j* UC-NRLF r ,1 4 I "5 ft • to .. ' > - ■ -^K E Y T THE EXERCISES ADAPTED TO -V URRA Y'S ENGLISH G R A M M A R. Calculated to enable Private Learners TO BECOME THEIR OWN INSTRUCTERS, IV GRAMMAR -LVD COMPOSITION. BY THE AUTHOR OF THE EXERCISFS. THE TWENTY-THIRD EDIT1 YORK : Printed by Thomas Wilson and -Sons, H]gh-Oi FOB. LOKOMAX, REES, ORME, HROWV, GREEK AND LONGMAN ; AND FOR DARTO.V AND HARVEY, I,OM > FOR WILSON AND SONS, YORK. 1837. • * * • * EDUCATION DEF& ^ Z / j ~ * ^ ADVERTISEMENT TO THE TENTH EDITION. The author of this work, and of* the books con- nected with it, thinks it is incumbent upon him to make some apology, for the variations which are to be found in the different editions. The infirm state of his health; his numerous occupations; and the quick succession of new editions of his English Grammar, English Exercises, and Key to the Ex- ercises ; prevented him from giving these books, at an early period of their publication, all the improvements which he had contemplated, or which had been occasionally suggested to him. The successive additions and improvements which these works have received, and which some- times occasioned a want of correspondence amongst them, must certainly have been productive of in- convenience or expense, to many persons who had purchased the earlier editions. This, though the author regretted the circumstance, was, for the rea- sons alleged, unavoidable. He must either have suppressed the improvements entirely, or have in- 541162 a 2 IV ADVERTISEMENT. serted them gradually as the new editions appeared : but as he conceived them to be of considerable importance, he could not think it warrantable to omit them ; and the approbation of the public has confirmed him in the propriety of this decision. It is with particular satisfaction that the author can now state, that the additions and alterations which he had in view, are completed, and are con- tained in the sixteenth edition of the Grammar, the twelfth of the Exercises, and the tenth of the Key ; that these editions of the books correspond exactly to one another; and that it is his intention that, in every future edition of each of them, this cor- respondence shall be faithfully preserved. It is indeed possible, that some illustrations or justification of particular rules and positions contained in the Grammar, may yet be necessary. But if, con- trary to expectation, this should be the case, the practical parts of the system will not be affected by such additions. The connexion, as it now subsists, between the Grammar, the Exercises, and the Key, will remain invariably the same ; unless some error, at present unobserved, should hereafter be dis- covered. As the types composing the Grammar have, for a considerable time, been kept standing; and as * ADVERTISEMENT. V the book could not be enlarged without advan- cing its price ; many of the subsequent improve- ments have been necessarily inserted in appro- priate parts of the Exercises, or the Key. Refer- ences have, however, been made in the Grammar, under the correspondent rules, to the additional notes and illustrations. To this mode of supplying im- provements, the reader will have the less objection, when he considers, that the Exercises and the Key are necessary appendages to the Grammar ; and serve to illustrate and enforce, as well as to extend, its rules and positions. The three volumes are in- deed intimately connected, and constitute one uni- form svstem of English Grammar. To this edition of the Key, the author has sub- joined a copious Alphabetical Index to the Grammai . the Exercises, and the Key: a work, which tters himself, will be generally useful ; and par- ticularly acceptable to students who have m some progress in the knowledge of gramm IIoldgate near York, ]80">. Q^* See the Advertisement at page 220 of I time. A3 CONTENTS. PART II. Orthography. Page. Cha*p. 1. Corrections of the false Orthography, arranged under the respective rules 2. Corrections of the false Orthography, promis- cuously disposed 15 PART III. Syntax. Chap. 1. Corrections of the false Syntax, arranged under tli£ rules 29 2. Corrections of the false Syntax, promiscuously disposed PART IV. Punctuation. Chap. 1. Applications of the Comma, disposed under the particular rules Ill 2. Insertions of the Semicolon and Comma . . .121 3. Applications of the Colon, &.c 123 4. Insertions of the Period, &c 125 5. Applications of the Dash ; of the Notes of In- terrogation and Exclamation ; and of the Parenthetical characters 127 6. Corrections of the promiscuous instances uf defective punctuation A4 VUl CONTENTS. PART V. Perspicuity and Accuracy. Page, First, with respect to single words and phrases. Chap. 1. Corrections of the errors that relate to Purity . 141 2. Corrections of the errors that relate to Pro- priety 143 3. Corrections of the errors which respect Preci- sion 15J (O Secondly, with respect to the construction of sentences. Chap. 1. Corrections of the errors which relate to the Clearness of a sentence 152 2. Corrections of the errors relating to the Unity of a sentence .159 3. Corrections of the errors which respect the Strength of a sentence 163 4. Corrections of the errors that relate to Figures of Speech 175 5. Corrections of the errors in the chapter of Pro- miscuous Exercises 178 Alphabetical Index to the Grammar, the Exercises, and the Key 201 KEY TO THE EXERCISES. PART II*. ORTHOGRAPHY CHAPTER I. Containing corrections of the false Orthography. arranged under the respective Rules. Grammar, p. G7. Exercises, p. 47. RULE 1. ■ It is no great merit to spell properly: but a ^reat detect to do it incorrectly. Jacob worshiped his Creator, leaning on the top of his staff. We may place too little, as well as too much, strew upon dreams. \ regular explanation of the Ext r :n Parsing, would occupy a great portion of this volume; and, after all, would perhaps be of little use to the learner: a Key to Part I thereforeomitted. General directions, n u? the mod. i I - •. may be seen in the in-c/ji//, or any sul)s< quent,edition of the Duodecimo Grammar, page 215. The reader in peruse pages 42 to 52 of the Second Volume of the third, or any later, edition of the Octavo Grammar. A5 ] KEY. Our manners should be neither gross, nor exces* sively refined. RULE II. Grammar, p. 38. Exercises, p. 47. A car signifies a chariot of war, or a small car- riage of burden. In the names of drugs and plants, the mistake in a word may endanger life. Nor undelightful is the ceaseless hum To him who muses through the woods at noon. The Jin of a fish is the limb, by which he balances his body, and moves in the water. Many a trap is laid to insnare the feet of youth. Many thousand families are supported by the simple business of making ?nats. rule in. We should subject our fancies to the government of reason. If thou art seeking for the living amongst the dead, thou iveariest thyself in vain. If we have denied ourselves sinful pleasures, we shall be great gainers in the end. We shall not be the happier for possessing talents and affluence, unless we make a right use of them. The truly good mind is not dismayed by poverty, afflictions, or death. ORTHOGRAPHY. 1 ' RULE IV. Grammar, p. 3S. Exercises, p. 49. It is a great blessing to have a sound mind, unin- fluenced by fanciful humours. Common calamities, and common blessings, tall heavily upon the envious. The comeliness of youth are modesty and frank- ness ; of age, condescension and dignity. When we act against conscience, we become the destroyers of our own peace. We may be playful, and yet innocent; grave, and yet corrupt. It is only from general conduct, that our true character can be portrayed. rule v. W hen we bring the lawmaker into contempt, we have in effect annulled his laws. By deferring our repentance, we accumulate our sorrows. The pupils of a certain ancient philosopher, were not, during their first years of study, permitted to ask any questions. We all have many failings and lapses to lament and recover. There is no affliction with which we arc visited, that may not be improved to our advantage. The Christian Lawgiver has prohibited many things, which the heathen philosophers allowed. AG 1 2 KEY. RULE VI. Grammar, p. 39. Exercises, p. 50. Restlessness of mind disqualifies us, both for the en- joyment of peace, and the performance of our duty. The arrows of calumny fall harmlessly at the feet of virtue. The road to the blissful regions, is as open to the peasant as to the king. A cliilness, or shivering of the body, generally precedes a fever. To recommend virtue to others, our lights must shine brightly, not dully. The silent stranger stood amaz'd to see Contempt of wealth, and wilful poverty. RULE VII. The warmth of disputation, destroys that sedate- ness of mind which is necessary to discover truth. All these with ceaseless praise his works behold, Both day and night. In all our reasonings, our minds should be sincerely employed in the pursuit of truth. Rude behaviour, and indecent language, are pe- culiarly disgraceful to youth of education. The true worship of God is an important and awful service, Wisdom alone is truly fair : folly only appears so. ORTHOGRAPHY. 13 RULE VIII. Grammar, p. 39. Exercises, p. 51. The study of the English language is making daily advancement. A judicious arrangement of studies facilitates im- provement. To shun allurements is not hard, To minds resolv'd, forewarn'd, and well prepar'd. RULE IX. Every person and thing connected with self, is apt to appear good and desirable in our eyes. Errors and misconduct are more excusable in is:- norant, than in well-instructed persons. The divine laws are not reversible by those oi men. Gratitude is a forcible and active principle in good and generous minds. Our natural and involuntary defects of bod] not chargeable upon us. We are made to be serviceable to others, as well as to ourselves. rule x. An obliging and humble disposition, is totally unconnected with a servile and cringing humour. 1 4 KEY. By solacing the sorrows of others, the heart is improved, at the same time that our duty is per- formed. Labour and expense are lost upon a dronish spirit. The inadvertences of youth may be excused, but knavish tricks should meet with severe reproof. RULE XI. Grammar, p. 39. Exercises, p. 53. Love worketh no ill to our neighbour, and is the fulfilling of the law. That which is sometimes expedient, is not always so. We may be hurtful to others, by our example, as well as by personal injuries. Where diligence opens the door of the under- standing, and impartiality keeps it, truth finds an entrance and a welcome too. ( 15 ) CHAPTER II. Containing corrections of the false Orthography, pro- jniscuously disposed. SECTION I. Exercises, p. 53. Neglect no opportunity of doing good. No man can steadily build upon accidents. How shall we keep, what sleeping or awake, A weaker may surprise, a stronger take ? Neither time nor misfortunes should erase the re- membrance of a friend. Moderation should preside, both in the kitchen and the parlour. Shall we receive good at the Divine hand, and shall we not receive evil ? In many designs, we may succeed and be miser- able. We should have sense and virtue enough to recede from our demands, when they appear to be unrea- sonable. All our comforts proceed from the Father of Goodness. The ruin of a state is generally preceded by a universal degeneracy of manners, and a contempt ol religion. 1 6 key. (Pronds- His father omitted nothing in his education, that might render him virtuous and useful. The daw in the fable was dressed in pilfered or- naments. A favour conferred with delicacy, doubles the obli- gation. They tempted their Creator, and limited the Holy One of Israel. The precepts of a good education have often re- curred in the time of need. We are frequently benefited by what we have dreaded. It is no great virtue to live lovingly with good natured and meek persons. The Christian religion gives a more lovely cha- racter of God, than any religion ever did. Without sinistrous views, they are dexterous ma- nagers of their own interest. Any thing committed to the trust and care of ano- ther, is a deposite. Here finished he, and all that he had made Viewed and beheld ! All was entirely good. It deserves our best skill to inquire into those rules, by which we may guide our judgment. Food, clothing, and habitations, are the rewards of industry. If we lay no restraint upon our lusts, no control upon our appetites and passions, they will hurry us into guilt and misery. An Independent is one who, in religious affairs, holds that every congregation is a complete Church. CUOUS.) ORTHOGRAPHY. I? Receive his counsel, and securely move: Intrust thy fortune to the Power above. Following life in creatures we dissect, We lose it in the moment we detect. Tiie acknowledgment of our transgressions must precede the forgiveness of them. Judicious abridgments often aid the studies of youth. Examine how thy humour is inclined, And which the ruling passion of thy mind. He fullers at the question: His fears, his words, his looks, declare him guilty. Calico is a thin cloth made of cotton; sometimes stained with lively colours. To promote iniquity in others, is nearly the sai as beins the actors of it ourselves. The glazier's business was unknown to the ancients. The antecedent, in grammar, is the noun or pro- noun to which the relative refers. section 2. F.xcrcises, p. 56. Be not afraid of the wicked : they are under the control of Providence. Consciousness of guilt may justly affright us. Convey to others no intelligence which you would be ashamed to avow. 1 8 key. (Promis- Many are weighed in the balance, and found wanting. How many disappointments have, in their conse- quences, saved a man from ruin ! A well-poized mind makes a cheerful countenance. A certain householder planted a vineyard, but the men employed in it made ungrateful returns. Let us show diligence in every laudable under- taking. Cinnamon is the fragrant bark of a low tree in the island of Ceylon. A ram will butt with his head, though he be brought up tame, and never saw the action. We perceive a piece of silver in a basin, when water is poured on it, though we could not discover it before. Virtue embalms the memory of the good. The king of Great Britain is a limited monarch ; and the British nation a free people. The physician may dispense the medicine, but Providence alone can bless it. In many pursuits, we embark with pleasure, and land sorrowfully. Rocks, mountains, and caverns, are of indispen- sable use, both to the earth and to man. The hive of a city, or kingdom, is in the best con- dition, when there is the least noise or buzz in it. The roughnesses found on our entrance into^the paths of virtue and learning, grow smoother as we advance. That which was once the most beautiful spot of Italy, covered with palaces, embellished by princes, CUOUS.) ORTHOGRAPHY. 19 and celebrated by poets, has now nothing to show but ruins. Battering rams were anciently used to beat down the walls of a city. Jockey signifies a man who rides horses in a race; or who deals in horses. The harmlessness of many animals, and the enjoy- ment which they have of life, should plead for them against cruel usage. We may be very busy, to no useful purpose. We cannot plead in abatement of our guilt, that we are ignorant of our duty. Genuine charity, how liberal soever it may be, will never empovcrish ourselves. If we sow sparingly, we shall reap accordingly. However disagreeable, we must resolutely perfon:. our duty. A fit of sickness is often a kind chastisement and discipline, to moderate our affection for the things of this life. It is a happiness to young persons, when they are preserved from the snares of the world, as in a gar- den enclosed. Health and peace, the most valuable possessions, are obtained at small expense. Incense signifies perfumes exhaled by fire, and made use of in religious ceremonies. True happiness is an enemy to pomp and noise. Few reflections are more distressing, than those which we make on our own ingratitude. There is an inseparable connexion between piety and virtue. 20 key. ( Promts- Many actions have a fair complexion, which have not sprung from virtue. Which way soever we turn ourselves, we are en- countered with sensible demonstrations of a Deitv. li we forsake the ways of virtue, we cannot allege an};- colour of ignorance, or want of instruction. section 3. Exercises, p. 59. There are more cultivators of the earth, than of their own hearts. Man is encompassed with clangers innumerable. War is attended with distressful and desolating effects. It is confessedly the scourge of our angry passions. The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof. The harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers are few. The greater our incitements to evil, the greater will be our victory and reward. We should not encourage persons to do what they believe to be wrong. Virtue is placed between two extremes, which are both equally blamable. We should continually have the goal in our view which would direct us in the race. The gaols were forced open, and the prisoners set free. It cannot be said that we are charitable donors, when our gifts proceed from selfish motives. Strait is the gate, and narrow the way, that lead to life eternal. CUOUS.) ORTHOGRAPHY. 2 J Integrity leads us straight forward, disdaining all doublings, and crooked paths. Licentiousness and crimes pave the way to ruin. Words are the counters of wise men, but the mom y of fools. Recompense to no man evil for evil. He was an excellent person; a mirror of ancient faith in early youth. Meekness controls our angry passions; candour, our severe judgments. He is not only a descendant from pious ancestors, but an inheritor too of their virtues. A dispensary is the place where medicines are dispensed: a dispensatory is a book in which the composition of them is described. Faithfulness and judgment are peculiarly requisite in testamentary executors. To be faithful among the faithless, argues great strength of principle. Mountains appear to be like so many wens or vnnatural protuberances on the face of the earth. In some places the sea encroaches upon the land; in others, the land upon the sea. Philosophers agreed in despising riches, as the encumbrances of life. Wars are regulated robberies and piracies. Fishes increase more than beasts or birds, as ap- pears from their numerous spawn. The pyramids of Egypt have stood more than three thousand ye;' IV - have small influence, when not enforced by example. 22 key. (Promts- How has kind Heav'n adorn'd the happy land, And scatter'd blessings with a wasteful hand. A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes. A witty and humorous vein has often produced enemies. Neither pleasure nor business should engross our time and affections; proper seasons should be allotted for retirement. It is laudable to inquire before we determine. Manv have been visited with afflictions, who have not profited by them. We may be successful, and yet disappointed. section 4«. Exercises, p. 61. The experience of want enhances the value of plenty. To maintain opinions stiffly, is no evidence of their truth, or of our moderation. Hoarhound has been famous for its medicinal qualities : but it is now little used. The wicked are often insnared in the trap which they lay for others. It is hard to say what diseases are curable: they are all under the guidance of Heaven. Instructers should not only be skilful in those sciences which they teach; but have skill in the method of teaching, and patience in the practice. Science strengthens and enlarges the minds of men. CUOUS.) ORTHOGRAPHY. 23 A steady mind may receive counsel; but there is no hold on a changeable humour. We may inure ourselves by custom, to bear the extremities of weather without injury. Excessive merriment is the parent of grief . Air is sensible to the touch by its motion, and by its resistance to bodies moved in it. A polite address is sometimes the cloak of malice. , To practise virtue is the sure way to love it. Many things are plausible in theory, which fail in practice. Learning and knowledge must be attained by slow degrees : and are the reward only of diligence and patience. We should study to live peaceably with all men. A soul that can securely death defy, And count it nature's privilege to die. Whatever promotes the interest of the soul, is also conducive to our present felicity. Let not the sternness of virtue affright us; she will soon become amiable. The spacious firmament on high, With all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled heav'ns, a shining frame, Their great Original proclaim. Passion is the drunkenness of the mind : it super- sedes the workings of reason. If we are sincere, we may be assured of an ad- vocate to intercede fur us. 24 key. (Promis- We ought not to consider the increase of another's reputation, as a diminution of our own. The rheumatism is a painful distemper, supposed to proceed from acrid humours. The beautiful and accomplished, are too apt to study behaviour rather than virtue. The peasant's cabin contains as much content as the sovereign's palace. True valour protects the feeble, and humbles the oppressor. David, the son of Jesse, was a wise and valiant man. Prophecies and miracles proclaimed Jesus Christ to be the Saviour of the world. Esau sold his birthright for a savoury mess of pot- tage. A regular and virtuous education, is an inestimable blessing. Honour and shame from no condition rise : Act well your part; there, all the honour lies. The rigour of monkish discipline often conceals great depravity of heart. We should recollect, that however favourable we may be to ourselves, we are rigorously examined by others. section 5. Exercises, p. 63. Virtue can render youth, as well as old age, ho- nourable* CUOUS-) ORTHOGRAPHY. 25 Rumour often tells false tales. Weak minds are ruffled by trifling things. The cabbage tree is very common in the Caribbee islands, where it grows to a prodigious height. Visit the sick, feed the hungry, clothe the naked. His smiles and tears are too artificial to be relied on. The most essential virtues of a Christian, are love to God and benevolence to man. We should be cheerful without levity. A calendar signifies a register of the year ; and a calender, a press in which clothiers smooth their cloth. Integrity and hope are the sure palliatives of sor- row. Chamomile is an odoriferous plant, and possesses considerable medicinal virtues. The gaiety of youth should be tempered by the precepts of age. Certainty, even on distressful occasions, is some- times more eligible than suspense. Still green with bays each ancient altar stands Above the reach of sacrilegious hands. The most acceptable sacrifice, is that of a contrite and humble heart. We are accountable for whatever we patronise in others. It marks a savage disposition, to torture animals, to make them smart and agonize, for our diversion. The edge of cloth, where it is closed by compli- cating the threads, is called the selvage. B 26 key. (Promis- Souchong tea and Turkey coffee were his favourite beverage ; chocolate he seldom drank. The guilty mind cannot avoid many melancholy apprehensions. If we injure others, we must expect retaliation. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. Peace and honour are the sheaves of virtue's harvest. The black earth, every where obvious on the sur- face of the ground, we call mould. The Roman pontiff claims to be the supreme head of the church on earth. High seasoned food vitiates the palate, and occa- sions a disrelish for plain fare. The conscious receiver is as bad as the thief. Alexander, the conqueror of the world, was, in fact, a robber and a murderer. The Divine Being is not only the Creator, but the Ruler and Preserver of the world. Honest endeavours, if persevered in, will finally be successful. He who dies for religion, is a martyr; he who suffers for it, is a confessor. In the paroxysm of passion, we sometimes give occasion for a life of repentance. The mist which envelops many studies, is dissi- pated when we approach them. The voice is sometimes obstructed by a hoarseness, or by viscous phlegm. The desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. The fruit and sweetmeats set on table after the meat, are called the dessert. We traversed the flowery fields, till the falling dews admonished us to return. CUOUS.) ORTHOGRAPHY. 27 SECTION 6. Exercises, p. 65. There is frequently a worm" at the root of our most flourishing condition. The stalk of ivy is tough, and not fragile. The roof is vaulted, and distils fresh water from every part of it. Our imperfections are discernible by others, when we think they are concealed. ■ They think they shall be heard for their much speaking. True criticism is not a captious, but a liberal art. Integrity is our best defence against the evils of life. No circumstance can license evil, or dispense with the rules of virtue. We may be ciphers in the world's estimation, whilst we are advancing our own and others' value. The path of virtue is the path of peace. A diphthong is the coalition of two vowels to form one sound. However forcible our temptations, they may be resisted. I acknowledge my trangression; and my sin is ever before me. The college of cardinals are the electors ot the pope. He had no colourable excuse to palliate his conduct. Thy humorous vein, thy pleasing folLy, Lie all neglected, all forgot. B2 28 key. (Promiscuous, If we are so conceited as obstinately to reject all advice, we must expect a dereliction of friends. Chronology is the science of computing and ad- justing the periods of time. In groves we live, and lie on mossy beds, By crystal streams, that murmur through the meads. It is a secret cowardice which induces us to com- pliment the vices of our superiors, to applaud the libertine, and laugh with the profane. The lark each morning waked me with her spright- ly lay. There are no fewer than thirty-two species of the lily. We owe it to our visiters as well as to ourselves, to entertain them with useful and sensible conversation. Sponsors are those who become sureties for the children's education in the Christian faith. The warrior's fame is often purchased by the blood of thousands. Hope exhilarates the mind, and is the grand elixir, under all the evils of life. The incense of gratitude, whilst it expresses our duty, and honours our benefactor, perfumes and re- gales ourselves. PART III. Syntax. CHAPTER I. Containing corrections of the false Syntax, arranged under the Rules* RULE 1. Grammar, p. 139. Exercises, p. 67. Disappointments sink the heart of man ; but the renewal of hope gives consolation. The smiles that encourage severity of judgment, hide malice and insincerity. He dares not act in opposition to his instructions. Fifty pounds of wheat contain forty pounds ot flour. The mechanism of clocks and watches ivas totally unknown a few centuries ago. The number of the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland, does not exceed sixteen millions. Nothing but vain and foolish pursuits delights somt persons. B3 30 key. (Rule I. A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye. So much both of ability and merit is seldom found. In the conduct of Parmenio, a mixture of wisdom and folly was very conspicuous. He is a more methodical writer than Plutarch, or any other, that writes lives too hastily. The inquisitive and curious are generally talkative. Great pains have been taken to reconcile the parties. I am sorry to say it, but there were more equivo- cators than one. The sincere are always esteemed. ■ Have the goods been sold to advantage ? and didst thou embrace the proper season ? There are many occasions in life, in which silence and simplicity are true wisdom. The generous never recount minutely the actions they have done; nor the prudent, those they will do. He needs not proceed in such haste. The business that related to ecclesiastical meetings, matters, and persons, was to be ordered according to the king's direction. In him was happily blended true dignity with softness of manners. The support of so many of his relations, was a heavy tax upon his industry; but thou knowest, he paid it cheerfully. What avail the best sentiments, if persons do not live suitably to them? Reconciliation was offered, on conditions as mo- derate as were consistent with a permanent union. Not one of them whom thou seest clothed in purple, is completely happy. Rule \.) SYNTAX. 31 And the fame of this persoD, and of his wonderful actions, tvas diffused throughout the country. The variety of the productions of genius, like that of the operations of nature, is without limit. In vain our flocks and fields increase our store, When our abundance makes us wish for more. Thou shouldst love thy neighbour as sincerely as thou lovest thyself. Hast thou no better reason for censuring thy friend and companion ? Thou, who art the Author and Bestower of life, canst doubtless restore it also: but whether thou wilt please to restore it, or not, that thou only bioivest. " O thou my voice inspire, Who touch'd Isaiah's hallowed lips with fire. " Who touchedst or didst touch." Accept these grateful tears : for thee they flow ; For thee that ever felt another's wo. " Didst feel." Just to thy word, in ev'ry thought sincere ; Who knew no wish but what the world might hear. " Who kne-jcest or didst know," The following examples are adapted to the notes and observations under Rule i. Grammar, p. 139. Exercises, p. 69. 1. To do unto all men, as we would that thev, in similar circumstances, should do unto us, constitute* the great principle of virtue. B4 32 key. (Rule 1. From a fear of the world's censure, to be ashamed of the practice of precepts which the heart approves and embraces, marks a feeble and imperfect cha- racter. The erroneous opinions which we form concern- ing happiness and misery, give rise to all the mis- taken and dangerous passions that embroil our life. To live soberly, righteously, and piously, is re- quired of all men. That it is our duty to promote the purity of our minds and bodies, to be just and kind to our fellow- creatures, and to be pious and faithful to Him that made us, admits not of any doubt in a rational and well-informed mind. To be of a pure and humble mind, to exercise be- nevolence towards others, to cultivate piety towards God, are the sure means of becoming peaceful and happy. It is an important truth, that religion, vital reli- gion, the religion of the heart, is the most power- ful auxiliary of reason, in waging war with the passions, and promoting that sweet composure which constitutes the peace of God. The possession of our senses entire, of our limbs uninjured, of a sound understanding, of friends and companions, is often overlooked; though it would be the ultimate wish of many, who, as far as we can judge, deserve it as much as ourselves. All that makes a figure on the great theatre of the world, the employments of the busy, the enter- prises of the ambitious, and the exploits of the war- like; the virtues which form the happiness, and the crimes which occasion the misery of mankind ; ori- Rule 2.) SYNTAX. ginate in that silent and secret recess of thought, which is hidden from every human eve. 2. If the privileges to which he has an undoubted right, anil which he has long enjoyed, should now be wrested from him, it would be flagrant injustice. These curiosities we have imported from China, and they are similar to those which were some time ago brought from Africa. Will martial flames for ever fire thy mind, And wilt thou never be to Heav'n resign'd ? 5. When two substantives come together, and do not signify the same thing, the first of them must be in the genitive case. Such is the constitution of men, that virtue, how- ever it may be neglected for a time, mil ultimately be acknowledged and respected. 4. The crown of virtue are peace and honour. His chief occupation and enjoyment was contra" versv. •//edestroy'd. Or won to what may work his utter loss. All this will soon follow. -Whose gray top Shall tremble, he descending. RULE II. Grammar, p. 14.3. Exercises, p. Idleness and ignorance are the parents oi manv vices. B 5 34 kev. (Rule 2. Wisdom, virtue, happiness, dwell with the golden mediocrity. In unity consist the welfare and security of every society. Time and tide wait for no man. His politeness and good disposition were, on failure of their effect, entirely changed. Patience and diligence, like faith, remove moun- tains. Humility and knowledge, with poor apparel, excel pride and ignorance under costly attire. The planetary system, boundless space, and the immense ocean, affect the mind with sensations of astonishment. Humility and love, whatever obscurities may involve religious tenets, constitute the essence of true religion. Religion and virtue, our best support and highest honour, confer on the mind principles of noble in- dependence. What signify the counsel and care of preceptors, when youth think they have no need of assistance ? The examples which fellow are suited to the notes and observations under rule ii. Grammar, p. 144. Exercises, p. 72. 1. Much do human pride and self-complacency require correction. Luxurious living, and high pleasures, beget a languor and satiety that destroy all enjoyment. Pride and self-sufficiency stifle sentiments of de- pendence on our Creator : levity and attachment to Rule 2.) syntax. 35 worldly pleasures, destroy the sense of gratitude to him. 2. Good order in our aftairs, not mean savings, produces great profits. The following treatise, together with those that accompany it, was written, many years ago, for my own private satisfaction. That great senator, in concert with several other eminent persons, uas the projector of the revolu- tion. The religion of these people, as well as their cus- toms and manners, was strangely misrepresented. Virtue, joined to knowledge and wealth, confers great influence and respectability. But knowledge, with wealth united, if virtue is wanting, has a very limited influence, and is often despised. That superficial scholar and critic, like some re- nowned critics of our own, has furnished most de- cisive proofs, that he knew not the characters of tin Hebrew language. The buildings of the institution have been en- larged ; the expense of which, added to the in- creased price of provisions, renders it necessary t<> advance the terms of admission. One, added to nineteen, makes twenty. — Better thus : one and nineteen make twenty. What black despair, what horror,/// his mind! 3. Thou, and the gardener, and the huntsman, must share the blame of this business amongst you. My sister and I, as well as my brother, are daily employed in our respective occupations. B 6 36 key. (Rule 3. RULE III. Grammar, p. 146. Exercises, p. 73. Man's happiness, or misery, is, in a great measure, put into his own hands. Man is not such a machine as a clock or a watch, which moves merely as it is moved. Despise no infirmity of mind or body, nor any con- dition of life : for it is, perhaps, to be your own lot. Speaking impatiently to servants, or any thing that betrays unkindness or ill-humour, is certainly criminal. There are many faults in spelling, which neither analogy nor pronunciation justifies. When sickness, infirmity, or reverse of fortune, affects us, the sincerity of friendship is proved. Let it be remembered, that it is not the uttering,, or the hearing of certain words, that constitutes the worship of the Almighty. A tart reply, a proneness to rebuke, or a captious and contradictious spirit, is capable of imbittering domestic life, and of setting friends at variance. The following sentences exemplify the notes and obser- vations under rule hi. Grammar, p. 146. Exercises, p. 74. 1. Either thou or I am greatly mistaken, in our judgment on this subject. I or thou art the person who must undertake, the business proposed. 2. One or both of the scholars, were present at the transaction. Rule ±.) syntax. 37 Some parts of the ship and cargo were recovered; but neither the captain, nor the sailors, were saved. Whether one person or more than one, ivere con- cerned in the business, does not yet appear. The deceitfulness of riches, or the cares of this life, have choked the seeds of virtue in many a pro- mising mind. rule iv. Grammar, p. 147. Exercises, p. 75. The people rejoice in that which should give them sorrow. The flock, and not the fleece, is, or ought to be, the object of the shepherd's care. The court has just ended, after having sat through the trial of a very long cause. The crowd ivas so great, that the judges with difficulty made their way through it. The corporation of York consists of a mayor, aldermen, and a common council. The British parliament is composed of king, lords, and commons. When the nation complains the rulers should lister. to its voice. In the days of youth, the multitude eagerly pwsue pleasure as their chief good. The church has no power to inflict corporal pu- nishment. The fleet was seen sailing up the channel. The regiment consists of a thousand men. The meeting has established several salulary re- gulations. 38 key. (Rule 5. The council were not unanimous, and they separated without coming to any determination. The fleet are all arrived and moored in safety. These people draw near to me with their mouth, and honour me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. The committee were divided in their sentiments, and they have referred the business to the general meeting. The committee ivas very full when this point was decided; and its judgment has not been called in question. Why does this generation wish for greater evidence, when so much is already given ? The remnant of the people was persecuted with great severity. Never was any people so much infatuated as the Jewish nation. The shoal of herrings ivas of an immense extent. No society is chargeable with the disapproved misconduct of particular members. rule v. Grammar, p. 148. Exercises, p. 76. The exercise of reason appears as little in these sportsmen, as in the beasts which they sometimes hunt, and by which they are sometimes hunted. They who seek wisdom will certainly find her. The male amongst birds seems to discover no beauty, but in the colour of his species. Take handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle them towards heaven, in the sight of Pharaoh ; and they shall become small dust. Rule 5.) syntax. Rebecca took goodly raiment, which uas with her in the house, and put it upon Jacob. The wheel killed another man, who is the sixth that has lost his life, by this means. The fair sex, whose task is not to mingle in the labours of public life, have their own part assigned them to act. The Hercules ship of war foundered at sea; she overset, and lost most of her men. The mind of man cannot be long without some food to nourish the activity of its thoughts. What is the reason that our language is less re- fined than that of Italy, Spain, or France ? I do not think any one should incur censure for being tender of his reputation. Thou who hast been a witness of the fact, canst know but this, that thou art good, And that myself am blind : \ ; . m in this dark estate, Sec. " < 'tmjmedst or didst confine .-" " Gavett or di. At the worst, I could but incur a gentle repri- mand. At the best, his gift was but a poor offering, when we consider his estate. rule x. Grammar, p. 169. Exercises, p. 83. My ancestor's virtue is not mine. His brother's offence will not condemn him. I will not destroy the city for ten's sake. Nevertheless, Asa's heart was perfect with the Lord. A mother's tenderness and a father's care, are na- ire's %ift& for man's advantage. A man's manners frequently influence his fortune. Wisdom's precepts form the good man's interest I happim They slew Varus, him that was mentioned before. They slew Varus, who was he that I mentioned before. C2 52 key. (Rule 10. The following examples are adapted to the notes and observations under rule x. Grammar, p. 170. Exercises, p. 89. 1. The anniversary of King William and Queen Mary's accession to the throne. The house was Joseph and Robert's property. On this trial, the judges and the jury's senti- ments, were at variance. The captain and mate's, as well as the seamen's exertions, brought the vessel, under Providence,, safely into port. 2. The witness's evidence was decisive. Moses's rod was turned into a serpent. For Herodiass sake, his brother Philips wife. If ye suffer for righteousness* sake, happy are ye. Ye should be subject for conscience* sake. 3. They very justly condemned the senseless and extravagant conduct of the Prodigal, as he ivas called* They implicitly obeyed the imperious mandates of him whom they called their protector. 4. I bought the knives at Johnson's, the cutler. The silk was purchased at Brown's, the mercer and haberdasher. The tent of Lord Feversham the general. This palace had been the grand sultan Mahomet's. I will not for David thy father's sake. He took refuge at the governor's, the king's re- presentative* Rule 10.) syntax. 53 Whose works are these? Thev are Cicero's, the most eloquent of men. 5. The government f the world is not left- to chance. She married the brother of my son's wife. Or — my son's brother-in-law. This house belongs to the partner of my wife's b rot her. It was necessary to have the advice both of the physician and the surgeon. The extent of the king of England's prerogative is sufficiently ascertained. 6. This picture of the king does not much re- semble him. These pictures of the king's were sent to him from Italy. Or — These pictures belonging to the king, 6cc. This estate of the corporation is much encum- bered. That is the eldest son of the king of England. Or — The King of England's eldest son. 7. What can be the cause of the parliament's neg- lecting so important a business? Much depends on this rule's being observed. The time of William's making the experiment, at length arrived. It is very probable that this assembly was called, to clear some doubt which the king had, about the lawfulness of the Hollanders' throwing off the mo- narchy of Spain, and withdrawing, entirely, their allegiance to that crown. C3 54 key. (Rule 11. If we alter the situation of any of the words, we shall presently be sensible of the melody s suffering. Such will ever be the effect of youth's associating with vicious companions. RULE XI. Grammar, p. 175. Exercises, p. 91. They whom opulence has made proud, and whom luxury has corrupted, cannot relish the simple plea- sures of nature. You have reason to dread his wrath, which one day will destroy you both. Whom have I reason to love so much as this friend of my youth ? You, who were dead, hath he quickened, Whom did they entertain so freely ? The man whom he raised from obscurity, is dead. You only have I known of all the families of the earth. Him and them we know, but who are you ? Her that is idle and mischievous, reprove sharply. Whom did they send to him on so important an errand? That is the friend whom you must receive cordially, and whom you cannot esteem too highly. He invited my brother and me to see and examine his library. Him who committed the offence, you should cor- rect, not me who am innocent. We should fear and obey the Author of our being, even Him who has power to reward or punish us tor ever. Rule 11.) syntax. 55 Them whom he had most injured, he had the greatest reason to love. The examples which follow, are suited to the notes and observations under rule XI. Grammar, p. 176. Exercises, p. 92. 1. Though he now takes pleasure in them, lie will one day repent of indulgences so unwarrantable. The nearer his virtues approached to the great example before him, the humbler he grew. It will be very difficult to make his conduct agree with the principles he professes. 2. To ingratiate ourselves with some, by traducing others, marks a base and despicable mind. I shall premise two or three genera-1 observations. 3. If such maxims, and such practices prevail, what is become of decency and virtue? I am come according to the time proposed; but I am fallen upon an evil hour. The mighty rivals have now at length agreed. The influence of his corrupt example had then entirely ceased. He had entered into the connexion, before the [uences were considered. k Well may you be afraid; it is he indeed. J would act the same part if 1 were he, or in his situation. -Search the .Scriptures; for in them ye think have eternal life: and they are they which test of me. C4 50 key. (Rule 12. Be composed : it is J: you have no cause for fear. I cannot tell who has befriended me, unless it is he from whom I have received many benefits. I know not whether they were the persons who con- ducted the business; but I am certain it was not he. He so much resembled my brother, that, at first sight, I took it to be him. After all their professions, is it possible to be they ? It could not have been she, for she always behaves discreetly. If it was not he, whom do you imagine it to have been? Whom do you think him to be ? Who do the people say that we are ? 5. Whatever others do, let thee and me act wisely. Let them and us unite to oppose this growing evil. RULE XII. Grammar, p. 178. Exercises, p. S4. It is better to live on a little, than to outlive a great deal. You ought not to walk too hastily. I wish him not to wrestle with his happiness. I need not solicit him to do a kind action. I dare not proceed so hastily, lest I should give offence. I have seen some young persons conduct them- selves very discreetly. Rule 13.) syntax. 57 The following sentences exemplify the notes and obser- vations under rule xii. Grammar, p. 178. Exercises, p. 94. !. It is a great support to virtue, when we see a good mind maintain its patience and tranquillity, under injuries and affliction, and cordially forgive its oppressors. It is the difference of their conduct, which mat us approve the one, and reject the other. To see young persons, who are courted by health and pleasure, resist all the allurements of vice, and steadily pursue virtue and knowledge, is cheering and delightful to every good mind. 2. We should not be like many persons, uho depre- ciate the virtues they do not possess. They acted with so much reserve, that some per- sons doubted their sincerity. May we always act uprightly, doing that which conscience approves. RILE XIII. Grammar, p. 179. Exercises, p. 93. The next new year's day, I shall have bct-n at school three years. He lately lost a dear and only son. I should be obliged to him, if lit- would gratify me in that particular. He was formerly very disorderly; but this year, to the present time, he has been decent and regular. C5 58 key. (Rule 13. We should respect these persons, because they have continued long attached to us. In the treasury belonging to the Cathedral in this city, has been preserved with the greatest veneration, for upwards of six hundred years, a dish which they pretend to be made of emerald. The court of Rome gladly laid hold on all the op- portunities, which the imprudence, weakness, or ne- cessities of princes, afforded it, to extend its authority, Fierce as he moves, his silver shafts resound. They maintained that scripture conclusion, thai all mankind have risen from one head. John will have earned his wages, when his service shall be completed. Be wise and good, that you may be happv. Be that as it may, he cannot justify his conduct. I have been at London a year, and I saw the king last summer. After we had visited London, we returned, content and thankful, to our retired and peaceful habitation. The folloiving examples are adapted to the notes and observations under rule xiii. Grammar, p. 181. Exercises, p. 96. ]. I purpose to go to London in a few months, and after I shall have finished my business there, to pro- ceed to America. These prosecutions of William seem to have been the most iniquitous measures pursued by the court, Rule 13.) syntax. 5u during the time that the use of parliaments was sus- pended. From the little conversation I had with him, lie appeared to be a man of letters. I always intended to reward my son according to his merit. It would, on reflection, have given me great satis- faction, to have relieved him from that distress) d situation. It required so much care, that I thought 1 should lose it before I reached home. We have done no more than it was our duty to do. He would have assisted one of his friends, if he could have done it without injuring the other ; but as that could not ta done, he avoided all interference. Might it not haze 6ee»*expected, that he would defend an authority, which had been so long exer- cised without controversy ? These enemies of Christianity were confounded, whilst they were expecting to find an opportunity to betray its author. His sea sickness was so great, that I often feared he would die before our arrival. If these persons had intended to deceive, t 1 would have taken care to avoid what would havi , , - them to the objections of their opponents. It was a pleasure to receive his approbation ol my labour^; for which I cordially thanked him. It would have atlbrded me stijl greater pleasure, to httve received his approbation at an earlu r per but to have received it at all, reflected credit upon C o 60 key. (Rule 13. To have been censured by him, would soon have proved an insuperable discouragement. Him portion'd maids, apprentic'd orphans blest, The young who labour, and the old who rest. " Laboured and rested." The doctor, in his lecture, said, that fever always produces thirst *. * In referring to declarations of this nature, the present tense must be used, if the position is immutably the same at all times, or supposed to be so: as, "The bishop de- clared, that virtue is alwaj^s advantageous :" not, " was always advantageous." — But if the assertion referred to something that is not always the same, or supposed to be so, the past tense must be applied : as, "George said, that he was very happy:" not, "wvery happy." The following sentences will fully exemplify, to the young grammarian, both the parts of this rule. " He declared to us, that he was afraid of no man; because conscious innocence gives firmness of mind."—" He protested, that he believed what was said, because it appeared to him probable." — "Charles asserted, that it was his opinion, that men always succeed, when they use precaution and pains."— "The doctor de- clared to his audience, that if virtue suffers some pains, she. is amply recompensed by the pleasures which attend her." If the preceding rule should not be completely applicable to every case which ingenuity may state, the author pre- sumes that it will be found very generally useful. Though we have, in the notes under the thirteenth rule of the Grammar, explained in general the principles, on which the time of a verb in the infinitive mood may be ascer- tained, and its form determined; yet as the subject is curious and important, and the practice of good writers upon it, is very discordant, we presume it will not be un- acceptable Rule 14.) syntax. 6! RULE XIV. Grammar, p. 183. Exercises, p. 97. Esteeming themselves wise, they became fools. Suspecting not only you, but them also, I was stu- dious to avoid all intercourse. I could not avoid considering, in some degree, them as enemies to me; and him as a suspicious friend. acceptable to the young student of grammar, if we produce a few additional observations calculated to settle his jttdg- ment on this contested point. The following rule, founded on the authorities of Bishop Lowth and Dr. Campbell, and we think too, on the authority of common sense, appears to be accurate, as well as simple and intelligible. " When the action or event signified by a verb in the infinitive mood, is contemporary or future, with respect to the verb to which it is chiefly related, the present of the infinitive is required : when it is not contemporary nor future, the perfect of the infinitive is necessary." Tq comprehend and apply this rule, the Btudent has only to consider, whether the infinitive verb refers to a time ante- cedent, contemporary, or future, with regard to the govern- ing or related verb. When this simple point i> ascertained, there will be no doubt in his mind, respecting the form which the infinitive verb should have. Two or three ex- amples may illiterate these positions. If I wish to signify, that I rejoiced at a particular time, in recollecting the sight of a friend, some time having intervened between the *< i - ing and the rejoicing, I should express myself thus: "J rejoiced to have seen my friend. " The > . in this cat was evidently antecedent to the rejoicing; and therefore t he- verb which expresses the former, must be in the perfect ol the infinitive. The same meaning may be expressed in a differ* itt 62 key. (Rule 14. From having exposed himself too freely in diffe- rent climates, he entirely lost his health. The examples which follow, are suited to the notes and observations under rule xiv. Grammar, p. 184. Exercises, p. 98. 1 . By observing truth, you will command esteem, as well as secure peace. different form: " I rejoiced that I had seen my friend;" or, "in having seen my friend :" and the student may, at any time, try the propriety of a doubtful point of this nature, by converting the phrase into its correspondent forms of ex- pression. If, on the contrary, 1 wish to signify, that I rejoiced at the sight of my friend, that my joy and his presence were con- temporary, I should say, "I rejoiced to see my friend ;" or, in other words, " I rejoiced in seeing my friend." The cor- rectness of this form of the infinitive may also be tried, by converting the phrase into its correspondent modes of ex- pression. As the verbs to desire and to rvish, are nearly related, the young student may naturally suppose, from the rule at page 181 of the Grammar, that the latter verb, like the former, must, invariably be followed by the present of the infinitive. But if he reflect, that the act of desiring always refers to the future; and that the act of wishing refers some- times to the past, as well as sometimes to the future; he will perceive that the following modes of expression are strictly justifiable: "I wished that J had written sooner," " I wished to have written sooner:" and he will be perfectly sati-fie.d that the following phrases must be improper: "I desire that I had written sooner," " I desire to have written Rule 14. J SYNTAX. 6.3 He prepared them for this event, by sending them proper information. A person maybe great or rich by chance; but cannot be wise or good, without taking pains for it. Nothing could have made her so unhappy, marrying a man who possessed such principles. Or — the marrying of a man, &c. The changing of times and seasons, the removing and setting up of kings, belong to Providence alone. written sooner."— See, on these subjects, the Octavo Gram- mar, vol. I, pages 275 to 284. It may possibly be alleged, that the sentence, " £ intend to have written," is correct and grammatical. because it simply denotes the speaker's intention t< be hereafter in possession of the finished action oi writing. Butto this reasoning the following answers may be given: that the phrase "to have written" is stated, in English grammars, as the established past tense of the infinitive mood; that it is as incontrovertibly the past tens of the infinitive in English, as scripsisse is the past tense ot the infinitive in Latin; that no writers can be warranted in taking such liberties with the language, as to oontradicl its plainest rules for the r — to do their duty. That boy is known by the name of the Idler. Though conformable to custom, it is not war- rentable. This remark is founded on truth. His parents think of him, and his improvements, with pleasure and hope. His excuse was admitted by his master. What went ye out to see ? There appears to have been a million of men brought into the field. His present was accepted by his friends. More than a thousand men were destroyed. It is my request, that he will be particular, in speaking on the following points. The Saxons reduced the greater part of Britain under their power. He lives opposite to the Royal Exchange. Their house is situated on the north-east side of the road. The performance was approved by all who under- stood it. He was accused of having acted unfairly. She has an abhorrence o/all deceitful conduct. They were at some distance from home, when the accident happened. His deportment was adapted to conciliate regard. My lather writes to me very frequently. Their conduct was agreeable to their prof -on. We went leisurely up stair-, uod came hastily down. We shall write above stairs this forenoon, and below stairs in the afternoon. "72 key. (Rule 18. The politeness of the world has the same resem- blance to benevolence, that the shadow has to the substance. He had a taste for such studies, and pursued them earnestly. When we have had a true taste of the pleasures of virtue, we can have no relish for those of vice. How happy is it to know how to live at times with one's self, to leave one's self ivith regret, to find one's self again with pleasure ! The world is then less necessary to us. Civility makes its way ivith every kind of persons. Or — amongst all kinds of persons. 5. I went to London, after having resided a year in France ; and I now live at Islington. They have just landed at Hull, and are going to Liverpool. They intend to reside some time in Ireland. RULE XVIII. Grammar, p. 194. Exercises, p. 107. Professing regard, and acting differently, discover abase mind. Or — To profess regard, and to act dif-. ferently, &c. Did he not tell me his fault, and entreat me to forgive him ? My brother and he are tolerable grammarians. If he understands the subject, and attends to it in- dustriously, he can scarcely fail of success. You and we enjoy many privileges. This excellent person appeared to be fully re- signed, either to live or to die. Rule 18.) syntax. 73 She and he are very unhappily connected. To be moderate in our views, and to proceed temperately in the pursuit of them, is the best way to ensure success. On that occasion, he could not have done more, nor have cjfered to do less. Between him and me there is some disparity of years; but none between him and her. By forming themselves on fantastic models, and vj/ing with one another in the reigning follies, the young begin with being ridiculous, and end with being vicious and immoral. - In early life, they were headstrong and rash, though now they are compliant >nd gentle. Can these persons consent to such a proposal, and will they consent to it? How affluent, and distinguished for talents, he is, and how extensively useful he mi^ht be ! We have met with many disappointments ; and. if life continue, ive shall probably meet with manv more. He might have been happy, and now he is fulU convinced of it. Virtue is praised by many, and doubtless she would be desired also, if her worth were reallv known. Though Charles was sometimes hasty, vet ht \\a^ not often ung»-nerou?. He could command his temper, I hough he cer- tainly would not. D 74 key. (Rule 19. RULE XIX. Grammar, p. 195. Exercises, p. 108. If he acquire riches, they will corrupt his mind, and be useless to others. Though he urge me yet more earnestly, I shall not comply, unless he advance more forcible reasons. I shall walk in the fields to-day, unless it rain. As the governess was present, the children be- haved properly. She disapproved the measure, because it was very improper. Though he is high, he hath respect to the lowly. Though he was her friend, he did not attempt to justify her conduct. Whether he improves or not, I cannot determine. Though the fact is extraordinary, it certainly did happen. Remember what thou wast, and be humble. O! that his heart were tender, and susceptible of the woes of others. Shall then this verse to future age pretend, Thou wast my guide, philosopher, and friend ? The examples which follow, are suited to the notes and observations under rule xix. Grammar, p. 196. Exercises, p. 109. 1 . Despise not any condition, lest it happen to be your own. Let him that is sanguine, take heed lest he mis- carry. Rule 19.) syntax. 75 Take care that thou break not any of the esta- blished rules. If he do but intimate his desire, it will be sufficient to produce obedience. At the time of his return, if he be but expert in the business, he will find employment. If he does but speak to display his abilities, he is unworthy of attention. If he is but in health, I am content. If he do promise, he will certainly perform. Though he does praise her, it is only for her beauty. If thou do not forgive, perhaps thou wilt not be forgiven. If thou dost sincerely believe the truths of religion, act accordingly. 2. His confused behaviour made it reasonable to suppose that he was guilty. He is so conscious of deserving the rebuke, that he dares not make any reply. His apology was so plausible, that many befriended him, and thought he was innocent. .'i. If one man prefers a life of industry, it is be- < ;iuse he has an idea of comfort in wealth ; if another prefers a life of gaietv, it is from a like idea con- cerning pleasure. No one engages in that business, unless he aims at reputation, or hopes for some singular advantage. Though the design is laudable, and is favourable to our interest, it will involve much anxiety and labour. D2 76 key. (Rule 19. 4. Unless he learn faster, he will be no scholar. Though he fall he shall not be utterly cast down. On condition that he come, I will consent to stay. However that affair terminate, my conduct will be unimpeachable. Or — may terminate. If virtue reward us not so soon as we desire, the payment will be made with interest. Till repentance compose his mind, he will be a stranger to peace. Whether he confess, or not, the truth will cer- tainly be discovered. If thou censure uncharitably, thou wilt be entitled to no favour. Though, at times, the ascent to the temple of virtue, appear steep and craggy, be not discouraged. Persevere until thou gain the summit : there, all is order, beauty, and pleasure. If Charlotte desires to gain esteem and love, she does not employ the proper means. Unless the accountant deceives me, my estate is considerably improved. Though self-government produces some uneasiness, it is light, when compared with the pain of vicious indulgence. Whether he thinks as he speaks, time will dis- cover. If thou censurest uncharitably, thou deservest no favour. Though virtue appears severe, she is truly amiable. Though success is very doubtful, it is proper that he endeavour to succeed. Or — he should en- deavour, 2)'c. Rule 19.) SYNTAX. 77 5. If thou hast promised, be faithful to thy en- gagement. Though he has proved his right to submission, he is too generous to exact it. Unless he has improved, he is unfit for the office. 6. If thou hadst succeeded, perhaps thou wouldst not be the happier for it. Unless thou shalt see the propriety of the measure, we shall not desire thy support. Though thou wilt not acknowledge, thou canst not deny the fact. 7. If thou gavest liberally, thou wilt receive a liberal reward. Though thou didst injure him, he harbours no re- sentment. It would be well, if the report were only the mis- representation of her enemies. Were he ever so great and opulent, this conduct would debase him. Were I to enumerate all her virtues, it would look '.ike flattery. Though I were perfect, yet would I not presume. S. If thou mayst share in his labours, be thankful, and do it cheerfully. Unless thou canst fairly support the cause, give it up honourably. Though thou mightst have foreseen the danger, thou couldst not have avoided it. If thou couldst convince him, he would not act ac- cordingly. D3 78 key. (Rule 19. If thou wouldst improve in knowledge, be diligent. Unless thou shouldst make a timely retreat, the danger will be unavoidable. I have laboured and wearied myself, that thou mayst be at ease. He enlarged on those dangers, that thou shouldst avoid them. 9. Neither the cold nor the fervid, but characters uniformly warm, are formed for friendship. They are both praise-worthy, and one is as de- serving as the other. Or — and equally deserving. He is not so diligent and learned as his brother. I will either present it to him myself, or direct it to be given to him. Neither despise nor oppose what thou dost not un- derstand. The house is not so commodious as we expected it would be. I must, however, be so candid as to own that I have been mistaken. There was something so amiable, and yet so piercing in his look, that it affected me at once with love and terror. " I gain'd a son ; And such a son, that all men hail'd me happy." The dog in the manger would neither eat the hay himself, nor suffer the ox to eat it. So far as I am able to judge, the book is well written. We should either faithfully perform the trust com- mitted to us, or ingenuously relinquish the charge. Rule 19.) syntax. 79 He is not so eminent, and so much esteemed, as he thinks himself to be. The work is a dull performance ; and is capable of pleasing neither the understanding, nor the imagi- nation. There is no condition so secure, as not to admit o-f change. This is an event, which nobody presumes upon, or is so sanguine as to hope for. We are generally pleased with any little accom- plishments either of body or of mind. 10. Be ready to succour such persons as need thy assistance. Or — those persons who need, &c. The matter was no sooner proposed, than he pri- vately withdrew to consider it. He has too much sense and prudence to become a dupe to such artifices. It is not sufficient that our conduct, so far as it respects others, appears to be unexceptionable. The resolution was not the less fixed, though the secret was as yet communicated to very few. He opposed the most remarkable corruptions of the church of Rome ; and, on this account, his doctrines were embraced by great numbers. He gained nothing further by his speech, than to be commended for his eloquence. Or — nothing by his speech but commendation for his eloquence. He has little more of the scholar than the name. He has little of the scholar but the name. Or — besides the name. They had no sooner risen, than they applied them- selves to their studies. D4 80 key. (Rule 20. From no other institution, than the admirable one of juries, could so great a benefit be expected. Those savage people seemed to have no other ele- ment than war. Or — no element but that of war. Such men as act treacherously ought to be avoided. Or — The men who act treacherously, &c. Germany ran the same risk that Italy had done. No errors are so trivial, that they do not deserve to be mended. Or — as not to deserve amendment*. RULE xx. Grammar, p. 206. Exercises, p. 115. In some respects, we have had as many advan- tages as they; but in the article of a good library they have had a greater privilege than ive have had. The undertaking was much better executed by hitf brother than by him. They are much greater gainers than J am by this unexpected event. They know how to write as well as he does ; but he is a much better grammarian than they are. * Some respectable grammarians suppose, that the word as is always a pronoun ; and that, in every situation, it has the meaning of it, that, or which. They would, however, find it difficult to prove, that, in the following sentences, this word has the meaning of any one of those pronouns. " As to those persons, I must say, as it is due to them, that they were as disinterested as their opponents." " Love thy neighbour as thyself." " Forgive us our debts as we forgive ottr debtors." " And as Paul was long preaching, Eutychus sunk down." See the Grammar, tzventy-second edition, pages 142, 143. Rule 20.) SYNTAX. 81 Though she is not so learned as he is, she is as much beloved and respected. These people, though they possess more shining qualities, are not so proud as he is, nor so vain as she. The following examples are adapted to the notes and observations under rule xx. Grammar, p. 200. Exercises, p. 115. 1. Who betrayed her companion? Not/. Who revealed the secrets he ought to have con- cealed ? Not he. Who related falsehoods to screen herself, and to bring an odium upon others r Not /; it was she. There is but one in fault, and that is /. Or — myself. Whether he will be learned or not, must depend on his application. 2. Charles XII. of Sweden, than whom a more courageous person never lived, appears to have been destitute of the tender sensibilities of nature. Salmasius (and a more learned man than lie has .doin appeared) was not happy at the close of life" 7 . * Some grammarians suppose that the words thun ami .-■re sometimes used as prepositions, and govern the objec- tive ease. They adopt this id< a, from the difficulty, if not impossibility a^ they conceive, implied, we say, ' I love her better than him;' that is, 'than I love him ;' D6 84- key. (Rule2\. The gay and pleasing are, sometimes, the most insidious and dangerous companions. Old age will prove a joyless and dreary season, it' we arrive at it with an unimproved, or a corrupted mind. The more I see of his conduct, the better I like him. It is not only the duty, but the interest of young persons, to be studious and diligent. 2. These counsels were the dictates of virtue, and of true honour. him;' if the latter, we say, ' I love her better than he,' that is, ' than he loves her.' " If it should be said, that but and than may be properly supplied by the prepositions except and besides, and that therefore the substitution of the latter for the former must be allowable; we reply, that, in numerous instances, these words cannot be properly substituted for each other. But if this could be universally done, it might still be said, that equivalence of meaning, by no means implies identity of grammatical construction. This, we think, has been fully proved at page 72, of the Grammar; the twelfth, or any subsequent edition. From what has been advanced on this subject, the follow- ing rule may be laid down. " When the pronoun following but or than, has exactly the same bearing and relation as the preceding noun or pronoun has, with regard to other parts of the sentence, it must have the same grammatical construction," By applying this rule to the various ex- amples already exhibited, the reader will, we doubt not, perceive its propriety and use. That Rule 21.) SYNTAX. S5 Avarice and cunning may acquire an estate ; but they cannot gain friends. A taste for useful knowledge, will provide tor us a great and noble entertainment, when other entertain- ments leave us. Without firmness, nothing that is great can be un- dertaken ; nothing that is difficult or hazardous, can be accomplished. The anxious mail is the votary of riches; the neg ligent man, that of pleasure. That the student may be still further assisted, in bis endeavours to discover the true grammatical construction of a noun or pronoun following but or than, it may not be improper to observe, that the 18th Rule of Syntax may be considered as subsidiary to the preceding rule, and to the principle of supplying the ellipsis. Thus, in the expression, " I saw nobody but him," nobody is in the objective case, rued by the verb saw ; and him is in the same case, because conjunctions, according to Rule the 18th, connect the same cases of nouns and pronouns. In the phrase, " Nobody but he was present," Ac is in the nominative case, because it is connected by the conjunction but, with the noun nobody, which is in the nominative. The other >< u- tenc 5S, in which the conjunction than is ustri, may be oon- strued in the same manner. Jt the 18th Rule of Syntax should not appear to apply to every example which has been produced in this dis- .on, nor to others which might be adduced; it will be found, on strict examination, that the supposed except arc, in fact, sentences which do uot come within the r» a^m anil 86 key. (Rule 21. 3. His crimes had brought him into extreme dis- tress, and perplexity. He has an affectionate brother and sister ; and they live in great harmony. We must guard against too great severity, and too great facility of manners. We should often recollect what the wisest men have said and written, concerning human happiness, and human vanity. That species of commerce will produce great gain, or great loss. Many days, and even many weeks, pass away un- improved. This wonderful action struck the beholders with exceedingly great astonishment. Or — with very great, &c. and limitation of the rule. Thus, in the sentence, " I have a greater respect for them than he," the pronoun he is connected by the conjunction than with the pronoun them : and yet they are not put in the same case; because they have not the same bearing and relation, with regard to the rest of the sentence; which is requisite according to Rule 18th and its explanatory note. See the Grammar, page 194 of the tiventy-second edition. The two latter rules are founded on the principle of sup- plying the ellipsis, and are intimately cornected with it : they in fact derive all their authority from that principle. They may, however, be of use to the student, by presenting the subject in different points of view: some of them may strike his attention, more than others, and lead him to a full developement of the subject. Rule 21.) syntax. 87 The people of this country possess a healthful cli- mate, and a fruitful soil. They enjoy also a free constitution, and excellent laws. 4. His reputation and estate were both lost by gaming. This intelligence excited not only our hopes, but our fears too. His conduct is not scandalous; and this is the best that can be said of it. This was the person whom calumny had greatly abused, and who sustained the injustice with singular patience. He discovered some qualities in the youth, of a disagreeable nature, and which to him were wholly unaccountable. The captain had several men who died in his ship, of the scurvy. He is not only sensible and learned, but he is reli- gious too. The Chinese language contains an immense num- ber of words; and he who would learn them, must possess a great memory. By presumption and vanity, we provoke enmity, and incur contempt. In the circumstances in which I was at that time. my troubles pressed heavily upon me. He has destroyed his constitution, by the very same errors by which so many have been destroyed. Or — same errors that have destroyed so many. 5. He is temperate, disinterested, and benevolent ; 88 key. (Rule 21. an ornament to his family, and a credit to his pro- fession. Genuine virtue supposes our benevolence to be strengthened, and confirmed by principle. Perseverance in laudable pursuits, will reward all our toils, and produce effects beyond our calcula- tion. It is happy for us, when we can calmly and deli- berately look back on the past, and anticipate the future. The sacrifices of virtue will not only be rewarded hereafter, but they will be recompensed even in this life. All those ivho were possessed of any office, resigned their former commission. Or — All ivho were pos- sessed, &c. If young persons were determined to conduct themselves by the rules of virtue, not only would ihey escape innumerable dangers, but they would command respect from the licentious themselves. Charles was a man of learning, knowledge, and benevolence ; and, what is still more, he was a true Christian*. * The auxiliary verbs are often very properly omitted before the principal verb: as, " I have seen and heard him frequently;" not " have heard:" "He will lose his estate, and incur reproach;" not " will incur." But when any thing- is emphatically expressed, or when opposition is denoted, this ellipsis should be avoided: as, " I have seen, and I have heard him too;" "He was admired, but he was liOt beloved." Rule2\.) syntax. 89 o\ The temper of" him who is always in the bustle of the world, will often be ruffled and disturbed. We often commend, as well as censure impru- dently. Mow a seed grows up into a tree, and how the mind acts upon the body, are mysteries which we cannot explain. Verilv, there is a reward for the righteous! Verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth ! 7. Changes are almost continually taking place, in men and manners, in opinions and customs, in private fortunes and in public conduct. Averse either to contradict or to blame, the too complaisant man goes along with the manners that prevail. By this habitual indelicacy, the virgins smiled at what they blushed at before. They are now reconciled to what they could not formerly be prompted to, by any considerations. Censure is the lax which a man pays to the public for being eminent. Reflect on the state of human life, and on the society of men, as mixed with good and evil. 8. In all stations and conditions, the important relations take place, of masters and servants, hus- bands and wives, parents and children, brothers and friends, citizens and subjects. Destitute of principle, he regarded neither his family, his friends, nor his reputation. Religious persons are often unjustly represented as persons of romantic character, and of visionary 90 key. (Rule 22. notions ; unacquainted with the world, and unfit to live in it. No rank, nor station, no dignity of birth, nor any possessions, exempt men from contributing their share to public utility. 9. Oh, my father ! my friend ! how great has been my ingratitude ! Oh, Piety! Oh Virtue! how insensible have I been to your charms ! 10. That is a property which most men have, or which at least they may attain. Why do ye that, which it is not lawful to do on the sabbath days? Or — to do which is not lawful, &c. The showbread, which it is not lawful to eat, but for the priests alone. Or — to eat ivhich is not lawful, but, &c. Most, if not all, of the royal family, had quitted the place. By these happy labours, they who sow, and they who reap, will rejoice together. RULE XXII. Grammar, p. 212. Exercises, p. 121. The work has received several alterations and ad- ditions. The first proposal was inferior to the second, and essentially different from it. He is more bold and active than his companion, but not so wise, and studious. Rule 22.) syntax. 9\ We hear the sound of the wind, but we cannot tell whence it cometh, nor whither it goeth. Neither has he, nor have any other persons, sus- pected so much dissimulation. The court of France, or that of England, was to be the umpire. In the reign of Henry II. all foreign commodities were plentiful in England. Or — In the reign, &c. there was plenty of &c. There is no talent more useful towards success in business, or which puts men more out of the reach of accidents, than that quality generally possessed by persons of cool temper, and which is, in common lan- guage, called discretion. Or — no talent 50 useful, &c. or which puts men so much out of the reach, &c. as that quality, &c. The first project was to shorten discourse, by re- ducing polysyllables to words of one syllable. I shall do all I can, to persuade others to take the same measures for their cure, which I have taken. The greatest masters of critical learning differ among themselves. Or — do not always harmonize. Micaiah said, u If thou return in peace, then the Lord hath not spoken by me." I do not suppose, that we Britons want genius, more than our neighbours. The deaf man, whose ears were opened, and whose tongue was loosened, doubtless glorified the great Physician. Groves, fields, and meadows, are, at any season of the year, pleasant to look upon; but never so much so as in the opening of the spring. Or — but never so agreeable as in the opening of the spring. 92 key. (Rule 22. The multitude rebuked them, that they should hold their peace. Or — that they might be silent. The intentions of some of these philosophers, nay, of many, might have been, and probably were good. The wonderful civilities which have passed between the nation of authors, and that of readers, are an un- answerable argument, of a very refined age. It was an unsuccessful undertaking; the failure of ivhich is, however, no objection at all to an enterprise so well concerted. The reward is his due, and it has already been, or it will hereafter be, given to him. Or — already been given to him, or it will be hereafter bestowed. By intercourse with wise and experienced persons, who know the world, we may improve a private and retired education, and rub off its rust. Sincerity is as valuable as knowledge, and even more valuable. No person was ever so perplexed as he has been to- day, or sustained such mortifications. The Romans gave, not only the freedom of the city, but capacity for employments, to the inhabitants of several towns in Gaul, Spain, and Germany. Such writers have no standard on which to form themselves, except what chances to be fashionable and popular. Or — have no other standard, &c. than that ivhich chances, &c. Whatever we do secretly, shall be displayed in the clearest light. To the happiness of possessing a person of so un- common merit, Boethius soon joined the satisfaction of obtaining the highest honour his country could bestow. Or — -joined that of obtaining, &c. ( 93 ) CHAPTER II. Containing corrections of the false Syntax, projnit- cuously disposed. See Exercises, p. 123. SECTION I. Though great have been his disobedience and folly, yet if he sincerely acknowledge his misconduct, he will be forgiven. On these causes depends all the happiness or misery, which exists amonsr men. The property of James, I mean his books and fur- niture, was wholly destroyed. This prodigy of learning, this scholar, critic, and antiquarian, teas entirely destitute of breeding and civility. That writer has given an account of the manner in which Christianity was formerly propagated among the heathens. We adore the Divine Being, him who is from eter- nity to eternity. Thou, Lord, who hast permitted affliction to come upon us, wilt deliver us from it, in due time. In this place, there was not only security, but an abundance of provisions. By these attainments the master is honoured, and tin- scholars are encouraged. The sea appeared to be agitated more than usual. Or — unusually agitated. 94 rev. ( Promiscuous. Not one in fifty, of those who call themselves deists, understands the nature of the religion which he rejects. Virtue and mutual confidence are the soul of friend- ship. Where these are wanting, disgust or hatred often follows little differences. Time and chance happen to all men; but every person does not consider who governs those powerful causes. The active mind of man seldom or never rests satisfied with its present condition, how prosperous soever it may be. Habits must be acquired of temperance and self- denial, that we may be able to resist pleasure, and to endure pain, when either of them interferes with our duty. The error of resting wholly on faith, or wholly on works, is one of those seductions which most easily mislead men; under the semblance of piety^ on the one hand, and of virtue on the other. It was no exaggerated tale ; for she was really in that sad condition in which her friend had represented her. An army presents a painful sight to a feeling mind. The enemies ivhom we have most to fear, are those of our own hearts. Thou art the Messiah, the Son of God, who was to come into the world, and who has been so long promised and desired. Thomas's disposition is better than his brother's ; (or than that of his brother;) and he appears to be the happier man: but some degree of trouble is all men's portion. Promiscuous.) syntax. 95 Though remorse sometimes sleeps during prospe- rity, it will surely awake in adversity. It is an invariable law of our present condition, that every pleasure which is pursued to excess, con- verts itself into poison. If a man bring into the solitary retreat of age, a vacant, an unimproved mind, in which no knowledge dawns, no ideas rise, and which supplies him with nothing to feed upon within himself, many a heavy and comfortless day he must necessarily pass. I cannot yield to so dishonourable conduct, either at the present moment of difficulty, or under any circumstance whatever. Themistocles concealed the enterprises of Pausa- nias, either because he thought it base to betray the secrets trusted to his confidence, or because he ima- gined it impossible for schemes so dangerous and ill- concerted, to take effect. Pericles gained such an ascendant over the minds of the Athenians, that it may be said, he attained monarchical power in Athens. Christ applauded the liberality of the poor widow, whom he saw casting her two mites into the treasury. A multiplicity of little kind offices, in persons frequently conversant with each other, are the bands of society and friendship. To do good to them that hate us, and, on no oc- casion, to seek revenge, are the duties of a Christian. If a man professes a regard for the duties of reli- gion, and neglects those of morality, that man's reli- gion is vain. Affluence may give us respect, in the eyes of the vulgar, but it will not recommend us to the wise and good. ytf key. (Promiscuous. The polite, accomplished libertine, is miserable amidst all his pleasures : the rude inhabitant of Lapland is happier than he is. The cheerful and gay, when warmed by plea- sure and mirth, lose that sobriety and self-denial, which are essential to the support of virtue. section 2. Exercises, p. 126. There was, in the metropolis, much to amuse them, as well as many things to excite disgust. How much are real virtue and merit exposed to suffer the hardships of a stormy life ! This is one of the duties which require peculiar circumspection. A higher degree of happiness than that which I have described, seldom falls to the lot of mortals. There are principles in man, which ever have inclined, and which ever will incline, him to offend. Whence has arisen so great a variety of opinions and tenets in religion ? Its stature is less than that of a man ; but its strength and agility are much greater. Them that honour me, I will honour. He summons me to attend, and I must summon the others. Then did the officer lay hold of him, and execute him immediately. Or — The officer then laid hold of him, and executed him immediately. Who is that person whom I saw you introduce, and present to the duke? I offer observations ivhich a long and chequered pilgrimage has enabled me to make on man. Promiscuous.) syntax. ( J7 Every church and sect of people has a set of opinions peculiar to itself. Mayst thou as well as /, be meek, patient, and forgiving. These men were under hicch obligations to adhere to their friend in every situation of life. After I had visited Europe, I returned to America. Their example, their influence, their fortune, every talent they possess, dispense blessings on all around them. When a string of such sentences occurs, the effect is disagreeable. I zvas lately at Gibraltar, and saw the commander in chief. Propriety of pronunciation consists in giving to every word that sound, which the most polite usage of the language appropriates to it. The book is printed very neatly, and on fine ivoven paper. Many of the fables of the ancients are highly in- structive. Or — Many fables of the ancients are^ &c. He resembles one of those solitary animals, that have been forced from their forests, to gratify human curiosity. There neither is, nor ought to be, such a thing as constructive treason. He is a neiv-created knight, and his dignity sitt awkwardly on him. Or — a newly created knight, &c. Hatred or revenge deserves censure wherever it is found to exist. If you please to employ your thoughts on that subject, you trill easily conceive our miserable condition. E 98 key. (Promiscuous His speech contains one of the grossest and most infamous calumnies that ever were uttered. Too great a variety of studies dissipates and ■weakens the mind. Each of those two authors has his merit. James was resolved not to indulge himself in so cruel an amusement. The want of attention to this rule, is the source of a very common error. Or — Want of attention, &c. Calumny and detraction are sparks, which, if you do not blow them, will go out of themselves. Clelia is a vain woman, who, if we do not flatter her, will be disgusted. That celebrated work had been nearly ten years published, before its importance was at all under- stood. Ambition is insatiable : it will make any sacrifices to attain its objects. A great mass of rocks thrown together by the hand of nature, with wildness and confusion, strikes the mind with more grandeur, than if the parts had been adjusted to one another with the most accurate symmetry. section 3. Exercises, p. 128. He showed a spirit of forgiveness, and a mag- nanimity, that do. honour to human nature. Them that honour me, I will honour; and they that despise me, shall be lightly esteemed. Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, Lie in three words, health, peace, and competence. (Projniscuous syntax. )> Having thus begun to throw off the restraints of reason, he was soon hurried into deplorable ex- cesses. These arts have enlightened many minds; and they will enlighten every person who shall attentively study them. When we succeed in our plans, it is not always to be attributed to ourselves; the aid of others often promotes the end, and claims our acknowledgment. Their intentions were good ; but wanting pru- dence, they missed the mark at which they aimed. I have not consented, nor shall / consent to a pro- posal so unjust. We have subjected ourselves to much expense, that thou mayst be well educated. This treaty was made at the castle of earl .More- ton the crovernor. Be especially careful, that thou give no offence to the aged or helpless. The business was no sooner opened, than it was cordially acquiesced in. On account of his general conduct, he deserved punishment as much as his companion, and, indeed, descried it more. He left a son of a singular cha- racter, and who behaved so ill that he was put in prison. If he do but approve my endeavours, it will be an ample reward. Or — If he should approve. &c. / hope you will do me the favour, to accept a copy of "A view of the manufactories, in the West Riding of Yorkshire." I had intended to write the letter, before he urged E 2 100 key. (Promiscuous. me to it; and, therefore, he has not all the merit of it. All the power of ridicule, aided by the desertion of friends, and the diminution of his estate, was not able to shake his principles. In his conduct was treachery, and in his words, were faithless professions. Though the measure is mysterious, it is worthy of attention. Be solicitous to aid such deserving persons as appear to be destitute of friends. Ignorance, or the want of light, produces sen- suality, covetousness, and those violent contests with others about trifles, which occasion so much misery and so many crimes in the world. He will one day reap the reward of his labour, if he be diligent and attentive. Till that period come, let him be contented and patient. To the resolutions which we have once, upon due consideration, adopted as rules of conduct, let us firmly adhere. He has little more of the great man than the title. Though he were my superior in knowledge, he would not thence have a right to impose his sentiments- That picture of the emperor, is a very exact re- semblance of him. How happy are the virtuous, who can rest under the protection of that powerful arm, which made the earth and the heavens ! Prosperity and adversity may be equally improved ; both the one and the other proceed from the same author. Promiscuous.) syntax- 101 He acted conformably to his'instructiofis, and can- not justly be censured. The orators did not forget to enlarge on so po- pular a subject. The language of Divine Providence to every human agent, is, "Hitherto shalt thou come, and no farther/' Idle persons imagine, that how deficient soever they may be in point of duty, they at least consult their own satisfaction. Good as the cause is, it is one from which num- bers have deserted. The man is prudent who speaks little. section 4. Exercises, p. 131. He acted independently of foreign assistance. Every thing that we here enjoy, changes, decays, and comes to an end. AW floats on the surface of that river, which, with swift current, is running towards a boundless ocean. The winter has not been so severe as we expected it to be. Or — expected it would be. Temperance, more than medicines, is the proper means of curing many diseases. They understand the practical part better than he does; but he is much better acquainted with the theory than they are. When we have once drawn the line, with intelli- gence and precision, between duty and sin, thai line we ought on no occasion to transgress. They who are distinguished by extraordinary talents, have extraordinary duties to perform. E3 ] 02 key. (Promiscuous. No person could speak more strongly on this sub- let. &r behave more 'nobly, than our young advocate for the cause of toleration. His conduct was so provoking, that many will condemn him, and few will pity him. The people's happiness is the statesman s honour. We are in a perilous situation. On the one side, and on the other, dangers meet us ; and either ex- treme will be pernicious to virtue. Several pictures of the Sardinian king's were trans- mitted to France. Or — Several of the Sardinian king's pictures, &c. Or — Several pictures belonging to the king of Sardinia, &c. When I last saw him, he ivas grown considerably. If we consult either the improvement of the mind., or the health of the body, it is well known that exer- cise is the great instrument of promoting both. If it were they who acted so ungratefully, they are doubly in fault. Or — If they acted, &c. Whether virtue promote our interest or not, we must adhere to her dictates. We should be studious to avoid too much indul- gence, as well as too much restraint, in our manage- ment of children. No human happiness is so great, as not to con- tain some imperfection. Or — as to contain no im- perfection. His father cannot hope for this success, unless his son give better proofs of genius, or apply himself with indefatigable labour. The house framed a remonstrance, in which they spoke with great freedom of the king's prerogative. The conduct which has been mentioned, is one of Promiscuous.) syntax. 103 those artifices, which most easily seduce men under the appearance of benevolence. This is the person to whom we are so much obliged, and whom we expected to see, when the favour was conferred. He is a person of great property, but he does not possess the esteem of his neighbours. They were solicitous to ingratiate themselves with those, whom it was dishonourable to favour. The great diversity which takes place among men, is not owing to a distinction that nature has made in their original powers, so much as to the superior diligence, with which some have improved these powers beyond others. While we are unoccupied by what is good, evil is continually at hand. There is not a creature that moves, nor a vegetable that grows, but which, when minutely examined, furnishes materials/or pious admiration. What can be the reason of the committee's having delayed this business? Or — What can be the commit- tee's reason for having delayed this business? I know not whether Charles was the author, but I understood it to be him. A good and well-cultivated mind, is greatly pre- ferable to rank or riches. II hen charity to the poor is governed by know- ledge and prudence, every one admits it to be a virti • His greatest concern, and highest enjoyment, was to be approved in the sight of his Creator. Let as not set our hearts on so mutable, so unsatis- fying a world. E4 1 () 4* key. (Promiscuous. SECTION 5. Exercises, p. 133. Shall you attain success,, without that preparation, and escape dangers without that precaution, which are required of others ? When we see bad men honoured and prosperous in the world, it is some discouragement to virtue. The furniture was all purchased at Wentworth's the joiner. Every member of the body, every bone, joint, and muscle, lies exposed to many disorders ; and the greatest prudence or precaution, or the deepest skill of the physician, is not sufficient to prevent them. It is rightly said, that though frith justifies us, yet works must justify our faith. If an academy be established for the cultivation of our language, let the members of it stop the license of translators ; whose idleness and ignorance, if they be suffered to proceed, will reduce us to babble a dialect of French, It is of great consequence that a teacher should firmly believe, both the truth and the importance of those principles which he inculcates on others; and not only that he should speculatively believe them, but have a lively and serious feeling of them. It is not the uttering, or the hearing of certain words, that constitutes the worship of the Almighty. It is the heart that praises, or prays. If the heart accompanies not the words that are spoken, we olTer the sacrifice of fools. Neither flatter nor contemn the rich or the great. He has travelled much, and passed through many storm v seas, and over extensive tracts of land. Promiscuous.) syntax. 1( ^ 5 You must be sensible that there is, and can he no other person than myself, who could give the in- formation desired. Or — no person but myself, &c To be patient, resigned, and thankful, under afflic- tions and disappointments, demonstrates genuine piety. Alvarez was a man of corrupt principles, and detestable conduct; and, what is still worse, he gloried in his shame. As soon as the sense of a Supreme Being is lost, the great check is taken oiY, which keeps under re- straint the passions of men. Mean desires, and low pleasures, take place of the greater and nobler sen- timents which reason and religion inspire. We should be careful not to follow the example of many persons, uho censure the opinions, manners, and customs of others, merely because they are foreign to them. Steady application, as well as genius and abilities, is necessary to produce eminence. There are, in that seminary, several students who are considerably skilled in mathematical knowledge. If Providence clothes the grass of the field, and shelters and adorns the flowers that every where grow wild amongst it, will he not much more clothe and protect his servants and children: We are too often hurried by the violence ot passion, or ensnared by the allurements of pleasure. High hopes, and florid views, are great enemies to tranquillity. Year alter year steals something from us; till the decay ing fabric totter of itself, and crumble at leni into dust. < hr — shall totter, kc. I had intended to finish the letter before the E5 106 key. (Promiscuous. bearer called, that he might not be detained ; but I was prevented by company. George is the most learned and accomplished of all the students that belong to the seminary. This excellent and well written treatise, with others that might be mentioned, was the founda- tion of his love of study. There can be no doubt that the pleasures of the mind excel those of sense. section 6. Exercises, p. 135. The grand temple consisted of one great edifice, and several smaller ones. Many would gladly exchange their honours, beauty, and riches, for that more quiet and humble station, with which you are now dissatisfied. Though the scene was a very affecting one, Louis showed little emotion on the occasion. The climate of England is not so pleasant as that of France, Spain, or Italy. Much of the good and evil that happen to us in this world, is owing to apparently undesigned and fortuitous events : but it is the Supreme Being who secretly directs and regulates all things. To despise others on account of their poverty, or to value ourselves for our wealth, is a disposition highly culpable. This task was the more easily performed, from the cheerfulness with which he engaged in it. She lamented the unhappy fate of Lucretia, whose name seemed to her another word for chastity. Promiscuous.) syntax. 107 He has not yet cast oft' all regard for decency ; and this is the most that can be advanced in his favour. The girls 3 school was formerly better conducted than the boys'. Or — than that of the boys. The loss of his much-loved friend, or the disap- pointments he has met with, hate occasioned the total derangement of his mental powers. The concourse of people was so great, that we passed with difficulty All the women, children, and treasure, that re- mained in the city, fell under the victor's power. They have already made great progress in their studies, and, if attention and diligence continue, they will soon fulfil the expectations of their friends. His propensity to this vice, against every prin- ciple of interest and honour, is amazing. This kind of vice, though it inhabits the upper circles of life, is not less pernicious, than that which we meet with amongst the lowest of men. He acted agreeably to the dictates of prudence, though he was in a situation exceedingly delicate. If 1 had known the distress of my friend, it would have been my duty to relieve him; and it would always have yielded me pleasure to have granted, him that relief. They admired the candour and uprightness, of the country man, as they called him. The set <>f nevj curtains did not correspond to the pair of old blinds. The tutor commends him for being more studious than any other pupil of the school. Or— for bung the most studious pupil of the school. E6 108 key. ( Promiscuous. Two principles in human nature reign ; Self-love to urge, and reason to restrain : Nor this a good, nor that a bad we call; Each works its end, to move or govern all. Temperance and exercise, how little soever they may be regarded, are the best means of preserving health. He has greatly blessed me; yes, even me, who, loaded with kindness, have not been sufficiently grateful. No persons feel so much the distresses of others, as they who have experienced distress themselves. section 7. Exercises, p. 137. Constantinople was the point, in which were con- centrated the learning and science of the world. Disgrace not your station, by that grossness of sensuality, that levity of dissipation, or that inso- lence of rank, which bespeaks a little mind. A circle, a square, a triangle, or a hexagon, pleases the eye by its regularity, as a beautiful figure. His conduct was equally unjust and dishonourable. Or — was as unjust as it ivas dishonourable. Though, at first, he began to defend himself, yet, when the proofs appeared against him, he durst not any longer contend. Many persons will not believe that they are in- fluenced by prejudices. Or — Many persons believe that they are free from prejudices. The pleasure or pain of one passion, differs from that of another. Promiscuous.) syntax. 10l> The rise and fall of the tides, in this place, make a difference of about twelve feet. Five and seven make twelve, and one make thir- teen. He did not know whom to suspect. I intended yesterday to walk out, but I was again disappointed. The court of Spain, which gave the order, ivas not aware of the consequence. If the acquisitions which he has made, and which have qualified him to be a useful member of society, should be misapplied, he will be highly culpable. There was much spoken and written on each side of the question; but I have chosen to suspend my decision. Were there no bad men in the world, to vex and distress the good, these might appear in the light of harmless innocence ; but they could have no oppor- tunity of displaying fidelity, magnanimity, patience, and fortitude. The most ignorant and savage tribes of men, when they looked round on the earth, and the heavens, could not avoid ascribing their origin to some invi- sible, designing cause, and feeling a propensity to adore their Creator. Let us not forget, that something more than gentleness and modesty, than complacency of tem- per and affability of manners is requisite to form a worthy man, or a true Christian. One of the first, and the most common extremes in moral conduct, is that of placing all virtue either in justice, on the one hand, or in generosity, on the other. It is an inflexible regar-l to principle, which has 1 1 key. (Promiscuous. ever marked the characters of those who have eminently distinguished themselves in public life; who have pa- tronised the cause of justice against powerful op- pressors; who, in critical times, have supported the falling rights and liberties of men; and have reflected honour on their nation and country. When it is with regard to trifles, that diversity or contrariety of opinions shows itself, it is childish in the last degree, if this become the ground of estranged affection. When, from such a cause, there arises any breach of friendship, human weakness is discovered in a mortifying light. In matters of serious moment, the sentiments of the best and worthiest may vary from those of their friends, according as their lines of life diverge, or as their temper, and habits of thought, "present objects under different points of view. But by candid and liberal minds, unity of affection will still be preserved. Desires and washes are the first springs of action. When they become exorbitant, the whole character is likely to be tainted. If we suffer our fancy to create to itself, worlds of ideal happiness ; if we feed our imagination with plans of opulence and splen- dour; if we fix to our wishes certain stages of high advancement, or certain degrees of uncommon re- putation, as the sole stations of felicity ; the assured consequence ivill be, that we shall become unhappy in our present state; unfit for acting the part, and discharging the duties that belong to it; we shall discompose the peace and order of our minds, and shall foment many hurtful passions. Maria always appears amiable. She never speaks severely or contemptuous! y % PART IV. Punctuation, CHAPTER L Containing applications of the Comma, disposed undct the particular Rules. Grammar, p. 257. Exercises, p. 141. RULE I. The tear of repentance brings its own relief. Manhood is disgraced by the consequences of neglected youth. Idleness is the great fomenter of all corruptions in the human heart. It is honourable to be a friend to the unfortunate. All finery is a sign of littleness. Slovenliness and indelicacy of character commonly go hand in hand. The friend of order has made half his way to virtue. Too many of the pretended friendships of youth, are mere combinations in pleasure. The indulgence of harsh dispositions, is the intro- duction to future misery. The intermixture of evil in human society, sen to exercise the suffering graces and virtues ot the good. 112 key. (Comma. rule n. Grammar, p. '258. Exercises, p. 142. Gentleness is, in truth, the great avenue to mutual enjoyment. Charity, like the sun, brightens all its objects. The tutor, by instruction and discipline, lays the foundation of the pupil's future honour. Trials, in this stage of being, are the lot of man. No assumed behaviour can always hide the real character. The best men often experience disappointments. Advice should be seasonably administered. t RULE III, Self-conceit, presumption, and obstinacy, blast the prospect of many a youth. In our health, life, possessions, connexions, plea- sures, there are causes of decay imperceptibly work- ins;. Discomposed thoughts, agitated passions, and a ruffled temper, poison every pleasure of life. Vicissitudes of good and evil, of trials and conso- lations, fill up the life of man. Health and peace, a moderate fortune, and a few friends, sum up all the undoubted articles of tempo- ral felicity. We have no reason to complain of the lot of man, or of the world's mutability. Comma.) punctuation. 113 RULE IV. Grammar, p. 259. Exercises, p. 142. Aii idle, trifling society is near akin to such as i corrupting. Conscious guilt renders us mean-spirited, timorous, and base. An upright mind will never be at a loss to discern what is just and true, lovely, honest, and of good re- port. The vicious man is often looking round him, with anxious and fearful circumspection. True friendship will, at all times, avoid a careless or roush behaviour. Time brings a gentle and powerful opiate to all misfortunes. RULE V. The man of virtue and honour will be trusted, re- lied upon, and esteemed. Deliberate slowly, execute promptly. A true friend unbosoms freely, advises justly, assists readily, adventures boldly, takes all patiently, defends resolutely, and continues a friend unchange- ably Sensuality contaminates the body, depresses the understanding, deadens the moral feelings of the heart, and degrades man from his rank in the crea- tion. Idleness brings forward and nourishes many bad passions. We must stand or fall by our own conduct and character. 114 key. (Comma. The man of order catches and arrests the hours as they fly. The great business of life is, to be employed in doing justly, loving mercy, and walking humbly with our Creator. RULE VI. Grammar, p. 260. Exercises, p. 144. This unhappy person had often been seriously, affectionately admonished, but in vain. To live soberly, righteously, and piously, compre- hends the whole of our duty. When thy friend is calumniated, openly and boldly espouse his cause. Benefits should be long and gratefully remem- bered. RULE VII. True gentleness is native feeling, heightened and improved by principle. The path of piety and virtue, pursued with a firm and constant spirit, will assuredly lead to happiness. Human affairs are in continual motion and fluctu- ation, altering their appearance every moment, and passing into some new forms. What can be said to alarm those of their danger, who, intoxicated with pleasures, become giddy and insolent ; who, flattered by the illusions of prosperity, make light of ever v serious admonition, which their friends, and the changes of the world, give them? Comma.) punctuation. 115 RULE VIII. Grammar, p. 260. Exercises, p. 144. If, from any internal cause, a man's peace of mind be disturbed, in vain we load him with riches or ho- nours. Gentleness delights, above all things, to alleviate distress; and, if it cannot dry up the falling tear, to sooth at least the CTievinsr heart. Wherever Christianity prevails, it has discouraged, and, in some degree, abolished slavery. We may rest assured that, by the steady pursuit of virtue, we shall obtain and enjoy it. RULE IX. Continue, my dear child, to make virtue thy prin- cipal study. To you, my worthy benefactors, am I indebted, under Providence, for all I enjoy. Canst thou expect, thou betrayer of innocence, to escape the hand of vengeance ? Come then, companion of my toils, let us take fresh courage, persevere, and hope to the end. rule x. Peace of mind being secured, we may smile at misfortunes. Virtue abandoned, and conscience reproaching us, we become terrified with imaginary evils. 1 1 6 key. (Comma. Charles having been deprived of the help of tutors, his studies became totally neglected. To prevent further altercation, I submitted to the terms proposed. To enjoy present pleasure, he sacrificed his future ease and reputation. To say the least, they have betrayed great want of prudence. RULE XI. Grammar, p. 261. Exercises, p. 145. Hope, the balm of life, sooths us under every mis- fortune. Content, the offspring of virtue, dwells both in retirement, and in the active scenes of life. Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, was eminently good, as well as wise. The patriarch Joseph, is an illustrious example of chastity, resignation, and filial affection. RULE XII. Nothing is so opposite to the true enjoyment of life, as the relaxed and feeble state of an indolent mind. The more a man. speaks of himself, the less he likes to hear another talked of. Nothing more strongly inculcates resignation, than the experience of our own inability to guide our- selves. The friendships of the world, can subsist no longer than interest cements them. Comma.) punctuation. 1 17 Expect no more from the world than it is able to afford you. RULE XIII. Grammar, p. 261. Exercises, p. 146. He who is a stranger to industry, may possess, but he cannot enjoy. Contrition, though it may melt, ought not to sink or overpower the heart of a Christian. The goods of this world were given to man for his occasional refreshment, not for his chief felicity. It is the province of superiors to direct, of infe- riors to obey; of the learned, to be instructive, of the ignorant, to be docile; of the old, to be communica- tive, of the young, to be attentive and diligent. Though unavoidable calamities make a part, yet they make not the chief part, of the vexations and sorrows that distress human life. An inquisitive and meddling spirit, often inter- rupts the good order, and breaks the peace of society* RULE xiv. Vice is not of such a nature, that we can say to it, " Hitherto shalt thou come, and no further." One of the noblest of the Christian virtues, is, "to love our enemies." Many too confidently say to themselves, " My mountain stands strong, and it shall never be re- moved." We are strictly enjoined, "not to follow a multi- tude to do evil." 1 1 8 key. (Comma. RULE xv. Grammar, p. 262. Exercises, p. 147. The gentle mind is like the smooth stream, which reflects every object in its just proportion, and in its fairest colours. Beware of those rash and dangerous connexions, which may afterwards load you with dishonour. Blind must that man be, who discerns not the most striking marks of a Divine government, exercised over the world. It is labour only which gives the relish to pleasure. In that unaffected civility which springs from a gentle mind, there is an incomparable charm. They who raise envy, will easily incur censure. Many of the evils which occasion our complaints of the world, are wholly imaginary. He who is good before invisible witnesses, is emi- nently so before the visible. His conduct, so disinterested and generous, was universally approved. RULE XVI. The fumes which arise from a heart boiling with violent passions, never fail to darken and trouble the understanding. If we delay till to-morrow what ought to be done to-day, we overcharge the morrow with a burden which belongs not to it. By whatever means we may at first attract the at- tention, we can hold the esteem, and secure the hearts of others, only by amiable dispositions; and the ac- complishments of the mind. Comma.) punctuation. 119 If the mind sow not corn, it will plant thistles. One day i> sufficient to scatter our prosperity, and bring it to nought. Graceful in youth, are the tears of sympathy, and the heart that melts at the tale of wo. The ever active and restless power of thought, if not employed about what is good, will naturally and unavoidably engender evil. He who formed the heart certainly knows what passes within it. To be humble and modest in opinion, to be vigi- lant and attentive in conduct, to distrust fair apppear- ances, and to restrain rash desires, are instructions which the darkness of our present state should strongly inculcate. rule xv II. Grammar, p. 263. Exercises, p. 149. The greatest misery is, to be condemned by our own hearts. The greatest misery that we can endure, is, to be condemned by our own hearts. Charles's highest enjoyment was, to relieve the distressed, and to do good. The highest enjoyment that Charles ever experi- enced, was, to relieve the distressed, and to do good. R" LF XV II1« If opulence incn as< our gratifications, it increases, in the same proportion, our desires and demands. He whose wishes respecting the possessions of this 1 20 key. (Comma. world, are the most reasonable and bounded, is likely to lead the safest, and, for that reason, the most de- sirable life. By aspiring too high, we frequently miss the hap- piness, which, by a less ambitious aim, we might have gained. By proper management, we prolong our time : we live more, in a few years, than others do in many. In your most secret actions, suppose that you have all the world for witnesses. In youth, the habits of industry are most easily ac- quired. What is the right path, few take the trouble of inquiring. rule xix: Grammar, p. 263. Exercises, p. 149. Providence never intended, that any state here should be either completely happy, or entirely miser- able. As a companion, he was severe and satirical ; as a friend, captious and dangerous ; in his domestic sphere, harsh, jealous, and irascible. If the Spring put forth no blossoms, in Summer there will be no beauty, and in Autumn, no fruit. So, if youth be trifled away without improvement, man- hood will be contemptible, and old age, miserable. RULE xx. Be assured, then, that order, frugality, and eco- nomy, are the necessary supports of every personal and private virtue. Semicolon, tfc.) punctuation. 121 I proceed, secondly, to point out the proper state of our temper, with respect to one another. Here, every thing is in stir and fluctuation; there, all is serene, steady, and orderly. I shall make some observations, first, on the external, and next, on the internal, condition of man. Sometimes, timidity and false shame prevent our opposing vicious customs; frequently, expectation and interest impel us strongly to comply. CHAPTER II. Containing insertions of the Semicolon and Comma. Grammar, p. 264. Exercises, p. 150. That darkness of character, where we can see no heart ; those foldings of art, through which no native affection is allowed to penetrate; present an object, unamiable in every season of life, but particularly odious in youth. To give an early preference to honour above gain, when they stand in competition ; to despise every advantage which cannot be attained without dis- honest arts ; to brook no meanness, and to stoop to no dissimulation; are the indications of a great mind, the presages of future eminence and usefulness in life. As there is a worldly happiness, which God per- ceives to be no other than disguised misery ; as there are worldly honours, which, in his estimation, are re- F 122 key. - (Semicolon, fyc. proach ; so there is a worldly wisdom, which in his sight, is foolishness. The passions are the chief destroyers of our peace; the storms and tempests of the moral world. Heaven is the region of gentleness and friendship; hell, of fierceness and animosity. The path of truth, is a plain and a safe path; that of falsehood, is a perplexing maze. Modesty is one of the chief ornaments of youth; and it has ever been esteemed a presage of rising merit. Life, with a swift, though insensible course, glides away ; and, like a river which undermines its banks, gradually impairs our state. The violent spirit, like troubled waters, renders back the images of things distorted and broken; and communicates to them all that disordered motion, which arises solely from its own agitation. Levity is frequently the forced production of folly or vice; cheerfulness is the natural offspring of wis- dom and virtue only. Persons who live according to order, maybe com- pared to the celestial bodies, which move in regular courses, and by stated laws; whose influence is bene- ficent ; whose operations are quiet and tranquil. ( 123 ) CHAPTER III. Containing applications of the Colon, 6>;c. Grammar, p. 265. Exercises, p. 152. The three great enemies to tranquillity, are vice, superstition, and idleness : vice, which poisons and disturbs the mind with bad passions; superstition, which fills it with imaginary terrors; idleness, which loads it with tediousness and disgust. To sail on the tranquil surface of an unruffled lake, and to steer a safe course through a troubled and stormy ocean, require different talents : and, ala> ! human life oftener resembles the stormv ocean, than the unruffled lake. When we look forward to the year which is be- ginning, what do we behold there ? All, my brethren, is a blank to our view: a dark unknown presents itself. Happy would the poor man think himself, if he could enter on all the treasures of the rich : and happy for a short time he mi^ht be: but before he had lonir contemplated and admired his state, nis possessions would seem to lessen, and his cares wouid grow. By doing, or at. least endeavouring to do, our duty to (iod and man ; by acquiring an humble trust in the mercy and favour of God, through Jesus Christ ; by cultivating <;ur minds, and properly employing our time and thoughts ; by governing our passions and our temper ; by correcting ail unreasonable expecta- tions from the world, and from men ; and, in the midst of worldly business, habituating ourselves to F 2 1 24 key. (Colon, fyc. calm retreat and serious recollection : by such means as these, it may be hoped, that, through the Divine blessing, our days shall flow in a stream as unruffled as the human state admits. A Metaphor is a comparison, expressed in an abridged form, but without any of the words that denote comparison : as, " To the upright there ariseth light in darkness." All our conduct towards men, should be influenced by this important precept : " Do unto others, as you would that others should do unto you." Philip III. king of Spain, when he drew near the end of his days, seriously reflecting on his past life, and greatly affected with the remembrance of his mispent time, expressed his deep regret in these terms : " Ah ! how happy would it have been for me, had I spent, in retirement, these twenty-three years, that I have possessed my kingdom!" Often is the smile of gaiety assumed, whilst the heart aches within: though folly may laugh, guilt will sting. There is no mortal truly wise and restless at once : wisdom is the repose of minds. ( 125 ) CHAPTER IV. Containing insertions of the Period, fyc. Grammar, p. 266. Exercises, p. 154. The absence of evil is a real good. Peace, quiet, exemption from pain, should be a continual feast. Worldly happiness ever tends to destroy itself, by corrupting the heart. It fosters the loose and the violent passions. It engenders noxious habits; and taints the mind with false delicacy, which makes it feel a thousand unreal evils. Feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, com- forting the afflicted, yield more pleasure than we re- ceive from those actions which respect only our- selves. Benevolence may, in this view, be termed the most refined self-love. The resources of virtue remain entire, when the days of trouble come. They remain with us in sickness, as in health ; in poverty, as in the midst of riches; in our dark and solitary hours, no less than when surrounded with friends and cheerful society. The mind of a good man is a kingdom to him, and he can always enjoy it. We ruin the happiness of life, when we attempt to raise it too high. A tolerable and comfortable state, is all that we can propose to ourselves on earth. Peace and contentment, not bliss, nor tran- sport, are the full portion of man. Perfect joy is re- served for heaven. ii' we look around us, we shall perceive that the F3 126 key. (Period, fyc. whole universe is full of active powers. Action is indeed the genius of nature. By motion and exertion, the system of being is preserved in vigour. By its different parts always acting in subordination one to another, the perfection of the whole is carried on. The heavenly bodies perpetually revolve. Day and night incessantly repeat their appointed course. Continual operations are going on in the earth, and in the waters. Nothing stands still. Constantine the Great, was advanced to the sole dominion of the Roman World, A. D. 325; and soon after openly professed the Christian faith. The letter concludes with this remarkable Post- script: "P. S. Though I am innocent of the charge, and have been bitterly persecuted, yet I cordially forgive my enemies and persecutors." The last edition of that valuable work, was care- fully compared with the Original MS, ( 127 ) CHAPTER V. Containing applications of the Dash ; of the Notes of Interrogation and Exclamation; and of the Pa- renthetical characters. Grammar, p. 267. Exercises, p. 156. Beauty and strength, combined with virtue and piety, — how lovely in the sight of men ! how pleasing to Heaven! peculiarly pleasing, because with every temptation to deviate, they voluntarily walk in the path of duty. Something there is more needful than expense ; And something previous e'en to taste; — 'tis sense. "I'll live to morrow," will a wise man say? To-morrow is too late :— then live to-day. Gripus has long been ardently endeavouring to • fill his chest: and lo! it is now full. Is he happy ? and does he use it? Does he gratefully think of the Giver of all good things? Does he distribute to the poor? Alas! these interests have no place in his breast. What is there in all the pomp of the world, tin enjoyments of luxury, the gratification of passion, comparable to the tranquil delight of a good con- science r To lie down on the pillow, after a day spent in temperance, in beneficence, and in piety, how sw< < t is it! F 4 128 key. (Interrogation, fyc* We wait till to-morrow to be happy : alas ! why not to-day ? Shall we be younger ? Are we sure we shall be healthier? Will our passions become feebler, and our love of the world less ? What shadow can be more vain than the life of a great part of mankind ? Of all that eager and bustling crowd which we behold on earth, how few discover the path of true happiness ! How few can we find, whose activity has not been misemployed, and whose course terminates not in confessions of disappoint- ment ! On the one hand, are the divine approbation, and immortal honour; on the other, (remember and be- ware,) are the stings of conscience, and endless in- famy. As, in riper years, all unseasonable returns to the levity of youth ought to be avoided, (an admonition which equally belongs to both the sexes,) still more are we to guard against those intemperate indul- gences of pleasure, to which the young are unhappily prone. The bliss of man, (could pride that blessing find,) Is not to act or think beyond mankind. Or why so long (in life if long can be) Lent Heav'n a parent to the poor and me ? ( 129 ) CHAPTER VI. Corrections of the promiscuous instances of dejec Punctuation. SECTION J. EXAMPLES IN PROSE. Exercises, p. 157. When Socrates was asked, what man approached the nearest to perfect happiness, he answered : " That man who lias the fewest wants." She who studies her glass, neglects her heart. Between passion and lying, there is not a finger's breadth. The freer we feel ourselves in the presence of others, the more free are they : he who is free, makes free. Addison has remarked, with equal piety and truth, " that the creation is a perpetual feast to the mind of a good man." He who shuts out all evasion when he promises loves truth. The laurels of the warrior are died in blood ; and bedewed with the tears of the widow and the orphan. Between fame and true honour, a distinction is to be made. The former is a loud and noisv applause : the latter, a more silent ami internal homage. Fame floats on the breath of the multitude : honour rest* on the judgment of the thinking. Tame may gite praise, while it withholds esteem : true honour im- F5 ]30 key. (Promiscuous. plies esteem mingled with respect. The one regards particular distinguished talents : the other looks up to the whole character. There is a certain species of religion, (if we can give it that name,) which is placed wholly in specu- lation and belief; in the regularity of external ho- mage ; or in fiery zeal about contested opinions. Xenophanes, who was reproached with being ti- morous, because he would not venture his money in a game at dice, made this manly and sensible reply : " I confess I am exceedingly timorous ; for I dare not commit an evil action." He loves nobly, (I speak of friendship,) who is not jealous, when he has partners of love. Our happiness consists in the pursuit, much more than in the attainment, of any temporal good. Let me repeat it ; — he only is great who has the habits of greatness. Prosopopoeia, or personification, is a rhetorical figure, by which we attribute life and action to inanimate objects : as, " The ground thirsts for rain ;" " The earth smiles %vith plenty." The proper and rational conduct of men, with regard to futurity, is regulated by two considera- tions : first, that much of what it contains, must re- main to us absolutely unknown ; next, that there are also some events in it, which may be certainly known and foreseen. The gardens of the world produce only deci- duous flowers. Perennial ones must be sought in the delightful regions above. Roses without thorns are the growth of paradise alone. How many rules and maxims of life might be Promiscuous.) punctuation. 131 spared, could we fix a principle of virtue within ; and inscribe the living sentiment of the love of Cod in the affections ! He who loves righteousness, is master of all the distinctions in morality- He who, from the benignity of his nature, erected this world for the abode of men ; he who furnished it so richly for our accommodation, and stored it with so much beauty for our entertainment ; he who, since first we entered into life, hath followed us with such a variety of mercies : this amiable and beneficent Being, surely can have no pleasure in our disappointment and distress. He knows our frame ; he remembers we are dust; and looks to frail man, we are assured, with such pity as a father beareth to his children. One of the first lessons, both of re'igion and of wisdom, is, to moderate our expectations and hopes; and not to set forth on the voyage of life, like men who expect to be always carried forward with a favourable gale. Let us be satisfied if the path we tread be easy and smooth, though it be not strewed with flowers. Providence never intended, that the art of living happily in this world, should depend on that deep penetration, that acute sagacity, and those refine- ments of thought, which few possess. It has dealt more graciously with us ; and made happiness de- pend on uprightness of intention, much more than on extent of capacity. .Most of our passions flatter us in their rise. Bui their beginnings are treacherous; their growth is imperceptible; and the evils which they carry in their train, lie concealed, until their dominion is Fa 132 key. (Promiscuous. established. What Solomon says of one of them, holds true of them all, " that their beginning is as when one letteth out water." It issues from a small chink, which once might have been easily stopped ; but being neglected, it is soon widened by the stream ; till the bank is at last totally thrown down, and the flood is at liberty to deluge the whole plain. Prosperity debilitates, instead of strengthening the mind. Its most common effect is, to create an extreme sensibility to the slightest wound. It fo- ments impatient desires ; and raises expectations which no success can satisfy. It fosters a false deli- cacy, which sickens in the midst of indulgence. By repeated gratification, it blunts the feelings of men to what is pleasing; and leaves them unhappily acute to whatever is uneasy. Hence, the gale which ano- ther would scarcely feel, is, to the prosperous, a rude tempest. Hence, the rose-leaf doubled below them on the couch, as it is told of the effeminate Sybarite, breaks their rest. Hence, the disrespect shown by Mordecai, preyed with such violence on the heart of Ham an. Anxiety is the poison of human life. It is the parent of many sins, and of more miseries. In a world where every thing is so doubtful ; where we may succeed in our wish, and be miserable ; where we may be disappointed, and be blessed in the dis- appointment ; what mean this restless stir and com- motion of mind ? Can our solicitude alter the course, or unravel the intricacy, of human events? Can our curiosity pierce through the cloud, which the Su- preme Being hath made impenetrable to mortal eye ? No situation is so remote, and no station so unfa- Promiscuous.) punctuation. 13.3 vourable, as to preclude access to the happiness of a future state. A road is opened by the Divine Spirit to those blissful habitations, from all corners of the earth, and from all conditions of human life ; from the peopled city, and from the solitary desert; from the cottages of the poor, and from the palaces of kings ; from the dwellings of ignorance and simpli- city, and from the regions of science and improve- ment. The scenes which present themselves, at our enter- ing upon the world, are commonly flattering. What- ever they be in themselves, the lively spirits of the young gild every opening prospect. The field of hope appears to stretch wide before them. Pleasure seems to put forth its blossoms on every side. Im- pelled by desire, forward they rush with inconside- rate ardour ; prompt to decide, and to choose ; averse to hesitate, or to inquire; credulous, because untaught by experience ; rash, because unacquainted with danger; headstrong, because unsubdued by disap- pointment. Hence arise the perils to which thev are exposed ; and which, too often, from want of attention to faithful admonition, precipitate them into ruin irretrievable. By the unhappy excesses of irregular pleasure in youth, how many amiable dispositions are corrupted or destroyed ! How manv rising capacities and powers are suppressed ! How many flattering hopes of parents and friends are totally extinguished ! Who but must drop a tear over human nature, when he behohls that morning which arose so bright, overcast with such untimely darkness ; that sweetness of tem- per which once engaged many hearts, that mo < sty 134- key. (Promiscuous. which was so prepossessing, those abilities which promised extensive usefulness, all sacrificed at the shrine of low sensuality : and one who was formed for passing through life, in the midst of public esteem, cut off by his vices at the beginning of his course; or sunk, for the whole of it, into insignifi- cance and contempt? These, O sinful Pleasure ! are thy trophies. It is thus that, co-operating with the foe of God and man, thou degradest human honour, and blastest the opening prospects of human felicity. section 2. examples in poetry. Exercises, p. 163. Where thy true treasure ? Gold says, " Not in me :" And, " Not in me," the Di'mond. Gold is poor. The scenes of bus'ness tell us — what are men, The scenes of pleasure— what is all beside, Wo then apart, (if wo apart can be From mortal man,) and fortune at our nod, The gay, rich, great, triumphant, and august, What are they ? The most happy (strange to say !) Convince me most of human misery. All this dread order break— for whom ? for thee ? Vile worm! — O madness ! pride! impiety! Man, like the gen'rous vine, supported lives; The strength he gains, is from th' embrace he gives. Promiscuous.) punctuation. 135 Know, Nature's children all divide her care : The fur that warms a monarch, warm'd a bear. While man exclaims, " See all things for my use !" « See man for mine," replies a pamper'd goose. And just as short of reason he must fall, Who thinks all made for one, not one for all. Th' Almighty, from his throne, on earth surveys Nought greater than an honest, humble heart : An humble heart his residence pronounc'd, His second seat. Bliss there is none, but unprecarious bliss. That is the gem: sell all and purchase that. Why go a begging to contingencies, Not gain'd with ease, nor safely lov'd, if gain'd ? There is a time, when toil must be preferr'd, Or joy, by mistim'd fondness, is undone. A man of pleasure is a man of pains. Thus nature gives us (let it check our pride) The virtue nearest to our vice allied. See the sole bliss Heav'n could on all bestow ! Which who but feels can taste, but thinks can know: Yet poor with fortune, and with learning blind, The bad must miss ; the good untaught will find. Whatever is, is right.— This world, 'tis true, Was made for Caesar,— but for Titus too. And which more bless'd ? who chain'd his country, say, Or he whose virtue sigh'd to lose a day ■ The first sure symptom of a mind in health, Is rest of heart, and pleasure felt at home. True happiness resides in things unseen. No smiles of fortune ever bless the bad ; Nor can her frowns rob innocence of j>>y. 1 30 key. (Promiscuous. Oh the dark days of vanity ! while here, How tasteless! and how terrible, when gone ! Gone ? they ne'er go : when past, they hannt us still. Father of light and life ! Thou >rood supreme ! O teach me what is good ! Teach me thyself! Save me from folly, vanity, and vice, From ev'ry low pursuit; and feed my soul With knowledge, conscious peace, and virtue pure, Sacred, substantial, never fading bliss ! If I am right, thy grace impart, Still in the right to stay s If I am wrong, Oh teach my heart To find that better way. Save me alike from foolish pride, Or impious discontent, At aught thy wisdom has denied, Or aught thy goodness lent. O lost to virtue, lost to manly thought, Lost to the noble sallies of the soul, Who think it solitude to be alone ! Communion sweet, communion large and high, Our reason, guardian angel, and our God. Then nearest these, when others most remote ; And all, ere long, shall be remote, but these. htnevoktice.. God loves from whole to parts; but human soul Must rise from individual to the whole. Self-love but serves the virtuous mind to wake As the small pebble stirs the peaceful lake : The centre mov'd, a circle straight succeeds, Another still, and still another spreads, Promiscuous.) punctuation. 137 Friend, parent, neighbour, first it will embrace ; His country next; and next, all human race: Wide, and more wide th' o'erflowings of the mind, Take ev'ry creature in, of ev'ry kind. Eartb smiles around, with boundless bounty blest; And Heav'n beholds its image in his breast. Happiness. Know then this truth, (enough for man to know,) "Virtue alone is happiness below:" The only point where human bliss stands still, And tastes the good without the fall to ill; Where only merit constant pay receives; Is blest in what it takes, and what it gives. The joy unequall'd, if its end it gain ; And if it lose, attended with no pain : Without satiety, tho' e'er so bless'd ; And but more relish'd as the more distressed : The broadest mirth unfeeling folly wears, Less pleasing far than virtue's very tears. Good, from each object, from each place acquir'd; For ever exercis'd, yet never tir'd ; Never elated while one man's oppress'd ; Never dejected while another's bless'd ; And where no wants, no wishes can remain ; Since but to wish more virtue, is to gain. Gratitude. When all thy mercies, O my God ! *- '• My rising soul surveys, Transported with the view, I'm lost In wonder, love, and praise. O how shall words, with equal warmth, The gratitude declare, That glows within my ravish'd heart? But thou canst read it there. 188 key. (Promiscuous. Thy providence my life sustain'd, And all my wants redress'd, When in the silent womb I lay, And hung upon the breast. To all my weak complaints and cries, Thy mercy lent an ear, Ere yet my feeble thoughts had learn'd To form themselves in pray'r. Unnnmber'd comforts to my soul Thy tender care bestow'd, Before my infant heart conceiv'd From whom those comforts flow'd. When, in the slipp'ry paths of youth, With heedless steps, I ran, Thine arm, unseen, convey 'd me safe, And led me up to man. Through hidden dangers, toils, and death, It gently clear'd my way ; And through the pleasing snares of vice, More to be fear'd than they. When worn with sickness, oft hast thou, With health renew'd my face ; And when in sin and sorrow sunk, Reviv'd my soul with grace. Thy bounteous hand, with worldly bliss, Has made my cup run o'er ; And, in a kind and faithful friend, Has doubled all my store. Ten thousand thousand precious gifts My daiiy thanks employ ; Nor is the least, a cheerful heart, That tastes those gifts with joy. Promiscuous.) punctuation. 1 30 Through ev'ry period of my life, Thy goodness I'll pursue ; Arid, after death, in distant worlds, The glorious theme renew. When nature fails, and day and night Divide thy works no more, My ever grateful heart, O Lord ! Thy mercy shall adore. Through all eternity to thee A joyful song I'll raise; For O ! eternity's too short To utter all thy praise. The Voyage of Life. Self-flatter'd, unexperienc'd, high in hope, When young, with sanguine cheer, and streamers gay, We cut our cable, launch into the world, And fondly dream each wind and star our friend, All in some darling enterprise embark'd. But where is he can fathom its event ? Amid a multitude of artless hands, (Ruin's sure perquisite, her lawful prize,) Some steer aright : but the black blast blows hard, And puffs them wide of hope. With hearts of proof, Full against wind and tide, some win their way ; And when strong effort has deserv'd the port, And tugg'd it into view, 'tis won ! 'tis lost ! Though strong their oar, still stronger is their fate : They strike; and, while they triumph, they expire. In stress of weather, most, some sink outright. O'er them, and o'er their names, the billows To morrow knows not they were ever born. Others, a short memorial leave behind, 1 4-0 key. (Promiscuous. Like a flag floating, when the bark's ingulf d, It floats a moment, and is seen no more 9 One Caesar lives ; a thousand are forgot. How/ra, beneath auspicious planets born, With swelling sails make good the promis'd port, With all their wishes freighted ! Yet ev'n these, Freighted with all their wishes, soon complain. Free from misfortune, not from nature free, They still are men; and when is man secure? As fatal time, as storm. The rush of years Beats down their strength; their numberless escapes In ruin end: and, now, their proud success But plants new terrors on the victor's brow. What pain, to quit the world just made their own ! Their nests so deeply down'd, and built so high !— » Too low they build, who build beneath the stars. PART V. PERSPICUITY AND ACCURACY, First, with respect to single "words and phrases. CHAPTER I. Corrections of the errors that relate to Purity. Grammar, p. 274. Exercises, p. 169. We should be daily employed in doing good. / am wearied with seeing so perverse a disposition. I know not who has done this thing. He is in no wise thy inferior; and, in this instance, is not at all to blame. The assistance was welcome, and seasonably af- forded. For want of employment, he wandered idly about the fields. We ought to live soberly, righteously, and piously in the world. He was long indisposed, and at length died of melancholy. That word follows the general rule, and takes the penultimate accent. He \va> an extraordinary genius, and attracted much attention. The haughtiness of Florio was very ungraceful, and disgusted both his friends and strangers. He charged me with want of resolution, but in this censure he was greatly mistaken. J 42 key. (Purity. They have manifested great candour in all the transaction. The conformity of the thought to truth and nature greatly recommended it. The importance, as well as the authenticity of the books, has been clearly displayed. It is difficult to discover the spirit and design of some laws. The disposition which he exhibited, was both un- natural and uncomfortable. His natural severity rendered him a very unpo- pular speaker. The inquietude of his mind, made his station and wealth far from being enviable. I received the gift with pleasure, but I shall now more gladly resign it. Or — with greater pleasure resign it. These are things of the highest importance to the growing age. J am grieved with the view of so many blank leaves, in the book of my life. J repent that I have so long walked in the paths of folly. I think that I am not mistaken in an opinion, which I have so well considered. They thought it an important subject, and the question was strenuously debated on both sides. Thy speech betrays thee; for thou art a Galilean. Let us not give too hasty credit to stories which may injure our neighbour: perhaps they are the off- spring of calumny, or misapprehension. The gardens were void of simplicity and elegance ; and exhibited much that was glaring and whimsical, ( M-3 ) CHAPTER II. Corrections of the errors relating to Propriety. Grammar, p. 275. Exercises, p. 171. SECTION I. I would as readily do it myself, as persuade another to do it. Of the justness of his measures he convinced his opponent, by the force of argument. He is not, in any degree, better than those whom he so liberally condemns. He insists upon security, and will not liberate him till it be obtained. The meaning of the phrase, as I understand it, is very different from the common acceptation. The favourable moment should be embraced ; for he does not continue long in one mind. He exposed himself so much amongst the people, that he was once or twice in danger of having his head broken. He was very dexterous in penetrating the view 1 : and designs of others. If a little care were bestowed upon his education, he might be very useful amongst his neighbours. He might have perceived, by a transient view, the difficulties to which his conduct exposed him. If I should have a little leisure to-morrow, I intend to pay them a short visit. This performance is of the same value as the other. The scene was new, and he was seized with won- der at all he saw. 1 44 key. (Propriety. section 2. Grammar, p. 276. Exercises, p, 172. Let us consider the works of nature and of art, with proper attention. He is engaged in a treatise on the interests of the soul and of the body. Or — of both the soul and the body. Some productions of nature rise or sink in value, according as they more or less resemble those of art. The Latin tongue was never spoken, in its purity, in this island. For some centuries, there was a constant inter- course between France and England, by reason of the dominions which we possessed there, and the con- quests which we made. Or — occasioned by the domi- nions, &c. He is impressed with a true sense of the importance of that function, when chosen from a regard to the interests of piety and virtue. The wise and the foolish, the virtuous and the vile, the learned and the ignorant, the temperate and the .profligate, must often, like the wheat and the tares, be blended together. section 3. Grammar, p. 277. Exercises, p. 172. An eloquent speaker may give more numerous, but cannot give more convincing arguments, than this plain man offered. Or — may give more, but can- not give stronger, &c. These persons possessed very moderate intellects, even before they had impaired them by the extrava- gance of passion. Propriety.) perspicuity, &c. 145 True wit is nature dressed to advantage; but some works have more ornament than does them good. The sharks, that prey upon the inadvertency of young heirs, are more pardonable than those, who trespass upon the good opinion of persons that treat them with great confidence and respect. Honour teaches us properly to respect ourselves, ind to violate no right or privilege of our neigh- bour: it leads us to support the feeble, to relieve the distressed, and to scorn to be governed by de- grading and injurious passions. It must, therefore, be a false and mistaken honour, that prompts the destroyer to take the life of his friend. He will always be with you, to support and com- fort you, and in some measure to prosper your la- bours ; and he will also be with all his faithful mi- nisters, who shall succeed you in his service. section 4. Grammar, p. 277. Exercises, p. 173. Most of our sailors were asleep in their apartments, when a heavy wave broke over the ship, and swept away ne ofour boats, and the box which contained our com- passes, &c. Our cabin windows were secured, or the vessi I would have been filled. The main mast was so imaged, that we were obliged to strengthen it, and to proceed for Lisbon. The book is very neatly printed : the distances between the lines are ample and regular ; and the lines themselves, on the opposite sides of each leaf, exactly correspond to one another. G 1 46" key. (Propriety. section 5. Grammar, p. 277. Exercises, p. 174. When our friendship is considered, how is it pos- sible that I should not grieve for having lost such a friend ? The hen being in her nest, was killed and eaten there by the eagle. Or — The eagle killed the hen, jleiv to her nest in the tree, and eat her there. It may be justly said, that there are no laivs prefer- able to those of England. They who have pretended to polish and refine the English language, have been the chief agents, in mul- tiplying its abuses and absurdities. Or — The chief thing, which they who have pretended to polish and refine the English language, have done, is, to multiply its abuses and absurdities. The English adventurers, degenerating from the customs of their own nation, were gradually assimilated to the natives, instead of reclaiming them from their uncultivated manners. It has been said, that Jesuits can not only equivocate, Or — Jesuits are not the only persons who can equivo- cate. We must not think that these people, when injured, have no right at all to our protection. Or — have less right than others to our protection. Solomon the son of David, and the builder of the temple of Jerusalem, was the richest monarch that reigned over the Jewish people. Solomon, whose father David was persecuted by Saul, was the richest monarch of the Jews. It is certain that all the words which are signs of Propriety.) perspicuity, &c. 147 complex ideas, may furnish matter of mistake and cavil. Or — all those words, &c. Lisias, speaking of his friends, promised to bis fa- ther, never to abandon them. Or — Lisias speaking of his father's friends, promised to his father, never to abandon them. The Divine Being, ever liberal and faithful, heapeth favours on his servants. Or — The Divine Being heapeth favours on his liberal and faithful servants. Every well-instructed scribe, is like a householder, who bringeth out of his treasure neiv things and old. He was willing to spend one or two hundred pounds, rather than be enslaved. Dryden, in the following words, makes a very handsome observation, on Ovid's writing a letter from Dido to iEneas. Imprudent associations disqualify us for instructing or reproving others. Or — Disqualify us for receiving instruction or reproof from others. section 6. Grammar, p. 278. Exercises, p. 1T5. I seldom see a noble building, or any great piece of magnificence and pomp, but I think, how little is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal soul ! A poet, speaking of the universal deluge, says; Yet when that flood in it< own depth was drown'd, It left behind it false and shpp'ry ground. When the waters of the deluge had subsided, they .. be. The author of the Spectator says, that a man is G 2 148 key. (Propriety. not qualified for a bust, who has not a good deal of wit and vivacity. And Bezaleel made the laver of brass, and the foot of it of brass, of the mirrors used by the women. And, in the lozver deep, another deep Still threat'ning to devour me, opens wide. SECTION 7. Grammar, p.281. Exercises, p. 176. No fewer than two hundred scholars have beesi educated in that school. The business, however laudable the attempt, was found to be impracticable. He is our common benefactor, and deserves our re- spect and obedience. Vivacity is often promoted, by presenting a sen- sible object to the mind, instead of an intellectual one. They broke down the banks, and the country was soon overflowed. The garment was decently formed, and sewed very neatly. The house is a cold one, for it has a northern aspect. The proposal, for each of us to relinquish some- thing, was complied with, and produced a cordial reconciliation. Though learn'd, well bred ; and tho' well bred, sincere ; Modestly bold, and humanely severe. A fop is a ridiculous character, in every one's view but his own. An action that excites laughter, without any mix- ture of contempt, may be called a risible action. Propriety.) perspicuity, &c. It is difficult for him to speak three sentences sue- cessively. V>y this expression, I do not mean what some persons annex to it. The neglect of timely precaution was the eaui — vJiolly employed in panegyric. The refreshment came in seasonably, befon • had lain down to r We speak what we do know, and testily that ich we have seen. Or — what zee have seen. They shallyty as the eagle that hasteth to eat. G 3 ] 50 key. (Propriety. The wicked jlee when no man pursueth : but the righteous are bold as a lion. x A creature of a more exalted kind Was wanted yet, and then was man design'd. He died by violence ; for he was killed with a sword. He had scarcely taken the medicine, w hen he began to feel himself relieved. No place nor any object appears to him void of beauty. When we fall into conversation with any person, the first thing we should consider, is, the intention of it. Galileo invented the telescope ; Hervey discovered the circulation of the blood. Philip found difficulty in managing the Athenians, from the nature of their dispositions ; but the elo- quence of Demosthenes was the greatest obstacle to his designs. A hermit is austere in his life ; a judge, rigorous in his sentences. A candid man acknowledges his mistake, and is for- given; a patriot avows his opposition to a bad mi- nister, and is applauded. We have increased our family and expenses ; and enlarged our garden and fruit orchard. By proper reflection, we may be taught to correct what is erroneous, and to supply ivhat is defective. The good man is not overcome by disappointment, when that which is mortal dies ; when that which is mutable, begins to change ; and when that which he knew to be transient, passes away. ( 151 ) CHAPTER III. Corrections of the errors which respect Precision. Grammar, p. 282. Exercises, p. 179. This great politician desisted from his designs, when he found them impracticable. He was of so high and independent a spirit, that he abhorred being in debt. Though raised to an exalted station, she was a pattern of piety and virtue. The human body may be divided into the head, the trunk, and the limbs. His end soon approached ; and he died with great fortitude. He was a man of so much pride, that he despised the sentiments of otht Poverty induces dependence ; and dependence increases corruption. This man, on all occasions, treated bis inferiors with great disdain. There can be no order in the life of that man, who does not allot a due share of his time, to retire- ment and reflection. Such equivocal expressions, mark an intention to deceive. His cheerful, happy temper, keeps up a kind ol daylight in his mind, and fills it with a steady and perpetual serenity. G 4 ( 152 ) Secondly, Perspicuity and accuracy, with respect to the construction of Sentences. CHAPTER I. Corrections of the errors which relate to the Clearness of a Sentence. < Grammar, p. 286. Exercises, p. 180. SECTION 1. Hence appears the impossibility that an under- taking so managed, should prove successful. May ive not here say with the poet, that " virtue is its own reward ?" Had he died before, would not this art have been then wholly unknown ? Not to exasperate him, I spoke only a very few , words. The works of art receive a great advantage, from the resemblance which they have to those of nature ; because here not only the similitude is pleasant, but the pattern is perfect. It may be proper to give some account of those practices, anciently used on such occasions, and dis- continued only through the neglect and degeneracy of later times. Sixtus the fourth was, if I mistake not, a great collector at least of books. If Louis XIV. was not the greatest king, he was at least the best actor of majesty, that ever filled a throne. Clearness.) perspicuity, &c. 153 These forms of conversation, multiplied, by de£ and grew troublesome. Nor does this false modesty expose us to such ac- tions only as are indiscreet, but very often to such i are highly criminal. By greatness, I do not mean the bulk of any single object only, but the largeness of a whole view. ( >r — J mean not only the bulk of any single object, but, i>m. I was formerly engaged in that business, but I shall never be concerned in it again. We frequently do those things, which we afterwards repent of. By often doing the same thing, it become- ha- bitual. Most nations, even the Jens not excepted, we prune to idolatry. Raised to greatness without merit, he employed his power solely for the gratification of his passions. section 2. Grammar, p. '233. Ex 1. The embarrassments of the artificers, rendered th. ss oj the work very slow. lie found the place replete with wonders, with • contemplation of which he pro; os< d to solace him- If, if lie should never be able to accomplish I flight. They are now engaged in a study, the u of which they have long wished to know. This wa^ an undertaking, which, in th< proved as impracticable. try other of their perm- cious, yet abortive schemes, had turned out G 5 15 4* key. (Clearness. He thought that the presbyters would soon become more dangerous to the magistrates, than the pre- latical clergy had ever been. Frederic, seeing it was impossible, with safety, to trust his life in their hands, was obliged to take the Mahometans for his guard. The emperor refused to convert the truce at once into a definitive treaty. In the night, however, the miserable remains were taken down. I have, in this paper, by way of introduction, settled the meaning of those pleasures of the imagination, which are the subject of my present undertaking; and endeavoured, by several considerations, to recom- mend to my readers, the pursuit of those pleasures : I shall, in my next paper, examine the several sources from whence these pleasures are derived. Sir Francis Bacon, in his Essay upon Health, in ivhich he particularly dissuades the reader from knotty and subtle disquisitions, has not thought it improper to prescribe to him a poem, or a prospect ; and he ad- vises him to pursue studies that fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects, as history, poetry, and contemplations of nature. The English reader, if he would see the notion ex- plained at large, may find it in Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding. Fields of corn form a pleasant prospect; and it a little care were bestowed on the walks that lie be- tween them, they would display neatness, regularity, and elegance. Though religion will indeed bring us under some Clearness.) perspicuity, &g. 155 restraints, they are not only tolerable, but, on the whole, desirable. I have confined myself to those methods for the advancement of piety, which, by a strict execution of the laics, are in the power of a prince, limited like ours. This morning, when, with great care and diligence, one of the gay females was looking over some hoods and ribands, brought by her tirewoman, I em- ployed no less in examining the box which con- tained them. Since it is necessary that there should be a perpe- tual intercourse of buying and selling, and dealii upon credit, the honest dealer, where fraud is per- mitted or connived at, or has no law to punish it, is often undone, and the knave gets the advantage. Though energetic brevity is not adapted alike to every subject, we ought, on every occasion, to avoid its contrary, a languid redundancy of words. It is sometimes proper to be copious, but never to be verbose. A monarchy, limited like ours, may, for aught I know, be placed, as it has often been represented, just in the middle point, from whence a deviation leads, on the one hand, to tyranny, and, on th< other, to anarchy. Having already shown how the fancy is affected by the works of nature, and afterwards considered, in general, how, informing such scenes as are most apt to delight the mind of the beholder, the works both nature and of art assist each other ; I shall in this paper throw together some reflections, &c G 6 156 key. (Clearness. Let but one brave, great, active, disinterested man arise, and he will be received, followed, and venerated. Ambition creates hatred, shiness, discords, se- ditions, and wars. The scribes made it their profession to study, and to teach, the law of Moses. Sloth sapslJiefoundation of every virtue, and pours upon us a deluge of crimes and evils. The ancient laws of Rome were so far from suf- fering a Roman citizen to be put to death, that they would not aliow him to be whipped, or even to be bound. His labours to acquire knowledge have been pro- ductive of great success and satisfaction. He was a man of the greatest prudence, justice, modesty, and virtue. t His favour or disapprobation was governed by the success or the failure of an enterprise. He had a grateful sense of the benefits received, and did every thing in his power to serve his benefactor. Many persons give evident proof, that either they do not believe the principles of religion, or that they do not feel their power. As the guilt of an officer, if he prove negligent, will be greater than that of a common servant ; so the reward of his fidelity, will be proportionally greater. The comfort annexed to goodness is the pious man's strength. It attaches his heart to religion. It inspires his zeal. It supports his constancy; and ac- celerates his progress. Clearness.) perspicuity, &c. 157 section 3. Grammar, p. 291. Exercises, p. 135. These are the rules of the master, who must obeyed. They attacked the house of Northumberland, whom they put to death. lie laboured to involve in ruin his minister, win had been the author of it. Or — to ruin his minis- ter, &c. What he says* is true, but it is not applicable t< the point. The French marched precipitately as to an assured victory; whereas the English advanced very slowly, and discharged such flights of arrows, as did great execution. When the former drew near the archei- the latter perceiving that they were out of breath., charged them with great vigour. He was at a window in Lichfield, taking a view oj the Cathedral, where a party of the royalists had for- tified themselves. We no where meet with a more splendid or pleasing show in nature, than what is formed in the heavens at the rising and setting of the sun, l>j/ the different >tains of licrht, which show themselves in clouds of different situation*. There will be found, throughout this kingdom, a round million of creatures in human figure, whos< whole subsistence, &c. Jt is the custom of the Mahometans, if they see upon the ground, any printed or written paper, to take it up, and lay it aside carefully, as not knowing but it may contain some piece of their Alcoran. 158 4 key. (Clearness. The laws of nature are, truly, what lord Bacon styles his aphorisms, laws of laws. Civil laws are alwavs imperfect, and are often false deductions from them, or applications of them : nay, civil laws stand, in many instances, in direct opposition to the laws of nature. It has not a sentiment in it, says Pope, that the au- thor does not religiously believe. Many act so directly contrary to this method, that, from a habit, which they acquired at the University, of saving time and paper, they write in so diminutive a manner, that they can hardly read what they have written. Thus I have fairly given you my own opinion, re- lating to this weighty affair, as well as that of a great majority of both houses here; upon which I am confident you may securely reckon. Ii)fro?n the earliest periods of life, we trace a youth who has been well educated, we shall perceive the wisdom of the maxims here recommended. ( 159 ) CHAPTER II. Corrections of the errors relating to the Unity of a sentence. Grammar, p. 293. Exercises, p. 187. SECTION 1. A shout time after this injury, he came to him- self; and the next day, was put on board his ship, and conveyed first to Corinth, and thence to the island of iEgina. The Britons, daily harassed by cruel inroads from the Picts, were forced to call in the Saxons for their defence. These people reduced the greater part of the island to their own power; and drove the Britons into the most remote and mountainous parts. The rest of the country, in customs, religion, and language, became wholly Saxons. By eagerness of temper, and precipitancy of indul- gence, men forfeit all the advantages which patience would have procured; and incur the opposite evils to their full extent. This prostitution of praise affects yot only the gross of mankind, who take their notion of characters from the learned; but also the better sort of people, who, by this ni' lose some part at least of their desire of lame, when they find it promiscuously bestowed on the meritorious and on the ill : ng. Or — \ only the gross part of mankind, who take their notion of characters from the learned, are affected by this pros- 1 60 key. ( Unity. titution of praise; the better sort ?)iust also, by this means, &c. All the precautions of prudence, moderation, ,and condescension, which Eumenes employed, were in- capable of mollifying the hearts of those barbarians, and of extinguishing their jealousy. He must have renounced his merit and virtue which occasioned it, to have been capable of appeasing them. He who performs every employment in its due place and season, suffers no part of time to escape without profit. He multiplies his days; for he lives much in little space. Desires of pleasure usher in temptation, and for- ward the growth of disorderly passions. section 2. Grammar, p. 294. Exercises, p. 18S. The notions of Lord Sunderland were always good. This nobleman, however, was a man of great expense. In this uneasy state, both of his public and pri- vate life, Cicero was oppressed by a new and deep affliction, the death of his beloved daughter Tullia ; which happened soon after her divorce from Dola- bella. The manners and humours of this man were entirely disagreeable to Tullia. The sun approaching melts the snow, and breaks the icy fetters of the main. Here, vast sea-monsters pierce through floating islands, with arms which can withstand the crystal rock; whilst others, that of themselves seem great as islands, are, by their bulk alone, armed against all but man. The superiority Unity.) PERSPICUITY, &c. loi mvkich he possesses over creatures of a size and forc< so stupendous, should make him mindful of his pri- vilege of reason; and force him humbly to adore the , great Composer of these wondrous frames, and the Author of his own superior wisdom. I single Strada out among the moderns, becau lie had the foolish presumption to censure Tacitus, and to write history himself. 3/y friend will for- give this short excursion in honour of a favourite writer. Boast not thyself of to-morrow; for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth. For the same reason, despair not of to-morrow; it may bring forth good as well as evil. Vex not thyself with imaginary fears. The impending black cloud, which is re- garded with so much dread, may pass by harmle^ or though it should discharge the storm, yet before il breaks, thou mayst be lodged in that lowly mansi which no storms ever touch. section 3. Grammar, p. 296. Exercises, p.lS9. Disappointments will often happen to the best and wisest men; sometimes to tin nicest and best collected plans. They may happen too, not through any im- prudence of those who have devised the plan, nor even through the malice or ill design of others ; but merely in consequence of some of those cross inci- dents of life, which could not be foreseen. Without some degree of patience exercised under injuries, human life would be rendered a state of per- \ Ifi2 key. (Unity. petual hostility : offences and retaliations would suc- # ceed to one another in endless train. Never delay till to-morrow, what reason and con- science tell you ought to be performed to-day. To-mor- row is not yours; and though you should live to en- joy it, you must not overload it with a burden not its own. We must not imagine that there is, in true reli- gion, any thing which overcasts the mind with sul- len gloom and melancholy austerity; or which dero- gates from that esteem, which ?nen are generally disposed to yield to exemplary virtues. False ideas may be en- tertained of religion, as false and imperfect concep- tions of virtue have often prevailed in the world. ( 163 ) CHAPTER III. Corrections of the errors which respect the Strength of a sentence. Grammar, p.297. Exercises, p. 190. SECTION 1. It is six months since I paid a visit to my rela- tions. Suspend your censure, till your judgment on the subiect can be wisely formed. The reason of his having acted in the manner he did, was not fully explained. ItT were to give a reason for their looking so well, it would be, that they rise early. If I mistake not, he is improved both in knowledge and behaviour. Or — / think he is improved both in knowledge and behaviour. Those two boys appear to be equal in capacity. Whenever he sees me, he inquires concerning his friend The reason of his conduct will appear in the con- clusion of this narrative. Or — His conduct will be accounted for in the, &c. I hope this is the last time of my acting so impru- dently. The reason of his sudden departure, was, that the case did not admit of delay. The people gained nothing farther by this step, than to suspend their misery. Or— nothing by this step, but the suspension of their misery. I have here supposed that the reader is acquainted 164 key. (Strength. with that great modern discovery, which is, at pre- sent, universally acknowledged by the inquirers into natural philosophy. Few words in the English language, are employed in a more loose and uncircumscribed sense, than fancy and imagination. I intend to make use of these words in mv follow- ing speculations, that the reader may rightly conceive the subject upon which I proceed. Commend me to an argument like a flail, against u luck there is no fence. How many are there, by whom these good tidings were never heard ! These points have been illustrated in so plain a manner, that the perusal of the book has given me satisfaction. However clear the conduct which he ought to have pursued, he had not resolution to set about it. I was much moved on this occasion, and left the place full of serious reflections. They are of those that rebel against the light : they know not its ways, nor abide in its paths. This measure may afford some profit, and some amusement. Or — both profit and amusement. By a multiplicity of words, the sentiments are not set off and accommodated; but, like David equipped in Saul's armour, they are encumbered and op- pressed. Though closely occupied with the affairs of the nation, he did not neglect the concerns of his friends. If, on the contrary, secrecy had been enjoined, his conduct was very culpable. Less capacity, but more time, is required for thi>- b us in ess. Strength,) perspicuity, &c. 165 Iii did not mention Leonora, nor her father's death. The combatants encountered with such that, only to assail, and thorn. - of defence, they fell dead upon the field together. I shail begin with remarking the defects, and shall then proceed to describe the excellences, of this plan of education. Numberless orders of beings, to us unknown, people the wide extent of the universe. His extraordinary beauty struck observers with admiration. Or — His beauty was so extraordinary that it struck, &c. Thought and language act and react upon each other. Or, — act upon each other mutually. Their interests were inseparably connected. Employing all the circumspection which reason can suggest, let your prayers, at the same time, continu- ally ascend to heaven for support. Or — While you employ all the circumspection which reason can suggest, let your prayers continually ascend to heaven for support. section 2. Grammar, p. 300. Exercises, p. 193. The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil. While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, ■ Id and heat, summer and \\ inter, and day and night, dl not cease. A man should endeavour to make the sphere of his innocent pleasures as wide as possible, that he may retire to them with safety, and find in them 1 05 key. (Strength, such a satisfaction as a wise man would not blush to take. This advantage we gain by means of the plea- sures of imagination. Or — This satisfaction ive enjoy, by means of, &c. The army was composed of Grecians, and Carians, and Lycians, and Pamphylians, and Phrygians. The body of this animal was strong, proportion- able, and beautiful. Nothing promotes knowledge more than steady ap- plication, and a habit of observation. Though virtue borrows no assistance from the ad- vantages of fortune, yet it may often be accompanied by them. The knowledge which he has acquired, and the habits of application which he possesses, will probably render him very useful. Their idleness, their luxury and pleasures, their criminal deeds, their immoderate passions, their ti- midity and baseness of mind, have dejected them to such a degree, as to make them weary of life. I was greatly affected, so that I was obliged to leave the place, though my assistance had been press - ingly solicited. I strenuously opposed those measures, but it was not in my power to prevent them. I yielded to his solicitation, for I perceived the necessity of doing so. For the wisest purposes, Providence has designed our state to be checkered with pleasure and pain. As such let us receive it, and make the best of what is appointed to be our lot. In the time of prosperity, he had stored his mind with useful knowledge, with good principles, and Strength.) perspicuity, &c. 107 virtuous dispositions: and these resources remain en- tire, when the days of trouble come. He had made considerable advances in know- ledge, though he was very young, and laboured under several disadvantages. section 3. Gra-nmar, p. 503. Exercises, p. 194. I have, with a good deal of attention, considered the subject upon which I was desired to communicate my thought-. Whether, in any country, a choice altogether un- exceptionable has been made, seems doubtful. Let us endeavour to establish to ourselves an inte- nt in him, who in his hands holds the reins of the whole creation. Virgil, who, in the sixth book of his JEneid, has cast the whole system of platonic philosophy, so far as it relates to the soul of man, into beautiful allegories, gives us the punishment, &c. And, at last, in the Pyrenean treaty, Philip the fourth was obliged to conclude a peace, on terms repugnant to his inclinat on, to that of ! . is people, to the interest of Spain, and I of all Europe. By a late calculuti n, it appears that, in Great Britain and Ireland, t'< re are upwards of fifteen millions of inhabitants. And although persons of a virtuous and learned education, when they c me forward into the great nor Id, may be, and too often are, drawn by the tempta- tions of youth, and the opportunities of a large fortune, into some irregularities, it is ever with re- 16S key. (Strength. luctance and compunction of mind, because their bias to virtue still continues. Were instruction an essential circumstance in epic poetry, I doubt whether, in any language, a single in- stance could be given of this species of composition. Some of our most eminent writers have, as far as it regards the subsistence of our affections after death, made use of this platonic notion, with great beauty and strength of reason. On surveying the most indifferent works of nature, men of the best sense have been touched, more or less, with these groundless horrors and presages of futurity. Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. Not every one that puts on the appearance of goodness, is good. And there appeared to them Elias with Moses. Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live for ever? At last, after much fatigue, through deep roads and had weather, we came with no small difficulty to our journey's end. The praise of judgment, Virgil has justly contested with Homer; but his invention remains yet unri- valled. Instead of being critics on others, let us employ our criticism on ourselves. heaving others to be judged by Him who searcheth the heart, let us implore his assistance, for enabling us to act well our own part. After passion has for awhile exercised its tyrannical sway, its vehemence may by degrees subside. This fallacious art, instead of lengthening life, debars us from enjoying it. Strength. J perspicuity, &c. 16') Indulging ourselves in imaginary, often deprives us of real enjoyments. When reduced to poverty, how will that nobleman be able to conduct himself, who was educated only to magnificence and pleasure ? It is highly proper that a man should be acquainted with a variety of things, the utility of which is above d child's comprehension : but is it necessary, or even possible, that a child should learn every thing it be- hooves a man to know ? When they fall into sudden difficulties, they are less perplexed, and when they encounter dangers they are less alarmed, than others in the like circumstances. For all your actions, and particularly for the em- ployments of youth, you must hereafter give an account. section 4. Grammar, p. 306. Exercises, p. 197. Charity breathes habitual kindness towards friends, courtesy towards strangers, long-suffering to enemies. Gentleness ought to form our address, to regulate our speech, and to diffuse itself over our whole be- haviour. The propensity to look forward into life, is too often immoderately indulged, and grossly abused. The regular tenor of a virtuous and pious life, will prove the best preparation for old age, for death, and for immortality. These rules are intended to teach young persons to write with propriety, perspicuity, and elegance. H 170 key. (Strength, Sinful pleasures degrade human honour, and blast the opening prospects of human felicity. In this state of mind, every object appears gloomy, and every employment of life becomes an oppressive burden. They will acquire different views, by entering on a virtuous course of action, and applying to the honourable discharge of the functions of their station. By the perpetual course of dissipation, in which' sensualists are engaged ; by the excesses which they indulge; by the riotous revel, and the midnight, or rather morning hours, to which they prolong their festivity ; they debilitate their bodies, wear out their spirits, and cut themselves off from the comforts and duties of life. section 5. Grammar, p. 306. Exercises, p. 198. By what I have already expressed, the reader will perceive the business upon which I am to proceed. May the happy message be applied to us, in all its virtue, strength, and comfort ! Generosity is a showy virtue, of which many per- sons are very fond. These arguments were, without hesitation, and with great eagerness, embraced. It is proper to be long in deliberating ; but we should execute speedily. Form your measures with prudence ; but divest yourselves of anxiety about the issue. We are struck, we k'now not how, with the sym- Strength.) perspicuity, &c. 17 1 metry of anything we see; and immediately ac- knowledge the beauty of an object, without in- quiring into the cause of that beauty. With Cicero's writings, these persons are more conversant, than with those of Demosthenes, who, bv many decrees, as an orator at least, excelled the '»lher. section G. Grammar, p. 303. Exercises, p. 199. Olr British gardeners, instead of following nature, Jove to deviate from it as much as possible. Or — instead of humouring, &c. love to thwart it, &c. I have observed of late the style of some great ministers, very much to exceed that of any other writers. The old may inform the young ; and the young may animate the old. The account is generally balanced ; for what we lose on the one hand, we gain on the other. The laughers will be for those who have most wit ; the serious, for those who have most reason on their side. If men of eminence are exposed to censure on the one hand, they are as much exposed to flattery on the other. If they receive reproaches which are not due, they likewise receive praises that are not due. He can bribe, but he cannot seduce. He can buy, but he cannot gain. He can lie, but he cannot deceive. He embraced the cause of liberty faintly, and pur- sued it irresolutely ; he grew tired of it, when he had H2 172 KEY. (Strength. much to hope ; and gave it up, when he had nothing to fear. There may remain a suspicion that we overrate the greatness of his genius, in the same manner as ■we overrate the greatness of bodies, that are dispro- portioned and misshapen. section 7. Grammar, p. 309. Exercises, p. 200. Sobriety of mind suits the present state of man. As supporters of unlawful assemblies, these people were seized and punished. To use the Divine name habitually, and without serious consideration, is highly irreverent. From the kindness with which he was at first received, great hopes of success were entertained. They conducted themselves craftily, and ensnared us before we had time to escape. To our confined and humble station it belongs not to censure ; but to submit, trust, and adore. The solace of the mind, under all its labours, is hope ; and there are few situations which exclude it entirely. The humiliation of the mighty, and the fall of ambition from its towering height, Jittle concern the bulk of mankind. Tranquillity, order, and magnanimity, dwell with the pious and resigned man. Idleness, ease, and prosperity, have a natural ten- dency to generate folly and vice. By a cheerful, candid, and uniform temper, he conciliated general favour. Strength.) perspicuity, &c. 173 We reached the mansion before noon. It was a strong, magnificent, Gothic edifice. I had a long and perilous journey, but a pleasing companion, who relieved the fatigue of it. The speech was introduced by a sensible exordium, which made a favourable impression. The commons made a warm remonstrance against so arbitrary a requisition. The truly illustrious are they who do not court the praise of the world, but who perform the actions which deserve it. By means of society, our wants are supplied, and our lives are rendered comfortable ; our capacities are enlarged, and our virtuous affections called forth into their proper exercise. Life cannot but prove vain to them who affect a disrelish of every pleasure, that is not both exqui- site and new ; who measure enjoyment, not by their own feelings, but by the standard of fashion ; who think themselves miserable if others do not admire their state. By the experience. of distress, an arrogant insen- sibility of temper is most effectually corrected; as the remembrance of our own sufferings, naturally prompts us to feel for others when they suffer. But if Providence has been so kind as not to subject us to much of this discipline in our own lot, let us draw improvement from the harder lot of others. Let us sometimes step aside from the smooth and flowery paths, in which we are permitted to walk, in order to view the toilsome march of our fellows through the thorny desert. H3 174 key. (Strength, As no one is without his failings, few also are void of amiable qualities. Providence delivered them up to themselves, and they became their own tormentors. From disappointments and trials, we learn the insufficiency of temporal things to happiness; and are taught to seek it in religion and virtue. ( 175 ) CHAPTER IV. Corrections of the errors that relate to Figures of Speech . Grammar, p. 315. Exercises, p. 203. No human happiness is so pure as not to contain any alloy. There is a time when factions, by their vehemence, onfound and disable one anotru r. I intend to make use of these words mmy following speculations. Or — in the course of my speculations. Hope, the cheering star of life, darts a ray of light through the thickest gloom. The scheme was highly expensive to him, and proved the gulf of his estate. He was so much skilled in the exercise of the oar, that few could equal him. The death of Cato has, if I may be allowed to say so, rendered the Senate an orphan. Let us be careful to suit our sails to the wind and weather ; and to steer our vessel aright, that we may avoid the rocks and shoals, which lie everv where <>und u- At length Erasmus, that great injur'd name, (The glory of the priesthood and the shame,) Stemm'd the wild torrent of a barb'rous au> And drove those holy Vandals off the In this our day of proof, our land of hope, The good man has his clouds that Intervene; H i 176 key. (Figures. Clouds that may dim his sublunary day, But cannot darken ; even the best must own, Patience and resignation are the pillars Of human peace on earth. On the wide sea of letters, 'twas thy boast To crowd each sail, and touch at ev'ry coast : From that rich deep how often hast thou brought The pure and precious pearls of splendid thought ! How didst thou triumph on that subject tide, Till vanity's wild gust, and stormy pride, Drove thy strong bark, in evil hour, to split Upon the fatal rock of impious wit ! Since the time that reason began to exert her pouers, thought, during our waking hours, has been active in every breast, without a moment's suspension or pause. The current of ideas has been always flowing. The wheels of the spiritual engine have circulated with perpetual motion. The man who has no rule over his own spirit, possesses no defence against dangers of any sort. He lies open to every insurrection of ill-humour, and every invasion of distress. Whereas he who is em- ployed in regulating his mind, is making provision against all the accidents of life. He is erecting a fortress into which, in the day of danger, he can retreat with safety. Tamerlane the Great, writes to Bajazet, emperor of the Ottomans, in the following terms. — " Where is the monarch who dares resist us ? Where is the potentate who does not glory in being numbered among our attendants? As for thee, ignobly descended, since thy unbounded ambition hath subverted all thy Figures.) perspicuity, &c. 177 vain expectatiojis, it would be proper, that thou shouldst repress thy temerity, repent of thy perfidy, and become just and sincere in all thy transactions. This will secure to thee a safe and quiet retreat ; and pre - sen-e thee from falling a victim to that vengeance, which thou hast so highly provoked, and so justly deserved. It is pleasant to be virtuous and good; because that is to excel many others : it is pleasant to grow better ; because that is to excel ourselves : it is pleasant even to mortify and subdue our lusts; because that is victory: it is pleasant to command our appe- tites and passions, and to keep them in due order, within the bounds of reason and religion; because this is empire. H5 ( 178 ) CHAPTER V. Corrections of the errors in the chapter of promis- cuous exercises. See Exercises, p. 206. SECTION 1. What is human life to all, but a mixture of somt scattered joys and pleasures, with various cares and troubles ? Favours of every kind are doubled, luhen they are speedily conferred. Or — when speedily conferred. He that is himself 'weary, will soon weary the com- pany. He that will have the kindness of others, must en- dure their follies. The first years of man must make provision for the 1 ast. Or — should make provision. Perpetual levity must end in ignorance. In these, and in similar cases, we should, generally, in our alms, suffer no one to be witness, but Him who must see every thing. The neglect of his studies and opportunities of improvement, is the ground of his being so badly (jualified for the business.. Or — is the reason that he is so badly, &c. That Plutarch wrote the lives of Demosthenes and Cicero at Chaeronea, is clear from his own account. I wish to cultivate a further acquaintance with you. Promiscuous.) perspicuity, &c. 17'.' He may make the attempt, but lie cannot succeed. No pains were spared by his tutor, to improve him in all useful knowledge. In no scene of her life was Mary's address m< remarkably displayed. This was the original cause of so barbarous a practice. By a variety of false insinuations, he craftily en- deavoured to turn the emperor to his purpose. The beauty displayed in the earth, equals tht- grandeur conspicuous in the heavens. In Me health and vigour of the body, and in the flourishing state of worldly fortune, all rejoice. What passes iu the hearts of men, is generally visible to the public eye. Many associations are formed by laws the most arbitrary. These instances will, it is hoped', be sufficient to satisfy every reasonable mind. Bv rules so general and comprehensive as tfiese arc, the clearest ideas are conveyed. He determined not to comply with the proposal, unless he should receive a fair compensation. There can be no doubt that health is preferable riches. We believe, said they to their friends, that the pi - rusal of such books has ruined our principles. < )x — ruined your principlt John's temper greatly indisposed him for gii ruction. Or— for receiving instruction. Vegetation is constantly though no eye can trace its gradations. 11 o 1 SO key. (Promiscuous. His importunity was the reason of my consenting to the measure. I conceived a great regard for him, and / could not but mourn for the loss of him. Or— for the loss he had sustained. He was confined in his own house, by the officer who had apprehended him. Or — He was confined in the house of the officer, hy whom he had been appre- hended. Charlotte, the friend of Amelia, to whom no one imputed blame, was too prompt in her friend's vindication. Or — in her own vindication. Men who are rich and avaricious, drown them- selves in a spring which might have watered all around them. I should prefer his being of rather slow parts, than o/a bad disposition. As soon as Eugenius undertook the care of a parish, it engrossed his attention. The plan will at once contribute to general con- venience, and to the beauty and elegance of the town. Together with the national debt, the greatest na- tional advantages are transmitted to succeeding ge- nerations. Their intimacy had probably commenced in the happier period of their youth and obscurity. His subject is precisely of that kind, which only a daring imagination could have adopted. This emperor conjured the Senate, that the purity of his reign might not be stained by the blood of even a guilty senator. It is a happy constitution of mind, to be able to Promiscuous. J perspicuity, &c. 18 1 view successive objects so steadily, that the more important may never prevent us from doing justice to those which are of less consequence. This activity drew over to Virginia, great numbers f enterprising men; who came either in search of fortune, or of liberty, which was the only compen- sation for the want ot 'fortune. The erroneous judgment of parents, respecting the conduct of schoolmasters, has pavtd the way to the ruin of hopeful boys, and disturbed the peace of many an ingenious man, who had engaged in the care <>1 youth. section 2. Exercises, p. 209. The Greek is, doubtless, a language much superior, in richness, harmony, and variety, to the Latin. Those three great geniuses flourished in the same period. He has made a judicious adaptation of the examples to the rule. This part of knowledge has been always growing, and it will continue to grow, till the subject be ex- hausted. A boy of twelve years of age may study th- lessons. Or — a boy twelve years old. The servant produced from his late master an unexceptionable character. I am surprised that so great a philosopher should spend his time in the pursuit of such chimeras. The ends of a divine, and those of a human legi- slator, are vastly different 1S2 . key. (Promiscuous. Scarcely had the "Spirit of Laws" made its ap- pearance, when it was attacked. Or — No sooner than. His donation was the more acceptable, because it was given without solicitation. Or — as it ivas given, &G. This subject is an unwelcome intruder, affording an uneasy sensation, and ahvays bringing with it a mixture of concern and compassion. He accordingly draws out his forces, and offers battle to Hiero, who immediately accepts it. James lay late in bed yesterday; and this morning he lies still later. The reason of this strange proceeding, will be ex- plained, when I make my defence. I have often observed him, and this is his mode of proceeding: he^rs* enjoins silence ; and then, &c. Not having known or considered the subject, he made a crude decision. All of them were deceived by his fair pretences, and all of them lost their property. It is more than a year since I left school. He was guilty of conduct so atrocious, that he was entirely deserted by his friends. No other employment than that of a bookseller, suited his taste. Or — No employment but that of a bookseller, &c. By this I am instructed, and by that I am honoured. I pleaded that I was sincere ; and, after some time, he assented to the truth of it; by which I en- tirely escaped punishment. To this I am the more disposed, as it will serve to illustrate the principles above advance*'. Promiscuous.) perspicuity, &c. 183 From what I have said, you will readily perceive the subject on which I am to proceed. These are points too trivial to be noticed. The) are objects with which I am totally unacquainted. The nearer that men approach to each other, tli. more numerous are their points of contact, and the greater will be their pleasures or their pains. Thus I have endeavoured to render the subject more intelligible. This is the most useful art which men possess. In dividing their subjects, the French writers <>t sermons study neatness. There is not more beauty in one of them than in another. section 3. Exercises, p. 211. Study to unite gentleness of manners with firmness oj principle, affable behaviour with untainted integrity In that work, we are frequently interrupted by un- natural thoughts. If we except two or three expressions, the composi- tion is not liable to censure. To answer his purpose effectually, he selected a very moving story. I am not able to discover whether these points are in any manner connected. These are arguments which cannot be refuted by all the cavils of infidelity. twos much inclined to reply to this) in iter. I hope that I shall not be troubled in future, on this, or anv similar occasion. 184- key. . (Promiscuous. It is difficult to unite copiousness with precision. Let us consider the proper means to effect our purpose. We must pay attention to what precedes, and what immediately follows. The more this track is pursued, and the more elo- quence is studied, the better we shall be guarded against a false taste. True believers of every denomination compose the church of God. This is the substance of what has been said on the subject. A perfect union of wit and judgment, is one of the rarest things that occur. Praise, like gold and diamonds, owes its value only to its scarcity. Intemperance, though it may fire the spirits for an hour, will make life short or miserable. From the errors of their education, all their miseries have proceeded. The disinterestedness of their conduct produced ge- neral admiration. I viewed the habitation of my departed friend. — Venerable shade! I gave thee a tear then: accept of one cordial drop that falls to thy memory now. We are here to-day ; and gone to-morrow. This author is more remarkable for strength of sentiment, than for harmony of language. Many persons are more delighted with correct and elegant language, than with important sentiments and accurate reasoning. I feel myself grateful to my friend, for all the in- Promiscuous.) perspicuity, &c. 185 stances of kindness, which he has manifested to me. Or— -for all his proofs of kindness. It is not from this world that any ray of comfort tan proceed, to cheer the gloom of the last hour. section 4. Exercises, p. 213. It is dangerous for mortal beauty, or terrestrial virtue, to be examined by too strong a light. Beautiful women seldom possess any great accom- plishments of mind, because thev, for the most part. study behaviour rather than solid excellence. To fret and repine at every disappointment of ow hes, is to discover the temper of froward children, not of men, far less of Christians. It is decreed by Providence, that nothing truly valuable shall be obtained in our present state, but with difficulty and danger. Labour necessarily requires pauses of ease and re- laxation ; and the deliciousness of ease commonly makes us unwilling to return to labour. Nothing can be great which is not right ; nothing which reason condemns, can be suitable to the dignity of the human mind. In youth, we have warm hopes, which arc soon blasted by rashness and negligence; and great de- signs, which are defeated by inexperience. To the children of idleness, the haunts of dissipation open many a wide and inviting gate, by nig/it and by day. True virtue must form one complete and entire systi m. 186 key. (Promiscuous. AH its parts are connected ; piety with morality, charity with justice, benevolence with temperance and fortitude. Dissimulation degrades parts and learning; obscures the lustre of every accomplishment; and sinks us into universal contempt. Positive as you novo are in your opinions, and con- fident in your assertions, be assured that the time approaches, when both men and things will appear to you in a different light. In this age of dissipation and luxury, how many avenues are constantly open that lead to the temple of folly! By extravagance and idleness, and the vain ambi- tion of emulating others in the splendid show of life, many run into expense beyond their fortune. Objects are distinguished from each other by their qualities : they are separated by the distance of time or place. Clarendon, being a man of extensive capacity, stored his mind with a variety of ideas; which cir- cumstance contributed to the successful exertion of his vigorous abilities. SECTION 5. Exercises, p. 214. The highest degree of reverence should be paid to youth; and nothing indecent should be suffered to approach their eyes or ears. He who is blessed with a clear conscience, enjoys, in the worst conjunctures of human life, a peace, a dignity, an elevation of mind, peculiar to virtue. Promiscuous.) perspicuity., 6cc. In a few years, the hand of industry may change the face of a country ; but it often requires as many generations, to change the sentiments and maun of a people. When the human mind dwells long and attentively on any subject, the passions are apt to grow warm, interested, and enthusiastic; and often force into then service the understanding which thev ouj^ht to obev. Cj tj C m Some years afterwards, being released from prison, he was, by reason of his consummate knowledge of civil law and military affairs, exalted • to the supreme p ver. The discontented man is never found without a great share of malignity. His spleen irritates and sours his temper, and leads him to discharge its venom on all with whom he stands connected. We cannot doubt that all the proceedings of Pro- vidence, when fully understood, will appear as equi- table, as now they seem irregular. All that great wealth generally gives above a mo- derate fortune, is, more room for the freaks of cap ri< and more privilege for ignorance and vice; a quick - succession of flatteries, and a larger circle of volup- tuousness. The miscarriages of the great designs of print* are recorded in the histories of the world, but ai small use to the bulk of mankind, who seem \« i\ little interested in admonitions against errors which they cannot commit. Were there any man who could say, that he had never, in the course of his life, suffered himself to be transported by passion, or given just ground oi ofii to any one, such a man might have some plea for impa- 1S8 key. (Promiscuous. tience, when he received from others unreasonable treatment. Christianity will, at some future period, influence the conduct of nations as well as of individuals. But this event, though its greatest, ivill probably be its latest triumph ; for it can be effected only through the me- dium of private character: and it will, therefore, be a change not rapid in its progress, and visible at every step; but gradual^ its advances, and perceptible only when considerable effects have been produced. The British constitution stands among the nations of the earth, like an ancient oak in the wood, which, after having overcome many a blast, overtops the other trees of the forest, and commands respect and vene- ration. section 6. Exercises, p. 216, What an anchor is to a ship in a dark night, on an unknown coast, and amidst a boisterous ocean, that is the hope of future happiness to the soul, when dis- tracted by the confusions of the world. In danger, it gives security ; amidst general fluctuation, it affords one fixed point of rest. Our pride and self-conceit render us quarrelsome and contentious, by nourishing a weak and childish sensibility to every fancied point of our own honour or interest, while they shut up all regard to the ho- nour or interest of our brethren. If there be any first principle of wisdom, it is un- doubtedly this: the distresses that are removable, endeavour to remove; those which cannot be removed, Promiscuous.) perspicuity.. &c. ISO bear with as little disquiet as you can : in every situa- tion of life, there are comforts; find than out, and enjoy them. Instead of aspiring beyond your proper level, bringdown your mind to your state; lest, by aiming too high, you spend your life in a train of fruitless pursuits, and bring yourself at last to a state of entire insignificance and contempt. Often have we seen, that what we considered at the time, as a sore disappointment, has proved, in the issue, to be a merciful providence ; and that, if what ice once eagerly nishedfor had been obtained, it would have been so far from making us happy, that it would have produced our ruin. Can the stream continue to fiovj, when it is cut off from the fountain? Can the branch flourish when torn away from the stock which gave it nourishment ? No more can dependent spirits be happy, when deprived o/all union with the Father of spirits, and the Foun- tain of happiness. Prosperity is redoubled to a good man, by his gene- rous use of it. It is reflected back upon him from every one whom he makes happy. In the intercourse of domestic affection, in the attachment of friends, the gratitude of dependents, the esteem and good-will of all who knoiv him, he sees blessings multiplied round him on every side. H that would pass the latter part of life with honour and dt-cency, must, when he is young, consider, that he shall one day be old; and remember when he is old, that he once was young. In youth, he must lay up knowledge for his support, when his powers of acting shall forsake him; and in age, forbear to ani- J 90 key. (Promiscuous. madvert with rigour, on faults which experience only can correct. Let us consider that youth is not o/long duration; and that in maturer age, when the enchantments of fancy shall cease, and phantoms dance no more about us, we shall have no comforts but the approbation of our own hearts, the esteem of wise men, and the 'Means of doing good. Let us live as men who are some time to grow old ; and to whom it will be the most dreadful of all evils, to count their past years only bv follies, and to be reminded of their former luxuriance of health, only by the maladies which riot has pro- duced. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE Grammar, Exercises, and Kev ALPHABETICAL INDEX, & AS the Grammar contains a considerable number of positions and minor rules, which are not readily discover- able by the general arrangement of the work ; and as the last editions of the Exercises and Key, comprise many cri- tical and explanatory notes, which could not conveniently be inserted in the Grammar} the author conceived that an Alphabetical Index to the Grammar, Exercises, and Key, would not be unacceptable to the reader. With this view, and in conformity with the wishes of persons, for whose judgment he entertains great respect, he has produced the following Index to the three books. In forming this work, it was not his sole design to assist the student, in readily discovering any particular subjects of gramYnar. He wished also to express the most im- portant principles of the art, in short, comprehensive, and striking sentences, calculated to stimulate the learner's curiosity, and to impress the subjects more deeply in his memory. The author was desirous that the work should at once form an Index to particulars, and an Epitome of the chief rules and principles of the language. I 194 PREFACE. The reader who consults this Index, will observe that the references to the pages always point to the Grammar, unless the Exercises, or the Key, are mentioned. The Nineteenth edition of the Grammar, the Tivelfth of the Exercises, and the Tenth of the Key, are the editions referred to: and the pages of reference to each of the books, will be the same, in every subsequent edition. In all cases, where explanatory notes, or critical dis- cussions, have been inserted in the Exercises or the Key, the Index refers to the pages which contain them : and, in a few special cases, these books are referred to, as illus- trating and exemplifying the rules. But general references of this kind could not be made, without giving the Index too great an extent. The student may, however, in every rule that is mentioned, readily apply to the correspondent Exercise and Key; in which he will 'always find a variety of exemplification, and, in many instances, extended views of the subject. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. A. ^absolute. Case Absolute — Its nature explained, 78, 141 It belongs to no verb, expressed or implied, 140 How to be parsed, -- 1 How to be pointed, 261 Accent. Its nature and distinctions, 224 — Accent dignifies syllables ; emphasis, words, 233 Manner of pronouncing the unaccented vowels, denotes the speaker's education, 31, 32 By what marks signified, Accusative case. The same as the objective, Address to the young students, on the use and abuse of their literary attainments, 327, 32S Adjective. The definition of it, 5* It is varied only by degrees of comparison, 57 Whether the positive is a degree of comparison, 57 Various modes of forming the degrees of comparison, 57, How adjectives become nouns, and nouns adjectives, 58, 166 Though the degrees of comparison are indefinite in number, yet language requires but few of them, 59 The superlative of Eminence, and the superlative of Compa- rison, distinguished, 60 Every adjective lias it> substantive, 156 Adjectives improperly used as adverbs, 161, 162 Rules for avoiding this impropriety, Exercises, 140 Adjective pronouu such is often misapplied, I 2 196 INDEX. Adjective. Double comparatives and superlatives improper, 162 Adjectives having a superlative signification, do not admit of comparison, 163 Degrees of it often inaccurately applied, 163, 164 In particular cases, the adjective and noun should not be separated, 164 When placed before, when after its noun, 164, 165 A plural adjective pronoun will sometimes associate with a singular noun, 165 In what cases to be omitted, in what repeated, 208 How to be pointed, 259 Adjective pronoun. See Pronoun. Adjuncts. Their nature and punctuation, 258, 263 Adverb. Its nature, origin, and varieties, 119 — 121 The same word occasionally used as an adverb, an adjective, or a substantive, 120. See Words. Adverbs of time not superseded by the tenses of verbs — - and why, 1 22 Adverbs improperly used as adjectives, 162 This point elucidated, Exercises, 84. Key, 46 Rules to determine when the adverb, and when the adjective, should be used, Exercises, 140 Its appropriate situation in general, 186, 187, 288 The adverb never commonly precedes the verb, 188 The adverb where improperly used for in which, 188 Adverbs improperly used for substantives, 188, 189 When to be omitted, 2 1 How tb be pointed, 260, 264 See Negatives. Affirmation is not the essence of the verb, 72, 73, 76 Allegory - . Its nature. Rules for u^ing it properly, 319,320 Alphabet. Nature of a perfect one, 15 The English alphabet imperfect, 15 — 17 Antithesis. Its nature, 323— It should be discreetly used, 324 INDEX. 197 Aeology for the author's frequent additions to his grammatical works Key, Apostrophe. The nature and use of this figure, See Characters. Apposition. Rule respecting the cases of nouns in appo- sition, 169,177. Exercises, 92 Nouns in this state how to he pointed, See Xcuns. Arrangement. A skilful arrangement of words and members, promotes perspicuity, \52, 164, 186, 187, 2S8 — l 2' lL i It also promotes the strength of a sentence, 303 — It conduces to the harmony of language, 311 — 313 Ahticle. Its nature, use, and importance, 44 — 46,167 The article a agrees with nouns in the singular number only : the article the with nouns in both numbers, 166 Omitting or using the article a forms a nice distinction in the sense, 168 When to be omitted, when repeated, 168, 169, 207, 208, " Article the used as an epithet of distinction, 165 Article the is sometimes used instead of the possessive pro- noun, It sometimes governs the participle, 184 Articulation. The nature of it explained, miliary verbs. Thtir nature, use, and importance, 71, 73,79, So, 95— 99 The same verb is sometimes an auxiliary, sometimes a prin- cipal, Their form in the Subjunctive Mood, 90, 99, 196—201 This form exemplified, Exercises, 108 — 1 12. Key, 74 — 78 Auxiliary and principal constitute but on-- ■■■ \ , 84, 85, 100, 10b, li 9 Auxiliary and principal form a compound tense, The auxiliaries should, would, ice. refer occasionally to present, past, and future time, 83,91,180 I 3 J98 INDEX. Auxiliary. The auxiliary let governs the objective case, ITS When to be omitted, or repeated, 209, 210'. Key, 88 Auxiliary words abound in English, and in other modern tongues, 119 See Verb. B. The Bible. The pi-esent translation of it is the best standard of the English language, 161 Dr. Blair's recommendation of the study of grammar and com- position, 6, 7 C. Cadence. Its nature, and how to be managed, 238, 239 The close of a sentence should not be abrupt, or un- pleasant, 314 Cesura and demi-caesura. The nature of these poetical pauses explained, 249,231 Capital letters. Rules respecting the use of them, 272, 273 Mode of exercising the student in them, Exercises, 154 Case. Only three in English, 53 Mode of forming cases in Latin, not applicable to our lan- guage, 54 Reasons in support of an objective case attached to English nouns, 54—56, 110 The verb to be has the same case before and after it, 177 This rule applies also, if the verb is not expressed, Ex* 93 Passive verbs of naming have the same case before and after them, 178. Exercises, 93 Rules which determine the possessive case, 169 — 1 <5 The sign of the possessive case is sometimes applied to but one of the governed nouns, sometimes to more, 170 INDEX. 199 270- 137 288 288 291 : , 292 265; , 266 25S- -264 321 261 Case. Rules whicli determine the objective case, 175— The same cases of nouns and pronouns are connected by c<>th singly and in pairs, 204 Differenteffects of omitting or repeating them, 205,210,301, The nature and construction of than and but, explained large, A ., p. Si- Conjunctive termination. The in ited, in which it is to be applied to the verb, 103, 19b— 205 Consonant. Its precise nature and divisions, 14 200 INDEX. Consonant. Distinction between its name and nature, is of great importance, 19 How to apply consonants most advantageously, 309 — 312 See rowels and Consonants. D. Dash. In what cases to be applied, 267 Declension. The noun and pronoun declined, 53, 62 But one declension in English, 55 More than one would be useless and improper, 55 Derivation. Ways in which words are derived from one another, 130—133 Remarks on the system of Home Tooke, 133 Various sources whence the English language is deri- ved, 134—136 Disposition of words and members. See Arrangement. E. Ellipsis. Its nature and importance, 207 It is frequently unnecessary, 207 It is sometimes improper, 207 The propriety or impropriety of the Ellipsis, with respect to all the parts of speech, 207— 2] Special cases of improper Ellipses, 21 1 In what cases Auxiliaries are to be omitted, or repeated, before the principal verb. Key, 88 Emphasis. Nature and necessity of it explained, 231 — 234 The great regulator of Quantity — and sometimes of Ac- cent, 234—235 The great rule for managing it, 236 INDEX. 201 English language. Its own idiom and principles, must be ob- served, 84,85, 104, 1 OS— 111 ivat ence in sense does not imply similarity in grammatical construction, «2 Et.YMOLOGY, -^ — 1 See Article, Noun, and the otlier Parts of Speech. Etymological and Syntactical parsing, 215 — Exceptions to the Second Rule of Syntax, Key, p. 46 Exclamation. Rules for applying the point, 8, l 269 A figure of speech, 325 Exercises. Of great importance to the student, Exercises, 3, 4 Promiscuous Exercises in Orthography, Exercises, 53. Key, 15 in Syntax, Exercises, 123. Key, ,93 in Punctuation. E rercises, 157. AVw, 1 29 in Perspicuity, Exercises, 206. Key, 17S See Grammatical Exercises. F. Feet. See Poetical Feet. Figures of speech. Their nature and use, and the rules for ap- plying them properly, — - Finite verbs. Their nature as distinguished from verbs in the infinitive mood, 137 French idioms. Some of them imitated in English, -. 169 Some of them to be avoided, 1 1 8, 176, 188, 0, DER. Three methods, in English, of distinguishing the sex, 48, 49 Genitive case. Its meaning, 53 I 5 202 INDEX. Genitive case. The double genitive in what cases allowable, 1 73,1 74 See Possessive Case* Grammar. Its utility and importance, " The philosophy of grammar recommended, 4 The grammar of other languages, and the sentiments of various English grammarians, occasionally noticed, 4 The grammatical discussions, dispersed through the book, pe- culiarly useful to students, 8 Objections to the system. See Objections. Grammatical exercises. Their use and importance, Exercises, 3,4 Vulgar and glaring errors totally improper for such a work, Exercises, 7 They should be introduced into the earliest stages of gram- matical studies — Reasons for this opinion, Exercises, 8 Particular directions for using them, Exercises, 9 — 12 Greek and Latin. When to be imitated, when to be deviated from, in English construction, 54, 85, 88, 104, 109—1 1 1 H. H. Particular attention due to the sound of this letter, 16, 25, 44 Harmony of words and members promotes the strength of a sen- • tence, 309-314 Rules to promote harmony in words themselves, 310 Rules to promote the harmony of words, with respect to one another, 312 Rules to promote harmony, with regard to the members of sentences, 31 ;■ Sense should not be sacrificed to sound, 314 j Poetical harmony — its principles, 252 — 254 Hyphen. When to be used, and when to be omitted between two nouns, lb ° INDEX. 2 Hyphen. Its general nature and use, Idioms of other languages may 1" adopted: but with pi limitations, 85, 104, 110, 11 1 Imperative mood. See Mood. Impersonal verbs. See Verbs. Infinitive mood. See Moods. Innovations in some parts of English grammar are easily made, 8, 86, They should be admitted with caution, S, 86, Instruction, moral and religious, should be occasionally blended with the elements of learning, Interjection? Its nature and extent, When to be omitted, or repeated, Rules of Syntax respecting it, Interrogation. What case follows it, Sentences containing it parsed, Rules for applying the point, Sometimes used as a figure of speech, Interrogative. See Pronoun and Subsequent^ Irregular verbs. See Verb. 7. Exercises, 5, 6 4.3,44, 129, ; 210. TneKey,^' 152, 214 154 219 i K. Key. The use of this Key to private learners, Exercises-. 5 Advantages of the mode of forming it, I arrises, 5 L. Learning. Its elements should be occasionally b! ^ it ii moral and religious instruction, 7. Kierr'ue^b, 6 Its happiest application, 327, 10 204 INDEX. Letters. See Vowels and Consonants. Several letters in the English alphabet superfluous, 17 M. Means. The phrases thismeans and thai means vindicated, 156 — 160 Melody, harmony, and expression, with regard to versifi- cation, 251 — 256 As they regard Prose. See Harmony. Member of a sentence distinguished from a Clause, 137 Members how to be pointed. 258, 261 , 262 See Arrangement and Sentences. Metaphor. The nature of it — Rules to be observed in using it, 017—319 Metonymy. The nature of this figure of speech, 322 Moods. Their nature and variety explained, 74, 75 The extent and limitation of English Moods, 79, 104, 105 The Potential mood in English supported, 78, 79 The Potential mood furnished with/our tenses, 91 The Potential converted into the Subjunctive, 92 The Subjunctive mood when, and how, varied in its form, from the Indicative. 89, 90, 99, 103, '^02 The existence of a subjunctive mood, in English, proved, 103,104,202 Various opinions of Grammarians, respecting the existence, nature, and extent, of the English Subjunctive mood, 202, 203 In what cases conjunctions require the Subjunctive mood, 195—200 When contingency and futurity concur, the termination of the verb is varied, 198 — 200 Indicative mood different from the Potential, 78, 79 Indicative different from the Subjunctive, 79, 90, 103, 203 Infinitive mood. Its great simplicity, , 75, 76 INDEX. 205 Mood. How it is governed and applied, 17: j The sign to is often misapplied, 179 When the present, and when the perfect, of the infinitive i> I be used, 180—183. Key, 60 — This point exemplified, £ 'i erases, 95 — 97. Key, 51 • The infinitive mood often made ahsolute, ] 7<- How it is to be pointed, 261 Imperative mood, variously applied, 74, 78, 138 Extent of the Imperative, strictly considered, 88, 223 A verb in this mood, is not affirmative, The same moods connected by conjunctions, 194, 1 Movement and measure, how distinguished, Mi/ltitude. Nouns of this kind operate variously on the verb, 147 N. Nation's. Different nations have used various contrivances to mark the moods, tenses, and cases, 34, 104, 109, 110, 1 . Negatives. Two in English form an affirmative, lb!-* Two of them are often used, instead of one, 18V- This point elucidated. Exercises, 102,103. Key, b'8, 69 Neuter pronoun /'/, very variously applied, 152, 15: Neuter verb. See Verb. Nominative case. Its nature explained, It follows the verb, in interrogative and imperative sen- tences, It agrees with the verb, in number and per.-on, The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is often the nomi- native case to a verb, Every verb has a nominative case, except, &c. ]4i • Every nominative belongs to some verb, except, &c. I4( 206 INDEX. Nominative case. In certain circumstances, a verb between two nouns, may have either for its nominative, 141 A nominative before a participle, &c. forms the case ab- solute, 141 The nominative is commonly placed before the verb — in what cases, after it, 141, 142 In the phrases as follows, as appears, what are the nominatives to the verbs, ] 42 The nominative to the verb is sometimes not easily ascer- tained, 144, 145 In what instance is the relative the nominative to the verb, 155 When there are two nominatives of different persons, to which should the verb apply, 155 Rules for pointing the nominative, 258/263 See Case. Nouns. Their nature and divisions, 46 47 Three modes of distinguishing their gender, 48, 49 But few in English, with variable terminations, 50 The number of nouns how formed, 50 52 English nouns have but three cases, 53 56 Two successive nouns in the possessive case to be avoided, 5'6 Nouns are often formed by participles, 77 They are often derived from verbs and adjectives, 1 30 Singular nouns joined by a copulative, require their verbs, &c. to be in the plural number, 143 This required even when the nouns are nearly related, 144 Cases of difficulty stated, and resolved, 144, 145 When the nouns are of different persons, which is to be pre- ferred, 146 Singular nouns connected by a disjunctive, require the verb, &c. to be in the singular number, 1 46 When the disjunctive noun and pronoun are of different persons, the verb agrees with the nearer, 146 INDEX. 207 Nou.vs. A disjunctive between a singular and a plural noun, requires the verb to be plural, ]47 uns of multitude sometimes require a singular verb, some- times a plural one, 147 This point exemplified, Exercises, 75, 76. Key, 37. One noun governs another in the possessive case, 16V If the nouns signify the same thing, there is no variation of case, ]r",9 The nouns are then in apposition, This construction changed by a relative and verb, . 169 Rules for applying, or omitting, the sign of the possessive case, 170—17:3,174 The preposition of is frequently preferred to the sign of the possessive case, 173, \~ ■ A noun may be formed by the article and participle, and bj the pronoun and participle, 183 — 185 In what cases the noun is omitted, in what repeated, 208 How to be pointed, 259—261, See Case. Declension. Number. The nature of it shown, 50 How the plural number of nouns is formed, 50, 51 Applicable to nouns, pronouns, and verbs, 50, 61, 75 O. Objections to this system of grammar obviated, b Objective case. See Case. Obscurity. It arises from a wrong choice of words, And from a wrong arrangement of them, Three chief causes of writing obscurely, Opposition. Words opposed how to be pointed, Sentiments opposed how to be expressed, 208 INDEX. Order of words and members. See Arrangement. Orthography, 15 — 40 Far from being uniform, in English, 40 Rules for forming primitive and derivative words, 37 — 40 The orthography of Dr. Johnson not to be altered on slight grounds, 40 See Alphabet) Syllables, Vowels and Consonants, &c. P. Paragraphs. Rules for dividing a work into paragraphs, 272 Parenthesis. In what cases it is proper, in what impro- per, 269, 296 The point to be placed within it, l J70 Parsing. Its nature and use, '215 Etymological parsing, 215 — 2 17. Exercise?, 16 Syntactical parsing, 217 — 223. Exercises, 34, 35 Etymological parsing table, Exercises, 15 Syntactical parsing table, Exercises, 32, 33 Participle. Its nature and properties explained. 75 — 77 Perfect and passive participle distinguished, 76 It is not a distinct part of speech, 102 Its use in conjugating both the active and passive verbs, 102, 105, 108 The participle and its adjuncts form a substantive phrase, 1 85, 223 The participle has the same government as its verb, 185 It becomes a substantive by means of the article, 1 84 And also by means of the pronoun, 185 The perfect participle and imperfect tense not to be con- founded, 186 The participle with its dependencies, how to be pointed, 260 Reasons for assigning it a distinct place in Syntax Ex. 97 INDEX. 200 Particle as, is not always equivalent to the pronoun it, or that, or which, I* 3 - Key, Parts of speech. Variously enumerated by grammarians, 43 The same word forms different parts of speech. See Words. Pauses. Their nature, kinds, and uses, 236, 23' Rules for applying them properly, The closing and suspending pauses distinguished, 238, Poetical pauses of two sorts, 249 ~r> 1 Period. Directions for using it, Personification. Its nature and use, 3~~i *>2j Persons. Applicable to nouns, pronouns, and verbs, 47, 61, 73 Three necessary in each number, °1, >-' The second takes place of the third, and the first of both, 14< The second person is the object of the Imperative, The nominative and verb agree in person, 139 How to avoid the confusion of persons, I 46 Relative and antecedent are of the same person, 148 The person is variable when the relative is preceded by two nominatives of different persons, l-^ Persons of the verb when to be varied, when not, 103, 195 — - Perspicuity and accuracy, * ' 4 3 '2b See Purity, Propriety, Precision, Clearness, Unity, and Strength. Phrase. Its nature, 138,257 How to be pointed, 2oS, 263 The phrase, " as follows,'''' explained, 142, 143, The phrase, " every leaf and every twig," requires a singular rb, Key. Rule viii. Note 3. p. 45 Poetical feet Why called Feet, Formed, in English, by accented and unaccented Byllabli Their kinds, divisions, and subdivisions, 243 — - Poetical harmony. See Harmony and Mt !<> 216 INDEX. Unity of a sentence. Rules to promote it, viz. The scene to be changed as little as possible, 293 Things but slightly connected should not be crowded into one sentence, 294 296 Every unnecessary parenthesis to be avoided, 296, 297 V. Variation. What degree of it constitutes a distinct mood of the verb, 103, 104 When proper in the auxiliaries of the verb, 197 — 202 Verb. How divided.— The division justified, 70 Distinction between active and neuter verbs, 71 The true nature of the English verb explained and vindi- cated, . 71—73, 108—111 The terminations of the English Verb, though few, are sufficient for every purpose, 73, 74 Conjugation explained, 86 The advantage to the student of conjugating the verb in all its tenses, 90 The peculiar uses of conjugating the active verb with the present participle and verb to be, 102 Mode of conjugating a passive verb, 10.5 Observations on passive verbs, 108 — 111 The conjugation of an English verb at large, is a regular and beautiful exhibition, 1 10 A comprehensive list of irregular verbs, 1 1 1 — 1 1 6 Particular contractions and obsolete words to be avoid- ed, 117 When the regular or the irregular verb is to be preferred, 117 Defective Verbs. Their nature. — A list of them, 117 But one conjugation of English verbs, and why, ] is impersonal verbs. None in the languagei ] is INDEX. 217 Verb. Advantages and disadvantages of the mode of con- jugating the English verb, 119 The phrases as follows, as appears, form what are called imper- sonal verbs, 142 Peculiar cases of difficulty in determining whether the verb is to be in the singular, or the plural number, 144, ]4.i Active verbs govern the objective case, 1 J5 Neuter verbs govern no case, I 75, 1 76 Irregular practice of writers, in using certain neuter verbs as if they were active, 176 Active verbs sometimes improperly made neuter, 176 The neuter verb is generally varied like the active, but some- times it admits the passive form, 108, 176, 177 The verb to be is a conductor of Cases, 1 77. Exercises, 93 Passive verbs of naming, their construction, 1 7< One verb governs another in the Infinitive, ITS The Infinitive is often improperly used, 178, 179 Verbs expressive of hope, desire, &c. are invariably followed by the present of the Infinitive, 1 8 1 In what cases the form of the verb is influenced by a con- junction; in what cases it is not, \a$ 2 02 When the verb should be omitted, when repeated, 210. Key, 88. How it should be pointed, 260 26 c i See Mood, Tense, Number, Person, Participle, Auxiliary, and ^ minative Case. Verse. Distinction between verse and prose, 250 Trochaic, Iambic, and other verses explained, Their different effects exhibited, i \ \ _. Versification. Its constituents and rules, 241—256 Vowels and Consonants. A minute scale of them, 15 1 7 Their peculiar and various sounds explained and exempli- fied > 21—13 K 218 INDEX, Voweis and Consonants. Importance of being able to pro= nounce them accurately, 17, 34 Vowels give softness, consonants strength, to words, 310 See Consonant. W. W, shown to be sometimes a vowel, sometimes a conso- nant > 18, 30, 31 Words. Number of them in the English language, 118 The same word often forms different parts of speech, 64, 120 9 126, 127 This point exemplified, Exercises, 24, 25 Rules for spelling them, 37 — 40 Three capital faults in using them, 282 Redundant words and members to be pruned, 297 — 300 The little words but, and, or, then, &c. are frequently of the greatest importance, 300 — 303 The chief word or words of a sentence, how to be placed, 303—306 Words and phrases related in point of time, 179 — 183 Writing unintelligibly. The principal causes of it enume- rated, 280 X. X. This letter does not represent a simple sound, 17 It has three distinct sounds, 30, 31 It is a semi-vowel, 19 INDEX. 219 Y. Y, in some situations, is a vowel, in others a consonant, 19, 3' It represents a simple sound, 16, 31 Z, is a semi-vowel, 10 It has the flat sound of s, 31 THE END. Ki ( 220 ) AD VER TISEME NT. In the Twenty-Third edition of the Grammar, the Seven- teenth of the Exercises, and the Twelfth of the Key, exact references have been made to the pages of the correspondent rules, in each of those volumes. By this improvement, the student, when perusing any particular rule of the Grammar, may, with the utmost facility, examine the pages of the Exercises and the Key, which illustrate or expand that rule : and when he is occasionally surveying any part of those illustrations, in the Exercises or the Key, he will be able to turn immediately to the precise pages of the Gram- mar, and of the other volume, which contain the part in question, discussed more distinctly, and, it is presumed, suffi- ciently elucidated. Holdgate, near York, 1812. R E C O M M £ N D A T 1 O i\ S OF THIS WOKK. ** We have been much pleased with the perusal of these Exercises. They occupy, with distinguished excellence, a most important place in the science of the English language ; and, as such, we can warmly recommend them to the teach- ers of schools, as well as to all those who are desirous of attaining correctness and precision in their native tongue." Monthly Review. "There is great judgment shown in these Exercises; what is no common merit, the greatest perspicuity in the adaptation of the examples to the several rules." British < i "These Exercises are in general well calculated to promote the purpose of information, not only with regard to ortho- graphy and punctuation, but also in point of phjraseolog syntax, and precise perspicuity of composition." Critical 7»V-. " The example* contained in these Bxercisi s, n< b< l< i ted with great judgment; and are wry happily adapted to the ( 222 ) purpose of correcting common errors in writing and speaking. — With respect to the matter, as well as the language of these examples, we are much pleased with the author's choice: hoth vulgarity, and peculiarity of sentiment, are judiciously avoided." Analytical Review. " The principle upon which all the publications of Mr. Murray, for the instruction of the rising generation, are founded, is such as gives him an unquestionable claim to public protection. The man who blends religion and morals with the elements of scientific knowledge, renders an eminent service to society : and where ability of execution is added to excellence of design, as in the present case, the claim be- comes irresistible." Anti-jacobin Review. " For pupils advanced in grammar, a better method cannot be conceived, than is found in Murray's Exercises and Key. In these, the faults and corrections, by being separated, and placed in different books, ai-e happily calculated to set the mind of the pupil at work, to discover the error by the rule; and, by this discovery, to fix the rule more permanently in the memory." Walker's Outlines of English Grammar. " Mr. Murray's Grammar, Exercises, and Key to the Ex- ercises, form altogether, by far, the most complete and judicious analysis of the English language, that has hitherto been published. The rules for composition are excellent; the examples are selected with taste and judgment; and the execution of the whole displays an unusual degree of critical acuteness and sagacity." Annual Review. ( 223 ) OF THE SAME BOOKSELLERS May be had the latest editions of Murray's English Gram* mar, and of his other publications } namely ; 1. A First Book for Children. The 22nd edition. Price I 2. As Enclish Spelt.ing-Book ; with Reading Lessons adapted to the capacities of Children : in Three Parts. Calculated to advance the Learners by natural and easy gradations ; and to teach Orthography and Pronunciation together. The 44th edition. Price, bound, Is. 6 3. An Abridgment of Murray's English Grammar. With an Appendix, containing Exercises in Orthography, in Parsing, in Syntax, and in Punctuation. Designed for the younger Classes of Learners. The 119th edition. Price, bound, Is. I. English Grammar, adapted to the different Classes oi Learn* rs. With an Appendix, containing Rules and Ob- servations, for assisting the more advanced Students to write with perspicuity and accuracy. The 48th edition. Price, bound, - 3s. 5. English Exercises, adapted to Murray's English Grammar: consisting of Exercises in Parsing; instapces of Pal Orthography; violations of the Rules of Syntax; defects in Punctuation; and violations of the Rul< ( 224- ) perspicuous and accurate Writing. Designed for the benefit of private Learners, as well as for the use of Schools. The 44th edition. Price, bound, 2s. 6. An English Grammar : comprehending the Principles and Rules of the Language, illustrated by appropriate Ex- ercises, and a Key to the Exercises. In two volumes, octavo. The 6th edition, improved. Price, in boards, 1/. Is. 7. Introduction to the English Reader: or, A Selection of Pieces, in Prose and Poetry ; calculated to improve the younger Classes of Learners in Reading; and to imbue their minds with the love of virtue. To which are added, Rules and Observations for assisting Children to read with propriety. The 31st edition. Price, bound, 2>. 6d. 8. The English Reader: or, Pieces in Prose and Poetry, select- ed from the best Writers. Designed to assist young Per- sons to read with propriety and effect ; to improve their language and sentiments; and inculcate some of themost important principles of piety and virtue. With a few pre- liminary Observations on the Principles of good Reading. The 22nd edition. Price, bound, 3s. del. 9. 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" Mr. Murray's account of himself is drawn up with the most guarded modesty ; and in a spirit of humility and of unaffected piety, which sheds a great charm over his narrative. — We have found, in these pages, attractions of a rare and a truly fasci- nating description." Monthly Review. " This volume cannot fail to instruct, as well as to gratify, all who peruse it." Eclectic Review. ** The name of Lindley Murray is so well known, and so justly respected, wherever the English language is spoken, that a memoir of his truly exemplary and pious life, cannot but be acceptable to the public." Christian Observer, *' The volume before us is most entertaining and instructive ; and as it was chiefly written by Mr. Murray himself, it gives an insight into his life and character, which no stranger could have furnished. We thank the Editor for a document so valuable ; and we would not be unmindful of our additional obligations for the important matter which she herself has supplied." Evangelical Magazine. " Of the volume before us, we cannot speak too highly, nor can we recommend it too warmly — The duty of the Editor has been most ably sustained ; and forms a beautiful sequel, written by a kindred spirit. We can have no doubt that, under the blessing of God, the volume will subserve the great interests of religion and virtue, and, by the influence of a powerful example, inculcate the most important lessons." Gentleman' 's Magazine. ( 227 ) lr addition to the characters which have been given of Murray's Grammar, ifc. in the Reviews, the following favourable notices, extracted from oM publications, are offered for the readers inspection. " Mr. Murray's Grammar, and Selection of Lessons for reading, are the best in the English language.'' Walker's Elements of Elocution. Second edition. u Since the first edition of our work, we have seen with pleasure, An English Grammar — English Exercises — and a Key to the English Exercises, by Mr. Lindley Murray." Edgezcorth's Practical Education. Second edition. " For a full and easy explanation of the Figures of Speech, the reader is referred to Mr. Lindley Murray's excellent English Grammar." Edgeicorth's Poetry Explained, " Murray's English Grammar. This is the most complete Grammar of our language. My opinion is confirmed by that • of the public, as this work now appears in the Fourteenth edition." Rett's Elements of General Knowledge. Sixth edition. " Murray's Grammar, together with his English Exercises and Key, have nearly superseded every thing else of the kind, by concentrating the remarks of the best authors on the subject. They are pieces of inestimable utility." Evans's Essay on the Education of Youth. ( 22S } " The best English Grammar now extant, is that written by Mr. Lindley Murray; who, by this publication, and by several others connected with it, and designed as auxiliaries to its principal purpose, has become entitled to the gratitude of every friend to English literature, and to true virtue." Dr. Miller's Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century. " By grammar you have been taught the nature, power, and construction of the English language; and that, not in a superficial manner, but by the most comprehensive system now extant, the larger Grammar of Mr. Lindley Murray ; in which the delicacies, refinements, and peculiarities of our language, are inculcated and exemplified." — "The unwearied exertions of this gentleman have done more towards eluci- dating the obscurities, and embellishing the structure, of our language, than any other writer on the subject. Such a work has long been wanted; and, from the success with which it is executed, cannot be too highly appreciated. " Dr. Abercrombie's Charges to the Senior Class of the Philadelphia Academy. " I need not acquaint the public, with the merit and success of Lindley Murray's Grammar; which seems to have superseded every other. Indeed, when we consider the plain simple mode of instruction he has adopted ; the extent of observation he has displayed; and the copious variety of illustrations he has added ; we shall not wonder that his Grammar has been so universal^ applauded." Walker's Outlines of English Grammar* (Thomas Wilson and Sons, High-Ousegate, York.) YA C4442 U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD4fi3fi c lfi3fi 541 162 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY