 
 
 Merciful Father, from whom " all good thoughts and good desires 
 come," let the principles of religion and virtue find firm root and grow 
 among our people. May they heed the words of their own Wash 
 ington, and never " indulge the supposition that morality can be 
 maintained without religion," or forget that " to political prosperity, 
 religion and morality are indispensable supports." Deepen in them 
 reverence for Thy character. Impress a sense of Thy power. Create 
 a desire for Thy favor, and let it be realized that man s highest honor 
 is to be a servant of God, and that to fear Him and keep His com 
 mandments is our whole duty. 
 
 O God, in all our relations with the nations of the earth let honor 
 and justice rule us. May their wisdom be our guide and our good 
 their choice. Emulative only in the high purpose of bettering the 
 condition of man, may they and we dwell together in unity and 
 concord. 
 
 Bless all efforts to widen the sphere of knowledge, that true wisdom 
 may be garnered by our people and nature yield her secrets for man s 
 good and Thy glory. 
 
 In all our seminaries of learning our schools and colleges may 
 men arise who shall be able to hand down to the generations follow 
 ing all that time has civen. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. \ \ 
 
 And look upon our land. Give us the rain and the fruitful season. 
 Let no blight fall upon the tree, no disease upon the cattle, no pes 
 tilence upon man. 
 
 To honor Thee, O God, we this day yield our homage and offer out 
 praise. 
 
 Our fathers " cried unto Thee and were delivered." 
 
 " They trusted in Thee and were not confounded ;" and we, their 
 children, gathered by this Monument to-day, the silent reminder of 
 Thy gifts, ask Thy blessing, O Ruler of nations and of men, in the 
 name of Him through whom Thou hast taught us to pray; and may 
 no private or public sins cause Thee to hide Thy face from us but 
 from them turn Thou us and in our repentance forgive. 
 
 To our prayers we add our thanks our thanks for mercies many 
 and manifold. 
 
 Thou didst not set Thy love upon us and choose us because we 
 were more in number than any people, but because Thou wouldst 
 raise us up to bean asylum for the oppressed and for a light to those 
 in darkness living. 
 
 For this great honor, O God, we thank Thee. 
 
 Not for our righteousness hast Thou upheld us hitherto and saved 
 from those evils which wreck the nations, but because Thou hadst a 
 favor unto us. 
 
 For this great mercy, O God, we thank Thee. 
 
 Not solely through man s wisdom have the great principles of 
 human liberty been embodied for our Government, and every man 
 become the peer of his fellow-man before the law ; but because Thou 
 hast ordered it. 
 
 For this great mercy, O God, we thank Thee. 
 
 And now, our Father, let this assembly, the representatives of the 
 thousands whom Thou hast blessed, go hence to-day, their duty done, 
 joyful and glad of heart for all the goodness that the Lord hath done 
 for this great nation. 
 
 And for the generations to come, yet unborn, may this Monument 
 which we dedicate to-day to the memory of George Washington stand 
 as a witness for those virtues and that patriotism which, lived, shall 
 secure for them Liberty and Union forever. Amen. 
 
1 2 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 James C. Welling, L/L> D., President of Columbian Uni 
 versity, then read the following address, which had been 
 prepared by Hon. W. W. Corcoran, First Vice- President of 
 the Washington National Monument Society: 
 
 ADDRESS BY HON. W . W . CORCORAN. 
 
 It has been said that the fame of those who spend their lives in the 
 service of their country is better preserved by the " unwritten memo 
 rials of the heart than by any material monument." The saying is 
 pre-eminently true of the man whom the people of these United States 
 must forever hold in grateful veneration as the one entitled above all 
 others to the honored name of Pater Patrias. Yet the instincts of the 
 heart do not follow the impulses of our higher nature when, in honor 
 of the mighty dead, they call for the commemorative column or the 
 stately monument, not, indeed, to preserve the name and fame of an 
 illustrious hero and patriot, but to signalize the gratitude of the gen 
 erations for whom he labored. 
 
 And so on the igth of December, 1799, *he day a ft er the mortal 
 remains of George Washington had been committed to the tomb at 
 Mount Vernon, John Marshall, of Virginia, destined soon afterward 
 to fill with highest distinction the office of Chief Justice of the United 
 States, rose in the House of Representatives and moved, in words 
 penned by Henry Lee, of Virginia, that a committee of both Houses 
 of Congress should be appointed " to report measures suitable to the 
 occasion and expressive of the profound sorrow with which Congress 
 is penetrated on the loss of a citizen first in war, first in peace, and 
 first in the hearts of his countrymen." 
 
 It is through a long series of years, and through the ebbs and flows 
 of much divergent opinion as to the monumental forms in which the 
 national homage should most suitably express itself, that the Ameri 
 can people have watched and waited for the grand consummation 
 which we are this day met to celebrate. It is because the stream of 
 the national gratitude was so full and overflowing that again and again 
 it has seemed to sweep away the artificial banks prepared to receive 
 it; but that, in all the windings and eddies of the stream, there has 
 been a steady current of national feeling which has set in one given 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument, 13 
 
 direction, the following historical memoranda will sufficiently dem 
 onstrate : 
 
 In pursuance of the resolution adopted by the House of Represen 
 tatives- on the motion of John Marshall, both Houses of Congress 
 passed the following resolution on the 24th of December, 1799: 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That a marble monument be 
 erected by the United States in the Capitol at the City of Washington, 
 and that the family of General Washington be requested to permit 
 his body to be deposited under it; and that the monument be so 
 designed as to commemorate the great events of his military and 
 political life. 
 
 A copy of this proceeding having been transmitted to Mrs. Wash 
 ington, she assented, in the following touching terms, to so much of 
 the resolution as called for her concurrence: 
 
 Taught by the great example which I have so long had before me 
 never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I need not, I 
 cannot say what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to .a sense of 
 public duty. 
 
 The select committee (Henry Lee, of Virginia, being chairman), 
 which was appointed to carry Into effect the foregoing resolution, 
 made report on the 8th of May, 1800, directing that a marble mon 
 ument be erected by the United States, at the capital, in honor of 
 General Washington, to commemorate his services, and to express 
 the feeling of the American people for their irreparable loss; and 
 further directing that a resolution of the Continental Congress adopted 
 August 7, 1783, which had ordered "That an equestrian statue of 
 General Washington be erected at the place where the residence of 
 Congress shall be established" should be carried into immediate exe 
 cution. 
 
 This latter resolution had directed that the statue of Washington 
 be supported by a " marble pedestal on which should be represented 
 four principal events of the war in which he commanded in person," 
 and which should also bear the following inscription : 
 
 The United States, in Congress assembled, ordered this statue to 
 be erected in the year of our Lord 1783, in honor of George Wash 
 ington, the illustrious Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United 
 States of America during the war which vindicated and secured their 
 liberty, sovereignty, and independence. 
 
1 4 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Upon consideration of this resolution, that part relative to the erec 
 tion of an equestrian statue was so amended as to provide that a 
 "mausoleum of American granite and marble, in pyramidal form, one 
 hundred feet square at the base, and of a proportional height" should 
 be erected instead of it. An appropriation in pursuance of this end 
 was not then made, but at a later day, on the ist of January, 1801, 
 a bill was passed by the House of Representatives appropriating 
 two hundred thousand dollars in furtherance of this object. 
 
 In this measure the Senate failed to concur, for reasons easily found 
 in the political excitements of that day, while absorbing public ques 
 tions which ensued thereafter, and which finally issued in the war of 
 1812, sufficiently explain why the subject was dropped in Congress 
 for many years. 
 
 In the month of February, 1816, the General Assembly of Virginia 
 instructed the Governor of that State to open correspondence with 
 Judge Bushrod Washington, at that time the proprietor of Mount 
 Vernon, with a view to procure his assent to the removal of Wash 
 ington s remains to Richmond, that a proper monument might there 
 be erected to the memory of the Hero and Patriot. Immediately 
 on the receipt of this intelligence in the Congress, then in session, 
 Hon. Benjamin Huger, of South Carolina, who had been a member 
 of the Congress of 1799, moved for the appointment of a joint com 
 mittee of both Houses to take action in pursuance of the proceedings 
 had at that time of Washington s death. 
 
 This joint committee recommended that a receptacle for the re 
 mains of Washington should be prepared in the foundation of the 
 Capitol, and that a monument should there be erected to his memory. 
 But the whole project fell through because, in the mean time, Judge 
 Washington had declined to consent to the removal of Washington s 
 remains, on the ground that they had been committed to the family 
 vault at Mount Vernon in conformity with Washington s express wish. 
 
 "It is his own will," added Judge Washington, in replying to the 
 Governor of Virginia, " and that will is to me a law which I dare not 
 disobey." 
 
 To a similar proposition, as renewed by the Congress of the United 
 States in 1832, Mr. John Augustine Washington, who had then suc 
 ceeded to the possession of Mount Vernon, made a similar reply, 
 and since that date all thought of removing the remains of Washing- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National 
 
 ton from their hallowed resting place to the site of the proposed 
 National Monument has been abandoned, and properly abandoned in 
 view of the affecting natural considerations which had given a deep 
 undertone of remonstrance even to Mrs. Washington s reluctant as 
 sent, as extorted from her by the ejaculations of the public grief in 
 1799. 
 
 It was precisely at this stage of our history, when all proceedings 
 initiated in Congress had been frustrated by the failure to combine 
 opinions on some preliminary condition held to be indispensable, 
 that the people of this city, as if despairing of the desired consum 
 mation through the concerted action of both Houses of Congress, 
 proceeded to initiate measures of their own looking in this direction. 
 
 In September, 1833, a paragraph appeared in the National Intelli 
 gencer of this city calling a meeting of the citizens of Washington to 
 take the matter in hand. 
 
 In response to that call a meeting of citizens was held at the City 
 Hall on the 26th of September, 1833, at which were present Daniel 
 Brent, Joseph Gales, James Kearney, Joseph Gales, jr., Peter Force, 
 W. W. Seaton, John McClelland, Pishy Thompson, Thomas Carberry, 
 George Watterston, and William Cranch, afterwards Chief Justice of 
 the Circuit Court of the District. 
 
 It was at this meeting that the Washington National Monument 
 Society was formed, Chief Justice John Marshall, then seventy-eight 
 years of age, having been elected its first President, and Judge Cranch 
 the first Vice- President. 
 
 George Watterston, who deserves to be signalized as the originator 
 of the movement, was the first secretary, and he served in that ca 
 pacity from 1833 till his death in 1854, when he was succeeded by 
 John Carroll Brent, who, in turn, was succeeded by Dr. John B. Blake, 
 the successor of the latter being the Hon. Horatio King, the present 
 secretary of the Society. 
 
 Upon the death of Chief Justice Marshall, in 1835, he was suc 
 ceeded in the presidency of the Society by ex- President James 
 Madison. 
 
 The plan adopted by the Society was to secure the assistance and 
 unite the voluntary efforts of the people of the country in erecting a 
 national monument to Washington. 
 
 At first, as if to give emphasis to the popular aims of the Society, 
 all contributions were limited to the annual sum of one dollar from 
 
1 6 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 any one person, the contributors becoming, by that act, members of 
 the Society. The collections on this plan had amounted in 1836 to 
 the sum of twenty-eight thousand dollars, which was carefully placed 
 at interest, the fund standing in the names of Nathan Towson, 
 Thomas Munroe, and Archibald Henderson, as trustees. 
 
 In this year advertisements were published inviting designs for the 
 Monument from American artists, but placing no limitation upon the 
 form of the designs. It was recommended, however, that they 
 should "harmoniously blend durability, simplicity, and grandeur." 
 
 The cost of the projected Monument was estimated at not less 
 than one million dollars. 
 
 A great many designs were submitted, but the one selected was 
 that of Mr. Robert Mills, comprising in its main features a vast stylo- 
 bate surmounted by a tetrastyle pantheon, circular in form, and with 
 an obelisk six hundred feet high rising from the center. 
 
 In 1846 the restriction upon the subscriptions was removed, and 
 in 1847 the fund amounted to eighty-seven thousand dollars. 
 
 Regularly authorized and bonded collecting agents were appointed 
 in all parts of the country, and appeals were made to the generosity . 
 of the public. 
 
 Mrs. James Madison, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, and Mrs. Alex 
 ander Hamilton, at the request of the Monument Society, effected an 
 organization to assist in collecting funds through the women of the 
 country. 
 
 In November, 1847, tne Monument Society adopted a resolution 
 that the corner-stone be laid on the 22d of February, 1848, provided 
 a suitable site could be obtained. 
 
 In January, 1848, Congress passed a resolution granting a site on 
 any of the unoccupied public grounds of the City of Washington, to 
 be selected by the President of the United States and the Washington 
 Monument Society. The site on Reservation 3 was accordingly 
 selected, and title to the land was conveyed to the Society. On the 
 29th of January it was decided to postpone the laying of the corner 
 stone until the 4th of July, 1848. Objections in the mean time having 
 been made to the plan for the Monument as proposed by Mr. Mills, 
 the Society, pursuant to a report from its committee, in the month of 
 April of that year, fixed upon a height of five hundred feet for the 
 shaft, leaving in abeyance the surrounding pantheon and base. 
 
 The corner-stone was laid in accordance with this decision of the 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. \ 7 
 
 Society on the 4th of July, 1848, in the presence of the members of 
 the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the (iovernmcnt, 
 foreign ministers and officers, and a vast concourse of citizens from 
 all sections of the Union. The ceremonies Masonic in character- 
 were conducted under the direction of Hon. B. B. French, Grand 
 Master of the Masonic fraternity for the District of Columbia, and 
 were as interesting as they were impressive; the corner-stone being 
 rested at the northeast angle of the foundation. The gavel used in 
 this ceremony was the one used by General Washington in laying 
 the corner-stone of the Capitol, and is now in the possession of Poto 
 mac Lodge, No. 5, of Free and Accepted Masons of the District of 
 Columbia. 
 
 The prayer of consecration was offered by the Rev. Mr. Mcjillon, 
 and the Oration of the day was pronounced by the Hon. Robert C. 
 Winthrop, then Speaker of the House of Representatives. Profoundly 
 regretting, as we all do, that this distinguished citizen cannot be with 
 us to-day, because of recent illness, we still sincerely rejoice that he- 
 has sent to us the garland of his commanding eloquence, to be laid 
 on the capstone of the Monument, amid the shoutings of the people 
 as they cry, " Grace, grace unto it." 
 
 Among the guests on the stand at the laying of the corner-stone 
 were Mrs. Alexander Hamilton (then ninety-one years old), Mrs. 
 Dolly Paine Madison, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, George Washing 
 ton Parke Custis, Chief Justice Taney, Lewis Cass, Martin Van Buren, 
 Millard Fillmore, and many others distinguished as well for their 
 social eminence as for their public renown. 
 
 The work, when once begun, progressed steadily, until in 1854 the 
 shaft had reached a height one hundred and fifty-two feet above the 
 level of the foundation. 
 
 Subsequently, an addition of four feet was put upon the shaft, 
 making its total height one hundred and fifty-six feet, the whole exe 
 cuted at a cost of about three hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 Under the auspices of the Society, as well in its earlier as in its later 
 history, blocks of stone for insertion in the interior walls of the Monu 
 ment, and bearing appropriate inscriptions, have been contributed by 
 nearly every State and Territory, and by many foreign governments. 
 
 The treasury of the Society having now been exhausted, and all 
 efforts to obtain further sums having proved unavailing, the Society 
 presented a memorial to Congress, representing that they were unable 
 2 w M 
 
1 8 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 to devise any plan likely to succeed, and, under the circumstances, 
 asking that Congress should take such action as it might deem proper. 
 
 The memorial was referred in the House of Representatives to a 
 select committee of thirteen, of which Mr. Henry May, of Maryland, 
 was chairman, and this committee, on the 22d of February, 1855, made 
 to the House an eloquent and able report, in which, after a careful 
 examination of the whole subject, the proceedings of the Society in 
 the past were reviewed and approved, and an appropriation of two 
 hundred thousand dollars was recommended to be made by Congress 
 " on behalf of the people of the United States to aid the funds" of the 
 Society; but at this time complications of a political nature arose in 
 the management of the Society, the appropriation recommended was 
 not made, and, for the same reason, a stop was put to the active 
 prosecution of the work on the Monument for a number of years. 
 
 On the 26th of February, 1859, the Congress gave to the Wash 
 ington National Monument Society a formal charter of incorporation, 
 the incorporators being Winfield Scott, Walter Jones, John J. Abert, 
 James Kearney, Thomas Carberry, Peter Force, William A. Bradley, 
 Philip R. Fendall, Walter Lennox, Matthew F. Maury, Thomas 
 Blagden, J. B. H. Smith, W. W. Seaton, Elisha Whittlesey, B. Ogle 
 Tayloe, Thomas H. Crawford, W. W. Corcoran, and John Carroll 
 Brent. 
 
 The first meeting of this new board was held in the City Hall, 
 March 22, 1859, at which meeting President Buchanan presided. 
 The Society again went vigorously to work, issuing public appeals, 
 making collections at the polls, and employing every means to secure 
 funds for the completion of the Monument. But the condition of the 
 country during the decade from 1860 to 1870 rendered their efforts 
 futile. It was not until the year 1873 that the Society again pre 
 sented a memorial to Congress, recommending the Monument to its 
 favorable consideration. 
 
 In the mean time the Society continued their appeals to the country 
 for aid according to a plan which contemplated the. raising, by sub 
 scriptions from all chartered organizations, of a certain gross sum 
 deemed sufficient to complete the Monument, the payment of the 
 subscriptions into the hands of the treasurer of the Society being 
 contingent upon the pledging of the entire sum. A measurable 
 success met the efforts of the Society in this direction, a very con 
 siderable sum having been promised by responsible bodies, and the 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. \ y 
 
 Society desisted from these efforts only when, on the 2<1 of August, 
 1876, an act of Congress, appropriating two hundred thousand dol 
 lars to continue the construction of the Monument, had become a law 
 of the land. 
 
 This measure was introduced in the Senate by Hon. John Sherman, 
 of Ohio, who properly presides at the high festival we hold this day at 
 the base of the finished Monument. On the 5th of July, 1876 (the 
 date is significant), he moved the adoption of a joint resolution de 
 claring, after an appropriate preamble, that the Senate and House of 
 Representatives in Congress assembled, " in the name of the people 
 of the United States, at the beginning of the second century of the 
 national existence, do assume and direct the completion of the Wash 
 ington Monument, in the city of Washington. A bill in pursuance 
 of this joint resolution was passed unanimously in the Senate on the 
 22d of July, in the House of Representatives without opposition on 
 the 27th of July, and was signed by President Grant on the 2d of 
 August, 1876. 
 
 By this act, which gave a Congressional expression to the national 
 gratitude, a Joint Commission was created, to consist of the President 
 of the United States, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury De 
 partment, the Architect of the Capitol, the Chief of Engineers of the 
 United States Army, and the First Vice-President of the Washington 
 National Monument Society, under whose direction and supervision 
 the construction of the Monument was placed. 
 
 According to a provision ot the same act, the Washington National 
 Monument Society transferred and conveyed to the United States in 
 due form all the property rights and easements belonging to it in the 
 Monument, the conveyance being legally recorded in the proper court 
 register. 
 
 By a further clause of this same act it was provided : That nothing 
 therein should be so construed as to prohibit said Society from con 
 tinuing its organization " for the purpose of soliciting and collecting 
 money and material from the States, associations, and the people in 
 aid of the completion of the Monument, and acting in an advisory 
 and co-operative capacity" with the Commission named in the said 
 act until the completion and dedication of the work. 
 
 Upon the death of President Madison, in 1836, the constitution of 
 the Society had been so amended as to provide that the President of 
 the United States should be fx-ojficio president of the Society. An- 
 
20 Dedication of the Washington National I\lon in/it J<t. 
 
 drew Jackson was the first (\\-offtcio president. The mayors of Wash 
 ington, and, at a later day, the Governors of the .several States were 
 made ex-ojficio vice-presidents. 
 
 The mayors of Washington thus connected with the work were 
 John I . Van Ness, William A. Bradley, Peter Force, W. W. Sea ton, 
 Walter Lennox, John W. Maury, John T. Towers, \Villiam B. Ma 
 gruder, Richard Wallach, James G. Berrel, Sayles J. Bowen, and 
 Matthew G. Emery. 
 
 In the roll of the Society s membership the following names are 
 recorded : 
 
 Chief Justice John Marshall, Roger G. Weigh tman, Commodore 
 John Rodgers, General Thomas S. Jesup, Cieorge Bomford, M. St. 
 Glair Clarke, Samuel IL Smith, John McClelland, William ( ranch, 
 William Brent, George Watterston, Nathan Towson, Archibald Hen 
 derson, Thomas Monroe, Thomas Carberry, Peter Force, ex-Presi 
 dent James Madison, John P. Van Ness, William Ingle, William I,. 
 Brent, General Alexander Macomb, John J. Abert, Philip R. Ken 
 dall, Maj. Gen. Wintieid Scott, John Carter, General Walter Jones, 
 Walter Lennox, T. Hartley Crawford. M. I 1 . Maury, U. S. Navy, 
 
 B. Ogle ! ayloe, Thomas Blagden, John Carroll Brent, James Kear 
 ney, FJisha Whittlesey, W. W. Seaton, J. Bayard H. Smith, W. W. 
 C orcoran, John P. Ingle, James M. Carlisle, Dr. John B. Blake, Dr. 
 William Jones, William L. Hodge, Dr. James C. Hall, William B. 
 Todd, James Dunlop, General U. S. Grant, George W. Riggs, 
 Henry D. Cooke, Peter G. Washington, William J. McDonald, John 
 M. Brodhead. General William T. Sherman, Dr. Charles H. Nichols, 
 D. A. Watterston, Alexander R. Shepherd. Fitzhugh Coyle, James 
 Cr. Berrct, J. C. Kennedy. William A. Richardson, General O. K. 
 Babcock, Fdward Clark, Rear-Admiral L. M. Powell, Charles F. 
 Stansbury, Frederick D. Stuart, Robert C. Winthrop, Joseph Henry, 
 General William McKee Dunn, John C. Harkness, Horatio King, 
 Daniel B. Clarke, George W. McCrary, Dr. Joseph M. Toner, James 
 
 C. Welling, George Bancroft, Rear-Admiral C. R. P. Rodgers. 
 
 In conclusion, let me say that 1 should be strangely wanting to 
 my sense of the proprieties belonging to this time and place, if, stand 
 ing here as the representative of the Washington National Monument 
 Society, I should fail in this high presence and at this solemn mo 
 ment to give emphatic expression to the profound gratitude which is 
 doe from the Society to the Legislative and Executive Departments 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 21 
 
 of the Government, who have brought to a successful completion 
 the patriotic work which the Society was not able to accomplish. 
 
 For the praise of the accomplished engineer of the Army, Col. 
 Thomas Lincoln Casey, who has here built so solidly and so skill 
 fully, we have only to look up to the finished work of his scientific 
 hand, as that work stands before us to-day in the strong and even 
 poise of its well-balanced architecture. 
 
 The heraldic ensign of Washington bore for its motto the words 
 Kxitits acta probut, "Their issue puts actions to the proof." Tin- 
 actions of Washington, as put to the proof of time, have issued in a 
 great nation made free and independent under his military leader 
 ship; in a constitutional polity, based on liberty regulated by law, as 
 devised by the convention of statesmen over whose deliberations he 
 presided; in the powerful Federal Government whose energies lie 
 first set in motion from the high seat of its Chief Executive; in the 
 affectionate and grateful recollection of more than fifty millions of 
 people who to-day find in his name and fame their choicest national 
 legacy; and, finally, in the veneration and homage of all mankind, 
 who, to the remotest ends of the world, have learned to honor in our 
 illustrious countryman the best as well as the greatest of the sons of 
 men. 
 
 Surely, then, it is glory enough for the Washington National Monu 
 ment Society that its pious labors, as put to the proof of time, have 
 issued in the majestic structure which stands before us to-day, and il 
 is glory enough for the Legislative and Executive Departments of 
 the Government that in "assuming and directing the completion of 
 .he Monument" on the foundations laid by the people, they have at 
 once redeemed a sacred national pledge, and fulfilled a sacred na 
 tional duty, by giving to this great obelisk the culmination and crown 
 with which it towers above earth and soars heavenward, like the fame 
 it commemorates. 
 
 THE MASONIC CEREMONIES. 
 
 The Masonic dedicatory ceremonies were then performed by the 
 Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the District of Co 
 lumbia, Myron M. Parker, Most Worshipful Grand Master. He wa* 
 assisted by Thomas P. Chifelle, R. \V. D. G. Master; Jose M. Vznaga, 
 k. W. S. "Grand Warden; Jesse W . Lee, jr., R. W. J. G. Warden; 
 
22 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 William R. Singleton, R.W. G. Secretary; C. C. Duncanson, R.W. G. 
 Treasurer; Joseph Hamacher, W. G Lecturer; C. B. Smith, Rev. 
 and W. G. Chaplain; H. Dingman, W. G. Marshal; Emmett C. El- 
 more, W. S. G. Deacon; Thomas F. Gibbs, W. J. G. Deacon; Orv ; lle 
 Drown, W. G. Sword Bearer; O S. Eirmin,W. G. Pursuivant; Frank 
 N. Carver, W. S. G. Steward; Edward Kern, \V. J. G. Steward, and 
 Thomas j. Edwards, Grand Tiler. 
 
 The following ritual, which is somewhat abridged from that used 
 by the Order on similar occasions, was then recited. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. R. \V. Deputy Grand Master, what is the proper 
 implement of your office? 
 
 DEPUTY GRAND MASTER. The square, Most Worshipful: 
 
 GRAND MASTER. What are its moral and Masonic uses ? 
 
 DEPUTY GRAND MASTER. To square our actions by the square of 
 virtue, and prove our work when finished. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. Have you applied the square to the Obelisk, and 
 is the work squared ? 
 
 DEPUTY GRAND MASTER. 1 have, and I find the corners to be 
 square ; the workmen have done their duty. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. R. W. Senior Grand Warden, what is the proper 
 implement of your office ? 
 
 SENIOR GRAND WARDEN. The level, Most Worshipful. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. What is its Masonic use? 
 
 SENIOR GRAND WARDEN. Morally, it reminds us of equality, and 
 its use is to prove horizontals. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. Have you applied it, and are the courses level ? 
 
 SENIOR GRAND WARDEN. I have, and 1 find the courses to be 
 level; the workmen have done their duty. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. R.W. Junior Grand Warden, what is the proper 
 implement of your office ? 
 
 JUNIOR GRAND WARDEN. The plumb, Most Worshipful. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. What is its Masonic use ? 
 
 JUNIOR GRAND WARDEN. Morally, it teaches rectitude of conduct, 
 and we use it to try perpendiculars. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. Have you applied it, and have the walls been 
 properly erected ? 
 
 JUNIOR GRAND WARDEN. I have applied the plumb, and the walls 
 have been skillfully erected according to rule ; the workmen have 
 done their duty. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. The several grand officers having reported that 
 this structure has been erected by the square, the level, and the 
 plumb, the corner-stone of which having been laid July 4, 1848, by 
 the Grand Master of Masons of the District of Columbia, I now, as 
 the Grand Master, do pronounce this Obelisk to have been mechan 
 ically completed. 
 
 (Junior Grand Warden presented the golden vessel of corn,] 
 
 GRAND JUNIOR WARDEN. M. W. Grand Master, it has been the 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 23 
 
 immemorial custom to scatter corn as an emblem of nourishment, I 
 therefore present you with this golden vessel of corn. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. I therefore now scatter this the verv corn which 
 was similarly used on the 2 ad of February, 1860, at the dedication 
 of the equestrian statue of Washington, at the Circle in this city. In 
 the name of the Great Jehovah, to whom be honor and glory, I now 
 invoke a continuation of the great prosperity, and all those blessings 
 which were then invoked at the laying of the corner-stone of this 
 structure, July 4, 1848, and which have been ever since unceasingly 
 bestowed upon the inhabitants of this city. 
 
 (Senior Grand Warden presented the silver vessel of wine .} 
 
 SENIOR GRAND WARDEN. M. W. Grand Master, wine, the emblem 
 of refreshment, having been used mystically by our ancient brethren, 
 1 present you with this silver vessel of wine. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. In the name of the Holy Saints John, I pour out 
 this wine to virtue; and may the Great Moral Governor of the Uni 
 verse bless this whole people, and cause them to be distinguished 
 for every virtue, as they are for their greatness. 
 
 (Deputy Grand Master presented the silver vessel of oil.} 
 
 DEPUTY GRAND MASTER. M. W. Grand Master, I present to you, 
 to be used according to ancient custom, this silver vessel of oil. 
 
 GRAND MASTER. I pour out this oil, an emblem of joy, that joy 
 which should animate the bosom of every Mason, on the completion 
 of this Monument to our distinguished brother, George Washington. 
 
 ADDRESS BY GRAND MASTER MYRON M. PARKER. 
 
 It is eminently fitting, upon an occasion like the present, that we, 
 as Masons, should associate with these ceremonies certain historic 
 relics with which General Washington was intimately connected, 
 some of them over a century ago. 
 
 1 his gavel, prepared for the express purpose, was presented to 
 Washington and used by him as President of the United States, and 
 also as Grand Master pro lempore in laying the corner-stone of the 
 Capitol of the Nation on the i8th day of September, 1793. Imme 
 diately thereafter he presented it to Potomac Lodge, No. 9, in whose 
 possession it has ever since remained. It was used in laying the 
 corner-stone of this Obelisk, July 4, 1848. Also the corner-stone of 
 the equestrian statue of Washington at the Circle, and at its dedica 
 tion, February 22, 1860. It was likewise used at the laying of tne 
 corner-stone of the extension of the Capitol. July 4, 1851; also by 
 the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Virginia at the laying of 
 
24 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 the corner-slone of the Yorktown Monument, October 18, 1881, and 
 at many other public buildings in various States. 
 
 Here behold the sacred volume, belonging to Fredericksburg 
 Lodge, No. 4, of Virginia, upon which he took his first vows to 
 Masonry, November 4, 17^2, and here the constitution of that lodge 
 signed by him. 
 
 Here the sacred book, belonging to St. John s Lodge. No. i, in 
 the city of New York, upon which, on the 3oth day of April, 1789, 
 he took the oath of office as the first President of the United States. 
 
 Here the great light belonging to Alexandria Washington Lodge, 
 No. 22, of Alexandria, Va., upon which he, as the Worshipful Master 
 of that lodge, received the vows of the initiates made by him. 
 
 This is the apron worn by him, which was wrought by Madame 
 La Fayette, and presented to him by that noble lady, the wife of the 
 distinguished General La Fayette, Washington s compatriot, friend, 
 and Masonic brother. 
 
 This golden urn contains a lock of Washington s hair, which was 
 presented to the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, in 1800, by Mrs. 
 Washington, and has been transmitted by every Grand Master of 
 that Grand Lodge to his successor immediately after his installation. 
 
 This lesser light is one of the three candles which was borne in 
 Washington s funeral procession, by Alexandria Washington Lodge, 
 No. 22, and was taken into the first tomb of Washington, at Mount 
 Vernon, where, on December 18, 1799, his mortal remains were de 
 posited. 
 
 Having thus briefly referred to a few of the historic;!! relics with 
 which Brother George Washington was associated, it is proper that 
 as Grand Master I should advert for a few moments to his life as a 
 Freemason, leaving all other phases to be eulogi/.ed by the distin 
 guished gentlemen who are to conclude these ceremonies at the 
 Capitol. 
 
 George Washington s initiation into Masonry was during his mi 
 nority, and was had under authority of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, 
 which admits minors of eighteen to its mysteries. He was made a 
 Fellow Craft March 3, and a Master Mason August 4, 17153. While 
 Worshipful Master of Alexandria Lodge he received the Royal Arch 
 degrees, according to the custom of those days, as a compliment to 
 the Master. 
 
 When Comrnander-in-Chief of the Army, Washington occupied 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monumert. 25 
 
 the chief place in the Masonic procession, on the occasion of St. 
 John s (Evangelist) day, 1778, at Philadelphia. 
 
 It was after he had been Commander-in-Chief of the Army that 
 our illustrious Brother received from Edmund Randolph (Governor 
 of Virginia), as Grand Master, his commission as the first Master of 
 Alexandria Lodge, No. 22, of Virginia. 
 
 When the Grand Lodge of Virginia was organized Washington 
 was elected Grand Master, an honor he was compelled to decline, 
 he not having at that time served as master of a lodge. In 178.1 
 the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania unanimously nominated General 
 Washington as Grand Master of Masons of the United States, an office 
 to which lie would have been elected had not the sentiment and 
 policy of Masonry at that time been opposed to a National Grand 
 Lodge. From the latest writings of our distinguished Brother we 
 find evidence of his love for and devotion to the principles of Ma 
 sonry. On the 2d day of May, 1791, he wrote the Grand Lodge of 
 South Carolina that he "recognized with pleasure " his " relations to 
 the brethren " whose principles " lead to purity of morals and benefi 
 cence of action." Still later, in 1793, he wrote the Grand Lodge of 
 Massachusetts, in response to its dedication to him of its Book of 
 Constitution," that it is " pleasing to know that the milder virtues of 
 the heart are highly respected by the society whose liberal principles 
 are founded on the immutable laws of truth and justice." Again, he 
 wrote King David s Lodge, of Rhode Island, that Masonry promotes 
 " private virtue and public prosperity," and that he should "always 
 be happy to advance the interests of the society, and to be consid 
 ered by them a deserving brother." 
 
 In April, 1798,110! three years before his death, he wrote the 
 Grand Lodge of Massachusetts: " My attachment to the society will 
 dispose me always to contribute my best endeavors to preserve the 
 honor and interest of the Craft." 
 
 November 8, 1799, Washington wrote the Grand Lodge of Mary 
 land, that " the principles and doctrines of Freemasonry are founded 
 in benevolence and to be exercised for the good of mankind." 
 
 General Washington never forgot Masonry when a soldier. He 
 encouraged and visited camp lodges and participated in their labor, 
 frequently officiating as master. It was at the old Freeman s tavern, 
 on the green of Morristoun, N. |., in 1777, that General Washington 
 himself made General La Fayette a Freemason. Upon one occasion, 
 
26 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 a detachment of the American Army overcoming a British force, 
 captured from them the working tools, jewels, and clothing of a mil 
 itary lodge, (ieneral Washington, upon learning this, ordered res 
 toration, declaring that " he waged no war against philanthropy 
 and benevolence." 
 
 I have dwelt thus somewhat at length to show that General Wash 
 ington was devoted to the humane principles of Freemasonry from 
 his minority to his death, in public and private life, and to show that 
 it is especially appropriate for the Masons of this country to partici 
 pate in the imposing ceremonies of to-day. This ceremony is not 
 ecclesiastical. It is the growth of a sentiment along the ages, and 
 as such will command the respect and admiration of mankind long 
 after this Monument shall have crumbled to the dust. Thus we find 
 that the immortal Washington, himself a Freemason, devoted his 
 hand, his heart, his sacred honor, to the cause of freedom of con 
 science, of speech, and of action, and from his successful leading has 
 arisen this Nation. To him and the memory of his deeds, a grateful 
 people have erected this memorial in the capital which he founded, 
 and which will bear his name to remotest ages; a monument tower 
 ing above other monuments as he towered above other men. 
 
 GRAND CHAPLAIN. May the Lord, the giver of every perfect gift, 
 bless all who are assembled, and grant to each one, in needful supply, 
 the com of nourishment, wine of refreshment, and oil of joy : Amen) 
 Amen! Amen! 
 
 The Most Worshipful Grand Master and the Brethren in unison 
 responded : " So mote it be : Amen ! " 
 
 Col. Thomas L/incoln Casey, of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. 
 Army, the Chief Engineer and Architect of the Monument, 
 then formally delivered the structure to the President of the 
 United States, in the following words : 
 
 REMARKS OF COL. THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY, CHIEF 
 ENGINEER. 
 
 Mr. CHAIRMAN: The duty has been assigned me of presenting the 
 part taken by the General Government in the construction of this 
 Monument, and of delivering it to the President of the United States. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 27 
 
 You have heard from the First Vice-President of the Washington 
 National Monument Society of the part taken by that distinguished 
 body in the inception and partial construction of the M~nunaent*and 
 of its appeals, both to the people of the country and to Congress, for 
 assistance in the great work so bravely undertaken. 
 
 Whatever may have been the results of these appeals, no really 
 effective proceedings were had in Congress, having in view the com 
 pletion of the Monument, until July 5, 1876. On that day, Mr. 
 Chairman, you introduced in the Senate a concurrent resolution, re 
 ferring in terms to the Centennial of our National Independence and 
 to the influence of George Washington in securing that independ 
 ence, and .closing as follows: 
 
 Therefore, as a mark of our sense of honor due his name and his 
 compatriots and associates, our Revolutionary fathers, we, the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, in Congress assembled, in the name 
 of the people of the United States, at this, the beginning of the 
 second century of national existence, do assume and direct the com 
 pletion of the Washington Monument in the City of Washington, and 
 instruct the committees on appropriations of the respective Houses 
 to propose suitable provisions of law to carry this resolution into 
 effect. 
 
 Within two days from its introduction this resolution was passed 
 unanimously by both Houses, and, in obedience to its instructions, a 
 bill for the completion of the Washington Monument was at once 
 reported in the House of Representatives, and became a law August 
 2, 1876. That statute appropriated two hundred thousand dollars 
 for the completion of the Monument, to be expended in four eq ! ;al 
 annual installments; provided for a transfer to the United States of 
 the ownership of the portion of the shaft then built, and created a 
 Joint Commission to direct and supervise the construction of the 
 Monument, which Commission was to make a report each year to 
 Congress. The Commission was to consist of the President of the 
 United States, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Depart 
 ment, the Architect of the Capitol, the Chief of Engineers of the 
 United States Army, and the First Vice- President of the Washing 
 ton National Monument Society. 
 
 The act further required, "That, prior to commencing any work 
 on the Monument, an examination should be made of its foundation, 
 in order to thoroughly ascertain whether it was sufficient to sustain 
 the weight of the completed structure, and, if the same should be 
 
28 Dedication of tlie Washington National Monument. 
 
 found insufficient, then the further continuance of the work was not 
 to be authorized by anything contained in the act until the further 
 action of Congress." 
 
 From the early days of the construction there had been apprehen 
 sions that the foundation was not of sufficient si/e to sustain the 
 column if carried to the height originally designed. These appre 
 hensions, which, just after the laying of the cornor-stone, were shared 
 by but few persons, had, as far back as 1853, become wide-spread, and 
 were entertained by many intelligent people. In 1873, after a lapse 
 of twenty years, the question of the sufficiency of the foundation was 
 again the subject of discussion, at this time by a committee of tin- 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 This was the select committee of thirteen, created to consider the 
 practicability of completing the Washington Monument by the time 
 of the Centennial Celebration of the Declaration of Independence, 
 July 4, 1876. During their deliberations, they caused special inve*ti- 
 gations to be made concerning the stability of the existing structure. 
 These investigations and the reports were made by capable engineers, 
 and the conclusions drawn by them were to the effect that the exist 
 ing foundation should not be subjected to any additional load what 
 ever; in other words, that it would be unsafe to increase the height 
 (if the incomplete shaft. 
 
 It was hardly to be expected that the further examinations required 
 by the act of August, 1876, would disclose anything different as to 
 the condition of the foundation, nevertheless the Joint Commission 
 secured the services of another board of experienced engineers, who, 
 after careful borings, examinations, and tests of the earth of the site, 
 and due deliberation, reported on the loth of April and i5th of June, 
 1877, that the existing foundation was of insufficient spread and depth 
 to sustain the weight of the completed stutcture, but that it was feasi 
 ble to bring the foundation to the required stability by hooping-in tin- 
 earth upon which it stood. These opinions were concurred in by most 
 of the engineers who considered the subject, while they were quile 
 as unanimous in the belief that to excavate beneath and put a new 
 foundation under the old one would be haxardous in the extreme. 
 
 On the 8th of November, 1877, the Joint Commission made its first 
 report to Congress, announcing the decision of the engineers, and this 
 report led to the enactment of the joint resolution of June 14, 1878, 
 authorizing the Joint Commission to expend the sum ot thirty-six 
 
Dedication of f/n~ Washington National Monument. 29 
 
 thousand dollars, if they deemed it advisable, in giving greater sta 
 bility to the foundation. 
 
 Two years had now elapsed since the creation of the Joint Com 
 mission. They at once secured the services of an engineer and his 
 assistant, and directed the chief to prepare a project for strengthening 
 the existing foundation so that the Obelisk could be carried to the de 
 sired height. This project, which necessarily included the form and 
 dimensions of the finished Monument, was completed and approved 
 October i, 1878, and active operations were immediately com 
 menced. The project contemplated firyt, (tie digging away of the 
 earth from around and beneath the outer portions of the old founda 
 tion and replacing it with Portland cement concrete masonry; then, 
 in removing a portion of the old masonry foundation itself from be 
 neath the walls of the shaft and substituting therefor a continuous 
 Portland cement concrete enlargement extending out over the new 
 subfoundation. The weakness of the old foundation lay in the fact 
 that it was too shallow and covered an area of ground insufficient 
 to sustain the pressure of the completed work. The strengthening 
 consisted in the enlargement of the foundation by spreading it over 
 a greater area and sinking it a greater depth into the earth. I he 
 work of excavating beneath the Monument was commenced January 
 28, 1879, and the new foundation was finished May 29, 1880. It 
 was impossible to properly enlarge the foundation with the funds 
 granted in the joint resolution of June 14, 1878. A careful estimate 
 of the cost, which accompanied the original project, amounted to 
 about one hundred thousand dollars, and accordingly by the joint 
 resolution of June 27. 1879, a further sum of sixty-four thousand dol 
 lars was granted to complete the foundation. This proved to b;,- 
 more than sufficient, as the foundation cost but ninety-four thousand 
 four hundred and seventy-four dollars. 
 
 As completed, the new foundation covers two and a half times as 
 much area and extends thirteen and a half feet deeper than the old 
 one. Indeed, the bottom of the new work is only two feet above the 
 level of high tides in the Potomac, while the water which permeates 
 the earth of the Monument lot stands six inches above this bottom. 
 The foundation now rests upon a bed of fine sand some two feet in 
 thickness, and this sand stratum rests upon a bed of bowlders and 
 gravel. Borings have been made in this gravel deposit for a depth 
 of over eighteen feet without passing through it, and so uniform is 
 
30 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 the character of the material upon which the foundation rests that 
 the settlements of the several corners of the shaft have differed from 
 each other by only the smallest subdivisions of the inch. The pres 
 sures on the earth beneath the foundation are nowhere greater than 
 the experiences of years have shown this earth to be able to sustain, 
 while the strength of the masonry in the foundation itself is largely 
 in excess of the strains brought upon it. The stability of this base 
 is assured against all natural causes except earthquakes or the wash 
 ing out of the sand bed beneath the foundation. 
 
 Having enlarged the foundation, the work upon the shaft was 
 speedily commenced. The summer of 1880 was mostly taken up in 
 building an iron frame within the shaft, preparing the hoisting ma 
 chinery, and collecting the granite and marble needed in the construc 
 tion. The first marble block was set in the shaft on the 7th of Au 
 gust, 1880, and the last stone was placed at the level five hundred on 
 the Qth of August, 1884, thus consuming four seasons in finishing the 
 shaft. The topmost stone of the pyramidioii was set on the 6th of 
 December, 1884, thus essentially completing the Obelisk. Minor 
 additions and modifications in the details of the interior of the shaft 
 are still to be made, and some filling, grading, and planting are required 
 for the terrace, but no work is proposed that can change the existing 
 appearance or proportions of the Monument. 
 
 The masonry constructed by the Government is the best known to 
 the engineering art, and the weight is so distributed that, subjected to 
 a wind pressure of one hundred pounds per square foot on any face, 
 corresponding to a wind velocity of one hundred and forty-five miles 
 per hour, the Monument would have a large factor of safety against 
 overturning. The marble is of the same kind as that in the mono 
 lithic columns of the Capitol, has a fine grain, is close and compact 
 in texture, free from disintegrating impurities, and in this climate will 
 endure for ages. 
 
 There is not time, nor is this the occasion, to enter into the en 
 gineering details of the construction, to discuss all the strains and 
 stresses in the several parts of the work, or the factors of safety against 
 destructive forces. It is sufficient to say, that although the dimen 
 sions of the foundation base were originally planned without due re 
 gard to the tremendous forces to be brought into play in building so 
 large an obelisk, the resources of modern engineering science have 
 
Dedication of the ll iis/iington National Monument. 31 
 
 supplied means for the completion of the grandest monumental column 
 ever erected in any age of the world. 
 
 In its proportions the ratios of the dimensions of the several parts 
 of the ancient Egyptian obelisk have been carefully followed. 
 
 The entire height has been made slightly greater than ten times 
 the breadth of base, producing an obelisk that, for grace and delicacy 
 of outline, is not excelled by any of the larger Egyptain monoliths, 
 while in dignity and grandeur it surpasses any that can be mentioned. 
 
 Mr. President : For and in behalf of the Joint Commission for the 
 completion of the Washington Monument I deliver to you this 
 column. 
 
 Senator Sherman then introduced the President of the 
 United States," and as Mr. Arthur stepped forward he was 
 loudly applauded. When silence was restored he read the 
 following remarks: 
 
 PRESIDENT ARTHUR S DEDICATORY ADDRESS. 
 
 FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN: Before the dawn of the century whose 
 eventful years will soon have faded into the past, when death had 
 but lately robbed this Republic of its most beloved and illustrious citi 
 zen, the Congress of the United States pledged the faith of the Nation 
 that in this city, bearing his honored name, and then, as now, the seat 
 of the General Government, a monument should be erected " to com 
 memorate the great events of his military and political life." 
 
 The stately column that stretches heavenward from the plain 
 whereon we stand bears witness to all who behold it that the cove 
 nant which our fathers made their children have fulfilled. 
 
 In the completion of this great work of patriotic endeavor there- 
 is abundant cause for national rejoicing; for while this structure shall 
 endure it shall be to all mankind a steadfast token of the affection 
 ate and reverent regard in which this people continue to hold the 
 memory of Washington. Well may he ever keep the foremost place 
 in the hearts of his countrymen. 
 
 The faith that never faltered, the wisdom that was broader and 
 deeper than any learning taught in schools, the courage that shrank 
 
32 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 from no peril and was dismayed by no defeat, the loyalty that kept 
 all selfish purpose subordinate to the demands of patriotism and 
 honor, the sagacity that displayed itself in camp and cabinet alike, 
 and above all that harmonious union of moral and intellectual quali 
 ties which has never found its parallel among men; these are the at 
 tributes of character which the intelligent thought of this century 
 ascribes to the grandest figure of the last. 
 
 .But other and more eloquent lips than mine will to-day rehearse to 
 you the story of his noble life and its glorious achievements. 
 
 To myself has been assigned a simpler and more formal duty, in 
 fulfillment of which I do now, as President of the United States and 
 in behalf of the people, receive this Monument from the hands of its 
 builder, and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the immortal 
 name and memory of George Washington. 
 
 President Arthur was frequently interrupted by applause, 
 and when he had concluded the entire assemblage joined in 
 repeated rounds of cheers, man} waving their hats and 
 handkerchiefs. It was with some difficulty that Senator 
 Sherman could regain the attention of the audience, but 
 when he did, he announced that the dedication ceremonies 
 at the Monument were completed, and that those present 
 would move in procession to the Hall of the House of Rep 
 resentatives, in the Capitol, where the orations would be 
 delivered. 
 
 TtiK FKOCJKSSION ^>JI> K,K!VIK\V. 
 
 No sooner were the exercises concluded than the military 
 were again formed in column, the invited guests entered 
 their carriages, and the procession took up the line of march 
 for the Capitol, bands playing, drums beating, colors and 
 banners fluttering in the wind, while the cannon at the 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 33 
 
 navy-yard, at the artillery headquarters, and at Fort Meyer 
 fired minute guns. 
 
 The following order of procession was observed: 
 
 MARSHAL OF THE DAY. Lieutenant-Genera] Philip H. Sheridan, 
 U S. Army. 
 
 Chief of Staff. Bvt. Brig. Gen. Albert Ordwuy, U. S. Volunteers. 
 
 Personal Aides-de-Carnp, Lieut. Col W. J. Volkmar, U. S. Army, 
 Mr. Linden Kent. 
 
 Aides-de-Camp. Lieut. Col. M. V. Sheridan, L . S. Army; Lieut. 
 Col. James Gregory, U. S. Army; Capt. S. E. Blunt, I . S. Army; 
 Mr. Walker Blaine; Mr. Sevellon A. Brown; Capt. Francis V. Greene, 
 U. S. Army; Col. H. L. Cranford, U. S. Volunteers; Medical Di 
 rector J. M. Browne, L . S. Navy; Mr. H. Grafton Dulaney; Lieut. 
 T. B. M. Mason, U. S. Navy; Col. Amos Webster, U. S. Volunteers; 
 Mr. Edward McCauley; Lieut. W. H. Emory, jr., U. S. Navy; Capt. 
 S. S. Burdett, U. S. Volunteers; Maj. Green Clay Goodloe, U. S. 
 Marine Corps; Mr. R. [. Dangerfield; Bvt. Maj. Clayton Mc- 
 Michael, U. S. Volunteers; Bvt. Maj. John B. Eassit, U. S. Volun 
 teers; Bvt. Lieut. Col. J. P. Nicholson, U. S. Volunteers; Mr. Mills 
 Dean; Bvt. Lieut. Col. George Truesdell, U. S. Volunteers; Capt. 
 I. N. Burritt, U. S. Volunteers; Bvt. Col. Archibald Hopkins, U. S. 
 Volunteers; Capt. John M. Carson, U. S. Volunteers. 
 
 Honorary Staff] representing States and Territories. Alabama, Mr. 
 John H. Morgan; Arkansas, General James C. Tappan; California, 
 Mr. Thomas C. Quantrell; Colorado, Maj. J. V. W. Vandenburgh; 
 Connecticut, General C. P. Graham; Delaware, General J. Parke 
 Postles; Florida, Col. Wallace S. Jones; Georgia, Col. Clifford W. 
 Anderson; Illinois, General Green B. Raum; Indiana, Col. R. W. 
 McBride; Iowa, Col. William P. Hepburn; Kansas, General C. W. 
 Blair; Kentucky, Col. J. B. Castleman ; Louisiana, Col. Charles A. 
 Larendon; Maine, General John M. Brown; Maryland, Col. E. L. 
 Rodgers; Massachusetts, Mr. A. A. Hayes; Michigan, Col. H. M. 
 Duffield; Minnesota, Col. C. W. Johnson; Mississippi, Col. J. M. 
 McCaskill; Missouri, Hon. J. W. Stone; Nebraska, Col. L. W. Colby; 
 Nevada, Hon. John H. Kinkead; New Hampshire, General J. N. 
 Patterson; New Jersey, Col. S. Meredith Dickinson ; New York, Maj. 
 Alexander H. Davis; North Carolina, Mr. Fred Stith; Ohio, Col. C. 
 A. Layton; Oregon, Mr. E. D. Appleton; Pennsylvania, Col. P. L. 
 Goddard; Rhode Island, Col. F. M. Bates; South Carolina, Col. J. 
 A. Simons; Tennessee, General A. B. Upshur; Texas, Col. J. E. 
 Labatt; Vermont, General William Wells; Virginia, Maj. L. Black- 
 ford; West Virginia, Col. Robert White; Wisconsin, General J. C. 
 Starkweather; Arizona, Hon. J. W. Eddy; Dakota, Col. William 
 Thompson; Idaho, Maj. William Hyndman; Montana, Hon. Martin 
 
 3 w M 
 
34 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Maginnis; New Mexico, Hon. F. A. Manzanares; Utah, Mr. Hum 
 phreys McMaster; Washington, Hon. C. S. Voorhees; Wyoming, 
 Hon. M. E. Post. 
 
 Escort to the Marshal of the Day. The First Troop Philadelphia 
 City Cavalry, organized in 1774, Capt. E. Burd Grubb, commanding. 
 
 THE FIRST DIVISION. 
 
 Marshal. Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. B. Ayers, U. S. Army. 
 
 Staff. Bvt. Lieut. Col. George Mitchell, U. S. Army; First Lieut. 
 Sebree Smith, U. S. Army; First Lieut. Medorem Crawford, U. S. 
 Army; First Lieut. H. R. Lemly, U. S. Army; Second Lieut. M. C. 
 Richards, U. S. Army; Second Lieut. W. Walke, U. S. Army ; Second 
 Lieut. H. L. Hawthorne, U. S. Army; Mr. I. H. McDonald, Mr. W. 
 J. Johnson, Mr. Arthur D. Addison. 
 
 Battalion of Second U. S. Artillery, Lieut Col. Loomis L. Lang- 
 don. 
 
 Battalion of U. S. Artillery, Bvt. Lieut. Col. L. L. Livingston. 
 
 Light Battery A, Second U. S. Artillery, Capt. Frank B. Hamil 
 ton. 
 
 Battalion U. S. Marine Corps, Capt. John H. Higbee. 
 
 The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, of Massachusetts, 
 (organized in 1638), commander, Capt. Augustus Whittemore; first 
 lieutenant, Lieut. Col. E. B. Blasland; second lieutenant, Lieut. G. 
 H. Gibson; adjutant, First Lieut. J. P. Frost, preceded by the Salem 
 Cadet Band. 
 
 The Governor s Foot Guard, of Hartford, Conn, (organized in 
 1771), Maj. John C. Kinney; Capt. J. C. Pratt; Lieuts. T. C. Nae- 
 dele, J. Robert Dwyer, and F. C. Clark. 
 
 The German Fusiliers, of Charleston, S. C. (organized in 1775), 
 Capt. Henry Schachte ; First Lieut. Henry B.Schroder; Second 
 Lieut. H. Fischer. 
 
 Richmond Light Infantry Blues, of Richmond (organized in 1793), 
 Capt. Sol. Cutchins. 
 
 Washington Light Infantry Corps, of the District of Columbia, 
 Lieut. Col. William G. Moore. 
 
 Union Veteran Corps (Old Guard), of the District of Columbia, 
 Capt. S. E. Thomason. 
 
 Washington Continentals, of the District of Columbia, Capt. 
 George E. Timms. 
 
 Emmet Guard, of the District of Columbia, Capt. W. H. Murphy. 
 
 Washington Rifle Corps, of the District of Columbia, Capt. George 
 F. Hammar. 
 
 Butler Zouaves, of the District of Columbia, Capt. Charles B. Fisher. 
 
 Washington Cadet Corps, of the District of Columbia, Maj. C. A. 
 Fleetwood. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 35 
 
 Capital City Guard, of the District of Columbia, Capt. Thomas S. 
 Kelly. 
 
 Capitol City Guards, of the District of Columbia, Capt. W. P. 
 Gray. 
 
 National Rifles, of the District of Columbia, Lieut. J. O. Manson, 
 accompanied by the National Rifle Cadets, Lieutenant Domer. 
 
 Lawrence Light Guard, Company E, Fifth Regiment Infantry, 
 Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, Capt. J. E. Clarke. 
 
 Detroit Light Infantry, of Michigan, First Lieut. George W. Corns. 
 
 Alexandria Light Infantry, of Virginia, Capt. G. A. Mushback. 
 
 Washington High school Cadets, of the District of Columbia, Maj. 
 Frederick Sohon. 
 
 Corcoran Cadet Corps, of the District of Columbia, Capt. E. C. 
 Edwards. 
 
 St. John s Academy Cadet Corps, of Alexandria, Va., Maj. William 
 L. Pierce. 
 
 THE SECOND DIVISION. 
 
 Marshal. Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, of Virginia. 
 
 Staff. Col. Thomas Smith; Maj. J. Courtland H. Smith; Mr. 
 Henry Dangerfield; Mr. Bernard P. Green; Dr. Arthur Snowden ; 
 Col. Frederick A.Windsor; Maj. S. A. Robertson; Mr. Barbour 
 Thompson; Mr. Eppa Hunton, jr.; Mr. W. L. Smoot; Mr. J. G. 
 Beckham. 
 
 This division was headed by carriages, containing the invited guests, 
 viz : The Congressional Commission, the Orators and Chaplains of 
 the Day, the Washington National Monument Society, members and 
 ex-members of the Joint Commission for the completion of the Monu 
 ment, the Engineer of the Monument, his assistants, and detail of 
 workmen, the President of the United States, members of the Cabinet, 
 President and Vice- President elect of the United States, ex- Presidents 
 of the United States, Judges of the Supreme Court and other Federal 
 courts, the Diplomatic Corps, the Governors of States, accompanied 
 by their respective staffs, the Senate, The House of Representatives, 
 officers of the Army and Navy, the Society of Cincinnati. 
 
 The Masonic fraternity followed, marshaled by Harrison Ding- 
 man, marshal of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, who 
 had as his aides L. D. Wine, Will A. Short, J. C. Dulin, T. G. Lock- 
 erman, Charles G. Smith, and H. A. Johnston. The organizations 
 in line were: 
 
 Grand Commandery, Knights Templar, of Maryland. 
 
 Grand Commandery, Knights Templar, of Virginia. 
 
 Grand Encampment of United States, Knights Templar. 
 
 Royal Arch Masons of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the District of Columbia. 
 
 General Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the United States. 
 
36 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Master Masons of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Alexandria Washington Lodge, No. 22, Alexandria, Ya. 
 
 Washington Lodge, No. 3, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Saint John s Lodge, No. i, New York City. 
 
 Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 Dupont Lodge, of Dupont Mills, Delaware. 
 
 Delegations from the Grand Lodges of Free and Accepted Masons 
 of West Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, Delaware, Dakota, New Hamp 
 shire, Texas, California, Maryland, New York, Virginia, North Caro 
 lina, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. 
 
 The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the District 
 of Columbia, M. W. Grand Master Myron M. Parker. 
 
 THIRD DIVISION. 
 
 Marshal. Bvt. Brig. Gen. W. W. Dudley, U. S. Volunteers. 
 
 Staff. General William Birney, Lieut. Col. F. G. Butterfield, Lieut. 
 Col. G. C. Kniffin, Lieut. Col. E. C. Ford, Surg. T. B. Hood, Maj. 
 E. W. Clark, Capt. J. B. Tanner, Capt. Fred. Mack. 
 
 L T nion Veteran Corps (First Company), Capt. M. A. Dillon, acting 
 as escort to the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 George Washington Post, No. 103, G. A. R. of New York, Gen 
 eral M. T. McMahon commander. 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic, Department of the Potomac, N. M. 
 Brooks, commander; John Cameron, assistant adjutant-general. 
 
 John A. Rawlins Post, No. i, H. E. Weaver, commander. 
 
 Kit Carson Post, No. 2, Marcus L. Hopkins, commander. 
 
 Lincoln Post, No. 3, H. H. Smith, commander. 
 
 O. P. Morton Post, No. 4, Charles H. Shoater, commander. 
 
 George G. Meade Post, No. 5, John B. Dowd, commander. 
 
 John F. Reynolds Post, No. 6, S. E. Faunce, commander. 
 
 James A. Garfield Post, No. 7, J. H. Jochum, commander. 
 
 Burnside Post, No. 8, C H. Ingram, commander. 
 
 Charles Sumner Post, No. 9, George M. Arnold, commander. 
 
 Farragut Post, No. 10, W. T. Van Doren, commander. 
 
 The Valley Forge Memorial Association. 
 
 The Association of the Boston Light Guard, of Massachusetts 
 (composed of members who participated in laying corner-stone of 
 Monument). 
 
 The Independent Order of Rechabites, George W. Shoemaker, 
 District Chief Ruler (participated in laying corner stone of Monu 
 ment). 
 
 The Journeyman Stone-Cutters Association (composed of men 
 who cut the stone for the Monument). 
 
 German associations, under Mr. A. E. L. Keese, marshal, com 
 prising : Association of Eighth Battalion, District of Columbia Vol- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 37 
 
 unteers ; German Veterans of Washington ; Germania Maennerchor; 
 
 German Democratic Association. 
 
 Brotherhood of Carpenter?, Union No. r, of Washington, D. C. 
 
 Brotherhood of Carpenters, Union No. 29, of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 President s Mounted Guard, Maj. George A. Arms. 
 
 Virginia Club (mounted), Capt. W. A. Dinwiddie. 
 
 Maryland Club (mounted), Capt. B. W. Summey. 
 
 Washington Club (mounted), Capt. Thomas E. Hunter. 
 
 Georgetown Club (mounted), Capt. A. Fox. 
 
 Fire Department of the District of Columbia, Chief Kngineer 
 Martin Cronin, with their steam fire engines and apparatus. 
 
 " MARCH AND THJC RKVIEW. 
 
 The procession moved from the Monument grounds 
 through Seventeenth street to the new State, War, and 
 Navy Department building, and thence in front of the Kx- 
 ecutive Mansion, through Fifteenth street into Pennsylva 
 nia avenue. 
 
 This national thoroughfare was decorated with flags and 
 bunting, while many thousand spectators on stands and on 
 the sidewalks formed a brilliant framework for the passing 
 pageant. When the head of the column had reached the 
 Capitol a halt was ordered, and the President of the United 
 States, who occupied an open carriage drawn by four horses, 
 passed the military to the Capitol. On his arrival there, 
 after a brief delay, the President took his position on a re 
 viewing stand which had been erected directly in front of 
 the Capitol, where he was joined by the members of his 
 Cabinet, several Senators, Representatives, and diplomats. 
 
 The column then passed in review, the officers saluting as 
 they passed. General Sheridan, with his mounted staff, 
 
38 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 wheeled out after they had passed the reviewing stand and 
 took their position opposite the President. It took upwards 
 of an hour for the military and civic organizations to march 
 past in review, and as each body left the Capitol Grounds it 
 was dismissed to the command of its head. 
 
 KXERCISKS AT THTG CAPITOL. 
 
 The seats had been removed from the floor of the Hall of 
 the House of Representatives, which was filled with chairs, 
 assigned to the invited guests, viz: The Senators, Repre 
 sentatives, and Delegates composing the Forty-eighth Con 
 gress; the President of the United States, the President 
 elect, the Vice-President-elect, and the ex- Presidents; the 
 Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; 
 the Cabinet officers, the Admiral of the Navy, the Lieu 
 tenant-General of the Army, and the officers of the Army 
 and Navy who, by name, had received the thanks of Con 
 gress; the Chief Justice and Judges of the Court of Claims, 
 and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme 
 Court of the District of Columbia; the Diplomatic Corps; 
 the Commissioners of the District, Governors of States and 
 Territories, the general officers of the Society of the Cin 
 cinnati; the Washington National Monument Society, 
 members and ex-members of the Joint Commission for the 
 Completion of the Monument, engineers of the Monument, 
 a detail of workmen, and other guests invited to the floor. 
 
 The Executive Gallery was reserved for the invited 
 guests of the President, the families of the members of the 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 39 
 
 Cabinet, and the families of the Supreme Court. The 
 Diplomatic Gallery was reserved for the families of the 
 members of the Diplomatic Corps. The Reporters Gallery 
 was reserved exclusively for the use of journalists, and the 
 remaining galleries were thrown open to the holders of 
 tickets thereto. 
 
 The Marine Band occupied the vestibule in the rear of 
 the Speaker s chair, and performed a succession of patriotic 
 airs. 
 
 The House of Representatives having been called to order 
 by Mr. Speaker Carlisle, at a quarter past one o clock p. m., 
 Messrs. Dorsheimer, Tucker, and Cannon were appointed a 
 committee to wait on the Senate and inform that body that 
 the House was ready to receive it, and to proceed with the 
 ceremonies which had been appointed to take place in the 
 Hall of the House. 
 
 This duty was performed, and at half-past two o clock the 
 members of the Senate, following their President pro tem- 
 pore and their Secretary, and preceded by their Sergeant- 
 at-Arms, entered the Hall of the House ot Representatives 
 and occupied the seats reserved for them on the right and 
 left of the main aisle. 
 
 The Hon. George F. Edmunds, a Senator from Vermont, 
 President pro temporevi the Senate, occupied the Speaker s 
 chair, the Speaker of the House sitting at his left. The 
 Chaplain of the House, Rev. John S. Lindsay, D. D., and 
 Rev. S. A. Wallis, of Pohick Church, near Mount Vernon, 
 Virginia, sat at the Clerk s desk. The chairman of the 
 Joint Committee of Arrangements, the orators, and the 
 other officials designated were seated in accordance with the 
 arrangements of the Joint Committee of Arragements. 
 
4O Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 The President pro temporc of the Senate having rapped 
 with his gavel, there was silence, and he said: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, you are 
 assembled, pursuant to the concurrent order of the two Houses, to 
 celebrate the completion of the Monument to the memory of the first 
 President of the United States. It is not only a memorial but an 
 inspiration that shall live through all the generations of our posterity, 
 as we may hope, which we this day inaugurate and celebrate by the 
 ceremonies that have been ordered by the two Houses. 
 
 
 
 Rev. vS. A. Wallis, of Pohick Church, near Mount Vernon, 
 Virginia, then offered the following prayer: 
 
 Almighty and everlasting God, Lord of heaven and earth, who 
 alone rulest over the nations of the world, and disposest of them ac 
 cording to Thy good pleasure, we praise Thy holy name for the bene 
 fits we commemorate this day. 
 
 Wonderful things didst Thou for us in the days of our fathers, in 
 the times of old. For they gat not the land in possession by their 
 sword, neither did their own arm save them, but Thy right hand and 
 the light of Thy countenance, because Thou hadst a favor unto them. 
 Especially do we render Thee our hearty thanks for Thy servant 
 George Washington, whom Thou gavest to be a commander and a 
 governor unto this people, and didst by him accomplish for it a great 
 and mighty deliverance. And as we are now gathered before Thee 
 in these Halls, we bless Thee for the government and civil order 
 Thou didst establish- through him. Grant that it may be upheld In 
 that righteousness which exalteth a nation, and that this place may 
 evermore be the habitation of judgment and justice. Let Thy bless 
 ing rest upon our Chief Magistrate and his successors in all genera 
 tions. Grant each in his time those heavenly graces that are requi 
 site for. so high a trust; that the laws may be impartially administered 
 to the punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance 
 of Thy true religion and virtue. We also humbly beseech Thee for 
 our Senate and Representatives in Congress assembled that Thou 
 wouldst be pleased to direct all their consultations to the advance 
 ment of Thy glorv, the good of Thy Church, the safety, honor, and 
 
Dedication of the Washington National ATonument. 4 [ 
 
 welfare of Thy people, that all tilings may be so ordered and settled 
 by their endeavors upon the best and surest foundations, that peace 
 and happiness, truth and justice, religion and piety may be established 
 among us for all generations. We pray Thee for our judges and offi- 
 rers that they may judge the people with just judgment, be no re 
 specters of persons, and hear both the small and the great in his 
 cause (), Lord God of Hosts, be pleased to save and defend our 
 Army and Navy, that each may be a safeguard to these United 
 States, both by land and sea, until Thou dost fulfill Thy word, that 
 nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn 
 war any more. Ke with those who have been appointed to speak 
 unto us this day as they recount the deeds of old time, Thy marvel 
 ous works, and the judgments of Thy mouth, (live them grace to 
 utter such words as may stir us up to emulate the virtues of our fore 
 fathers, so that we may transmit the Republic to our posterity high 
 in praise and in name and in honor. 
 
 Let Thy richest blessings rest upon our country at large; may we 
 lend a true obedience to the laws cheerfully and willingly for con 
 science sake. Let no causeless divisions weaken us as a nation, but 
 grant that we may be knit together more and more in the bonds of 
 peace and unity. Preserve us from the dangers now threatening 
 society, and enable each of us, high and low. rich and poor, to do his 
 duty in that state of life unto which Thou hast called him. So we 
 that are Thy people and sheep of Thy pasture shall give Thee thanks 
 forever, and will always be showing forth Thy praise from generation 
 to generation. These and all other benefits of Thy good providence 
 we humblv beg in the name and through the mediation of Jesus 
 Christ our most blessed Lord and Savior. Amen. 
 
 The President pro temporc of the Senate, after the Marine 
 Band had played "Hail Columbia," said: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, the first 
 proceeding in order is the oration by Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of 
 Massachusetts The Chair is sorry to announce that Mr. Winthrop, 
 from indisposition, is unable to attend. According to the arrange 
 ments of the committee the oration will be now read by Hon. John 
 I). Long, a member of the House of Representatives from the State 
 of Massachusetts. 
 
42 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 ORATION BY HON. ROBERT C. WINTHROP.* 
 
 President Arthur, Senators and Representatives of the 
 
 United States : { 
 
 By a joint Resolution of Congress you have called upon 
 me to address you in this Hall to-day on the completion of 
 yonder colossal monument to the Father of his Country. 
 Nothing less imperative could have brought me before you 
 for such an effort. Nearly seven and thirty years have 
 passed away since it was my privilege to perform a similar 
 service at the laying of the corner-stone of that monument. 
 In the prime of manhood, and in the pride of official sta 
 tion, it was not difficult for me to speak to assembled thou- 
 
 * Note by Afr. Winthrop s son to a pamphlet edition of his oration. -On being 
 informed of the passage of the joint resolution designating him as the orator at the 
 dedication of the Monument, Mr. Winthrop wrote to Senator Sherman, of Ohio, 
 chairman of the Monument Commission-, and to Senator Morrill, of Vermont, one 
 of its leading members, to express, not merely his deep sense of the honor con 
 ferred upon him, but also his great doubt whether he ought not respectfully to de 
 cline it. He had regarded his centennial oration at Yorktown, in 1881, as the 
 closing effort of the series of historical addresses which he had been privileged to 
 pronounce at different periods, and he hesitated to risk impairing the success of the 
 present celebration by subjecting it to the contingencies of failing health and 
 strength to which a man far advanced in his seventy-sixth year would necessarily 
 be liable. Senators Sherman and Morrill, however, both replied that the interest 
 of the occasion would be greatly enhanced if the orator whose name was associ 
 ated with the inception of the Monument should officiate at its completion, and 
 strongly urged Mr. Winthrop to accept the appointment, which he eventually did, 
 though not without misgivings, which have been unhappily justified. 
 
 Two months only before the appointed time, and after he had substantially pre 
 pared what he proposed to say, Mr. Winthrop fell dangerously ill of pneumonia, 
 his recovery from which was too slow to admit of the delivery of his oration in 
 person. Under these circumstances, and at the joint request of the Monument 
 Commission and of Mr. Winthrop, it was most kindly and effectively read for him 
 by Hon. John Davis Long, late Governor of Massachusetts, and now a member of 
 the United States House of Representatives. 
 
 R. C. W., JK. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 43 
 
 sands in the open air, without notes, under the scorching 
 rays of a midsummer sun. But what was easy for me then 
 is impossible for me now. I am here to-day, as I need not 
 tell you, in far other condition for the service you have as 
 signed me changed, changed in almost everything except 
 an inextinguishable love for my Country and its Union and 
 an undying reverence for the memory of Washington. On 
 these alone I rest for inspiration, assured that, with your in 
 dulgence, and the blessing of God, which I devoutly invoke, 
 they will be sufficient to sustain me in serving as a medium 
 for keeping up the continuity between the hearts and hands 
 which laid the foundation of this gigantic structure and 
 those younger hearts and hands which have at last brought 
 forth the capstone with shoutings. It is for this you have 
 summoned me. It is for this alone I have obeyed your call. 
 Meantime I cannot wholly forget that the venerable Ex- 
 President John Ouincy Adams at whose death-bed, in my 
 official chamber beneath this roof, I was a privileged watcher 
 thirty-seven years ago this very day had been originally 
 designated to pronounce the Corner-stone Oration, as one 
 who had received his first commission, in the long and bril 
 liant career at home and abroad which awaited him, from 
 the hands of Washington himself. In that enviable distinc 
 tion I certainly have no share; but I ma} be pardoned for 
 remembering that, in calling upon me to supply the place 
 of Mr. Adams, it was borne in mind that I had but lately 
 taken the oath as Speaker at his hands and from his lips r 
 and that thus, as was suggested at the time, the electric 
 chain, though lengthened by a single link, was still un 
 broken. Let me hope that the magnetism of that chain 
 may not even yet be entirely exhausted, and that I may 
 
44 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 still catch something of its vivifying and quickening power, 
 while I attempt to bring to the memory of Washington the 
 remnants of a voice which is failing and of a vigor which I 
 am conscious is ebbing away! 
 
 It is now, Mr. President, Senators, and Representatives, 
 more than half a century since a voluntary Association of 
 patriotic citizens initiated the project of erecting a National 
 Monument to Washington in the city which bears his name. 
 More than a whole century ago, indeed in that great year 
 of our Lord which witnessed the Treat} of Peace and Inde 
 pendence, 1783 Congress had ordered an Kquestrian Statue 
 of him to be executed "to testify the love, admiration, and 
 gratitude of his countrymen ; and again, immediately after 
 his death, in 1/99, Congress had solemnly voted a marble 
 monument to him at the Capital, "so designed as to com 
 memorate the great events of his military and political life." 
 But our beloved country, while yet in its infancy, and I may 
 add in its indigency, with no experience in matters of art, 
 and heavily weighed down by the great debt of the Revolu 
 tionary W 7 ar, knew better how to vote monuments than how 
 to build them, or, still more, how to pay for them. York- 
 town monuments and Washington monuments, and the 
 statues of I know not how many heroes of our struggle for 
 Independence, made a fine show on paper in our early records, 
 and were creditable to those who ordered them; but their 
 practical execution seems to have been indefinitely post 
 poned. 
 
 The Washington Monument Association, instituted in 
 1833, resolved that no such postponement should longer be 
 endured, and proceeded to organize themselves for the work, 
 which has at length been completed. They had for their 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 4 ^ 
 
 first President the great Chief Justice John Marshall, the per 
 sonal friend and chosen biographer of Washington, whose 
 impressive image yon have so recently and so worthily 
 unveiled on yonder Western Terrace. They had for their 
 second President the not less illustrious James Madison, the 
 father of the Constitution of which Marshall was the inter 
 preter, and whose statue might well have no inferior place 
 on the same Terrace. Among the other officers and mana 
 gers of that Association I cannot forget the names of William 
 W. Seaton, whose memory is deservedly cherished by all who 
 knew him; of that grand old soldier and patriot Winfield 
 Scott; of Generals Archibald Henderson and Nathan Tow- 
 son; of Walter Jones, and Peter Force, and Philip R. Ken 
 dall, together with that of its indefatigable General Agent, 
 honest old Elisha Whittlesey. To that Association our 
 earliest and most grateful acknowledgments are due on this 
 occasion. But of those whom I have named, and of many 
 others whom I might name, so long among the honored and 
 familiar figures of this metropolis, not one is left to be the 
 subject of our congratulations. Meanwhile we all rejoice to 
 welcome the presence of one of their contemporaries and 
 friends, whose munificent endowments for Art, Education, 
 Religion, and Charity entitle him to so enviable a place on 
 the roll of American philanthropists the venerable William 
 W. Corcoran, now, and for many years past, our senior Vice- 
 president. 
 
 Nearly fifteen years, however, elapsed before the plans or 
 the funds of this Association were in a state of sufficient for 
 wardness to warrant them even in fixing a day for laying the 
 first foundation-stone of the contemplated structure. That 
 day arrived at last the 4th of July, 1848. And a great day 
 
46 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 it was in this capital of the nation. There had been no day 
 like it here before, and there have been but few, if any, days 
 like it here since. If any one desires a description of it, he 
 will find a most exact and vivid one in the columns of the 
 old National Intelligencer doubtless from the pen of that 
 prince of editors, the accomplished Joseph Gales. I recall 
 among the varied features of the long procession Freema 
 sons of every order, with their richest regalia, including the 
 precious gavel and apron of Washington himself; Firemen, 
 with their old-fashioned engines; Odd-Fellows from a thou 
 sand Lodges; Temperance Societies and other Associations 
 innumerable; the children of the Schools, long ago grown 
 to mature manhood; the military escort of regulars, marines, 
 and volunteer militia from all parts of the country, com 
 manded by Generals Ouitman and Cadwalader and Colonel 
 May, then crowned with laurels won in Mexico, which long 
 ago were laid upon their graves. I recall, too, the masses 
 of the people, of all classes, and sexes, and ages, and colors, 
 gazing from the windows, or thronging the sidewalks, or 
 grouped in countless thousands upon the Monument grounds. 
 But I look around in vain for any of the principal witnesses 
 of that imposing ceremonial : the venerable widows of Alex 
 ander Hamilton and James Madison; President Polk and 
 his Cabinet, as then constituted Buchanan, Marcy, John 
 Y. Mason, Walker, Cave Johnson, and Clifford; Vice-Presi- 
 dent Dallas; George Washington Parke Ctistis, the adopted 
 son of the great Chief; not forgetting Abraham Lincoln and 
 Andrew Johnson, both then members of the House of Rep 
 resentatives, and for whom the liveliest imagination could 
 hardly have pictured what the future had in store for them. 
 Of that whole body there are now but a handful of surviv- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument, 47 
 
 ors, and probably not more than two or three of them pres 
 ent here to-day not one in either branch of Congress, nor 
 one, as I believe, in any department of the national service. 
 
 To those of us who took part in the laying of that first 
 stone, or who witnessed the ceremonies of the august occa 
 sion, and who have followed the slow ascent of the stupen 
 dous pile, sometimes with hope and sometimes with despair, 
 its successful completion is, I need not say, an unspeakable 
 relief, as well as a heartfelt delight and joy. I hazard little 
 in saying that there are some here to-day, unwearied work 
 ers in i he cause, like my friends Horatio King and Dr. 
 Toner to name no others to whose parting hour a special 
 pang would have been added had they died without the 
 sight which now greets their longing eyes on yonder plain. 
 
 I dare not venture on any detailed description of the long 
 intervening agony between the laying of the first stone and 
 the lifting of the last. It would fill a volume, and will be 
 sure hereafter to furnish material for an elaborate mono 
 graph, whose author will literally find sermons in stones"- 
 for almost every stone has its story if not its sermon. Every 
 year of the first decade certainly had its eventful and note 
 worthy experiences. The early enthusiasm which elicited 
 contributions to the amount of more than a quarter of a mill 
 ion of dollars from men, women, and children in all parts 
 of the land, and which carried up the shaft more than a hun 
 dred and fifty feet almost at a bound; the presentation and 
 formal reception of massive blocks of marble, granite, por 
 phyry, or freestone from every State in the Union and from 
 so many foreign nations beginning, according to the cata 
 logue, with a stone from Bunker Hill and ending with one 
 from the Emperor of Brazil; the annual assemblies at its 
 
48 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 base on each succeeding Fourth of July, with speeches by 
 distinguished visitors; the sudden illness and sad death of 
 that sterling patriot President Zachary Taylor, after an ex 
 posure to the midday heat at the gathering in 1850, when 
 the well-remembered Senator Foote, of Mississippi, had in 
 dulged in too exuberant an address these were among its 
 beginnings; the end was still a whole generation distant. 
 
 Later on came the long, long disheartening pause, when 
 partly owing to the financial embarrassments of the times, 
 partly owing to the political contentions and convulsions of 
 the country, and partly owing to unhappy dissensions in the 
 Association itself any further contributions failed to be 
 forthcoming, all interest in the Monument seemed to flag 
 and die away, and all work on it was suspended and practi 
 cally abandoned. A deplorable Civil War soon followed, 
 and all efforts to renew popular interest in its completion 
 were palsied. 
 
 How shall I depict the sorry spectacle which those first one 
 hundred and fifty-six feet, in their seemingly hopeless, help 
 less condition, with that dismal derrick still standing as in 
 mockery upon their summit, presented to the eye of every 
 comer to the Capital for nearly a quarter of a century ! No 
 wonder the unsightly pile became the subject of pity or de 
 rision. No wonder there were periodical panics about the 
 security of its foundation, and a chronic condemnation of the 
 original design. No wonder that suggestions for tearing it 
 all down began to be entertained in many minds, and were 
 advocated by many pens and tongues. That truncated shaft, 
 with its untidy surroundings, looked only like an insult to 
 the memory of Washington. It symbolized nothing but an 
 ungrateful country, not destined as, God be thanked, it still 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 49 
 
 was to growth and grandeur and imperishable glory, but 
 doomed to premature decay, to discord, strife, and ultimate 
 disunion. Its very presence was calculated to discourage 
 many hearts from other things, as well as from itself. It was 
 an abomination of desolation standing where it ought not. 
 All that followed of confusion and contention in our country s 
 history seemed foreshadowed and prefigured in that humili 
 ating spectacle, and one could almost read on its sides in 
 letters of blood, " Divided! Weighed in the balance! Found 
 \vanting!" 
 
 And well might that crude and undigested mass have stood 
 so forever, or until the hand of man or the operation of the 
 elements should have crushed and crumbled it into dust, if 
 our Union had then perished. An unfinished, fragmentary, 
 crumbling monument to Washington would have been a fit 
 emblem of a divided and ruined Country. Washington him 
 self would not have had it finished. He would have desired 
 no tribute, however imposing, from either half of a disunited 
 Republic. He would have turned with abhorrence from be 
 ing thought the Father of anything less than One Country, 
 with one Constitution and one Destiny. 
 
 And how cheering and how inspiring the reflection, how 
 grand and glorious the fact, that no sooner were our un 
 happy contentions at an end, no sooner were Union and 
 Liberty, one and inseparable, once more and, as we trust 
 and believe, forever reasserted and reassured, than this mon- 
 ment to Washington gave signs of fresh life, began to at 
 tract new interest and new effort, and soon was seen rising 
 again slowly but steadily toward the skies stone after stone, 
 course upon course, piled up in peace, with foundations ex 
 tended to the full demand of the enormous weight to be 
 4 w M 
 
50 Dedication of ike Washington National Monument. 
 
 placed upon them, until we can now hail it as complete! 
 Henceforth and forever it shall be lovingly associated, not 
 only with the memory of him in whose honor it has been 
 erected, but with an era of assured peace, unity, and con 
 cord, which would have been dearer to his heart than the 
 costliest personal memorial which the toil and treasure of 
 his countrymen could have constructed. The Union is itself 
 the all-sufficient and the only sufficient monument to Wash 
 ington. The Union was nearest and dearest to his great 
 heart. The Union in any event, were the most emphatic 
 words of his immortal Farewell Address. Nothing less than 
 the Union would ever have been accepted or recognized by 
 him as a monument commensurate with his services and his 
 fame. Nothing less ought ever to be accepted or recognized 
 as such by us, or by those who shall rise up, generation after 
 generation, to do homage to his memory! 
 
 For the grand consummation which we celebrate to-day 
 we are indebted primarily to the National Government, under 
 the successive Presidents of the past nine years, with the 
 concurrent action of the two branches of Congress, prompted 
 by Committees so often under the lead of the veteran Sen 
 ator Morrill, of Vermont. The wise decision and emphatic 
 resolution of Congress on the 2d of August, 1876 inspired 
 by the Centennial Celebration of American Independence, 
 moved by Senator Sherman, of Ohio, and adopted, as it 
 auspiciously happened, on the hundredth anniversary of 
 the formal signing of the great Declaration that the monu 
 ment should no longer be left unfinished, with the appoint 
 ment of a Joint Commission to direct and supervise its 
 completion, settled the whole matter. To that Joint Com 
 mission, consisting of the President of the United States 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Afonumcnt. 5 1 
 
 for the time being, the Senior Vice- President of the Monu 
 ment Association, the Chief of Engineers of the United 
 States Army, with the architects of the Capitol and the 
 Treasury, the congratulations and thanks of us all may well 
 be tendered. But I think they will all cordially agree with 
 me that the main credit and honor of what has been accom 
 plished belongs peculiarly and pre-eminently to the distin 
 guished officer of Engineers who has been their devoted and 
 untiring Agent from the outset. The marvellous work of 
 extending and strengthening the foundations of a structure 
 already weighing, as it did, not less than thirty-two thousand 
 tons sixty-four million pounds an operation which has 
 won the admiration of engineers all over the world, and which 
 will always associate this monument with a signal triumph 
 of scientific skill was executed upon his responsibility and 
 under his personal supervision. His, too, have been the 
 ingenious and effective arrangements by which the enor 
 mous shaft has been carried up, course after course, until it 
 has reached its destined height of five hundred and fifty-five 
 feet, as we see it at this hour. To Col. THOMAS LINCOLN 
 CASEY, whose name is associated in three generations with 
 valued military service to his country, the successful com 
 pletion of the monument is due. But he would not have 
 us forget his accomplished Assistant, Capt. George W. Davis, 
 and neither of them would have us fail to remember Super 
 intendent Mclaughlin and the hard-handed and honest- 
 hearted mechanics who have labored so long under their 
 direction. 
 
 Finis coronal opus. The completion crowns the w 7 ork. 
 To-day that work speaks for itself, and needs no other orator. 
 Mute and lifeless as it seems, it has a living and audible 
 
52 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 voice for all who behold it, and no one can misinterpret its 
 language. Nor will any one, I think, longer cavil about its 
 design. That design, let me add, originally prepared by the 
 Washington architect, Robert Mills, of South Carolina, and 
 adopted long before I had any relations to this Association, 
 was commended to public favor by such illustrious names 
 as Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Albert Gallatin, 
 Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster. A colonnade encircling 
 its base, and intended as a sort of Pantheon, was soon dis 
 carded from the plan. Its main feature, from the first, was 
 an obelisk, after the example of that which had then been 
 recently agreed upon for Bunker Hill. And so it stands 
 to-day, a simple sublime obelisk of pure white marble, its 
 proportions, in spite of its immense height, conforming ex 
 actly to those of the most celebrated obelisks of antiquity, 
 as my accomplished and lamented friend, our late Minister 
 to Italy, George P. Marsh, so happily pointed out to us. It 
 is not, indeed, as were those ancient obelisks, a monolith, 
 a single stone cut whole from the quarry; that would have 
 been obviously impossible for anything so colossal. Nor 
 could we have been expected to attempt the impossible in 
 deference to Egyptian methods of construction. We might 
 almost as well be called on to adopt as the emblems of Amer 
 ican Progress the bronze Crabs which \vere found at the base 
 of Cleopatra s Needle! America is certainly at liberty to 
 present new models in art as well as in government, or to 
 improve upon old ones; and, as I ventured to suggest some 
 years ago, our monument to Washington will be all the 
 more significant and symbolic in embodying, as it does, the 
 idea of our cherished National motto, E PLURIBUS UNUM. 
 That compact, consolidated structure, with its countless 
 
Deification of the Washington National Monument. 53 
 
 blocks, inside and outside, held firmly in position by their 
 own weight and pressure, will ever be an instructive type 
 of the National strength and grandeur which can only be 
 secured by the union of many in one. 
 
 Had the Fine Arts indeed made such advances in our 
 country forty years ago as we are now proud to recognize, 
 it is not improbable that a different design might have been 
 adopted; yet I am by no means sure it would have been a 
 more effective and appropriate one. There will always be 
 ample opportunity for the display of decorative art in our 
 land. The streets and squares of this city and of all our 
 great cities are wide open for the statues and architectural 
 memorials of our distinguished statesmen and soldiers, and 
 such monuments are everywhere welcomed and honored. 
 But is not I ask in all sincerity is not the acknowledged 
 pre-eminence of the Father of his Country, first without a 
 second, more fitly and adequately represented by that soar 
 ing shaft, rising high above trees and spires and domes and 
 all the smoke and stir of earth as he ever rose above sec 
 tional prejudices and party politics and personal interests 
 overtopping and dominating all its surroundings, gleaming 
 and glistening out at every vista as far as human sight can 
 reach, arresting and riveting the eye at every turn, while it 
 shoots triumphantly to the skies? Does not does not, I 
 repeat, that Colossal Unit remind all who gaze at it, more 
 forcibly than any arch or statue could do, that there is one 
 name in American history above all other names, one char 
 acter more exalted than all other characters, one example 
 to be studied and reverenced beyond all other examples, 
 one bright particular star in the clear upper sky of our 
 firmament, whose guiding light and peerless lustre are for 
 
54 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 all men and for all ages, never to be lost sight of, never to 
 be unheeded? Of that name, of that character, of that ex 
 ample, of that glorious guiding light, our Obelisk, standing 
 on the very spot selected by Washington himself for a mon 
 ument to the American Revolution, and on the site which 
 marks our National meridian, will be a unique memorial 
 and symbol forever. 
 
 For oh, my friends, let us not longer forget, or even seem 
 to forget, that we are here to .commemorate not the Monu 
 ment but the Man. That stupendous pile has not been 
 reared for any vain purpose of challenging admiration for 
 itself. It is not, I need not say it is not, as a specimen of 
 advanced art, for it makes no pretension to that; it is not as 
 a signal illustration of engineering skill and science, though 
 that may confidently be claimed for it; it is not, certainly it 
 is not, as the tallest existing structure in the world, for we 
 do not measure the greatness of men by the height of their 
 monuments, and we know that this distinction may be done 
 away with here or elsewhere in future years; but it is as a 
 Memorial of the pre-eminent figure in modern or in ancient 
 history the world over of the man who has left the loftiest 
 example of public and private virtues, and whose exalted 
 character challenges the admiration and the homage of man 
 kind. It is this example and this character it is the Man, 
 and not the Monument that we are here to commemorate ! 
 
 Assembled in these Legislative Halls of the Nation, as near 
 to the Anniversary of his birth as a due respect for the Day 
 of our Lord will allow, to signalize the long-delayed accom 
 plishment of so vast a work, it is upon him in whose honor 
 it has been upreared, and upon the incomparable and ines 
 timable services he has rendered to his country and to the 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 55 
 
 world, that our thoughts should be concentred at this hour. 
 Yet what can I say, what can any man say, of Washington, 
 which has not already been rendered as familiar as house 
 hold words, not merely to those who hear me, but to all 
 readers of history and all lovers of Liberty throughout the 
 world? How could I hope to glean anything from a field 
 long ago so carefully and lovingly reaped by such men as 
 John Marshall and Jared Sparks, by Guizot and Edward 
 Everett and Washington Irving, as well as by our eminent 
 living historian, the venerable George Bancroft, happily here 
 with us to-day? 
 
 Others, many others, whom I dare not attempt to name 
 or number, have vied with each other in describing a career 
 of whose minutest details no American is ever weary, .and 
 whose variety and interest can never be exhausted. Every 
 stage and step of that career, every scene of that great and 
 glorious life, from the hour of his birth, one hundred and 
 fifty-three years ago "about ten in the morning of y n th 
 day of February, 1731-2," as recorded in his mother s 
 Bible in that primitive Virginia farm-house in the county 
 of Westmoreland, of which the remains of the "great brick 
 chimney of the kitchen" have been identified only within 
 a few years past every scene, I say, of that grand and glo 
 rious life, from that ever-memorable hour of his nativity, 
 has been traced and illustrated by the most accomplished 
 and brilliant pens and tongues of our land. 
 
 His childhood, under the loving charge of that venerated 
 mother, who delighted to say that "George had always 
 been a good son," who happily lived not only to see him 
 safely restored to her after the exposures and perils of the 
 Revolutionary struggle, but to see him, in her eighty-second 
 
56 Dedication of tJie Washington National Monument. 
 
 year, unanimously elected to be the President in Peace of 
 the country of which he had been the Saviour in War; his 
 primary education in that "old-field school-house," with 
 Hobby, the sexton of the parish, for his first master; his 
 early and romantic adventures as a land surveyor; his nar 
 row escape from being a midshipman in the British Navy 
 at fourteen years of age, for which it has been said a warrant 
 had been obtained and his luggage actually put on board a 
 man-of-war anchored in the river just below Mount Vernon; 
 his still narrower and hairbreadth escapes from Indian 
 arrows and from French bullets, and his survival the only 
 mounted officer not killed at the defeat of Braddock, of 
 whom he was an aide-de-camp; together with that most 
 remarkable prediction of the Virginia pastor, Samuel 
 Davies, afterward President of Princeton College, pointing 
 him out in a sermon, in 1755, on his return, at the age 
 of twenty-three, from the disastrous field of the Mononga- 
 hela as "that heroic youth, Colonel Washington, whom I 
 cannot but hope Providence has preserved in so signal a 
 manner for some important service to his country ; who 
 has forgotten, who can ever forget these most impressive 
 incidents of that opening career by which he was indeed so 
 providentially preserved, prepared, and trained up for the 
 eventful and illustrious future which awaited him ? 
 
 Still less can any American forget his taking his seat, 
 soon afterward, in the Virginia House of Burgesses with 
 the striking tribute to his modesty which he won from the 
 Speaker and his subsequent election to the Continental 
 Congress at Philadelphia, where on the i5th of June, 1775, 
 at the instance of John Adams and 011 the motion of Thomas 
 Johnson, afterward Governor of Maryland, he was tinaui- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 57 
 
 mously appointed "General and Commander-in-Chief of 
 such Forces as are, or shall be, raised for the maintenance 
 and preservation of American Liberty. Nor can any of us 
 require to be reminded of the heroic fortitude, the unswerv 
 ing constancy, and the unsparing self-devotion with which 
 he conducted through seven or eight years that protracted 
 contest, with all its toils and trials, its vexations and vicis 
 situdes, from the successful Siege of Boston, his first great 
 triumph, followed by those masterly movements on the Del 
 aware, which no less celebrated a soldier than Frederick the 
 Great declared "the most brilliant achievements of any 
 recorded in the annals of military action" and so along- 
 through all the successes and reverses and sufferings and 
 trials of Monmouth and Brandywine and Germantown and 
 Valley Forge to the Siege of Yorktown, in 1781, where, 
 with the aid of our generous and gallant allies, under the 
 lead of Rochambeau and De Grasse and Lafayette, he won 
 at last that crowning victory on the soil of his beloved Vir 
 ginia. 
 
 Nor need I recall to you the still nobler triumphs wit 
 nessed during all this period triumphs in which no one 
 but he had any share triumphs over himself; not merely 
 in his magnanimous appreciation of the exploits of his sub 
 ordinates, even when unjustly and maliciously contrasted 
 with disappointments and alleged inaction of his own, but 
 in repelling the machinations of discontented and mutinous 
 officers at Newburgh, in spurning overtures to invest him 
 with dictatorial and even Kingly power, and in finally sur 
 rendering his sword and commission so simply, so sublimely, 
 to the Congress from which he had received them. 
 
 Or, turning sharply from this summary and familiar 
 
58 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 sketch of his military career of which, take it for all in all, 
 its long duration, its slender means, its vast theatre, its glo 
 rious aims and ends and results, there is no parallel in his 
 tory turning sharply from all this, need I recall him, in 
 this presence, presiding with paramount influence and au 
 thority over the Convention which framed the Constitution 
 of the United States, and then, with such consummate dis 
 cretion, dignity, and wisdom, over the original administra 
 tion of that Constitution, when the principles and precedents 
 of our great Federal system of Government were molded, 
 formed, and established? 
 
 It was well said by John Milton, in one of his powerful 
 Defences of the People of England, "War has made many 
 great whom Peace makes small. But of Washington we 
 may say, as Milton said of Cromwell, that, while War made 
 him great, Peace made him greater; or rather that both war 
 and peace alike gave opportunity for the display of those 
 incomparable innate qualities which no mere circumstances 
 could create or destroy. 
 
 But his sword was not quite yet ready to rest quietly in 
 its scabbard. Need I recall him once more, after his retire 
 ment from a second term of the Chief Magistracy, accept 
 ing a subordinate position, under his successor in the Presi 
 dency, as Lieutenant-General of the American Armies in 
 view of an impending foreign war, which, thank God, was 
 so happily averted? 
 
 Nor can any one who hears me require to be reminded of 
 that last scene of all, when, in his eight-and-sixtieth year, 
 having been overtaken by a fatal shower of sleet and snow 
 in the midst of those agricultural pursuits in which he so 
 much delighted at Mount Vernon, he laid himself calmly 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 59 
 
 down to die "not afraid to go," as he whispered to his 
 physician and left his whole country in tears such as had 
 never flowed before. "Mark the perfect man and behold 
 the upright, for the end of that man is peace!" 
 
 Eighty-five years ago to-morrow his sixty-eighth birth 
 day was solemnly assigned by Congress for a general mani 
 festation of that overwhelming national sorrow, and for the 
 commemoration, by eulogies, addresses, sermons, and relig 
 ious rites, of the great life which had thus been closed. But 
 long before that anniversary arrived, and one day only after 
 the sad tidings had reached the seat of Government in Phil 
 adelphia, President John Adams, in reply to a message of 
 the House of Representatives, had anticipated all panegyrics 
 by a declaration, as true to-day as it was then, that he was 
 "the most illustrious and beloved personage which this 
 country ever produced ; while Henry Lee, of Virginia, 
 through the lips of John Marshall, had summed up and 
 condensed all that was felt, and all that could be or ever 
 can be said, in those imperishable words, which will go 
 ringing down the centuries, in every clime, in every tongue, 
 till time shall be no more, "First in War, First in Peace, 
 and First in the hearts of his Countrymen!" 
 
 But there are other imperishable words which will resound 
 through the ages words of his own not less memorable than 
 his acts some of them in private letters, some of them 
 in official correspondence, some of them in inaugural 
 addresses, and some of them, I need not say, in that im 
 mortal Farewell Address which an eminent English his 
 torian has pronounced "unequaled by any composition of 
 uninspired wisdom," and which ought to be learned by 
 heart by the children of our schools, like the Laws of the 
 
6o Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Twelve Tables in the schools of ancient Rome, and never 
 forgotten when those children grow up to the privileges and 
 responsibilities of manhood. 
 
 It was a custom of the ancient Egyptians, from whom the 
 idea of our Monument has been borrowed I should rather 
 say, evolved to cover their obelisks with hieroglyphical in 
 scriptions, some of which have to this day perplexed and 
 baffled all efforts to decipher them.- Neither Champollion, 
 nor the later Lepsius, nor any of the most skillful Egypt 
 ologists, have succeeded in giving an altogether satisfactory 
 reading of the legends on Pompey s Pillar and Cleopatra s 
 Needle. And those legends, at their best engraved, as they 
 were, on the granite or porphyry, with the letters enameled 
 with gold, and boasted of as illuminating the world with 
 their rays tell us little except the dates and doings of some 
 despotic Pharaoh, whom we would willingly have seen 
 drowned in the ocean of oblivion, as one of them so deserv 
 edly was in the depths of the Red Sea. Several of the in 
 scriptions on Cleopatra s Needle, as it so strangely greets us 
 in the fashionable promenade of our commercial capital, in 
 form us in magniloquent terms, of Thothmes III, who lived 
 in the age preceding that in which Moses was born, styling 
 him a "Child of the Sun," "Lord of the Two Worlds," 
 4 Endowed and endowing with power, life, and stability." 
 Other inscriptions designate him, or Rameses II the great 
 oppressor of the Israelites as the "Chastiser of Foreign 
 Nations," "The Conqueror," "The Strong Bull!" 
 
 Our Washington Needle, while it has all of the severe 
 simplicity, and far more than all of the massive grandeur, 
 which were the characteristics of Egyptian architecture, 
 bears no inscriptions whatever, and none are likely ever to 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 61 
 
 be carved on it. Around its base bas-reliefs in bronze may 
 possibly one day be placed, illustrative of some of the great 
 events of Washington s life; while on the terrace beneath 
 may, perhaps, be arranged emblematic figures of Justice and 
 Patriotism, of Peace, Liberty, and Union. All this, how 
 ever, may well be left for future years, or even for future 
 generations. Each succeeding generation, indeed, will take 
 its own pride in doing whatever may be wisely done in 
 adorning the surroundings of this majestic pile, and in thus 
 testifying its own homage to the memory of the Father of 
 his Country. Yet to the mind s eye of an American Patriot 
 those marble faces will never seem vacant never seem void 
 or voiceless. No mystic figures or hieroglyphical signs will, 
 indeed, be descried on them. No such vainglorious words 
 as "Conqueror," or "Chastiserof Foreign Nations," nor any 
 such haughty assumption or heathen ascription as "Child of 
 the Sun," will be deciphered on them. But ever and anon, 
 as he gazes, there will come flashing forth in letters of living 
 light some of the great words, and grand precepts, and noble 
 lessons of principle and duty which are the matchless be 
 quest of Washington to his country and to mankind. 
 
 Can we not all read there already, as if graven by some 
 invisible finger, or inscribed with some sympathetic ink 
 which it requires no learning of scholars, no lore of Egypt, 
 nothing but love of our own land, to draw out and make 
 legible those masterly words of his Letter to the Governors 
 of the States in 1783: 
 
 "There are four things which, I humbly conceive, are es 
 sential to the well-being I may even venture to say, to the 
 existence of the United States as an independent Power: 
 First, an indissoluble Union of the States under one Federal 
 
62 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 head ; Second, a sacred regard to Public Justice ; Third, the 
 adoption of a proper Peace Establishment; and, Fourth, the 
 prevalence of that pacific and friendly disposition among 
 the People of the United States which will induce them to 
 forget their local prejudices and policies, to make those 
 mutual concessions which are requisite to the general pros 
 perity, and, in some instances, to sacrifice their individual 
 advantages to the interest of the Community. These are 
 the Pillars on which the glorious fabric of our Independency 
 and National Character must be supported. 
 
 Can we not read, again, on another of those seemingly 
 vacant sides, that familiar passage in his Farewell Address 
 a jewel of thought and phraseology, often imitated, but 
 never matched "The name of American, which belongs 
 to you in your National capacity, must always exalt the just 
 pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from 
 local discriminations?" and, not far below it, his memora 
 ble warning against Party Spirit "A fire not to be quenched, 
 it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into 
 a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume?" 
 
 Still again, terser legends from the same prolific source 
 salute our eager gaze : Cherish Public Credit ; " " Observe 
 good faith and justice towards all Nations; cultivate peace 
 and harmony with all;" "Promote, as an object of primary 
 importance, institutions for the general diffusion of Knowl 
 edge. In proportion as the structure of a Government gives 
 force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion 
 should be enlightened." 
 
 And, above all a thousand-fold more precious than all 
 the rest there will come streaming down from time to time, 
 to many an eager and longing eye, from the very point where 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 63 
 
 its tiny aluminium apex reaches nearest to the skies and 
 shining forth with a radiance which no vision of Constan- 
 tine, no labarum for his legions, could ever have eclipsed 
 some of those solemnly reiterated declarations and counsels, 
 which might almost be called the Confession and Creed of 
 Washington, and which can never be forgotten by any Chris 
 tian Patriot : 
 
 "When I contemplate the interposition of Providence, as 
 it was visibly manifest in guiding us through the Revolu 
 tion, in preparing us for the reception of the General Gov 
 ernment, and in conciliating the good-will of the people of 
 America toward one another after its adoption, I feel myself 
 oppressed and almost overwhelmed with a sense of Divine 
 munificence. I feel that nothing is due to my personal 
 agency in all those wonderful and complicated events, ex 
 cept what can be attributed to an honest zeal for the good 
 of my country." u No people can be bound to acknowl 
 edge and adore an Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs 
 of men more than the people of the United States. Every 
 step by which they have advanced to the character of an 
 Independent Nation seems to have been distinguished by 
 some token of Providential Agency. " " Of all the disposi 
 tions and habits which lead to political prosperity, Religion 
 and Morality are indispensable supports. In vain would 
 that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor 
 to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these 
 firmest props of the duties of men and of citizens." 
 
 And thus on all those seemingly blank and empty sides 
 will be read, from time to time, in his own unequaled lan 
 guage, the grand precepts and principles of Peace, Justice, 
 Education, Morality, and Religion, which he strove to incul- 
 
64 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 cate, while encircling and illuminating them all, and envel 
 oping the whole monument, from corner-stone to cap-stone, 
 will be hailed with rapture by every patriotic eye, and be 
 echoed by every patriotic heart, The Union, the Union in 
 any event!" 
 
 But what are all the noble words which Washington 
 wrote or uttered, what are all the incidents of his birth and 
 death, what are all the details of his marvelous career from 
 its commencement to its close, in comparison with his own 
 exalted character as a Man? Rarely was Webster more 
 impressive than when, on the completion of the monument 
 at Bunker Hill, in describing what our Country had accom 
 plished for the welfare of mankind, he gave utterance, with 
 his characteristic terseness and in his inimitable tones, to 
 the simple assertion, "America has furnished to the world 
 the character of Washington ! And well did he add that, 
 if our American institutions had done nothing else, that 
 alone would have entitled them to the respect of mankind. 
 
 The character of Washington! Who can delineate it 
 worthily? Who can describe that priceless gift of America 
 to the world in terms which may do it any sort of justice, 
 or afford any degree of satisfaction to his hearers or to him 
 self? 
 
 Modest, disinterested, generous, just of clean hands and 
 a pure heart self-denying and self-sacrificing, seeking 
 nothing for himself, declining all remuneration beyond the 
 reimbursement of his outlays, scrupulous to a farthing in 
 keeping his accounts, of spotless integrity, scorning gifts, 
 charitable to the needy, forgiving injuries and injustices, 
 brave, fearless, heroic, with a prudence ever governing his 
 impulses and a wisdom ever guiding his valor true to his 
 
Dedication of ///< Washington National Monument. 65 
 
 friends, true to his whole country, true to himself fearing 
 God, believing in Christ, no stranger to private devotion or 
 public worship or to the holiest offices of the Church to which 
 he belonged, but ever gratefully recognizing a Divine aid and 
 direction in all that he attempted and in all that he accom 
 plished what epithet, what attribute could be added to that 
 consummate character to commend it as an example above 
 all other characters in merely human history! 
 
 From first to last he never solicited or sought an office, 
 military or civil. Every office stood candidate for him, and 
 was ennobled by his acceptance of it. Honors clustered 
 around him as if by the force of "first intention. " Respon 
 sibilities heaped themselVes on his shoulders as if by the 
 law of gravitation. They could rest safely nowhere else, 
 and they found him ever ready to bear them all, ever equal 
 to discharge them all. To what is called personal magnet 
 ism he could have had little pretension. A vein of dignified 
 reserve, which Houdon and Stuart have rightly made his 
 peculiar characteristic in marble and on canvas, repressed 
 all familiarities with him. His magnetism was that of 
 merit superior, surpassing merit the merit of spotless 
 integrity, of recognized ability, and of unwearied willing 
 ness to spend and be spent in the service of his country. 
 That was sufficient to attract irresistibly to his support not 
 only the great mass of the people, but the wisest and best 
 of his contemporaries in all quarters of the Union, and from 
 them he selected, with signal discrimination, such advisers 
 and counselors, in War and in Peace, as have never sur 
 rounded any other American leader. No jealousy of their 
 abilities and accomplishments ever ruffled his breast, and 
 
 with them he achieved our Independence, organized our 
 5 w M 
 
66 Dedication oj the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Constitutional Government, and stamped liis name indelibly 
 on the age in which he lived -as the Age of Washington ! 
 
 Well did Chief-Justice Marshall, in that admiral Preface to 
 the biography of his revered and illustrious friend, sum up 
 with judicial precision the services he was about to describe 
 in detail. Well and truly did he say, As if the chosen in 
 strument of Heaven, selected for the purpose of effecting 
 the great designs of Providence respecting this our Western 
 Hemisphere, it was the peculiar lot of this distinguished 
 man, at every epoch when the destinies of his country 
 seemed dependent on the measures adopted, to be called by 
 the united voice of his fellow-citizens to those high stations 
 on which the success of those measures principally de 
 pended. 
 
 And not less justly has Bancroft said, when describing 
 Washington s first inauguration as President: "But for him 
 the Country could not have achieved its Independence ; but 
 for him it could not have formed its Union; and now but 
 for him it could not set the Federal Government in success 
 ful motion." 
 
 I do not forget that there have been other men, in other 
 days, in other lands, and in our own land, who have been 
 called to command larger armies, to preside over more dis 
 tracted councils, to administer more extended Governments, 
 and to grapple with as complicated and critical affairs. Grat 
 itude and honor wait ever on their persons and their names ! 
 But we do not estimate Miltiades at Marathon, or Pausanias 
 at Plataea, or Themistocles at Salamis, or Epaminondas at 
 Mantinea or Leuctra, or Leonidas at Thermopylae, by the 
 number of the forces which they led on land or on sea. Nor 
 do we gauge the glory of Columbus by the size of the little 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 67 
 
 fleet with which he ventured so heroically upon the perils of 
 a mighty unknown deep. There are some circumstances 
 which can not occur twice; some occasions of which there 
 can be no repetition; some names which will always assert 
 their individual pre-eminence, and will admit of no rivalry or 
 comparison. The glory of Columbus can never be eclipsed, 
 never approached, till our New World shall require a fresh 
 discovery; and the glory of Washington will remain unique 
 and peerless until American Independence shall require to 
 be again achieved, or the foundations of Constitutional Lib 
 erty to be laid anew. 
 
 Think not that I am claiming an immaculate perfection 
 for any mortal man. One Being only has ever walked this 
 earth of ours without sin. Washington had his infirmities 
 and his passions like the rest of us; and he would have been 
 more or less than human had he never been overcome by 
 them. There were young officers around him, in camp and 
 elsewhere, not unlikely to have thrown temptations in his 
 path. There were treacherous men, also downright trai 
 tors, some of them whose words in council, or conduct in 
 battle, or secret plottings behind his back, aroused his right 
 eous indignation, and gave occasion for memorable bursts of 
 anger. Now and then, too, there was a disaster, like that 
 of St. Clair s expedition against the Indians in 1791, the 
 first tidings of which stirred the very depths of his soul, and 
 betrayed him into a momentary outbreak of mingled grief 
 and rage, which only proved how violent were the emotions 
 he was so generally able to control. 
 
 While, however, not even the polluted breath of slander 
 has left a shadow upon the purity of his life, or a doubt of 
 his eminent power of self-command, he made no boast of 
 
68 Dedication of the Washington Naiional Monument. 
 
 virtue or valor, and no amount of flattery ever led him to be 
 otherwise than distrustful of his own ability and merits. 
 As early as 1757, when only twenty-five years of age, he 
 wrote to Governor Dinwiddie: "That I have foibles, and 
 perhaps many of them, I shall not deny; I should esteem 
 myself, as the world also would, vain and empty were I to 
 arrogate perfection. 
 
 On accepting the command of the Army of the Revolu 
 tion, in 1775, he said to Congress: "I beg it may be remem 
 bered by every gentleman in the room that I this day de 
 clare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal 
 to the command I am honored with." 
 
 And, in 1777, when informed that anonymous accusations 
 against him had been sent to Laurens, then President of 
 Congress, he wrote privately to beg that the paper might at 
 once be submitted to the body to which it was addressed, 
 adding these frank and noble words: "Why should I be ex 
 empt from censure the unfailing lot of an elevated station? 
 Merit and talents which I cannot pretend to rival have ever 
 been subject to it. My heart tells me it has been my unre- 
 mitted aim to do the best which circumstances would per 
 mit; yet I may have been very often mistaken in my judg 
 ment of the means, and may, in many instances, deserve 
 the imputation of error." 
 
 And when at last he was contemplating a final retirement 
 from the Presidency, and in one of the draughts of his Fare 
 well Address had written that he withdrew "with a pure 
 heart and undefiled hands," or words to that effect, he sup 
 pressed the passage and all other similar expressions, lest, 
 as he suggested, he should seem to claim for himself a meas 
 ure of perfection which all the world now unites in accord- 
 
of the Washington Naliotal Monument. (><j 
 
 ing to him. For I ha/ard little in asserting that all the 
 world does now accord to Washington a tribute, which lias 
 the indorsement of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, that "of 
 all men that have ever lived, he was the greatest of good 
 men, and the best of great men." Or, let me borrow the 
 same idea from a renowned English poet, who gave his 
 young life and brilliant genius to the cause of Liberty in 
 modern Greece. "Where," wrote Byron 
 
 " Where may the wearied eye repose 
 
 When ga/ing on the great, 
 Where neither guilty glory glows, 
 
 Nor despicable state! 
 Yes, One the first, the last, the best, 
 The Cincinnatus of the West, 
 
 Whom envy dared not hate 
 Bequeathed the name of Washington, 
 To make men blush there was but One! " 
 
 To what other name have such tributes ever been paid by 
 great and good men abroad as well as at home? You have 
 not forgotten the language of Lord Rrskine in his inscrip 
 tion of one of his productions to Washington himself: 
 " You are the only being for whom I have an awful rever 
 ence. 
 
 You have not forgotten the language of Charles James Fox, 
 in the House of Commons: " Illustrious Man, before whom 
 all borrowed greatness sinks into insignificance." 
 
 You have not forgotten the language of Lord Brougham, 
 twice uttered, at long intervals, and with a purpose, as 
 Brougham himself once told me, to impress and enforce 
 those emphatic words as his fixed and final judgment: 
 "Until time shall be no more will a test of the progress 
 which our race has made in Wisdom and Virtue be derived 
 
70 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 from the veneration paid to the immortal name of Wash 
 ington ! 
 
 Nor can I fail to welcome the crowning tribute, perhaps, 
 from our mother land reaching me, as it has, at the last mo 
 ment of revising what I had prepared for this occasion in a 
 published letter from Gladstone, her great Prime Minister, 
 who, after saying in casual conversation that Washington 
 was the purest figure in history, writes deliberately, that 
 if, among all the pedestals supplied by history for public 
 characters of extraordinary nobility and purity, I saw one 
 higher than all the rest, and if I were required at a moment s 
 notice to name the fittest occupant for it, I think my choice, 
 at any time during the last forty-five years, would have 
 lighted, and it would now light, upon Washington!" 
 
 But if any one would get a full impression of the affection 
 and veneration in which Washington was held by his con 
 temporaries, let him turn, almost at random, to the letters 
 which were addressed to him, or which were written about 
 him, by the eminent men, military or civil, American or 
 European, who were privileged to correspond with him, or 
 who, ever so casually, found occasion to allude to his career 
 and character. And let him by no means forget, as he reads 
 them, that those letters were written a hundred years ago, 
 when language was more measured, if not more sincere, 
 than now, and before the indiscriminate use of the superla 
 tive, and the exaggerations and adulations of flatterers and 
 parasites, sending great and small alike down to posterity as 
 patterns of every virtue under Heaven, had tended to render 
 such tributes as suspicious as they often are worthless. 
 
 What, for instance, said plain-speaking old Benjamin 
 Franklin? " My fine crab-tree walking-stick, with a gold 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 7 1 
 
 head curiously wrought in the form of the cap of Liberty," 
 these are the words of his Will in 1789 "I give to my friend 
 and the friend of mankind George Washington. If it were 
 a sceptre, he has merited it, and would become it." 
 
 " Happy, happy America;" wrote Gouverneur Morris from 
 Paris, in 1793, when the French Revolution was making 
 such terrific progress "happy, happy America, governed 
 by reason, by law, by the man whom she loves, whom she 
 almost adores! It is the pride of my life to consider that 
 man as my friend, and I hope long to be honored with that 
 title." 
 
 "I have always admired," wrote to him Count Herz- 
 burg, from Berlin, where he had presided for thirty years 
 over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, under Frederick the 
 Great "I have always admired your great virtues and 
 qualities, your disinterested patriotism, your unshaken 
 courage and simplicity of manners qualifications by which 
 you surpass men even the most celebrated of antiquity. " 
 
 "I am sorry," wrote Patrick Henry, then Governor of 
 Virginia, in allusion to the accusations of one of the no 
 torious faction of 1777 "I am sorry there should be one 
 man who counts himself my friend who is not yours." 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, who, we all know, sometimes differed 
 from him, took pains, at a later period of his life, to say of 
 him in a record for posterity: " His integrity was most pure; 
 his justice the most inflexible I have ever known; no 
 motives of interest or consanguinity, of friendship or hatred, 
 being able to bias his decision. He was, indeed, in every 
 sense of the word, a wise, a good, and a great man." And 
 when it was once suggested to him, not long before his 
 own death, that the fame of Washington migkt lessen 
 
72 Dt tltcaiioii cj thf Washington JNaliot at Afoniimcut. 
 
 with the lapse of years, Jefferson, looking- up to the sky, 
 and in a tone which betrayed deep emotion, is said to have 
 replied: "Washington s fame will go on increasing until 
 the brightest constellation in yonder heavens is called by 
 his name ! 
 
 "If I could now present myself," wrote Edmund Ran 
 dolph, who had made injurious imputations on Washington 
 before and after his dismissal from the Cabinet in 1795 
 " if I could now present myself before your venerated uncle, 
 he wrote most touchingly to Judge Bush rod Washington in 
 1810, "it would be my pride to confess my contrition that 
 I suffered my irritation, let the cause be what it might, to 
 use some of those expressions respecting him, which, at this 
 moment of indifference to the world, I wish to recall, as 
 being inconsistent with my subsequent conviction. My life 
 will, I hope, be sufficiently extended for the recording of 
 my sincere opinion of his virtues and merit in a style which 
 is not the result of a mind merely debilitated by misfortune, 
 but of that Christian Philosophy on which alone I depend 
 for inward tranquillity." 
 
 And far more touching and more telling still is the fact 
 that even Thomas Conway, the leader of that despicable 
 cabal at Valley Forge, but who lived to redeem his name in 
 other lands, if not in our own when believing himself to 
 be mortally wounded in a duel, in 1778, and "just able," as 
 he said, "to hold the pen for a few minutes" employed 
 those few minutes in writing to Washington to express his 
 "sincere grief for having done, written, or said anything 
 disagreeable " to him, adding these memorable words: "You 
 are, in my eyes, the great and good man. May you long 
 
Dedication of the \Vashington National Monument. 73 
 
 enjoy the love, veneration, and esteem of these States, whose 
 liberties you have asserted by yonr virtues!" 
 
 From his illustrious friend Alexander Hamilton I need 
 not cite a word. His whole life bore testimony, more im 
 pressive than words, to an admiration and affection for his 
 great chief, which could not be exceeded, and which no 
 momentary misunderstandings could shake. 
 
 But listen once more, and only once more, to Lafayette, 
 writing to Washington from Cadiz, in 1783, when the glad 
 tidings of the Treaty of Peace had just reached him : Were 
 you but such a man as Julius Caesar, or the King of Prussia, 
 I should almost be sorry for you at the end of the great 
 tragedy where you are acting such a part. But, with my 
 dear General, I rejoice at the blessings of a Peace in which 
 our noble ends have been secured. . . . As for you, 
 who truly can say you have done all this, what must your 
 virtuous and good heart feel in the happy moment when the 
 Revolution you have made is now firmly established!" 
 
 Rightly and truly did Lafayette say that his beloved 
 General was of another spirit and of a different mould from 
 Ccesar and Frederick. Washington had little, or nothing, in 
 common with the great military heroes of his own or any 
 other age conquering for the sake of conquest "wading 
 through slaughter to a throne and overrunning the world, 
 at a countless cost of blood and treasure, to gratify their own 
 ambition, or to realize some mad dream of universal empire. 
 No ancient Plutarch has furnished any just parallel for him 
 in this respect. No modern Plutarch will find one. In all 
 history, ancient and modern alike, he stands, in this respect, 
 as individual and unique as yonder majestic Needle. 
 
 In his Eulogy on Washington before the Legislature of 
 
74 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Massachusetts tne eloquent Fisher Ames, my earliest prede 
 cessor in Congress from the Boston district, said, eighty-five 
 years ago, that in contemplating his career and character, 
 "Mankind perceived some change in their ideas of great 
 ness. . . . The splendor of power, and even the name 
 of Conqueror, had grown dim in their eyes. . . . They 
 knew and felt that the world s wealth, and its empire too, 
 would be a bribe far beneath his acceptance. Yes, they all 
 saw that he bore ever in his mind and in his heart, as he 
 said at Philadelphia on his way to Cambridge, in 1775, that 
 "as the Sword was the last resort for the preservation of our 
 liberties, so it ought to be the first thing laid aside when 
 those liberties were firmly established. And they saw him 
 lay down his sword at the earliest moment, and retire to the 
 pursuits of peace, only returning again to public service at 
 the unanimous call of his country; to preside for a limited 
 period over a free Constitutional Republic, and then eagerly 
 resuming the rank of an American Citizen. That was the 
 example which changed the ideas of mankind as to what 
 constituted real greatness. And that example was exhibited 
 for all nations and for all ages, never to be forgotten or over 
 looked, by him who was born one hundred and fifty-three 
 years ago to-morrow in that primitive little Virginia farm 
 house! 
 
 I am myself a New-Englander by birth, a son of Massa 
 chusetts, bound by the strongest ties of affection and of blood 
 to honor and venerate the earlier and the later worthies of 
 the old Puritan Commonwealth, jealous of their fair fame, 
 and ever ready to assert and vindicate their just renown. 
 But I turn reverently to the Old Dominion to-day, and sa 
 lute her as the mother of the pre-eminent and incomparable 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 75 
 
 American, the Father of his Country, and the foremost fig 
 ure in all merely human history. In the words of our own 
 poet Lowell: 
 
 "Virginia gave us this imperial man, 
 Cast in the massive mould 
 Of those high-statured ages old 
 Which into grander forms our mortal metal ran; 
 She gave us this unblemished gentleman: 
 What shall we give her back but love and praise? 1 
 
 Virginia has had other noble sons, whom I will not name, 
 but whom I do not forget. When I remember how many 
 they are, and how great they have been, and how much our 
 country has owed them, I may well exclaim, " Felix prole 
 virtim. But, as I think of her Washington of our Wash 
 ington, let me rather say I am almost ready to add, u L&ta 
 Deilm par tu / 
 
 A celebrated philosopher of antiquity, who was nearly 
 contemporary with Christ, but who could have known noth 
 ing of what was going on in Judea, and who alas! did not 
 always "reck his own rede" wrote thus to a younger 
 friend, as a precept for a worthy life: "Some good man must 
 be singled out and kept ever before our eyes, that we may 
 live as if he were looking on, and do everything as if he 
 could see it." 
 
 Let me borrow the spirit, if not the exact letter, of that 
 precept, and address it to the young men of my Country: 
 "Keep ever in your mind and before your mind s eye the 
 loftiest standard of character. You have it, I need not say, 
 supremely and unapproachably, in Him who spake as never 
 man spake and lived as never man lived, and who died for 
 the sins of the world. That character stands apart and alone. 
 But of merely mortal men the monument we have dedicated 
 
jG J)ci1ication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 to-day points out the one for all Americans to study, to imi 
 tate, and, as far as may be, to emulate. Keep his example 
 and his character ever before your eyes and in your hearts. 
 Live and act as if he were seeing and judo-ing your personal 
 conduct and your public career. Strive to approximate that 
 lofty standard, and measure your integrity and your patriot 
 ism by your nearness to it or your departure from it. The 
 prime meridian of universal longitude, on sea or land, may 
 be at Greenwich, or at Paris, or where you will. But the 
 prime meridian of pure, disinterested, patriotic, exalted hu 
 man character will be marked forever by yonder Washing 
 ton Obelisk!" 
 
 Yes, to the Young Men of America, under God, it remains, 
 as they rise up from generation to generation, to shape the 
 destinies of their Country s future and woe unto them if, 
 regardless of the great example which is set before them, 
 they prove unfaithful to the tremendous responsibilities 
 which rest upon them! 
 
 Yet, let me not seem even for a moment to throw off upon 
 the children the rightful share of those responsibilities which 
 belongs to their fathers. Upon us, upon us it devolves to 
 provide that the advancing generations shall be able to com 
 prehend and equal to meet the demands which are thus be 
 fore them. It is ours it is yours especially, Senators and 
 Representatives to supply them with the means of that 
 Universal Education which is the crying want of our land, 
 and without which any intelligent and successful Free Gov 
 ernment is impossible. 
 
 We are just entering on a new Olympiad of our national 
 history the twenty-fifth Olympiad since Washington first 
 entered on the administration of our Constitutional Govern- 
 
Dedication i>/ the Washington Xationai .} fon it merit. 77 
 
 ment. The will of the People has already designated under 
 whom the first century of that Government is to be closed, 
 and the best hopes and wishes of every patriot will be with 
 him in the great responsibilities on which he is about to 
 enter. No distinction of party or of section prevents our all 
 feeling alike that our Country, by whomsoever governed, 
 is still and always our Country, to be cherished in all our 
 hearts, to be upheld and defended by all our hands! 
 
 Most happy would it be if the 3oth of April, on which 
 the first Inauguration of Washington took place in 1789, 
 could henceforth be the date of all future inaugurations as 
 it might be by a slight amendment to the Constitution 
 giving, as it would, a much-needed extension to the short 
 sessions of Congress, and letting the second century of our 
 Constitutional History begin where the first century practi 
 cally began. 
 
 But let the date be what it may, the inspiration of the 
 Centennial Anniversary of that first great Inauguration 
 must not be lost upon us. Would that any words of mine 
 could help us all, old and young, to resolve that the princi 
 ples and character and example of Washington, as he came 
 forward to take the oaths of office on that day, shall once 
 more be recognized and reverenced as the model for all who 
 succeed him, and that his disinterested purity and patriot 
 ism shall be the supreme test and standard of American 
 statesmanship! That standard can never be taken away 
 from us. The most elaborate and durable monuments may 
 perish. But neither the forces of nature, nor any fiendish 
 crime of man, can ever mar or mutilate a great example of 
 public or private virtue. 
 
 Our matchless Obelisk stands proudly before us to-day, 
 and we hail it with the exultations of a united and glorious 
 
78 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Nation. It may or may not be proof against the cavils of 
 critics, but nothing of human construction is proof against 
 the casualties of time. The storms of winter must blow 
 and beat upon it. The action of the elements must soil 
 and discolor it. The lightnings of Heaven may scar and 
 blacken it. An earthquake may shake its foundations. 
 Some mighty tornado, or resistless cyclone, may rend its 
 massive blocks asunder and hurl huge fragments to the 
 ground. But the character which it commemorates and 
 illustrates is secure. It will remain unchanged and un 
 changeable in all its consummate purity and splendor, and 
 will more and more command the homage of succeeding 
 ages in all regions of the Earth. 
 
 GOD BE PRAISED, THAT CHARACTER IS OURS FOREVER! 
 
 The reading of Mr. Winthrop s oration, which was fre 
 quently interrupted by applause, was followed by music 
 from the Marine Band. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE. Gentlemen, an ora 
 tion will now be delivered by Hon. John W. Daniel, of 
 Virginia. 
 
 ORATION BY HON. JOHN W. DANIEL. 
 
 Mr. President of the United States, Senators, Representa 
 tives, Judges, Mr. Chairman, and my Countrymen : 
 Alone in its grandeur stands forth the character of Wash 
 ington in history; alone like some peak that has no fellow 
 in the mountain range of greatness. 
 
 "Washington," says Guizot, "Washington did the two 
 greatest things which in politics it is permitted to man to 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 79 
 
 attempt. He maintained by Peace the independence of his 
 country, which he had conquered by War. He founded a 
 free government in the name of the principles of order and 
 by re-establishing their sway." 
 
 Washington did indeed do these things. But he did 
 more. Out of disconnected fragments he molded a whole 
 and made it a country. He achieved his country s inde 
 pendence by the sword. He maintained that independence 
 by peace as by war. He finally established both his coun 
 try and its freedom in an enduring frame of constitutional 
 government, fashioned to make Liberty and Union one and 
 inseparable. These four things together constitute the un 
 exampled achievement of Washington. 
 
 The world has ratified the profound remark of Fisher 
 Ames, that "he changed mankind s ideas of political great 
 ness." It has approved the opinion of Edward Everett, 
 that he was "the greatest of good men, and the best of 
 great men." It has felt for him, with Erskine, "an awful 
 reverence." It has attested the declaration of Brougham, 
 that he was the greatest man of his own or of any age. 
 It is matter of fact to-day as when General Hamilton, an 
 nouncing his death to the Army, said, The voice of praise 
 would in vain endeavor to exalt a name unrivaled in the 
 lists of true glory." America still proclaims him, as did 
 Col. Henry Lee, on the floor of the House of Representa 
 tives, "The man first in peace, first in war, and first in the 
 hearts of his countrymen. And from beyond the sea the 
 voice of Alfieri, breathing the soul of all lands and peoples, 
 still pronounces the blessing, "Happy are you who have 
 for the sublime and permanent basis of your glory the love 
 of country demonstrated by deeds. 
 
80 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Ye who have unrolled the scrolls that tell the tale of the 
 rise and fall of nations; before whose eyes has moved the 
 panorama of man s struggles, achievements, and progres 
 sion, find you anywhere the story of one whose life-work is 
 more than a fragment of that which in his life is set before 
 you? Conquerors, who have stretched your scepters over 
 boundless territories; founders of empire, who have held 
 your dominions in the reign of la\v; reformers, who have 
 cried aloud in the wilderness of oppression; teachers, who 
 have striven with reason to cast down false doctrine, heresy, 
 and schism; statesmen, whose brains have throbbed with 
 mighty plans for the amelioration of human society; scar- 
 crowned Vikings of the sea, illustrious heroes of the land, wli o 
 have borne the standards of siege and battle come forth in 
 bright array from your glorious fanes and would ye be 
 measured by the measure of his stature? Behold you not in 
 him a more illustrious and more venerable presence? 
 
 Statesman, Soldier, Patriot, Sage, Reformer of Creeds, 
 teacher of Truth and Justice, Achiever and Preserver of 
 Libert}- the First of Men Founder and Savior of his 
 Country, Father of his People this is HE, solitary and un 
 approachable in his grandeur. Oh! felicitous Providence 
 that gave to America OUR WASHINGTON ! 
 
 High soars into the sky to-day higher than the Pyramids 
 or the dome of St. Paul s or St. Peter s the loftiest and 
 most imposing structure that man has ever reared high 
 soars into the sky to where 
 
 " Earth highest yearns to meet a star," 
 
 the monument which We the people of the United States 
 have erected to his memory. 
 
 It is a fitting monument, more fitting than any statue. 
 
Deification of the Washington National Monument, 8 1 
 
 For his image could only display him in some one phase of 
 his varied character as the Commander, the Statesman, the 
 Planter of Mount Vernon, or the Chief Magistrate of his 
 country. So Art has fitly typified his exalted life in yon 
 plain lofty shaft. Such is his greatness, that only by a sym 
 bol could it be represented. As Justice must be blind in 
 order to be whole in contemplation, so History must be 
 silent, that by this mighty sign she may unfold the ampli 
 tude of her story. 
 
 It was fitting that the eminent citizen who thirty-seven 
 years ago spoke at the laying of the corner-stone should be 
 the orator at the consummation of the work which he in 
 augurated. It was Massachusetts that struck the first blow 
 for independence; it was her voice that made the stones of 
 Boston to rise in mutiny " ; it was her blessed blood that 
 sealed the covenant of our salvation. The firmament of our 
 national life she has thickly sown with deeds of glory. John 
 Adams, of Massachusetts, was among the first to urge the 
 name of Washington to the Continental Congress when it 
 commissioned him as Commander-in-Chief of the Ameri 
 can forces; it was upon her soil that he drew the sword 
 which was sheathed at Yorktown, and there that he first 
 gave to the battle-breeze the thirteen stripes that now float 
 in new galaxies of stars. And meet it was that here in the 
 Capitol of the Republic, at the distance of more than a cen 
 tury from its birth, the eloquent son of that illustrious State 
 should span the chasm with his bridge of gold, and em 
 blazon the final arch of commemoration. 
 
 And I fancy, too, that in a land where the factious tongues 
 of the elder nations are being hushed at last, and all rival 
 
 strains commingled in the blood of brotherhood, the accom- 
 6 \v M 
 
82 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 plished mission of America finds fitting illustration in the 
 Sage descended from the Pilgrims crowning the Hero sprung 
 from the Cavaliers. 
 
 It has seemed fitting to you, Mr. Chairman and gentle 
 men of the Commission, that a citizen of the State which 
 was the birthplace and the home of Washington whose 
 House of Burgesses, of which he was a member made the 
 first burst of opposition against the Stamp Act, although less 
 pecuniarily interested therein than their New England 
 brethren, and was the first representative body to recom 
 mend a General Congress of the Colonies ; of the State whose 
 Mason drew, that Bill of Rights which has been called the 
 Magna Charta of America; whose Jefferson wrote, whose 
 Richard Henry Lee moved, the Declaration that these Col 
 onies be "free and independent States " ; whose Henry con 
 densed the revolution into the electric sentence, Liberty 
 or Death ; of the State which cemented union with that vast 
 territorial dowry out of which five States were carved, hav 
 ing now here some ninety representatives; of that State 
 whose Madison was named "the Father of the Constitu 
 tion," and whose Marshall became its most eminent ex 
 pounder; of the State which holds within its bosom the 
 sacred ashes of Washington, and cherishes not less the 
 principles which once kindled them with fires of Heaven 
 descended it has seemed fitting to you, gentlemen, that a 
 citizen of that State should be also invited to deliver an 
 address on this occasion. 
 
 Would, with all my heart, that a worthier one had been 
 your choice. Too highly do I esteem the position in which 
 you place me to feel aught but solemn distrustfulness and 
 apprehension. And who indeed might not shrink from 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 83 
 
 such a theater when a Winthrop s eloquence still thrilled 
 all hearts with Washington the theme? 
 
 Yet, in Virginia s name, I thank you for the honor done 
 her. She deserved it. Times there are when even hardi 
 hood is virtue; and to such virtue alone do I lay claim in 
 venturing to abide your choice to be her spokesman. 
 
 None more than her could I offend did I take opportunity 
 to give her undue exaltation. Her foremost son does not 
 belong to her alone, nor does she so claim him. His part 
 and her part in the Revolution would have been as naught 
 but for what was so gloriously done by his brothers in 
 council and in arms and by her sister Colonies, who kept 
 the mutual pledge of Life, Fortune, and Sacred Honor. 
 New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connect 
 icut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, your 
 comrade of the old heroic days, salutes you once again in 
 honor and affection ; no laurel could be plucked too bright 
 for Virginia s hand to lay upon your brows. And ye, our 
 younger companions, who have sprung forth from the wil 
 derness, the prairie, and the mountain, and now extend your 
 empire to the far slopes where your teeming cities light their 
 lamps by the setting sun what grander tribute to the past, 
 what happier assurance of the present, what more auspicious 
 omens of the future could Heaven vouchsafe us than those 
 which live and move and have their being in your presence? 
 
 What heart could contemplate the scene to-day grander 
 than any of Old Rome, when her victor s car "climbed the 
 Capitol" and not leap into the exclamation, "I, too, am 
 an American citizen ! 
 
 Yet may I not remind you that Washington was a Vir- 
 
84 Deification of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 ginian before he became an American, to tell his country 
 men that "the name of American, which belongs to you in 
 your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of 
 patriotism more than any appellation derived from local dis 
 crimination?" And may I not seek the fountain from 
 which .sprang a character so instinct with love of country ? 
 
 The Puritans of England, who from the landing at Ply 
 mouth in 1620 to the uprising against Charles I in 1640, 
 "turned to the New World," in the language of Canning, 
 "to redress the balance of the Old," were quickly followed 
 to America by a new stream of immigration, that has left as 
 marked an impress upon our civilization between the South 
 Atlantic and the Mississippi as the sons of the Pilgrims 
 have made between the North Atlantic and the Lakes. 
 
 When Charles I was beheaded in 1649, and when his son, 
 the Second Charles, was beaten at Worcester in 1651, mul 
 titudes of the King s men turned their faces also to the new 
 land of hope, the very events which checked the immigration 
 of the Puritans to New England giving impulse to the tide 
 which moved the Cavaliers to the Old Dominion. Between 
 1650 and 1670 the Virginia Colony increased from fifteen 
 thousand to forty thousand souls, and nearly one-half of this 
 number thither came within the decade after the execution 
 of the King and the establishment of Cromwell s common 
 wealth on the ruins of his throne. 
 
 Intense loyalists were these new Virginians, who would 
 defend the crown if it hung upon a bush ; and when indeed 
 its substance vanished with the kingly head that wore it, 
 these faithful subjects of King and Church held allegi 
 ance to its phantom and to the exiled claimant. But they 
 were not inattentive to their liberties. And if Virginia was 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 85 
 
 the last of all the countries belonging to England to submit 
 to Cromwell, yet she was also "the first state in the world 
 composed of separate boroughs, diffused over an extensive 
 surface, where representation was organized on the principle 
 of universal suffrage. And in the very terms of surrender 
 to the commonwealth it was stipulated that "the people of 
 Virginia" should have all the liberties of the free-born 
 people of England ; should intrust their business, as formerly, 
 to their own grand Assembly; and should remain unques 
 tioned for past loyalty to the King. 
 
 As in New England the Pilgrim Colony grew apace, so in 
 Virginia prospered that of the Cavaliers. With that love of 
 landed estates which is an instinct of their race, they planted 
 their homes in the fertile lowlands, building great houses 
 upon broad acres, surrounded by ornamental grounds and 
 gardens. 
 
 Mimic empires were these large estates, and a certain 
 baronial air pervaded them. Trade with Europe loaded the 
 tables of their proprietors with luxuries; rich plate adorned 
 them. Household drudgeries were separated from the main 
 dwelling. The family became a considerable government 
 within itself the mistress a rural queen, the master a local 
 potentate, with his graziers, seedsmen, gardeners, brewers, 
 butchers, and cooks around him. Many of the heads of 
 families were traveled and accomplished men. The parishes 
 were ministered to by the learned clergy 7 of the Established 
 Church. In the old College of William and Mary ere long 
 were found the resources of classic education, and in the old 
 capital town of Williamsburg the winter season shone re 
 splendent with the entertainments of a refined society. 
 Barges imported from England were resources of amusement 
 
86 Dedication sf the Washington National Monument. 
 
 and means of friendly visitations along the water-courses, 
 and heavy coaches, drawn by four or six horses, became 
 their mode of travel. 
 
 Born almost to the saddle and to the use of firearms, 
 they were keen hunters, and when the chase was over they 
 sat by groaning boards and drank confusion to the French 
 man and Spaniard abroad, and to Roundhead and Prelatist 
 at home. When the lurking and predatory Indian became 
 the object of pursuit, no speed of his could elude their fiery 
 and gallantly mounted cavalry. 
 
 This was the Virginia, these the Virginians, of the olden 
 time. If even in retrospect their somewhat aristocratic 
 manners touch the sensitive nerve of a democratic people, 
 it may at least be said of them that nothing like despotism, 
 nihilism, or dynamite was ever found amongst them ; that 
 they cherished above all things Honor and Courage, the vir 
 tues preservative of all other.virtues, and that they nurtured 
 men and leaders of men well fitted to cope with great forces, 
 resolve great problems, and assert great principles. And it 
 is at least true that their habits of thought and living never 
 proved more dangerous to "life, liberty, or the pursuit of 
 happiness than those of others who in later days corrupt 
 the suffrage in the rank growth of cities; build up palaces 
 and pile up millions amid crowded paupers; monopolize 
 telegraphic and railway lines by corporate machinery; 
 spurn all relations to politics, save to debauch its agencies 
 for personal gain; and know no Goddess of Liberty and no 
 Eagle of Country save in the images which satire itself has 
 stamped on the Almighty Dollar. 
 
 In 1657, while yet " a Cromwell filled the Stuarts throne, 
 there came to Virginia with a party of Carlists who had 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 87 
 
 rebelled against him John Washington, of Yorkshire, Eng 
 land, who became a magistrate and member of the House 
 of Burgesses, and distinguished himself in Indian warfare 
 as the first colonel of his family on this side of the water. 
 He was the nephew of that Sir Henry Washington who had 
 led the forlorn hope of Prince Rupert at Bristol in 1643, 
 and who, with a starving and mutinous garrison, had de 
 fended Worcester in 1649, answering all calls for surrender 
 that he "awaited His Majesty s commands." 
 
 And his progenitors had for centuries, running back to 
 the conquest, been men of mark and fair renown. Pride 
 and modesty of individuality alike forbid the seeking from 
 any source of a borrowed luster, and the Washingtons were 
 never studious or pretentious of ancestral dignities. But 
 we are quotations from our ancestors, says the philoso 
 pher of Concord and who will say that in the loyalty to 
 conscience and to principle, and to the right of self-determi 
 nation of what is principle, that the Washingtons have ever 
 shown, whether as loyalist or rebel, was not the germ of 
 that deathless devotion to Liberty and Country which soon 
 discarded all ancient forms in the mighty stroke for inde 
 pendence? 
 
 Two traits of the Anglo-Saxon have been equally con 
 spicuous respect for authority resistance to its abuse. Ex 
 acting sendee from the one, even the Second Charles learned 
 somewhat from the other. When pressed by James to an 
 extreme measure, he answered: "Brother, I am too old to 
 start again on my travels." James, becoming King, forgot 
 the hint, was soon on his travels, with the Revolution of 1688 
 in full blast, and William of Orange upon his throne. The 
 Barons of Runnymede had, indeed, written in the Great 
 
88 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 Charter that if the King violated any article thereof they 
 should have the right to levy war against him until full 
 satisfaction was made. And we know not which is most 
 admirable, the wit or the wisdom of the English lawyer, 
 John Selden, who, when asked by what law he justified the 
 right of resistance, answered, "By the custom of England, 
 which is part of the common law. Mountains and vales 
 are natural correspondences. 
 
 A very Tempe had Virginia been, sheltering the loyal 
 Cavaliers in their reverence for authority. The higher and 
 manlier trait of the Anglo-Saxon was about to receive more 
 memorable illustration, and she uprose, Olympus-like, in 
 her resistance to its abuse. 
 
 And the Instrument of Providence to lead her people and 
 their* brethren, had he lived in the days when mythic lore 
 invested human heroes with a God-like grace, would have 
 been shrouded in the glory of Olympian Jove. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-three years ago, on the banks of the 
 Potomac, in the county of Westmoreland, on a spot marked 
 now only by a memorial stone, of the blood of the people 
 whom I have faintly described, fourth in descent from 
 the Col. John Washington whom I have named, there was 
 born a son to Augustine and Mary Washington. And not 
 many miles above his birthplace is the dwelling where he 
 lived and now lies buried. 
 
 Borne upon the bosom of that river which here mirrors 
 Capitol dome, and monumental shaft in its seaward flow, 
 the river itself seems to reverse its current and bear us 
 silently into the past. Scarce has the vista of the city faded 
 from oiir gaze when we behold on the woodland height that 
 swells above the waters amidst walks and groves and gar- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 89 
 
 dens the white porch of that old colonial plantation home 
 which has become the shrine of many a pilgrimage. 
 
 Contrasting it as there it stands to-day with the marble 
 halls which we have left behind us, we realize the truth of 
 Emerson: "The atmosphere of moral sentiment is a region 
 of grandeur which reduces all material magnificence to toys, 
 yet opens to every w r retch that has reason the doors of the 
 Universe. 
 
 The quaint old wooden mansion, with the stately but 
 simple old-fashioned mahogany furniture, real and ungar- 
 nished; the swords and relics of campaigns and scenes 
 familiar to every school-boy now; the key of the Bastile 
 hanging in the hall incased in glass, calling to mind Tom 
 Paine s happy expression, "That the principles of the 
 American Revolution opened the Bastile is not to be 
 doubted, therefore the key comes to the right place;" the 
 black velvet coat worn when the farewell address to the 
 Army was made; the rooms all in nicety of preparation as 
 if expectant of the coining host we move among these 
 memorials of days and men long vanished we stand under 
 the great trees and watch the solemn river, in its never- 
 ceasing flow, we gaze upon the simple tomb whose silence 
 is unbroken save by the low murmur of the waters or the 
 wild bird s note and we are enveloped in an atmosphere of 
 moral grandeur which no pageantry of moving men nor 
 splendid pile can generate. Nightly on the plain of Mar 
 athon the Greeks have the tradition, that there may yet be 
 heard the neighing of chargers and the rushing shadows of 
 spectral war. In the spell that broods over the sacred 
 groves of Vernon, Patriotism, Honor, Courage, Justice, 
 Virtue, Truth seem bodied forth the only imperishable 
 realities of man s bcin<r. 
 
90 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 There emerges from the shades the figure of a youth over 
 whose cradle had hovered no star of destiny, nor dandled a 
 royal crown an ingenuous youth, and one who in his early 
 days gave auguries of great powers; the boy whose strong 
 arm could fling a stone across the Rappahannock ; whose 
 strong will could tame the most fiery horse; whose just 
 spirit made him the umpire of his fellows; whose obedient 
 heart bowed to a mother s yearning for her son and laid 
 down the Midshipman s warrant in the British Navy which 
 answered his first ambitious dream; the student transcrib 
 ing mathematical problems, accounts, and business forms, 
 or listening to the soldiers and seamen of vessels in the river 
 as they tell of "hair breadth scapes by flood and field" ; the 
 early moralist in his thirteenth year compiling matured 
 Rules for behavior and conversation ; the surveyor of 
 sixteen, exploring the wilderness for Lord Fairfax, sleeping 
 on the ground, climbing mountains, swimming rivers, kill 
 ing and cooking his own game, noting in his diary soils, 
 minerals, and locations, and making maps which are models 
 of nice and accurate draughtsmanship; the incipient soldier 
 studying tactics under Adjutant Muse, and taking lessons 
 in broadsword fence from the old soldier of fortune, Jacob 
 Van Braam; the Major and Adjutant-General of the Virginia 
 frontier forces at nineteen we seem to see him yet as here 
 he stood, a model of manly beauty in his youthful prime a 
 man in all that makes a man ere manhood s years have been 
 fulfilled standing on the threshold of a grand career, hear 
 ing his days before him and the trumpet of his life. 
 
 The scene changes. Out into the world of stern adven 
 ture he passes, taking as naturally to the field and the front 
 ier as the eagle to the air. At the age of twenty-one he is 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 Dedication of ike Washington National MonunWiT^ 91 
 
 riding from Williamsburg to the French post at Venango, 
 in western Pennsylvania, on a mission for Governor Diu- 
 widdie, which requires "courage to cope with savages and 
 sagacity to negotiate with white men" on that mission 
 which Edward Everett recognizes as "the first movement 
 of a military nature which resulted in the establishment of 
 American Independence." At twenty-two he has fleshed 
 his maiden sword, has heard the bullets whistle, and found 
 "something charming in the sound " ; and soon he is colonel 
 of the Virginia regiment in the unfortunate affair at Fort 
 Necessity, and is compelled to retreat after losing a sixth of 
 his command. He quits the service on a point of military 
 etiquette and honor, but at twenty-three he reappears as 
 Volunteer Aide by the side of Braddock in the ill-starred ex 
 pedition against Fort DuQuesne, and is the only mounted 
 officer unscathed in the disaster, escaping with four bullets 
 through his garments, and after having two horses shot un 
 der him. 
 
 The prophetic eye of Samuel Davies has now pointed him 
 out as "that heroic youth, Colonel Washington, whom I 
 can but hope Providence has hitherto preserved in so signal 
 a manner for some important service to his country"; and 
 soon the prophecy is fulfilled. The same year he is in com 
 mand of the Virginia frontier forces. Arduous conflicts of 
 varied fortunes are ere long ended, and on the 25th of No 
 vember, 1759, he marches into the reduced fortress of Fort 
 DuQuesne where Pittsburgh now stands, and the Titans of 
 Industry wage the eternal war of Toil marches in with the 
 advanced guard of his troops, and plants the British flag 
 over its smoking ruins. 
 
 That self-same year Wolfe, another young and brilliant 
 
92 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 soldier of Britain, has scaled and triumphed on the Heights 
 of Abraham his flame of valor quenched as it lit the blaze 
 of victory; Canada surrenders; the seven years war is done; 
 the French power in America is broken, and the vast region 
 west of the Alleghanies, from the lakes to the Ohio, em 
 bracing its valley and tributary streams, is under the scepter 
 of King George. America has been made whole to the Eng 
 lish-speaking race, to become in time the greater Britain. 
 
 Thus, building wiser than he knew, Washington had taken 
 no small part in cherishing the seed of a nascent nation. 
 
 Mount Vernon welcomes back the soldier of twenty-seven, 
 who has become a name. Domestic felicity spreads its 
 charms around him with the agreeable partner whom he 
 has taken to his bosom, and he dreams of "more happiness 
 than he has experienced in the wide and bustling world. 
 
 Already, ere his sword had found its scabbard, the people 
 of Frederick county had made him their member of the 
 House of Burgesses. And the quiet years roll by as the 
 planter, merchant, and representative superintends his 
 plantation, ships his crops, posts his books, keeps his diary, 
 chases the fox for amusement, or rides over to Annapolis 
 and leads the dance at the Maryland capital alternating 
 between these private pursuits and serving his people as 
 member of the Legislature and justice of the county court. 
 
 Biit ere long this happy life is broken. The air is electric 
 with the currents of revolution. England has launched forth 
 on the fatal policy of taxing her colonies without their con 
 sent. The spirit of liberty and resistance is aroused. He 
 is loath to part with the Mother Land, which he still calls 
 "home." But she turns a deaf ear to reason. The first 
 Colonial Congress is called. He is a delegate, and rides to 
 
Deification of the Washington National Monti/urn/. 93 
 
 Philadelphia with Henry and Pendleton. The blow at Lex 
 ington is struck. The people rush to arms. The sons of 
 the Cavaliers spring to the side of the sons of the Pilgrims. 
 "Unhappy it is," he says, "that a brother s sword has been 
 sheathed in a brother s breast, and that the once happy plains 
 of America are to be either drenched in blood or inhabited 
 by slaves. Sad alternative! But how can a virtuous man 
 hesitate in his choice?" He becomes commander-in-chief 
 of the American forces. After seven years war he is the 
 deliverer of his country. The old confederation passes away. 
 The Constitution is established. He is twice chosen Presi 
 dent, and will not consent to longer serve. 
 
 Once again Mount Vernon s grateful shades receive him, 
 and there the world-crowned Hero now becomes again 
 the simple citizen, wishing for his fellow-men "to see the 
 whole world in peace and its inhabitants one band of 
 brothers, striving who could contribute most to the happi 
 ness of mankind " without a wish for himself, but "to live 
 and die an honest man on his farm. A speck of war spots 
 the sky. John Adams, now President, calls him forth as 
 Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief to lead Amer 
 ica once more. But the cloud vanishes. Peace reigns. 
 The lark sings at Heaven s gate in the fair morn of the new 
 nation. Serene, contented, yet in the strength of manhood, 
 though on the verge of three-score years and ten, he looks 
 forth the quiet farmer from his pleasant fields, the loving 
 patriarch from the bowers of home looks forth and sees 
 the work of his hands established in a free and happy peo 
 ple. Suddenly comes the mortal stroke with severe cold. 
 The agony is soon over. He feels his own dying pulse the 
 hand relaxes he murmurs, "It is well;" and Washington 
 
94 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 is no more. While yet Time had crumbled never a stone 
 nor dimmed the lustrous surface, prone to earth the mighty 
 column fell. 
 
 Washington, the friend of Liberty, is no more! 
 
 The solemn cry filled the universe. Amidst the tears of 
 his People, the bowed heads of kings, and the lamentations 
 of the nations, they laid him there to rest upon the banks 
 of the river whose murmurs were his boyhood s music 
 that river which, rising in mountain fastnesses amongst the 
 grandest works of nature and reflecting in its course the 
 proudest works of man, is a symbol of his history, which 
 in its ceaseless and ever-widening flow is a symbol of his 
 eternal fame. 
 
 No sum could now be made of Washington s character 
 that did not exhaust language of its tributes and repeat 
 virtue by all her names. No sum could be made of his 
 achievements that did not unfold the history of his country 
 and its institutions the history of his age and its progress 
 the history of man and his destiny to be free. But, whether 
 character or achievement be regarded, the riches before us 
 only expose the poverty of praise. So clear was he in his 
 great office that no ideal of the Leader or Ruler can be formed 
 that does not shrink by the side of the reality. And so has 
 he impressed himself upon the minds of men, that no man 
 can justly aspire to be the chief of a great free people who 
 does not adopt his principles and emulate his example. We 
 look with amazement on such eccentric characters as Alex 
 ander, Caesar, Cromwell, Frederick, and Napoleon; but 
 when the serene face of Washington rises before us man 
 kind instinctively exclaims, This is the Man for the Nations 
 to trust and reverence and for heroes and rulers to copy. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 95 
 
 Drawing his sword from patriotic impulse, without ambi 
 tion and without malice, he wielded it without vindictive- 
 ness and sheathed it without reproach. All that humanity 
 could conceive he did to suppress the cruelties of war and 
 soothe its sorrows. He never struck a coward s blow. To 
 him age, infancy, and helplessness were ever sacred. He 
 tolerated no extremity unless to curb the excesses of his 
 enemy, and he never poisoned the sting of defeat by the 
 exultation of the conqueror. 
 
 Peace he welcomed as the Heaven-sent herald of Friendship ; 
 and no country has given him greater honor than that which 
 he defeated; for England has been glad to claim him as the 
 scion of her blood, and proud, like our sister American 
 States, to divide with Virginia the honor of producing him. 
 
 Fascinated by the perfection of the man, we are loath ^o 
 break the mirror of admiration into the fragments of analy 
 sis. But, lo! as we attempt it, every fragment becomes the 
 miniature of such sublimity and beauty, that the destroying 
 hand can only multiply the forms of immortality. 
 
 Grand and manifold as were its phases, there is yet no dif 
 ficulty in understanding the character of Washington. He 
 was no Veiled Prophet. He never acted a part. Simple, 
 natural, and unaffected, his life lies before us, a fair and 
 open manuscript. He disdained the arts which wrap power 
 in mystery in order to magnify it. He practiced the pro 
 found diplomacy of truthful speech, the consummate tact 
 of direct attention. Looking ever to the All-Wise Disposer 
 of events, he relied on that Providence which helps men by 
 giving them high hearts and hopes to help themselves with 
 the means which their Creator has put at their service. 
 There was no infirmity in his conduct over which Charity 
 
r)6 Dedication of tlie Washington National Monument. 
 
 must fling its veil ; no taint of selfishness from which Purity 
 averts her gaze; no dark recess of intrigue that must be lit 
 up with colored panegyric; no subterranean passage to be 
 trod in trembling lest there be stirred the ghost of a buried 
 crime. 
 
 A true son of nature was George Washington, of nature 
 in her brightest intelligence and noblest mold; and diffi 
 culty, if such there be in comprehending him, is only that 
 of reviewing from a single standpoint the vast procession of 
 those civil and military achievements which filled nearly 
 half-a-century of his life, and in realizing the magnitude of 
 those qualities which were requisite to their performance 
 the difficulty of fashioning in our minds a pedestal broad 
 enough to bear the towering figure, whose greatness is di 
 minished by nothing but the perfection of its proportions. 
 If his exterior in calm, grave, and resolute repose ever 
 impressed the casual observer as austere and cold, it was 
 only because he did not reflect that no great heart like his 
 could have lived unbroken unless bound by iron nerves in 
 an iron frame. The Commander of Armies, the Chief of a 
 People, the Hope of Nations could not wear his heart upon 
 his sleeve; and yet his sternest will could not conceal its 
 high and warm pulsations. Under the enemy s guns at 
 Boston he did not forget to instruct his agent to administer 
 generously of charity to his needy neighbors at home. The 
 sufferings of women and children, thrown adrift by war, and 
 of his bleeding comrades, pierced his soul. And the moist 
 eye and trembling voice with which he bade farewell to his 
 veterans bespoke the underlying tenderness of his nature, 
 even as the storm-wind makes music in its under-tones. 
 
 Disinterested Patriot, he would receive no pay for his mil- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 97 
 
 itary services. Refusing gifts, he was glad to guide the 
 benefaction of a grateful State to educate the children of 
 his fallen braves in the institution at Lexington which yet 
 bears his name. Without any of the blemishes that mark 
 the tyrant, he appealed so loftily to the virtuous elements in 
 man that he almost created the qualities of which his coun 
 try needed the exercise; and yet he was so magnanimous 
 and forbearing to the weaknesses of others, that he often 
 obliterated the vices of which he feared the consequence. 
 But his virtue was more than this. It was of that daring, 
 intrepid kind that, seizing principle with a giant s grasp, 
 assumes responsibility at any hazard, suffers sacrifice with 
 out pretense of martyrdom, bears calumny without reply, 
 imposes superior will and understanding on all around it, 
 capitulates to no unworthy triumph, but must carry all 
 things at the point of clear and blameless conscience. 
 Scorning all manner of meanness and cowardice, his bursts 
 of wrath at their exhibition heighten our admiration for 
 those noble passions which were kindled by the inspirations 
 and exigencies of virtue. 
 
 Invested with the powers of a Dictator, the country be 
 stowing them felt no distrust of his integrity; he, receiving 
 them, gave assurance that, as the sword was the last resort 
 of Liberty, so it should be the first thing laid aside when 
 Liberty was won. And keeping the faith in all things, he 
 left mankind bewildered with the splendid problem whether 
 to admire him most for what he was or what lie would not 
 be. Over and above all his virtues was the matchless man 
 hood of personal honor, to which Confidence gave in safety 
 the key of every treasure ; on which Temptation dared not 
 
 smile ; on which Suspicion never cast a frown. And why 
 7 w M 
 
98 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 prolong the catalogue? "If you are presented with medals 
 of Caesar, of Trojan, or Alexander, on examining their 
 features you are still led to ask, what was their stature and 
 the forms of their persons? but if you discover in a heap of 
 ruins the head or the limb of an antique Apollo, be not 
 curious about the other parts, but rest assured they were all 
 conformable to those of a God. 
 
 Great as a Commander, it may not be said of him as of 
 Marlborough, that c he never formed the plan of a campaign 
 that he did not execute; never besieged a city that he did 
 not take; never fought a battle that he did not gain." But 
 it can be said of him that, at the head of raw volunteers, 
 hungry to the edge of famine, ragged almost to nakedness, 
 whose muniments of war were a burlesque of its necessities, 
 he defeated the trained bands and veteran generals of Europe ; 
 and that, when he had already earned the name of the Ameri 
 can Fabius, destined to save a nation by delay, he suddenly- 
 displayed the daring of a Marcellus. It may be said that he 
 was the first general to employ large bodies of light infantry 
 as skirmishers, catching the idea from his . Indian warfare, 
 and so developing it that it was copied by the Great Frede 
 rick of Prussia, and ere long perfected into the system now 
 almost universal. It can be said of him, as testified by John 
 Adams, that "it required more serenity of temper, a deeper 
 understanding, and more courage than fell to the lot of Marl- 
 borough, to ride on the whirlwind" of such tempetuous 
 times as Washington dealt with, and that he did ride on 
 the whirlwind and direct the storm. It can be said that he 
 was tried in a crucible to which Marlborough was never 
 subjected adversity, defeat, depression of fortune bordering 
 on despair. The first battle of his youth ended in capitula- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 99 
 
 lation. The first general engagement of the revolution at 
 Long Island opened a succession of disasters and retreats. 
 But with the energy that remolds broken opportunities into 
 greater ones, with the firmness of mind that can not be un 
 locked by trifles but which when unlocked displays a cabi 
 net of fortitude, he wrenched victory from stubborn fortune, 
 compelling the reluctant oracle to exclaim as to Alexander, 
 "My son, thou art invincible." So did he weave the net 
 of war by land and sea, that at the very moment when an 
 elated adversary was about to strike the final blow for his 
 country s fall, he surrounded him by swift and far-reaching 
 combinations, and twined the lilies of France with the 
 Stars and Stripes of America over the ramparts of York- 
 town. And if success be made the test of merit, let it be 
 remembered that he conducted the greatest military and 
 civil enterprises of his age, and left no room for fancy to 
 divine greater perfection of accomplishment. 
 
 Great in action as by the council board, the finest horse 
 man and knightliest figure of his time, he seemed designed 
 by nature to lead in those bold strokes which needs must 
 come when the battle lies with a single man those critical 
 moments of the campaign or the strife when, if the mind 
 hesitates or a nerve flinches, all is lost. We can never for 
 get the passage of the Delaware that black December night, 
 amidst shrieking winds and great upheaving blocks of ice 
 which would have petrified a leader of less hardy mold, and 
 then the fell swoop at Trenton. We behold him as when at 
 Monmouth he turns back the retreating lines, and galloping 
 his white charger along the ranks until he falls, leaps on his 
 Arabian bay, and shouts to his men: "Stand fast,. my boys, 
 the Southern troops are coming to support you!" And we 
 
r oo Dedication of the Washington National Atonumcnt. 
 
 hear Lafayette exclaim, "Never did I behold so superb a 
 man!" We see him again at Princeton dashing through a 
 storm of shot to rally the wavering troops; he reins his horse 
 between the contending lines, and cries: "Will you leave 
 your general to the foe?" then bolts into the thickest fray. 
 Colonel Fitzgerald, his aid, drops his reins and pulls his hat 
 down over his eyes that he may not see his chieftain fall, 
 when, through the smoke he reappears waving his hat, 
 cheering on his men, and shouting: "Away, dear Colonel, 
 and bring up the troops ; the day is ours. Coeur de Lion . 
 might have doffed his plume to such a chief foi a great 
 knight was he, who met his foes full tilt in the shock of 
 battle and hurled them down with an arm whose sword 
 flamed with righteous indignation. 
 
 As children pore over the pictures in their books ere they 
 can read the words annexed to them so we linger with ting 
 ling blood by such inspiring scenes, while little do we reck 
 of those daik hours when the aching head pondered the 
 problems of a country s fate. And yet there is a greater 
 theater in which Washington appears, although not so often 
 has its curtain been uplifted. 
 
 For it was as a statesman that Washington was greatest. 
 Not in the sense that Hamilton and Jefferson, Adams and 
 Madison were statesmen; but in a larger sense. Men may 
 marshal armies who can not drill divisions. Men may mar 
 shal nations in storm and travail who have not the accom 
 plishments of their cabinet ministers. Not so versed as they 
 was he in the details of political science. And yet as he 
 studied tactics when he anticipated war, so he studied poli 
 tics when he foresaw his civil role approaching, reading the 
 history and examining the principles of ancient and modern 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 101 
 
 confederacies, and making notes of their virtues, defects, 
 and methods of operation. 
 
 His pen did not possess the facile play and classic grace of 
 their pens, but his vigorous eloquence had the clear ring of 
 our mother tongue. I will not say that he was so astute, so 
 quick, so inventive as the one or another of them that his 
 mind was characterized by the vivacity of wit, the rich col 
 orings of fancy, or daring flights of imagination. But with 
 him thought and action like well-trained coursers kept 
 abreast in the chariot race, guided by an eye that never 
 quailed, reined by a hand that never trembled. He had a 
 more infallible discrimination of circumstances and men 
 than any of his contemporaries. He weighed facts in a 
 juster scale, with larger equity, and firmer equanimity. 
 He best applied to them the lessons of experience. With 
 greater ascendency of character he held men to their ap 
 pointed tasks; with more inspiring virtue he commanded 
 more implicit confidence. He bore a truer divining-rod, 
 and through a wilderness of contention he alone was the 
 unerring Pathfinder of the People. ) 
 
 There can, indeed, be no right conception of Washington 
 that does not accord him a great and extraordinary genius. 
 I will not say he could have produced a play of Shakes 
 peare or a poem of Milton, handled with Kant the tangled 
 skein of metaphyics, probed the secrecies of mind and mat 
 ter with Bacon, constructed a railroad or an engine like 
 Stephensqn, wooed the electric spark from Heaven to earth 
 with Franklin, or walked with Newton the pathways of the 
 spheres. But if his genius were of a different order, it was 
 of as rare and high an order. It dealt with man in the con 
 crete with his vast concerns of business stretching over a 
 
102 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 continent and projected into the ages with his seething 
 passions; with his marvellous exertions of mind, body, and 
 spirit to be free. He knew the materials he dealt with by 
 intuitive perception of the heart of man by experience and 
 observation of his aspirations and his pow r ers by reflection 
 upon his complex relations, rights, and duties as a social 
 being. He knew just where, between men and States, to 
 erect the monumental mark to divide just reverence for 
 authority from just resistance to its abuse. A poet of social 
 facts, he interpreted by his deeds the harmonies of justice. 
 Practical yet exalted, not stumbling in the pit as he gazed 
 
 x^ 
 
 upon the stars, he would put no man in any office of con 
 sequence whose political tenets were opposed to the meas 
 ures which the General Government were pursuing. Yet 
 he himself, by the Kingliness of his nature, could act inde 
 pendently of party, return the confidence and affections, 
 use the brains and have thrust upon him the unanimous 
 suffrage of all parties walking the dizzy heights of power 
 in the perfect balance of every faculty, and surviving in 
 that rarefied atmosphere which lesser frames could only 
 breathe to perish. 
 
 Brilliant I will not call him, if the brightness of the rip 
 pling river exceed the solemn glory of old Ocean. Brilliant 
 I will not call him, if darkness must be visible in order to 
 display the light; for he had none of that rocket-like brill 
 iancy which flames in instant corruscation across the black 
 brow of night and then is not. But if a steady, unflicker- 
 ing flame, slow rising to its lofty sphere, high hung in the 
 Heavens of Contemplation, dispensing far and wide its rays, 
 revealing all things on which it shines in due proportions 
 and large relations, making Right, Duty, and Destiny so plain 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 103 
 
 that in the vision we are scarce conscious of the light if 
 this be brilliancy then the genius of Washington was as 
 fnll-orbed and luminous as the god of day in his zenith. 
 
 This is genius in rarest manifestation ; and, as life is 
 greater than any theory of living, in so much does he who 
 points the path of Destiny and brings great things to pass, 
 exceed the mere dreamer of great dreams. 
 
 The work of Washington filled the rounded measure of 
 his splendid faculties. Grandly did he illustrate the Anglo- 
 Saxon trait of just resistance to the abuse of power stand 
 ing in front of his soldier-husbandmen on the fields of 
 Boston, and telling the general of earth s greatest Em 
 pire, who stigmatized them as "rebels" and threatened 
 them "with the punishment of the cord," that "he could 
 conceive of no rank more honorable than that which flows 
 from the uncorrupted choice of a brave and free People, 
 the original and purest fountain of all power," and that, 
 "far from making it a plea for cruelty, a mind of true mag 
 nanimity and enlarged ideas would comprehend and respect 
 it." Victoriously did he vindicate the principle of the 
 Declaration of Independence, that to secure the inalienable 
 rights of man "governments are instituted amongst men, 
 deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, 
 and that whenever any form of government becomes de 
 structive of these ends, it is the right of the People to alter 
 or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its 
 foundation on such principles, and organizing its power in 
 such forms, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
 safety and happiness. By these signs he conquered. And 
 had his career ended here none other would have surpassed 
 whose could have equaled it? But where the fame of so 
 
104 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 many successful warriors has found conclusion, or gone be 
 yond only to be tarnished, his took new flight upward. 
 
 If I might venture to discriminate, I would say that it 
 was in the conflicts of opinion that succeeded the Revolution 
 that the greatness of Washington most displayed itself; for 
 it was then that peril thickened in most subtle forms ; that 
 rival passions burned in intestine flames ; that crises came, 
 demanding wider-reaching and more constructive faculties 
 than may be exhibited in war, and higher heroism than may 
 be avouched in battle. 
 
 And it was then that the soldier uplifted the visor of his 
 helmet and disclosed the countenance of the sage, and pass 
 ing from the fields of martial fame to the heights of civil 
 achievement, still more resplendent, became the world-wide 
 statesman, like Venus in her transit, sinking the light of his 
 past exploits only in the sun of a new-found glory. 
 
 First to perceive, and swift to point out, the defects in the 
 Articles of Confederation, they became manifest to all long 
 before victory crowned the warfare conducted under them. 
 Charged by them with the public defense, Congress could 
 not put a soldier in the field; and charged with defraying 
 expenses, it could not levy a dollar of imposts or taxes. It 
 could, indeed, borrow money with the assent of nine States 
 of the thirteen, but what mockery of finance was that, when 
 the borrower could not command any resource of payment. 
 
 The States had indeed put but a scepter of straw in the 
 legislative hand of the Confederation what wonder that 
 it soon wore a crown of thorns! The paper currency ere 
 long dissolved to nothingness; for four days the Army was 
 without food, and whole regiments drifted from the ranks 
 of our hard-pressed defenders. "I see," said Washington, 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 105 
 
 "one head gradually changing into thirteen; I see one army 
 gradually branching into thirteen, which, instead of looking 
 up to Congress as the supreme controlling power, are con 
 sidering themselves as dependent upon their respective 
 States." While yet his sword could not slumber, his busy 
 pen was warning the statesmen of the country that unless 
 Congress were invested with adequate powers, or should 
 assume them as matter of right, we should become but thir 
 teen States, pursuing local interests, until annihilated in a 
 general crash the cause would be lost and the fable of the 
 bundle of sticks applied to us. 
 
 In rapid succession his notes of alarm and invocations for 
 aid to Union followed each other to the leading men of the 
 States, North and South. Turning to his own State, and ap 
 pealing to George Mason, Where, he exclaimed, where 
 are our men of abilities? Why do they not come forth and 
 save the country?" He compared the affairs of this great 
 continent to the mechanism of a clock, of which each State 
 was putting its own small part in order, but neglecting the 
 great wheel, or spring, which was to put the whole in motion. 
 He summoned Jefferson, Wythe, and Pendleton to his as 
 sistance, telling them that the present temper of the States 
 was friendly to lasting union, that the moment should be 
 improved and might never return, and that after gloriously 
 and successfully contending against the usurpation of Brit 
 ain we may fall a prey to our own folly and disputes." 
 
 How keen the prophet s ken, that through the smoke of 
 war discerned the coming evil; how diligent the Patriot s 
 hand, that amidst awful responsibilities reached futureward 
 to avert it! 
 
io6 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 By almost a miracle the weak Confederation, a barrel 
 without a hoop," was held together perforce of outside press 
 ure ; and soon America was free. 
 
 But not yet had beaten Britain concluded peace not yet 
 had dried the blood of Victory s field ere "follies and dis 
 putes confounded all things with their Babel tongues and 
 intoxicated Liberty gave loose to license. An unpaid Army 
 with unsheathed swords clamored around a poverty-stricken 
 and helpless Congress. And grown at last impatient even 
 with their chief, officers high in rank plotted insurrection 
 and circulated an anonymous address, iirging it "to appeal 
 from the justice to the fears of government, and suspect the 
 man who would advise to longer forbearance." Anarchy 
 was about to wreck the Arch of Triumph poor, exhausted, 
 bleeding, weeping America lay in agony upon her bed of 
 laurels. 
 
 Not a moment did Washington hesitate. He convened 
 his officers, and going before them he read them an address, 
 which, for home-thrust argument, magnanimous temper, 
 and the eloquence of persuasion which leaves nothing to be 
 added, is not exceeded by the noblest utterances of Greek 
 or Roman. A nobler than Coriolanus was before them, 
 who needed no mother s or wife s reproachful tears to turn 
 the threatening steel from the gates of Rome. Pausing, as 
 he read his speech, he put on his spectacles and said: "I 
 have grown gray in your service, and now find myself grow 
 ing blind. This unaffected touch of nature completed the 
 master s spell. The late fomenters of insurrection gathered 
 to their chief with words of veneration the storm went 
 by and, says Curtis in his History of the Constitution, 
 Had the Commander-in-Chief been other than Washing- 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 107 
 
 ton, the land would have been deluged with the blood of 
 civil war." 
 
 But not yet was Washington s work accomplished. Peace 
 dawned upon the weary land, and parting with his soldiers, 
 he pleaded with them for union. "Happy, thrice happy, 
 shall they be pronounced," he said, "who have contrib 
 uted anything in erecting this stupendous fabric of freedom 
 and empire; who have assisted in protecting the rights of 
 human nature, and establishing an asylum for the poor and 
 oppressed of all nations and religions." But still the foun 
 dations of the stupendous fabric trembled, and no cement 
 held its stones together. It was then, with that thickening 
 peril, Washington rose to his highest stature. Without 
 civil station to call forth his utterance, impelled by the in 
 trepid impulse of a soul that could not see the hope of a 
 nation perish without leaping into the stream to save it, he 
 addressed the whole People of America in a Circular to the 
 Governors of the States: "Convinced of the importance of 
 the crisis, silence in me," he said, "would be a crime. I 
 will, therefore, speak the language of freedom and sincerity. " 
 He set forth the need of union in a strain that touched the 
 quick of sensibility ; he held up the citizens of America as 
 sole lords of a vast tract of continent; he portrayed the fair 
 opportunity for political happiness with which Heaven had 
 crowned them; he pointed out the blessings that would at 
 tend their collective wisdom ; that in their fate was involved 
 that of unborn millions; that mutual concessions and sacri 
 fices must be made; and that supreme power must be lodged 
 somewhere to regulate and govern the general concerns of 
 the Confederate Republic, without which the union would 
 
io8 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 not be of long duration. And he urged that happiness would 
 be ours if we seized the occasion and made it our own. 
 
 In this, one of the very greatest acts of Washington, was 
 revealed the heart of the man, the spirit of the hero, the 
 wisdom of the sage I might almost say the sacred inspira 
 tion of the prophet. 
 
 But still the wing of the eagle drooped; the gathering 
 storms baffled his sunward flight. Even with Washington 
 in the van, the column wavered and halted States strag 
 gling to the rear that had hitherto been foremost for perma 
 nent Union, under an efficacious Constitution. And while 
 three years rolled by amidst the jargon of sectional and 
 local contentions, the half-starved government, as Wash 
 ington depicted it, "limped along on crutches, tottering at 
 every step. " And while monarchical Europe with satur 
 nine face declared that the American hope of Union was the 
 wild and visionary notion of romance, and predicted that 
 we would be to the end of time a disunited people, suspi 
 cious and distrustful of each other, divided and subdivided 
 into petty commonwealths and principalities, lo! the very 
 earth yawned under the feet of America, and in that very 
 region whence had come forth a glorious band of orators, 
 statesmen, and soldiers to plead the cause and fight the bat 
 tles of Independence lo! the volcanic fires of Rebellion 
 burst forth upon the heads of the faithful, and the militia 
 were leveling the guns of the Revolution against the breasts 
 of their brethren. "What, gracious God! is man?" Wash 
 ington exclaimed: "It was but the other day that we were 
 shedding our blood to obtain the Constitutions under which 
 we live, and now we are unsheathing our swords to overturn 
 them." 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 109 
 
 But see! there is a ray of hope, Mary-land and Virginia 
 had already entered into a commercial treaty for regulating 
 the navigation of the rivers and great bay in which they 
 had common interests, and Washington had been one of the 
 Commissioners in its negotiation. And now, at the sugges 
 tion of Maryland, Virginia had called on all the States to 
 meet in convention at Annapolis, to adopt commercial regu 
 lations for the whole country. Could this foundation be 
 laid, the eyes of the Nation-builders foresaw that the per 
 manent structure would ere long rise upon it. But when 
 the day of meeting came, no State north of New York or 
 south of Virginia \vas represented; and in their helplessness 
 those assembled could only recommend a Constitutional 
 Convention, to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to pto- 
 vide for the exigencies of the situation. 
 
 And still thick clouds and darkness rested on the land, 
 and there lowered upon its hopes a night as black as that 
 upon the freezing Delaware; but through its gloom the 
 dauntless leader was still marching on to the consummation 
 of his colossal work, with a hope that never died; with a 
 courage that never faltered ; with a wisdom that never yielded 
 that "all is vanity." 
 
 It was not permitted the Roman to despair of the Repub 
 lic, nor did he our Chieftain. "It will all come right at 
 last," he said. It did. And now let the historian, Ban 
 croft, speak: "From this state of despair the country was 
 lifted by Madison and Virginia." Again he says: "We 
 come now to a week more glorious for Virginia beyond any 
 in her annals, or in the history of any Republic that had ever 
 before existed." 
 
 It was that week in which Madison, giving effect to his 
 
no Dedication of the Washington National Monument, 
 
 own long-cherished wishes, and still earlier washes of Wash 
 ington," addressing, as it were, the whole country, and mar 
 shaling all the States, warned them "that the crisis had 
 arrived at which the People of America are to decide the 
 solemn question, whether they would, by wise and magnani 
 mous efforts reap the fruits of Independence and of Union, 
 or whether by giving way to unmanly jealousies and preju 
 dices, or to partial and transitory interests, they would re 
 nounce the blessings prepared for them by the Revolution," 
 and conjuring them "to concur in such further concessions 
 and provisions as may be necessary to secure the objects for 
 which that Government was instituted, and make the United 
 States as happy in peace as they had been glorious in war. 
 
 In such manner, my countrymen, Virginia, adopting the 
 words of Madison, and moved by the constant spirit of Wash 
 ington, joined in convoking that Constitutional Convention, 
 in which he headed her delegation, and over which he pre 
 sided, and whose deliberations resulted in the formation and 
 adoption of that instrument which the Premier of Great 
 Britain pronounces the most wonderful work ever struck 
 off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man. 
 
 In such manner the State which gave birth to the Father 
 of his Country, following his guiding genius to the Union, 
 as it had followed his sword through the battles of Independ 
 ence, placed herself at the head of the wavering column. 
 
 In such manner America heard and hearkened to the voice 
 of her chief ; and now closing ranks, and moving with re 
 animated step, the Thirteen Commonwealths wheeled and 
 faced to the front, on the line of the Union, under the sacred 
 ensign of the Constitution. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. \ 1 1 
 
 Thus at last was the crowning work of Washington ac 
 complished. Out of the tempests of war, and the tumults of 
 civil commotion, the ages bore their fruit, the long yearning 
 of humanity was answered. "Rome to America" is the 
 eloquent inscription on one stone contributed to yon colossal 
 shaft taken from the ancient Temple of Peace that once 
 stood hard by the Palace of the Caesars. Uprisen from the 
 sea of Revolution, fabricated from the ruins of the battered 
 Bastiles, and dismantled palaces of unhallowed power, stood 
 forth now the Republic of Republics, the Nation of Nations, 
 the Constitution of Constitutions, to which all lands and 
 times and tongues had contributed of their wisdom. And 
 the Priestess of Liberty was in her Holy Temple. 
 
 When Salamis had been fought and Greece again kept 
 free, each of the victorious generals voted himself to be first 
 in honor; but all agreed that Themistocles was second. 
 When the most memorable struggle for the rights of human 
 nature, of which time holds record, was thus happily con 
 cluded in the muniment of their preservation, whoever else 
 was second, unanimous acclaim declared that Washington 
 was first. Nor in that struggle alone does he stand foremost. 
 In the name of the people of the United States their Presi 
 dent, their Senators, their Representatives, and their Judges, 
 do crown to-day, with the grandest crown that veneration 
 has ever lifted to the brow of glory, Him whom Virginia gave 
 to America whom America has given to the world and to 
 the ages and whom mankind with universal suffrage has 
 proclaimed the foremost of the founders of empire in the 
 first degree of greatness; whom Liberty herself has anointed 
 as the first citizen in the great republic of Humanity. 
 
 Encompassed by the inviolate seas stands to-day the Amer- 
 
1 1 2 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 lean Republic which he founded a freer Greater Britain 
 uplifted above the powers and principalities of the earth, 
 even as his monument is uplifted over roof and dome and 
 spire of the multitudinous city. 
 
 Long live the Republic of Washington! Respected by 
 mankind, beloved of all its sons, long may it be the asylum of 
 the poor and oppressed of all lands and religions long may 
 it be the citadel of that Liberty which writes beneath the 
 Eagle s folded wings, "We will sell to no man, we will deny 
 to no man, Right and Justice. 
 
 Long live the United States of America! Filled with the 
 free, magnanimous spirit, crowned by the wisdom, blessed 
 by the moderation, hovered over by the guardian angel of 
 Washington s example; may they be ever worthy in all 
 things to be defended by the blood of the brave who know 
 the rights of man and shrink not from their assertion may 
 they be each a column, and altogether, under the Constitu 
 tion, a perpetual Temple of .Peace, unshadowed by a Caesar s 
 palace ; at whose altar may freely commune all who seek the 
 union of Liberty and Brotherhood. 
 
 Long live our Country! Oh, long through the undying 
 ages may it stand, far removed in fact as in space from the 
 Old World s feuds and follies alone in its grandeur and its 
 glory itself the immortal monument of Him whom Provi 
 dence commissioned to teach man the power of Truth, and 
 to prove to the nations that their Redeemer liveth. 
 
 The delivery of the above was repeatedly interrupted with 
 loud applause. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE. In accordance with 
 the programme, Benediction will now be pronounced by 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 113 
 
 Rev. Dr. Lindsay, Chaplain of the House of Representa 
 tives. 
 
 The Rev. John S. Lindsay, D. D. , then pronounced this 
 benediction: 
 
 The blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy 
 Ghost, be among you and remain with you always. Amen. 
 
 At 5 o clock p. m. the President of the United States, the 
 Supreme Court, the Senate, and the invited guests retired 
 from the Hall. 
 
 8 W M 
 
CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 BROOKLINE, MASS., June 24, 1884. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman, crv. / 
 
 MY DEAR SIR: Your favor of the igth instant, addressed to me at 
 Boston, has reached me at my summer home, and I have not found 
 it easy to reply. It brings me face to face with an appointment 
 which I hardly know how either to accept or to decline. 
 
 I am most highly honored by the resolution of Congress, naming 
 me as the orator on the completion of the Monument to Washington, 
 and I thank you sincerely for the friendly and flattering terms in which 
 you have communicated the resolution. 
 
 Nothing would afford me greater gratification, in these closing 
 years of my life, than to perform the distinguished service thus 
 assigned to me, and I wish I could feel emboldened to accept the 
 appointment without reserve. But I cannot be wholly unmindful of 
 the disabilities and uncertainties of advanced age. 
 
 Should life and health be spared me, I shall not fail to be with you 
 on the 22(1 of February next, to unite in the congratulations of the 
 hour and to do homage to the memory of the Father of his Country. 
 Nor can I decline to give some expression to the remembrances and 
 emotions awakened by the completion of a monument, of which I 
 was privileged to speak at length at the laying of its corner-stone so 
 many years ago. But I dare not render myself responsible for a long, 
 elaborate oration. The effort would exceed my strength, and in all 
 sincerity, but with great reluctance, I must beg your Commission to 
 excuse me from the attempt. 
 
 117 
 
n8 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 A brief commemorative address is the most that I can promise. 
 
 Meantime the Commission must feel at perfect liberty to leave me 
 altogether out of their programme, and to make such arrangements 
 as may seem to them most likely to secure the success of the occa 
 sion. I desire them only to understand, that if, within the limitations 
 which my age enjoins, I can lend any assistance or interest to the 
 proposed ceremonial, I shall take pride and pleasure in placing my 
 self at their disposal. 
 
 Believe me, dear Senator Sherman, with great respect and regard, 
 Your friend and servant, 
 
 ROBT. C. W1NTHROP. 
 
 90 MARYBOROUGH STREET, BOSTON. 
 
 February 13, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman, &c. : 
 
 DEAR SENATOR SHERMAN : It is with deep regret that I find my 
 self compelled to abandon all further hope of being at the Dedication 
 of the Washington Monument on the 2ist instant. I have been 
 looking forward to the possibility of being able to run on at the last 
 moment, and to pronounce a few sentences of my oration before 
 handing it to Governor Long, who has so kindly consented to read 
 it. But my recovery from dangerous illness has been slower than I 
 anticipated, and my physician concurs with my family in forbidding 
 me from any attempt to leave home at present. 
 
 I need not assure the Commissioners how great a disappointment 
 it is to me to be deprived of the privilege of being present on this 
 most interesting occasion. I am sure of their sympathy without 
 asking for it. 
 
 Please present my respectful apologies to your associates, and be 
 lieve me, 
 
 With great regard, very faithfully, yours, 
 
 ROBT. C. WINTHROP. 
 
 P. S. This is the first letter I have attempted to write with my 
 own pen since my illness. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. \ \ 9 
 
 NEW YORK CITY, January 27, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman^ &C. .- 
 
 DEAR SIR: I regret very much that my physical condition pre 
 vents my accepting the invitation of the Commissioners appointed 
 by Congress to provide suitable ceremonies for the Dedication of the 
 Washington Monument, to be present to witness the same, on the 
 2ist of February next. My throat still requires the attention of the 
 physician, daily, though I am encouraged to believe that it is im 
 proving. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 U. S. GRANT. 
 
 FREMONT, OHIO, February 16, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman : 
 
 MY DEAR SIR: I regret that it is not practicable for me to accept 
 the invitation to attend the ceremonies at the Dedication of the 
 Washington Monument, on the 2ist instant. 
 
 When the work on the Monument was resumed under the act of 
 1876, as a member of the Commission in charge of it I was much 
 interested in the plan for strengthening the foundation recommended 
 by the engineer, Colonel Casey, and have ever since watched with 
 solicitude the progress of the structure towards completion. It is a 
 pleasure to have an opportunity to congratulate Colonel Casey and 
 his associates, that after so many anxious years of devotion to their 
 task they are now gladdened by the successful termination of their 
 skillful and hazardous labors. 
 
 The fame of Washington needs no monument. No work of human 
 hands can adequately illustrate his character and services 
 
 His countrymen, however, wishing to manifest their admiration 
 and gratitude, a hundred years ago decided to build a monument in 
 honor of his deeds and virtues. Having undertaken the work, they 
 could not neglect it or allow it to fail. The friends of liberty and 
 good government in all other lands will unite with patriotic Ameri 
 cans in rejoicing that a monument so fitting and majestic has now 
 been erected in memory of Washington. 
 Sincerely, 
 
 R. B. HAYES. 
 
i2O Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 ALBANY, January 31, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman, cry. .- 
 
 DEAR SIR : I regret very much that it will be impossible for me to 
 be present at the ceremonies attending the Dedication of the Wash 
 ington Monument, on the 2ist of February. 
 
 Many engagements and occupations, which you can well imagine 
 admit of no postponement, oblige me to forego the pleasure of taking 
 part in the interesting exercises. 
 Yours, very truly, 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND. 
 
 BANGOR, January 29, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman of Commission, e?V. . 
 
 I have been honored in the receipt of the invitation of the Com 
 mission in relation to the Dedication of the Washington Monument, 
 to be present at the same on the 2ist day of February. I have also 
 received your invitation for the same purpose, in which you express 
 the hope that I will accept the invitation tendered to me. 
 
 In view of the importance of the event and its national character, 
 1 do not feel at liberty to decline your invitation, and I cordially 
 accept the same. 
 
 1 will be present at the Dedication, unless prevented by some 
 cause not now known or anticipated. 
 
 I have the honor to be, very truly, yours, 
 
 HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 
 
 MALONE, N. Y., January 28, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman, <5rY. . 
 
 SIR: I am in receipt, through you as its chairman, of the invita 
 tion of the " Committee appointed by Congress to provide suitable 
 ceremonies for. the Dedication of the Washington Monument," to be 
 present at those ceremonies. 
 
Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 1 2 1 
 
 I greatly regret to say that the condition of my health will deprive 
 :ne of the pleasure of being present on that occasion. 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 W. A. WHEELER. 
 
 912 GARRISON* AVENUE, SAINT Louis, Mo., 
 
 January 28, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman of Committee, Washington, D. C.: 
 
 DEAR SIR: I beg to acknowledge the compliment of your invita 
 tion to share in the ceremonial of the Dedication of the Washing 
 ton Monument on the 2ist of February next, and to express regret 
 that I cannot be present. 
 With great respect, 
 
 W. T. SHERMAN, 
 
 General. 
 
 OAK KNOLL, DANVERS, MASS., 
 
 Second Month 8, 1885. 
 Hon. JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Chairman of Committee: 
 
 DEAR FRIEND: The state of my health will scarcely permit me to 
 avail myself of the invitation of the Commission to attend the cere 
 monies of the Dedication of the Washington Monument. 
 
 In common with my fellow-citizens I rejoice at the successful com 
 pletion of this majestic testimonial of the reverence and affection 
 which the people of the United States, irrespective of party, section, 
 or race, cherish for the Father of his Country. Grand, however, and 
 imposing as that testimonial may seem, it is, after all, but an inade 
 quate outward representation of that mightier monument, unseen 
 and immeasureable, builded of the living stones of a nation s love 
 and gratitude, the hearts of forty millions of people. But the world 
 has not outlived its need of picture-writing and symbolism, and the 
 great object-lesson of the Washington Monument will doubtless 
 prove a large factor in the moral and political education of present 
 and future generations. Let us hope that it will be a warning as well 
 
122 Dedication of the Washington National Monument. 
 
 as a benediction; and that while its sun-lit altitude may fitly symbol 
 ize the truth that "righteousness exalteth a nation," its shadow falling 
 on the dome of the Capitol may be a daily reminder that "sin is a 
 reproach to any people." Surely it will not have been reared in 
 vain if, on the day of its dedication, its mighty shaft shall serve to 
 lift heavenward the voice of a united people that the principles for 
 which the fathers toiled and suffered shall be maintained inviolate 
 by their children. 
 
 With sincere respect, I am thy friend, 
 
 JOHN G. WHITTIER. 
 
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