THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 0¥ CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 i ' /'■' 
 
 /- 
 
 
 ^■■^-% 
 
 -^(!\
 
 , i
 
 THE 
 
 ANCIENT AND PRESENT 
 
 A 
 
 E 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COUNTY AND CITY 
 
 O F 
 
 WATERFORD 
 
 CONTAINING A 
 
 NATURAL, CIVIL, ECCLESIASTICAL, HISTORICAL 
 AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION THEREOF. 
 
 B Y 
 
 CHARLES SMITH, M. D. 
 
 Ut Fotero Explieaho, nee tamen ut Pythius Apollo, certa tit Jint & fxa qua 
 dixero ; fed ut homunculus probabilla conjefiurcij'ejuens. 
 
 Cicero Tufcul. quasft. Lib. I, 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. 
 
 DUBLIN: 
 
 PRINTED FOR W. WILSON, N". 6, DAME-STREET.
 
 ill ] 
 
 PA 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT, 
 
 y^NOTHp. R impreffwn of the Hifiory of 
 -^■^ W at erf or d being fought for ^ the publifher by the 
 indulgence of a friend^ to whom the late Dr, Smith 
 bequeathed all his manufcripts^ is enabled to prefent the 
 public with a correal and much improved edition of 
 that valuable work, as prepared for publication by the 
 ingenious author ; interfperfed with feveral obferva- 
 tions relative to the advancement of arts and manufac- 
 tures, either too much neglected, or ill profecuted, in 
 this^ county ; and embellifhed with fome 7iew plates, 
 which he is induced to hope will render it Jlill more 
 acceptable to the purchafer. 
 
 7154GG
 
 [ iv ] 
 
 December 2d, 1745. 
 
 At a meeting of the Physico-Historical 
 Society, the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop 
 OF Meath in the chair. 
 
 MR. Charles Smith prefented a propofal for 
 printing the ancient and prefent State of 
 the County and City of Waterford, the work 
 (having been read over by a Committee of the So- 
 ciety) was approved of, and he was defired to pro- 
 ceed therein. 
 
 Signed, 
 
 James Ware, Secretary. 
 
 Imprimatur 
 
 Ed. Barry, M. D. Vice-Prefident.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 T*HE INTRODUCTION. Page xi, 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the ancient Names and Inhabitants of the County 0/ WaTE r- 
 f ORD } together ixiith thofe of the middle and prefent Age. I 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Bounds^ Extent, Length, and Breadth of this County ^ 
 its Middle Latitude and Longitude, together luith the Ciijil 
 and Ecclefiaflical Divifion thereof . 12 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 A Topographical Defcription of the Baronies, Barijhes, ToivnSf 
 
 Fillages, Churches, Seats, Religious Houfes, ^c. of this 
 
 County, ivitb fome Hifiorical Obfer^ations relating to the 
 
 fame. 26 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Hifiorical Annals of the City (j/"Waterford from the time of its 
 building by the Ofimen, or Danes, to the landing of the 
 Englijh, and from thence continued doivn to tht Re^jolu- 
 tion. 96 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 7be frefent State of the City o/W a t e r f r d , its ancient and 
 prefent Names, Situation, ancient and modern Extent, Walls^ 
 Gates, Toivers, and For tif cations. Churches, Abbeys, Hof- 
 fitals, public Buildings, Schools, and- Charity Foundations, 
 ^tay, Trade, Go'vernment, Officers, Courts, Franchifes and 
 Pri'vileges, Companies, Militia, Arms, i^c. 1 63 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Mountains and Bogs of this County. 2o6 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Some hints relating to Agriculture. ZlS 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the Rivers of this County, their Rife, Progrefs and Navi. 
 gat ion. 23 a 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Medicinal Waters hitherto difcovered in this County, 
 with an Analyfs 0/ them. 240 
 
 A CHAP
 
 VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 C H A P. X. 
 
 ^n Hydrographical Defcription of the Harbours, Creeks, Bayft 
 Rondsy IJlands, Points, and Head-lands on the Coajl of this 
 County, and other matters relati^je to the fame. 247 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Of the Fiffi'and Fineries on the Coaji of this County, and of 
 /^f Nymph-Bank. 358 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Of the Trades, Arts, and Manufadures of this County y or njohich 
 may be carried on in it. 278 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Some curious Particulars and Phaenomena relating to the 
 Air. 284 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Of the mofi remarkable Fojftls, ivhether Stones, Earths, ClaySf 
 or Ores dif cohered in this County, 'voith ufeful Hints toiuards 
 th'e making offuch Difco'veries. 292 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 Of Plants, Trees, and other Matters relating to Vegetables. 308 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 A furpriftng Account of a Rock, luhich nvas throijon up, at the 
 Eaft Entrance of the Harbour of Dungarvan, 'with an 
 attempt to account for its Eruption. 319 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Of Caves, Natural and Artifcial. 327 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 A Defcription of the Birds obferfjed in this County y luithfome 
 curious Remarks upon Animals. 2>Z^ 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 Of fame Remarks en Infeds. 346 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 Of ancient Monuments, Danijh Raths, circular Fortif cations ^ 
 round Totuers, and other Antiquities in this County. 351 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 of rtnuirkahle Perfons born in this County. 3S9
 
 
 TO HIS EXCELLENCY 
 
 PHILIP, 
 
 Earl of Chesterfield, 
 
 And Baron Stanhope of Shelford, one of His 
 MAJESTY'S Privy Council, 
 
 Knicht or THE Most Noble Order or rnz GARTER. 
 AND 
 
 Lord Lieutenant General, and 
 General Governor of IRELAND. 
 
 May it pleafe your Excellency, 
 
 npHE honour your excellency hath 
 done the Phystco-H storical- 
 SociETY, by condefcending to be- 
 come their prefident, has embold- 
 
 A 2 ened
 
 VIII DEDICATION. 
 
 ened the author of the firft Essay 
 that appears under their fancllon, 
 to lay it before your lordfliip, whofe 
 tafle, judgment and abilities, in all 
 the politer arts, are univerfally ac- 
 knowledged. 
 
 The important negotiations, where- 
 in your excellency hath been lately 
 employed, and in which you have fo 
 highly diftinguifhed yourfelf, in the 
 fnpport of the liberties of Europe, and 
 the honour of the Britifli nation, 
 have rendered your name eminently 
 confpicuous to all the world. The 
 choice of your excellency to be chief 
 governor of this kingdom, gave a fen- 
 flble pleafure to every lover of litera- 
 ture, among vv^hom the members of 
 the Pi-iYSico-Hisf ORicAL SociETY caft 
 their eyes upon your lordfliip, as a 
 mofl: proper patron to protect the fci- 
 ences, and encourage arts among us. 
 
 The Topography and Natural Hif- 
 tcry of this kingdom, are fubje6ls, 
 'which have yet been but flightly 
 
 attempted
 
 DEDICATION. ix 
 
 attempted, and that in fuch a manner, 
 by foreign writers, as rather to call an 
 odium on the country, than to give a 
 juft defcription of it. To remedy 
 this evil, and to colle6i: materials for a 
 natural and civil hiftory of the fe- 
 vera] counties of this kingdom, are 
 the defigns of the fociety. As their 
 labours tend to the making ufeful 
 difcoveries, for the improvement of 
 hufbandry, trade and manufadlures, 
 which may, in time, employ our poor 
 at home, and be an invitation to in- 
 duftrious foreio:ners to fettle among: 
 us; it is prefumed, as your excel- 
 lency has the true interefl: of this 
 kingdom at heart, the defign will 
 meet with your favourable protee- 
 tiojQ. 
 
 The tra6l now offered to your 
 lordfliip, though but a defcription of 
 a remote corner of the kingdom, 
 may afford fome idea of the country, 
 which, under your excellency's pru- 
 dent admiiiiftration, has the haopi- 
 nefs to enjoy a ferenity, at prefent 
 A 3 unknown
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 unknown to the greateft part of 
 Europe; and it is not doubted, but 
 that under your influence, Ihe will 
 become every day, more and more, 
 an additional increafe of flrength and 
 honour to that neighbouring king- 
 dom, which has fo long nouriflied 
 and protected her; which, my lord, 
 is the hearty wifli of him, who is, 
 with the greateft refpedt, your excel- 
 lency's 
 
 Moft obedient, 
 
 Mof! devoted, 
 and moll humble Servant, 
 
 Charles Smith*
 
 [ XI ] 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ENQUIRIES into the flate of the feveral 
 counties of England, have been many years 
 fet on foot with confiderable advantage to that 
 kingdom. The works of the learned Camdea 
 in this way continue ftill to be admired; and the 
 fcheme for making thefe enquiries ftiil more exten- 
 five, as to natural hiftory, was originally formed 
 by the great Mr. Boyle, and carried into execution 
 by Dr. Plot and other writers. 
 
 Little of this kind hath yet been attempted with 
 any tolerable fuccefs in Ireland. Towards the end 
 of the laft century fa period fruitful in men of 
 genius) a fociety of gendemen in Dublin endeavo.ired 
 by a correfpondence to make enquiries into the 
 natural ftate of the kingdom. But whether it was, 
 that this correfponding method was not univerfal 
 enough to anfwer their purpofe, or that they began 
 to cool in their enquiries for want of a proper fund, 
 the fcheme dropped, with little more fruits than a 
 few colledions, which are flill preferved in MS. in 
 the College library (i). 
 
 The prefent Phyfico-Hifl:orical Society confifts of 
 a number of genrlemen, who about the 14th of 
 April 1744, allociated themfelves for the above 
 purpofes, and, in order to make their defigns pub- 
 lic, fet forth tables of queries relating to the civil 
 and natural hiftory of the feveral counties of 
 
 Irslandj 
 
 (0 Dr. Gilbert's Collea. 
 A 4
 
 XII INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ireland, and alfo raifed a fmall fund among them- 
 felves by fubfcription to employ proper perfons to 
 travel through the kingdom, to make obfervations, 
 and colledt proper materials for the purpofe ; of 
 which the reader may find a fhort account in a fheet 
 written on the rife and progrefs of the fociety, pub- 
 lifhed at the end of their firft year. The tradl now 
 offered to the public is a fpecimen of what they 
 intend to publifh in like manner of other counties, 
 provided the dcfign meets with a favourable recep- 
 tion. 
 
 It muft be a great pleafure to every well-wiflier 
 of his country to obferve, that a fpirit of improve- 
 ment begins to appear in it. 
 
 The excellent laws relating to the linen- manufac- 
 ture, the vigilance of that board, and the noble 
 defigns of the Dublin- Society, have in a great 
 meaiure introduced induftry and the fciences into 
 this kingdom. To promote the intention of the 
 latter an enquiry into the natural hiftory of the coun- 
 try is requifite; by difcovering and recommending 
 iifeful and proper materials for the improvement of 
 agriculture, trade and manufadures. 
 
 In all wife ftates tillage was held in the higheft 
 efteem : in E<7\pt it was the particular objfd of 
 government and policy ; in Aflyria and Perfia the 
 Satrapse were rewarded and punifhed according as 
 the lands in their refpe(5tive governtiients were well 
 or ill tilled. Dion Halicarn informs us (2), that Numa 
 Pompilius, one of the wifeft kings antiquity men- 
 tions, had an account rendered him in what manner 
 the feveral cantons, in which he divided the Roman 
 territories, were cultivated. What hiftory relates 
 of the immenfe riches ol the city of Sxracufe, and 
 the magnificence of its buildings, its powerful arma- 
 ments by land and lea would fecm uicredible, if 
 
 not 
 
 (2) Antiq. Rom. Lib. 2. p. 135.
 
 INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 not attefted by all antiquity ; and all this was raifed 
 by their wonderful induftry in agriculture. 
 
 One of their wifeft monarchs, Hiero II. com- 
 pofed a book upon the fubjecft, in which he gave 
 excellent rules for the augmenting the fertility of 
 his country. Kappy was it for old Rome, whea 
 her confuls and didators were taken from the 
 plow. " In thofe times, fays Pliny (3), the earth, 
 *' glorious in feeing herfelf cultivated by the hands 
 *' of triumphant vidors, feem to make new efforts, 
 " and to produce her fruits in greater abundance" ; 
 no doubt, becaufe thefe great men, equally capable 
 of handling the plow, and then arms, of fowing, 
 and of conquering lands, applied themfelves with 
 more attention to their labour, and were al.o more 
 fuccefsfu! in the effed^s of it. 
 
 Every body will allow, that no countries in the 
 world were richer and better peopled than thofe, and 
 muft acknowledge, that the ftrength of a ftate, is 
 not to be computed by extent of country, but by 
 the number and labour of the inhabitants. 
 
 That this kingdom is not above a fourth part 
 peopled, may be fairly allowed ; and if oi^e (aid, 
 that it might maintain eight irues its prefent number 
 of inhabitants, it might be eafily made evident. The 
 linen manufadlure empl(V-s great numbers in tiie 
 north ; but how many more might it not find occu- 
 pation for, if it were equally Ipread throuph the 
 other three provinces,? Had we a regular eftaoli^hed 
 fifhery, and other proHiabie bra ches of trade fet 
 up among us, fuch numoers wouid find encourage- 
 ment, that we fhould want hands to carry them 
 on. Were our (oil lels fiuirrul, or our climate 
 more intemperate th^n ihc are, a profpeft of 
 riches would draw itrangers hither; and a m.ulti- 
 tiide of people (as Solomon iaitn) is the glory of a 
 
 prince. 
 
 (3) Lib. iS. Chap. 3.
 
 XIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 prince. It is neither the unhcalthfulnefs or burning 
 heat of the Indies, the cold of Riilfm, nor the inqui- 
 fition of Spain, that liinder men from fettlirg ia 
 thefe countries to advance their fortunes ; Englifh, 
 Dutch, and French factors flock to all parts of 
 the Turkifh dominions; intereft draws people to 
 hazard their lives and fortunes, and to fettle 
 among the plunderers of Arabia, and the pirates of 
 Algiers. 
 
 In Ireland, a ftranger has neither the feverity of 
 the government, nor the intemperance of climate 
 to ftruggle with ; the foil is fufficiently fertile, where 
 induftry is ufed to make it fo; the air temperate 
 and wholefome, and the country abounds with navi- 
 gable rivers, large and commodious haibourj, the 
 moft useful vegetables, good profpedts of minerals, 
 the various produce of animals, as, flcfh, butter, 
 
 hides, tallo.v, &;c. To all which may be added, 
 
 the wholefomenefs of the laws, and equity of the 
 adminiftration, with a fecurity of every man's right. 
 Thefe, with the civilized manners and hulpitality 
 of the inhabitants, may be no fmall inducements to 
 draw ftrangers hither. 
 
 Before tiie reign of Edward III. the Englifh ex- 
 ported their wool to Flanders and imported it back 
 manufa(flured ; that prince, perceiving the vaft lofs 
 fuch a trade was to England, invited over numbers 
 of Flemings, giving them many privileges, which 
 in a fhort time determined the bala-^ce of trade in 
 favour of the Englifh ; but they foon loft that advan- 
 tage by the civil commotions which followed the 
 death of that monarch. For want of proper encou- 
 ragement little was exported till the reign of queen 
 Elizabeth, who received and naturalized the poor dif- 
 trelTed Walloons, then perfecuted for their religion ; 
 whom fhe further encouraged, by allowing them 
 places of v/orfhip in different parts of England, that 
 their trade might not be confined to one place. 
 Thefe people by intermarriages with the Englilli, 
 
 and
 
 INTRODUCTION. xv 
 
 and by teaching their craft to apprentices, Co 
 difTufed their art, that from that time the woollea 
 manufadlure flouiifhed greatly. Divine providence 
 amply rewarding the hofpitality of the Englifh, 
 with the moll: beneficial branch of commerce ia 
 the world, brought them by thefe poor diftrefled 
 people. 
 
 Lewis the XlVth of France, forced his proteftant 
 fubjeds to abandon their country by repealing the 
 edid of Nants England received them with open 
 arms, and colleded fuch fums for their relief, as no 
 other voluiiiary charity ever before this amounted 
 to. Thefe people introduced the filken manufac- 
 ture into England, which at prefent copes with, if 
 not exceeds, that of France. By the fame means 
 the Englifh paper rivals both the Dutch and French 
 in colour; and the manufadure of hats, which 
 before 1688, the Fnglifh had from Fiance is now 
 brought to fuch perfection, that the French gentry, 
 though they run the rifqiie of forfeiture, import them 
 from England : and it is faid, that hats have been 
 made for the cardinals of Rome at the famous French 
 manufadory at Wandfworth, 
 
 To inftance in our own kingdom : to what a 
 noble pitch has our linen manufadure been raifcd } 
 And for this we are in fome meaiure indebted to 
 foreigners. Witnefs the order of thanks of the 
 houfe of Commons given to Mr. Cromlin, a French 
 gentleman naturaliz;;d in this kingdom, then aduaily 
 fitting in the houfe, and likewiie the prefent of 
 io,oool. as an acknowledgment lor the great 
 fervice he had done this country in eflablifhing 
 that manufadure here. Colour was indeed wanting 
 to our linen -, but by the care of the linen board, 
 and the induftry of Dutch bleachers, we have 
 at length furmounted that obftacle. Thefe are 
 inftances more than fufficient to fhew the great 
 benefits which have accrued to Great-Britain and 
 Ireland from the reiidence of foreigners among us. 
 
 " The
 
 xvr INTRODUCTION, 
 
 The fmall extent of land in the United Provinces 
 of Holland is rather an advantage than a lofs 
 to the induftrious inhabitants, who not only fupply 
 their own wants, but alfo many articles of luxury. 
 By making all the world their forefts, their parks, 
 and their gardens, they have in epitome become 
 thofe of other countries, and furnifh in their turn 
 much larger ki/.gdoms with mofl of the neceflaries 
 of life. Other countries, depending upon their 
 large domains, never feek further to fupply them- 
 felves but from hand to mouth. Whereas the 
 Dutch having no fuch dependance, import all 
 from abroad at the b::ft hand, and for fear of mif- 
 carriagvs, keep vail ftores of every thing; by 
 which they are ab'e to ferve all the reft of Europe 
 that are necelfitous, and by making them pay their 
 own price have become the rich and flourifhing peo- 
 ple we now fee them. Their happy fituationon the 
 Rhine, the Maes and the Scheld, and the naviga- 
 ble canals from one river to another are certainly 
 of great advantage to them. Germany, fituated 
 behind them, not only furnifhes them with con- 
 veniencies for exportation, but alfo with ioldiers, 
 fervants, and other people at their pleafure, which, 
 though wanted in a I mall territory not able to feed 
 them, obliged them to feek for food from the fea ; 
 and this has raifed their mighty filheries, by which 
 they gain immenfe wealth. The fame neceflity 
 taught them the invention of the quickeft engines 
 for dilpatch: from hence they contrived mills to do 
 almoft every thing; to faw and bore timber; 
 engines to drain and water their lands, and quench 
 their fires ; looms to weave many pieces of ribbon 
 and tape at once; and whilft other nations were 
 canvalfing philofopby to gain applaui'e, they, like 
 Socrates, were ftriving to reduce their philofophy 
 into pracftice. 
 
 To apply thefe things to our own advantage ; 
 we ought to encourage fuch numbers of people as 
 
 might
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 might confume our imported mercharsdife, and 
 furnifh us wiih necciTaries for ourfelves and expor- 
 tation, both in the way of agriculture and manufac- 
 ture. Our fifheries, that treafure which providence 
 has thrown at our doors, ought to be minded: 
 and laftly, a public encouragement fhould be 
 given to fuch as begin or fet up any new art or 
 invention ufed in other more induflrious countries, 
 for the procuring of wealth, and the employment 
 of hands. 
 
 The frequent fcarcity of bread-corn among us of 
 late years has induced the author to fay fomething 
 of agriculture in the following fheets, which may- 
 be equally ufeful to every part of the kingdom. 
 Could we once be prevailed upon to provide fuffici- 
 entjy for our own confumption, we might in a fhort 
 time be able to fupply others, and render the 
 balance of trade, at prefent much againft us, 
 greatly in our favour. 
 
 The generality of our farmers are apt to conceive 
 that they have already brought the bufmefs of 
 tillage to the greatc-.rt perfedion. But were they 
 fo knowing as they imagine, or would put in prac- 
 tice fuch hints as might be communicated, we 
 fhould not have fuch frequent complaints of che mif- 
 carriage of their expeiuTienis, But what can be 
 expected from a fet of people, who, out of an igno- 
 rant obllinacy, will not be beaten out of the?r old 
 tracks by the mod powerful arguments, founded 
 upon realon, and backed by the experience of wife 
 and faithful per ions ? 
 
 Though agriculture is in a manner the Prima 
 Materia of all commerce, yet tiie countryman will 
 find a vent for his commodities to be as neceffary 
 to his end, as his knowL^dge in tiie methods of 
 raifmg them. For which reafon the intelligent 
 farmer ought to inform himfelf tiw/ his commodities 
 may be foid in the befi manner; which he may 
 do, by framing his notions according to a paft fcarcity 
 
 of
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of this or that commodity, or a probability of a 
 future demand for it. As to what is pafT, he cannot 
 be mifinformed ; and may make tolerable con- 
 jecflures upon what is to happen, from the feafon of 
 the year, flate of the weather, mortah'ty of cattle, 
 and the like accidents. Yet he is not to confine his 
 views in rhefe particulars to his own neighbourhood, 
 which by fome accident may be attended either with 
 fcarcity or plenty; whilft the contrary may perhaps 
 happen in the reft of the kingdom ; but he is to 
 enquire what probable lofs of each commodity the 
 whole kingdom has fuftained, or whether the produce 
 be greater or lefs than ufual. 
 
 Befides, a little attention to the public papers will 
 inform him what foreign demands may happen to 
 be for his goods; fo that he need not fear being 
 over reached by the merchant in felling them too 
 cheap, nor keep them till they are damaged in ex- 
 pedation of a better market. 
 
 Before I conclude, I (hall take leave to fay fome- 
 thing ''n relation to the prefcnt treatife. 
 
 The county of Waterford, at firft fight, even to 
 thofe who are beft acquainted with it, feems to be 
 but an indifferent fubject either for a natural or civil 
 hiftory; the prefent figure it m.akes is inferior to 
 that of moft others in the fouth part of the king- 
 dom ; from Vv'hence I would infer, that if the natu- 
 ral and civil hiftory of the other counties was in any 
 tolerable degree of exactnefs enquired into, this 
 kingdom could not make that mean appearance it 
 does among foreigners. 
 
 We are apt to fall into that juft reproach given 
 by one ni the philofophers, introduced by the 
 orator, to thofe who flighted things they faw every 
 day, becaufe they every day faw them; Quaft 
 novitas nos magis quam magnitudo rerum ad 
 exquirendas caufas excitaret. As if novelty only 
 fhould be of more force to engage our enquiries 
 into the caufes of things, than the worth a-^
 
 INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 greatnefs of them. If gentlemen would make proper 
 fearches in their relped've neighbourhoods into 
 every thing curious, and tranfmit their remarks to 
 the Societ}, the natural hiilory of this kingdom 
 might be foon put into a proper h'ght. The map 
 prefixed to this work will be found more accurate 
 than any hitherto publilhtd of this county. The 
 diftapces and bearings of places are as true as the 
 dodrine of triangles, and the beft information 
 could diredl me to put them. The fea-coaft is 
 entirely new, as will be feen by cotnparing this 
 map with the Atlas Maritimus, and Petty 's furveys. 
 Mr. Doyle's chart of Tramore bay, and the harbour 
 of Waterford, being an exadl furvey done with 
 great nicety, is reduced into this map. The 
 harbour of Dungarvan is alfo reduced from an 
 a<^ual furvey. The roads are laid down according 
 to their true bearings. And here I muft acquaint 
 the reader, that, properly fpeaking, there are three 
 kinds of diftances between moft places, viz. the 
 horizontal diftance, or the nearsft line which may- 
 be drawn between two places, and this is the 
 diftance meafured on the niap by the fcales. The 
 fecond is the meafured diftance, which is always 
 more than the former, occafioned by the windings 
 of the roads, and the inequalities of ihe ground ; 
 and this diftance is generally expreffed by letting 
 down the number of miles on the roads themfelvcs. 
 The laft is the reputed diftance, or number of 
 miles coiTimonly faid to be between any two places ; 
 which may happen to fall fhort or exceed either of 
 the former, and is very uncertain ; but for the moft 
 part it falls fhort of the horizontal and meafured 
 diftances in this country. The fcales confift of 
 Englifti and Irifti tniles, the firft containing 1760 
 yards, and the latter 2240 yards. 
 
 In the ancient ftate of this county I have received 
 confiderable afliftances from a gentleman in Dublin, 
 member of the Society, wlio is well ikilled in 
 
 the
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the anriquiries of the kingdom, and who has lately 
 given tne public a proof of his learning that way. 
 
 The natural curiofities, as folTils, minerals, vege- 
 tables, and medicinal waters, have undergone the 
 fcruriny of fome iTcilfui gentlemen of the Society. 
 
 To conclude, as to my own particular, I would 
 have the reader take notice, that 1 write nothing 
 dogmatically, but (cum animo revocandi) when 
 I lli'll be better inrtrucfted either by my own or 
 the more accurate obfervations of others, and fhall 
 alwa>s be ready, when the reafons I fhall offer to 
 confirm any argument, be folidly anfwered, and 
 more cogent ones urged to the contrtty, to iQtia6t 
 them. 
 
 THE
 
 THE 
 ANCIENT and PRESENT 
 
 STATE 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 COUNTY and CITY 
 
 O F 
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the ancient Names and Inhabitants of the County of 
 IVaterford^ together mth thofe of the middle and 
 pfefent Age. 
 
 PEOPLE, called the Menapii, inhabited 
 the countries, fince called the counties of 
 Waterford and Wexford, in the time of 
 Ptolomy the geographer, who flourilTied about the 
 year of Chrift 140. Strabo (i), a writer of the Au- 
 guftan age, about the birth of Chrift, places a people 
 of the fanne name in Belgic-Gaul, near the banks 
 of the Rhine. Julius Ca£rar(2), who wrote before 
 Strabo, makes thefe Menapii a part, or fub-divifion, 
 of the Belgae, and adds (3), " that after the reft 
 " of Gaul had fubmitted to peace, only the Mo- 
 " rini and the Menapii, ftood out in arms ; and 
 
 (i) Geogr. lib. 4. (2) Comment, lib. 2. (3) lb. Hb. 3, 
 
 B " neither
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 " neither fent ambalTadors to him, nor otherwiTe 
 *' treated of a fubmiflion." He then defcribes their 
 manner of making war, by retiring, with their fub- 
 ftance, into woods, bogs, and faftiiefies, (not un- 
 like the practice of the Irilli, upon the early inva- 
 fion of the Enghfh) and by making fudden falhes 
 and affaults upon the Romans. 
 
 In order to fubdue them, he employed his army 
 in cutting down the woods, and, by that means, 
 made himfelf mailer of their goods and catde, 
 though they themfclves efcaped into thicker woods. 
 Thus, having wafted their country, and deftroyed 
 their villages and houfes, he marched back his army 
 into winter quarters. 
 
 A few pages after (4) he relates, that the Ufi- 
 pites, a German nation, palled the Rhine, drove the 
 Menapii out of their territories, and fixed them- 
 felves in their places. Thefe events happened 
 about 52 years before the birth of Chrift; and it 
 would feem probable, that from that period of de- 
 ftrudion, a colony of thefe Menapii, whom Ptolo- 
 my placed here near 200 years after, firft arrived 
 and fetded in thefe parts. 
 
 As the Menapii were a part, or fubdivifion, of the 
 Belgae of Gaul, it may be queftioned, whether they 
 did not firft remove into Britain with the Belgae, 
 and from thence, a few years after, retire into Ire- 
 land, when Julius Ccefar invaded Britain, for the 
 fuke of preferving their ancient liberty, and of 
 avoiding the infolence of the Romans, which they 
 had feverely felt in their own country. 
 
 Thefe things are not obtruded upon the reader 
 other wife than as conjedtures, that carry with them 
 fome fhew of probability ; and he is left to his 
 own judgment on the matter. Mr. Cambden (5) in- 
 deed thinks " that our Menapii v. ere the offspring 
 " of the Menapii upon the fea-coafts of the lower 
 
 (4) Comment, lib, 4. (5) Britan, p. 1359. Edit 1722. 
 
 '' Germany j'*
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ^ 
 
 *^ Germany ;" and Sir James Ware (6) is of opinion, 
 (though he is not pofitive in it) that Caraufius, who 
 aiTumed the purple in Britain againft Dioclefian and 
 Maximinian, was of thefe Menapii in Ireland ; be- 
 caufe Aureli us Vidor calls him a citizen of Menapia, 
 Menapii3e civera, and that Ptolomy places the city 
 of Menapia in Ireland, and not in Belgic-Gaul, tho' 
 the Menapii are feated by him in both countries; 
 It is doubled, whether the city of Wexford of' Wa- 
 terford be the Menapia of Ptolomy ; but as fome 
 incline to one, and fome to the other opinion, with- 
 out giving reafons for either, I ihall not take upon 
 me to, determine the point. 
 
 We do not find thefe people mentioned in any 
 hiftory after Ptolomy ; and therefore, it is probable, 
 that, by incorporating with the more ancient Irifli, 
 they loil their names, efpecially as they were only 
 a llender colony, and not of figure enough to give 
 a denomination to a people in a firange country. 
 For Caefar (7) himfelf la)rs, that they furnifhed only 
 9000 men in the general confederacy againft him-, 
 whereas the Beliovaci fent 60^000, and the Suellones 
 50,000. 
 
 The next people we meet with in this country, 
 were a powerful clan, called the Defii, from whom 
 the barony of Defies is denominated ; for they 
 fubfiRcd here till the time of the Englifh invafion. 
 I'he hiifory of this clan has fomethir.g finguiar in 
 51. They were originally planted in Meath (8), 
 a-d poflelfcd a large. ttadl of country near Taragh, 
 Called Dcfie-Teraragh. From the remains of this 
 family, the barony of Defie, i;: 'he county of Meath, 
 took its name. They diev/ 'their defcent from 
 Fiachadh Suidhe, eldeft fon to Fedlimid, the law- 
 giver, who was fupreme monarch of Ireland, from 
 the year of Chrift 164, to the year 174. But Fia- 
 
 (6) Antlq. Lat. Ed. csp. lo. (7) Comment, lib. 2, 
 
 (8) Flah, Ogygia, p. 339. 
 
 B 2 chadh ^
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory sf 
 
 cliadh died in the life-time of his father ; and thougti 
 he left ilfue, yet the crown defcendcd on the line 
 of his younger brother, in the perfon of Cormac 
 Mc. Art, who began his reign in the year 254, 
 Aongiis, or ^neas, grand fon to Fiachadh-Suidhe, 
 a prince of an high fpirit, refented his exclufion j 
 and, under pretext of fome injury offered him by 
 the reigning monarch, raifed a body of forces, 
 broke into the palace of Tarah, and not only flew 
 Kellach, the king's fon, by his father's fide, but 
 thruft out the king's eye with his fpear. This 
 event happened in 278. King Cormac quelled the 
 rebellion in feven fuccefsful battles, and drove 
 iEugus, with two of his brothers, and others of 
 the Defii adhering to him, into Munfler -, where, 
 either by force of arm.s or cor.cefiion, (for the ftory 
 is told both ways) they fettled themfelves, and 
 became inhabitants of that tradt of country, which 
 extended from the river Suire to the fea, and 
 from Lifmore to Credan-head, comprehending, in a 
 manner, all that territory, fince called, the county 
 of Waterfcrd : And they gave it the name of Defie, 
 in memory of their form.er fettlements of the fame 
 name in Meath, From this time, Defie in Meath, 
 and Defie in Munfter, came to be called N. and S. 
 Defie i and the latter aifo bore the name, in h'ifh, 
 of Nan-Defie. 
 
 Long r.fter this period, TEngus Mc. Nafrach, 
 king of Munfler, who was converted to the chri- 
 flian faith, by the miniftry of St. Patrick, enlarg- 
 ed the territory of the Dcfii (o), by annexing to it 
 the lands of Magh-femin, which extended N. of the 
 river Suire, as far f'^ Corca-Eathrach, comprehend- 
 ing the country about Clonmell, the barony of Mid- 
 dlethird, and the large extended plains near Cafhell, 
 called Gowhn-valc -, from which time, the name of 
 N. Delie, i. e. thofe of Meath, became antiquated ; 
 
 (9) FUh.Ogygia, p. 339. 
 
 the
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 the knds comprized in this grant of king ^ngus, 
 werediftinguifhed by the|name of Defie-Thuafgearr, 
 or N. Defie ; and the former territories in this county 
 retained the nam.e of Defie-Deifgeart, or S, Defie. 
 
 St. Declari, one of the precurfors of St. Patrick, 
 was defcended from the family of thefe Defii •, was 
 the firft who preached to them the chrifliaji religi- 
 on ; and converted numbers of them in the year 
 402, thirty years before St. Patrick came to Ireland, 
 on the like miflion. 
 
 In a M. S. life of St. Declan (out of which arch- 
 bifhop Ufher (10) has publifhed fome extrads) king 
 iEngus, St. Patrick, St. Ailbhe, and St. Declan, are 
 introduced fitting in a fynod, in the year 448, and 
 making conftitutions for the further propagation 
 of the chriftian faith ; upon which occafion, the 
 archbifhopric of Munfter was eftabliilied in the city 
 and fee of St. Ailbhe, and the bounds were ap- 
 pointed to St, Declan, where he fhould employ his 
 miniflerial labours, i. e. among the people of the 
 Nan-Defii, fo that they fhould be within the parifh 
 of his epifcopate ; that the Irifli, in other places, 
 fhould be fubjed to St. Patrick 5 and that the na- 
 tion of the Nan-Defii fhould pay all obedience, un- 
 der God, to their patron, St. Declan. Then St. 
 Patrick is faid to have fung the following Irilli dif- 
 tich, as it were an oracle, appointing St. Ailbhe to 
 be the Patrick or patron of Muniler ; and St. De-- 
 clan to be the Patrick or patron of Nan-Defii. 
 
 Ailbhe umal, Padruig Mumhan, mo gach rath : 
 Declan Padruig Nan-defii, ag Declan go brath. 
 
 Thus tranflated by Dr. Diinkin. 
 
 Of humble mind, but fraught v.ith ev'ry grace. 
 Great Ailbhe, the Patrick of Momonia's race, 
 Declan the mitred honour of divines, 
 The deathlefs Patrick of his Defi?^ fliines. 
 
 (10) Pfimord, P. 866, 
 
 E 3 About
 
 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 
 
 About this time the bifhopric of Ardmore was 
 eflablilhed. The fame M.S. Hfe(ii) gives a cata- 
 logue of the chieftanes of the Defii, (12) not down 
 from prince ^Engus, but from Eogan, one of his 
 brothers (he and his elder brother Rofius, probably, 
 having died without iffue male.) Thus, 
 
 Eogan, fon of Fiachad-Suidhe, begot Carbry(i3) 
 Righ-ruadh, who begot Conry-Beilovidor, or the 
 Warlike, who begot Cuan-Cainbrethach, who be- 
 got Mesfore, who begot Mofcegra, v/ho begot Mof- 
 corb, who begot Art-corb, who begot Eogain II. 
 who begot Brian, who begot Niath, who begot I.ud- 
 hoich, who begot Trei:e, who begot Ere, who was 
 father to St. Declan. Thefe were the chieftanes 
 of the Defii, from the time they were driven out of 
 Defie-Temrach, to the birth of this faint. Libanus 
 fucceeded Ere in the chieftanry of the Defii ; and 
 becaufe he continued an obftinate pagan, and could, 
 by no means, be prevailed upon to embrace chri- 
 flianity, St. Declan perfuaded the fubjeds of Liba- 
 nus, who had received baptifm, to forfake him, 
 and follow himfelf; for that, in confideration of his 
 defcent, he had as good a right to rule them as 
 the other ; upon which the multitude followed him, 
 were blefled by St. Patrick, and then afked St. 
 Ueclan, who fhould be their new chieftane ? He 
 gave the government to Fergall Mc. Cormac, who 
 \yas of the tribe of the Defii, and of the fame line 
 with St. Declan ; and they were all pleafed with the 
 change. * 
 
 In other ancient writings (14) we meet with more 
 chieftanes of the Defii, viz. Cobthaig, who begot 
 Moeldride, from whom St. Carthag, who died in 
 637, obtained the territories about Lifmore, as an 
 
 (i 1) Vit M.S. St Declan. (12) Vid. the defcent of tfie 
 Decycs of Munfter, oi the O-Pheolans, In M.S. in the Li- 
 brary of Trinity-College, Dublin. (13} i. e. Rufus, or Red- 
 king. (14) Vita Carthagi. 
 
 endowment
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 endowment for a cathedral there to be eftablifhecl ; 
 and Branfinius, Ton to Moeldtride, and prince of the 
 Defii of Miinfter, who is faid, in the annals of the 
 Four Maflers, to have died in the year 666 j from 
 which time, no other chieftane of this territory- 
 occurs, till Cormac Mac Culenan, who was billiop 
 of Lifmore, and prince of theDefii in Munfler ; and 
 died, according to the above-mentioned annals, in 
 918. This perfon mufl be diftinguifhed from 
 another of the fame name and furname, who was 
 king of Munfter, and archbilTiop of Cafheli ; and 
 died ten years earlier than our Cormac, Among 
 other lay-princes who appeared in the fynod of 
 Athboy, in 11 67, Dunchad O-Feolain, chieftane of 
 the Defii, was one ; but whether he was chieftane 
 of the Defii of Munfter, or thofe of the fame tribe, 
 who remained in Meath, after i^ingus and his fadion 
 were driven out of it as aforefaid, is uncertain. 
 
 In 1 1 6g, Melaghlin 6 Feolain, prince of the Defii, 
 was taken prifoner by earl Strongbow, when the 
 city of Waterford (15) was ftormcd ; but was 
 faved from death, by the mediation of Dermod Mc. 
 Murrough, king of Leinfter, In him ended the 
 chieftanry of the Defii -, and no traces ofconfequence 
 remain of this territory, except in the large extend- 
 ed barony of Defies in this county, which was foon 
 after eflabliflied. 
 
 The abbot Benedi6t, (16) a cotemporary writer 
 with thefe tranfadtions, relates, " that after the fub- 
 *' million of the Irilh to king Henry II. that mo- 
 *' narch, in the year 1177, granted, in cuftodium, 
 ** to Robert le Fuller (or le Poer) the city of Water- 
 *' ford, with all the circu:"n)auent province ; and 
 " appointed that the following lands fhould, for 
 ** the time to come, belong to the fervice of Wa- 
 
 (15) Ware's Engl. Annnis, P. 4. (16) In M. S. vrd. 
 
 Tyrrel's Gen. Hift. of England, in the.rei'gn oi' king Henry II. 
 
 Vol. I P. 414. 
 
 B 4 "terford,
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 " terford, viz. all the lands which lie between Wa- 
 *•■ terford and the water beyond Lifmore (which 
 " comprehend the greateft part of this county) 
 *' and alfo the lands of Offory." 
 
 This Robert le Poer was marfhal to king Henry II, 
 and from him, in a dired line, defcended fir Ri- 
 chard le Poer, created baron le Poer and Curragh- 
 more, on the 13th of September, 1535, whofe dc- 
 Icendant, Richard le Poer, was created vifcount 
 Defies, and earl of Tyrone, by patent, dated at 
 Weftminfter the ninth of Oftober, 1673. This 
 earl was fucceeded by his fon John, who dying with- 
 out iflue, in 1 6gT,^ the honours of the family devolved 
 on his brother James, by whofe death, on the 1 9th of 
 Auguft, 1704, without iffuemale, they ceafed ; and 
 his only daughter, the lady Catherine Poer, being 
 married to fir Marcus Beresford, bart. he was cre- 
 ated lord vifcount Tyrone, by king George I. 
 
 Though the power of the Defii was abolifhed by 
 the Englifh, and by the grant to fir Robert le Poer, 
 as aforefaid ; yet there remained of them people 
 of fome account after that period, and fuch whom 
 the Irifh hiftorians call kings. Nor is the territory 
 of the Defii left unmentioned. Thus, in t^he annals 
 of Leinfler, under the year ii3i, we find, "that 
 *' Cuilen 0-Cuilen, andO-Feolain, king of the De- 
 " fii, marched to Lifmore, rafed that caflle, and 
 " flew fixty or eighty men therein ; and further, 
 *' that all the caftles of Defie and OiTory were 
 " taken." Again, in 1203, " Art Corb 0-Feolain, 
 ** king of the Defie, died; the next year was a 
 " great plague through the Defie, v\hich emptied 
 *' mofl: of the houfes in it; and in 1206, Daniel 
 *' 0-Feolain, king of Defie, fucceffor to Art Corb, 
 " died at Cork, in the lord juftice Fitz-Henry's 
 " army." 
 
 It cannot efcape obfervation, that the princes of 
 this fept of ihe Defii, took up the furname of 
 O-Feolalnjand retained it in their families, from the 
 
 year
 
 ^V A T E R F R D. 
 
 year 1167 (probably earlier) till after the Englllh 
 acquifition of their country. This happened by 
 the decree of Brien Boruma, who mounted the 
 throne of .Ireland in the year 1002 ; for it was in 
 his time, that the family furnames of the Irifh be- 
 gan to be fixed, and handed down to pofterity with 
 the particle (h), or the monofy liable (va)^ prefixed, 
 which was afterwards changed into the vowel (o)y 
 and fignifies one defcended from fome prime man 
 or head of a principal family, as 0-Brien, O-Con- 
 nor, O-Neil, and, in this inflance, 0-Feolain, of 
 which fee the Antiquities of Ireland, lately publifii- 
 ed, chap. 8. Yet for feveral centuries after, many 
 families did not conform to this cuflom, and it 
 was generally taken up only by the prime men of 
 the fept ; fo that the name of the Defii, or Defie, 
 is, to this day, retained in the county of Meath, 
 who draw their pedigree from fuch of the Defii as 
 were not driven into Munfter with ^ngus and 
 his fadion, as is before related. In the laft cen- 
 tury, Thomas Defie was titular bifhop of Meathj 
 and Oliver Defie titular vicar-general of the fame^ 
 and both were born in the county of Meath (17), 
 
 Befides the territories of the Defii, we read in 
 our ancient hidorians of two other fmall trad):?, orie 
 called Cofcradia, and the other Hy-Lyathain, on 
 the S. about Ardmore, and oppofite to YoughaK 
 But as thefe were narrow trads, and the inhabitants 
 of no great figure, they v/ere probably early fwaU 
 lowed up by the encroachments of their more 
 powerful neighbours, the Defii ; for we read no- 
 thing of them after the feventh century. 
 
 The names of the principal inhabitants of tliis 
 county, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, were thelc^ 
 viz. the Ay 1 wards, Browns, O-Briens, Bracks, Bourk?, 
 Condons, Creaghs, O-Connerys, Daltons, Dobbins, 
 pverards, Fitz^arrets or Fitzgeralds, O-Feolains, 
 
 (17) Pster Walfii'j io/al Foftnul. P. 604. 
 
 Fitz-.
 
 iO Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Fitz-Theobalds, Leas or Leaths, Maddens, Man* 
 devils, Meriyfeilds, Morgans, O-Maghers, Mc. 
 Henricks, Nugents, Ofbornes, Poers, Prendergafls, 
 Rochfords, Sherlocks, Tobins, Walls, Walfhes, 
 Waddings, Wyfes, Whites, &j;c. 
 
 At preient, the names of the principal inhabi- 
 tants, which were moflly taken from the returns 
 made by the flierifFs at the aflizcs, are thus alpha- 
 betically difpofed. 
 
 A. 
 Anthony of Carrick-caftle, Allen of Reifk, Al- 
 cock in Waterford, Annefley in ditto. 
 
 B. 
 Beresford, Ld. Vifc. Tyrone, Curraghmore. Bar- 
 ker in Waterford, Bolton of ditto, &c. Baggs of 
 Lifmore, &c. Bird of Tramore, Boyd of Crook, 
 Boat, Butler of Dungarvan, Barbon of ditto. 
 
 C 
 Chriftmafs of Whitfeild, Sec. Cook of Bolendifert, 
 8cc. Coughlan of Aridigna, &c. Crotty of Ballyga- 
 lane, &c. Carr of Stonehoufe, Croker of Glanbee, 
 Clarke of Tallow. 
 
 D. 
 Difney of Churchtown, Ducket of Whiteftown, 
 Dobbyn of Ballynakill, Drew of Ballymartin. 
 E. 
 Englifh of Monerlargy. 
 F. 
 Fitzgerald of Killcanevy, Foulks of Tallow, 
 Freeftone of Kill-St.-Nicholas, Fling of Dungarvan. 
 G. 
 Green of Kilmanehin, ficc. Greatrakes of New- 
 Aflane, Gumbleton of Tallow, Gueft of Halfway- 
 houfe, &c. Gamble of CuUinagh, Groves of Clonea. 
 H. 
 Hales of Cappoquin, Hearn of Shanakill, &c. 
 
 I. 
 Jackfon of Glanbeg, &:c. Ivey of Killea. 
 
 K. Kean
 
 W A T E R F O R D. U 
 
 K. 
 Kean of Cappoquin, Keyly of Carigleab, &c. 
 ICing of Tallow, Keyes of Killmeaden. 
 L. 
 Lee of Waterford, Lemery of Clonraell-bridge, 
 Lourice of Tallow, Lymbry of Killcop, Longan o£ 
 Ballynacourty. 
 
 M. 
 May of Mayfield, Mafon ofNympb-ball and Dro- 
 mana, Mufgrave of Bally-In and Little-bridge, Mor- 
 gan of Ragheens, Mons of Butlerdown, Murphy of 
 Killmayemoge. 
 
 N. 
 Newport of Waterford, Nicholfon of PafTage, 
 Nettles of Tooreene. 
 
 O. 
 Olborn (Sir William) of Tickencore, Odell of 
 Mount-Odell, ditto of Ardmore. 
 P. 
 Power of Park, ditto of Garran-Morris, Gurteen, 
 Sec. Porter of Ballindriftin, 8fc. Penrofe of Waterford. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quarry of Eallyntaylor. 
 R. 
 Rawlins of Glin-Patrick, Rogers of Portlaw, &c. 
 RatclifFof Ardniore, Rylands of Dungarvan, Ro- 
 derick of ditto, Roach of ditto. 
 S. 
 Smith of Ballynatra and Headborongh, Sherlock 
 of Butlerftown. 
 
 T. 
 Towell of Tallov/. 
 
 U 
 Villiers E. Grandifon, Dromana, Uflier of Kil- 
 meaden, Eallyntaylor and Cappagh. 
 W. 
 Worthevale of Newtown and Glanrouris, Wilfon 
 of Killmayemoge, Wigmore of Lifmore, Wallli of 
 Cooleneaff, Wall of Coolncmucky. 
 
 C H A F
 
 I z Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Bounds^ Extent^ Lengthy and Breadth of 
 this County ; its middle Latitude and Longi- 
 tude i together with the Civil and Ecclefia/lical 
 Divifton thereof. 
 
 THIS county is bounded on the E. and S. by 
 St. George's channel, and a part of the harbour 
 of Waterford, which divides it from the county of 
 Wexford ; on the W. by the counties of Tipperary 
 and Cork ; and on the N. by the river Suire, which 
 feparates it from the counties of Kilkenny and Tip- 
 perary. 
 
 The oppofite land, on the Englifh coaft, to the har- 
 bour of Waterford, is St. David's-Head in Wales, 
 bearing about E. by S. from it 60 Englifh miles. 
 
 Its greateft length, from E. to W. /. e. from 
 Credan-head, to the weflern part of the barony of 
 Cofhmore and Cofhbride, is about 40 Irifh miles. 
 
 The greateft breadth, from N. to S. viz. from the 
 river Suire to Ardmore-head, in a meridian line, is 
 about 20 IriQi miles: But, in fome places, it is not 
 half; and in others, not above a quarter fo much. 
 
 This county is fituated under the fame parallel of 
 latitude as the counties of Gloucefter, Oxford, Buc- 
 kingham, Bedford, Hereford, and Eflex in England, 
 the 52 degree of N. latitude running through thefe 
 and the middle of this county, A meridian line, 
 running from Ardmore-head towards Clonmell, will 
 be found to be about 8 degrees W. longitude from 
 London, or about 2,96 miles due W. of that city, 
 aliov/ing 37 Englifh miles to a degree in this parallel 
 of latitude. 
 
 The capital of the county is fituated in the Jati- 
 T\'.de of 52°. 10", N. and its longitude from London 
 is 7". 25". W, the difference of time between thefe 
 two cities being 29 min. 40 fee. i. e. when it is 1 2 
 
 o'clock,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 13 
 
 o'clock, or any other hour by the fun in London, it 
 wants fo many min. and fee. of that hour in Water- 
 ford. I explain this, that the generality of readers 
 may know what is meant by the difference of time. 
 It is a general opinion, that counties were firft in- 
 ftituted in Ireland by king John, about the year 12 lO; 
 that they were twelve in number ; and, among the 
 reft, thiscounty of Water ford. Yet it feems pro- 
 bable, that counties were ereded, and flieriffs and 
 mher minifters of juftice instituted in Ireland, before 
 the period here mentioned, and even in the reign of 
 king Henry II. For by a patent granted by that mo- 
 narch, to Nicholas de Benchi, of lands in Ireland, 
 (which is enrolled in the Chancery-office, in the ele- 
 venth year of Edward III. among other grants, inti- 
 tled, 'Antiquiflimaeliteraepatentes, et commifhones') 
 he, i. e. Henry II. dire(fts it to all archbifhops, bifhops, 
 fl}eriffs, minifters and jufiices of Ireland, which he 
 would not do if there were no fuch officers then efta- 
 blifhed in this kingdom ; and if there were iTieiifTs, 
 they muft be fuch over counties or cities, or fome 
 other diftrids. But by a patent, dated on the tliird 
 of July, in the feventh year of king John, which is five 
 years before the time mentioned by hiftorians for the 
 diftributing Ireland into counties, the faid king 
 grants feveral franchifes and privileges to the city of 
 Water ford ; and, among odiers, that no itinerant juf- 
 tices of affize in the county of Waterford, fhould, for 
 the future, vex or difturb the citizens, or oblige them 
 to appear without the bounds of the city, either at 
 the king's fuit, or at the fuit of any other complain- 
 ant. By^the whole tenor of this patent, it is raanifeft, 
 that it was only a recital and confirmation of for- 
 mer liberties and franchifes granted to the citizens 
 of Waterford, and the charter exprefsly mentions 
 the county of Waterford, as a diftind difirid from 
 the city; but this matter is more fully handled in 
 the Antiquities of Ireland, chap. 5. to which I refer 
 the reader, being defirous to fay no more than what 
 relates to the matter in hand. The
 
 I /^ Niitural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 The civil divifion of this county is into the fol- 
 lowing baronies, containing the towns of 
 Earony of Decies 1 ^'^"^^'^^ antiently a bilhopric, 
 
 within Drum. 
 
 Decies without 
 Diunn. 
 
 now a rural deanery. 
 Droraana. 
 Dungarvan, a borough. 
 
 Cofhmore and 
 Collibride. 
 
 Glanehiry. 
 
 Upper third. 
 Middlethird. 
 
 Gualtiere. 
 
 \ Killmailhomas. 
 -V Lifmore, a bifhop's fee, and bo- 
 ( rough. 
 
 ( Tallow, a borough. % 
 
 •^ Cappoquin. 
 
 ?No town of note, except part of 
 J the fuburbs of Clonmell. 
 •\ Carrick-bcg, anciently Carrick- 
 C mac-Griffin, part of the fub~ 
 J urbs of the town of Carrick. 
 No town. 
 
 The town of PafBge, bcfdes the 
 city and liberties of Water- 
 ford, or the county of the city 
 of Waterford. 
 This county, by computation, contains 259010 
 Irifh plantation acr^s, which make 41 3016 Englilh 
 acres; about 11 323 houfes; and three borough 
 towns, befides the city of Waterford. 
 
 The ecclcfiaftical divifion of it is into two bi- 
 fhoprics, viz. Waterford and Lifmore; and full of 
 t;v? diocefe of Waterford, vv;hic!i is fubdivided into 
 the following parifhes. 
 
 This bifhopric is valued in the king's books, by 
 an extent taken ann. 29 Henry Viil. at 72 1. 8 s. id. 
 liifh, amounting to 54 1. 6?. old. Englilh. The 
 modern \aluaiions of the livings were returned to 
 the late Dr. Efte, bifljop of this fee, by the fevf ral 
 incumbents; aiid were communictited to me by 
 bis lordlliijr 
 
 A Stat£
 
 WATER FORD. 15 
 
 A State of the Diocese of Waterford, 
 with refped to the feveral Parifhes, yearly Vahie, 
 Taxation in the King's Books, Patrons, Houfes 
 and Glebes, State of the Churches, &c. 
 
 Abbreviations. Par. for Parlfli ; Reft, for Reftory or Rec- 
 torial ; Val. for Value ; Pat. for Patron ; Ch. for Church ; 
 K. B. for King's Books ; Vic. for Vicarial or Vicarage ; Preb. 
 for Prebend. 
 
 DIGNITIES. 
 
 ^E A N E R Y. Confifting of the par. of Trinity, St. Mi- 
 chael's and St. Olave's, in Waterford ; and of the par. 
 of Kilburne and Killcaragh, in the country j of the lands of 
 Ballycaflieen about 250 acres; of part of the re£t t)tiies of 
 the par. of Killmeaden and Reifk ; and one third of a dividend 
 of an eftate of 360 I. per ann. common to the whole chapter. 
 The val. between 300!. and 400 1. Taxed in the K. B. 20 1. 
 Irifli (i). Glebe, the deanery-houfe, and an houfe in St. 
 Olave's par. a fpot of ground in Trinity par. and a fmall glebe 
 in the par. of Killcaragh. Pat. the king. Churches, the cathe- 
 dral and the par. ch. of St. Olave's ; the other churches in ruins. 
 
 CuANTORSHip. Confifting of thereat, of Killbarimeaden 
 par. in the diocefe of Lifmore j of the tythes of Ballycalheen ; 
 of the reft, tythes of the lands of Stone-houfe, in the par. of 
 Killmeaden ; and one third of two thirds of the eftate common 
 to the chapter. Val about 170I. Taxed in the KB. 9I. 
 Irifli. Giebe, a manfion-houfe at Waterford, Pat. the bifliop, 
 Ch. A flail in the cathedral. 
 
 Treasurership. Confifling of the entire reft, of the par. 
 of Lifnekill j part of the redt. of Killmeaden j and one third of 
 two thirds of the eftate belonging to the chapter. Val. about 
 170I. Taxed in the K. B, lol. Irifh. Glebe, a manfion- houfe 
 in Waterford, and a fmall glebe in Lifnekill par. Pat. the bifhop. 
 Churches, a ftall in the cathedral. Lifnekill ch. in ruins. 
 
 Archdeaconry. Confifting of St, Peter's par, in the city 
 of Waterford. Val. about 3 1. 10 s. Taxed in the K. B, 6 i. 
 Irifh. No glebe. Pat. the bifiiop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 (1) 20 1. Irifh, made but 15 1. Sterling. 
 
 PREBENDSr
 
 1 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 PREBENDS. 
 
 pp. EB. of KiLLRONAN. Confiftlng of the tythes of the faid 
 par. Val. about - 1. Taxed in the KB. los. Irilh. A fmall glebe. 
 Pat. the bilTiop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Preb. of RossDUFF. Confifllng of the tyrhes of the lands 
 ofRofTdufF Val. about 3 I. or 4 I. Taxed in the K.B. 13 s. 4d. 
 No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. No ch. but a particle of Kill- 
 niacomb. Par. appropriate. 
 
 Pk.eb. of CoREALLY, Confifting of tliC tythes of the lands 
 of Corbally. Val. about 3}. Taxed in the KB. i8s. Irifh. 
 No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. No ch. but as the former. 
 
 Preb. of St Patrick's, Waterford. Confifting of that 
 par. Val. about 10 1. Taxed in the K. B. 81. Irilh. Glebe, 
 a finall houfe, and fpot of ground near the ch. yard. Pat. the 
 bijhop. The ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 
 
 PARISHES. 
 
 KiLLMEADEN. Confifting of the vie. tyches ; the redt. be-« 
 ing appropriate, and divided among the four dignitaries. Val. 
 about 37 1. Taxed in the K.B. 5 I. A fmall glebe, and cabin ne»r 
 the ch. Pat. the biihop. Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 
 
 LisivfEKiLL, belongs to the treafurerfhip. 
 
 KiLLBARRY, i^' an impropriate redt. belonging to Ld. Vifc. 
 Lanefborough. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 IslandIcane (anciently In?.-ula Brike) and Kili.bride 
 reft, belong 10 the chapter ; both worth about 55 1. The for- 
 mer taxed in the K. B. 2 1.6 s. Irilh. No glebe. The chapter 
 nominates a curate. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Drumcannon. An entire reft. Confifting of the tythes. 
 Val. about 70 I or 80 1. Under a cuftodium, and fubjeft to 
 yearly charges of about 38 1. No glebe. The biftiop has licenced 
 thcfe many years, and allocated for the fervice of the cure ; but 
 Q. the right of patronage.'' Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 
 
 Reisk. Confifting of the vie. tythes ; the red. being divided 
 between the dean and chancellor. Val. about lol. or 12I. 
 No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 KiLLOTERAN. An entire rcft. Confifting of the tythes. Val. 
 about 40 1. or 50 1. A fmall glebe near the ch. Pat. the king. 
 Ch. in repair, and a charter-fchool near it. 
 
 Kii-r.URE, and Kill-St. Laurence. Entire reft. Confift- 
 in;:; of the tythes. Val. about 9I. Subjeft to a yearly charge ot 
 3 1. crovi'n-rent. No glebe. The bifhop licences and allocates 
 as in Drumcannon, thefe being fubjeft to the fame cullodium. 
 The ch. in ruins. 
 
 KiLLEURNE reft, belongs to the corps of the deanery. 
 
 Kili.caragh reft, belongs to the fame. 
 
 Ballvcashin tythes, bcloi.^ to the corps of the chantorfhip. 
 
 MONEMOYNTER
 
 IS 
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 MoNEMOYNTER tythes belong to the corps of the chancel- 
 lorfhfp. Taxed in the K. B. i 1. 7 s. 4 d. Irifh. 
 
 BALLYNEKtLL. Confifting of thc vIc. tythcs J the appro- 
 priate re6t. being the common ellate of the dean and chapter. 
 Vai. about lol. Re£t. taxed in theK.B. 2 I. 4 s. 5 d. Iriih. No 
 glebe. Pat. the bifhop, Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Ballygunner. Confifting of the vie. tythes ; the reft, is 
 part of the eftate of the dean and chapter. Vai. about 9I. 
 Taxed in the K. B- i 3 s. 4 d. About four acres of Glebe. Pat. 
 the bifliop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 KiLLMACLEGE. Confifting of the vic. tythcs J the re£l. 1' 
 part of the corps of the chancelloifhip, being appropriate. Vai 
 b' \. No glebe. Pat. the bifliop. Cb. in ruins. 
 
 KiLLMAcoMBE. Confiftifig cf the vie tythes ; the rett. be- 
 ing part of the corps of the chanceilorlhip. Vai. about 8 1. 
 No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Crook and Killcop, re6l. Kill-St.-Nicholas, red. Faith- 
 beg, reft. Killea, vie. red. impiopriate. 
 
 Rathmoylan, vie. reft, impiopr'ate, Vai. about 130 I. 
 Tytheoffifh uncertain, but in good herring feafonsconfiderable. 
 
 Ratamoylan, vie. in the K. B. Vai. 4!. Irifh. A fmali glebe 
 upon Killea par. Pat. the king. All the churches in ruins, 
 except a chapel of eafe in the town of Paflage, which has con- 
 ftant fervice in it. 
 
 RossDurF, is the corps of a preb. 
 
 CoRBALLY, the fame. 
 
 Trinity par. in Waterford, is part of the corps of the 
 deanery. . Taxed in the K. B. 14 !. Lift. . 
 
 St. Olave's par. in the city of Waterford, is part of the 
 fame. 
 
 St. Michael's par. the fame. 
 
 St. Patrick's par. is the coips of a preb. 
 
 St. Peter's par. is the corps of the archdeaconry. 
 
 St. Stephen's par. in Waterford. Vai. about t 1. Ch, 
 in ruins. 
 
 St. John's par. in Waterford. Vai. about 3 1. 10 s. Ch. 
 in ruins. 
 
 PRIORIES. 
 
 Of St. John. Mr. Thomas Wife, impropriator. 
 Of Sr. Catherine's. Alderman Thomas Weft, impro- 
 priator. 
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 Of the Holy Ghost, ) o ,^ ^ . „ 
 
 Leper-IIouse. j ^-^^""'y ^•^^^•'^"' "'^^5 mafter. 
 
 C The 
 
 17
 
 ^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 The prefent State of the Diocefe of Lismore. 
 
 TheParJfhes marked thus " are fet down \m the King's Books 
 as in the Diocefe of Watei ford. 
 
 DIGNITIES. 
 
 DEANERY. Confifting of part of the tythes of the par. 
 of Lifmore; of the reft, tythes of the par. of Tubrid ; 
 of about 400 acres of land, near the town of Tallow j and of 
 a peculiar jurifdiftion over three parifhes, viz. Lifmore, Tallow 
 andMacollop. Val. about 300I. Taxed in theK. B. 13I. fterling. 
 A manfion-houfe at Lifmore, and 30 acres of glebe in Tubrid 
 par. Ch. the cathedral. 
 
 Chantorship. Confilling of the re£t. tythes of the par. of 
 Ardmore ; of about 30 acres of land, near Lifmore ; and So 
 acres at Ardmore. Val. about Sol. Taxed in tiic K. B. lol. fieri. 
 No glebe, Pat. the bilhop. Ch. the cathedral. 
 
 Chancellorship. Confifting of the reft, tythes of the 
 par. of Deregreth, worth about 60 1. per ann. Val. in the K-B: 
 jol. No glebe. Pat. the bidiop. Ch. the cathedral. 
 
 Treasurership. Confifting of the reft, tythes of the par. 
 of Newcaftle and Tolloghmelan ; and about 30 acres of land, 
 near Lifmore. Val. about 90 1. or i 00 I. Taxed in the K. B. 6 1. 
 fieri. No glebe. Pat. the bifiiop. Ch. the cathedral. 
 
 Archdkacon'RY. Confifting of the intire reft, of Kilruflj ; 
 the reft, tythes of the par.ot Ballybeaconand Killmolani; andof 
 about ,0 acres of land, near Lifmore. Viil. itol. or lyciL 
 A mar.fton-houfe at Lifmore, and two fmall glebes, of 10 acres 
 of land each, at Kilrulh and Baliybcacon. Pat. th.e bilhop. Ch. 
 a uail in the catiiediai, and a fmall chapel at Kilruili, in ruins. 
 
 PREBENDS. 
 
 Prf.2. of ToLLOGHORTON. Confifting of the reft, tythes of 
 the par. Val'. about 80I. Taxed in theK. B. 5I. llerl. No glebe. 
 Pat. the bifliop. A ftall In the cathedi-al. 
 
 pRjiB. of Donaghmore and Killtigan'. Confifti.'^gof the 
 reft, tythes of the faid par. Val. about 40 1. Taxed in the K. B. 
 5 1. fteil. Pat. the bifliop. A Hall in the cathedral. 
 
 Preb. of Mora. Confifting of that intire par . Val. about 
 501. Taxed in theK. B. CI. No glebe. Pat. the bilhop. A ftall ' 
 in the cathedral. 
 
 pREB. of Desert andKiLLMor.ERAN. Confifting of the reft, 
 tythes of the faid par. Val. about 55I. Taxed in the K B. 3I. 
 A fmall glebe in the par. of Defert, about 7 acres. Pat. the 
 LiiTiop. A ftall in the cathedral. 
 
 Pree. of KiLLRosANTY (ancicntly Kii.lrossakcta.) Con- 
 fifting of the reft, tythes of that par. Val. about 55 1. Taxed 
 
 in
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 in the K. B 4 1. No glebe. Pat. the birtiop. A ftall in the cathe- 
 dral. 
 
 * Preb. ofMoDELLiGO (anclcntly Modilirigh.) Confift- 
 ing of tfae reft, tythes of" the par. Val. about 60I. Taxed in the 
 K. B. I 1. A fmall cabin and garden in Lifmore. Pat. thebifhop. 
 A ftall in the cathedral. 
 
 Preb. of KiLLGOBBONET. Confifting of the redt. tythes, 
 Val. about 60 1. A fuiall cabin and garden in Lifir.ore. Pat. 
 the bilhop. A ftall in the cathedral. 
 
 Preb. of Seskinan (anciently Seskyuman.) Confiftingof 
 the reft, tythes. Val. about 60 1. Taxed by an old taxation in 
 the college library, 4 1. 10 s. No glebe. Pat, the bilhop. A 
 ftall in the cathedral. 
 
 Pree. of Clashmore. Confiiling of the re£l. tythes of that 
 par. Val. about 40 1. Taxed in the K. B. 10 1. No glebe. rPat. 
 the bifhop. A ftall in the cathedral. 
 
 * Preb. of Killbarmedan. Confiftingof the reft, tythes of 
 the par. and is part of the corps of the chantorihip of Water- 
 ford. The vie, is taxed in the K. B. 7 1. 6 s. S d. Irifh. 
 
 Vicar Choralships, being five in number. Confiftingof 
 part of the tythes of Lifmore par. and the intire tythes of the 
 par. of Mocollop, Val. about 30 1. a year each. Taxed in the 
 K. B. 20 1. fterl. Pat. the dean of Lifmore. Ch. the cathedral. 
 
 Parishes within the Deanery of Ardmore. 
 
 RDMORE re£l. is the corps of the chantorftiip. Vic. 
 confifts of the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 40!. 
 Taxed in theK.B. 61. fterl. An houfe and ten acres of glebe near 
 the ch. Pat. the bilLop. Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 
 
 Ballymacart, alias AcLiSHVENAN, is a particle of Ard- 
 more. 
 
 * Dungarvan reft, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
 tythes of the par. Val. about 1 20I. Taxed by order of the 
 court of exchequer, in Hillary term, 1688, 22 1. los. fterling. 
 The reft, taxed in the K. B. 60 1. Irifh. A houfe and garden in 
 Dungarvan, and five or fix fpots of glebe. Pat. the earl of 
 Cork. Ch. in repair. 
 
 KiLLGOBBONET reft, h the corps of a preb. The vie. con- 
 .fifts of the vie. tythes of the par. V^l. about 20 1. No glebe. 
 Pat. the bifiiop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Rin'agonagh reft, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
 tythes of the par. Val. about 4ol. Taxed in theK. B. 3!. About 
 one acre of glebe. Pat. the biOiop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 CoLLiGAN (anciently Gloge) reft, is i.mprop. The vfc. 
 confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about 10 1. or i (^ 1, Taxed in 
 an old taxation in the college library, 2I, 16 s. No glebe. Pat. 
 tiiQ earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 C z White- 
 
 ^9
 
 2o Natural nnd Civil Hijlory of 
 
 White Church reft, is improp. The Vic. confifts of the 
 vie tythes of the par. Vai. about 40!. Taxed in the K. B. 
 (by the name of Alba Capella) icl. No glebe. Pat. the earl 
 of Cork. Ch. in repair, 
 
 Bali.y-A'Ic.Art, alias Cruparva, Is a particle of White 
 Church. 
 
 MoDELLiGO reft, is the corps of a Preb. Vic. confifts of 
 the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 35I. Pat. the bifliop. 
 Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Lackowran, is a particle of Modeiiigo. 
 
 Arthmean, alias Affane, left. is impiop. The vie. con- 
 fifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about 2<;l. Taxed in the K. B. 
 61. No glebe. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in repair, and 
 conftant fervice. 
 
 Aglish rett. is innprop. Vic. confift."? of the vie. tythes. 
 Val. about 2^1- Taxed in the K. B, 61. Pat. the earl of Cork. 
 No glebe. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 KiLLMOLASH. reft, is the corps of the archdeaconry, Vic. 
 ccniifts of the vie, tythes. Vai. about 12I. Taxed in an an- 
 cient taxation in the college library, 9I. i6s. 3d. No glebe. Pat, 
 the bilhop Ch. in ruins, 
 
 Seskinan reel, is the corps of a preb. Vic. confifts of tKe 
 vie. tyihes. Val about 20I. No glebe, Pat. the bilhop. 
 Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Clokea (anciently Clonethe) rect. is improp. The 
 Vic, confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about lol. Taxed in the 
 K. B. 61. About one acre of glebe. Pat the eail of Cork. 
 Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Clashv.op.e reft, is the corps af a prt-b. Vic. confifts of the 
 vie. tythes. Val. about 2cl. No glebe. Pat. the bifiiop. 
 Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Kii.LRUSH, an intire reft, is the corns of the archdeacon- 
 ry. A glebe of about 10 acres. Val. about 60I. A fniall 
 chapel in ruins. Taxed in the K. B. 4I. .is. 6d. 
 
 KiNSALEEEG. left improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes 
 of the par. Val. about 20I. A fmall glebe, now fet at 5CS. 
 yearly. Pr.i, the earl of Cork. A Ch built, but going to 
 decay. 
 
 TEMPr.E-MiHiL, alias Rincrew, reft, is improp. Vic. 
 confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about 15I. or 2cl. No glebe. 
 Par. the carl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 LiaGENAN, the reft, improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
 tythes. Val. about J 5I. No glebe. Pat. the earl of Cork. 
 Ch. in ruins. 
 »'• Kii.coKAN reft, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
 No glebe, Pat. the carl of Cork- Ch. in ruins. 
 
 KiLi.v,'ATti<.\iOY, an intire reft, improp. Val. about qol. 
 A f.r.all glebe, with a few cabbins, ftt at 40 s. per ann. Pat. 
 the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 KiLLVVORTH,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 21 
 
 KrLL WORTH, a par. formerly in this diocefe, but now In 
 that of Cloyne. Pat. the corporation of Waterford. 
 
 LisMORE, an intire rett. Appropriate, between the dean, 
 the vicars, and the oeconoiny. 
 
 Tallow. Both the reft, and vie. improp. but the third 
 of the tythes given to the curate. Val, about no I. About 
 half an acre of glebe in the town of Tallow. Pat. the earl 
 of Cork. Ch, in repair. 
 
 MocOLLoP, an intire re£t. the tythes divided among the 
 vicars choral. Val. about 160 1. Pat. the dean of Lifmore. 
 
 Parishes within the Deanery ofKiLLB armedek*. 
 
 *T/'ILLBARMEDEN reft, is the corps of the chantorfliip 
 J^ of Waterford. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. 
 about 30 1. Taxed in the K. B, 7 1. 6 s. 8 d. Iriih. No glebe. 
 Pat. the biiliop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 * DoNHiLL re£l. is improp. Vic. confills of the vie tythes. 
 Val. about 25 1. Taxed in the KB. 7 1. 6 s. 8 d. No glebe. 
 Pat. the Corporation of Waterford. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 * Newcastle reft, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
 tythes of the par. Taxed in the KB. 3 1. 13 s. IrilTi. Pat, the 
 corporation of Waterford. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 * GtLLCAGHE reft is inrprop. Vic. a particle of Nev/caflle, 
 confifting of the vie. tythes of Gillcaghe. Val. about 6 I. or 
 7 I. Ta.xed in the K. B. 3 I. Irifh. No glebe. Pat. the cor- 
 poration of Waterford. No ch. at all. 
 
 * Fews. The reft, is improp. Vic, eonfifls of the vie/ 
 tythes of the par. Val. 10 1, Taxed in the K. B. 3 1. o ?. 6f d. 
 Iriih. No glebe. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 *STRADBALLy, The riift. is improp. The vie. confifts 
 of the vie. tythes. Val. about zo !. or 30 1. Taxed in the K. B. 
 12I. 2s. gd. IriOi. Par. the ear! of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 * MoiHiL. The reft, is improp. The vie. conllrts of the 
 vie. tythes. Val. about 80 1. Taxed in the K. B. li. Jjs, 4d, 
 Irifli. About an acre and a half of glebe. P.u. the tari of 
 Cork. Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice in it. 
 
 * KiLLRossAwTY reft, is the corps of a preb. The \Ic.' 
 confifts or the vie. tythes. Val. about 30I. Taxed in the K. B, 
 9I. !S. 8d. Irilh. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 * RossEMva reft, is improp. The tic. confifts of the vie, 
 tythes. Val. about 20I. Taxed in the K. B. 81. 9s. 9^d. irifli. 
 Par. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 * Fennoagh (anciently FiKWAGHE.) An i[ntire reft. Con- 
 fifts of the tythes of the par. Val, about 40I. Taj{ed in the 
 ^^. B, 2I, gs. 8d. Pat, the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 C 3 * Dkseb,t
 
 22 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 * Des" RT and Ki llmolleran reft, is the corps of a preb. 
 The vie. confilh of the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 30I. 
 Taxed in the K. B. 3I. Irilh each. An houfe, and four or five 
 acres of glebe near the ch. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in 
 ruins. ■ 
 
 * Cr.oNEGAM (anciently Clonegan) reel, is united to Car- 
 riclc. Taxed in the K. B. 3I. Irilh. The ch. lately rebuilt b/ 
 lord Tyrone. 
 
 The following Parishes, though in theDiocefeof 
 /LiSMORE, are in the County of Tipper ary. 
 
 CARRICK, (anciently C A RR I cKM A GRIFF in) united by a£t of 
 parliament, with the par. of Killflielan, Killmurry, Nevv- 
 town-Lennan, Clonej^am, Ardcullum, Tibragny and Traheny. 
 Val. about Z50I. Carrick taxed in the K. B. 5I. 2s. Killlhelan 
 and Killmurry, lol. each. Tibragny, 61. A glebe of about 12 
 acres at Ncwtown-Lennan. Pat. lord Arran. But qusery if 
 the bilhop has not a turn } Carrick ch. in repair, the others in 
 ruins ; except that of Tibragny, which is not to be found. 
 
 Ki LLC ASH red. is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes 
 of the par. Val. about 61. Taxed in the K. B. 61. Pat. the 
 king. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Templet H I RY reft, is improp. The vie. confifts of the 
 vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 20I. A glebe of about feven 
 acres. Pat. the king. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Killaloak' reft, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes, 
 Val. about lol. Taxed in the K. B. 81. Pat. the king. Ch. 
 in ruins. 
 
 LisRo\'AGH reft. IS improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
 Val. about "cl. Taxed in the K. B. 5I. 2S. A glebe of about 
 fourteen 2:rcs. Pat. lord Arran. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Rathronan reft, is improp. The vie. confifts of the vie, 
 tythes of the par. Val. about 13I. Taxed in the K. B. icl. 
 Pat.' the king. Ch, in repair. 
 
 Clo\mf.c reft, and vie. Confifts of the tythes of the faid 
 par. and incumbent money in the tou^n of Clonmel. Val. about 
 1 2^-1. Taxed in the K. B. tl. A fmall glebe of a garden near 
 the ch. about an acre of ground in Clonmel, and fome other 
 fpots, worth, in all, about 12I. Pat. the corporation of Clon- 
 mel. Ch. in repair. 
 
 Mora, an intire reft, and Is a prebend. Taxed in the 
 K. B. 61. 
 
 Change, St. John Baptift, reft, is improp. Vie. confifts of 
 the vie. tythec. Val. about 2oi. Pat. the king. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Kilronaj;
 
 WATERFORD. 23 
 
 KiLRONAN re£l. is Improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes 
 of the par. Val. about i 5I. or 20I. A fmall glebe, about an 
 acre and an half. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 DoNAGHMORE and KiLTiGAN rcQ. is a preb. Vic. confifls 
 of the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 15I. Taxed in the 
 K. B. 3I. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 KiLLGRANT rccft. is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
 Val. lol. or izl. Three acres of glebe. Pat, the king. Ch. 
 in ruins. 
 
 Grange Mocleer, re£l, improp. Vie. confifts of the vie. 
 tythes. Val. about i8i. Pat. the bifliop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Parishes within the Deanery of Ardfinake. 
 
 ARDFINANE, with its particle Ballydrenane ultra. 
 The reft, is improp. Vie. confifts of the vie. tythes of 
 the par. Val. about 15!. Taxed in the KB. 3I. Pat. the bi- 
 fliop. Ch. in repair. 
 
 Neddan's reft, is improp. Vic. coniils of the vie. tythes. 
 Val. about 15I. Taxed in the K. B. 5I. 23. Pat. the bilhop. 
 Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Nevv^castle, with its particle Tolloghmelam, reft, is 
 the corps of the treafurerfhip. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
 tythes. Val. about 20I. or 25I. Taxed in the K. B. 3I. A fmall 
 glebe of two or three acres. Pat. the bilhop. Ch, in ruins. 
 
 Shanrahan, and Templetenny, reft, improp. Vic. con- 
 fifts of the vie. -tythes. Taxed in the K. B. 3I. Pat, the king, 
 Ch. in repair. 
 
 TuBRiD, with its particle Ballydrenan, Citra-Killmolafii, 
 Tallogeth, White-church, Knockane, Ballyorane, and Burgage 
 reft, is the corps of the deanery. Vic. confifting of the vie.- 
 tythes of the par. Val. about 40I. Tubrid taxed in the 
 K. B. 5I. 3s. An houfe and glebe for the vicar near the 
 Ch. v«th fome lands granted for the fame purpofe, iiy Mr. 
 Pine, at a rent. Pat. the billiop. Ch. in repair. 
 
 Deregrrth reft. Is the corps of the chanceliorfnip Vic. 
 confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. aboul 25I. l';ixed in the 
 K. B 61. About 14 acres of glebe. Pat. the bilhop. Ch. 
 in ruins. 
 
 Ballybeacon reft, is the corps of the archdeaconry. Vic. 
 confifts of the vie. tythes of that par. Val. about 50!. About 
 5 acres of glebe. Pat. the biftiop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Cahir reft, is improp but deinifed, by bilhop Gore, for 
 repair, &e. of the churches. The Vic. confifts 'uf the vie. 
 tythes of the Par. 
 
 C 4 OUGHTHRAGK
 
 24 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 Olghteragh, an in tire reel. Confifts of the tythes of the 
 par. \al. about 40 1. Taxed in the K.B. 5 1. 2 s, Pat. the bi- 
 ihop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 Innislounagh, an intirc reft. Confiding of the tythes of 
 the par. Val. 120 1. About two acres of glebe. Pat. the king. 
 Ch. in ruins. 
 
 TuLLOGHoRTON re£l. is the corps of a preb. Vic. con- 
 fifts of the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 35 I. Taxed in 
 the K. B. 5 J. 2 s. Pat. the biiTiop. Ch. in ruins. 
 
 MoRTLEsTowN, h an intire re6t. iinprop. 
 
 'HE conflitntion of the chapter of Lifmore 
 was anciently different from what it is at 
 prefent, as appears from a regiftry of the fpirituali- 
 ties of the lee, among the M. S. of the bidiop of 
 Clogher, in the college library, numb, viii, page 
 47, to v/hich regiftry there is no date ; but it was 
 compiled after the year 1467 ; for it recites an in- 
 fpcximus of that year. This regiftry mentions twelve 
 prebends, befides the principal dignities, viz. Tul- 
 laghorton. Mora, Donaghmore, Kiltygan, Dyfert, 
 K'.lmoleran, Killrofintory, Killberinmelin, Modeligo, 
 Kilgobonet, Sefl^renan, and GaOimore or Clacknow, 
 as in the M S. 
 
 The dean's prebend, called Grangia Decani, was 
 Tiibrid Burgage, and Baliydrinan, on the S. fide of 
 the river. But when the regidry was compiled, he 
 had only one town-land, called Ballydeacon, or 
 Dean's-town. The chantor's prebend was the rec- 
 tory of Ardmore, and he held a burgage in Lif- 
 rnore, called Favin ni Gaunter (2). The chancellor's 
 prebend was Nev/caflle Frenergaft, and the reftory 
 ar.d chapel of Tullaghmore, and he held a particle 
 of land in Lifmore, called Balynalogan. The arch- 
 d aeon's prebend was Killcokan and Killmolafh, 
 a; d the iniirc chapel of Killrufli, near Dungarvan. 
 The parcels of land, called Killcurkine, Killomuan, 
 Kilchrin and Knockmoane, belonged to the ciio- 
 
 (0 Cauntcr, fignjfics the ciipntor or finger. Qiisry what 
 I'.'.viii imports ? 
 
 riders.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 2z 
 
 lifters. There was alfo an ceconomift iTi this church, 
 to whom belonged the parfonages of Lifmore and 
 Macollop, except the tyihes of the lands of the 
 pielates (the dignitaries being fo called) ap.d the 
 prcbcndaiits. There were Hve vicars choral, who 
 were preientable by the five prelates, but admitted 
 by the dean. The rule and order of this church 
 agreed ii all things with the church of Sarum, as 
 appears by an infpeximus among the archives of 
 it, dated 1467. The vicar's pofleflions were the-, 
 vicarages of Lifmore and Tallow, and the intire 
 tythesof Aglis, the lands of Bailyfagar, Eallyfagar- 
 beg, one meiTuage and thirty acres of land in Aglis, 
 with fome mefluages in Tallow. 
 
 There was alfo an anchorite belonging to this 
 church, whofe lands v/ere called Eallyhaufy, or An- 
 choret's-town •, and a burgage in Lifmore, with fix 
 ftangs of land, a field called Gortrimenyearty, and 
 two fmall gardens in Lifmore, all about lol. per 
 ann. There was alfo a lazaret or hofpital at Lif- 
 more, |o which feveral lands belonged, which were 
 unknown at the time of compiling the regiftry, to- 
 gether with an annual rent payable to all the laza- 
 rets in Ireland. 
 
 The mailer of this lazaret was called the prior 
 of Lifmore, who now (fays the regiftry) is 1 20 
 years old, and fcarce in his fenfes. This regiftry 
 feems to be the fame as that compiled by John 
 Ruifel, oeconom.ift of this church, in i486, in the 
 time, and by ^he care, of Thomas Purcell, then 
 bifhop ; and which was deftioyed, by an accidental 
 fire, to the irreparable lofs of the fee, A. D. 161 7, 
 while John Lancaftcr was billiop, 
 
 C H A P.
 
 26^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 A Topographical Dcfcription of the Barnnies^ Pa- 
 r'ljhes^ Towns ^ Villages^ Churches ^ Seats, Reli- 
 gious Houfes, ^c. of this County-, with fome Hi- 
 Jlorical Obfervations relating to the fame. 
 
 THE reader is not to exped to be entertained 
 here with the beauties of a more fouthern 
 clime ; the agreeable villas of Italy are not to be 
 met with in Ireland, efpecially in this part of the 
 kingdom. The topography of this county, is a fub- 
 ject not a little barren, and feeras no eafy tafk to 
 thofe who are beft acquainted with it; by itfelf it 
 would not be of much ufe to the public, were it 
 not for the intention of profecuting the defign thro* 
 the other counties of the kingdom. 
 
 The face of this county, in many places, is rude, 
 and but little removed from the flate in which na- 
 ture originally formed it ; much thereof being rocky 
 and mountainous, efpecially about the middle and 
 N. W. parts ; yet it is very ufeful for the breed of 
 young cattle, produces a confiderable quiintity of 
 butter, and fome kinds of grain, as barley, oats and 
 rye. The E. S. and S. W. with the greateft part of 
 the fea-coaft, is pleafant and fertile, and may well 
 deferve Mr. Cambden's charader of it, that it is 
 " regio fua amaeaitate et fecunditate fane laeta (i). 
 Collimorc I'"' defcribing this county, I fhall proceed by ba- 
 andCofh- ronies, and fubdivide each barony into pari Ihes ; 
 bride. and firft of that of Cofhmore (2) and Cofhbride, be- 
 ing the mofl weftern barony of this county. 
 
 (1) In Comir. Waterf. (2) Bounded on the N by the 
 
 county of 'lippcLrary, on the W. by the county of Cork, on the 
 E- by- the barony of Decies. and on the S. E. by that of Immo- 
 killy, in the county of Cork ; and contains the parifhes ot Lil- 
 moie, Mocollop, Tallow, Killwatermoy, Killkockan, and 
 Tcniplc-.VlichacI. 
 
 That
 
 ?7
 
 '/u /,yt<,/'^j7ui// /y,'///, , /V / Loik., 13ui Illusion 
 
 V// ^/■>,^yM■/ ,f/u:<Jrr,/j//y/:<Sra/' ifl^l 5M0RE. a> ///r.>/ 
 
 
 
 C\
 
 W A T E R F O R D. j^7 
 
 That part \A'hich lies to the N. of the Black- 
 water, is incumbered with mountains, being coarfe 
 and rugged, except a narrow tra6t running along 
 the river. 
 
 On theS. fide of the river, is I.ifmore (3), at pre- Lifmore. 
 fent little better than a village, though formerly a 
 city of confiderable note (4). Ptolomy takes notice 
 of the river, and calls it Daurona j and Necham, 
 Avenmore, of which he fays, 
 
 Urbem Lifmor, pertranfit flumen Avenmore, 
 Ardmor cernit ubi concitus oequor adit. 
 
 By Lifmore town, the Avenmore doth flow, 
 And Ardmore fees it to the ocean go. 
 
 The prefent name of this place feems to be taken 
 from a DaniHi fortification, now known by the name 
 of the Round-hill, ftanding a little to the E. of the 
 tov/n ; Lif, in the Irifh language, fignifying a fort, 
 and Mor, great : it had anciently the name of ,, 
 
 Dun-fginne ; Dun alfo fignifying a fort or place 
 fituated on an eminence, and Sgein a flig'it, which 
 feems to allude to the flight of St, Carthagh to this 
 place ; before which it was named Magh-fgiath, 
 i. e. the field of the fnield. Sr. Carthagh v/as 
 founder and abbot of the famous abbey of Ratheny 
 in Weflmeath, where he is faid to have governed 
 
 (3) Lifmore parifh has the fame extent as the barony on the 
 N. and E. fides ; k?" the W. it is bounded by JVlocollop, and 
 part of the county oi Cork; and on the S. by the par. of Tallow.- 
 
 (4) Concerning the ancient fame of Lifmore, a writer of the 
 life of St. Cartha;J: has thefe words, " Lifmore is a famous and 
 " koly city, hall of which is an afylum, into which no woman 
 ** dares enter ; but u is full of cells and holy monalleries, and 
 " religious men, in great numbers, abide there ; and thither 
 *' holy men floci; together- from all parts of Irel'ind, and not 
 " only from Ireland, but alfo from England and Britain, being 
 " defiious to move from thence to Chrill ; and now the city 
 " is built npon the Links of a river, formerly called Nem, but 
 " now Avenmore, that is, the great river, in the teriitory of 
 " the Nan-Defi, or Defies," 
 
 867
 
 Natuyd and Ch'tl Hijlwy of 
 
 867 monks, for the fpacs of forty years. Ann. 631; 
 (according to the tinnals of Innistall) he was driven, 
 by king Biathmac, out of Ratheny, and the fame 
 year founded the abbey of Lifmorc, as alfo a 
 fchooi (5) or univerfity, anciently famous for its nu- 
 merous profbiTors of the true philcfophy. 
 
 Keating (6) imputes his expulfion to the invidi- 
 ous jealoufy of the monks of a neighbouring abbey, 
 who incenf.^d Blathmac againft him • and fays, that 
 when he was expelled, he retired to the territory of 
 Decies in Munfter, the prince of which country 
 gave him and his followers an honourable reception, 
 and fettled him in a place called Dunfginne, fince 
 Lifmore. He did not long furvive this event, but 
 died on the 14th of May, 638, and was interred in ' 
 his own cathedral. Upon his death, St. Cataldus, 
 afterwards bifhop of Tai-entum in Italy, was regent 
 of this fchooi, to which prodigious numbers flock- 
 ed, both from the neighbouring and more remote 
 countries (7). 
 
 A traveller, at prefent, would hardly take this 
 town to have been an univerfity, bidiop's fee (8), 
 or much lefs a city. Inftcad of its ancient luftre, 
 the cathedral, the caftle, and a few tolerable houfes, 
 intermixed with cabins, are all that now appear. 
 It has the privilege of being a borough, and fends 
 two members to parliament ^ the electors, as in 
 many other boroughs of this fort, are called Pot- 
 wallopers. 
 
 (5) In the time of St. Cohnan, or Mochohnoc, (on of Fiii- 
 barr, the fchooi of I.ifmore Rood in a higher degree of repu- 
 taiion than any other ienilnary in Ireland. He died on the iid 
 of January, 702. Ad. San6t. p. \<,\. 
 
 (6) Lib. 2. p. 39. (7) Ijartl). Moronus in vita Sr. CatalJi. 
 (y) It Was made a bifnop's fee by St. Carihagh, ann. 636. 
 
 About llie year 1 1 ^o, Muretus, king of Munfter, repaired the 
 cathedral. The inftifution and endowment of the vicirs choral 
 was made by Griiifin Chrif^opher, bifliop of Lifinore, about the 
 year 1230. Harris's Hift. o.^' the bllhops, p. 547, 
 
 The
 
 Wi^TERFORD. 29 
 
 The nave of the prefent cathedral feems, by its 
 flrudure, to be of no great antiquity, having been 
 built long fince the choir (9), which part appears 
 to be very ancient. The S. and E, walls thereof 
 are fupported by buttrefles ; the flails, feats, and 
 galleries, are but of a late (landing ; as are the throne 
 and pulpit, which are both well carved. In this 
 church, there are no monuments of antiquity, ex- 
 cept the fides and cover of an ancient tomb, of one 
 Magrath, buried here in the year 1557. 
 
 Befides the cathedral, St. CLirthagh founded here 
 an abbey of canons regular. His rule is faid to be 
 extant in ancient Irilli, and was very fevere and * 
 particular (10) ; but was afterwards incorporated 
 into that of the regular canons of St. Augufilne. 
 Archbifhop Ufher (11) had tv«'o M. S. copies of his 
 life, in one of which, the number of his fcholars 
 in Meath is faid to be 867, in the other 844 ; one 
 ofthefe(i2) begins ' Gioriofus Chrifti miles,' &c. 
 The abbey was eredled on the fanne ground the 
 caftle now flands, 
 
 Befides the cathedral, there v/ere many other 
 churches (13) in this place, at leafL twenty j ai:d 
 
 (9) Bifhop Gore, by his will, bequeathed 200!. towards 
 providing a ring of bells for this chuich, and beauiifying the 
 choir. 
 
 (10) One cuftom pradlfed by thefe relir^inus ine- was, that 
 when they had been fent out of the monaltcry, at their return 
 they kneeled down before the abbot, and acquainted hiin, 
 that they had done rheir endeavours to fulfil his oiders. Thefe 
 monj^s lived after the- fame manner as thole ot la Trappe in 
 Fiance do at prefent. For they confined themfdves to feed 
 on vegetables, which they raifed and cultivated with their own 
 hands. 
 
 (11) Anliq. Britan. p 471. ( 2) Bibl.Coll.Trin. Dubl. D. 37. 
 (13) The church of St. John, in Lifinore, was given by 
 
 Felix, bifhop of this fee, to the abbey of Thomas-couit, near 
 Dublin, as appears in the regillry of that houfe. This Felix, 
 in the year i 179. afTiiled at the council of Lateran. Accoiding 
 to the annals of Inisfall, the ciry, Vv-ith all its churches, wa's 
 burnt down, ann. ; 20 . 
 
 ' the
 
 Natural and Civil 'Hijlory of 
 
 the ruins of feveral of them are remembered by 
 many perfo^js now hving. At prefent, except ferae 
 heaps of rubbifii, there are eo other footfteps re- 
 maining of them. 
 
 The caftle of Lifmore was built by king John (14) 
 jn 1 185 ; andin 1 180, demohfhed by thelrifh, who 
 took it by furprize.:/Being rebuilt, it was for many 
 years the refidence of the biihops, till Miler Ma- 
 grath, archbifhop of Cadiel, and bifliop of this 
 fee, fome time before his refignatign in 1589, by 
 the confent of the dean and chapter, granted to 
 fir Walter Rawleigh the manor of Lifmore, and 
 other lands, at the yearly rent of 13I. 6 s. 8d. 
 This caftle foon after fell into the hands of fir 
 Richard Boyle, who purchafed all Sir Walter's 
 lands ; he beautified the whole, and added many 
 buildings to it, moil of which were burnt down 
 during the Irifli rebellion. At the breaking out 
 whereof it was clofely befieged by 5000 Irifh, com- 
 manded by fir Richard Beling, and was bravely de- 
 fended by the young lord Broghil(i5), third fon to 
 
 the 
 
 (14) Ware's Engl, Annals, p. 26. 
 
 (15) In a letter to his father* upon this occafion, which con- 
 cludes in a manner peculiarly beautiful, he lays, " 1 have fent 
 " out my quarter-inauer to know the pc^llure of the enemy ; 
 '* they were, as I am informed by thofe who were in the action, 
 " 5000 llrong, and well armed ; and that they intend to take 
 " Lifmcro. When I have received certain intelligence, if I am 
 " a thiid part of their number, 1 will meet them to-morrow 
 " niorni;;g, and give them one blow before they befiege us ; 
 "jf their numbers be fuch, that it will be more folly than va- 
 " jour, I will make good this place which I am in. 
 
 •' I tried one of the ordonances made at the forge, and it 
 " held with 2 pound charge ; fo that I will plant it upon the 
 *' terras over the river. My lord, fear nothing for Lifmore ; 
 " for if it be lofc, it fliali be with the life of him, that begs 
 " your lordfhip's blefiing, and ftiles himfelf your lordfliip's moft 
 *' humble, moll cbiiged, and nooft dutiful fon and fcrvant, 
 
 B R O G H I L L, 
 See lord Orrery's State Letters, v. i. p. 5. 
 
 lo
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 the earl of Cork, who, by his condu(5t and bravery, 
 obliged the Irilh to raife the fiege. This caftle is 
 boldly fituated, upon the verge of a hill, upwards 
 of fixty feet perpendicular over the Black-water. " 
 
 From the caftle E. you have a full profpe6t of 
 the river, gliding down a vale, fweetly wooded on 
 both fides to Cappoquin, about two miles from the * 3. 
 caftle ; the caftle of which latter, feated alfo on an 
 eminence, ftands in view ; and (together) with fe- 
 veral good farm-houfes, varies the profpett in a 
 moft agreeable manner. 
 
 Oppofite to the great window of the caftle, built 
 exadtly over the above-mentioned precipice, there 
 opens a deep and wide.glin, wooded on both fides, 
 and pleafantly watered, by a fmall river, called 
 Oon a Shad, that, at about a mile's diftance, winds 
 oft' to the weft fide of the .great mountain of 
 Knock-mele-down,, four miles north ; and v/hich, 
 exadly facing this window, appears like a vaft 
 cone or fugar-loaf. 
 
 To the W. is a full profped of the falraon filhery, ■ 
 v/here the weirs are of a confiderable length, tra- 
 verfing the river. The working, and the noife of 
 the water through them, that here runs pretty 
 rapid, forms a kind of an artificial cataraciil, and 
 refembles the found of fuch ; which, though not 
 
 In June 1642, one Roch, of Tooreen, a,t the head of about 
 fixty horfe, and one hundred lOOt, attempted to fet fire to Lif- 
 niore ; but they v/eie defcricd by one Phih'p O Citaiy, who, 
 with a loud voice, cried Corabo, moft of thefe men being raifed 
 in Bntler's country : him they killed, for giving ihe alarm to 
 lord Broghill's troop, then in the caftle, who purfued the re- 
 bels to the mountains, and killed numbers of them, which fruf- 
 trated their defign, having only had time to burn a few cabins. * 
 
 MS. in the caftle. 
 
 In the year '645, it was taken by lord Caftlehaven. Major 
 Power at that time defended it with one hundred of the earl 
 <"■! Cork's tenants, who, before they furrendered, killed five 
 i.undrtd of the bcfiegers, till all their powder being fpenr, they 
 capitulated upon Uonourable terrr.j. Coxs Hill. v. z. p. 15S. 
 
 high, 
 
 31
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 high, is of a confiderable extent, and adds a lulling 
 Toftnefs to the beauty of the fcene. Above the 
 weirs, the fides of the river are beautifully varie- 
 gated with woods, lawns, and corn fields. 
 
 The late king James, it is faid, dined in the great 
 room of this caftle, and going to look out at the 
 window, he darted back in a furprize. One does 
 not perceive at the entrance into the caftle, that the 
 building is fiiuated on fuch an eminence, nor can a 
 llranger know it, till he looks out of the window^ 
 which, in refped to the caftle, is but a ground 
 floor. 
 
 The entrance is by an ancient and venerable ave- 
 nue of ftattly trees. Over the gate, are the arms 
 of the firfc great earl of Cork, with his humble mot- 
 to, " God's Providence is our Inheritance." Mod 
 of the buildings remain in ruins, fince they were 
 deftroyed by the fire in ihe P.ebeMio.i. The fevcral 
 offices, that m.ake up two fides of the fquare, are 
 kept in repair. At each angle is a tower, the chief 
 remains of its ancient Rate. 
 
 Oopcfitetothe entrance is a portico of Bath ftonfe, 
 of the Doric order ; which, fiom its neatneft and 
 regularity, is judged to have been defigned by Ini- 
 go Jones ; and it is not unlikely, but that the ftones 
 may have been fent over ready cr.t from England. 
 A room in this callle is celebrated for the birth of 
 the great Mr. Robert Boyle, a name wh ch all the 
 learned world is fufficiently acquainted with. 
 
 There are, at prefenr, in Lifmore, a free-fchool 
 and an alms-houfe, founded by fir Walter Rawleigh, 
 and afterv/ards augmented and coiifirmed by the 
 firfl earl of Qjrk (i6) who rebuilt both. The mafter 
 of the fchool, befides ch-j houfe rent-free, and forae 
 
 (i6) Iti 1698, RIchaid earl of Cork, charges his eftate with 
 120I. per ann. for maintaining two fchoolinafters, in the hof- 
 pitals and fchools, built by his father, at Lifmore and Yougliall. 
 Wills regillred in the Prcrogat. of Dubh'n. 
 
 land.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 land, has a falary of 40 1. a year. On each fide the 
 (chool, are apartments for fix old men, who, befides 
 a coat and firing, are allowed 5 1. each yearly. 
 
 This noble earl, (as fir Richard Cox, in the pre- 
 face to his 2d vol. remarks) " was one of the moft 
 extraordinary perfons, either that, or any other 
 age hath produced, with refpe(5t to the great 
 and juft acquifitions of eftate that he miade, and 
 the public works that he began and finifhed, for 
 the advancement of the Englifh intereft and the 
 proteftant religion in Ireland ; as churches, alms- 
 houfes, free-fchools, caftles, and towns ; info- 
 much, that when Cromwell faw thofe prodigious 
 improvements, which he little expected to find 
 in Ireland, he declared, that if there had been 
 an earl of Cork in every province, it would have 
 been impoflible for the Irifh to have raifed a re- 
 bellion. And while he was carrying on thefe 
 I folid works, he lived in his family at a rate of 
 J plenty, that exceeded thofe who confuraed great 
 ^ eftates. His motto, above-mentioned, fhews from 
 pi whence he derived all his bleflings, the greateft 
 of which was the numerous and noble pofterity 
 he had to leave his eflate 10(17)," 
 
 Cappoquin 
 
 33 
 
 
 (17) In the time of the Irifh rebellion, his lordfiiip kept in 
 pay about 200 Bnolidi, iiioftly his own tenants, who, with his 
 fon Dungarvan, fliu.t themfelvts up in Youghall, by the lord 
 prefident's dire(E^'ons ; that place being the only refuge of the 
 diftreffed Englilh in thofe parts. In his lordlliip's letter to the 
 lord Goring, dated Jan. 12, 1641, he fays, A great part of the 
 wall being then fallen dov/n, the place was weak and ruinous ; 
 and that he was in great want both of money and ammunition. 
 At this time, he ftored all his callles, both here and in the 
 county of Cork, with fuch (lores as he could procure ; and 
 fent ^ool. to England, to purchafe ammunition. In Lifmon^, 
 he kept, at his own charge, a troop of horfe and i 00 foot. 
 He walled Bandon, which coil him 14000I and in which were no 
 lefs than 7000 proteftants, under the lord Kinalmeaky, who 
 was killed at the battle of Lifcarol, wheie v/ere alfo three 
 more of his lordfliip's (ons, who ail, even to the youngeli, 
 
 D behaved
 
 ^/j. Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Cappo- Cappoquin is pleafantly fituated, about two 
 
 quia, miles E. of Lifmore, on the Black-v/ater, where it 
 
 forms an elbow, winding from its eaftern to its 
 
 fouthern courfe. In the 17th and i8th of Charles 
 
 II. an a6\ was pafTed for the building a bridge here; 
 
 but by the preamble totheadt (i 8), it appears, that 
 
 there was one at this place before. 
 
 f_ tt ^The caflle was built by the family of the Fitz- 
 
 '%^S^'^^^f^ geralds ; but, at what time, is uncertain. It com- 
 
 /jf*^ **'^^'mands a very extenfive profpect of the river, both 
 
 to the W. and S. and alfo, a great part of the plain 
 
 between this and Dungarvan. In the time of the 
 
 rebellion, this caftle was moftly in the hands of the 
 
 Englifh, being garrifoned for the earl of Cork, by 
 
 behaved with an undaunted refolution, and who narrowly en- 
 dangered his life, in attempting to recover his brother's dead 
 body and horfe, both which he brought off. The Bandon men, 
 baving no orher affiftance but what they received from his lord- 
 fhip, made many laiiies, gave the rebels feveral great over- 
 throws, atid took from them many of their caftles. He aJfo 
 paid a.'.d maintaii.ed cne hundred men in his caftle of Afkeating, 
 in the county of L'merick; and bis fon-in-Iaw, the lord Bap^ 
 limore, raifed aiid rm!.uained a troop of horfe at his own ex- 
 pence, as aifo tv;o hundred foot, which he kept in the field : 
 to him the Irifh offered (as being of their religion) the coin- 
 ijiand of their forces in Muniter, which he refufed with fcorn. 
 
 The earl of Cork, with the aillftancc of lord Barriinore and 
 bis fons, the lords Dangarvan and Broghill, (by commilfions 
 granted thcni for the purpofe) heid feflions in the counties of 
 Cork and Waterford. and indie! ed the lords vile. Roch, Mount- 
 garret, Ikerin, snd Muflcerry, the barons of Dunboyne and 
 Cafi:leconnel,with the fon and heir of the lord of Cahir, Theobald 
 Butler, the baron of Loughmore, Richard Butler, of Kilcafli, 
 efq; brother to the earl of Ormond, with feveral others, in 
 number above 1 100, that committed any rebe!lioUi act in thefe 
 tv.'o counties, which indiftment he fent over to the houfe of 
 commons in England. Tiiis manner of proceeding not only 
 lightened the rebels, but alio heightned their refentment againft 
 bis lordfliip and his family. 
 
 (lb) " And that the faid bridge, formerly at Cappoquin, be 
 " new built and repaired, before the 23d of Oftober 1666, to 
 " be built at the charge of the county of Waterford, county of 
 " the city of Waterford, county of Cork, counry of the city of 
 " Cork, Keny and Tipperary, che fum not to exceed 600I. &c. 
 
 one
 
 W A T E Pv F O R D. 35 
 
 one captain Hugh Croker and his company. In 1 642, 
 jord Broghill, upon his return from the rehef of 
 Knockmoane, with about fixty horfe and one hun- 
 dred and forty foot, defeated a party of rebels, 
 flrongly pofted near this place, and killed two hun- 
 dred men and two of their captains, with the lofs 
 only of one Englifhman. It was taken, anno 1 645, 
 by the lord Caftlehaven, after an obftinate refinance. 
 
 Here is a barrack for one troop of horfe, which • 
 
 is plentifully fupplied with forage from the adjacent 
 country. Before the fetting up of the turnpikes, 
 this road was a confi'erable thorough-fa se between 
 Cork and Dublin. 
 
 Saltibridge, on the N. of the river, between this Sa'tl- 
 town and Lifmore, is only 'remarkable for lome iron- bnuge. 
 works, formerly fupported here by the firft earl of 
 Cork ; and the pits, from whence the ore was dug, 
 remain ftill open. His lordfhip had feveral ci thefe 
 works in different parts of the county, of which he 
 made a confiderable advantage. The deftru6lion 
 of the woods was principally intended in the erect- 
 ing them. The Englifh formerly confidered this 
 kingdom in much the fame light, as our planters 
 do America at prefent, a place over-grown with 
 woods, and thought all methods were to be taken 
 to clear the country of timber, to which thefe v/orks 
 much contributed ; but if the woods were properly- 
 divided into different fhares, and cut down at dif- 
 ferent times, which is the method pradifed in 
 Sweden, and in Bifcay in Spain, where larg': iron- 
 v/orks are carried on, we fhould not have that fear- 
 city of timber in this kingdom at prefent ; it is well 
 if our American planters will nor, or have not al- 
 ready run into the fame error. 
 
 Balygallane is pleafantly fituated on the river, Rallyga- 
 about a fmall mile from Lifmore. Here the tide lane, 
 commonly f^ows. A little above the caflle of Lif- 
 more, on the oppofite fide of the river, isBaliy-inn, Bally-inn, 
 the feat of Richard Mufgrave, efq^ The foil here, 
 D 2 though
 
 •5 ^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 though ■upon a very rifing ground, is remarkably 
 fandy, the gardens being fcarce any thing but fand ; 
 yet they produce all forts of vegetables, in as much 
 perfe(f\ion as a more promifing foil ; v/hich is partly 
 owing to an excellent expofure to the S. and being 
 defended on all fides from nipping winds. A mile 
 W. of Lifmore, on the river, are the ruins of the 
 
 Ballygar- caftle of Ballygarron, faid to be built by one Gay. 
 
 ron. It has no very ancient appearance, and feems to 
 have been deftroyed in the late wars. A mile fur- 
 
 Gl be? ^'^^^ '^ Glanbeg,. the houfe of Mr. John Jackfon, 
 feated at no great diflance from the river, and adorn- 
 ed with good plantations of fruit and timber-trees. 
 
 Shian- Shian-caftle lies about a mile to the S. of this place, 
 
 caftle. by whom built is uncertain; but, anno 28th Eliz. 
 Maurice M'Gerrot M'en Eorla of Shian, was at- 
 tainted, being concerned in the Defmond rebellion. 
 
 Kilibree. Killbree lies alfo on this fide of the river, between 
 Lifmore and Cappoquin, and is feated on a rifing 
 ground, which commands the river. ^A.caftle here 
 long fince ruined, is faid to have been built by 
 
 ** king John, and an houfe has been fince eredted on 
 
 its foundation. To the S. E. of Lifmore lies the 
 deer-park\ being a large tradt of 1 192 acres, well 
 inclofed. A vein of iron ore runs through the mid- 
 dle of it, from W. to E. v/hich makes the foil very 
 fleril, being unfit for pafture or tilla^ and pro- 
 duces little naturally, except Irifli furze, which 
 take root to a vail depth, as I have had occafion to 
 obferve, and may be the reafon of the difficulty 
 generally found, to extirpate them entirely. To 
 the E. lies New-AiTane, remarkable for large or- 
 chards, and confiderable plantations of fruit-trees ; 
 between which and Tooreen, lies the caftle of Nor- 
 rifland, which, though called a caftle, is no more 
 than an houfe of defepce, faid to be built by one 
 Greatrakcs. 
 
 Tooreen. Tooreen, the feat of John Reevs Nettles, efq; 
 was formerly a caftle, the proprietors of which 
 
 were
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 were the Roches, perfons extremely a6llve in the 
 Irifh rebellion, and for which they juftly forfeited this 
 eflate. The houfe is fituated on the W. of the 
 river, leading to which is a long and beautiful ave- 
 nue of large elms. No tree whatever becomes walks 
 and avenues comparable to this majeftic plant (19). 
 Moft of the noble vifloes belonging to the king and 
 grandees of Spain, are reported to be elms, carried 
 out of England by Philip II. before which time, it 
 does not appear there were any of thofe trees in 
 Spain. At the Efcurial, double rows are planted, 
 in many places, for a league together in length, 
 and fome of them forty yards high, which are kept 
 ffripped up to the very top branches, affording a 
 mofl glorious and agreeable fight. There are fome 
 of thefe trees here of a confiderable height, and 
 the avenue I mention is near a mile long. 
 
 This gentleman has large trads of orcharding 
 near his houfe, and makes yearly confiderable quan- 
 tities of cyder, a liquor which this part of the 
 country is famed for. The red-flreak (20) of He- 
 refordlliire, brought over here by this gentleman's 
 grandfather, thrives exceeding well in this foil ; fo 
 that Mr. Philips is miflaken, when he fays, this 
 apple thrives no where but in its own country. 
 
 Let every tree in every garden own 
 The red-ftreak as fupream ; whofe pulpous fruit 
 With gold irradiate and vermilion fhines. 
 Hail, Herefordian plant, that doth difdain 
 
 (19) Vide Evelyn's Silv. 
 
 (zo) Although red-iheaks are of many kinds, the name, m 
 Herefoidfnire, is given to one fort, which is fair and large, of an 
 high purple colour on the fun fide, and of an aromatic tafle ; 
 the tree a very fluub, foon bearing a full burden, and feldoni or 
 never failing till it decays, which is much fooner than other 
 apple-trees. Mr. Evelyn fays, that one fhire alone in England 
 (which I fuppofe is Plerefordfuire) makes yearly 50CO0 hogfheads 
 of cyder. Preface to Evelyn's Pomona. 
 
 D 3 All 
 
 Bi
 
 3 8 Natural and Civil Hifiory of 
 
 All other fields ! heaven's fweeteft blelllng, hail ' 
 Ee thou the copious matter of my fong, 
 And thy choice nedar, on which always waits 
 
 Laughter, and fport, '■ ^ 
 
 . or why, in quefl 
 
 Of foreign vintage, infincere, and mix'd, 
 Traverfe th'extremeft world ? Why tempt the rage 
 Of the rough ocean ? when our native glebe 
 Imparts, ^from bounteous womb, annual recruits 
 Of wine delecftable, that far furmounts 
 Gallic, or Latin grapes. Philips's Cider, B. I. 
 
 The firft plantations of fruit trees in this part of 
 the country (21) were, in a great meafure, owing to 
 the indufVry of the Englifh, brought over and fet- 
 tled hereabouts, by the firft earl of Cork ; which 
 is not the only lading benefits this country enjoys 
 by means of that truly great man : and it is faid, 
 that the firft cyder made in this country was at 
 Affane, by one Greatrakes, who came over upon 
 the fettlement of Munfter. 
 Mocollop The next parifh to this of Lifmore, is MocoUop 
 Pari/h-i (2f2), where there is little remarkable, the whole 
 being rough and mountainous. On the verge of 
 Araglin. this paridi, lies Araglin, noted for its iron-works. 
 They are, at preient, erecting forges for the making 
 of bar- iron, having hitherto only carried on the 
 manufacture of caft-iron, which will be of great 
 
 (21) Ti was bv the .plain Induftry of one Harris, a fruiterer 
 to king Henry VIII. that the fields and environs of about thirty 
 towns in Kent, were planted with fruit, to the univerfal benefit 
 Slid general improvement of that country to this day. And it 
 v/as by the nob.e example of the lord Scudamore, and oiher 
 public fpirited gentlemen of that country, that all Hereibrd- 
 /hire was, in a manner, become but one orchard. 
 
 Preface to Evelyn's Pomona. 
 
 (22) The parifh of Mocollop bounds the county of Cork on 
 the V/. the ridges of the mountains divide it from the county 
 of Tipperary on theN. on theE. it is bounded by Lifmore j ancj 
 part of the county of Cork on the S. 
 
 advantage
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 39 
 
 advantage to this part of the country (23). The 
 glin here is very pleafant and romantic ; and, near 
 it, are the ruins of an ancient caftie, that, toge- 
 ther with the iron-works, contribute to the com- 
 pofing fuch a fcene. 
 
 The next parilli after thefe, is that of Tallow (24), Tallow 
 which lies to the S. of the former. The town of paiiih> 
 Tallow was ereded into a borough (25) at the re- 
 queft of the firft earl of Cork ; and the charter of in- 
 corporation bears date loth James I. by which the 
 liberties of the borough were to extend a mile and a 
 half round the church every way. Thefirll fovereiga 
 and recorder were nominable by the earl of Cork 
 (26), and the charter enabled them to eled two bur- 
 
 (23) It is almoft incredible what a great number of artizans 
 are dhiployed in niany fhires of England, even in the fingle ar- 
 ticle of hard-ware; it is fcarce four years ago, fince we had a 
 blade-mill in this kingdom, for the grinding of fcythes, (heers, 
 &c. and even that eiecled by a public encouragement of the; 
 Dublin Society, given to one Mr. Benjamin Whiicon, of Carlow. 
 Whereas in many fhires of En^jland, they are fituated plenti- 
 fully on every mill ftream, as Dr. Plot informs us ; who fays, 
 that in his time, in the parifli of Sedley, there were no lefs 
 than two thoufand of that trade, which is far fliort of what 
 there are at prefent in other places of that and Warvvicklliire. 
 For thefe kind of manufaftures, we fend abroad fome thou- 
 lands of pounds yearly : this money might be kept at home, 
 by fetting up fuch works among ourfelves ; and we might, in 
 time, as our American colonies increafe in their demands, pro- 
 cure liberty to export thefe goods to foreign markers. 
 
 (24) Tiie parifh of Tallow is bounded on the W. by the 
 barony of Kilinataloon, in the county of Cork ; on the E. by 
 the parifh of Killwatermoy ; on the S. by the county of Cork^ 
 on the N. by the parifli of Lifmore. 
 
 (25) Cox, Vol. II. p. 18. 
 
 (26) The names of the firft twenty-four burgelTes in the 
 charter, were Tho. Ball, merch. Edw. Bethell, genr. Corn. 
 GafFney, gent. Rich. Power, gent. Leonard Knowles, gent. 
 Roger Rjfier, gent. Hugh Porter, gent. Hugh Roberts, gent. 
 John Porter, Henry Wright, Chriftopher Berkhead, Thomas 
 Condm, Maurice Silver, Thomas Clarke, the elder, Michael 
 Burdon, Thomas Taylor, Henry Hokon, Tho. Eliv/it, Philip 
 Clarke, George Dawfon, Chrift. Game, Tho. Lyne, the elder, 
 ^<.ich. Capp, and Walter Collins. 
 
 D 4 » gefles
 
 Natural and Civil. Hi/lory of 
 gefles to ferve in parliament. The jurirdidlion of 
 the fovereign and burgefles is gone intei difufe ; but 
 the town as yet continues to return two members to 
 parliament. The eletlors are called potvvallopers r^ 
 and the fenefchal of the manor, who is appointed 
 by the earl of Cork, is the returning officer. Tallow 
 was never encompalTed by a wall, nor was it a place 
 of any defence; but in the rebellion of 1641? an 
 intrenchment was caft up round it, having four 
 gates or entrances, all made at the expcnce of the faid 
 earl, who maintained in it a garrifon of one hundred 
 foot. In this town, is nothing remarkable ; the church 
 is low, and has but an indifferent afpedt ; here is 
 alfo a market-houfe and a rpanor-goal, both ered- 
 ed by the above-meniioned nobleman. 
 
 The river Bride, not inferted in Petty's map of 
 this county, runs about half a mile N. of this town, 
 where it is pafTcd by a ftone bridge. From an ad- 
 jacent hill, through which the road runs from Lif- 
 more, it makes a moft beautiful appearance, wind- 
 ing, in ferpentine meanders, as regular as if de- 
 figned by art. This winding, in fome fort, ob-- 
 ftrudts the navigation of the river ; neverthelefs, 
 flat-bottomed boats come up to the bridge, where- 
 by the people of Tallow have an eafy water-carriage 
 to and from Youghall. 
 
 To the W. oF Tallovz-bridge, are the ruins of 
 the caille of Lisfinny, which formerly belonged to 
 the earl of Defmond, whofe caftles, in this county, 
 ■were very numerous. Near the mouth of the Bride, 
 in an angle formed by this river and the Black- 
 water, is a place called Camphire ; the land of 
 which lying low, feems to be excellent, both for 
 arable and paflure. Near the bounds of the county, 
 ftands Killraacov/, the ruins of another caille of 
 the above-mentioned earl. The road, Reading to- 
 wards Youghall, runs through a mountainy, un- 
 plealant country, where little is to be feen, except 
 dairy -houfes, black cattle, and, here and there, 
 fomc cultivated land The
 
 \V A T E R F O R D. 41 
 
 The parifh of Killwatermoy (27) is coarfe aiid Klllwater- 
 mountainous, except the more northern parts, near^^/P^"^ 
 the river Bride, and towards the Black-water. The 
 parifh-church, now in ruins, (lands about two miles 
 to the S. E. of Tallow. About the fame diflance, 
 to the E. is Headborough, the feat of William 
 Smith, efq; pleafantly fituated near the Black- water. 
 
 The fmall pariili of Killcockan (28) has little j^;ilj,ocl,. 
 in it remarkable. The Black-water being here an parifli. 
 of a confiderable breadth, makes a beautiful ap- 
 pearance i its banks, on both fides, are fcarce any 
 other than lofty hills, fhaded with woods, which, 
 in fummer, aftbrd very entertaining landfcapes. A 
 little lov/er, the river forms a confiderable bafon, 
 called the broad of Clafhmore ; on either fide where- 
 of, low marfhy grounds, called Inches, jut out in 
 fome places, which, being covered with grafs, feem, 
 at a diftance from the adjacent high lands, to be 
 fo many fmooth verdant illands. Two miles below 
 Headborough, is fituated the caftle of Strancal- 
 ly (29), built upon a rock, diredly over the river. 
 From the caftle, through the rock to the river, a 
 palTage was cut, of a conllderable length and 
 breadth, and pretty deep. This kind of cave (as 
 tradition fays) was formerly ufed by the tyrannical 
 
 (27) The parifii of Killwatermoy, is bounded by that of 
 Tallow, on the N. on the S. by the county of Cork, and part 
 of Rhincrew parifh; and on the E. by the parifli ofKillcockan, 
 and part of the Black water. 
 
 (28) The parifh of Killcockan, is bounded, on the E. by the 
 river ; on the N. a.^d W. by Killwatermoy ; and on the 3. by 
 the parifh of Temple-Michael. 
 
 (29) Mary Saunders, of Strancally, made oath, before Wil- 
 liam Smith, of Headborough, efq; in April 1747, That fhe 
 threw out of her ftomach, in confequence of fome remedies, 
 particularly a vomit given her by Dominick Sarsfield, M. D. of 
 Cork, a four-footed creature, lefembling a fmall water-rat, or 
 weafel, almoft four inches long and one broad, of a black co- 
 lour, which fhe produced to that gentleman. The author of 
 this work faw this animal, pri-ferv£d in fpiiits, the following 
 year, in the city of Cork- 
 
 earls
 
 ^2, Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 carls of Defmond, as a prifon for fuch perfons who 
 had fortunes in this part of the country, whom they 
 frequently invited to the caftle to make merry, and 
 afterwards confined to this dungeon, where they 
 fufFered them to perifh ; there is an hole cut 
 through the rock, in the manner of a portcullis, 
 down which the dead bodies were caft into the 
 river ; and this done, their lands and effedls were 
 feized. One perfon, by good fortune, efcaped out 
 of this dungeon, v/ho gave the government infor- 
 mation of thefe horrid practices ; and both the cave 
 and caftle were, by their orders, foon after demolifh- 
 ed. The cave is entirely laid open, and half of 
 the caille blown up, the powder having fplit it from 
 top to bottom ; and large pieces of the wall were 
 thrown at a confiderable diflance from the reft, by 
 the force of the blaft (30). The firft introducer of 
 coyn and livery (31) was Maurice Fitz-Thomas, 
 (afterwards created earl of Defmond) in the year 
 1 31 5, at the time of Edward Bruce's invafion, which 
 was not the only arbitrary proceedings of the heads 
 of this family. 
 
 The 
 
 (30) See the redudllon of this caftle, in the Hiftorles of 
 Cork and Kerry. 
 
 By an ad paffed in the zSth EHz. for the attainder of 
 teveral perfons, among the reft, James Fitzjohn Gerrot, of 
 Strancally, efq; Gerrot Fitz-Jaines, his fon, Thomas Fitz- 
 James, his brother, and John Fitz-James, are inenlioned ir^ 
 the attainder. 
 
 (31) In a book called, "A Breviate of Ireland, and of the 
 " Decay of the fame," written by Pat. Fioglafs, lord chief 
 baron of the exchequer, temp. Hen. VIII. the author fays, 
 " that James earl of Defmond, grandfather to the earl that 
 '' now is, (and it is iiitle above fiity-one winters fmce he died) 
 " was the firfl: man tiiat ever put coyn and livery upon the 
 " kings fubjefts — There are the counties of Waterford, Cork, 
 " Kerry and Limerick, wherein dwelled divers knights, lords, 
 " efquires. and gentlemen, who wore tlie Englilh habit, and 
 " kept good Englilh order and rule, and the king's laws were 
 " there well obeyed, and they had in the faid four fliires then, 
 
 above two hundred aiaiks a yeai each, of lands, rents, and 
 
 •' cuftonis,
 
 WATERFORD. 43 
 
 The parilh of Temple Michael (32) is the moft Tempie- 
 fouthern of this barony ; great part of it is rough Michael. 
 and mountainous, with a confiderable quantity of 
 bog; the beft cultivated part lies along the river. Ballyna- 
 
 Ballynatray (33), the feat of Richard Smith, efq"; tray, 
 is fituated on a part of the Black-water, which is 
 confiderably broad, and, by its winding cOuiTe, 
 feems to form a capacious lake, when viewed from " 
 the houfe. On the W. fide, is a fmall ifland, an- 
 ciently called Dar-Inis, or the illand of St. Molan- 
 fide, now Molana, in which are the remains of an 
 abbey of regular canons, founded in the fixth cen- 
 tury, by that faint, who v/as the firft abbot. In this 
 abbey, Raymond le Grofs, the Englifh genera!, who, 
 with Strongbow, contributed fo much to the re- 
 dudlion of Ireland, is faid to be buried. 
 
 Somewhat lower than Molana, are the ruins of 
 the church and caftle of Temple-Michael, which 
 feem to have been demolifhed by powder -, as does 
 
 *' cuftoms, and the faid earl had but one part of the faid four 
 " fiiires, and before he died, he put by the faid extortion of 
 " coyn and livery, the faid four fcires, under him and his 
 " heirs; fo as now the king's laws be not ufed, the king nor 
 " his deputy obeyed, the king hath loil: his rents and revenues, 
 ♦' the lords and gentlemen of the fame being in no better cafe 
 ** than the wild Iriih ; for they ufe Irifh habit and Irifh tongue ; 
 " and where the faid eari had not of yearly rents, more tha.i 
 *' 500 1. a year, now his heirs may difpcnd lo'^ool. a year. " 
 There fcems to be a miftake in this account of the firfl: oiigiii 
 of coyn and livery j for this trad was wrote in the year i <;2o ; 
 fo that, taking fifty-one winters from thence, it brings us back 
 to the year 1469. In a book, intitled, "• Pandarus, live Saius 
 " Populi," wrote about the time of Edward I v. the author fays, 
 ** that (ir Garret of Defmond's fons, of the county of V/attr- 
 *' tord, and the Powers of the fame county, at that time fol- 
 *' lowed the Jrifh order, rule, and habit; and this county v/a3 
 " not amenable to the law, and had neither juftice or IheriiF 
 *' under the king." 
 
 (32) Temple- Michael is bounded on the E. by the Black- 
 water, on the W. and S. by the county of Cork, and on the 
 N. by Killcockan and Killwatermoy, 
 
 (53) In the 28th of queen Eliz. Maurice Fitz- William Fitz- 
 Pavid, of Ballynatiay, was attainted, with feveral others. 
 
 another
 
 ^ Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 another building, a little more to the S. fituatcd 
 on an high point, now called Rhincrew, but, in 
 fome old M. S. Kilcrew ; which place is faid, by 
 tradition, to have been an houfe of the knights 
 templars. 
 
 To the E. of the iOand of Molana, runs a ledge 
 of rocks, for a confiderable way into the river ; 
 which being covered at high-water, may, without 
 care, prove dangerous to boats and other veiTels. 
 The abbey-lands of Molana, or St. Molanfide, to- 
 gether with thofe of Rhincrew, were granted to fir 
 Walter Rawleigh in fee-farm ; and afterwards, 
 with the reft of his eftate, were purchafed by the 
 earl of Cork. By a claule in the commiffion for 
 the plantation of Munfter, it was provided, that 
 none fhould be an undertaker for above 1 2000 acres, 
 or thereabouts ^ yet there iflfued out a warrant (34), 
 for granting to Sir Walter Rawleigh, three feigno- 
 ries and a half in the counties of Cork and Water- 
 ford, as near Youghall as might be ; each feignory 
 to contain 1 2000 acres, and the half feignory 6000 \ 
 yielding for the faid lands, 100 maiks fterl. the 
 fame to be tenan table lands, and no mountains, 
 bogs, or heaths. 
 
 The lands lying on the fides of the Black-water, 
 are well cultivated, and aftbrd lime-ftone in many 
 places, as at Tcoreen, New-Affane, Cappoquin, 
 Lifmore, &c. they have alfo another kind of ma- 
 
 (54) The lands comprized in the warrant, dated the laft of 
 Feb. 1586, v,'eie thefe, vh. the barony, caflle, and lands of 
 Inchiquin, in Iniokilly ; the caflle and lands of Strancally. BaU 
 lynatray, Killnatora ; and the lands lying on the river Broad- 
 vater and Bride, late David IVlac Shean Roches and others; 
 with the decayed town of Tallow ; and the ca,rtle and lands of 
 Lisfinny, Mogilla, Kiliacarow and Shean : and if thefe were 
 not fufficient, the deficiency was to be made up, out of the 
 caftle and lands of Mocollop, the caftle and lands of 
 'i cmple-Michael, the lands of Patrick Condon, next ad- 
 joining unto the Shtan, and of the lands called Ahavena, alias 
 Vi hiitOaiid. 
 
 nure.
 
 WATERFORD. 45 
 
 nnre, which the country people call trifl^ar, being 
 a coUedion of weeds, grafs, flravv, mud, and other 
 matter, which forms itlelf, in the river, into a kind 
 of duncy-, this they bring up in boats, and with it 
 manure their grounds. They ufe alfo fea-fand, 
 brought from Youghall for this purpofe. 
 
 Having paffed through this barony, I (liall now 
 crofs the Blackwater, and proceed to the barony 
 of Decies within Drum (35^ At what time theDecIes 
 barony of Decies was divided into two diflindt ba- within 
 ronies is uncertain ; at prefent, it is diltinguifiied ^^"™' 
 at the aflizes and felTions into two parts, viz. Decies 
 within, and Decies without Drum. 
 
 This barony is divided by ridges of hills, called 
 Drum-Fineen, which not only flretch through this 
 county, but alfo through thofe of Cork and Kerry. 
 It comprehends the panlbes of Rineogonah, Ard- 
 more, Kinfalebeg, Aglilh, and part of Kilmolalb. 
 
 Part of the parifh of Rineogonah (^6) is well Rjneoso- 
 cultivated, particularly that which lies contiguous nahpaiiJb 
 to the harbour of Dungarvan, the fides of the hills 
 being tilled to the very top, efpecially on the north 
 fide; the fouth fide, being coarfe bog, is unfit for 
 culture, only aifording turf, except a few trads 
 near the fea, which are moflly paiiure. The fer- 
 tility of this range of hills holds, on the nortli fide, 
 through their extent in this county, affording not 
 only barley, oats and potatoes, but alfo wheat in 
 confiderable quantities ; which is, in a great mea- 
 fure, owing to the excellent manure of fea-fand, 
 taken up in the harbour of Dungarvan. 
 
 The parifh church is here, as in mofb other 
 places, in ruins ; it is, together with a well near it, 
 
 (315) Decfes within Drum, is bounded on tlic S. and F. by 
 tbe ocean; on the Vv'. hy the Black-water; and on the N. by 
 Decies without Drum. 
 
 (36) Rineogonah parifTi, is bounded with that of Dungarvan 
 on the N. and partly by the Tea, which alfo bounds it on the 
 S. and E. on the S; W. it is boiinded by Ardinore parifli. 
 
 dedicated
 
 4 5 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 dedicated to St. Nicholas ; and is much refbrted to 
 by thofe of the church of Rome (37) on the patron 
 day of that faint. At Killunkart, are the remains 
 of an old building, faid, by tradition, to have been 
 an houfe of the knights templars ; though it feems 
 not to have been any other than one of their manor 
 houfes, many of which they had difperfed up and 
 down in divers parts of the kingdom. 
 Ardmore xArdmore pariib (38) is a confiderable tradt. The 
 parifli. name fignifies a great height or eminence. It was 
 anciently an epifcopal fee, ereded by St. Declan, 
 the firfl bifhop of it, in the infancy of the Irifh 
 church ; and confirmed by St. Patrick, in the fynod 
 of Calbel, heid in 448. St. Declan was born in 
 this county, and was of the fam.ily of the Defii ; 
 he travelled, for education, to Rome, where he 
 lived for Tome years, was ordained by the pope, 
 and returned home about the year 402. 
 
 That there were fome chriftians here before his 
 time, may be gathered from his life. For he is faid 
 to have been baptized by one Colman, a pried, 
 when he was feven years old ; to be put under the 
 tuition of Dym.ma, a religious chriftian, to learn to 
 read ; and that Cairbre was his fchool-fellow. At 
 his return, he alfo founded an abbey in this place, 
 the rule of which was particular, and but of a fmall 
 extent ; but fiibmitted afterwards to that of the 
 regular canor.s. See a further account of this faint, 
 and his family, in chap. I. 
 
 (37) This cuflom of vifiting reputed holy welh, was always 
 prohibited in the more early times of the church, as may be 
 feen in the canons of the Anjrlican councils (fub Edgaro, can. 
 6c.) under the name of Vv ilve-uithunga, truly tranflated, 
 Well-worfliip, as is made appear by Dr. Hammond, out of an 
 old .'axon penitential and homily of bifhop Lupus. Ham- 
 mond's .Annotations on the Epiftle to the Coloflians, Chap. iL 
 V. 23. 
 
 (38) The parifl) of Ardmore, is bounded by that of White- 
 church on the N. by Rineogonah on the E. by the ocean on 
 the S, and by the parilh of Kinfalebeg and Aglilh on the W. 
 
 There
 
 W A T E R F O R D. • 47 
 
 There are, at prefent, the remains of two ancient 
 churches at Ardmore. One fituated on the edge 
 of a ch!ft, rear the Tea, which is quite in ruins, 
 and feems to have been the firfl: church built here- 
 abouts ; near which, on the ftra- d, they fliew you 
 St. Declan's ftone, as it is called, being of a coarfe 
 grit, like all the adjacent rocks. It lies flielving 
 upon the point of a rock, and on the patron-day 
 of this faint, great numbers creep under the (lone 
 three times, in order (as they pretend) to cure and 
 prevent pains in the back. This ftone, they tell you, 
 fvvam miraculouiiy from Rome, conveying upon it 
 St. Declan's bell and veftments. Near this church, is 
 a well, dedicated to the fame faint,' to which, as 
 well as to the ftone, many miraculous virtues are 
 attributed by the fuperftitious people. 
 
 The other church ftands about a mile N. W. of 
 the former, and, by its appearance, feems very 
 ancient. There is ftill remaining, a handfome Go- 
 thic arch, which feparates the body of the church 
 from the chancel. The pillars fupporting it, are 
 fomewhat more maflive than thofe of the Tufcan 
 order; their thicknefs denotes the antiquity of the 
 building. For the edifices of the ancient Goths, 
 were very mafiive, heavy, and coarfe ; whereas 
 later Gothic ftrudures are light, delicate, and rich. 
 The firft was introduced in the fifth, and the latter 
 in the thirteenth century. The chancel only of the 
 church is roofed, and divine fervice ufed therein. 
 On the W. end of the church, are the remains of 
 fome figures, venerable for their antiquity, done in 
 alto relievo, in freeftone, Tlioie which time has not 
 defaced, are the reprefentations of Adam and Eve, 
 with the tree and ferpent between them -, the judg- 
 ment of Solomon, between the two harlots ; a jewifh 
 facrifice ; and other figures, fo defaced, that it is im.- 
 poflible to diftinguiili v/hat they were defgned for; 
 but the whole appears to have been an epitome 
 of the hiftory of the Old Teftament ; and feems to 
 
 be
 
 43 ' Naiiiral and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 be properly contrived, to inftrud the ignorant 
 natives, in thofe dark ages, in the principles of 
 the true rehgion. 
 
 A round tower jftands near this church, above lod 
 feet high, excellently well built of hewn flone, gra- 
 dually leiTening tov/ards the top, and the door is 
 about fifteen feet from the ground. It has, .no 
 doubt, been ufed for a belfry or (leeple, there be- 
 ing towards the top, not only four oppofite win- 
 dows to let out the found, but alio three pieces of 
 oak flill remaining, on which the bell was hung. 
 There are alio two channels cut in the cill of the 
 door, where the rope came out, the ringer land- 
 ing below the door, without fide. The bafe of this 
 tower is forty-five feet in circumference, or about 
 fifteen in diameter. The roof is pyramidal, being 
 of (tone, very well cut, and clofely jointed together; 
 well plaflered, within-fide, from top to bottom ; and 
 as white and frefh as if but newly done. The 
 whole is divided, by four beltings, into (lories, with 
 a window to each. On the top, a kind of crofs, 
 like a crutch, (till remains. This is, at prefent^ 
 one of the mo(t intire of thefe kind of towers in 
 the kingdom, and the only one of the fort in this 
 county (39). See a further account of thefe ftruc- 
 tures, in the Ancient and Prefent State of the 
 County of Cork, Vol. II. pag. 408. edit. 1746. 
 
 In the church-yard, is the dormitory of St. De- 
 clan, being a fmall low houfe, not long fince roofed 
 and flated, at the expence of the late biOiop Mills. 
 In this place, they Ihew a (kuU, as they pretend, 
 of this faint ; and another fkuU is venerated here 
 alfo, on the fame account ; though both of them 
 feem much freflier and founder than any fl<ull could 
 have been fuppofed to be, which was preferved for 
 eight hundred years. A (lory is related, that the 
 real (l^ull of St. Declan was, fome years ago, fent 
 
 (39) Vide^latelV. Fig. i. 
 
 to
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 49 
 
 to a filverfmith in Yoiighal, in order to have it 
 bound together with hoops of filver ; but it falling 
 to pieces under the hammer, the heretical work- 
 man threw it away, and fubflituted another found 
 one in its place. 
 
 Ardmore was anciently a Danifli fetdement; for 
 hereabouts are feveral remains of this people, as 
 circular intrenchments, and fuch works. 
 
 I here met with an ancient deed, dated the 8th 
 of Richard I. anno 1 1 97, fettling a , fmall trad of 
 lands on the family of the Mernins, by one ChriPd- 
 ana Hy-Dorothy, a Dane. The deed is very fnort, 
 but is much defaced by time ; however, it is re- 
 markable, this fpot continued in the fame name and 
 family to the year 1745, when they- ibid it. 
 
 Ardmore is now no more than a village, Vvhere 
 appears, at prefent, the (lump of a caftle ; and not 
 long fince, was a much larger one there, which was 
 taken down. Near the fea-coafl, the land is tole- 
 rably good, affording paflure and plentiful crops of 
 corn. The parirti, being of a large extent, is di- 
 vided into two ; where the village of Ardmore is 
 feated, is the fmaller divifion ; the larger, which is 
 commonly named the Old-pariili, is moilly an un- 
 cultivated mountain, in which tliere is little re- 
 markable, except fome large pits, on the fide of 
 the road leading from Dungarvan to Youghal, out 
 of which, iron ore was formerly dug. The higher 
 ridges of thefe mountains, generally conlifi: of a 
 light gravelly foil ; but the hollows are mofLiy 
 over-run with bog. In fome places of thefe moun- 
 tains, there are large trads fit for paflure, which 
 are generally well flocked with black cattle ; and it 
 is remarkable in thefe uncultivated tradts, efpeciaUy 
 near the fea, where fnow feldom laRs forty-eight 
 hours, that the flock bear the rigour of a fevere 
 winter, better than fuch as are fed in richer lands 
 thofe lafl commonly requiring much fodder to fup- 
 
 E port
 
 £o Natural and Civil Hiflory of 
 
 port them j whereas here the tops of broom, furze, 
 heath, &c, fupply that defect. 
 
 The church of Hacketllown was formerly a cha- 
 pel of eafe to Ardmore, it being in the fame parifh. 
 From Ardmore, one begins to defcend the hills 
 Kinfalc- ii^^o ^^^^ parifh of Kinfalcbeg, (40) which confifts 
 beg par. of better land than the other ; the church ftands 
 ahnoft oppofite to the town of Youghal, and though 
 not long fmce roofed, is going (for want of repair) 
 into decay. In this parifli, fituated near the Black- 
 water, is Loughtane, a pleafant feat of Mr. Ro- 
 nayne, with good improvements ; near which (lands 
 an ancient callle, called Ballyheny ; by whom 
 ereded I could not learn. 
 
 Pilltown, not longfince theeftate of the Walfhes, 
 is another place of fome note, where lived Judge 
 Wallli, the fuppofed author of the forged commif- 
 fion in favour of the Irilh rebels in king Charles Ifl's 
 time. The particulars of this affair were not dif- 
 covered till after the reftoration, when lord Muf- 
 kerry confefTed the whole to lord Orrery, at the 
 duke of Ormond's caflle of Kilkenny (41). Near 
 
 the 
 
 (40) Bounded on the E, by Ardmore, on the W. by Youghal 
 bay, on the N. by the parilh of Clafhmore, and on the S. by 
 the fea. 
 
 (41) Mr. Maurice, chaplain to lord Orrery, relates this 
 affair as follows, 
 
 " His lordrtiip waited on the duke of Ormond at Kilkenny, 
 *' during which time the bid Mufkerry, who had been in the 
 " rebellion of Munfler, came there alfo. Lord Orrery one day 
 *' took an opportunity toulk him, how the rebels obtained that 
 ** commifiion, which they Hiewed to the lord prefident St. Le- 
 *' ger, under the King's great feal ? Lord Muilcerry anfwcred, 
 *' I will be free and unreferved with you ; it was a forged com- 
 *' million, drawn up by WalOi and others, who having a writ- 
 •' ing, to which the great fcal was tixed, one of the company 
 *' very dexteroufly took off the fealed wax from the label 
 " of the writing, and fixed it to the label of the forged com- 
 " minion ; whilll this was doing, an odd nccident happened, 
 " v.hich flnrtled all prefenr, and had almon; intircly difconcert- 
 *' ed the fchcme. The forged couuiiiffion being finiflied, while 
 
 ♦' .he
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 51 
 
 the ferry point of Youghal, is Profped-hall, a hand- 
 fome feat, with good improvements, made by the 
 late Stephen Bernard, efq; From hence, one has 
 a pleafant view of the ocean ; Cable-inand, on the 
 W. fide of the bay ; the town and harbour of 
 Youghal, with the (hipping in the river, and at the 
 key. Youghal, from this fide of the water, makes 
 an handfome appearance, lying N. and S. ranged 
 along the oppofite (hore. Near the verge of the 
 water, is a fort or block-houfe, on which fome can- 
 non are mounted ; adjoining to which is a key, 
 with a fecure mole for vefleistolie in^ The church 
 is built on a rifing ground behind the town, at the 
 back whereof, on the hill, runs the town wall, 
 flanked by fome old towers. On the N. and S. of 
 the place, are the ruins of two abbies. But more 
 of this town, with a perfpedtive view thereof, may 
 be feen, in the ancient and prefent ftate of the 
 county of Cork, vol. I. 
 
 Between Youghal and this barony, is a communi- 
 cation by a ferry-boat, which, in bad weather, is 
 hazardous and difficult to pafs. To the N. of this 
 parifh, on the Black-water, lies the parifh of Clafh- Clafh- 
 m.ore (42), the lands of which, near the river, are"^°'^ P^"". 
 tolerably good, the eaftern parts mountairous, but 
 profitable for the feeding of black cattle. At Clafh- 
 more, vi^as anciently an abbey of Canons Regular, 
 founded in the feventh century, by St. Cronan 
 
 " the parchment was handling and turning, in order to put 
 " on ihe feai, a tame wolf", which lay afieep bv the fire, awaked 
 " at the noife and crackling of the parchment, and running 
 •' to it, feized and tore it to pieces, notwithftanding all haftc 
 ♦' and ftrength to prevent him j fo that ihey were obliged to 
 *' begin anew, and write all over again. Mufkerry added, that 
 ♦' it would have been impofTible to have k^rpt the people toge- 
 " ther wlihout this device." 
 
 (42) The parifh of Claflimore, is bounded on the E. by that 
 of Admore, on the W. by the Bhick-w?.rcr, on the S. by 
 Kinfaltbeg parifti, and by that of Aglilh on thcN. 
 
 E 2 Mochua -,
 
 52 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Mochiia; the lands whereof, on the difTolutlon, 
 were granted to fir Walter Rawleigh in fee- 
 farm. 
 
 Clafhmore is the feat of Mr. Power ; is well 
 fitualed near the river, not far from the place where 
 the river Licky empties itfelf into the Biack-water ; 
 and round the houfe, are confiderable improve- 
 ments. 
 
 Ba^lynamultina is the feat of Mr. Mansfeild, 
 near whicn is a good flate quarry. To the N. of 
 AglifKpar. this paridi, lies that of Aglifli (43), in which are 
 the remains of an ancient fquare building, called, 
 by the Irifh, Clough, which inclofes half an acre of 
 ground. It conf.fts of a high wall, with a tower at 
 each angle ; on t:ie S. is a large gate-way formerly 
 defended by a portcullis ; round the walls, are 
 ranges of fpike-holes ; and on the top, are the re- 
 mains of battlements. The towers were the only 
 parts of this building which have been roofed ; the 
 .whole feems to be an ancient piece of regular for- 
 tification, fuch as were ufed before the invention of 
 fire-arms. Tradition fays, that this place was built 
 by king John, as an half-way ftage between Cork 
 and Waterford. 
 Kilmo- The parifh of Kilmolafh (44) joins this, and is 
 laiTi. par. but of a fmall extent ; the foil of both is partly 
 mountain, but towards the W. tolerably fertile. 
 At a place called Bewley, a conception of Beau- 
 Lieu, in this parifh, are the remains of a monaftick 
 building, but to what order it belonged is uncertain. 
 Tradition will have it, to be one of the Templars 
 houfes. 
 
 (43) The parifh of Aolifh is bounded on the S. by Clafh- 
 more ; on the N by AfFane ; part of Ardmore and Kilmolafh 
 bound it on the E. and the F^lark water on the W. 
 
 (44^ The parifh of Kiluiolafh is bounded on the N and E. by 
 that of White-church, on the S. by Aglifh, and on the W, by 
 Affane. 
 
 Having
 
 WATE^<FORD. SS 
 
 Having gone throii^^i the feveral parities of this 
 barony I (hall pro-eed to that of Decies without ^arony of 
 Drum (a c\ Tiis is the largeft barony in the -^f^ies 
 xjiwm ^5;. i j .i ^ n, c mv without 
 
 county, and comprehends the pariihes ot Attane, j^^^^ 
 
 White-chu^h? ModelHgo, Sefkinan, ColHgan, 
 
 Dungar\^*"7 KiHrufli, Killgobonet, Clonea, Kill- 
 
 roflint'j Stradbally, Fews, and Roirmeer. 
 
 Tlic moft remarkable place in the parifh of Af- ^^^^^ 
 
 tne (46) is Drumana, a noble feat of the earl of ^j. 
 Grandifon, The houfe is built on the foundation 
 of an ancient caftle, that formerly was the chief 
 feat of the Fitzgeralds of the Defies, who were* 
 defcended from fir Gerald, fecond fon to James 
 the feventh, earl of Defmond, whofe family have 
 been a long time fettled here. John, earl of Gran- 
 difon, enjoying this eftate in right of his mother 
 Catherine Fitzgerald, the only remaining heir of 
 the family. It is very boldly fituated on a rock, 
 over the Black- water , the caftle with all its furni- 
 ture, being burnt down by the Iridi, the prefsnt 
 houfe was ereded, to ferve till a more commodious 
 one could be built. 
 
 Befides feveral family portraits, here is a St, 
 Jerome, exquifitely well painted, as large as the 
 life, by a mafterly hand. 
 
 The gardens are fituated on the fide of a hill, 
 which hangs over the river, where is a noble terras, 
 affording a profpeCl up to Gappoquin. To the 
 S. the river is hemmed in v/ith his;h hills, covered 
 with wood • at the foot of the garden is a neat 
 baftion, the vaults under which, krve for a boat- 
 houfe. The adjacent deer-park is a pleafant fpot 
 
 (45) The barony of Decies without Drum, is bounded on 
 the S by Decies within Drum, on the S. E. by the ocean, 
 on the W. by Cofhinore and Coflibride, on the E. by Upper- 
 third and Middierhird, and on the N. by Upperthird and 
 Glanehiry baronies. 
 
 (46) Aitane parilh is bounded on the E. by that of White- 
 church, on the W. by the Black water, on theN. by Model- 
 ligo, and on the S. by the paiifh of Aglilh. 
 
 £ 3 of
 
 54 Natural and Ct^jj Hiflory of 
 
 of ground, lying almoft contij^ious to the feat, at 
 the N. end whereof, is anhandi.rne lodge,-ereaed 
 for the keeper. Through this ^± \^ a noble 
 avenue, and round the feat, are abundance of 
 oiher plantations, all in a flouriOiing yyay. His 
 lordlTiip obtained from the Dublin Sociexy a prse- 
 mium of fifty pounds, for planting out the jreateft 
 number of timber trees, having between Decer^ber 
 1742, and the fifth of March 1744, planted om 
 63480 trees of oak, afh, chefnut, elm and beech; 
 which praemium his lordlliip gcneroufly gave to 
 the perfon employed by him in his plantations. 
 No defigns can be greater than thole, which con- 
 tribute to the ornam.enting and enriching of one's 
 country : Befides fupplying its defedls, thefe are 
 folid and lafting advantages, and of more benefit 
 to poderity than the undertaker. Nothing feems 
 more likely to induce a general improvement than 
 the prevalency of good example ; and this is not 
 the only one wherein this worthy nobleman has 
 endeavoured to introduce a fpirit of induftry in 
 this part of the country. An account of the neigh- 
 bouring village of Drumana, and his lordfhip's 
 encouragement to manufadlurers, has been pub- 
 lifhed in an Irifh magazine, fince the former edition 
 of this work was printed, and fince which time, 
 thefe improvements were made. Vide Lodge's 
 Peerage, vol. I. p. 13, &c. 
 
 Affane was formerly called Arthraean, or Agh- 
 mean, from Agh a ford, the Bl:cck-water being 
 fordable hereabouts. In the year 1564, on the firft 
 of February, was fought (47) a bloody conflict at 
 this place, between tlie earls of Ormond and Def^ 
 inond, where the latter iiad three hundred men 
 killed. The caufe of this quarrel is not related by 
 Cox ; but, by a privy feal of the 12th of March, 
 1566 (48), it appears, that the difpute arofe upon 
 
 (47) Cox, vcJ. I. p. 317. 
 
 (48; Irror. in do:f. Ror. 8th of Eli?. 
 
 the
 
 W A T E R F O R D. t;^ 
 
 the titles to fome lands in this county and that of 
 Tipperary, in the poireffion of the earl of Ormond, 
 but claimed by the earl of Defmond ; the refult of 
 which was, that the queen by the faid privy feal, 
 ordered the polTeflion to continue in the earl of 
 Ormond, until the earl of Dcirnond fhould recover 
 the fame by legal procefs. It is faid, that Defmond 
 was wounded in the battle, and being taken up 
 by one of Ormond's men, who carried him on his 
 back, one of his people afked him, how he found 
 himfelf ? he anfwered, nothing could hurt him, 
 fince he had the pleafure of ridmg the Butlers, al- 
 luding to the man that carried him. 
 
 Affane is famous for the beft cherries in this 
 country (49) or perhaps in Ireland, being firfl 
 planted here by fir Walter Rawleigh, who brought 
 them, from the Canary illands. 
 
 White-church parifh (50) is of a confiderableex- wi^lt^^ 
 tent, and gives title to the hon. William Maule, clmvch. 
 
 par. 
 
 (4q) The city of Cerafus, in Cappadocia, was anciently fa- 
 mous for the cherry-trees which Lucuilus, the Roman conful, 
 firft' brought to Rome, being afterwards difperfed from Italy, all 
 over the Wcftern world, as Pliny informs us. Lib 15. ch. zi^. 
 
 The author of the hitlory of the Royal Society judicioufly 
 obferves, that whatever attempts of this kind have fucceeded, 
 they have been of the greatell advantage to the undertakers. 
 He takes notice, that the orange of China, being brought into 
 Portugal, has drawn a great revenue every year from London 
 alone. The vine of the Rhine taking root in the Canaries, has 
 produced a far more delicious juice, and has made the rocks 
 and fun-burnt plains of thefe iflands, one of the richcft fpots 
 of ground in the world. He a!fo inftances the filken manufac- 
 ture in Virginia, originally brought from the Eatl-lndies. 
 
 The firft orange-tree that came to L (bon, was fent, as a 
 prefent, to theold Conde Melor, then prime minifter to the king * 
 oi Portugal, but one only plant efcaped being fpoiled, out of 
 the whole cafe, which was liardly recovered, and became the 
 parent of all thofe trees of the kind, fince cultivated in Europe. 
 This account Mr. Evelyn, fay-, he had from the L'onde's fon, 
 then an exile at Lo.Tdon. Evelyn's Sylv B. 2. p. 14 . 
 
 (^o) White-church Par. is bounded on the W by the forego- 
 ing, on the E by the Par. of Dungarvan, on the N. by Model- 
 ligo, and on the S. by Kihuolafh and Ardmore. 
 
 E 4 who
 
 §6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 who was created baron Maule of White-church, 
 and earl of Penmure of Forth, .in the county of 
 Wexford, by patent dated the fecond of May, 
 1 743. Ballyntaylor, the feat of the family of Uflier, 
 and fonr.erly that of the family of OlLorne, is fif.i- 
 ated on the S. of this parifli, about three miles S. 
 W. of Dungarvan. The houfe was built by fir 
 Richard Ofborne, in 161 9, as appears by a coat 
 of arms, cut in flone, fixed in an adjacent wall, 
 with that date. Here are confiderable plantations 
 of timber trees (befides large adjacent woods) as 
 oak, elms, wallnut, &c. as alfo the arbutus, a tree 
 which grows naturally in this kingdom. This and 
 the buckthorn, thrive here, becoming confiderable 
 large trees, though accounted Ihrubs in moft other 
 places, which has been often known to happen 
 through difference of foil, climate and culture. 
 The fi[r alfo flourillies in this place. The late mofl 
 worthy polTellbr, John Ullier, efq^ being curious in 
 this .vay, alfo planted nurferies of different kinds 
 of Newfoundland fpruce, a fpecies which well de- 
 ferves our notice, as affording a cheap and excel- 
 lent drink, well known in that country, by the 
 r.ame of j'pruce beer ; is wholefomer, and far pre- 
 ferable to moil: kinds of weak malt liquors ; and 
 would be of great iervice to the poor of this king- 
 dom, was it known to them. The manner of 
 making it may be feen in Prior's narrative of the 
 virtues of tar-water, where its great virtues in cur- 
 ing the fcurvy, and preventing that difeafe among 
 our fifhermen in Newfoundland, is amply related. 
 
 A little above the houfe, is an extenfive profpedt 
 of th' adj icent country and fea-coaft. The gar- 
 dens lie in flopes, on the fide of the hill, and are 
 capable of bei: g much improved ; nor is water 
 wanting to fupply any beauty of that kind. As 
 ii"ie late v.orthy poilclfor delighted in planting, and 
 other ufeful improvements, no doubt, this feat 
 would have been •-•. confiderable ornament to this 
 
 part
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 57 
 
 part of the country, had he Hved a few years 
 longer. 
 
 About half a mile to the N. are the remains of 
 the caftle of Knockmoan, faid to have been built 
 by a woman, whofe tomb-ftone is (hewn here, 
 being very large, but without any infcription or 
 fculpture, except a kind of crofs, circumfcnbed in 
 a circle in relievo, of very rude workmanfnip, 
 which fhews its antiquity. Near the caftle, are the 
 ruins of a little chapel, being the burying place 
 of fir Richard Ofborne, above mentioned, near 
 v^'hich, are the remains of a very ancient fig tree, 
 long fmce in a flate of decay. 
 
 The caftle flood on an high lim.eftone rock, one 
 fide of which was perpendicular, and more than 50 
 feet above the plain. The r; :unt was furrounded 
 by a FolTe, filled with a runnins^ vater, which had, 
 not long fince, a draw-bridge over it. The whole 
 is environed by a kind of morals or bog, through 
 which a narrow caufe-way led to this pile ; fo that 
 when the caftle was firft ereded, it was no very weak 
 piece of fortification. Sir Richard Olborne was 
 clofely befieged here, during the rebellion of 1 641 -, 
 and in April 1645, '^ ^^^ taken by the earl of 
 Caftlehaven, v/ho, about the fame time, made 
 himfelf mafler of Cappoquin, and the caftle of 
 Drumana. 
 
 It is obfervable, fays fir Richard Cox, (51) that fir 
 Richard Ofborne, who owned Knockmoan, and was 
 in it when it was taken, had all along obeyed the 
 ceffation, and did not join with Inchiquin : Never- 
 thelefs Caftlehaven denied him the benefit of the 
 ceffation, and took his caftle by force; therefore 
 the lord lieutenant, by letters of the 25th of April, 
 wrote to the lord Mull^erry, and the reft of the 
 fupreme council, for its reftitution. Caftlehaven 
 marched from hence to Lifmore, where he re- 
 ceived a repulfe, and from thence to Mitchelftown. 
 
 In 
 (sO Vol. II. ,P. 557.
 
 rg Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 In 1646, the lord Liile (52), on the 20th of Fe- 
 bruary, arrived at Cork with fupplies, for the En- 
 ghfh i and after vifiting many other places, had this 
 callle of Knockmoan delivered up to him. 
 
 Mount Odell, a feat and improvement of the 
 family of Odell, ftands about half a mile to the 
 E. of the above caille ; near which a parcel of 
 human bones, half burnt, were difcovered in heaps 
 of Stones, called Kairns, Here is a vein of black 
 marble, without the leafl mixture of white. 
 
 Cappa,'the eftate of John Ufher, efq; is fituated on 
 the N. fide of the parifh, and near it, are the re- 
 mains of an ancient building, faid to have belonged 
 to the Knights-Templars. Excellent marie has 
 been found here, lying deep in an adjacent bogj 
 but the place being fubje6t to be filled with water 
 upon digging, makes it difficult to get any quan- 
 tity of this ufeful manure. 
 
 To the E. is Ballylemon, anciently an houfe of fir 
 Richard Ofborne, where, it is faid he kept a 
 feraglio of women, from whence this place bad its 
 name, Bally fignifying a town, and Loman a kept 
 miftrefs. Excellent marie was here alfo difcovered 
 in an adjacent bog, upon fearching for which, the 
 horns and fl^eleton of a Moofe-deer were found, 
 which are now in the polfellion of the earl of 
 Grandifon. The horns of thofe huge creatures 
 have been often met with in bogs, and other deep 
 foils, but the bones are a rarity feldom feen. I 
 may, perhaps, hereafter give a more particular ac- 
 count of the fize, and ofleology of this animal. 
 
 Some years ago was dug up, wi;hin a mile of 
 Whitechurch, the rib of an elephant, which, 
 no doubt, was fuch, [vid. Plate IV. Fig. 2.] 
 it agreeing with the defcription of that animal 
 in Dr. Moulings and Blair. Every body knows 
 this creature is a ngitive of the warmer climates, 
 far remote from this country. It is pretty certain, 
 
 the 
 (52) Cox, Vol. II. P. 90.
 
 WATERFORD. 59 
 
 the Romams never had any footing here, and it 
 is doubtful whether they ever brought any of thefe 
 animals even into Britain -, the only author that 
 hints at their being brought thither, is Dion 
 Caffius: But Suetonius, who alfo wrote tlie life of 
 the emperor Claudius, mentions nothing of the 
 matter, nor does Dion fay, that he brought them 
 with him, but that he gathered them together in 
 order to it. Yet Mr. Cambden thinks, that the 
 raonftrous bones and teeth, which he takes notice 
 to have been dug up in England, muft have been 
 the remains of elephants, brought over by the 
 emperor Claudius, as Dion reports. 
 
 Matthew Parris (53) fays, the firft elephant feen 
 on this fide the Alps, wasonefent, as a prefent, by 
 Lewis IX. king of France, to our king Henry llf. 
 An. 1255, and, perhaps, a few more fince might 
 fwve been brought over for fhew or curiofity. 
 
 iVy^delligo parifh (54) tovvards the N. is rough, Modelligo 
 and co>.ifiiT:s moflly of pafture. In this parilh, are par. 
 the rema'.ns of fome ancient caflles, belonging to 
 the family «f the Mac-Graths, who had formerly 
 a large eflate '.n this part of the country. Moun- 
 tain caftle, called alfo Fernane, was one of thefe, 
 of which only the h-jmp now remains. The c:if!:le 
 of Sledy, or Curagh-na-fledy, is another, which was 
 built in 1628, as appears from a date on a chim- 
 ney-piece, with the words Philipus Mac-Grath. It 
 is faid, the occafion of buildin-g this cafile, v*as on 
 a difpute between Magrathand iViS wife, v»'ho would 
 not be reconciled to him, till he 'nad built her a 
 caftle on her own jointure, to do which he received 
 fuch large contributions from his vafTals, that when 
 it was finiflied, he was much richer than when he 
 began his work. A great quantity of fine oak was 
 
 (53) In Regn. Hen. III. Ann- 125=;. 
 
 (54) Modelligo par. is bounJed on the S. wirh Whitechnrcli, 
 on the N. with Sefi-iinan, on the E. v/ith CoIHgan, and on the 
 W. with the barony of Coihraore and Cofhbiide. 
 
 employed
 
 Co Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 employed in this building, which is not much 
 more than a century erected. 
 
 On the S. fide of the parilh, lies the church ; 
 and near it, is a reputed holy well. 
 SciVmaR Seikinan parifli {^c^) is, for the moft part, a 
 par. mountainous and boggy tra6l, with little in it re- 
 
 markable. At Ballynamult, in this parifli, is a re- 
 doubt for about 20 men. 
 Cooligan Adjoining to the former, is the fmall parifh of 
 P^""; Cooligan, {^6) not worthy of a particular defcrip- 
 
 tion ; the land in it, is moflly arable and pafture, 
 with feme bog. 
 Dungar- ^ The parilh of Dungarvan (^^7) is of a confider- 
 un. par. ^^}g extent. The tov/n of Dungarvan was anciently 
 called Achad-Garbain, from St. Garbain, who 
 founded an abbey of canons here, in the feventh 
 century, of which there are now no remains. Sir 
 Richard Boyle, earl of Cork, was created vifcoi^it 
 of Dungarvan, by patent, dated the 26th of 0<f>ober, 
 1620, and thiS place flill continues to cr<ve the 
 title to the eldefb fon of tiie earl of Cork a'jd Orrery, 
 as it did alfo to the eldefl fon of the earl of Bur- 
 lington and Cork, which lad brauvh is now ex- 
 tin d. 
 
 By a fhatute (-8) made in 1463, it was enadled, 
 that this town nd caftl^, with feveral odiers 
 named in the fta ue, >eing in a ftate of decay, 
 Ihould be feized into i.'ie King's hands, there to re- 
 main for 60 years, c. 'd the wardlliip of them to be 
 
 ('0 Seikinan pvif- is bo". nded on the S. by Modelligo, on 
 tlie N. by the bar. of Glane! ery, on the W. by the fame, and 
 on the E. by the par. of Kiilgoboner. 
 
 (;;6) Cooligan is bounded en the N. by the foregoing par. 
 on tiie S. by Whicechurch, on ^he S. E. by Dungarvan, oa the 
 E. by Kiilgobonet, and on the W. by Modelligo. 
 
 (^7) Dungarvan par. is bounded on the N by Killgobonet, 
 on the S, by part of Ardmore and Rineogonagh, on the W. by 
 Whitechurch, on the E, by the ocean, and on the N. E, by 
 Clonea paiilh. 
 
 (58} Roll's office, 3d Edw. IV. No. 8. 
 
 committed

 
 ^'sA.'s-^t:;! 
 

 
 WATERFORD. Si 
 
 committed to Thomas earl of Defmond, who fhould 
 receive the cuftoms of the faid town, and exp'^'nd 
 them upon the reparation of the Walls. At the 
 fame time, an ad {c^g) palled, for holding a com- 
 mon market, every day, in this town, and that all 
 goods therein fold, fhould pay reafontible cudoms, 
 in the fame manner as was paid in Waterfoid and 
 Dublin i which cuftoms, were to be employed iri 
 making ditches, walls, &c. about the faid town, 
 according to the difcretion of Thomas, earl of 
 Defmond. 
 
 Another ftatute (60) of the fame parliament, 
 grants the intire fee-farm of this town to the faid 
 earl, during his Ufe, without rendering any thing 
 to the king or his heirs. ^ 
 
 Each angle of the town wall was defended with 
 towers and baftions, and the gates with guard- 
 houfes, many of which ftill remain. The caftle 
 was originally built by king John, though afterwards 
 repaired and pofTefled by the earl of Defmond. In 
 the 4th of Hen. VIII. an a6t pafled, (61) by which 
 this caftle is confirmed to the king, together with 
 all its fifhings, iifues, cuftoms, &c. to be knit and 
 united to his Majefty's Imperial Crown for ever. 
 
 This town was incorporated about the year 
 1463, by aCl of parliament, ftill preferved in the 
 rolls (62) king James I. for their fidelity to the Numb. 9. 
 
 (S9) Ibid. No. 10. (60) Ibid. No. 1 1. (61) Printed ftat. 
 
 (62) This aft recites, that " as the Seignory of Dungarvan 
 " was the moft great and ancient honour belonging to the king 
 " in Ireland, which through war, &c. was, tor the motl: part, 
 " deftroyed, it is provided, that the portrieve and commons of 
 " the faid town, their heirs, &c may enjoy all manner of free 
 ** gifts, cuftoms, &c. as the inhabitants of the hon. manor of 
 " * Clare, in England, have ufed and enjoyed, and as the mayor 
 " and commons of Briftol have done, the profits to go to the 
 " reparation of the walls, &c. under the furvey of the earl of 
 *' Defmond." 
 
 * From this place, called Stoke-Clare, the dukes of Clarence 
 had their titles. 
 
 crown.
 
 5^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 crown, during the rebellion in queen Elizabeth's 
 time, renewed their priviledges, and changed the 
 government of portrieve, into that of a fovereign, 
 recorder, and 12 Brethren, who are to be yearly 
 chofen, five days after the feaft of St. Peter. The 
 admiralty of the harbour, was granted to the fove- 
 reign, with the fame extent of power as the mayors 
 of Briftol had. 
 
 This charter was renewed, by Richard Crom- 
 well, in April 1659, at the requeft of Richard 
 Harris, as is exprefs'd in the recital. By an inqui- 
 fition {6^) taken 7th March, 1566, by Michael 
 Fitzsvilliams, the general furveyor of Ireland, there 
 belonged to this borough feveral lands, houfes, &c. 
 to the value of 203 1. per Ann. which are now fet 
 at five times as much. 
 
 This manor was granted to (64) fir Pierce Butler, 
 on the 26th of February, 26 Hen. VIII. who was 
 alfo created earl of Oifory, and fenefchal, confla- 
 ble and governor of this caftle and manor (into 
 which the earl of Defmond had intruded forceably) 
 with a fee of lool, fieri, out of the rents and 
 profits of the faid caftle and manor, during his life ; 
 remainder to James his fon and heir for life, re- 
 mainder to his heir male ; then the faid office and 
 fee to revert to the crown for ever {6^). 
 
 On the fifth of July, 0^6 of Hen. VIII. the king 
 by privy feal, remitted to the earl of Ormond, all 
 arrears due out of this place from Michaelmas be- 
 fore, and diretled letters patent to be made out, by 
 the Charxellor, for his difcharge ; and for appoint- 
 ing Robert St. Leger, brother to the Deputy, to 
 be keeper and governor of the caftle, and granting 
 to him all the rents, fifhings, and cufloms thereof; 
 under condition that he fhould keep a convenient 
 
 (6^) Archives of the caftle of Lifmore. (64) Rot, 
 
 cancel. 26 of Feb. 19 Hen. VIII. 
 
 (65) Roll's office, Ann. 22. Hen. VIII. 
 
 ward
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ^3 
 
 ward in the faid caftle. I find that Robert St. 
 Leger was alfo appointed, by k'\ng Edw. VI. April 
 7th 1547, to have the rule and fafe keeping of 
 this caftle, honour and manor of Dungarvan, with 
 all its appurtenances ; and to have to his own ufe, 
 all and fingular the king's rents, farn:is, fifhing, 
 cuftoms, profits and commodities thereof, from 
 the feaft of St. Michael preceding. Rolls office. 
 
 Auguft 7, 1550, the lords of the council of 
 England, direded, by letter to the deputy, that 
 James Walfh fhould be conftablc of Dungarvan for 
 life, and have a leafe of twenty-one years of the 
 parfonage thereof. Rolls, Ann. 4. Edw. VI. Derfv. 
 On the 27th of January, 1°. Elizab. 1558, a 
 commiflion of martial law, was granted to Henry 
 Stafford, conftable of this caftle, to exercife martial 
 law, through the whole county of Waterford, on 
 thofe, who had not inheritance above 20 s. per Ann. 
 nor goods or chattels to the value of lol. 
 
 This manor, &c, was afterv/ards granted to fir 
 George Thornton, by patent, dated the 8th of 
 Nov. 2d of James I. at 20 1. per Ann. It at 
 prefent belongs to the earl of Cork ; the caftle, &c, 
 being granted to him by ad of parliament. The 
 corporation is now gone into difufe. 
 
 Soon after the breaking out of the Irifli rebellion, 
 the lord prefident of Munfter, (66) in March 1642, 
 recovered this place, which had revolted but a few 
 months before, with moft of the towns in Munfter : 
 He left one lieut. Roflington (67) governor of the 
 caftle, from whom the Irifh, foon after, took it by 
 furprife. The perfons who concerted the defign, 
 were John Hore Fitz-Matthew, Matthew, his ion, 
 and John Fitzgerald, of Fernane, who, at the re- 
 queft of Richard Butler, efq; of Killcafh, made 
 the attempt. The caftle was taken with the help 
 
 (66) Cox, V. ii. P, 94, 97. (67) M. S. E. of Cork. 
 
 of
 
 5i^ Ndtural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 of fcaling ladders, placed between the grate and 
 the wall (68) ; and the fame night, all the Englifh 
 in the towr, were plundered, by fir Nicholas Wallli, 
 and his followers. After this furprifal, they fitted 
 out a velTel for France, and loaded her with feveral 
 kinds of goods, and in return, brought over a 
 large quantity of powder, cannon, and other fire- 
 arms, with v/hich they fortified the caftle. The 
 Irifh governor was one John Butler, who lived 
 near Carrick, and had (as the M. S. fays) a little 
 Scotch Engineer, who undertook to fupply the 
 place with frefh water, but could not efFed it. 
 Tiiey held the town (^6g) till iMay 1647, ^^ which 
 time, the lord prefident Inchiquin, with 1500 horfe, 
 and as many foot, made himfelf mafler of it ; hav- 
 ing in his march, reduced the caftles of Cappoquin 
 and Drumana. 
 
 The town continued two years in the hands of 
 the royal party, till about the beginning of Decem- 
 ber 1649, (70) at which time Cromwell, having 
 raifed ths fiege of Waterford, (the Marquis of 
 Ormond not being to be drawn to a battle) march- 
 ed this way ; on the 2d of December, the army 
 arrived at Killmacthoma, on the next day, the 
 water rofe fo high at that place, that the whole day 
 was fpent in getting over the foot, fo that they 
 marched only three miles, and t'.ien quartered at 
 feveral villages. On the 4th, part of the army ad- 
 vanced to Knockmoan, the remainder befieged 
 Dungarvan, which furrendered, in a few days, at 
 difcretion. Cromwell, having ordered the inhabi- 
 tants to be put to the fword, marched into the 
 town on horfeback, at the head of his troop : At 
 this juncture, a woman, whofe name was Nagle, 
 (and who deferves to be remembered) boldly ftepped 
 up, took his horfe by the bridle, and, with a flag- 
 
 (68) M. S. in Llfmorc. (69) Cox, V. 2. P. 196. 
 
 (70) M. S, of Dr. Henry Jones, in his own hand. 
 
 gon
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 65 
 
 gon of beer in her band, drank to the generars 
 health, who being warm, and thirfty, pledged her ; 
 at the fame time, her fervants brought out feme 
 barrels of beer, and began to diftribute it among 
 the men. Cromwell, pleafed with the generofity 
 of the woman, not only ordered the lives of the in- 
 habitants to b° fpared, but alfo faved the town 
 from being pillaged. 
 
 Two days aFter the furrender, lieut. gen. Jones 
 (71) being feverifh, took M his bed, languifhed to 
 the loth, then died of a peflilential fever, and 
 was carried to Youghal ; where he was buried with 
 great folemnity, in. the chapel of the earl of 
 Cork (72). 
 
 In 
 
 (71) Dr Jones's journal. 
 
 (yz) The memoirs of lord Orrery fay, ** that colonel Jones, 
 ** who was difgufted at Cromwell and Ireton, lent a letter to 
 " lord Broghill from Dungarvan, preffingearnellly to fpeak with 
 *' him, of which he intormed both Cromwell and heton, afking 
 *' their leave to go to him j wH'ch they granted, but fent aa 
 ** officer along with him, under pretence ot attending on him, 
 ** but really as a fpy. With this companion, lord Broghi'l went 
 ** to Jones, who was laid f.!o«n upon his bed Jones, feeing the 
 ** captain with him, entered rpon a general oifcourfe. At laft, 
 " telling my lord he was very ill, and not know ing but he might 
 *' die, he defired the captain to walk out of the room, for he 
 *' had fomething to fay to lord R.-oghil! in piivae. The cap- 
 *' tain withdrew, and as foon as he was gone Jones, after feme 
 *' paffionate invedlives againft C romwell, told v<y lord, that his 
 *' lordlhip was but a young man, that C-omwell intended to ruin 
 " them both, that they were fufpefted by him. as lie might fee 
 " by the fpy which he lent with him, that if he would join with 
 '* him, they would fet up for themfelves, and beatCrouTwell out 
 •' of Ireland J and with ihofe Englifh, who, he .made no doubt 
 *' would join with them, they uiight well enough fubciue the 
 ** rebels. Lord Broghill replied, he was fenfible under what fufr 
 " picion they lay, that he thought it was not at that time (eafon- 
 *' able to fiee themfelves from their yoke ; becaufe they Ihould 
 " be then a divided party, anu the IriCli would cheiifli their divi- 
 *' fions to deftroy both, and fo the reduction of the rebellion 
 ** would be hindered : that they Iiad better wait till the rebi^iiion 
 *' was intirely fuppreffed,and themfelves had got a better intereft 
 •• with the people, before they attempted the luin of Cromwell, 
 F " Befides
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 In 1689, king James granted a new charter to 
 this town, by which the corporation was to confift 
 of a fovereign, 22 burgefies, a recorder and town- 
 clerk, (theie laft to be appointed by the chief go- 
 vernor of Ireland) as alio three ferjeants and a Wa- ■ 
 ter-Bailiff. But thefe priviledges were not long en- 
 joyed ; for upon the coming in of king William, 
 the charters of king James, being granted after his 
 abdication, became ufelefs. 
 
 Formierly, the paritli church (73) was a large 
 building, with an high fteeple, but the whole was 
 demolillied by Cromwell. It is, at prefent, rebuilt 
 on the ground where the chancel of the old church 
 flood. It is fituated oppofite to a large bafon, which 
 was made by the fea's incroachment, as is evident 
 from the ftumps of trees ftiil to be feen. The banks 
 
 " Befides he told Jones, he feared his paflion would Increafe his 
 *' diilemper, being as he thought in an high fever, anddefired 
 *' hiin to lay afide the matter till he was recovered. Jones feem- 
 " ed fatisfied with this anfwer, but grew worfe and worfe. A 
 " phyfician being called for, who was in the houfe, after he had 
 " examined his pulfe, beckoned to lord Broghill, who fat by the 
 *' bed fide, to come to the window, when he alfured him that 
 " col. Jones was a dead man j for he had the plague upon him, 
 *' or fomething as bad j and entreated him to come no more 
 *' near him. Upon that he took his farewel of Jones, charging the 
 " phyfician to take care of him ; but he died the next day.' 
 One Mrs. Chaplain, who lived in the houfe, and died about 16 
 years ago, has often laid, that it wa? confidently believed, that 
 Crouiwell had found means to poifon Jones. She was daughter to 
 Andrew Chaplain, minifier of this town ', who was employed 
 under the ufurpation, and had 80I. per Ann. at the fame time, 
 one Richard Fit/.-Gerald had 100 1, per Ann. as miniller here 
 in 1655. In 16- 8 John Dalron was minifter here, and was paid 
 100 1 per Ann. by the ufurpation f. Jn 1657, the ufurpers fet 
 36 houfes in this town, with their appurtenances ||. 
 
 (7j) By an aft made the 28th of Henry VIll, Anno 1537, 
 the crown refumed to itfelf the prefentalion of the vicarage of 
 Dungarvan, which vvas ufurped by the earl of Defmond. By a 
 provifion in this acl, fir Maurice Connel, then vicar, was to en- 
 joy his vicarage during his life, though probably conferred on 
 hiui by the faid carl. 
 
 * Counc. off. A. 6. P. 367. f id. ibid. U Id ibid, 
 
 of
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 of the church-yard are wafhed, by the ocean, at 
 high water, the fame being handfomely laid out 
 into gravel walks, and planted with trees ; from 
 whence may be feen, a proipeclof the harbour, and 
 the ruins of an oppofite abbey and caille, which 
 makes the place no unpleafant walk. 
 
 This abbey of Auguftin eremites, fitnated on the 
 other fide of the water, oppofite to the town, was 
 founded in the 13th century, and had the earls of 
 Defmond as its patrons; but the perfons who en- 
 dowed it, are faid to have been the Magraths, by 
 whom the adjacent caftle, with fome lands contigu- 
 ous, were given. The 6-Briens, of Cummeragh, 
 were alfo benefadtors to it ; and it had befides, the 
 redorial tythes of this parilli. The walls of the 
 church and fteeple ftill remain, and fliew it to have 
 been a neat, light Gothic building. The fteeple is 
 about 60 feet high, and is fupported by a curious 
 Gothic vault, fuftained by Ogives palling diagonally 
 from one angle to another, forming a crofs, with 
 four other arches, which make the fides of the 
 fquare of the building. The key-ftone in the cen- 
 tre of the vault, is very exactly cut, being fliaped 
 into a union crofs of 8 branches, 4 of which being 
 the diagonal ones, conftitute part of the Ogives ; 
 the other 4 fend members to the key-ftones of the 
 lateral arches, which are acute at the top. The 
 key-ftone of each arch, fends members to the conti- 
 guous arches in the fame manner, as do the impolls 
 of the pilafters, which fupport the whole, each af- 
 fordino; three branches from the fame ftone. The 
 boards, on which the vault was turned, 11)11 remain 
 intire, though much expofed to wet ; y/hich fnews 
 the durability of our Irilhi oak, they being but half 
 inch planks, and the building above 400 years 
 eredted. On the north fide of die church, near the 
 altar, is an ancient Tomb of one Donald Magrath, 
 who was interred here in the year 1400, as appeara 
 by the date. The refeftory, and other parts of the 
 F 2 build-
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 building, are in ruins ; the cells took up a confi- 
 derable fpace of ground, and may ftill be traced 
 by the remains of the foundations. Over the door, 
 at the \V. entrance, is an Efcutcheon, charged with 
 a Griffin between 3 efcallop fhells, cut in ftone, 
 probably the arms of this abbey. 
 
 Dano-arvan is tolerably well built, with a decent 
 feflioa and market-houfe -, the fituation is not un- 
 pleafant, the fea flo^^ing up to the town walls • on 
 the N". fide, is a quay, fufficiently convenient for 
 the loading and difcharging of fmall veiTels. Forty 
 or fifty coafling boats belong to the place, which 
 are in the feafon employed in the fifhery. The 
 barracks are fituated within the walls of the caflle, 
 which ferved formerly as a citadel. This town 
 fends two members to parliament, the fenefchal of 
 the manor being the returning officer. The fea- 
 v/ater runs under ground for a confiderable way 
 hereabouts, which prevents the finking of wells, fo 
 that freih water is not conveniently had. Some 
 years ao-o, the earl of Burlington gave a confiderable 
 fum tovvards the conveying of frelb water hither; 
 but, to the great detriment of this town, the defign 
 proved abortive. Such wells as have been dug 
 here, are fait and brackifh ; but in the year 1755, 
 the inhabitants petitioned the hon. houfe of com- 
 mons, fetting forth, that the town of Dungarvan 
 was very ill fupplied with freih and whole fome 
 water, which they were obliged to bring from a 
 confiderable diftar.ce, at a great expence; and 
 praved the houfe to grant them money, to enable 
 them to carry on an aqueduct, for fome m.iles, 
 from the river Phyiiifk to this place, whereby they 
 inight be the better fupplied with water : A fum 
 being gran^t^d accordingly for this purpofe, the 
 fcheme was carried into execution, and finilbed the 
 fucceeding fum.mer, notwithftanding many difficul- 
 ties ihat lay in the way, particularly the badnefs 
 of the ground, in many places, into which the 
 
 water
 
 WATERFORD. 6g 
 
 water funk. However, by the care and frugal man- 
 agement of Mr. Thomas Barbon, fenefchal of this 
 place, the work is, at length, finifhed ; and a con- 
 ftant ilream of excellent water, continues to fupply 
 all the ufes of the inhabitants, to their great benefit 
 and emolument; and this is not the only inftance 
 in which that gentleman has, with great difintereft- 
 ednefs, been of fignal fervice to this town. 
 
 This place is vifited, every fummer, by numbers 
 of people from diftant parts of the inland country, 
 in order to bathe in the fea-water, for rheumatic 
 complaints, and other diforders, for which the cold 
 bath is ufeful : Moft of them meet with good fuc- 
 cefs, and many who were at firft obliged to be 
 carried to the water, have, in five or fix weeks, 
 returned home, ftrong and health}". Thefe good 
 effects are jullly to be attributed to the faltnels of 
 the ocean hereabouts, and to its confiderable weight 
 above that of frefh water (74), nor are there any 
 
 (74) The fpecific gravity of river water, to that of fea 
 water, is hereabours, as i;. to 6. or more nicely, a cubic foot 
 of feavvater, according to Eifenchemidius *, 1::: 1 1 1 Ife. 55. 
 56 3, and that of river water n; 93 ife. Now, fuppoiing a 
 perfon to be iinmerged cniy 2 feet, and the area of iiis fkin to 
 be 15 fquare feet, he will furtain a weight of fait water n:: 
 3342 Ife, 9 |, 4 3, added to that of the Air • whereas if he 
 bathes in river water, and be iinmerged the fame depth, he will 
 only luftain a weight -^ 2790 Id ; for 2, the number of cubic 
 leet of water, prciling upon a foot Iquare of rhe fkin X by i 5, 
 the number of fq. feet, of which the body is fuppnfed to confill, 
 gives 3342 ft. 93, 43, the above number; and in the fame 
 manner the other is had; fo that a perfon thus immerged, will 
 bear an additional weight of 552 Ife. more in fea than in river 
 water. How this prellure is borne without inconvenience, vide 
 Jo. Alph Borellus de motib. Natur. in gravitate faQis. prop. 29, 
 &c. and alfo Mr. Boyle's 2d .Appendix to his n Hydrokar. 
 Paradox, quoted in Clarke's rohault phyf. v. i. p ^9. See 
 alio Dr. Fioyer's and Dr. Baynards vlt;;>;^:7.aj-;a, or Hill, of 
 cold Bathing, where the rife and progrefs of this practice, and 
 the cures effected thereby, are defcribed at large. 
 
 * Joan. Cafp. Eifenchemid. Difq nov. de Ponderibus. 
 
 F 3 rivers
 
 Natural and Civil HiJIory of 
 
 rivers of confequence near this place, which may, 
 in any meafure, diminifh its weight or laltnefs. 
 For which reafon alio, this might be a proper 
 place for the makifjg fait, of fea-water only. 
 
 To the N. W. of the town, is Shannon, a feat 
 belongiig to the family of Hore, but now in a 
 flate of decay. 
 
 Clonkofkeran, belonging to the Nugents, two 
 miles to the E. of this place, haB but little remarka- 
 ble i except tne fhell of a large houfe, built on the 
 remains of an old caftle, which was for many years, 
 the refidence of this family. 
 
 The fmall parifli of Kilcrufh, which lies W. of 
 Dungarvan, feems formerly to have been a particle 
 of it, as it is a'moft furrounded by it. The lands 
 of both thefe parifhes, are well cultivated, and_, be- 
 fides confiderable quantities of corn, afford great 
 plenty of potatoes, with which the markets of Dub-. 
 lin are yearly fupplied, upwards of 18000 barrels 
 having been lent thither, in one feafon, from this 
 place. 
 
 KiUgobonet parifh (75) is incumbered with 
 mountains, which feed great numbers of black cat- 
 tle ; and towards the N. part, with large trads of 
 bog, affording excellent turf. The church is fitu- 
 ated towards the S. of the parifh, on the fide of a 
 rocky hill, and dedicated to a female faint, called 
 Gobnata, who, in the fixth century, was abbefs of 
 a nunnery, in a place called Borneagh, in the coun- 
 ty of Cork. On the iith of February, which is 
 her patron day, the parifli priefl here expofes to 
 view, a wooden painted image of this faint ; great 
 numbers flock together on this occafion, and every 
 body pays fomething for being admitted tokifs and 
 
 (75) The parilh of Killgobonet, is bounded on the S. by that 
 of Dungnrvan, on the N. by the mountains of Cuimneragh, on 
 the W. by the par. of Colligan and Seflcnean, and on the E. by 
 the par. of Kiilroffinta. 
 
 handle
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 71 
 
 handle it. Thofe who have travelled through Italy, 
 
 are not furprized at this kind of devotion. His 
 
 grace Dr. Synge, by miftake, places this affair in 
 
 the county of Cork, as I fuppofe, from this faint 
 
 having been an abbefs in that county, which gave 
 
 his antagonift. Dr. Nary, a handle to deny the 
 
 fadt. But though his grace miftook the place, the 
 
 thing is no lefs true. There is alfo fuch another 
 
 image of St. Gobnata, in the county of Cork, near 
 
 Macromp, in the diocefs of Cloyne, which was 
 
 that meant by his grace Dr Synge. 
 
 That part of the parifh of Clonea, (76) which is Clonea 
 
 bounded by the fea, forms a fliallow bay of a con- P^""- 
 
 fiderable ier.grh, being a fmooth and pleafant ftrand, 
 
 compofed of a fine hard firm fand, although it is 
 
 only the covering of a turf-bog, for many ages 
 
 overflown by the fea. In fome places, the turf 
 
 rifes above the fand, and is of a clofer texture than 
 
 moft other kinds, having; little of the molly parts 
 
 remaining. When- dry, it is hard and black, and 
 
 burns, with a crackling noife, like coal, but with 
 
 a difagreeable fmell. However, little of this kind 
 
 is made ufe of, as it is troubleforae to cut and to 
 
 remove off the ftrand, becaufe of its being daily 
 
 overflown. The land, in this parifli, produces 
 
 fome corn, but is moftly pafture. In cutting 
 
 trenches for the draining of a bog, fome cannon 
 
 ball were difcovered, they probably lay there fince 
 
 Cromwell's time, who might have made ufe of them 
 
 againft an old caflile in the neighbourhood ^ which, 
 
 together with die ruins of the church, are the only 
 
 remarkable buildip.gs in the parifn. 
 
 Killroflinta paiilli (77) is, for the mofl: part, coarfe Killroffin- 
 ■ ' ' ta par. 
 
 (76) Clonea par. is bounded on the S. E. by the ocean, on 
 the N. E. with the par. of Kilhoirnta anu Stradbally, and on 
 the W. by the par. of Diingarvan ami Kiilgobonet. 
 
 (77) Kinroilinta par. is bounded on the S. by Clonea, on the 
 N. by the par. of Fevvs, on the E. by Stradbally, and on the 
 W. by Killgobonet. 
 
 F 4 and
 
 hz Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 and rocky, interfperfed with bog j yet it affords a 
 confiderable quantity of paftuie, and fome arable 
 land. At a place called Barnakile, in this parifh, 
 are the ruins of an ancient caftle, with a larce 
 trad of wood. At Ballycaroge, are the remains of 
 another caftle, which formerly belonged to the fa- 
 mily of the Walfhes (78). In an adjacent brook, to 
 the W. the country p;;ople fhew a large rock, as 
 big as an ordinary houfe, which they call Clough 
 Lovvrifh, i. e. the fpeaking flone, and relate a fa- 
 bulous account of its fpeaking, at a certain time, 
 in contradiction to a perfon, who fwore by it in a 
 lye. The ftone is remarkably fplit from top to 
 bottom ; which, they tell you, was done at the time 
 of taking the above-mentioned oath (79). 
 
 Stradbally 
 
 (78) Giraldus Cambreniis fays, cap. 7. hib. expug. that 
 David Walfli was the firll perfon who forded the river Shannon, 
 when Limerick was hefieged by Raymond le Grofs ; that he 
 ■was a lufty and valiant young foldier,- very hot and impatient, 
 and taller than any in the army. He was coufin to Milerius, 
 who was prefent at this attempt and Raymond's nephew. He 
 had his firname, not from his country, tho he was a Weift- 
 man born, but from his family, who were fo named ; and of 
 his race, fays the commentator on Giraldus, there are yet re- 
 maining many good and worthy gentlemen, who are chiefly 
 abiding in the county and city of Waterford, for there they 
 were firft planted 
 
 (79) Giraldus Cambrenfis, in his conquefl: of Ireland, cap. 
 3S, gives an account of a fpeaking rtone, at St. David's, in S. 
 Wales, called, in the We'fli tongue, Lechlauar, of which it was 
 falfly propiiefy :d, that the king of England /hould, in his re- 
 turn from Ireland, die rhereon : and king Hen, II. he fays, 
 was here mel by a Welfti-'voinan, who cried out to this ftone, 
 to revenue her againfl ihe k'ng, becaufe he heeded not a com- 
 plair.t that (he had made to him againft the hiflinp of that place. 
 It was an old fable, he adds, among the Welfh, that a dead 
 corps being carried once over this ftone, ir fpoke and cleaved 
 afuniJer, which clift remained to his time ; and the country 
 people would never a'ter carry a dead body over the fame, 
 tho' it firrved for a pafl"uge over a brook, which lay on the N. 
 fide o' ihe church-yard. Hooker (vvho has added feme notes 
 to Cambrenfis) iays, that he went purpofely, in the year 1575* 
 !o fee this Hone; but a bridge being built on the fpot, the 
 
 ftone
 
 W A T K R F R D. 7^ 
 
 Stradbally parifli (80) is of a confiderabie extent, Stradbally 
 the lands of it arable and oafture, with a l-MgeP^''* 
 tradlof bog towards the N. Wood-houfe, the edate 
 of Borr Uniake, t(o^; is the only remarkable feat in 
 it. His brother, the late Mr, Maurice Uniake, 
 obtained a premium in 1742, for having planted 
 about this feat, the largeft quantity of trees that 
 feafon, being, of all kinds, 152640 trees ^ which, 
 were they properly taken care of, would, in time, 
 make a moft noble plantation. Half a mile to the 
 E. of this feat, Hands the parifh-church of Strad- 
 bally, which was formerly a large building. The 
 windows in it were few and very fmali, which muft 
 have made the church, when roofed, exceeding 
 dark; but that inconveniency was, in fome mea-> 
 fure, remedied, by the ufe formerly of lamps and 
 candles. Half a mile farther, at a place called 
 Ballivony, are fome remains of a large building, 
 1 50 feet long and go broad, thought to have been 
 one of the knights-templars houliis. In a large 
 court-yard facing the building, now almoft level 
 with the ground, is an open well, that by a fub* 
 terraneous paflage, of about 200 feet, communi- 
 cates with another within the houfe, which latter 
 is defcended to by flone fteps. The water is 
 brought to thefe wells by a fubterraneous aque- 
 duct, near half a mile. There are here the remains 
 of feveral large out-offices ; and b)/ the ground- 
 plan, it has much the appearance of a monaftic 
 edifice, though it is not mentioned as fuch by any 
 writer on that head. 
 
 flone was taken away. It Is probable, that our ftone being 
 cleft in the fame manner, got the name of the fpeaking ftone, 
 from fome Cambro-Britain, who haa feen the fomiei one in 
 Wales, and fettled in thofe parts. 
 
 (8c) Stradbally is bounded on the E. with the baronv of Mid- 
 dlethird, on the W. by the parifli of Cionea nnu Kilhoiuata, 
 v/hich alfo bounds it on the N. and on the S. by ti.c ocean. 
 
 The
 
 ^4 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Fews par. The parifh of Fews (8i), being moftiy mountain, 
 has little remarkable, except tliat it afTordSj from 
 its lofty fituarion, an extenfive and agreeable prof- 
 pedl of the ocean, and inland parts of the country. 
 Rofftneer RoflTneer pirifh (82) is alfo exceeding coarfe, 
 par. thou'^h ibmewhat better than the former. The chief 
 
 culture in this and the adjacent parifhes, befides 
 oats, is rye. About an hundred years ago, one 
 Greatrakes formed a defign of building a town, 
 at a place in this parifh, which yet retains the name 
 of Newtown ; the ftreets were marked out and 
 paved, and feveral houfes built, which are fince 
 gone to ruin. 
 
 At Kilmadhomas, is an ancient caftle, built 
 formerly h-; the Powers of this county ; where is 
 alfo a fmall barrack for twenty men. The caftle 
 of this place was, in 164.3, taken by fir Charley 
 Vavafor, who, at that time, reduced other caftles 
 in the E. parts of this county. 
 
 Having arrived at the eaflern extremity of De-^ 
 
 cies, I l"hall ftill proceed eaftwards, and defcribe 
 
 ^':^^^' the barony of Middlethird (83). The firfl parifh 
 
 NewSlie we meet with in this barony, is that of Newcaflle (84), 
 
 par. 
 
 (8 1 ) The parifh of Fews, \& bounded on the N. by the barony 
 of Upperthird, on the E. by the parifh of RofTmeer, on the W. 
 with the mountains of Cummeragh, and on the S. with the pa- 
 rifh of KillrolTinta. 
 
 (82) RoiTmeer is bounded on the W. by Fews, on the E^. by 
 the barony of Middlethird, aixl on the N. and S. by the barony 
 of Upperthird. 
 
 (K3) The barony of Middlethird, is bounded on the E. by the 
 barony of Gualtier, on the N. with the river Suir, on the W. 
 with the barony of Upperthird, and on the S. with the ocean 
 and bay of Tramore. It contains the patllhes of Newcaftle, 
 Kilhneadcn, Don-lfle, Reifk. Ifland-Icane. Killbride, Drum- 
 cannon, Liftine, and Loughdahy, Killronan, Killburn, Bally- 
 cafhcn, and Killoteran. 
 
 (84) The parKh of Newcaftle, is bounded on the N. and E. 
 by Killineaden, on the S. E. and S. with Don-lflf, and on the 
 ^V. with the baronres of Dccies and Uppei third, 
 
 tll€
 
 W A^T E R F O R D, 75 
 
 the foil whereof is very poor, being, for the moft 
 part, rock or bog, and has Httle remarkable in ir. 
 The high road leading to the city of Waterford 
 from Dungarvan, runs through this parilh, which, 
 to a traveller feems very uncomfortable, being ex- 
 ceeding rugged in moft places ^ nor is the face of 
 the country here more agreeable, little being to be 
 {etn but naked rocks, heath and furze. 
 
 Next to this parifh, is that of Killuieaden (85) Killmca- 
 which place gives title of baron to Arthur Mohun ^-" P". 
 St. Leger, lord vifcount Doneraile, whofe grand- 
 father was fo created the 28th of January, 1703. 
 The parilh-church is kept in repair •, in the church- 
 yard, is a handfome tomb of John Ottrington, efq^ 
 grandfather to the right honourable Elizabeth, vif- 
 countefs of Doneraile (by whofe care it was ered;- 
 ed). Here is alfo interred Mrs, M^' Maitland, 
 his wife, defcended (as the infcription fays) from 
 the ancient family of the Maitlands in Scotland. 
 
 Killmeaclen-houfe is built upon the foundation of 
 an ancient caftle, which was boldly erected on the 
 bank of the river Suir. In the gardens, are feve- 
 ral pleafant canals, ftored with filh. Round the 
 feat, are good plantations of timber-trees. The Suir 
 is here of a confiderable breadth, and deep enough 
 for vellels of a large burden. 
 
 To the fouth of this feat, lies the parifh of Don- 
 Ifle (86), which being coarfe and rugged, affords Don-iflg 
 nothing worth obfervation : In the year 1 346, John far. 
 lePoer, baron of Don-Ifle, and others of his name, 
 gave fecurity to the lordjuftice Bermingham, at 
 Waterford, for themfelvc-s, and all others of their 
 names in the counties of Waterford and Tipperary, 
 
 (85) Killmeaden parifh, Is bounded on the W. by the barony 
 of Upperthird, on the N. with the river Suit, on the E. with 
 Lill;ne parifhj, and on fhe S with the parilh o^ Don-lfle. 
 
 (8n) Don-iile is boiinded on the inI, by the toregoing parifli, 
 on the E. with Reilk and Ifland-Icane, on the W. with a part 
 pf Upperthird, and on the S. wich the ocean. 
 
 for
 
 7^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 for their peaceable behaviour to the king and his 
 miniflers. John Power, of Donhill, efq; and Pierce 
 Power, of Monerlargy, efq^ were reftored to iheir 
 eflates by the ad: of fettlement. 
 
 I pafs over the parifhes of Reifk, Killbride, and 
 Keiflc, Ifland-Icanc(87), having nothing in them obferva- 
 
 fndffl'alid ^'^' ^PP°^^^^ ^° ^^^ ^°^^ o^ ^h's latter, he three 
 Icane par ^"^^^^ iflands, called the Ifles of Icane. The fhore 
 here, is bold and rocky, fo that boats may ap- 
 proach near it, in calm weather, with fafety. 
 Drumcan- Xhe parifli of Drumcannon (88) is one of the 
 Tramore ""'^^ extenfive in this barony ; the mod confiderable 
 ' place in which, is the village of Tramore, agreea- 
 bly fituated, on the W, fide of a large open bay, 
 which takes its name from the place. In Summer- 
 time, it is a pleafant retreat for the citizens of Wa- 
 terford and others, who alTemble here for the be-" 
 nefit of the falt-water. Although the air is fharp, 
 yet, at this feafon, it is very cool and refrefhing, 
 To the N. of the Ifthmus of Tramore, is a large 
 extended flrand, of above 2000 acres, which might 
 eafily be niade land, by running a bank from the 
 E. of the cape to Corbally, not a quarter of a mile. 
 Some have been not a little furprized at the roll- 
 ing in of the waves, on the fhores of this bay, 
 even when the weather feems calm. But this is 
 frequent on all flat coafts, that form fuch deep bays, 
 efpecially when the wind blows from the fea ; for 
 there being little or no refiftance from the fmooth 
 even ftrar.d in the bottom of the bay, and the water 
 alfo repelled from the deep rocky coaft on both 
 fides, has here a free ingrefs, and each wave rolls 
 
 (87) R.'ifk and Killbride parifhes bound that of inand-Icane 
 on the N. Don IHe bounds it on the E. Diumcannon bounds it 
 on the W and the fea on the S. 
 
 (88) The paiifh of" Drumcannon, is bounded on the N. by 
 the C. liberties, on the S. by the fea, on ibe E.^by Gualtier, 
 and on the W. by Killbride. 
 
 in
 
 WAtERFORD. y^ 
 
 in and out for a vaft way, which it could not do 
 on a more (helving coaft. 
 
 The bleaknefs of the fea-air fuffers no trees to 
 grow hereabouts, except towards the bottom of the 
 inner bay, near Corbally. The Ifthmus of Tra- 
 more confifts of heaps of fand ^ but, being never 
 covered with the falt-water, is unfit for manure. 
 The foil of this parifh, is but indifferent, and of 
 no great depth, except in low marfhy places. Be- 
 fides the parilli-church, and fome houfes at Tra- 
 more, there are few other improvements in this 
 parifh. 
 
 In the fmali parifh of Lifline (89), Is Whitfield's Liftmc 
 town, where was, at the time of Petty's furvey, par. 
 an ancient caflle, William Dobbin proprietor. At 
 prefent, it is an elegant feat, belonging to Thomas 
 Chriftmas, efq; and is fituated three miles S, W. of 
 Waterford. In the hoiife, which is well built, are 
 fome well executed landfcapes of the late Vander 
 Egan, and other good pieces, particularly a pic- 
 ture of St. John Baptifl. The hall is painted in 
 Chiara Ofcura, with f^/eral of the heathen deities, 
 and in it (lands two (latues of Neptune and Am- 
 phitrite. The feveral apartments are elegantly fur- 
 nifhed, and well difpofed. To the N. front of the 
 houfe, is a large and beautiful canal, at the fur- 
 ther end of which is, a Jet D'eau, that cafts up 
 water to a confiderable height. To the W, are 
 other bafons, cut in an oval form. The feveral 
 flopes, grafs-plots, parterres, &c. are laid out in 
 the neweft tafte. In the garden, is a beautiful 
 grotto, built of an hexagonal form, the infide be- 
 ing finely incrufted with a great number of foreign 
 and other fliells, which make a mod fplendid ap- 
 pearance ; from the centre, hangs a glafs branch j 
 
 (89) Liftine, alias Lifnekill, parifh is bounded on the N. by 
 the Suir ; on the E. wilih the parilhes of" Kiiloteran, Killronan 
 and Killbride ; on the S. with the paiilh of Reiflc -, and on the 
 W. v/ith Killmeadeoyi 
 
 ^^-'s-^ and
 
 7 8 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 and round the walls, are a variety of coral of dif- 
 ferent colours, with a curious branch of the fea-fan 
 taken up at Tramore. Oppofite to the door, and 
 on each fide, are placed ftatues in niches. The 
 bottom of the walls, is made up of rough rocks, 
 fui table to a grotto. Several fhells here found on 
 our own coafts, are beautiful in their kinds, as the 
 vivid red of the Concha Coral lina, the bright yel- 
 low of the fmall wilk, and the fine azure of the 
 common mufele, which add an agreeable contrail 
 to the pearly brightnefs of the polifhed Indian 
 fhells. The Jerfey oyfter, when polillied, has alfo 
 as bright a luftre as mother of-pearl. The rang- 
 ing, coUedling, and polifning of fo many fhells, 
 muft have been very expenfive, and it is faid, 
 this grotto coft upwards of 500]. On the other fide 
 of the houfe, is a beautiful cafcade, of a confidera- 
 ble fall. To the W. of the garden, is a wilder- 
 nefs, and through it are cut feveral viflas, which, 
 terminating in different regular views of the houfe, 
 garden, hcQ. agreeably catch the eyes of a tra- 
 veller, 
 
 A few years ago, there was found, in a Danifh 
 fort near this place, a rude earthen-ware veflel, 
 fliaped like an inverted cone, in which was con- 
 tained a golden bracelet, much tarniHied by time, 
 with a kind of fcolloping on the rim, fo wide as 
 to admit the arm of a man, almofl up to the el- 
 bow ^ the gold, upon cleanfing, was found to be 
 very pure, and worth about 20I. Another vefTel, 
 of the fame bignefs and fhape, was found at the 
 fame place, but only filled with mould ; they each 
 contain about two quarts, and open in the middle. 
 Killburn, Pafling by the fmall parillies of Killburn, Killro- 
 Killronan, nan and ijaliycaflien, we meet with that of Killote- 
 
 Baliycaih- ^^^ (qo), where is a neat church, and charter- 
 en par. -^ ' ' 
 
 Killotcran ^^^^ Killoteran parlfli, is bounded on the N. by the Suir, on 
 P*'* the E with the parilh ol Kilbarry, on ibe W. with Liftine, and 
 
 on the S with Killionan and Ballycafheit. 
 
 ^\k.^^ fchool.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 fchool. This charter-fchool confifts of thirty chil- 
 dren, and is endowed by the corporation of Wa- 
 terford, with 26 acres of land, for ggg years, at a 
 pepper-corn per annum, which, at the opening of 
 the fchool in 1744, were worth 20I. per annum j 
 but, by the labour and improvement of the boys, 
 are now valued at 241. per annum. 
 
 Henry Mafon, efq^ fed the children at his own 
 expence, fince the fchool was ereded, having pro- 
 mifed the fociety to do fo for the firfl three years j 
 and it was by the care ard application of that gen- 
 tleman, that the fum of 248I. was colleded from 
 the gendemen of the country, which was expend- 
 ed upon the building. 
 
 Laft feafon, the boys cleared two acres of land 
 of flones, which are now a good kitchen-garden, 
 and being well manured, yields a plentiful produce 
 of all kinds of vegetables. Befides ditching and pre- 
 paring the land for oats, flax, and potatoes, on 
 wet days they were employed in drelling flax, &c. 
 They alio faved, laft feafon, five tons of hay. The 
 girls are employed in all kinds of houfe- wifery and 
 fpinning. Twenty-two children can now fay their 
 catechifm perfeftly well, though fome of them, 
 when they came to the fchool, could not fpeak Eng- 
 lifh. 
 
 Next to the refcuing the fouls of fuch numbers 
 of poor children from the danger of popery, and 
 their bodies from idlenefs and mifery, it was cer- 
 tainly a great and wife defign in the inftitution of 
 thefe fchool s, to have the boys bred up in thofe 
 labours, which, at prefent, feem to be the greateft 
 benefit to this kingdom, in not only the linen ma- 
 nufafture, but likewife in the knowledge of agri- 
 culture. Mod other trades are over-ftocked, and 
 fuch mafte; s as are to be gor, being often tempted 
 with the fmall apprentice- fee, catch at it; the re- 
 fult frequently is, he either breaks for want of 
 bufinefs, before the boy has learned his trade, 
 
 which 
 
 79
 
 8o Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 which directly expofes him to ruin ; or elfe, If they 
 dilcharge their duty to each other, want of imploy- 
 ment prefTes hard on this new made journeyman, 
 and he is forced to feme common labour to get a 
 bare fupport. On tlie contrary, by breeding boys 
 up to huibandry, which can never be over-ftock- 
 ed, they will be made ufeful and profitable mem- 
 bers to the public : and one would think that eve- 
 ry gentleman, who has his own and his country's 
 intereft at heart, would be glad to encourage fuch 
 a one, by fetting him a fmall farm, at an eafy race, 
 and even giving him credit for a ftock to manage 
 it. Thus, true agriculture would foon flourifh, 
 our wafte and uncultivated lands would be peo- 
 pled, and the proteftant intereft greatly ftrengthen- 
 ed. 
 
 I fhall beg leave to add one hint towards this 
 end, which, I hope, the gentlemen of the Incorpo- 
 rated Society will excufe. If, befides the daily 
 labour of the boys, they were given fome inftruc- 
 tions in huibandry, with the reafons of laying on 
 this or that kind of manure, and made acquainted 
 with what every farmer ought to know, viz. the 
 nature of the foils, and the grain fit for them, the 
 reafon for every plowing, the ufes of draining, 
 ditching, &c. which might eafily be coUeded from 
 Bradley, Mortimer, 6^:c. and put in a fhort method 
 for their reading at fchool, or for thefurnifliing ufe- 
 ful hints to the mafter to inftrud them by. Thefe 
 methods (I conceive) would make them fitter for 
 fervants in a country life. A fervant might then 
 remind his mafter of an ufeful cut for his corn- 
 land, which, forgetfulnefs might caufe him to 
 overlook. Such a one might, perhaps, dii cover to 
 his mafter (probably unacquainted with the im- 
 provement of foils by mixture) a ready manure for 
 his ftifFclay, by a neighbouring fand-bank, lime, 
 &c. or dired him in the method of roafting fuch 
 land. Thefe, and fuch like ufeful hints, a gen. 
 
 tlema ^
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 8s 
 
 tieman might receive from a perfon Co inflruded. 
 Thus a new race of fervants may be reaibnably 
 hoped for, who may be expected to improve this 
 country, in a more rational and profitable man- 
 ner than it is at prefent. Aijd what may we not 
 hope from fuch a happy inftitution, lince it is not 
 only fapported^by his majefty's royal bounty, but 
 alfo alfifted by the legiflature ; who, by a late 
 ftatut?-, have given their fandion to the charter- 
 fcheme, by granting a duty on hawkers and ped- 
 lars, "in aid of the fociety ; and, at the fame time, 
 have enabled all perfons v/hatfoever, to give two 
 acres of land for the ufe of an EnglKh proteftant 
 fchool ? nor ought it to be forgot, that his excel- 
 lency the earl of Chest£i^fif.ld, lord lieutenant 
 of this kingdom, hath alio, in a particular manner, 
 patronized the fociety, by a paragraph in his 
 fpeech (91) to both houfes of parliament on this 
 occafion. 
 
 At upper Butlerftown, in this parifh, are the re- 
 mains of an old caRle, which, by its ruins, feems 
 to have been demolifhed by powder. This barony 
 having no lime-ftone, is fupplied with fea-fand, on 
 both the N. and S. fides, by m.eans of the Suir and 
 the ocean. Not far from Whitfield's-town, is a 
 flate quarry. 
 
 In the city and liberties of Waterford (92) are I.ihprnes 
 the parifiies of Trinity, St. Michael, St. Olave, of Water. 
 St. John, St. Peter, St. Patrick, and St. Stephcn/^'^- 
 
 Although 
 
 (91) " The afTillance which you have given the proteftant 
 " charter-fchools, is a mo.ft prudent, as well as a motl com- 
 " paflionate charity j and I do moft earneftly recommend to 
 *' your conftant protedlion and encouragement, that excellent 
 *' inftitution, by which a confiderable number of unhappy chil- 
 " dren, are annually refcued from the mifery that akvays, and 
 •* the guilt that commonly, attends, uijinftru6led poverty and 
 •' idlenefs." 
 
 (gz) It appears, by the rent-rolls of lands belonging to the 
 corporation of Waterford, as they were fet ann. 2657, that they 
 
 G had
 
 %2, Natural and Civil Bijiory of 
 
 Although the churches are in the city, yet confide- 
 rable trads of each parifli extend into the country. 
 Killbarry fhe parifh of Killbarry, is alfo in the city Hberty, 
 P*^' was formerly a preceptory of the knights-templars, 
 whofe lands and efFeds were, upon their fuppref- 
 fton, given to the hofpitalers, or knights of St. John 
 of Jerufalem. Befides the grand priory of Kilmain- 
 ham, near Dublin, we find but eight houfes or 
 preceptories of this order in Ireland ; three of 
 which, viz. this of Killbarry, and thofe of Crook 
 and Killure, were in this county. Killbarry, with 
 its demefneSj were granted to Thomas earl of 
 Ormond in fee-farm, and afligned to Thomas 
 Wadding. 
 
 Ballenamona, the feat of Thomas Carew, efq; 
 is a well built houfe. The improvements which 
 are carrying on, are defigned in a good tafte. On 
 the E. fide of the houfe, is an handfome canal, and 
 about it are confiderable plantations, gardens, &c. 
 On a commanding hill, in the deer-park, is an 
 agreeable turret, that affords a profpe(5t of part of 
 Tramore bay, with a view of the city of Water- 
 ford, and the counties of Wexford and Kilkenny. 
 About a mile to the W. of the city, is a plea- 
 fant feat, called Grace-Dieu, which commands an 
 agreeable profped, both up and down the river 
 Suir. For other particulars in the city liberty, I 
 refer to chapter V. 
 
 liad, in the liberties of thecityjKnock-houfe, 327 acres: Wood- 
 ftown, 252 acres: Kllloteran, 152 acres: Lifmore, 81 acres : 
 Lumbardy, 61 acres: Karigpheries, Half-Ballymony-Beg, 74 
 acres: the two Bandaghs, 37I acres; Ballymony-Beg, 42 acres: 
 Grace-dieu, and 3 acres of Little Bradly, 79 acres : Rath- 
 padin, 4^; acres: in the liberties, 20 acres: Gibbet-Hill, 30 
 acres ; ditto, 50 acres : Brickenull and 4 Parks, 6 acres : Little 
 Bradly, 3 acres : Porter's-Park, 1 1 acres : Lombard's Meadow, 
 I a acres : Groan's Paddock, in the liberties, 3 acres ; one Marlh, 
 in the liberties- Dobbin's $ Parks, 12 acres : Windcroft, 3 
 acres. — At this time, the Ufurpers fet in the city of Water- 
 ford, 1 14 forfeited houfes. 
 
 The
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 8^ 
 
 The barony of Glial tiere (93) takes its name barony of 
 from two Irilh words, called Tueiia-Gaul, i. e. the '^"^'"^'^^• 
 land of the foreign.=rs, this being among the early 
 fettlements of the Englifh in Ireland. 
 
 Ballynekill parifh (94) begins about a mile to Ballyne- 
 the E. of the city of Waterford ; a plealant road kill par. 
 runs through it, from the city tcvv?rds PaiTacre 
 affording the traveller an agreeable profped of the 
 city, and the failing of velTels up and down the 
 river. An ifland, called the Little-Ifland, in the 
 Suir, belongs to this parifh; it is about a mile 
 long, and as much in breadth. In it, is an old 
 caftle, and the ifland is a pleafant fpot. 
 
 Oppofite to this ifland, is Ballynakill, an agree- 
 able feat of William Dobbin, efq; moll: veflels of 
 burden, bound to or from the city, failing almoft 
 by the very door ; nothing can make a more agree- 
 able contraft, than the flags and ftreamers of n)ip- 
 ping, together with the drapery of the fails, in a 
 rural profpeft. 
 
 On the right hand of this road, is WiDiam's- 
 town, the feat of Mr. Fitz-Gerald, with coiifidera- 
 ble plantations and good improvements. 
 
 Towards Paflage, the road leads us through the Biilv^un- 
 parifhes of Ballygunner {g^)^ and Kill-St.-Nicholas ner and 
 
 Kill St.- 
 
 W^icholsis 
 
 (93) Gualtiere is bounded on theN. by the Suir, on the W, p^p. 
 
 with the liberties of Waterford, part of the barony of Middle- 
 third, and bay of Tramore; on the E. by Waterford bay ; and 
 on the S. by the ocean. It is divided into thefe par-ff ps ; Bally- 
 nekill, Ballygunner, Kill-St.-Nicholas. Faiihbeg, Crook, Kili- 
 macombe, Killea, Rathmoylan, Killraaclege, Killure and Kill- 
 caragh, moft of which are of a very fniall xtent. 
 
 (94) Ballynekill Is bounded on the N. b; the Suir, on the 
 S. by the parifh of Killure, on the E. by Ballygunner, and on 
 the W. by the city liberties. 
 
 (95) The parilh of Ballygunner, is bounded on the N. by the 
 Suir, on the S. with Killmaclege, on the W. and N. W. with 
 the parifh of Rifhop's-court and Ballynekill, and on the E. with 
 Killniacombe and Kill-St.-Nicholas. 
 
 G 2 ((j6). The
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 {g6). The little town of Paflage in the latter, is 
 the only I'pot on the river, between it and the city, 
 where a town could be fiLiiated, both fides being 
 hennnned in, by a continued chain of rocky hills ; 
 not only thus far, but alfo for a confiderable way 
 above the city. The town is fituated under a hill, 
 fo flcep, that few care to ride it up or down ; 
 however, the inhabitants make nothing of it. Yet 
 their fit nation feems to be none of the moft com- 
 fortable, as this rocky hill, v/hich is fix times as 
 high as the talleft houfe in the place, hangs over 
 their heads. On the top, the church is ereded, to 
 which the inhabitants have no very eafy walk ; and 
 as the hill lies N. and S. they have but little of the 
 fun after mid-day, efpecially in winter; which, with 
 an eafterly wind, muft make the place very bleak 
 and unpleafant. In the town, is a decent market- 
 houfe, and the other houfes there, have no ill ap- 
 pearance. There is alfo a convenient mole for the 
 fecurity of loading and difcharging velTels. Here 
 is an excellent road, where 500 fail of fhips may 
 ride fafe'.y. Where the pier now ftands, was for- 
 merly a block-houfe, mounted with feveral great 
 guns, then under the command of the governor of 
 Duncannon fort, which is about a league diftance, 
 on thecounty of Wexiord fide. In 1649, Cromwell 
 fent fix troops of dragoons, and four of horfe, to 
 take the place, which was effeded, not without 
 fome difpute. 
 
 In 1663, February 20th, the duke of Ormond 
 was made governor of the port and town of Paflage, 
 for life (97). 
 
 To the Nf. of the pari(h of Kill-St.-Nicholas, lies 
 that of Taidibeg, bounded, on every other fide, by 
 the river. On the N. is an impending hill, called, 
 
 (96) This parifli is bounded on the W. by the former, on 
 the E. by the parilh of Crook, on the N by Faithbeg, and on 
 the S. by Crook and Kiiimaconibe. 
 
 (97) Roll's office, child file ot Charles II. 
 
 Cheek-Point,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 85 
 
 Cheek-Point, diredly oppofite to the confluence of 
 the three rivers, theSuir, the Nore and the Barrow. 
 Spenfer, in his epifode of the marriage of the 
 Thames with the Medway, introduces thefe rivers 
 in the following Stanza. 
 
 The firft, the gentle Shure, that making way 
 By fv/eet Clonmell, adorns rich Water ford ; 
 
 The next, the (lubborn New re, whofe waters gray 
 By fair Kilkenny, and Rofseponte board ; 
 
 The third, the goodly Barow, which doth hoard 
 Great heaps of falmon in his dreary bofome : 
 
 All which long fundred, do at laft accord 
 To join in one, ere to the lea they come, 
 So flowing all from one, all one at lail become. 
 Fairy Queen, B. 4. Cant. XI. v. 43. 
 
 From a rifing ground, called Faithlock, there is an 
 agreeable prolped of this jundion, and an exten- 
 five view of all the adjacent country. The meet- 
 ing of thefe rivers makes a noble and grand ap- 
 pearance, with the feveral iflands interfperfcd in 
 them. The counties of Water ford, Kilkenny and 
 Wexford here meet, and forai the feveral ihores, 
 and the counties of Tipperary, Carlowand Wicklow, 
 may be alfo feen from this place, with the Saltees, 
 and a lage tract of the ocean lying S. E, over 
 the fort of Duncannon. Near this agreeable fcene, 
 are the houle and improvements of Cornelius Bol- 
 ton, efq ; 
 
 The parifli of Crook (98) lies to the S. towards Crook 
 Credan, The foil of thete pariilies, is indifferent- P^"^' 
 ly fertil. At Crook, is an ancient caftle, and ruined 
 church, the former being one of the Templars 
 houfes. This caftle and demefnes, were granted 
 to Sir John Davis, in fee farm, at a yearly ren;- 
 
 (gS) This is bounded on the N. by KiJl St-Nicho!as> on the 
 Vv'. and S. by Kiilaiacoiiibe, and on ci.e i'L. by the fca. 
 
 u 3 of
 
 S6 Natural and Civil Hilary of 
 
 ol- los. lod. per ann. and afligned by him to 
 Richard Aylvvorih , it belongs at prefent to Alex- 
 ander Boyd, efq. 
 Killma- In the parifh of Killmacombe (gg), is Woodftown, 
 combe ^j^^ houfc and improvement of Mrs. Mutlow, firu- 
 ^^'^' ated within a fmall way of the coaft, from which is 
 
 an extended ftrand for about two miles. From Wood- 
 ftown, the road leads towards Dunmore, where is 
 an ancient caftle, and fo to Nymph-hall, an agree- 
 able feat cf Henry Mafon, efq. 
 Towards the extremity of the parifh of Killea 
 Killeapar. (loo) is Leppers-Town, formerly bequeathed to the 
 poor of Waterford, and by the down-furvey con- 
 tained 419 acres. 
 Rathmoy- In Raihmoylan parifh (loi) are fome caves on the 
 Ian par. coaft, which will be defcribed in another place. 
 Killmac- Part of Killmaclege parifh (102) forms theE. fide 
 lege par of Rhinelliark harbour, in the bay of Tramore. On 
 this part of the coaft, is fituated Somerville, the feat 
 of Thomas Wife, efq. The improvements are here 
 but inco;ifiderable, occafioned by its expofure to die 
 bleaknefs of the fea winds, which fet in too fharp 
 to fuffer trees to flour ifh hereabouts. 
 Kiliure In the parifli of Killure (103) was another precep- 
 
 i>ar, tory of the Knights Templars, founded in the 12th 
 
 century. Tht lands were after the diflolution 
 oranted to Francis Felton, in fee farm, at a rent 
 
 (99) This is bounded on the N. by Crook, and Kill-St-Nicholas ; 
 on ihe W. by Ballygunner and Killmaclege j on the E. with the 
 harboui nd on the S. with Killcar. 
 
 (loo; '.his is bounded by the rormer on the N. by the fea on 
 the E. and S. and by the parifh of Rathmoylan on the W. 
 
 (101) This is bounded on the N. and E. by the foiegoing, on 
 the W. by Killmaclege, and on the S. by the fea. 
 
 (loz) Bounded on the N. by the par. of Bullygunner, on the 
 W. with Middleihird bar. on the E. with Killmacombe, &c. and 
 on the S. with the fea. 
 
 (103) Killure is bounded on the N. by Ballynekili, on the W, 
 by tiie liberties of Waterford, on the E. with Bifliops-Courr, 
 and on the S. with Monenioynter, a particle of Killmaclege. 
 
 of
 
 WATERFORD. By 
 
 of r^l. 6 s. 8 d. and alligned to Laurence lord 
 Ermond 
 
 Killcaragh and Bifhop's-Court (104) are of a fmall Killcaragh 
 extent, having little worthy of notice in them, ex- ^ , ' 
 cept the remains of fome ruins at Bifhop's-Court, Court, 
 probably buik as a country retreat for the Bifhops of 
 Waterford. 
 
 This barony is entirely v/atered, on three fides, by 
 the Suir; on the N. and on the S. and S. E. by 
 the ocea^i. The lands, though poor, are tolerably 
 well cultivated, and moftly manured with fea fand, 
 which lies convenient. The roads round the city 
 are very pleafant, and kept in good repair. The 
 whole barony is fully inhabited, and from the great 
 number of imall parifhes into which it is divided, 
 it feems to have been always very populous. 
 
 I now proceed to the barony of Upper third (105), Upper- 
 a fmall part of which lies along the coaft, feparated ^^^"^ ^^^f 
 from the reft (which is bounded by the Suir) by a 
 part of Decies. 
 
 The parii"h of Killbarmedan (106) is for the moft Killbar- 
 part, arable and pafture, but intermixed with fome '"edan 
 bog, rocks and fandy banks. The lands of Kill-P"° 
 barmedan and Ballyverin, in this parilli, belong to 
 the fee of Waterford. Garranmoris, the houfe of 
 Pylr Richard Power, has about it good improve- 
 ments. The parifhes of Monkfland and Ballyla- 
 meen, continue to have conftables and other parifh 
 officers chofe for thern *. ^u^ jn the ecdefiaftical -^ 
 
 (104) founded on the N. by B^ilynekill, on the W. with Kil- 
 Jure, on the E. with Ballygunner, and on the S with Kilhiiaclege, 
 
 (10^) This barony is bounded on the N E. and N. by the 
 Suir, on the W. by the bar. of Glanebiry, on the E. by Middle- 
 third, on the S. by Decies and the fea ; it contains tlie following 
 pariflies; nearthefea, are Killbarmedan, Bailylameenand Monks- 
 land ; near the Suir, Gillcaghe and Coolfin, Clonegam, Fennoagli 
 Mothil, Defert and Kilinioleran. 
 
 (106) Kiilbannedan par. is bounded on the E. with the Bar. of 
 Middlethiid, on the N- by Decies, pn the W. by Monkfland, 
 and on the S. by the ocean. 
 
 G 4. divificw^i
 
 gg Natural mid Civil Hijlory of 
 
 divifion, they are loft in the parifhes of Killbar^ 
 medan and RoiTemyr. In the parifli of Baliylameen, 
 is Can ick-Caftle, the houfe and improvements of 
 Mr. Peter Anthony. 
 
 From this part of the barony, I (hall proceed to 
 the upper divifion, of which the parifhof Gillcaghe 
 Gillcaghe and Coolfin (107) is a part. The foil here is, for the 
 and Cool-iYiort part, tolerably good, with fome unprofitable 
 fin par, ^^^j^ ^^^ mountain. On theS. of the road leading 
 from Waterford, there is a confiderable tradt of 
 wood, and from the rifmg grounds one has a plea- 
 fant proipeCt of the courfe of the Suir, and the op- 
 pofite country. 
 Clonegam ^p^ ^j^g panlh of Clonegam, (108) is Curraghmore, 
 c"r h- ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Righi Hon. the lord vifc. Tyrone, 
 ijiore^^ fituated about eight miles to the W. of Waterford, 
 and four miles S. E. of Carrick, near a fmall river, 
 called Clodugh, which falls into the Suir about three 
 miles E. of this place. The houfe ftands where 
 an ancient caftle, belonging to the family, was built; 
 a part of which ftill remains. The prefent- houfe 
 was erefted ann. 1700, which date is on a pedeftal 
 of ihe door-cafe : The portico confifts of two pillars 
 of the tufcan order ; over which, in a pediment, is 
 placed the arms of the family ; and above them, in a 
 nich, ftandsaftatue of Minerva; the hall is large and 
 fpacious. Fronting the entrance, is a fine ftair- 
 cafe, which, after the firft la.:ding, divides on each 
 hand, by two flyers to the landing place of the firft 
 llory. The whole is adorned with beautiful paint- 
 ings, by Vander-Egan, fuch as columns, feftoons, 
 S6C. between which are feveral landfcapes. The 
 ceiling is painted in perfpedive, and reprefents a 
 
 ( 1 07) Bounded on the E. with the bar of Middlethird, on the 
 N. by the par. of Clonegam, on the W. with Mothil, and on 
 the S. with Decies. 
 
 (io8) Bjuiided on the N. E by the Suir, on the S. tvith the 
 foregoing, on the N. W. by Fennoagh, and on the W. by Mothil. 
 
 Dome,
 
 WATERFORD, 
 
 Dome, the columns feeming to rife, though on a flat 
 furface. 
 
 The houfe is a large fquare building, except 
 on the E. Tide, from the centre of which the caftle 
 projects. In a large room, which is a part of the 
 caftle,' is a carved chimney-piece in wood, being a 
 reprefentation of ^the cartoon of St. Paul preaching 
 at Athens, done by Mr. Houghton, who had a prae- 
 mium from the Dublin fociety for this performance, 
 
 Befides the ftair-cafe, there is a fpacious room 
 below, entirely painted by Vander Egan, in land- 
 fcape, in which kind he much excelled. A fleeping 
 Cupid, on a marble table in this room, dcferves 
 our attention, as do the beautiful tapeftry hangings 
 of an inner chamber. "^ 
 
 There are feveral lefTer pieces done by Vander- 
 Egan in the houfe ; but that which feems to excel 
 the reft, is a fine reprefentation of the landing of 
 King William at Carrickfergus. There are fome 
 . ancient family portraits here, which by their man- 
 ner, feem to be done by Dobfon, Sir Peter Lely, 
 and other famous portrait painters. 
 
 The gardens are of a confiderable extent, and 
 laid out in a fine tafte. On the right, is a natural 
 wildernefs of tall venerable oak ; from the butt of 
 one of which, grows a birch tree, purely natural. 
 Through this wildernefs an artificial ferpentine ri~ 
 ver is cur, v.'hich, from an adjacent hill, that af- 
 fords an intire profpedt of the improvements, has 
 a beautiful effeft. The houfe has the advantage 
 of water on three fides, laid out in large elegant 
 canals and bafons, well ftored with carp, tench, 
 and perch. Swans, ai d other wild-fowl, contribute 
 to enliven the fcene ; and the banks and terraces 
 are adorned with ftatues. Facing two fronts of the 
 houfe, are cafcades ^ one of which falls from ftep to 
 ftep in form of a perron, and the other from bafon 
 to bafon : A third is defigned to face the other 
 front. There is alfo a fheli-houfe erecting, which 
 
 when
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 when finifned, promifes to be very curious ; as 
 alfo a handlbme green -houfe. Frorn the front of 
 the houfe, befides a profped of the gardens, &c. you 
 fee beyond thefe in the centre a beautiful extended 
 lawn. On either hand, are rifing grounds, covered 
 with wood, and on the neighbouring hills, arc 
 feveral young plantations of the fame. 
 
 The profpedt facing the entrance, is terminated 
 by the mountains of Cummeragh, which, at about 
 feven miles diftance, elevate their rocky fides ; down 
 one of which a rivulet tumbles, and beautifies the 
 fcene with a natural catara6t. 
 
 Some time ago, two brafs inftruments were dug 
 up, in an adjacent bog, both fhaped fomething 
 like wedges, about 3 inches long, and i? broad 
 at the bottom. They feem to be the fame repre- 
 fented by Dr. Plot in his hiftory of Staffordihire 
 (109), which he will have to be the head of a 
 Roman Securis. But thefe feem to be too fmall 
 for the ufe Cuch inftruments were put to, i. e. 
 to kill the facrifices, and feem rather to be fome 
 kind of Danifh inftrument, not as yet determined 
 for what ufes they were defigned. Another curi- 
 ofity here occurring, is a folid globe of glafs or 
 cryftal, as it feemed to be, which has been, time 
 out of mind, in the family, and is faid to cure the 
 murrain in cattle, by putting it into a veffel of wa- 
 ter, or even a rivulet, and giving that water to the 
 cattle to drink ; but whethier this has that effedt, 
 credat Judaeus Apella. 
 
 In the park adjoining the houfe, are a great va- 
 riety of beautiful coloured deer, and a large parcel 
 of fallow deer in an adjacent wood. 
 
 The church of Clonegam was lately rebuilt by 
 his lordlhip, and ftands on a hill, about a mile to 
 the E. of the houfe. It is a neat building, in good 
 proportion, the floor paved with marble, and with.- 
 
 (^09) Chap. 10. Tab. XXXIII. fig. 6. Vid. pUtelV. fig. HI. 
 
 ir^
 
 WATERFORD. gt 
 
 in the rails of the altar with oak, in which are 
 handfome veneerings, in feveral geometrical figures. 
 The altar-piece and pulpit, are of mahogany, and 
 the feats plain and neat. The walls are partly 
 wainfcotted and fluccoed, the ceiling neatly orna- 
 mented with fret-work, and the whole, being well 
 lighted, has an elegant appearance. F.om the door, 
 is an extended profped of rhe improvements of Cur- 
 raghmore, and a large trad of country on all fides. 
 
 Mayfield is a pleafant feat of fir James May, bart. Mayfield. 
 finely fituated on the banks of the Suir, with fe- 
 veral plantations, and large improvements. This 
 pla^e was formerly called Rocketts Caftle, from 9 
 caftle ereded here, probably by one of that name. 
 
 The land of the parifh of Fennoagh (no), is Fenr.oagh 
 generally arable and pafture, with fome unprofita-par. 
 ble rock and mountain. 
 
 Mothil parifh (in) is much the fame kind of Mothil 
 foil. Here was formerly an abbey of canons regu- P^^* 
 lar of St. Auguftine, or^ according to fome, of 
 Ciftertian monks, founded by St. Brogan, in the 
 6th century, and at the dilTolution, granted to fir 
 Walter Raleigh, in fee farm. There are lome few 
 remains of this abbey near the parilli church, which 
 is in repair. At Clonea, is an old caftle, which be- 
 longed to the lord of Pecies, but, at prefent, gone 
 to decay. At Monerlargy, is a good houfe and 
 improvements of Mr. Edward Englifh. 
 
 The moft remarkable place in the parifh of Defert D^fen 
 (112), is Carrickbeg, formerly called Car rick mac- par. 
 Griffin^ being a part of the fuburbs of Carrick-na- 
 
 (I !o) Bounded on the S. E. by Clonegam, on the S. by Mo- 
 thil, on the W, by Defert, and on the N. by the Suii. 
 
 (1 1 1) Bounded on the N. by the pariih of Defert, on the W. 
 by that of Rathcormuck, now joined with it, on the E. with 
 Cionegara, and on the S. with Decies. 
 
 (iiz) Bounded on the N. by tlie Suir, on the S. by Mothil, 
 on the E. with Fennoagh, and on the W. by Glapatrick, not 
 flaeaiianed in the regitler books. 
 
 Suir.
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Suir. Here is an excellent ftone-bridge, which 
 affords a communication between the two counties 
 of Waterford and Tipperary. The abbey of this 
 place was founded by Thomas earl of Ormond, in 
 I "36, for Francifcan friars. And John Clyn, the 
 annalift, was the firft guardian of it, and died therein, 
 in 1349. The fteeple is a curious building, about 
 60 feet high, and rifes from a fingle ftone, like an 
 inverted pyiamid ; which point begins feveral feet 
 from the ground, towards the middle of the fide 
 wall of the ruined church. In this abbey, are fe- 
 veral tombs, but of no great antiquity. 
 
 Coolnemucky is a pleafant feat of William Wall, 
 efq; near which, fome years ago, two urns were 
 difcovered, filled with earth, refembling thofe men- 
 tioned to be found near Whitfields. Not long 
 
 fince, very large woods flood near this place -, one 
 particular tree, called, by the Irilli, Blahoge, grew 
 here, the boughs of which, when flanding, over- 
 fpread near half an acre of ground, fo that a large 
 troop of horfe mjght draw up under its branches j 
 the trunk is, at prefent, at Curraghmore, and feems 
 to have been near ten feet diameter. By an order 
 remaining in the council books of the 2d of Nov, 
 1654, commidary general Reynolds was direded 
 to fell and carry as many trees, (which, the order 
 fays, was a dangerous flicker for rogues, and ob- 
 flructed the high way) as to enlarge the road 20 
 yards on each fide, which was executed accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 At Church-Town, is the parifh church in repair, 
 with a feat of Eccles Difney, efq; and at Glyn is a 
 good houfe, belonging to the family of the Roches. 
 In fir William Petty's time, there was here an an-» 
 cient caflle, poflfeiVed by the Everards. 
 
 At Bolhendefart, anciently called Defert Naibre, 
 was founded an abbey of St Maidock, in the 6th 
 century, for canons regular of St. Auguftine. Gla- 
 patrick is a fmall trai!t, lying between this parilh 
 
 and
 
 rifh In 
 = e, be- 
 good 
 
 ng the 
 the S. 
 fford- 
 anure, 
 ^ a dif- 
 
 ' called 
 
 conve- 
 
 ufe to 
 
 part of 
 •y, not 
 b from 
 
 arts, 
 ions of 
 
 trad:, 
 nraons, 
 
 which 
 )n, and 
 tion of 
 
 red on 
 
 le S. by 
 is well 
 
 n the W. 
 cies, ard 
 commons 
 the fame 
 ds in this 
 le down- 
 belonged 
 ). otlip- 
 j"wz!aU.t was en- 
 ^Ip.chy O- 
 ^''' froluuon, 
 nehin. 
 
 93 
 
 jtiv; 
 
 I ted
 
 )
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 and the commons of Clonmel, formerly a parifh in 
 itfelf, near which, on the Suir, is Tickencore, be- 
 longing to fir William Ofborne, with fome good 
 improvements. 
 
 That part of this barony which extends along the 
 river Suir, is a pleafant tra6l, but towards the S. 
 it is very coarfe, and only fit for pafturage, afford- 
 ing but little tillage for v/ant of proper manure, 
 fea-fand and lime-ftone being at too great a dif- 
 tance. 
 
 In the county of Tipperary, at a place called 
 Abbey, is an excellent marl, which, as it is conve- 
 nient to water-carriage, might be of great ufe to 
 the fertilizing this part of the country. 
 
 Great part of this barony, with the E. part of 
 Decies, retains the name of Povi^er's country, not 
 only from the lords of Curraghmore, but alfo from 
 many families of that name fettled in thefe parts. 
 
 To the W, of this barony, lie the commons of 
 Clonmel, for the mofl part a mountainous trad:, 
 affording little elfe but pafture. Thefe commons, 
 by the down- fur vey, contained 5103 acres, which 
 were forfeited at the time of the ufurpation, and 
 but little of them remains to the corporation of 
 Clonmel at prefent. 
 
 Glanehiry, (113) a fmall barony, is watered on 
 the N. and W. fides by the Suir, and on the S. by 
 the river Nier. That part near the Suir is well 
 
 (113) Glanehiry, is bounded on the N. by the Suir, on the W, 
 by the Co. of Tipperary, on the S. by the bar. of Decies, ard 
 on the E. by Decies and Middlethird. It contains the conmions 
 of Clonmeli, and the parifli of Kilionan, which has the fame 
 bounds ahuoft as the barony. 1 heie were fame lands in this 
 barony called Slunagb, or Abbey-Slunagh, which, in the down- 
 furvey, is made a diftinft parifii ; thefe lands formerly belonged 
 to the abbey of Inis Launaght, or de Suin'o, in the Co. oi'T'ip- 
 perary, probably the place on the Suir called Abbey. It was en- 
 dowed by Donald O-Brien, king of Limerick, and Malacby O- 
 Feolain, lord of Decies, in the 12th century. At the dilTolution, 
 the lands were granted to fir Patrick Goiigh, of Kihcanehin. 
 
 cultivated 
 
 93
 
 94. Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 cultivated, efpecially where the land is low; but 
 towards the E. and S. E. it is very coarfe, though 
 well flocked with black cattle, as are all the moun- 
 tains almoft in this county. 
 
 Four-mile-water, a fmall village, takes its name 
 from its diftance from Clonmel, where, over the 
 river Nier, is a flore bridge. Till one arrives near 
 Clonmel, a traveller has little variety in this moun- 
 tainous tracl: ; but, from the rifing grounds near 
 that place, the meanders of the river Suir prefent 
 themfelves to view ; and here the county of Tippe- 
 rary appears to great advantage, as far as the eye 
 can reach ; the whole country being one level 
 plain, diverfified with large extended lawns and 
 fheep-walks, inclofed meadows, corn-fields, feveral 
 handfome feats and houfes, beautified with gardens 
 and fhelrered every where with regular plantations, 
 which, to an eye tired with the rough profpeds this 
 county affords, is infinitely pleafmg. 
 
 Part of the fuburbs of Clonmel extend themfelves 
 into this barony, on the S. fide of the Suir. The 
 bridge is divided into two, by a fmall ifland in the 
 river, on which houfes are built. The town has a 
 handfome and regular appearance from this fide of 
 the water. 
 
 The only improvements in this barony, are on 
 the E. fide of the river. Among thefe, are Bally- 
 makey, Kilmanehin, Kilnemaky, &:c. But on the 
 county Tipperary fide, the feats are very numerous. 
 Near t'r.e verge of this barony, are fome old caflles, 
 as Caflle-coonagh, Caftle-reagh, Newcaftle, &:c. pro- 
 bably built as places of defence on the frontiers of 
 both counties ; this being the only part through 
 which there is a free paflage without crofling the 
 Suir, or paffing exceeding high mountains. 
 
 I fiiall conclude this chapter with a few general 
 remarks on the Vvhole county. Tlie county-taxes 
 are raifed according to the number of plough lands 
 
 (114) into
 
 \V A T E R F O R D. s5 
 
 (114) into which each barony is divided, every 
 plough-land paying an equal fhare. There is fcarce 
 a fixteenth part of this county under tillage, three 
 fourths of it, at leaft, being under paflure, 3-et it 
 affords a much greater quantity of corn than fup- 
 plies the ufes of the inhabitants. Potatoes abound 
 moft towards the weftern fides, which not only 
 feed the greateft part of the poorer fort, but being 
 fent to Dublin, make very cor.fiderable returns. A 
 large quantity of butter is made here, though but 
 little cheefe, the former being found moft pr'-fita- 
 ble. The linen-manufacflure has hitherto gained 
 little footing in this part of the kingdom. The 
 methods of living here, are very different from 
 thofe in the north, which thefe p-^'^ple will not com- 
 ply with. If colonies of the northern inhabitants 
 are to be invited into thefc parts, which it is to be 
 prefumed is the beft method of fpreadii^g .lie linen- 
 manufadlure hither, they muft have land fet them 
 at a cheaper rate than our cottagers pay for it ; who 
 can maintain a family with an acre or two of pota- 
 toes, and pay a large rent for a dairy widi the 
 labour of a few hands ! 
 
 (1 14) The number of plough-lands In each baron7, hy which 
 one may fee the quantity of cultivated and pafture land in 
 each, areas follows, Decies without Drum, 122. P. L. Decies 
 within Drum, 75. Collimore and Cofhbride, 92. Upperthird, 
 66, Middlethird, 6^. GuaUiere, 56. Gianehiry, 14* 
 
 CHAP.
 
 ^5 I^dtural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Hidnrical annals of the city of Waterford, from 
 ti.e time of its building hy the Oltmen, or Dants, 
 to the landing of the Eng' fh, and from thence 
 continued down to the revdution. 
 
 THE firfh building of this city is attributed to 
 _ the D.tnes, or, as they were then called, 
 Oftmen, who were alfo the founders of moft of the 
 fea-port towns in Ireland, where they firft fettled 
 themfelves for the conveniency of carrying on an in- 
 land traffick with the natives at home, as well as a 
 confiderable commerce abroad. 
 
 They were called Oilmen or Eaderlings, as com- 
 ing from a part of the world lying Eaft of thefe 
 iflands ; which tradt, amcig our merchants trading 
 up the Baltick, is called the Eaft-land country, 
 and from thefe, that part of the city of Dublin, 
 now corruptly called Oxmantown, but formerly 
 Oilmanrown, took its name. Thefe Danes are not 
 to be underflood of a people which only inhabited 
 that tract now known by the name of Denmark, 
 but were colonies of promifcuous nations of the 
 ancient Scandinavia, who ii:vaded and fixed them- 
 felves, according to the hiffcories of thofe times, in 
 this illand, fome time between the eighth and ninth 
 century. They are noted for their frequent inva- 
 fions upon this and the neighbouring countries, 
 which they found more fruitful, temperate, and 
 rich than their own ; as well as for their piracy, 
 commerce, and for their introducing a better fort 
 of coined money into trade, than was current in 
 thefe parts before their time; which has retained 
 their name, by being termed fterling, as Cambden 
 obferves. 
 Ann. 853. Xhe foundation of this city, is commonly afcri- 
 bcd to Sitiricus, in the year 853 j and much about 
 
 thfi
 
 WATERFORD. g^ 
 
 the fame time, Ivorus is faid to have built 
 Limerick ; and Amlavas, Dublin. 
 
 In 893, Patrick, Ton to Ivorus, then king of the Ann. S93. 
 Danes of Waterford, was flain. 
 
 Anno 937, The Danes of Waterford wafted all 937. 
 the country of Meath (i). 
 
 Anno 1000, Ivorus, then king of the Danes, died 'ooo. 
 in Waterford, and was fucceeded, 
 
 Anno 1003, by his fon Reginald, who built tlie jooj. 
 tower called after his name, and now, by corrup- 
 tion, called, the Ring-tower. 
 
 Anno 1014, Brien Boruma, in the twelfth year 1014, 
 of his reign, treated with moll of the Iripn peity- 
 kingp, to unite their forces with him to drive out 
 the Danes, as the publick enemies of die kingdom j 
 but Sitricus, king of the Danes of Waterford, 
 having Qiade all the preparations and alliances that 
 he could, they came to a ("harp engdgeaienr, at 
 Clontarf, on the 23d of April, wheiein the faid 
 Brien was mortally wounded, and Murrough, his 
 fon, and Turlogh, the fon of Murrough, his grand- 
 fon, with many others of quality, befides iiooo 
 foldiers, were (lain •, but Donogii, the third fon of 
 Brien, taking the command of the army, obtained 
 a compleat vidory. And, 
 
 Anno 1036, took a journey to Rome, carrying 1036, 
 with him the regal crown, which was of pure gold. 
 
 Sitricus, king of the Danes of this city, was 
 killed by the king of Upper-OiTory, and was 
 fucceeded by Reginald 0-Hiver, y,ho, the fame 
 year, v,as killed by Sitricus 11. 
 
 Anno 1038, Cumana O-Rahan, king of the 103S. 
 Danes of Waterford, was flain by the people of 
 Upper-OiTory ; or, as fome fay, by the treachery 
 of his own men ; and the fame year, this city was 
 plundered and burnt, by Dernx)t Mac-mei Nembo, 
 king of Leinfter. (2) 
 
 (0 Annals of the four niafters. {i) Annals of a!l ftiints 
 in the ifle o,f Loughrea. 
 
 H Anng
 
 g^ Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 ^nno Anno 1087, This city was taken and burnt by 
 
 10S7. the people of Dublin (3). 
 
 1096. Anno 1096, The Oftmen ofWaterford, having 
 embraced the chriftian religion, thought it advif- 
 able to place a bifnop (4) over their city ; and there- 
 fore they elected into this office one Malchus, a 
 man of probity, who had been ibme time a bene- 
 dictine moak of VVinchefter, and was confecrated 
 by the archbidiop of Canterbury. 
 
 Milchus, after his confecration, returned to Wa-» 
 terford ; and he and the Oft men built the cathedral 
 of the BlefTed Trinity, now called Chrift-church. 
 
 ,j6S DernfiOt Mac Murrough, ki:ig of Leinfter, being 
 
 forced out of his dominions by Roderick, king of 
 Connaugbt, iied into France to Henry II. king of 
 England, who v/as then carrying on his conquefls 
 there, and fubmitted himfelf and kingdom to that 
 prince, upon condition that he would ailift him to 
 recover it. The king not having leifure from his 
 wars, gave him authority to raife volunteers in 
 England, and liberty to any of his fubjedts to aid 
 king Dermot. Upon his arrival at Briftol, he de- 
 livered his commiffion to the magiftrates of the 
 city, Vv'here the king's letters were publickly read ; 
 and to encourage men to engage in his fervice, he 
 made ample promifes of lands and eflates to fuch 
 as would follow him. There he met with Richard 
 le Clare, firnamed Strongbow, who was lord of 
 Tottenham, Wolafton, Chepftow, &;c. and to that 
 earl engaged, that if he would raife a body of men 
 for his fervice, he would beftow upon him his 
 daughter Eva, and as a dowry, would confirm to 
 him and his heirs the crov/n of Leinfter, after his 
 deceafe. Earl Strongbow agreed to thcfe terms. 
 Derm.otalfo applied himfelf to Ralph Griffin, prince 
 of VVales, from whom he had the affiflance of Ro- 
 bert Fiiz-Stephens, governor of Cardigan caftle, and 
 
 (3) Annals of Mary's-abbey, and anna!. MuUlf. 
 
 (4) Hilt, of the biihops, p. 526. 
 
 confirmed.
 
 ll/O. 
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 99 
 
 confirmed to him the town of Wexford, as a reward 
 for his fervice. Thus Dermot having fuccefsfully 
 follicited abroad, conveyed himfelf into Ireland, 
 where he lay concealed till the landing of Robert 
 Fitz-Stephens, who was attended with 30 liorfe- 
 men, Milo Fitz-Henry, Milo Fitz-David of Mine- 
 via, and Harvey de Montmorifcoe vi^ith 60 men at 
 arms, and 300 archers, who landed in three lliips, 
 at Bag and Bunn, in the county of Wexford. The 
 day following, came IMorris de Prendergad, with 
 10 men at arms, and 60 archers. Then Dermot 
 putting himfelf at the head of 500 horfe that he had 
 in readinefs, went and joined the Englifh, and be- 
 fieged Wexford, v/hich foon furrendered ; after 
 which he made other conquefts in Leinfter. 
 
 About the beginning of May, anno 1170, Ray- Anno 
 mond le Grofs, fent by Strongbow (5) landed with 
 10 horfemen and 70 archers, at Dandrone (6), four 
 miles from Waterford. The Danes of this city, 
 hearing of the arrival of the Englifh, refolved to 
 attack them before their ftrength increafed, and 
 with the atiiftanceof Malachy 0-Feolain, prince of 
 the Decies, and O-Ryan of Idrone (7), got together 
 an army of 3000 horfe and foot, with which they 
 fell upon the Englifh, who valiantly received them, 
 and though few in number, under the conduit of 
 Harvey de Montmorifcoe, (who accidentally came 
 thither upon a vifit to Raymond) after fome hours 
 difpute, put them to flight. In this battle, fell 
 about 1060 Danes and Irilli, and 70 of the princi- 
 pal citizens were made prifoners, v/ho were all put 
 to death by Raymond, to revenge the lofs of his 
 friend de Bevin, (lain in that battle : fo fays Mau- 
 rice Regan, v/ho was fervant and interpreter to 
 king Dermot j but Cambrenfis fays, that, by Har- 
 
 (5) Ware's Engl. Ann. p. 4. 
 
 (b) In fome accounts I have met VTich, this landing is faid to 
 be atDon-lfle, in this county. (7) A part of Oflory.^ 
 
 H a vey's
 
 1I7I. 
 
 loo Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 vey's perfuafion, contrary to the intent of Raymond, 
 they were caft headlong from a rock into the fea (8). 
 This battle was fought in May ; and the Auguft 
 following, earl Strongbow fet fail from Milford-ha- 
 ven, and, with a fair wind, landed in Waterford 
 harbour (9) on the eve of St. Bartholomew ; to 
 whom immediately repaired, the king of Leinfter, 
 Fitz-Stephens, Fitz-Gerald, and Raymond le Grofs, 
 who was made general of the field ; and the next 
 day, they marched to Waterford, which they af- 
 faulted by land and water. After two repulfes, 
 Raymond perceived a cabin on the wall, propt 
 with timber on the out fide. Immediately he caufed 
 the prop to be cut, fo that the houfe fell, and with 
 it part of the wall, at which breach the Englifh 
 ^^""° entered the city, plundered it, and put all the in- 
 habitants, found in arms, to the fword. Among 
 other prifoners, Pvcginald, prince of the Danes of 
 Waterford, andMalachy O-Feolain, prince of De- 
 cies, were taken, whom they imprifoned in Regi- 
 nald's-tower. Thefe being afterwards condemned 
 to death, were faved by the interceflion of king 
 Dermot, who, together with Fitz-Stephens, • and 
 many other E iglifh and Welili gendemen, came 
 there after the vidory, to be prefent at the marri- 
 age of earl Strongbow, with Eva the king's daugh- 
 ter. This marriage (according to the former 
 agreement) was here celebrated, and they were 
 publickly proclaimed heirs to Dermot's dominions. 
 Not long after, Dermot and his fon-in-law, leaving 
 a garrifon in Waterford, marched, befieged, and 
 took Dublin ^ but the winter coming on, Dermot 
 returned to Femes, and the earl to Waterford. 
 
 (S) Some fay, the place where this firft battle was fought, 
 was at Bag and Bunn, in the county of Wexford, of wjiich this 
 verfe retains the memory : 
 
 At the head of Bag and Bunn, 
 Ireland was loft and won. 
 (9) Annals of Mary's-abbcy. 
 
 After
 
 W A T E R F O R D. loi 
 
 After this, he marched to Carrick (lo), near 
 Wexford, to reheve Robert F1tz-Stephens, who was 
 befieged therein; but the place being taken, and 
 Fitz-Stephens made a prifoner before he could ar- 
 rive, he turned off to Waterford, where he found 
 Harvey, with commands from king Henry, that the 
 earl fhould repair to England, which he immedi- 
 ately obeyed. Upon his arrival there, he gave an 
 exad: account to the king of the pofture of affairs 
 in Ireland; and offered to deliver up the poffeilion 
 of Dublin, Waterford, and other principal towns, 
 into his majefly's hands, provided he would confirm 
 to him and his heirs, the enjoyment of the reft of 
 his acquifitions. The king thus having the way 
 opened for him, accepted the terms, and quickly 
 followed the earl into Ireland, attended with 400 
 knights (fays Regan) 500 (fays Cambrenfis,) and 
 4000 men at arms, and on tli,e i8th of Odober ^""^ 
 landed at V/aterford, where he was received with '^ 
 much joy by William Fitz-Adelm, Robert Fitz- 
 Bernard, and others, whom he had fent before him 
 The city was delivered to him by Strongbow, who 
 did the king homage. While he was here, the 
 people of Wexford came among the firll to make 
 their court to his majefty, and complimented him 
 with their prifoner Fitz-Siephens (11), Some fay, 
 they accufed him as a traitor, for entering Ireland, 
 with an armed force, wiihout any commilron ; up- 
 on which, he was committed prifoner to Reginald's* 
 tower. 
 
 Dermot Mac-Carthy, king of Cork, alfo came, 
 and voluntarily fubmitted and fwore allegiance ; he 
 agreed to pay a certain annual tribute, which be- 
 ing done, the king marched to Lifmore, and thence 
 to Cafhell; near which, on the banks of the Suir, 
 came Daniel O- Brier, prince of Limerick, who, 
 in like manner, fabraitted and fwore allegiance. 
 Whereupon, garrifons were fent to Cork and Li- 
 
 (10) Ware, p. 6. (11) Cox, v. i. p. 21. 
 
 H 3 merickj
 
 H73< 
 
 Natural cnid Civil Hiftory of 
 
 merick, and the king returned to Waterford. In 
 like manner fubmitted Daniel, prince of Oflbry, 
 O-Feolain, prince of Decies,, and all the great men 
 of Munfter- to each of whom the king gave pre- 
 fects, and a gracious reception. All the archbi- 
 iTiops, bifnops and abbots of Ireland, waited on his 
 majefty, and fwore fealty to him ; and he received 
 from them charters, with their feals pendant, con- 
 firming the kingdom of Ireland, to him and his 
 heirs for ever. 
 
 This meeting, Matthew Paris (who was Hifto- 
 riographer to Henry Hi.) fays, was at Lifmore, in 
 which place, the king caufed the Irifh alfo to re- 
 ceive and fwear to be governed by the laws of Eng- 
 land. ' In confilio habito apud Lifmore leges Ang- 
 liae ab omnibus funt gratenter receptae, Scjuratoria 
 cautione prasftita confirmatce,' faith this author. He 
 alfo held a general council at Cafhell, wherein he 
 reftified many abufes in the church, and eftablifhed 
 laws, agreeable to thofe of the church of England. 
 Matthew Paris further adds, ' Urbes & caftella 
 quae rex in fua receperat, fub fideli cuflodia depu- 
 tavit.' That for a further fecurity, the king pof- 
 fefTed himfelfof feveral cities and caftles, which he 
 put into fafe hands. Giraldus Cambrenfis informs 
 lis, that the pope gave Hen. II. licence to fubdue 
 the Irifh, and exhibits the bull (12) at large, for 
 this purpofe. 
 
 Before the king's return to England, he com- 
 mitted Waterford to the care of Humphry de Bo- 
 hun, Robert Fitz-Bernard, and Hugh de Gondo- 
 ville, who had 20 gentlemen to attend them (13); 
 and this year, Waterford and Wexford were re- 
 inforced with new garrifons. 
 
 Raymond le Grofs, with a feled party, made an 
 inroad into the country of the Decies, (14) which 
 
 (12) See alfo the bull, at large, in Rymer's Foedera, vol. I- 
 (I 3) ExtraQ of a M.S. in Maifli's lib. 7. 
 (14) Ware anu. p. 11. 
 
 he
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 103 
 
 lie every where depopulated ; he took Lifmore by 
 force, put the plunder of that and other places on 
 fhip-board, and gave the command to Adam de 
 Hereford, to convey tfieai to Waterford. Cox (15) 
 attributes this expedition to eail Strongbow, who, 
 he fays, after he fpoiled Lifmore, marched towards 
 Waterford. At Dungarvan they found 1 3 boats, 
 which they feized and loaded with the plunder ; but 
 being detained there a long time by contrary winds, 
 they were met in their palTage, by a fleet of the 
 Danes of Cork, confiding of ^^ lail, whom they 
 engaged and defeated. Gilbert, fon of Turgefius, 
 their admiral, was killed in this action, by David 
 WalHi, of Waterford ^ whereupon the Englifh, 
 under their leader Adam de Hereford, failed tri- 
 umphantly into the city, Dermot M'Carthy, king 
 of Cork, marched out with his forces by land, to 
 aflift the attempts of the fleet, and to feize on the 
 boats of the Englilli, if they were in harbour ; but 
 Raymond gave hirn battle, and gaine^ a complete 
 vidlory, with a booty of 4000 cows, which he 
 brought fafe into the city. Soon after, Raymond 
 hearing of the death of his father, palTed over into 
 Wales. 
 
 The Englifh having received a confiderable over- ^n^o 
 throw (under the command of Harvey de Montm.o- 1 173. 
 rifcoe) in OiTory, the Irifh began to rife every where, 
 and Roderick, monarch of all h'eland, having paf- 
 fed the Shannon wiih a mighty army, burned and 
 plundered all the country, as far as to the walls of 
 Dublin. Strongbow was at this time fnut up in 
 Waterford, in continual dread of a mailacre ; in 
 this condition, he wrote to Raymond le Grofs, then 
 in Wales, for a fpeedy affiftance, and promifed him 
 his fifter, the fair Bafiiia, in marriage, as the reward 
 of his expedition. Raymond embarked with all 
 poflible hade, and brought with (16) him 30 gen- 
 tlemen, 100 horfemen, and 300 archers and foot- 
 
 (15) Cox, V. I. p. 2-. C'^) Cox, V. I. p. 28. 
 
 H 4. roen.
 
 04 Natural and Crvil Hijiory of 
 
 men, v/ho, in 20 vefTels, arrived in Waterford very 
 opportunely to deliver the earl, from an infurredi-" 
 on of" the Danes, who intended no lefs than a ge- 
 neral deitruction of the En^lifh. Earl Strongbow 
 (17), Raymond, and the army, marched to Wex- 
 ford. But Purcell, governor of the town, attempt- 
 ing to follov/ him by boat on the Suir, was intcr- 
 cepte4 and ilain by the Danes, who alio murdered 
 ail ths Englilh that remained in the city, except a 
 few who faved themfelves in Reginald's-tower, 
 which they defended, till the confpirators, fearing 
 the event of their revolt, yielded up the city, but 
 with conditions little advantageous to tliemfelves. 
 
 Anno Anno 11 75 (18) Odlave St. Mich, by a treaty 
 
 *'75' made betv/een Hen. II, and Roderick king of Con- 
 naught, thefe lands were to remain to king Henry, 
 ^Scil.Duvelina cum omnibus pertinentiis fuis. Wex- 
 fordia cum omnibus pertinentiis fuis. Waterfordia 
 cum omnibus pertinentiis fuis,' 
 
 Anguftine confecrated bilhop of Waterford. 
 This fami year, a fynod of bifhops was held in 
 that city, to whom king Henry fent the abbot of 
 MalmlDury, and William Fitz-Adelm, with the 
 abov'e- mentioned bull of pope Alexander IV. con- 
 firming the lordfhip of Ireland to the king, which 
 ■was folemnly read and confented to, by all the 
 clergy then prefent.* 
 
 I J 78. A party of the Englifh of Cork, marched towards 
 
 this city, but were flain by the Irifh at Lifmore (19) 
 
 WiLiam Fitz-Adelm was called from the govern- 
 
 ■'■'^^' ment of Ireland, and Hugh De- Lacy, appointed to 
 fucceed him, with whom Robert Poer, governor 
 of W aterford and Wexford (20) was joined in comr 
 milfion. 
 
 Sir Thomas de Clare (21) obtained a grant of 
 Thomond, as Otho de Grandifon did of Tipperary, 
 and Robert le Poer of Waterford. 
 
 (17) Ware's ann. p. ii. (iS) Rymer's feed. vol. L 
 
 (iq) Annals of Innisfall. (20) Ware's annals, p. 19. 
 
 (2j) Cox, V. I. p. 35. In
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 105 
 
 In November, Robert Fitz-Stephens, Milo Co- 
 gan, and Philip de Braos, landed at Waterford 
 with new recruits (22), and from thence marching 
 to Lifmore, proceeded to Cork. 
 
 Milo Cogan, and his fon- in-law Ranulph Fitz- Anno 
 Stephens, being in the peaceable pofleflion of the 1183, 
 kingdom of Cork, at the perfuafion and invitation 
 of one M'Tirid, made a journey to Lifmore, with 
 five other knights, in order to treat with the people 
 of Waterford (23) about feme differences between 
 them. They lodged at M'Tirid's houfe; but he 
 perfidioufly took his opportunity to murder them 
 and their companions. 
 
 In Eafler week, John earl of Morton, accompa- 1185. 
 nied by RalphGlanville,jufl:iciary of England, and 
 other principal perfons, with 300 (fome fay 400) 
 knights, and miany horfe and archers, landed at 
 Waterford. He built three caftles in Munfter -, 
 one at Tibradt, one at Ardfinane, and the third at 
 Lifmore, for the fecurity of the Englifh. 
 
 At his firft landing, numbers of the Irifh chiefs 
 waited upon him, to congratulate his arrival. But 
 feveral of the Englifh and Normans, who had not 
 been in Ireland before, began to laugh at the Irifli 
 manner of cloathing, and at their long beards and 
 glibs (24) they likewife affronted many of the great 
 men, who quitted the city with difdain, and con- 
 federated with Mac-Carthy, king of Defmond, 
 O-Brien of Thomond, and Roderick O-Connor, 
 king of Connaught, informing them of the ill 
 treatment they had received from John and his 
 young attendants, thefe Irilh princes, who were 
 preparing to attend the Englifh, having heard of 
 this infult, inftead of waiting on the king's fon, 
 
 (22) Ware's ant. p. 24. (23) M.S. in Marfli's library. 
 
 (24) Glibs were no other than the hair of the head, which, 
 in thoie times, being never combed, it grew To thick, and was 
 matted together fo clofe, that it ferved inftead of an hat, icept 
 the head very warm, and would bear ofFa great blow or (rroke; 
 ifl this kind of rude ornament, the Irilh took much deh'ght. 
 
 alTembled
 
 o6 Natural and Civil Kijlory of 
 
 afTembled their forces, and openly declared war 
 againft him. Beiides die affront they had received, 
 feveral of their lands were taken from them, and 
 beftowed by John upon his followers ; which eftates 
 the !ri("h had enjoyed, with the confent of the firft 
 adventurers, for fervices performed by them, againft 
 their countrymen. The revenues which arofe from 
 the cities and towns on the coafts, and the lands 
 adjoining to them, that had been applied, by king 
 Henry, to the defence of the country, were con- 
 ferred, by John, on his young courtiers, many of 
 whom lliut themfelves up in the towns, and fpent 
 their eftates in riot and debauchery \ the foldiers, 
 following the example of their leaders, and no new 
 caftles or fortrelTes being erected upon the borders, 
 the Irifh were thereby greatly encouraged to revolt. 
 The king being informed of thefe diforders, re- 
 called his fon and his young counfellors, and fent 
 over John de Courcy a fecond time, who was now 
 appointed to govern the kingdom in the quality of 
 lord deputy, and by his activity and vigilance againft 
 the IriiTi, foon reduced them to obedience (25). 
 Anno Robert fucceeded Auguftin as bifhop of Water- 
 1200. ford, 
 
 A fair granted to Waterford by king John, to 
 ^204. be held on Lammas day and eight days following. 
 
 David advanced to the fee of Waterford on the 
 death of Robert. 
 
 A charter of incorporation granted to this city by 
 
 i2o5. king John, dated at iMalbridge 3" Julii, 7th year 
 
 of his reign; of which the following is an extract: 
 
 " Civibus noftris civitatis noftrse Waterford, 
 *' infra muros didae civitatis manentibus, totam 
 " civitatem noftram de Waterford, cum omnibus 
 " pertinentiis^&quodpraedicti cives, &:eorumhae- 
 " redes & fucce.flbres in perpetuum habeant metas 
 " fuas ; ficut probatas fuere per facramentum fide- 
 " lium homii um (viz.) duodecim de ip^a civitate, 
 
 " et 
 (25) Cainbrenfis, cap. 28.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 *' et duodecim extra per prKceptum regis Henrici 
 " patris nodri." 
 
 Then he lays out the mears and bounds in that 
 patent, and after grants, that, " Ipfi cives, et 
 " eorum h^redes &; fuccefll:)res in perpetuum ha- 
 '' beant omnes hbertatcs, & liberas confuetudines 
 " fubfcriptas ; Hbertates autcm quas eis concefli- 
 " mus funt, &c." 
 
 He then recites many privileges and hberties 
 granted to them, concerning the trial in appeals, 
 that it lliould not be by duel, but by the oaths of 
 twelve men; concerning the choofing of a proved 
 e^'ery year, thathefhould hold pleas of his hundred 
 in lands and tenements, debts, accounts, and other 
 contracts ; and that they fhall be free from toll, 
 pallage, murage, &c. concerning wardlliips, and the 
 having of v;aifs, ftrays, felon's goods, deodands, 
 and many other privileges and immunities; and, 
 am.ongthe red, is thisclaufe; " Conceffimus etiam 
 *' praefatis civibus, et eorum hseredibus & fuccef- 
 ** foribus in perpetuum, quod nulli jufliciarii ad 
 *' aflifas capiendas, in comitatu Waterford, necali- 
 *' quis alius m^iniiler, nee haeredum vel fucceiTorunrtl 
 " noflrum, in futuro vexent, autaliquis eorum. vexet, 
 " nee venire compellent, feu aliquie, eorum in fu- 
 " turo venire compellet prsefatos ciyes, feu eorum 
 " aliquem, hseredes feu fuccefTores fucs, coram 
 " eis, feu eorum aliquo, extra civitatem praediclam, 
 " tam at fedam nodram, quam ad fectam quorum- 
 *' quunque querer.tium ; fed faciant quicquid ad 
 " eos pertinet praefatis civibus, & eorum h?eredi- 
 *' bus & fucceli<3ribus, infra eaiidem civitatem, 
 ♦■• fecundum judiciara." And then faith the patent, 
 *' Haec omnia eis conceilimus, &c." This patent 
 is in a great part of it, only a recital and confirma- 
 tion of the liberties formerly granted them; and by 
 . the lad claufe, it appears, that this county was 
 made diire ground before the 7th of king John, as 
 Ihave already obferved, p. 37. See fir J. Daviii'3 
 
 reports, 
 
 107
 
 12 !0. 
 
 12II. 
 
 38 ■ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 reports, under cufloms, for particulars relative to 
 Waterford city. 
 Anno David bifhop of Waterford, v/as murdered by 
 1209. Feolain, dinaft, or petty prince of the Decies, oc- 
 cafioned by a conteft between this prelate and the 
 bifhop of Lifmore, concerning the poffeflions of 
 their fees. 
 
 The priory of St. Catherine, founded in the fub- 
 urbs of Waterford by the Oftmen, and endowed 
 by Elias'Fitz- Norman. Pope Innocent III. 14th of 
 May, 1 2 1 1, confirmed to the prior and canons their 
 polfeOions, and particularly mentions the ifland 
 without' the walls of Waterford, on which their 
 church was fituated (26). 
 
 This year, Robert fucceeded David in the bi^ 
 llioprick of Waterford. 
 
 King John landed at Waterford, on the 8th of 
 June, with a great fleet, both to fecure his govern- 
 ment from the ambition of Lacy, whereof he was 
 exceeding jealous, and alfo to fupprefs the rebellion 
 of the Irifh. O-Neal, with above 20 other Irifh po- 
 tentates, fubinitted, and fwore fealty to him. At 
 this time, he is faid to have divided Leinfter and 
 Munfter into 12 counties, of which Waterford is 
 enumerated as one. 
 
 While king John continued here, his palace flood 
 on the fame ground where the widows apartment is 
 now built, oppofice to Chrift-church, formerly cal- 
 led king John's houfe. He alfo built the new city- 
 wall, a great part of which continues to this day. 
 About this time, he founded the priory of St. Joha 
 the evangelift, in the fuburbs of the city, and fup- 
 plied it witV monks of the Benedictine order. He 
 made it a coll to the abbey of St Peter and St. Paul, 
 at Bath \\\ England-, in the -lurter (which alfo con- 
 firms the leper-houl'e to the poor of this city) this 
 prio.y is called his alms-hoiife. 
 
 (z6) Decretal epift. of pope Innocent III. lib. i. epid 79. 
 
 William 
 
 1212
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 109 
 
 William Wace eleded bifhop. Anno 
 
 Walter the firfl, a benedidine monk and prior *^^3- 
 of the abbey of St. John, was eleded biOiop. ^^^'^' 
 
 A new charter granted to the city, by king j^-'j 
 Henry III. dated at Woodftock the i6th of June ^ * 
 this year. 
 
 The dominican friary of St. Saviour was found- 1235. 
 ed, by the citizens of Waterford, within the walls 
 of the faid city. 
 
 The Holy-Ghoft friary was founded, by fir 
 Hugh Purcell, for francifcans, within the walls, ^^^'^' 
 on the E. of the city. 
 
 Stephen bifhop of Waterford. ^^ ^ 
 
 Henry bifhop of this fee. ^ ' 
 
 Philipbifhopof this fee. This year was remark- 1252. 
 able in Ireland for a great drought, by which, 
 multitudes of cattle periQied ; and the lame year, 
 Waterford was burned down to the ground. 
 
 Walter the fecond, bifhopof this fee. ,2^? 
 
 Stephen of Fulborn, an hofpitaller, confecrated ,273. 
 bifhop. 
 
 The lord jufliceUfford being, this year, obliged ^276. 
 to pafs over into England, he appointed Fulborn 
 his fubftitute until his return ; as he alio did, on 
 the fame occafion, in the year 1278. And, in 1278. 
 1 281, the bifhop of Waterford was, by the king, 
 eilablifhed lordjudice of Ireland (27). 
 
 The city of \¥aterford, fays Clin (28) through 
 fome foul mifchance, was fet on fire ; others report, "So^ 
 that fome merchant flrangers being wronged, as 
 they thought, by the citizens, brought bags of 
 powder out of their fhips ; threw them, by night, 
 in at the cellar, windows, and coals of fire after 
 them ; and fo fpoiled the city, that it was long be- 
 fore they could recover themfelves (29). 
 
 (27) Flatfburry. (28) Clin's annals. _ 
 
 (29) Although the Invention of gun-powder is afcribed to 
 Baifholdus -^wartz, anno 1330, yet it appears, the fccret was 
 known to Roger Bacon above 150 years before, which may 
 fupport Cliu's authority. 
 
 It
 
 no 
 
 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 Anno ^^ 's remembered, that the ORmen or Eafterlings 
 
 i28z. had the benefit of the Englilli laws, by charters 
 granted, by king Henry, to each city ; that of 
 Waterford (30) is to be feen in fir John Davis's 
 excellent difcourfe, in the iaft edition, p. 24. It is 
 an exemplification of the 4th of Edward II. the ori- 
 ginal is in Bermingham-tower. 
 
 iz86. Walter de Fulborn fucceeded his brother, who 
 
 was tranflated to the archbilhoprick of Tuam. 
 
 1292. In this year, Edward I. granted to Thomas Fitz- 
 Anthony, the cuftodiam of the counties of Water- 
 ford and Defmond, with the cuftodiam of the caflleg 
 of Waterford and Dangarvan, as appears by the 
 following extrad, ' ex antiquifs. liter, patent, et 
 commilTioi'. (31). 
 
 Edward by the grace of God, king of England, 
 lord of Ireland, and duke of Aquitain, to the 
 archbifhops, bifnops, abbots, priors, earls, barons, 
 juftices, fherifFs, provofts, minifters, &c. greeting. 
 Whereas John, king of England, of renowned me- 
 mory, our grandfather, by his charter which we 
 have viewed, had giveil, granted and confirmed, 
 to Thomas Fitz-Anthony, the cuftodiam of the 
 counties of Waterford and Defmond, with the 
 cuftodiam of the caftles of Waterford -^nd Dun- 
 garvan ; and alfo all his demefnes in the faid coun- 
 ties (except the city of Waterford) to hold to the 
 faid Thomas, and his heirs, until our faid granfa- 
 ther or his heirs, ftiould, by fine, or otherwife, 
 dernife them out of his hands ; yielding thereout, 
 at the exchequer at Dublin, 250 marks yearly. 
 
 (30) Cox, V. I. p. 76. 
 
 (3;) They were a colle£tlon of letters patent, which lay ia 
 private hands ; were attefted, from time to time, by the pro- 
 per officers ; and enrolled, through ncceifity ; the originals be- 
 ing dt:ll:roycd," by an accidental {\xq, in Mary's-abbcy, Dublin, 
 with all the chancery rolls, to the year 1300 ; except two rolls 
 of the fame year, which were delivered to Walter de Thorn- 
 bury, chancellor of Ireland, by the king's writ, as appears by 
 a memorandum entered in the rolls of the zd. Ed. 2. 
 
 And
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ,,„ 
 
 And our lord Henry, heretofore king of England, 
 of illulb'ious memory, our father, after the faid 
 counties, caftles, lands and tenements, came into 
 his hands, having long held fe'zin thereof, he in- 
 feofFed us of the fame counties, caftles, lands and 
 tenements, with the appurtenances, to have and to 
 hold to us and our heirs for ever, fo that they fliould 
 not be feparated from the crown of England. And 
 we afterwards, while we were under age, infeofFed 
 John Fitz-Thomas of the faid counties, lands and 
 tenements, together with the cuftody of the caftle 
 of Dungarvan, to have and to hold to the faid Jolin 
 and his heirs for ever ; rendering thereout to us, 
 and our heirs, 500 marks yearly, at the faid ex- 
 chequer at Dublin J all which lands and tenements, 
 and counties aforefaid, with the appurtenances 
 thereto belonging, by reafon of the faid feoffment 
 made v/hi!e we were under age, and of the intru- 
 fions, which the faid John made into the fame, 
 without the livery of us, or our miniflers, we 
 recovered by our precept in our court, by the 
 judgment of the faid court, as cur right, againft 
 Thomas Fitz-Maurice, coufin and heir of the faid 
 John, together with the refidue of the lands and 
 tenements, with the appurtenances, which remain- 
 ed in the hands of the faid Thomas Fitz-Maurice : 
 we in confideration of the laudable fervices, &c. 
 And then he grants thtfe lands to the heirs of 
 Thomas Fitz-Anthony. 
 
 Walter le Poer wafced a great part of Munfler, y^^^g 
 burning many lands and houfes in that province. 1300, 
 And the O-Phelans flev/ 300 thieves, w'lich had 
 made an incurfion to plunder tlieir lands, in the 
 territory of the Decies(32). 
 
 Matthew, chancellor of the cathedral, fucceeded 13©;. 
 Walter de Fulborn in this fee. 
 
 The lord John Bonneval was killed, on candlemas- 1310, 
 day, this year, by the lord Arnold Power, and his 
 accomplices; and his body was buried at Athy, in 
 
 (3 ) Fia'lburry. • the
 
 112 Natural, and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 the church of the friars preachers. In the year fol- 
 lowing, at a parhament held at Kildare, the lord 
 Power was tried and acquitted of this murder ; it 
 being proved, that it was done in his own de- 
 fence. (33) 
 
 This lord Arnold Power, was fenefchal of the 
 town of Kilkenny in the year 1323, and was 
 charged with herefy and forcery before the bifhop 
 of OfiTory. 
 
 Anno Nicholas Welifed, dean of Waterford, fucceeded 
 
 1323. next. 
 
 1338. Richard Francis fucceeded in this fee, and fat ten 
 years. 
 
 ,-^n Robert Elyot was advanced to the fee of Water- 
 
 ford, but was deprived the next year by pope Cle- 
 ment VI. 
 
 1350' Roger Cradock, a francifcan friar, was advan- 
 ced to this fee. While he was bifhop, a great contefl 
 arofe between him and Ralph Kelly, archbifhop of 
 Cafhell. The occafion is related to be, (34)"becaufe 
 *' two Irifh-men were convid^ed of herefy before 
 ** the bilbop, at the caftle of Bunratty, in the dio- 
 *' cefe of Killaloe, and burned without any licence 
 *' from his metropolitan." The M. S. annals in the 
 Cotton library, from which this palTage was taken, 
 add further, " that on Thurfday after St. Francis's 
 " day, a little before midnight, the archbifhop 
 " entered privately into the church-yard of the 
 " BleffedTrinity at Waterford, by the little door of 
 " St. (35) Catherine, guarded by a numerous troop 
 " of armed men made an a0ault, on the bifhop in 
 " his lodgings, grievoufly wounded him and many 
 *' others of his company, and robbed him of his 
 *' goods ; and all this v/as done (as it was faid) by 
 *' the advice of Walter Reve, who pretended to be 
 
 (33) Flarfburry. 
 
 (34) Vide Harris's Hifl:. bifhops, p. 533. (3^) Colebecic gate 
 which lies contiguous to the church-yard, was anciently called, 
 
 ., ,. s gate. 
 
 " dean
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 113 
 
 " dean of Waterford, and of William Sendall, 
 ** mayor of that city." " 
 
 A charter granted to the city, by king Edward i3r"6. 
 III. dated at Weftminfter; the 14th of November, in 
 the 30th year of his reign. 
 
 Thomas le Reve, biChop of Lifmore, tranflated to 1363. 
 this fee. Under him, the two bifhopricks of Wa- 
 terford and Lifmore were confolidated, by a real 
 union (as it is called) this year by pope Urban V. 
 which was confirmed by king Edward III. on the 
 7 th of Odober. 
 
 A fecond grant of Edward III. to this city, dated , ,5 . 
 at Weftminfter, the 24th of February, in the 38th 
 year of his reign. 
 
 On the 4th of September {^6) the Poers of the 1368. 
 county of \Vaterford, having gathered all their 
 forces, and being joined by 0-Hedrifcol, of the coun- 
 ty of Cork, with his gallies and men, failed towards 
 Waterford, with an intention to plunder the city, 
 which the Poers bore a great enmity to, on account 
 of their fidelity and good government. John Mal- 
 pas, then mayor, being informed of their defigns, 
 prepared to refift them -, and accompanied by Wal- 
 ter Devenifh, Iberiff of the county, Richard Walfh, 
 mafter of St. John of Jerufalem, with a number of 
 merchant ftrangers and Englifh, fethimfelf at their 
 head, and failed towards the enemy. But the event 
 did not anfwer thefe preparations. For the Poers, 
 with the aid of the weftern gallies of the 0-Hedrif- 
 cols, fetupon the city forces, and routed them. In 
 this battle, the mayor, with the IherifFof the county, 
 the mafter of the hofpital, thirty-fix of the moft 
 worthy citizens, as alfo fixty merchant ftrangers and 
 EngliQi, were flain. On the other fide, the head 
 of the Poers, called baron of Don-Ifle, his brother 
 Bennet Poer, with many of that fept, and numbers 
 of the O-Hediifcols, fell. The day following, the 
 
 (36) M. S. Clogher in College Library. 
 
 I mayor
 
 1 Natural and Civil Hijlory of> 
 
 mayor was brought to the city, all hewn and cut 
 to pieces, and was buried in Chrift-church ; and 
 Richard Brafborne was immediately elected mayor 
 
 Anno in his room. 
 
 1394. The 2d of odober, king Richard II. landed at 
 Waterford, with a mighty army. (37) 
 
 This year, Robert Read, a dominican friar, fuc- 
 ceeded Thomas le Reve, in the fees of Waterford 
 and Lifmore, 
 
 1396. Thomas Sparkford fucceeded Robert Read, and 
 only fat one year : 
 
 1397. And was fucceeded by John Deping, or de-Ping, 
 a dominican friar. 
 
 1399- This year, king Richard II. the fecond time 
 landed at Waterford, with a good army, the 1 3th 
 of May {38), and was by the merchants, and moft of 
 the city, received joyfully. The people, at this time, 
 were bafe and fluttifh, and lived in poor houfes. 
 The king flaid fix days in the city. 
 
 The fame year, Thomas Snell was made bifliop of 
 Waterford ^ he fat about fix years, and was tranflated 
 to the fee of Oflbry. 
 
 1405. Roger bifhop of Waterford and Lifmore. 
 
 1409. John Gtt(Q, a carmelite friar, fucceeded Roger 
 in thofe fees. 
 
 141a. A charter granted to this city, by king Henry V. 
 dated at Weuminfter, the 6th day of May. By this 
 charter, the citizens were firll incorporated, by the 
 name of mayor and bailiffs. 
 
 1413. Simon Wickin, mayor of Waterford, Roger 
 Walfhand Thomas Sault, bailiffs, furprifed and took 
 prifoners, O-Hedrifcol, his family, (39) and the reft 
 of his followers, in his ftrong caftle of Baltimore, in 
 the county of Cork. They took with them a (Irong 
 band of men in armour, on board a fhip belonging 
 to the city, and arrived at the caftle on the night of 
 
 (57) Cox. V. I. p. 137. (38) King Richard's laft voyage to 
 
 li^land. 
 
 (39) M. S. college libtary 
 
 chriflmas
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 115 
 
 chriftmasday. The mayor landed his men, marched 
 up to the gate, and called to tne portei', dcfiring 
 him to tell his lord, that the mayor of Waterford 
 was come to the haven with a fliin of \-ine, and 
 would gladly come in to fee him, upon this mef- 
 fage, the gate was let open, and the whole family 
 made prifoners. Anno 
 
 This year, king Henry V. granted afecond char- ,^,r 
 ter to the city, wiiich is dated at Dublin, the 15th 
 day of January. In this charter, the cufioms, cal- 
 led the great new cufioms, and his feal of the faid 
 cuftoms, were granted for the fupport of the 
 city. 
 
 In April, James Butler, earl of Ormond, lord 1^20. 
 lieutenant, landed at Waterford ; and fhortly after 
 caufed a combat to be fought (4.0) between two of 
 his coufins, of whom one was flain on the place, 
 and the other carried away, fore wounded, to Kil- 
 kenny. 
 
 Richard, archdeacon of Lifmore, fucceeded to the ^.^.e. 
 fees of Lifmore and Waterford, and fat 20 years. 
 
 James, earl of Defmond (who flood by the But- 1444. 
 lers againft the Talbots) was, for this caufe, befriend- 
 ed by the earl of Ormond, lord lieut. and obtained 
 a patent for the government of the counties of 
 Vv'^aterford, Cork, Limerick and Kerry. 
 
 Robert Poer, dean of Limerick, made bifnop of i^^s. 
 Waterford. 
 
 John Talbot earl of Shrewibury, lord lieut. on the 
 17th of July, this year, obtained a grant from the ^^^'^' 
 king of the city and county of Waterford, and the 
 difynity and title of earl of Waterford, with the 
 callles, honour, lands, and barony of Dungarvan, 
 with jura regalia, wreck, &c. from Youghal to 
 Waterford •, becaufe (as the patent fays) that country 
 is vvafle, " et non ad proficuum, fed at perditurn 
 noilrum redundat." To hold 10 him and iiis heirs 
 
 (40) Ware's Ant. p. 70. 
 
 I 2 male,
 
 1 1 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 male, and that he and they fhould be thenceforth {Rew- 
 ards of the kingdom, to do and execute all things 
 to that office appertaining, as fully as the ftevvards 
 of England did perform. This patent was made by 
 virtue of a privy feal, and by authority of parli- 
 ament ; buc in the 28th of Henry VIII. Ireland 
 beirg quite negledted by foreign wars and civil dif- 
 fentions in England, it was enadted, by the flat, of 
 abfentees, (4 r ) that the earl of Shrewfbury, for his ab- 
 fence and carekfsnefs in defending his rights, fhould 
 furrender the county and city of Waterford to the 
 crown. However king Charles II. regranted and 
 confirmed the title to the family, in the year t66i. 
 
 Anno Stat. 25. Hen. VI. Numb. 1 8. (42) cnadted, that it 
 
 ^^^^' fhall be lawful for the mayor and citizens of Water- 
 ford, and their fucceflbrs, to aflemble to them what 
 perfons they pleafe, and to ride with them in manner 
 of war, with banners difplayed, againft the Powers, 
 Walfhes, Grants and Daltons, v/hu, of a long time, 
 have been traitors and rebels, and continually prey 
 and rob the king's fubjeds of Waterford and the 
 parts adjoining. 
 
 1448. This year, on the 8th of April, a new charter was 
 granted to this city, by king Henry Vlth. 
 
 1450. Stat. 28. Hen. VI. Ka:nb. 10. (43) As divers of the 
 king's fubjedls have been taken and flain, by Finin O- 
 Hedriibol, chicftanof his nation, an Irid") enemy; 
 enadted, that -ao perfon, of the ports of Wexford, 
 Waterford, &c. fhall fifh at Korkly-Baltiraore, nor 
 go v/ithin the country of the faid O-Hedrifcoi with 
 
 (41) See die a£l of abfentees made in a pa ilianient hed, 
 28tli of Henry VHI. Anno. 1539, before Leoriard lord Grey ; 
 wherein was granted lo the crown, the inheritance of fuch 
 lands in Irciand whereof the duke of Norfolk, and George 
 Talbot earl of Waterford and Salop, were feized ; with the 
 inheritances of divers Corporations and convents demurrant in 
 England. 
 
 {\z) Rot. Cane, (43) Roll's Office. 
 
 viduals,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 117 
 
 viduals, arms, &c. and that proclamation be made 
 of this, by writs, in the parts aforefaid, under the 
 penalty of the forfeiture of their goods, and fhips 
 to thofe who (ball take them, and their perfons 
 to the king ; and the town who receives the faid 
 O-Hedrifcol, or any of his men, fhallpay4ol. to 
 the king. 
 
 This year, on the third of June, (44) the mayor Anno 
 and citizens of Waterford, being informed of the ''^^'° 
 arrival of O-Hedrifcol at Tramore, invited there 
 by the Powers, (who ahvays continued their ran- 
 cour to the city) prepared themfelves in warlike 
 manner, and fet forwards towards Ballymacdane, 
 where they met the O-Hedrifcols and Powers, gave 
 them battle, and gained a complete victory, 160 
 of the enemy being flain, and fome taken prifoners, 
 among whom were O-Hedrifcol -Oge, and fix of 
 his fons, who, with three of their ^allies, were 
 brought to Waterford. 
 
 Stat. 3. Ed w. IV. Numb. 39. (45) It being enafted, 1 4^3' 
 by a parliament held at Drogheda, Ann. 38. Hen. 
 VI. that the groUe [i. e. the groat] the denier, the 
 demi-denier, and the quadrant, fhouid be (truck 
 within the caftles of Dublin and Trim. Now as 
 the mayor, bailiffs and commons of Waterford, 
 are daily incumbered for want of fmall coins for 
 change of greater, it is enaded, at their petition, 
 that the above-mentioned fmall coins be (truck 
 at Waterford, in a place called Dondory, alias 
 Reynold's-tower, and that they be made of the 
 fame weightj print and fize, as is mentioned in the 
 faid ad to be done in the caftles of Dublin and 
 Trim, and that they fhall have this fcripture, Ci- 
 vitas Waterford. (46) 
 
 Ibid. Numb. 44. enaded, that the inhabitants 
 
 (44) 14. S. Clogher. (45) Roll's office. 
 
 (46) See a cut of ihefe coins in the antiquities of Ireland 
 Jately publilhed. 
 
 I a of
 
 8 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 of Cork, Waterford and Youghal, may buy froni 
 and fell to Irifh enemies, al! merchandizes, without 
 impeachment from the king or his officers, ex- 
 cept arms ofxenfive and defenfive, and vidtuals in 
 time of war. 
 
 ibid, Numb. c,^. an aft palled to enable Robert 
 bifhop of Waterford and Lifmore, to purchafe 
 lands, &c. in Frark-almoigne of the value of 40L 
 per ann. and to annex them for ever to the fee of 
 Lifmore, notv^^ithftanding the flat, of mortmain. 
 
 Ibid, Numb. 8. This year, an ad of refumption 
 was pafTed, with an exception to the city of Water- 
 ford, as to the grant of any cocket, cuflom, fee- 
 farm, or other grants made by the king or his 
 progenitors heretofore, or of any other thing grant- 
 ed by authority of parliament. 
 
 Anno Stat. II. 12. Edw. IV. Numb. 57. enaded, that the 
 
 M7'- fovereign and portreeves of the town of Rofle, fliall 
 appear in perfon, or by attorney, in the common- 
 pleas, on the quindena of St. Michael, to fhevv 
 their title of receiving cuftoms from the mayor, 
 bailiiFs, and citizens of Waterford, and if they do 
 not appear, that they fhall be fore-judged of all 
 right for the time to come. 
 
 -472. 12, 13. Edw, IV. Numb. 27. enaded, that the 
 mayor and bailiffs of Waterford, or any of them, 
 may avoid the city, either to parley with Irifh 
 enemies, or Englilb rebels, or in time of peftilence, 
 or to go in pilgrimage to St. James's in Spain, they 
 making ilich deputy or deputies, for whom they 
 v/ill anfwer, in their abfence, without any prejudice 
 to their franchifes, or contempt to the kuig ; and 
 that it fhall be lawful for the laid deputy or depu- 
 ties, to execute all things, or to hold pleas, as the 
 mayor or bailiffs might do if prefent. 
 
 Richard Martin, a francifcan friar, made biOiop 
 of Waterford and Lifmore. 
 
 M75. This year, William Shirwood, bifliop of Meath, 
 being deputy to George duke of Clarence, lord 
 
 lieutenant,
 
 WATERFORD. n 
 
 lieutenant, held a parliament at Dublin, which fixed 
 mints at Dublin, Drogheda, and Waterford. 
 
 The cuftom of poundage being granted on goods, 
 for the fupport of the fraternity of arms, eiiablifhed 
 by ftat. 14. Ed. 4. the city of Waterford was, by 
 this flat, difcharged from paying the faid poundage. 
 
 This year, John Bolcomp made bifliop of Water- 
 ford and Lifmore. 
 
 Nicholas 0-Henifa, a ciflertian monk, made Anno 
 bilTiop of Waterford and Lifmore. H^o. 
 
 He was fucceeded, this year, by John, who was 1482. 
 confecrated bifhop, 
 
 Stat. I. Rich. III. Numb. 24. An acl, to enable '483- 
 James Rice, mayor of Waterford, Patrick Mulgan 
 and Philip Bryan, bailiffs, to go in pilgrimage to 
 St. James's, of Galicia, in Spain, according to a 
 yow made before they were in office, without 
 damage to the king, they leaving fufficient deputies. 
 
 In the year book of 2. Rich. Ill, fol. 1 1, it is men- 1484. 
 tioned, that ieveral merchants of the city of 
 Waterford, fhipped divers merchandifes of the 
 flaple, intending to carry them to Sluys in Flanders 
 and not to Calais, contrary to a ftatute made in 
 England, in 2. Hen. VI. chap. 4. whereby it is 
 enadted, " that the whole repair of wools, vvool- 
 " fells, leather, whole tin, and fhotten tin, and all 
 " other merchandifes belonging to the flaple, 
 " palling out of the realm of England, and the 
 " countries of Wales and Ireland, fliould be at 
 *' Calais in France, upon pain of foifeiture of the 
 " value of the merchandife, which fhall be carried 
 " elfewhere; and that no licence from henceforth 
 " be granted to the contrary, except for wool-fells 
 " and leather of Northumberland, and the billiop- 
 " rick of Durham -, and he that efpieth the lame, 
 " and thereof giveth knowledge to the treafurer of 
 *' England, fhall have a fourth part of the forfei- 
 " ture fo by him efpied." Thefe merchandifes 
 were carried to Calais, contrary to the intention of 
 
 1 4 the
 
 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 
 
 the i"hippers; and there fir Thomas Thvvaltes, knt. 
 leized upon the fhip ; and the merchants petitioned 
 the king and his council, at Weftminfter, by bill, 
 to have reftitution ; and fir Thomas Thwaites 
 alledged the ftatute ; and further proved that thofe 
 incrchants had made an indenture with the mafter 
 of the fhip, to tranfport the goods into Flanders, 
 and not to Calais ; The merchants lliewed a licence 
 of Edw. III. confirmed by two others of Edw. IV. 
 and Rich. III. made to the commonalty and mer- 
 chants of the city of Water ford by the name of 
 their corporation, and to their heirs and fucceflbrs, 
 to carry and tranfport out of the land of Ireland 
 merchandifes of the flaple whitherfoever they 
 pleafed : And upon that matter two queftions were 
 moved, ifl. Whether towns corporate in Ireland, 
 and other inhabitants there, fhall be bound by 
 flatutes made in England. 2. Whether the king 
 may give licence contrary to the ftatute,. efpecially 
 where it is ordained by the ftatute that the finder 
 fhall have half of the forfeiture, and the king fhall 
 have the refidue. And for the folution of thefe 
 queftions all the judges were alTembled in the ex- 
 chequer chamber. To the firft queftion it was faid, 
 tha the land of Ireland had a parliament, and all 
 other courts, as in England ; and by the fame 
 parliament did make and change laws, and that it is 
 not bound by the ftatutes of England, but it was 
 replied that thefe merchants were the king's fubjedts, 
 and as fuch, were bound to obey fuch claufes of 
 this ftatute as related to foreign trade ; in like 
 manner as the inhabitants of Calais, Gafcoigne an4 
 Guifnes, were, while they were fubjeds ^ and as 
 to the iccond queftion, it was anfwered, the king 
 may give a licence, with a claufe of non obftante. 
 But in the ift. of Hen. VII. all the juftices being 
 in the exchequer chamber, the faid queftion was 
 moved again, between them of the city of Water- 
 ford and fir Thomas Thwaites, treafurer of Calais j 
 
 and
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 and then Hufley chief juftice faid, that the ftatutes 
 made in England did bind them oflreland. 
 
 Afterwards, lo Hen, VII. cap. 22, it was ena<fted, 
 in a parhament in Ireland, that ail ftatutes, then 
 lately made in England, fhould bind Ireland. 
 
 Thomas Purceli confecrated bifhop of Waterford Anno 
 and Lifmore. i486. 
 
 This year, Lambert Simnel, a baker's fon, was 1487. 
 crowned king in Dublin, by the earl of Kildare, 
 then lord deputy, with the alliftance of fome lords 
 fpiritual and temporal, and the commons of the 
 northern parts of Ireland, Soon after the earl, as 
 tutor to the faid mock king, fent to Mr. John 
 Butler, then mayor of Waterford, a command to 
 be in readinefs to receive and aflift him with all 
 the forces of the city. The mayor anfwered, that 
 he would fend his mind, in writing, by a mef- 
 fenger of his own; and with the advice of the 
 council, wrote to the ear], that the citizens of 
 Waterford took all fuch as rebels to the rightful 
 king of England, who proclaimed and crowned 
 the faid Lam^bert. The earl, being moved with that 
 anfwer, commanded the mieflenger to be hanged in 
 Hoggin-green (47), whereat Walter, archbiOiopof 
 Dublin, and others of the council, v/ere offended. 
 The earl immediately fent his herald, in his coat 
 of arms, to Waterford, who would have landed • 
 but the mayor forbad him, and defired him to de- 
 liver his meiTage from the boat. The herald, in 
 the name of the earl, commanded the mayor and 
 citizens, under pain of hanging at their doors, to 
 proclaim the faid king, and to accept him as their 
 rightful prince. The mayor defired the herald to 
 tell thofe who fent him, that they fhould not be 
 troubled to come ai'd hang him at his doo^ ; but 
 (god willing) he would, with the cicizens, en- 
 counter the falfe king and all his adherents, thirty 
 
 (47) Nov/ College-green in Dublin. 
 
 miles 
 
 I2i
 
 I ^2 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 miles from Waterford, where he meant to give them 
 an overthrow, to their difhonour and infamy. At 
 this time, the Butlers and other C!a;is were in the 
 city, and the iijhabitants of Cionmel, Feathard, 
 Calan and other towns, were all ready for the bat- 
 tle. But foon after, the mock prince failing to 
 England, was met by king Henry's forces at Stoke, 
 near Nottingham, and inurely routed • whereby the 
 faid earl, and his king, were baffled in their at- 
 tempts upon this city. 
 
 A letter of Henry VII. to the citizens of Waterford, 
 concerning the treafons of the city of Dublin, 
 relating to the coionation of Lcimbert Simnel in 
 that ciiy. 
 
 HENRY, by the grace of god, king or England, arid of 
 France, and lord oF Ireland, to our trufty and well be- 
 loved, the mayor, bailiffs, and commonalty of our city of 
 "Waterford, in our land of Ireland, greeting. 
 
 WHereas it is evidently known, that our rebel the earl of 
 Kildare, not long ago, confederated with certain others 
 our rebels and traytors, through the aid and afTiilance of the 
 inhabitants of the city of Dublin, in our faid land, and others 
 of their fe£l made great rebellion againft us ; intending, as much 
 as in them was, the deftrudion of our perfon, and the utter 
 fubverfion of this our realm, if they might have attained unto 
 ^ their malitious purpofe; whofe malice, through the grace of 
 god, and the aid of the loving fubjedts, we withftocd, to the 
 final deftrudtion and confufion of many of them. 
 
 And forafmuch as the (aid earl, with the fupportation of the 
 inhabitants of our faid city of Dublin, and others there, to the 
 high difpleafure of almighty god, and contrary to the duty of 
 their allegiance, will not yet know their feditious opinions, 
 but unro this day uphold and maintain the fame prcfiimptioufly, 
 as we certainly under fland. 
 
 We therefore, tor the good obeyfance and loving difpofition 
 that ye. to our fingular comfort and pleafure, have borne always 
 towards us (wherefore we heartily thank you) and trufting firmly 
 in the fame, will and charge you, and by thefe our letters, 
 givi.' unto you and every of you, full authority and power, to 
 arreft, feixe and take, all fuch, and as many of our (aid rebels, 
 as ye (hall now attain unto by (ea and land, with all manner of 
 their fhips, goods and merchandizes, as ye Ihall find to be 
 
 can led
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 carried or conveyed from any other place to our faid city of 
 Dublin, and to the parts thereabouts ; and to einpioy the iame 
 unto the behoof and comraonweal of our faid city of Water- 
 ford : And that ye fail not daily and diiigently t6 endeavour 
 yourfelves, for the execution of this commandment, until the 
 faid eatl, and the inhabitants of our faid city of BuUin, with 
 the parties thereabouts of the ftquei, utterly and clearly leave 
 and forfake the faid rebellion and contemptuous demeani/)fr, and 
 ihall be of good and due obeyfance unto us, and ftand ?n the 
 favour of our grace. 
 
 Charging over this all manner of our officers, true liege- 
 men and fubjefts, that unto you and every of you, in execut- 
 ing the premifes, they be aiding, helping and afliftin^, in eve- 
 ry behalf, as it Ihall appertain ; as they and every of them will 
 be recommended of good and true obeyfance unto us 
 
 Given under our privy feal at oqr caiUe oi Warwick 
 the 20th day of Odtober, the third year of our reign 
 HENRY, rex;' 
 
 For this loyal behaviour of the city, the king Anno 
 granted them a new charter the year after, dated '4^8. 
 at Weftminfter, the 12th day of May, in the third 
 year of his reign. 
 
 " Sir Richard Edgcomb (48) (who was fent to 
 " take the oaths of allegiance from the great men 
 " of Ireland, after the rebellion of Lambert Sim- 
 *' nel) was, on the 30th of June, received in Wa- 
 " terford, by the rpayor and worlliipful men of 
 *' the fame, and entertained honourably, and was 
 " lodged by the mayor in his own lioufe, who 
 " made him right hearty cheer." 
 
 This year, the mayor (49) and citizens of Wa- 1497. 
 terford, by letters fignified to king Henry, the ar- 
 rival of another mock-prince, Perivin Warbeck, at 
 Cork, with a difcovery of the confpiratcrs ; and as 
 they behaved themfelves loyally againfl Lambert 
 Simnel, fo now they did die fame againfl P^^rkin ; 
 by which a6t they defervedly flour iflied in the king's 
 favour, and received from him, among other 
 honours, this mono, " IntaCla manetWa terford ia." 
 
 (4.8) Sir Richard Edgcomb's vovage. 
 
 (49) Ware's Ant. p. ^^. M. S. Ciogher, No. 27. F. p. 97. 
 
 123
 
 Natural and Civil Hi(lory of 
 On the 23d of July, this year, Perkin and Mau- 
 rice earl of Defmond, with 2400 men, befieged 
 this city -on the weft. (Robert Butler being then 
 mayor.) They had the aid of the earl of Lincoln, 
 and continued the attack eleven days. The citi- 
 zens were victorious in feveral fkirmilhes ; during 
 this fiege, eleven (hips of the enemy arrived at 
 Paflage, two of which landed their men at Lom- 
 bard's-weir, (50) over whom the citizens obtained 
 a vidory ; many of the aflfailants were killed, and 
 feveral, who were brought prifoners into the city, 
 had their heads chopped off in the market-place, 
 and fixed on ftakes. One of the enemy's fhips was 
 bulged and funk, by the ordnance from Dondory, 
 and no relief could be fent to fave the men ; the 
 ponds were kept full of water towards Killbarry, by 
 feveral dams made by the city for t6at purpofe. 
 The .gd of Auguil, before day, the enemy raifed 
 the fiege, and marched towards Ballycafhin, and 
 departed the day after, with great difhonour and 
 lofs. Perkin took (hip at Pa(rage, and failed out 
 of the haven ; the citizens purfued him, with four 
 fhips, to the city of Cork, where he v/as received 
 by Waters, then mayor, who privately kept him 
 till the arrival of the citizens of Waterford. Then 
 he conveyed him out of the city, by night, in a 
 fmall bark, and he proceeded to Kinfale. The 
 citizens of Waterford, perceiving the falfe dealings 
 of Waters, purfued Perkin to the coaft near Kin- 
 fale, from whence he ftole in a Spanifh bark, and 
 landed in Cornwall, where the Waterford (hips (lill 
 purfued him. Upon notice hereof brought to king 
 Henry the Vllth. who was then at Exeter, his ma- 
 jefty fent in purfuit after him, until he was appre- 
 hended and brought to the king (51). 
 
 (;o) Near Lombard's-inar(h. 
 
 (51) Compaie this with Cox, v. i. p. 190. €t feq. 
 
 King
 
 WATERFORD. ,- 
 
 King Henry Vllth's letter to the mayor and citizens 
 of Waterford, touching Perkin. 
 
 HENRY, Rex. 
 
 TR U S T Y and well-beloved, we greet you well. And hav- Anno 
 ing received your writing, bearing date the firft of this in- 1 497. 
 ftant month, whereby we conceive, that Perkin Warbeck came 
 unto the haven of Cork the 26th of July iaft paft, and that he 
 intendeth to make fail thence to our country of Cornwall, for 
 the which your certificate in this party, and for the true minds 
 that you have always borne towards us, and now fpecially for 
 the fpeedy lending of your faid writing, which we received the 
 fifth day of the faid month in the morning, we give unto you 
 our right hearty thanks, as we have fmgular caufe fo to do, 
 praying you of your good perfeverance in the fame, and a!fo to 
 fend unto us, by your writing, fuch news, from time to time, 
 as fhall be occurrent in thofe parts, wherein you Ihull minifter 
 unto us full good pleafure to your fembiable thanks hereafter, 
 and caufe us not to forget your laid good minds unto us, nor 
 any your reafonable defires, for tiuje to come ; given under 
 our fjgnet at our manor of Weftminfter, the 6th of Auguft 
 (over this.) We pray you to put your effedual diligence for 
 the taking of the faid Perkin, and him fo taken to fend unto us, 
 wherein you ftiall not only fmgularly pleafe us, but fhall have 
 alfo for the fame, in money content, the fum of 1000 marks 
 fterl. for your reward, whereunto you may verily truft ; for 
 fo we affure you, by thefe our prefent letieis, and therefore 
 we think it behoveful, that you fend forth fhips fo the fea for 
 the taking of Perkin aforefaid, for they that take him, and 
 bring or fend him furely to us, ihali have undoubtedly the faid 
 reward. HENRY, Rex. 
 
 Another letter from the fame king, to the mayor 
 and citizens, touching Fer!£in and others. 
 
 HENRY, Rex. 
 
 TRUSTY, &c. And whereas Perkin Warbeck, lately ac- 
 companied with divers and many c our rebels of Corn- 
 wall, advanced themfelves to oui city of Exeter, which was 
 denied unto them, and fo they came to the town of faunton, at 
 which town, as foon as they had knowledge thr.t our chamber- 
 lain or fteward of our houfhold, fir John Cheny, and others 
 our loving fubjetts with them, were come fo far forth towards 
 the faid Perk;n, a to our mcnallery of Glalonbury, the faid 
 Perkin took vith aim John Heron, Edward Skelter, and Ni- 
 cholas Afhie/, and Hole away fiom his faid company about 
 
 midnight.
 
 Niitura} and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 in'dntgbt, and fied with ail the hafte they could. We had well 
 piovided beforehand for the fea coafts, that if he had attempted 
 that way, as he thought indeed to have done, he fhouid have 
 been put from his purpofe, as it came to pafs : For when they 
 perceived they might not fet to the fea, and that they were 
 had in quick chace and puifuit, tliey were compelled to ad- 
 drefs thcmfelves to our monaftery of Beaulieu, to the which of 
 chance and fortune, it happened fome of our menial fervants 
 did repair, and fome Urere fent thither purpofely. The faid 
 Perlcin, Heion, Skelton, and Alliley, feeing our faid fervants 
 there, and remembring that all the country was warned to 
 make watch, and to give attendance, that they fliould not 
 avoid nor efcape by fea, made inftances to our faid fervants to 
 fue unto us for them j the faid Perkin defiring to be fure of his 
 life, and he v.ould come unto us to (Lev/ what he is, and over 
 that do unto us fuch fervice as fhouid content us. And fo, by 
 agreement of cur faid fervants and them, they wifhed them to 
 depart from Beaulieu, and to put themfelves in our grace and 
 pity. The abbot and convent hearing hereof, demanded of 
 them why, and for what caufe they would depart ? whereuntoi 
 he gave anfwer, in the prefence of the faid abbot and convent, 
 and of many others, that without any manner of conftraint, 
 they would come unto us of their free wills, in truft of our 
 grace and pardon aforefaid. And fo the faid Perkin came unto 
 us to the town of Taunton, from whence he fled, and immedi- 
 ately after his firft c6ming, humbly fubmitting himfelf to us, 
 hath of his fiee will openly fhewed, in the prefence of all the 
 lords here v/ith us, and of all nobles, his name to be Pierce 
 Olbeck, whence he hath been named Perkin Warbeck, and to 
 be no Englifhman born, but born of Tournay, and fon to 
 John (52).— Some time while he lived comptroller of the faid 
 town, with many other circumllances too long to write, declar- 
 ing by whofe means he took upon him this prefumption and 
 folly, and fo now the great abufe which hath long continued, is 
 now openly known by his own confellion. We write thefe news 
 unto you ; for be undoubted that calling to mind the great 
 ahulion, that divers folks have been in by reafon of the faid 
 Perkin, and the great bufinefs and charges that we and our realm 
 have been put unto in that behalf, you would be glad to hear 
 the certainty of the fame, which we aflirm unto you for alTured 
 truth. Sithence, the writing of thefe premilTes, we be afler- 
 t.TJned t! ntPerkin's wife is in good furety for us, and truft that 
 fhe fhall Ihortly come unto us to this our city of Exeter, as fhe 
 is minded. Over this we underftand, by writing from the 
 Right Rev. Father in God the bilhop of Durefine, that a truce 
 is tai:en between us and Scotland, and that it is concluded the 
 kWg of Scots fliall fend unto us a great and folenm embaffagc 
 
 (52) Ofbeck, according to lord Bacon. 
 
 for
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ,2, 
 
 for a longer peace to be had during both our lives. And fines 
 our coming to this our city of Exeter, for the fuppreflion of this 
 great rebellion, and fo to order the parties of Cornwall as the 
 people may live in their due obeyfance unto us, and in good 
 leftfullnefs for themfelves in time to come. The commons of 
 this fhire of Devon come dayly before us, in great multitudes, 
 in their fhirts, the fjremoll of them having lialters about their 
 necks, and fall humble, with lamentable cries, for our grace and 
 remiilion fubmit themfelves unto us ; whereupon ordering firft, 
 the chief ftirrers and doers to be tried out of them, for to abide 
 their correftions accordingly, we grant unto the refidue gene- 
 rally our faid grace and pardon ; and our commiffioners the earl 
 of Devon, our chamberlain and our fte^vard of hculhold, have 
 done and do dayly iikewife, in our county of Cornwall. Given 
 under our fignet, at our faid city of Exeter, the iSth day of 
 Odoher. 
 
 To our trufty and weli-bcloved the mayor and his brethren 
 of our city of Watcri'crd. 
 
 A petition of the rayor, bailiffs and citizens of Anno 
 Waterford, to Ising Henry the Vllth. by "V* il- 1499. 
 liam White, recorder, and James Lumbard, ci- 
 tizen. 
 
 THAT the king and his progenitors graated to the mayor, 
 bailiffs, &c. and their fuccefTor':., thac they fliould not be 
 compelled in time of war, or peace, to go out of the faid city 
 in manner of war, but flioiild defend faid city for the king, and 
 in his name, as one of his chamberiains of his land of iieJand. 
 That they be not fufFered to enjoy the effcdl of faid granT, bur, 
 at all times, are commanded, by the deputy or other officers, , 
 to go to the field unto far counrries. That this procedure, in 
 procefs of time, will be the deilrudfion of the city, in regard the 
 greatefl: part of them may be flain, and thereby the city be left 
 defolate. Further, That the revenues of the city, which Vi'ere 
 granted for fupportation of the waiis and rowers, mufl, in 
 fuch cafe, be laid out in victualling and wages of men for the 
 field, and the city be left defencelefs for want of fufScient re- 
 paration. That the city hath been ever kept as a garrifon for 
 die king, and never deviated from their allegiance fince the ar- 
 rival of Henry II. at Warerford, That all kings and princes 
 have ever fince landed at Waterford, as being the nioft commo- 
 dious place. That when all the kingdom was abafed by rebels 
 and enemies, they were renfltd and put to rebuke at Water- 
 ford ; and the citizens purfueu Per kin Warbeck, in four great 
 fhips, at their own chari;es, and v.as the caufe of his falling 
 into the king's hands, i'hereibre, they pray ihat the faid city 
 
 be
 
 2 8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 be kept whole in itfelf, and no inrerefl therein be given to the 
 lords of the land, and the citizens may have the effeft of their 
 faid grant, and that they may enjoy the benefit of their faid 
 charter, as amply as is contained therein, &c. 
 
 Granted by the Jcing, under the fignet, dated the 15th of 
 June, (no year) N. Lumbard was mayor, anno 1499. 
 
 Anno Nicholas Comin made blfhop of Waterford and 
 
 »5»9- Lifmore. 
 
 1520. The earls of Ormond and Defmond, by the earl 
 of Surr\'s iiterpofition, {c^^) were reconciled at 
 Waterford, 
 
 1536, King Hsary VIII. fenr Mr. V/illiam Wife to the 
 mayor and ciiiz-^rs of Waterford, with gracious 
 letters, (54) and a cap of maintenance, as an ho- 
 nourable gift, to be always borne before the mayor 
 ^55)' He b .fare fent them, by the fame meffenger, 
 a gilt fword, for their renowned fidelity, to be alfo 
 borne before the mayor. 
 
 A copy of the faid grant is as follows. 
 
 By the K I N G. 
 
 HENRY. Rex. 
 
 TRUST Yand well-beloved we greet you well : And having 
 received your letters with credence to be referred unto 
 this bearer, William Wife, efq; for our body, which thorough- 
 ly declared your benevolence and loving acquitals to us in all 
 you- proceedings there concerning us and our army, according 
 to your natural duty, and the exoeftafion we have always con- 
 ceived of you, whofe credsnce with the circumftance of your 
 purfuits we have at length hsnrd and well perceived j and for 
 the fame your demeanours, we render you our mod heart/ 
 thanks, letting you to wit, that we have, at this time, by the 
 advice of our council, fo concluded and ordered, that at this 
 next parliament within that our land to be holden, that ye fhall 
 not be endamaged, nor hindered m any of your liberties and 
 grants of our progenitors made unto you, but always contain- 
 ing and perfifting in your accuftomed fervice and well approved 
 fidelitie, we (hall as matter and occafion (hall require, from 
 time to time, provide for your publick weal, and that o«r 
 cittie. 
 
 (53) Ware's Ant. p. 68. (54)Id. p95. (55) Cox, p. 252. 
 
 And
 
 V/ A T E R F O R D. 129 
 
 And now at this time, as a remembrance and evIJent tokea 
 of our favours, we have fent you, by the bearer, a Cap of 
 Maintenance, to be borne at times thought fit by you, and 
 neceffary before you our mayor, being ouv officer of that our 
 faid cittie, and our fucceffors officers of the fame. 
 
 Given under our fignett, at our manor of Green- 
 wich, the laft. day of April, in the zotli year of 
 our reign. 
 To our right truLLy and u'eli-beloved the malor and com- 
 minality of our cittie of Waterford, in the land of Ireland. 
 
 Dominick Power was this year fent, by Thomas Anno 
 Fitzgerald (commonly called Silken Thomias, then 1536. 
 in rebellion, and fon to the earl of Kildare) to the 
 emperor Charles V. to crave his aid to conquer 
 Ireland. He prefented him with 12 great Hawks, 
 and 14 fair Hobbies; but the emperor informed 
 him, that he came too late ; for that the lord 
 Thomas and five of his uncles, v/ere executed at 
 London, the 3d of February. However, the em- 
 peror procured him a pardon from king Henry VIII. 
 which notwithftanding he had obtained, he did not 
 think proper to return to Ireland -, but continued in 
 Portugal, and received a ducat a day, during his 
 life, as a penfion from the emperor. He died at 
 Lifbon. 
 
 On the 20th of February, (56) four Portugal i^^^; 
 fhips, laden with Spanilh wines, configned to the 
 merchants of Waterford, were driven, by tempeil, 
 to Cape-Clear, Baltimore, and the old head ojf 
 Kinfale. One of the fliips, called la Santa iMaria 
 de Soci, laden with 100 tuns of wine, was driven 
 into a bay, adjoining to the entrance of the haven 
 of Baltimore. Finen O-Hedrifcol, chieftan of the 
 ifland, Conogher his fon, and Gilly Dufre his bafe 
 fon, came on board, and covenanted with the mer- 
 cimnts, for three pipes of wine, to condudl the fnip 
 fafe into the haven. When the gentry and peers of 
 thofe parts had tafted the wines, they forgot their 
 
 (56) M. S. Clogher, in college library. 
 
 K ■ fafe
 
 1 20 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 fafe condii6\, invited the merchants to dinner in the 
 caftle, feizcd and clapped them in irons, manned 
 their Irifli galHes and took the fliip, and diftributed 
 '72 tuns of the wine among their neighbours. 
 
 On the 3d of March, news arrived of this acftion 
 at Waterford. Immediately 24 men of the city, 
 with Pierce Dobbyn for their captain, failed in a 
 Picard, called the Sunday of Waterford, well 
 armed \ the day following at noon, arrived fudden- 
 ly, at the fhip, and as they boarded her on one fide, 
 Gilly Duif, and 24 of his men, fled out at the other. 
 When the ihip was won, Pierce Dobbyn manned 
 her, and fet the prifoners at large, there remained 
 of the vv'ine 25 tuns and more ; taking a view of 
 the caftle, they fired feveral guns at the great hall, 
 and then failed to Waterford, 
 
 On the 27th of the fame month, (57) the mayor 
 fitted out a little fleet, confifting of the fhip lately 
 retaken, another large velfel, and the great galley 
 of the city, v^^ell appointed with artillery, vi6Uials, 
 and men to the number of 400, and put them 
 under the comma: d of Bailiff Wood lock, as chief 
 captain, Pierce Dobbyn, James Wallli, James 
 Sherlock, Henry Wallh and John Butler, under 
 captains. On Wednefday the firft of April, at 
 nigiu, they faiL=d, arrived within the haven of Bal- 
 timore, and anchored towards the caflle, which was 
 guarded with men and artillery. They fired at it 
 all night, at the break of day the ward fled, the 
 Waterford men landed in good order in the ifland, 
 and befieged theflrong fortrefs there ; the mariners 
 entered the caflle, by the fmall port, and put up 
 St. George's ftandard ; the army all entered at the 
 bridge-gate, and kept it five days, which they 
 fneni in defli-oyir-g all the villages of the ifland ; 
 a fo the houfe of the friars minors near the caftle, 
 and the mill of the fame. The fortrefs being dou- 
 
 (57) M. S. Clogher. 
 
 ble
 
 W A T E R F O R D. i^i 
 
 ble warded, by two ftrong piles or caHIes, with 
 walls and barbicans, the halls, offices, &:c, were 
 totally ruined to the ground, and tumbled into the 
 fea. There was found in the ifland great (lore of 
 malt, barley and fait. There was taken here 
 Finen's chief galley of 30 oars, and above three or 
 four fcore pi nances, of which about 50 were 
 burned, and the great galley carried to VVaterford. 
 Near to Inifhircan was an ifland, called Inchipite, 
 where Finen had his moft pleafant feat in a caftle, 
 adjoining to an hall, with an orchard and grove, all 
 which they deflroyed and razed to the earth ; and 
 from thence they entered into another ifland, and 
 burnt all the villages of the fame. Then landino- 
 in the main, they burnt and deftroyed Baltimore, 
 and broke down Teig-O-Hedrifcol's goodly caflle 
 and bawn. 
 
 On Tuefday in pafiion-week, one William Grant 
 was on the top of the caftles, which being all on 
 fire under him, he ftood upon one of the pinnacles, 
 and cried out for help. Buder tied a fmall cord to 
 an arrow and (hot it up to Grant, who drew up an 
 hawfer faftened to the cord, and fixing the hawfer 
 to the pinacle, flided down, and was received, by 
 his fellows, on beds. After this, on Good-Friday, 
 the army arrived fafe at \¥aterford. 
 
 The king having promoted Girald Ailmer, chief Anno 
 baron of the exchequer, and after chief jufhice of '539' 
 the common pleas, to be chief juftice of Ireland, by 
 the intereft of the lord Cromwell, who was then 
 prime minifter to king Flenry Vlll. (by which lord, 
 Ailmer was highly efteemed ;) the citizens of Wa- 
 terford, and townfmen of Wexford, having a dif- 
 like to him, made feveral complaints of him to the 
 earl of ShrewflDury, then likewife earl of V.aterfjrd 
 and Wexford, who went to the king, and infonned 
 his majefl:y, that Ailmer was an improper peri'on 
 for the office, and as unfit to be chi<:,f juftice, as 
 Patch, cardinal Wolfey's fool. The king fpoke to 
 
 K 2 lord
 
 I'^Z Natural and Civil Kijlory of 
 
 lord Cromwell concerning Ailmer's capacity, wha 
 informed his majefty, that if he would condefcend 
 to talk with him, that he believed his majefly 
 would find, that he had been mifreprefented. 
 To which the king agreed, and found Ailmer to 
 be a very proper perfon to fill up fo important an 
 office. In this conference, the king afked him, 
 what he took to be the chief caufe of the frequent 
 diforders in Ireland, and how he thought the king- 
 dom might beft be reformed ? Ailmer replied, that 
 the nobility of England having fuch large eftates in 
 Ireland, and their not refiding upon them, encou- 
 raged the Ii ifh to over-run and plunder their lands ; 
 therefore advifed his majefly to refume, by acft of 
 parliament fuch eftates as the owners would not re- 
 fide en or defend ; which advice the king followed, 
 to the great detriment of the earl of Shrewlbury 
 and Waterford, among others, who was pofTeired 
 of divers ancient lordfnips and manors in this 
 county. 
 Anno This year feveral Irifh lords ferved king Henry 
 ^544- at the fiege of Buloigne in Flanders; and, among 
 
 others, the lord Power and Shurlock, efq; of 
 
 this county, were captains, who muflered 700 
 Irifh in St. James's park, Weflminfter. They 
 ferved as irregulars, and plundered all the adjacent 
 country. Their manner of collecting cattle was by 
 tying a bull to a flake, and fcorching him with 
 faggots, in order to force him to bellow, which 
 gathered all the neighbouring cows about him, by 
 which artifice, they were taken and carried to the 
 camp; and whenever they met with a Frenchman, 
 they always cut off his head, refufmg him both 
 quarter and ranfom. The French, by this ftrange 
 kind of making war, being aflonifhed, fent a 
 trumpet to king Henry, to learn whether he had 
 brou!<.Tht men with him or devils, that could neither 
 be Vvon v iih rewards or ccmpaiTion, which the king 
 turi.ii.g to a jei>, fcvcral of the Inlh who itraggled 
 
 from
 
 WATERFORD. ,c 
 
 from their companions, and fell into the enemy's 
 hands, were afterwards iifed very cruelly, and put 
 to great tortures before they were flain. At this 
 fiege, a Frenchman challenged to fight any of the 
 Englifli, hand to hand, in fin gle combat, and cam.e 
 to the oppofite fide of the bay for this purpofe, 
 being encouraged thereto by the depth of tiie wa- 
 ter, and the nearnefs of his own men. One Nicholas 
 Walfh, an Irifhman, accepting the challenge, fwam 
 acrofs the bay, fought the Frenchman, dilpatched 
 him before any of his countrymen could aflift him, 
 and returned acrofs the v/ater, fwimming with the 
 monfieur's head in his mouth •, for which exploit 
 he was well rewarded. 
 
 Sir William Wife, knight, whom Stanihuril (58) Anno 
 calls a worfhipful gentleman, born at Waterford, '545- 
 greatly allifted the earl of Orm.ond, in a difpute 
 he had with the lord deputy St. Leger, who, with 
 the earl, was fummoned into England this year, to 
 give an account of their difference before the lords 
 of the council. This fir William Wife grew into 
 fuch favour with king Henry VIII. that he provided 
 greatly for feveral of his friends and relations. 
 Having, fays the above cited author, lent his ma- 
 jerty his ring once to feal a letter, which was en- 
 graved with powdered eremites ingrailed. " Wife," 
 quoth the king, " haft thou lice here .?" " And if 
 ^* it like your majefty," replied fir William, " a loufe 
 ♦' is a rich coat, for in giving the loufe, I part 
 f' arms with the French king, as in that he beareth 
 *' the flower de lice," Whereat the king heartily 
 laughed. 
 
 Sir Edward Bellingham (f^g), with an army of ,^17. 
 600 horfe and 400 foot, landed at Waterford, be- 
 ing fent over by the protedor and privy-council of 
 England, 
 
 (58) P^ 105, fol. edit (59) Ware's ant. p. 1 16. 
 
 K 3 ir
 
 ^574. 
 
 T 34 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 Anno Sir Francis Bryan (60), lordjuflice, died at Clon- 
 
 '549- mel, on the fecond of February, and was buried 
 in the cathedral of Water ford, 
 
 1 551. Patrick Walfli, dean of Waterford, promoted 
 to thefe united fees. 
 
 J 569. The lord deputy Sidney being encamped at 
 Clonmel, where he imagined that James Fitz- 
 Maurice, a:^.d other difafFecfted perfons, who had 
 lately ravaged the country and befieged Kilkenny, 
 would have attacked him, fent to the citizens of 
 Waterford, to aflift him v/ith a few foldiers only 
 for three days. But they ftood upon their privi- 
 leges, and very infolently refufed to fend him any 
 aiiiflance upon this occafion (61). 
 
 A charter- granted this year to the city, by queen 
 Elizabeth, dated at Weftminfter the 8th day of 
 February, in the nth year of her reign. 
 
 The queen granted a fecond charter to the cMj^ 
 bearing date at Norhambury, the i6th day of July, 
 in the i6th year of her reign-, in this charter, the 
 office of Iheriffs were firft created, as alfo the 
 county of the city of Waterford. 
 
 Sir Peter Carew (62) was buried at Water- 
 ford ; the funeral was attended by the lord depu- 
 ty 
 
 (60) Id. p. 121. (61) Hooker. 
 
 (62) This fir Peter Carew was defcervded from the family 
 of Montgomery, whofe anceftor of that name, married 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Rhoefius, prince of S Wales, by which 
 he was made buon of Carew-caftle, from whence his fuccef- 
 fors had their firr.ame ; fome of wiiom paffing over into Ire- 
 land, obtained great pofTefTions here, and became barons of 
 Idrone in the county of'Carlow, alfo marquiffcs ofCork, and in- 
 herited fevera! lordfhips and feigniories, which were claimed 
 by this fir Peter Carew at this time. He v.ns a man of a low 
 Itature, and ferveJ the prince of Orange as a page in his youth ; 
 as he did king Henry VIII. king Edwaid VI. and queen Eliza- 
 beth, in their wars both abroad and at home. He had been a 
 great traveller, having feen the courts of the German emperor, 
 and that of the Grand Turk and French king, being in queea 
 Mary's rei'^n, an exile, on account of his religion He under- 
 ftood the Italian and French tongues as well as Englifh ; and 
 
 being 

 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 ty (63), who during his flay there, was nobly en- 
 tertained by the mayor and aldermen, for which 
 he returned them thanks, after he had given the 
 city a check for infifting on their privileges, when 
 the publick required their ailiftance. 
 
 The lord deputy fir Henry Sidney, was attended 
 here by the earl of Ormand. A young fcholar, 
 
 being in great efteem with queen Elizabeth, he obtained her 
 licence to claim the great eitate which his ancellors liad pof- 
 fefled in Ireland, which he did, and made fiich good proofs of 
 his title, by evidences and records, tiiat he recovered the lord- 
 fhip of Mallon, of which his family had been dirpoiTefTcd for 
 1 40 years, and which he parted with to fir Chriftopher Chivers, 
 knight, then tenant to the fame ; alfo the barony of Odrone 
 or Idrone, part of Carlow, then poflelTed by the Cavanaghs, 
 who had expelled his ancellors above 200 years before; they 
 all took leafes from him, and feeined well pieafed to become 
 his tenants. He divided the barony into feverai lordfhips, and 
 erefted a court baron in each of them. He refided among them, 
 and kept fo noble an houfe, as he became univerfally beloved 
 by the whole country. He had loo perfons in his own family, 
 befides 49 horfe and foot, well armed ; by which means, he 
 preferved his country from being ravaged by the Irifh on his 
 borders. He was of great ftrvice in affiiting the lord deputy 
 againfl; fir Edward Bucier, and other Irilh, who revolted ; as 
 alfo in Ulfter, where he joined the earl of Effex againll: the 
 Irifli. Several of the gentlemen of the county of Cork, invit- 
 ed him to that city, and offered him their aifiilance, in recover- 
 ing his lands in that county ; and he knowing the ju'.tnefs of 
 his title thereto, fent Hooker the hiftorian, then his agent, to 
 that city, where Mac-Carthy P.eagh, Cormac Mac- Tiegue, 
 Barry Oge, O-Drifcol and others met him, offered to recom- 
 penfe him tor what was pall:, and to alfiil him in building an 
 houfe in that county, if he would refide among the'ii ; and 
 would give him 3C00 kine, with a propuitionable number ot 
 fheep and hogs, with corn and other goods, tor the pielent, 
 and alfo a proportionable number yearh'. His agent took ai\ 
 houfe at Cork, prepared another for him at Kingfale, and in- 
 formed him of thefe offers ; whereupon he fet his houfe at 
 Leighlin, to his kinlman and coufin eter Carcw hi'; heir ; and 
 preparing to go to Cork, he embarked his goods at Rols, vhere 
 he fickened and died, the 27ih of November, 1^75. He was 
 interred very honourably, and in a warlike manner, at Water- 
 
 fprd. 
 
 (63) Life of queen Eliz. p. i 8. 
 
 K A clad
 
 I :S Natural and Civil Bijlory of 
 
 clad in white attire, made him an oration in latin ; 
 and great rejoicings were made, both on the river 
 and m the city, on his excellency's arrival, with 
 which he was fo well pleafed, that he wrote letters 
 into England, to inform the queen and council 
 thereof. 
 Anno Marmaduke Middleton, made bifhop of Water- 
 *S79- ford and Lifmorc; and in 1582, degraded (64) for 
 contriving and publifhing a forged will. 
 
 On the 25th of January, the lord J. Pelhamcame 
 to Waterford, by water, from Ballyhack, in boats 
 well appointed by the mayor. Sir Peter Carew, 
 fir William Stanley, and the captains George Ca- 
 rew and Piers, iifued out of the city, with their 
 companies, aiid near the fhore prefented his lord- 
 fhip with a mock-fight; then retired to line the 
 ftreets againft hislordlTiip's landing. The bulwarks, 
 gates, and curtains of the city, were beautified 
 with enfigns, and feveral cannon were difcharged 
 in a warlike manner, which were anfwered by all 
 the fhips in the harbour, and a great number of 
 pieces on the quay. The foldiers alfo fired feveral 
 voUies. The mayor and aldermen received his 
 lordfiiip in their fcarlet gowns, and prefented him 
 the city fword and keys of the gates, which he 
 immediately returned ; and the mayor carried the 
 fword before him to the cathedral. There were 
 two orations made him in latin, by the way ; and 
 at his return from church, a third fpeech was made 
 him at the door of his lodging. The earl of Or- 
 mond met his lordiliip here; and he had advice, 
 by letters from fir William Morgan, that the re- 
 bels, under Defmond, had come as far as Dun- 
 garvan and Ycughal ; v^hereupon the captains 
 Zouch and St. Leger, with 100 horfe, and fir Wil- 
 liam Stanley, v/ith fir Peter Carew, and the captains 
 George Carew and Piers, were fent with 4Q0 foot, 
 to difperfe them, 
 
 (64) Vid. Rufiiworth'a collet, voi, IL p. 428; Upon
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ,3 
 
 Upon notice of the daily increafe of the rebellion, 
 he fent a commillion of martial law, dated at Wa- 
 terford the 1 1 th of February, to fir Warham St. 
 Leger to be provoft marfhal, authorizing him, tq 
 proceed "according to the courfe of martial law, 
 againll all offenders, according to the nature of 
 their crimes, provided the criminal was not worth 
 40s. yearl}-, or lol. in goods, with other matters 
 contained in the commiifllon. Having remained 
 here three weeks, he went to Clonmel, on the 15th 
 of February 1579; and from thence, by eafyjour- 
 ries, to Limerick. 
 
 The fame year {6s) the army was reinforced 
 with 500 men, whom her majefty fent to Water- 
 ford, under the command of the captains Bourchier 
 and Dowdall, and two of the Carews, brothers. 
 On the lafl: of Septembet, the lord deputy Drury 
 died at Waterford, 
 
 On the 7 th of January, Miler Macgrath, arch- ^nno 
 bifhop of Cafhel, was conftituted commendatory 1582. 
 bifliop of Waterford and Lifmore. 
 
 The fame year, the earl of Ormond arrived from 
 England, bringing with him about 400 men, which 
 he landed in Waterford. 
 
 March 12th, queen Elizabeth granted her third « 
 charter to this city. 
 
 In a lift of the militia of Munfler, it appears, jqg. 
 that the city of W^aterford furnifhed 300 (hot, and 
 300 bill-men • and the barony of Decies 20 (hot, 
 and 200 bill-men. 
 
 Thomas Wetherhead made biUiop of thefe fees. 1589, 
 
 On the 1 6th of April, the lord prefident came i6oo. 
 to Waterford, where he received the fubmiflions of 
 fome of the Fitz-Geralds of the Decies, and of the 
 Powers. 
 
 The plague raged in Waterford. ,5^2^ 
 
 On the accellion of king James the firft, this 1603. 
 city was ill inclined to the Englifh intereft (66). 
 
 (65) Life of queen Elizabeth, p. i8, (66} Cox, v. z. p. j. 
 
 When
 
 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of. 
 
 When fir Nicholas Walfh, the recorder, was pro- 
 claimino- the king, they pulled him down from 
 the Market-crofs. They alfo broke the doors of 
 the hofpital, and admitted doftor White to preach 
 a feditious fermon in St. Patrick's church ; where- 
 in among other invedlives, he faid that Jezebel 
 (meaning queen Elizabeth) was dead. They alfo 
 took the keys of the cathtfdral fr(jm the fexton, 
 and caufcd a priefc (67) to celebrate mafs there. 
 The bid d-puiy Mou.itjoy udertook a progrefs 
 to Munflcr ; 01 the 5th of May 1603, he came to 
 Grr.ce-dieu, near Waterford, and fummoned the 
 mayor and his bretliren to open thtir gates, and 
 receive him into he city with his majefly's army; 
 tho'ip;a they at Bifr refufed to idmit any forces 
 irto tile t Avn, except the lord deputy and his re- 
 tinue, allcdging their piivii'^ges and exemption for 
 that purpofe, by virtue of an ancient charter from 
 kinfy John^ yet v/hen the lord deputy told them, 
 that no king could give that privilege to his fub- 
 jects, whereby his liicceilbrs Ihould be prejudiced, 
 in the due obedience they were to expert from 
 them, and that if they did not open their gates 
 immediately, but put him to the necelhty of en- 
 terincr by force, he would cut king John's charter 
 with king Jamss's fword, ruin their city, and drew 
 it with fait. They then very tamely fubmitted, 
 notwithftanding their former boafting ; and the 
 lord deputy and army marched into the city. 
 
 Whilft he was in his camp at Grace-dieu (68), 
 the mayor at his excellency's requeft, fent out Dr. 
 White, a young pert dominican friar, to difcourfe 
 with his lordfhip in matters of religion, and to 
 fhevv him the grounds and reafons of thofe pro- 
 ceedings, which his lordlliip thought fo temerarious 
 and unaccountable : the friars came in their habits, 
 with the crucifix exalted before them ; and told 
 
 (67) Cox, V. 2. p. 6. (68) Id. Ibid. 
 
 the
 
 ^Z9 
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 the lord deputy, that the citizens of Waterford 
 could not, in confcience, obey any prince, that 
 perfecuted the cathohck faith : this led them into 
 difcourfe, wherein, at length. Dr. White cited a 
 pafiage, in St. Auguftine, for the proof of fome- 
 thing he afferted ; it happening that the lord depu- 
 ty had the book in his tent, hecaufed it to be fent 
 for, and publickly (hewed to all the company, that 
 the words cited by the doftor were not St. Auguf- 
 tine's opinion, but were quoted by him as an ob- 
 jection, which, in the fame place, he oppofes and 
 confutes ; and inferred, that it was highly difinge- 
 riuous in the doctor to quote that fentence as St. • 
 Auguftine's judgment, when he knew that his opi- 
 nion was diredly contrary to it. Wliereupan the 
 dodtor was confounded, the citizens afliamed, and 
 the conference ended. 
 
 The lord deputy {6g) having put good garrifons 
 into Cork and Waterford, and obliged the inhabi- 
 tants of each place t'^ take the oath of allegiance, 
 and abjure foreign dependencies, marched to Li- 
 merick, and did the like there. 
 
 John Lancaiter was created biihop of Waterford ,^"^"? 
 and I-ifmore. 
 
 Several cities and tov/ns, and among the reft 
 Waterford, having fubmitted to the king's pleafure 
 as to the cufloms and poundage, his majefty, on 
 the 3d of March this year, ordered the deputy to 
 renew their refpettive charters, with addition of 
 reafonable privileges. About the fame time, the 
 city of \^'aterford petitioned the lord deputy, that 
 they were oppreifed and overburdened in finding 
 quarters for 100 foldiers ; whereas they ought not 
 to find quarters for more than 50. ^^ 
 
 This year, on the loth of July, king James re- 
 newed the charter cf this city, granting and con- 
 firming unto the mayor, Iheiiffs and citizens, di- 
 vers lands, privileges, freedoms, &:c. 
 (69) Cox, V, 2. p. 8. 
 
 Seven
 
 lO Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Seven years cuftoms, ending April 1609, from 
 the city of Waterfard, amounted to 71 61. 3s. iid. 
 of Cork, to 255I. ITS. yd. of Dungarvan only to 
 13s. lid. But Cox (70) obferves, that this was 
 only the cuftom of prohibited goods, and the 3d. 
 per pound due for other goods by common law. 
 ^ ^ On the 5th of March 161 7, Donogh earl of 
 
 161''-. Thomond, lord prefident of Munfter, and fir Wil- 
 liam Jones, lord chief juftice of Ireland, by com- 
 million, dated the 23d of January before, feizedon 
 the liberties of Waterford, all their rent-rolls, en- 
 figns of authority, and publick revenues, amount- 
 ing to 304I. I OS, per ann. and kept aflizes in the 
 city for the county of Waterford. The caufe of 
 this feizure was, becaufe Nicholas White, who, 
 from Michaelmas 161 5, to the 20th of October 
 following, did exercife the office of mayor of W^a- 
 terford ; and on the faid 20th of Odlober, refufed 
 the oath of fupremacy, being then tendered unto 
 him by the lord prefident, by virtue of a fpecial 
 commiiTion for that purpofe : that, upon his refu- 
 fal, the city eledled John Skiddy, who acted as 
 mayor, till the ift of May 161 6, and then refufed 
 the faid oath ; whereupon the city chofe Alexander 
 Cuff, and fwore him mayor, who likewife, on the 
 8th of July, refufed the faid oath; and fo it flood 
 till the lit of April 1617 ; at which time, Walter 
 Cieer (71) was fworn mayor, and fo continued. 
 Befides, fmce the death of Nicholas Walfh, in 
 1 61 5, the city had no recorder ; and yet, in Ja- 
 nuary 1 61 6, there was a gaol-delivery held before 
 the faid John Skidd)^, without any recorder ; and 
 one 'William Pierfon was then condemned before 
 him, and afterwards, by his order, executed for 
 felony : and it appeared, that the ftat. of Eliz. for 
 uniformity, had not been given in charge in their 
 
 (7c) Cox, V. 2. p. 18. 
 
 (71) Thcle are not ojentipned in the lift of tbe mayors. 
 
 fellions
 
 WATERFORD. i^ 
 
 feffions in Waterford for two years pafl ; and all 
 this was found by inquifition, taken the 5th of Sep- 
 tember, 1 61 7. 
 
 From king James's acceflion to this year, there 
 was no fettled form of government obferved in the 
 city, the magiftrates, for not taking the oath of fu- 
 premacy, were often turned out and changed, and 
 fome of them, for their ill behaviour, were fent 
 prifoners to Cork and other places. 
 
 Michael Boyle made bifhop of Waterford and Anno 
 Lifmore. »^'9' 
 
 May 26th, king Charles I. rellored to the 1626. 
 city all their former privileges, by a new charter ; 
 which recites, that the citizens, in a mofl humble 
 and fubmiflive manner, did fupplicate his majefly, 
 to be reflored to his royal favour and their former 
 ftate, that they might be the better enabled to ferve 
 him, his heirs and fucceflbrs, &c. 
 
 This charter arrived at PafiTage, July 25th, 1626, 
 and coft the city three thoufand pounds. 
 
 His majefty, on the r9th of February, granted a 1631, 
 fecond charter to the city, which chiefly related to 
 the grant of the admiralty of the harbour, and" to 
 the fifhery, &:c. 
 
 John Atherton was advanced to the fees of Wa- 1636, 
 terford and Lifmore. 
 
 The earl of Cork and bifhop Atherton, on the 1637. 
 27th of June, joined in a petition to the lord de- 
 puty and council, to appoint arbitrators to decide 
 their controverfies. The bifiiop of Derry and the 
 mafter of the court of wards, were afligned for that 
 purpofe ; in their award, they recite that the bifhop- 
 ricks of Waterford and Lifmore, by the alienations 
 of former bifhops, were left worth but 50I. per 
 annum., revenue in land, and that the earl had not 
 purchaied any thing immediately from the church, 
 but from other perfons, for valuable confiderations, 
 near 40 years before ; yet, out of love to religion 
 and the profeiTors thereof, he was contented to 
 
 part
 
 ^2 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 part with fome of his right, and fo they awarded 
 Lifmore, 8cc. to the earl, and Ardmore, &:c. to 
 the bifhop \ which award was confirmed by the 
 lord lieutenant and council, and afterwards by the 
 king. 
 
 Anno Archibald Adair, made bifliop of Waterford and 
 
 »64i. Lifrnore. 
 
 In December this year, the Irifh rebels (72) hav- 
 ing plundered a great part of the county of Tippe- 
 rary, and that of Kilkenny, and in the latter all the 
 lands of the earl of Ormond, they crofTed the river 
 Suir towards VV^aterford. All the lands in the ba- 
 rony of Gualtiere, belonging to the Englifh, they 
 ravaged and plundered ; they then proceeded to- 
 wards the weftern parts of the county, but a great 
 check was put to their plundering, by the earl of 
 Cork and his tenants, then in arms ; foon after this, 
 the lord prefident came into this county, upon no- 
 tice that a party of the Leinller rebels had pafied 
 this way into his province (73). On the 2d of De- 
 cember he put them to flight, with the lofs of 200 
 Irifh. The rebels juft before had feized Feathard, 
 which lofs was followed with the revolt of Clonmel, 
 Carrick, and all the towns in Tipperary, and of 
 Waterford, Limerick, Killmallock and Dungarvan. 
 In January following, the rebels, (74) at Cafhel 
 were 10000 ftrong, of which a very confiderable 
 part were well armed ; and among them, one Mr. 
 Edward Butler had a troop of 100 horfe, in fine 
 order. Here they were joined by the lord Mount- 
 Garret, and mod of the popifh lords in Leinfter 
 and Munfter. The February following, they were 
 proclaimed in this province, and a pardon offered 
 to all that would lay down their arms. 
 
 1644. The rebels had a printing prefs at Waterford (75), 
 where one Thomas Bourke, an Irifh printer, pub- 
 
 (72) M.S. at Lifmore. {71) Cox, v. r. p. 94. 
 
 (74) Ibid. (75) Cqx, v. 2. p. 139. 
 
 lifned
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 143 
 
 lifhed a fcandalous remonflrarxe of the confederate 
 papifls at Trim, with his raajefLy's arms affixed 
 thereon, which was, with infolence and oftentation, 
 pubHfhed at Oxford ; and this was taken notice of 
 by the proteflart agents there, that they might 
 leave nothing undone that might juflly advance their 
 caufe. 
 
 The pope's nuncio being very reliefs and inde-Anno 
 fatigable, fummoned all the popi'.li clergy to Wa-»646. 
 terford, (76) under pretence of an apoftolick vifita- 
 tion, and to prepare for a national fynod. Their 
 confultations tended only to break the p-ace jufl 
 before confented to. On the 6th of Augiift, ihe he- 
 ralds left Dublin, in order to proclaim the peace 
 in the other cities and corporations. They came to 
 Water ford the 8 th, where ihey were lb unwelcome 
 to all the people, that nobody v/ould fhew them 
 the mayor's houfe, untill, at length, a little boy did 
 it for fix pence ; but the mayor woi.id not be fcen 
 for above four hours, and when hevvas told their 
 errand, he afl^ed them, why they did not proclaim 
 the peace firft at Kilkenny ? they anfwered, that 
 they purfued their orders, and fuppoicd the reafon 
 might be, becaufe Vv ateford was next to Dublin, 
 one of the moft ancient and con fidv-^r able cities 
 of the kingdom. However, after three days ftay, 
 they could get no other anfwer, but that the peace 
 fhould be firft proclaimed at Kilkenny; and the 
 rabble threatened to fend them packing, with 
 withs about their necks, unlefs they m.ade liafte a- 
 wav. 
 
 Cromwell, upon the taking of Carrick, marched ig^g, 
 thither, and paffed over the Suir to the iiege of 
 Watei'ford ; whereupon it was refolved, that the 
 lords Incbiquin and Taafe fiould ftorm. Carrick, 
 and that the lord lieutenant Ormond, Tnould con- 
 dud^ lieutenant gen. Farrel, with 1500 Ulflcr-men 
 
 (76) Cox, V. 2. p. 153. 
 
 and
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 and put them into Waterford : This latter was done, 
 but the former mifcarried for want of fpades pick- 
 axes, and other materials-, fo that above looo were 
 flain under the walls of Carrick, by col. Reynolds, 
 with a fmall garrifon he had there, being but 150 
 foot, 6 troops of horfe, and one of dragoons. 
 
 The marquis of Ormond once more attempted 
 the relief of Waterford, and brought fome of his 
 forces on the N. fide of the Suir, oppofite to the 
 city, whereupon Cromwell who had, on the 25th 
 of Odlober, taken Pafiage, finding that he had loft 
 more men by ficknefs during this winter's fiege, 
 than he could well fpare, drew off his army towards 
 Dungarvan : And though Ormond ferried over to 
 Waterford, and courted the city to fend boats to 
 waft over his men to fail upon Cromv/ell's rear, yet 
 the citizens being afraid they would make that 
 place their winter quarters, refufed to admit any, 
 except fome few of the Ulfter-men into the city. 
 
 Though Cromwell's army (7 7) was much harrafled 
 and but very fmall when he came before Waterford, 
 being not above 5000 foot, 2000 horfe, and 500 
 dragoons ; yet the fame of this general had fo fright- 
 ened the Irifh, that the mayor and governor of Wa- 
 terford, hearing of his approach, did, on the 3d of 
 Odober, fend a letter to Ormond to confult about 
 the terms to be infilled on at the giving up of the 
 city. But Ormond the next day, by letter, chid 
 them for their forwardnefs to parley with the enemy 
 before any battery was begun ; and allured them, 
 that if they did their duty, Cromwell Ibould be 
 baffled before that place, as in fad it happened ; for 
 he left 1 000 men dead, by ficknefs, before it, and 
 marched off without taking it. 
 
 Though the motions of Ormond, in thofe parts, 
 could not be very confiderable, as well becaufe of 
 
 (77) Cox, V, 2. p. 13. 
 
 the
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 the feafon of the year, as his want of money, and 
 all other- necefTaries, and the great defertion of his 
 men, who went oif daily in fuch numbers, that of 
 all the Conaught horfe he had but ^g left with him, 
 yet he fo flruggled with all thefe difficulties, that he 
 kept ftill fome forces together, hovering between 
 Clonmel and Waterford. One day he ferried over 
 to Waterford, with about 50 horfe, in hopes to per- 
 fwade that city to all that was necelTary for its own 
 prefervation, and the common good ; but when he 
 came thither, he found that the governor Farrel, 
 and col. Wogan from Duncannon, had formed a 
 defign upon Paifage fort 5 and though Ormond 
 doubted the fuccefs, yet it was not fit for him, at 
 that time, to diffwade the attempt; fo Farrel 
 marched out, but was not long gone, before a party 
 of the enemies horfe was difcovered to march to- 
 wards PafTage : Whereupon Ormond defired the 
 mayor to permit a regiment or two of his horfe, 
 which were on the other fide of the river, to be 
 wafted over, and to march through the city ^ but 
 all his commands and intreaties were in vain, al- 
 though the citizens faw the danger the foldiers 
 were in, and the neceffity of the propofed relief. 
 However the marquis marched out with his 50 
 horfe, fuch as the were, and met Parrel's foot 
 flying tov/ards Waterford and col. Zanchy's horfe 
 in purfuit of them. He drew up in a place of 
 advantage, and the enemy thinking he had a 
 greater body of horfe than he really had, lelTened 
 their pace; and fo he covered the retreat of the foot 
 to the town. This adion fliewed the neceffity of 
 retaking PalTage, which alfo would be a continual 
 nuifance to Waterford ; and therefore the lord 
 lieutenant propofed, that he would tranfport his 
 forces over the river to retake it, if the city would 
 permit his army to quarter in huts under the walls, 
 where they fnould be no way burthenfome, but 
 L Ihould
 
 1^5 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 fhoiild have pay and provifion from the country ; 
 the citizens were fo far from confenting to this, that 
 it was moved in council, to feize on Ormond's per- 
 fon, and fall on thofe that belonged to him as ene- 
 mies ; fo that it was time for the Marquis to de- 
 part. 
 Aono Since the beginning of June this year, Waterford 
 
 »^5°* and Duncannon were blocked up by the parliament's 
 forces ; fo that gen. Prefton the governor fent a let- 
 ter to the lord lieutenant for greater fupplies than 
 could be fpared, or for leave to furrender the city, 
 fince his v/ants were fo great, that it was impoflible 
 to keep it. However, Ireton did not fummon the 
 city till the 25th of July (78) ; after a treaty drawn 
 out into length, gen. Preilon furrendered Water- 
 ford the loth of Auguft, which was followed by the 
 redudtion of Duncannon on the 14th. 
 
 It appears from lord Orrery's memoirs, that the 
 city was in the hands of the Erglifh before the ca- 
 pitulation above-mentioned, which was only for the 
 citadel, the place where the barracks now ftand j 
 and that the town was taken in the following man- 
 ner. Soon after the city was fummoned, the Irifh 
 made a fally, but were repulfed with lofs. Prefent- 
 ly after this, the Englilh fent one lieur. Croker and 
 ferj. Croker, his brother, with about 30 mufketeers, 
 to fire the fuburbs, in order to make their approach- 
 es to the town walls the more efFcdlual. They fet 
 fire to all the houfes and ftacks of corn near the 
 cit}^ the fmoak of which being carried by a weft- 
 erly wind into the place, fo much terrified the be- 
 fieged, that it made them think the whole army 
 had fallen upon the city and fet it on fire j there- 
 fore, as it afterwards appeared, they fled out of 
 the eaftern gate, and, under the covert of the 
 fmoak, got quick out of the reach of the enemy, 
 
 (7b) Cox, V. 2. p. 56. 
 
 who
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 who little imagined what had happened. But what 
 chiefly promoted their flight, was a bold attempt 
 thofe two Crokers made upon the town, while the 
 fmoak of the fuburbs involved it in fear and dark- 
 nefs i for while the Englifli were burning the fu- 
 burbs, one of the Crokers fpied a couple of lad- 
 ders near the wall, and calling to his brother, told 
 him it would be a brave thing, if they fhould fet 
 upon the town and take it, of which they might 
 now have the opportunity to do, by the help of the 
 ladders and the fmoak. His brother immediately 
 agreed with him and they calling their 30 men to- 
 gether, without the knowledge and orders of their 
 commanders, with fwords drawn and mufkets 
 charged, they feized the ladders and mounted the 
 wall; finding there but one man as centinel, him 
 they immediately killed ; and hearing a great cry 
 in the town, which they thought was a lign of fome 
 diforder, they marched forward to the mainguard, 
 putting all they met to the fword. The noife of 
 their guns, and the fmoak concealing their num- 
 bers, made the inhabitants really believe that the 
 whole EngliOi army v.'as got into the town, and 
 fled all away, leaving their arms and ammunition 
 behind tliem. One of the Crokers was killed in the 
 exploit, and two or three of their men ; but ferjeant 
 Croker, and the rell, marched up to the mainguard 
 and feized all their great guns -, they then marched 
 towards the weft gate (79) to open it and receive 
 the refl: of their friends. In the mean time, the 
 Engliih wondered what was become of Croker and 
 his men, and feared, that though they bad executed 
 their orders by firing the fuburbs, they had periflied 
 in the attempt. But while they were in fufpenfe, 
 one of the centinel s gave notice, that the gate next 
 to them was fet wide open, and a fmal! party was 
 marched out towards them •, which lord Broghill 
 
 D' 
 
 (79) St, Patrick's gate. 
 
 L z hearing,
 
 J Natural and Civil Hifiory of 
 
 hearing, Immediately rode forward to fee who they 
 were , and before he came very near made ufe of 
 a perfpedive glafs, by which he difcovered them 
 to be ferjeant Croker and his men : at the fight of 
 whom, being greatly amazed, and upon a nearer 
 approach, afking how they came thither ? Croker 
 made no anfwer, but brandilhing his fword about 
 his head, called for the whole army to march into 
 the town -, for, fays he, the town is our own ; and 
 then he related in what manner he had taken it, 
 and what a panick the Irifh were in. Immediately 
 the whole army was ordered to march into the 
 town, and as ihey were going, they faw the enemy 
 march away on the other fide of the water, which 
 fufficiently confirmed what Croker had faid. But 
 however, when they came into the town, the cita- 
 del (as was before related) held out ftill, but not 
 long after it capitulated. 
 Anno Ordered, that icol be ifllied out of the receipts, 
 1651. cuftoms, and excife at Waterford, over and above 
 100 1. formerly ordered to be iffued out of the faid 
 receipts, for the repairing of the quay of that city, 
 and that the goverix^r and commillioners of the re- 
 venue there do ilTue out their warrants, for the 
 payment of the faid fums, for the ufes aforefaid, 
 and for no other ; and that they do take fpecial care 
 to fee the faid fum difpoled of, for the faid fervice, 
 to the beft advantage, by doing that firft which is 
 mod needful, and preferving the reft from further 
 ruin. Dublin, i ft of March, 1651 (80). 
 
 Colonel Richard Laurence was governor of Wa- 
 terford, and, in confidci ation of his great charges 
 fmce he was governor there, (for which he had re- 
 ceived no fatisfadion) lool. was ordered him, in 
 full difcharge of all allowances to be claimed by 
 him, from the date of his faid commiilion, as go- 
 
 (8 ) Council book, N'' 4, containing rules and orders for 
 money, &c. p. 1 36. 
 
 vernor
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 14^ 
 
 vcrnor, until the 25th of this inflant iMarch ; and 
 from the 25th of this inftant March, the weekly 
 fum of 3 1. to be paid unto him by the treafurer of 
 the publick revenue, till further order. Dublin, 
 30th of March, 1651 (81) 
 
 Ordered, that Mr. John Mills, impofl-mafter of 
 Waterford, be alfo receiver of fuch rents and duties, 
 as fhall become due, for the houfes and lands be- 
 longing to the commonwealth vvithin the town and 
 precinds of Waterford, with the yearly fam of 
 lool. to be paid quarterly, in four equal portions. 
 Dublin, 3d of November, 1651 (82). 
 
 January 10, An order to take care of the eight Anno 
 pieces of hangings, belonging to the common- i^S'- 
 wealth, at Prefton-houfe, \\ aterford. 
 
 The ad for the fettlement of Ireland printed ,5-2 
 at Waterford. ^ 
 
 January 31, Captain Halley, one of the commif- 
 fioners of the revenue at Wateiford, havmg repre- 
 fented that the plat-forms in the fortifications, were 
 much out of repair, it was ordered, that the trea- 
 furer of the publick revenue do iiTue out fuch mo- 
 ney as will be necellary to repair the fame. 
 
 High courts of juftice were held in Cork and 
 Waterford, &:c, for trying of fuch of the Irifh as 
 were concerned in the malfacres of 1641. But fo 
 many of the murderers had been dcftroyed by 
 fword and peftilence, that not above 200 fuiTered 
 by the hands .of the executioner. 
 
 June 23, Ordered, that no papifl be permitted i^Sf* 
 to trade in the city of Waterford, within or with- 
 out doors. 
 
 On the 1 2th of Odober, (he inhabitants of the 
 county of Waterford, havi ng conformed to the 
 rules of tranfplantation, the lord deputy and coun- 
 cil ordered, that the wives, and fuch fcrvants as 
 are permitted, may ilay to receive the benefit of 
 
 (81) Ibid. p. 138. (82) rbid. p. 62. 
 
 L 3 their'
 
 ;o Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 their refpeftive crops of corn, having firft d\f- 
 charged the contribution due thereout, and allow- 
 ino- the new proprietor the eighth fheaf. 
 Anno April ii. An order that the governor of Water- 
 less, ford (83) do take care of the hangings, carpets 
 and other furniture, there belonging to the ftate, 
 to be carefully fent up by the next date's fliip. 
 
 July 28, 200I. (84) ordered for repairing the 
 great meeting- place at Waterford, and 200 1. more 
 to be raifed by alfeflment. 
 
 January 30, An order of the lord deputy and 
 council, that the governor, colonel Leigh, and the 
 juftices of the peace at Waterford, do apprehend 
 forthwith all perfons who refort there under the 
 name of Quakers, that they be ("hipped away from 
 Waterford, or PalTage, to Briftol, and be com.- 
 mitted to the care of that city, or other chief ma- 
 ■ giftrates of that place, or other convenient places 
 to which they are fent, in order to their being fent 
 to their refpective places of abode; and that they 
 be required to live foberly and peaceably, and 
 make honed and due provifion for themfelves and 
 families, according to their refpedlive callings. 
 
 A petition of the Englifli inhabitants of the city 
 of Waterford, w^ith the anfwers of the lord deputy 
 and council to the fevcral articles of 28th of May, 
 
 1655 (85)- 
 
 ,6-6. Minifters employed under the ufurpation at Wa- 
 terford. Edward VVoule, at Waterford, 200 1. per 
 annum ; John Millard, at PalTage, lool. per annum -, 
 John Brooks, as fchool-mafter and minifter, 50 1. 
 William Feith, for teaching children to read and 
 write, at ditto 15 1. 
 
 iCCe. George Baker made bifhop of Waterford and 
 Lifmore. 
 
 Anno Twenty fifth of March, Richard Power, efq; 
 
 ' ^^' • made governor of the county and city of Waterford. 
 
 f^l) Council-book, N'. 4. (84) Id. ib. (85) Council- 
 office, A. G.P. 367. '. 
 
 This
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 151 
 
 This year (86) the Irifh merchants of the city of 1C62, 
 Waterford petitioned his grace the duke of Or- 
 mond, fetting forth, that by their being freemen 
 of the city, and perfons who advanced the king's 
 revenue, although they have been exempted fmce 
 his majefty's reftoration from bearing office, they 
 have had the privileges of other freemen, until 
 William Bolton, now mayor, feeming to take no- 
 tice of them as perfons uncapable of diofe privileges, 
 forceth them to pay ftrangers duties for goods, &c. 
 To which petition his grace defired the mayor to 
 make immediate anfwer, which he did to this effect. 
 
 " That the petition was not fhewn him, nor his 
 " grace's order, till the 26th of December laft. 
 *' That the perfons complaining fet not their names 
 " to the petition. That they have not a juft right 
 *' to freedom, being not protefhants, refufing the 
 " oath of fupremacy, &;c. That fince his majefty's 
 *' reftoration, they have not been looked upon as 
 " freemen, as appears by feveral ads, orders, &c.' 
 '' to the contrary. The mayor does not force 
 *' them to pay out of any difrefpedt, &c. but, ac- 
 *' cording to his oath and duty, feeks to advance 
 " the king's fervice, by reviving the worthy cuf- 
 " toms of fom.e of their anceftors, &c. As they 
 *' are not fubjeft to an oath, they cannot be free- 
 *^ men ; and they, without fuch oath, may and 
 " do harbour not only goods of ftrangers in his 
 " majefty's dominions, but of the fubjeds of other 
 *' princes; and if this courfe was revived, wool, 
 " and other ftaple commodities, had been yet in 
 *' great quantities in his majefty's dominions, to 
 *' the general advance of trade, and relief of the 
 " poor. If they are freemen, it is upon their old 
 " pretence, or upon his majefty's declaration ; but 
 " upon the old pretence they (it is prefumed) will , 
 *' not adventure, and if they plead the ads, orders, 
 
 (36) Evidence-chamber at Kilkennjf. 
 
 L 4 " and
 
 J 2 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 " and proclamations fince his majefty's reftoration, 
 *' it cannot be of any efFecfl to them, until they 
 " are proteilants, and dilblaim foreign jurifdic- 
 " tion, &c." 
 
 Your grace's dutiful and 
 Waterford, the 3d obedient fervant, 
 
 of January, 1662. William Bolton. 
 
 Anno Hugh Gore made bifhop of Waterford and Lif- 
 
 1666. more. 
 
 1678. The lord lieutenant and council, by letter, or- 
 dered the popifn inhabitants to be removed froni 
 Galway, Limerick, Waterford, Clonmel, Kilken- 
 ny and Drogheda (87), except fome trading mer- 
 chants, artificers, and others, necefiary for the towns 
 and garrifons •, by virtue whereof, many were ex- 
 pelled, but were afterwards re-admitted. 
 
 £68/. The cuiloms, inwards and outwards, of the port 
 of Waterford, for the year 1681, were 14826I. os. 
 I old. and for Dungarvan, 164I. iis. ifd. 
 
 Imported cuftoms and excife for Waterford, from 
 the 20th of December 1663, to December 1664, 
 3847 1. I2S. oM. and for Dungarvan, the faid time, 
 881. OS. 3d. Exported cuftoms, the faid time, in 
 Waterford, 3196I. 5 s. 9id. and for Dungarvan, 
 121 1. IIS. 94d. 
 
 1687. March 22d, king James II, granted to the po- 
 pifh inhabitants of this city a new charter, which, 
 upon the reftoring of the proteftant government 
 there, was fet afide. 
 
 This charter conftituted the following perfons to 
 be members of the corporation, now new modelled, 
 for king James's arbitrary purpofes. 
 
 Richard Fitzgerald, efq; mayor. 
 
 Aldermen 24. Aflirtants 24; 
 
 Richard, earl of Tyrone, Thomas Dobbin, mercht. 
 SirStephenRice,chiefbaron, Patrick Troy, mercht. 
 
 (87) Cox, vol. JI. part, 3 p. 15. 
 
 Peter,
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 Peter Walfli, efq; 
 Thomas Wife, efq; 
 Garret Gough, efq; 
 Thomas Sherlock, efq; 
 James Sherlock, efq; 
 William Dobbin, efq; 
 Nicholas Fitzgerald, efq; 
 Thomas Chriftmas, efq; 
 
 Richard Aylward, mercht, 
 Vi6lor Sail, mercht. 
 Andrew Brown, mercht. 
 Thomas White, mercht. 
 Jofeph Hopkins, mercht, 
 William Dobbin, efq; 
 John Aylward, mercht. 
 Edward Collins, mercht. 
 
 155 
 
 Edward Browne, merchant. Michael Sherlock, mercht. 
 
 Robert Carew, efq; Stephen Leonard, mercht. 
 
 Francis Driver, gent 
 
 Richard Madden. 
 
 Nicholas Porter. 
 
 James White. 
 
 William Fuller. 
 
 Michael Head, 
 
 Richard Say. 
 
 Nicholas Lee. 
 
 Dominick Synott. 
 
 Martin Walfh. 
 
 Abraham Smith. 
 
 Peter Cranfburgh. 
 
 Mathew White, mercht. 
 Francis Barker. 
 Thomas Lee. 
 John VVinfton. 
 Henry Keating. 
 Bartholomew Walfli. 
 James Lynch. 
 Patrick Wife. 
 Richard Morris. 
 Thomas Smith. 
 
 Jofeph Barry. 
 John Donnaghow. 
 SHERIFFS. 
 James Strong, Paul Sherlock, 
 
 John Porter, efq; Recorder. 
 Daniel Mollony, town-clerk, prothonotory, and clerk of 
 the peace. 
 
 This year, on the 2d of September, his majefty Anno 
 king William embarked at Waterford for Eng- »689. 
 land. 
 
 King James, after the battle of the Boyne, arrived 1690. 
 that night in Dublin, where he lay. Next day (88) 
 July 2d. he rode to Waterford, where he went on 
 board a fhip that lay ready for him, and failed back 
 to France with all fpeed. Thus he rode, in 24 
 hours, above four-fcore miles. 
 
 Major general Kirk, widi his own regiment, and j^iy 
 colonel Brewer's, as alfo a party of horfe, marched 
 
 20* 
 
 (8S) Story's hid. of the affairs of Ireland, 
 
 from
 
 54 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 from Carrlck towards Waterford, more forces dc- 
 ficyning to follow. The major-general fent a trum- 
 pet to fummon the town, who, at firft, refufed to 
 furrender, there being two regiments then in gar- 
 rifon ; their refufal, however, was in fuch civil terms, 
 that their inclinations were eafily underfbood ; for 
 foon after they fent out to know what terms they 
 might have ? which were the fame with thofe of 
 Drogheda. But not liking them, they propofed 
 fome of their own, which were, that they might 
 enjoy their eftates, the liberty of their religion, 
 and a fafe convoy to the next garrifon, with their 
 arms and proper goods. Thofe would not be 
 granted -, then the heavy cannon v/ere brought down 
 that way, and fome more forces ordered to march. 
 But the Irifh, underflanding this, fent to all^ liberty 
 to march out with their arms, and to have a fafe 
 convoy, which was grauied them. And according- 
 ly, on the 25th, they marched out, with their arms 
 and bagg?-ge, beirjg conducted to Mallow. 
 July 26. The 'day after Waterford furrendered, king 
 William went to fee it, and took care that no per- 
 fons fhould be difturbed in their houfes and goods. 
 
 After Sarsfield had demoiifhed the train of artil- 
 lery, which was on its way to king William at the 
 fiege of Limerick, his majefly fent for more to 
 Waterford. 
 
 Aqno Soon after this his majefty embarked for Eng- 
 
 '^9®- land, from this city, viz. September 5th, and the 
 next day arrived in Briftol. 
 
 1691. Dr. Nathaniel Foy confecrated bifhop of thefe fees. 
 
 1700. There is a particular furvey of the ordnance, 
 July 2. ammunition and {lores, at Waterford, at this time, 
 in the Council-office, lib, A. 96. 
 
 1707. Dr. Thomas Mills confecrated bifhop. 
 
 1740. Dr. Charles Efte tranflated here from the fee of 
 Oflbry. 
 
 ,745. Dr. Richard Chenevix, bilhop of Killaloe, tranf- 
 lated to thofe fees. 
 
 A lift
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 155 
 
 1740. 
 A lift of the mayors, bailiffs, and fheriffs of the 
 city of Waterford, from the year 1377, ^"^ ^^^ '^^^* 
 year 1772, inclufive. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1377 
 1378 
 
 1379 
 1380 
 1381 
 1382 
 
 1383 
 1384 
 
 1385 
 1386 
 13S7 
 1388 
 
 1389 
 1390 
 
 1392 
 
 J 393 
 1394 
 
 1395 
 1396 
 
 1397 
 1398 
 
 1399 
 
 1400 
 1 40 1 
 1402 
 
 1403 
 1404 
 
 1405 
 1406 
 
 1407 
 1408 
 1409 
 1 4 10 
 
 1,411 
 
 141 2 
 
 MAYORS. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 William Lumbard. 
 
 H13 
 
 William Lumbard. 
 
 1414 
 
 William Chapman. 
 
 1415 
 
 William Madan. 
 
 1416 
 
 Philip Spell. 
 
 1417 
 
 Robert Sweetman. 
 
 1418 
 
 Robert Sweetman. 
 
 1419 
 
 William Lumbard. 
 
 1420 
 
 William Forftall. 
 
 1421 
 
 Robert Bruce. 
 
 1422 
 
 William Lumbard, 
 
 1423 
 
 William Poer, 
 
 1424 
 
 William Poer. 
 
 1425 
 
 Milo Peer. 
 
 1426 
 
 "Walter Spence. 
 
 1427 
 
 William Chapman. 
 
 1428 
 
 John Rocket, 
 
 1429 
 
 Milo Poer. 
 
 1430 
 
 William Forftall. 
 
 143 1 
 
 William Attamen. 
 
 1432 
 
 William Lincolne. 
 
 1433 
 
 Andrew Archer. 
 
 1434 
 
 John Eyenas. 
 
 1435 
 
 William ForftalL 
 
 1436 
 
 John Lumbard. 
 
 14^7 
 
 John Lumbard. 
 
 1438 
 
 Nicholas Lumbard, 
 
 1439 
 
 William Poer. 
 
 1440 
 
 William Poer. . 
 
 1441 
 
 Richard Brufhbone. 
 
 1442 
 
 John Walfh. 
 
 1443 
 
 John Lumbard. 
 
 1444 
 
 Walter Attamea. 
 
 1445 
 
 William Power. 
 
 1446 
 
 John Roberts. 
 
 1447 
 
 John Rockett, 
 
 1445 
 
 MAYORS. 
 
 Simon Wickin. 
 John White. 
 Nicholas Holland. 
 William Ruflel. 
 William Lincolne. 
 John Lumbard. 
 John Lumbard. 
 Roger Walfli. 
 Simon Wickins. 
 Thomas Okabran^ 
 Gilbert Dyer. 
 John Eyenas. 
 Thomas Okabrane. 
 William Lincolne. 
 Peter Strong. 
 Robert Lincolne. 
 Peter Rice. 
 Walter Attamen. 
 Peter Strong. 
 Gilbert Dyer. 
 Foulke Commerford. 
 Peter Strong. 
 Nicholas Gough. 
 John Core. 
 John White. 
 Nicholas Mulgan, 
 John Rope. 
 Thomas Hull. 
 Nicholas Gough. 
 William Sattadel. 
 Nicholas Mulgan. 
 Nicholas Mulgan, 
 William Corr. 
 William Corr. 
 John Rope. 
 Foulke Commerford. 
 1449 William,
 
 A.D, 
 
 1449 
 1450 
 1451 
 
 1452 
 
 H53 
 M54 
 1455 
 1456 
 
 1457 
 1458 
 
 1459 
 1460 
 1 46 1 
 1462 
 2463 
 2464 
 146s 
 1466 
 
 1467 
 1468 
 1469 
 
 1470 
 1471 
 J472 
 
 1473 
 1474 
 
 147 s 
 
 1477 
 1478 
 
 3479 
 1480 
 
 Natural and 
 
 MAYORS. 
 Wilkiam Lincolne. 
 William White. 
 Richard Walfli, 
 Maurice Wife, 
 Patrick Rope. 
 John Madan. 
 William White. 
 Robert Butler. 
 John Maden. 
 Richard Walfh. 
 William White. 
 Laurence Dobbin^ 
 John May. 
 John Sherlock, 
 John Corn 
 John Corr. 
 Peter Strong. 
 Nicholas Mulgan. 
 John Butler. 
 John Mulgan. 
 James Rice, 
 Nicholas Devereux. 
 James Rice. 
 James Rice. 
 John Corr. 
 John Corr. 
 John Sherlock. 
 Peter Lovet. 
 James Rice, 
 William Lincolne, 
 John Corr. 
 James Sherlock. 
 
 488 
 489 
 490 
 491 
 
 492 
 493 
 
 Civil Hijlory of 
 
 A.D. MAYORS. 
 
 48 1 Maurice Wife. 
 
 482 John Butler. 
 
 483 James Rice. 
 
 484 James Rice. 
 
 485 Richard Strong. 
 
 486 James Rice. 
 
 487 John Butler. 
 James Rice. 
 Robert Lumbard. 
 William Lumbard. 
 Patrick Rope. 
 William Lumbard. 
 Robert Butler. 
 
 494 Henry Fagan, 
 
 495 John Madan (89). 
 
 510 John Madan. 
 
 51 1 John Butler. 
 
 512 Nicholas Madan. 
 
 513 John Madan. 
 
 514 James Butler. 
 
 5 1 5 Nicholas Madan. 
 
 516 John Madan. 
 
 517 Patrick Rope. 
 
 518 Nicholas Madan. 
 
 519 James Sherlock. 
 
 520 John Morgan. 
 
 521 Richard Wallh, • 
 who was the lafl that go- 
 verned the city of Wa- 
 terford without bailiffs 
 or fheriffs. 
 
 (S9) From the year 1491J, to the year 1509, no charter. 
 It is not known what occafioned this interruption, the city 
 being at this time, very loyal, and in 1*497, purfued Perkin in 
 foLir Ihips. 
 
 A.D. MAYORS. 
 
 T522 Peter Walfh, 
 
 1523 Nicholas Wife, 
 
 1524 Nicholas Madan, 
 
 BAILIFFS. 
 
 Henry Walfh, Patrick Lumbard. 
 Nich, Morgan, W^ill. Lincolne. 
 Nicholas SuQiig, John Lumbard. 
 
 1525 James
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 A.D. MAYORS. 
 
 1 525 James Sherlock, 
 
 1526 John Morgan, 
 
 1527 Nicholas Wife, 
 
 1528 Patrick Walfh, 
 IC29 James Sherlock, 
 1^30 John Morgan, 
 
 1531 Nicholas Wife, 
 
 1532 Patrick Wal/li, 
 1^33 William Wife, 
 1534 J^"i6s Sherlock, 
 
 BAILIFFS. 
 
 James White, Tho. Lumbard. 
 
 Will. Lincolne, John Lumbard. 
 
 Robert Sherlock, Peter Sherlock. 
 
 Nich. Walfh, James Devereux. 
 
 John Sherlock, Tho. Lumbard. 
 
 Will.Lincolne,Edward Sherlock, 
 
 James V/ife, Thomas Sherlock. 
 
 Robert Strong, James Walfh. 
 
 James Sherlock, Peter Dobbyn. 
 
 James Walfli, James Sherlock. 
 1535 William Lincolne, Peter Dobbyn, Tho. Lumbard. 
 J 5 36 John Morgan, Tho. Woodlock, David Bayley. 
 
 1537 Thomas Lumbard, John Builer, Nicholas Madan. 
 
 1538 Edward Sherlock, John Butler, Ed. Sherlock. 
 
 1539 James Walfh, James Sherlock, David Bayley. 
 
 1540 William Wife, James Woodlock, Nicholas Lee. 
 
 1541 Peter Dobbyn, Robert Strong, Robert Walfh. 
 J 542 James White," Nicholas Lee, Thomas Grant. 
 
 1543 William Lincolne, Robert Walfh, Will. Morgan. 
 
 1544 Edward Sherlock, Maurice Wife, Henry Walfh. 
 
 1545 Thomas Lumbard, Nicholas Lee, David Bayley, 
 
 1546 Peter Dobbyn, ThomasGrant, Will. Lurnbard. 
 J 547 James Walfh, Thomas Wife, \¥illiam Wife. 
 
 1548 James Madan, Maurice Wife, Nicholas Lee, 
 
 1549 Thomas Sherlock, James Woodlock, James Grant. 
 " ' ' Thomas Wife, John Sherlock. 
 
 James Woodlock, James Walfh. 
 Peter Strong, John V/ife. 
 John Neal, Peter Walfh. 
 Peter Aylward, John Sherlock. 
 John Wife, Paul Lumbard. 
 Peter Waha, John Walfh. 
 John Neal, James Grant. 
 Ja. Lumbard, Phil, Cummerford. 
 N ichivlaa Lumbard, Rich. Licker. 
 James L>umbard, James Grant. 
 James Walfli, Paul Lumbard. 
 John Wallh, Patrick Dobbyn, 
 Nich. Lumbard, James Madan, 
 James Butler, James Sherlock. 
 John Madan, Peter Sher'ock. 
 George Wife, Nich, Lumbard. 
 Ja. Lumbard, Phil. Cumrnci ford. 
 1568 Nich 
 
 1550 Walter Coltie, 
 
 1 551 David Walfh, 
 
 1552 Peter Dobbyn, 
 
 1553 James Dobbyn, 
 
 1554 Maurice Wife, 
 
 1555 Robert Walfli, 
 
 1556 Henry Walfh, 
 
 1557 Peter Dobbyn, 
 
 1558 Maurice Wife, 
 
 1559 John Sherlock, 
 1 560 Peter Strong, 
 
 I 561 John Wife, 
 
 1562 James Walfh, 
 
 1563 Henry Wife, 
 
 1564 Peter Walfh, 
 
 1565 John Neal, 
 
 1566 Peter Aylward, 
 
 1567 Patrick Dobbyn,
 
 158 
 
 A.D 
 
 568 
 [569 
 
 570 
 ■571 
 [572 
 
 573 
 574 
 575 
 576 
 
 577 
 
 578 
 
 579 
 
 [580 
 
 581 
 
 582 
 
 583 
 584 
 
 585 
 :586 
 
 .587 
 588 
 589 
 590 
 [591 
 1592 
 
 ^593 
 594 
 
 595 
 596 
 
 ^597 
 [598 
 
 599 
 :6oo 
 [601 
 
 602 
 [603 
 1604 
 [605 
 [606 
 :6o7 
 [608 
 [609 
 
 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 
 
 MAYORS. SHERIFFS. 
 Nich, Lumbard, James Sherlock, John Sherlock, 
 Peter Walfh, James Butler, John Lumbard. 
 
 Phil. Cummerford, Pet. Sherlock, Nic.Cummerford, 
 
 Thomas Wife, James Lincolne. 
 
 Rich. Strong, Pat. Cummerford. 
 
 Rich. Strong, Pat. Cummerford. 
 
 Rob. Walfh, Pat. Cummerford. 
 
 Richard Strong, Nicholas Lee. 
 
 Edward Walfh, John Leonard. 
 
 Ja. Lumbard, Pai. Cummerford. 
 Sir Patrick Walfli, Robert Walfh, Thomas Wife. 
 Patrick Dobbyn, Jn. Leonard, Nich. Cummerford. 
 
 Nich. Lee, Alexander Briver. 
 7tt 1 J c* ~ CNich. Cummerford, Edward 
 j Richard Strong, \ Cummerford. ' 
 
 Rob. Walfh, Balthaz. Woodlock. 
 Nicholas Wife, John Lynch. 
 John Walfh, Patrick Morgan. 
 
 George Wife^ 
 John Madanj 
 John Madan, 
 James Walfh, 
 James Butler, 
 Peter Sherlock, 
 Peter Aylward, 
 
 James Sherlock, 
 
 Richard Strong, 
 
 Nicholas Lee, 
 James Madan, 
 John Leonard, 
 
 Nic. Cummerford, Alex. Briver, Nicholas Walfh. 
 
 James Wife, 
 Alexander Briver, 
 Richard Strong, 
 Patrick Dobbyn, 
 James Sherlock, 
 John Leonard, 
 
 Patrick Morgan, John Tew. 
 
 Will. Lumbard, Pat. Lumbard. 
 
 John Walfh, John Tew. 
 
 Will. Lincoln, Paul Sherlock. 
 
 Nkholas Wife, James Madan. 
 
 Balthaz.Woodlock, Tho.White. 
 Nicholas Aylward, Nicholas Wife, Paul Strong. 
 Patrick Morgan, Tho. Wife, Geo. Commerfordi 
 Paul Sherlock, Rich. Madan, Geo.Commerford. 
 James White, Rich. Madan, Geo. Commerford. 
 Thomas Wadding, Robert Walfh, John Lumbard. 
 Paul Strong, Thomas Wife, Thomas Walfh. 
 
 Thomas White, Ja.Lumbard, John Commerford, 
 Richard Madan, James Sherlock, Will. Barron. 
 SirEdwardGough, Geo.SherlockT.Knarefborough. 
 Robert Walfh, Nich. Madan, Walter Sherlock. 
 Robert Walfh, David Walfli, Michael Browne. 
 James Lumbard, Thomas White, John Sherlock. 
 
 Thomas White, Paul Strong, 
 
 Nicholas Wife, Paul Sherlock. 
 
 Thomas Dobbyn, James Walfh. 
 
 Robert Strong, Robert Walfli, 
 
 Walter Sherlock, Nich. White. 
 
 Walter Sherlock, Nich. White. 
 1610 James 
 
 Richard Madan, 
 Thomas Wife, 
 John Sherlock, 
 Thomas Strong, 
 Stephen Leonard, 
 Stephen Leonard,
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 A. D. MAYORS. SHERIFFS. 
 
 1610 James Levett, James Briver, Alex. Leonard* 
 
 161 1 Richard Wadding, Rich. Butler, Will. Lincolne. 
 
 1612 Michael Brown, Pat. White, John Skiddy. 
 James Walfh, Nicholas Wife, 
 Jafpcr Woodlock, Pat. Meyler, 
 JamesLumbardjJamesLumbard. 
 Zabulon Berrick, Will. Philips. 
 John Murphy, Tho. Burges (90). 
 
 1626 James Woodlock, Robert Leonard, Matt. Grant. 
 
 1627 Sir Peter Ay I ward, Barth, Lincolne, Will. Lincolne* 
 
 1628 John Sherlock, Paul Sherlock, John Levett. 
 
 1629 William Dobbyn, John Fagan, Will. Cleere. 
 
 1630 Robert Wife, Tho. White, James Lumbard. 
 
 1 63 1 James Walfh, Thomas Maine, Pat. White, 
 
 1632 Sir Tho. Sherlock, Nich. Browne, And. Wife. 
 
 1633 Sir Tho, Gough, Chrift. Sherlock, Nich. Strong. 
 
 Grant, Rich. Nicholas. 
 
 1613 Robert Walfti, 
 
 16 14 Walter Sherlock, 
 
 161 5 Nicholas White, 
 
 161 6 John Joy, 
 
 1617 Alexander Briver, 
 
 1634 Richard Strong, 
 
 1635 John Skiddy, 
 
 1636 Richard Butler, 
 
 1637 James White, 
 
 1638 Nicholas Wile, 
 
 1639 Robert Lumbard, 
 
 1640 Matthew Grant, 
 
 1 641 Francis Briver, 
 
 1642 Thomas White, 
 
 1643 Redmond Gerald, 
 
 1644 Luke White, 
 
 1645 Garret Lincolne, 
 
 1646 Paul Wadding, 
 
 1647 John Bluet, 
 
 1648 Sir John Walfli, 
 
 1649 John Levett, 
 
 1650 John Aylward, 
 From 1650, to 1656, 
 
 Matt. 
 
 Will. Lincolne, Garret Lincolne, 
 Fra. Briver, Ric. Fitz-Nicholas. 
 Jn. Levett, Rich. Fitz-Nicholas. 
 John Bluet, Girke Morgan. 
 Luke White, John Fitz-Gerald. 
 Matt. Porter, Henry White. 
 John Power, Will. V/oodlock. 
 Will. Englifli, Tho. Walfh. 
 Mich. Sherlock, And. White. 
 Nicholas Jones, Lau. White. 
 Pet. Morgan, John Lincolne. 
 Edw. Geraldine, John Walih. 
 Fran. Butler, Martin Gall. 
 And. Morgan, Bar. Sherlock. 
 Nich. Geraldine, JamesLynham, 
 Mat. Everard, Ric. Fitz-Gerald, 
 the city was governed by com- 
 
 miflioners, appointed by Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 (gb) From the year 1606, to the year 161 7, there was no 
 fettled government, the magifliares, tor refufing the oath of 
 fupremacyand lor non-conformiiy, weie tuincd out, and fent 
 prifoners to Cork; and tbe corporation governed by fherifFs, till 
 the year 1^17, wiien their charter v^as taken away, and fo co:;- 
 tinue>: during the reign of king James I. King Charles reftored 
 them all their privileges, by a nev charter, which coil the city 
 3000I. This chatter airived at FafTage, July 25th, 1626. 
 
 1656 George
 
 J 5q I^atural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 h,T>. MAYO R S. SHERIFFS. 
 
 656 George Cawdron, Tho. Coote, Edw. Smart. 
 
 657 Thomas Watts, Will Cooper, Tho, Wallis. 
 
 658 Andrew Rickard, Henry Seagar, John Morris. 
 
 659 John Houghton, John Gregory, John Bamblet 
 
 660 Sir Tho. Dancer, Sam, Brifmead, Sam. Browne. 
 
 661 Will.Halfey, 
 
 66^ Will. Bolton, 
 
 d^^, Jolin Eyres, 
 
 664 Tho. Chriilmas, 
 
 665 Geo. Deyos, 
 
 666 Andrew Rickard, 
 
 667 Thomas Exton, 
 
 668 John Heavens, 
 66g John Heavens, 
 670 Will. Hurft, 
 67 T Tho. Bolton, 
 
 672 Henry Aland, 
 
 673 Tho, Coote, 
 
 674 Jofeph Ivie, 
 
 675 Pilich. Head, 
 
 676 Henry Seager, 
 
 677 Will. Cooper, 
 
 678 W^ill. Dennis, 
 
 679 Richard Seay, 
 
 680 Zach. Clayton, 
 
 681 Will. Fuller, 
 
 Geo. Waters, Rich. Wilkinfon. 
 Chr.Trinemar, Rob.Tunbridge. 
 Matt. Johnfon, Z^ch. Clayton. 
 Tho. Brifcoe, Will. Dapwell. 
 Tho. Prince, Will. Fuller. 
 Rich. Barret, Nath. Marrict. 
 Tho. Eyres, Will. Hurft. 
 Tho. Eyres, Edw. Stone. 
 David Owens, Jofeph Ofbornc. 
 P'ranc. Knowles, Will. Joy. 
 Jofeph Ivie, William Lamb. 
 Michael Head, Robert Seay. 
 Will. Dennis. Rich. Watridge. 
 And. Lloyde, Tho. Hitchins. 
 Nath. Marriot, Edw, Collins. 
 Will. Godrick, John Bamblet. 
 Sam. Taylor, Franc. Barker. 
 Ben. Powell, Jofeph Hopkins. 
 Rich. Mabank, Tho, Foulks. 
 Henry Aland, Will. Smith. 
 
 John Snow, Theod. Jones. 
 6S2 Richard Mabank, Pat. Moore, Ben. Marriot. 
 
 683 William Fuller, Jonathan Aland, Jofeph Bare. 
 
 684 Michael Head, Edw, Collins, Francis Barker, 
 
 685 W^illiam Godrick, David Lloyde, Francis Barker. 
 
 686 William Godrick, Theod. Jones, Tho. Smith. 
 
 687 David Lloyde {9 1 ), John Winfton, Ben. Lamb. 
 687 Rich. Fit/.-Gerald, James Strong, Paul Sherlock. 
 683 Thomas Wife, Will. Dobbyn, John AyKvard. 
 689 Nicholas Porter, Tho, Lee, John Donnaghow. 
 
 The city furrendered to king William, July 25th, 1690, 
 
 and the proteftant government reilored. 
 A, D. MAYORS, S H E R I F F S. 
 
 1690 David Lloyde, Ben. Bolton, Ben. Lamb. 
 
 1691 David Lloyde, Sam. Auftin, Tho, Evans. 
 
 1692 David Lloyde, Sam. Auftin, Tho. Evans. 
 
 (91) By king James's charter. 
 
 1693 Francis
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 i6i 
 
 A, D. MAYOR S. 
 169 Francis Barker, 
 [694 Jofeph Hopkins, 
 [695 Rich. Ciirillmas, 
 [696 John Maf'on, 
 [697 Sir John Mafon, 
 [698 WiUiam Smith, 
 [699 Thomas Smith, 
 ;700 John Head, 
 701 Theod Jones, 
 William Weekes, 
 5 John Lamb and 
 ( John Lapp, 
 William Jones, 
 David Lewis, 
 
 [702 
 703 
 
 [704 
 
 705 
 
 SHERIFFS. 
 
 John Head, John Lamb. 
 Samuel Frith, Charles Hart. 
 Charles Hull, David Lewis. 
 John Lapp, William Weekes. 
 John Lapp, William Weekes. 
 Will. Jones, James Eccles. 
 Caleb Wade, Robert Glen. 
 Charles Bolton, Richard Graves. 
 R'ch. Morris, Edm. Feild, 
 James j\i*Carrol, Will. Morgan. 
 
 ( John Francis, JofhuaCockran. 
 
 Tho. Aikenhead, Robert Backas. 
 Jofeph Price, William Carr. 
 John Moore, John Morgan. 
 
 06 James Eccles, 
 
 { Ja. Eccles after- ) John Efpaignet, Will. Martin 
 ( wardsDa. Lewis, J ■* r o j 
 
 707 
 
 708 
 
 [709 
 
 710 
 
 711 
 
 David Lewis, 
 Sir John Mafon, 
 David Lewis, 
 David Lewis, 
 
 7 1 2 John Mafon, 
 
 713 Francis Barker, 
 
 714 Samuel Auftin, 
 
 715 Tho. Chriftmas, 
 
 716 William Jones, 
 
 717 Tho. Aikenhead, 
 
 718 Tho, Aikenhead, 
 
 719 Benj. Morris, 
 
 720 John Moore, 
 
 721 Tho. Aikenhead, 
 
 722 John Morris, 
 :723 Jofeph Ivie, 
 
 724 William Alcock, 
 
 725 Tho. Chrillmas, 
 
 726 Simon Vaflion, 
 
 727 Simon Newport, 
 
 728 Edward Weekes, 
 
 729 Jofeph Ivie, 
 
 730 Henry Mafon, 
 
 731 Richard Weekes, 
 
 732 John Moore, 
 
 733 William Barker, 
 
 Francis Barker, Ben. Morris. 
 Will. Eeles, Jeremv Gayot. 
 Thomas Head, William Eeles. 
 James Medlicot, John Morris. 
 Arthur Taylor, John Graves. 
 Arthur Taylor, John Graves. 
 Arthur Taylor, John Graves. 
 Robert Weft, John Barker. 
 Jofeph Ivie, William Roche. 
 Arthur Taylor, William Roche. 
 William Barker, John Barker. 
 John Barker, William Roche. 
 Wm.Thompfon, Sim. Newport. 
 Jer. Gayot, John Baiker. 
 Jof. Price, John Graves. 
 Edward ^A^eekes, Robert Glen* 
 Rich. Weekes, Wm. Weekes. 
 ArthurTaylor, WilliamMartin. 
 Bev. Ullier, Edward Harrifon. 
 William Eeles, John Barker. 
 William Jones, The. Roach. 
 Stephen Lapp, Samuel Barker, 
 William Roach, Tho. Roach. 
 Alexander Boyde,Wm. Alcock. 
 Henry Alcock, William Morris. 
 William Eeles, John Barker. 
 
 M X734 Henry
 
 1 62 
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 A. D 
 
 73.5 
 736 
 
 737 
 73S 
 739 
 740 
 
 741 
 742 
 
 743 
 744 
 74s 
 746 
 
 747 
 
 748 
 
 749 
 750 
 
 751 
 752 
 
 753 
 754 
 
 75S 
 756 
 
 757 
 758 
 759 
 760 
 761 
 762 
 
 763 
 764 
 
 765 
 
 , MAYORS 
 
 Henry Malbn, 
 William Morgan, 
 Ambr. Congreve, 
 Samuel Barker. 
 
 SHERIFFS 
 
 John Barker, Jof. Price. 
 
 Peter Vafhon, William Morgan. 
 
 John Barker, William Martin. 
 
 Tho. Alcock, Francis Barker. 
 Simon Vafhon, Jun. William Dobbyn, Corn. Bolton. 
 Simon Vafhon, Jun. William Price, Francis Barker. 
 Robert W eft, David Lewis, George Backas. 
 
 Samuel Barker, George Backas, John Portingal. 
 
 Phineas Barret, JefFry Paul. 
 
 John Morris, Robert Weft. 
 
 Thomas Miles, John Portingal. 
 
 William Paul, John Price. 
 
 George Backas, Hans Wallace 
 
 George Norrington, Geo. Carr. 
 
 Jn. Portingal in the room of Carr. 
 
 Robert Glen 
 Cornelius Bolton, 
 Beverly Ufher, 
 William Eeles, 
 Chriftmas Paul, 
 Francis Barker, 
 April 12th 1748, 
 
 { rrRoKl"::} Michael Hobbs. John Boyd. 
 
 John Portingal, Geo. Wilkinfon. 
 
 Daniel Ivie, John Lyon. 
 
 John Portin-^al, Thomas Carr, 
 
 John Portingal, John Price. 
 
 George Norrington in the room 
 of Price. 
 
 Francis Price, Ben. Morris. 
 
 Geo. Norrington, Wm. Hobbs. 
 
 Geo. Lander in the room of 
 Norrington. 
 
 Ja. Henry Reynet, Rob. Backas. 
 
 Francis Price, Robert Backas. 
 
 Samuel Newport, Will. Bates. 
 
 Francis Price, William Bates. 
 
 William Bates, William Barker. 
 
 William Bates, William Barker. 
 
 Ja. Hen. Reynet, Will. Barker. 
 
 William Bates, William Barker. 
 George Wilkinfon, Jn. Henry Reynet, Will. Barker. 
 William Alcock, William Bates, William Barker. 
 John Lyon, William Bates, William Barker. 
 
 William Paul, 
 William Paul, 
 George Backas, 
 Samuel Barker, 
 June 2ift i753> 
 
 William Alcock, 
 William Morgan, 
 May 28th 1755, 
 
 Thomas Miles, 
 Simon Newport, 
 Henry Alccck, 
 Thomas Weft, 
 Benjamin Morris, 
 Mich. Hobbs (9.2): 
 Cornelius Bolton, 
 Thomas Miles, 
 
 (92) Michael Hobbs held over to the i ^th of February 1762 ; 
 v'hen CorneliusBolton, mayor, James Henry Reynet and William. 
 Barker, (herifts, were fworn into office, by virtue of three peremp- 
 tory mandaniufes, which ilTiied out of the court of king's- 
 bencb, and direded to the faid Michael Hobbs for that purpofe. 
 
 1766 Henry
 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 r ii
 
 /I / f ' / // C'oninicni Coiiiicil ,iM^£Tl 
 
 -TERFORD ., , 
 
 / fif l/i I / / P/ 'i /// /u/m''' fit f^/, r„„M
 
 W A T E R F O R U 163 
 
 A. D. M A Y O R S. SHERIFFS. 
 
 1766 Herry Alc^'ck, J<^hn Lander, William Barker. 
 
 1767 William Price, William Bates, Will-am Barker. 
 
 1768 William Alcock, Williaii) Bates, William Barker. 
 
 1769 Bolton Lee, William Bates, Thomas Jones. 
 
 1770 Benjamin Morris, Richard Kearney, Will. Price. 
 771 Fra:cs Barker, Samuel Morgan, Robert Lyon. 
 
 i'i']Z William Bales, Ja. Moore, Will. Alcock, Jun. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 The prefent Jlate of the city o/Waterford, its ancient 
 and prefent nameSy fitiiation, ancient and modern 
 extent^ walls., gates^ towers and fortifications^ churches^ 
 abbeys^ hofpitals, publick buildings.^ fchools and cha- 
 rity foundations^ quay^ trade., government., officers., \ 
 courts., franchifes and privileges, companies, militia^ 
 arms, c^c. 
 
 THE ancient name given to this city, by the Name, 
 Irifh, was Cuan-na-Grioth, or Grian, i. e. the 
 harbour of the fun. A fecond name this city was 
 known by, was Gleann-na-Gleodh, i. e. the valley 
 of lamentation, from a bloody battle, between the 
 Ififh and Danes, in which the former gained a com- 
 plete vidtory, and burned the city to the ground. 
 It was alfo called, Portlargi, from lairge, a thigh, 
 Which is faid to fignify the port of the thigh, the 
 cburfe of the river Suif, near this place, refembling 
 that part of the human body. The E glifh gave it 
 the name ofWaterford, as it is faid, from a ford 
 in St. John's river, which empties itfclf into the 
 Suir. 
 
 This city is fituated on the fouth fide of the river situation. 
 Suir, its courfe hereabouts inclining to the fouth of 
 the eaft. The city wall, which formerly flood on 
 the quay, ran parallel to the river, fo that the city 
 faced towards the north and the eaft; which, though 
 feemingly a fituation not fo defirable, being ex- 
 pofed to the chilling blafls of thefe winds; yet the 
 M a healthinefs
 
 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 bealthinefs of it, makes amends for the bleaknefs 
 of the expofure. 
 
 Hippocrates fays (i), that an healthy city mud 
 be open to the north and eaft, and mountainous to 
 ' the foLith and weft ; which, though this may feem to 
 be adapted to a more fouthern climate than ours, 
 yet we find the fame fituation no lefs recommended 
 by others ; as by Walter Burley, dcfervedly ftiled 
 the profound dodor, (tutor to the famous king 
 Edward III.) who has thefe words, (2) " Notanda, 
 " inquit, font tria, quod civitas fana eft is in 
 " borca et orienti, fi plantata eft aperta et in auftro 
 " et occidente, fi montofa propter puritatem boreae 
 " & orientis & putrifadionem auftri & occidentis. 
 
 The air on the tops of high mountains, above 
 the reach of the warm exhalations, as it is found to 
 be clear, fo it is very cold ; whence it feems, that 
 the colder the air, the nearer it is to purity, and 
 confequently the more healthy; witnefs the great 
 age of the inhabitants of the northern countries, for 
 which I refer the reader, among others, to fir Robert 
 Sibbald (3). Hippocrates, in the above cited chap- 
 ter, alfo fays, that fuch cities as are oppofed to 
 cold winds, though their waters are harfh and cold, 
 yet for the moft part, they are fweet, and the in- 
 habitants healthy and brifk, found and free from 
 defiuxions. And fo, indeed, are the generality of 
 thofe in this city, of a chearful humour, affable in 
 their deportment ; of an hofpitable and generous 
 temper, fuitable to the fweetnefs of the air, and 
 pleafant fituation they live in. So true is that re- 
 mark of Plato (4), that the manners of men are 
 agreeable to the air they live in. Whereas the in- 
 
 (1) Hippocrat. Opera. ^. 3. cap. upi atfu» ulxruf To-mtin. 
 
 (2) (n Problematibus Ariftotelis fecundum laboreni magiftrl 
 Walter! Burley ad Ordineni Alphabati IVJS. 65. in Bibl. Coll. B. 
 IVI. Magd.ii. Oxon tol. 12.6. 
 
 (j) Fiod. hift. nat. Scot. p. 44. & lib, 3. p. ^. &c. 
 (4) Plato in Timseo. 
 
 habitants
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 165 
 
 habitants of marfhy and boggy countries, whofe 
 fpirits are clogged with grofs and heavy exhalations, 
 are commonly of a dull, heavy, and unpleafant con- 
 verfation, like the Baeotians in Horace ; who, living 
 in a foggy, thick air, were of d dull, unadive, and 
 heavy difpofition. (5) Eaeotum in craflb Jurares 
 acre natum. A further advantage, and, indeed, 
 one of the greateft any city can be bleft with, is its 
 noble fituation, fo near the confluence of three large 
 and navigable rivers, the Suir, the Nore, and the 
 Barrow, by which inland commodities may be fup- 
 plied, at a very inconfiderable expence, in relation 
 to their carriage, from the very centre of the king- 
 dom, and from no lefs than feven different counties^ 
 wafhed by thefe rivers, and other counties adjacent 
 to them. Concerning the Suir, Necham fays, 
 
 Suirius Infignem gaudet ditare Waterford, 
 iEquoreis undis aflbciatur ibi. 
 
 To Waterford, Suir's dreams their treafures bring. 
 Thence pay their tribute to old Ocean's king. 
 
 This city, at its firfl building by the Oilmen or Ancient 
 Danes (which was fome hundreds of years before and mo- 
 the conquefh of Ireland, by king Henry II.) was a^'^'"" ^^- 
 walled, ditched, and fortified town; but had not^^"^' 
 the fame extent within the walls as at prefent. It Wail«. 
 was originally built in the fovm. of a triangle, with 
 a ftrong tower at each of the three angles. The 
 firft of thefe towers was called Reginald's- tower, 
 from the name of its founder, and is now commonly 
 called the Ring-tower. From this tbwer, the city 
 wall ran wefterly, to the corner of Baron-ftrand- 
 flreet, where anciently flood another tower, called 
 Turgefnis's tower, now entirely demolifhed. That 
 part of the wall, Vv'hich formed the fecond fide of 
 the triangle, (being let run to ruin foon after the 
 
 (5) Her. ep. lib. V. 244. 
 
 M 3 Englifh
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Englifh conquefl:) is very difficult to trace. How- 
 evc^, tjere are flill ibme remains of it obfervable, 
 and parts of the foundation, difcovered by accident, 
 fhevv, that this wall ran foutherly, from Turgefius's 
 tower before-mentioned, to St. Martin's caflle, 
 bending to the W. of the Black-friars, and proceed- 
 ing to the E. end of the Blue- boys fchool -, from 
 thence, by the back of Broad-ftreet, it crofiTed 
 Feter's-flreet, a little behind the city court-houfe, 
 and proceeded, in a direct line, to the E. of the 
 Blue-girls fchool, in Lad^^-lane ; where it joined 
 St. Martin's caftle, as above-mentioned. From thi§ 
 caftle, the city wall extended to the Ring- tower, or 
 Reginald's-tower aforefaid. This part of the wall^ 
 being kept in repair by the Englifh, is flill fubfift- 
 ing. They alfo kept up the other wall on the quay, 
 which, at length, falling into a ruinous condition, 
 was not many years fince taken down, and on its 
 foundations, the exchange, cuftom-houfe, and other 
 buildings were erected (6). Thus I have traced 
 the ancient circumference of this city, as it ftood 
 before the time of Henry II. the area of which, 
 contained about 15 flatute acres. 
 
 Soon after the Englidi fettled themfelves in this 
 city, they began to have thoughts of enlarging it^ 
 and for this purpofe built a new city wall, v/hich 
 they joined to the old wall at St. Martin's caftle, 
 carried it to St. John's-gate, from thence to New- 
 gate, fo up to Patrick's gate, and from thence to 
 the quay, where it rejoined the old wall, and com- 
 prehended within it, befides the old town, the 
 church, abbey, and ftreetof St. John, New-flreet, 
 
 (6) This part cf the city wall, which extended along the quay, 
 was pref^ritcd, as a nuifance, by the grand jury of the city, at 
 the inftancc of the marquis of Wincheller and earl of Galway, 
 then lords juftices; who being in the city, and walking under 
 the wall, juilged that it was ruinous and dangerous, and ad- 
 viled its being taken down and dcniolifhed. 
 
 Stephen-
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 1^7 
 
 Stephen-flreet, and St. Patrick-flreet; and the 
 churches of St. MichaeJ, St. Stephen and St. Patrick. 
 
 This city was alfo further enlarged in the reign 
 of king Henry Vil. when moft of the old walls 
 were repaired, according to Hooker, who was 
 here, anno 1575. 
 
 The names of the city gates are, on the \V. Gates, 
 fide, St. Patrick's-gate and Newgate ; towards the 
 S. are Bowling-green-gate, alias, Clofe-gate, and 
 St. JohnVgate ; on the S. E. St. Catherine's, or 
 Colebeck-gate. There were other gates on the N. 
 for the conveniency of the citizens, having a com- 
 munication with the quay and the river, whofe 
 names are not retained. 
 
 After the enlargement of the city, as is above- Towers, 
 mentioned, feveral mayors, &c. in order to perpe- 
 tuate the names of themfelves and families, built 
 towers and caftles, as a ftrength and ornament to 
 the city; which ftill retain their names. Thus we 
 have Colebeck-caftle, where was formerly held the 
 chamber of green-cloth, or chamber of Waterford, 
 and to which the mayors, upon mifbehaviour, often 
 confined the citizens ; Arundel's-caftle, Dowley's- 
 caftle, bet ween Clofe-gate and Newgate ; with others, 
 whofe names are periihed with their founders, and 
 which were above twenty. In Peter's- flreet ftood 
 a caftle, called Magnus's caflle, now demolillied, 
 and another, called from one Tor (who, with Mag- 
 nus, are faid by tradition, to be fons of Turgefius) 
 (7). Reginald's-tower ft ill fubfifts; the founder of 
 which, is faid to be fon to Ivorus, king of the 
 Danes, as is mentioned before. Strongbow made 
 ufe of this tower as a prifon for the chiefs of the 
 lril"h and Danes. It is now in the polfelTion of the 
 ftore-keeper of the fort of Duncannon ; and ever 
 fmce the year 1663, ^^^^^"^ t>^^^"^ made ufe of for 
 keeping the king's ilores. 
 
 (7) Turgefius, the tyrannical Oilman pr!nce,bui!t a caftle 
 5iear the Black friars abbey. 
 
 M 4 A«
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 As to the fortifix:ations of this city, it could ne- 
 ver be reckoned a town of great ftrength, either 
 in more ancient times, or in later ages. Though 
 Strongbow (8) was twice repulfed before it, yet he 
 foon after took it by ftorm ; and though, in later 
 times, Cromwell was obliged to raife the Tiege he 
 firfl laid to it, yet it was more owing to the incon- 
 fiderable number of his troops, (being not enough 
 to invefl it), his want of heavy artillery, and the 
 frequent fupplies which the marquis of Ormond 
 threw into it, that hindered him from making him- 
 felf mafter of it at that time, than from any real 
 ftrength in the place itfelf Yet from fome M.S.S. 
 which I have met with, this city appears not to 
 have been deflitute of thefe kind of works for its 
 defence. 
 
 Where the barracks now (land, on St. Thomas's 
 hill, was anciently a fquare fort, confifting of four 
 baftions and curtains, mounted with great guns, 
 and encoriipaiTed with a moat, except on the fide 
 next die town wall, ar-d that fide whereon the gate 
 of the barracks now ftands. Vjy the baftion next to 
 St. Patrick's-gate, there was a communication be- 
 tween the furt .mr^ the town, on which Hood an 
 iron gate. On the N. ndc of this fcrt, towards the 
 ris'er, were feveral out-works, as ravelins, half- 
 moons, &:. and this piece of fortification fervcd 
 the town as a citadel. From St. Patrick's-gate 
 towards Newgate, there was formerly an earthen- 
 work, raifed on the outfide of the moat, to the 
 height, as 'tis faid, of about twelve feet ; with a 
 ravelin that defended Newgate, and another which 
 defended St. Patrick's-gate and the barrack-gate. 
 This work, being no other tha' a glacis, went an- 
 ciently by the name of the but-works ; befides 
 which, there was another glacis to defend the ditch 
 and the wall : but the lafh at thefe v/orks was de- 
 molifhed about the year 1710 or 11. From New- 
 
 (8) Vid. chap. 4, gate
 
 removing the fame ; and accordingly the oranance auu —— - 
 war at Waterford, were removed to Duncannon lort and other 
 fortreiies. 
 
 (lo) Ware's Antiquit. 29. 
 
 confecration
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ,6^ 
 
 gate to the Beach-tower, there was no moat, the 
 ground being fo rocky, that it was too difficult to 
 make one; near Reginalds-tower, flood a half- moon, 
 of fome other kind of outwork, built as a defence 
 to the tower, which was mounted with cannon. 
 This plat-form, and the reft of the fortifications, 
 were difmantled, and the cannon lodged in the fort 
 of Duncannon, (9) in the year 171 1. 
 
 In this city, befides the cathedral, are the church- Churches/ 
 cs of St. Olave and St. Patrick, in which divine- 
 lervice is performed : The churches of St. John, 
 St. Stephen, St. Peter and St. Michael are gone to de- 
 cay ; as are alfo thefe other ancient places of wor- 
 fhip, Lady's chapel, St. Thomas's chapel, Magda- 
 len's chapel, and St. Bridget's chapel. 
 
 The cathedral (10) commonly called Chrifl- 
 church, dedicated to the BlefTed Trinity, was at 
 firfh founded by the Oflmen, and by Malchus the 
 lirfl bifhop of this fee, after his return from his 
 
 (9) This appears by a memorial of general Ingoldsby's to the 
 late duke of Ormond, then lord lieutenant of this kingdom, da- 
 ted the 5th of July, 1711, and preferved in the paper-office ; 
 reciting, that feveral pieces of oidnance, and feveial quantities 
 of ammunition, lay unguarded in feveral open places of the 
 kingdom ; viz. at Athlone, Cork, Waterford, &c. and that he 
 therefore thought it neceffary to reprefent the inconveniences 
 and hazards, he apprehended, thefe llores of war were expofed 
 to, (by being liable to be deftroyed, or feized by the enemies of 
 the Crown) to the end that the fame might be fecured, either 
 where they then were, by making fome works of ftrength, 
 and appointing guards to defend them, or elfe that they fhouid 
 be removed to fuch places or forts, as were in fome condition 
 of defence. In purfuance of which repiefentation, it was or- 
 dered by the lord lieutenant, that the mailer general, and 
 principal officers of the ordnance, fhouid caufe the feveral 
 pieces of ordnance, and quantities of ammunition, to be fent 
 from the feveral places named in the faid memorial, to other 
 forts, according to the plan propofed by general Ingoldsby for 
 removing the fame ; and accordingly the ordnance and ftores of 
 war at Waterford, were removed to Duncannon fort and other 
 fortrefles. 
 
 (10) Ware's Antiquit, 29. 
 
 confecration
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 confecration out of England, as is before related (i i ). 
 About the beginning of the thirteenth century, it 
 was endowed with lands by king John ; at which 
 time. Ware is of opinion, this church got its firft 
 dean, A. D. 1210, Pope Innocent the III. con- 
 firmed the pofTellions of the dean and canons, 
 which he fpecified one by one, as appears in his 
 epiftles (12). In the year 1463, the dean and chap- 
 ter of Waterford obtained a Hcence from king Ed- 
 ward IV. to purchafe lands of the yearly value of 
 IQO marks, " for the augmentation of divine wor- 
 " (hip there," (as the charter fays). It appears, 
 by the petition (i 3) of the dean and chapter for 
 this licence, that king John had endowed it with 
 polTeffions for the fupport of 12 canons, and 12 vi- 
 cars, to the value of 400 marks : But that the pof- 
 felfions had been fo dcftroyed by Irifh enemies, that 
 the four principal dignitaries, viz. the dean, chan- 
 tor, chancellor and treafurer, had not enough to 
 fupport them with decency ; which was the caufe 
 that induced the king to grant to them his mort- 
 main licence. 
 
 About the year 1482, a handfome chapel, 22 
 feet fquare, was erected againft the N. fide of this 
 cathedral, by James Rice, a citizen of Waterford, 
 and dedicated to St. James the elder, and the vir- 
 gin St. Catherine ; it is fince ufually called Rice's 
 chapel; which, together with another ancient cha- 
 pel to the E. of it, and the chapter-houfe, were 
 lately taken down, in order to enlarge the church- 
 yard. In this place flood Rice's tomb, who 
 was mayor of Waterford in 1469, and feve- 
 ral times afterwards. This tomb has been fince 
 removed into the church. The effigy of Rice 
 
 (11) Page 98. 
 
 (1 2) Bofquec's edition of pope Innocent's epift. Tholoufe, 
 lib. 3. ep. i)y 1635. 
 
 (13) Hariis hift. of the bifhops, and king's collections, p. 
 418. 
 
 is
 
 W A T E R F O R D, i^i 
 
 is cut in a kind of black marble, in high relief, 
 lying on his back, with a fhroud tyed in a knot 
 at the head and feet; vermin refembling frogs and 
 toads, are cut in the ftone, as it were creeping out 
 of his body. The infcription, in the gothic cha- 
 rad\er round the figure, runs thus. 
 
 Mt Sattt 3t^cc5lJit0 Clice, qiiont^am iM^ 
 
 i^m0 €\mtm0, a mairoato iixai^ 
 ^tptlitnv later ilia 23^Dun. mot nus. 
 
 gSiuif|Ui0 txi0, t\m txmifitx\0 rta. \nvit^ 
 seuDaplo^a, fum quota m0, finq^^n^b 
 e0, pxo me incco? o;ja, &l nottra^ (01110 
 
 ttanfire per oClia mo;itv0, ji^oan. 
 Cf|^iCle,te ©etimu^ uiiferere iTiiaefumiije^, 
 qiumuilii rtDiiBere pcrDico^, uoli i^anu 
 tiare resjtmpto^* 
 
 Round the lower edge of the upper done of this 
 monument, are the names of feveral faints, cut over 
 the beads of the figures ; which are done in ballb 
 relievo, all round the tomb. 
 
 In 1522, Nicholas Comin, bifhop and Robert 
 Lumbard, dean of this church , adorned the choir 
 and chapel with an arched or vaulted cieling; and 
 in the laft century, bifhop Gore wasatconfiderable 
 cxpences in beautifying it. 
 
 The church, at prefent, confifls of a large nave ; 
 the choir, two lateral ifles, and at the back of the 
 altar is Trinity parifh-church. Befides thefe, on 
 the S. fide of the nave, is the bifhop's confiftory 
 court, or St, Saviour's Chapel ; on the N. fide, is 
 another chapel ; and on the S. of Trinity parifh- 
 church, is the veftry or chapel of St. Nicholas 
 (14). 
 
 The 
 
 (14) Among other njanufcripts in the Harlelan library, there 
 i^ Regiftrurn Capellani, five Capelianorum Cap Ice (i. e. Can- 
 taris) S. Salvatoris Juxta Ecclefiam Sandx Trinitatis Water- 
 ford.
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 The nave, from the W. end to the entrance of 
 the choir, is about 4.5 feet long, and its breadth 
 66. The roof is fupported by large gothic co- 
 lumn's and arches : Upon one of the columns, on 
 the N. fide, is an ancient monument, madeof ftuc- 
 co or plafter of paris, which is very well executed ; 
 in the middle, is a petfon on his knees, in a praying 
 pofture ; and on each fide, a pillar of the Perfian 
 or Carvatick order, on v/hich are figures reprefent- 
 ing truth and piety. After this fentence, 
 
 " Domine Secundum AdlumMeum noli me Judi- 
 " care. Nihil dignum in conlpedu tuo Egi." 
 
 Are thefe lines, 
 
 Nobilio hie fitus efl Guilhelmus Clufius, ille 
 Mercator Fidus, cui Patria alma Brugae 
 
 Cecropius, Cimonq; Cudonq; Corinthius alter 
 Pedore Munifico turn Pietate pari. 
 
 Nee Minor is Craefo, Mida, CraflTove beatns 
 Divitiis, Placidus Indole Plebicola. 
 
 Obiit vVaterfordae Hiberniae. Anno M. d.xlv. 
 
 Beneath this, are the following Verfes, in the 
 Walloon French, placed in two columns : 
 
 La Noble Renomee Le Noble de Le fclufe 
 
 Du moitel fans remort Jadis contre le tans 
 
 D' Art vive et animee D'honneur, et grace infufe 
 
 Tiiumphe de la Mort, Arma fes heurs et an's 
 
 Je dis Lhumain en fomme Courtols et magntfique 
 
 Periclitant c'a, bas Fut autant queCimon 
 
 Qui lefien Coip's confomrae Clement et pacifique 
 
 Aux immortel's es bas Cent fois plus que Cydon 
 
 ford. It begins with a gr?.nt from the dean and chapter to 
 John Coliyne. A. D. 1484. fol. 41. It appears in the body of 
 the book, that John Coliyne was founder of an Alms-houfe, 
 adjoining to the chapel, n? well as of the chapel itfelf ; and 
 (being then dean oi Waterfotd) fettled a yearly maintenance 
 on tVelve alms men therein There's a note fol 38 writ- 
 ten by the founder's own hand. A, D. 1478. Yet Robert 
 Brown is faid to be dean in the before mentioned grant, A. D. 
 
 Bruges
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 Bruges v'llle Flandrine De fon hereufe race 
 more A laifTe un rameau 
 
 peine Qui Ampledte et eni'orafle 
 
 .... faites decore. Virtu d' un Sain6t Cerveau 
 
 Au Temple de Memoire Anvers, jout pour 1' heure 
 
 Appendu ell fon nom De fes puilons Heureus 
 
 Bruges das rememoire Illullrateurs J' alTeure' 
 
 A tout heuT fon renom. De leurs noms vertueus 
 
 Bruges crie et lamente Le Ciel inaccefHble 
 
 Apres fon Citadin Nous rechante hautement 
 
 Waterford s'en augmente Del lencluf^ paifible 
 
 Daviour faitt tel Butin Son duten Sauceinent. 
 
 This monument was much defaced, as it is faid, 
 by fome of Cromwell's foldieis. The choir, from 
 the entrance to the rail of the altar, is 66 feet 
 long. On the right hand, next the bifhop's throne, 
 are the feats for the mayor and corporation. The 
 altar-piece that flood there, at the time of publifhing 
 the firil Edition of this Hiftory, was painted with 
 the decalogue, and Mo fes and Aaron ; over which 
 was the reprefentation of the delivery of the law at 
 mount Sinai j but the whole was indifferently per- 
 formed. This altar-piece has been f] nee removed to 
 the W. lOe of the church, and an elegant one ered- 
 ed, confining of groupes of Angels. 
 
 Trinity parifh church is not now ufed. In the 
 bifhop's confiftory court, is a handfome monu- 
 ment of the late Dr. Nathaniel Foy, bifhop of Wa- 
 terford and Lifmore. In the chapel, on the other 
 fide of the nave, is the monument of Mrs. Chrift- 
 mas, with die following infcription, which was 
 wrote by the rev. Arthur Stanhope, dean of Wa- 
 terford. 
 
 (15) VIATOR 
 
 SISTE GRADUM PAULISPER. 
 
 Tua enim maxime intererit nofTe cujus tub hoc 
 
 marmore, 
 
 (15) Note all capltalsi 
 
 Obfequntur
 
 Natural and Civil H'ljlory of 
 
 Obfequuntur Reliquis 
 
 Nempe ejus liint, quae, dum vixit, fuit 
 
 ELIZABETHA CHRISTMAS. 
 
 Faemina ledillima, 
 
 Uxor Caftiflima, 
 
 Mater Piiflima^ 
 
 Confers Jucundiflima. 
 
 Qtiintuplici eo nomine fatis ubique nota 
 
 Scilicet banc habuit Uxorem Tho nas Chriflmas, dd 
 
 civitate Waterfordiae 
 Mercator, dudum Praetor, et etianlnum Senator 
 
 Urbanus. 
 
 Faeliciorum hunc, quod taleni nadus fit uxorem^ 
 
 an miferiorem, quod amiferit, 
 
 Haud facere dixeris ; 
 
 Nifi quod eo nomine faelix meritc fit dicenduSj 
 
 Quod talem Nadus, numerofam ex eadem 
 
 Sufceperit Prolem, 
 
 Quippe ex utriufque felici copuln, Liberorum 
 
 Ternae Triades, Binse Filiorum, nimirum, 
 
 Richardus, Jacobus, Johannes, Carolus, GulielmuS, 
 
 Jofephus 
 Altera trias filiarum, nempe, Maria, Elizabetha, 
 
 Margareta Emanarunt. 
 Novem hos Charillimos Liberos, fibi fuperflites, 
 
 Mater reliquit moriens, quos, eadem 
 
 Qui pepererat, eos folicitudine curatos, marito fiio 
 
 moritura, quafi 
 
 Commendavit obnixe, fcilicet, 
 
 Ut is jam quafi utriufque Sexus parens fadus, 
 
 conduplicato 
 Amore qua materno, qua Paterno, fingulos ufque 
 
 Complederetur, foveret, fuftentaret, educaret, 
 Puerpera fatis cefTura, fie (exiftimes) earn Maritum 
 
 fuum allocutam. 
 
 En (Chariflime) ultimum noftri fidelifllmi, atquc 
 
 caftiflimi amoris Pignas, 
 
 Quod tibi jam edidi. 
 Et fie edidit, et fie obii 
 
 Anno
 
 W A T E R F O R a - 
 
 Anno aetatis fuae, ultra trigefimum, feptlmo, 
 
 Menfis February die vigelimo fecundo, et 
 
 Salutis Humanae inftauratae anno Millefimo 
 
 Sexcentefimo feptuagefimo feptimo. 
 
 Haec cum Tu (Ledtor) ReTcieris, ficcis (fi potes) 
 
 oculis Hinc abeas licet. 
 
 In a nich of the fouth wall of the choir, is a 
 tomb of one of the bifhops of Waterford, being, 
 the effigy of a bifhop in his rochet, with a pafto- 
 ral ftafFin his left hand, curioufly cut in alto reli- 
 evo. The infcription is too clofe to the wall to be 
 read entire. The following are fome words that are 
 legible in the gothic character : 
 
 ^xt iacct J5eDctenbu0 in €lni^ti ^mitU 
 
 nu)^ aicliarDu^ ^nclkc!, • iDater^ 
 
 fo^Dteufi0 ^jiifcopujg, qui abut vii. Die 
 ^aii ^nno ^om* m.cccc xlvi. cu|U0 
 Stmmae p^opitunir "Bm^, limeiu 
 
 On a flat ftone, near the eafl end of the cathe- 
 dral, adorned with coats of arms, the crofs, and fome 
 other figures in balTo relievo, are thefe words 
 round the margin, 
 
 ©iC iatmt Francifcus Lumbard S!iUI0 0U 
 COlai qUOlltSam Clto0Clt)itatS$ Waterfordiae, 
 
 qui in fiicritio 33 anno aetatis nbnt a. d. 
 
 1590, n 25 Uit MtnU0 ganuant <^t 
 
 Katerina Walfhe UXOl tm0, #UOiUlH 'Mui^ 
 
 mabu0 f?20i3Utes:ur ^m0, %imn* 
 
 In the middle, on each fide of the crofs, 
 
 On a flat fl:one in the chancel, adorned v/ith a 
 crofs, 
 
 ^I'C iattnt Patricias V/hyte, |iliU0 Johannis, 
 qUOUOam CilSl^ ClUltan^ VVaterfordi^, qui 
 
 »75
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 Ohlit, et Anallacia Gio/.t, t^U^ ntO?, fjUat 
 
 0DUC X o*e jraenfx^ ^J^-aclnija, a. d. 1592, 
 
 On n copper plate, fixed on the out fide of the 
 fouth wall, is this infcriptioii : 
 
 Heic in^er uuamque Columnam 
 
 Depofitum DANlELIS BURSTON. S. T. D. 
 
 miferi 
 
 Peccatoris, et quondam hujus Eccitfiae Cathedralis 
 
 Decani indignilTimi, iatet in Spc Refurredtionis. 
 
 Tu qui Primitioees, Phoiphore, redde diem. 
 
 Tumulatus fuit otlavo die menfis Decembris Anno 
 
 Salutis Humanae, Millefimo Sexcenteflimo, 
 
 feptuagefimo odavo. Epitaphium hoc 
 
 ipfe fibi didavit vivus; 
 
 Atque hac Tabula aenea infculpendum ; quam 
 
 Tabulam hie loci Ponendam — Juflit. Cujus 
 
 mandato obfequentes 
 
 Tres ejus Executor^s Eandem fie poni Curaverunt. 
 
 Since the firfl edition of this work, an elegant 
 monu'Ti.-.i.r, made by that eminent artifl Mr. Van 
 Noft, has been ereded in this cathedral, on which 
 is the following infcription : 
 
 To the memory of Mrs. Sufanna Mafon, 
 
 daughter of fir John Mafon, knt. 
 
 After a life of exemplary piety, 
 
 She died Auguft MDCCLII. aged LXV. 
 
 At this fair Oirine let not a tear be fhed 
 'Till piety and charity are dead. 
 Nor let the great and good her lofs deplore, 
 While they purfue the paths fhe trod before. 
 But fhould her bright example ceafe to fhine. 
 Grieve then ye righteous, and ye poor repine. 
 No oftentatious haiid this marble placed ; 
 No flatt'ring pen thejuft encomium traced; 
 Such virtues to tranfmit, is only giving 
 Praife to the dead, to edify the living. 
 
 In
 
 Pl.V
 
 W A T K R F O R D. 
 
 In the fame cathedral, harh Hkewife been erefted, 
 by the family of the Fitz-Geralds, an elegant 
 monument, defigned and executed by the artifl 
 aforementioned. [See plate, VII.] This monument 
 ftands in the great ifle, is upwards of 1 6 feet in height, 
 and 9 feet broad. In the front, is a ftatue of time, 
 with his glafs, reprefenting life run out ; and another 
 of piety, veiled, and bearing a medal of the two 
 gentlemen, to whofe memory the monument was 
 raifed. Over thefe ftatues, are the Fitz-Geralds 
 arms, with palm branches, and oak leaves falling 
 down. All the figures are in Italian ftatuary 
 marble ; the entire back ground, from top to 
 bottom, in dove coloured ; the lower tomb, ex- 
 cept the vault doors, in blue and white, veined ; 
 and the coffin, as well as the doors, in black. 
 Hanging over the coffin, is a large pall, whereon 
 is infcribed the following infcription. 
 
 CROiM A BOO, 
 
 In the year 1770, 
 This monument was ereded, to the memory of 
 Nicholas Fitz-Gerald, late of King's- 
 meadow, efq; deceafed, and of John Fitz- 
 Gerald, late of the city of London, efq; 
 deceafed, purfuant to the lafl will and tefjament 
 of Richard Fitz-Gerald, late of the city of 
 Weftminfter, efq; deceafed, the cldeft fon of the 
 faid Nicholas, and nephew of the faid John 
 Fitz-Gerald. 
 
 77 
 
 TheRt. Hon. Harvey, Lord Vifcount") 
 Mount-Morres, I 
 
 Shapland Carew, efq; r"Truflees, 
 
 Edward Woodcock, efq; aird 1 
 
 The Rev. Edward Woodcock, clerk, J 
 
 N The
 
 178 Natural and Civil Hijlor^ 9f 
 
 The following inlcriptions are on the bells in the 
 ideeple of this cathedral. 
 
 On the tenor, 
 Thefe bells recall by order of the Rt. rev. 
 Thomas Milles, lord bifhop of Waterford and Lif- 
 niore, out of a legacy left by Rob. Gibbon, A. M. 
 Sabbata Pango, Hallelujah. JoOiua Kippling fudit, 
 anno domini Mdccxxvii. 
 
 On the fifth bell. 
 
 Completed by the care 
 
 of alderman John Moor, efq; Mr. Pat. Callan, 
 
 executor. 
 
 On the fourth bell, 
 
 Simon Verfhoun, mayor, Beverly Usfher, Edward 
 
 Flarrifon, fherifFs, J. K. fudit 1727. 
 
 Funera Ploro. Hallelujah. 
 
 On the third bell, 
 
 J. K. Fudit, A. D. 1727, Convoco Clerum. 
 
 On the fecond bell, 
 J. K. 1727. ExcicoLentos, Hallelujah. 
 On the firft or treble, 
 Congrego Coetum. Hallelujah, J. K. fudit 1727. 
 St O- ^^- Oi^ve's is fituated near the Cathedral. It 
 lave's. was rebuilt and confecrated the 29th of July, 1734. 
 The building is quite plain on the outfide, except 
 a handfome door cafe, over which is a pediment. 
 The infide is very neat, the floor being paved with 
 blade and white marble -, that of the chancel is 
 handfomely inlaid with wood in feveral geometrical 
 figures. The altar-piece confifts of four fluted pil- 
 lars of the Corinthian order, two on each fide of the 
 eaft window ; over which is an handfome carved 
 frieze and cornice. The bifhop's throne and pulpit 
 are of oak, and the carving of both well executed. 
 
 The feats are fo difpofed, as that the whole con- 
 gregation can only face the eafl:. The women fit 
 on the right, and the men on the left hand of the 
 ifle. At the wefl: end, is a beautiful font of black 
 marble, which is fupported by a fluted pillar of 
 
 the
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 the fame. The cover is of white marble, on the 
 top of which a black pedeftal fupports a ball of 
 white marble, over which is a brafs crofs. The 
 feats of the windows are of black marble, as are alfo 
 the fteps leading up to the chancel. Upon a brafs 
 plate, in the weft wall, is this infcnption, 
 
 " That the inhabitants of the city of Waterford 
 might have a convenient and decent place, to offer 
 up their morning and evening devotions to God, 
 this church wa^ rebuilt, and confecrated on the 
 29th day of July, 1734, by THOMAS MILLES, 
 S. T.P. bifhop of Witcrford and Lifmore." 
 Psalm, LV. 17, 18. 
 
 " As for me, I will Cctll upon God : and the Lord 
 lliall fave me. In the evening and morning, and at 
 noon day will I pray, and that inftantly ; and he 
 fhall hear my voice." 
 
 St. Patrick's, fituated on a rifing ground, at the g^ p^. 
 W. end of the town, is a plain building, on the trick's, 
 outfide vhereof is an handfome gilt dial. The in- 
 fide is well pewed, and the feats difpofed in the 
 fame manner as at St. Olave's. This church hav- 
 ing the advantage of an high fituation, and open 
 fpace, is well lighted ; and the floor is laid with 
 marble. There is a handfome altar-piece, on which 
 is a painted glory of Vander-Egan's, well performed. 
 
 The ciiurch of St. John was formerly a large 
 pile of gothic architecture, with a fteeple in the 
 fame tafte. Bat this, as v/ell as St. Stephen's, St. 
 Peter's and St. Michael's having been a long time 
 in ruins, I fhall not fpend time in giving a particu- 
 lar defcfiption of them. 
 
 Befides thefe places of worfhip, there are in this 
 city one French church, for the reformed proteftants 
 of that nation, who have, above 30 years pafl, • 
 conformed to the church of England ; one prelby- 
 terian meeting-houlc; one anabaptift and one 
 quakers meeting-houfe ; and four mafs-houfes, one 
 in the city, and three in the fubuibs -, that in the 
 
 city, 
 
 79 
 
 N
 
 i8o Natural and Civil Hijlory cf 
 
 city, is a fine modern building, the ifles fupported 
 by (lone pillars, the pannels of the wainfcots carved 
 and gilded, and the galleries finely adorned with 
 paintings, Befides the great altar, there are two 
 lefler, one on either hand, over each of which there 
 are curious paintings. Facing the great altar, is a 
 large filver lamp and chain of curious workman- 
 fhip ; round the houfe are niches, filled with (la- 
 tues of faints, &c. 
 Abbies. The abbies in this city were, id, St. Saviour's 
 friary (i6), founded by the citizens for dominicans, 
 anno dom. 1235, and granted, at the diflblution, 
 to James White, at the 20th part of a knights fee, 
 and 4 s. rent per annum. Over the door are thefe 
 letters, P, E, E, D, I, F, I, E, D. It is, at prefent, 
 the county court-houfe, and the fteeple was a very 
 flrong building. 2dly, St. Catherine's priory, 
 founded by the Danes, and endowed by Elias Iron- 
 fide about the year 1210. July 14th 1552, a 
 leafe v/as granted, in reverfion, for 21 years, of the 
 fite and demefne lands of this abbey of St. Catherine, 
 and thatof Mothil, to Patrick Sherlock (17). 3dly, 
 The priory of St. John, alias St. Leonard's, founded 
 by John earl of Moreton (18) Peter de Fonte bene- 
 factor in the 12th century, for benedidtines. This 
 houfe, at the diflt^lution, was granted to William 
 "Wyfe, efq-, in capite, at one knights fee. 4thly, 
 The holy ghofl friary, founded by fir Hugh 
 Purcell, in the year 1240, for francifcan friars. 
 This friary, with a garden within the walls, and a 
 quay without them, were granted to James Bail iffe, 
 in fee-farm, at los. a year rent during life, and 
 20s. after; and all the other poirellions of the faid 
 houfe, within the walls, were granted to Henry 
 Walfli, in capite, at the 20th part of a knight's fee, 
 and 8 s. rent. The reft belonging to it, in the 
 
 country, 
 
 (16) '['Ms now known by tlie name of the Black-Friars. 
 
 (17) Roll's-ofikc, anno 6. Edw. VJ. derfo. 
 
 (18) Afterward? king Join.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. i8i 
 
 country, to James Walfh, in capite, at the 20th 
 part of a knights fee, and 8 s. rent. 
 
 The French church is part of this building ; the 
 fteeple is (till entire, and kept rooffed, as are the 
 other parts of the abbey, fome of which are con- 
 verted into warehoufes and other fuch ufes. In one 
 of the vauks remain feveral very ancient tomb- 
 ftones ; on one, cut in high relief, is a man in ar- 
 mour, with a (hield on his left arm, on which are 
 three lyons paflant guardant in pale, but no infcrip- 
 tion on the Ifone •, on the right hand, is a broken 
 monument, to the memory of Matthew Grant, 
 citizen of Waterford, and his two wives, Catherine 
 Skiddy and Catherine Porter, which was ereded, 
 anno 1627. Here are a great number of other 
 tomb-flones ; but being, for the rnofl: part, funk 
 too low, and covered over with earth and dirt, it 
 was not practicable to take off the infcriptions (19) 
 Over this vault is the holy ghofl hofpital, which 
 was erected on part of the ruins of this friary. 
 This hofpital confifts of two great rooms, one 
 longer than .the other ; the fides of each room are 
 divided, by boarded partitions, into feveral clofets 
 and beds. At the end of the longefl: room is a 
 chapel, with an altar, adorned with paintings and 
 images, and enclofed v/ith rails, where the poor 
 have mafs celebrated once a week. Twenty four 
 poor widows, of the popiih religion, are kept here, 
 who, befides their lodging, do each of them receive 
 two guineas a year, which is paid quarterly ; and 
 to a matron, chaplain, or overfeer, 3 1. per annum; 
 61. 13 s. 4 d. to a mafler, and the reft of the fund, 
 which, at prefent, is 67 1. per annum, goes towards 
 keeping the hofpital in repair. 
 
 This fund of 67 1. per ann. is faid to have been 
 purchafed by the Walfhes, of the Canary-lflands, 
 
 N 3 in 
 
 (19) In that part of the city, which is now called the fquare, 
 was formerly a coHeae of the jtfuits, of which there are no re- 
 mains at prefen(.
 
 ^82 Natural and Clvi{ Hijiory of 
 
 in land for its funport (20). The mafler is nomi- 
 nated by the Wahlies, and is to be approved of by 
 
 the 
 
 (20) B/ the original patents, which ftill remain in the bi- 
 fliop's regiftry-office, this foundation was tiift defigned for 60 
 poor of both fexes, befides three or four clergymen tor cele- 
 brating divine fervice. At prefent, there is only one prieft paid 
 for faying mafs, and only 24 poor women maintained as abov©. 
 
 The following extrafl: is taken from the original patents. 
 
 * :qth of Auguft, 36 Hen. VIII. A patent pad for incor- 
 ' porating the mailer, brothers, and poor, of the hofpital of 
 
 * the holy ghoft, in the place of the late monaftery or religious 
 
 * houfe of friers minors of Waterford, commonly called the 
 
 * Grey-Friers, lately diffolved. That they fhall have a com- 
 ' mon-feal. That Henry Walfh, fon of Patrick Wallh, of the 
 ' fame city merchant, Ihall be mafter of the faid hofpital during 
 ' life. That the faid mafter and his fuccelfors, niafters of the 
 
 * faid hofpital, with advice and confent of the mayor, bailiffs, 
 
 * and four fenior of the common council, fhall have power of 
 
 * electing and nominating, from time to thne, three or four fe- 
 ' cular priefts for celebrating divine fervice in the faid hofpital, 
 
 * who fhall be looked upon as brothers of the faid hofpital, and 
 ' are removsable for juft caufe : And alio, 'o perfons of both 
 
 * fexes, among the poor, fick or va:irant poor ot the faid city. 
 
 * And all they fo named, and eltdted, fhall, with the mafter, 
 
 * form one body corporate for ever. That they fhall have leave 
 
 * to pofTefs lands to the value of loo I. fteJ. per ann. That 
 
 * the faid mafter, brethren, and poor, with the heirs of Patrick 
 
 * Walfh, fiiail make rules, from time to time, for 'he govern- 
 « ment of the faid hofpital. T .ai: they fhall enjoy all tythes, 
 ' and offerings of all perfons inhab^tir.- within the precin'.ts of 
 
 * thea^'orelaid late n.onaftery ; ano ,Ao, the lights of burial in 
 
 * the r:mrch-yard of the faid monaftery.' 
 
 7th A September, '.6 of Hen. Vfll. ' 1 ue fame king, by 
 *■ letters patent, gave, granted and fold to Henry Walfh fon 
 ' of Patrick Walfh, merchant, to the maft-r, brethren, and 
 
 * poor of the hofpital 01 the holy ghoft (foi ^ne confideration of 
 ' i^cl. 13 s. 4d. bv them pp.idj .he whole fcite or precindt of 
 ' the houfe or iiicaaLcerv of the Franc^'" ans or Friers- Minors, 
 
 * of the city o\ Waterford, as alfo, all caftleb, houfes and tene- 
 ' ments or rents within the precinds or I'-e fame ; and alfo, one 
 
 * acre of meado/- near he pyil of Dunkitle, in the county of 
 
 * Kilkenny, with itsappurtPi.anc " ; a> alfo, thegr at garden of 
 ' the Fficri iVIinor;, in Watr--fbrd ; and all mefl'uages, ccliaic, 
 « and fhops, builc by David Ba) ff, or his aOigns on this ground, 
 
 * in the faid city ; and all other lands or tenements, reputea :r>
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 183 
 
 the corporation. The v/omen are put in by the 
 mafter, on a certificate of the Roman clergy. 
 
 This houfe was rebuilt in the year 17 18, as ap- 
 pears from this infcription. Thomas Smith, aid. 
 mafter of the holy ghoft hofpital, 1 7 1 8. 
 
 The Leper-houfe, or hofpital of St. Stephen, in Hofpltals.- 
 this city, fituated in St. Stephen's-ftreet, was firft The Lc- 
 endowed, by the family of the Powers, with the P^*" ^^°"^^° 
 lands called Leper's-town, in the parirti of Killea, 
 about five miles from this town ; they are fet by the 
 mafter of the hofpital, who is appointed, during 
 pleafure, by the mayor, fheriffs and commons, at 
 a fmall falary, and has a clerk as an aiTiftant. It 
 is alfo endowed with other lands and tenements, in 
 and about the city. Formerly, about 50 poor ufed 
 to receive a yearly allowance, by the mafter's hands. 
 But as it was thought that a publick infirmary- 
 would beft anfwer the intent of the pious benefac- 
 tors, fmce the leprofy is not a difeafe now much 
 complained of; it has been thought proper to endow 
 an infirmary, for the reception of fuch fick and 
 
 N 4 wounded 
 
 * be part or parcel of the faid monaftery, within the liberties or 
 
 * franchifes of the city of Watcrford ; to be held, by the faid 
 
 * mafter, brethren, and poor for ever, in Capite, by Knight's 
 
 * Service, viz. the 20th part of one knights fee, when efcuage 
 
 * runs in the faid kingdom ; or inftead thereof 8 s. Irifli, pay- 
 
 * able yearly at Ealler and Michaelmas, by even portions. 
 
 This charter and patent of Hen. Vlli. wascontirmed and ra- 
 tified by queen Elizabeth, by letters patent, dated the 26th of 
 June, 24th of her reign. " And the faid mafter, brethren, and 
 " poor, (hall and may take and poffefs any lands or tenements, 
 " in any city or borough within the kingdom of Ireland, for 
 *' ever, to the value of 26 1. 13 s. ^d. v»?ithout further licence, 
 *' notwithftanding the ftatute of Mortmain. The queen alio re- 
 *' mits all aflions for trefpafs or oft'ence, on account of a fuit, 
 ** for a mefTuage in Bread ftreet, in the city of Briftol, and a 
 •' garden in Grope-lane, in the fame city, fued for and claimed 
 " by the faid mafter, brethren, and poor of the faid hofp'tal." 
 
 I know not whether it be to this hofpital, that William 
 Dobbyn, efq; left 10 barrels of wheat yeaily for ever, as ap- 
 pears by his will in the regiftry of the prerogative-office, Dublin, 
 anno 1663, or to the leper-houfe.
 
 I §4 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 wounded poor, as fhall offer themfelves to the at- 
 tending phyftcian or furgeon to be cured. There 
 are, at prelent, two houfes fitted up with beds, 
 and other accommodations, for 40 lick ^ one of 
 thefe houfes, is endowed by the corporation out of 
 the Leper fund ^ the other, by the earl of Ty- 
 rone, who is poflefled of the eftate of the founders 
 in this county, by a fund of 3110I. put to intereft 
 at 5 per cent, for this purpofe • the houfe being 
 given by the city. As thefe houfes are contiguous, 
 the fam.e perfons attend both. The phyfician at- 
 tends gratis, and the furgeon has a falary from the 
 city of 30I. per ann. and 20 1. from lord Tyrone. 
 There is one houfe-keeper, at 6 1. per ann. and 
 four nurfes, at 40 s. per ann. each. Out of the 
 remainder of the Leper fund, the corporation gives 
 100 1. a year to decayed houfe-keepers. 
 Widows Oppofite to the W. end of the cathedral, is an 
 apartment hofpital, called the apartment, built on the fame 
 ground where king John's palace flood. Upon 
 erecting this building, many remains of king John's 
 houfe were obferved, as foundations, vaults, &c. 
 This houfe, puriuant to the will of Dr. Hugh Gore 
 who bequeathed almoft all his fortune to publick 
 and piouo ufes, was ereded by fir John Mafon, in 
 1702, for ten widows of poor clergymen j he pur- 
 chafed lands, within the liberties of the city, for 
 their maintenance at 10 1. per annum each; but, 
 it is faid, nothing remains for keeping of the houfe 
 in repair. It is a large, plain, brick building, 
 with an hip roof, and two returns, fronted with a 
 court-yard and iron palifades. The feveral apart- 
 ments are well difpofed, and the whole, on the 
 outfide, makes a regular appearance. Over the 
 middle door, on a plate of black marble, in gold 
 letters, is this infcription : 
 
 '* This apartment, founded by the right reve- 
 " rend Dr. HUGH GORE, late lord bilhop 
 " of Waterford and Lifmore, for the ufe of cler- 
 
 " gy men's
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 185 
 
 " gymen's widows ; and was ereded, in the year 
 " of our lord 1702, by fir John Mafon, knight, 
 " lurviving executor of his lordlliip's laft will and 
 *' teftament.'* 
 
 The bilTiop's palace is a fine building of hewn Bifhop'i 
 flone, with two fronts, whereof that next the mall palace 
 is beautifully ornamented with ahandfome portico, 
 fuftained by pillars of the dorick order, the frieze 
 properly adorned with triglyphs, drops, and me- 
 topes. Over this portico is a nich, intended to be 
 filled v/ith a ftatue. To this front, the late bifhop 
 Efle defigned a beautiful terrace, which would afford 
 an extenfive profpe(5t, not only of the mall, but alfo a 
 confiderable way into the country. The top of the 
 building is adorned with an handfome cornice; the 
 other front, next the church-yard, has the doors, 
 window-cafes, and coigne ftones of plain ruilick 
 work. 
 
 The city court-houfe, or guild-hall, fituated in Other 
 Broad-ftreet, is an handfome ftrudure, the outfide P"bl'c^ 
 v/hereof is fupported by a range of columns of the p"''S",f^fi 
 tufcan order ; the fi'ont of the building ferves for 
 a corn market-houfe ; and the inner part for a court- 
 houfe, where the aflizes for the city, the quarter- 
 feflions, and other ailemblies relating t<:) city af- 
 fairs are held. Above flairs, are apartments for 
 the grand and petty juries, with convenient gal- 
 leries, 8cc. The outfide of the building is adorn- 
 ed with a clock, on each fide of which are the 
 king's arms, and thofe of the city -, on the top, is a 
 handlome odiagon cupola, covered with a fpire of 
 ftone. Over the judges fear, is an ancient painting,' 
 reprefenting Juflice and Judgment, beirg removed 
 hither from the old city court-houfe in High-flreet; 
 under which, is a very tedious Latin infcription, in 
 the Saxon charadter, too long to be inferted. 
 
 The exchange, together with the cullcm-houfe The ex- 
 adjoining, are charmingly fituated on the quay, be- change, 
 ing here confiderably broad, which has a very no- 
 ble
 
 1 8 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 ble eflfe(5V, the natural beauties of the river being 
 enUvened by thofe works of art. The magnificent 
 buildings of the city of Venice, receive no inconfi- 
 derable iuftre from their fituation, on the fides of 
 the numerous canals, v^^ith which that city abounds. 
 The water, the gondolas, and other veffels enliven 
 the fcenery. The exchange is a neat, light build- 
 ing, fupported by pillars of hewn flone of the tuf- 
 can order, the outfide being adorned with the arms 
 ^ of the king, and thofe of the city, with an hand- 
 fome clock. It has an Italian hipt roof, with 
 a beautiful odagon cupola, and a dome at top, 
 the cupola being furrounded by a baluftrade, about 
 which is a walk. The fpace below flairs for the 
 merchants to aiTemble in, is fufficiently large and 
 fpacious ; on one fide whereof, is the town-clerk's 
 office, feparated from the reft. Above ftairs, are 
 the council-chamber, and a large affembly room, 
 befides other apartments. In the council-chamber, 
 is a very large perfpedive view of the city, finely 
 painted by Vander-Egan. 
 The cuf- Adjoining to the laid building, is the cuftom- 
 tomhoufehoufe, built of brick, the door and window cafes 
 ruftick work of hewn ftone ; the top adorned with 
 an architrave, frieze, and cornice of ftone. The 
 afcent of the firft ftory, is by two flights of ftone- 
 fteps, landing upon one half pace, defended by a 
 range of iron bakiftrades. The ground cellars 
 ferve for ftores, and the land- waiters offices. On 
 the firft ftory, are the feveral other offices peculiar 
 to the edifice ^ and above ftairs, are the colle(^or's 
 apartments. 
 The fi(h- "^^^^ fifli-houfe, conveniently fituated on the 
 houfe. <^uay, is a neat, plain building, fupported by feve- 
 ral arches of hewn ftone ; and within, are blocks 
 or ftone tables, for the laying on of the fifh, which 
 are kept conftantly clean and fweet. Over the 
 houfe is a neat lanthorn, with a bell, which is toU'd 
 to warn the inhabitants when the fi(h is arrived. 
 
 This
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 18-7 
 
 This houfe was but lately erected at a confiderable 
 expence. 
 
 The city-goal, fituated on St. Patrick's gate, city-goal, 
 is an handfome ftrudture of hewn ftone, the arch 
 fupported by pilafters of the tufcan order. The 
 firft ftory is vaulted with flone ; to prevent accidents 
 by fire from the prifoners, or efcap-^s, the chimneys, 
 flior :^s, windows, and other apertures are double 
 grated; and the whole ftrongly built, and commodi- 
 ous for this intention. 
 
 John's-gate, being the remains of one of the old County- 
 city gates, now ufed as the county-goal, is a ftrong goal, 
 building, and rer.ted from the city for this pur- 
 poie. On the outfide, cut in (lone, are the arms 
 ot king Henry VIII. In this caftle, it is faid, the 
 family of the Wifes held a court-leet, when they 
 enjoyed a manor-privilege in this part of the town. 
 
 In Ch- ift church-yard, is a Latin free-fchool, the Schools 
 patrons of which are, the mayor, flieriffs and com- 
 mons of the city, who pay the fchool-mafter 20I. 
 per annum. Above flairs, is a wnMng-fchool, for 
 the conveniency of the Latin fcholars. 
 
 The free-fchoolj or blue-boys fchool, (21) is fitu- 
 ated 
 
 (2») Nathaniel Foy, blfliop of Waterford and Lifniore, be- 
 fides end.iw-g i[\\? lee-fcliooi, lef, to the poor of the city Anno 
 2c!. Heme::tioriS that he had expended 800I. on the iinprove- 1707. 
 jiic * ot" the epifcopa' loufe j and nrqueathed that whatever 
 flioi.id be got out - ;^ that fum , frc;,, his fucceffo: puil'u.ant to 
 the aci mqoe for trtat purpofe, fhouid :o to the mayor and cor- 
 poiation, to b,- laid 'uf on good fecuriy, the /early profits to 
 be applied in puttm. outpro^e . .nt children of the 'nhabitantsot 
 this c'ty, either buys or girls, apprer.Uces ; and give the non)ina- 
 tion the perfors to be boind out. to the bifhop, dean and 
 ma)or of W;;.';. :f rd, or any two of them, whereof the bilhop to 
 be always one. 
 
 Legacies to the poor of this city *. 
 
 Mrs. Eliz. Hallam, to the poor of this city, 300!. this was 
 diftributed. ^IS.' 
 
 Miniard Ch'idian, of Waterford, efq. to the mayci and cor- 
 Doration, to clothe the poor yearly, 'i'le 'itereil of lool. '7*4. 
 
 * Wills regiitered in the prerogative- office, Dublin, '7'9' 
 
 John
 
 1 88 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 ated at the lower end of Broad-ftreet, and corner of 
 Arundell- flreet. It is a neat building, of ruftick and 
 , plain alTilar work, of hewn flone, adorned with an 
 odtagon tov/er, over which is an handfome fpire, 
 with a clock and bell. Before the building is a neat 
 court, encloicd with iron palifades and hewn (tone. 
 On the infide, the W. half is the fchool-room, di- 
 vided into regular clafifes, and forms for the boys j 
 the upper end is adorned with the founder's picture, 
 the late Dn Foy. The E. end of the building is the 
 fchool-mafter's apartment. Over the entrance, in 
 gold letters, together with the arras of the founder, 
 is thisinfcription ; 
 
 '' In 
 
 John Vaury, efq } to the french church of Waterford, lol. 
 Robert Gibbon, of Killworth, clerk, for a ring of belis at Wa- 
 terford, 3C0I. this was expended by alderman John Moore, to 
 whofe care it was given. 
 
 To ringers, for ringing on the day of his death yearly, 20 s. 
 perann. this is paid yearly, on the i 2th of June, when he died. 
 Anno The reft of his effedls to the charity fchool of Waterford. 
 1723. Richard Chriftmas, to the poor and poor houfe keepers of 
 
 the city 200I. 
 1732. Stephen Lap, to the poor of Waterford, 20!. 
 
 Mrs. Ab. Sandoz, to the poor French of Waterford^ 5I, 
 *734' Mr;. Jane Waltham, to the poor of Waterford, lol. 
 
 Thomas Power, of Garranraorris, to the poor, and for his foul, 
 
 Katharine Elliot, alias Keating to the poor of Waterford, 
 to be diftributed by Mr. Ignatius Roch, lol. alfo 220I. in the 
 hands of Mr. And. Snow, carpenter, to be diftributed there, from 
 time to time, as he (hall think fit. 
 
 l-jlS. John Mafon, efq ; to the poor of Waterford, lool, this dif- 
 tributed, he bequeaths 300I. to be added to his fifter Sarah Ma- 
 fon's legacy of 300I. both to purchafc lands, the income there- 
 of, to be laid out for ever, to provide fchooling and clothing 
 for 20 poor female children, after the manner of the blue-coat 
 girls now at Waterford. Hen. Mafon, executor to this 600L 
 has added 300I. more of fir John Mafon's, for which the city 
 pays 60I. per ann. for the ufe of the poor girls. 
 
 Peter Chclar, to the french clurch in Waterford, lol. 
 
 ♦. 740. Dr. Thomas Milics, late bilhvp of Waterford and Lifmorc to 
 
 the
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 189 
 
 " In the year 1728, the revd. Nathaniel France 
 " obtained an adt of parhament, to perpetuate, 
 " and better regulate, this charitable foundation : 
 *' by which (befides the encouragement of inftruc- 
 " tion) he, and the fucceeding truftees for ever, 
 " are enabled to clothe 75 boys annually, on the 
 " feaft of St. Michael, and to put out fome of 
 " the mod worthy of them apprentices to protef- 
 " tant mailers of the eftablifh'd church." 
 
 Under the faid infcription in another compart- 
 ment. 
 
 " This fchool was founded by the right revd. fa- 
 " ther in god, Dr. Nathaniel Foy late lord bifhop 
 " of Waterford and Lifmore, for the education of 
 *' the poor children of this city, and was erefted the 
 " year after his lordfhip's death (viz. 1 708) by the 
 " rev. Thomas France, precentor of the cathedral 
 " church of Waterford, and Mr. James Medlicott,ex- 
 " cutors of his lordfhip's laft will and teftament." 
 
 The plan of this building was defigned by the 
 bifhop ; and as an encouragement to fo good an 
 undertaking, the ground was generoully conveyed 
 by the corporation of Waterford. The executors 
 purchafed lands, to the amount of 191I. 2s. 2d per 
 annum, for the ufes of his lordfhip's will, and pur- 
 fuant to the powers therein, upon the death of Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Moore, his lordfhip's fifter (by v/hich 
 
 48 1. 
 
 the ledurer of St. O'ave, and St. Patrick's churches, the intereft 
 of z66l. 13s. 4d. the faid money to be put to intereft by the 
 corporation. He takes notice, that the retStorial tythes of the 
 parilh of Cahir, bequeathed by bifhop Gore, for rebuilding and 
 repairing churches in that diocefe, did not come to his hands un- 
 til 1723, after the death of fir John Mafon, executor to the 
 faid bifhop ; out of which, he had expended for that pious ufe, 
 1177I, (53. ,d. which fum he left to hia heirs, as chargeable 
 upon the faid tythes. Anno 
 
 Benjamin Morris, to the poor of Waterford, 30!. 174'. 
 
 Jofcph Rea, gent, to the poor of Trinity pan'fh, Water- 
 ford, 5 I. 
 
 Ann Langrifh, widow, to the poor of her meeting, 5!,
 
 ^ go Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 48I. per annum came to the foundation) they ralfed 
 the maftf-r's falar) from 40:. to 60I. a year; sid 
 incrtafed the number of boys from 50 to 75. To 
 fruftrate this defign, a popilh fchool, fupported by 
 fubfcnptions, was ereded ; which gave the lame en- 
 couragement, by teachi g children gratis to read, 
 write, and cafl accounts ; this proj eel had the in- 
 tended efFecl, for the number of bo)s daily decreaf- 
 ed in the bifhop's fchool, and for many years toge- 
 thei threefcore could not be had : while the popifh 
 fchool had its full complement of four (core boys. 
 This evidently appeared to a committee of the right 
 honourable the lords of the parliament, and after- 
 wards to his majefty's moft honourable privy- 
 council. To remedy this evil, the .evd, Nath. 
 France, executor of the furviving execULcr^ P'='titi- 
 oned the parliament for a confirmation ai.d fettle- 
 ment of this fchool .. 'd eftaC'^ ; and admitted that 
 after building, puichafinganddifcha \^' .g all dobts 
 and legacies, thtie remained in his hands the fum 
 of 774I. 15s. 34. In purfuariceof thispet .on, anacft 
 of rnniamentpifled, topeipetuate, ana : tter regu- 
 late, this char itab'e foundation to vcfl the ground, fo 
 convey^'dby the corporation, together with the lands 
 purchaied, in the faid Nathaniel France, duri:;g his 
 life, and alter hisdeceafe, in the biflio p. dearand 
 mayor of Waterford for the time being, and their 
 fucceflbrs ; upon Liuft, that out of the yearly rents of 
 the faid eftates, they fhculd maintain and repair the 
 faid fchool-hoLife, pay 5]. a \ ear as a falary to the re- 
 ceiver, to the catechift 15I. a year? ^i^d to the mafter 
 60I. a year, who fliould be obliged to inflrudt 75 poor 
 children of the city of Waterford gratis. ALnd it fur- 
 ther provides, that the mafter fhould have w other 
 office, nor teach any other children than the number 
 above mentioned, except his own : that the overplus 
 arifmg after the fe difburlements, fhould be applied 
 tQ the clothing the 75 children j and if there ftill 
 
 remained
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 191 
 
 remained an overplus, that it fhould be applied to 
 the binding out the boys apprentices ; and the llim 
 of 774I. 15s. 31 in the hands of Mr France, fliould 
 be laid out on fecurity, or a purchafe to the fame 
 trufts. 
 
 To the year 1745, there had been bound out 
 to trades no boys, to each of whom were given 
 a bible, a common-prayer book, and a whole duty 
 of man. The clothing of the boys comes to about 
 861. per annum; the fum of 5I, is generally given 
 as an apprentice fee ; and by' the prudent and 
 careful management of this foundation, the fchool 
 has already produced many eminent tradefmen to 
 the city, who by this means, are become ufeful 
 members to the publick. 
 
 In Lady-lane, fo called from a chapel dedicated Blue girls 
 to the Bleffed Virgin Mary, the ruins of which ftill ^'^'^°°^- 
 remain, is a charity fchool for poor girls, erected 
 by Mrs. Mary Mafon, daughter of fir John Mafon, 
 which coft her 750I. The houfe is a very neat 
 building of brick, the door and window cafes ruf-^ 
 tick- work of hewn ftonc, and, in a pediment on the 
 front, are the arms of the foundrefs, cut in Portland 
 ftone, with this infcription in a fcroll, PIETAS 
 MASSONIANA, 1740. In the infide, are a very 
 handfome fchool-room and other apartments, for the 
 foundrefs and fchool-miltrefs. Here thirty poor chil- 
 dren, of proteftant-parents, are taken in, from 7 
 years old, are clothed and maintained, taught to 
 read, fpin, and needlework, till fit for fervice. The 
 children are catechifed, once a week, by a clergyman 
 of the church of England. The fchool-miftrels has 
 a falary of lol. a year. The whole expence is de- 
 frayed by an annuity of 60I. a year, paid by the 
 corporation of Waterford, on account of 900I. given 
 to them for thispurpofe, by the charitable bequefts 
 of fir John Mafon, Sarah Mafon, and John Mafon, 
 efqj 
 
 The
 
 IQZ Natural and Civil Hijtory of 
 
 Mall. The mall is a beautiful walk, about 200 yards 
 long and proportionably broad fituated on the E. end 
 of the city. The draining and levelling the ground, 
 which was formerly a marfh, was done at a very 
 coijftderable expence ; it is planted with rows of 
 elms, and the fides of the walk are fenced with a 
 flone wall. Near the centre, facing this beautiful 
 walk, {lands the bifhop's palace, which not only 
 adds a confiderable beauty to the mall, but alfo 
 reciprocally receives the fame from it. Here the la- 
 dies and gentlemen alTemble on fine evenings, where 
 they have the opportunity of each others converfa- 
 tion. Nothing can be more agreeable than to fee 
 this fhady walk crowded with the fair fex of the 
 city, taking the air, enjoying the charms of a plea- 
 fant evening, and improving their healths; nor need 
 I inform the reader, that this city has been long 
 fince peculiarly celebrated for the beauties of its fe- 
 male inhabitants. Near the mall, is a pleafant bowl- 
 ing-green, for the diverfion of the citizens, which 
 is a mofl innocent and healthful exercife, where, in 
 fummer time, after the bufmefs of the day is ended, 
 they fometimes recreate themfelves. This bowling- 
 green is fituated on the E. end of the quay, a little 
 beyond the Ring-tower ; from whence to the mall, 
 trees are planted, as alfo on the fides of the bowl- 
 ing-green, which make this part of the town (afford- 
 ing the profpett of the river and fhipping) very a- 
 greeable. 
 Private Many of the private buildings of this city are 
 
 buildings fufficiently handfome and fpacious ; but the feveral 
 ftreets and lanes, are for the moft part, exceeding 
 narrow, and the houfes crowded very thick toge- 
 ther ; yet were the ftreets more open, and many 
 houfes which lie thick fet, ranged in a regular or- 
 der, the city would take up three times the ground 
 that it does at prefent. 
 
 And now I am upon the article of private build- 
 ings,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 ings, as a fample of the elegant tafte of the citizens, I 
 fliall mention the beauriful improvements of the late 
 alderman Samuel Barker, which, for tlie delicacy of 
 their tafte, rarity, and uncommon fituation in a city, 
 can hardly be equalled; and may juftly afllime that 
 infcription placed on the back front of the queen's- 
 palace, in St. James's park, RUS IN UREE. 
 This gentleman's houfe is in King's- ftreet ; on the 
 outfide of it is nothing remarkable, more than the 
 appearance of a large well built houfe ^ behind which 
 we are agreeably furprifed, with a large hill, beau- 
 tifully cut into Hopes and terrace walks ; at thebot- 
 tomof which, is an handfome canal, with other refer- 
 voirs higher up. In the lower canal, are fountains, 
 which play to a confiderable height, the fides of 
 which, are beautified with ftatuesftanding in niches. 
 Higher up is a terrace, adorned with ftatues, and, 
 among others, that of a Mercury deferves our no- 
 tice, being done in good proportion, and finely 
 poized. The end of this terrace is beautifully ter- 
 minated by a fine ruined arch, being the remains 
 of a gothic ftrudlure, called St. Thomas's chapel, 
 and which alfo gives name to the hill on which thefe 
 improvements are made. From this walk, we have 
 the natural reprefentation of a Dutch landlcape, 
 FIcre one fees not only a part of the country, but 
 alfo, a profpecl of the city. The elegant improve- 
 ments of this beautiful fpot are finely blended with 
 a view of rough rocks, and wild uncultivated liills, 
 which are feen from the oppofite iide of the river. 
 The flags and ftreamers of the fhipping, of which 
 we have here a profpeft, together with the houks 
 of the city, afford a very pleafmg contraff. 
 
 The other end of this terrace, is terminated by an 
 aviary, fi.iled with feveral kinds of fmging birds, 
 tiigher up is a little deer-park, flocked with deer 
 of feveral colours, a curiofity no lefs rare than re- 
 markable in a city; and the refervoirs before- men- 
 tioned, are alfo flocked with carp and tench. On 
 O the 
 
 ^9$
 
 J gj, Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 the top of the hill, is placed an obelifl^:, which 19 
 {sen from the houfe to advantage. 
 
 In an adjacent garden are fome curious exoticks, 
 amono; which are fonne fine plants of the aloe of fe- 
 veral kinds. The Grranium Affricanum frutefcens, 
 Malvce fol. odorato inftar iMelliiTae flore purpuraf- 
 fente, as defcribed by Miller, being a fpecies of 
 Crane's-bill, feveral kinds of cyprefs, and a plant 
 called the caroub or locufl: of St. John, It is fup- 
 pofed (fays Dr. Pocock,) (22) that this is the fruit on 
 which St, John fed in the wildernefs, and not the 
 Cafhia Fiftula, which does not grow in this coun- 
 try ; he adds, that the Arabs eat them, and they 
 are reckoned a pleafant food. 
 
 The whole of thefe innprovements have been cut 
 out of a very barren rock, of which there are ftill 
 fome remains, and carried on at a great expence. 
 
 In this gentleman's houfe, there are feveral fine 
 pieces of painting, and, among others, the legend 
 of St, Margaret, who, by her prayers, is faid to 
 have overcome a dragon, which attacked her in a 
 wildernefs, where fhe v.'ithdrevv to lead a reclufe 
 life: this piece is admirably done, and, it is faid, was 
 painted by the great Raphael. The folds of the 
 dragon twined about the faint, are fo nobly fhaded, 
 that the'y feem to projed from the canvafs. 
 
 There is alfo a pidture of our Saviour, with the 
 Virgin and St. John, of which there need be no 
 more faid in its commendation, than to inform the 
 reader, that it was executed by Hannibal Carachio. 
 
 Among the other edifices, 1 might have menti- 
 oned an ingenious mill, ereded by Thomas Wife, 
 efq; which grinds, fifts and bolts the feveral kinds 
 of meal and flour at the fame time; and near 
 to it, are confiderable granaries ereded, which will 
 be both an advantage to the town, and a profit to 
 the proprietor. It is fituaced on John's river, with- 
 out Bowling-green gate. 
 
 Ill 
 (22) Obfcrvauons on the Eaft, vol, 2. p 46,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. , 195 
 
 In Jobn's-ftreet,. is an ancient fpacious hoiife, 
 belonging to fir Peter Aylward's family ; over the 
 him ney-piece of which, in the great room, the fa- 
 mily arms are curioufly cut in ftone, with this motto, 
 Verus et Fidelis Semper, They are aWb cut on 
 each fide of the ftreet gate. This houfe joins the 
 old church-yard of St. Michael. 
 
 Thequay of this city, which is abovehalf a mile Quay, 
 in length, and of a confiderable breadth, is not in- 
 ferior to, but rather exceeds the mofl celebrated in 
 Europe. To it the largeft trading veiTcls may con- 
 veniently come up, both to load and unload ; and 
 at a fmall diftanceoppofiteto it, may lieconflantly 
 a-float. The exchange, cuftom-houfe, and other 
 public buildings, befides the houfes of the mer- 
 chants and citizens, ranged along the quay, are no 
 fmall addition to its beauty ; which, together with a 
 number of fhipping, afford an agreeable profpedl. 
 The whole is fronted with hewn ftone, well paved, 
 and in fome places it is 40 feet broad. To it are 
 built five moles or peers, which flretch forward into 
 the river ; at the peer heads, fhips of 500 tons may 
 load and unload, and lie a-float. In the road before 
 the quay, the river is between four and five fathom 
 deep at low water, where 60 fail of fhips may ride 
 conveniently, clear of each other, in clean ground. 
 The tide rifes and falls here three fathoms, the cur- 
 rent fetting eafl: and weft. At the W. end, is a con- 
 venient place for graving and calking veiTels, called 
 from thence the Graving-bank. But a much more 
 commodious place is the dry dock, which lies 
 a little belov/ to the E. and was built for this pui:- 
 pofe, by the late Ambrofe Congreve, efq. This 
 dock is properly fitted vi'ith flood-gates, and is ve- 
 ry convenient for the repairing and fitting out vrf- 
 fels. It is 160 feet long, 48 broad and 15 detp. 
 The flood-gate, or entrance, is 28 feet in the ck.'ar, 
 O z receives
 
 igS Natural and Civil Hifiory of 
 
 receives fnips of large burden, and is kept in good 
 order for that piirpofe (23). 
 
 For the coriveniency of veiTels takiiig in water, 
 conduits and pipes are placed on the quay ; fo dvat, 
 in this refpeft, flrangers cannot be at a lofs. Thefe 
 are no lefs ufeful to the inliabitants, wb.o have al!b 
 feveral other conduits and pipes, placed in the mod 
 convenient parts of the town, for fupplying them 
 vvith water. The old conduit in Higlvftreet, at the 
 corner of a lane called Conduit-lane, was ereded in 
 1 59 1, as appears from the date on the front of it. 
 Many towns abroad are much admired, by travel- 
 lers, for the conveniency of having two or three 
 fountains in a town ^ but although thefe may con- 
 tribute to t',.e beauty of a place, yet ii mud be al- 
 lowed, that the advantages of having water convey- 
 ed by pipes to every ftreet, are much more prefer- 
 able and convenient (24). 
 
 As a fp;cimen of the trade of this city, the fol- 
 lowing abllradt of his majedy's revenue, from the 
 year 1738 to 1744, inclufive, is offered to the reader. 
 
 Waterford port and diflrid. An abftra£t of his majefty's re- 
 venue, for feven years, ending tlie 25th of March, 1 745. 
 1 CUSTOMS I 
 
 Year-!, 
 
 Inwards. 
 
 Outwards. 
 
 Imported Excife 
 
 
 1. s. d. . 
 
 J. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 I s. d. 
 
 .738 
 
 3^64 00 o\ 
 
 i:;30 
 
 10 o3 
 
 3186 13 06 
 
 » ' V^ 
 
 2.9 JO 1 9 o3 . 
 
 ■177 + 
 
 02 10 
 
 28.9 II 05 
 
 17,-3 
 
 :-, oB 16 00 
 
 1.51 
 
 I 7 J 
 
 337 S 03 o| 
 
 J74.I 
 
 5:89 12 08 
 
 1665 
 
 I'j 10 
 
 37i;4 10 o( 
 
 1742 
 
 42 io lO 09 1 
 
 1,92 
 
 16 06 
 
 3583 02 06 
 
 •743 
 
 3208 13 04 
 
 2005 
 
 10 05 
 
 2^84 19 09 
 
 ' 7 !4' 
 
 ^2^9 1 2 O] 
 
 17^=; 
 
 09 07 
 
 2074 CO 10 
 
 (2.) This dock has been fince filled up, and converted into 
 ineadosv. 
 
 (24) Thefcveral fprings which fupply the city, areas follow: 
 ift. and 2d, the upper and lower refervoits. 3d, St Michael's 
 \7si!. 4th. St Cvithirfine's. ■^th, that of the old Bowling-green, 
 fcth, Ballytrucklc. tb, St. Stephen's or Lady's- well. Sth, 
 Alexander-lane well. Ail which curdle but a little with foap, 
 h\\i lather fnon afrer j as do alfo St. Patriclc't- and the rope-walk 
 ••w.'.!l, though they are not fo foft as number 7 and 8. But the 
 water of Tobber-Scheiin and fugar-houfc pipe, ihew their fu- 
 peiior puiiry, by their lathering inllantly with foap, which has 
 been ever deemed one of the bell: tefts of a pure and wholefyiue
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 ADDITIONAL DUTIES on 
 
 Yea ! s. 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Wine ift. 
 
 bpirits. jCotron 
 
 Prifage. 
 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 , J. s. d 
 
 1. s. d.jirs.~dT 
 
 i. s. d." 
 
 1738 
 
 2537 1 1 
 
 '623 oi 2 
 
 56H oy 03 2 
 
 270 
 
 •739 12033 o' o' 
 
 r'73 "^ 5 
 
 195 09 5Jo 
 
 345 
 
 1740 
 
 2734 li 09 
 
 J770 n ^ 
 
 383 1 4 50 
 
 240 
 
 1741 
 
 27^8 01 09 
 
 712 to 2 
 
 " ^93 'y S'"^ 
 
 .95 00 
 
 . 1742 
 
 2802 06 i 1 
 
 7S9 04 5- 
 
 07 X 03 0,0 
 
 i8o 0,0 
 
 1743 
 
 2757 1 S 01 
 
 440 13 
 
 yzj 02 ijo 
 
 ; 20 
 
 •744 1 
 
 2^23 0^ oH 
 
 232 09 
 
 T29 t ! ^'0 
 
 ■'- TO 
 
 Ligh 
 
 Mone 
 
 Years. 
 
 1738 
 
 1739 
 
 1740 
 1741 
 1742 
 
 I ^43 
 1744 
 
 15 8 
 
 45 '9 
 
 34 2 
 
 33 II 
 
 53 4 
 
 jSi 10 
 
 49 4 
 
 d. 
 
 9 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 ol 
 
 .ol 
 
 ,i 
 
 Fines and 
 Seizures. 
 
 I -3? 
 
 ]. 
 
 173 
 
 541 10 a^ 
 
 120 17 4 
 
 35 
 6 
 
 9 2^ 
 
 9 9i 
 
 258 19 I 
 
 14 16 05 
 
 Inland Ex- 
 cife and Li- 
 cences. 
 
 1. s. 
 •387 I 
 
 1. s. d, 
 
 1821 9 4 
 
 iSoo 13 6^11387 I 
 
 1679 '^ 2 1 1387 I 
 
 1507 II 5 1387 I 
 
 1505 5 5 ^3^7 
 •883 16 7#h387 
 1691179 ji 387 
 
 Quit and 
 Ciown 
 Rents. 
 
 H,^arth- 
 
 Monej. 
 
 '^13 
 314 
 015 
 Si 5 
 3i6 
 817 
 
 s. d. 
 
 4 o 
 '4 o 
 16 o 
 
 6 o 
 10 o 
 
 6 o 
 10 o 
 
 APPROPRIATED DUTIES. 
 To Loan. 
 
 China. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Winezd. SilkM^in. 
 
 Vinewir. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 &c. 
 
 
 1. s. d. !. s. d. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 1. s.. d. 
 
 1.. s. d. 
 
 173^' 
 
 159 02 I i;oo 00 
 
 39 OI 09 
 
 157 13 00 
 
 12 10 0^ 
 
 '739 
 
 491 02 I i|oi 03 9 
 
 20 14 03 
 
 075 OO 06 
 
 13 10 05 
 
 1 740 
 
 570 II dJ^joo op 
 
 04 01 07 
 
 125 oS 02 
 
 09 17 ot 
 
 174! 
 
 507 19 o9bo 00 
 
 37 07 00 
 
 083 10 1 1 
 
 09 06 05 
 
 1742 
 
 576 05 0900 00 
 
 09 q6 07083 10 07 
 
 12 10 02 
 
 •743 
 
 329 03 ripo GO 
 
 12 o! o6'!94 09 10 
 
 15 07 07 
 
 1 7441 133 17 oi'oo 03 7 
 
 00 OS io!oo7 04 07 
 
 08 07 oq 
 
 A P P R O P R I AT E D D U T I E S. 
 
 I TO TILLAGE. 
 
 Ye^r-s. Conches. &:c,i Plate Imp. 
 
 1738 16 15 O0|O! 18 06 
 
 1739 19.15 co'oo CO 00 
 !74o 18 05 •oo'6'i 17 03 
 i7Ail iH I'q 0000 00 00 i 
 
 > n . \ ■ 
 
 i 7 4.2,1 \o I i^ oo;oo 00 Go'i 
 
 TO LINEN. 
 
 Linen, S-c. \ Tea dtr 
 
 TOTALS. 
 
 fo'- each Y"eir. 
 
 '• s. u.j 1. s. c. j 1. s. a 
 
 16 03 1 IJZ32 18 031! 7426 1711 
 25 09 cS|oo5 08 03 56043 10 00 
 OQ 09 1 1 1 1 3 05 10 
 06 1 1 061146 19 05 
 
 00 00 . 00.0 ! I I 4 O ! 
 
 +3 
 57 2- 5 1 (03 "9- 
 20197/04 07 i 
 i8jo9 03 01 f 
 
 17431 1-9^19 cp|OcJ' 00 oojoo 01 lopoy 03 lo i65o2 08 10 j? 
 27441 \j 00 00,00 06 0000 CO oojiog I j 00! '4965 00 01 t 
 
 O 
 
 The
 
 1(^8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 The Waterford merchants have the greateft fhare 
 of the Newfoundland trade of any port in Ireland, 
 occafioned, as it is faid, in a great me^fure, by the 
 goodnefs of the pork fed about this place. For 
 further particulars lelating to the inland trade and 
 manufadures, I refer to Chap. XII. 
 
 Some accounts mention a bridge to have flood 
 formerly over the Suir, leading from the city to the 
 county of Kilkenny, which rauft have been no other 
 than a wooden one. 1 have been informed, that not 
 many years fmce, there have been feveral piles, and 
 other pieces of this work, difcovered in the river j 
 xv'hen it was erefted, no certain account can be given ^ 
 nor is it known at what time it was demolii"hed. 
 Govern- The government of this city refembles that of 
 merit, moft Other great towns, it being incorporated by 
 the name of the mayor, fherifFs, and citizens of 
 Waterford (25). 
 
 The members of the corporation (26) confift of 
 Officers, a mayor, two fheriffs, a recorder, eighteen alder- 
 men, and nineteen afliftants or common-council 
 men i and the whole together are named the com- 
 mon-council 
 
 (25) Among the records of this corporation, I find [Liber 
 Secundus] the following very fingular entries : 
 
 "Memorandum, That in the eighth year of the reign of 
 king Henry the fixth, one William Lawlefs was brought to 
 iinfwer the mayor and bailiffs, by reafon that, contrary to the 
 ftatute of that city, he did receive a priell: and his concubine, 
 ufing fornication in his houfe ; notwithftandingthe proclamation, 
 that if any, within or without the city, would receive any 
 priefts with theirconcubines, and thereof fhould be convi£led,he 
 Ciould lofe all his goods, and his body to remain in piifon a 
 twelvemonth and a day, and then to make his fine. That 
 hereupon, the faid William put him to grace, which was 
 fercd and taxed at fiv? marks, of which was paid fourteen 
 Liuarters of fait, at four (hillings the quarter. 
 
 In the ninth year ol king Henry the fixth, by common con- 
 fent it was ordained, That no priell: fliould have a wife or 
 concubine within the city; and if they may be found, the 
 finders fhnll have all their cloaths ; and their bodies to the 
 goal of the faid city, unto the time they fnall make a fine," 
 
 (26) Charter Car, i. Ann. ii. fol. 3,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 199 
 
 mon-council of the city. The prefent recorder fs 
 Robert Dobbyn the younger, efq. 
 
 The majority of the mayor and council, on the 
 monday after the vifitation of the blelled Virgin, 
 chufe one of the aldermen to be mayor (27) for 
 the next year, who is fworn, on Michaelmas-da}', 
 into his office, before the old mayor, or before the 
 council in his ab fence. 
 
 At the fame time, the fheriffs (28) are eleded 
 out of the alliftants, and are fworn with the mayor. 
 
 The mayor and council chafe their recorder (29), 
 who is removeable, for mifbehaviour, by the cor- 
 poration. They alfo eleA a fword-bearer (30) who 
 may carry a fword of ftate before the mayor, unlefs 
 the king or his heirs be prefent. The mayor and 
 Iherifts appoint four ferjeanis at mace, who are to 
 attend them, to ifllie mandates, writs, procefles, 
 &c. and to bear gilded or filver maces, adorned 
 with the king's arms, before the mayor. The 
 council alfo elecit a public notary, a coroner, clerk 
 of the crown and peace, town-clerk, marefchal, 
 fearcher, water-bailiff^ &c. who are removeable on 
 milbehaviour. The prefent town-clerk is Theodore 
 Cooke, efq; (31). 
 
 By the charter, the mayor and recorder may hold 
 ^ court of record (32) every monday and friday, Courts, 
 for actions of debt, &c. for any fum without limi- 
 tation ; as alfo, they may hold pleas for lands, 8z:c. 
 v/ithin the liberties. They hold a court-leet {^^) 
 twice a year, within a month after Eafter and 
 Michaelmas. The mayor, recorder, and four eldeft 
 O 4. aldermen, 
 
 (2-) Charter Car I Ann. ii, foi. 3. (:S) Id. ib. (ig) Id. 
 fol. 4.!d (.o) U b 
 
 (3 i) The falaries of the city office s are as follow. Mayor, 
 303I. Sheriffs, each, Jool. Recorder, lool. Town-clerk, 70I. 
 Coroner, 5I. Sword-hearer, j^l. Marllial or goaler, J4I. 
 Four Serjeants at inaoe, ench, lol Two Beadles, each, 5I. 
 Bridewel-keeper, 2I. Water bailiff, zoi ; and Public Notary, 
 no falary. 
 
 (g2) FgI. 5. (.33) lb.
 
 2oo 1^'atiiral and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 aldermen, are impowered, by the charter, to be 
 juftices oF goal delivery (34), and to determine all 
 ieioiiies, &c. done in the city and liberties, except 
 for treafon ; and no other perfon is to deliver the 
 goal, except one or more of the juflices of the 
 benches, mafter of the rolls, or barons of the ex- 
 chequer, the mayor to be always joined with them 
 in commiffion. 
 
 They have power to hold an admiralty-court {o^^) 
 within the limits of their harbour, and not to be 
 difturbed therein by any other admiralty-court in 
 England or Ireland, They can hold a court of 
 orphans {^6) once a week, with the fame power as 
 that of the city of London. 
 
 They can appoint a fenefchal (37) who may hold a 
 court of pye-powder, and pleas of matters belong- 
 ing to fiich a court. 
 Privileges The mayor, befides his prefiding in thefe courts, 
 of the jias power to call and adjourn the fame; and in cafe 
 "'^J'or. Q^ abfence or ficknefs, he may appoint a deputy, 
 who has the fame authority as himfelf, fuch deputy 
 to be one of the aldermen (38), who is to be fv/orii 
 into the office. In all cafes of eledion (39) by the 
 council, the mayor muft be one of the majority ; 
 he has conufance of all forts of pleas, and a fuit 
 once begun, fnall not be removed from his court, 
 before it is determined, as the charter fays (40). 
 He and the corporation are to have the returns of 
 afllze, precepts, bills and warrants, as alfo the 
 fummons and eftreats of the exchequer, and the 
 precepts of the itinerant judges. He and the re- 
 corder, with the four fenior aldermen, are juftices 
 (41) of the peace within the liberties, and alfo for 
 the couuty of Watcrford ; but not as fuch to pro- 
 ceed to the trial of any treafon, felony, &c. to the 
 lofs of life or limb, which, by the charter, they can 
 
 do 
 
 (54)FoI. 6. (rOIb. 7. (36)lb. iQ. (3-)Id.ib. 7. 
 I3b;ib. 4. (39) lb. 4. (40) lb. 5. (4.) lb. 6,
 
 \^ A T E R F O R D. 
 
 do in the city. The mavor and council have 
 power to tax the citizens, towards defraying any 
 necefiary expence, and to diilrain, &c. for the re- 
 covery of fuch tax. T}je mayor and town-clerk 
 (42) may take recognizance of debts, according to 
 the (43) form of ftatute -merchant (44) and the flatute 
 of A.Cton-Burnel ; and to have a leal, confifiing of 
 two pieces, to feal fuch recognizances. The 
 ma3'Or may punifli unlawful jfidiers, can make laws 
 to regulate the fifhery, (45) and has power to pu- 
 niili the breach of them by fine and imprifonment. 
 Ke is alfo confervator of the waters, and may punifn 
 according to the ftatute in that cafe provided. No 
 fhip is to load or unload in any other part of the 
 harbour but at the quay of Waterford, unlefs by 
 hcence from the mayor; except the burgefs of 
 New-Rofs, in the county of Wexford. The mayor 
 and council may make a guild as the city of Briftol ; 
 no guild or fraternity to make by-laws without a 
 licence from the mayor. 
 
 The mayor and corporation, by the charter, had 
 pov/er to grant licences for the felling of wines, and 
 other liquors; but th.is is difufed. 
 
 The fheriffs of the city are excufed from going 
 to Dublin to mjake up their accounts, and may 
 account before auditors, or the jufiices of afiize, 
 when they ihall come to the city. 
 
 All 
 
 (4z) Fol. 9. _ ^. (4O I^. 'o- 
 
 (4^) Hooker in his Chronicle, page 139, fays. That, by 
 their cb.arter, the mayor of the (laple might take liatutes and 
 recognizances ftaple, not only in the city ccncernin;^ themfelves, 
 but alfo of fundry towns in LeinRer and Munller, and the 
 counties of Kilkenny, Wexford, and Tipperary : and that the 
 citizens could not be compelled to feive in any holling, unlefs 
 the king hinifelf, or his fon, were prefent. Whoever is curious, 
 jaay read a long exhortation of the above-mentioned writer, to 
 the citizens, admonifhing them, £0 psrfevere in their .loyalty 
 to the crown of England, and that they may always merit the 
 apothegme of, Waterfo;;dia s£m?£r M..NtiT jntacte. 
 
 (45) Chart. 7. Car. i. 
 
 201
 
 %QZ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 All manner of fines and forfeitures recovered in 
 any of tlie aforefaid courts, belong to the fole ufe of 
 the city. 
 
 Here is alfo a corporation of merchants of the 
 ftaple, who are to have a mayor of the ftaple, and 
 two con (tables, with the fame power as the ftaples 
 of London or Dublin. 
 Franchifes In the preamble to the charter, among other in- 
 and Privi-ducements for reftoring it, it is faid. That it is an 
 leges. ancient city -, that, from the firft redudlion of this 
 kingdom to the prefent time, the inhabitants have 
 been of civil converfation, endov/ed with good 
 learning, and generous education, following mer- 
 chandife; that it appears from their llirnames, they 
 were derived from old Englilli families; that the 
 city has been honoured with the perfonal refidence 
 of feveral kings of England, and for their happy 
 and faithful fervices to the crown, it has been na- 
 med in fome charters, the untouched or virgin 
 city, and the chamber of the king. The city liber- 
 ties, as mentioned in the charter, are, befides the 
 city and its precin6ls, the mount near the W, 
 gate, on whicn ftood a fortrefs at that time ; the 
 houfes, ground and foil of the church and chancel 
 of Black-friars, and a place there called our Lady's- 
 chapel i as alfo, the great port of the city (46), 
 
 which 
 
 [^f') Hooker, In the fame Chrojiicle, p. 139, alfo fays, 
 that the river was bounded and limited from the mouth of the 
 feas, betwixt Rindowan, where Hooke tower ftanda, upon the 
 E. fide, and Rodibanke upon the W. fide; and from thence 
 unto Carrick upon Suir, and as far beyond as the river ebbeth 
 and floweth that way ; and from the faid mouth unto Inortaige, 
 upon the river Noie, and as far as the lame ebbeth and floweth ; 
 and likewife from the faid mouth unto faint Molina, upon the 
 river of Barrow, and fo far beyond the fame as the water 
 ebbeth and floweth. 
 
 The inhabitants of Rofs have frequently, in ancient times, 
 difpured the priviledges of the citizens upon their river, claiming 
 an exclufive priviledge, by virtue of the gift and grant of 
 Roger Bigod, earl marflial of England, who married ifabel, 
 
 the
 
 W A T E R F O R D, 203 
 
 which enters between Ruddy-bank and Ringdown, 
 up to Carrick. by water, and as far as St. Catherine's- 
 pyll reaches to the bounds of Kilbarry, and from 
 thence to the bounds of Clontredane, and from thefe 
 to the bounds of Portfic"lim, with the town and 
 villages of Killoteran, Ballynakilly and Killbarr}^, 
 with their appurtenances, extending themfelves from 
 the Suir to the bounds of Killure, as alfo the ambit 
 and precinds of Killculeheene on the N. of the Suir, 
 with the village of Newtov/n, alias Lumbard's- 
 town, Ballytruckle and Grange, with all the lands 
 lying between thefe villages and the city, to be a 
 diftinCt county of itfelf, and to be feparated from 
 the counties of Kilkenny and Waterford, for ever. 
 Saving to the crown a pov/er to keep the aflizes, 
 goal-delivery, and fefiions of the peace, in the city, 
 of things happening in the county, and to build 
 fortrefles, goals, &:c. either upon St. Thomas's- 
 hill, or within, or upon the church or chancel of 
 Black-friars. 
 
 This charter grants and renews feveral privileges 
 to the citizens and freemen. 
 
 They may by it remove the mayor for railbe- 
 haviour ., and the council m.ay, upon his death or 
 removal, proceed to cledl another. The great cuflom 
 called cocquet, is granted to the city (47), which 
 may arife within the fame, faving to the king the 
 
 little 
 
 the elded: daughter f f Walter, earl maifiial, in whofe right he 
 was lord of Rofs and the river Barrow. Whereupon certain in- 
 quifuions were taken, in the time of king Edw. Ill and king 
 Rich. II. at Clonmel, by the oaths of fix knights and eighteen 
 efquires, by which the above bounds vveje found and determined 
 for the city of Wateriord ; and that no Ihip Ihou'd be iaJen or 
 diicharged but at the quay thereof, there to pay fuch duties and 
 cufl-oms as are due ; and that the citizens have alfo the pi isage 
 ot wines, and tiie jurifdiclion of the adir.ifalcy, within the 
 bounds afoiefaid; all v/hich they enjoyed, by virtue of fund ry 
 grants and charters, fiom feveral kings of England. 
 
 (47) Who have a cleik in the cuftom-houfe to receive 
 their diities.
 
 204 N'tural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 little cuflom, i. e, 3d. in the pound to be paid by 
 actions only, and faving alfo the fubfidy of pound- 
 age, i.e. 1 2d, in the pound for all merchandifes 
 imported, to be paid by all fubjeds as v\eU as aliens, 
 except by the freer.ien of the city, who are dif- 
 charged of paying this cuftonn of 1 2 d. in the pound 
 in a-l the ports of Ireland. The citizens are ex- 
 empted from all toll, lodage, pofbage, pontage, 
 murage, pillage and pannage, and payment of all 
 fuch cuftoms" throughout the king's dominions. 
 No citizen to be indicted of any mercy of money, 
 unleis according to the law of the hundred, i. e. 
 by forfeiture of 40 s. of which half fhali be forgiven, 
 and the reft reifored in mercy, except fines of 
 bread, ale, or watching, which ("hall be in mercy of 
 2S. 6d, the firft time half to be forgiven, and the 
 other half to be reilored in mercy. 
 
 The citizens have power to dilfrain their debtors 
 by foreign attachments, and not by their own 
 pledges. 
 
 No citizen to be compelled to come before any 
 itinerant judge out of the city. 
 
 No perfon, not being free, fliall retail, except 
 at fair or market, under the penalty of forfeiting 
 the goods or the price to the city. 
 
 The, charter grants two markets, to be held 
 
 weekly on wednefday and faturday, and a fair on 
 
 St. John Baptiit; all tolls and profits to go to the 
 
 , city, with "murage of all faleable commodities, as 
 
 faiiy as the city of EiiPtol enjoys. 
 
 No citizen, for the time to come,, fliall combat 
 f;)r .any appeal of trea(on or felony within the city. 
 
 E; the charter, the mayor and llieriffs -might 
 cbuie two hogllieads of'wine cut of every .^-ip, 
 one before, and the other behind the maft, for 
 40 s. 20 s for each, one to go to the king, and 
 the other to the mayor. This pri.i'ezc the cor- 
 poration fold to the houfe of Oi: The com- 
 luiiiioners now farm the fame uoirj the earl < '' 
 
 Arra; ,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 205 
 
 Arran, who has the prilage of wines throughout 
 the kingdom. 
 
 The city has a duty of one meafe of herrings 
 from every boat, called caflle-meafe ; and out of 
 every other fifhing boat, one principal filhi, asofien 
 as ("he arrives, and this granted for ever, for build- 
 ing and maintaining a bfock-houfe at PaiTasiie. 
 
 The charter fays, no lord lieutenant, or chief 
 governor, (hall (eize upon the franchifcs of this city 
 on any account whatfoever for the future ; but that 
 the perfon offending only ftiall be pimifhed accord- 
 ing to their crimes, notwithftanding any law or 
 ftatute to the contrary. 
 
 The city militia confided in the year 1746, of Militia. 
 500 men, being divided into 10 companies of foot, 
 under the command of col, Thomas Chriflmas, 
 of which the grenadier company, commanded by 
 capt. Francis Barker, were in uniform, having blue 
 coats, with fcarlet linings and gilt buttons, Icarlet 
 waiftcoats and breeches, and gold laced hats: 
 
 There was one independent troop of horfe alfo, 
 in much the fame uniform, under the command of 
 col. Thomas Chriftraas, the younger. Thefe, to- 
 gether with the grenadier company abovemen- 
 tioned, confiflcd of fuch as were willing to clothe 
 themfelvesin uniform. They made a fine appearance, 
 and were exceedingly well difciplined. 
 
 The following companies are incorporated by Compa- 
 charter, from the mayor and council, nies. 
 
 1. Merchant retailers, 2. Smiths, 3. Carpenters, 
 mafons, flaters and coopers. 4. Bakers. 5. Brewers, 
 malftersanddiftillers. 6 Barber-furgeons, 7, Shoe- 
 makers, tanners, fl^inners and glovers. 8. Clothiers, 
 weavers, dyers, &c. 9. Vi<fluallers, butchers, &:c. 
 
 The city arms are pari per fes. vert, in the upper 
 divifion ; three lions paiTant gaurdant in pale in the 
 lower three rovv-galkys or. Creft, a lion ram^pant 
 
 holding
 
 vo5 isfdtural and Civil Hiftory of 
 
 holding the harp of Ireland, or, fupporters, a lion 
 and a dolphin ; the motto which they received from 
 king Henry Vil. Urbs intada manet Waterford. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Mountains and Bogs of this County, 
 
 'Otwithflianding the grcateft part of this county 
 may be juftly reckoned mountainous, yet 
 there are feveral obfervable elevations, which rife 
 much higher than the reft, and of which it may be 
 proper to make particular mention. 
 
 The firft I Ihall take notice of, are the mountains 
 of Cummeragh, which are a chain of rocky hills, 
 beginning about three miles N. of Dungarvan, 
 running N. E. for about eight miles, elbow away 
 W. and end at no great diftance from the river 
 Suir, near the W. extremity of Middlethird. The 
 S, eminence of this ridge is called, by the Irifh, 
 Crookane, probably, from Cruach, an heap ^ it 
 flands N. E. from the town of Dungarvan, at the 
 diftance of three Englifh miles and three quarters. 
 On the top of this pike, the mercury fell one 
 inch three tenths ; which, according to Dr, 
 Halley's account, gives 390 yards above the level 
 of the fea. 
 
 By keeping the range of the mountains from this 
 pike, one proceeds to an high table land called, 
 Monevullagh (i) which, by the barometer, appears 
 to be about 500 yards above the level of the fea. 
 The tops of this range, are deep and boggy ; pro- 
 ceeding ftill to the N. this range rifes higher, till 
 one arrives near the middle of their length. On 
 the higheft land hereabouts, the mercury fell two 
 
 inches 
 
 (1) Monad-vaillcadli fignifies the roaring mountain, pro- 
 bably fVoin the falls of water from its top.
 
 WATKRFORD. 
 
 inches four tenths, being about 720 yards perpen- 
 dicular. On the fides of this chain, there are many 
 horrid precipices, and fteep dechvities, with large 
 naked rocks, not only- towards the tops, but alfo 
 in mod o^'d--::iv 'tber crags, till one dcfcends into 
 the vallies, where confiderable chips, or parings, 
 lie in prodigious heaps, confiding of ftones, inter- 
 mixed with fand and gravel, and 'fometimes of 
 large rocks, and broken fragments. Thus, in time, 
 thefe mountains are wafted, no doubt, from their 
 being expofed to the vaft quantities of hail and 
 fnow, which fall on them. 
 
 On the fummits of moft of thefe mountains, are 
 large heaps of ftones, many of a great fize, but of 
 all the irregular fhapes imaginable; fuch heaps may 
 be obferved on the tops of fome mountains, where 
 there is fcarce a ftone to be feen for a great way, 
 lying in as much confufion, as the ruins of a build- 
 ing can be fuppofed to do ; but there are no remains 
 of mortar fticking to them. Some think, thefe rude 
 heaps to have been the fkeleton of the hill, expofed 
 to view by rains, fnow, &c. but they lie in too much 
 confufion to be fuch ; the moft probable opinion is, 
 that thefe heaps are the remains of Speculse, or 
 places for making fignals, by fires, for alarming 
 the country, as occafion offered ; fuch as VirgU 
 more than once mentions. 
 
 ' Dat Signum Specula Mifenus ab Alta. 
 
 Eneid. Lib, 3. v. 239, 
 And again, 
 
 HancSuper inSpeculis; Summoque in verticeMontiS. 
 
 Lib. XI. V. 526. 
 
 Livy (2) in his account of the war between 
 Sulpitius the proconful, and Philip, which he copied 
 
 almoft 
 
 (2) Lib, 28. No, 5. Edit. Grutcri, 
 
 207
 
 2q8 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 
 
 almofl verbatim from Polybius, takes notice of the 
 ufefiilnefs of thefe kind of figntils, and gives us this 
 account of thera. 
 
 Philippus, ut ad omnes hoflium, motus PoiTet 
 Ocurrere, in Phocidem atque Euboeam & Pepare- 
 thiim mittit, qui loca alta eligerent, unde editi 
 ignes apparer^nt: Ipfe in Tifiaeo (mons eft in alti- 
 tudinem ingentem cacuminis editi) Speculam pofuir, 
 ut ignibus procul fublatis, fignum, ubi quid moli- 
 rentur holies, Momento temporis acciperet. 
 
 Whether thefe watch-peaces were eredted by the 
 ancient Irifh before the invafion of the Danes, or 
 by thefe later people, is uncertain; but it is well 
 known, that the Danes raade ufe of them, both 
 here and in England, to communicate intelligences^ 
 of invafions or the like, in a few hours through the 
 kingdom^ 
 
 In thefe mountains are four confiderable loughs, 
 two of which are called, by the Irifh, Cumme- 
 loughs, and the other two, Stilloges, the largeft of 
 which contains about five or fix acres. In thefe 
 loughs, are feveral kinds of trout • and in the 
 former, are a fp.ecies of fifh, called charrs, about 
 two feet long, the male grey, and the female yellow 
 bellied -, when boik^d, the flelh of thefe charrs is 
 as red ai.d curdy as a falmon, and eats more 
 delicious than any trout. It is remarkable, that 
 this kind of fifh is often found in fuch lakes, fituated 
 in mountainous places, as we learn from Dr. 
 Robinfon's Nar. Hifl. of Weftmorland and Cum- 
 berland (3j. 
 
 In the Stilloges, are a black hungry tro'.it, called 
 by the name of the lough, which are very indif- 
 ferent food. 
 
 About thofe lakes, are very fine echoes, where a 
 fingle difcharge of a piece, will feem like a volley of 
 
 fmall 
 {i) P. 60.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 209 
 
 fmall arms, which is again anfwered from the adja- 
 cent hills ; and this circumftance is moft remarkable 
 on the largeft lough, the banks of which are folid 
 rock, high and fteep, and therefore proper to create 
 and multiply an echo. 
 
 Mr. Addifon (4) mentions a lake on the top of 
 mount Cenis, between Turin and Geneva, fomewhat 
 refembling thofe of Cummeragb. He remarks, 
 that the inhabitants thereabouts pretend it is un- 
 fathomable ; and he queftions not but the waters of 
 it fill up a deep valley before they come to a level 
 vi'ith the furface of the plain ; he adds, that it is 
 well flocked with trouts. The frifh report the fame 
 of moft of thefe mountain loughs. I founded one 
 of them with fixty fathom of twine, yet did not 
 reach the bottom. 
 
 Though the chain of thefe mountains proceeds 
 from S. to N, yet the range of each particular hill 
 has its ends E. and W. they are rather vaft confufed 
 clufters, than regularly ranged, as mountains are. 
 In fome places, they meet in angles, while others 
 belly out toward the middle, and enclofe horrid pre- 
 cipices, called glinns; and this irregularity caufes 
 thofe deep lakes above-mentioned. 
 
 Among another ridge of high mountains, Vi'hich 
 divide the N. W. part of this county from that of 
 Tipperary, is the mountain of Knockmeledown. 
 
 From the Black-water river, you proceed north- 
 wards, for about four miles, by a gradual afcenr, 
 till you arrive at the foot of this great mole, the 
 eaiied accefs to the top is on the W. fide, up which 
 one may make a fhift to ride. On the S. fide it is 
 fleeper, and alraoft perpendicular towards the N. 
 Stones rovv-led down this fide, from the top, run 
 with an amazing rapidity, till they reach the bottom ; 
 and if they meet with a rock in their pafTage, they 
 fly to pieces. By this kind of diverfion, we unhar- 
 
 bouied 
 (4.) Travels, p. 342.
 
 2 1 o Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 boured a flag, which lay concealed at the bottom. 
 Half way upon the S. fide, the mountain bellies out, 
 like a vaft buttrefs, which feems to fupport the mon- 
 ilrous cone at top. The fummit of the mountain is 
 a pretty Iharp ridge, of no great length, compofed 
 of loofe ftones, covered with heath. The mercury 
 fell here exadly three inches lower than at the level 
 of the Black-water river, which, according to Dr. 
 Halley, by allowing 30 yards or 90 feet to an 
 inch, gives poa^yards for its perpendicular height, 
 or 2700 feet; or if, as fome allow 32 yards to a 
 tenth, it will be 60 yards higher, or about 29 yards 
 lower, than the mountain of Slieve-Donard, in the 
 county of Down (5). 
 
 A piece well loaded, made no great report on the 
 top of this mountain ; the rarification of the air, and 
 the expanfe every way, making the noife much lefs 
 than it would be in the lower grounds, as we after- 
 wards found it (6). 
 
 From the top of this mountain, is a moft agreeable 
 and extenfive profped. One fees the delightful 
 plains of the county of Tipperary, extending thirty 
 miles to the N. the rock of Cafhel, fifteen miles 
 diRant, is very vifible, with the cathedral ; a large 
 tract of the Suir, is feen for fome miles ; the Com- 
 meragh mountains obftruct the view to the N. E. and 
 the Galtees to the N. W. To the S. E. the view is 
 open, affording a profpedt of the ocean, the harbour 
 
 and 
 
 (5) When thefe experiments are made, care fhould be taken 
 to note at what height the mercury rtands in the tube on the 
 plain ; for upon my nieaiuring the fame i^eight more than once, 
 I was furpriftd to find a very confiderable difference ; and when 
 t)ie mercury rtocd high, viz. at about thirty inches, it fell more 
 in proportion than when it flood lower. When this height was 
 meafured, the mercury in the plain was at 29 inches ; had it 
 been lower, it would not have funk three inches at the top ; and 
 was it higher, it would have fallen more, as I have found by 
 repeated trials ; which 1 mention, as not having met elfewherc 
 with thefe remarks. 
 
 (6) \'id. Vaienius Geogr. lib. i, cap. 19. prop. ult.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 2rr 
 
 and town of Dungarvan, and al! the pleafant vale 
 extending W. from it to the Black-water ; more S. 
 you fee the open of Youghal harbour, and a large 
 tracl of the fea-coaft towards that of Cork, The 
 river Black- water is feen for many miles. Here is 
 alfo a prorpe6l of Lifmore, and many feats, farm- 
 houfes, &c. Having defcended the mountain on 
 the W, fide, we came to a road, called the Devil's- 
 caufewa)'', fo named frotn its^ruggednefs ; a mile 
 N. whereof, there is a Jake, called Beal-lough, 
 which, though in the county of Tipperary part of 
 thefe mountains, being fo near, curiofity led us to 
 take a view of it. It is of an oval form, furrounded 
 on the S. fide by an high hill, in the form of an 
 amphitheatre, and very deep. 
 
 This lake may contain about fix acres, is very 
 deep, of a black colour, occafioned by the tindure 
 of the turfy foil on which it lies. It is ftored with 
 a black trout, of a middle fize, but not pleafant to 
 eat. Oppofite to the concave of the mountain, a 
 piece being difcharged, went off with a clap like 
 thunder, and was again re-echoed from the adjacent 
 rocks, by feveral repetitions, which died away, at 
 laft, into a noife, refembling that of the waves of the 
 ocean. At one end of the lough, there leems to 
 have been a channel intended to be cut, In order to 
 drain it, to which purpofe the Irilli relate a ilory ; 
 but the attempt mifcarried, probably the great depth 
 hindering its being drained. The Romans often 
 drained fuch lakes as thefe, and hewed out a paflage 
 for them to fome neighbouring river; the draining 
 of the Fucinus, by the emperor Claudian, is a well 
 known piece of hiftory. 
 
 As mofc hills abound with minerals, one may 
 judge Irom the chalybeate fprings, which iifue out 
 of thefe, that they afford iron. Thefe hills run E. 
 and W. as Mr. Ray has long fince obferved mod 
 of the ridges and chains of lofty mountains do ; the 
 
 P 2 tops
 
 tiZ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 tops of them divide the counties of Waterford and 
 Tipperary. 
 
 Having mentioned the higher eminences of this 
 county, it v^ould be needlefs to defcend to the other 
 inferior hills, v.hich are almoil every where difperfed 
 through it. I fha!! therefore proceed to the fecond 
 article, viz. that of the bogs of this county. 
 Bogs, What we call bogs, are the fame as the Loca 
 
 Paluftrin, or Paludes, to which the ancient Gauls, 
 Germans and Britains retired, when beaten by the 
 Romans, as abp. King takes notice; and he juftly 
 attributes the true caufes of bogs to the want of in- 
 duilry. 
 
 Bogs (he tells us) have great inconveniencies, as 
 the rendering ufelefs great trads which might be 
 meadows, and our eveneft plains ; they keep people 
 afunder, and confequently hinder them in their 
 affairs. They are a great deftruiflion to cattle, who 
 often fall into the pits, and are Joft. They have af- 
 forded fhelter to rogues, &c. The fogs and vapours 
 (7) which arife from them, defile the air; the over- 
 flowing of the bog- holes, fpoils the adjacent rivers, 
 and probably hurts the fifh. The advantages of 
 them, which he alfo reckons up, are, ifl, By them 
 the natives were preferved from the conquefls of 
 the Englifh. 2d. They fupply a great part of the 
 kuigdom with firing; he lays, he has feen turf 
 
 charked 
 
 (7) As the turf pits are ufually filled with rains, theftagnat- 
 ing waters being feared, with the bituminous fubftance of the 
 earth, emits unwholefome vapours, and would be of ill confe- 
 quence, were it not that nioft of our bogs are fituated on high 
 grounds, and in niountainy places; fo that the gentleft breeze 
 of wind brulhes off the noxious exhalations, which renders 
 thefe places more healthy than they would otherwife be. When 
 thefe hills were formerly thick fet with trees, the country muft 
 have been very unwholefome; becaufe they hindered the dif- 
 perfion of thefe thick fteams, and added a quantity of moiit ex- 
 halations of their own ; ancl when this kingdom was formerly 
 thick plnntcdwlth woods; fluxes, and fuch like endeniical di- 
 feales, weie much more lipe than at prefent.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 213 
 
 charked (8) ; then adds, it ferves to work iron, and 
 accounts it to be the fweeteft fire that can be 
 ufed in a chamber. 3d. He takes notice that bogs 
 preferve things ftrangely, and gives many inftances 
 of it ; as leather, butter, and timber, which 
 were long preferved in them. Birch and alder, 
 though very fubjedt to rot, have been found entire 
 in them (9), 
 
 In the bog of Crofs, in the parifh of Kil-St. Ni- 
 cholas, there is a large quantity of fubterraneous 
 timber, moftly fir and oak ; and the latter is tinged 
 exceeding black, occafioned, no doubt, by the vi- 
 triolic juices of the earth, of affinity to common 
 copperas, which changes the oak, as it does ink- 
 galls, into this colour. In this bog, are feveral vitri- 
 olic fprings. 
 
 The loofe earth of this bog is furpriilngly in- 
 flammable, a fpark, from a pipe, having fet the ground 
 on fire for feveral yards round; another fpark, 
 being again fcattered at a diftance, fet fire where it 
 fell, and fpread very faft. This inflammable quality 
 is only in one triangular fpot, being about half 
 an acre, which is not fo low as the other parts of 
 the bog. 
 
 Moll bogs may be made profitable land by drain- 
 ing, the methods of doing which would be needlefs 
 to repeat, being given us by many authors, among 
 others, the reader is referred to the Weekly EiTays of 
 the Dublin fociety ; Rye's Confiderationson Agricul- 
 P 3 ture ; 
 
 (8) Mr. Boyle, in his ufefulnefs of natural pliilofophy, fays, 
 that in HoUaiid they have a way of churking peat, (■Ahich is a 
 combuttible turf) which they dig under ground; and a (kilful 
 diiiiller coiDiiiended it to him as a good fewei in chyniical fires. ' 
 (Elfays 5. chap. 7.). If this material would anfwer, inftead of 
 charcoal, in the making of iron, the dilcovery might be of 
 great ufe. 
 
 (9) For feveral curiofities relating to fubterraneous timber, 
 I refer the reader to iVlr. Evelyn's Syiva, H. 2. chap. 3. and to 
 Dr. Merret's Finax.
 
 2 1 4 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 tiire ; and fir William Dugdale's Hiflory of imbank- 
 ing, and draining fens and marfhes (lo). 
 
 Such land as has a turfy fod, and will neither 
 bring barley, or other grain ; it is advifeable to graff 
 up the turf fods and burn them ; afterwards to fet 
 potatoes on the fpread allies, which trench fo deep, 
 as to bring up fufficient mould and clay to cover them, 
 and to mix with the remaining turf unburned, to 
 rrake mou'd hereafter. Ground, fo ordered, will 
 bring a crop of good potatoes, and afterwards a 
 crop of oats. If the potatoes be fet in January, or 
 the beginning of February, and are of the kidney 
 kind, they may be dug out in July, or the begin- 
 ning of Auguft, and turnip feed may be then Town, 
 which will be fit to pull and clear off the ground, 
 by the tim.e they plow it for oats ; fo that in a year 
 and a half, there may be had three crops out of this 
 fort of land, which, in its own nature, was not 
 worth a fhilling, and, in fome places, not fix-pence 
 an acre. If the potatoes be dug in September or 
 October, turnip feed then fown, will be fit for the 
 pafture of fheep or black cattle, till the time of 
 plowing for oats, which, in fuch fort of land, will 
 be bed in March. 
 
 It may be objecfled, that if the inland parts of 
 this kingdom, having fuch ground, fhould run much 
 into this potatoe culture, that our markets would 
 be gluited with them. In anfwer to which I would 
 offer, that the main defign is to alter the nature of 
 fuch lands, and make them arable j and it is im- 
 
 poflible 
 
 (lo) To prevent the drains, or trenches, from filling up, 
 Dr. Plot gives the rollowing method in his hiftory of Oxford- 
 fhire, chap, x § 82. An ingenious countryman having dug 
 his trenches about three feet deep, and two feet broad, he 
 firft laid at the bottom, green black thorn bufhes, and on 
 them a ftrntum of large round ftones, fuch as would not lie 
 clofe, and over thefe another layer of black thorn, and upon 
 theai ftraw to keep the dirt from falling in between; by which 
 means he kept his trenches open, and procured fo conlUnt a 
 ijrnin, that the land foon funk eighteen inches, and became 
 firm enough to fuppuic carriages.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 215 
 
 poflible there can be a glut, when hogs are Fattened 
 with potatoes, which pork is excellent in its kind, 
 will afford a good price, and is eafily brought to 
 market; and that without this management, llich 
 lands cannot be made arable. 
 
 Allow the charge of burning and graffing to be 
 twelve pence an acre, tlie oat crop defrays all the 
 expence, and the others are clear gain. When the 
 oat crop is off, nothing ought to be done to the 
 land, except the owner would fow it again with 
 turnips, till the May following, then he ought to 
 fallow it, and to manure it with fand or lime, and 
 fow it with wheat in Augufl, not venturing to ftay 
 till September, for then wet weather beginning to 
 fet in, would m.ake fuch grounds too poachy. This 
 kind of culture, Mr. Rye informs us, was but 
 lately known in the county of Cork; and as it is 
 yet a flranger in this and moft of the other counties 
 of this kingdom, in which this kind of land much 
 abounds, it was thought neceiTary to inculcate it 
 here. 
 
 Marfh earth, as Mr. Evelyn obferves (11), though 
 of all others the moft churlifh, a little after it is 
 firft dug and dried, may be, with labour and ex- 
 pofure, broug'n to an excellent temper ; for it 
 being no other than the producl of rich llime, and 
 the fediment of land waters, which are ufu^lly fat, 
 as alio the rotting of fcdge, and the fpray of trees, 
 become, v/hen converted into mould, a very profi- 
 table foil. Befides thefe materials, moft of our 
 bogs are corr^Dofed of a congeries of mofs, which 
 this kingdom abounds with. The turf-holes, in a 
 Ihort time, grow up with it again, which, by flop- 
 ping the fprings, contributes greatly to the thicken- 
 ing the fcurf in moll bogs. Dr. Plot fays (12), that 
 thefe ftringy roots, that make up the fubfiance of 
 turf, never flourifh ab)ve ground; from whence 
 P 4 he 
 
 (11) Phil. Difc. on Earth, p. 4. 
 
 (12} Hiftory of Statf. Chap. lii. § 14.
 
 2 1 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 he imagines, that there are many fubterraneous 
 plants not noticed ; and adds, that in the N. of 
 England, the pits grow up with this mofs again in 
 twenty or thirty years time (13). 
 
 CHAP. vir. 
 
 Some Hints relating to Agriculture. 
 
 EARTH, as almoft: every one knows, is a 
 campofition of gravel, fand and clay. Clay, 
 without fand or gravel to open it, is unfit for the 
 produftion of vegetables ; and fo are mere gravel 
 and fand without clay. 
 
 Salts may, by opening clay, fupply the place of 
 fand or gravel. 
 
 Thus, clay, gravel, fand and falts, are to each 
 other proper manures, as their proportions vary ; 
 clay being as proper for fand, as fand is for clay. 
 
 Agreeable to this, is the pradice of manuring 
 with fand, fea-fliells, lime, fait, afhes, &c. 
 
 The 
 
 (1 3) That the growth of bogs is very quick, appears from a 
 relation of the fame author, in his Natural Hiftory of StalFord- 
 f}iire, whore he tells us of a parcel of timber, cut down near 
 Bilhop's-caftie, in the county of Salop, by fir Robert Howard, 
 ill the late civil wars; which, being ncglcif^ed by reafon of 
 the war, in fix years time, was halt overgrown : though by 
 tlie way, fays he, it mull be noted, that (uch a weighty body 
 as tiiiiber, hnks more in proportion the firll years, than they 
 do after. But it is probable, from another inliance, that thole 
 iiioiTes do not rife above an inch in a year, from a lump of 
 coins of Edward IV^ (kippoled to be loit in a purfe, which rot- 
 ttd away) taken up in fuch a mofs, in Yorklhire, eighteen feet 
 deep, which, being about 200 years, this mofs grew about a 
 foot in eleven years, i.e. about an inch per annum, and a half 
 proxime. This calculation, if it be true, may give fome hint 
 towards guelTing the time, that horns and other materials lie 
 buried ; but I do imagine bogs grow much fader than one inch 
 per annum in fome places, iiaving feen a tobacco-pipe at Cur- 
 laghmore, which was fouiiJ buried feveral feet deep, but 
 could not have lain there many years ; it being not very long 
 lince their firlt uf r.-- rhis kingdooi.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 217 
 
 The propereft fort of fand for manure, is that 
 taken up on the feacoafts; which is a compofition 
 of fea-Hiells, feveral kinds of ilones, divided into 
 fmall grains, as parts of hme-ftone, fparrs, free- 
 ftone, rag-ftone, flints, &c. all which generally- 
 lying promifcuoufly together on the fea-fhores, have 
 their fides fo rubbed againfl: each other, by the 
 rolling of the waves, that they are conftantly pro- 
 ducing what we call fand. 
 
 Sand abounds with more of that kind of ftone, 
 of which the adjacent promontories are formed, or 
 which moft abounds on the fpot. Thus it differs 
 in its qualities in feveral bays ; and, upon trial, all 
 fea-fand is not found equally good for the improve- 
 ment of land. In Dungarvan harbour, the fand is 
 of a light grey colour, and weighty ; the greater 
 part of its compofition, are particles of lime-ftone, 
 the fand affording lime by calcination, with a mix- 
 ture of Micae or glittering particles, which, upon 
 waffling off" the lime, were found to be grains of 
 fparr, or tranfparent flint ; and thefe, as well as 
 the lime-ftone pardcles, have their ufe in improving 
 land. 
 
 The fand of Youghal harbour, is of a reddiffi 
 colour, and not fo much prized as the former; the 
 adjacent rocks being of the fame colour as the fand, 
 i.e. a brown grit or free-ftone, lighter than that of 
 Dungarvan, and confiffs of but a few fhining par- 
 ticles. What may alfo contribute to the leffening 
 the value of it, is its being taken up near the mouth 
 of the Black-water river, which may waffi off" its 
 falts, and render it frelher than the other (i). 
 
 Sand 
 
 (i)Dr.Cox, in ihe PhilcfopMcal TranfatSlions, gives us an 
 account of the methods uled in CornwHll and DevonlLire, of 
 manuring with fea-fand, together with a delcription of the fe- 
 veral kinds of fea-fands taken up on the coafls; as at Plymouth, 
 a bluilh land; near Scilly and the Land's-end, white and glit- 
 tering. On the N. (ea, about Padfiow, and E. towards Lundy, 
 the fand is rich and of a brown red colour, conipofed mottiy 
 
 of
 
 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 
 
 Sand juft drained from the fait- water, fo that it 
 can be conveniently carried, is better than that 
 which lies long expofed to the weather; for the 
 rain hurts it by wafhing away its falts; but our 
 country people generally let it lie in heaps a confi- 
 derable time before they remove it, in order to have 
 it dry, and confequently the lefs weighty for car- 
 riage. The common expence of a lighter load of 
 this fand is a crown, befides the charge of bringing 
 it up the country upon horfes. Dr. Cox tells us, 
 that, in England, they lay out about 300 facks of 
 fand on a Cornifh acre, which is about a twelfth 
 larger than our ftatute acre, and may be about 275 
 facks to our acre, each fack being generally about 
 an horfe load. Gervais Markham in his farewel 
 to hufbandry, allows fixty or eighty bufhels to an 
 acre. One remark made in this country is, that the 
 
 farther 
 
 of broken cockle-fliells. He alfo mentions a difference of the 
 grain in the fame harbour, as in Plymouth the larger grained, 
 which, becaule it remains iongefi in the ground, he fays, 
 is bell for the landlord ; but the fmailen; for the tenant, who 
 only tils for four yeais, becaule it works fooner, and yields 
 a fpeedy return. 
 
 In Falmouth haven, he mentions a fort of fand, or rather 
 coralline, (I fuppofe from its red colour, which it may have 
 from a crreat number of fmall Ihells, whofe infides were red, 
 and may be had in plenty on our fhores, by naturalifts called 
 Conchs Corallins) which lies a foot deep under the ooze, and 
 being removed, is taken up by a dredge. Of all thefe diffe- 
 rent kinds, he fays, the redciilTi is the beft, next the blue, 
 then the v/hite, and that taken up from under the falt-water, 
 either by dredges, or being left open by the ebbing of the 
 tide, belt of all. 
 
 Mr. Rye alfo recommends the large grained fhelly-fand, 
 which, he fays, is much eileemed by the hufbandmen of 
 Ibarun and E. Carbery, in the county of Cork, and gives us 
 fome particulars of its great fuccefs. Probably, this fand con- 
 fills of a great quantity of fea-fhel!s, mixed with llme-flone, 
 which erery one knows are of the fame nature. For the 
 goodnefs of thefe iTiells in manure, I refer the reader to arch- 
 bifhop Kind's difcourfe on that fubje£l, publifned in the Phi- 
 lolophicil Tranfadtions, and in the appendix to Boaie's Natu- 
 ral Hiilory of Ireland.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 2,9 
 
 farther it is carried from the Tea, the lefs quantity 
 ferves in proportion, and that land near the coaft 
 requires much more. Pure Tandy foils are not fre- 
 quent in this kingdom ; but if there be fuch, a 
 mixture of clay is certainly the propereft manure: 
 for an account of which, I refer the reader to 
 Lowthorp's abridgment of the Philofophical Tranf- 
 adions, vol, 2. page 781. §. 76, 77, as given by 
 Mr. White and Dr. Lifter. 
 
 Scarcity of lime-ftone in many parts of the coun- 
 try, or elfe the great and frequent ufe of fea-fand, 
 has, in a manner, quite laid afide this other method 
 of improvement. The little lime that is burnt 
 with us for manure, is made in large round furze 
 kilns, with one door; and for other ufes, generally 
 in fmall round running kilns, with culm. As turf 
 is plenty in mod parts of this county, the turf-kilns 
 for burning great quantities of lime for manure are 
 preferable to any other. The barony of Mufl-^ery, 
 and other parts in the county of Cork, exceed mod 
 other places of Jreland in the great quantity of lime- 
 ftone burnt there, and in the number of kilns. 
 The ftrudure of thefe kilns is fo very eafy, that the 
 common labourers in that county kt down their kilns 
 and burn them, without the help of a mafon. 
 
 Marl is but little known among us ; yet much 
 of it might be had in m.oft bogs, lituated near lime- 
 ftone ground ; and fome has been already difcover- 
 ed in this county, in a few places m.entioned in 
 Chap. III. In the gardens of Lifmore, an excellent 
 kind has been found. This manure was firft faid 
 to be introduced by the Romans into Britain, is of 
 excellent ufe for moft foils, and of feveral colours, 
 as white, grey, blue, red, &c. It is preferved, 
 according as it is more or lefs apt to diilblve after 
 wettmg; and as it ferments more or lefs ftrongly 
 with acids. But few marls difcover their virtues 
 
 the
 
 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 the fird year (2). AVhen it is rich and unfllous, 
 it is advifeable to apply it the Jefs copioufly; for 
 the too thick covering is the word exrreme. 
 
 Before I proceed to the different kinds of culture, 
 it may be requifite to fay fomewhat of the burning 
 of land i which, by a late acft of parliament, the 
 legiHature has, in fome meafure, prohibited. 
 
 The chief objecftions ufed againft this pra(5lice are 
 thefe following, which I find colleded to my hand, 
 by the late archbifhop King, in his difcourfe on 
 manuring lands, in the North, by fea-fliells. ift. 
 He fays, it defiles the air, and caufes wind and rain. 
 2dly, It is not pradicable in a wet fummer. 3dly, 
 
 It 
 
 (2) Pliny informs us (N^at. Hid. lib. 17. cap. 8 ) that marie 
 <3oes not always anfwer expeftation the firft year, which may 
 perhaps difcourage the hufbandman ; but he ftill ought to wait 
 till the next feafon, and to make frequent trials of divers pro- 
 portions of it, at all feafons of the year, with different kinds 
 of grain, upon all forts of foil, till the inoll; necclTary and 
 fuitable circumftrinces be found out; fo (hall he attain to a 
 knowledge beyond the expectation, or perhaps imitation of his 
 neighbours. 
 
 i'-gricola fays, Quanto qusque inarga eft pinguior, tanto, 
 magis ea, pinguefcunt arva, quo durior, eo plures annos du- 
 rat antequam folvatur. Dr. Plot, in hii hiftory of StafFordfliire, 
 cap. Jll. §. 22. fays, that in fome places in that county, they 
 have hard, (tony, flaty forts of marl, which inufl: be dug with 
 pick anci crow, it rifing fometinies in great ftones, as much as 
 two men can load ; of which forr thete is white, red, and blue ; 
 they are all, though very hard, diffolvable with eafe, with the 
 weather, like lime ; and, in a fliort time, fpread well upon 
 the ground. Thefe forts the hufbandmen prefer to the clayey 
 marls, which, upon long tillage, bind and (tiffen their lands; 
 whereas thofe loofen the ftiffeft clay, and make it yield better 
 grafs than otherwife it would. Thele fpending themfelves gia- 
 dually, lafl, longer in the ground, though the others probably 
 fatten it fooner. 
 
 This fort of hard marl, is found in the barony of Fermoy, 
 in the county of Cork, called there by the name of rotten 
 lime-done, and is an excellent manure. Somewhat of this 
 kind I have met with in the weltern part."! of this county, 
 where it it is alfo ufed. But I have lately feen a mod excel- 
 lent lort, hliiiod as white as lime, in the parifh of Tubrid, 
 in the county of Tippcrary, between that place and Ard6nane.
 
 WATERFORD. 321 
 
 It dedroys the fip of the earth and roots of the 
 grafs, and all other vegetables ; and laftly, renders 
 it ufelefs for feveral years after the third in which it 
 is plowed. To thefe it is anfwered, the fm oak of 
 great cities equally defile the air, but cannot be 
 laid afide. As to the fecond objedion, there are 
 only few fummers but a diligent hufbandman may 
 burn his peat. As to its deflroymg the fap of tiie 
 earth and roots of the grafs, this is the defign of 
 burning, for he talks here of reducing heath and 
 bog. Sour grafs, and coarfe fmall ftdge, will have 
 their nature altered by the fire; and the beft method 
 of changing the nature of the heathy mountain, is 
 to grafFit up by the roots and burn it, which will 
 afford a quantity of lixivious fait, fufficient to open 
 and meliorate the foil. As to his laft objeclion, of 
 rendering the land many years ufelefs after the 
 third, it is anfwered, that it is not fo much the 
 burning of the land, but the working the heart of 
 it out that produces that effed of fterility. Inftead 
 of burning, his grace recommends the pradlice of 
 manuring with fhells ; but this, although it is very 
 good, yet it cannot be ufed on land but witliin twelve 
 miles of water-carriage; fo thac for all inland parts 
 further off, the countryman muft have recourfe to 
 burning his lieathy and boggy ground ; and more 
 efpecially, if marl or lime- (lone are no: to be had 
 within that diftance. 
 
 To this prad:ice of burning, it is we owe the 
 taking in of a great trad of our heathy and boggy 
 mountains in this country; but it muft be confefled, 
 that in lower grounds, and w'lere the manures are 
 to be had at a reafonable diftance, the practice ought 
 not to be allowed. The beft, cheapeft, and eafiefl 
 method of burning ground, is to raife the ground up 
 with a plow ; then the workmen have no farther 
 trouble than to lift up the fore part of the fbd with 
 the graffer, the fides of it having been firft cut with 
 the plow; thus all coarfe, rough, mofly and heathy 
 
 grounds,
 
 25^2 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 grounds, may be burned. Every field carries its 
 own manure for that time ; but more than two 
 crops ought not to be taken off; and the next year 
 to fallow, manure the ground, and fo leave it in 
 heart. By this pradice, the countryman will do 
 juftice to himfelf and his landlord ; and it feems 
 juft, that a perfon, v/ho quits his farm in a ruined 
 condition, fhould be branded, by law, with igno- 
 miny. 
 
 The fuccefs of this method, as in mod other 
 cafes, depends upon the judgment and difcretion 
 of the hufbandman. It muft be a piece of indif- 
 cretion, when the farmer cuts up and burns fods, 
 which are one or two thirds of the foil ; for then 
 befides the confumption of the ground, he forces 
 too great a quantity of falts for the prefent, and 
 ftarvcs the remaining crops. But when he only 
 fhaves off the upper fward, taking up no more of 
 the foil than what the roots of unprofitable vege- 
 tables flick in, and then provides a fufficient quan- 
 tity of furze, briars, &c. to burn with the fods, he, 
 in this manner, doubly improves his land, by clear- 
 ing his paflure, and manuring his fallows. Thus 
 far, burning feems not fo bad. But when they 
 over-do the thing, by reducing the fods to perfedl 
 afhes, whereby much of the falts are wafled, this is 
 not the deflgn of burning ; but to clear the land of 
 rubbiih, to expel the redundant humours, and pre- 
 pare wet tough clay for breaking and fpreading, 
 and to make it more light and tradtable with ma- 
 nure, which before, becaufe of its cold and clammy 
 quality, it could not incorporate with. Another 
 fault, is the making the heaps too large ; thus the 
 middle will be overdone, while the outfide is fcarce 
 warmed through ; befides, this caufes an unequal ferti- 
 lity ; for thefe large fires cannot draw ro.them the 
 juices of the contiguous earth ; thefe fpots, though 
 pared ever fo low, have flill the advantage of the 
 reft of the ground ; the truth of which, afterwards 
 
 appears
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 223 
 
 appears in the viTible inequality of the ranknefs and 
 greennefs of the corn in thofe places, when it firfl: 
 comes up : therefore, the fires ought to be as nu- 
 merous as polliblc, whereby a more equal fertility 
 will follow, and the work be as foon done. Ano- 
 ther miftake in this method, is the letting the heaps 
 lie too long after they are burned, till heavy rains 
 wafh away their falts. But the mod promifing way 
 is, to fpread them as foon as the hills are tolerably 
 well burned, and to cover them with the other foil. 
 The hot afhes will dellroy the vermin, and the feeds 
 and tender roots of noxious plants. They will alfo 
 warm the earth , and expel the barren juices ; and 
 therefore come with double advantage. 
 
 But to draw this to a conclufion. Burned land is 
 fo far from being quite ufelefs for many years, that 
 it is known to throw up a confiderable coat of grals 
 the firft year after it is laid down ; and it is obferv- 
 ed by perfons not a little curious in affairs of this 
 nature, that this kind of grafs is better liked by 
 cattle, and is found to be better, both for milk and 
 flefh, than fields of the fame kinds of foil that have 
 not felt the fire. 
 
 I now proceed to fay fomething of the different 
 kinds of culture of wheat, barley, oats, &c. 
 
 Of all the feveral forts of wheat (5), thefe three vvheat. 
 are principally recommended, viz. the white bald 
 
 lan:imas, 
 
 (3) In the choice of feed, Dr. Plot tells us (Hift of Staf- 
 fordfhire, p. 347.) they have a double refpett, firli to the grain 
 itlelf, and zdly, to the land it grew on. As to the firft, they 
 take but litde care how Imall their feed vvheat is, fo it be free 
 from fmut and feeds ; for as flrong and fair feed degenerates 
 into a poorer grain, fo on the contrary, the latter will produce 
 that which is fair and full breafted ; nor dp they matter how- 
 poor and hungry their land be, which affords the feed, though 
 to be fown on their richeft ioii. [n gentral, they chufe corn 
 for feed, that grew in land of a quite different temper from 
 that it is to be fown upon ; thus they chufe their fetd barley, 
 that is to be fown on tlieir clay lands, from the fandy ; and fo 
 the contrary, fomeiinies the northern exchanging feeds wifh 
 
 the
 
 224 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 lammas, the red bald lammas, and the bearded 
 wheat ; and this laft particularly for cold moift 
 grounds, not that this grain delights in this kind of 
 ]and, for it therein often degenerates into reyly. 
 Wheat ought to be fovvn with us in Augud, which 
 is the practice of Germany and Flanders, where they 
 generally end with the firft new moon in October (4). 
 But with us, they rarely begin before that time. The 
 old faying, which came originally from hot coun- 
 tries, will prejudice the farmer, if he minds it, viz, 
 fow wheat in the dirt, and rye in the dull. This 
 is proper for Spain and warm climates, where the 
 rain does not fet in till the autumnal equinox-, but 
 in this country, we have rain at all feafons. In order 
 to fow wheat in Auguft, we ought to make our 
 fallow in Odtober or November before, that the 
 winter's frort and fnow may meliorate the ground. 
 
 He that defigns to fow wheat in the beginning of 
 Auguft, muft firft have old feed (5) ; and fecondly, 
 he muftfoakit in brine, and lime it. This method 
 
 prepares 
 
 the fouthern parts of the county. For fliould they go on to 
 fov/, each his degenerated feed, it would (fays he) come at laft 
 to he veiy bad corn. This is a method which feems fo ra- 
 tional, that it is to be wiflied it was pradifed among us. 
 
 (4) In Spain, Italy, and the iflands of the Mediterranean, 
 they begin to fow v/heat the firit new moon in September, and 
 fo go on ; and end with the new moon in November. In Spain, 
 land fown in September, was found to yield a better crop than 
 that which was town in Odlober ; and that in October, better 
 than thac in November ; which proves, that it is of more ad- 
 vantage to fow it early than late. They have obferved alfo, 
 that it is very profitable to fow in the new moon, becaufe if 
 will (hoot forth and thrive the fooner. Abridg. of the Phil. 
 Tranf v. 2. p. 741. by the earl of Sandv;ich. 
 
 (5) For feveral liquors and experiments for the foaking of 
 grain, I refer the reader to Houghton's colleftion, Sii Hugh 
 Flat tells us of a poor countryman, who pafilng over an arm 
 of the fea, v.itli his feed-corn in a fack, by milchance at his 
 landing fell into the water, and (o his corn being left there till 
 the ebb, became fomewhat brackiih ; fuch was the neceflity 
 ot the man, that, notwiihflanding he was out of all hopes 
 of any good fuccefs, yet not being able to buy any other, he 
 
 fowed
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 prepares ft for fprouting, when the weather is dry, 
 and prevents fmut (6) ; a bufhel and a half is fiif- 
 ficient for an Englifh acre ; for wheat fown fo early 
 will plant prodigioufly upon the firft frofts, and 
 would be too rank if fown thicker. Thus when 
 the ground is mellow, the days long, and the cattle 
 ftrong, this work will be over, and will be reaoed 
 the feafon following in July, when the fun will make 
 it hard, and fit for an early market ; whereas wheat 
 fown in October, will not be ripe till the latter end 
 of Augufl, when the great dews happen, which 
 prevents its being hard, and fit for prefent ufe. It 
 hath not time to be up in a planting (late when the 
 frofls come, and will require two bufhels and an 
 half to an acre. The days are fhort, and bad 
 weather interrupts the courfe of the bufinefs, if 
 fown in the beloved allhallowtide dark in November. 
 The frofts often kill it in its time of fpring; the 
 countryman then upbraids the land and the weather, 
 but not his own negled. Thefe rules may be laid 
 down as maxims not to be changed. Lay lime or 
 fand en the fod, fallow in October or November, 
 drag in March, turn in May, and fow in the begin- 
 ning of Auguft old feed, pickled and limed. When 
 accidents happen, that wheat cannot be [own till the 
 beginning of November, Mr. Rye advifes, to defer 
 it till the beginning of January or February. If 
 the froily feaibn threatens, provided the land has 
 
 any 
 
 fowed the fame upon his plowed grounds ; and in fine, he reap- 
 ed a crop of goodly wheat, fuch as in that year none of his 
 neighbours had the like. Fiat's J<;weI-houfe of Art and Na- 
 ture, Chap. 104. 
 
 (6) In Osfordihire, Dr. Plot tells us, when their wheat is 
 fniutcy, they have a way of whipping it firft, and then tbrefh- 
 ing it afterwards. Their manner of whippings is ftroaking the 
 corn, by a handful at a time, againfl: a door, fet on its edue j 
 and when a (hear is thus whipped, they bind it up again for the 
 flail J by which means, though tedious, the fmut-bags or balls, 
 are preferved unbroken ; and by the (Irength of a good wind, 
 and care in the raying, moil part of them may be gotten out, 
 and the wheat left clear. Hitt. of Oxf. Chap, ix, §~ lo^ 
 
 22^
 
 226 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 any decl'r.ation to the S. and S. W. he tells us, after 
 the frofc is pail:, he has Teen wheat Town in January, 
 upon graff ground, that was reaped the 20th of 
 AuguU, and the grain good, though a backward 
 fummer. 
 
 The wheat brought into the haggard, ought to 
 be put on (lands, whole feet (hould have caps of 
 ftone (7), to prevent rats and mice from dellroy- 
 
 ing 
 
 (7) It may be worthy of remark, that there is fcr.rce any 
 thine which drives away rats and mice from a houfe or barn, 
 more irullibiy than laying birdlime in their haunts : for though, 
 in other refpeCls, they are not over clea^ily ; yet being very 
 curious of their furr, if but daubed v/ith this fluff, it is fo 
 very troubleSome to them, that thev will even fcratch their 
 fkins from their backs to get it off, efpecially rats, and though 
 they do not ueitioy themfelves on this account, yet they witl 
 never frequent a place where they have fuffered in this way. 
 
 Mr. Jethro Tuli in his hufbandry (Chap. 1 1.) fays, that the 
 bell way of keeping a great quantity of wlieat is drying it. 
 He tells us, when he lived at Oxford, one of his neighbours 
 was very expert at this, having praif^ifed it for a great part 
 of his life. When wheat was under thiee (hillings a bufhel, 
 he bought in the markets as much of the middle fort of wheat 
 as his money would reach to purchafe. His method was to 
 dry it on a hair-cloth, on a malt kiln, with no other fewel 
 than clean wheat tlraw, never fuffering it to have any ftronger 
 heat than that of the fun The longell time iie ever let it re- 
 main ill this he?.t v/as twelve hours, and the fhortett time about 
 four hours ; the damper the • wheat wa??, and the longer in- 
 tended to be kept, the more time it required to diy ; but how 
 to dillinguilh nicely the degrees of dampnefs, and the number 
 of hours proper for its continuance upon the kiln, he faid, 
 was an arc impoflible to be learned by any other method than 
 by practice. About twenty-three or twenty-four years ago, 
 wheat being at 122. a bufhel, he had in his granaries 5000 
 quarters of dryed wheat, none of which coll him above 3s. 
 a bulhel. This dryed wheat was efteemed by the London 
 bakers, to work better than any new wheat the market af- 
 forded. His fpeculation, which put him upon this projeift, 
 was, that 'twas only the fuperfluous inoilli're of the grain that 
 caufed \tz coriuption, and n^ade it liable to b,; eaten by the 
 wcvil ; and that when this moifiuie was dried out, it might 
 be kept fweet and good fur many years ; and that the effedt of 
 all heat of the lame degree was the fame, whether of the Ilraw 
 
 or
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 227 
 
 ing it, where it may fafely remain to tho March 
 following, to be threflied out and delivered to ilie 
 buyer. About 12s. a barrel is faid to be a faving 
 price to the feller. 
 
 Beer barley requires the richefl:, mel'owcn:, and Mecr 
 dryefl: foil. In a moid foil, it is faid to degenerate bule/. 
 into oats and reely (8), A iliff land, except it be 
 well meliorated by culture, is not good for it, the 
 crop not coming fuant ; but fbme parts will be 
 green, when the other parts will be ripe. It thrives 
 beft in lime-ftone land, next in grit-ftone land, as 
 alfo red-fhone land, when dry and not fpringy, well 
 cultivated and manured, will bring a crop of s;ood 
 beer barley. Potatoe ground, after one crop, is ex- 
 cellent for producing this grain ; alfo the ground 
 of Iheep-walks ; but thefe are inconfiderable in this 
 county. 
 
 The ftiffer land muft be fowed from the middle 
 of September to the middle of Odfober ; the lighter 
 mellow foil, may be fown from that time to the 
 middle of November ; but if froft fhould fet in, the 
 remaining fowing may be delayed to t'le end of 
 January. The potatoe ground may be fowed laft 
 of all. 
 
 What is called Englifli barley (in order to diflin- En^IifTi 
 guifli it from beer barley, and fmall barley) is a barley, 
 tender plant, and cannot bear the froft. It has two 
 rows of grains, and delights in a warm rich foil; 
 but does not ripen, and turns oaty in cold grounds. 
 It is more difiicult to fave here than in England; 
 the grain having a thin fl^in is early penetrated by 
 wet, whereby it fwells. If not well dryed, it heats, 
 and changes its colour. This grain, though not 
 Q_2 cultivated 
 
 or of the fun. As a proof, be would Hiew th^t every grain of 
 his wheat would grow after having been kept leven years. 
 Mr. Tull adds, that he was a moftfincere honed yeoman, who, 
 from a fmall fubilance he began with, left behind him about 
 40,0001 the greateft part whereof was acquired by the drying 
 nietiiod. 
 
 (S) LoHam darnel, or ivray.
 
 Z28 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 cultivated among us fo much as beer barley, Is cer- 
 tainly better for malt than it, which, having darnel 
 generally mixed v/ith it, is of fo intoxicating a na- 
 ture, that its effetfls feem as fudden as thofe from 
 opium ; but in Englifh barley, no fuch grain is 
 found. 
 Small Small barley, Hordeum Diftichum Praecox, fo 
 
 barley, called by Dr. Plot; and in England, rath ripe bar- 
 ley, from its early ripening ; it having been fown, 
 and returned to the barn again in two months time; 
 and commonly in nine or ten weeks. 
 
 It is originally a native of Patney, in Wiltfhire, 
 where the foil, as the dodor informs us, is of fo pe- 
 culiar a nature, that whatever other barley is fown 
 there, it is turned into this fort; a feat, which, they 
 fay, no other land will perform. He adds, that in 
 a few years, in Oxford fhire, it again degenerates 
 into common barley. Nat. Hift. of Oxf chap. vi. 
 
 The conveniency of this grain is very confidera- 
 ble in wet and backward fprings, and moift autumns, 
 as was that of the year 1^44 ; for when many other 
 countries lofe their feafons ; and fome of the more 
 northern ones, perhaps, their crop ; this may be 
 fown the latter end of May, and will come to be 
 rips in the worft of fummers. 
 Oats. Among us, we have thofe different kinds of oats, 
 viz. the common white, which are fair to the eye, 
 and coveted by feeders of horl'es ; but rejeded by 
 the experienced meal-man : for they have two very 
 thick coats, that take up fo much fpace, as that 
 the mealy grains are very fmall. The true Englifh 
 black oat yields the mod flour, having very thin 
 fhells, and is the moft profitable to the meal-man. 
 
 The wild grey oat, being a poor hungry kind, 
 is very common.^ Thofe have tails or fpires, and 
 fcem to be an oat degenerated from poverty of 
 ground ; it being difficult to keep the black oat free 
 from them. TliC white oat thrives well in light, 
 
 hot.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 229 
 
 hot, gravelly land, that would not agree with the 
 black oat ; which flourifhes bed in ftiff wheat land; 
 hkewife in the cold red-ftone foils (of which, there is 
 much in this county) inclining to moifture; and on 
 the tops of bleak hills, expofed to the rigid north. 
 So that where neither wheat nor barley will thrive, 
 oats, of this kind, will make plentiful returns. The 
 culture of oats is fo well known, I. need fay little of it. 
 
 The potatoe is a bacciferous herb, with efculent Potatoes, 
 roots, bearing winged leaves, and a bell-flower. 
 They were originalK brought out of Virginia, by fir 
 Walter Raleigh, who, flopping in this kingdom, 
 fome were planted here, where they have fince throve 
 very well, and to good purpofe : for in the war time, 
 when all the corn above ground was deftroyed, they 
 fupported the people. From this kingdom, they 
 were fent to Lancafhire, where they are very nu- 
 merous, and began to gain ground in England. 
 There are feveral kinds of this root known to us, 
 viz. I. The kidney potatoe, yellow and white, flat, 
 and rhaped fomewhat like a kidney-bean, but longer 
 in proportion. 2. The round white potatoe. 3. The 
 yellow large potatoe, diflinguifhed in Dublin by the 
 epithet of the yellow Munfter, potatoe. 4. The 
 round red ; and 5, the black and blue Hdn potatoes. 
 
 The flat kidney potatoes, are fown or fet in Ja- 
 nuary or February, in order to have them ripe the 
 earlier, viz. about the end of June- but if fet later, 
 they come in alfo later in proportion. They do not 
 bear keeping as the others will, and are never fent 
 to diftant markets. The round white are generally 
 fet with thefe, and are much of the fame nature. 
 The yellow potatoe is peculiarly valuable for keep- 
 ing moft part of the following fummer. 
 
 Thefe are the kind which are fent to Dublin, and, 
 in times of fcarcity, are a fea Ton able relief to the 
 poor. The round red is a good kirad, and increafes 
 much; but, with us, it is never cultivated by itfelf, 
 a few odd ones being generally thrown into the 
 0^3 earth
 
 230 I^'iiural and Civil Hifiory of 
 
 earih by accident vvitli the others. The black or 
 blue fisiin potatoe, is but little cultivated here; but 
 in rome places, in the counties of Cork and Tippe- 
 rary, it is much efteemed, and is faid to afford the 
 labourer a Wronger and more invigorating diet, than 
 any of the others. 
 
 All thefe different kinds are fubjecfl to be deftroy- 
 ed by hard frofis, not only in the ground, but in 
 the houfe after they are dug. Some recommend 
 their being buried in the ground To deep, as that 
 the frcft cannot reach fo far ; but the beft method 
 Teems to be, after they are timely dug out, viz. in 
 Oftober, to have them well covered with ftraw or 
 fern, and to keep fires burning near them during 
 the continuance of the froff. Notwithftanding all 
 thefe precautions, the great froft in the year 1739 
 made dreadful havock of them. 
 
 Culture. The ground being plowed or dug, the beds being 
 firft marked out, if the potatoes are very fmall, they 
 fet them whole; or if large, they may be cut into 
 many pieces, having an eye to each, and generally 
 lay them about a foot or more aflmder, covering 
 them with earth and the fods out of the trenches ; 
 and this is called the firfl: covering. Then, with the 
 plow or fpade, thS earth is loofened in the trench, 
 in order to be thrown on with fhovels at the fecond 
 covering, which is done when they begin to (boot 
 above grcund ; and this they name trenching. Some- 
 times a third covering is given, vv'ien they begin to 
 furmount the fecond, which is alfo dug out of the 
 trench. The breadth of a bed is faid to be beft at 
 iiK feet; for then there will be a fufficient covering 
 of earth on it. Fern roots rot potatoes ; and in 
 fummer it is requifite to weed them out with other 
 incum.brances. . The bloffbm of the potatoes are 
 fuccecded by a fruit, called the potatoe-apple, 
 which, when ripe, ihews the potatoes are alfo come 
 to maturity. They generally dig them quite out 
 before the frofts let in. 
 
 Notv/ithfi:andinr4
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 231 
 
 Notvvithilanding what fome perfons think to the 
 contrary, the culture of potatoes is beneficial to this 
 kingdom, and the merchant finds a profit in export- 
 ing them to our garrifons of Port-lVIahon and 
 Gibraltar, and to other places. 
 
 In this county they are much cultivated, as they 
 deferve to be in other parts of the kingdom, where 
 there are confiderable trads of rough, molfy and 
 Ipewy ground, neither fit for wheat or barley. Thofe 
 roots lie fafe under ground from fcorching heats, 
 and thrive beft in the greateft rain, and they are 
 juftly called under-ground granaries : For whenever 
 our oats are deftroyed by high winds, as they were 
 in the years 1728 and 1744, or our wheat harveft 
 fpoiled by a mosft cold fealon, thefe roots may be, 
 and are, a certain relief 
 
 Having touched on the different kinds of culture, 
 I fhall only mention one article much neglected 
 among us, and that is, the fowing of grafs- feeds, 
 which are a great improvement of land; and did 
 our farmers confider the great benefit arifing from 
 it, they would furely, for their own profit, come 
 more into this advantageous method. For the ad- 
 vantages of which, and the well ordering this piece 
 of hufbandry, 1 refer to Mr. Pierion's trads on 
 this fubjedt. 
 
 I fhall conclude this chapter with a few words on 
 the ufefulnefb of publick granaries, which, after the 
 fcarcity of the years 1728 and 1729, the winter of 
 the former and the fummer, of the latter, the terrible 
 diihefs of 1740, and the following years, can we 
 make any doubt of the ufefulnefs of thefe publick 
 (lores, if properly and vviiely regulated, as they 
 feem to be the only remedy againii thofe calamities,?' 
 Bciides what has been urged by other late writers 
 on that head, I lliali only remind, that ail wife nations 
 find their account in them ; the twelve companies of 
 London, and ibme orlicr companies and private per- 
 fons, had theii; granaries; a dcfcription of which 
 
 Q.4 ^^y
 
 53 2 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 may be feen in the abridgement cf the Phil. 
 Tranfac^tioDS, vol. If. p. 628. by Dr. Merrit. Corn 
 has been kept in granaries 32 years, the longer it is 
 kept, it affords the more lioiir, and in proportion 
 to the quantity of corn, yields the better, and 
 makes the purer and whiter bread, the fuperfluous 
 moifture only evaporating. 
 
 Dr. Pell, at a meeting of the Royal Society, men- 
 tions, that they kept corn at Zurick, in Helvetia, 80 
 years, v.here alfo may be fcen, in the fame tranfac- 
 tion, a defcription of the granaries of Dantzick, and 
 thofe ufod in Malbovy, which are made under 
 ground, by digging a deep pit, in the fhape of a 
 fugar-loaf, broad below, and narrow at the top, 
 very clofely covered with ftone, in which they put 
 their corn, being exceedingly weil drycd, either by 
 the fun or fire. Shall this kingdom alone want thefe 
 convenient fiores, to fecure ifi people irom the acci- 
 dents of bad I'jafons, when even the northern 
 Ruffians have them ? Ought we not to imitate the 
 providential care of Holland, England, Poland, and 
 other countries, raiher than have again a renewal of 
 thole eviis, v/hich have been fo often feverely and 
 extremely felt, more than once in a few years .^^ and 
 was it not for foreign fupp'ies, which, by the way, has 
 drained us of our cal"h, the confequences had been 
 infinitely- worfe. 
 
 C H A P. VIII. 
 
 Of the Rivers of this County^ their RJe^ P^^gi'^f^y 
 and Navigation. 
 
 Sau-i^ I "HHE river Suir, together with the Nore, rifes 
 nvcr. ^ Q^[ ^f 3 fpring, at '.he foot of BandufFmoun- 
 tanj, in the county oi' Tipperary, where they imme- 
 diately divide, the Suir taking a courfe S. W. of 
 Clunecanny, about four miles from its head ; from 
 
 thence.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 thence, proceeding due S. it pafTes through Thurles, 
 which is about ten miles from the former place, 
 where it has a flone-bridge, and begins to grow into 
 a confiderable river. From whence, palling by 
 Holy-crofs, where there is alfo another bridge, it 
 proceeds towards Golden-bridge, about four miles 
 from Thurles, leaving Cafhel on the E. At this 
 place, there is alio another bridge over it, having in 
 its paflage received feveral confiderable ftreams, 
 which increafe its appearance. It proceeds ftill to 
 Ardfinane, about ten miles from Golden -bridr^e, 
 where it has alfo a fair bridge over it, with feveral 
 arches. About a mile more to the S. it receives a 
 fmall river, called Ovvan-tarr; after which, takino- 
 an eafterly courfe for a fm:\ll way, it begins to 
 feparate the counties of Waterford and Tipperary, 
 where it receives the river Nier'from the former, 
 which gives name to the barony of Gianehyry in 
 this county. In this place, it winds off for about 
 four miles to the N. and N, E, where paHing by 
 Clonmel, it runs to the tov/n of Carrick, about eight 
 nines from the former; at which places, are two 
 well built fair bridges, of feveral arches, which give 
 an immediate paffage out of this county into that of 
 Tipp.rary. At Carrick, tov/ards the E. end of the 
 town, are feveral large recks in the river; and as 
 they confiit motlly of ftones, cemented together 
 with lime-mortar, people imagine them to have been 
 the ruins of an ancient bridge. Here this river be- 
 gins to be navigable, for velfels of confiderable bur- 
 den, down to the quay of Waterford, to which place, 
 the river firft winds S. eafrerly for ten or twelve 
 miles, and then proceeding N. for above a league 
 (which laft turn is called the long-reach) it foon 
 v/afhes the quay of that city, it wiil be needlefs to 
 mention its further progrefs into the ocean, or its 
 union with the Nore or Barrow, having touched oa 
 thefe matters in the third chapter. The iilefulnefs 
 of this river to the city of Waterford, and to laQ 
 
 feveral 
 
 ^33
 
 234 Ndtiiral and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 feveral inhabitants who live near its banks, need not 
 be repeated. 
 Nore- Having mentioned the Nore, although its pro- 
 river, grefs through this county is only aher its jundion 
 with the former, I fnall let dov/n its courfe. 
 
 Ic riles together with the former, out of BandufF 
 mountain, which is an high black mountain, to the N. 
 of the Devil's-bit. After its feparation from the Suir, 
 it runs down by Clonecanny, to the pafsof Curraga- 
 neen, and is a very fmall brook till it comes into the 
 boiT of Moonahinch, where it grows a little laraer, 
 and from thence to Burres in OiTory, which is about 
 eight miles from the head. From Rurres,^ it comes 
 to Caftletown, three miles, toAbbyleix, three miles, 
 to Ballyragget, five mi'es, where it is a good river, 
 having, between Abby-leix and Ballyragget, received 
 two rivers, viz. Grenan river, and Durrow river, 
 alias the Erkin. Two miles below Ballyragget, 
 Frefhford river runs into it, and within three miles 
 of Kilkenny, it receives the Dinein, as feven miles 
 below that city, it does the river of Callen. From 
 thence, pafling by Thr. mas- town and Inifteague, 
 keeping a S. E. courfe for about fifteen miles below 
 Kilkenny, after receiving feveral ftreams, it unites 
 with the river Barrow to the N. of New-P ')fs; 
 v.'hence, palling by that town, and keeping a fouthern 
 courfe for about ei.o;ht miles, they both unite with the 
 Sair, oppofite to Ciieek-point. The progrefs of the 
 Barrow, before its union with the Kore, more pro- 
 perly belongs to the defcription of the counties of 
 Kiidare, Carlow, or Wexford. I lliall therefore 
 omit it here, becaufe a better account m.ay be ex- 
 pedited from thofc places, than can be given at this 
 ditlance (i). 
 
 The 
 
 (i) Varenlns, in his fecond chifs of rivers, places the Rliine, 
 the Elbe, the Ivjphiatcs, Tanais, &c. in his fir:t clals, the 
 Nile, tiie Nxger, Damibe, Obey, Garige?, &c. and in his thitd 
 ciab, fuch ii.err. as the Thames, oi Sever;) in Engiancl. Con- 
 
 IxJeriug
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 235 
 
 The Black-water, anciently the Avenmore, takes ^'ack- 
 its rife in the county of Kerry, in the mountain oi"^^^^^' 
 Slieve-lougher, runs about forty miles an E. courfe 
 before it enters this county, making but a fmall 
 allowance for its turnings ^ and holds the fame courfe 
 about eight or nine miles further, till it changes to 
 the fouth at Cappoquin in this county- from 
 whence it runs almoft due S. for above ten miles 
 into the ocean ; fo that its whole length may be 
 juftly reckoned about fixty miles ; but if all its 
 windings were taken in, much m.ore, and falls not 
 much Ihort of the Severn in England, if the 
 difference between ours and the EngHlli miles be 
 nliowea for. During its courfe through the county of 
 Cork, it receives feveral fmaller rivers, and, in this 
 county, the river Bride empties itfelf into it ; boats 
 and velTels of confiderable burden, may iail ud to 
 Cappoquin, from the harbour of Youghal, and may 
 there load and diicharge. Other flat boats may run 
 up much higher beyond the bounds of this county. 
 Its depth is variable, in many places ; at the bridge 
 or Cappoquin, it is above twelve feet at low-water. 
 This river feems to be more choaked up *zt prefent, 
 and of a iefs depth, than formerly. Lord Orrery, 
 in his letters, lately publiihed, fays, that it was, in 
 his tiaie, navigable up to Mallow, forty miles from 
 its mouth, which it is not at prefent for boats of any 
 tolerable burden. There are feveral tracts of low 
 and hwd grounds fpread along the fides, of this river, 
 
 which, 
 
 fidering the tra6l a river niav pafs throtigh in Ireland, the river 
 Shnnno.) may juftly take place aiiiong thole ofbis iecor.d clals; 
 nnd the Suir, above irs coi.flaence vvith the Nore and Barrov/, 
 aiDOiig thole of the third dafs ; though after ihefe rivers nil 
 into it, did it run for ai)y confiderabie length before it readied 
 the ocean, it might ju(l!y be placed ]n the fecond clafs : And 
 our Black-water * famous in the time of Ptoloiny, might alfo 
 claim a place in the third ra;;k. Bernard V'arenii Geof. 
 General. Lib. i. cap. i6. 
 
 * Called alfo tlie Bioad-water, and fometiines Ncm.
 
 235 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 which, in winter-time, become almoft ufelefs, by 
 their being overflowed; and in many places, they 
 only produce, at beft, a rank and four grafs; even 
 the raoft valuable meadows are often injured by 
 fummer floods; and if they be overflowed before 
 they are mowed, the grafs is fanded, and not fit for 
 cattle ; or if they fhould be mowed when the flood 
 comes down upon them, the grafs is fpoiled, in a 
 gfeat meafure, perhaps carried off the land, and the 
 produce of the ground, and the farmer's labour and 
 expence, all lofl: together. The only remedy, 
 which feems to be for this inconveiiiency, is, by 
 removing the obfiradions and (Icppages in the river, 
 and to widen its channels, befides which, floping 
 banks might be raifed, in proper places, to confine 
 the river, and fecure the land againfl. an inundation. 
 Suiiicient dire<^ions for the riaking of thefe kind 
 ot works, may be met with in the Dublin Society's 
 Weekly Obfervations, Numb, xviii. to which the 
 reader is referred. But, on the other hand, inunda- 
 tions are not always to be accounted hurtful ; for 
 true it is, that the flime fornetimes depofited by the 
 river, enriches the foil; therefore it may be forne- 
 times as proper to admit them, as, at other times, 
 to exclude them. To this end, the farmer may fix 
 one fluice in that part of the bank wliere the river 
 firlt comes on the land, and another in that part 
 where the river leaves it, the firft, to let in, and the 
 other, to difcharge the water. The winter is the 
 proper leafon for flooding low lands, and the 
 beginning of a flood is the befl time to let it m, when 
 it is foul and muddy, and, as itfi.nes, depofits a rich 
 flime, equal to the bed manure; that being done, 
 the water will foon clear, and then is the time to dif- 
 charge it. If a flood lies long upon the ground, it 
 will chili and fpoil the grafs ; but if it lies two or 
 three days only, it will enrich the foil without doing" 
 any damage. 
 
 In
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 237 
 
 In fummcr-time, the country peop'e near this 
 river, when the water is low, between C?ippoquin and 
 Lifmore, gather up a fpccies of mulcles, of the 
 larger kind, commonly called horfe-mufcles, in 
 which, as I am well intormed, a fmall kind of feed- 
 pearl has been often found, and, now -ind then, a few 
 of a larger fize. It is not fb much, it feems, either 
 for the fake of the mufcle, or the thoughts of a 
 pearl, that thefe people gather up thefe fifh, but for 
 the fhells, which they ufe for fpoons. This fifh is 
 the very fame as are defcnbed in the hiftory of the 
 county of Down (2), to which place, for a defcription 
 of the pearls, and a philofophical account of their 
 produ6lion, I refer the reader. 
 
 The river Bride rifes in the barony of Barry more, Bride- 
 in the county of Cork, near a place called Gianpre-"^^*"- 
 han ; takes its courfe eafterly through this barony, 
 and it is banked in for a confiderable way, as it runs 
 through the bog of Kilcrea, where one may ride a 
 mile on the bank of one beautiful canal, having 
 woods on each fide of it. It then proceeds, in a 
 Terpentine manner, through the barony ofKilnataloon, 
 in the fame county. Here the tide flows, and, by 
 that means, fea-fand can be brought up, and goods 
 carried down, in flat-bottom boats to Youghal, 
 From its rife to its entrance into this county, without 
 allowing for the v/indings, which are remarkably- 
 very many, is about fourteen Irifli miles, and about 
 four more to its mouth, where it falls into the 
 Black-water. From the hill over Slat-wood, near 
 Tallow, this river has a very beautitul' appearance 
 from its ferpentine meanders, which, though natural, 
 have all the exadt regularity of art. 
 
 From the mountains of Cummeragh proceed Other 
 feveral rivers, which, not having a fufficient tract of ^'vers. 
 land to run through between the foot of thefe moun- 
 tains and the (ea, they cannot airive at any thing 
 
 confiderable. 
 
 (2) P. 146.
 
 238 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 con fider able. The river Tay takes its rife \n thofe 
 mountains, and running through the parifhes of 
 Kilrofl'inta and Stradbally, a S. S. E. courfe of feven 
 or eight miles, empties itfelf into the ocean, at a 
 cove below Woodhoufe. This river is, in time 
 of floods, deep and rapid, and over it, on the high- 
 road leading from Dungarvan to Waterford, at 
 Foxe's-caftle, is a ilone bridge, and another at 
 AVoodhoufe. In this river, are good trouts, both 
 yellow and white. At its exit into the Tea, it forms 
 a little harbour or bay, ufeful to the country-man 
 for the taking up of fea-fand. 
 
 The river Mahon (3) alfo rifes in the fame moun- 
 tain, fomewhat to the W. of the former, and in 
 its defcent from the mountain, form.s an agreeable 
 cafcade. This river empties itfelf, after a courfe of 
 feven or eight miles, into the ocean, at a place called 
 Bun-mahon bay ^ it has one ftone bridge over it at 
 Kilmac-thomas, is well ftored with feveral kinds 
 of trout, and fome falmon. 
 
 From the fame mountains, rifes another river, 
 called the Nier, which' running W. for about five 
 miles, difcharges itfelf into the Suir, at its entrance 
 into this county, as already mentioned. This fmall 
 river has an handfonie bridge over it at Four-mile- 
 water, fo called from its being at that diflance from 
 Clonmel. 
 
 There are feveral other leffsr rivers in this county, 
 as the Fhinifl<:, which rifes near the N. VV. bounds 
 
 of 
 
 (3) Dr. Plot, In his Nat. Hi(t. of Staff. (Cap. II. §. 78.) 
 fays, he finds among the remarks ot the hon. Mr. Boyle, who, 
 traverfing this miritime county ot Waterf(;id, faw a mountain, 
 from v.'hofe higher parts there ran precipitoufly, a pic:cy broad 
 river, that, v.itliin two or three years, broke forth, without 
 any manifcfl caufe, from a great bog, that had been immemo- 
 rially at the top of the mountain, and liath fupplicd the country 
 with a river ever fince. I do beh'cve, from the defcription, 
 that this inufl iiave been the river above mentioned, the tall of 
 the water being very confpicuous fioin the high-road leading 
 CO Waterfoid.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 of the county, at Ballynamult ; and, after a coinTe 
 of fix or feven miles, empties itfelf into the Black- 
 water, to the N. of Drumana, 
 
 The Bricky takes its rife near Clonknrdine, not a 
 mile's diflance from the courfe of the former river, 
 and empties itfelf into the bay of Dungarvan, after 
 a courfe of about five miles ; the fea flov/ing up into 
 this little river at fpring tide, makes it navigable for 
 a fhort way; but were the former river turned into 
 it, this might, at a fmiall expence, be made navigable, 
 almoft from Dungarvan to the Black-water weft- 
 wards. Another great advantage which might enfue, 
 would be the making the whole harbour of Dungarvan 
 much the better •, for thefe rivers being reunited, 
 would foon form a confiderable channel, which is, 
 at prefent, but very fmall. Thouojh in dry weather, 
 this little river is very inconfiderable, yet in rains, it 
 is much increafed, by a great number of fmall 
 ftreams, which fall from the range of hills lying to 
 the S. of it. 
 
 The Licky takes its rife in the mountains of 
 Slieve-grine, between Dungarvan and Youghal, and 
 empties itfelf into the Black-water, near Clafhmore; 
 though its courfe is but fliort, yet, in time of floods, 
 it is confiderably large and rapid. 
 
 Among thefe rivers, which take their rife from tl.e 
 mountains of Cumm.eragh, I fhould have mentioned 
 the Ciodugh, wh'.ch runsN. E, from thefe mountains, 
 and palling by Cionea, v.' here, it has a bridge over ir, 
 runs by Curraghmore, and fo into the Suir. This 
 little river is alfo remarkable for the fairie kind of 
 pearl-mufcks as are above-mentioned. 
 
 Of navigable rivers in this country, for very larp;c 
 vellels, there may be between thirty and forty mile?, 
 including only the Black-water and the Suir, but 
 for flats, near four times as much. Th.e chief and 
 principal ufe of the fea and liverf, is certainly for 
 the eafy carriage of commodities; for a chaldron 
 of fea-coal, for example (as is (hewn in a di (courfe 
 
 read 
 
 ^29
 
 240 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 read before the Royal Society, anno 1675) may be 
 brought 300 miles for four fhillings, which is in 
 weight 3300 pounds ; but the land-carriage of this, 
 by waggon, would be about 15]. viz. feventy-five 
 times as much, and on horfcback, about an hundred 
 times as much. 
 
 The falmon fifhery of the Suir, though a very 
 large river, is but inconfiderable, but on the Black- 
 water, and particularly at Lifmore, it is very great. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the 7nedicinal Waters hitherto difcovered in this 
 County^ with an Analyfis of them. 
 
 WE underftand by the general acceptation of 
 the words mineral w-ater, fome water im- 
 pregnated with a fpecific virtue, arifing from its 
 being mixed with a mineral fubflance, through 
 whole ftrata or beds it has pafled. Of thefe, there 
 are feveral kinds, as chalybeate, vitriolic, aluminous, 
 faline, nitrous, lulphureous, and calcarious. 
 
 The principal waters hitherto taken notice of in 
 this county, are either of the chalybeate (i) or vitrio- 
 lic kind; of which I fnall give a fummary, and 
 diftinft account, in two fliort fedtions. 
 § I. Of the Chalybeates. 
 I. The Clcnmel fpaw, is a pretty firong chaly- 
 beate water, as appears by its keeping good near a 
 year in bottles ; and being brought to Dublin, re- 
 tained its tinging quality with galls. It fprings 
 
 out 
 
 (1) Some may 6bje£l againft this diftinflion between chaly- 
 beate and vitriolic waters, becaufe an acid (alt dilTolving the 
 merailic pmticles, feems alio to becd'ential to the conftitution 
 ol the former ; hut, beddes that their dillintlion is (upported 
 by the authority of Baccius, &c. ihe greater predominancy of 
 the acid fait in thofe 1 call the vitriolic, the diilinft colour 
 r!;ey ftrike with galls, and, what is more than all this, their 
 dilFeretit virtues, fecm to juflify this diftindion.
 
 WATERFORD. 241 
 
 out of the fide of a rifing ground, over which hangs 
 a pretty fleep hilJ, on the county of Warerford fide 
 of the Suir.. It affords a thick fcum, particularly in 
 the morning, being yellow and white. It has been 
 drank, not only in cachectic cafes, but alfo for the 
 fcurvy, and other chronic diforders, by numbers of 
 perfons, many of whom have received confiderable 
 benefit by it; and its operation have been found 
 moftly diuretic. Six pints of this water were ex- 
 haled in Dublin, by a mild heat, the operation 
 being performed in not lefs than the fpace of forty- 
 eight hours; it yielded, of a dark brown ochreous 
 powder, feven grains, which, without calcination, 
 was attraded by the magnet ; a further evidence of 
 the ftrength of the impregnating principles. 
 
 In the water feafon, a few years ago, this place 
 was thronged with company, in order to take the 
 benefit of this fpav/ ; but of late it is lefs frequented, 
 moft of our fafhionable water-drinkers making 
 choice of the waters of Mallow or Bally fpellan, few 
 confidering, that thefe waters, though excellent in 
 their kind, are of a quite different nature. Such 
 who intend to drink mineral waters for the recovery 
 of their healths, ought to confult an able phyfician 
 in the choice of what water is proper for their 
 refpe(5tive complaints. 
 
 In the mountains between Dungarvan and Yough- 
 al, is a chalybeate water, ifiuing out of a rifing 
 ground, or rhe left hand of the road, near a place 
 called the iron mines. Three or four more chalybeate 
 fprings rife near the fame place ; but this, that I now 
 mention, is the moft impregnated : It is of a ftrong 
 ferruginous tafte, and on the fpot tinges a deep pur- 
 ple with galls i but when brought to Dungarvan, 
 loft fomewhat of its tinging quality, ftriking then a 
 more dilute and pale colour. A quart of this water, 
 being flowly evaporated, afforded near three grains 
 of an ochrey fediment, of a dark brown colour; 
 much of this ochrey matter lies in and about the 
 R wells.
 
 242 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 wells, infomuch that about half a drachm of it was 
 colleded, and being dried and calcined, turned 
 reddilh, and was confiderably attracted by the 
 magnet. This water has not been very long taken 
 notice of; fo that except one gentleman who drank 
 it in a fcorbutic cafe, and who found much benefit 
 by it, its operation being chiefly diuretic, I could 
 not learn that it was drank by any other perfon j yet, 
 as this water may be juflly ranked among the 
 chalybeates of the firft clafs, and if accurately faved 
 would undoubtedly bear carriage to diftant places, it 
 would be very well worth fending for in the cool of 
 the morning, as is the pradlice of other gentlemen in 
 places fituated near fuch waters, and where fimple 
 chalybeates, fuch as Tunbridge, A drop, &c. are 
 prefcribed, it might be drank with the fame ad- 
 vantages. 
 
 The water of Two-mile bridge, within that dif- 
 tance of the town of Dungarvan, is a chalybeate 
 fpaw, which differs from the former in its being of 
 a weaker degree, and tinges on the fpot only a light 
 purple with galls. A quart of this water afforded 
 two grains of an extradt upon evaporation, being 
 firfl filtered before the operation was performed, in 
 order to clear it from fome ochrey particles, which 
 were obferved to float in it. At another time, a 
 quart of this water, upon evaporation, afforded three 
 grains of extrad; but having been taken up very 
 clear, it was not filtered. Some perfons who drank 
 of it lafl fummer, found it very diuretic ; and one or 
 two, who drank of it in a large quantity, it purged. 
 The different earths that lay near and about this 
 fpring were, 1 il, a reddifh kind of flate, of a foft 
 texture, and uf this the rifing ground above the 
 fpring feerried to be chiefly compofed. 2d. At the 
 bottom vjf the well, there was much ochrey matter, 
 as alio a thick film of various colours, fuch as a pri/m 
 affords, is generally floating on the water, efpecially 
 
 in
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 24 j 
 
 in the morning before It is difturbed ; this film has a 
 Itrong fmack of the iron. 
 
 About midway between Lifmore and Cappoquin, 
 at Ballygallane, is another light chalybeate water, 
 which tinges of a light purple with galls, but does 
 not retain this tinging quality for any confiderable 
 time, letting fall its ochre in two or three days. 
 This water has been found to be diuretic, to fit 
 light upon the flomach, and to create an appetite. 
 
 Between the mountain of Knockmeledown and 
 Lifmore, there is another light chalybeate water, near 
 a ford, in the little river Oona-fhad, called Aghna- 
 fack, and in thefe mountains feveral other fprings of 
 the fame kind. 
 
 The water of Kilmeadan, breaks out in the high- 
 road, a little to the W. of it, between two rifmg 
 grounds, out of a fmall fpring, which, in a few yards, 
 trickles into a little brook that crofles the road, it is 
 a light chalybeate; at the fpring, affords a tolerable 
 good tindure with galls, and being tranfmitted to 
 Waterford, retained its tinging quality, though not 
 in fo great a degree. Some of this water being fent 
 to Dublin, eleven days after it was taken up, ftruck 
 a pink colour with galls, fo that it may juftly deferve 
 a place among the chalybeates of the fecond clafs. 
 The operation of it is diuretic ; about fifty feven years 
 ago, it was very much in vogue, and prefcribed, 
 with good fuccefs, in feveral cafes, Moft of our 
 chalybeates feem to have fomething very volatile in 
 their nature, which they lofe by carriage, even in a 
 very few hours; for which reafon, thefe waters arc 
 drank in the greatefl: perfedion at the fountain head. 
 This is what gives the German fpaws fo much the 
 advantage over ours; but perhaps there may be 
 fomething very ufeful in thefe volatile kinds of 
 waters (if one may fo call them) which the others 
 may not have, and which the patient may reap a 
 greater benefit from, by drinking them at the 
 R z fountain
 
 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 fountain head, than the German fpaws, which are 
 fent at fo great a diftance, will afiford •, and it is 
 reafonable to imagine that, though even thefe latter 
 retain both their Ibength and their tinging property 
 a long time, yet that they alfo lofe much of their 
 brifknefs and aftivity, which they have at the 
 fountain head. 
 
 Thefe four laft chalybeate waters, though but 
 flightly impregnated with the chalybeate principles, 
 are not, on that account, to be defpifed ; but, in many 
 delicate habits, where a larger proportion of the 
 mineral cannot be borne, they are a(fl:ually found to 
 be preferable to other ftronger waters. 
 
 The experienced pra(fti;ioner well knows, that, ia 
 fome cafes, even the German fpaw proves too harfh 
 and irritating; and that thefe weaker chal)beates 
 have often been happily fubftituted in their room. 
 
 It is not to be expeded, that there fliould be op- 
 portunity for reciting hiftories of cafes, wherein thefe 
 waters, fituated in fuch remote places, have been 
 ufed ; but fmce moft of our Englifh and Irifh chaly- 
 beates differ in nothing but the greater or lefler pro- 
 portion of mineral they contain, and whereever they 
 have been tried, appear to have the fame general 
 effe<5ts, as there is no room to doubt but thefe alfo 
 have, it fiiall fuffice to refer, for a comparifon of 
 both the general principles, and general virtues of 
 thefe, and all others like them, and of the German 
 fpaws to chap. ix. § i. of the ancient and prefent 
 ft ate of the county of Down, where this matter is 
 more minutely handled. 
 
 I fhall only add, that many of our chalybeates, if 
 carefully corked and vyaxed, and put into new 
 bottles, bear carriage, and keep very well a long 
 time, as do the above-mentioned at the Iron Mines, 
 and feverai others. 
 
 § 2. Of the vitriolic kind we have thefe fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 About
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 245 
 
 About midway between Clonmel and Cappoquin, 
 in the parifh of Modelligo, is a mineral water, which 
 is h'mpid, of an a'cid auftere tafle, like a weak 
 folution of white vitriol. Being taken np and tranf- 
 mitted to Dublin, it kept fweet above fix weeks, 
 though it was fent by fea. The refult of Dr. Rut- 
 ty's obfervations, compared with my own, upon 
 this water, are as follows. It precipitated a brown 
 and green fediment, with a folution of fait of tartar, 
 and with fp. of fal armoniac, even as happens to a 
 weak folution of Englifh vitriol, mixed with the 
 fame alkalis. At the well, it turned of a pale blue 
 with galls, which, though it in a great meafure loft 
 when brought to Dungarvan, and in a few days 
 began to turn ropy, yet fome of it being afterward 
 tranfmitted to Dublin as aforefaid, it exhibited a 
 pretty intenfe blue with galls, and was fweet and 
 limpid, a difference, that may be pofllbly accounted 
 for by the water recovering its fait at fea, and by the 
 difference of the galls ufed in the feveral experi- 
 ments ; as may alfo another variety in the refult of 
 theanalyfis made of it in the country and in Dublin, 
 be alfo probably folved, by the different circum- 
 ftances attending the operation. For whereas, with 
 me, a quart of it, upon evaporation, yielded but 
 five grains of fediment; the do(f\:or aforefaid affures 
 me, he obtained, in a broad brown earthen veflel, 
 by a flow fire, twelve grains of fediment from the 
 fame quantity. This extradi plainly fhewed its 
 vitriolic nature, by the tafte, and by its folution 
 turning blue with galls, fo that it is undoubtedly a 
 folution of native vitriol, and, in all refpeds, like 
 the followmg one from Crofs. To which agree 
 fome cafual experiments made on it by country 
 people, fome of whom it vomited, and made others 
 extremely fick. Such a water, however, in the hands 
 of the learned, may be a very ufeful medicine, and 
 R 2 the
 
 246 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 the rather, as it is but fparingly impregnated, and 
 is adlually found, upon comparifon with the hygro- 
 meter, to be lighter than common diftilled water. 
 Some further illuftration of its virtues will be given 
 in the following water. 
 
 The waters of Crofs arife out of a great number 
 of different fprings, all fituated on the verge of a 
 bog, called Crofs- bog, in the parifh of Kill-St.-Ni- 
 cholas, about half way between Waterford and Paf- 
 fage. Thefe waters, by their tafte, by their affording 
 a fine blue tindlure with an infufion of galls, by 
 their appearance with alkalis, and laftly, by the 
 refiduum they afford upon evaporation, (hew them- 
 felves evidently to be no other than a folution of 
 Dative vitriol, perfedtly refembling the lafl men- 
 tioned waters; and fome fpecimens of thefe yielded 
 alfo the fame quantity of contents. To the S. E. 
 of the feveral fprings, is a rifing ground, from 
 whence they fiow -, the bog extends a confiderable 
 way to the N. and though there arc many fprings 
 ■which lie below thefe that are impregnated, yet 
 they have not the leaft fmack of the mineral tafte. 
 The ground about the fprings, although fown feveral 
 times, yet the corn never came to perfection; 
 befides, it feems quite bare of any other vegetables. 
 The foil feemed to be no other than dry turffy 
 mould, mixed with the broken pieces of bog timber, 
 and the rotted fprays of trees. Near the fprings, I 
 took notice of a whitifh kind of clay, which had a 
 rough lixivious tafte, but did not ferment with acids. 
 This earth lies below the turfy foil. 
 
 Lafl feafon, this vvater was ufed by the fex, both in 
 the fluor albus and fupprelfion of the catamenia, and 
 many received confiderable benefit by its ufe. That 
 it may be fafely taken internally, is certain, from a 
 cafual, but fuccefsful, experiment of its effc(^t, in 
 curing the jaundice, in one Robert Newton, a 
 victualler, in Waterford : He attributed his diforder 
 
 to
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 247 
 
 to fatigues and hard riding, having, for fome time, 
 loft his appetite, fo that he took h'ttle folid food, and 
 fell away ; he drank a pint of this water every day 
 for fifteen days fucceflively, and found no other 
 efFe(5t from it than its proving ftrongly diuretic, 
 and its removing all the fymptoms of his diforder ; 
 he grew at leaft four inches thicker after his re- 
 covery, eat and drank heartily, and faid he never 
 was better in his life j it is twenty nine years fmce 
 he drank this uater, 
 
 Thefe waters have been kept, in the city of 
 Waterford, above a year, without any fenfible 
 diminution of their qualities. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 y^/i Hydrograph'ical Defcription of the Harbours, 
 Creeks, Bays, Roads, I/lands, Points and Head- 
 lands, on the Co aft of this County -, and other 
 matters relative to the fame. 
 
 TH E whole fea coaft of this county extends, of the 
 allowing for the curvature, about twelve coail in 
 leagues, and may be reckoned, for the moll: part, an s^neral. 
 embayed Ihore ; the tower of Hooke, or point on 
 which it ftands, forms the eaflern extremity, and 
 Ardmore head, the weftern extremity of this large 
 bay. But as this bay is not deep, there is no great 
 danger of velfels being embayed in it -, for a fmall 
 flant of wind will bring them out, fo as to clear the 
 headlands either way. Nor do the currents fet fo 
 flrong as in the Offing. On the coaft, they run from 
 half ebb to the next half flood, about fix hours to 
 the weftward, and from half flood to half ebb, the 
 currents fet other fix hours to the eaftward, but in 
 the Offing, clear of the headlands, the current runs 
 R 4 three
 
 2481 Natural and Civil Htjlory of 
 
 three or four hours later than near the coafl:, and 
 with a much greater force and rapidity, which is 
 increafed ordiminifhed proportionably, according to 
 the moon's age, and as the wind happens to fit on this 
 or that point of the compafs. The ground in the 
 bay above defcribed, is moftly clean and Tandy, and 
 the tides and currents being of no great force, is the 
 reafon why this coaft has been, time out of mind, 
 remarkable for a good fifhing coaft. 
 P/j|j ,j Mariners take notice of feveral remarkable high 
 ^ ^ lands on their approach to this coaft ; the chief of 
 which are thofe called by them, the high lands of 
 Dungarvan, and thofe of Cappoquin. Thefe moun- 
 tains are feen feveral leagues at fea, particularly the 
 high lands of Cappoquin, called Knock-mele-down, 
 and the Cumeraghs, ftiled in the common charts 
 Killgobonet hills. Befide thefe, mariners obfervc 
 the high mountain of Slineman, when they fail on 
 the eaftern coaft of this county, off the harbour of 
 Waterford, which mountain lies in the county of 
 Tipperary. Alfo, about mid-way between Dun- 
 garvan and Youghal, mariners notice another re- 
 markable high land, called, in the charts, Sleivegrine, 
 but when feen at a great diftance, is but low land 
 in comparifon of the former. 
 Land- When Knockmeledown, or the high lands of 
 marks. Cappoquin, (which confift of what the feamen call 
 three exceeding high hammocks) appear at fea 
 bearing N. N. W. and fhips fail right in with it, 
 they will then fall in with the harbour of Dungarvan ; 
 when it bears N. and ftiips fall in with the coaft, 
 they then come into Youghal harbour. Being 
 N. N. E. they then fall in with Cork, but when it 
 is N. W. and fo run in, they fall in with the har- 
 bour of Waterford. 
 
 In giving a particular defcriptlon of the fea coafts, 
 I ftuil begin with the harbour of Waterford, as that 
 county is bounded on the E. by the W. fide of this 
 
 harbour.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 249 
 
 harbour, (hall then proceed wefterly, and finifh at 
 that of Youghal. 
 
 Waterford harbour lies about eight leagues to the Waterford 
 W. of the S. E. point of Ireland ; its eaftern fhore harbour. 
 is the county of Wexford, on which fide it will be 
 requifite to mention fome particulars relative to this 
 harbour. 
 
 At the extremity of the eaftern point of thisHooke 
 bour, ftands an excellent light houfe, called Hooke- tower. 
 tower, and, by fome, the tower of Waterford. 
 This is a very ancient building, and is above 100 
 feet high ; it has been only of late years ufed as a 
 light-houfe, and, it is faid, this tower fubfifted in 
 the time of Strongbow, who landed not far from it; 
 there are the remains of a fort, about four miles to 
 the N. E. called Strongbov/-fort. On this point, an 
 E. by N. and a W. by S. moon, makes high water 
 on the full and change days, and the tides ordinarily 
 flow about thirteen feet. 
 
 The falling of the ftreams of the tower, and the 
 E. and W. coaft adjacent in offing, is governed by 
 an E. S. E. and a W. N. W. moon, on the full and 
 change days, and the current fets E. N, E. and 
 W. N. W. alternately ; the rule is when at Water- 
 ford city, where, on faid days, an E. and Vv^. moon 
 makes high water, 'tis half ebb and fo to half flood, 
 which is fuppofed fix hours, the current fets to the 
 weftward, and from half flood to half ebb, the cur- 
 rent fets other fix hours to the eaftward, which 
 ought to be well confidered by mariners frequent- 
 ing thefe feas and harbours. Hooke- tower, by 
 obfervations made with a good aftronomical quad- 
 rant, is in lat. 52.^. 2' north, and longitude W. 
 from London 7^ J5'. the latter being determined 
 by obfervations maoe on the folar and lunar eclipfes. 
 The variation of the magnetlcal needle, in the year 
 1738, was i^^. 15'. wefterly, but is fmce near 16^. 
 as I myfelf have experienced. 
 
 The
 
 Z^o Natural and Civil Hifiory of 
 
 The point on which the tower Hands is low, but 
 the tower is an excellent mark to diflinguifh this 
 harbour by, and may be feen at a great diftance in 
 clear weather. 
 
 Slade baj. About a mile to the N. E. of the tower, is a bay, 
 called Slade-bay, which is foul ground. The bed 
 anchoring place in it is found, by bringing the pier- 
 head and caflle in one, oppofite to a ftone wall, ex- 
 tended to the fea-fhore, then there is in about five 
 fathom water clear fandy ground. An E. by N, and 
 W. by S. moon, makes high water on full and change 
 days; and in the pier it then ordinarily flows 
 thirteen feet. This pier is of great ufe to diftrefled 
 mariners and others, and was founded at the private 
 charge of the late ingenious Mr. Mansfield, who 
 carried on a confiderable falt-v/ork here ; but the pier 
 is, at pre fen t, in a ftate of decay, though worthy of 
 improvement and repair. 
 Credan- Xhe breadth of the entrance of Waterford har- 
 ' hour, from Hooke- tower to Red-head, is exadtly 
 two Englifh miles and a half, and lies in at firfl 
 N. N. E. Credan-head lies about a league up from 
 what I call the entrance of the harbour, it is pretty 
 high, and runs elbowing out from the W, fide of 
 the harbour about a mile, forming a fmall bay on its 
 S. fide, which takes its name from the head. This 
 bay is a good road in northerly winds, and great 
 frefhes of the river, and in it, near the land, there 
 are from twenty to thirty feet water, though the 
 author of the Atlas Maritimus places a fhoalhere, 
 where there is no fuch thing. 
 
 ^"wi°'^^ Dunmore or Whitehoufe-bay, lies about two 
 
 houiebay' "li^^s to the S. S. E. or without Credan-head. In 
 its mouth there are about eighteen feet water. This 
 bay is only frequented by boats. The common 
 charts exprcfs it to be within fide of Credan-head ; 
 but this error has been rectified by Mr. Doyle in his 
 chart of this harbour. From Credan-head to the 
 oppofite (hore, it is fcarce two miles over. 
 
 To
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 251 
 
 To fail up this harbour, the courfe Is from How to 
 Credan-head to Duncannon-fort, which is, by the^'' "P . 
 common compafs, N. N. E. but the true courfe is N. harbour, 
 eafterly 8^. 15'. The fpit and Eallyftraw-ftrand, a 
 dangerous and hard fhoal, lying about two miles 
 N, N. E, from Credan, is carefully to be avoided ; 
 as alfo Drumroe bank, which lies on the oppofite fide 
 of the harbour to Duncannon-fort. Of late, two 
 lanthorns are kept conftantly lighted at the fort, 
 which are a good mark, at night, to fleer by from 
 Credan-head. Right under the point of the fort, 
 are thirty feet water, and in the middle of the 
 channel, oppofite to the fort fifty four feet. This is 
 the narroweft part of the channel, it being here not 
 above a quarter of an Englifh mile over to Drumroe 
 bank. 
 
 The marks for finding out the narroweft part 
 of the channel, according to Mr. Do^le (whofe 
 accurate map was confulted on this occafion, and 
 out of which many particulars are taken relating to 
 the defcription of this harbour) is to bring the late 
 Mr. Hogan's houfe on the weftern fide, and Newtown 
 trees to bear in one. The lead going you will have 
 from 48 to 60 and -72 feet water, in what is properly 
 called the eaft channel. The channel, which is 
 improperly termed the W. channel, is by no means 
 pradicable, nor is it advifeable for mariners, even 
 at flowing water, with velTels of conlideration, to 
 attempt failing over Drumroe bank. On the N. 
 point of this bank, a perch is fet up, which is a good 
 mark to avoid it, and having paiTed it, veiTels arrive 
 at PafTage, where there is good anchoring, as there is 
 almoft in all parts of this harbour. 
 
 In paffing from Credan-head towards Duncannon- The Bar. 
 fort, veffels fail over the bar, which is a very narrow 
 ridge of loofe fhingles, fcarce as broad as a good 
 fhip's length, it extends in a right line, from the 
 weflern ftrand, which lies about an Englifh mile to 
 N. of Credan-head E. N. E. to the eaftern or oppofite 
 
 Ifiore }
 
 252 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 fliore ; on which narfow ridge, there are about 
 thirteen feet water at the loweft fpring tides. It 
 has been known, that on the full and change days, 
 ftrong northerly winds prevailing, there have been 
 lefs than thirteen feet water even upon the eaftern 
 fide, by fome accounted the deepefl; but foutherly 
 winds proportionably increafe the depth of the water ; 
 and, in calm weather, on the faid days, there are 
 twenty-fix feet water at high tide ; which is fuffi- 
 cient for vefTels of great burden. On the bar, it is 
 high water forty- five minutes fooner than at the city, 
 an E. and W. moon making high water at the latter 
 on full and change days, 
 Conflu- Two Englifh miles above Paflage, the river of 
 enceofthe Rofs, which confiflsof the Note and Barrow united, 
 3 rivers, f^jjg jj^^^ ^^^ Swr^ as has been mentioned in the 
 eighth chapter. Thefe rivers have been fometimes 
 called the three fifters. Rivers, which by their 
 far-extended and navigable branches, excellently 
 difpofe the city of Waterford for an advantageous 
 trade; and its quay is not inferior to the bed in 
 Europe, as has been already remarked. In failing 
 up the river, a fhoal is to be avoided, called Seed'a- 
 bank, which lies off by a caflle about midway, op- 
 pofiie to the fhore between PafTage and Cheek-point ; 
 but this is eafily prevented, by only taking care to 
 keep the lead a going. 
 Duncan- Duncannon-fort lies on the county of Wexford 
 noa-fort. f^je of the harbouf, oppofite to the narrowed part 
 ^ of the channel ; and being well mounted with can- 
 non, commands the harbour, and is a great fecu- 
 rity to the city. 
 Tramorc- Tramore-bay lies about four Englifh miles to the 
 bay* W. of the harbour of Waterford, between which 
 there is an out point, called Swines-head, with a 
 ledge of rocks running out from it. From this point 
 to the E. head of Tramore-bay, the land forms a 
 kind of bay, which Mr. Doyle, in his cliart, names 
 Aland's-bay, (as 'tis fuppofed, in compliment to the 
 
 right
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 253 
 
 right honourable fir John Fortefcue Aland, then 
 judge of his majefty's court of common pleas in 
 England, a benefadtor to Mr. Doyle's chart.) In 
 this bay, are feveral fmall coves, the names of 
 which he fets down, but of no great ufe or fignifi- 
 cancy. This fhore is fteep and rocky. 
 
 The E. entrance of Tramore=bay is founded by Horflep- 
 Horflepor Brovynftown-head, and the W. by Great head, &c, 
 Newtown head, thefe heads being fomewhat above 
 two Englifh miles afunder. This bay is infamous 
 for (hipwrecks, and ought to be carefully avoided. 
 When Hooke- tower could not be feen in hazy weather, 
 it has been miftaken for the harbour of Waterford, 
 to the lofs of many veflels. The wind blowing hard 
 from S. S. E. to S. S. W. tumbles in a heavy fea ; 
 which, joined to a great indraught towards that part 
 of this bay, called Rhinefhark-harbour, into which 
 the tide fets with great force and velocity, makes it 
 almoft impofTible for embayed fhips to weather the 
 heads ; and the ground being, for the mofl: part, on 
 the E. and W. fides, as almoft over the whole bay, 
 foul and rocky, cables are frequently cut. In this 
 extremity, fuch as cannot obtain Rhinefhark, ought, 
 if they poflibly can, endeavour to run on fhore, near 
 the neck or narroweft part of the ifthmus of Tra- 
 more, or from the middle of the ifthmus towards 
 its neck wefterly ; but the nearer to the neck towards 
 Tramqre town the better, where, on a loofe ftony 
 beach, the v/ater flows to a great height ; by this 
 means, both men and goods have been faved. Be- 
 tween the middle of the ifthmus to the eaftern point, 
 it is all fandy ground ; the tide is long approaching 
 the ftiore, and there flows very little ; and fhips are 
 therefore involved in the midft of great and terrible 
 breakers, fo that the men are feldom faved. 
 
 Rhinefhark-harbour, lies on the E. fide of this Rhine- 
 dangerous bay ; the tide here flows exadtiy the fame /hark-har- 
 as at Waterford bar, both as to time and heighth i^ouf- 
 of water. Tiie eaftern fhore is to be kept very clofe 
 
 on
 
 254 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 on board, and being near the bar point, fail over the 
 bar rock, where, at the lowefl ebb, in fprings, there 
 are two feet water ; it is flat and about fifty feet 
 long : this mufl: be done to avoid the fpit, which is 
 a fliifting fand, but never incommodes the channel. 
 Carefully by the lead going keep the channel, which 
 the foundings will direct. At loweft ebb in fprings, 
 this channel has from three to nine feet water; and 
 at low water on either fide the fhore, is fteep from 
 bafa tiera inwards, which is about three quarters of 
 an Englilli mile up, where you may anchor with 
 fafety, or run afbore at pleafure. Mr. Doyle's ac- 
 curate chart, will be a good pilot to the diftreffed 
 mariner in this dangerous bay, asalfo in the harbour 
 of Vv'^aterford, but goes no farther. 
 Several From Great-Newtown head, the coaflruns nearly 
 
 Bays. due W. for about two leagues to Whiting-head, 
 between which it is all an iron coafl:, except a few 
 fmall bays of little note, as Don-Ifle-bay, Kilmurine- 
 bay, Donbrattin-bay, &c. of litde ufe, and there- 
 fore not noticed in any former chart. 
 
 Bon-Mahon-bay, is formed by the river Mahon 
 difcharging itfelf here, which river has been already 
 Whiting- mentioned. Near to this bay, is Whiting-head, 
 head. vvhich is pretty high and fteep. To the weftward 
 of this head, about forty yards from the fhore, is a 
 moft faipendous rock, near a place called Temple- 
 brick, on which a great number of ihags and other 
 wild fowl breed. This rock is fquare, having a 
 flat furface on the top, and may be about loo feet 
 high, and is, though craggy, almoft perpendicular 
 on all fides ; notwithftandmg which, fome adven^ 
 turous fellows hereabouts, make no great difiiculty 
 of climbing up to the top, in order to take the young 
 fea-fowl, which is almoft as bold a feat as that 
 mentioned, of the fame kind, by Mr. Cotton, in 
 his wonders of the peak in Derbyfhire. 
 
 At an inconfiderab!'=^ diftance from the fhore, 
 about midway between Great-Newtown-head and 
 
 Whiting- head,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 255 
 
 Whiting-head, are the three fmall ides of Icane, 
 formerly mentioned, on which great numbers of 
 fea-fowl breed ; and they are over-grown with a rank 
 kind of grafs, but no cattle are ever fet to feed on 
 it. Some plants, which are obferved to grow on 
 them, are mentioned in the 15th chapter. 
 
 From Whiting-head to Ballyvoil-head, about a Ballyvoll- 
 league and a half, the coafi: ftill continus high and head. 
 rocky. About midway between thefe heads, lies 
 the cove of Stradbally, ofF which there is another 
 fmall ifland. This is a kind of a fhingly fhore, but 
 the coaft, in general, is very bold ; near to which, 
 the river Tay, already delcribed, empties itfelf 
 
 About this place, the coalt juts out or inclines Ambergtia 
 fomewhat more to the fouthvvard, running about W. found 
 by S. About forty-feven years ago, fome country ^"^' 
 people found on the beach hereabouts, a large lump 
 of ambergris, weighing fome pounds ; but being 
 ignorant of its value, they burned moft of it, ad- 
 miring its fmell in the fire. They brought about 
 an ounce of it to Dungarvan, where it was bought 
 by an apothecary, and found to be excellent in its 
 kind. This is not the only inftance of this precious 
 drug being found on the fea-coafl of this kingdom t, 
 but it is faid, that the weftern fhores have been 
 more remarkable for it than any other part (i). As 
 there are great variety of opinions among naturalids 
 as to its origni and production, the moll probable 
 is, that it is made from the honey-combs, which 
 fall into the fea from the rocks, where the bees had 
 formed their nefts. A great part of the fouth coaft 
 of Ireland being high and rocky, feems to be a 
 proper place for bees to build in ; and it is remark- 
 able, on many of thefe promontories, there is abun- 
 dance of wild thyme, and other flowers and herbs 
 which they delight in, and from which they extradl 
 
 their 
 
 (1) See Dr. Molyneux's Difcourfe in the Appendix to Boat's 
 Natural Hiltory of lrela.nd, p. 146.
 
 zs6 Natural and Civil Hifiory of 
 
 their honey. Not to mention the fea-water itfelf, 
 which fome naturalifts affirm they can fcarce do 
 without. But many of thefe combs may tumble 
 into the lea, and may not happen to form this pre- 
 cious fubftance; and much of it that might be 
 formed, may never be found. 
 Clonea- Between Ballyvoil-head and Dungarvan-harbour, 
 ^^' ]ies a pretty deep and broad bay, called Clonea-bay, 
 from a caftlc of the fame name (landing a little 
 within it. This is a fandy bay, with a bar at its 
 entrance, quite dry at lo\y water, and of no ufe tg 
 any kind of vefTel. 
 
 A low point, called Ballynacourty, or, by fome. 
 Wife's- point (from the furnameof the family, whofe 
 eftate it has long been) forms the E. entrance of 
 Du.igar- Dungarvan-harbour ; as does a promontory, called 
 bouf "" Helvoeck-head, the W. fide. Right in the middle 
 of this open, lies a large rock, called the black-rock, 
 which is never covered at the higheft fprings ; and 
 a little way off the E, point of the harbour, lies a 
 ledge of rocks, the outermoft of which is alfo al- 
 ways above water, and confequently no vvay dan- 
 gerous. Between thefe rocks, at loweft tides, there 
 are above thirty feet water ; and moft velTels, bound 
 into the harbour, fail in between them. On the 
 rock on the E. point, called Carricknaman, i.e. 
 the woman's rock, was a large rock, fome time 
 fince thrown up out of the fea, as will be hereafter 
 mentioned. 
 
 Between the blac-krock and Helvoeck-head, there 
 is alfo good anchoring, as there is between it and the 
 E. point. The former is called the broad-found, 
 where, in clear fandy ground, you have from five 
 to fix fathom water. Pretty near the head, there is 
 a good road, in foutherly or S. W. winds ; veffels 
 waiting for the tide generally bring to, cither in the 
 broad- found, or between the black-rock and Bally- 
 nacourty-point. 
 
 To
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 357 
 
 To fail up into this harbour, the eaftcrn fhore Is 
 to be kept on board at firft coming in, till you opea 
 Ballyvoil-head betwixt two houfes, which you will 
 do by faih'ng about an Englifh mile up N. W, by 
 the common compafs, then a due W. courfe will 
 bring you clear of the fpic; the proper marks to 
 avoid which, are, to keep the church and an high 
 gable-end wall, which was formerly a part of the 
 church, and which ftands a little to the W. of it, 
 open ; another mark for veflels to know when they 
 are off the point of the fpit, is to bring a fmall 
 chimney-houfe, which lies about a mile to the N. 
 up the country, and a very remarkable glin in the 
 mountain behind it, into one. Thefe marks, well 
 obferved, bring a vefTel fafe into the harbour, where, 
 in fome places, fhips may lie a-fioat at low water; 
 for this is, properly fpeaking, but a tide-harbour, 
 though, in bad weather, large veffels may come in 
 fo far at low water, behind Ballynacourty-point, aS 
 to put themfelves quite out of danger, 
 
 VefTels of above 100 tuns have been loaded at 
 the upper quay here, and have had water fufiicient. 
 To this place belongs about fifty large coafting boats, 
 which alfo fifh in the proper feafons, fome of which 
 are of forty tuns burden. They are moft of them; 
 excellent fea-boats, and as fome of them are gene- 
 rally in the Offing fifhing, ftrangers cannot mifs of 
 pilots both in here, and for any other adjacent har- 
 bour. An E. N. E. and a W". S. W. moon makes 
 high water here on the full and change days, the 
 ordinary tides flow about thirteen or fourteen feet. 
 
 Helvoeck-head is pretty high, having a fmall Helvoecb 
 iOand at its extremity. From this to Mine-head head, 
 about a league, the coafl: inclines more to the S, 
 being all high and rocky ; between thefe there is a 
 fmall bay, called Muggort's-bay, in which boats 
 often bring to to fifh. 
 
 Mine-head takes its name from a large quantity jvifne- 
 •f iron ore in the adjacent mountains, which has head, 
 
 S been
 
 ^»g Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 been already noticed. From Mine-head, the coaft 
 runs in more to the W. till you enter Ardmore-bay, 
 
 Ardmore which is formed by the jutting out of Ardmore-head. 
 
 head. This is a good road for wefterly winds in feven or 
 eight fathom water. Ardmore-head is a bold high 
 promontory, well known to mariners ^ a little to 
 the E. of it, (lands an high round tower, already 
 defcribed, which ferves as a good land-mark from 
 the. ocean. There is an inward point to the W. of 
 Ardmore-head, called Ardigna-head, which forms 
 the E. part of a fmall bay, called Whiting-bay, only- 
 frequented by fifhing-boats. The W. point of this bay 
 is called cabin point ; and about half a league more 
 to the W. a low head-land, called Black-ball, forms 
 the E. entrance of Youghal-harbour, which finifhes 
 the defcripiion of the fea-coafts of this county. 
 
 CHAP. xr. 
 
 Of the Fifh and FifJjeries on the Coajls of this 
 County^ and of the Nymph-Bank. 
 
 TH E nature of the fea-coafl of this county is 
 peculiarly adapted for the rendezvous and 
 breeding of vaft quantities of* different forts of 
 fifh, which were formerly taken heie in great 
 plenty. Dungarvan (i), fituated near the centre 
 of this county, has been, for many years, a re- 
 markable and noted fifh town j though the fifhery 
 
 has 
 
 (i) Out of the Britifti monarchy, written by John Dee, 
 anno i 576. " Yet (fays the author) it is necefTary to leave to 
 pofterity feme reuiembrance of the places, where our rich fifli- 
 ing is, as at Kinfale, Cork. Carlingford, Saicafles. Dungarvan, 
 Youghal, Waterford, &c. And all enjoyed froin us by ftrangers, 
 a£ il it were within thcii own king's peculiar limits; nay, rather,
 
 WATERFORD. 4^9 
 
 has of late much failed, which is a general com- 
 plaint all over the kingdom. 
 
 About fixty or feventy years ago, this place was 
 frequented by a confiderable number of fifhing vef- 
 fels not only from many parts of this kingdom, but 
 alfo from England, the owners whereof made a very 
 confiderable profit by this valuable branch of trade. 
 
 It abounds with a good number of the largell boats 
 in this kingdom, ufeful both for the fifhing and the 
 coafting trade. They generally carry five or fix 
 men, though many more may fifh in fome of them. 
 Our fifhers are reckoned very expert in their way, 
 forae of whom, by their going to fifh at Newfound- 
 land, have made themfelves remarkable for their 
 dexterity there, although that place is frequented by 
 numbers of the ableft and moffc expert fifhers in 
 Europe. I have already remarked, that the city of 
 Waterford has the greatelt fhare of the Newfound- 
 land trade of any place in this kingdom. 
 
 I fhall give an account of the leveral kinds of 
 fifh to be met with, at prefent, on the coafts of this 
 county. 
 
 The filh taken on this coaft, are, Hake, Ling, Species 
 Cod, Whiting, Whiting-pollock, Mackerel, Red-njwtaken, 
 gurnard. Grey-gurnard, called by fome Knowds, 
 Bafs, Mullet, Bream, Sole, Dab, Plaife, Fluke, 
 Turbot, and fometimes theHollybird, th^a Skate or 
 Ray, Dog-fifh, Herrings, &c. The Haddock lome 
 years ago frequented this coaft, and were taken in 
 
 S % great 
 
 as if thefe coarts, feas and bays, were of their private and 
 feveral purchafes, to our infuperable lofs, difcredir, and dif- 
 comfoi t, and to our no fmall damage in thefe perilous times of 
 moft fubtil treachery, and fickle fidelity. Verbum fapienti fat 
 eft. In his time (he fays) black-rock was yearly fifhed by three 
 or four hundred fail of Spaniards and Frenchmen, entering 
 there into the fifhing at a ftrait, not fo broad as half the 
 Thames is at Whitehall ; and adds, that king Edward Vlth'a 
 privy-council was of the mind to have planted a ftrong bul- 
 wark, for other weighty refpeNfls, as well as for the benefit of 
 fifhing of milwin and cod there." This is meant of Baltimore.
 
 26o Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 great plenty; but, at prefent, there are none to be 
 leen, fcarce one being taken in a year ; nor can there 
 be any tolerable reafon afllgned for the almoft 
 prefent extindion of this fpecies of fifh, which 
 formerly fwarmed on the coaft. 
 TheHake The Hake being, as I may fay, the ftaple-fifh at 
 fiflier/. prefent, it is neceflary to be a little more particular 
 on it. It is flenderer than a cod, and larger than an 
 haddock. Willoughby ranks it \mder the non- 
 ' fpinous kind, with only two fins on their backs ; 
 it is called by Johnfton, Callarias ; and is generally 
 from a foot; and a half, to near twice as long. There 
 are two feafons in which this fifh are taken in plenty; 
 the firft begins with the commencement of the 
 mackerel feafon, that is in June, and mackerel are 
 alfo the bait ufed at that time for taking them -, 
 during their firll: approach, they are much larger 
 than towards their fecond appearance, as likewife 
 are moft kinds of fi(h early in their feafon. A fe- 
 cond fhoal of this filli vifits our coaft towards the 
 beginning of the herring feafon, viz, about Septem- 
 ber, and commonly holds till Chriftmas. The Hake, 
 . when taken, are faked and dried for exportation ^ 
 and great quantities are confumed, both frefli and 
 faked, in the country. 
 
 Before the war, and the pernicious pra6\ice. of 
 trailing came in, great quantities have been yearly 
 tranfported to Spain, where it is faid, particularly 
 in Bilboa, they bore a better price than cod from 
 Newfoundland; The fiili taken here in the fummer 
 feafon, do not fell fo well abroad, as thofe taken in 
 the winter; it is obferved, that: in drying of them, 
 the heat of the fun turns the fifh of a yellowilh caft; 
 but the latter being dried rrta more advanced feafbn 
 of the year, are prefefved much whiter, and' look 
 more beautiful to the eye.' Thete is alfo a diffe- 
 rence in the fifh, fome being of a white, and others 
 having the flefh of a yellow caft, being probably 
 fatter, which, for home confumption, are valued 
 
 before
 
 \V A T E R F O R D. 2,61 
 
 before them. Some years ago, a thoufand of thefe 
 fifh, with a confiderable quantity of many other 
 forts, was reckoned but an ordinary fifhing tor one 
 uighr, to bit taken by fix men with hook and line in 
 the feafon ; but now it is very rare if a boat brings in 
 half this quantity. A thoufand of thefe Uih is ge- 
 nerally worth five or fix pounds ; but when com- 
 pletely faved, above twice as much. The people 
 of Dungarvan are very expert at faking, faving, and 
 drying this kind, and moft other forts of fifh taken 
 here, fo as to cure them exceeding well and white, 
 which gives their filli a great reputation in foreign 
 markets. 
 
 Cod and Ling are in feafon, on this coafl, in the 
 months of October, November, Decer?iber, January 
 and February ; though formerly, like moft other 
 kinds, in greater plenty than at prefenr. 
 
 Our Cod (2) is much efteemed, is an excellent fifh, Cod. 
 eaten either frefli or falted ; and is vaflly preferable 
 to this kind taken in the N. American feas, as Ca^ 
 nada, the banks of Newfoundlaiid, &c. probably 
 the reafon is, as we have not fuch numbers of them 
 here, ours are better and fuller fed than theirs. We 
 do not fait many of them here, moft of them being 
 confumed frefli ; nor do we export any, though 
 formerly very confiderable quantities of dried cod 
 have been fhipped off from Dungarvan, 
 
 Our Ling are excellent in their kind, being a large i^i^„ 
 and well fed fifh, from three to above four feet long j 
 they are, for the moft part, falted and dried ; fell 
 , well, when faved ^ and are generally confumed in 
 J -Dublin, Thefe kind of fifh frequent particular banks 
 ■-• ^nd fhoals in the ocean, witnefs thoie of Newfound- 
 land, New-England, G-anada, &c. and our ov/n 
 valuable Nymph-bank. ' 
 
 Dungarvan feem's a moft proper place to ere(ft a 
 
 fifhery for this baink, as it abounds with able fifher- 
 
 S 3 men^ 
 
 (2) AH thefe fpecies are accuratel/ defcribed, by Mr. Ray, 
 in bis book of filhes ; to Which the curious reader is referreoi.
 
 l6z Natural and Civil Hiftory of 
 
 men, and people well ll^illed in the management of 
 thai trade ; and though the boats which they have at 
 prefent, are not fit for fifhing on the bank, yet they 
 might (erve well enough to carry provifions, and 
 other necefifaries, to proper vefTels, and bring the 
 fifh afhore from them : and this particular is well 
 worth the confideration of the public, even for a trial. 
 Mackerel, The Mackerel is a greedy fifh ; whatever it meets 
 with, it fnaps at, if in motion; and are often taken 
 with a piece of red rag, carelefsly fixed on the hook, 
 the velTel being under a brifk way, or what they call 
 a mackerel gale. To their lines they faften a ball, 
 or other weight of lead, in order to fink them ; other- 
 wife they would float at top, becaufe of the boat's 
 way. They f.e taken plentifully thus; but, indeed, 
 there is more diverfion in it than profit. In the W. 
 they take prodigious quantities of them in large 
 feine-nets. They are much efteemed everywhere, 
 v/hen they firfi come in ; though when they become 
 plenty, they are exceeding cheap; but being faked 
 and barrelled, they are an excellent lenten provifion 
 for the poor. Our fifhermen, when they take them, 
 often fplit them alive, and having dipt them feveral 
 times in the fait- water, hang them up to dry between 
 each time; by which they are incrufted with fait; 
 and, it is faid, when they are brought on fliore, and 
 broiled in this way, that they eat very delicious. 
 Pollock. The Pollock, both white and black, are generally 
 taken in the hake feafon, and with the fame bait. 
 The Black-pollock is not much efteemed, being a 
 coarfe kind of fifh ; many of them are faked, and 
 eaten in Lent, by the inferior fort of people. The 
 Whiting-pollock is reckoned, by fome, to be as 
 good as a Whiting, and is generally eaten frefh. 
 Neither fort are ever exported. 
 Gurnard?. They take, on this coaft, a good plenty of Gur- 
 nards (3) both red and grey, at moft feafons of the 
 
 year; 
 
 (3) The Red-gurnard, called, by Salvian, pavo, as alfo cu- 
 culas, Irom the nolle he is faid to make, like the cuckoo, 
 
 whca
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 263 
 
 year ; but the bed are taken in the fummer months. 
 T[iey are never talted, but are confumed frefh in 
 the country. Bafs and Mullet are taken in tlie 
 lummer months commonly, with feine-nets; and 
 are alfo confumed frelh. 
 
 The Turbot (4) though fometimes a fcarce fifh, Turbot. 
 is, at other times, had in plenty, as in the fummer 
 of 1744. The Halibut or Hollybird, a rare filh in 
 thofe parts, have been fometimes taken. They 
 eat fomewhat like the turbot ; but are reckoned a 
 great cunofity, becaufe of their Icarcity. 
 
 S 4 The 
 
 when he is taken, but which it no way refembles ; it is rather 
 a kind of groan, like a creature in pain, as I myfelf noticed. 
 Rhoridoletius figures this fifh with a long fnout, which it has 
 not, uniefs it be of another fpecies ; the forehead of our gur- 
 nards being fquare, and the head almoft cubical. 
 
 (4) Fiat filh may be divided into oviparous, and viviparous; 
 the fifft, may be divided into greater and lelfer ; the greater 
 are either that which has the eyes on the left fide, being the 
 biggeft of this tribe, as the halibut, and is much bigger than 
 the turbot, but lefs fquare ; or the turbot itfelf, which isofa 
 grey marble colour, fpinous, having the eyes on the right fide, 
 called, in latin, rhombus, from its figure ; it wants fcales, 
 having the flcin of the back divided in dented lines. The 
 mouth is large, the jaws armed with teeth, even to the lower 
 part of the palate ; the holes of both the noftrils are double, 
 the ftomach is large and crooked, and all the fins are noted for 
 dark coloured fpots. The luxury of the ancients had the 
 turbot among the mod delicate fiili ; from whence came the 
 proverb, nihil ad rhombum, or, nothing like the turbot. 
 Mr. Ray, in a letter to Dr. Liiter, fays, tnat the halibut of 
 the welt is the northern and eailern turbot ; and he afl<s the 
 do6tor, how his halibut and turbot differ.? for, fays he, if 
 there be another fifli of the bignefs and make of your turbot, 
 it is a ftranger to me. He alfo fays, that what they call a 
 bret in Lincolnlhire and Yorklhirc, and, as he believes, in all 
 the call parts of England, is the turbot of the welt country, 
 where the name bret is not known. 
 
 As we make a diftimSlion between a halibut, a turbot, and 
 a bret, on this coaft ; and as the above learned author feems 
 to be under fooic difficulty concerning thern ; it may not be 
 amifs to (hew their difference, as we dillinguilh them Our 
 halibut is far larger than any turbot, being from four to fi.r
 
 2^4 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Soles. The Sole, on this coaft, are excellent, feme a 
 
 foot and a half long, and are in feafon the year 
 Plaice, round ; as alfo the Plaice, which are little inferior in 
 
 fize 
 
 feet long, and much thicker than the former, but not near 
 fo broad in proportion. The bret, though exadtiy of the fame 
 fhape with the turbot, is dillinguifhed from it, i ft, By the 
 Imoothnefs of the (kin ; the other being rough and prickly on 
 the back. 2dly, By its being fpotted, like a fluke ; the 
 turbot being without fpots. 3dly, It is never fo large as a 
 turbot, nor io thick ; and when dreffed, eats more watry, 
 fomewhat like a fluke or plaife ; and therefore, riot fo much 
 eileemed. Our turbot is defcribed as above. 
 
 Of the viviparous kind of flat filhes, are the feveral forts of 
 Rays, of which there are on this coaft, i ft, The thorn back, 
 or raia clavata ; a certain and charadtcriftic note, as Mr. Ray 
 fays, is its want of teeth. 2dly, The Raia levis vulgaris. 
 3dly, The Raia levis vulgata, wirh two black fpots, one on 
 each fide of the back. 4thly, The Raia oxyrhyncos, called, 
 by Rhondoletlus, raia oxyrryncha major, the great maid, who, 
 together with Bellonius, both defcribe this kind. 5thly, The 
 Rhinobatos or fquatina raia, fo called by Mr. Ray, and by 
 Johnfton, Angelus marinus, who, though he figures it tolerably 
 well, yet defcribes it indifferently, but more fully by Rhondo- 
 letlus, except that of the teeth, which is not true, or elfe he 
 means fome other fpecies. Each of the jaws of this filh is 
 armed with thirty-fix rows of moft fliarp teeth, four in a row, 
 in all about 228, bent a little inward. The Ikin is ufed tot 
 the polifhing of wooden and ivory works. 
 
 Ray or Skate differ from all other kinds of filh, in having a 
 Tbroad and flat body, with a long flender tail appendant. The 
 end of the fnout, in the great maid, is befet with little fharp 
 hooks, pointing backwards ; and alfo both jaws are filled wirh 
 the like hooks, but far bigger, and ftandjng in feveral rows, 
 8, 10, or 12 in a row. Thefkin of the ray, being artificially 
 reduced to a monftrou."; ftiape, is by fome fhewed, and, in fe- 
 veral mufeums, is often taken for a bafilifk. They all bring 
 forth their young alive, and have commonly two at a time, 
 having had the curiofity to fee many of ihem opened. The 
 young are contained each in a fquare bag, about three inches 
 long, which they protrude together with them. In thefe bags, 
 befides the embryo, there is always a liquor, in fubtlance and 
 colour reliembling the yolk of an egg. Thefe bags are often 
 found upon the Itrands, among different kinds of fca-weeds, 
 from which their fubftance is fcarce diltinguifhabie ; nor 
 would it feem probable what they were, except one were a^ 
 e/e-witnels of their being taken out of the fifh.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 265 
 
 fize and goodnefs to a Turbot; and likewife the 
 Brets, much refembling it. 
 
 Other kinds of flat fiiTi are Fluke, Jack a Dorees, Fluke,&c. 
 Dabs, &c, Theie feveral forts of flat fifh are taken 
 in trail nets -, a., nundred pair of large Soles, with a 
 good quantity of Fluke, Plaice, &:c. have been 
 commonly taken at a draught. But as thefe kind 
 of fifli are always confumed frefli, and when taken 
 in plenty, fold ver;y reafonable, they turn to no 
 great account, it would be of much more fervice to 
 the public, and be much better for the other 
 branches of the fifhery, that this method of fifhing, 
 with trail-nets, were laid afide, for the following 
 reafons. 
 
 The common method of fifliing in this manner 
 on the coafl:, is with what they call a beam-trail or 
 trail, which confifl;s of a large beam or pole, gene- 
 rally between 20 and 30 feet long, headed, at 
 both ends, with large flat pieces of timber, which 
 refemble the wheels of a common cart, except that, 
 infl:ead of being round like them, they are rather 
 femicircular, or refembling an heart, cut in two 
 lengthways ; they are fliod, like the wheels of a cart, 
 with iron ; to this beam, the trail-net or bag is 
 fixed, and at each end ropes ar*" fafl-ened ; by the 
 help of which the ground is entirely fwept fo clean, 
 that, I have been aflured, a fiflierman will venture 
 to throw his knife, or any other fuch fmall matter, 
 over-board, in 30 or 40 fathom water, and readily 
 take it up again ; and thus the ground is fwept clean, 
 for a confiderable trad, at every put, as they call 
 it, the boat commonly failing a mile, or league, 
 before the bag and beam are hauled up. 
 
 This is, perhaps, the befl: contrivance yet invented 
 for the taking of flat fifli, which generally lie 
 grovelling upon the ground ; but it has great incon- 
 veniencies, for ifl:, It fweeps and tears away all 
 the fea-plants, mofs, herring-grafs, &c. which 
 fome fifh feed on, making thofe fpecies to feek 
 
 elfewherq
 
 266 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 elfewhere for food, adly, It difturbs and affrights 
 the larger kinds of filTi, as Cod, Ling, &c. in the 
 fame manner as if purfued by larger fifhes of prey. 
 And, 5dly, which is vvorfe than all, thefe beam- nets, 
 and others of the kind, which are dragged along 
 the ground, tear away, difturb, and blend up the 
 fpavvn of many kinds of profitable fiOi, in a terrible 
 manner, and often many hogfheads of their fpawn 
 are drawn up in the trail-bags ; in which may be 
 diftindly Teen, feveral thoufand embryos of young 
 fifh, fome half formed, and others alive; and not 
 only what is thus taken up of the fpawn is ruined, 
 but alfo large trails of it, which lie on the fandy beds, 
 over which thefe deftrudive beams are drawn, and 
 which, being covered over with fpawn, is all 
 diflurbed, and confequently hindered from ever 
 coming to maturity (5;. It is a matter of fact well 
 known in thefe parts, that fince thefe trail-nets have 
 been ufed, which is but of late years, the other more 
 beneficial branches of the fifhery have every year 
 failed (6) more and more, no doubt, for the above 
 evident reasons. 
 
 The fize of the meflies in the nets being enlarged, 
 will avail hut little. Nets whofe mefhes are confi- 
 derab^ . fquare, will do incredible damage (efpecially 
 when furnifhed with tliefe large beams) by raking 
 up, and difturbing the fpawn. So that there feems 
 to be no remedy, but to fet thefe deftrudive 
 engines afide, which few will do, till there is fome 
 proper law made for the purpofe; and this, it is 
 humbly to be hoped, will be effedted, when the 
 ftate of the fifhery of the whole kingdom, is fet in a 
 
 proper 
 
 (5) This manner of fidiing Is feverely prohibited in France, 
 where the laws forbid alfo to take any fifh, except of fuch a 
 length limited by the faid laws. 
 
 (6) As a certain proof of the decreafe of the fifhery, the 
 following account, extrafled out of the curtoni-houfe books 
 for the port of Dungarvan, will abundantly fatisfy the reader. 
 
 Quantity
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 proper light, by the enquiries of the 
 Hiftorical Society. 
 
 Phyfico- 
 AkhoLigh 
 
 267 
 
 Quantity of Hake taken for fe- 
 veral years before the ufeof 
 nailing came in. 
 
 1724. Dryed filli. 
 
 arted, 
 by coaft cocquets 
 
 ExDorted, and went 7 (j_ 
 
 > 10500 
 
 )iOO 
 
 )0O 
 
 1725. 
 Exported, and went 7 „, ,0 
 by Qitto, ^ yj -r 
 
 1726. 
 Exported, and went ) 
 by ditto, j ^ 
 
 1727. 
 Exported, and went ) ^ /- 
 
 u A-,. i 90D( 
 
 by ditto, 3 -^ 
 
 1728. 
 
 Exported, and went 7 „, , i 
 
 b/ ditto, l9'2°°^ 
 
 1729, 
 Exported, and went) gg J ^Q 
 by ditto, J 
 
 1730. 
 Exported only, 47000 
 
 45864H 
 3'44"l 
 1442365 
 
 Quantity of Hake taken for 
 feven years, fince the time 
 trail-nets were ufed. 
 
 ] 
 
 28010 
 
 1738. 
 Exported by coad- 
 permits, and by 
 coaft-cocquets, 
 
 '739- 
 Exported, and hy 1^^^^ 
 
 coalt-per. and coc. 3 
 
 1740. 
 
 Exported, and 
 
 coaft-coquets, 
 
 '74>. 
 
 Exported, and 
 permits, 
 
 '742. 
 Exported, and 
 permits, 
 
 '743- 
 
 Exported, and hy\ , 
 
 permits and coc. 3 443° 5 
 
 1744. 
 
 Exported, and 
 
 per. and coaft- 
 
 Totai the laft 7y ears, 31441 If 
 
 5oo 
 
 30O 
 
 ^^J586c 
 '^}436c 
 ^ ] 23400I 
 
 ?-coc]499oo| 
 
 Total in 7 years, 
 
 Difference, 
 
 This diiference would be infinitely more, but for the firft 
 feven years, none that went by coad permits c»n be difcovered ; 
 whereas ail is mentioned in the lall feven yeais; but by this 
 account, though not exaQ, at ten pounds a thoufand, which 
 is a very low price, the difference is 1440I. but would be 
 found to be above 2000 1 Sterl. if all could be difcovered. 
 Note, This account is for hake alone. 
 
 In Augull 1745, a poor filher-boy, being about a league off 
 from the harbour of Dungarvan, brought up upon his hook, 
 a large filk purfe, full of gold, which he had fcarce lifted out 
 of ihe water, the purfe broke being rotten, and all the pieces 
 went to the bottom ; fo that he had the mortification of only 
 a light of fortune's fickle favours. I faw the upper part of 
 the purfe, which he brought home, and the whole boat's crew 
 confirmed the truth of the ftory.
 
 268 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Herrings. Although Herrings vifit our coafls yearly, gene- 
 rally about September ; yet there are none but 
 inconfiderable quantities taken of late years, fcarce 
 enough for home-con fumption. The moft noted 
 part of the fea-coafl: of this county, for the herring- 
 fifhery a few years ago, was in the mouth of the 
 harbour of (y) Waterford, where a great nurnber of 
 boats reforted and took them in vaft plenty. The 
 herring-filhery there, was, perhaps, under the beft 
 regulation of any other on the Irilli coaft; becaufe 
 under the government, laws, and infpedion of the 
 members of that corporation (8). It has failed fur- 
 prifingly of late, is now almoft dwindled to nothing, 
 arid feems, in a great meafure, owing to the above- 
 mentioned beam- trails, which have been much ufe4 
 on that part of the coaft. 
 
 As Herrings Cpawn on our coafts, and it is well 
 known, that all fifh of paflTage (9), not only returq 
 to the place where they were fpawned themfelves, 
 in order to breed thereabouts, and depofit their 
 fpawn (10); but it is alfo true, that the mother- 
 
 m\ 
 
 (7) In Waterford, they have an excellent method of curing 
 and prepaiing red heriings, and red fprats, which, being falted 
 and wafhed, aie hung in fmoak-houfes, convenient tor the 
 purpofcj and this is performed in a month or fix vifeeks. 
 Spanini fait is the fitteft for curing herrings, and next to that, 
 what is made at Liverpool. A barrel and a half is fufficient 
 for one laft j a barrel of Herrings contains about 700 large, 
 fat herrings, but about 1000 of other forts, and ten bflrrels 
 make a lalt. 
 
 (8) The Dutch laws, and thofe of Lewis XIV. concerning 
 the fifliery, are worth confulting towards the regulation of it. 
 Vid. Cod. Marin, des Louis 14. Anno 1681. Tit. 4. Lib. 5. 
 
 (9) Herrings being a fi(h of paflage, and looked upon as a 
 confiderable articls in trade, for fupplying popilh countries. 
 The popes have, by their decretal, ordered, that they may 
 be tilhed for on fundays and hclydays, which fe?, Ad Titul. 
 Pap. Decretal. 
 
 (10) It is as yet doubtful, whether every fpeciesoffifh caft 
 all their fpawn at once, or only part of it, retaining fome for 
 future partus's. That herrings caft all feenis probable, norxe 
 
 being
 
 W A T E R, F O R D. 269 
 
 fifh, as they may be called, return to the fame place 
 the following feafon, in order to fpavvn there again ^ 
 but, no doubt, finding the great havock made by 
 thofe kind of beam trails, will forfake that place, 
 as being unfit for the fafety of their young ; and 
 this is reafonable to fuppofe, from that 'Ero^yn or 
 natural afFedion, that mod cieatures have towards 
 their young. 
 
 The Dog-fifh (11) is exceeding plentiful on thisDog-fifli. 
 coaft ; thefe, with Rays or Skate, are but little re- 
 garded. They are taken with hook and line, but 
 rather againft the fifher's confent; for when bait is 
 fcarce, they do not care to hook them ; they are 
 very troublefome to fuch as fifh with long lines; a 
 kind extending two mile in length, being filled with 
 a great number of hooks, perhaps four or five hun- 
 dred, fixed to fmaller lines, and faftened to the 
 long one. Thefe being baited, are fent out, and on 
 them, are buoys and marks to find them by. As 
 foon as the laft end is let out, they go on to the 
 
 outward 
 
 being found in fliotten herrings. It feems to be a principle in 
 nature, that ail animals have, from their very firft formation, 
 the eggs or feeds of all the young they fhall ever bring forth ; 
 for when they are once exhaufted, the animal becomes effete ; 
 now a fifh, at every birth, calling forth fuch innumerable 
 quantities of eggs as are contained in her whole row, it would 
 be ftrange, if there Ihould remain feed eggs enough, let them 
 be never fo fmall, as to fuffice many years births ; and yet 
 their whole mafs to be fo fmall, as not to be taken notice of by 
 any naturalid. 
 
 (11) It may be proper to remark one inftance, which is con- 
 firmed by our filhermen, in relation to the Dog-fifh, and which 
 isalfo related by Dr. Tyfon in the Pbilofophical Tranfa^iuns, 
 numb. 239, of this filh's care for their young; that upon any 
 ftorm or danger they will receive them into their bellies, which 
 come out again when the flight and danger is over. 
 
 Bellonius fpeaking of the Dog-lilh, affirms that he hath den 
 an indifferent one bring forth thirteen young ones at a birth j as 
 foon as fhe hath brought them forth they fwim along with her, 
 and if any of them are afraid of any thing it runs info the v/omb 
 of the dam ; and when the tear is over returns again, as if by a 
 fecond birth. Vid. Grew's Mufaum of the R. S. part i . p. 9i.
 
 270 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 outward end, and fo proceed to liawl them up. If 
 they are let lie too long, the filli that are caught oa 
 the hooks will foon be devoured by Dog-fifh, 
 Skate Sharks, and other fifnes of prey ; fo that, in 
 a few hours, there will be little left, befides the 
 heads of the fifh. This is a very profitable way of 
 fifhing, and feems to be befl for the banks: But 
 then good flout veiTcls are required to attend thefe 
 lines, otherways they will be often obliged to leave 
 them, which would be a very confiderable lofs. 
 
 We have no fuch thing as a filTiery for Pilchards 
 on" the coaft of this county ; yet it is no way impro- 
 bable but they vifit us, as well as thofe parts of the 
 counties of Cork and Kerry, where they are yearly 
 taken in vaft quantities. 
 
 Porpolfes, This coaft is pretty much frequented by Porpoifes, 
 &c, Sun-fifh, Seals, &c. which, no doubt, confiderably 
 hurt the iilhery. In the weft, they make a good 
 profit by thele kind of fifh ; but few of them are 
 taken on this coaft. In the year i 743, there was a 
 very large fun-fifti taken, which meafured twenty- 
 five feet from head to tail, and proportionably thick. 
 Another was taken the following fummer, which 
 was not quite fo large ; forty perfons, could not 
 move either of them, by endeavouring to pull them 
 on iliore with a rope. The liver of the firft afforded 
 near 100 gallons of oil, and that of the other but 
 little lefs. The flefti being lean, hard, and firm, 
 af^rds none; though that of whales, porpoifes, and 
 feals yield a conliderable quantity, being diffolved 
 from the fat or bliibber. This fifh, inftead of 
 teeth, is furnifhed in the roof of the mouth with 
 feveral rows of homey bearded Laminae, and feem, 
 in this refpecft, to be fomewhat of the fpecies which 
 affords the whalebone, though unlike it in other 
 particulars. They are taken M'ith harpoons, or 
 ftriking irons, in the fame manner as they take 
 whales. The oil is of ule to curriers and other 
 artifans, and fells well. 
 
 About
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 27c 
 
 About three or four years ago, a fifh was taken Torpedo, 
 off the harbour of Dungarvan, and brought in there, 
 which, by its figure, was found to be a Torpedo, 
 or Cramp-fifh. It was of the flat kind, much re- 
 fembiing the Ray or Thornback, being of an orbi- 
 cular figure, all but its tail, weighing about fix or 
 eight pounds. Its (kin was foft to the touch, 
 yellowifh on the back, and whiter towards the belly, 
 with white, round fpots, refembling eyes. Its rail 
 was pretty thick towards the lower part ; was fur- 
 nifhed with teeth like a faw ; its eyes were fmali, 
 fituated in the under part of the head. Thefe fifli 
 are comnmonly taken on the coafts of Provence and 
 Gafcony in France, but are very rarely met with in 
 our parts. The French eat them without any danger. 
 It is well known, that upon touching this kind of 
 fifh, there is an unufual numbnefs felt, which fud- 
 denly feizes the arm up to the elbow, and fometimes 
 to the very fhoulder and head. The fifh brous^ht 
 in here, being fometime killed, did not caufe any 
 fuch fenfation, though it was a real Torpedo. Nor, 
 according to the beft hypothefis of this fifh (which 
 is that given us by M. Reaumur of the French 
 academy) do they at all caufe this fenfation, but when 
 alive : It was in vain to enquire of the filhers who 
 took it, after its ftupifying faculty ; they, in all 
 probability, only rudely fhaking it off the hook, 
 where it lay among other fifh till it expired. That 
 I might be certain this was a real Torpedo, I had 
 the curiofity to diffed: it, and could plainly difcover 
 the Mufculi Falcati, &c. and their admirable 
 flrudure fo called, and defcribed by the Senrs. 
 Redi and Lorenzini. A defcription of thefe mufcles, 
 together with the phcenomena, and M. Reaumur's 
 ingenious hypothefis of the effe(5t of this filn, are 
 well colledled, under the article Torpedo, in 
 Chambers's Didionary, with an icon of the fifh,, to 
 which the curious reader is referred. 
 
 The.
 
 272 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Squid. The Rana Marina, five Pifcatrix, the Sea-frog, 
 
 Sea-toad, or Sea- devil, by fome called a Polypus, 
 and, by our fifhermen, a Squid, is often taken up 
 in trail-nets, and fometimes caft alliore in a ftorm. 
 It is defcribed by Rhondoletius ; and Willoughby 
 ranks it under thofe of the plain cartilagineous kind, 
 in his catalogue of fiflies. It is faid to be a good 
 bait for a Cod, 
 Siell-fifl). We have great plenty of various kinds of fhell- 
 fifh on this coaft, as Lobfters (12), Crabs, Shrimps, 
 large Prawnsj 0)rfters(i3), Cockles (14), Mufcles, 
 
 Razor-fiih 
 
 (12) It may be worth obfcrvlng, that Lobfters ufe their tails 
 as fins, wherewith they commonly fwim backwards, by jirks or 
 fprings, reaching fometimes ten yards at a fpring ; for which 
 purpofe, the gili fins of other fifhes, which are their oars, are 
 a little concave backwards; whereas thefe have the plates of 
 their tails, w!ien they bend them down, as they ufe to do, a 
 little concave forwa.'ds. 
 
 (13) Oyllers are, with us, generally reputed to fpawn in the 
 fumnier months, beginning about May. Their fpawn or fpat 
 refembles a drop of a candle in water, about the bignefs o^ a 
 fhilling; it (licks to ftones and Oyfter-fliells, and fuch like 
 things, at the bottom of the fea. Oylers are fick after they 
 have fpatted, but about the end of lummer, they begin t© mend, 
 and grow peifeflly well about September, The male Oyfter is 
 black fick, having a black fubftance in the fin, and the 
 female white fick, as they term it, having a milky fubllance in 
 the fin. Thefe filh have no faculty of moving theinfelves fo 
 as to change place; but where they are pitciied, there they 
 lie, except they are fiirred by the force of the water, he. 
 They are near two years before they come to perfedlion ; but 
 the older they are, the better and larger. It is faid, that the 
 age of an Oyfter may be known by obferving the broader 
 (lillances, or interflices of the fhells amidll the rounds or rings, 
 as it is in an Ox's horns, or as the gardener knows his trees by 
 the rings of their flems. 
 
 (14) The Cockle Petunculus, of which there are various 
 kinds on our (hands, as the long gaping Cockle, called by 
 Dr. Grew, in hia iMufsum, Chama. This is thinner, and its 
 /hell very ealily broken, the valves arc fcidom or never clofe 
 fiiut ; the fides are produced, as in th« Cockle, by fimilar lines, 
 aid the figuie of the fhell oblong. 2d, The black gaping 
 Cockle, is Icfs than the former, and of a rounder figure, ra- 
 diated, and the edges waved. Of this fort, it is aihru\ed by 
 
 l^ellonius,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 273 
 
 Razor-fifli, and many otiier kinds of niell-fiflL 
 Cray-fiih are pretty plentiful on this coalli but 
 Fieither thev, or Scallops, are fo common as in 
 other places, although we are not without fotiie. 
 
 Mufcles are plent.ful on thiscoafi, and are much Mifdes, 
 ufed as bait for fifhing. They are of a large fizCy 
 but I could never hear of any pear's being found in 
 them, as there are (bmetimes m the kind takei. up 
 in rivers. 
 
 Among the other kinds of (hell-firii common on Mures, 
 this coaft, it may be proper to'mention the Mrrex, 
 or Shell- fifh which ftrikes the purple colour. This 
 Shell-fini is found in great plenty, and are here 
 called Horfe-wiinkles ; the fhells are about an inch 
 long when largeft, and are about half an inch 
 diameter in the thickeft part ; they are a fingle fiiellj 
 turned fpirally like a common fnailj but fomewh'^t: 
 Jonger. It is neceflary to break the hard fhell 
 covering the fifh before one can come at the liquorj 
 which ftrikes this .colour. This is done at fome 
 diftance from its opening. The broken pieces being 
 removed, a fmali vein, or rather refervoir full of 
 this liquor, appears which is eafily known, by its 
 different colour, from the other fiefhy pcirts of the 
 animal, being of a whitifh yellov/, and not above 
 the twelfth part of an inch in breadth, and about 
 the third or fourth part of an inch in length, con- 
 taining not above a large drop of liquor. When 
 the vefTel is opened, and the liquor prelFed out of it, 
 linen or white filk (which are the only ftufts I ever 
 
 tryed) 
 
 Bellonius, that they rife up to the top of the water, and fetting 
 both their Oiells open, with the one under them as a boat, and 
 the other on one fide as a Tail, the/ fcour along. Bcilon. hift. 
 Animal, lib. i 5. chap, t 2. 
 
 In all this Ipecies of fifh that I have noticed, from cp.ch of 
 the two joints at the bafe, there is produced a kind of bony 
 epipiiyfis, about a quarter of an inch long, thin, Iharp, and 
 flexile, whereupon fome of the mufcular parts of the animal 
 feem to be fiilened, for the reftraining the opening of the 
 (hell, fruui any inconvenient decrree. 
 
 T
 
 jy J Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 tryed) having imbibed the liquor, will firft appear 
 of a dirty yellowifh colour, inclining to a green, 
 as if the watery juice of a plant had been fqueezed 
 on it, but the fame being expofed to the fun to 
 dry, becomes of different colours. This colour 
 firft changes to that of a lemon, then follows a deep 
 green, which is fucceeded by a deep blue, and, at 
 length, fixes in a very charming purple. 
 
 There is a larger kind of fhell-fifli, which affords 
 the purple dye, and are commonly taken up in trail- 
 nets. They are of the fame (hape as the former, 
 but weigh fix or eight ounces, and fome of the fliells 
 when empty, will contain near half a pint of liquor. 
 Thefe have a vein or purple refervoir like the others, 
 but larger, and out of it one m.ay get as much 
 juice as one generally takes up of ink to write with, 
 of the fame nature and colour of the former. It is 
 not unlikely thefe are the kind called, by Pliny (15), 
 the Buccinum. 
 
 M, Reaumur, in the year 17 10, found out a new 
 fpecies of purple dye, befides thofe above-mentioned, 
 preferved in a kind of fmall grains, which lay dif- 
 perfed in the rocks, &c. He prefled out the juice 
 of this kind upon his rufflle; which, at firfl:, feemed 
 only a little foiled with it, and he could only per- 
 ceive, with difikulty, a fmall yellowifh (16) fpeck, 
 here and there, in tlie fpot. The different objects 
 which diverted his attention, made him forget what 
 he had done, and he thought no farther of it, till 
 cafting his eye, by accident, upon the fame ruffle a 
 little after, he was ftruck with an agreeable furprife 
 to fee a fine purple colour on the place where the 
 grains had been fqueezed. He fays, this liquor 
 was extraded out of the grains, which he calls the 
 egcxso*^Dnrp'e, in an pal^fi iric.::.ier ilian thutpradifed 
 by the ancients in the liquor of the Buccinum. For 
 
 after 
 
 (i 5) Pliny, lib. 9. chap. 39. 
 
 (16} Vid.Roilin's Ant. Hiltor/, vol. xi. p. 92. Dubiin edition.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 27, 
 
 after wafliing thefe eggs there was no more to be 
 done than to put them into clean cloths, and fo 
 fqueeze out the liquor. It is not impicbabie, but 
 that with fome pains, thefe kind of eggs might be 
 difcovered on our own coafl which might be of 
 life in dying. 
 
 There are many beautiful fhe]ls(r7) found on this Shells. 
 coaft, but which have been of late pretty fcarce, 
 fince the maki'g of fhell-houfes and grottos came 
 in fafnion, with other works of this kind ; among 
 which, the making and imitating of all kinds of 
 flowers whatfoever, in fhell-wcik, dcferves particu- 
 lar mention. Several pieces of this kind of vyork 
 are in the city of Waterford, many of whicli are fo 
 exquifitely natural, that they would deceive the aioft 
 curious eye. 
 
 The Star-fiih, or Stella Marina, are compofed Star-n/h. 
 of five arms or rays, and have their mouths in the 
 middle underneath. Of thefe, there are various 
 kinds on thefe coafts, often taken up in the trail- 
 nets, fome of which are two feet long, and fome 
 weigh five or fix pounds. They moftly feed upon 
 fhell-fifh, and feem, faith Rondeletius, to have no 
 other paflage tor their excrements but their mouths. 
 They take tlieir prey as the Polypus does, and fwim 
 exceeding quick, by flrerching and contrading their 
 arms at pleafure. it is faid, that theie fifh get into 
 Oyfters, and fuck them out; for which reafon there 
 
 is 
 
 (17) I have feen fome (hells of the turbinated kind found on 
 the coatl, which, though not polifhed, are very beautiful The 
 Concha Veneris, or Venus Shell, is fcarce on this coad, thout^h 
 in plenty upon the ftrands of the county of Wexford. They 
 take their name either from their being beautiful, accordir.a to 
 Terzagi, or Quod partem Veneris imperio fubditam referat. 
 The larger kind are ufed, by galdfrnichs, in fnuff-boxes, &c. 
 and the fmaller are thofe fliells which pafs as coin in the Eall- 
 Indies. But to mention even the names of the feveial forts 
 which are found on our fhores, would be too tedious, thofe 
 who have a curiofity this way, in:iy confult Dr. Lifter's Nat. 
 hiltory of (hells, publilhed anno 1692, full of cuts, reprefent- 
 ing the various kinds. 
 
 T z
 
 Oi It, 
 
 276 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 Is a penalty laid by the admiralty court on thofe who 
 do not deftroy thenn. 
 The Having nnentioned rhe feveral kinds of fifh pecu- 
 
 Nyniph- jj^j. fy |-[;,is county, I Oiall fubjoin fome account of 
 ^^^^' the Nyn?.ph Filhing-bank, which Hes not far diftant 
 fro.m the coaa, as it is given by Mr. Doyle, in his 
 relation of uliis bank, 
 Doyle's He having information about this bank, which 
 
 account jj^g about 1 1 leagues S. S. E. from the high-land of 
 DLin^:^^.rvan, was thereby incited to make thereon 
 fach obfervations, as might conduce to the public 
 good; and being on board the Nymph, a boat of 
 nbout twelve tuns, with a company of (tw&n men, 
 July 15th, 1736, he took his departure from great 
 Newtown-head, at fix in the evening, fleering S. W. 
 by W. i W. till midnight, then bri ging to and 
 founding, he found the ground fmall pebble ftones, 
 intermixed with cockle and other fhells; at the fame 
 time, he caucht a great many Cod, Hake, Ling, 
 Skate of a m.onftrous fize, Bream, Whiting, red 
 Gurnard, and other fifh, which, to him, though he 
 had been fifning both on the banks of Newfoundland 
 and New-England, feemed wonderful, and never 
 fav/ equal or better diverfion. hi fix hours, they 
 filled their fifh-room with Hake, Cod, and Ling 
 alone, and ail parts of the boat with other filli. As 
 for the moiiurous tlays, thev were thrown over- 
 board, though he fays, in England, France, or 
 Holland, they would have yielded confiderably. 
 Being fully freighted with fifn, they arrived, after 
 a voyage of thirt)-rix hours, at Paffage, with their 
 fifii in good order, to the fuiprife of many, as well 
 for the novelty of th^ voyage, as for the number 
 and excellency of the fifh. 
 
 Such was the (atisra'^^ion of the firfl, that he foon 
 determined to take anotiier voyage, in order to make 
 obicrvations in different places, as well weftward as 
 fouthward of the firft flation. For this purpofe, 
 volunteers offered themfelves, the profits of the firft 
 
 adventure.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 277 
 
 adventure, being an encouragement for the fecond ; 
 in the execution of which, between the high land of 
 Dungarvan and the laid bank, they frequently 
 founded, and found the deep^ft water to be 43 
 fathom, fandy ground, but no fiin. At length, 
 continuing the courfe S. S. W. thev arrived at the 
 bank, and found 38 fathom, fmai! pebble- ftones, 
 cockle and other (hells. This was on the edge of 
 the bank, which he conceives to be 10 or 1 1 leagues 
 from the fhore. 
 
 In various places he made experiments, fome- 
 times W. again S. E. of the firtl ftation, till, by 
 good obfervation of the fun, having a clear horizon, 
 he found himfelf in the lat. of 51 d. 20 m. at leall 
 15 leagues from the land, hi all phicts, he had the 
 fame ground, and very good fifhing; be thinks the 
 fuftenance mufl: needs be very good, and in great 
 plenty, where fuch prodigious fhoals abound ; and 
 from the premifes it may be reafonably inferred, 
 that the fifh continues on the bank all the year 
 round. The dimenfions of this bank is not yet 
 known; fome pretend it extends far wcftward of 
 Ireland ; and it is believed by others, that it joins 
 that of Newfoundland ; but thefe things are merely 
 coniedtural. 
 
 The author produces certificates, both from the 
 mariners on board hirn, and feveral gentlemen and 
 citizeris of Waterford, and alio of the inhabitants 
 of PdlTage, the purport of w.hich is, that if proper 
 means were made ufe of to promote a nfliery ca 
 the faid bank, the fame migiit turn r^iich to tiie 
 advantage of the public, as well as of tlie parLiculir 
 undertakers. 
 
 There feems great reafon to imagine, that there 
 is an inexhaurtible ftore of the beii kinds of filh on 
 this lank, which is tun her proved by fome few 
 trials fince made out oi the port of Dungarvnn ; 
 but t*ie generality oi our "alhermen on the adjacent 
 coaft, are not only unfkilled in the art of navigation, 
 T 3 but
 
 '278 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 
 
 but their boats are open and too thm-fided, to bear 
 or brook tempeftuons Teas ; the terror of which, and 
 going out of the fight of land, where they fear to 
 be drove beyond their knowledge, are invincible 
 impediments to the progrefs which might have been 
 long fince made. Well-boats, fuch as are employed 
 by the Hollanders in the North- feas, might be built 
 in Ireland, and all the weftern ports of England 
 and Wales. This kingdom abounds not only with 
 ail fifhing-geer, but alfo with expert mariners, 
 where all forts of clothing and provifions are to be 
 had exceeding cheap. So that were a fifhing- 
 company erefted in thefe parts, there is no doubt 
 but a filliery might be carried on at that bank, 
 preferable to any company 4:hat can pofl'ibly be 
 cilnbjilri.td elfewhere, as Mr. Doyle has made appear 
 in his tra-li" on this fubje^fl, to which, for brevity's 
 iake, the reader is referred. 
 
 CHAP. Xll. 
 
 Of the Trade, Arts and Mamifa6lnres of this Coun- 
 ty^ or xvhich may' be carried on in it. 
 
 HIS County has one difadvantage, in com- 
 
 mon with the greateft part of the kingdom, 
 
 to export greater quantities of the natural growth 
 of the country, fuch as Beef, Butter, Corn, Worft- 
 ed, &:c. than of goods which are completely manu- 
 factured. Some of thefe commodities being little 
 removed from the ftate nature has given them to us, 
 require little labour or arc to prepare them for ex- 
 portation. . So that their real value moftly arifes 
 from the natural produce of the ea. th. Great quan- 
 tities of thele natural commodities mufl be exchanged 
 for fmall parcels of goods completely wrought, the 
 price of fuch being always high in proportion to the 
 ),<bonr crnoloyed about them. 
 
 Tlie
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 279 
 
 The linen and hempen manufadure is not, as 
 yet, carried on in this part of the kingdom, to any 
 tolerable degree of perfedion, which branch of 
 trade, has contributed greatly to the value of our 
 exports in other places, and, no doubt, means 
 might be thought of for promoting a greater con- 
 fumption of our own, and lefleaing that of foreign 
 commodities. 
 
 The Dublin Society have already, by prasmiums 
 and other attempts, done great fervice towards fer- 
 ting up a fpirit of improvement and indulby among 
 us, from which, and from the encouragement lately 
 given by his moft facred majefty for the fame ends, 
 it is to be hoped, that, in a little time, this kingdom 
 may be put on fome kind of fooling with other 
 nations; a parity, which, as yet, it could never 
 attain to, although it has given birth to feveral 
 eminent genius's. The Cork Society, to their 
 great honour, follow the fame fleps, and have 
 diftinguifhed themfelves of late by the fame kind of 
 proceeding. What may we not hope irom fuch a 
 noble fpirit? Several times and places have been 
 famous for the advancement of the fciences, fuch 
 as that of Philip and Alexander iu Greece, the fird 
 Caefars in Rome, the houfe of Medicis in Florence, 
 and Lewis XIV" in France. What thefe perfons 
 and ages were to their refpedive countries, it is to be 
 hoped, the laudable endeavours of the above men- 
 tioned focieties, added to royal bounty, will be to 
 this kingdom. Happy was it for this country to 
 give birth to a'perfon, capable of forming and putting 
 fuch fchemes in execution, and whofe generous dif- 
 pofition has caufed him to befiow fuch fums in this 
 way, as his private fortune, compared to the wealth 
 of thofe princes, equals, if not outdoes all that have 
 gone before him in fuch defigns. 
 
 Such branch's of trade as are carried on in this 
 
 county are thole foilov/ing. The fiiliery ot Duii- 
 
 garvan, which has been, for fome years, in a Hate 
 
 T A oi
 
 tSo Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 of decay, yet might, with a little care and proper 
 regulation, be again in a great meafure recovered. 
 Tliis branch alone niight firid fufficient emplosment 
 for more hands than are there at prefent, and tlie 
 trade feemtj to be naturally adapted to this part of 
 the country. 
 
 Salt. In the city of Waterford are made confiderable 
 
 quantities of fait from the rock, and a fak-work i^ 
 now fet up at Dungarvan, which is made in the 
 fame manner; bur, from the fituation of the lafl; 
 mentioned place, it feerns to lie convenient for the 
 manufaduring of fait from the Tea-water only, 
 Woad, There is alfo in the city of Waterford, a manu- 
 
 facture of Woad, a material ufeful for dyers, con- 
 cerning which, as it feems to b^:; kept a fecret, I 
 fhall fay fomeihing in the XVth Chapter. Madder 
 might be alfo equally cultivated here, but I have not 
 obferved any in this part of the country. 
 
 Rateens. The town of Carrick, on the verge of this county, 
 has been manv years famous for the making of 
 rateens, a wooiien-manufadlory, which our nobility 
 and gentry often find to be a moft light, warm, 
 and commodious wear in winter, and which that 
 town has brought to a great perfedion, fo as to 
 make them equal to the fineft of cloth. They 
 have them of various colours, fuch as brown, 
 black, grey, green, fcarlet, &:c. aiid worth from 
 3$. to 30s. a \ard. It is incredible what num-- 
 bers are employed in that little town in this manu- 
 fadory, men, women, and children finding fuffi- 
 cient work. 
 
 Every body knows, that this kind of fluff is wove; 
 on a loom with four treddles, like ferges, and 
 other ftulTs that have the crolling. Some of them 
 lire drcfled and prepared like cloths, others are left 
 fingle in the hair, and others are napped or friezed, 
 which is brought to great perfection, by the means 
 of engines for that purpofe. 
 
 Friezes,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 281 
 
 Friezes, which are a coarfer kind of rateen, were Friezes, 
 fome time ago made in great perfedion in the city 
 of Waterford ; but this trade is much dropped. 
 
 I have already noticed, that this county abounds Cattle, 
 with cattle, which are increafed more (f late years 
 than ever, numbers having converted large trads of 
 arable land into pafture; by which means, feveral 
 villages have been deferted by their inhabitants, 
 who, for want of employment, were obliged to feck 
 it in other places. 
 
 The feeding of cattle requiring few hands, little 
 exper.ce, and not fo liable to calualties by the bad- 
 nefs of the weather, have made many owners of land 
 purfue this praAice rather than tillage, which would 
 have no very ill effed, were it confined to th.is or a 
 few other counties i but it is to be feared, it will fpread 
 to other places, and gain too great a footing, to the 
 univerfa! damage of the kingdom. The reafons for 
 which affertion are as follow. 
 
 I ft. Numbers are, by thefe means, feta begging, 
 and their villages become wafte, to the thinning and 
 impoveiil"hing of the country. 
 
 2dly, Tillage, of which we find, by woeful and Tillage 
 repeated experience, we have not enough to fupply 
 curfelves, is, in many places, quite laid afide ; the 
 families of one or two cabins, being able to manage 
 large dairies, which occupy great tracts of land, and 
 can fubfid themfelves with an acre or two of potatoes, 
 and a hu!^. milk. 
 
 3dly, Befides, the face of the cou'.jtry lying quite 
 unimproved, there can be no encouragement for 
 artifts or rr.anuf.durers of any kind, to fettle in a 
 place, where they fee a probability of a fcarcity of 
 provifions. 
 
 Jn order to promote tillage, feveral gentlemen 
 have of late encouraged the diflilling of wliifky; 
 but It may be aoubtcd, wiiether the ufe of this 
 liquor among the common people, would not in 
 ;ime contribute to the ruin of Lillage, by proving 
 
 a flow
 
 282 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 a flowpoifon to the drinkers of it, and weaken and 
 depopulate tlie country. 
 
 The Dutch diftil great quantities of all kinds of 
 fpirits, and find fufficient vent for them in the more 
 northern countries, as in Norway, Sweden, and 
 Denmark; and might not we, by fome proper 
 drawback or other means, underfell them in their 
 markets? In a little time, we might foon imitate 
 the Dutch geneva, and perhaps bring it to an equal 
 degree of perfedion, and alfo their other different 
 kinds of diftilled drams. Whether fuch a defign 
 would not be of great ufe to the kingdom, by en- 
 couraging tillage, I humbly leave to the legiflature. 
 The public revenue could not, in the leaft, fuffer, 
 by allowing a drawback of what is paid at the ftill- 
 head, at the time of exportation ; for all that would 
 be confumed at home, would ftill pay as ufual. In 
 the W. of Ireland, we have large quantities of 
 juniper berries growing wild, which might eafily be 
 propagated. To as to have enough for the making of 
 gin. To fupply the defedl of thefe berries, I am 
 well informed, the Dutch throw into their ftills large 
 quantities of common oil of turpentine. Whether 
 we might not exceed the Dutch method, by ufing 
 the gent'.ine juniper berries, I leave to the curious 
 to determine. 
 
 In plentiful years of cider, a brandy might be 
 drawn from that liquor, which would emulate the 
 brandy drawn from wine. In Normandy, the French 
 diftil great quantities of cider- brandy, which they 
 often fell for the other fort. In the W. of this 
 county, our cider has, of late years, been brought 
 to great perfecftion ; and befides enough for our 
 own confumption, feme hundred hoglheads are year 
 ly, in good truit feafors, fent by fea to Dublin and 
 other places, to the keec^iig of confiderable fums 
 of money in the kingdom, which were paid for 
 foreign cider. 
 
 This.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 283 
 
 This, and malt liquor, feem defigned by nature 
 for our climate, and to fupply the place of wine; to 
 which may be added that wholelbme, vinous and 
 balfamic liquor, called mead; all which being free 
 from tartar, and lels liable to adulterations than 
 foreign wines, feem to be more adapted to our 
 conftitutions. 
 
 Having, in the title of this chapter, promifed to 
 fay fomething of fuch manufactures as might be 
 carried on here, I fhall do it as brief aspoflible. 
 
 In this county, proper materials might be found 
 for the carrying on of moft kinds of lead-work, and 
 thofe of iron in particular places, which will be men- 
 tioned in the fourteenth chapter. 
 
 Of lead, many materials are made, as white-lead, 
 and rtd-lead, confiderable quantities of both which 
 are imported. Befides, this metal is converted into 
 many ufes too tedious to mention. 
 
 From the fame chapter, the reader will find our 
 having in this county, many ufeful clays, earths, 
 and folli's, proper for the ufe of the potter, pipe- 
 maker, druggift, painter, &c. 
 
 Many other arts might here be fet up, with equal 
 advantage to the artifts and undertakers ; fuch as 
 glafs-woiks, paper-mills, the making of lamp- black, 
 the planting of liquorice, madder, faffron, &c. 
 
 But, above all, this county, as I have above no- 
 ticed, feems defigned by nature for the fifhing trade, 
 which, if carried on by a company eratted for that 
 purpofe, muft be of great profit and advantage both 
 to the public and the undertakers. But to enlarge 
 further on this matter would be tedious, and carry 
 me beyond the intended bounds of this chapter ; f 
 fhall therefore refer my reader to a lift of commodi- 
 ties yearly imported into Ireland, being fuch as may 
 be raifed or manufadlured theiein, together v/ith 
 their yearly value, which lift has been often publifh- 
 ed; and lliall only fubjoin, tnat the value of fuch 
 commodities^ taken at a medium for three years, 
 
 amount.
 
 284 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 
 
 amount, in tlie whole, to 507270I. a prodigious 
 fum! which we might, in a great mealure, fave by 
 our own good management and induftry. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Some curious Particulars and Phcenomena relating 
 10 the Air. 
 
 THE air of this county, and, indeed, of the 
 g eatefc part of this kingdom, is now more 
 wholelome and ir -'"p^:rate than formerly : for having 
 much more woods a.id bogs than at prefent, it muft 
 have been more fubjjdtoiain and moifture. Pliny (i) 
 mentions, that the country about Philippi being made 
 dry by fluices, and artificial trenches, the whole dif- 
 pofition of the air and weather was thereby altered j 
 and the very habit of the heavens above their heads 
 changed. In the fame manner, the American plan- 
 tations have been rendered dryer, and much more 
 wholefome, than when the Europeans took poflef- 
 fion of them, by their deftroying the woods they 
 were over-run with, and laying all open to the folar 
 rays ; and it is faid, that as they extend their plan- 
 tations in Jamaica {%) the rains ftill diminilh. 
 
 Dr. Plot (3) in his hiftory of Staffordfhire, thinks 
 the frequency of rain in Ireland, is not fo much 
 from the fea, as from the moifture of the earth; but 
 this, I conceive, is a miftake ; for our greateft and 
 more frequent rains come from the S. or S. W. 
 diredlly off the weiiern or great Atlantic ocean ; 
 though certain it is, that dry and Tandy tracfts, fuch 
 as the deferts of Arabia and Africa are, feldom have 
 any rain. 
 
 It 
 
 { I ) Nat. Hil^. lib. I -. cap. 4. (2) Phil. Tranf. fol. 27. p. 49.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 285 
 
 It is a common obfervation amongfl: Teamen, that Weather, 
 when the wind backs again ft rhe fun (as they term 
 il) that is, when it fhifts from W. to E. foiuherl)^ 
 or from any other point contrary to the fun's courfe, 
 fo as to oppofe the fun's apparent motion, it very 
 feldom fails of bringing rain and ftormy weather; 
 the caufe of which may be, that the fun, which, by 
 its heat raifed the vapours of which clouds confift, 
 drawing them after it according to its apparent 
 diurnal courfe from E, to W. and the wefterly wind 
 comprerting thefe vapours the contrary way, do Co 
 condenfe the rarified fpungy parts of them upon 
 meeting in the S, that they are thereby colleded into 
 drops, become too heavy to float any longer in the 
 atmofphere, and fo defcend in rain ; whereas, on 
 the contrary, it is obfervable, particularly in fum- 
 raer time, when the fun's rays have the greateft 
 force, that when the winds follow the fun's courfe 
 from the E. towards the W. they attenuate and dif- 
 perfe the vapours, and bring on a ferenity ; Co that 
 the wind's fhifting round with the fun, is a certain 
 token of good weather, which feems to be Virgil's 
 meaning in his Jupiter Denfans and Rarefaciens, 
 
 — & Jupiter humidus auftro 
 
 Denfat, crant qua rara modo, & quae denfa relaxat. 
 
 Georg. Lib, i. v. 408. 
 
 In this county, what our feamen call mare's tails, 
 they call in England, ftag's-heads, which are only 
 the fhipe of the cloud, branching out into long rays 
 or ftreaks from a point like the letter V, and they 
 generally prognofticate high winds. The point of 
 the compafs from whence the wind is to blow, is 
 generally from the fharp point ot the clouds, and 
 feldom from the more open fide the contrary way, 
 as in wiiid guns, eolooiles, and all other explofions 
 of the air, which ftili ipreads .is it proceeds from 
 the orifice of the inftrumenti but foractimes it alfo 
 
 happens,
 
 286 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 
 
 happens, that the wind Hiifts from the more open 
 fides of thefe ftreaky exhalations, as in haloes, which 
 if entire and not broken, according to the ancients, 
 argued a calm feafon ; but if rent on any fide, they 
 expelled a wind from that point of the heavens on 
 which the circle of the halo was interrupted. Inde 
 ventum nautici expedlant, unde contextus coronae 
 perit, fays Seneca (4) ; with whom lord Bacon alfo 
 agrees, numbering this among his prognoftics, Quas 
 parte is circulus fe aperuerit expedtetur ventus (5). 
 
 Thefe haloes are often feen round the body of 
 the moon, and fometimes round that of the fun ; 
 when they continue for feveral days and nights fuc- 
 ceffively, there will be a longer continuation of tem- 
 peftuous weather ; and, on the contrary, the Hiorter 
 they are feen, the fhorter time will the badnefs of 
 the weather continue. 
 
 It is obfervable, that when clouds are more than 
 ordinarily white, they portend wind rather than rain, 
 being le^ denfe than watery ones, and fo admitting 
 the light to pafs ihrough them ; hence their white- 
 nefs. 
 Unufual Before an E. wind, the refraction of the air is 
 refradions much greater, efpecially towards that part of the 
 horizon bounded by the fea, than at other times; 
 at this time, veflels which feem in the horizon, 
 rocks, iflands, promontories, &c. appear much higher 
 than at other times, and feem in a manner lifted up 
 in the air; and this happt;:s generally a day or two 
 before the wind blows from that point, uccafioned, 
 no doubt, from a great quantity of vapours tending 
 that way, which makes the atmofphere df^^e: than 
 at other times, and occahons this moi -^ than ordinary 
 refradlion. It is well known, that at ^i! timci, diftant 
 objeds on the horizon appear higher ihan they really 
 are, particularly on the ocean, whicn is a mattter of 
 
 great 
 
 (4) Senec. Nat. Queft. lib. i. cap. 2. 
 
 (5) Hift. devcntis inter prognoft. ad Art. 32, §. 8,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 287 
 
 great ufe, efpecially to difcover at Tea the land, rocks, 
 &c. But as xhzk lefrsclions are much varied, ac- 
 cording to the different winds whicli blow fiom dif- 
 ferent quarters, it is impoflible to afcertain the Lrue 
 refradlions of the heavenly bodies, Notwithilanding 
 which, v/e have tables of this kind given us by 
 Tycho Erache dc la Hire and othe^ aluonomers j 
 but with how httle certainty, I leave the curious to 
 judge ; and fhall add, that at thefe times I have 
 noticed the refradions to be fometimes double, and 
 often triple, more than at other times, efpecially in 
 objects which are but a fmall height above the ho- 
 rizon ; and thefe again infinitely more refraded 
 than higher objeds were at the fame time. 
 
 In this part of the kingdom, the v. inters are more 
 Jubjedt to rain than fnow , nor do froft or fnow con- 
 tinue fo long here near the fea-coafts, as in the 
 more inland parts of the country. The winter 
 of 1744, when the northern part of Ireland was en- 
 tirely covered with fnow for many weeks, to the 
 great lofs and deflrudlion of the cattle of that pro- 
 vince; there was but little fnow here, and that only 
 continued a day or two : and in the winter of 1739, 
 when there was one of the greatefh frofls ever known, 
 with large quantities of fnow, I happened to be about 
 fixtecn miles up from the fea, where all the country 
 round was entirely locked up; but returning towards 
 the coafl, when I came within about fix miles of 
 the ocean, the earth was quite uncovered, and cattle 
 grazed about as ufual, notwiihfranding there was 
 little or no thaw in the more inland parts for near fix 
 weeks after, which temperature is owing to the warm 
 vapours afforded by the fea. In the Fhilofophical 
 Tranfadions, num.b. 324- it is obferved, that, in 
 the great froft of 1708, wherein when Eng'and, 
 Germany, France, Denmark and the more ibutherly 
 regions of Italy, Switzerland, and other parts, fuf- 
 fered extremely, this kingdom and Scotland felt 
 very litde of it, hardl) more than in other winters. 
 
 In
 
 Borealis. 
 
 288 Natural and Civil Hijl or y of 
 
 Aurora Jn November 1737, there appeared over the inou; 
 parts of the S. of Ireland, a moft furprifing meteor^ 
 called aurora borealis, or the northern light; of 
 which, we had feveral accounts given us, at that 
 time, in the news-papers, and in particular from Kil- 
 kenn}?'. About eight in the evening, there appeared 
 a kind of fiery ball in the zenith, from which pro- 
 ceeded feveral rays of light, of a pale colour, inter- 
 mixed with red and blue, and thefe, at firft, were 
 darted to the E, and W. even to the horizon, like 
 a large rain-bow ; it did not long continue thus, when 
 feveral other corufcations fhor, with great velocity^ 
 to the N. and S. and feveral pillars were al(b eje(fled 
 to the other points, which continued a confiderable 
 time in an undulatory or wave- like motion to 
 crofs each other in long ftreamers, fome rays, or 
 beams, were tinged of a yellow and violet colour, 
 which made a beautiful appearance ; and others 
 refembled the beams of the fun, reflecfted on a 
 ceiling by a bafon of water. During its continua- 
 tion, there was, for feveral moments, fo great a 
 light, that one might eafily fee to read, and the 
 whole phasnomena continued about three hours. 
 A fufficient number of obfervations have not been 
 m.ade by the curious, to enable them to aflign 
 the caufe of thefe kind of meteors. In the Phi- 
 lofophical Tranlaftions, numb. 347, there is an 
 ingenious hypjthefjs of Dr. Halley's, endeavouring 
 to aflign the manner of their production ; to which 
 the reader is referred. 
 
 The fea, on this coaft, is fometimes of itfelf a 
 phofphorus, fliining prodigioufly in the dark ; this 
 is not uncommon everywhere in ftormy weather, 
 but has been alfo noticed in a calm j the fhining of 
 the fea, in winter time, foretels an approaching 
 florm ; whether it be, that a great quantity of bi- 
 tuminous matter is thrown up, by fome fubmarine 
 heat, fermentation, or fleams, afcending from the 
 bottom, is difficult to determine. 
 
 Thefe
 
 W A T E R F O R D. z29 
 
 Thefe fiery particles, in warmer climates, are 
 often raifed up from the ocean, and float in the air, 
 before an approaching florm, fixing themfelves, and 
 adhering to the mafts, rigging, fails, &c. as may 
 be frequently met with in books of voyages, but 
 doing no damage, as real fire would, being no other 
 than a kind of phofphorus. Of thefe meteors, there 
 are few feen in our feas ; the air being colder, lefs 
 rarified, and denfer than in more fouthern regions, 
 is not fo proper to aflift their afcent. 
 
 The fea has been alfo often noticed to be in a great 
 commotion, not only at a confiderable diftance off, 
 but alfo near the fhore, for fome days before an 
 approaching ftorm ; nor is it reafonable to imagine, 
 that this motion is communicated by the ocean, in 
 other places agitated by high winds. For furely 
 the motion of wind being quicker than any that 
 could be communicated by the fea, at fuch a dif- 
 tance, muft firfl arrive; fo that from thence there 
 is a great probability, that winds arife from the bot- 
 tom of the deep. Though I will not fay all winds; 
 for fome there are, that have their origin in the 
 earth, and in the atmo!phere. 
 
 In calm weather, in fummer time, v.hen the wind 
 is S. E, or in an}^ other point betwixt the S. and 
 the E. the fait water of the ocean gives fo great a 
 light, that, being daflied up^n with oars, ic feems 
 to run off them like liquid fire; nay, it has been 
 obferved, to be fo very luminous in ftrong gales of 
 wind, near the iHes of Cape de Vera, that pallengers 
 have obferved the very keel of their fhip by it, and 
 fifhes playing underneath it (6). 
 
 This fhining on this coafi: in the fummer months, 
 is moftly owing to an oily bituminous fubfbance, 
 which, at that time, floats on the furface, being 
 lighter than the falt-water, and being thinned and 
 warmed by the folar rays, it mounts to the top. 
 
 Whether 
 (6) Vid. Ligon's Hlft. of Barbadoes, p. 7, 
 
 u
 
 2go Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Whether this matter is formed, in the Tea itfelf, as 
 Ariftotle (7) feems to think, or whether this oily 
 fubftance be produced by fifh, fuch as pilchards, 
 porpoii'es, &c. is not eafy to determine ; but be that 
 as it will, it is certain, this fubftance is a kind of 
 liquid phofphorus, and is what caufes this fhining 
 quality in the ocean (8). 
 
 Echoes. To this chapter of the air, may be added fome- 
 thing in relation to echoes, which are either fimple, 
 fuch as return the found but once ; and thefe are 
 either polyfyllable, fuch as return feveral fyllables, 
 or tonital, fuch as return a mufical note only. 
 Others are manifold ; and thofe repeat the fame 
 words often, and may therefore be called tautological 
 echoes, which are caufed either by fimple or double 
 refledion. Of the latter kind, one of the moft 
 curious I have met with in this county, is on the 
 flrand of Dungarvan, which will diftindlly repeat 
 two or three notes, five times over ; the objeds of 
 which echo, or the centra phonocamptica, I take to 
 be the abbey not a quarter of a mile diftant, and 
 
 another 
 
 (7) Avrra^ot yx^ Vvcrty ii* tu a\[Avfu, Kvftw ffn[/>i7ov it iKxpifirai 
 yd^ iXatov iv raTi aXiaj?- !• e. That fatnefs always accompa- 
 nies a fait juice, whereof, fays he, we have this certain fign, 
 that in hot weather an oil may be feparated from it, Arift. 
 Problematum. fe&. 23. queft. 9. Again, that the lea-water 
 yields an oil we have alfo the teftimony of the fame philofo- 
 pher, dm yrt Tu^y uhuy iXcno» t(pitifi7TXh i. c. That oil is gotten 
 out of fea-brine. Id. queft. 15. 
 
 This is ftrongiy confirmed by the experiments of count Mar- 
 filly, in his Hiitoire Naturelle de la Mer. 
 
 (8) The honourable Mr. Boyle and Dr. Bale, in the Philofo- 
 phical Tranladions, numb. 89, 125. have given ample proof 
 not only of the fielh of a piece of beef, and two necks of veal 
 fliining in the dark; but they have alfo obferved the fame in a 
 pullet, and in hog's flefh, and in all thofe whilft frefli and good, 
 before putrefadtion. Nothing is more common than for filh to 
 ftine in the fame manner in the dark, moft kinds of it having 
 this property ; but none in a greater degree than whiting, 
 whofe light is equal to that of the Bolonian ftone, or any other 
 phofphorus, efpecially if it be twenty-four hour* taken, as I 
 have frequently obferved.
 
 WATER FORD. 
 
 another caftle which ftands a little way to the N. of 
 the fame, as may be feen in the profpedl of this 
 place; and the true place of the fpeaker, or centrum 
 phonicum, about twenty yards to the N. of the 
 town upon the fame flrand. " This echo receives 
 fome advantaf^e from the water or creek of the fea, 
 which lies in a direct line between the two centres, 
 and from the concavity of the fhores, which lies alfo 
 between them. For at high water, this echo is 
 neither fo clear or didintt as on the ebb ; neither is 
 it (o confiderable by day as by night ; which varia- 
 tion confifts in the different qualities and conftitution 
 of the medium in various feafons, the air being 
 quieter, and filled with more exhalations in the 
 night than day, which, in fome fort, retards the 
 quick motion of the voice to the objecSt, and fome- 
 what hinders its return to the fpeaker ; which, by 
 reafon the voice muft needs be weakened in the re- 
 flection, muft neceffarily give fpace for the return 
 of more fyllables (9). 
 
 Under Helvosck-head, there are many caves made 
 by the working of the fea ; in one of which, if a 
 piece be difcharged, thenoife will feem like a clap of 
 thunder, with many reverberated echoes from the 
 adjacent rocks ; as foon as the piece is difcharged, 
 the fea is immediately fwelled by the repercuflion of 
 the air, fo as to lift up the boat (in which one muit 
 enter thefe caves) feveral times backwards and for- 
 wards ; which, with the noife and gloominefs of the 
 cave, is no very pleafant experiment. 
 
 1 have already taken notice of fome other echoes 
 in the mountains of this county. 
 
 (9) Vidi Kircher's Magia-Phonocamptica. 
 
 V z CHAP. 
 
 291
 
 2gz Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Of the moji remarkable Fojfih^ whether Stones^ Earths^ 
 Clays, or Ores, difcovered in this County, with 
 nfcfiil Hints towards the making of fuch Dif- 
 coveritis. 
 
 M O N G the feveral kinds of ufeful earths, 
 thefe following have been difcovered in this 
 county. Potters-clay of various kinds, pipe-clay, 
 ochre, bole and marie; of which I fhall fay fome- 
 thing particularly before I proceed to the ores. And, 
 §. I . Of thofe kinds of earth and (tones which 
 excite no fermentation with acids, which are potters- 
 earth, pipeclay, ochres, or painting-earths (i J, boles, 
 fmegmatic or foapy earths ; and to thefe may be 
 added, fuch flones, either found or rotten, as make no 
 ebullition with acids, of which hereafter. 
 Potters- Of potters-clay, there are many kinds in feveral 
 cla/. places in this county. Round the whole town of 
 Dungarvan, and adjacent parts, there is great plenty 
 of a ftiff yellow clay. At Bally ntaylor, in the pari(h 
 of Whitechurch, there is alfo a white kind. In the 
 fide of a cleft, in the parilh of Rineogonagh, is a 
 milk-white clay, refembling pipe-clay ; it looks like 
 chalk, and one would imagine it to be an abforbent 
 earth, which it is not ; for unwafhed, it makes no 
 ebullition with the oil of vitriol, though wafhed, it 
 does a fmall one. 
 
 In the parifh of Lifmore, between that town and 
 a mount, called the Round-hill, is a vein of white 
 clay, formerly ufed and miftaken for marie. Near 
 
 Mogehy, 
 
 (i) It is a vulgar error, which even feme of the bed writers 
 have not efcaped, to place the fat earths, as Bolus Armena, 
 Terra Lemnia, &c. among abiorbents or fuch as ferment with 
 acids; for if pure, none of them do.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 2qj 
 
 Mogehy, in the parifh of Whitechurch, is a good 
 potters-clay, of which earthen-ware has been formed; 
 but to enumerate all the different places, wherein 
 this material may be found in this county, would be 
 needlefs; in a word, the potter or brick-maker can 
 icarce fit down in any part towards the W. of this 
 county, but he may find fufficient materials for his 
 purpofe. 
 
 Of pipe-clay, there are fome places in this county Pipe cIg-. . 
 where it has been of late difcovered. Firft, at 
 Ballyduff, near the W. bounds of the county, on 
 the right-hand of the road leading to Cork, there is 
 a vein of good pipe-clay, which, on the other fide 
 of the way, is variegated with a red earth or bole ; 
 from the colour of this earth it was fufpedted that 
 fome richer mineral might be found hereaboucs; but 
 although the ground was opened for a confiderabie 
 dep:h, nothing more than this kind of earth has been 
 yet difcovered. 
 
 Near Drumana, a good pipe-clay has been of late 
 difcovered, which is mixed, in fome places, with a 
 bole, in like manner. An excellent kind was fountl 
 fome time ago, near Ballyntaylor, in the parilh of 
 Whitechurch, by one who, at that time, fearched 
 for marie. Good pipe- clay fiiould be unCtuous, wirh- 
 out grit, of an equal confitlcnce, burn exceeding 
 white ; when it ferments with acids, it is a fign of its 
 being mixed with marie or lime-ftone ; and there- 
 fore unfit for the pipe- maker's ufe. 
 
 At Ballyntaylor, above-mentioned, is an excellent o.Jues, 
 
 ochre (2), which is of a deeper yellow than the 
 
 French fort commonly fold in the fiiops ; when 
 
 calcined, it becomes of a brick colour, and ihen 
 
 U 3 yields 
 
 (2) This material v/as called, by Pliny and the ancisnrs, fil, 
 which name is now changed iuro the modern one, ochre, as 
 Ibniefay, from the Greek word ayjof^ pallid us, or, as ofhcis, 
 from the river Ochra, which runi through iirijiiUvic, whole 
 banks yield gieat quantities of it *. Nat. Hilt. lib. 33 c. 32. 
 
 ♦ Vid. Encelius dc reMeral, lib. 2 cap, 20.
 
 4 Natural and Civil Hlftory of 
 
 yields to the magnet, it caufes no ebullition with 
 acids. It affords various colours crude and calcined, 
 and is very fit for the painter's ufe -, the formation of 
 ochre, as may be here particularly obferved, is oc- 
 cafioned by the fleams or faline exudations iffuing 
 out of the feveral iron flones into the fubftance of a 
 white clay, in the fame manner as copperas-water 
 will give a yellow colour to feveral kinds of white 
 earth, or to a lime-wall. There is alfoagood quan- 
 tity of a browner kind, which alteration is occafioned 
 by the earth's being more or lefs white, and, in 
 fomiC places, where it is more or lefs impregnated 
 with the m.ineral juices. The vein here dips from 
 S. to N, its depth is uncertain, nor is it of any 
 great breadth, which narrownefs of the vein it has 
 in common with the Shotover oclire in Oxfordfhire, 
 which, accord! '^g to Dr. Plot (3), is accounted ex- 
 cellent in its kind. 
 
 In feveral other parts of the county, there arc 
 fmaller veins of ochre, lefs perfedtly formed, of 
 which fpecimens were tranfmht-d to Dublin. There 
 is an excellent kind, ufefui to the painter, in the 
 liberties of the city of Waterford, on the county of 
 Kilkenny fide of the river ; but of this an account 
 more properly belongs to the defcription of that 
 county. 
 Bole. At BallydufF, above-mentioned, is a red earth, 
 which has all the properties of the true Armenian 
 bole ; it is fat, adheres to the lips, does not ferment 
 with acids, and calcines red. It has been wrought 
 up with oil, and ufed as a red painting earth ; but 
 as it is apt to flake off when dry, it is fitter for 
 other uies. It has been ufed as an aflringent in 
 the difeafes of cattle, and has been fubflituted to 
 the bolus a' mena by fon^.e apothecaries ; and, pro- 
 bably, the fraud is harmlefs, fince this feems, both 
 in feafible qualities and virtues, to come very near 
 
 that, 
 
 (3) Hlft. ofOxford/hire, chap. III.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. sp^ 
 
 that, the Terra Lemnia, Sigillata, and others dig- 
 nified with pompous charadlers. 
 
 However, as we have the humour of defpifing 
 the produ<5t of our own country, and of admiring 
 only things which are brought us at an high price 
 from abroad, I cannot promife the proprietor any 
 great advantage from it. 
 
 Some of the pipe clays above-mentioned fetch 
 greafe out of cloths, and may be accounted among 
 the number of fmegmatic earths, but fall fhort of 
 fuller's-earth in that refped, a material very much 
 wanted in this kingdom, and which it would be of 
 the greateft importance to our cloth-workers to 
 difcover. Its chief character is that it has not the 
 lead fand or gravel, but will all entirely diflblve in 
 water, which, fome fay, is the principal reafon why 
 it is fo ufeful in fcouring cloth. 
 
 Query, If it would not be worth the pains to try 
 if pipe-clay, well feparated from its fand, would not 
 ferve inftead of fuller's-earth for the fcouring of 
 cloth ? to feparate the fand from it, it might be 
 difTolved in fair water, and after the mixture is well 
 ftirred, decanted off from the gritty parts, which, by 
 their weight, would foon fall to the bottom. 
 
 To thefe earths, I fhall fubjoin fuch (tones as will 
 not ftir or ferment with acids ; and thefe are all 
 flones whatfoever, except thofe of the calcarious 
 kind, or fuch as are reducible into lime. 
 
 Such as freeftone, grinding-ftones, rag-ftones, 
 or black building ftone (fo named in Dublin) fire- 
 ftones, grit, &c. 
 
 1 ft. Of freeftone, or lapis arenarius; we have Freeftone. 
 fome in this county, perhaps, as beautiful and iaft- 
 ing for building, as any to be met with in other 
 places. Near Drumana, they dig up a fine white 
 kind, no way inferior to Portland ftone; I have feen 
 fome of it worked, which feemed freely to yield to 
 the chifel, and was lefs porous than ordinary, carry- 
 ing a fine arris, which is a confideration few make 
 U 4 when
 
 y.g6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 when they life this ftone, though of confequence; 
 for that of a porous texture muft imbibe the air and 
 moifture, and fo moulder away fafter than that of a 
 clofer grain. There is, indeed, a kind of this ftone, 
 which, tho' porous, will harden in the air; and in 
 this cafe, the porofity is of advantage, by its imbib- 
 ing the lime and fand the better. 
 
 Near Curraghmore, is an uncommon kind of 
 freeftone, which, though white, is beautifully fprigged 
 with veins of a reddiOi colour; it works well, and 
 ftands the air and weather. 
 Grinding- In a quarry at Ballylemon, in the parifh of White- 
 ftones. church, there is a good kind of grinding-ftones, fit 
 for the culler, carpenter, and other artilans. They 
 are of a fine grit, which makes them more valuable, 
 of an olive colour, and may be proper not only for 
 giving an edge to coarfer inftruments, but fuch 
 pieces as are large enough to make turning ftones of, 
 may well ferve for the grinding of razors, knives, 
 &c. Another fort of grinding-ftones, of a coarfer 
 kind, are thofe called mill-ftones, the grit of which 
 need not be fo fine, provided it be hard and do not 
 fweat in moift weather, which, for grinding of corn, 
 is an unpardonable fault. Of thefe, fome are dug 
 out of quarries, and others formed out of great loofe 
 ftoncs ; of which, all parts of this county afford a 
 fufficient qv.antity. 
 Rag- Rag-ftones, called, in the county of Dublin, black 
 
 ftones. building ftones, we have in great plenty, and they 
 are only ufed in walling. 
 
 I have not obierved any of the right kind of fire^ 
 ftone in any part of this county, nor of that fort 
 ufed for cleaning brafs, &c. called rotten ftone. 
 
 To thefe may be added, i. A reddifh ftone, 
 found in the above-mentioned ochre bed, being a 
 kind of pyrites, which being expofed to the air, 
 becomes covered with a moift kind of ruft ; a quan- 
 tity of which being diifolved, filtered, and exhaled, 
 yielded a green vitriol. This ftone affords no 
 
 tinvflure
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 2c^^ 
 
 tinflure to fpirit of fal armoniac, and yielded but 
 little to the magnet, either crude or calcined ; yet, 
 that it contains iron, appears not only from the pre- 
 ceding, but from the following experiment; being 
 digefted with the oil of vitriol diluted with water, 
 it afforded a blue tinflure with galls. It is pro- 
 bable, fuch minerae as this, dilTolved by an acid in 
 the bowels of the earth, conftitute fome kinds of 
 fpaw water, 
 
 2. A rotten (lone, broke from a rock of the fame 
 in Dungarvan harbour, which piece difcovers Tro- 
 chitae. It is of an olive colour, impalpable, makes 
 no ebullition with acids, calcines red, and then yields 
 to the magnet, 
 
 § 2. I now proceed to make mention of fuch 
 earths and Hones of the calcarious kinds as ferment 
 with acids, and thefe are marie, rotten and other 
 limeftones, marble, &c. Concerning marie, the ^^ ** 
 reader will find fomething faid in Chap. 7. to which 
 he is referred. 
 
 1 fhall here mention fome places where rotten Rotten 
 limeftone has been noticed, an article no lefs ufefui ^""eftone 
 to the hufbandman than the former. 
 
 1. A marie or rotten limeftone, found at New- 
 Affane, on the bank of the Black-water river, being 
 fhewn in Dublin to perfbns converfant in agriculture, 
 they judged it to promife well; it ferments ftrongly 
 with acids, and being kept eleven hours in a pipe- 
 maker's furnace, was reduced into a perfe(ft lime. 
 Marie feems, for the moil part, to be no other 
 than an undUious rotten limellone. 1 have, as yet, 
 met with none but what fermented with acids, and 
 were, by an intenfe heat, reducible to lime; but as 
 there are a great variety of marles, the truth of this 
 opinion muft be confirmed by further experiments. 
 
 2. A v/hite friable ftone, refembling burnt lime, 
 found in plenty at Lifmore, near the Ferry-flip ; this 
 was fuppofed, by fome, to have been a kind of plaf- 
 ter of Fans, but wasiound, by an experienced per- 
 son,
 
 ji g J Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 fon, to want its flrongly cementing quality. It fer- 
 ments with acids, and burns into lime. 
 
 3. A rotten limeftone, or raarle, found at Lif- 
 more, on the bank of the Black- water river in plenty, 
 though negledted and never ufed for improving 
 land; it is lefs unftuous than that of number i. 
 whitens the fingers, ferments flrongly with acids, 
 and burns into lime (4). 
 
 4. A grey rotten limeftone, or rather a ftone of 
 a mixt nature, and partly metallic, which lies near 
 the lead-mine at Lifmorc; it whitens the fingers a 
 little, is flaky, and fomewhat flippery to the touch. 
 It ferments with acids, and yet is not, by a calcina- 
 tion of eleven hour^ in a pipe-maker's furnace, 
 reduced to lime, but turns of a pale brick colour, 
 like the ferruginous earths (5). 
 
 5. In fome rocks, on the coafl: of Dungarvan 
 harbour, is a friable fpar, like candy, it ferments 
 ftrongly with acids, and becomes perfecft lime in an 
 
 yjjjgf^Qjjg hour's calcination. It v/ould be needlefs to recite 
 the feveral places in this county where limeftone is 
 found, the reader will find them mentioned in the 
 third chapter. 
 
 Marble. In this county, different kinds of marble are dif- 
 covered, as at Tooreen a fine variegated fort, com- 
 pofed of feveral colours, as brown, chocolate- colour, 
 white, yellow, and blue, blended into various fhades 
 and figures, which takes a good polifh. 
 
 Near New-Affane, at no great diftance from the 
 above-mentioned place, there is a black and white 
 marble, which alfo takes a good polifh. 
 
 A black 
 
 (4) Briflol or Mallow waters, are probably a folution of feme 
 calcarious earth or ftones, fuch as Ibme of thefe here fpccified, 
 bj an acid in the bowels of the earth, 
 
 (5) iVIoft of thefe rotten limeflones feem to be rendered thus 
 fofr and friable by the acid (teams of fome neighbouring mine- 
 rals ; and where frnall veins of iron run through the quarries, 
 the Uones near them feem to be more corroded than the reO;.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 A black marble, without any mixture of white, 
 has been found near Kilcrump, in the parifh of 
 Whitechurch, but as it lies deep, has been negleded. 
 
 In the fame parifh, near a place called Ballyna- 
 courty, is a grey marble, beautifully clouded with 
 white, fpotted like fome kinds of fhagreen, and 
 takes a good polifh. 
 
 As marble is only a harder kind of limeftone, 
 and of a clofer grain, it makes, when burnt, the beft 
 kind of lime for building. There is a fine purple 
 marble, near the N. W. bounds of this county, at 
 a place called Loughlougher, in the county of 
 Tipperary, which, when polifhed, looks exceeding 
 beautiful. 
 
 On the fhores, and in fome of the inland parts 
 of this county, one may meet with feveral pieces of 
 ftone, refembling graaate (6), which are no more 
 than lumps of pebbles cemented together, but few 
 of them are large enough for ufe (7). 
 
 In 
 
 (6) The ingenious Mr. Ray, in his topographical obferva- 
 tions through Italy, informs us, that in the church of 
 BenediClines at Ravenna, the monks (hewed him two marble 
 pillars, for which, they faid, the Venetians offered them no 
 lefs than fheir utmofl: weight in filver; but the like, he fays, 
 he had feen elfewhere, at the library at Zurich, and at Verrona 
 in a chapel of the virgin. Their generation, at firft, he fays, 
 was out of a raafs of fmall flints and pebbles, united by a 
 cement as hard as themfelves, and capable of poHture ; which 
 cement, he gueiTes, was feparated by degrees, from a fluid 
 wherein the ftores formerly lay. Topograph. Obf. p. 329. 
 
 (7) There may be one general remark made through all the 
 quarries in this county, that they neither lie flat in beds parallel 
 to the plane of the horizon, nor perpendicular to it, but form 
 an angle of 45^ or thereabouts; and v/here quarries lie on the 
 fides of hills, the beds of ftone ftand perpendicular to the plain 
 of the hill; and the fame alfo in the cliffs of the fea-coaft, 
 where it looks like a defign of providence ; for, by this means, 
 the rocks are wedged in like (b many buttrelTes, the better to 
 lefift the impetuofity of the waves ; whereas if they v;ere per- 
 pendicular to the horizon, they would, by degrees, fplit and 
 tumble down ; and were they laid flat, they would, in time, be 
 undermined by the water. 
 
 299
 
 o Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 In feveral of our limeftone caves, there may be 
 had good quantities of ftaladlical exudations, all 
 which ferment with acids, and are eafily reducible 
 into lime (8). 
 
 Thefe exudations are certainly the ppoducft of 
 limeftones, as (George Agricola holds, et faxo calcis 
 cum pauca aqua permifto, fays he, de Natur. fofil. 
 lib. 5.) and, indeed, we find them no where but ad- 
 hering and growing out of thefe kind of rocks. 
 Spar, " Spar," according to Woodward's definition, 
 " is a mixed body, confifting of cryftal incorpo- 
 " rated, fometimes with Lac Lunae, and fometimes 
 " with other minerals, flones, earthy or metallic 
 " matter ; where the cryftalline matter prevails, 
 " the body is more or lefs pellucid, and fhoots into 
 " regular angular figures ; where the other matter 
 " prevails, its figure is uncertain and irregular. 
 "• There is fcarce any rock whatfoever, whether 
 *' vulgar or metalline, but what has fome kind of 
 *Vfpar or another fhot into its feams or hollows." 
 Great quantities of fpar may be eafily gathered on 
 ©ur fea-coaft; they make a good ingredient in glafs 
 works, and fo do moft kinds of tranfparent pebbles; 
 thefe they gather up at Tellino, in Italy, and with 
 
 them 
 
 (8) In a cave, in the county of Tipperary, not far from 
 Burnr-court, the houfe of my worthy and very ingenious friend 
 Mr. Anthony Chearnly, to whom 1 am obliged for his draughts 
 of the perfpedtive views in this work, thcle exudations abound 
 in plenty, and vegetate (if I may be allowed the expreffion) 
 into all manner of forms. My above-mentioned fiiend has 
 taken feveial curious views of the infide of this grotto, well 
 worthy of engraving. 
 
 Out of this kinu of matter, which may here be had in plenty, 
 is made the beft gypfum for plaftering, cafting images^ fret- 
 work, &c. 
 
 1 o thefe fort of exudations mud be referred all kinds of 
 fpars, by the miners called calk, this the Italians call geflbj 
 being a corruption of the latin v/ord gypfum, and ol this they 
 make a cuiious kind of artificial ma; bit tor tables, &c. The 
 method ol doing which is taught us by Kircher, in his mundus 
 fubtetaneus, lib. xii. 5 5. part 3. chap. 2.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ^ui 
 
 them mak^ the pureft glafs at the Moran, as 
 Antonius Neri, lib. i. cap. r. informs us. 
 
 Particular fpecimens o^ different kinds of (par, 
 which were taken up in this county, and tranfmitted 
 to Dublin, were as follow : 
 
 1. Lead-fpar, found at Lifmore, with fome traces 
 of that metal. It ftrikes fire, and fmelJs fulphu- 
 rous on coliifion, but makes no ebullition with acids, 
 herein differing from fome other fpars which accom- 
 pany lead-mine. 
 
 2. A copper-fpar, broken off from fome rocks 
 at Ardmore, near which feveral pieces of ore were 
 found. It makes no ebullition with acids, is white, 
 red and fhining, with blue and greenifh veins inter- 
 fperfed ; from whence, and the blue tincture it im- 
 parts to fpirit of fal armoniac, the juftnefs of the 
 denomination is confirmed. 
 
 3. A greenifh ftone, mixed with fpar, not uncom- 
 mon on the fea-coaft near Dungarvan ; gives the 
 fame tin(5ture to fpirit of fal armoniac as the pre° 
 ceding, indicating copper. 
 
 4. A white hard fpar, found running through 
 yellow clay, near Dungarvan ; it excites no ebullition 
 with acids. 
 
 5. A white fpar, with which the infides of fome 
 caves on the coaft are lined ; it makes no ebullition 
 with acids, except a little with oil of vitriol, ftrikes 
 fire, and fmells fulphurous in collifion. 
 
 6. Near Ardmore, are fome fine tranfparent fpars, 
 mixed with lead ore, as pellucid as Kerry-ftone, 
 and of regular figures (9). 
 
 7. In 
 
 (9) Some of thefe fpars are fo bright, that we ma/ reafona- 
 bl/ admit what Aldrovandus fays of them, (Vlufaeuni Metallo- 
 rum, lib. 4. ch. 76) that they are gemmcc incohata & non per- 
 fedlaj. And that Boetius, probably, fays true, who doubts not, 
 but they are made ot the fame matter with gems, and places 
 them between gems and ftones. Inter gemmas & lapides me- 
 dium locum obtinent fluores. Boetius de lap. & gem. c. 304.
 
 ^oz Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 7. In the barony of Upperchird, in this county, 
 they fometimes find a kind of tranfparent ftones, of 
 the fame nature as the Briftol or Kerry-dones ; they 
 are not found either in digging among gravel or in 
 quarries, as other formed ftones generally are, but, 
 for the moft part, lying upon the earth's furface, 
 and have been taken up after the plow in many 
 places (10). 
 
 Few of thefe fpars are fit for any thing but glafs 
 works ; they will not polifh like other ftones, being 
 of a different texture, fome parts are hard, and others 
 brittle; when mixed with other metals, they render 
 them more quick in fufion than otherways they are 
 inclined to be of themfelves. 
 
 Slate. The reader will find mention made of the flate- 
 
 quarries of this county in the third chapter. 
 
 Ores. § 3. Ores of lead, iron and copper, difcovered in 
 
 this county, are as follow : 
 
 Lead. At Ardmore head, parcels of a rich mine are 
 
 found interfperfed among the rocks ; to moft of the 
 pieces there adheres a very bright fpar; there were 
 feveral fhafts funk in the hill formerly, which have 
 a communication with each other. How this work 
 came to be laid afide, is uncertain. Some of this 
 ore exhibited green fpots, here and there, indicating 
 copper ; this was further confirmed by a blue tinc- 
 ture, which it gave to fpirit of fal armoniac. Some 
 of it being fluxed by the late Mr. Robert Calder- 
 wood, of Dublin, yielded lead only, and in the 
 proportion of about half lead to ore. 1 myfelf gained 
 five drachms of pure metal from an ounce of the 
 ore, in this manner; having freed it from fpar and 
 other foreign matter, I had it roafted and powdered, 
 then added an equal weight of fait of tartar, put it 
 into a crucible, and placed it in the fire, where it 
 
 was 
 
 fio) Mr. Beaumont, in the Philofophical Tranfadtions, 
 N°. 83, mentions fuch ftones as thefe to be found in Somcrfet- 
 fhirc and Gloucefterfliire, in the fame manner, in the road, 
 where the earth is bare.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 303 
 
 was kept red hot for fome hours, the refult was, that 
 underneath the Scoriae, when all was cold, there 
 remained, of pure lead, five drachms. 
 
 Some years ago, ieverar tuns of this ore lay 
 neglected on the adjacent ftrand, which fome perfons 
 carried off to Wales, where they fold it to good 
 advantage. 
 
 At Lifmore, a very rich ore of the fame kind has 
 been found, which, fluxed by the fame perfon, 
 yielded three parts out of four of pure lead ; in the 
 rocks over the Black-water river, there are many 
 tradts of this metal, and elfewhere about that place, 
 all which feem to be exceeding good ; mod lead 
 ore contains fome quantity of filver, which may be 
 feparated from the lead by the coppel. 
 
 Near Mountain-caftle, in the parifh of Modelligo, Copper, 
 there have been fome trials made for copper ores, 
 fome indications of this metal being hereabouts, but 
 for want of proper management, the attempt has 
 proved fruitlefs. There are feveral indications of 
 this mineral on the Black-water river; among the 
 rocks, near the garden of Drumana, there are 
 feveral greenifh veins, mixed with fhining particles, 
 which afford a blue tindure to fpiritof fal armoniac; 
 but whether it may be worth while to make trials 
 on thefe places, is left to the dire(5lion of the honoura- 
 ble owner of the foil (11). 
 
 In the third chapter, the reader will find parti- 
 cular mention made of feveral places where iron 
 ore may be found, and where works of this kind 
 
 have 
 
 (11) In a M. S. of the bifbop of Clogher's, in the college 
 library, ther'; is a piece, entitled, the mines of Ireland, in v/hich, 
 filver is mentioned to be at Knockdry, in the county of Water- 
 ford, and lead in Powers Country ; and again, filver in the 
 county of Waterford. Thefe places are not known; and Pow- 
 ers C-^untry is a large tract, containing the greater part of the 
 barr&.iies of Upperthird and Middlethitd. It is uncertain, what 
 authority ther? may be for thefe particulars, but as old tradi- 
 tions fometimes carry a weight, it may be not amifs to place 
 thertj here, as thefe places may cjme to be difcovercd by mak 
 ing them public.
 
 3^4 Natural and Civil Uijiory of 
 
 have been creeled. The only one of this kind car- 
 ried on at prefent, is that of Araghlin, where they 
 ufe a fixth part of the Englifh red mine to the native 
 ore, which makes it foft and malleable, our ore being 
 too brittle if fiifed by itfelf. 
 
 In the mountains, between Dungarvan and 
 Youghal, large quantities of this ore may be found, 
 • fome of this iron fluff runs, in feveral veins and 
 fmall branches, along the fides of hills, where it is 
 very apparent; this, crude, or calcined, is but very 
 little attraded by the magnet, yet digefted with 
 oil of vitriol diluted, it turned of a deep blue 
 with galls. 
 
 Rotten iron, earth, or bog-mine, found in the 
 fame mountains in plenty; this digefted with oil of 
 vitriol diluted, exhibited the fame appearance as the 
 former; when crude, it yields fomewhat to the 
 magnet, but, when calcined, much more. 
 
 I fhall clofe this chapter with fome methods for 
 difcovering mines of coal, veins of copper, lead, 
 iron, &c. 
 
 The methods ufed in Staffordfhire for difcovering 
 coal, according to Dr. Plot (12), are as follow. 
 I ft. They confult the fprings (if any be near) to 
 fee if they can find any coal-water, i. e. acid water, 
 having a car or yellowifti fediment. Above ground, 
 they look for a fmut, as they call it, i. e. a friable 
 black earth ; when they meet with either of thefe, 
 they reckon themldves under circumftances tolerably 
 good; for the finding ot coal, uhich prompts them 
 next, either to bore or fink a pit. The firft, they 
 think, is the better of the two, if the coal lies 
 (hallow ; but if they lie deep, it becomes as expen- 
 five as finking a pit. The drawing the rods of 
 the augur . xpending much time, in regard they are 
 many, and it muft be done frequently, befides its 
 leaving the fe^rchers under great uncertainties, in 
 
 refpedt 
 
 (12) Hill, of Stafford, chap. III. feft. 60.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 refped of the courfe of the coal, the draining it, 
 its goodnefs, and thicknefs; all which, in tlie fearch 
 of coal, are very confideiabic ; whereas by finking, 
 all thefe inconveniencies are removed, only the 
 charge is apparent ; for that in all virgin grounds, 
 where the coal is entire and untouched, there is often 
 a great affluence of water, fo that, fometimes, 
 the work cannot turn to account to drain it. A 
 roof of loofe rotten flone, is a certain index of iil 
 rotten coal, as a firm roof is on the contrary of a 
 good one. 
 
 Although iron ore is often found near coal, yet, 
 on the contrary, lead is feldom found contiguous to 
 it. The caufc of this is thought to be, that the ful- 
 phurous fpirit of coal is too ftrong for the produdlion 
 of that metal, upon which account. Dr. PJot (13) 
 fays, when near Mendip, there was found growing 
 to a vein of coal, 200 or 300 weight of very good 
 lead ore, it was looked on as a great rarity. 
 
 All feams of coal have their proper or peculiar 
 claffes or covers belonging to them, which, without 
 thefe marks, it would be in vain to make fearch 
 for them. 
 
 I ft, Coal is feldom found in the tops of moun- 
 tains, but in mountain-heaths, where the declivities 
 of the furface afford means of placing water levels 
 to drain the pits. 
 
 adly, The ufual covers of coals, on the fl^irts of 
 mountains, are beds of black cliivers, yeilowilh 
 freefiones, limeftones, and, fcrnetimes, different 
 layers of white and red freelfone. 
 
 3dly, A grey freeftone commonly lies next to the 
 coal, which is fpangled with fa.'phur, and which 
 changing into a bituminous plate, is the roof and 
 fupport of moft collieries. Seams of coal he com- 
 monly on the fea-dde of mountains. 
 
 4lhly, In fome parts of England, the feveral ffrata 
 are, a white foapy earth, which the miners call 
 (13) Chap. IV. fea. 29. 
 
 X coal- 
 
 305
 
 *Qg Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 coal- metal, and is a good fign ; under this, comes 
 a bed of freeftone, of a grey colour, which chang- 
 ing into a black bituminous flate, is the cover of 
 the coal, and thefe are the coal-covers of Cumber- 
 land (14). 
 
 In the difcovery of metals, the following remarks 
 may be worth notice. 
 
 Lead, copper, iron, &c, have their generation 
 in veins, running through the great bodies of 
 mountains, which are the principal receptacles of 
 the ftamina of the minerals, and of their heat and 
 humidity. 
 
 Thofe larorer figures run down the mountain 
 rather in a floping form, which is the more common, 
 or perpendicular to the horizon. 
 
 Veins which run perpendicular without any de- 
 preflion, are called flats, and the ore in them fiat 
 ore ; when the veins are thick in the belly, and fmall 
 at both ends, it is called a belly of ore, or pipe ore, 
 and is no natural vein. 
 
 Veins that run E. and W. are by all efteemed 
 the richeft. 
 
 Sometimes thefe veins are difcovered by art, 
 ifl, By the colour of the fuperficial earths, which 
 is no fmall indication, whether there be metals in 
 the bowels of it. If it be difcovered with mineral 
 exhalations, they carry a gliftering and a fhining 
 along with them. 
 
 Sometimes fulphurous exhalations arife on its fur- 
 face, and appear like an hoar-frofl. 
 
 Sometimes the fmell is fulphurous, which may- 
 indicate copper, iron, and other baflard or femi- 
 metalsi whereas all whice metals, as filver, tin and 
 lead, have no fmell. Sometimes the tafte of the 
 earth difcovcrs minerals, efpecially if it be infufed 
 in clear water, or boiled, once or twice, on the fire. 
 The mixture it contains may be difcovered, by 
 
 tailing 
 
 («4) Vid. Robinfon's Nat. Hift. of Weftmoreland and Cum- 
 berlaod.
 
 W A T E R^F O R D. 307 
 
 tafling the fcum, which rifes at the top of the 
 water. 
 
 Sometimes, when metallic ftones are found at 
 the bottom of a mountain, they may be traced up 
 to the place from whence they were broken off, 
 where one may dig or crofs-cut for the vein. Alfo, 
 when fprings of water break our, which difcover 
 the eaith or ftones of a cankerous colour. This 
 is a circumftance indicating that veins of metal are 
 near. 
 
 When trees, fhrubs and plants grow in rows, 
 as if they had been fet by a line, it often proves that 
 a vein of metal lies underneath them ; nor are fuch 
 plants fo well coloured, or oi: fo large a growth, as 
 others of the fame kind, the mineral exhalations 
 hindering their perfecflion, 
 
 Laftly, Veins of metal are fometimes difcovered 
 by chance, as by violent currents of water wafhing 
 off the outer coat of the earth, leaving the vein ex- 
 pofed to the eye. Sometimes coal and other foflils 
 have been difcovered by the plow. 
 
 Thefe are the different methods by which thefe 
 ufeful materials have, and may be, difcovered. 
 
 The ftrata, which are the natural covers of mines, 
 as well as moll mines themfelves, have a natural 
 dip and rife, as miners term it; for by fuch a 
 natural rife to the fur face of the earth, ihey often 
 break out upon the precipices of mountains and 
 hills, or by the fides of rivers, which are a great 
 encouragement to the undertaker to begin his 
 mine; whereas, if the feveral ftrata of ftones. Sec. 
 vi'ere always upon a flat or level, there could fcarce 
 be any breaking out, or outward difcoveries. But 
 in this, trials mud be made, either by guefs or at 
 hazard ; which feems to be a defign of providence, in 
 difpofing of thefe matters lo as to point them out to 
 us in this manner. 
 
 Among other indications of metals, I fhuu'd 
 have mentioned that of fpars, which abound near 
 
 X 2 iQdd
 
 3o8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 lead and copper, accompany moft other metals, 
 and are often tinged with the (learns of the metals. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Of Plants^ Treesy and other Matters relating to 
 Vegetables. 
 
 A Search after plants being not one of the leafl 
 confiderable defigns of this undertaking, it 
 would not feem improper to particularize all thofe 
 which may be found in this county, but fuch an 
 attempt would fwell this work beyond its intended 
 bounds. 
 
 It is, therefore, thought proper to take notice only, 
 I ft, Of thofe, which, though lefs rare, are the moft 
 ufeful ; and, adly. Of fuch as are rare, and either 
 peculiar to this county, or, at leaft, not commonly 
 found elfewhere. Of which, I here fubjoin a cata- 
 logue (i). The more rare, and more ufeful plants, 
 diftinguifhed by an afterifk. 
 
 I. Adian- 
 
 (0 There is (fays Mr. Ray) a great difference in refpedl 
 of plants, between the northern and fouthern countries, the 
 fouthern having a great many fpecies, which the northern mifj ; 
 and the northern have but tew, which iire wanting in the fou- 
 thern. And the reafon is obvious, becaulc there are places in 
 the fouthern countries, which agree witli the northern in the 
 temperature of the air ; as for example, the fides and tops of 
 mountains ; but no places, in the northern, fo warm as thofe in 
 the fouthern. Befides, the mechanical ules and medicinal vir- 
 tues of plants, a contemplative perlon may dilcover many other 
 properties in them. Witncfs the palm, which Strabo affiims. 
 is fit for 360 ufes ; or the cocoa, which yields wine, bread, 
 milk, oil, lugar, fair, vinegar, tindures, tans, fpices, thread, 
 needles, linen and cloth, cups, diflies, and other utenlils, 
 bafkets, mats, uinbieilas, paprer, brooms, ropes, fails, and 
 almoft all that belongs to the rigging of a rtiip, as Franc, 
 Hernander, and others affirm, of the cocoa, aloes, wild pine, 
 Ac. Vid. Ray's HilK Piantaium. Lib, XXI. Chap. 7.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 9og 
 
 1. Adianthurn foliiS longioribus pulverulentis, 
 pediculu nigro, C. B. Common black maiden hair, or 
 oak fern. On the hiil above Culhcam, 2 miles N. E. 
 from Dungarvan, plentifully. 
 
 2. TrichomanesPark. Tiichomanesfive Poilytri- 
 chum officinarum, C. B. Englifh black maiden hair; 
 this grows pretty plentifully at the entrance of a 
 cave, called Oon-a-glour, in the parifh ot White- 
 church, and on the rocky fide of the mountains of 
 Cumeragh. 
 
 3. * Peucedanum germanicum, C. B. Peucedanum 
 vulgare Park. Hogs fennel, fulphurworr, or hare- 
 ftrong; this grows S. E. of PalFage in the barony of 
 Gualtiere, near the water fide, plentifully, 
 
 4. Lapathum aquaticum folio cubitali, C. B. 
 Great water dock ; this was found near the former. 
 
 5. Alcea vulgar, major, C. B. Vervain mallow, 
 in the parifh of Kilmeaden, barony of Middlethird, 
 near the high road. 
 
 6. Chamaemelum odoratiflimum repens flore lim- 
 plic. J. B. Sweet fcentcd creeping chamomile ^ in 
 the parifh of Kilrollinta, near Ballycaroge. 
 
 7. Ofmunda regalis ieu Filix fl ;rida Park. W'ater 
 fern, or flowering fern, or ofmuad royal ; near the 
 fame place, in a bog, plentifully. 
 
 8. Ros foiis f )lio oblongo. C. B. Long leaved 
 Ros foils or Sun dew. In the fame place. 
 
 9. Virga aurea, vulg. humilior Pvaij fynops. Gol- 
 den rod ; on the hill of CuftiCc.m, ncarDungarvan. 
 
 10. Verbena vulgaris, J. B. Vcivain, between 
 Tallow and Lifmore, and in the fields near Cappo- 
 quin. 
 
 11. *Lepidium latifolium, C. B Raij Hiflcr. 
 Dittander or pepperwort ; in the parifh of Kinfalebeg, 
 near the E. lide of Youghal harbour, but m great 
 quantities at Corkbeg, in the barony of Imokiily, 
 in the county of Cork, where the common people 
 give it to women in labour, and from its efFeds, 
 call it by the name of Quick- delivery. 
 
 X 3 iz. Eryngium
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 11. Erynginm vulgare, J. B. Eryngo or fea 
 Holly ; this grows plentifully in the land near 
 youghal harbour, and is ufeful to confedtioners, 
 making a pleafant fweetmeac when candied. 
 
 i^. Cochlearia marina. Sea fcurvy-grafs ; this 
 grows in plenty on the iOes of icane, the little 
 ifland of Stradbally, and in many other places near 
 the coaft. 
 
 14. * Althaea five Bifrr.aiva, J. B. Marfhmal- 
 lows, this, although no fea plant, grows in great 
 plenty in the lame iflands of Icane. 
 
 15. AlluKTi montanum bicorne purpureum pro- 
 liferum R.nj. Purple flowered mountain Garlick, 
 this grows on moft of the pafture lands in this county, 
 and gives a ftrong tafte, in the fpring, both to 
 milk and butter ; the country people call it wild 
 garlick. 
 
 16. Trifolium paluflre, C, B. Dod. J. B. Ra[j 
 Hiltor. Euckbean ; in many parts of the county, 
 but, in'particular, in Bon-Mahon bog, in the parifh of 
 Murkfland, where it grows fo luxuriant, that its 
 leaves are fix inches long, and broad in proportion 
 (2). It is an excellent anti-fcorbutic, and its juice 
 has done great fervice in rheumatic complaints. 
 
 17. Hyacinthus anglicus, Ad. Germ. Eyft. Raij 
 Hid. Englilh Hyacinth, or harebels; in great plenty, 
 in the fame place, 
 
 18. Prunella, in Irifn Canavanbeg, felf-heal. 
 This the common people give, boiled in poffet drink, 
 in all forts of fevers, except malignant ones, and 
 expe6t great matters from it, and fome give it in 
 intermitting ones; it is faid, they ufeitin Wales in 
 the like cafes, where they call it by the fame Irifh 
 name. 
 
 19. Ceniaurium minus, C. B. flore albo, lefler 
 Centaury, with a white flower j this grows plentifully 
 
 with 
 
 (2) Where the virtue of any plant \s mentioned, it is either 
 iiew, or talccu J:om ihe particular expeiience of the auckor.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 311 
 
 with the other fort, on mofl: of our hills in this 
 county. 
 
 20. * Filipendula minor Parkinf. Dropvvort ; in 
 the mountains ol Cumeragh, here and there among 
 the rocks. 
 
 21. Glaftum. Woad. This does not grow wild, 
 but is cultivated near Waterford (3). 
 
 22. * Cotyledon five Sedum feratum latifolium 
 montanum guttato flore. Parkinf. & Raij. London 
 pride, on the top of the high mountain of Knock- 
 mele-down, in this county ^ it is alfo faid to grow 
 wild on the top of Mangerton-hill, in the county of 
 Kerry (4). 
 
 23. Sefamoides 
 
 (3) The method of managing it, is laid down by Wedelius *, 
 which confilts in reducing the plant to a beginning putrefad^ion, 
 the preparation to this purpofe being not altogether unh'ke that 
 of Indigo, and both this, and the prepared Woad, are infufed 
 with lime, and thereby yield, ift, a green colour, which, by 
 the air, becomes a blue ; by the procefs (which lee in Wedelius 
 loccit. coinpaied v/ith Boerhaave's Chap, de purrefadtione 
 vegetantium) the fulphur of the plant is exhaled, and the falts 
 are attenuated, volatilized, and advanced to an alkaline ilate ; 
 and 'tis well known, that the infufions of moil herbs, tending 
 to either green or yellow, do acquire a deeper tinfture, by the 
 mixture of an alkaline liquor, and, on the contrary, fulfer a 
 diminution of the fame tintlures by acids ; hence lime added to 
 either Woad, or Indigo, improves their tinctures. 
 
 (4) This whole plant i.s moft accurately defcribed by Mr. 
 Ray, in his Hilt. Plantar, p. 1046, where, fpeaking of the place 
 it grows, he has thefe words, Flanta inhortis noiiris frequentiffi- 
 ma e(l ubi tamen fponte oritur nobis nondum conltat, eft autein 
 proculdubio montium incola. i. e. 'tis a plant common in our 
 gardens, but where it grows naturally, is not, as yet, known 
 to US; certainly, it is an inhabitant of the mountains. Dr. 
 Molyneux fays ('\ppend. to Boat's Nat. Hift. p. 148) that it 
 grows plentifully on iVIangerton-hill m Kerry, two miles from 
 the town of Killarney, and four miles trom the callle of Ro(s. 
 The doQor adds, as far as I underftand, it is peculiar to that 
 place alone, but in this he was millaken. 
 
 * In ills Experimentum novum de fate volatili plantarura. 
 
 X4
 
 Natural and Civil Hi/fory of 
 
 25. Sefamoides falamantic. magnum of Clufius, 
 or Lychnis vifcofa flore mufcofo, C. B. Spanifh 
 catchfly, or, as it is called in Surry, Star of the earth ; 
 it is taken notice of in a letter from fir Hans Sloane 
 (5) to Mr. Ray, for its extraordinary and admirable 
 virtue in curuig the hire of a mad dog, either in 
 bealls or men ; one of his majeft) 's huntfmen having 
 proved it a great many times, difcovered to the 
 king the way of ufing it, which was by infufion ii; 
 wine with treacle, and one or two more fimples ; 
 and his miajefty was pleafed to communicate the 
 fame to the royal fociety. This plant grows plen- 
 tifully in the grove near Lifmore, over the Black-: 
 \vater river. 
 
 24. * Heienium five Enula campana, J. B. Ele- 
 campane; this was found growing wild, on the fide 
 of an hill, in the parllli of Lifmore, between that 
 place and Tallow. 
 
 25. Gladiolus five Xiphium, J. B. Raij Hiff. 
 Sword grafs, at the upper end of the Conegary at 
 Dungarvan, in great plenty. 
 
 26. * Helleborus niger hortenfis flore viridi, J. B, 
 Helleboraftrum Gerardi, wild black hellebore or 
 bear's-foot ; this was found near the church of Kil- 
 cockan, three miles E. from Tallow. 
 
 2-7. * Matricaria vulgaris feu fativa, C. B. Fever- 
 few ; near Mogehy, in the parilh of White-church, 
 plentifully. 
 
 28. * Lilium convallium vulgo, J. B. Raij Hidor. 
 Lily of the valley; by the fide of the river of 
 Collygan, in a wood, pretty plentifully. 
 
 29. Valeriana caerulea, C. B. Grasca Ger. Greek 
 valerian, or Jacob's ladder; this was found growing 
 along the bank of the Black-water river, on the N. 
 fide, between Cappoquin and Lifmore. 
 
 30. * Scordium verum, J. E. Scordium ; foijnd 
 between Lilmore and Tallow, near a brook fide. 
 
 31. * LauT 
 
 (5) Ra^'s Letters, p. 208.
 
 AVATERFORD. 
 
 31. * Laureola femper virens flore luteolo, J. B. 
 Raij Hiftor. Spurge-Jaurel ; this fpecies grew in a 
 wood, near Mogehy, in the parifh of Whitechurch. 
 
 32. Cuminum pratenfe five Carui officinarumj 
 C. B. Caraway ; this was found near Woodhoufe, in 
 the parifh of Stradbally, growing wild. 
 
 c^^. * Biftorta major radice minus intorta, C. B, 
 Biftort; near Lifmore and Tallow, on the hill of 
 Slatwood. 
 
 34. * Imperatoria, J. B. Raij Hiftor. Mafter- 
 wort; this was difcovered growing wild near the 
 former, and is, as the intelligent botanift well knows, 
 a great curiofity, it being accounted an exotick in 
 England, 
 
 ^5. Thlafpi arvanfe filiquis latis, C. B. Treacle 
 muifard, or penny Crefs ; in the fields near Cappo- 
 quin, plentifully. 
 
 ^6. Th'afpi Mithridaticum, feu Vulgatiflimum 
 vaccariae folio, Park, Mithridate muflard ; alfo in 
 the fame place. 
 
 37. Betonica purpurea, C. B. Wood betony; 
 between Cappoquin and Lifmore, in the wood on 
 the N. fide of the river. 
 
 38. Fumaria alba latifolia claviculata. Ger, emac. 
 Climbing fumitory; in the fame place. 
 
 39. Raphanus aquaticus foliis in profundas laci- 
 nias divifis, C. B. Water horfe radifli; in the Black- 
 water, near Lifmore. 
 
 40. Nymphjca alba major, C. B. White water 
 Jily ; in the fame place. 
 
 41. Nymphaea major lutea, C. B. Water lily, 
 with a yellow flower; in the fame place, and in moll 
 of the marfhy grounds. 
 
 42. Abfinthium vulgare, Parkinf Common worm- 
 wood; in great plenty, on moft parts of the coaft, 
 and in the parifh of Rineogonah, large quantities of 
 it may be had. This, though a very common 
 plant, 1 mention becaufe of its ufefulnefs, and being 
 fcarce about Dublin, and in other places. 
 
 43. * Afpar- 
 
 313
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 43. * Afparagns maritimus, C. B. Raij fynop, 
 Afparagus, or fparagus ; on the ifthmus of Tramore 
 in the fand ^ this fpecies Ray thinks, does not fpeci- 
 fically differ from the garden fort, but in accidents 
 arifing from the place of its growth. 
 
 44. Oenantheaquaticafive Cicutae fade fucco vi- 
 rofo. Lobel. Hemlock water dropvvort ; this grows 
 plentifully in a marfhy ground, near Shandon, in 
 the parifli of Dungarvan. The Irifh call it Tahow. 
 It is a poifonous plant ; for an example of which (6) 
 fee an account, in a letter from Mr. Ray to Dr. 
 Sloane, publifhed in the Append, to Boat's Nat. 
 Hift. of Ireland, p. 181. 
 
 45. Veronica vulgatior folio rotundiore, J. B. Raij 
 Hiftor. Male fpeedwell; this grows plentifully in 
 Colligan-wood, in that parifh. It is much cried up 
 of late, as doing wonders, in eafing pains of the gout, 
 u fed as tea. Dr. Charles Duggan, of Kilkenny, has 
 experienced its fuccefs this way. 
 
 46. Tormentilla, J. B. Raij Hid. Tormentil; 
 this, although a very common plant, I have men- 
 tioned here, being recommended as a good ingre- 
 dient for tanning leather (7). Thefe roots are very 
 
 eafily 
 
 (6) As a further example take the following account. Some 
 of the roots of this plant having been biought into the houle 
 of one Benjamin Godkin, a revenue boatman, in the town of 
 Dungarvan, by one of his children, his v.'ife, miftaking them 
 for common parinips, roalled fome in the embers, and eat 
 them; foon after, fhe was feized with an odd kind of folly, as 
 talking wildly and laughing, as in the Rilus Saidonicus, 
 attended with other odd kinds of convulfive motions. I being 
 called for to fee her, upon enquiring into her diforder, and 
 what flie had eaten, foon difcovered the caufe ; and immediately 
 gave her a laige araught of melted butter, as being next 
 at hand, in ordei to (ht;ath the aci imonious poifonous particles ; 
 after this ffie took a Ibong emetic, by which fhe caft up 
 what ftie had eat, and, in a few hours, caaie to her (enles, 
 being perfedlly well the next morning; and has fo continued 
 ever fir.ce. 
 
 (7) Vid. Mr. Maple's account of this matter, who affirms, it 
 aniwered, in all refpeds, asto colour, bloom, fubllance, folidity, 
 
 and
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 315 
 
 eafily propagated ; and if they could be ufed as 
 bark, it would be of great fervice to this kingdom, 
 as that commodity begins to grow fcarce, and 
 might be of great advantage for the prefervation of 
 our timber. 
 
 47. Crithmum marinum Cord. Hift. Samphire, 
 this grows, in great plenty, on moft of the fea-clifl& 
 in this county ; it is terrible to fee how people gather 
 it, hanging by a rope feveral fathom from the top 
 of the impending rocks, as it were in the air; the 
 fight of them, puts one in mind of Shakefpear's 
 beautiful defcription of Dover cliff, in his tragedy 
 of King Lear. 
 
 48. * CoraUinareticulatafeu Flabelhm marinum, 
 Raij Hifl. p. 67, Sea-fan, or fea-feather. Dr. Grew, 
 in the Mufaeum of the R. S. calls it Frutex 
 maximus reticulatus, five Flabellumm arinum maxi- 
 mum. This is a fea-plant half petrified, and is found 
 thrown up on our flioresj it has been taken up at 
 Tramore and Dungarvan. This kind of plant is of a 
 texture between that of wood and flone, and grows 
 commonly about two feet high, in the manner of a 
 fhrub, with large fpreading branches, which are fo 
 interwoven with each other, that they refemble a 
 piece of net- work ; the trunk is fhort and ftony ; 
 it grows on rocks, in the bottom of the fea, from 
 whence it is fometimes broken, and cafl upon the 
 adjacent fhores (8). Dr. Grew fays, that moll of thefe 
 
 kind 
 
 and weight, in the tanned hides, and in lefs time than when the 
 beit bark was ufed. See his tiadt, entitled, A Method of tanning 
 without Bark, publifhed in Dubh'n, anno 1739, alfo, the vote 
 of the honourable Houfe of Coniiuons, pafled in his favour, 
 that he had, after a full enquiry, anfvvered the allegations of his 
 petition ; and likewife the refolution they entered into, of giving 
 all poffible encouragement to fo ufeful a propofal. 
 
 (8) Mr. Lemery informs us that a very fine plant of this 
 kind was brought to Paris anno 1700, by M. Lignon Ironi the 
 Eafl-Indies, which was four feet high and of the fame breadth, 
 it grew out of a rock, in which its roots were petrified, adhering 
 to thefe roots were little pieces of white coral, &c. 
 
 Traite Univerfelle de Drogues, p. 678, Paris 1732.
 
 2 1 6 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 
 
 kind of fea-plants, when burnt, flinklike horn. See an 
 elegant figure of one of thefe plants in Calcearius's 
 Mufsum, Sett. i. 
 
 49. I have fometime obferved a fpecies of a fub- 
 marine fenfitive plant on this coaff, which is not un- 
 like the Fucus Dealenfis Fiftulofus Laringae Similis 
 Muf. Petiv. 406, found about Deal, by Mr. Hugh 
 Jones and Mr. James Cunningham, vid. Ray's fynop. 
 p. 39. It conliils of a long ll-nder tube, about the 
 thicknefs of the barrel of a goofe quill, growing about 
 fix or eight inches out of the crevices of the rocks, 
 and is found in fuch hollows or places as the (alt- 
 water remains in, after the tide ebbs away from the 
 adjacent parts; in the middle of the tube, fprings 
 up a long flender flalk, refembling the piflillum of 
 fome fiowers. The fummit of this piftillum rifes 
 above the tube, and confifts of a reddifh round 
 veficle ; it is probable, the top of this piftiilum is cleft, 
 but this is not eafily difcerned ; for as foon as one 
 points a finger to it, or endeavours to pul( it, vvhen 
 he is near touching it, this piflillum or ffalk with- 
 draws itfelf to the very bottom of the tube, and the 
 tube itfelf bends and becomes fiaccid. The plant 
 has neither leaves nor branches, but this fingle tube ; 
 nor can the root be feparated from the rock 
 without breaking the flalk. I have been the more 
 prolix in its defcription, having not yet met with it 
 in botanical writers. 
 
 Among other kinds of Sea-wreck on the coafts, 
 thefe following have been noticed. 
 
 50. Alga anguflifolia vitriariorum, I. B. Glafsr 
 wreck. 
 
 51. Fucus nodofus fpongiofus Gerard. Emacul. 
 This has leaves like an honey-comb. 
 
 52. Fucus five Alga marina latlfolia vulgatifllma, 
 Raij Sy nop. (9) The common broad leaved lea-wreck. 
 
 c^o^. Fucus 
 
 (9) Many fmali dark bodies adhere to the inward membranes, 
 which contain a thick, liquor i the round vefficulicon the other 
 
 leaves
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 317 
 
 53. Fucus marinus five Alga marina graminea 
 anguftifolia feminifera, Raij Synop. Branched grafs 
 leaved feeding fea- wreck. 
 
 54. Fucus folio fmgulari longillimo lato, in medio 
 rugufo, qui balteiformis dici potcft, Raij Synop. 
 Sea-belt. 
 
 ^^, Fucus, chordam referens, Raij Synop. Sea- 
 laces. 
 
 ^6. Fucus, five Alga latifolia, major dentata, 
 Raij Synop. Broad leaved indented fea-wreck. 
 
 57. Alga marina platyceros porofa, I. B. (ro) 
 Pounced fea-wreck. 
 
 58. Fucus 
 
 leaves are onl/ filled with air, arid, when bruifed fo as to break, 
 emit a noife, like the burfting of a fmall bladder. 
 
 The round dark fmall globules feem to contain the feed, 
 which, it is probable, is contained in this mucous liquor i this 
 being fplit, floats about, till it is taken up by fome ftone or 
 rock where it takes root. 
 
 (10) This is wholly diftributed into flat branches of an inch 
 broad, almoft after the manner of a flag's horns, of a rufTet 
 colour, and, as it were, all over pounced, fomewhat after the 
 nianner of a rue-leaf, or that of St. John's-wort, when held up 
 againft the light. 
 
 Of thefe marine plants, kelp is made, which, by reafon of 
 their growth, are ftrongly impregnated with fait, particularly 
 the Alga and Fucus Maritimus, and thofe which they call fea- 
 thongs and laces; when the weather is tempelluous, thefe fea 
 plants are caft up in great plenty. In order to leduce them to 
 kelp, they are removed higher, dried in the fun like hay, and then 
 burnt to afhes. The bell way of burning them, is to dig pits 
 or trenches, and over thefe, to place iron plates or wooden 
 rafters ; large heaps of the herbs being laid on thefe, and fet on 
 fire, the a/hes and fait contained in them, wiJJ fall through into 
 the pits, and cake together into a crufty fubftance, of partly a 
 black, and partly an afh colour, called kelp. 
 
 The hotteft and dried countries afford the bed, becaufe the 
 heat of the fun continually exhales the watery part, and leaves 
 the fait in great proportion behind. 
 
 In Spain, they find their account in burning large quantities 
 of it, as at Carthagena, Alicant, &c. but, it is faid, the Levant 
 furnifhes the bed of all, being brought chiefly from Tripoli in 
 Syria, and Alexandria in Egypt, They fow the feeds of Kali or 
 
 GlalTwoft
 
 ^i8 Natural and Civil Hi/lory cf 
 
 58. Fucus ph>llitides. D. Llhuyd. This is eaten, 
 like dulefh, by the common people here; as our author 
 fays, it is al fo by the common people in Wales. 
 
 *59. Fucus membranaceus, called by Ray, Dulefh, 
 with usDuIelk; our poor eat this kind, and the 
 following: 
 
 60. Fucus membranaceus rubens anguftifolius 
 marginibus ligulis armatus. Riaij Synop. Red dulefh 
 or dulefl^. 
 
 6r. Mufcus maritimus five Corallina officinarum 
 C. B. Coraline or fea-mofs; it is well known, or 
 defcribed, by moll botanic writers. The inward 
 part of this plant is truly ligneous ; the outward, 
 from whence its name, being only a crufl: growing 
 upon it. It is faid to be a gopd medicine againft 
 worms, and is given for that purpofe, but ought to 
 be ufed frefh ; for that dried, and kept in the fhops, 
 is found to "have no great efFed that way. 
 
 GlafTwort in Egypt, in places remote from the fea i and arc 
 Very careful about its management, particularly to keep it clear 
 of fand and dirt. This ingredient is moftly confumed in 
 making glafs ; of this plant and fand, common window glafs 
 is made. 
 
 Wormius fpeaking of fea-fhrubs has this pafTage. -Mirum 
 
 profedo quomodo hujus Generis vegetabilia, ex iis(Saxis puta) 
 Nutriinentum trahere valeant. Mufsum Lib. 2. Chap. 35. 
 Whereas it is evident, that they receive no nourifliment from 
 them, bur from the bodies vi'ith which they are impregnated ; 
 ar^d it is theiefore obfervable, that although the trunk and 
 branches of thel'e fhrubs are of a clofe and denfe fubllance, yet 
 their roots are always foft and fpongy, efpecially when frefti 
 gathered, the better to imbibe their nutriment ; (o that the ufe 
 of the ftony body on which they ftand, is only to be a bafe 
 to keep them fteady, and in the moft convenifent pofturc for 
 iheir growth. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 319 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 A furprifing Account of a Rock, ivbich was thrown 
 upy at the Eafi Entrance of the Harbour of 
 Dungarvan, with an attempt to account for its 
 Eruption. 
 
 THE furprifing removal of this rock out of 
 its bed, which happened during the hard 
 froft, in January 1739-40, is a fad, which was, at 
 firft, but little credited. But as curiofity drew a 
 number of people to take a view of this ftrange 
 phasnomenon, they were as much aftonifhed when 
 they faw it, as they were before at the account they 
 received of it from others, who had feen it before 
 them. 
 
 In April 1740, I went, for the firft time, to take 
 a view, and the dirnenfions of this rock ; and by 
 the advantage of a low fpring-tide, I had the 
 fatisfadion to obferve the bed in which it lay, and 
 from whence it was thrown ; its courfe, in rowling 
 up, was from E. to W. above forty yards, and the 
 track up which it rowled is very apparent; the 
 rocks it paffed over being cruflied, and broke by 
 its weight. 
 
 This rock is a very folid and hard kind of lime- 
 ftone, in fhape of a parallepiped, though the oppo- 
 fite parallelograms are not equally broad, that on 
 the top being much narrower than the bafe (as it lay 
 when I faw it) which was alfo the bafe in its former 
 Situation, and the only fide which had the appear- 
 ance of a ftone newly broke, both this fide, and 
 the place whence it came, being free from fhell- 
 fifh, weeds and flime, which all the other parts 
 were filled with. The path it rolled over is very- 
 rugged, in many places, pretty lleep, and inter- 
 rupted by hollows and cavities ; the place to which 
 
 this
 
 ^ZO Natural and Civil HiJIory of 
 
 this rock was thro-.vn, is twenty-four f°et above the 
 level of the place it -ame from, a^id about forty 
 yards diftanee, as is oefore mentioned. 
 
 The ridge of rocks on v. hich it was cafl, lie 
 on the N. E. fide of the haibour of Dungarvan, 
 about half a iniJe fr^ m a lov, fhore^ that fide of 
 the bay is quite flat, there being no promontory or 
 height from whence a rock co'ild poifibiy fail. The 
 ridge is entirely furioundeU by the fea; this rock 
 lies on its higheft parr, and is never covered at high 
 water. 
 
 Upon refleciion, 1 can think but of three caufes 
 that could poffibly furce I'o large a body from the 
 folid rock to v/i:ich it v. asjoi.ied, viz. 
 
 iff, Tiie effeds of an earti -quake (i). 2d, The 
 fury and raging of rJie fea; or, jcily, The effeds of 
 the frolf, wiiicii happened at itiat time. 
 
 Pafling 
 
 (i ) That rocks and iflands have been thrown out of the fea 
 by earthquakes, though jioi the cale heie, theie being no fuch 
 thing felt round the coalt, I fhall, foi the farisfaftion of the 
 curious reader, give ivvo very furprifing inllances, from the 
 n)emoiis of the French academy, anno I 708. p. 23. Accoiding 
 to the relation of Pere ilniignon, a jefuit niiili .nsiry toSantorine, 
 an ifland in the Archipehgo, on the coal]: or Natolia, v/ho was 
 an eye-witnefs of this phujuoiiienon, 
 
 After a /hock of the earth, there was feen, from Santorine, 
 the 23d of May, 1707, as it were a floating rock ; fome were 
 fo ra(h as to go dov. n upon it, even while it was growing under 
 their lect ; the earth of it was light, and had in it fome fmail 
 quantity of potter's clay. This new production of nature 
 jncreafed daily, till it was half a mile in circumference, and 
 twenty or twenty-five feet high; at this time, a great ridge of 
 rocks, dark and black, was leen to arife from the bottom of 
 the fea, and join themfelves to the new ifland. Then there 
 iflued out of the fame a thick fmoak with frightful noifes, like 
 a conftant thundering, or a difcharge of fix or feven great guns 
 at once. The (ca-water, being tilled with fulphur and vitriol, 
 bubbled up, the fire made vents for itfelf, and, in a fhort time, 
 this new land prcfented nothing to view, for whole nights, 
 but a great number of ftoves. which cail forth frames, and 
 a prodigious nomber of Imall (^ones, red hot, with fhowers of 
 aftes. Rocks were alfo darted out from thefe burni.ng furnaces, 
 
 inouuring
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ^zt 
 
 Pafiing by the efTd^ts of an earthquake, as not 
 being tlie caufe, there being nothing of that kind 
 obferved on the adjacent fliores ; and as the fury and 
 raging of the fea is, of itfelf, incapable of producing 
 this efFcd (2) ; I rtiall fet thefe two firft caafes afide, 
 as infufficient of themfelves to folve this phoenomenon, 
 and purpofely haften to the third caufe, viz. The 
 effedt of tlie violent frofl:, v/hich we fliall find to be 
 the primary one, and to be fufficient to produce 
 this efTcdl. 
 
 Upon my meafuring the rock thrown up, and 
 the cavity or hollow place from vhence it was 
 thrown, 1 found, that although they correfpond 
 fo far as to meafure exactly with each other, fo as 
 to leave no room, to doubt that the rock thrown 
 up came from this place, yet upon meafuring the 
 
 depth 
 
 mounting up like bombs, which fell again into the fea; this 
 conrinued till near November the fame year. 
 
 The ieconci inftance related in the fame memoirs, is of an 
 ifland, fituated among the Azores, or W. iflands, v/hich liice- 
 wife owes its Oiiginal to fubterraneous fires. On the night 
 between the 7th and 8th of December, 1720, there was felt a 
 fliockofan earthquake at Tercera, and in St. Michael, tvi'o 
 iflands, 28 leagues diftant from each other, and the new ifland 
 iffued from the juidft of hot and boiling waters, it was almofl 
 round, and high enough to be feen in fair weather feven or 
 eight leagues. But it afterwards funk, liU it became level 
 with the fur,*^ace of the water. 
 
 The ancients had a notion that Delos, and fome few othef 
 iiands, rofe from the bottom of the fea, which , how fabulous 
 foever it may appear, agrees with thefe latter obfervations. 
 
 Seneca takes notice, that the ifland Thasrafia arofe out of the 
 JEge^n fea in his time, of which the mariners were eye- 
 wit nefles. 
 
 (2) I am aware fome may poflibly objeft the violent fury of 
 the Indian hurricanes, which make fuch terrible ravages in 
 thofe countries, fuch as the blowing down of houfes, rooting 
 up of trees, and even whole woods; but fuch ctTedis are feen 
 no where fcarce out of thefe climates, and luele wr..- ^exieraliy 
 a kind of whirlwind, which blow, for the mod pa.t, from ail 
 points of the compafs at once, fo thut there is no ihelter to b« 
 had from any quarter. 
 
 Y
 
 §ZZ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 depth of the cavity, that its internal fpace was 
 large enough to contain feveral tuns of water ; and 
 I found, that this vaft rock, which was cafl up, 
 was no other than a cover to a hollow ciftern, 
 formed in the body of the folid rock, which gave 
 me a good hint towards finding out the caufe of 
 this accident. 
 
 That this ciftern might be filled with water, 
 before the eruption of its cover, is very probable, 
 ifl, Becaufe there are few cavities of this kind, in 
 rocks covered with water, but what are filled with 
 it; for water will- pervade through the minuteft 
 chinks, as we find by its palling through feeming 
 folid rocks, which are the roofs of fome caves thac 
 have a conftant dripping. When this rock was 
 thrown up, we had the mod: fevere frofi: that was 
 ever felt in the memory of man -, and, at the fame 
 time, a moft violent ftorm of wind at N. E, Now, 
 if we fuppofe the hollow or cavity of the faid rock 
 to be froze, as all the water near the coafl:, which 
 was not violently agitated by the wind, at that time, 
 was, we may feek no further for a caufe to folve 
 this phaenomenon. 
 
 It is well known, that, among the principal 
 effects of freezing, all liquids capable of being 
 frozen, as water, and all other fluids, oil excepted, 
 are dilated by froft", fo as to fwell and increafe 
 in bulk, taking up a tenth part more fpace than 
 before they were frozen, and are alfo fpecifically 
 lighter. 
 
 By dilatation, is here meant the expanfion of a 
 body into greater bulk, by its own elaflic power, 
 or by the expanfion of the air included \i\ it. Bodies, 
 after being comprefled, and again left at liberty, 
 endeavour to dilate them (elves with the fame force 
 v/hereby they were comprelled ; and accordingly, 
 they fuflain a force, and raife a weight, equal to that 
 whereby they are compreffed. 
 
 Again,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 323 
 
 Again, bodies, in dilating, exert a greater force 
 at the beginning of their dilatation than towards the 
 end, as being, at firfb, more comprefled ; and the 
 greater the comprefl'ion, the greater the eiaflic power 
 and endeavour to dilate. So that thefe three, the 
 comprefling power, the comprellion, and the eiaflic 
 power, are always equal. 
 
 Again, the motion whereby comprefled bodies 
 reftore themfelves, is ufually accelerated: Thus, 
 when comprefled air begins to reftore itfelf, and dilate 
 into a greater fpace, it is itill comprefled: And 
 confequently a new impetus is imprefled thereon 
 from the dilatative caufe ; and the former remain- 
 ing, with the irxreafe of the caufe, the eflfeift, that 
 is the motion and velocity, muft be increafed like- 
 wife. Indeed, it may happen, that when the com- 
 preflion is only partial, the motion of dilatation fhall 
 not be accelerated, but retarded ; as is evident in 
 the compreflion of a fponge, foft bread, gauze, 
 &c. 
 
 One of the laws of the elaflicity of the air is, 
 that being comprefled, the denfity of the air increafes, 
 as the -force increafes wherewith it was prefled. 
 Now, there mufl: be neceflarily a balance between 
 the adion and re-adion, i. e. the gravity of the air, 
 cold, or what other caufe may tend to comprefs it ; 
 and the elafl:icity of the air which endeavours to 
 expand it, muft be equal. 
 
 Hence the elaflicity increafing or diminifhing 
 univerfally, as the denfity increafes or diminiflies, i. e. 
 as the diftance between the particles diminiflies or 
 increafes, it is no matter whether the air be com- 
 prefled or retained by the weight of the atmof- 
 phere, or by any other means; it muft endeavour, 
 in either cale, to expand with the fame force. And 
 hence, if air, near the earth, be pent up in a veffel, 
 fo as to cut oflfall communication with the external 
 air, the prefllire of the enclofed air will be equal to 
 the weight of the atmofphere; accordingly, we 
 Y % find
 
 J 2 4- Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 find Mercury fiiftained to the fame height by the 
 eisftic force of air inchided in a glafs veffeJ, as by 
 the wliole atmofpherial prefTure (3). 
 
 In virtue of this elaftic power of the air, it in- 
 finuates itfelf into the pores of bodies, carrying 
 with it this prodigious faculty of expanding, and 
 that fo eafy to be excited; whence it neceflarily 
 puts the particles of bodies it is mixed with, into 
 perpetual ofcillations. In effecft, the degree of hear, 
 and the air's gravity and denfity, and confequently 
 its elafticity and expanfion never remaining the fame 
 for two minutes together, there muft be an in- 
 ceiTant vibration, or dilatation, and contradion in 
 all bodies (4). 
 
 From 
 
 (3) Hence the ftru£ture of the wind-gun. Dr. Halley aflerts, 
 in the Philofophical Tranfiftioiis, that, from the experiments 
 made at London, and by the Academy del Ciniento at Florence, 
 it may be fafely concluded, that no force whatfoever, is able 
 to reduce air into 800 times lefs fpace than what it naturally 
 poffefles upon the furface of the earth. In anfwer to which, 
 M. Amontons, in the memoirs of the French academy, main- 
 tains, that there is no fixing any bounds to its condenfation ; 
 that greater and greater weights, will ftill reduce it into lefs 
 compafs ; that it is only elalHc in regard of the fire it contains ; 
 that it is impofllble ever ablolutely to drive all the fire out of 
 it ; and alfo impollible to bring it to its utmo'l degree of con- 
 denfation. In reality, it appears from Mr. Boyle's experiments, 
 that the fpace which the air takes up, when at its utmoft dila- 
 tation, is to that it takes up when mod comprefTed, as 
 550000 to I. \^y feveral experiments, made by Mr. Boyle, it 
 dilated firft into nine limes its former fpace, then into 60, then 
 into 150, afterwards it v/as brought to dilate into 8000 times 
 its fpace, then into loooo, and even, at lall, into 13679 times 
 its fpace : and all this by its own expanfive force, witliout any 
 help of fire. M. Atnentons fiill difcovered that air, the denfer 
 it is, the more it will exp idd with the fame degree of heat ; on 
 this principle, he wrote a diicouile to prove, ♦' that the fpring 
 '* and v/eight of the ait, with a moderate degree of warmth, 
 *' may be able to produce earthquakes, and the rnoft vehement 
 ** commotions in nature." 
 
 {4) This reciprocation we obferve in fevera! bodies, as in 
 plants, tlie Tracheae or air-veflels of which, do the office of 
 
 lucigJi
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 325 
 
 From the fame caufe it is, that the air contained 
 in the bubbles of ice, by its continual adtion, burfts 
 the ice : And thus glades, and- other veffcls, fre- 
 quently crack, when their contained liquors are 
 frozen. Thus alfo entire columns of marble, fome- 
 times cleave in the winter-time, from fome little. 
 bubbles of included air, acquiring an increafed 
 eiadicitv. 
 
 And not only velTels of glafs are burft, but veflels 
 of iron and other metals ; befides which, it was found 
 in the obfervatory of Paris, during the great cold 
 of the year 1670, that the hardeft bodies, even 
 metals and marble itfelf, were fenfibly condenfed 
 with the cold, and became much harder and more 
 brittle than before, till their former ftate v/as 
 retrieved by the en filing thaw (5). 
 
 By 
 
 lungs; for the contained air, alternately expanding and con- 
 trading, as the heat increafes or diminifhes, prefTes the veflels 
 by turns, and eafes them again, and thus promotes a ciicula- 
 tion of the juices. Hence we find, that no vegetation or 
 germination will proceed in vacuo. 
 
 (5) Mr. Boyle gives us feveral indances of velTels, made of 
 nietals, exceeding thick and ftrong, which, being filled with 
 water, clofe ftopped and expofed to tiie cold; the water, in 
 freezing, came to be dilated, and not finding either loom or 
 vent, burft the veffels. 
 
 A ftrong barrel of a gun, filled with v/ater, clofe ftopped, 
 and froze, was rent the whole length, and a Imall b:afs veife!, 
 five inches deep, and tv^^o in diameter, filled with water, lift up 
 its lid, which was prefTed with a weight of 56 pounds. 
 
 Olearius Magnus alfaresus, that, in the city ot Mofcow, he 
 obferved the earth to be cleft with tlie iroft many yards in 
 length, and a foot broad. 
 
 Scheffer mentions fudden cracks or rifts in the ice on the 
 lakes of Sweden, nine or ten feet deep, and many leagues long; 
 he adds, that the rupture is made with a noife, not lefs terrible 
 than thunder; and, by this means, the fillies are furniftied 
 with air, fo that they are rarely found dead. 
 
 Mr. Huygens tried experiments of this kind in many veflels; 
 and he alfo filled the barrel of a mufliet with water, which, 
 being clofed at both ends, and expofed one frofty night to the 
 open air, burft with a noife equal to that of gun-powder, and 
 the crack was four inches long.
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 B}^ what is already faidj we find the cold is not 
 the principal caufe of thefe phaenomena, but rather 
 the air. That there 's no manner of etafticity in 
 water itfelf, is c ident from its being incomprefiible, 
 or incapable, by any force, of being reduced into a 
 lefs compafs (6). 
 
 Hence it is we fee the reafon, why blocks of 
 niarble fometimes burffc in cold weather ; and not 
 only marble, but even implements alfo of bell-metal, 
 carelefly expofed to the wet, have been broken, 
 and fpoiled by the water, which entering the 
 cavities of the metal, was there afterwards frozen 
 and expanded into ice, fo that we fee the rock 
 might be torn up, and fet in motion, by even a 
 fmall quantity of water lodged and frozen in its 
 interftices. Vid. Phil. Tranf nun:ib. 165. And if 
 the dilatation of fo fmall a quantity of water be able 
 to produce this efFc6t, what mufh be the force of 
 feveral tuns of water, frozen, and exacftly clofed up 
 in a ftone ciflern capable of containing it ? Ought 
 it not, in the fame manner, to exert a violent force, 
 burft its ciftern, and lift up its cover, as we find, in 
 effed, it did ? 
 
 The vaft thicknefs of the furrounding rocks, on 
 all fid^s, occafioned the refiftance to be leafl: on the 
 top of the cavity. So that, by the above-mentioned 
 caufe, this rock was torn, and forcibly cart: up, 
 with a force not inferior to that of gun-powder. 
 
 This monftrous ftone, being thus fet in motion, 
 was accelerated, and, in fome meafure, dired:ed, by 
 the dafhing and rolling of the waves, and the vio- 
 lence of the ftrong eafterly wind, which forced it 
 
 up 
 
 (6) This is plain from that famous experiment made by 
 order of the grand duke of Tufcany, in the Academy del 
 Cimento at Floience, of water being fhut up in a globe of gold, 
 and then prefTed with a huge force, it made its way through 
 the pores even of the gold, being incapable of condenfation, 
 (o that the ball was found wet all over the outfidc, till, at length, 
 making a ck/t in the gold, ft fpun out with great vehemence. 
 Vid. Clarke's Rohauit. Phyf.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 327 
 
 up the declivity ; and this appears from its coiirfe, 
 which anfwered to the dire<ftion oF the wind and 
 waves at that time. 
 
 Somewhat of this fame kind, and of the furprif- 
 ing effects of cold in Hudfon's-bay, may be feen in 
 captain Middleton's Vindication, p. 161. and in the 
 Phil. Tranf. anno 1742, numb. 465. To which 
 the curious are referred. 
 
 The dimenfions of the rock. Feet. Inches. 
 
 The length of the fide A. A. 8 6 
 
 Height at B. 6,6 
 
 Breadth at the end C. 5 6 
 
 Breadth at D D. 64 
 
 E, F. its courfe. 
 G. The reclining end, flopped by a part of the 
 
 ledge of rocks H. which lie above a mile from 
 
 the fhore. Done in a fmaller proportion than the 
 
 rock A. A. Vid. Plate IV. fig. V. 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Of Caves, natural and artificial. 
 
 NATURAL caves are generally met with 
 in limeftone grounds, more than in other 
 places. 
 
 Ragftone, grit, and mod forts of freeftone, nei- 
 ther lie in fuch beds, nor are fo clofely jointed 
 together, as to compofe the infide of thefe caverns, 
 as marble and limeftone do. The cracks and de- 
 feds of thefe latter, are often united, and ftrongly 
 jointed, by means of the ftaladical exudations, 
 which protrude from thefe kind of rocks, Thefe 
 exudations often form buttreiles, pillars and columns 
 to fupport thefe fabricks of nature. The fides, 
 jQof and floor, are generally glazed, and plaftered 
 Y 4 over
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 over with this matter, which becomes as hard and 
 firm as the flone it exudes from ; fo that ihefe 
 caverns are as lading as any other place on the 
 globe can poflibly be. 
 
 In the parifh of White-church, about a mile to 
 the eaft of that place, between it and Ballynacourty, 
 is a inofl: flupendous cavern, called Oon-a-Glou"r, 
 or the pigeon's hole; the mouth, or entrance of 
 which, faces to the S. E. and is confiderably large 
 and open ; fo that one may eafily defcend a fmall 
 declivity of about fifty feet, v/hen you then come 
 into a large oval cave, ot about 150 feet in length. 
 The floor is v/et, and exceeding flippery, being 
 conflandy moiflened by the drops which perpetually 
 diftil from the roof: Oppofite to the entrance, after 
 paffing over fonje rugged rocks, you enter into a 
 fmall chamber, where the light begins to fail you ; 
 but, by the help of candles, and the murmuring 
 found, you defcry a fmall fubterraneous rivulet, 
 running, in a natural aqueduft, through the foiid 
 rock. This rivulet finks under ground at Ballyna- 
 courty, and proceeding through this cave, rifes 
 again, at a place called Knockane, about a mile 
 from the place where it hides itfelf, forming, no 
 doubt, many other caverns, or rather a continued 
 one in its co'j/Tp. Both to the right and left of the 
 mouth of this cave, there are large chambers, into 
 which one enters by fuch narrow palfages that he is 
 forced to creep through them for a very confiderable 
 way ; v\ hich, confidering the gloorninefs of the 
 place, the coldnefs of the flones, the conflant 
 diftillation from them, and the difficulty of the 
 paflage, he mult have a more than ordinary curiofity 
 to accompli Qi. When one enters thefe chambers, 
 a tlioufand figures, and fiiapes of feveral kinds 
 of things, prefent themfelvesj- which fancy will rea- 
 dily form. The ftaladical matter defcends from 
 the roof, in the forms of pillars, grapes, feftoons, 
 foliages, curtains, and many oiher fhapes, which, 
 
 in
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 in thefe dark recefles, are not fo well obferved with- 
 out the help of many lights, two candles being not 
 fufiicient to defcry half the various figures, which 
 are produced by this vegetating fubrtance. Tlie 
 roof, in fome places, where it is confiderably high, 
 is not to be feen diftindly with a few lights. Where 
 the fheets of this matter run confiderably thin, they 
 are fo tranfparent, that one may perceive the light of 
 a candle to (hine through them, as through thick 
 pieces of horn. 
 
 From fome of thefe chambers, are palTages, which 
 lead into others, but fo narrow, that a perfon of a 
 very moderate bulk cannot get through them. la 
 thefe, one is prefented with the fame variety of dif- 
 ferent figures, in a kind of natural flucco, no lefs 
 beautiful in their fportive irregularity, than are the 
 regular artificial works of this kind. All thefe figures 
 are of the fame flaladical fubflance, which, in this 
 grotto, is moflly of a brown amber colour. The 
 outward part is a kind of bark to the reft, the infide 
 is tranfparent and cryftallized, generally breaks 
 aflant, and, in different beds, like the Judaic ftone: 
 Mod of thefe pieces emit a noife when (Iruck upon, 
 like copper. 1 was once minded to have fired a 
 piftol in thofe inner chambers; but confidering that 
 the entrance to them was narrow and difficult, and 
 that the fmoak and clofenefs of the air might extin- 
 guirti the candles, 1 forbore the experiment. How- 
 ever I difcharged one in the outward cavern, which 
 had no other eiTc<5t, than the caufing a very loud 
 report, that was quickly re-echoed among the 
 feveral chambers of this grotto. 
 
 It v/ould be needlefs to give a particular defcrip- 
 tion of the other caverns of this kind to be met 
 with in this parifh; one confiderably lefs than this, 
 and not above a few fields to the N. of it, is 
 called Oon-na-mort. Having defcended into this 
 through a very narrow pafTage, which Icarce aftbrds 
 Sufficient light when one is down, i found it to be a 
 
 confiderabk 
 
 525
 
 ^^o Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 conficicrable large cavern, but not To big as the 
 former, yet drier, and not having fo much of the 
 ftaladical matter flicking to its roof or fides. From 
 this, there is one very narrow palTage, too freight to 
 get through, which, no doubt, leads into fome inner 
 chambers, or probably to the above-mentioned larger 
 cave, as it Icems todired that way. Some devotee 
 has frequented this cavern ; for in a kind of nich, 
 on one fide, was placed a piece of a human fkull, as 
 a memento mori. Indeed, the horror of thefe 
 vaults, and fuch an additional badge of mortality, 
 are more than fufficisnt to put one in mind of ones 
 diflbiution, and feem more awful and terrible in view 
 than in reality. 
 
 On this occafion, I could not help refleding on 
 thefe lines of Milton, 
 
 But many fhapes 
 
 Of death, and many are the ways that lead 
 To his grim cave, all difinal ; yet to fcnfe 
 More terrible at th' entrance, than within. 
 
 Paradife Lofi, Book xi. v. 468. 
 Near the river Phyniik, is another confiderable 
 cavern, called alfo Oo .-a-glour, formed hi a lime- 
 ftone rock, from which de(cends the fame kind of 
 flakidical matter as \\\ the former. This cave is 
 about an hundred feet fq'iqre, and is tolerably dry, 
 but has its roof compofed of a great number of loofe 
 ftones, which feem re^dy to tumble on ones head. 
 There are feveral inward clofets, and fmall cham- 
 bers, on the left hand, and, in mofl: places, there 
 diftils a limpid infipid water. It is obfervable, 
 that the farther one enters into t^\tk fubterraneous 
 places, one meets with greater quantities of this 
 ftaladical matter, than are found towards the out- 
 ward entrance (i). 
 
 The 
 
 ( I ) The reafon may be, that there is not only a greater quan- 
 tity of this petrifying juice in the more internal receffes ot thefe 
 places, but alfo, that they are fitted for the formation of this 
 
 matter)
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 The roof of this cave is very high in feme places, 
 and looks like fo many chimneys, to the top of 
 which candles will fcarce throw a light ; but there 
 are no narrow pallages from this cave as from the 
 former; there being, befides the outward large 
 cavern, only a few clofets or fmall chambers, which 
 proceed not far into the rock. 
 
 There is another fniail cave at Bcwiey, at no 
 great diftance from the laft mentioned one, but 
 merits no particular defcription. 
 
 In the parilh of Killwatermoy, is another natural 
 cave of ,the fame kind, not far from the ruined 
 church. There are alfo fome in the parifh of 
 Lifmorej one at a place, called Bally martin, thro' 
 
 which 
 
 matter, than thafe that have a more open air. For thofe fub- 
 terraneous caverns are often found actually warmer than the 
 open air, and the operation of the cryftallization not unfre- 
 quently requiring fome confiderable degree of heat, vk^hich is the 
 cafe not only of fugar-candy, but of divers of the falls obtained 
 from mineral waters, as an ingenious phyfician afTures me, who 
 has fpent much time in making experiments this way ; and that 
 thefe exudations are no other than a fpecies of cryftals, is evi- 
 dent, both from their tranfparency, and the figure of their fides. 
 
 Thele kind of petrification, by a chymical analyfis, like other 
 forts ot cryftal, atford nothing but a calx earth, and fait. Pliny, 
 indeed, fpeaks of cryftal, as an hardened petrified water, which 
 was the opinion in his days ; but experience fliews the contrary, 
 for, inftead of refolving into water, it only affords the above- 
 mentioned principles.- 
 
 As the ordinary method of cryflallizatlon 13 performed by a 
 folution ot the laline body in water, liitei ing and evaporating it 
 till a film appears at the top, in order to load it fufficiently with 
 the faline matter, and afterwards putting it in a cool place to 
 Ihoot ; thus this rtaladical matter is formed by the faline, and 
 ftony parts of the limeilone, mixed and diflblved in the pervad- 
 ing water, v/hich, being but a drop at a time, is fufficiently 
 loaded with thele particles, and runs together in the fame man- 
 ner as all other cryftals, acquiring a firmnefs and hardnefs like 
 them, meerly from that attradive force, which is in all bodies, 
 and particularly in laline ones, whereby, when the fluid in 
 which they float is fufficiently fated, fo as the faline particles are 
 within each others attraflive powers, and can draw each other 
 Uiore than they are drawn by the fluids, they become cryftal. 
 
 33 «
 
 23? Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 which a confiderable rivulet runs, entering in at the 
 W. fide of the rock, and emptyino; irfelf about two 
 hundred yards on the E. fide, p.nd, in its padlige, 
 forming a large fubterraneous cavern, which, by the 
 falling in of the earth, is flopped at its entrance. 
 This place is a noted receptacle for foxes, badgers, 
 8z:c. Near Lifmore, are two fmail caves, one near 
 the church, on the bank of the river, of a confidera- 
 ble depth; but whether natural or artificial is unr 
 certain. Another of the fame kind is in the grove, 
 near the caftle, alfo in the bank of the river. 
 
 In the parifh of Dungarvan, near Shandon, are 
 two caves, fituated in limeftjne ground; the firft, 
 near Shandon-houfe, on the fhore fide, is about 
 forty feet fquare ; wherein is a narrow pafTage, near 
 forty yards long, giving an entrance into fome 
 inward chambers. Thefe, as well as the outsvard 
 cavern, are lined with the fame kind of flaladlical 
 matter as the former. 
 
 The other cave is fituated near the river of Col- 
 ligan, in the middle of a plain field ; the entrance 
 into which, by the falling in of the earth, is almofl 
 clofed, and is pretty deep. At the bottom of this 
 cave, a fubterraneous rivulet prefenis itfelf; but 
 where it enters under ground, or ifTues out, is very 
 uncertain. Beyond the rivulet, the cave confidera- 
 bly enlarges, and has its roof and fides hung with 
 ificles of the petrifying matter, as the others already 
 mentioned. 
 
 There is a ftupendous cave, or rather hole, in 
 the mountains of Cummeragh, which does not enter 
 idx under ground, remarkable for the difficulty of 
 its accefs, being furrounded and overfhadowed by 
 the prodigious fides of thefe mountains, and is alio 
 remarkable for a notorious highwayman, who, a 
 few years ago, was taken in it, being ftarved out 
 of his hold for want of fuftenance, no body daring 
 to attack him in it. On the fea-coaft of this county, 
 ^re many large caverns. 
 
 Near
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 Near Red-liead, towards the W. entrance of the 
 harbour of Waterford, is an hole, called Bifhop's 
 hole, being about three hundred yards diftant from 
 high-water mark, and which being funk, like 
 the fhaft of a mine, has a communication with 
 the Tea. 
 
 Black- hole is a ftupendous cave, fituated to the 
 E. of Swine's-head, runs above five hundred feet 
 under the fand, is of a confiderable breadth, and its 
 heighth equal to that of the ifle of a large cathedral 
 church. Along thia part of the coaft, are feveral 
 other caves, all produced by the working and 
 dafhing of the waves of the ocean ; one near Rath- 
 whelan cove, one near Baliymoka cove, feveral 
 wonderful caves under Great-Newtown head, as alfb 
 on moft parts of the coaft, where it is bold and 
 rocky ; as at Helveock-head, near Dungarvan. Such 
 another c-ve as Bifhop's- hole, there is at Corball}', 
 near Ballymacart-head, in the parifh of Ardmore, 
 which being funk perpendicular, has alfo a commu- 
 nication with the ocean. Moft of thefe caves can 
 only be entered into by a boat, the fea ebbing and 
 flowing into them ; they are receptacles for lliaggs, 
 cormorants, feals, and other marine creatures, 
 which harbour and breed therein ; in fome, the 
 water is very deep, and as there is no pollibility of 
 landing in them, it is not eafy to determine their 
 depth under ground. 
 
 As to artificial caves, there are but very few in tliis 
 county ; 1 have already taken notice of one, near 
 the caftle of Strancally, being formerly ufed as a 
 prifon, &c. 
 
 In the parifh of Rineogonagh, is one of this kind, 
 to which you enter by a long winding paflage under 
 ground, v/alled on each hand. The cave is about 
 twenty feet fquare, vaulted at top, and is cut in tlis 
 fide of a rifmg ground; Irom this, there are t.,vo 
 lelTer chambers, but by whom made, or to ,vhat 
 ufe intended, is uncertain. 
 
 One 
 
 333
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 One of thefe kind of caves was Jately found out 
 accidentally, by a perfon digging in a potatoe garden, 
 near Knocknefcagh, in the purifh of White-church, 
 when his /pade flipt from him, and, to his furprife, 
 ran down into the earth ; the place being opened, 
 a large cave, walled round and covered with flags 
 at top, was difcovered. The cave is near twenty 
 yards fquare, and has but a few feet of earth over it, 
 which had been tilled for many years. 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 A Defcription of the Birds obfcrved in this County ^ 
 with fame curious Remarks on Animals. 
 
 IRDS may be divided into terreftrial and 
 aquatic ; which again are fubdivided into 
 carniverous, phytiverous, fiflipedes, palmipedes, &c. 
 But without regarding thefe divifions, which may 
 be fitter for treatifes profefledly written on this fub- 
 jedt, than this fhort fketch, I fhall only confine 
 myfelf to the two general clalTes, viz. The terreftri- 
 al and aquatic. 
 
 Of the terreftrial birds obferved in this county, 
 we have : 
 
 Two kinds of eagles. The Golden-Eagle, feen 
 on the rocks and cliffs of the fea-coaft^ feldom, if 
 ever, more than two at a time. And, 
 
 The Sea-Eagle or Ofprey (i), which is lefs 
 than the former. See their defcriptions in Wil- 
 loughby. This latter, might more juftly be placed 
 among the water-birds, in the fecond clafs; but 
 
 being 
 
 (i ) In a MS. in the college library, among Dr. Gilbert's Col- 
 letlions, the author fays the Olprey has thiee old ones to each 
 nell; and that their method of taking filh is. by hovering over 
 the water, when the fun Hnnes ; the fifli, feeing their fhadow 
 at the bottom of the w.ttcr, fly fioai it to the fuiface, where 
 they are taken.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 being fo nearly of the fame fpecies I chufe to 
 mention them together. 
 
 Hawks are dirlinguii'hed into many clafTes, too 
 tedious to mention. In the fea-c!ifTs of this county, 
 there are ayries of excellent Falcons, which were for- 
 merly in great repute among our ancient kings and 
 Britifh nobility, as appears by the tenures of fome 
 lands and eftates being held by prefenting Hawks 
 from this county. Of the indocil kind, we have 
 many forts common to other parts of this kingdom, 
 as the Kite, the Buzzard, &c. and of nodurnal birds 
 of prey, we have the, 
 
 Otus, five Afio, Johnflonii, the Horn-Owl. 
 
 Strix, Aldrovand. the Brown orScreech-Owl, &c. 
 
 Other terreftrial birds in this county, which we 
 have in common with the other parts of the king- 
 dom, are thefe following. 
 
 Ortygometra, Aldrovand. feu Rallus terreftris, the 
 darker Hen, Rail, or Corncreak, a fort of fowl that is 
 fcarce, if at all met with in fome parts of England, 
 yet very numerous in this kingdom in the feafon (2), 
 which is only fhort, and lafts not above three or four 
 months in the fummer; during the remainder of 
 the year, it lies buried and afleep under ground ; 
 notwithftanding it is a common opinion among 
 the Irifh, that Rails, in winter, turn to Water-Hens. 
 In a M. S. (3) in the college library, the author 
 fays, *' he faw one about Odober, which feemed 
 " to have the body of a Water-Hen, but the wings 
 *' of a Rail; he was convinced that the Rail had 
 " moulted her body feathers, but not yet her 
 *' wings ; and adds, that as Rails are of a (hort 
 " and flow flight, they cannot be birds of palfage, 
 *' yet are never found here in winter, which is 
 " another reafon that confirmed him in the opinion 
 *' of this metamorphofis." But Dr. Molyneux's 
 
 notion 
 
 (2) Dr. Moiyneux's App. to Nat, Hid. of Ireland, p 16;, 
 
 (3) Dr. Gilbert's Collations. 
 
 335
 
 336 Natural and Civil Hijlory nf 
 
 notion feems far more probable ; however, I men- 
 tion the latter, as it was infcrted among the col* 
 lections of a fociet}-, who then were endeavonrij]g 
 to coJled materials for a natural hiflury of this 
 kingdom. 
 
 Toianus, Aldrovand. the Good-Wit or Stone* 
 Piover, which needs no particular defcription, 
 
 Hsematopu3, Eelionii. The Sea-Pye of Willoagh- 
 b) , who claflcs it under the Aves aquaticae rolTris 
 longiliimis. 
 
 Totanus, Gefneri. The Red-Shank of Willough* 
 by, clalied slfo, by him, among the aquatic fowl. 
 
 Anfer Canadenfis, The Canada-Goofe of Wil- 
 loughby, being the fame as the Vulpanfer Raii or 
 SijelUDiake, which are common in this county. 
 
 Grus, five Avis palamedis. The Crane, which is 
 a bird of palTage; during the great froft of 1739, 
 fome few Cranes were feen in this county, but not 
 iince, or before, in any perfon's memory. 
 
 Lagopus altera Plinii, called, by Willoughby, the 
 Red-Game, and, by us, the Groufe. This bird is fre- 
 queniJy found among our mountains, delighting in 
 heathy grounds, on the very higheft lands. It is un- 
 certain if we have not the Urogallus minor Raii, viz. 
 the Heath-Cock or Groufe of Willoughby, which I 
 take to be the Black-Game in England, and is alfo an 
 inhabitant of the mountains (4). 
 
 Upupa. The Whoop or Whooping bird ; a beauti- 
 ful bird, being adorned with feathers, oi divers colours, 
 with a large creft on the head, as it is exquifitely 
 well engraven, both by Dr. Carleton and Mr. Wil- 
 loughby (5). It is faid, like the Diabolus iMarinus, 
 never to appear or be heard (as the vulgar will have 
 it) till immediately before fome approaching cala- 
 mity. It is fomewhat larger than a Qiiail, its 
 bill long, of a black colour, and a little bent ; its 
 
 neck 
 
 (4) Vid. their defcript. inWilloughby'sOrnitholog. Book, 1 1. 
 5. I . and chap xii. §. 7. 
 
 (5) Onouiaft. zoicon. litul, ave: clafle coronarum.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 heck and legs are fnort, the tail long; it frequents 
 woods and mountains, alights oftener on the ground 
 than on trees, and is a very folitary bird. 1 never 
 heard of above one being ken m tiiis county ; 
 this was fhot upon the rmns of the old church of 
 Stradbally, during the grear froft of 1739, and was 
 Jong in the poiTelfion of the late Mr. Maurice Uniacke, 
 of Woodlioufe. 
 
 Pica Glandana, Aldrovand, PicaG!andaria,Johnfl. 
 The Jay. Willoughby makes it a fpecies of the Cor- 
 vus. It is pretty common in our woods. See the 
 defcription of it in the above cited authors. 
 
 Palumbus fivQ Paiumbes, the Wood-Queft, Wood- 
 Culver, or Wood-Pigeon, frequent in this county, 
 both in the v/oods and fea cliffs, where they breed. 
 Tiiough the latter are commonly called Rock- 
 Pigeons ; but whether there be a difference between 
 them, I am not certain. 
 
 Monedula qu. Monetula, quia Monetas Surripit, 
 the Chough, Daw, Cadefs, orJack-Dav/, very com- 
 mon in this county, as alfo in moft parts of this 
 kingdom. 
 
 Cuculus. The Cuckoo. 
 Anas Sylveftris, the Wild-Duck. 
 Gallinago vel Scolopax, the Wood-Cock, by fome 
 authors ranked among the aquatic birds, as it 
 frequents v/et places. It is a bird of padage, coming 
 over hither about the beginning of October, and 
 departing again about the beguiling of fpring. 
 Yet they pair before they go, flying two together, 
 a male and female. Mr. Willoughby thinks they 
 remain the year round in Germany •, for at Nurem- 
 burg, he faw them fold in Auguft. It is certaiuj 
 they continue on the Alps, and other high moun- 
 tains, all the fummer; for he fluilied them on the top 
 of the mountain Jura in June, or July. Somerimcs, 
 ftragglers left behind, when their fellows go off, re- 
 main in thefe countries all the fummer 
 
 Z Gal- 
 
 ?>3'
 
 2^8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Gallinago Minor. The Snipe, vyliich by the Latin 
 name, arid the French word, B^ccaJiine, feems to be 
 a leiTitr fpecies or diminutive of the former. 
 
 Perdrix, the Partridge. 
 
 Cotiirnix, tlie Q^iai]. 
 
 Anfer fyivefuis, the Wild-Goofe. 
 
 Qiierquediila, the Teal. 
 
 Phivialis, the Plover, both green and grey, 
 Thefe birds, being common to us with other parts 
 of the kingdom, are fo well kno\yn, that they re- 
 ^ quire no particular defcription. 
 
 Picus Martis, (fo called from this bird's having 
 been anciently confecrated to the God Mars.) The 
 Wood-Pecker (6), a bird rare in this county. 
 
 Of the lelTer, or more common kind of birds, 
 we have great numbers in this county ; as, 
 
 Hirundo Domeliica, the Swallow (7). 
 
 Mota.. 
 
 (6) This bird Iins a bill curiouflv made for the digging of 
 wood, ftrong, hard and Iharp j a great ridge runs along the top 
 of the bill, ns if an artill had defigned it for ftrength and neat- 
 nefs ; their thighs are ftrongand inulculous, their legs ftortand 
 very ihong, the tees (landing two forward and two backward, 
 and are clofe joined together, that they may the more llrongly 
 and firmly lay hold of the tree they climb on. They have an 
 hard ftift tail, bending downwards, on which they lean, and fo 
 bear theinfelves up in climbing. The Ihuiiture of the tongue 
 is very fingular and remarkable, v/hether we look at its great 
 length, its (jones and mufcles, itsencompafling part of the neck 
 and head, the better to exeit itfelf in length, and again to re- 
 trad it into its cell; and lafUy, whether we look at its fharp 
 homey bearded point, and the glewy matter at the end of it, 
 the better to itab, to Kick into, and to draw little maggots out 
 of wood, it builds its nell fo artfully, in the hollows of trees, 
 that it would puzzle the ableft geometrician to imitate it. 
 
 (7) Swallows have remarkable /hort legs, and their toes 
 grafp any thing very llrongly ; this is ufeful to them in building 
 their ne'.ts, and on other occafions, which neceifitate them to 
 hang frequently by their heels. But there is far greater ufe ot 
 this llrutlurc of their legs and feet, if the report be true of 
 their hanging by the heels, in great clulUrs (alter the manner 
 
 of
 
 W A T E R F O R D. S39 
 
 MotaclIIa, Johnfl. the Water-Swallow, or Water 
 wag tail. 
 
 Lutea Avis, the Yellow-Iiammer, 
 
 Alauda Vulgaris, the Lark, of vvliich we have 
 many kinds. 
 
 Aur^vitis, the Gold-finch, or Thiflle-finch. 
 
 Turdus, the TlirullT. 
 
 Meriila Vulgiris, the common Black- bird. 
 
 Rubecula, rhe Robin- red- bread. 
 
 Linaria Avis, five /Egithus, the Linnet, green 
 and grey. 
 
 Sturniis, the Starling or Stare. 
 
 Rubicilla feu Pyrrhula, the Bull-finch, Alp or 
 Nope. 
 
 Pafler Domeftlcus, the Houfe-Sparrovv, and many 
 other different fpecies. 
 
 Of aquatic birds, we have the following in this 
 county. 
 
 Cattarades, the Gannet. 
 
 Anas fere fufca, of Gefner, Ray, and z'VIdrovan- 
 dus, called, in the north, the Gold-head, and, with 
 us, the red- headed Widgeon. 
 
 Graculi Palmipedes, Raij. Commonly called 
 Shags, very like to Cormorants, only kCs. Mr. K '.y, 
 in his travels, fays, he faw them breed upon tre.-.s 
 
 in 
 
 of bees) in mines and grottos, and in tlie rocks hy the Tea all 
 the winter; of the latter, Mr. Derham relates a llory, which 
 the learned Dr. Fry told at the univerfity, and conlirnied to him 
 Jince, viz. that an ancient fi(lierman, accounted an honeft man, 
 being near feme rocks, on the coall of Cornwali, iaw, at a very 
 low ebb, a black !i!l of lonieihineadheiing to the rock ; which, 
 when he came to exanriiie, he found it was a great number of 
 Swallows, that weie covered by the Tea waters, but revived in 
 his v>;arm hand, and by the fire. All this the filheriiian hfmfelf 
 afTured the dodor of. Vich Derham's Vh. Theol Book. vil. 
 chap. I. note m. and chap. iii. noted. In a M. S. in the 
 library of Trin. Coll. Dublin, there is an account of one xMr, 
 Knox, who fays, he faw, in winter time, a number of Swallows, 
 in a difficult cavern, in the barony of KiUmacrenan, and 
 county of Donegal, which were flying and chattel ing, and not 
 fleeping. But this feeuis fabulous.
 
 340 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 in Holland (8), which furprifed him, they being a 
 web-footed fowl. 
 
 Bernicla feu Bernacla. Barnacles, which we have 
 in plenty in winter, being of as good a relilh as at 
 Londonderry, Wexford, or elfewherc; we have the 
 fame kind of grafs dcfcribed in the appendix to 
 Boat's Nat. Hiftory of Ireland (9), which, it is faid, 
 they feed upon, and which gives them that pecu- 
 liar fweetntfs, in thofe places where this grafs is 
 found. The roots of this grafs are white and ten- 
 der, and of a fweetnefs refembling liquorice ; 
 great quantities of it are often caft up on the coafl 
 after a ftorm. 
 
 Puffinus Anglorum. The Pufiin, Thefe we have 
 on the coalt ; but whether they breed here, or not, is 
 uncertain. They are lefs than a tame Duck; their 
 bill like that of a Penguin's, except that the horn 
 of the nether beak is not rnortened as theirs, but 
 contrariv/ife is obliquely prolonged from the mar- 
 gins; it is alfo fhorter, lighter, and ftronger. Mr. 
 Willoughby fays, when they fight, they will hold by 
 their bills fo hard, as to break one anothers necks 
 before they part. He adds, that what they eat by 
 day, they difgorge by night, into the mouths of their 
 young ; they breed in Iceland, in the ifles of Man, 
 Ferro, and the Scilly ifles. It is faid, they lay their 
 eggs under ground. Thefe fowl, as well as the 
 Penguin, and Guillemot, all want their heel or under 
 toe. They have all black backs, but their bellies, 
 which are much under water, are white. They lay 
 but one egg at a fitting. 
 
 Corvus Aquaticus, Willoughby & Raij, the Cor- 
 morant (10), not much different from the Shag, 
 being only fomewhat lefs. 
 
 Larus 
 
 (8) Obfervations Topographic, p. i'^. (9) Page 192, 
 (co) In a MS. in the college libraiy, the author lays, he re- 
 claimed a Cormorant, which took fi(h very well, but was killed, 
 by accident, before he was perled ; and he thought thefe fowl 
 might be made ferviceable this way. ll is not improbable, he 
 
 means
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 341 
 
 Larus Grifeiis maximus. The great Grey-GulJ, 
 by fomecal'ed the Herring-Gull. See its dercriptiori 
 in Willoughby. 
 
 Larus cinereus minor. The common Sea Mew 
 or Gull. See its defcription in the lame author. 
 
 Columbus major. The great Loon-Dtuiker or 
 Artfoot, and| by us, commonly called a Loon; 
 is reckoned a cloven footed water fowl, has a 
 narrow ftrait fharp pointed bill, no tail, fmall fhort 
 wings, the legs are fet on fo near the rump, and To 
 far from the centre of gravity in the bird, that 
 it can neither fly, nor conveniently walk, but feems 
 wholly contrived for quick fwimming, and eafy 
 diving. Its toes, though not webbed together, 
 have lateral membranes all along each fide of them, 
 and broad claws, like human nails. Some there are 
 which agree with thefe in every particular, except 
 their having tails, nor is it certain whether they be 
 of a different fpecies. 
 
 Fulica, Johnfl:, Mergus niger & Pullus aquaticus, 
 Alberti. The Coot or Bald-Coot, a particular 
 defcription would be needlefs, being common in 
 other places, though only feen here during the hard 
 froft in 1739-40. 
 
 Alka, HoicD, the Auk, Razor-bill, or, by fome,the 
 Murr, of which it is a fpecies. They frequent our 
 fhores in winter. See a defcription of this bird in 
 Crew's Mufaeura, p. 72. 
 
 Phafcas Avis, the Murr, a kind of diver, lefs 
 than the Razor-bill, the feathers generally black j 
 thefe alfo frtquent our coafts, and are well known. 
 
 Columbus minor, the Didapper or Dobchick, a 
 fmaller fpecies of divers, have been fornetimes 
 killed in this county. 
 
 Gavia, five Larus maximus, a fpsrcies of the 
 larger kind of Sea-Gulls, called, by feamcn, theMake- 
 
 (hite, 
 
 means that kind of Corrr.oriint, caiied; in fume places, the 
 Aland Hawk. 
 
 Z
 
 •42 Natural and Ctvil Mi/lory of 
 
 Hiite, from its beating the lefTer kind of Gulls, till 
 they void their excrements, which they nimbly 
 catch before they fall into the water, and devour 
 them. 
 
 Of birds well known, of unufual colours, I have 
 met with but one inllance, viz. a White- Sparrow, 
 which colour (ii) m.ight proceed from a defed of 
 moifture and nourifliment -, and it has been a 
 received, though vulgar opinion concerning birds, 
 that they may become white, by plucking off their 
 firfl feathers, which will caufe their new ones to 
 come forth of that colour, even in a fpecies that 
 feldom are of it. 
 
 §. ri. Among ot!:er remarks that may be made 
 mpon anim.als, I fiiall firff: mention an odd inflance 
 in relation to the earlinefs of the fecundity of 
 black catde, \\i. of an heifer, in the p^rifh of Dun- 
 garvan, that, not long fince, had a calf before file 
 v/as a year old, v/hich v^as fufficientiy attefted to me by 
 the owner, Thefe fort of cattle going nine months, 
 it m:ufl: be either admitted, that this calf took bull 
 at about two m.onths old, or that their dams caft them 
 at firft pregnant with others (12). Dr. Plot, in his 
 
 natural 
 
 (11) Many other animals, as well as birds, have been pro- 
 duced of colours unufual to the f^pecies, and as brifk and well 
 liking as any others, as white rau, mice, Sjc. and alfo v/hite 
 fawns, where there was not a white buck or doe in the park ; 
 and it is no unufual thing, even in this county, to meet with 
 •white hares alll-. Sir Francis tJacon reckons white a penurious 
 colour, and a certain indication of a fcarcity of ah'mcnt ; 
 xvhence it is, fays he, that violets, and other flowers, if they be 
 ilaived, turn white, as birds and hories do by age ; and the hoary 
 hairs of men ire produced by the fame reafon : It is well 
 known, that plants may be changed white, by applying lime, 
 or other hot dry malter, to their roots. 
 
 (12) An inflance of the faaie kind may be ^Qtn in the Mifcel, 
 Curiofa Phyf Germ. An^. f. Obferv. 36. That in the year 
 1663, there was a cow in Hungary, that brought forth a calf, 
 with a great belly, wherein there was found another cult, with 
 all jti liiubs perfect. BarthoHne conjeQures, that, in fuch pro- 
 
 du£lionj
 
 WATERFORD. 345 
 
 natural hiftory of Oxfordfliire, gives us a like 
 infiance, as he alfo does in his hiftory of Staftord- 
 fhire^ to which the curious reader is referred. 
 
 It is no uncommon thing to find balls of hair, 
 covered over fometimes with a fmooth fhining coat, 
 in the fromachs of black cattle, of wiiicli I have 
 been informed of many inffances in this county ; 
 thefe are occafioned by their lickirg themfelves, 
 and fwallowing the hairs that comes oiT, in large 
 quantities; which, being elaborated in the firft or 
 fecond ventricle, they are generally found compaded 
 together, much after the m.unner, as tlie wool of an 
 hat by the hands of the workman ; and if it lie any 
 time in the ftomach, is covered with a pretty thick 
 fhell or coat, from the flime it there miCets with. 
 When it lies there long, it is ufually of a chefnut; 
 but, if a leiTer time, of an afli colour ; and, if taken 
 out of the ftomach foon after it is formed, it has no 
 coat, but is a meer ball of hair (13). 
 
 In the m.ountauis of Knockm.eledown, we have 
 fome remains of the red deer, but (o few, that, it 
 is to be feared, the fpecies will, in a fev/ years, be 
 extind, efpecially if a little more care be not taken of 
 them (14). And that tliis is not improbable, may 
 be allowed from the failure of another fpecies of deer 
 
 m 
 
 duciions as thefe, nature infended only twins ; and b/ fo-ne 
 error, oneof iliem niight be thrufl i!ito_ the belly ci tiic other, 
 over which a flcin uiiglu eafiiy be fijperinduced. 
 
 Th. Bartholin. Anat. Med Hor. HiHor. 66. 
 
 (13) Thefe kind oi' bails are caiied, by Fliny *_, Tophi 
 N);;iicantes; aad, he fays, they are only to be fou:!d ici tlie 2d 
 ventricle or reticulum. But they aie alfo to be met with in the 
 intelliries, and are caft forth by ilool, &s Sauhinusowns. They 
 are fometimes found in the inteitines of horfes i and Uauhine 
 calls them Be/oar uOjUiiiU'". 
 
 * Piin. N;it, Hi(t. Lib. 2. C. 3. Bauhin de lapid Be?. C 4. & C 14. 
 
 (14.) This Ipecies is not the Ce.'VDKPalmatusot Geii.er, but, 
 by the agreement of Clufius, Bellotiius and I'eyerus, the Placy- 
 ceros of'Pliny (Lib. 2 Ccp. 37-) deiciibed by IkUonius. -n 
 
 Z, 4 
 
 loiiie
 
 344 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 in this kingdom, commonly called the moofe-deer; 
 of which, we fhould have no manner of remaii}5;, 
 were it not for the horns and fl^eletons, fomehmes 
 difcovered, by digging, under ground. The curious 
 are referred to fome account of this creature, given 
 by Dr. Molyneux, in the appendix to Boat's Natural 
 Hiftory of Ireland. 
 
 No cattle ivnpcverifh land m-ore than deer of 
 all kinds, v.hich, probably, may be owing to the 
 annual cinling of their horns ; thefe, ic is well 
 known, abound with volatile fals; fo that there 
 mud be a pr;varion of thefe falts in their dung and 
 urine ; what renders the excrements of other animals 
 id beneficial for the manuring of land are thefe 
 fairs. 
 
 The Irifh greyhound, though formerly abounding 
 in this county, is Jikewife become nearly extinct. 
 This dog is much talle-- than the maftiff, but made 
 more like a greyhound, and for fize, flrength and 
 fhape, cannot b^^ equalled. Mr, Ray affirms, he is 
 the higheft dog he had ever feen. Heretofore they 
 u-ere made ule of in catchuig v/olves, and from 
 thence were probably called wolf-dogs ; but fince the 
 woods have been deftroyed, and confequently the 
 wolves who found llielter therein ; this beautiful 
 Ipecies are grown extremeiy fcarce, infomuch that I 
 have known twenty^-five guineas paid for a brace of 
 them. By a treaty entered into between kincr 
 Henry II, and Roderic, king of Conaught, in the 
 year 1 1 75, we find, it was exprefsly ftipulated, 
 among other articles, that the vaffals of the latter, 
 liiouid furnifli havvks and hounds, annually, to the 
 Englifh monarch. To Ihew further the eftimation 
 in which they were held, we are told, that fir Thomas 
 Roe, ambaifador to the great mogul, obtained 
 
 larse 
 
 fon;e particulars erroncouny, v. g, with a long tail ; it is vul- 
 garly called Daiiia, Lul it is not the Daina ot the ancients; the 
 ^''icuclx call ic Duioj and the Germans Datu birih.
 
 W A T E R F O R D, .4,^ 
 
 large favours of that monarch, on account of a 
 prefent of them, which he made in 1615. In the 
 rolls office, there is extant, a privy feal of king 
 Henry VIII. obtained at the iuk of the duke 
 Alberkyrke of Spain, for the dehvery of two gos- 
 hawks, and four Irifh greyhounds, to the Spanifh 
 marquis of Deflarava and iiis fon, and the furvivor 
 of them, yearly ; which furti;er evinces the value fcr 
 upon them by foreigners. And, among the earl of 
 Cork's manufcripts, I have met with the follou mg 
 original letter, from the lord deputy Falkland 
 to his lordHiip, dated Chichefter houie, Augutl 
 the z3d, 1623. 
 
 *' My Lord! 
 
 " I have lately received letters from my 
 *' lord duke of Buckingham, and other my looble 
 " friends, who have entreated me to fend fome 
 *' greyhounds and bitches out of this kingdom, of 
 *' the largeft fort ; which 1 perceive they intend to 
 *' prefent unto divers princes, ard other noble 
 " perlons. I am given to underhand, that there 
 *' are goad ftore in your country ; and therefore, I 
 *' pray you, eitlier by yourfelf, friends or neighbours, 
 *' to procure me one brace, either of good dogs or 
 *' bitches, and them to fend unto me, with all the 
 *' fpeed you may; and if you can polfibly let them 
 " be white, which is the colour moft in requeff, 
 '' herein you fhall do me a favour, which I (liail 
 "be ready to requite; and fo, expeding }our 
 " anfwer by this bearer, 1 commit you to the pro- 
 " tedion of the Almighty and rcll 
 
 " j^our lordfliip's 
 
 " very allured friend ! 
 
 Falkland, dep," 
 
 C H A P.
 
 .^5 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 Some Remarks on Infers. 
 
 TH E curious reader is not to exped any thing 
 accurate on this lubjedt ; all I have to (ay 
 bemp only fome ^t'^ff remarks I have made on 
 this part of the creation, no Jefs worthy of our 
 notice, as Pliny (i) oblerves, than other larger 
 animals, obfervations of this kind being the relult 
 of much time, diligence and leifure, as may be 
 feen by the writings of Moufet, Johnfton, Ray, 
 Malpighy, Segnior, Redi, Swammerdam, &c. to 
 whom 1 would refer fuch as have either will, or 
 leifure, to purfue thefe matters, which would, un- 
 doubtedly, be of fervice in clearing up the natural 
 hiftory of this kingdom. 
 
 Among other kinds of in feds, I fhall iirfl mention 
 thofe called, by feamen and others, barnacles, which 
 adhere to rocks, the bottoms of fliips, old timber, 
 &c. of which there are plenty in thele feas. As for 
 the vulgar opinion of a bird breeding in them, 
 which fome have affirmed with much confidence 
 (2}, it is, without all doubt, falfe and frivolous; all 
 the ground of the fancy, as I conceive, being 
 becaufe this infect hath a bunch of cirre, fomewhat 
 refembling a tuft of feathers, or the tail of a bird, 
 
 which 
 
 (0 Lib. II. Chap. 2. 
 
 (2) Of which Michael Mayerus hath written a whole boo!:. 
 The barnacles, which are laid to breed in timber, being hatched 
 of eggs, like other birds, of their own liying. The Hollanders, 
 in their third voyage to difcover the N. E. pafTage to Cathaia 
 and China, in 80 deg. of N. latitude, found two iilands, in one 
 of which they obferved a great number of tliefe fowl lifting on 
 their eggs, &c. as Dr. Johnfton relates out of Pontanus. As for 
 thele fhells, they are a kind of Balanus Marinus, as Fabius 
 Cclunina proves, never corning to be any other but what the/ 
 arc, onl^ grov/ing larper as other Ihellsdo.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 
 
 which it fornetimes puts out into the water, and 
 draws back again. Mr. Ray round fome of thcfe 
 fhellsnear the ifland of Malta, wliich is far fouiherJy, 
 and confequently a great way from the fcene oi the 
 barnacle fable (3], 
 
 It is a little furprifins;, tl^at fo grofs an opinion, as 
 thefe fhelis producing- the barnacle ftiwi, fhould ob;ain 
 credit with fo many learned men. Ht«!fior Bcjetius 
 (quoted by Gefner and Dr. Turner) confidently 
 •nilerts, " That, in the Orcadcs, are cenain worms, 
 *' growing in hollow trees, which, by dc^grees, 
 *' obtain the feet, head, wings, and all ihe feathers 
 *' of a water-fowl, which grows to the bignefs of a 
 *' goofe." Scaliger (4) alfo defcnbcs this fuppcfed 
 bird within his (hell. Sir Robert Murray, m the 
 Philofophical TranfacStions, fecms to be of the fame 
 opinion : but certain k is, all that is faid of a bird is 
 fabulous (5). Rarth(;!ine is of opinion, that it belongs 
 to a kind of Cancelius ; but the moft probable is 
 that of Dr. Grew. 
 
 Upon the pulling down of an old chapel in the 
 cathedral church of Waterford, there was a very 
 large and unufual kind of butterfly diicovered alive, 
 which, when taken, made a Iqueaking noife. It was 
 near two inches long, with large expanded wings, 
 and beautifully coloured ; but what was miofl re- 
 markable, there wasdepidled between the fhoulders, 
 on the back, the exaft reprefentation of a death's 
 head, in black and white colours. This infect was 
 
 i.i 
 
 (3) In a letter to Mr. Ray* from Mr. JohnRon, he conjec- 
 tures thefe to be the ipawn cf Oirimps, but with no great reafon 
 or probability. This kind of Hiell, Dr. Giew calls, thefl.it centre 
 fheil, Baianus ComprefTa, and Concha Anatifcra, becaulfi 
 fuppcfed, by fome, to be the egg of the barnacle; but he 
 ioiapines, with Columna, that it is a fort of a cer>trt:-fticil, as 
 being fixed in like manner upon its baic, and conipolfed of 
 feveral (liclly parr.s, 
 
 (4) Ex<^fcit. 59. towards the end. (5) Kift. Ctnt. 6. 
 
 * Raj's Lcuers, p. szi, 
 
 !47
 
 M 8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 in the poffellion of the right rev. the late lord 
 bifhop of Waterford, who waspleafed to favour me 
 with a fight of it (6) ; and is now in the polTeliion of 
 the ingenious Mrs. Watfon, fruit and flower 
 painter, Dublin. 
 
 Wafps nefls have been difcovered in this .county j 
 one of which is in the repofitory of the Phyfico- 
 Hiilorical-Society, and was found near Lifmore. 
 See the figure in Johnfton, the Spe(f\acle de la 
 Nature, tzc. It is compofed of a great number of 
 ceils, inade up of the fmall fibres of plants, cohering 
 together as in paper, as may be feen with a mi- 
 crofcope. Wild bees make their nefts of the fame 
 kind of ftuff, which may not improperly be called 
 bee- pa per. 
 
 Of bees, we have good plenty in this County n 
 fo much, thi-.t honey is very reafonable, though a 
 good quantity is confumed in making a vinous li- 
 quor, called metheglin, but, in other places, mead. 
 This liquor, wlien old, emulates the richeft Canary 
 wines in flrength and flavour; and being of a more 
 balfamic quality, and far lefs preying, leem.s to be 
 more wholefome, and agreeable to our conftitutions; 
 and Vvcre our peop'e to take example by thefe in- 
 dufrrious infects, they^ might propagate as many 
 flocks as would aflford large quantities of this agree- 
 able drink. The profit and advantage arifing trom 
 bees has been tliought fo confiderable, thatnumber- 
 leis trads have been written and publilhed, full 
 of experiments, diredions, and methods to be u(ed 
 in the menage of thofe infects among the ancients. 
 The celebrated Latin poet has been very particular 
 in his Georgics ; and the beft writers in our lan- 
 guage, among tiie moderns, on this fubjed, are, Mr. 
 
 Charles 
 
 (C>) It may be worthy of remarl:, that v\'hat fee:n? to be a 
 pov.'cer upon tne wings of" a butcerfly, is an innumeiable com- 
 pany ut cxtretJie hi»a!l ("cuihers, not to be difcerned vvitiioutthe 
 help of a microfc'jpe. Vid. Power's iVJicrolcop. obfervatior , 
 aiiU Dr. Hook'i micrograpliy. Chap, 14,
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 Charles Butler, Mr. Henry Gurney, Mr. John 
 Levets, Mr. Edmund Southern, Mr. Richa'-d 
 Remnant, Mr. Hartlib, and Mr. Riifden ; which 
 iaft was approved of by the Royal Society, and 
 printed, ann. 1679, ftiling himfelf bee-nnaflcr 
 to the king's moft excellent majefty, viz ki;)o- 
 Charles II (}]). 
 
 Among other infefls I have taken notice of a 
 kind of worms in trets, firlt fhewed me at Ballyn- 
 taylor, by John Uilier, efq ; a true promoter and 
 encourager of this defign, whicli feem to be the fame 
 as are named by Wolfeflan, in the Philofophical 
 Tran factions, numb. 6^^ Xylopthori, or, Vermes 
 Arbojrei, or, Scolopendra?. Tiiough thofe of the 
 latter kind differ from fuch as I have noticed, they 
 not being Multipedes, as the Juli and Scolopendrse 
 are, but rather a long fmooth worm, fometimes a- 
 bout two inches in length. They are often found in 
 the very thickeft part of the trunks of trees, by 
 cleaving and fpiitting them ; in which places, they 
 work themfelves coniiderable cavities, of an oblong 
 form, the infide of the wood being generally flimy, 
 and tinged of a reddifli colour. The wood thefe 
 nymphae (for fuch I take them generally to be) 
 are found in, are commonly willow, birch, crab-tree, 
 &c. for that they are m.aggots or nyniphae of fome 
 other infe»5t, I make no queftion, which happening, 
 by fome means or other, to mifcarry, by the 
 wood growing over the parts where they were 
 laid, are changed into thofe kind of worms (8). 
 
 ft 
 
 (7) Polio Rornulus, who was above 100 years old, being 
 afked by Auguftus Csiar who then lodged at his houfe, whac 
 means he uied to preferve himfeif to that extreme old age, and 
 to maintain that vigour of" body and mind he law he enjoyed, 
 anfweied, Inter niulfo, foris oleo. i. e. that he had uled 
 metheglin within, and oil without ; as lord Bacon, in his hiltory 
 of lire and death, informs us. Operat. 2. numb. 13. 
 
 (8) For brevity fake, in this matter I refer the inquifitlve 
 reader to Dr. King, Dr Litter,- and Mr. Wilioughby in the 
 Piiilolophical TranlaCtions, numb. 65, 74, 160. and the 
 Journal de Scavans, June zz, 16S2. 
 
 349
 
 ^50 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 
 
 It is not very ftirprifing, llut we do not find 
 the eggs of thefe in feds in the wooden cavities, 
 when even the learned and ingsniciis Dr. Lifter (9) 
 confefles, whatever diligence lie ufed, he could ne- 
 ver difcover any eggs in the centre of that by -fruit 
 which grows on the leaves of the oak, and which we 
 call galls, or oak-balls, but a worm conftantly at 
 their very fir ft appearance ; true it is that neither 
 the plants on which thefe excrefcences grow, nor 
 thefe excrefeencesihcmfelves, do any way contribute 
 to the generation of thefe infeds, as Redi (10) 
 imagined; but that they have their origin from a 
 parent infecl, which firft fixed its egg where the 
 gall rofe, and included it. 
 
 Not only trees and vegetables have their refpeclive 
 infecls,^ which inhabit them, but even ftones, which 
 lerve thofe kind of v/orms, called Lithophagi, both 
 for ft)od and habitation. One would think it no eafy 
 matter to believe, that thofe little creatures can fub- 
 fift by gnawing ftones ; and yet there is nothing more 
 certain, thefe worm-eaten ftones being to be found 
 almoft every where, and in great quantities on all 
 the fea-coaft. Thefe ftones are g':inerally limeftone. 
 Grit or freeftone are feldom found eaten in this 
 manner, though M. de la Voy (11) tells of an ancient 
 wall of freeftone, in the Benedictine abbey of Caen, 
 in Normandy, fo eaten Vvith worms, that a perfjn's 
 hand might be run into moft of the cavities. 
 
 Thefe are, probably, the fame kind of infe6i:s 
 tluU take fuch delight in eating (hells, many of 
 which are devoured through by them, and, in a 
 manner, filled with innumerable cells, like thofe of 
 an honey-comb, but infinitely fmalier. Thefe kind 
 of worms are covered with a very minute fhell, 
 greenilh and afh-colourcd, having large flattifii heads, 
 
 with 
 
 (9) Phiics. Tranf. W. 75. 
 
 (10) Franf. Red de Generaf. Infefl. p. 234. 
 (ii) Derham's Phy. Theo. B. IV. Ch. 11.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 351 
 
 with a wide mouth, and four black Jaws, and 
 that they breed in thofe cavities^ which they gnaw- 
 in the ftone, is manifeft: from their eggs being found 
 therein (>2). 
 
 Of other winged infers, I have noticed but a few 
 and thefe, indeed, not accurately enough to advance 
 any thing with certainty ; but fuch as have ieifure 
 or inclination to fludy thefe matters, are referred 
 to the authors mentioned in the beginning of 
 this Chapter. 
 
 (12) Vid. Philos. Tranf. N''. 18. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 Of ancient Monuments^ Danifh Raths, Circular 
 Fortifications^ round Towers^ and other Antiquities 
 in this County. 
 
 N this county, as in mofl of the other counties 
 
 in Ireland, we meet with three kinds of ancient 
 
 monuments, which are juftly attributed to the 
 Oftmen or Danes (i). 
 
 The firf!: and larger kind of thefe pieces of anti- 
 quity, go by the general name of Raths, 
 
 The fecond are called Lifs, which two words 
 are often promifcuoufly ufed for one and the fame 
 thing, i. e. a piece of fortification 
 
 The 
 
 (i) Thefe kind of works are not peculiar to this ifland, but 
 they have them alfo in Great-Britain, in many places. Dr. Plot 
 informs us, in his Kilh of Oxfordfhire, that they have not only 
 round works of this kind, but alfo fquare pieces of fortifica- 
 tion, which fort, he fays, were the works of the Saxons, as 
 the round ones were of the Danes; for fo, he favs. he finds 
 themdiftinguifhed in a R-IS. Hillory of Ireland, by'E. S. The 
 firft of thefe places he calls Falkmotes, i. e. Places for the 
 meeting of the folk or people upon the approach of che enemy ; 
 and the round ones, Dane's Raths, i. e. Hills of the Danes, for 
 the fame purpof?. 
 
 Nat. Hill, of Oxfordflj, Chap. X.
 
 ^r2 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 The third fort go by the name o'i Dun, and are 
 no other than Tunnuli, or fepuJchral monuments. 
 Notwithflanding thefe Jaft are miftaken, and often 
 confufid with the others, called Rarhs, becaufe they 
 have the fame outward fhape and contrivance The 
 moft remarkable Raths in this county are thefe fol- 
 lowing, viz. one at Lifmore, from v\ hence the 
 name of that place, i. e. the large foir. It is ereded 
 on the top of an hill, ca led the Round Hill, of a 
 pretty fieep afcent, and is Inuated near the Black- 
 Vvater river, about half a mile ro the W. of Lifmore : 
 it was furrounded by a double fofTe, which is now 
 almoft filled up. This Rath, and, indeed, moft of 
 the others in the county^ are not near fo large as 
 may be met with in the more northern parts of the 
 kingdom ; and the reafon feem,s to be, that the 
 Danes, and other northern nations, that firft infefted 
 this ifland, landed in thofe parts, which lay neareffc 
 to the countries from whence they came ; the largeft 
 of ours not being above forty or fifty feet diameter 
 at the bafe, and about twenty feet high at the moft 
 not reckoning the eminence on which they are 
 erected. They are placed near the moft ancient 
 towns, and confiderable places of refort, which were 
 fo many head-quarters or ftations, from whence 
 the alarm was given to the more diftant places in 
 the country. 
 
 Befides that of Lifmore, there is one at Killoteran, 
 in the liberties of Waterford, one at Rathgormuck, 
 in the barony of Upperthird, one in the parifh of 
 Kinfaiebeg, oppofite to the town of Youghal ; a 
 confiderable remains of a work of this kind at Ard- 
 more ; and many others, of leiTer note, difperfed 
 up and down the country. 
 
 The fecond kind of fortifications, which they 
 call Lifs in this country, are for the moft part, no 
 other than a circular ditch, with a fofTe round it^ 
 and v/ithout any mount or hill in the centre; many 
 of which are of a confiderable extent, enclofing fome 
 
 acres;
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 acres ; and others are (o fmall, as not to be of above 
 ten or fifteen yards diameter. Tliefe fmalleft fore 
 of forts could not poUibly receive a confiderable 
 nunnber of people, fo as to form a garrifon of 
 any ftrength -, but rather fcem defigned for habi- 
 tations only, and the dwellings of fingle fami- 
 lies. Thefe lefler kind branch out, very regularly 
 from the head ftations. Thus from Lifmore, on 
 both fides of the high-road leading from that place 
 to Dungarvan, thefe circular intrenchments are 
 within call of each other ; they alfo branch out, ex- 
 ceedingly regular, from the fame head-flation to- 
 wards the mountains, and are alfo within call ; which 
 fhews, that thefe people muft have been exceeding 
 numerous in this kingdom formerly ; or, that the 
 Iridi themfelves imitated and lived in fuch kind of 
 works J not only the flat country, and the mod re- 
 markable hills and eminences are filled with them, 
 but they are alfo to be found in the moft unculti- 
 vated mountains; all branching out, in a moft re- 
 gular manner, from the head ftations, which in this 
 county were Waterford, Lifmore, Ardmore, and 
 Dungarvan. 
 
 The third kind, called, in the language of the 
 country Dijn', are thofe called barrows in Eng- 
 land, and are no other than fepulchral monuments. 
 It was in one of this kind, that the urns and brace- 
 let, mentioned in the third chapter, page yS, 
 were found. This kind are commonly fituated, 
 efpecially the larger ones, near fome high road, 
 and ufuaily on an eminence, to be confpicuous at a 
 diftance, and to be taken notice of by travellers as 
 they palled by (2). One of this kind is fituated 
 
 near 
 
 (2) Graves and fepulchres were made anciently near the 
 molt frequented high-ways. By the Roman law of the XII 
 tables, fepulchre was forbidden within the walls of the city. 
 In urbe nee Sepelito, Neve urito. 
 Neither to bury or burn the dead in the city. See Baldus 
 the Civilian, ad Leg. Tab. XII. 
 
 A a Cambden
 
 ^£4 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
 
 near the town of Dungarvan, to the W. of that 
 place, near the high road, and is compofed of a 
 yellow clay, dug out of the dirch which furrounds 
 it. I had the curiofity to bore this mount with 
 augurs on the top, and found it hollow towards the 
 bottom ; but made no farther difcovery. 
 
 Concerning the infide of thefe artificial hills, I 
 refer the reader to Dr. Mollyneux's account, pub- 
 lifhed in the appendix to Boate's natural hiftory of 
 Ireland. 
 
 Not only the ancient Greeks and Romans (3) had 
 their TumuH, but alfo the Danes and other northern 
 nations, as Olaus Wormius inform.s us (4). 
 
 In 
 
 Canibden fays, that the reafon whv they placed them rather 
 on the militar)' ways than elfev.'here, was, that paiTcngers might 
 be put in mind of their mortality. \\ hence, perhaps, the For- 
 mula iiill ufed on touibs, Sille viator, and Monumentum a 
 Monendo. Vid. Cambd. Britan. in Comitat. Wilts. 
 
 (3) This cuftom was very ancient among the Romans, not 
 only for princes, according to that ot Virgil, 
 
 ■ Fuit Ingens Monte fub alio 
 
 Regis Dercssni terreno ex aggere hullum 
 Antiqui Laurentis, opacaque ilice tectum. 
 
 Er.sd. Lib. II. V. 850. 
 With whom agrees Lucan. 
 
 Et Regnum Cineres E.xllruflo monte quiefcunt. 
 
 Pharfal. Lib. V III. fub finem. 
 But alfo for meaner peifons; thus we find iEneas burying 
 his nurfe Cajeta. 
 
 At plus e.xequiis iEneas rite folutis, 
 
 Aggere coir.pofito tumuli, S;c. Ensed. Lib. VIE v. 5. 
 
 (4) It v/as an ufual cull:oin alfo among the northern nations, 
 in their fecond age, \vhich they called Turaulorum y^ltas, thus 
 to bury their dead under earthen hillocks, Arenam et terram 
 exaggerando ufque dum in juftam monticuli exfurgerunt 
 altitudinem, fays this author *; of thefe they had two forts, 
 the Rudiores, which ex fola terra, in rotunditateni et conum, 
 congefta conftabanl, i. e. that v\ere made only of earth, and 
 caft up in a round conical figure, let up in memory of any 
 ftout champions that defcrve ', vncII of their country ; and f the 
 Ornati, which were e. cooipaiTed with a circle of itone, fet up 
 
 only 
 • Monument. Dan. Lib. I. Chap. 7. 
 t Ibid. Lib. J. Chao. 6.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. .^^ 
 
 In the barony of Cofhmore and Cofhbride, are 
 two remarkable pieces of antiquity, v/hich ftill remain 
 there, and of which little account can be given. 
 The firft, is a large double trench, which the^lrjih 
 call Ria--Bo-Padriuc, or the trench of St. Patrick's 
 cow. Ic is a double dike, ftill to be feen in the 
 mountainius parts of this barony, bc^innincr in this 
 county to the eaftward of Knockn:ieledo\vn and 
 running on, in a dired line, towards Ardmore 
 crollir.g the country through the deer-park of Lif- 
 more, and taking in a courfe of fixteen or eiahteen 
 miles. The country people amrm, that it might be 
 traced from its entrance into this ccuntv as far as 
 CalTiel, in the county of Tipperary. But the lands 
 being cultivated in moft parts of its courfe through 
 that county, it is not to be traced at prefent. The 
 tradition of this ditch is fomewhat ridiculous, but 
 /•jch as it is, I fhall give my readers. They aftirnn 
 that when St. Patrick was at Cailiel, a cow beiono-inc- 
 to that faint had her calf ftolen and carried off to^ 
 wards Ardmore, which fhe purfued, and wi:h her 
 horns made this double trench the whole way; 
 others fay, it was the cow was flolen, that llie 
 returned home of herfelf, and, in the fame manner 
 plowed up the ground with her horns ; but i\-,q. one 
 frory is as probable as the other ; yet thefe filly people 
 believe it to be as true as the gofpel. My opinijn 
 of this matter is, that thefe ridges were no other 
 than the ren^ains of an ancient high- way drawn 
 from CaChel to Ardmore, betv,-een whidi two places 
 
 there 
 
 only for their generals or fooie ether great perfons: and thefs 
 they let over the bodies, without burning them, as they 
 had formerly done in their tirti age, which" thev called Etas 
 Igneaj the manner bei.ng. as Mr. Cambden § informs us, for 
 every loicier remaining aiive after a battle, to carrv his 
 heiir.et rail of eirth tcvards making the tombs of his feilow? 
 that were flaia, 
 
 § Monutcenr. Dan. Lib I. Chari -. 
 Aa 2
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 there was, probably, in the time of St. Patrick and 
 his cotemporary St. Declan, a frequent communica- 
 tion, (vide Chap. I.) and that this road was made, 
 by the diredlion of thefe faints, in imitation of the 
 Roman high-ways, which they muft have often met 
 with in their travels, is not improbable. It may not 
 be amifs to inform the reader, that the Roman 
 high-ways were fometimes raifed, and fometimes 
 level with the ground ; and that they were alfo fome- 
 times trenched on both fides. 
 
 Statius (5) has given us the exadl method of 
 making them in the following lines. 
 
 Hie primus labor inchoare fulcos, 
 Et refcindere limites, & alto 
 Egeftu penitus cavare terras : 
 Mox hauftas aliter replere foifas, 
 Et fummo gremium parare dorfo, 
 Ne nutent fola, ne maligna fedes 
 Et preffis dubium cubile faxis. 
 
 i. e. That they firft laid out the bounds, then 
 dug trenches, removing the falfe earth : then filled 
 them with found earth, and paved them with ftone, 
 that they might not fink, or other wife fail. 
 
 Sometimes, indeed, thefe roads were only of 
 earth, as Bergier (6) informs us, and not always 
 paved, except in moift and boggy grounds; and 
 this was the manner of making the highway I am 
 now treating of, by digging double trenches, and 
 cafting up the earth in the middle. Thofe kind of 
 works were carried on by the Roman foldiers and 
 common people of the country, who were compelled 
 to thefe labours by their mailers, left, by idlenefs, 
 they fhould grow mutinous, and difturb the govern- 
 ment. In the early times of chriftianity, the above- 
 mentioned 
 
 (5) Papin. fur. ftatii filvarum lib. 4. in via Domitian. 
 
 (6) Vid. Nich. Bergier hiftoire dea grand Chemins de I'empire 
 Hv. 2. cbapitre 17. Ibid. chap. 17.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 mentioned faints might very readily find a fufficient 
 number of hands for this work, the people being 
 always ready to pay obedience to their commands ; 
 and this highway coming in time to be difufed, 
 after the billioprick of Ardmore became united to 
 Lifmore, and no more being remembered of it than 
 that it was made in the time of St. Patrick, it 
 gave oecafion to the fpreading of the above legend 
 among the people. Thefe high-roads are frequent 
 in England, as the road called Watling-ftreet, the 
 Fofs, &c. concerning which I refer the reader 
 to fir Henry Spelman, Cambden, Hollinfhed, and 
 other writers ; but do not know whether any other 
 traces of them are to be met with in this kingdom. 
 
 The other piece of antiquity, which flill remains 
 in this barony, is fomewhat of the nature of the 
 former, and is a remarkable ditch, which runs 
 wefterly from Cappoquin, into the county of Cork, 
 how far is uncertain. This the Irifh call Clee-Duff, 
 and give feveral uncertain and improbable reafons 
 for this work. As it extends through the plain 
 along the fides of the mountains, it is conjedured, 
 that this was no other than a fence or boundary, 
 made to preferve their cattle againft wolves, which, 
 coming down from the mountains, made frequent 
 havock among them ; and this feems the moft pro- 
 bable caufe why this intrenchment was cafl up. 
 
 The round-tower at Ardmore, has been already 
 defcribcd, in the third chapter, page 48. There 
 are various opinions held concerning the antiquity and 
 ufes of thefe flrudures. Sir Thomas Mollyneux (7) 
 whofe opinion has hitherto prevailed, holds, that they 
 were built for belfries or fteeples, in which bells were 
 hung to call people to worfhip^ he argues from the 
 name given to thefe towers by the Irifh, viz. 
 Cloghachd, that they were firfl ereded by the 
 Danes, and derives the name from the Germanico 
 
 Saxon 
 
 (7) Difcourfe in the Append, to Boate. p. a 12. 
 Aa 3
 
 Natural and Civil tJiflory of 
 
 Saxon word Clugga, i. e. a bell. But it Is ftrange, 
 that the Danes, who rcfided in England for many 
 years, HiouJd not have ereded the fame kind of 
 buildings in that country ; nor do the writers of the 
 northern antiquities make mention of fuch in Den- 
 mark. It is, therefore, more probable, that the ori- 
 ginal name of thefe towers was Cloch-Ancoire, i. e. 
 the flone of the anchorite, and the writer of the 
 Antiquities of Ireland (8), informs us, that at 
 Drumlahan, in the county of Cavan, a tradition 
 prevails, that an anchorite lived on the top of 
 on€ of thefe towers, which (lands in the chuich- 
 yard of that place. 
 
 That fuch kind of pillars were^built in the eaflern 
 countries for the reception of monks, who lived on 
 the top of them, is evident from ecclefiaflical hiftory, 
 of which the reader may find an account in the 
 above antiquities, quoted from Evagrius (9) of the 
 life of St. Symeon the Stylite, fo named from his 
 living in a pillar. As alfo a defcription of thefe 
 pillars taken from Raderus (10). The fame author, 
 with great reafon, thinks our Irifh ecclefiaflics had 
 the models of thefe buildings from Afia, which they 
 earl}' vifited, as appears from feveral of the lives of 
 the IriOi faints, and their correfpondence with the 
 Afiatic churches ; which is further evident from this, 
 that the Irifh followed thofe churches, and not the 
 Roman, in the time of celebrating Eafter, as may 
 befeen in Bede (11) and UOier (12); but for a more 
 ample account of this matter, I fhall refer to the 
 above quoted antiquities, where the whole is more 
 accurately treated. Yet I am alfo of opinion, that 
 when a relaxation of difcipline began to prevail in 
 the church, many of thele towers were afterwards 
 made ufe of as belfries, as appears from the wooden 
 
 beams 
 
 (8) Page 135. (9)Eccl.Hift.lib.i.chrip. 3. 
 
 (10) "1 heodori coiledtanea, lib. i. 
 
 (ji) I'ccld.Hill.Jib. 3.chap.25. (^12) Primrod.p. 93.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 beams remaining entire on the top of fome of them 
 wiierethebel] was hung; but do not imagine thatthey 
 were originally built for that purpofe. 
 
 There is in the barony of Gualtiere, within five 
 miles of Waterford, a very large crom-Iiagh, or 
 ancient altar llone ; it is above twelve feet high, and 
 fupported in fuch a manner, it may be turned by 
 one's finger. 
 
 The reader will meet with an account of fome 
 urns, and other antiquities, in the v.md chapter, 
 which have been difcovered in different parts of the 
 county, to which part of the work he is referred. 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 
 Of remarkable Per/ons born in this County. 
 
 AS natural hiftorians have taken care, in their 
 writings, to note the birth places of men, 
 famous either for arts or arms, piety or munificence, 
 which having been fometimes ncglecfled, has become 
 doubtful, and has raifed difputes between cities and 
 countries for the honour of their birth ; thus no lefs 
 than feven cities are faid to have contended for that 
 of Homer, &c. 1 (hall from the example of former 
 writers in this way, prefent the reader with a few, 
 whofe names will afford no fmall honour to this 
 county, and alfo of fome others, who have been 
 remarkable in their life time in other refpedts. And 
 firft, I fhall mention the names of fuch writers, 
 born in this county, who have rendered themfelves 
 eminent by their works. 
 
 GoTOFRiD (i), a native of the city of Water- 
 ford, and a Dominican friar, fiouriflied in the 
 thirteenth century, and was well (killed in Latin, 
 
 Greek, 
 
 (i) Bibliotheca Dominicarum, torn, i, p. 467. 
 Aa 4 
 
 ^59
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 Greek, Arabic, and French. From the Latin, he 
 tranflated into French three treatiles, in the laft of 
 which he calls himfelf Goffrid, or Gotofrid, of 
 Waterford, the leafl: of the order of friars preachers. 
 He alfo wrote feveral other works; an account of 
 v/hich, fee in the Bibliotheca Dominicanorum. 
 
 One Wadding, a native of the city of Water- 
 ford, writ, in the fourteenth century, an heroic 
 poem upon the burning of St. Paul's fleeplc, in 
 London, and divers epigrams. 
 William, of Waterford, writ, 
 Opufculum de Religione, infcribed to cardinal 
 Julian Caefarino, anno 1433. 
 
 Peter White was born in Waterford, but 
 educated in Oxford, where he was chofen a fellow 
 of Oriel college, in 1551, and took his degree of 
 mafter of arts in 1555. In the reign of queen 
 Elizabeth he returned home, and fet up a fchool, 
 in which he got fo great a reputation, that he was 
 called the lucky or happy fchool-mafter of Munfter. 
 In 1566, he was made dean of Waterford, but 
 was ejecfled foon after for non-conformity ; yet he 
 continued fliJl to teach fchool, and had Richard 
 Stainhurd, Peter Lumbard, and other eminent men 
 for his pupils. ^ .^r^'-'^ 
 Epitomen in Copiam '..1. 
 Epitomen figurarum Rclp .rum. 
 Annotationes m Orationem pro T. A. Milone. 
 Annotationes in Orationem pro Archia Poeta. 
 Epigramata diverfa. 
 
 One Butler, who tranflated Corderius's book 
 of phrafes into Englifh, was fcholar to the former. 
 
 Nicholas QuExMerford, D. D. was born in 
 Waterford, but educated in Oxford, where he took 
 his degree in arts, in 1562; returning home, he 
 was ordained ; but, for non-conformity, was turned 
 out of what preferments he had. From this king- 
 dom he went to Louvain, where he took his dodor's 
 degree, in 1575 or 1576, afterwards became a 
 
 jefuit,
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ^6i 
 
 jefrn't, and died in Spain. He writ, in Englifh, a 
 iearned work, called, 
 
 Anfwers to certain queftions propounded by the 
 citizens of Waterford j as alio ieveral fermons, and 
 other works. 
 
 Peter Lumbard, who was fcholar to Dr. 
 White, was born in Waterford, and ftudied philo- 
 fophy at Louvain, where he was ele<5ted Primus 
 Univerfitatis. He wrote. 
 
 Carmen Heroicum in dodoratum Nicholai Que- 
 jnerford. 
 
 Carmina in Laudem Comitis Ormonias. 
 
 Petjer Lumbard, (another differeHt perfon) 
 was the fon of a merchant in Waterford, and 
 educated, for a time, at Weftminfter, under the 
 learned Cambden, where he fhewed himfelf a youth 
 of excellent parts ; he afterwards went through his 
 courfes of philofophy and divinity at Louvain ; in 
 which laft he took the degree of dodor, and was 
 made provoft of the cathedral of Cambray, after- 
 wards titular archbifhop of Armagh, and domeftic 
 prelate and afliftant to the pope. He died at 
 Jlome, in 1625 or 1626, and left behind him feveral 
 works, of which, fee an account in the writers of 
 Ireland. ^»^^'' -^^ _ 
 
 Martin Walsh, a JEta cifcan friar, was born 
 at Waterford, and wa^k^}^oung man at Madrid, 
 when prince Charles of England arrived there, to 
 court the Infanta ; at which time, he made himfelf 
 remarkable, by a work, entitled, 
 
 Paraenefis Poetica in aufpicatiflimum feptentrionah's 
 Oceani Principis in madritenfem Curiam ingrelTum, 
 Madrid 1624. Fol, 
 
 Befides this, he wrote other works there ; from 
 Madrid he went to Naples, and read philofophy in 
 the convent of mount Calvary in that city, and 
 being fent for to Rome, he was made divinity 
 ledurer in the college of St. Ifidore, of which he 
 became guardian, and was alfo redor of the 
 
 Lodovifian
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 Todovifian Irifh fecular college there. He died at 
 Rome, anno 1634, ^" ^^^^ flower of his age. 
 
 Peter Wadding was born in Waterford, anno 
 1580, and entered into the (bcicty of the Jefuits 
 at Tournay, in 1601. He taught poetry and 
 rhetoric four years, philofophy fix, and divinity, 
 both at Prague and Loiivain, tor fixteen years; be 
 was thirteen years chancellor of the univerfity of 
 Prague and Gratz, in S[) ria, and li^icd a long time 
 in the empire, in hio;h efteem for his learning and 
 piet}'. He died at Gratz, September 13th, 1644, 
 and left behind him (everal writings. 
 
 Thomas Strange, a native of Waterford, 
 was a francifcaii friar, and guardian of his order in 
 Dublin, where he publitkly read divinity, and v/as 
 much admired for his preaching. He died at Water- 
 ford, in 1645, having publilhed feveral works. 
 
 John Hartry was a Waterford man by birth, 
 and a ciflertian monk, in the abbey of Nucale, in 
 Spain ; from whence returning into Ireland, he 
 became parifh prieft of Holy-Crofs, in Tipperary 
 county. He wrote feveral works, of which, fee an 
 account in the writers of Ireland. 
 
 Luke Wadding, a francifcan friar, born in the 
 fame city, i6th Od. 1588, was a very voluminous 
 writer, and an ornament to his native country. He 
 was fon to Walter Wadding, an eminent citizen, and 
 Anfhice Lumbard, a near relation to Peter Lumbard, 
 titular archbilhopof Armagh, before mentioned. He 
 f\\i\ itudied here under the tuition of his brother 
 Mathew, afterwards in Portugal and Spain, and, at 
 length, was made divine to the embafly of Anthony 
 a IVejo, who was fent legate extraordinary by king 
 Philip HI. to pope Paul V. upon a matter in agita- 
 tion, concerning the immaculate conception of the 
 B. V. Mary ; upon which occafion, he writ the 
 entire a6ts of that legation, and, during the negotia- 
 tion, publifhed feveral pieces relative to that fubjedt. 
 He alio wrote the life of Peter Thomafius, patriarch 
 
 of
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 363 
 
 of Conftantinople, and other works ; but his chief 
 performance was that of the annals of his own oider ; 
 in compiling of which, he fpent upwards of twenty- 
 four years, and digefted them into eight volumes in 
 folio: which were printed at Rome, anno 1654, 
 and reprinted there, with large additions, anno 1 731, 
 in fixteen volumes, foiio; to which is prefixed, the 
 life of Wadding. The fame is alfo abridged in the 
 writers of Ireland, to which the reader is referred; 
 where he will meet with an account of feveral other 
 works of our author. 
 
 Roger Boyle, earl of Orrery, fifth Ton of 
 Richard Boyle, firft ear! of Cork, was born at 
 Lifmore, in thiscounty, April 25, 1621. To give 
 a particular account of the life of this great man, 
 would, of itfelf, take up a large volume, ai.d fwell 
 this chapter to an unreafonable bulk ; all I fhall fay 
 of him in this place is, that he was as great a ftatefman 
 and foldier, as any other in the age he lived in. 
 For a more particular account of his life, the reader 
 is referred to the memoirs of his lordfhip, publifhed 
 lately, and wrote by Mr. Morris his chaplain. The 
 following epitaph, in the church of Youghal, may- 
 give a fmall idea of this noble man. 
 
 Memoriae facrum 
 
 ROGERI BOYLE, primi comitis 
 
 De Orrery, et Baronis 
 
 De Broghill ; 
 
 Qui dum vixit multis pariter et fummis 
 
 Honoribus et officiis fungebatur ; 
 
 Mortuus vero fummo cum viventium ludu 
 
 Obiit decimo Sexto, 
 
 Die Odobris Anno Domini 1679. 
 
 Annoque aetatis fuae ^g. 
 
 De quo non hie plura requirat ledfor, 
 
 Quoniam omnia de ingenio et moribus 
 
 Vel ex fama, 
 
 Vel ex operibus dignofcere poflit. 
 
 For
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 For a catalogue of liis lorddiip's works, fee the 
 writers of Ireland ; where is alfo a particular account 
 of his life. 
 
 Robert Boyle, the feventh and youngefl fon 
 of Richard earl of Cork, was alfo born at Lifmore, 
 in this county, on the 25th day of January, 1626. 
 He received his academical education at Leyden ; 
 and having afterwards travelled through France, 
 Italy, and other countries, learned feveral languages, 
 and made a great number of curious obfervations, 
 he fettled in England, and fpent the lafl forty years 
 of his life at the houfe of his fifter the lady Ranelagh. 
 To attempt the chara(fler of this illuftrious perfon, 
 would be vain and needlefs, it having often been 
 performed by much abler hands ; among which, the 
 reader is referred to that given of him by Gilbert 
 Burnet, D. D. lord bifhop of Sarum, in his funeral 
 fermon, which is as juft as it is elegant. I fhall 
 only fubjoin the following lines, wrote by a friend, 
 on the birth of this great man. 
 
 Lifmore, long fince, the mufes ancient feat. 
 Of piety and learning the retreat. 
 Her Alma-Mater fhone as bright a noon 
 As Oxford, Cambridge, or the great Sourbone. 
 Time fhifts the fcene, no longer now fhe boafts 
 Her churches, colleges, and learned hofts. 
 Nature, propitious to the favourite foil, 
 Reftor'd her iolTcs with the birth of Boyle : 
 Center'd in hmi, her ancient fplendor fhone, 
 Who made all arts and fciences his own, 
 
 A catalogue of his works was publifhed, anno 
 1690, in London, by Samuel Smith, bookfeller; 
 being two numerous to be here inferted, the curious 
 reader may alfo find them in the writers of Ireland (2). 
 
 Igna- 
 
 (2) The air-pump was invented at Oxford, by this noble per- 
 fon, with the afliftance of that excellent contriver, Mr. Robert 
 
 Hook,
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 Ignatius Brown was born in this county, 
 A. D. 1630, but educated in Spain, where, in the 
 twenty-firft year of his age, he was admitted into 
 the fociety of the jefuits, and took the four vows. 
 In Caftile, he, for fomc time, taught the belles 
 lettres, and was afterwards fent on the miffion into 
 his own country ; from whence removing into France, 
 he was made redlor of an Irifh feminary at Poidiers, 
 in 1676, then newly founded. He died at Val- 
 ledolid, anno 1679, in a journey to Madrid, being 
 appointed confeflbr to the queen of Spain. See an 
 account of his works in the writers of Ireland. 
 
 Valentine Greatrakes, an eftated gentle- 
 man, was born at Affane, in the county of Water- 
 ford, in 1628; and was remarkable for a won- 
 derful gift of healing the king's evil, and other 
 ulcers and pains, by ftroking the parts affeded, 
 whereby he is faid to have performed many cures. 
 He fpent all his income in charity, and had generally 
 hundreds of poor people about his houfe, waiting 
 for the application of his touch. He himfelf tells 
 us (3), that an inward infpiration informed him he 
 had the gift of curing the king's evil, which perfua- 
 fion grew fo ftrong in him, that he touched feveral 
 people, and fully cured them ; after that, he had a 
 fecond impulfe, and then a third, by which he was 
 fatisfied that he could cure agues and pains in the 
 head, as likewife wounds and ulcers, all which, he 
 fays, was confirmed by experience ; and he even 
 found that he could cure convulfions, dropfies, and 
 
 feveral 
 
 Hook, being quite different from the Inftrumentum Magede- 
 burgicum, devifed by Otho Gerike, (vid. Gafp. Schotti Magiat 
 Univerfalis, part. 3. Lib. 7. Cap. 6.) an ingenious conluJ of 
 that republic, that it can fcarce be reckoned an improvement 
 ot that, but a new engine ; although it muft not be denied, but 
 the Magdeburgh experiment gave occallon to its invention. 
 The barometer was aifo invented by the fame noble perfon ; its 
 ufe is well known to every body. 
 
 (3) Vid. a brief account of Mr. Valentine Greatrakes, in a 
 letter to the hon. Mr. Boyle," wrote by hiiulelf.
 
 .r^ 
 
 Natural and Chi! Hijiory of 
 
 fevera] other diftempers. His reputation increafed 
 to Tuc'i a dtrgree- that he was fent for over into 
 England, to cure a lady of q'lality in Warwickfhire, 
 who laboured under a long ii iiefs. As he advanced 
 thitlier, he was invited by fcveral magiftrates of 
 many to^vr% to pafs through the fame, and cure 
 th''^'- fiwk;; and king Charlci. I', being informed of 
 the rarity, commanded the earl of Arlington to 
 ord^r him to repair to Whitehall ; from whence he 
 withdrew to Linco'.i's-inn-fields, whither incredible 
 numbers, of all ranks and fexes, came, expecting 
 the r^floiatjon of their healths. He undertook all, 
 without expecftation of money, or receiving any 
 other prefent or reward. All he did was only to 
 ftrcke the patient, by which all old pains, gout, 
 rheumatifms, convulfions, &c. were fenfibly removed 
 from part to part, to the extremities of the body; 
 after which, they entirely ceafed, which caufed him 
 to be commonly called the flroker; of all which, 
 he had the teftimonials of fome of the mod curious 
 men in the nation, both phyficians and divines. 
 Mr. Love (4) aiTures us, that he could not relieve 
 his pettoral and rheumatic pains ; but that after he 
 had unjuftly ridiculed him, he was witnefs to his 
 curing the falling ficknefs beyond credit; and further 
 that the Royal-Society, and other modern philofo- 
 phers, not able to difpute the fa(f>, found words to 
 define it, and called thofe ftrange effeds, " a fanative 
 *' contagion in the body, which had an antipathy 
 *' to fome particular difeafes and not to others." 
 Mr. Thorefby, in the Philofophical Tranfadions (^), 
 gives remarkable inftances of cures performed 
 by, Mr. Greatrakes, and, in particular, upon his 
 
 *' own brother, John D n, who was feizcd with 
 
 " a violent pain in his head and back. Mr, 
 " Greatrakes, coming by accident to the houfe, 
 
 " gave 
 
 (4) Lord Orrery's Memoirs in MS. 
 
 (5) N°, 256. p.33i, anno 1699.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 * gave prefent eafe to his head, by only broking 
 ' it with his hands. He then feli to rub his back, 
 ' which he mod complained of; but the paia 
 ' immediately tied from his hand to his right thigh; 
 ' then he purfued it with his hand to his knee ; 
 ' from thence to his leg, ankle and foot, and, at 
 ' lad, to his great toe. As it fell lower, it grew 
 ' more violent, and when in his toe it made him 
 ' roar out, but upon rubbing it there it vaniflied." 
 
 He alfo gives another inftance of his uncle's daughter, 
 
 ' who was feized, when a girl, with a great paia 
 
 ' and weaknefs in her knees, which occafioned a 
 
 ' white fwelling; this followed her for feveral 
 
 ' years, and having ufed divers means to no effect, 
 
 ' after fix or feven years time, Mr. Greatrakes 
 
 ' coming to Dublin, Hie was brought to him. He 
 
 ' ftroked both her knees, and gave her prefent 
 
 ' eafe, the pain flying downwards from his hand, 
 
 ' till he drove it out of her toes; and the fwelling in 
 
 ' a fhort time, wore away, and never troubled her 
 
 ' after." He gives a third inftance, in the fame 
 
 tranfadtion, of a perfon he cured of a deafnefs and 
 
 pain in the ears, and gives inflances of his curing 
 
 the king's evil in the fame manner. He adds, 
 
 *' that when Mr. Greatrakes fcroked for pains, he 
 
 *' ufed nothing but his dry hand; if ulcers, or 
 
 ' running fores, he would ufe fpittle on his hand 
 
 ' or finger ; and for the evil, if they came to hitn 
 
 * before it was broke, he flroked it, and ordered 
 ' them to poultice it with boiied turnips, and (o 
 
 * did every day till it grew fit for lancing; ht then 
 ' lanced it, and, wuh his fingers, would Iqueeze 
 ' out the core and corruption ; and then, in a. fev/ 
 
 * days, it would be well, with only his ftroking it 
 ' every morning; but if it were broke bef.re he 
 ' faw them, he only fqueezed out the core, and 
 ' healed it by ftroking. Such as were troubled 
 ' with fits of the mother, he would prefently take 
 
 " off the fir, by laying his glove on their head ; 
 
 "but
 
 J 05 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 ** but he never perfedly cured an}/, for their fits 
 " would return." Mr. Thorefby adds, " that lie 
 *' cured many of the faHing ficknefs, provided they 
 ** flayed with him fo that he might fee them in 
 *' three or four fits, elfe he could not cure them." 
 
 However, Mr. Greatrakes faih'rfg fometimes of 
 fuccefs, caufed Mr. David Lloyd, chaplain to the 
 charter-houle, to write a book againft him, entitled. 
 Wonders no miracles, or Mr. Valentine Greatrakes's 
 gift of healing examined, London 1666, on which 
 he refleded much on Mr. Greatrakes's reputation. 
 Whereupon Mr. Greatrakes, to vindicate himfelf, 
 publifhed an anfwer, entitled, " A brief account of 
 " Mr. Valentine Greatrakes, and divers ftrange 
 ** cures by him lately performed, in a letter to the 
 " Hon. Robert Boyle efq; London 1666, 4to. 
 *' To which is annexed, the teftimonials of feveral 
 *' eminent and worthy perfons of the chief matters 
 ** of fa(5t therein related, and, among thefe, of Mr. 
 *' Boyle, Dr. Whichcot, Dr. Cud worth, and Dr. 
 *' Patrick." But his fame did not long continue 
 after this; for about this time, monfieur St. Ever- 
 mond wrote a novel, called The Irifh prophet, 
 wherein he ingenioufly expofes the people's credulity. 
 Befides Mr. Boyle, fome other virtuofos, as Mr. 
 Bayle, Dr. Henry Moore, and Dr. Stubbs, have, 
 in print, attempted to give a natural and philofophical 
 iblution of thefe cures. The latter, in his account 
 of them, p. Q^'T^^ 34, and 41, fhews, that Mr. 
 Greatrakes ufed a long and continued fri<5lion, viz. 
 from one to two or three hours, fo that here is room 
 for attributing a good deal to the mechanical 
 effedts of fricTion, notwithltanding from what the 
 doctor fays, p. 3, he feems to imagine thefe cures 
 to be, in fon:ie fort, fupernatural ; in p. 15, he 
 relates a very circumllantial account of Mr. Great- 
 rakes's healing, of which he was an eye witnefs. 
 After all, it is not to be admired, that ftroking the 
 parts affecled, fhould fometimes, by promoting in- 
 
 fenfible
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 0^9 
 
 fenfible perf{3iration, prcduce thefe effedls, at leaft 
 fome of them ; when we refied that chafing the 
 ildn, or, as we call ir, the ufe of the flc(h brufh, 
 was reckoned among the gymnaftic medicines of the 
 ancients (6), and ganglions or tendinous tumours 
 have been cured by chafing (7), but then, any other 
 perfon could have done this as well as Mr. Great- 
 rakes, which is a matter of doubt. How far the 
 
 imagination 
 
 (6) Lord Bacon obferves, that motion and warmth, of which 
 true friciion coi;iifts, draw forth into the parts new juice end 
 vigour, and conduce much to longevity, Ki(t. of Life and 
 Death. 6 Sea. 3. 
 
 IVlr. Boyle obferves, how, in our (lables, ahorfe well curry'd 
 is half fed; arid how fome can tell, by the milk of their alTes, 
 v/hethei that day they had been well curry'd or not; arguing 
 hence, that if in milk the alteiation is fo ccnfiderable, it (hould 
 be fo likewife in the biood and other juices, of which the blood 
 is elaborated, and confequently in divers of the principal parts 
 of the body. Boyle's Uieiulnels of Expeiiment;.lFhilof. C. 15. 
 i 7- 
 
 (7) To thefc obfervations may be added, what Dr. Deal 
 has communicated to the Boyal Society, ill. That he could 
 make good proof of the curing or killing of a very gieat and 
 dangerous wen, that had been veiy tioublefome for two or 
 three years, by the applicarion of a drad man's hand ; whence 
 th.e patient felt (uch a cold (beam pals to the heai t, that it did 
 aimed caufe in him a hr of fwooning. 2d, That upon his 
 brother's knov. ledge, a certain cook, in a noble family, beina 
 reproached lor the u^^linefs of his waity liands, was bid, by his 
 lord, to rub his hand with »hat of a dead man ; and that his 
 lord dying loon after, the cook n)ade ule both of his lord's advice 
 and hand, and fpeeuily found good effvct 3d, That a gentle- 
 man, who came l;;tely out cAMreland, informed him of an aged 
 knight there, wlio havir.g grear pain in his feet, infomuch tliaC 
 he was unable to ule them, (uttered a loving Ipaniei to lick his 
 feet, n'ornings and evenings, till he found the pain tippeafed, 
 and the ufc of his teet leitored. This, faith the relater, was a 
 gentle touch and tranlpiration ; for he found the fpirits tr..n(p:re 
 with a pkafirjg kind of tirulation. 4th, That he can afTuie of 
 an honed black-fmith, who caufed vomitings, by llroking the 
 ftomach ; gave the ftool, by itroking the belly; and appeafed 
 the gout and oiher pains, by ftroking the parts alteded. Vide 
 Philof. TranSud. Numb. iz. p. 206. 
 
 Bb
 
 jwQ Natural and Civil Hiflory of 
 
 imagination of the patient might contribute to the 
 cure, is uncertain. 
 
 One James Finachty, an Irifh pried, made a 
 great noife, both before and after the reftoration, for 
 curing all forts of difeafes, which he held to be the 
 effec\ of poflTeflion, by exorcifms and flroking, and 
 r was followed, for fome time, by vaft numbers of 
 people; but, at laft, he vvasdifcovered to be a meer 
 impoftor. There is a long hiflory of him in the 
 Irilh remonftrance. Mr Greatrakes was in Dublin 
 about the year 1681 ; but hovv long he lived after 
 is uncertain. 
 
 Ann Jackson (8), born in the city of Water- 
 ford, ot Englifh parents, who were found and 
 healthy, had feveral horns growing upon her body ; 
 this infirmity did not fhew itfelf till fhe was about 
 three years old. At thirteen or fourteen years of 
 age, fhe could fcarce go, and was then fo little in 
 llature, that children of five years old have been 
 taller ; fhe was then very filly, fpoke but little, and 
 that not plainly, haflily and with difficulty; her 
 voice was low, and rough; her complexion and 
 face v/ell enough, except her eyes, which looked 
 very dead, and feemed to have a film over them, 
 fo tliat fhe could hardly then perceive the difference 
 of colours. The horns abounded chiefly about the 
 joints and flexures, and not in the brawny flefhy 
 parts of the body ;. they were failened to the fkin 
 like v.'arrs, and, about the roots, refembled them 
 much in fiibflancc, though towards the extremities 
 they grew much harder, and more horny; at the 
 cud of each finger and tee, grew one, as long as the 
 finger and toe; not flrait forwards, but rifing a 
 litde between the nail and the flefh, (for near the 
 
 roots 
 
 (8) This account was taken from a letter of Dr. St. George 
 Afh, fecrecary of tiie Dublin Society, who communicated it to 
 one of tl-.e fecretaries of the Royal Society in London, Odtober 
 10, 1 68 5, and was pubiiilied in the Pbiiof. Tranfact. Numb. 
 176. p. 1201.
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 roots of thefe excrefcences was fomething like a 
 nail) and bending again like a turkey's claw, which 
 too it much refembled in colour; on the other 
 joints of her fingers and toes, were (mailer ones, 
 which fometimes fell off, and others grew in their 
 places. The whole ll^in of her feet, legs and arms, 
 was very hard and callous, and daily grew more 
 and more fo ^ on her knees and elbows, and round 
 about the joints, were many horns ; two more 
 remarkable at the point of each elbow, which twill- 
 ed like ram's-horns; that on the left arm, was 
 about half an inch broad, and four inches long; on 
 her buttocks, grew a great number, which were flat 
 by frequent futing; at her arm-pits, and the nipples 
 of her breafts, fmall hard fubftances fhot out, much 
 llenderer and whiter than the reft; at each ear alfo 
 grew an horn ; the fkin of her neck began to turn 
 callous and horny, like that of her hands and feet. 
 She eat and drank heartily, flept foundly, and 
 performed all the offices of nature like other healthy 
 people, except that fhe had not the evacuation 
 proper to her fex. 
 
 Robert Cook, a kind of Pythagorean philofo- 
 pher, lived at Cappoquin in this county; for many 
 years before he died, neither eat fifh, flefli, milk, 
 butter, &c. nor drank any kind of fermented liquor, 
 nor wore woollen clothes, or any other produce of 
 an animal, but linen. This man had a confiderable 
 eflate in this part of the country. During the 
 troubles in king James's time, he removed into 
 England, and lived fometime at Ipfvvich, but 
 returned to this country, where he died about the 
 year 1726. In 1691, he publidied the following 
 paper, which will afford the reader fome idea of his 
 tenets. 
 
 " Several queftions aflced of Robert Cook, what 
 
 is his religion .? and why he did not eat fifli, 
 
 flefli, milk, butter, &c. nor drink wine, nor beer, 
 
 Bb 55 but 
 
 371
 
 2 '7 2 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 
 
 but water, nor wear wollen clothes, but linnen, 
 and by him anfwered as followeth," 
 
 " Query I. What Opinion or Belief are you of, 
 and what is your religion, feeing you are not of any 
 fedt or gathered people ?" 
 
 " Anfw. I am a chriftian and a proteflant (9), and 
 my religion is to fear God (10), and to keep his 
 commandments (11); to keep my foul undefiled from 
 the worldly evil nature (12). I abhor the evil, and 
 love the good (13); and have fellowfhip therein with 
 all, in every fed, or. gathered or fcattered people.'* 
 
 " Query II. By what rule is it poHible to keep 
 God's commandments, whereby the foul may be 
 kept undefiled ?" 
 
 " Anfw. By the raanifeftation of the fpirit of 
 Chrift (14), a meafure of it being given to me and 
 to every man, to be by it guided, to profit widial (15). 
 This is that Jaw of the fpirit of life in man, which 
 reproves for li:j, and leads into all truth (16) ; it re- 
 proves for every vain thought, and every evil in- 
 eliniition, before it can come into bad words, or 
 wicked v/orl;.3, (17); and as this divine fwifc witnefs 
 the principle of life, is hearkened to, and the foul 
 takes heed- watching continually to it, to receive 
 povver (iS), and beiiog obedient thereunto, abftain- 
 ing from every appearance of evil : It faves man 
 from commitcing of fin, becaufe he is born and led, 
 and preferved by the Spirit of God, viz. Chrift 
 Jefus, which is the power of God in man, which 
 
 over- 
 
 (9) M!cah6. 8. (10) Ecclef 12. 13. (i i) James r. 27. 
 
 (12) Chap. I. I. (13) Ads 10, 34, 35. I Pet. i. i. 
 
 (14) iCor. 12. 7. (15) John i. 9. i John 2. 27. 
 
 John 16 8, 13. (16) Jer. 13.33. Heb. 8- 10, i r. John 6. 
 
 4<;.Deut. 30. 14. Rom. lo. 8. 2 Pet. 1. 9. (17) Malach. 3. 5. 
 Ephef. 4. 6. 2 Cor. 13. 5, Job ^z. 8, i Cor. 3. 16. 
 (18) Pfalm. 4. 4. I Join 3. 9, 24. I John 5. 18. Matth. i. 
 ai, John I. 12. Rom. 8, 2, 11. i I'hef. 5. 22. Gal. 2. 20.
 
 W A T E R F O R D. 373 
 
 overcometh and keepeth from and leads out of all 
 evil inclination." 
 
 " Qyery III. Why do you deny yourfelf to kill 
 any animal creatuie, and not to eat fiCh, flefh, e^crs, 
 butter, cheefe, milk, or any animal, or the produce 
 of any animal! Your food and raiment you ufe, 
 being of nothing but only the produce of vegetatives, 
 that grow, or may grow, in the country wherein 
 you live, as corn, herbs, roots, and fruits of trees, 
 &c. or preparations of corn and water for your food : 
 And your refufing to drink wine, or ftrong drink; 
 only water for your drink, and linen and other 
 vegetives for your clothes ?" 
 
 *' Anfw. Let every man do as he is perfwaded in 
 hisown mind (19), fo as it be innocent, and not fin, 
 and my pradice in doing according to my confcience 
 and belief, that I ought not to kill, is very innocent 
 and harmlefs ; which cannot give any juft offence 
 to any man, nor other creature; and mv ftri(!ft rule 
 in it (20) keeping out of wrath and violence (21) 
 brings mc forwards on my way to keep my con- 
 fcience void of offence towards God, and towards 
 man (22) ; and whereas I cannot kill without wound- 
 ing my confcience, in ading againft my mind, 
 doing doubtingly, condemned in my very thought 
 (z^). Therefore rather than I will offend that 
 innocerit life in me, I reFufe any food or raiment, 
 that may come from any beaft, or other animal 
 creature (24). And becaufe wine and ftrong drink 
 are hot in operation and intoxicating, and I think 
 as needlefs to me as tobacco (25); and I, by expe- 
 rience, finding that water for drink, and pulfe viz. 
 corn and other vegetives for food, and linen and 
 
 other 
 
 (i9)Rom. 4. 5. (20) Gen. 6. 5 II. (zi) Ads 24. 16. 
 
 (22) Koni. 4 23. (23) Rom. J4. 2i. (24) Jer. 35- ^' 
 
 Prov. 3. 4. Judges 34. Luke 1,5. (25} Gen. 29. Dan. 
 1 2. 3, 4, 5, V. Dan, 14. 23.
 
 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 
 
 other vegetives for raiment, is cleaneft, and whole- 
 {bmefl, and warm, and ftrengthening, and nourifh- 
 ing, and healtliful, I chufe to ufe them, and foam 
 cleared from mod of the cumbers, labours and 
 toils, both of body and mind, a few things being 
 fufficient in this my way of living, and brings 
 eafily into contentednefs and true thankfulnefs with 
 God." 
 
 " Eufebius, his writing relates, that the holy 
 apoftle, called James the Juft, the brother of our 
 lord, eat not fifh, nor fiefh, nor drank v/ine, nor 
 flrong drink, nor wore woollen clothes but linen." 
 
 At the end of this was printed a long prayer or 
 contemplation, too tedious to be inferted. It is 
 remarkable of this man, that he lived to a good old 
 age, being upwards of fourfcore when he died. He 
 had feveral other particularities, as his chufing to 
 keep v/hite cows, inftead of black, and had his 
 coach drawn by white horfes, A fox, who had 
 kilkd feveral of his poultry, being taken by fome 
 of his fervants, he aflembled his workmen and 
 tenants upon the occafion ; and from a kind of tri- 
 bunal, having harangued a confiderable time upon 
 the crime of the fox, he condemned him to run the 
 gantlet ; then making all his people ftand in two 
 rows, with rods in their hands, he had the fox 
 whipt through the midfi of them, and fo let him go. 
 The Athenian Society wrote an anfwer to his paper, 
 and refuted his notions, which it was no very difficult 
 matter to accompliili. 
 
 V/iLLiAM CoNGP.EVE W' s defcended from an 
 ancient family in Sta fiord Tinre, but faid to be born 
 in the county of VVarerford, where his father had 
 the care of the earl of Burlingmn's eftate. He was 
 educated in the free-fchool of Kilkenny, and from 
 thei:ce fent to the univerfity of Dublin ; from 
 whence, after a few years continuance, he was 
 tranlplanted to the Middle-Temple. But the fludy 
 
 of
 
 W A T E R F O R D. ^>j^ 
 
 of the law not fuiting his inclinations, he forfook it 
 to court the miifes, whofe favours he acquirLcl and 
 maintained with as undoubted a reputation as any 
 of the modern poets, efpecially in the dramatic 
 part, and principally in comedy, his performances 
 in that way excelling mod others, in wit and humour. 
 But the firft piece he publifhed, was a novel, called 
 Incognita. His majefty king William ordered 
 him a donative of lOO guineas for his paftoral on 
 the death of queen Mary, called the Mourning Mufe 
 of Alexis, printed in London, anno 1 695, in folio. 
 His merit having procured him fome good employ- 
 ments, he grew lazy, and for many years before 
 his death, forfook fuch amufements, or, perhaps, 
 he was unwilling to rifl^: that high reputation, 
 which he had fo juftly maintained. He died in 
 January 1728, in the 57th year of his age. 
 
 Mountainous countries have been always remark- 
 able for the longevity of the inhabitants, of which 
 many inftances might be given in this county. 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, in his hillory of the world (26), 
 fays, the countefs of Defmond, who at that time 
 lived in this county, and was probably born in ir, 
 was married in the time of Edward the IVth, and 
 hved to the year 1589, and many years after, being 
 well known to fir Walter; fhe was reputed, as 
 lord Bacon (27) farther acquaints us, to be 140 
 years old. 
 
 A few inftances of the great age of fome perfons 
 living, in the year 1746, are as follows. 
 
 Jeffery Keating, of Cappoquin, was about 
 105, he was a labouring man, perfed in all his fenfes, 
 healthy and ftrong, and loved merrimeni. 
 
 Timothy 
 
 (26) Book I. Part. I. Cap. 5. §. 5. 
 
 (27) Bacon's Nat. Hift. Cent. 8. E.-cperim, 755. He alfo 
 mentions a morris-dance performed in Herefordftnre, by eight 
 men, in the reign of king James Irt, whofe ages made 800 
 years. Lord Bacon's HiiloVy of Life and Death, p. 20.
 
 37^ Natural and Civil Eijlory nf ^c. 
 
 Timothy Kennedy, reputed to be confiderably 
 above an hundred, lived near Lifmore, was ftron^ 
 and healtlvv', and able to work at the falmon-fifhery. 
 
 John Daly was 50 years o'A at the breach of the 
 Boyne, and confequenuly 106, in the year 1746; he 
 was able to hunt a pack of hou'^ds, being perfecfl in 
 all his fenfes; he lived near Toureen. A brother 
 of his died, forne years ago, of meer age, though 
 younger than him. 
 
 Many inflances are given, by natural writers, of 
 perfons turning gray in a few hours, of which I 
 have met with one in this county, viz. Michael 
 Ro'-iayne, of the pari fh of White-church, who turned 
 gray in a night's time, his hair being of a dark 
 brown before the change, which he attributed to his 
 carrying hods of mortar on his head. 
 
 INDEX.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ABSENTEES, their lands feized 
 by king Henry VIII 131 
 
 Acres, number ot^ in this county, 
 
 14 
 AfFane, 40, 53 
 
 ■ battle there, 54 
 
 Aglifh, ao, 51 
 
 Agriculture, xvii, 216 
 
 Ailbtie> faint, 5 
 
 Ailmei, Guild, lordjuflice, 131 
 Air, 284 
 
 Alms-houfe at Lifmore, 31 
 
 Anchorite at Lifmore, 25 
 
 Animal voided by Mary Saunders, 41 
 Animals, feme curiofities relating 
 to them, 341 
 
 Annals ot Waterford, 96 to 163 
 
 Antiquities, 
 Araglin, 
 
 Archdeaconry of Waterford, 
 — of Lifmore, 
 
 35' 
 38 
 •5 
 18 
 23 
 6, 9, 19, 46 
 
 278 
 
 XII 
 
 Ardfinane, 
 
 Ardmore, 
 
 Arts and Manufaftures, 
 
 Affyria, it's tillage, 
 
 Aurora Borealis, 288 
 
 B 
 
 Ballenamona, 82 
 
 Ballybeacon, 23 
 
 Ballycaroge, 72 
 
 Ballycafhin, 16, 78 
 
 Ballygallane, 35 
 
 Ballygarron, 36 
 
 Ballygunner, 17, 83 
 
 Bally-inn, 35 
 
 Ballylemon, 58 
 
 BaUynamultina, 51 
 
 Ballvnatray, 43 
 
 Ballynekill, «7, 83 
 
 Ballyntaylor, 5^ 
 
 Barker, Samuel, 193 
 
 Barley, 227 
 
 Barometrical experiments, 210 
 Barrow, it's confluence with the 
 
 Nore and Suir, 85 
 
 Battle, firfl; of the Englirti, 99 
 ■ between the Waterford men 
 and the Irifh, nj, 117 
 
 Beling, fir Richard, 30 
 
 Bellingham, fir Edward, 133 
 Bells, infcriptions on them, 178 
 
 Bewley, 5* 
 
 Birds, 334 
 
 Black-fryars abbey, 109 
 
 Black-water river, »35 
 
 Page 
 
 Blahoge, a large tree, ^j, 
 
 BogSy 205, 21* 
 
 improved, a,. 
 
 Bole, 4p3^ 2j,jj 
 Bonneval, lord John, killed, 1 1 1 
 
 Bounds of the county, u 
 
 Boyle, Robert xi, 32, 364 
 
 Roger, 36J 
 
 Bret, a fifli, affj 
 
 Bricky river, 230 
 
 Bride river, jay 
 
 Broghill, lord, 3a 
 
 Buctinum of Pliny, 27^ 
 
 Burning of land, %i± 
 
 C 
 
 Cahir reftory, 
 
 Camphire, 
 
 Cappa, 
 
 Cappoquin, 
 
 Carew, fir Peter, 
 
 Caroub, a plant, 
 
 Carrick-beg, 
 
 caftle, 
 
 ■ friezes, 
 
 23 
 40 
 58 
 34 
 »34 
 194 
 
 91 
 S8 
 
 a8i 
 
 rateens, 280 
 
 Carthagh, faint, 2$ 
 
 Caitlehaven, earl of, gi 
 
 Catherines, faint, a priory, ij 
 
 Caves, 327 
 
 Chalybeate waters, 240 
 
 Cherries, 55 
 
 Churchlown, 94 
 
 Cider, 37^ 28* 
 
 Clalhmore, 19, 20, 51 
 
 Clonea, 20, 71,91 
 
 Clonegam, 22, 88 
 
 Cloiimel, 22, 94 
 
 Clough caftle, 52 
 
 CloughLowri(h,orrpeaking(lone, 7a 
 Cockles, 274 
 
 Cod, i6i 
 
 Coinage in Waterford, 117 
 
 CoHigan, 19 
 
 Commiffioa forged by judge Walfii, 
 
 Commons of Clonmcl, 93 
 
 Congreve, William, 374 
 
 Cook, Robert, 371 
 
 Coolnemucky, gt 
 
 Copper, 303 
 
 Corbally, a prebend, 16 
 
 Cork, earl of, 3* 
 
 Cofcradia, an ancient territory, 9 
 Coth more and Cofhbride, 14, 26 
 
 Counties when erected, 13 
 
 Coya and livery, 42 
 
 Credan-
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Credan-head, 
 
 Cromliagh, or altar-flonc, 
 
 Crook, 
 
 Cry flail ization, 
 
 Curraghmore, 
 
 I barons of^ 
 
 D 
 
 Danes, their invafions, 
 — — build Waterford, 
 Danifh inftruments, 
 - mounts. 
 
 Deanery of Lifmore, 
 »■ of Waterford, 
 
 Decies within DiU.n, 
 without Drum, 
 
 Page 
 
 250 
 
 359 
 
 '7 
 
 331 
 
 88 
 
 8 
 
 Page 
 263 
 
 Filh, fiat, 
 
 Fifhery, it's advantage, 
 
 — — — of Dungarvan, 166 
 Fitz Anihony, Thomas, appoinied 
 
 cuftodiam of Waterford, no 
 
 Four-niile-water, 54 
 
 Foffiis, 292 
 
 Declan, faint, 5, ( 
 
 Deregretb, 
 
 Defert, I 
 
 Deiie in Meath, 
 
 Defii, 
 
 ■ d'.fcent of, 
 
 Defmond, earl of, 
 
 « C'- antefs o^ 
 
 Divifion, civil, 
 
 » ecclefiadical. 
 
 Dock, for (hipping, 
 
 Dog-fi(h, 
 
 Donaghmore, 
 
 Don-hill, 
 
 Drumana, 
 
 Drumcanr.on, 
 
 Drying whtat, 
 
 Dublin Society, 
 
 Dungarvan, 19, 
 
 aquedu£V, 
 
 Dunmore bay, 
 Dutch, their industry, 
 
 95 
 
 ibid. 
 
 90 
 
 35« 
 18 
 
 '5 
 
 45 
 53 
 
 ^3 
 8, za, 91 
 
 3 
 
 3,^ 
 
 ib. 
 
 42 
 
 375 
 
 14 
 
 '5 
 
 195 
 
 18 
 21 
 
 53 
 
 16,75 
 
 226 
 
 279 
 
 , 66 f 256 
 
 68 
 
 250 
 
 XVI 
 
 295 
 
 87 
 
 26 
 
 i4> 93 
 
 15 
 
 105 
 
 359 
 ^31 
 
 2Z 
 
 ^3 
 "5 
 231 
 
 365 
 
 344 
 296 
 
 I4> 83 
 185 
 26Z 
 
 Earth, its kinds, 
 
 Echoes, 
 
 Edgecomb, fir Richard, 
 
 Elephant's rib, 
 
 Englifh, their <irft arrival. 
 
 216 
 
 290 
 
 123 
 
 58 
 
 99 
 
 Extra£l from year book of the fecpnd 
 
 Richard III. 119 
 
 ■ the tarl of Cheflerficiu's 
 
 fpeech, 8 1 
 
 F 
 
 Faithbeg, 84 
 
 Faithlock, 85 
 
 Falkland, lord, his letter to lord 
 
 Cork, 345 
 
 Feeding of cattlv, 281 
 
 Feunoagh, Ai, 9« 
 
 Fews, 2 1 
 
 FiOi, 250 laniflouaagh, 
 
 Fuller's earth, Its ufe, 
 
 G 
 
 Garranroorris, 
 
 Gillcaghe, n, 
 
 Clanbeg, 
 
 Glanehiry, 
 
 Glebes, 
 
 Glibs, defcriptlon of, 
 
 Goiofrid a writer. 
 
 Granaries, 
 
 Grange, St. John Baptifl, 
 
 Mocleer, 
 
 Graiit to the earl of Shrewfbur 
 
 Grafs-feeds, 
 
 Greatrakes, Valentine, 
 
 Greyhound, Irifh, account of, 
 
 Grind! ng-ilones, 
 
 Gualtiere, 
 
 Guild-hall at Waterford, 
 
 Gurnards, 
 
 H 
 
 Hacket's-town, 50 
 
 Hake, a6o 
 
 Halibut, a fifli, 263 
 
 Haloes, zS6 
 
 Hard-ware, 39 
 
 Hartry, John, 364 
 
 Headborough, 41 
 
 Henry II. (kii;^ of England) arrivet 
 at Waterford, loi 
 
 Hen y VII. hii letter to the citi- 
 zens, 122 
 
 i ariOther, 125 
 
 another, 125 
 
 Henry VIII. grants a cap of mainte- 
 nance to the city, 128 
 Herrings, 268 
 Holland, its advantages, xvi 
 Hoiy-Gboft hofpiial, 17, 109 
 Hy-Liathain, an ancient territory, 9 
 
 I 
 
 Jackfon, Ann, 370 
 
 Janies lid, king, a ftory of him, 32&C. 
 
 ■■ cmbaiked at Watsrford, 
 
 153 
 Inhabitants, ancient, i, &c. 
 
 — . modern, their names. 
 
 24 
 Inff.ts,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 Infefls, _ 346 
 
 Introdu£tioa, xi 
 
 John, faint, a priory, 17, loS 
 
 — — king of Eng'-.ind, 30,106, 108 
 Jones, lieutenant general, his deaih, 
 6j 
 Ireland, its advantages, xiv 
 
 K 
 
 Keating, Jeffery, 375 
 
 Kildare, earl o(, crowns Lambett 
 
 Lifgenan, 
 Lifmore, 
 
 alms-houfe there, 
 
 — — — anchorite there, 
 ■ — cathedral, 
 
 chant orfliip, 
 
 lazaret, 
 
 prebends, 
 
 Page 
 
 20 
 
 »4, 18, 27 
 
 Robert 
 
 8 
 
 Lepper's-town, 
 
 86 
 
 Limeilone, 
 
 219, 298 
 
 Linen manufadure, 
 
 XII, XV 
 
 Lisfinny, 
 
 40 
 
 Simnel, 
 
 Killaloan, 22 
 
 Killbarmedan, ip, 21, 87 
 
 KiUbarry, 16, 82 
 
 Klllbree, *•- 36 
 
 Killburne, 16, 78 
 
 Killcaragh, 16, 87 
 
 killcadi, 22 
 
 Killcockan, 41 
 
 Killcop, 17 
 
 Killea, 86 
 
 Kiligobonet, 19, 70 
 
 Killgrant, ' 23 
 
 Killmaclege, 17, 86 
 
 Killmacombe, 17, 86 
 
 Killmacthomaj, 74 
 
 KiUmeaden, 16, 75 
 
 Killmolafh, 20, 52 
 
 Killrofanty, 18, 21 
 
 Kilioteran, 16, 78 
 
 Killrufh, 20 
 
 Kill-St.-Nicholas, 83 
 
 Killunkart, 46 
 
 Killure, 16, 86 
 
 Killwatermoy, ao, 41 
 
 Killworth, . . ^' 
 King's Books, taxation of lirings 
 
 in them, 15, &cc. 
 
 Kinfalebeg, 5° 
 
 Knock-mtle-down, 209 
 
 Knockmoan, S7 
 
 L 
 
 Lakes or loughs, 208 
 
 Lands feized from the Irifti, 106 
 
 Latitude of places, 12 
 
 Lawlefs, William, fined, 198 
 
 Lead, 3^* 
 
 Legacies to the poor ot Waterford, 
 
 .87 
 
 Leper-hofpital, 183 
 
 Le Poer, Walter, wafted Munfter, 
 
 I II 
 
 Lifnekill, 
 
 Lifronagh, 
 
 Lobfters, 
 
 Long tude of places, 
 
 Lumbard, Peter, 
 
 M 
 
 Mackerel, 
 Mahon river. 
 
 3* 
 25 
 29 
 18 
 
 2.5 
 iS 
 
 «<^. 77 
 
 2Z 
 272 
 
 12 
 361 
 
 261 
 238 
 
 Malchus, firft bifliop of Waterford, 
 
 58, 
 219, 
 
 Map, 
 
 Marble, 
 
 Mare's-tails, a meteor, 
 
 Marie, 
 
 Mafon, Henry, 
 
 Mayfield, 
 
 Mayors of Waterford, 
 
 Menapia, 
 
 Menapii, 
 
 Mernin, a furname, 
 
 Michael's, faint, 
 
 Middlethird, 
 
 Militia, 
 
 Mineral waters, 
 
 Mocollop, 
 
 Modeliigo, 
 
 Molana, 
 
 Monemoynter, 
 
 Monumental infcriptions. 
 
 Mora, 
 
 Morton, John, earl of, 
 
 Waterford, 
 Mothil, 
 
 Mouptain caflle. 
 Mountains, 
 
 height of, 
 
 Mount Odell, 
 Munfter, its plantation, 
 Murrain-ftone, 
 
 N 
 
 Names of magiftrates (papifts) ap- 
 pointed by king James, 152 
 Nan Dcfii, a nation, 5 
 Neddanj, 23 
 Nev^ca.lle, 21, 23, 74 
 Nore river, 234 
 —— its confluence with the Suir 
 and Barrow, 85 
 Nymph-bank, 276 
 Nymph 
 
 285 
 
 297 
 
 '7. 79 
 
 9' 
 
 •55 
 
 I, 2, &c. 
 
 49 
 
 «7 
 
 »4, 74 
 
 137, 205 
 
 240 
 
 21 
 
 19, 20, 59 
 
 43 
 
 »7 
 
 17 c, 5fc. 
 
 22 
 
 lands aC 
 
 105 
 
 21, 91 
 
 59 
 206 
 ibid. 
 
 58 
 44 
 90
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Nymph-hall, 
 
 Page 
 86 
 
 Page 
 
 O 
 
 Oats, 4z8 
 
 Ochre, 2.93 
 
 O Feolain, prince of the Decii, 
 
 Olave's, faint, a parifli, 
 
 «7> 
 
 ,78 
 
 Oon-a glour, a cave, 
 
 
 330 
 
 Oranges, 
 
 
 55 
 
 Orchards, Kentifh, 
 
 
 38 
 
 Ores, 
 
 
 30Z 
 
 Ormond, earl of, 
 
 »37> 
 
 '44 
 
 Orrery, earl ot. 
 
 3o> 
 
 135 
 
 Ofborne, fir Richard, 
 
 
 56 
 
 Oughtcragh, 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 Oyfters, 
 
 
 0,"}% 
 
 Paintings, 77 
 
 Palace of the bifhops at Waterford, 
 18s 
 Paper manufafture, xv 
 
 ParilTies, their names, 15 
 
 Paffage, 83 
 
 Patent of rienry lid to Nicholas de 
 
 Benchi, 13 
 
 — — — of Henry VIII, to the H. G. 
 
 hofpltal, 1 8a 
 
 . of queen Elizabeth to the 
 
 fame, 183 
 
 Patrick's, faint, a p^.irti, 5, ij 
 
 Pelham, lord jufticej arrived at 
 
 Waterford, 1 3d 
 
 Perfons remarkable, 359 
 
 Petition of the city of Waterford, 127 
 Phyfico-Hiftoricai Society, x: 
 
 Pilchards, 270 
 
 Pill town, 50 
 
 Pipe- '.lay, 493 
 
 Plague at Waterford, 137 
 
 Plants, , $0^ 
 
 Pollock, z6z 
 
 Porpoifes, 270 
 
 Potatoes, 229 
 
 Power, lord .\rnoId, charged with 
 
 heiefy, &c. 112 
 
 Power, Dominick, 129 
 
 Profpedt-hali, 51 
 
 Purple Shell-fifii, 274 
 
 Pyrites, 296 
 
 Quakers banifhed from Waterford, 
 
 '5° 
 Quarries, a rcma-k on ihem, 209 
 Qjemmerford, Nitliolas, 360 
 
 R 
 
 Rain in Ireland lefs frequent than 
 
 formerly, 284 
 
 Raleigh, fir Walter, 44 
 
 Rathmoylan, 17, 86 
 
 Rathionan, 2Z 
 
 Ray, a fifh, 264 
 
 Raymond le Grofs, 43, 99, Sec. 
 
 Red-deer, 343 
 
 Red-ftreak apple, 37 
 
 Reflations unufual, 28^ 
 
 Reiflc, 16, 76 
 
 Religicus houfes, 1 80 
 
 Rhincrew, 44 
 Richard II. king of England, 114 
 
 Rineogonagh, 19, 45 
 
 Rivers, 232 
 
 River, Avenraorc, 235 
 
 Barrov/, 234 
 
 — — Black-water, 235 
 
 Bricky, 239 
 
 Biide, 237 
 
 Clodugh, 239 
 
 — — confluence of the Nore, Sair, 
 
 and Barro'.v, 
 
 MahoE, 
 
 — — — Nier, 
 
 Nore, 
 
 .- Phinilt, 
 
 — — - Suir, 
 
 Tay, 
 
 Rock, a moving one, 
 Rofs-duff, 
 
 S 
 
 Salt, 
 
 Sakibridge, 
 
 Salt water, its efficacy, 
 
 find. 
 
 Schools, 
 
 Sea-c'vaft defcribed. 
 
 Seals, 
 
 Seed corn, 
 
 Seficinan, 
 
 Khajdon, 
 
 Shanrahan, 
 
 Shell-full, - 
 
 Sherift'b of Waterford, 
 
 Shian caftle, 
 
 Sidney, lord deputy, 
 
 arrived at Watei 
 
 Simnel, Lambert, 
 Siiuation of Waterford, 
 Slade bay, 
 Sledy ca'Te, 
 Smu», '■' w to cure. 
 Soaking of grain, 
 Soles, 
 
 ford. 
 
 85 
 438 
 238 
 
 *3-* 
 238 
 
 13* 
 
 138 
 
 319 
 
 '7 
 
 283 
 
 35 
 69 
 
 217 
 
 187 
 
 247 
 
 270 
 
 224 
 
 20, 60 
 
 70 
 
 23 
 
 272, 
 
 i5». 
 
 36 
 
 134 
 
 '35 
 
 121 
 
 103 
 
 250 
 
 59 
 425 
 224 
 264 
 
 Sowing
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 124 
 
 300 
 
 240 
 
 85 
 168 
 
 5^ 
 
 '7 
 
 362 
 7 
 
 40i 
 and 
 85 
 
 '43 
 
 XII 
 
 Sowing, when bed, 
 
 Spars, 
 
 Spas, 
 
 Spenfer, 
 
 Sprats, 
 
 Spruce beer. 
 
 Squid, a i;lh, 
 
 Stalaclicai exudations, 300 
 
 Star-fi.Ti, a; 5 
 
 Scafe, eccleHaflical, 
 
 Steph'rn's, faint, 
 
 Stradbally, a I. 
 
 Straticf Hy, 
 
 Strange, Thomas. 
 
 Strongbow, 
 
 Suir, its boundary, 
 
 » its confluence with Nore 
 
 Barrow, 
 Surnames, their origin, 
 Synods at Waterford, 104, 
 
 Syracufe, its ancient luftre, 
 
 T 
 
 Tallow, *i? 39 
 
 Tanning without bark, 314 
 
 Templars houses, 82, S5, 85 
 
 Tempie-michacl, 43 
 
 Templethiry, 12 
 
 Tillage, xii, 281, 282 
 
 Timber, fubterraneous, 213 
 
 ToUoghorton, 1 8 
 
 Tooreen, 3^ 
 
 Topography, 25 
 
 Torpedo, 27 ' 
 
 Tower at Ardmore, 48 
 
 ■ at Waterford, 167 
 Trade of Watertord, 195,278 
 Trailing, a pernicious praiSlice, 255 
 Tree, a remarkable one, 92 
 Trinity parifti, '7 
 Turbot, 163 
 Turf, a 12 
 Tyrone, earl of, 10 
 
 V 
 
 Valuations of livings in the king's 
 
 books, 15 &c. 
 
 Vegetables, 308 
 
 Vermin, how to deftroy, 226 
 
 Vitriolic waters, 244 
 
 Upperthird, 14 
 
 Ufipites, a German nation, 2 
 
 W 
 
 Wadding, Luke, 35a 
 
 ■ . Peter, 352 
 
 Pige 
 Walfli, David, y* 
 
 Martin, -i^i 
 
 Warbeck, Perkin, nj 
 
 Waterford, aiSlions of the citizens, 
 
 114, 205 
 
 Its antiquities, i*| 
 
 — ancient inhabitants, \ 
 
 ■ ■ arms ef the city, 205 
 
 bailiffs of it, ic^G 
 
 I? — befleged, 100, 124,145 
 
 burned down, 
 
 — cathcJrai, 
 
 chantorfhip, 
 
 charter, 
 
 ' ■ — churches, 
 
 county, when made, 
 
 culiom.s of it, 139,152,19s 
 
 exchange, 1S5 
 
 extent, 155 
 
 — — — tortifiL;at!ons, l58 
 
 - — touiidation, 96 
 
 franchifes, aox 
 
 gates, 157 
 
 government, 198 
 
 guildhall, 185 
 
 incorporated by charter, loS 
 
 inhatiiimts to be fined for 
 
 entertaining priefts and their 
 
 M'» 
 
 109 
 159 
 
 '$ 
 199 
 159 
 
 '3 
 
 concubi:;eK, 198 
 
 ■ liberties feized, 140 
 
 reflored, 141 
 
 — — mail, 19Z 
 
 mayors, 1 5 5 
 
 officers, 198 
 
 prebends, i5 
 
 priviltges, 202 
 
 quay, 195 
 
 — ^ ■ falaries of officers, 199 
 
 — '■ fchools, 187 
 
 treafurerfliip, jj 
 
 vicars-choral, 19 
 
 Wells reputed holy, 4<> 
 
 Wheat, 223 
 
 Whilky, 281 
 White-church, 2o, 55, 58 
 
 White, Peter, 360 
 
 Widows apartment, 184 
 William HI. king at Waterford, 154 
 
 William of Waterford, 35o 
 
 Wife, fir William, 135 
 
 Woad. 280, 311 
 
 Woollen manufafture, xiv, 280 
 
 Youghal, ' $1 
 
 FINIS.
 
 E R R yi T A. 
 
 Page 1 5 line 4 1 for Kiilbarimeaden read KiUbarmeden. 
 
 37—— 7 viftoes viflas. 
 
 5i— — z8 conception corruption. 
 
 64 ■ ■ 24 Killmadllioma Kiilma£lhoraas. 
 
 75 10 gives gave. 
 
 80 i irnfloyment employment. 
 
 88 15 loid vifc, earl of. 
 
 g4 2.9 fif/er county of Tipperary &c, 
 
 112 39 hi fore gate prefix St. Catherine's. 
 
 114 — — 1 for cu read cut. 
 
 133 38 ir Sir, 
 
 145— —z6 the they, 
 
 Ipg. 3 himney chimney. 
 
 249 p hour harbour. 
 
 *55 ^ continu"; continues. 
 
 256 30 blac-krock Black-rock. 
 
 348 ....-iS n in. 
 
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 44 
 
 
 ' fOS ANGELES
 
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 DA 
 
 990 
 
 V;3S61| 
 
 17/6 
 
 
 58 01218 3108
 
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