GIFT OF Mrs l;aniels M i att^, ii)xE>alflLin tL_ Or 79^ l2mo, cloth. $1.25. A^X ELEMENTARY HEBEEW GEAMMAI WITH BY WILLIAM HENEY GEEEN, FBDFESSOB IN THB THEOLOaiCAL SEMINARY AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY. NEW EDITION WITH CORRECTIONS. NEW YOEK: JOHN WILEY & SONS, PUBLISHERS, 15 Abtob Tlace. 1882. filtered according to Act of Ojngress, Li the year 1871, By WILLIAM HENRY GREEN, Ib the Office of the Librarian of Congres s, at Washing tcai. Trow's Printing and BooKniNDmc Coi^ 205-213 /i'aj/ i2tA St.t MBW YORK. PREFACE This brief Manual has been prepared with special reference to the wants of beginners. . The essential facts of the language are concisely stated, without the encumbrance of minute details, which would confuse their minds and impede their progress, and which be- long properly to a more advanced stage of study. The tabular form has been adopted to as great an extent as possible, in order to exhibit to the eye what- ever is capable of such a mode of representation. The Beading Exercises, which are of the simplest kind, have been carefully selected, with a view to illustrate the forms and uses of different parts of speech, and especially the various classes of perfect and imperfect verbs; and they are accompanied by a special Voca- bulary. It will, as is hoped, meet the wants of non-profes- sional students who seek a general knowledge of this venerable and sacred tongue rather than a thorough acquaintance with it, and who might be repelled by a larger and more costly apparatus. It is sufficiently 5307:*0 IV PEEFACE. simple for private study, as wel. as adapted for use in schools and colleges where facilities are offered for the acquisition of the Hebrew. The author ^vill be re joiced if this humble volume should tend in any way to a more extended familiarity with the original Ian guage of the Old Testament among intelligent and liberally educated laymen. Pbinceton, August 23, 186d. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The Grammar has been entirely rewi'itten, with a view to adapt it more fully to the wants of those for whom it is intended. In doing this, the writer has had the benefit of practical suggestions from some of the best Hebrew teachers in various parts of the country, among whom he is particularly indebted to Prof. Hoyt, of Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. The paradigms are, as in the previous edition, combined together in Grammatical Tables, which afPord a complete survey of all the forms of the language. But for the greater convenience of the student a number of the paradigms are inserted in the text of the Grammar likewise, and in some of the earlier of these the pronunciation is also given in Roman letters, to relieve the labor, and prevent the mistakes incident tu a a imperfect acquaintance with the characters. A more complete system of exercises both in Hebrew reading and composition has been provided throughout, and the greatest pains have been taken to make them strictly progressive in their character. No grammatical form or construction is admitted into the lessons until this has VI PEEFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. first been explained. In the orthography these exercises are inserted in the text of the Grammar in order that the eye of the student, perplexed by the strange " forms of unfamiliar characters, may readily pass fi'om the rules or principles to their application. The exercises in trans- lation, whether from Hebrew into English or from Eng lish into Hebrew, are, as in the former edition, removed to the end of the volume. A special vocabulary, num- bered to correspond with each successive lesson, contains all words not previously learned, while their separation upon different pages is designed to counteract the temp- tation to negligence, which would arise from having these significations before the eye in the very act of recitation. It is assumed that all words are mastered as the student proceeds, so that they are never repeated in the special vocabularies. General vocabularies follow both Hebrew-English and English-Hebrev/, which con- tain every word to be found in any of the lessons. The principles of Syntax successively illustrated in the lessons, or necessary to be known in order to their proper understanding, are supplied in accompanying Eemarks or Directions. The learner is thus gradually familiarized with the practical application of nearly all the important principles of Syntax before he comes to study them together in systematic order. Princbton, October 11, 1871. CONTENTS. PAGE Orthography. § 1. The Letters 1 § 3. Their Classification 3 ^ 3. The Vowel-Letters 5 §4. The Vowel-Points 5 §5. ShVa 6 § 6. Pattahh-furtive 7 § 7. Quiescence of the Vowel- Letters 8 § 8. Scriptio plena and defectiva 9 §9. SyUables 10 § 10. Resulting Vowel-changes. . . 12 § 11. Kamets and Kamets-Hha- tuph 13 § 12. Daghesh-lene 14 § 13. Daghesh-f orte 15 §14. Mappik 15 § 15. Raphe 16 g 10. Accents 16 ^17. Position of the Accent 17 § 18. Recession of the Accent. ... 18 § 19. Pause Accents 18 § 20, Consecution of Accents 19 §21. Makkeph 20 §22. Methegh "20 § 23. K'ri aad K^thibh 21 Etymology. g24. Prefixed Particles 23 § 25. The Article 23 § 26. He Literrogative 24 § 27. Liseparable Prepositions. ... 25 § 28. Vav Conjunctive 25 § 29. Personal Pronouns 26 § 30, Other Pronouns 28 VAaa § 31. Verbs. Their Species 89 § 32. Perfect Verbs 30 § 33. Kal Preterite and Infinitives 31 § 34. Niphal, Piel, and Pual Pre- terites and Infinitives 33 § 35. The remaioing Preterites and Infinitives 34 § 36. Kal Future, Imperative, and Participles 35 § 37. Niphal, Piel, and Pual Fu- tures, etc 37 § 38. Hiphil, Hophal, and Hith- pael Futures, etc 39 § 39. Peculiar Forms 40 § 40. Paragogic and Apocopated Future and Imperative. . . 41 § 41. Vav Conversive 43 § 42. Verbs with Suffixes 43 § 43. Gender and Number of Nouns 45 § 44. Femiuine, Dual, and Plural 46 § 45. Dual and Plural in Feminine Nouns 49 § 46. Construct State 50 § 47. Its Formation 51 § 48. Paragogic Vowels 53 § 49. Nouns with Suffixes 53 § 50. Irregular Nouns 55 § 51. Imperfect Verbs 56 §52. Guttural Verbs 57 § 53. Pe Guttural Verbs 57 § 54. Ayin Guttural Verbs 58 § 55. Lamedh Guttural Verbs. . 59 §56. Pe Nun Verbs 60 § 57. Ayin Doubled Verbs 61 ^ 58. Pe Yodh Verbs 63 vm CONTENTS. PAGE 1 59. Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh Verbs 64 § 60. Lamedh Aleph Verbs 65 § 61. Lamedb He Verbs 66 § 62. Doubly Imperfect Veios 68 § 63. Unusual Forms 68 § 64. QuadriHteral Verbs. 69 § 65. Numerals 69 § 66. Separate Particles 70 Syntax. §67. TheCopula 71 §68. TbeArticle 71 § 69. Nouns definite without the Article 73 § 70. Adjectives 72 § 71. Demonstrative Pronouns. ... 72 § 72. Comparison of Adjectives. . . 73 §73. Numerals 73 § 74. Apposition 74 § 75. The Construct State 74 § 76. Tenses of Verbs 75 §77. The Preterite 75 §78. The Future 76 § 79. The Secondary Tenses 77 §80. Participles 77 §81. The Infinitive 78 § 82. Object of Verbs 78 § 83. Verbs with more than one Object 79 § 84. Adverbial Expressions 79 § 85. Neglect of Agreement 79 § 86. Compound Subject 80 § 87. Repetition of Words 81 § 88. Relative Pronouns 81 S 80. Conjunctions SI PAGB Grammatical Tables. I. The Letters 83 IL Classification of the Let- ters. The Points 84 in. The Accents 85 IV. Inseparable Prepositions and other Prefixes 8 » ELEMENTARY HEBREW GRAMMAR OETHOGRAPHY 1. Tlie Letters, 1. The Hebrew lias twenty-two letters ; these are all consonants, and are wi^itten from right to left. 1. Aleph 2. Beth n Bh, B 12. La'medh 13. Mem on L M 3. Gi'mel > Gh, G 14. Nun 1 5 N 4. Daleth ^ Dh, D 15. Sa'meVTi D S 5. He 6. Vav ji H V 16. A'yia 17. Pe w 1 1 1 !) S Ph, P 7. Za'yin T z 18. Tsa'fllie T s Ts 8. Hheth n Hh 19. Kopli p K 9. Teth t3 T 20. Resh T R 10. Yodh n Y 21. Shin w Sh, S 11. Kaph 1 = Kh, K 22. Tav n Th,T. a. For the proper prontmciation of the vowels occurring in the names of tlie letters, see § 4. 1. a. 2. There are two letters, for which no equivalent is given in the preceding table; K like the English h in liour or the smooth breathing in Greek had no sound; 3? had a strong gnttnral sound, but one which it is so diifi cult to make, that it is commonly neglected in reading. 2 oiTHOciiakPHY. § 1, 3. For seven, ox tlie let't'8i"& -two equivalents are given Thus, tlie six aspirates have also an unaspirated sound. wLicli is indicated by a point in the bosom of the letter, § 12; n is bh or v and S b; '> gh, 5 g; ^ dh as th in the^ "^ d; D M as the German ch in ic7ij 5 ^/ B jpJi or f, fe^j; ti th as in thi7i, T\ t As, however, there are no sounds in English corresponding to gli and M, 5i may be pro- nounced g like "^ , and D h like 3 . The letter i> Avith a dot over its right arm has the sound of sA, and is called Sfil7i; to with a dot over its left arm is called Si/n, and is pronounced like s. 4. In three instances two letters have the same equi- valent; thus 12 and n are represented by t, 1^ and p by Ic, and to by s. These letters, though pronounced alike by us, are nevertheless quite distinct and must not be confounded. 5. ri and S require a doubled letter or two letters combined to represent them; r; is the simple A, n has a stronger sound as of rasping the throat, and is represent- ed by hh ; s is ts in sits, 6. Fire of the letters have two forms; D , tt , D , s, s (combined in the memorial word fi5^? himnapjyets^ are used in the beginning or in the middle of words; at the end of words the bottom stroke is bent downward, 1,1, Ci ^ f , o]' the letter closed up, d. EXERCISE 1. Hebrew words must never be divided at the end of a line. Write the letters of the alphabet in their order, with their names and equivalents. Write the following words or combinations of lettera, |)lacing imder each its equivalent; — § 2. LETTERS. S Pe-giiael Nun-samekli-kapli Sin-teth-nuii Ayin-daleth .Kaph-lamedJi Yodli-mem-yodli He-alepli-resh-tsadlie Za yin resh-ayin Koph-tsadhe-yodli-resli Hhetli-mem Illietli resli-pe Lamedli-alepli Yodh-sMn-betli-tav-vav. Name the letters in Genesis i. 1-3 on page 133, and give the equivalent of each. § 2. Their Classification. The letters may be divided, 1. Fii-st, with respect to the organs by which they are pronounced, into five classes, viz., Guttui'als or those which represent a sound produced in the throat ; Palatals formed by pressing the root of the tongue against the posterior roof of the mouth ; Linguals formed by the tip of the tongue in contact with the anterior roof of the mouth; Dentals fonned by the air driven against the teeth ; and, Labials formed by the lips. Gutturals ^5 n n ^ {i>m^ aJi'^Jiha) Palatals :}^ ^ :> p (pD\n glMiak) Linguals "7 t: b 3 n (npbt:^ dailenetli) Dentals T D 2r tJ (tjsor zastsasli) Labials n 1 tt & (q'J?^s humapli) 1 though not properly a guttural may be classed witJi them, as it partakes of their peculiarities. 2. Secondly, into weak, medium, and strong. The weak consonants suffer or occasion frequent changes in the formation and inflection of words. The strong con- sonants are capable of entering without change into any combinations which analogy may require. Those of 4 OETHOGRAPirr. § 2 medium strengtli are neither so stable as the latter, not flo feeble and fluctuating as the former. Weak Medium 1 *» Vowel-Letters, n y Gutturals. 3 n Liquids. s ID Sibilants. Strong J ^ ^ py Aspirates and Mutes. 3. Thirdly, with respect to the function which they perform in the constitution of words, into radicals and serviles. The former, which comprise just one-half of the alphabet, are only used in the roots or radical poi*tiona of words. The latter, though they may also enter into roots, are likewise employed in the inflection of words, and the formation of derivatives, in prefixes and suffixes. The serviles are embraced in the memorial words )T\^i< nbDi nttJia (ethdn mosJie v^TcJielehh^ Ethan, Moses, and Caleb). All the other letters are radicals, viz. ^ , T , T , ", ^, 0, ^, fi, ^, P, ^. EXERCISE 2. Write the letters of each class with their names and equivalents. Write the following letters, and indicate the class to which each belongs in respect of organ, strength, and function : — Aleph, Lamedh, He, Shin, Mem, Vav, Tav, Beth, Nun, Yodh, Gimel, Daleth, Resh, Tsadhe, Ayin, Koph, Kaph, Samekh, Pe, Zayin, Ilheth, Teth. §§ 3, 4 VOWELS. § 3. Tlie Vowel-Letters. There were originally no separate signs for tlie vowela In Hebrew. They were either not written at all, or when it was thought necessary to express them, the vowel-letters (T^ri^ ehfvi) were employed for this pur- pose. Thus "^ was used to signify not only y but also i and e; ^ stood for o and u; ^ ov n for a, and in some cases for e or o; e was also sometimes represented by '^ or n ; the other short vowels were scarcely ever written. Thus T^ bin or ben; Dip Jcom or hum; nb:j gala, gold, gHe or gole ; riD'^ntJn t^ sliubliend. § 4. The Vowel-Points. 1. After the Hebrew ceased to be spoken, a more com- plete method of writing the vowels was needed, in order to indicate the exact pronunciation of words. With this view the vowel-points were invented. Of these three represent long, three short, and three doubtful vowels. Long Vowds. Ka'mets __ a Short Vowels. Pat'tahh _ a Bouhtful Voicds. Hhi'rik _. ^ or * Tse're --, e Hho'lem ~ d Se'ghol _ e Kamets-Hhatuph_. o Shii'rek ^ ) Kii/buts_ r""''' a. The vowel a is pronotmced as ia father^ a as mfat, e as in there, e as in met i as in macJdne, * as ia pin, o as in note, o as in not, u asm ruU, u as in fuU. The quantity will be marked when the vowels are long, but not Trhen they are short. 2. All the vowels are written under the letter after which they are pronounced, except two, viz. Hholem and Shurek 3. Hholem is placed over the left edge of the letter to 6 OETIIOGEAPHY. § 5 wLicli ]t belongs. Wlien followed by tj or preceded b}' to it coincides witb tlie diacritical point over the letter e. g. nra mclsJie, i^t^ soiie; when it follows t or precede?) to it is written over its op]3osite arm e. g. nt^ , rsnn tirjyos. Accordingly, if an unpointed consonant precede (i. e. one without a vowel or Sh'va, § 5) T»will be osli and iiJ os; if it have itself no other vowel point to will be so and to slio^ except at the end of words. 4. Shurek is a dot in the bosom of the letter Yav. When there is a 'i in the text, the vowel u^ whether long or short, is indicated by a single dot within it, and called Shurek; in the absence of 1 it is indicated by three dots placed obliquely beneath the letter to which it belongs, and called Kibbuts. EXEECISE 3. The place of Aleph will be indicated in this and in following exercises by *, and that of Ayin by f . Teth, Koph, and Sin will be denoted by a dot beneath the letter, t, k, s. Write the long, short, and doubtful vowels with their names and equivalents. "Write : Zahabh, l^hhem, r^bh, yet, khol, kol, khamus, f amal, me*oyebh, sh6*el, soleth, fim, *eth, bh^yith, sh5rashiin, yaruts, shophet, shalosh, soraph, bhosem. Read the following words, and give the names and e "univalents of the vowels which they contain. , y^i , ^w , ^nbb , nbo , in , "ibto , 5>Sn , 'ja , "ib^ . ^tj']? , nob to , Ds: , -T?* , -pn* , pSto , ^toS , ntoj * Kametfl-Hhatuph. § 5. Sh'va. 1. ShVa — is placed under vowelless consonants to iiidica,te the absence of a vowel, e. g. "^kiT^*^ mcmlakhtl § 6 sh'Va. pattahh fuetive. 7 At the end of words, however, it is omitted : ^^ (not b^) halj "i?b (not "y^b ) f^dger, unless the last letter is T . or ia immediately preceded by another vowelless letter^ or is doubled by Daghesh-forte, § 13, tfb'fa meleM, tpisp Jsosht, PS? att. 2. When a syllable begins with two consonants a slight sound is heard between them, as in English between the last two consonants of giv'n^ lieav'n; thus 'ip'^ p'hodh^ T\^ Vrii^ not hru, ShVa is, therefore, said to be silent at the end of syllables, but vocal at the beginning. 3. Sometimes, particularly after the gutturals, this tran- sition sound resembles an extremely short ^, ^, or o. It is then represented by the compound ShVas, which are formed by combining the sign for simple ShVa ali*eady explained with that for Pattahh, Seghol, or Kamets- Hhatuph, as the case may be. Compoimd ( HMteph-Pattalili ^ ; thus ann Ifrogh SliVas 1 Hhateph-Seghol -rr, ; thus fTT^n Ifydth, \ Hhateph-Kamets — ; thus "hn Jihf^ll, § 6. Pattahli-furtive. Pattahh-furtive is a scarcely audible ^, which steals iu before the letter under which it is wi'itten. It occurs with :?, n or the conscttiant ^ at the end of words, when preceded by a long vowel other than «, or followed by another vowelless consonant, J^'ij gabli6^\ f?npb Idhfhlit Coinp. in English ^'^, pronounced j^^V. EXERCISE 4. Write the different ShVas and Pattahh-furtive with their names and equivalents. $ ORTHOGRAPHY. § 7 Write the following words, and wherever Pattahh furtive has been improperly omitted, make the requisite correction : Sh'n^yim, th'nti, y'dhekhem, h^^agham^ y'hoshu^f, *^lohj mof °madli, kh^/sher, nulhhamoth, bh'simhh^thkhcm, le*^- khol, z'bhiil, y^f^lehu, samehh, s'bhibhoth^yikh, rakif, dh'gliiith, yest. § 7. Quiescence of the Vowel-Letters, 1. The vowel-points above described were attached to the sacred text without any change in its letters. Con- sequently every vowel, which had previously been indi- cated by a vowel-letter, was now denoted both by that and by the sign subsequently added. In all such cases the letter is said to quiesce in the vowel, that is, it has not its consonant sound, but the vowel-sound represented by the accompanying or preceding point. Thus in "lia Vav stands not for v but for o, and the word is read hor; in nV5 , n represents not A but a^ and the word is gold, 2. At the beginning or in the middle of a word the letters i5 n 1 "^ are consonants, if they are followed by a vowel or a ShVa; if not so followed, they are quie? cent: riib Idve^ i^te seyo, but t31tt rmlt^ Tf^^ hetJi, 3. At the end of words 1 is quiescent when preceded by or ??, and *' when preceded by e or I; but they are consonants if preceded by any other vowel sign, '^n hhe, ^^ bi, but '^n Jihay, '^iiJ go]/. Final n is quiescent, unless it has Mappik, § 14, ni^^5 a/rtsdj but ^nijnji^ artsdh. Final x is invariably quiescent, if a vowel precedes. Kb Zr'', i in ^i";^nr\ tajiaji'^ glivJ and ^©i?^!'^ vay'hhW shu for vay- y^hhak'l^skii^ the first two are intermediate syllables. a. Consonants which stand in this equivocal relation are such as remain single vrhen analogy would require them to be doubled, l'Dp2';>1 for !i'ir;32^1 , ^"^^7 ifhM-liel for y'hJmh-Ml ; or have a vocal Sh'va or a vowel when they might be expected to have a silent Sh'va, ^'iinin for '•.'s^fin Wi-r' glm ; or are preceded by a short vowel which has arisen from Sh'va, nrJi for HS'in ^ Th'}'^ hidli'ghathiol r:-T3 , TjBn^ for "^'ni , C'^'ttJ'ij^ ko-dlmsliim for C^'ir? . Also when the same consonant is immediately repeated in the same word the intervening Sh'va xa made vocal in order to give distinctness to the reduplication, e. g. iVbSfi tsXHVJ, EXERCISE 7. Write the folloAving words, and ascertain the ^[uantit^; of their vowels : — 12 ORTIIOCfEAPHY. § 10 Yis-ra-*er, glio-yim', bh'no-tlie-liem', u-b]i'*o-ts'ro-tlia'yiklij kliu-sb^n', risli-f a-thii yim, me'-lekh, bli'bliit-iio', li-liu-dha', •f-^^obli-klit'in', yitli-ka-fe'-ka. Write and divide into syllables : — Umiknekliem', yesk'bku', Mmtsatho', yikhrafem', sliigkyonotk', bhe*^unatlio', v'lar'*nblieni', tk^h^o gku, shole^kk'. § 10. Resulting Vmoel- Changes. Certain vowel-ckanges result from tke foregoing niles, viz. : — 1. If two vowelless consonants concur at tke begin- ning of a syllable, tke first will receive a skort vowel. Tkis is commonly Hkirik, e. g. ''b^^ dibhre for '''nn'7 ; but if one of the consonants kad a compound SkVa, tke vowel corresponding will be inserted, e. g. l'b?;i yd'mbdlh for "TCiT, ; or if a vowel kas been rejected, tke new vowel may be conformed to it, e. g. ii'p''2 moVhlio for iDb^ from tf'bti . 2. When a tone-vowel is immediately preceded by two consonants tke pronunciation is frequently softened by gi^dng a pretonic vowel, mostly Kamets, to tke first, e. g. niibis from nsb-a , no; , nnpb . And tke vowel a is often retained in suck a situation, wken otker vowels would be rejected, e.g. *^2:r'aT» from yi3«,but '^S'lW not ^^i^t fiom 3. Tke karskness of concurring consonants at tke end of a word is commonly relieved by inserting Segkol, to wkick a preceding Pattakk is conformed, y)\ for an^, r?!? for Jnpb , ^biQ jcr ?[bi3 . If eitker consonant is a gut- tural Pattakb is mostly used instead, ns5, b^D, y^S, If eitker consonant is "^ , Hkirik is used ; if tlie secon(J § 11. KAMETS AND KA:\IETSlinATUPH. 13 consonant is 1 it will rest in Shurek, ri^'lh, -"b^, ^nn ^ but 4. When by reason of any changes occurring in words a short vowel comes to stand in a simple syllable, the vowel must ordinarily be prolonged or the syllable con verted into a mixed syllable by doubling the succeeding consonant; thus instead of n^b^ we find rt'^i^ yd-iiflih or T\^i^_ yan-nl'^lih. 5. When a simple syllable becomes mixed or a long mixed syllable loses its accent, its vowel is ordinarily shortened, e. 2r. "T^^o from ^tio , b^^ from bi*'. § 11. Kamets and Kamets-Hhatwph. Kamets a and Kamets-Hhatuph 6 are both represented by the same sign (, ), but may be distinguished by the following rules : — 1. In accented syllables, whether simple or mixed, and in unaccented simple syllables, § 9, 5, it is Kamets, n^'Q ma'veth^ ^i'n da-blidr' ; in unaccented mixed syllables it is Kamets-Hhatuph, ""fc&n lihdpli-shl^ :ni»ni vattd-slwhli, 2. Before a letter with simple ShVa the distinction is mostly made by Methegh ( _ ), § 22 ; without Methegh it is always Kamets-Hhatuph, with it commonly Kamets, niaDn JihdlcJi-md^ ^%?} Jihd-lchhad, 3. Before a guttui-al with Hhateph-Kamets, or Kamets- Hhatuph, the syllable is frequently intermediate, § 9, 7, and the vowel o, though accompanied by Methegh, '^nna hoJihPrl, tDi??n to^ohJfJ dhem. a. Some cases falling nnder 2 and 3 can only be decided by the etymology ; thus n"':xi with the prefixed conjunction v6''niyyuth, '^I'-J?'! with the article JuvniyycL; C"'Tr'n^ sMrdsJilm from ^Sa, ^"^'^y^ liJidiuUMm from TZJ^n j n"^^'!: in Ps. Ixxxvi. 2 the imperative «7io;wra, in Job x. 12 the preterite sMrji'rd 14 ORTHOGRAPHY. § 12 EXERCISE 8. A) 'ply the foregoing rules to the words that follow. .njDt^ .^^nj y^Afps yCns ,n^ , J^fe^'il >*^t5?'7 i^^^)'^ >^i?; Wiite : — Ya'h6m, ^^z', :5=5ziiam', mal'khu', m5rkh6', dhabhai-', niohh"rabhoth', hhakh'ma', hh5khma', n6f5bh'dhem'. § 12. DaghesTirlene, 1. Daghesh-lene is a point written in the letters a 5l *! D s n (n£)5 'i^ia Vghadli Ic'phatli) to indicate the loss of their aspiration, § 1, 3. They retain their aspirate sound, when they are immediately preceded by a vowel or a vocal ShVa ; when not so preceded, they receive Daghesh- lene, on^^a V gliadliUm. 2. An initial aspirate following a word which ends in a vowel, and has a conjunctive accent, § 16, does not take Dagliesli-lene ^Jin T\T\'^r\ , Gen. i. 2 ; but if the accent is dis- junctive, Daghesh-lene is inserted, since in this case the asj)irate is regarded as removed from the influence of the vowel rxw\fi ^^^^^, j Gen. i. 26. EXERCISE 9. Correct the following sentences by inserting or omitting Daghesh-lene : — Yashabh bhaf ir fadh f 5m'dho liphne hafedha I'mish. phat f adh moth khohen ghadhol. V'fasita hhesed fal fabdeka ki bib'rit *donay hebe«t^ at abd'ka v'«im bi f avon h*miteni v'fad ^-'ibika lo* t'bL,eeni. ^S 13, 14. DAGHESH-FOETE. 16 § 13. Dagliesli-forte, 1. Daghesh-forte is a point inserted in tlie bosom of a letter to show that it is to be doubled; thus bia^^ vayyim- nidi. It is never found in the gutturals a^ n n 5 , and rarely in 1 . 2. A point in one of the aspirates is Daghesh-forte if a vowel precedes, otherwise it is Daghesh-lene, § 12, 1, rn^"^ dihiartd'. The aspirates when doubled likewise lose their aspiration. 3. A point in Vav is Daghesh-forte if a vowel pre- cedes ; otherwise it is Shurek ^^^^i yHsavvu. 4. Daghesh-forte is sometimes inserted for euphony, as ■•ifS? in7i^bJie for '^hsy Mhhe. When the first letter of a word is doubled in order to link it with the final vowel of the word preceding, it is called Daghesh-forte con- junctive, ^ii vayy'^hTiwpp. § 14. Mappih, Mappik' is a point inserted in a final He to denote that it is a consonant, and not a vowel, § 7, 3, J^^b^ malkdh^ robti malkd, EXEECISE 10. Write:— Shibb^tsta, b^tt^bbafoth, d^bb'rah, **dh^bb'ra, gulg6lto, bikk^rtim, v^}^"ibbak'f u, h^yyulladh, tiikh'lu, fasitha Ho, Pronounce the following words and name the pointa which are written in the letters : — !♦> OETHOGKAPHY. §§ 15, 16 ,!i3i2n j^b^kn ,nn";^s , y^^ii'ib ,0^5 , D'^^sp ,^"ti!)i , njn § 15. HapM. Rapli6 is a small horizontal stroke placed over a letter and denotes the opposite of Daghesh-lene, Daghesh-forte, or Mappik, as the case may be : J^if^sn hivvds^dhd not hivvds^dhdh. § 16. Accents. 1. An accent is written upon every word, with the twofold design of marking its tone-syllable and of indi- cating its relation to other words in the sentence. 2. Accents are either disjunctives or conjunctives, as shown in table III. The former indicate that the word upon which they are placed is more or less separated from those that follow; the latter that it is connected with what follows. 3. The place of the accent is either over or under the letter preceding the tone- vowel, with the exception of the prej)ositives (marked prep, in the table), which always accompany the initial letter of the word, and the post- positives (marked post/p.^^ which stand upon its final letter. 4. Silluk has the same form as Methegh ; but the former invariably stands on the tone-syllable of the last word in the verse, while Methegh is never written under a tone-syllable. Pashta is likewise distinguished from §17. ACCEISTS. 17 Kadhma, and Y'thibh from Mahpakh, only by their position. 5. In the poetical books, Job, Psalms, and Proverbs, a di-fferent system of accentuation prevails from that wliich is in use in the rest of the Old Testament. § 17. Position of the Accent The accent always falls either upon the ultimate or penultimate syllable, and is governed by the following rules : — 1. In their uninflected state all words, whether primi- tive or derivative, are accented on the ultimate, ^i^ , yyr\ . But Segholate words and forms, that is, such as have an unessential vowel in the ultimate, inserted to soften the harshness of concurring consonants, § 10. 3, are ac- cented on the penultimate, ^^^ for -fbtt , bj^ for ^y}, 2. If the word receive an addition at the end consist- ing of a vowel or beginning with one, this will attract the accent to itself or to its initial vowel, n'^'in^ , iinn . Exceptions. — a. Suffixes added to the 3 fern, preterite of verbs, tjni'nn. 5. Personal terminations of verbs and the paragogic vowels H ^ , n ^ and *» . , when they do not cause the rejection of the vowel previously accented, ni3i^, ^^'^'^nn, but li'in. 3. When a simple syllable is attached to a word either dii'ectly or by means of a union vowel, the accent is given to the penult, Dsia , noN-a , ^:nDS"a , bj? , niVg . The suffix ?| follows the general rule, when preceded by a vowel, or attached to the 3 f em. preter. of verbs ; other- wis<5 it draws the accent upon itself, T^^ , 'Hf?!^? , '^H . 4. A consonant appended to a long final vowel draws the accent to the ultimate, ^nii;' , 'j^h^tt'^ . 18 ORTHOGEAPHY. §§ 18, 19 5. Appended mixed syllables always receive the accent. 6. The only prefixes which affect the position of the accent are the Vav Conversive of the future, which drawa it back from a mixed ultimate to a simple penult, y^^h ; and the Vav Conversive of the preterite, which throws it forward from the penult to the ultimate, Pi^'a^ST . EXERCISE 11. Accent the following words : *abh and the derived forms ha*abh, *abhi, ^abhinu, ,„abhik, ^abhoth, /bhothenu, M**bhothehem. PakMh' and the derived forms pak'dhu, pak^dhnu, pakMhti, p'kMhtiv, p'kMhtem, yiphkodh, hiphkidh, y^phkidhehu, hithpak'dhu, h^mmuphkadhim. § 18. Iiecessio7i of the Accent, A conjunctive is frequently removed from the ultimate to the penult, if a disjunctive immediately follows, whether upon a monosyllable or the penult of a dissyl- lable, nb'^b s-ip^ Gen. 1 ; 5. § 19. Pause Accents, The greater disjunctives, which mark the limits of clauses and sections, are called pause accents. These sometimes stand upon the penult in words ordinarily accented on the ultimate, '^ib^ , '^pbif ; or vice versA upon the ultimate in place of the penult, ■T5X''T . They also occasion certain vowel changes, viz., they 1. Lengthen short vowels, particularly ( _ ) or ( ^. ) tc ( ) nii^, -OX; nni, n-i5?. \ r / - T 7 AT T 7 •.••.•? :• Mt § 20, ACCENTS. ly 2. Restore vowels dropped in inflection, 'I'l^'i , ^iST . 3. Change simple SliVa to Seghcl, ■'n;' , ''n; . 4. Change compound ShVa to the corresponding long 70wel, '^ix , ■'S^ . § 20. Consecution of Accents. 1. The last word in eveiy verse receives Silluk, and is followed by two dots vei-tically placed ( J ) called Soph Pasuk (i. e. end of- the verse). 2. If the verse consists of two clauses, the last word of the jfirst clause is marked by Athnahh. If of three clauses, which is the greatest number that any verse can contain, the first is limited by Segholta, the second by Athnahh, and the last by Silluk. 3. These clauses are divided into sections, if necessaiy, by one or more of the disjunctives, Zakeph Katon, Zakeph Gadhol, E'bhi*, Pazer, and T'lisha Gh'dhola. 4. In the sections thus created the accents are disposed relatively to the disjunctive which marks its close, see table XX. 5. Each disjunctive of the first class is regularly pre- ceded by one conjunctive and a disjunctive of the second class ; disjunctives of the second class by two conjunctives and a disjunctive of the third class ; disjunctives of the third class by three conjunctives and a disjunctive of the fourth class ; and disjunctives of the fourth class by four or more conjunctives. 6. The trains of accents thus formed are adapted to sections of different length and character by omitting such of the Conjunctives, and more rarely by repeating such of the Disjunctives, as the mutual relations of the v^ords may seem to require, and breaking off the series whenever all the words in the section have been supplied. 20 OETHOGEAPHY. §§ 21, 22 § 21. MaMeph, 1. Makkepli' (") is used to connect words. Monosyi- JaLie particles especially are frequently tlius linked witli tlui succeeding or preceding word, '^^"ntel^n-D^ 2. Where two or more words are united in this mannei the last only has an accent. Hence a long mixed syl- lable, followed by Makkeph, must be shortened, § 9, 5, vlii^'^i, or else receive the secondary accent Methegh, § 22, M^^?T¥- EXERCISE 13. Connect each pair of words by Makkeph, inserting Daghesh-forte conjunctive whenever the former ends in a or k Kol yisra*el, yal'dha lo, *eth *elle, *ethmokh bo, tih'y^"^ li, ten li, sh'losh *ell^, y'bh^kkesh daf ath, I'kha na*. § 22. Methegh, 1. Metliegh ( t ) represents a minor stress of the voice, which usually falls upon the second syllable before the accent, and again upon the fourth, if the word have so many, nirb^^n™^, 'i^^^")^ 2. If the syllable which should receive it is mixed, il may be given in preference to an antecedent simple syl ]al)le ; or if none such precede, it may be omitted alto- gether. 3. It is always given to simple syllables, followed by a vocal ShVa, ^1)2x7 ; also to intermediate syllables fol lowed by compound ShVa, or a vowel which has arisen from compound ShVa, "ifcxb , T\y\;i , and frequently when the Sh'va is simple, nsfiiab . 4. The place of Methegh is often supplied by an § 28. k'ri and k'thieil 21 accent chosen agreeably to the laws of consecution EXEECISE 13. Apply the rules for Methegh. A hyphen represents Makkeph. Vejohe', M**dhonehem', meh^mm^f^rakha', f^mmina- dhabh', ben-ha*ama', ber^khntikhem', v^yyir'*ti', hd,n- nogh'sim', ha*ishsha', me*^rtso', latheth-la'nu, hithh^- lekh-no*hh', met^bhodh^th'khem'. § 23. ICri and ICtUhh. 1. K'ri (^read^ is the technical name of a marginal reading in the Hebrew Bible, which is sanctioned by tra- dition as a substitute for the corresponding reading in the text, or the K'thibh {writteri). The vowels of the K'ri are connected with the letters of the text and a reference made to the margin where the letters of the former may be found. 2. If a given word is to be omitted in reading, it is left unpointed, and the note '^^p fc<^i n'TD written hut not read^ placed in the margin. If, on the other hand, a word is to be supplied, its vowels are inserted in the text, and the letters placed in the margin with the note, ^^TO Kbi '^-ip read hut not written. 3. In some words of frequent occurrence, a different reading is suggested by the points alone, without a mar- ginal explanation. Thus the sacred word nin"! , which the Jews have a superstitious dread of pronouncing, is read by Ihem as if it were ^X^^^ Lord^ whose points it accord- ingly receives, r;in;> , unless these two names stand in immediate connection, when to avoid repetition it is read D'^n'bbj and pointed rfin;; so the pronoun ij? j-ra© ,Kiin j'^bbx ,rtoS[ ,rix5 j^isn ,nnnD« ,b«b ,bi« jri'^nB ,^5^^ i'^^'^ ^'H^i?^'? ,pn .TD'i'ni^ .nDDi3 ,Dh'i&5n n-'kn^ ,-ipn ,^iiD)3 ,rnn ,t:srn ,np5{ ^ Resb is not regarded as a guttural in the rule for He Interrogative. §§ 27, 28. INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS. § 27. Inseparable Prepositions 1. Tlie prepositions n, d and b are regularly prefixed witli Sli'va, n^CK'na , Vis , nO'^^^t* • Before vowellesa letters they take Hhirik, § 10. 1, TVy^ for ?^p-i2i ; before tj^utturals with compound ShVa they take the correspond- ing short vowel, § 10. 1, ^12!?5 , VD:«b , ^ira ; before mono- syllables and before dissyllables accented upon the penult, they frequently receive a pretonic Kamets, § 10. 2, sni^T? , csbb; before the article its n is rejected and the vowel given to the preposition na^3 for "li'^D? , H?^ for T'^^fnb . a. The initial &< of *'3'T5< Lord, 'ji'nfij master when it has a singular suffix, and L'i»i'bi< God quiescea after the inseparable prepositions, § 7, «, '^V'lX^ , •^"'?."'^^ , C^n'bxs for D^rrbxa the Seghol lengthened to Tsere in the simple syllable • also in the inf. const. "I'SX to say after \>, ^'^^ but '"•'3|?3, "''s^l • 2. The preposition I'D from may either be written as a separate M^ord or shortened to the prefix "a with Hhirik followed by Daghesh-forte in the next letter, tj'^'i'a for Xf] I'P . Before n Hhirik is commonly retained, § 9. 7, but before other gutturals it is lengthened to Tsere, § 9. 5, T'lHtj for f^n ya^ but fn^Ta, qi:^ra. a. The inseparable prepositions take before the divine name nirTi the same pointing that they would receive before "^ in y; J which the Jews substitute for it in reading, thus rr['n^'2^ nirT«3, ninib, nin-^tt, Comp. § 23. 3. § 28. Vav Conjunctive. The conjunction 1 and is regularly prefixed with ShVa ^©ni , yy^ry) . Before one of the labials n , tt , B , or before a vowelless letter Vav quiesces in Shurek T^T, iriD^; before a vowelless Yodh it receives Hhirik, in which the Yodh quiesces, ''Ji'^'i ; before a guttural with 26 ETYMOLOGY. § 29 compound ShVa it receives tlie corresponding sLort vowel j'^iiJin , T^'»5|l ,'^5^\]3; before monosyllables and dis- syllables accented on tlie penult it frequently receives a pretonic Kamets ^nn; , i^nj . VOCABULAEY 1. The parts of speech are distinguished by initials or abbreyiations ; m. denotei masculine, f. feminine, pi. plural. aiij n. m. man ? prep, according to^ as, like, *ii&5 n. m. light D^^nDis n. m. pi. stars ^ prep, in ip prep, to ^ for nibna n. f. leasts cattle ^ adv. not rti n. m. house DnS n. m. f. hread ^^^ n. m. morning Th"]^ n. m. night ^tda n. m. flesh I'a prep. y7*6>m ) conj. a7id ^? prep, unto^ until !j©ri n. m. darhness sn? n. m. f. evening Di"^ n. m. day nnto n. tr. field d;" n. m. sea d^'iato n. m. pi. hsaven nS'i n. m. moon tJa© n. m. f. s^m. Lesson 1 in Reading Hebrew, see page 111. Lesson 1 in Writing Hebrew, see page 137. The succeeding lessons are connected with the vocabu laries that follow in their order. § 29 Personal Pronouns, 1 The personal pronouns are the following, viz. BINaULAK. X. I ''psx anokhi; •>?« "ni Thou m. np5? atta' Thou f. ni« (^n«) att ■•I g 29. PERSONAL PBONOIINS. 27 3 ( He i^^n \vl PLUBAL. I. We 'Cnsij} ^nahhnu, ^sni nahh'nti, 15K •nu j Ye m. OPii< attem' ^ ( Ye f. TTii? atten', njnx atte'na r TA^2/ ^- °^ ^^^? '^"'^''^ hem'ma ^ I TTiey f. W hen, nan heii'iia 2. Wlieii governed by verbs, nouns or particles they are appended to tliem in tlie following shortened forms, called pronominal suffixes : 1. Com. ( MasG. ^' I Fern, ( MasG, ^' {Fern, 3. In the first person singular "^ is used with nouns, and "»? with verbs. The third plural forms Dn, "jn are used with plural nouns; D, 1 with verbs and singular nouns. The suffixes DD , 15 , dn , "jn are called grave, th rest are light. 4. The inseparable prepositions are united with pro- nominal suffixes as shown in Table IV. ; 5 is prolonged by the syllable itt and TQ becomes before light suffixes l^tt or 'E'a . The suffix ^n preceded by -7 is contracted to ^i e. g. isi for ina , ib for ^nb ; n preceded by — is short- ened to n ^ e. g. n^ for n^ and in like manner with the pause accent ^5 > 2 masc. sing, for T15 . TLAB. PLUB^. ''D 13 ^ DD ? 1? in D nn n 1 1^ 28 ETrMOLOGY. § 30 VOCABULAEY 2. ni&5 n. m. f. sign ^^"^i?? n. m. Israel ns n. m. hrotlier 5)0? n. m. silver r^? ^7^^/'t'^r f "jx n. £ ^ar^A, J«7^J D^b n. m. eternitnj l"^? prep, between d^ prep, 'zz;'/^^ nm n. m. ^(?W ^'7125' or ^^:si with me •^n adj. living^ alive npi? adv. now ninj n. m. Jehovah nnn prep, under ^ instead of § 30. 6^^A^7» ProTiouns, 1. The demonstrative pronoun is jlf^wc. Fern. Common. SmGULAu n| n»T this Plukal ^^ t^\}^ these The poetic form M is used both as a demonstrative and a a relative. 2. The personal pronoun of the third person i^^n is also employed as a remote demonstrative that, 3. The relative pronoun is 'it?^ who^ which^ sometimes shortened to % , see Table V. When the relative is governed by verbs, nouns, or particles, it stands without change of form at the beginning of its clause, and the appropriate pronominal suffix is attached to the govern- ing word "W^ ntDK who his day i. e. whose day i^ — ^t^ who — to him i. e. to lohom. When a preposition stands before the relative, it governs not the relative itself but its antedecent understood ; thus, ^'^^^ means not to whom or to which but to him who or to that which. It receives an adverbial sense when followed by Di? there^ § 31. VERBS. THEIE SPECIES. 29 e. 2r. DO — ^toa^ where, mafe? — ^t}k wliiiher, DtJta — "i^s 4. The interrogative and indefinite pronouns are ''^ who ? or whoever and ™ 'z/^Aa^ .^ or whatever, Tiie vowel of nia varies with the first letter of the following word, see Table IV. In a few instances its vowel-letter is dropped, and it is converted into a prefix, e. g. M-iia for nj rra 'z^;A<2^ i8 this ? 5. Another interrogative is formed by prefixing the particle ''»? to the pronoun nr , nis^T, thus nr ''X lohichf or what f ^^Tb ''i^ for what ? why ? s^J'Q ""S? from what place f whence? VOCABULAET 3. bs n. m. whole, all, every Dip^ n. m. f. jplax^e D^i? n. m. pi. water ©"ip n. m. holiness, a holy ^yi^. adv. aiove place or thirig, VERBS. § 31. Thei/r Species, 1. Hebrew verbs have seveu different forms, called species or conjugations, viz. : 1. Kal Simple active. 2. Niphal Simple passive. 3. Piel Intensive active. 4. Pual Intensive passive. 5. Hiphil Causative active. 6. Hophal Causative passive. 7. Hithpael Reflexive. 2. The first of these species is called Kal light, because in it no other than the three radical letters appear, and these only in their single power. The other names are taken from b?B to do, being the forms assumed by thia verb in each species severally. 80 ETYMOLOGF. § 32 3. To eacli of these species belong a preterite and future, two forms of the infinitive called respectively the absolute and the construct, a participle, and except to the Pual and Hophal, which as pure passives cannot express a command, an imperative. The Kal alone has two par ticij)les. a. All of these species very rarely co-exist in the same verb. Their signification is commonly but not invariably what is stated above. The Piel is sometimes causative like the Hiphil, and the Niphal reflexive like the Hithpael, or the Hithpael passive like the NiphaL In these cases one or other of the equivalent species is often dropped as unnecessary, or some distinction in usage is created between them. In intransitive verbs the Niphal, if it exists at all, is usually the passive of a transitive or causative sense. § 32. Perfect Verbs, 1. Verbs are called perfect, when they conform throughout to the standard inflection; and imperfect, when in consequence of a weak letter, § 2. 2, or some other peculiarity in the root they deviate from it. 2. If ^t:^ to Mil be taken as the model of the perfect verb, the various species with their significations will be as follows, viz. : — 1. Kal ^^5 to Mil. 2. Niphal ^^f?? to he Mlled, 3. Piel bhp to Mil many or to massacre. 4. Pual ^D^ to be massacred. 5. Hiphil b'lppn to cause to Mil, 6. Hoplial ^^)?\' to be caused to Mil, 7. Hithpael ^fep^n to Mil one^s self. a. It is in each case the third person masculine singular of the preterite, which is given above, and the strict signification, therefore, is he has killed, etc. But when these forms are used to represent the species their proper erjuivalent is th« mfinitive, which is the form employed in designating verbs iu English. § 33. KAL PEETERITE AND rSTINITIVES. 31 § 33. Kal Preterrite and Injmitives. 1. The Kal preterite is inflected thus : — PRETEEITE. Sing. 3 m«5(?. bbj? katal' hehilled^didTcillorhasTcilled, Zfem, ri5t:5 kat'la' she hilled, 2 masc. ri^tSjp katal'ta thou (m.) Mlledst 2>fem. n'pt:^ katalt' thou (f.) hilledst 1 com, '^r^tajp katal'ti I hilled, Plttr. 3 com, ^Vjg kat'lu they hilled, 2 masG. t3P)bi:p k'taltem' ye (m.) hilled. 2 fern, 'jn'p'DlP k'talten' ye (f.) ^^Zfo^^. 1 com. ^5bt3g katarnti 'Z^;^ hilled, Infejotive absolute bib^ katol', construct bbj? k'tol ^6) Mi 2. The vowel of the second radical in the Kal preterite iff commonly Pattahh, as in bfaj ; in a few verbs, how- ever, most of which are intransitive, it is Tsere as in "lis to he heavy ^ or Hholem as in Vi© to he bereaved. Kal Peeteeite with e. dmasc. Scam. Zfem. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 cmi. Sln-q. ni3 n^nj 15715 nnn? "^mns Plue. 1*115 nn^ii in'ins ?:2i33 Infinitive absolute ^ii? construct iis. Kal Peeteeite with d 3 masc. Scorn, Sfem. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 com. Sing. bSi^ nbio nVb» pVdw TiVitsJ » T:rT TT ::t • t t Plue. ife© ti^r'?^ I^t"?^ ^^^"^ Infinitive absolute bii© , construct Vdw . 82 ETYMOLOGY. § 34 3. The endings of the first and second persons of the preterite are fragments of the corresponding pronouns ; thus ri in S^b-bj) is from nniC 2 masc. sing., ri in r^^ttg fi'om F^i^ 2 fem. sing., dFi and IFi from the 2 plui\ Drix and )T\^ ; ''H in "^F^^^p is by euphonic change for ''S from ^bb^ 1 pers. sing., ^5 in ^^bbp from ^2S| 1 pers. plur. As two of the persons are thus designated by pronominal fragments, no such designation was needed in the case of the third and only remaining person. The simple form of the verb without addition bpjp is accordingly used for the 3 masc. sing. ; n^ in riSipg being the sign of the feminine and so used also in nouns and adjectives, and »: in ^itpg the sign of the plural. VOOAEULAEY 4. ^"1? V. (fut. a) to he great n'^i? adv. veri/ pi'7 V. (fut.«) to cleave, adhere fi^?^ n. f. commandment Jnbi n. f. door bfc^ v. to rule "^^n n. m. majesty I^J v. to give *7in n. m. splendor "^io v. to shut pi J V. to jpour p'lS n. m. righteousness •'S conj. for, because, that tiit v. to rest, cease, heep Q^'^s n. m. pi. vessels, articles Sabbath rib or rib v. (fut. a) to "chit n. ra. f. Sabbath put on, wea/r, be clothed "jbr v. to dwell with "^w V. to Tceep, observe. ns? is the sign of the definite object and is placed before pronouns or definite nouns when governed by a transitive verb. § 34. Niphal, JPiel, and Pual Preterites am^d Infinitives. The Niphal is formed by prefixing 5 ; the Piel and Pual by doubling the second radical and attaching the appro* priate vowels. §31. NIPUAL, PIEL, AND PUAL PKETERITES. 83 NLPHAL PEETEEITE. 3 mane. 3 com. 3 fem. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 com. Sing, bisp? ^5*P1?? ^nbap? P^^'i?!?? ''^^^^p? Plur. i^c))?? d^^^!?? 1^^^!?? ^^bbpa Infiniuve absolute b*t5|^n, conshmct ^liJi^n. PIEL PRETERITE. 3 wia^c. 3 C(?m. 3 /:£)b ^^a;'d bSiD v. P. to bereave ri^b V. K. to talce 1?© v. P. H. to cause tc n©"53 V. K. to anoint dwell isBtt n. m. tabernacle, dwell- 'j'QtD n. m. oil, ing 9* 84 ETYMOLOGY. § 35 § 35. Tlie remaining Preterites and Infinitives, Tlu^Hipliil and Hophal are formed by prefixing n witt the proper vowels. The Hithpael is formed by prefixing r.n to the construct infinitive of the Piel. HIPHIL PRETERITE. Zmasc. S com. Sfem. 2masc. 2 fern, 1 com. Sing. ^'^Pipn s^^''£?l?n ^^^J?*? ri^^l?r» ^'P^^^iPr* Infective absolute 'Ppn, construct ^''^l^n. HOPHAL PRETERITE. Sma^G. ^ com. dfem. 2mnsc. 2 fern. 1 com. Sing, bbjipn ^?^!?r? ^nbbpn Pi^fajpn *inbbpn Plur. ^^P!?0 D^^'Pl?r? 1^^^j?7 ^^^Pi?0 Infestitive absolute bt?!?D> construct ^'^PO- HITHPAEL PRETERITE. 8 771050. 3 com. 8/(SW. 2 ttiosc. 2 /em. 1 com. Sestg. bfepinn ^^^P^H Pi^^p^^H ^^k'^^T^ ""nbtaprin Plur. ^bp)?nri onbis^n inbcifrin ^sb^j^nn Infinitive absolute b^j^nn, construct ^k'^^^. Vocabulary 6. b'is V. H. to sepa/rate ^P^)"^ n. f. worh D^iii n. m. pi. nations ^^? v. Ho. to be caused tc Da conj. also reign^ to be made hing 'Tr\ n. m. David ^b'la n. m. hing n^^n n. f. animal^ wild beast tn^ibtt n. £ hingdom tto V. H. to cut off; Ho. to toiti n. a little * ^^ (?2^^ off * 135a ia a noun meaning a little tiling or a small quantity of any tiling, but- not 36. KAL FUTURE. 35 1:3^^ V. H. to make small or mniD v. H. to cause to rest, few or cease ©■ij? V Hitli. to savMify or tht v. H. to destroy purify one^s self nS© y. P. H. to send, anj V. H. to Iring nea/r^ offer § 36. Kal Fuimre^ Imperative^ and Participles. 1. Tke future and imperative of each species are foT-raed from the construct infinitive by attaching the proper pronominal fragments. FUTURE. SlXG. 3 masc. ^t3)?^ yiktol' he shall or will Mil Zfem. bDj^n tiktor she will hill 2 masc. bi3j?n tiktor thou (m.) wilt Mil 2 fem. ''^t:pn tikt'ir thou (f.) wilt Mil 1 com. "^m ektor I shall Mil Plur , 3 masc. ^%!?? yikt'lti' they (m.) loill Mil Sfem, Mjjjtbpn tiktolna they (f.) will Mil 2 masc. ^St2j?n tikt'lti' ye (m.) loill Mil 2 fem.. njbtipn tiktolna ye (f.) will Mil 1 com. '"^^P? niktol' we shall Mil, IMPERATIVE. SrsTG. 2 masc. ^)? k'tor Mil thou (m.) 2 fem. ^^^P kit'li' Mil thou (f.) Plur. 2 masc. ^Sttp kit'lti' Mil ye (m.) 2 fem. »^?yt!? k'tol'na Mil ye (£) little or smaU as an adjective. Thus we may say trnq tt5^ a Uttte watery t35a clnS a ^^Y?Z(3 bread ; but I3?a could not be used in such phrases as a UttU 7wu8e_ a Utile door. A different word \^'Ould be required in the latter case. 36 ETYMOLOGY. §36 SiNGULAE. PARTICIPLES. Active, Plukal. fern. mase. fern. pp n3i2p or mbtjp n\St2p ni^op killing koter kot'la' koteleth kot'lim' kot'lotli' ir/isc. katul' k'ttila' Passive, D'^5^i:p ni5^t2p y^^7W k'tulim' k'tuloth' 2. Some verbs have Pattahli in the second syllable of the Kal future and imperative. This is regularly the case with those which have Tsere or Hholem in the pre- terite, thus niD':, bsTD^ kal future with a. dmase. dfem. 2masc. 2 fern. 1 com. Sing. '^^?': "liDH *iaDn •^I???! "7^?^ Plur. i : • T : - : • ^'lasn , ^?75?^ "l4?? IMPERATIVE. 2masc. 2 fern. 2maso. S/<9m. Sing. nns '^nns. Plur. ^inns n2nn3 3. In the inflection of the future the letters prefixed mostly denote the person and those affixed the gender or number; *^ of the 3 masc. ^tbp^ is by euphonic change foi *i from xin, and as in the preterite ^ is appended as the sign of the plural ^^itpp;* ; n of the 3 fern. iJibpn is the sign of the fem. (see above the fem. ending of tlie participle), and nj is appended in the plural nrbibpn from Ti^h . In the second person m is from S^J^^ , the fem. taking ^. from "^ni? , the masc. plur. *•. as in the third person, and §37. NIPHAL, PE^L, AND PUAL. 37 the fern, nj from njnfi? . In the first person sing, btbip^ « is fi'om "^sai} ; in the plur. bi:!p5 , 3 is from ^^i^ . 4. In the imperative no personal prefix is needed, as but one person is in use ; gender and number are distin- guished as in the second person of the future. Vocabulary 7, rfS^na n. f. pi. virgins ^i"! V. P. to s])eak vioi'' n. m. Joseph 1? adv. so ybo n. m. rock n? n. m. f. time Dipirbs n. m. pi. PMlistines li^s n. f. Zio7i ^'itD n. m. crimson "^"SW n. m. f. gate. § 37. NipTial^ Piel^ and Pual Futures^ etc, 1. Where the infinitive has n prefixed to the radicals this is rejected in the future after the jDersonal prefix, thus from ^^j^n is formed ^^!^^. . 2. The participles of the Piel and subsequent species are formed from the construct infinitive by prefixing 13 , a fragment of the indefinite pronoun ''^ or rra . NIPHAL FUTURE. 8 maso. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2/m. 1 com. Sma. ^W! btj;^n bpi^n ^St^i^^n ^Pi|J^ Plur. ^^g? IMPERATIVE. J^2bt3gn ^-^i>? 2 ma%G 2/m. ^masc. 2/m. Si NO. ia^n *i3t5gn Plur. . PARTICIPLE. ^w^ s^?bi:i?n ma&c. fern. rruiM. fern. Si NO. bi:p53 nbt:p3 or nb-bj^s Plitr. D^bt)]?: nibrp!:: S8 ETY3I0L0GY. §87 PIEL FUTTJEE. Smase. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 (VWl Sing. ^^P? bibpn btapn ^SiDpn b^piS Plue. ^^P? imperative. njbcjpn ^^?? 2 7na80. 2 fern. 2 7na4iG, 2 /em. Sing. ^^'P '^biDp Plue. PAETICEPLE. eap njb^p masG. /m. Wl honor; N. ^o Z>^ honored ^ia? n. m. A(9?i(?r n^ins n. m. pi. priests TTO V. K. to cictj make a co venant §38. 39 yatt V. K. to withhold^ heep it2p v. H. to burn incense bach l?'i adj. had^ evil tri:? n. f. company J assembly nitj v. K. ^^ forget ^'is-b:^ in the presence of ^'hit v. N. to heep one's self a:? n. m. people tahe heed. ^3 conj. lest, that not §38. Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpael jFutv/reSj etc. HLPHTTi FUTURE. Smase. d fern. 2 masG. 2 fern. 1 <;om. SmG. ^'^r^ b^'pipn b'^IDj^n ib-^pfpn '>'m Plur. *''^j?!! npbbjppi ^,bit:]?p nabiJipn bitapj IMPERATIVE. 2 wflwc. 2 /em. 2 wosc. 2 fern. Sing. btjjpn '^b'l-ojpn Plur. ^b-'rijjn ^^jbbgn PARTICIPLE. wtfG. ^"-:p: bi2pn btapn ■'^^pP' ^^i?« Pj.ur. ib'ipp;" n5bt:pn ^btppn nsbbpn ^^i» IMPERATIVE wanting. PARTICIPLE. maso. fern. maso. fern. Ring, bbp^a nb-jp-a or Jnb'bp'a Plur. D'lbtjp'a fiibup'c 40 ETYMOLOaY. §39 Sma Plub. 8 ma^c. ?ifepn:> inTHPAEL FUTURE. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 com. njb^i^nn ilsDpinn, njbibpnn b^pna IMPEKATIYE. 2 masc. 2 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. Sing. bfepJ^n ''S'lppirin Plur. ^^^S^in njbibprin PARTICIPLE. masc. f&n. masc. fem. Sing, b^pnia nb^pra or f^b^pnti Plur. D'^^^gt^'a mitepra Vocabulary 9. non n. m. hindness^ viercy ?fbi3 v. H. ^(9 TPI?^ • 4. The Kal construct infinitive, in a few instances, has Pattahh in place of Hholem, ni© , !:£© ; and occasionally i t takes a feminine ending nj^n'i for pi'7 . 5. The Niphal absolute infinitive may be either bib]::? or bibj^n ; bcjp may be used for the absolute as well as the construct infinitive Piel. 6. A few verbs have Pattahh or Seghol as the vowel of the second radical in the Piel preterite, TJJ'np, ^%/\ instead of tt?tp, "i^^; Pattahh also occurs in the Hith- pael ^^pJnr^. 7. Pual sometimes has Kamets-Hliatuph and Hophal Kibbuts in the first syllable rr^a , nstDn . 8. Tav of the prefixed nn in Hithpael is transposed with the first radical of the verb, if it be one of the sibilants , to or to ; with s the n is transposed and in addition changed to t: ; with ^ , t: or M , and occasionally with other letters, the ri is assimilated to the first radical and united with it by Daghesh-forte, binon, pijtasn, § 40. PoA'agogic and Apocopated Futv/re and Imperative. 1. The vowel n^ is appended to the first person of the future, and, in a very few instances, to the third person lingular, to express desire or determination, s^pri^?? ^oe will break or let us hreah. This is called the paragogic or cohortative future. 2. The apocopated or jussive future is a shortened form of the second or third persons singular and expresses a wnsh or command, or, with a negative, dissuasion or prohibition. In perff.ct verbs it is distinguished from 42 ETYMOLOGY. § 41 the simple future only in the Hiphil species, in which the '^. of the ultimate is changed to (. ), ^3 ton tliou may est understand or understand thou, 3. Paragogic n^ is sometimes appended to the mascu line singular of the imperative, softening the command into an entreaty or expression of desire, n:b^to oh.^ liear ! or pray, hear ! 4. The addition of n^ to a future or imperative com- monly causes the rejection of its last vowel, except in the Hiphil species where ''. remains or is restored rri'QTJJx, Sib'^'^ni^. The Kal imperative with 6 becomes nSi:^ hofld / the Kal imperative with a becomes nin3 MhhhlJid. § 41. Vav Conversive. Vav Conversive is a modification of the copulative 1 and, and is so called because it has, in certain cases, the effect of converting the future into a preterite and the preterite into a future. Vav Conversive prefixed to the future takes Pattahh followed by Daghesh-forte in the next letter, "ii^"^ lie loill shut, "laot'T and he shut If this be Yodh with Sh'va, Daghesh is usually omitted, ©'ng)'^ . Before K of the first person, which cannot receive Daghesh, Pattahh is length- ened to Kamets, ^k^l^^ . The verb commonly suffers tho same change as in the apocopated future, § 40. 2, and in the first person sometimes has paragogic n^. Vav Conversive prefixed to the preterite has the same pointing with Vav Conjunctive, § 28, "TbtD he has hept, n-a©) and he will heep. For the influence of Vav Conversive on the accent, st e § ir. 6. § 42 teres with suffixes. 48 Vocabulary 10. t'T^ii n. m. Aaron nir;« v. K. to divell, inlidbli -N adv. not ^pro n. f. tunic "'-55 prep, to^ unto^ T€S2'>ecting H^bia n. f. queen "2^5 D. m. ashes '^^H^ i^- ™- Mordecai ai"jn n. m. pi. garments ^4? v. P. to receive^ acGe]jt inin n. m. liail nSg v. K (fut. «) come near ^ nsn adv. hither apjproach p:?T V. K. (fut. (2) to cry y^jj v. K. (fut. «) ^6? r^7i(i nj^ljT n. f. cry t'tkry n. m. head inn n. f. sivord "^tn v. K. (fut. a) ^c? 'w;asZ5' S?.\; V. K. to he wea/ry pto n. ra. sackcloth "V n. f. hand nS« v. K. (fut. ci) to send, ©V or ton; V. K. ^(? d/riveout § 42. F"^r55 '^^;^7^ Suffixes. 1. Tlie personal pronouns are frequently suffixed to the verbs of which, they are the object. The forms of the suffixes have already been given, § 29. 2. 2. The personal terminations of the verbs suffer the following changes before suffixes : — PRETERITE. SixG. 3 fern, n^ becomes n,, 2 masc n sometimes becomes l? before ''3. 2 fern, n becomes '^n . Plur. 2 masc. dpi becomes w. The 2 fern. ])lur, does not occur with suffixes. FUTURE. Plur. 2 and 3 fem, nslpiipn becomes ^^tppPi . 3. The suffixes are joined directly to those verbal forms whicli end in a vowel ; those forms which end in a 44 ETYMOLOGY. §42 consonant insert before, Tj , DD and 1? a vocal SliVa, and before tlie remaining suffixes a full vowel, wliich in the preterite is mostly a and in tlie future and imperative mostly e, 4. Nun is sometimes inserted between the future of the verb and the suffix, particularly in emphatic and pausal furms. This is called ISTun Epenthetic. It is commonly united by Daghesh-forte with 3 of the 1 pers. suffix and ^ of the 2 pers., to which it is almost always assimilated. 5. The 3 pers. suffix is liable to the following contrac- tions ; in the masc. ^n^ becomes i , ^n*' . becomes 1"^ . , ^nn becomes ^n_, ^ns^ becomes ^3.. ; in the fern, n ^ becomes •^,, «7^. becomes nn., nD„ becomes na . . 6. The iirst and second persons of the verb do not receive suffixes of the same person with themselves. The 3 masc. sing, of the Preterite Kal b-jp assumes the foUowin^c forms in combination with suffixes : — Sing. Pluk. 1 com. ^?bbp k'talani he hilled m,e 2 masc. ^V^P k'tal'lvha' he hilled thee (m.) ^fem. ^^"^P k'talakh' he hilled thee (f.) 3 masc. k'tala'hu I he hilled him k'talo' J ?>fem.. ri3i3p k'talah' he hilled h^r 1 com. ^3'3i:p k'tala'nu he hilled us 2 masc. oiVjp k'tal'khem V he hilled yon (m.) ^fem. l^^tap k'tarkhen he hilled y OH (f.) 3 masc. C3^'9P k'talam' he hilled them (m. ) ^fem. I^^P k'talan' he hilled them ( f) 7. Verbs having e in the Preterite substitute Tsere for Kamets with the second radical throughout the Kal pre terite with suffixes, e. g. "^^h? fi'om bij . The remaining parts of the verb are sufficiently repre- sented in Table VIL NOUNS, GENDER AND NUMBER. 45 Vocabulary 11. ax n. m, father "^5^2$ n. m. Lord c^? n. f. mother ria n. f. daughter ':5ij V. P. to make great 'py^ V. H. to overtaJce D^n n. m. hlood I'bn n. m. Haman nsT^ n. m. altar rrianbia n. f. war ^fighting *i^? V. P. to shut wp ; H, t^ cause to shut 15DD Y. P. to recount^ tell aijn n. m. famine. Vocabulary 12. nDi^^5 adv. how T^i^iJi n. m. Tnan r;(|« n. f. woman ni'13 n. f. blessing pi|i2'n n. Damascus X)% n. m. f. way *t?T\ V. K. to go, walh "^DT V. K. to remember 7^0 T. P. to deliver P]?t3 V. P. to soil, defile bfc^ T. H. to cause to rule «; pray, I pray thee ^55 prep, before, in the pre' sence of b^2? n. m. sucMing, babe ito^ V. P. to crown -dm V. K. to take off clothes STi:? n. f. trouble "O^hT^ n. f. ^Vi.feet D'ln'i adj. merciful rriabto n. £ garment DDi5 Y. H. to rise early 5?'bi? Y. K. to hear iasri Y. K. ^c? lay hold of seize. NOUNS. § 43. Gender and Number. 1. Nouns in Hebrew are of tvYO genders, masculine and feminine. Tlie masculine has no characteristic ter- mination ; the feminine ends in H^ or ti . 2. There are three numbers, the singular, dual, and plural. The dual is restricted for the m^st part to the 46 ETYMOLOGY. 44 It ends in d"^ . iE names of objects occurring in pairs nouns of both genders. 3. The plural of masculine nouns ends in W^ rarely V. ? and that of feminine nouns in ni . 4. It is to be observed, however, that a number of feminine nouns lack the characteristic endino* in the o singular. Also the plural, some feminines take D''. , gender take indifferently W^ . or mi . or mor(i , that some masculine nouns take mi in and some of each § 44. Feminine^ Dual^ and Plural. The following changes result fi*om appending the tei minations for gender and number. I. The feminine ending m . 1. If the ultimate is simple there is no change. masc. fern. mase. fern. ''ii'^ an Egyptian^ m'^'n^i? ^i» second^ tr^^V. •»D^;» right, n^iti'? '^©■'btj tlm^d, n^-'buj ■»'b''?s interior^ tr^m'Q xiia finding^ t^^'ism , 2. If the ultimate is mixed, an unaccented Seghol is inserted before the termination to prevent the concur- rence of vowelless consonants, § 10. 3, and to this a pre- ceding a^ e ov I is commonly assimilated. nuisc. fern. Tnasc. fm.. "^sirs hrohen, '^'^i'^} aito* lying mniiii triple, vv \ : itl^ speaking fTiin^ r%v:q gathered, ^??i?'? ^'''ni^ large fi'^-!^ D^'a'ix reddish, n^'^ia'iij t)^^TO imperious t^^M ?l3Dto' shedding, ^?s^' • J - prudent tb^m 3. If the last letter be a guttural, Pattahh is sub stituted for Seghol, § 10. 8. § 44. FEMII^INE, DUAL, AND PLURAL. 47 rPii^ friend, fern. n?T'^ 2?ii» hearing, fern, n^'ain' ^72 ©5 heard, T^i"Q toucJiing, fern, n^tttja fern. r)5>li'a tlie plural U"^ , or ni, and the II. The feminine n^ dual D\. 1. Kamets and Tsere are rejected from the penult, except from nouns in n ^ . fern, r&n^ fern, ninh^ fern, nn^ns fern. !inii»i3 pi. D'^hi?: pi. ni"'i?7 pi. niiiiDt du. D'^&53 pi. D^^i-ia pi. D'^nh^ pi. D-in^ns pi. D'^i^TStJ f, pi. ni5i-i|i f. pi. ninhii f. p]. nii^ns f. pi. nin-'tis nins written, y^Wi restoring, pii^ master, "in'^ word, •jinsT memorial, 2. In an accented mixed ultimate (1) Tsere is rejected except from monosyllables, or when the preceding vowel is a pretonic Kamets. Other vowels suffer no chano-e. f ■^S'a interpreter, pi. D'^3£ibia nnb Iwart, pi. ninnb ^?? grape, pi. D'»n:? :?52 r^'5, pi. D-iibbx ^!?n going. fem. nibh pi. D'^pbh f. pi. niDbh i\t>'t shedding, fern. SiisiJ? pi. D'^DSiJJ f. pi. niDBiD tSSTD' judge. pi. D'l'pBto narp (^/^^(^n pi. tm^ra inb priest, pi. n''5n3 b^^ r(?4 pi. nibp^ but nx? dead, fem. nra pi. D^nia f. pi. nirra D^TJ complete, fem. nfcb» pi. D^iibTD f. pi. niibtp ^4? dry. fem. n©?? pi. n^tjn;' f. pi. niten;' r? t/re€j . pi. D'^S? . DTI? 71^77^, pi. iniiw ^^^ thigh, du. tr^byi nns 7i,^a.5T!$ 5 valley, const. K'^l tf^n midst, const. ?rin nia house, const, tn'^a nil top ci^p^, const, mitejp t^'y:^'^, fountains, const. niJ^ but "ji? iniquity, const, "jl? "^n ?^/^^, const. T! 52 ETYMOLOGY. § 48 , becomes n.. ; otlier vowels fc^iitt going forth, const. ^%yi^ ii) '^;c>^7'(^ ^litj v. P. to hreak in pieces y'lT n. m. seed DO adv. there nnb n. m. (Mi) heart DW n. m. (tii) 7^am^ ni!2^ n. f. statue § 50. Irregula/r Nouns, 1. The following nouns of frequent occurrence are irregular in the plural : — "^^^ man plur. 0*^03 N rarely x^w\ nfeic woman, const, twi^ plur. D^to nisij maidservcmt plur. T -I t\^% house plur. D'lri^ 15 son plur. oi? nia daughter, suf. '^Pia plur. niba Di** ^^2^ plur. D^j rarely nitt;« '1''^ c^'^^ plur. D-^n? once Di'i;^ tDi^n head plm*. D'ltjxn 2. The nouns ii$ father, riij brother, and ns moutfi take the vowel "». in the construct and before suffixes^ e. g. const, ^h^^ , suf. '^nsj , 'r^'^nsj . 56 ETYMOLOGY. § 51, § 51. Imperfect Verbs, Imperfect verbs depart more or less from the standard inflection, as tlie nature of their radicals may requira They are of three classes, viz. : — I. Guttural verbs, or those which have a guttural letter in the root. II. Contracted verbs, two of whose radicals are in certain cases contracted into one. III. Quiescent verbs, or those which have a quiescent or vowel-letter in the root. There are thi*ee kinds of guttural verbs : — 1. Pe Guttural verbs, or those whose first radical is a guttural. 2. Ay in Guttural verbs, or those whose second radical is a guttural. 3. Lamedh Guttural verbs, or those whose third radi- cal is a guttural. There are two kinds of contracted verbs : — 1. Pe Nun verbs, or those whose first radical is Nun. 2. Ayin Doubled verbs, or those whose second and third radicals are alike. There are four kinds of quiescent verbs : — 1. Pe Yodh verbs, or those whose first radical is Yodh. 2. Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh verbs, or those whose second radical is Vav or Yodh. 3. Lamedh Aleph verbs, or those whose third radical is Aleph. 4. Lamedh He verbs, or those in which He takes the place of the third radical. These names, like those of the verbal species, § 31, are derived from the verb ^l?s to do ; a Pe Guttural verb u §§ 52, 53. PE GUTTUliAL VEKBS, 57 one wliicli lias a guttural in that place which Pe occupies in ^is , that is, as its first radical ; and so with the rest. § 52. Ghittural Verls, Gutturals have the following peculiarities : — 1. They prefer the vowel Pattahh. 2. They receive Pattahh-furtive. 3. They take compound in preference to simple Sh'va. 4. They do not admit Daghesh-forte. Kesh shares the last peculiarity, but partakes of the others only in a very limited degree. § 53. P^ Guttural Verbs, see Table VIII. 1. Hhirik of the letters prefixed to the root is changed to Pattahh or Seghol; to the latter chiefly in those parts or tenses in which the second radical has prevail- ingly a, 2. For simple ShVa the guttural takes compound, either Plhateph-Pattahh, or a Hhateph conformed to the pre- ceding short vowel. Before a vowelless letter this com- pound ShVa becomes a short vowel in an intermediate syllable. 3. Upon the omission of Daghesh-forte in the infinitive, future, and imperative Niphal, the preceding Hhirik is lengthened to Tsere. 4. A few verbs, whose first radical is i^, receive Hholem in the first syllable of the Kal future, the second vowel being Pattahh or Tsere. This is called the Pe Aleph (^s) mode of inflection. 3* 58 ETYMOLOGr. § 54 VOOABULAEY 16. nnx or nnij v. K. (fut. a) to ^sn v. K. to twrn, N. to ht love twrned ©■•y: * n. m. ^ man^ each "pvn v. K. (fut. a) to be bis V. K. (ss) to eat^ H. to strong cause to eat IP n. m. manna b« n. m. God in^ n. m. servant '\^^ Y,l^, to he verified^ found ST? y.'K. to leave^forsahe true Tb? v. K. to stand nias V. ]Sr. (i<'b) to he said m% n. f. (d\ and ni) hone 13 n. m. (d*'?^) so^i/ !^^b]? n. f. a cu/rse. * n5'^S<; is the common word for an individual man ; liili^ is poetic; onx is a generic term, denoting man generally, and is also the name of the first of the human race. § 54. Ayin Guttural Verhs, see Table IX. 1. The vowel following tlie guttural is convei^ted into Pattalili in tlie future and imperative Kal and in the feminine plurals of the future and imperative in the other species. 2. When the second radical should receive simple ShVa, it takes Hhateph-Pattahh instead ; and to this the new vowel formed from ShVa in the feminine singular and masculine plural of the imperative is assimilated. 3. Daghesh-forte is always omitted from the second radical in Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, in which case the preceding vowel may remain short in an intermediate syllable, or Hhirik may be lengthened to Tsere, Pattahh to Kamets, and Kibbuts to Hholem. § 55. lamedh guttural verbs. 59 Vocabulary 17. Sf'ia V. K. P. to hless^ N. Pu. b^^i? n. m. benefit to he Uessed "^^^ v. P. to d/rive out b»5 V. K. to redeem^ P. to "iJn"^ v. P. to purify ^cleanse defile N. to be purified § 55. Lamedh Guttural Verbs, see Table X. 1. The vowel preceding the third radical becomes Pat- tahh in the future and imperative Kal and in the femi- nine plurals of the future and imperative in the other species. 2. Tsere preceding the third radical may either be changed to Pattahh or retained; in the latter case, the guttural takes Pattahh-furtive. 3. Hhirik, Hholem (of the infinitive), and Shurek suffer no change before the final guttural, which receives a Pattahh-furtive. 4. The guttural retains the simple ShVa of the perfect verb before personal terminations beginning with a con- sonant, though compound ShVa is used before sufiixes. 5. When, however, a personal affix consists of a single vowelless letter, as in the second feminine singular of the preterite, the guttural receives a Pattahh-furtive. Vocabulary 18. •ji'lij n. m. lord, master J^'iT v. K. to sow tij adv. then ©"in adj. deaf )1'^ n. f. ea^ :?b; v. P. H. to weary, cattS4 rr^t n. m. olive-tree, olive to toil 60 ETYMOLOGY. § 56 nibTS'a n. f. hingdoni npB v. N. to he opened^ used 5? 3 "a V. N. to he witliheld- specially of the eyes ^•1^ adj. hlind nt]B v. N. to he opened X!k 11. f. eye n^© v. K. to send r? 11. m. tree fiisife adv. thither. § 56. Fe Nun (fs) Verhs, see Table XL Nun, as the first radical of verbs, has two peculiarities, viz. : — 1. At the end of syllables it is commonly assimilated to the following consonant, the two letters being written as one, and the doubling indicated by Daghesh-forte. In the Hophal Kamets-Hhatuph becomes Kibbuts before the doubled letter. 2. In the Kal imperative with Pattahh it is frequently di'opped, its sound being easily lost at the beginning of a syllable when it is without a vowel. A like rejection occurs in the Kal infinitive construct of a few verbs, the abbreviation being in this case compensated by adding the feminine termination n . inj assimilates its last as well as its first radical. nJ5b has the peculiarities of Pe Nun verbs. Vocabulary 19. nin« n. f. sister t^)% n. m. death ty^ n. m. honey "^i.} v. H. to tell^ Ho. to he told d'^'^n n. m. pi. life T»i? v. K. N. to approach ^^n n. m. ('isn) half nniijp n. f. incense nfcb, xrt^ for what? why? d'''br;'i n. m. pi. mercies^ com "iD^tt n. m. inst/ruction passions. §57. A YIN DOUBLED VERBS. 61 § 57. Atjin Doubled {^':') Verbs, see Thhle XIL 1. In the Kal, Niplial, Hipliil, and Hoplial tlie repeti- tion of tlie same sound is avoided by uniting the two similar radicals and giving the intervening voAvel to the previous lette]*, thus : 3D for nio , nb for nno . 2. In the Kal this contraction is optional in the pret- erite ; it is rare in the infinitive absolute though usual in the construct, and it never occurs in the participles. With these exceptions it is universal in the species already- named. 3. This contraction produces certain changes both in the vowel, which is thrown back, and in that of the pre ceding syllable. (1) When the first radical has a vowel (pretonic Kamets) this is simply displaced by the vowel of the second radical, nno , no; nn&n ^ nion . (2) When tbe first radical ends a mixed syllable, this will become simple upon the shifting of the vowel fi'om the second radical to the first. Then a Daghesh-forte may be given to the first radical in order to preserve the preceding short vowel, or the preformative may take the simplest of the long vowels a, or its previous vowel may be lengthened from Hhirik to Tsere, Pattahh to Kamets, and Kamets -Hhatuph to Shurek, thus: sio? becomes nc") or no;^ , and "I'ltJ'; -rb;: . (3) The vowel, which has been thrown back, is com [)ressed as vowels usually are before two consonants. I'Juis in the Niphal future and imperative, ^i?"?, 3©?; nncn, nfen (comp. btop , nbtop) ; in the Hiphil, n^ion, :^kT} (comp. ^""t?]?^, njbt:]?n). 4. Although the letter, into which the second and third radicals have been contracted, represents two con- 69 ETYMOLOGY. § 57 sonants, the doubling cannot be made .to appear at tlic end of a word. But, (1) When in the course of inflection a vowel is added, the letter receives Daghesh-forte, and the preceding vowel, even where it would be dropped in perfect verbs, is retained to make the doubling possible, and hence pre- serves its accent, § 17. 2. Z>, ^t*?? ^^^t • (2) Upon the addition of a personal ending which begins with a consonant, the utterance of the doubled letter is aided by inserting 6 (i) in the preterite, and e (''..) in the future. By the dissyllabic appendage thus formed the accent is carried forward, and the previous part of the word is shortened in consequence as much as possible, non, C''^^'??:!; =1^;', J^ri^J?- (3) When, by the operation of a rule already given, the first radical has been doubled, the reduplication of the last radical is frequently omitted in order to relieve the word of too many doubled letters, ^^. , S^jnon . 5. The Piel, Pual, and Hithpael sometimes preserve the perfect forms, sometimes reduplicate the contracted root, as tJODp , bpbfnn , and sometimes give up the redup- lication altogether and insei*t the long vowel Ilholem after the first radical, snio , b^iinn . 6. In the Kal and Hiphil futures, when the penult is a simple syllable, the accent is drawn back by Vav Con- versive and the vowel of the ultimate is shortened, ab;* , Vocabulary 20. a« conj. if *^?? n. m. Baal^ lord Tl^ V. K. to curse Ho. to V?a v. K. to roll be cursed Pi?"? v \l. to crush^ pulverize § 58. PE YODH VERBS. 6b I b^n V H. to begin si? v. K. surround j ni^n^i n. m. Judah fis n. m. (const. ''3) mouth j '^i'in;» n. m. a Jew D'^ifi n. m. ^.face, nis^-a n. f. cave § 58. Pe Yodh ('^s) Verbs, see Table XIV. 1. The first radical is mostly Yodli at tHe beginning, and Vav at the close, of a syllable. 2. In the Kal future, if Yodh be retained it will quiesce in and prolong the previous Hhirik, and the second radi- cal will take Pattahh, e. g. tbi"'': ; if the first radical be rejected the previous Hhirik is commonly lengthened to Tsere, "ip::, the Pattahh of the second syllable being sometimes changed to Tsere to correspond with it, stD.'^ ; in a few instances Hhirik is preserved by giving Daghesh- forte to the second radical as in Pe Nun verbs, n^"? , psr;' . 3. Those verbs which reject Yodh in the Kal future, reject it likewise in the imperative and infinitive con- struct, the infinitive being prolonged as in Pe Nun verbs by the feminine termination. 4. In the Niphal preterite and participle, Vav quiesces in its homogeneous vowel Hholem; in the infinitive, future, and imperative, where it is doubled, it retains its consonantal character. 5. In the Pliphil, Vav quiesces in Hholem ; a few verbs have Yodh quiescing in Tsere, ^^isTi , 2*^12^;: ; more rarely still the first radical is dropped and the preceding short vowel is preserved by doubling the second radical, "j^k^} , 6. In the Hophal, Vav quiesces in Shurek ; occasionally the short vowel is preserved and Daghesh inserted in the Becond radical, S^J. 64 ETYMOLOGY. § 59. 7. In tlie Hithpael the fii'st radical is commonly Yodh. but a few verbs have Vav. ^^n follows the analogy of Pe Yodh verbs. VOCABULAEY 21. bryk n. m. tent rij v. H. to cause to know, nxrifi? n. m. Aliab let hnow n*^ adv. where ? ttj'ij v. H. to d/)'ive out ?f^n V. H. to cause to go^ ^t'^ n. m. (ni) throne lead ^%1^ h- ni. wilderness ©ij V. K. to be dry i:ihiti2 n. m. judgment § 59. Ayin Vav (fs?) and Ayin Yodh ('''i^) Verhs^ see Table XIII. 1. The quiescent may be rejected and its vowel given to the preceding radical. So in the Kal preterite : Q^ for Dij5 , where a is in partial compensation for the con traction, rra for t^rq. Active participle Op for D^Jp, vrq for t^yq , the ordinary participial form being superseded by that of another verbal derivative. Hiphil and Ho- phal: D'lpn for n^jpn, D'lp;' for Q"*!!?::, Dp^n for Qipn, the short vowel of the prefix being prolonged in a simple syllable. 2. Or it may be converted into its homogeneous vowel u or i^ n^p, n-^n; D^p;", nin;', the prefix usually taking the simplest of the long vowels, a; it combined with a preceding or accompanying a forms 6>, Kal abs. infin. Dip =lcaum^ Niphal DipJ for Dip? . 3. In the first and second persons of the Niphal and Hiphil preterites, 6 (i) is inserted before the affixed termi- nations, and sometimes e (^^ in the feminine plui-als of § 60. LAMEDn ALEPH VERBS. 6i; the Kal future. In the Niphal preterite, when the in- serted i receives the accent, the preceding i is for euphony changed to ^ . 4. In the Kal and Hiphil species the apocopated future takes 6 and e in distinction from the ordinary future which has u and i, niji*'; , nfc^ . "With Vav Conversive the accent is drawn back to the simple penult, and the vowel of the last syllable is shortened, ntj^i , m»n . 5. (1) In the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, the form of per- fect verbs is rarely adopted, the second radical appearing as '^ , e. g. ^-i? , or as '' , e. g. D!!p . (2) Commonly the third radical is reduplicated instead of the second, which then quiesces in Hholem, Pi. D'bip , Pu. Dbip, Hith. Disiprin . (3) Sometimes the quiescent letter is omitted from the root, and the resulting biliteral is reduplicated, Pi. bsbs , Pu. b?b?. Vocabulary 22. JTQii? n. f. ground^ land ^i\ n. m. young man y'M adv. roller e f only after "lip v. K. to hury ; N. to he •j"?? , ipi^'a whence ? hv/ried •^pif adv. whither? ^"^71? n. i. former state fc^in V. K. (f ut. xii;) to come; Dip v. K. to arise H. to cause to come^ bring 'y^*\ v. K. to contend ^'pn Hith. to go for one^s S'^tz? v. K. to return / H. to self go about cause to retu/rn^ bring ■p^ V. K. to lodge bach •11^ V. K. to die ; H. to put nnsiJ? n. f. handmaid to death § 60. Lamedh Alejjh (jk:^) Verbs, see Table X\. 1. Aleph, as the third radical of verbs, retains its con- 66 ETYMOLOGY. § 6L sonantal cliaracter only wlien it stands at the beginning of a syllable. 2. At the end of the word it invariably quiesces in the preceding vowel, and if this be Pattahh, it is lengthened to Kamets; so always in the Kal future and imperative, where i5 as a guttural requires «, xi^^ for i5i'a;» . 3. Before syllabic affixes fc^ quiesces in Kamets in the Kal preterite C*^?"^? except in those words which have Tsere as their proper vowel, fi^^n;* . In the preterites of the derivative species it quiesces in Tsere, and in all futures and imperatives in Seghol. Vocabulary 23. nw n. TIr ^%^ v. K. to jmd Kna V. K. to create fc^'j^ n. f. Mara (hitter) inno adj. clean^pure '^'bs^S n. f. Naomi (sweet) i^s;" V. K,to go out; H. to "^'bp, n. m. Uli bring out ^^"75 v. K. to call D^'nto? n. m. pi. Clialdees ^""^TT} n. m. pi. troughs Db n. m. (p^Y) heart f^n v. K. to run sS? V. K. to he full ; N. to a?© v. K. to lie down hejilled; P. to fill bk^nw n. m. Samuel § 61. Lamedh He (nb) Verhs, see Table XVI. 1. The third radical which is Yodh or Vav, does not appear at the end of the word except in the Kal passive participle "'^^ ; in all other cases it is rejected or softened, the resulting vowel termination being usually expressed by the letter H . The various preterites end in n,. The futures and participles ip H... § 61. LAMEDH HE VERBS. 6? The imperatives in n^. The absolute infinitives in n' or n^ . The construct infinitives have the feminine ending f.i . 2. Before personal endings beginning with a vowel, the last radical (though occasionally retained in prolonged and pausal forms ^"^SO)? is commonly rejected, and its vowel given to the antecedent consonant, '^^^ for ^"^^5 . 3. Before personal endings beginning with a consonant the radical '' remains and quiesces in either Hhirik or Tsere in the preterites and in Seghol in the futures and imperatives. 4. The third person feminine of the preterites retains the primary characteristic t^^, fiib:^, which is commonly softened by an appended n^, ^Ki^^- 5. Forms not augmented by personal endings lose their final vowel before suffixes, e. g. '^S^? , 'n^J fi-om Sib5 . The preterite 3 fem. takes its simple form, e. g. ^nn^a or ^r\"^a . 6. The final vowel n^ is rejected from the futures when apocopated, or when preceded by Vav Conversive, e. g. bi^ , bS^] from !n5^^ . The concuiTence of final con- sonants thence resulting in the Kal and Hiphil is com- monly relieved by inserting an unaccented Seghol between them, Kal, b^\ or bj:^ from n5^:> ; Hiph. bj-; ^ bj^^ from nbi:^ . 7. The final vowel n^ is sometimes rejected from the imperative in the Piel, Hiphil, and Hithpael species, e. g ba for nSa, bjn for n3^n, binn for ri%m, s^;^« to be, fut. n^n;? , apoc. ''H!' , part, n'in . n^n to live, fut. n^n;;' , apoc. '^nj . Vocabulary 24. Di'Jaij adv. trtdy, indeed ?^53 v. K. to huild ••s vji^ Jioio rmcch more, or ri^n v. K. to le after a negative Jiow Ti^ v. K. to go down^ de- much less scend 68 ETYMOLOGY. §§ 62, 63 d^ic^n^ ' n. Jerusalem T\w v. K. to make^ do^ N. to "^^i?? as he done bis V. P. (b?^3) to contain n3? V. P. to comjplete^ finish J^j? v. P. to command HD-a n. f. led nifn v. K. to see, N. to he seen nir V. K. to go up^ H. to to ajpjpear hring ujp^ offer nb'b© n. m. Solomon t\^'^ n. f. hurnt-offering ri'^Di? ad\''. will follow the analogy of both paradigms, the former in its first, and the latter in its second syllable. But in verbs which are both i:^ and H'b, the 1 is invariably treated as a perfect consonant, and the Wb peculiarities only are preserved. § 63. Unusual Forms, 1. Verbs belonging to one class of imperfect verbs occasionally adopt forms from another and closely related class. Thus, a ^^ verb may appear with a nb form, or an nV verb with an 3?V form, or vice versa, 2. A few verbs of different classes adopt the peculiar "PV or l"y modes of forming the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, inserting the vowel o instead of the usual reduplication ! g§ 64, 65. NUMERALS. 6S I irn© and ©"^te, Piels of tnw , "^^V^^^ and lir^iin^ from ! ts^ , or doubling tlie third radica*! in place of the second . e. g. 15?'^, ^?^^, ^)^^. {="^^.^.) from T'^^} ( = Ijkj ), ninpvujn (fut. ninntD:», with Vav Conv. ^r^ntj^^) from r.nij, or reduplicating an entire syllable, e. g. '^'^y^T},, nnnno . 3. A very few instances occur of what may be called compound species ; thus, Niphal of Pual '^%)!>^ , Niphal of Hithpael ^'lO^.?, "is??, 5 5"05^?- § 64. Quad/riliteral Verbs. The number of quadriliteral verbs is very small. Some adopt the vowels and inflections of the Piel and Pual species, while others follow the Hiphil. § 65. Numerals, see Table XIX. 1. The cardinals from three to ten are in form of the singular number, and have a feminine termination when joined to masculine nouns, but omit it when joined to feminine nouns. 2. The tens are formed by adding the masculine plural termination to the units, D^'Sto:^ twenty being, however, derived not from two but from ten ^W . 3. There, are no distinct forms for ordinals above ten, the cardinal nmnbers being used instead. 4. Fractional parts are expressed by the feminine ordi- nals, as well as by special terms. VOCABTJLAET 25. ^%'^^. n. f. ejpTiah T&y^ n. m. Pharaoh ^'^H n. m. month niw n. f. (tt'^.) year nb n. m. Noah bg© n. m. "lift:? n. m. decade^ ten 70 ETYMOLOGY § 66 ^66. Separate Pa/rUcles. 1. The longer particles, wlietlier adverbs, prepositious^ conjunctions or interjections, are written as separate words. 2. The prepositions "in^ after^ "bK to^ n:?. unto^ b:? upon^ and nnn under ^ assume before suffixes the form of nouns in the masculine plural, e. g. '^in?, ^"^tin?? T? between^ adopts sometimes a singular, sometimes a masculine plural, and sometimes a feminine plural form, ii*^3 and n-^ra, tA:^% and ^S'^nira. 3. The preposition rix with^ commonly becomes tJJ? before suffixes, e. g. ''riNi , DDni^i , and is thus distinguished from Ms^ the sign of the definite object, which becomes Mifi^ , or before grave suffixes, nij , e. g. ""riJ*, Ditnx . SYNTAX. § 67. The Copula. 1. The predicate of a sentence, if a substantive, adjec- tive, or pronoun, may be directly connected with its sul>- ject without an intervening copula, Di^© n'^nin^'rij*!:? all her paths (sltg) peace, T?n aiib the tree (was) good, 2. Or the verb n;n to he, or the pronoun x^n of the third person, may be used as a copula, inn nn^n f^xn the earth was desolate, trie i^^n *':^"'?nn ^risn the fourth river is Euphrates, § 68. The Article, 1. The article is used in Hebrew as in English to dis- tinguish an object as one which has been mentioned before, as well known, as the only one of its class, or as distinguished above others of like kind. 2. It is also prefixed to nouns employed in a generic or universal sense, "^Viv^ gold, T\^^r\r\ wisdom. So in com- parisons, 1]^? as a (lit. the) nest, Isa. 10 : 14. 3. It is likewise found in some cases where the English idiom requires a word still more specific, as a possessive pronoun : she tooh 51'^i^n the veil. Gen. 24 : Qo, i. e. the one which she had, her veil ; or a demonstrative, as be- fore words denoting time, Di'^n to-day, niisn thii yea/r j or the sign of the vocative, ^^ian O Icing ! 72 SYNTAX. §§ 69--71 § 69. Nouns definite without the Article, 1. The following are definite Avitliout the article : — (1) Proper nouns, which only receive it if they were oj'iginally appellatives. (2) Nouns with pronominal suffixes. (3) Nouns in the construct state before a definite noun. 9. The article is often omitted in poetry where it wou]j« D'^in'nn tliese are the things, 2. If both an adjective and a demonstrative qualify §§ 72, 73. * NUMERALS. 73 the same noun, tlie demonstrative is placed last, "fiiJJi tii^-Tr niitsn this good land. § 72. Comparison of Adjectives, 1. Comparison is expressed by means of the preposi- tion ya from^ placed after the adjective or other word expressive of quality, d'^D'^SB^ ^"^^^O ^%^^ loisdom is letter than rubies^ lit. is good from rubies ; jiatt b'jiax / will he greater than thou, 2. The superlative degree may be expressed, (1) By adding bb all to the comparative particle It) , Di^"''w'a"b3^ bina gregMst of all the sons of the east^ lit. great from all, etc. (2) By an emphatic use of the positive, so as to imply the possession of the attribute in an eminent degree, "O^pL riBjin fairest among women^ lit. the fair one, etc. § 73. Nvmerals, 1. The cardinal inx one and the ordinal numbers are treated like other adjectives, and follow the rules of po- sition and agreement already given. 2. The other cardinals may stand, (1) In the absolute state before the noun to which t1)ey belong. (2) Before it in the construct state (if they have such a form). (3) After it in the absolute state. 3. Nouns accompanied by the cardinals from 2 to 10 are almost invariably plural, while those which are pre- ceded by the tens (20-90) or numbers compounded with tliem (21, etc.) are commonly put in the singular, D'^nto^ D'^STS "S^ih njtj twenty yea/rs and seven years. 74 SYNTAX. * §§ 74, 75, 4. The cardinals above OTie may receive the article wlieu the noun is not expressed, but not when joined to a definite noun. D'^is'ni^n tlie forty^ ni^n u-^i^y^_ the forty days, § 74. Apposition, One noun may be in apposition with another, not only when both denote the same person or thing, but also when the second specifies the first by stating the mateiial of which it consists, its quality, character, or the like, nffinsn ^^an the oxen the hrass^ i. e. tlie brazen oxefii; ritt^ D'^SD t^t tlwee measures (consisting of) meal, . § 75. Tlie Construct State, 1. When one noun is limited in its meaning by another, the first is put in the construct state. The relation tlius expressed corresponds for the most part to the genitive case, or to that denoted in English by the preposition of. 2. When the relation between two nouns is expressed by a preposition, the first commonly remains in the abso- lute State; it may, however, especially in poetry, be put in the construct, ?3^5n ""nn mountains in Gilboa, 3. Nouns are sometimes in the construct before a suc- ceeding clause with which they are closely connected; thus, before a relative clause, "ii|« Dipa the place xoherc^ etc., particularly when the relative is itself omitted, nbtn-n^a by tlie hand of (him whom) thou wilt seidj and even before the copulative, n^^l ^^'?1 wisdom and Tcnowledge, 4. An adjective, participle, or demonstrative, qualify- ing a noun in the construct state, cannot follow it imme- diately, but must be placed after the governed noun, binsn Tr\T\'^ ntds^'Q the qreat worh of Jehovah, §§ 76, 77. THE PEETEEITE. 75 5. An article or suffix belonging to a noun in the con- struct must be attached, not to it, but to the governed noun, b'-^hn ''Sis^ the mighty men of valor, iirjj ^'^''^^ his idols of gold. 6. The preposition b to, belonging to, with or without a preceding relative pronoun, may be substituted for the construct relation in its possessive sense, i^i?''^^^^ ri^an the house of Elisha, T^^%'^, ^%% l^srn her father's sheejp. § 76. Tenses of Verbs. The Hebrew has distinct forms of the verb correspond- ing to the two grand divisions of time, the past and the future; but all subordinate modifications or shades of meaning are either suggested by accompanying particles, or left to be inferred from the connection. Whatever is or is conceived of as past, is put in the preterite; the future is used for all that is or is conceived of as future. § 77. The Preterite, The preterite may accordingly be employed to denote, 1. The past, whether it be, a. Absolute, i. e. the historical imperfect, God S'ja created. b. Relative to the present, i e. the perfect, what is this that tr^ti'p thou hast done ? c. Relative to another past, i. e. the pluperfect, God ended his worTc which Si^lJ he had made. d. Relative to a future, i. e. the future perfect, he shall he called holy, when the Lord "jrnn shall have washed, eta e. Conditional, except the Lord had left a remna/nU »)D"^7n %oe should have been as Sodom. f. Optative, 'iDn'ia-^b that we had died. 7B «?YNTAX. § 78 g. Subjunctive, ^^^y! I?"^'? in order tJiat ye might fear, 2. The present, legarded as a continuation of the past, ^tyt^t I am thirsty^ prop. I have been and still am thirsty, 3. General truths, embodying the experience of the past, an ox "S^"^ Icnoioeth his owner^ oxen always have done so, and alv^ays will. 4. The future, when described by the prophets as though it had already taken place, Babylon nbsj ha^s fallen, § 78. The Future. The future tense is used in speaking of, 1. The future, whether it be, a. Absolute, sntoVx I will mahe, b. Relative to a past, Elislut was fallen sick of his sickness^ whereof tyro^ he was to die, G, Conditional, but (if it were my case) Tzjn^ij I would seelc unto God. d. Optative, expressing desire, determination, permis- sion, or command, so 'in^^^ 7nay all thine enemies perish ; all that thou commandest us, nb'55 we will do; of th^ fruit bii^s we ma?/ eat; ^nine ordinances ^Siaon ye shall heejp, e. Subjunctive, ^?'^5n ']Tqb in order that my soul may bless thee, 2. The present, when it is conceived of as extending into the future, why ^k^t) weepest thou ? lit. why wilt thou go on to weep ? 8. General tniths, which are valid for all time to come, righteousness '^^'T\T\ exalteth a nation^ it does so now and always will. 4. Habitual acts or states continuing for an indefinite period from the time spoken of, thus Job n^5|^ did con- tinually, not only that once, but thenceforward. §§ 79, 80 PAETICIPLES. 7« 5. Tlie past, in animated description, as we use the pre- sent, then "T^TC; sings Moses. 6. The future is idiomatically used witli D'j'b and Dtjtja not yet^ hefore^ whether the period referred to is past or future. 7. The apocopated and paragogic forms of the future mostly have a conditional, optative, or subjunctive sense. 8. The negative imperative is made by prefixing bj$ not to the apocopated future, ^^1??"^^ harm not § 79. The Seconda/ry Tenses. 1. When a future with Vav Conversive is preceded by a preterite, or by any expression referring to past time, it becomes a secondary preterite. And a preterite with Vav Conversive preceded by a future, an imperative, or any expression indicating future time, becomes a secondary future. 2. A narrative or a paragraph, which begins with one of the primary tenses, is mostly continued by means of the corresponding secondary tense, provided the verh stands at the beginning of its clause. If for any reason thi« order of the words is interrupted or prevented, the primary tense must again be used. § 80. Particvples. 1. Participles may express what is permanent or habitual, (the Lord) ifii^ loveth righteousness. Passive participles, so used, suggest not only a constant experience, but a fixed quality as the ground of it, i^'^ia not only fea/red, but tvorthy to be feared. 2. Active participles most commonly relate to the pres 78 SYNTAX. §§ 81, 82 ent or to the proximate future, and passive participles to tlie past. 3. In narratives and predictions tlie time of the parti- ciples is reckoned, not from the moment of speaking, but fi'om the period spoken of, the two angels Carrie^ and Lot ao* was sitting in the gate of Sodom, § 81. The Infinitive, 1. The absolute infinitive may be used for, (1) The preterite or the future, when one of those tenses immediately precedes. (2) The imperative, when it stands at the beginning of a sentence. 2. The infinitive, which is a verbal noun, may be put in the construct state before a following noun, whether this be its subject or its object. The construct state ia also used after nouns or prepositions, and sometimes after verbs. 3. When one verb is dependent upon another, it is sometimes put, not in the infinitive, but in the same tense with the governing verb, ?j^n b'^Kin he was willing^ he walked^ for he was willing to walk^ or walked willingly, § 82. Object of Verbs, 1. The object of a transitive verb, if a definite noun, or a pronoun, may be preceded by the particle riic . 2. The subject of passive verbs, which is really the ob- ject of their action, and nouns placed absolutely, occasion- ii]ly receive Ms? . 3. Some ver])s, not properly transitive, are capable ol a transitive construction ; thus, (1) Verbs signifying plenty and want, or motion, ilu §§ 83-85. NEGLECT OF AGKEEMENT. 79 liotcse Q'^T?3^,s3 ^% "loas full of men, n^^n-ns{ lis;] they went out (of) the city, (2) Any verb may govern its cognate noun, or a noun which defines the extent of its application, 'T'^^']"nK li^n he 10 as diseased in his feet 4, The verb usually stands first, its subject next, and its object last, unless the emphasis requires a difEerent order. § 83. Verbs with more than on£ Object 1. Some verbs have more than one object, viz. : (1) The causatives of transitive verbs. (2) Verbs whose action may be regarded under difEer- ent aspects as terminating upon difEerent objects. (3) The instrument of an action, the material used in its performance, its design, or its result, may be its secondaiy or remote object, l^ij ini^ ^'i25*^^;^ and they over- whelmed him with stones, *i5d:j Dnifrj'nij "la-'^'i and he formed the man of dust 2. If an active verb is capable of governing a double object, its passive may govern the more remote of them. § 84. Adverbial Expressions. 1. Adverbs commonly stand after the words to which they belong. 2. Nouns may be placed absolutely to express the rela- tions of time, place, measure, number, or manner. § 85. Neglect of Agreement ^ 1. When a predicate adjective or verb precedes its noun, it often prefers a primary to a secondary form, that 80 SYNTAX. § 86c is to say, the masculine may be used instead of the feminine, and tlie singular instead of the plural. 2. Collective nouns may have verbs, adjectives, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural. 3. Nouns plural in form, but singular in signification, commonly have verbs, adjectives, and pronouns agreeing with them in the singular. 4. Plural names of inanimate or irrational objects of either gender are occasionally joined with the feminine singular. 5. The masculine is sometimes used, when females are spoken of, from a neglect to note the gender, if no stress is laid upon it. 6. Singular predicates and pronouns are sometimes employed in a distributive sense of plural subjects. 7. Nouns in the dual have verbs, adjectives, and pro- nouns agreeing with them in the pluraL § 86. Compound Suhject 1. When the subject consists of two or more words con- nected by the conjunction and^ the predicate, if it precedes its subject, may be put in the masculine singular as its primary form, or it may be put in the plural, referring to them all, or it may agree with the nearest word. ^ 2. If the predicate follows a compound subject, it is commonly put in the plural, though it may agree with the principal word to which the others are subordinate. 3. If a predicate refers equally to two words of dif- ferent genders, it will be put in the masculine in prefer- ence to the feminine; if they are of different persons, the predicate will be put in the second in preference to the third, and in the fii^st in preference to either of the othera §1 87-89. CONJUNCTIONS. 31 § 87. .Uejoetition of Words, 1. Eepetition may denote distribution, ni© niij year by yeai\ plurality, nn)"*!^ generation and generation^ i. e. many generations^ or emphasis and intensity, yiss yhs exceeding dee]^, 2. In verbs the absolute infinitive is joined with the finite forms for the sake of emphasis or intensity, tm n^in tlwu shalt surely die. § 88. Helative Pronouns. 1. When the relative "i©^ is governed by a verb, noun, or preposition, this is shown by appending the appro- priate pronominal sufiix to the governing word, thou !?l'>n'inn n«i?: whom I have chosen^ ii^'^T m|ii{ whose seed, 2. When the relative is preceded by J^&? the sign of the definite object, or by a preposition, these pertain not to the relative, but to its antecedent, which is to be supplied. 3. The relative is frequently omitted, not only, as in English, when it is the object of its clause, but also when it is i}iQ^\]h]QQ,i^andheforsoolc God ^nto':? (who) made him. 4. The demonstrative nj or M is frequently used in poetry with the force of a relative, in which case it suffers no change for gender or number. § 89. Conjunctions. 1. The simple copulative ) is used in Hebrew, where our idiom requires different conjunctions ; the relation be tween clauses so connected must often be inferred from their signification. 2. Vav also serves, 4* 82 SYNTAX. § 89 (1) To introduce the apodosis or second member of a conditional sentence, if God will he with me and hee^ rtie T\^Ty\ then shall Jehovah he my God, (2) To connect a statement of time or a noun placed absolutely witli tlie clause to whicli it relates, on the third duy orj^jaJS Kfef 5 Ahrahami lifted wp his eyes* GRAMMATICAL TABLES. I. The Letters, §1, Onler. Forma and EqQiraleDts. Names. Rabbinical Alpliabet. NarncTijAJ values. 1 t( ^bif Aleph 1 2 a Bh, B n-'a Beth 2 3 i Gh, G b'n'^k Gi'-mel 3 4 1 Dh, D n^t^ Da'-leth 4 5 n H ' «0 He 6 6 1 V 'ij Vav 6 7 T Z rt Zayin 7 8 n Hh mn Hheth 8 9 Q T rT>a Teth 9 10 1 Y ni'' Yodh 10 11 = 1 Kh, K ^? Kaph 1^ 20 12 b L ^V La'-medh 30 13 B D M na Mem DP 40 14 5 1 N 113 Nun i^ 50 15 D S SP?^ Sa'-mekh P 60 16 y r^ Ayin » 70 17 8 5| Ph,P KB Pe c^r> 80 18 sr Ts rji Tsa'-dhe Ti 90 19 p K e|ip Koph p 100 20 1 R t3*)'l Resh . •5 .200 21 ffl Sh, S r» Shin t 300 22 n Th, T IP Tav P 400 S3 II. Classification of the Letters, §2. Gutturals, « n n :? Palatals, ^ ^ :> p Linguals, "i 12 b D n Dentals, r o 3r © Labials, n 1 12 s ■^ shares the peculiarities of the Gutturals. Weak, Medium, Strong, (i5 n 1 "^ Vowel-Letters |s n n 3? Gutturals. r b ^ D -I Liquids. ( T 2 in Sibilants. ^ I Aspirates and ''^\ Mutes. Serviles n^D^ TW12 )r\^^. Radicals the rest of the Alphabet. The Points, §4. Jjong Vowels, Ka'mets a — Tse're e — Hho'lem — Short Vowels. Piittahh d — Seghol e ~ Ka'mets-Hhatuph d -r Doubiful Vowels. Hhi'rik -=" i or l Shu'rek -- Kib buts T U OT u Pronounce a as in father^ a as in fat, e as in there, e as in met, ^ as in machine, I as in pin, o as in note, 6 as in not, u as in rule, u as mfull. § 7. Simple Sh va — silent or vocal. ( Hhateph-Pattahh — ; thus "lb? ""niodh. Lompound J i-jhateph-Seghol -r; thus nbi$ ^mor. ( Hhateph-Kamets ~ ; thus '^pg: °nl. \ 8. Pattahh-furtive ~ with 5?, n or !^ at the end of words. §12. Daghesh-lene in a a "i 3 B n removes aspiration. § 13. Daghesh-forte doubles; not found in ^^ n n :? rarely in 'i . § 14. Mappik in final Ji when a consonant. § 15. Raphe _=_ opposite of Daghesh-lene, Daghesh' Torte, or Mappik. § 21. Makkeph (") connects words. § 22. Methegh - second syllable before the accent. DISJUNCTIVES. Class I. Emperors. 1. Silluk (,) rpsjbo fi. Athnahh (.) r«fj« Class II. Kings. 8. S'gholta C) T : 1 ;;(wrfp. 4. Zakeph Katon C) r''^i? R15I 5. Zakeph Gaahol ('•) ^'^\ sii?j 6. Tiplililsa (J VT 1 • Class III. JDulces. T. R'bhr (") r=^ 8. Shalsheleth (') rb!t)bil) 9. Zarka (~) !^R"?I postp. 10. Pashtft C) N-JCB postp. 11. Y'thlbh (.) ^^^■J* prep. 12. T'bhir (,) ■^^?P1 Class IV. Counts. 13. Pazfir /H X -h 14. KarnePhara /*^^\ nns ''ns 15. T'lisha Gh'dhola / ^\ nbiia !!Dn poetp. ^ n -J •n •w ^ n n ritt tt n n rm ^ n n .TO IV. Inseparable Prepositions and Vav Conjunctive, §§ 27, 28. Primary form, ^ S b 1 Before vowelless Consonants, 3 3 b ^* Before Gutturals with Compound Sh'va, the corresponding short towels Before monosyllables and accented syllables, f ^ ? ^ * With the contracted article, the towel of the article. * Also before the labials Z. r , and E . but 1 before vowelless Yodh. + With the interrogative n533, '"Tas , na^ or frab. The Preposition fn, He Interrogative, the Article, AND THE Interrogative ntt. Before strong consonants, Before vowelless consonants and strong gutturals, Before weak gutturals. Before gutturals with Kamets, * But with a disjunctive accent commonly na . Inseparable Prepositions with Suffixes. Singular. le, ^% ^"^ ^pi^b? i'9, ^rj,"?^"J 3/. n^ rib' nii? nsis-: Plueal. 3/ ifia, '^i i^b — -n-r 8fi V. Personal Pronotjns, ^29. 1 2. BINGULAE. PLURAL. J Thou m. nn« , nK jThou/ m,^'^^ JHe (She We '^n^x Ye m. DPfi? Ye /. )m, r-'jns i5^n Tbey m. on, n'an K-'n, «nn § 23. 3. They /. in, nan Suffixes. ^3n5 ',2K Simple. With union Vowels of Verbs. 1 c 'h"". 13 ■IS. 13 (TrJ 3 w. in in pl, n(i^) D 3/. n n ,i in^ 13.. (ins..) , ,D- n ns T » T ' 1. ■With Sing. Nouns. With Dual trnl , ' , Plur. ISoxiz*, ID. (13 J 13\ ^. (^) T, S3?, D?'', "i (^, "in..) i\(in\.,"'ni) D^ nn\ (ii3\) n ni 1. 1"\ Demonstrative. Masc. Fern. Common. Sing, nr (it) n«T (it, nr) t/iis, Plur. bs, n|k ^f//^^^. Relative. "1^55 2^^o or which ; abbreviated form "» ("0, W, ©) Interrogative and Indefinite. ''Ta who ? or whoever, n'a zi?//^^ .'^ or whatever. Verbs. — Their Species, §§ 31, 32. 1. Simple act. Kal bt3p io kill. 2. " pass. Niphal 3. Intensive act. Piel 4. " pass. Pual 5. Causative act. Hiphil 6. " pass. Hophal btjps to he hilled. btbp) io kill many or to massacre^ biD^ to he massacred. b^bipn to cause to kill, b'jpn to he caused to kill. 7 Reflexive Hithpael '^'^:2^^ to kill ones self. VI. Paradigm of KAL. NIPUAL. PIEL. PUAL. Fhet. 3 m. ^2 i^P? btap b|p 3/. ">^B nbt:p3 nStpp nbtap 2 m, J?^'^i< xj^i^p? i?^^l? Pb^R 2/ ^)^i> nbibp? Pi^^i? ^b^l? 1 c. '4'^Pr ""^^^^p? "Pi^^P "nb'Gp Plur. 3 c. *W. ^btpp? 6tsp *BP 2 m. t3i?ft?I? t3tib^p? ClFl^^I? Qnb^p 2/. #^1? li?bt:pD TP^^P li^btsp 1 c. 'i:^^!? iiDbt:p? ^;bBp ^i)bp^ Infin. absol. bitiij btijjn btsp b^p conslr. bb^ >;5)?n btgp (btR) FUT. 3 m. btbp: ^^1?: btsp: b^.R: 3/ btipn !^i?pr? btapS!! bbpn 2 m. btbpn !^t:pn btapr? btsRH 2/ ^btppn ^btp^n -Sagn ^bapin 1 c. '^^I?^ ^m btsps? b^Ri? Plur. 3 m. ^btppr ^^^gr *^Er feR? 3/. n^btij^n rijbtjpn T : "It • robtapn rab'bpri 2 m. fepn 6ci;3n iilitapn 'btspn 2/ nAtipn !-;3bt;;i3Fi rabtapin robfepn 1 c. ^'^i^? ''^i? b'EJE? 'btsR? Impeb. 2 m. btifp b«?)5n b^E 2/ ''btpp ^i'^EO ^Stjp Plur. 2 m. fep 6i3]3n 6t!E wanting 2/ a^^^ Hjbtiisn f^jbfejp Part. acf. ^t^P b^E^ pass. b^g. b*rl?? bsR^ Peefect Vekbs, §§83 -38. HirniL. EOPHAL. BITHPAEL. KAL (mid. e). KAX (W2tZ. o). ^'^Ti'^ ^irO btbpnn — T bSiT r rh-b'^T] n5t:i?ri nbtfpnn T : IT nbM T ; rr p^^P*? ^f^i?0 J?b^E^»7 P7i| nb=B T : T J?>^I?n ^'r^lrO ribj^nn : ; — T rb'DU: : : T v)m "^r^IfO ^nb^pnn • : — T ^nbD-j: • : T *^I5r! iScj^n ^bt^pnn TO3 : IT : IT Oinbojjn Dnbcj^n Dnbi^^nn nn-?? i^^m y^i^m iri^"i?n ir=5b^]2^»7 1J?7=? (iPr?^) ^^m iiDbajjn ^sbt^pnn : — T : T ^ti?- i^I?n (btipnri) T bliiD T ^*5I?0 bti^Enn ins b'iiT b'^!?: -^1?: bfe?12^: "??: b^^: 5^15n 55^I?n b^gnn lisn bibt^n Hi?p} 5=^1?P btognn lisn b^irn -b'bi^n '?t?i?Fl ^biopnri ''^^?^ ^bs^Fi b'isps 5=^15? btopn^ "?T'^ b?^^J5 t^t^l *^!?: 6t)pr\;; ^^??' ^b3^: rtifm n?^^I?!? njbtDprin ns'iliDn njbs'^n 'ib'ajjri ^ippFi iibtopnri ; I— ; • ^ni^sn *:pirn "=^^I?n •^r-r^I?^ njbtopnn T ; — : • nj^^tpn ^■•i?l?= baps ^^I2r>? ^t?? bsir? ^r>ri btopnn ^5? ^^'i?I?L! ^btppnri i?? ^b%n wanting ^btcpnri ii^n? ™^t?pn nibt?pnn 5nj"i3 b"'ibp)j btbpn^j rl; T i VII. Paradigm of the Pekfect Singular. 1 com, 2 maso. 2 fern, 3 masc. Sfem, Kal Preterite. soTG. 3 masc. ^dIIji:]^ ip^'^ ifit:^^^ iin5t:p ) rrHisjD B/em, ""pr^SiDi: ^irSx^]) "^Xf^^l^ ^»^r^'^?i?? ♦"*^5?1? rribt:rp I" . I com. — '^I'nbt^rp i\^vbx^^ i*^^r? s!*^?i? plub. 3 com. ^?6tjr? '^^^^l? "^^^^l? ^n*t)|? n^btji? 2 7n.m ^^iinbi^iD ^n^nb'Dp vj^fibt:]^ icm. '^j^ibtif) 'q^i)bt2]5 ^n^bt:]!) si^^t'^I? Infinitive. ^btpjj [ iTjbtJi: tjbt)]; ibt^jj ^Sl^); Future. plue. 3 masc, '^'6t^j:>': ^'^^^^': "^^^^i?? ^H^bippp: o^bt:)^:' Imperative. Sing. 2 masc. "^jbplj ^nbtpu f^'^I? Piel Preterite. Sing. 3 masc. '^pbtOp !?jb^p ^?^I? ^3tpp t^StpR HiPHiL Preterite. Sing. 3 masc. -Ob^tipn !?|b^t:pn '?]b-^t:pn ib^tppn nb^tppn Verbs with Suffixes, § 42. 1 1 com. 2mase. Plural. 2 fern. 3 masc. 3/m. 'o5oi5 t=?^^I? ]bb'q^ b5?!3 1^?I? sfinbtjfp tDinbttj^ l^i^^I? ^^?I? l^^tj]: siDnbi^i? 5D^tlb^l5 ^^btjp siD^irib^p ^5t:i; Dibt:p V : T ' ; l^^^l? ^1m l^^l? i|D6t)fp^ ■jfep;' ^^Stpp Q'^I? ^Stpp B=r^P li^^p D^tap i^^I? ?i55^tppn Dib-iBisn i?f"?i?n Db-'cipri K'^Rri VIII. Paradigm OF Pe Guttural Verbs, §53. KAL. NIPHAL. HIPHIL. HOPHAU rffi FUT. Pret. 3 m. — T — v.iv ^^^?;D , 1 — t: IT bi^" 3/. T : viv - r : T IT bsNFl 2771. ^ip. ^y^u T : — v: IV mrgrj bisn 2/. m^. : : — v.r.' trihyri ; : — t: it -55sn 1 e. • : — T • : -Y.iv • : -V.IV • : — t: «t b3> Plur. 3 c. ^i:^ : viv • V IV : T IT : 1 2m. t)jn7'^? V : — v:iv V : — v: IV v • —n it njbDHTi 2/ 1^7^? 1 V : -v.iv ]il:)y?^ti li?7'^^v ^^3?Kn 1 c. ^=7^? ^37i?3 J — v: IV wbyn Infin. -46so^. T T 1" "^^V Tbyn •■•r. it CoTwrr. ^^? .. f ,.• • -; I- — t: it KAL{fut.a,) FuT. 8 m. -a- T^?: "7"??;: — -nrr Zf. -: 1- Tbsn •• T r* • -: 1- — t: IT pmn 2wi. -: 1- 1';?P] '^^^?.^ — n it piai 2/. ^l53?n • : IT •• • -: 1- • : t IT T.tnn Ic. v: IV i'^^^ • -: 1- — t: nr pi™ P^MT. 8 m. si'i^r : IT" • -a- ^112T : TIT ^pio.: 8/. T : -: I- r : •■ T 1- T : ••-: 1- r : — t: it nji^inn 2 m. : — 1- ^Tjrn • -: r : T IT ^pTnn ' : V IV 2/ nj'|Ia5f} r : •• T i~ T : •• -: 1- T : — r: it nDprnn Ic. -a- •• n- ^'^,= -t:it ^Pii Ikpbb. 2f?i' ^^? •• T r* •• -r I- Pi^ 2/ "•7^? ^^12^'tl • : IT " ^TV?!\} wanting ^pjn iVwr. 2 m. : • '^T2Tn : IT •• • -: 1- iipjn 2/. r i -: T : •• T r* T ; •• -: 1- a^ptt! Pabt. Act. "VSS "T*^?":? PasB. nty rzy: ^^?P. 1 IX. Paradigm or Ayin Guttural Verbs , ^54. KAL. KIPHAL. riEL. PUAL. HITHPAEL. Pbet. 3 m. — T "^^Tt bi^rirn ~:iT : • 2/. Ic. "5? to nwb&?5ri '*bto ••T« bto "Ti n:bten nibi^-inpi T : — T : • bi^r^w •• T ; • Impke. 2 m. bi?? bi^iin •• T • •• T ^i<$^n 2/ ^bjs;5 • -;iT • ^bj}5!» • -:iT •wanting "^^.^^n P^ttr. 2 w. -:iT • *N3 ~:iT ^^?5^r^ 2/ njb^? T ; — T • riDbi^^ri T : — T ^Jb^55r\n Past. ^c^. bi?a bjkj7j ••T : ^^?r^"-? Pa«. b^ii^a b^55 bw>^i:a I X. Paradigm OF Lamedh Guttural Veebs, ^55. KAL. NIPHAL. PIEL. HIPHTT,. HlTHPAKl. Pbbt. 3 m. n3TD - X n3^D r&t ^'■'^^♦7 8/ nniti mib^3 nnbic nn^b^n T • ; • nhbnirn T ; ~ ; • 2 w. T ; ~ T nnbii? T : - • rnb-izjn T : - : • T : ~ - : • 2/ nn3i£ J T nn^Ts? • — • nnbirn : -- i • rinbri^n le. *^innbti ^riniir? w^i? ^nnbirn ^rtfimn Plur. 8 6. : IT ilftblTD sihbiD ^n^^n iiftbnirn 2 m, drinb^ ohnbicD V ; - : • V ; - • dmb'^n tDnnbnidn 2/ m^^ innbiDD 1 V : - : • irj^^b^ ]T\nbzT} innbn^n ) V : - - i • Ic, : - T mbiD? ilDn|l2i !i3nbirn JiDnbn^ari Infin. Absol niSti ri^TD? r!l?T? r^!?^n Constr. ri'i^ nbi^n r6w n-b'^n nbn^'n Fur. 8 m. nbti: nbti: r6& r^^^iri^. rials': 3/ n5ian nbisn n^m - • ; - n^nicn 2 m. nbui'n ~ T • nltiin n^b^n ■n5)n^n 2/ ••ribtiri •^nb^n *fibtiri •^n-'b'^rn ^nbnirn Ic. - : V nb^i§ nim n-'biTi? - - « V PZwn 3 m. "rht: ^bigr ^nbiD';' ^n^i^l iiinbriir: 8/ njnbisn niin^tiri n:rib"i2:'n nDnbn-in 1 2 w. iinb'cn ^ribign iinbtin ^rr'Sirn ^nbripn 2/ njnb^n njnbisn nDnlTD'n njnSirn njnbn^n Ic. nS^r? nbuJD - T' nV^p ^'i^'^? nlnizjp Impke. 2 m. nbir n5iBn - T • n^ir nbirn nbrnrn 2/ ''nbti "^nbirn X^w "n^b-^'n •'ribn^n PZur. 2 wi. iifib^ iinb'igri ^hbis ^n^pTsri iinbnisn 2/. njnbTs T : - T • n^niis njnbi^n njnbnirn Pabt. ^c«. ^!?^ T^^^^ ^'3^'^ nbn^^ P(W«. n^bti rtbiDD T T : • XL Paradigm of Pe Nun Verbs, ^ 56. KAL. lapnAL. HIPHIL. HOPHAL. KAL. PEET.3m. TSiD 1D'5P iii^iin - \ 1^? 8/. f^^?.? T : • T • • nton T :iT 2m, ^^55 niri? i?«5n T : - s nfn5 T — T 2/ : : — T n-jp'i? Flic -in : : — • ritar; n^D : — T I 6. ^rnrii Tl"^5? "ntDsri • — T Piter. 3 c. SliD55 iiir*'?n : IT 2m. V : — ; dniDS^ V : — • DriTD'an Drit^i 2/. 1^^55 1J5^'5? l^^i'H W^. lm Ic. siD^i; ^r^'5? ^Dicin : - \ -T Infin, Ahsol, iDii2 T • itiin 1^1 Conatr. V V '»fi??n iri-'^n nri Ftjt. 3 m. •©5: ••T • ■ti"?: T^: 3/ iDin "T • TD'^an isan Iflpl 2 w. isan Tfl'^nn •can Iflpl 2/ •:iT . ^^ifl'^an •"i'an "sriri le. 1S|i$ 12J?|S< TD'^Si? iisaijj IP!? Plur. 8 w. iiicr ; IT • ^12 '^a;: vi'a^ iDFl" 8/. np^sri T : "T • njir'^n n;ir'an (nsrin) 2m, ^izisn :iT • iiiD'^iin ii-i'an !i3nn 2/. njTsan T : "T • njiD'an mi^. (ratip) Ic. 1D55 TDiS? •ffi'-aD im Imper. 2 «k 1233 ^?.?ri •ffi?!! t- 2/ ^fe'B ^'ic'risn ^Tfi^in wanting in P?wr. 2 w». ^b? :iT • iiiD'''5n !i3n 2/. nj-^a T : "T • njiflari (ni^D) Pabt. Act, TS'ib iD'-'ag Itii Pass. is'^ij T • p^iz 1*3 1 ' XII. Paradigm os Ayin Peet. 3 m. 8/ 2 m. 2/ le. Plur. 3 c, 2 m. 2/. Ic. KAL. — T nino (Dnnnp) ^5 T — T — ncD T — T nines ni2D5 — T Dhinos ii^incD FIHs nniio linio : I cinnnio Infix. Absol. Constr, T 20 10 n6n niio FuT. 3 m. 8/ 2m, 2/ P?wr. 8 m. 20^ T aon T non T T T ^no' no: nsn V niion ndicn * : I : 8/. T nrion : • T : • njnfen : 1 : naniicn 2 m. ii:aor, T ^isn ^n|n tinicn : 1 : 2/ ijnsn njnfen njndicn Ic. noj ID? n&D ^iy^} Tmpee. 2 m. no n?n nnio 2/ ^no ^nDH ^^iiniD PZ«r. 2 m. ^no iinferi ^dnio 2/ a^^^9 njiDn •^,^??'^o Part. -4c«. ^?P niio^j Pass, s^io =^9? DOUBIJID Verbs, ^57. HIPIUL. HOPHAL. HITHPAKT^ PIEL. =^5^! 2bTi ^i?=? nncn T •• •• tl'^bTi nininon T : : • T • -: riniincri ^5??? niiicq : : — : • ip^o^p ^niioq ^raniFiDn T9^?? ^^?n ^fciin ^ninpn ^i??o Dmcn fiinnniriDin dn^cipo iJ?^'^?a ■jnnninon 1^???? ^3iiicq iiDniinDn ^DDO^D ^tri ■^^^^ ^?0 inincn "qc::-? "T it^^ ^=i^^?: ^???: non no^n niinon ^i^?cn ^?jp) nc^n niinon ^fc?5n ... X ^sfa^n ^ipincn '^???^ ^t!? nbiiij^ : V ■^^T?? ^s?: ^lao^'^ : 1 : • ^DDlDp': T V • : T : •• : • Jn^ipciDcn iinfcn ^:ao^n : 1 :• • J : — : ni^iiDD T : " : • TOfcDcn ^ ^?? n&ii5 "^i??? ^?i7 niircri ^?95 • " T •• T wanting • 1 • * • : : — T V • -: njnnlncn ^?^T? ^^'Q nb'ra T niinc/j 1 1 1 u s^III. Pai SIADIGM OP Ayin Vav KAL. NIPHAL. PIEL. PUAL. Pbet. 3 m. 0)? Dip; Di;ip d^bip j 8/. ^'5R n^jipD n^^ail^ rra^ip5 2m nafe nib^p? n/j^ip ri^rip 2/ P-J2 nii^ipD ri7jiip n-^tip Ic. -^qt ^)nii2iip5 •^ri^^bip ^mbip Plur. 8 c. I'Jlj ^)^ipD ^m^^ waiij 2 m. Di?'?l2 Dhi}jip5 DFl/fjip dn-f^ii: 2/. #^E l^'i'^^'l?? li?"-??ir? tP?^ Ic. «7J13 iiaii^ps ^D^fbip ^27fbip Infin. ^5«oZ. Dip ciipn Comtr. Q^P Dipn D^bip Fur. 3 m. qt; Dnp*; CJ^^T'; Bbip^ 8/. Q^pri Dipn D7bipn dtipn am. Dipn Dipn Diiipn d'bipn 2/. "aiijin *'!aipn ^^wpy\ ^Wp^ 1«. D^ps tf^n c?T^ d7bipH Plur. 8 m. la^p: ii?^ip: ^topj)': "^^m 8/. nr^ipPi nj^Jipn n57j7bipPi nj72'bipn 2m. iCTpn siripn iii^^ipn ii^brjipn 2/. rr^?!pk nj/jipri rajtipi^i ni2^Tp7\ Ic wp? dip? ' '^tP) d7bip5 Tmpeb. 2 m. Dp dipn di3ip 2/. ^ja^ip ''^jipn ^yn% wanting PZwr. 2 m. *ia^p si/:3ipri ii?b^jif? 2/ "'# np7:3ipri nj^fbip Pabt. ^cj;. ffe dtip^ Pa«. Dlji Qip; d7bip!a 98 AND AyIN YoDH Verbs, ^.59. HIPHIL. nOPHAL. HITIIPAEL. KAL. C3')?n Dpn D:biprri ^i ^"5'j?n rv2p}n TV2'/2'ypt\'n "?^ rt^^n (n'?fe^n) ij7j^jipnri nin riiii^:! n^j'^pq (n-^^^n) mbipnri ^?^ 't)1:a^pr! (^n:^fe^n) ^n/^^bipinn "ran ^nii^^ ^■-'I?n ^:ji'^^ri ^/i52ipnri Sinn ^n^S onv^ipn (DPjt)i2^n) Dn/fjipnn t3^?? 'jhta'^ipfi (OT^^J) -|r)!a!aSpnri 1^?^ ii3i/i'^pn (^3/^j2^n) ii3/fbipm ilDnS t3pn nin n^i t3^pn criipnn . ^"? t3^p: Dfe^"' D/bipin;' • T D^pn Dp^n Qisiprr) n^nn tD^lbn dp^n d"bipnn • r ••ss^pn ^"bp^n ^i2/jipnn • • T D^PN dp^5^ ci^^Tr^J? n^njj ^iTii: ^^m ^^-^ipn^ iin^n" njs^ibn (ns^jb^n) nj/jyjipt^^n ^^'1?^ ii!ap^ri ^/j/jipnn • T ^J^^fep) (nj^jp^n) nj/fbiprn as^'ip C3t? Dp^S d/bipn? QRO d^bipm ai ''^s'fPO wanting ^'i^aipnr; "?'"? ^^^pn ^^^^ipm wi ^P^-^PO nrjijip^ri (™?^.) t3^P'5 d/bipxn''j =^ oibw MT i 99 XIV . Paradigm of Pe Yodh Verbs, § 58. ! ^ 1 KAL. NIPHAL. HIPHIL. HOPHAL. KAL. Peet. 3 m. na; n-ilD n^iain niriin "T 3/ T : IT T • T :iT 2 m. T : — r nnffit T ; — nnir^n !?■#: 2/. : : -T : : — nnirin nnir^n ntin: Ic. ^nrng; ^riniriD ^nnibin • : — 'p">??: Plur. 3 e. : IT : 1 ^2''Tr1n : 1 : IT 2 m. V : — : dnnisl^ V ; — 1 V : - 1 ••• : — : 2/ m»: I V : - 1 'l^^^^'^'n li???^n 1 •jriirn': Ic. : — T ^sniriD : — iisiir^in ^Dird; Intin. Alsol. T niiiin ! r Constr, V V n^^rin niB^n : FuT. 3f». ^^?. n-'^ri'^ :i^r '^5'? 8/ ^"©^ nijjn n''T2Jin n-c^n Tzin^ri 2 m. =i^^ ••T • n-^isin n-i^n iri'^n 2/. •'i^^jn ^n^iBin ^iuj^n ^?T? Ic. =^"i?^ ^^^ n^iriu^ nuj^i^ TZii^N; P^wr. 3 m. :iT* iin^OT niTi)^ ii-ia-^;; 3/. J^J?"??? r : -r • T : •• T : — nj^i^t? 2 m. : !•• :iT • nn^iin : 1 ^liia-n 2/ njnTcri r : "T • njniin r : - nr'cn^n Ic. ^^? •■T« n^i?i3 niD"il3 ^4^? Impeb. 2 m. ^^ ••T • n^in TTi^ 2/ PW. 2 m. : • :iT • :iT • wanting 2/ T : •• TOiT^^n nj^n^ Paet. ^c«. ^T n'^Tcii3 tn'-' Pass. u^b'; niBlD T T [- XV. Paradigm of LAMEDti' Aleph ViIabs ^ '. J D > > » J ■ J ' ^. ^ . ' 5, §60. KAL. JllPHAL. - - * PlY.jl.i - - I21THPAEL. Pekt. 3 m. sia T : • ^k? {5<"r^n J^^i^^nn 3/ i^??» T : : • T : • T • : • n^jr^nn 2 m. nsi-o K^^'r^ T •• • r^T2Tn r .. — : . 2/. tiNia .. . . nj^kr) 3^^^?^n riv^k-jinri Ic. •ms7| ''n^^rj? ^nnrj "n.sr^n T.^^f3:■2nn Flur, 3 6. : IT : : • : • ^K^k^an ^i^si^rn 2 m, T : .. . .. . . 2/. l^^?'-? If}^^?"-?? 1 V •• • in^^^n 'in.sr^rri Ic. T T ^^^?"t? ^:&? Ic. «'i)3 i='5m ^')Ja Infin. J[5»(??. n5a T n% rft'a Constr. rilJan T • ri^a FuT. 3 m. nb'a- V T • nVv 3/. niJan V T • nVarn 2 m. n33n V T • n)!5n 2/ "bi? ^b'an ^&n 10. ".^?« ^ . "i^? P^wr. 8 m. «r % i5a: 8/ nr^?!? nrb'sn T V T • nj-'larn 2 w. fen !i«an T • ^^an 2/ TV: • ^'^'IPI nrVan 1(5. V : • -.^5? 'm^53 V — : lMPBE.2m. n5a nlJan nVa 2/. ^^? ^San • T • ^);3 PZwr. 2 w. ^Ba 1^3" =1^3 2/ ™1a ^'in nr^? Pabt. ^c«. nba ' n>ba Paw. ^6a f^5?? i 102 He Verbs, §61, PTJAL. HIPHIL. nOPHAL. HITHPAEL. T •.. T : • T : T Y — . . ] nh^B ninbjn mnb^n nrVstin T : •., T : ; • t : : t t : — : • n^b'^ n-'b^n n^bbrj Jn'b'^nri Ti^ba T^^fH T'^fO ^0'^?rn D^i^b^ tDSn^bjH ^^'^fO i2ri^f?J^»7 'jjn-'bB 1^)"^?" it'^fO it^'r?^*? iirb'^ r--b'3n ^j^bbfi ^3"^|rlrI (jibii) ^b*?»j »^b'?»7 (>^^5r^r}) nby nb'r nb'y nV^in;^ nbbn nbrin nbr^n nb'iinD V \ : I n^nn mjD rojn n^r^nn \ : r3T V : - V : T nb;?n V : Y "^?^ nbr^n V : r -i.n -b;m ".y?^ ob'^ij ^B?: ^^iC T V : — rirb'^n 6;.n ^OjT) T V : — nrbjn r^:i3 nb:a ^u\ ^&n ^b3n ^b'jn ^fenn ii!?y' &p fe^ ^b'sn nrb'jpi nrb'3n rirb'^n ns^b'jwn T V ••. : T V : — T V : T r v — : • nrb:»n nri'm nrb^n nrbsnn T V ••. : T V : — T V ; T r v — : • n^j" n^ro n^ro n^nri!] wanting ^'bjtl wanting ''?5^»7 V %. : V : T XV^II. Declension of IVouns, §§ 44-47. I. Nouns loliich suffer a change in the vowels only, i. With Kamets or Tsere in the penult. Sing dhs, p'"T>^ master Const, 'llljjj^ -^i^lT memorial p^pT PL. Als. d^iiii^ yb/'^ interpreter r.-^ Const. "ipl^iS Masc bilTi great Fern. nb1l!i T T b^ltOD Kal. pass. part. Hb^tOp ) r T I: ii. With Tsere in the ultimate, a. Monosyllables Sing. Ahs. V^ tree. Const V"^ Pl. Abs. U^%V Const 155 h. Polysyllables having pretonic Kamets in the penult. Sing. Ahs-. ^53 heavy Const Ili^or^^S Pl. Als. t]"''l55 Const '^1^3 Masc. '©5'i dry Ftm. ntO'l"! -^^^c. C^"l2?n"| -^«»^- riitUH"! c. Polysyllables having any other vowel than Kamets in the penult. Sing. Ahs. ID pill? judge. Const t:Sll25 Pi- ^&5. lD"ipSp (^onst ^p3^ • . ' . ' . y ' -J '- Masc. btOD KaL Act. part. Fem-ubtOP or DbtDp ^^«sc. t:"'::tip ^'C'». iTi:Dtip •■I • T : h V V I • : )i : ) I btop.^pieipart. nbV'2 orjnb^.p.^ t]^btpp/9 ri1btop.)2 iii. With Kamets in the ultimate. ?iNO. Abb ti'l fish Const t^T nnb Fein. ri/2!Dn "?25'^p^ sanctuary T I: * I ^'2*1 word *|53? cloud ninb heart ^aiC\^ PL. Al)s ti^^^n Const ^^^y^. njp roed n?? ^^^?r '? Masc, nS)'^ fair V T 1 Fern. nS"" T T M3SC. d^ST • T Fern. T V. Segbolates. SisQ. Abs. Tjb/3 king ^''"^''- "^i^"? PL. Abs. D^Dbv] Const 'pi^^? 1 "1^1 5 covert ^DP ^'l^HD ^iv? t3^5? strength Dii • T t: '^?? i:P3 lord b>:i D\b:pn "'•^^-^ ri1)p death &ii^ t3\Sl^ ■•riiT^ Y^l eye r? Dual ^''TZ ^?'? ■ bppfoot hi ^ii"^?!! ^^'?^- •^fj!^ ear 1^ t'P.TJjJ •• : T II. Nouns wliiclt doiihle their final con sonant, SiNQ. Abs. b/C!\ camel Const b^fi Pl- ^&s- Q"'f)^f\ C'o»5f. ^b)?? ntl? Dual. S"i5»^* "i"^ garden pn statute ntp' tooth Masc* VO^ small M:^ deep np)23? ^""I^^? ^6s. ^in?? Hebrew Cowsi. '^'H^S? Pl.^Z;s. tD'^^^H:^ orH^n^S? Const'^^yz'^ Masc "^nt: fresh i''cw. ^i'^'^'OMasc. D''^'1p '^^'^- rii''"}p III. Ofhe?' nouns suffer no change, SiNQ ^&s.t2J^ib)5 garmeot Co?tsf. ^':]ib^ Pl. J&5. tD^tp^^b?? Const, """uj^^b^ I t I Masc. ;nitO good Fern. HIHIlJ ^«5c. Q^^ltO ^''c'^i- iHlnltD b^ppTQ Hiph.part. Hb^pfp^O or ribtOp)2 a^b-ipp)? ilfi^tpp^ XVII. Declension of Nouns, §§ 44-47 Nouns with the feminine ending n^. i. With Kamets or Tsero in the penult. SiNQ. Ahs. X^y^ fish Const ^yr^ Pl. Ahs. tlli'^ Const ^yyr^ n?5pD vengeauce t^^^^ jTlTOpD ni?iDD nsip lip tnstp ^"^^- D^.^isfe ^nsi? ii. From Segholiites. SiNC. ^&i>. ni)?^ queeu Co.i6-«. n^b)2 Pl- Ahs. nlDb)2 Co>w(. tllDb^ nnrrp covert mnrip ninnp nlnrip n?2:5:3? strength ri^in^* nl)2:£3? nl)2':s:s> iii. All others. Sing. Ahs. n5_!i garden Const ^15!^ Pl- ^&s. ^iIB^ Cons^. ^^135 ni^^^ti^. salvation n?Ttri\ tiii^^'T m*3?^tri^ Nouns with the feminine ending n. SiNG.^&5-ri"l?ptDp observance Con5i.ri"}.72'!i) 72 P^, Ahs. m'"l)2I9?2 C^ou5^. tli-|)2'2J?2 npii^ sucker tp^v nipDv nipip I V V I V V ) : I III nb!ib!i skull tib!ib!i m'b!ib3 ni'risb-i nnn:^ Hebrew-woman ^^13? ^I''"!.?? ^i^^l?? n^.ib?? kingdom n^Db)2 f^l^^.bTD tll^pb^ _ _ XVIII. P4BADIGM OF Nouns with Suffixes, H9. SiNGULAE. heart '±b king 1\bt queen JlSb^J hand ^^ T C(miU ^^ IV V n|b73 T Sing. 1 c. my '^?^ u ^i^a (( *#^ (i 2 m. thy nnnb ! ; it: (( ^?^? t( !?5r\3b7j i( '^: 2/ thy ^^ u ^#3 (( Tjnsb^j (( t: 8 m. his ^■i?^ u iiiba (( ih3b7j (( "it 8/ her T T ; u T ; — u T T J ~" u P!^- riur, 1 c, our •• T ; (( ^35^'5 (( ^Dnsb/^ u 1=5 2 i». your Dinnb V ; — ; (( disb^j V ; ; — (( oinsb^j it q^t: 2/ your ) V : - ; (( psb^j 1 V : : — (( 1?J^?^^ u i?7: 8 m. their Diinb T T ; (( D|b^ u dteb^j t( or 8/. their ]^i? u ll^? ti ]ih u Plueal. D V i.h. hearts D^inb kings D'^bb^J queens niib"^ iiands D*'!*' (7(ww«. -±± "iba niDb7j ir 5^*71^. 1 (( Di-^Db^a V " : — (t V •• 1 : ■" (( eyf 2/. your (( li'^nb U •ji^^bp (( 1^^^^'?^^ (( ]^^: 8 m. their i( Q'i''??^ (( fi^!"?^"^ (( Dn^niipb^j C( D0"'5r 8/ their (( l6^??> t( 1^^5^^ (( •jn-'niiDbg a lO":!: 107 XIX. Numerals , ^65. Cardinals. M. ASOULINE. Fbmtninb Ai80l, CoTw^r. Absol. ConaiT. One r V iflS nhK nn» Two Di^bifl ^3123 u:r\t •• • Three T : • T UJblD r-pur T T : — m^ian^ y3r)t^ 3?s-^55 Five T • -: s^^in liibn' izj/bn Six nfei? isij ■^^ Seyen wai? — : • 3^5^ jiiD Eight nibti T : nib^ Kme T : • r\;^TiJn yiLr\ — : Ten T T-I V V-: V V V V Eleven I nibs Twelve 1 ^^? "5^ Thirteen -lib? niijbis T : ^y^^. Foni-teen iby T T T T : — .. • ... :?inK Fifteen T T n^D'jn Jrb'w ^tsn Sixteen T T rrteiD •^il'^? TSti Seventeen T T n:jnT2j ^y?^. :?itD Eighteen T T nib^ nibiD Nineteen ^? T : • .. ; ... 5wn — t Twenty D'^nto? Sixty D-'fett? One hundred T - Thirty D'^Obo Seventy W^bytO Two hundred D^nx>3 Forty D'^ibanK Eighty D^'bb© One thousand '^^.^ Fifty D'^tBttn Ninety U'^ilDVi Ten thousand ttian Ordinals. First •pfefi^n Fifth ''©^'ttn Eighth ''irp© Second ^3© Sixth ■>#« Ninth *'y'i©r\ Third '^©■'b© Seventh '^i^'^n© Tenth 'h''T»:j XX. Consecution of Accenis, ^20. Primary Sections. m "a o a If, to . ft o o 5 to . 11 So ft s o • « 1 i >(,.) » ,C)C)' T) X)\.L A J A ..C) eo .(.)\y Sboondast Sbotions. t ^ J C) « yj J jjj The accents in parenthesis are liable to be substituted for those that pre« c-ede them. Thus in the train of Silluk or Athnahh occupying the nppei horizontal line of the table, if T'bhir is preceded by one Conjunctive, it will he Darga or Merka; if V)y two, the second w^ill he Kadhnm or Munahh; if by three, the third will be T'li.>lia K'tannii. 109 LESSONS IN READING HEBREW 1. The Prefixed Particles, §§ 24-28. In the earlier reading lessons the accents will be but sparingly employed. The tone syllable will be marked when it is not the ultimate ; and an occasional disjunc- tive will be inserted when it is needed as a sign of interpunction or to account for a pausal form, § 19. tn^nni tn^ jniana n? 07x13 jd;* n? d;i3 tnwnn n;'33 npau : ans^a ninn^ onSi -ipiaa itoa^ onS i ^ph ^5? n"i5?« tnb^ia ih^b D'^nD^Di n^^ Di^a nixb tD^iiJ tnni^b TjiT- < •T»--T - X vv rrr 2. The Personal Pronouks, § 29. Remark 1. Tlie predicate of a sentence may be directly- connected with its subject without the verb to be, which must be supplied in English, nin^ nr»x thou (art) cTeho- vah; or the pronoun x^n of the third person may be used as a copula instead of the verb to ie^ which must be sub- stituted for it in translating, fi'^ri'bx x^n nnx thou art God^ see § 67. 2. Property or possession is denoted by the prep. \ to^ belonging to^ e. g. "fixn ninib tJie earth (belongs) to Jeho- vah^ is JehovahbS^ vjosn ''b the silver is mine, 3. The preposition \% is repeated before both the ob- jects, between which the interval is indicated Tjj'^ai ■'3'»| b^Uoeen me and thee. 112 LESSONS IN- BEADING HEBEEW. ni:?n : D^'iaira o'^rfb^i s^^n nnx x'bn : ^ifn-b:? nns'i D:''c'i3 n^n'bx nnnn :nn-Tn •^bn qosn 'ib ion •'b nns^i :n« DDb w - - -: T T - • : I :• :• - • •• • t - ; t v t s Dbls?b a^in nix bx"ite'> rn^ '^D'^a : ••Dbs 3. Other Peonouns. § 30. E.EMAEK 4. When a demonstrative pronoun is joined to a noun as an attributive, it follows the noun and both receive the definite article, e. g. n-Tn Di'Tn this day^ ni'n i5^nn i^Aa^ {?iMb, biaj^a . -npn^ ^ : r\^o nb'^n-rij . : rnijnb inni "lin ni^'a nb-ij njn;i 5195 ib in; tnis^an-nx ^D^'b©-i^b jtja ^pa^ jpn^ ona tr^ia nsDO" : nin-^b natj ^nfen nrmo j Da nbte-a^-i^b : nbcb n^bDi ::-T T - T-FvT-' t:it t t:-t :• ■": -ns nmiQW jnb2^P ,^2^^^^)? ,(2)^^?',1^'?^p', ^-^^P . Dnba^ , nbtsp Eemark 6. The sign of the definite object Mi§ becomes Mi? before grave suffixes and tiifi? before light suffixes, § (S^. 3, thus ''nix , oinij ; with the 3 m. s. suffix it is ini^, with 3 f. s. nni^ , § 29. 4. DDS ''n©tp?'J a?^^ '^J^^ip JDD^asb ^-^kn rMt:^':^'} J^b-^np x'b ■nx yoih ^©-^p iT2?bi^-n« tn^^irb^ nno jnin'' i:x-'D onr^w J 14 LESSONS IN EEADING HEBREW. •j-afen-nx rinpb t'^nis^ Dntp'^p Ji^b jonb?© ink j^ia oDnij J ^b ^sajp? : ini5 M'np) ia-ncs-bj-niji "j^iDrin-nK nn«tti 6. The Remaining Pbeterites and Infinitives. § 35. Analyze and translate : — > iDbtapnn , "^nbtoprin , inbi:]:!! , nbifpn , nb-^bipn , ^sb^pn , dnbppn , ifepinn , (2) btojjn , b^ppn , 'iribtspn , ^Stppn , nbtbpn , nbuppn .(2) btbpnn , b^ppn ,bt:pn Remark 7. The absolute infinitive is often joined with the finite tenses of the verb for the sake of emphasis, thus '^Pitj'nipn ffitp*!! consecrating I have consecrated^ i. a I have certainly or entirely consecrated, tl?^n-r^^ ''i?^'|J!?r» os^JpO * ^;»'iprin-i5'b : ©as niex D:'ian-b3'a ^sniitjn : n-ann^ d*!^^ ns's'a n^awni tmr\ f-ii^n-ns rr^rnDn : r\\rrh : - : • T •• : t t t v • • : • : • - » v r t v • : • t ?jban :ib ODnif I'^'^ipnb DDn« o'^n'b^^ b^'nnri-'^s t::?^n^ triDi^b^n-nij nn-^iDri;! DDnsj f^bscn njnn-nx odd •'nnbicn ^ j niDb-Dn-bj; J DDni5 nt3ii?ttni rrananvix ' See §26. * Plural in form but singular in sense, and therefore taking a singular verb, § 85. 3. ^ Followed by the prep, a in the sense of sending upon or against. 7, Kal Future, Imperative and Participles. § 36. Analyze and translate : — ,i!«:i?n ,bii?» , (2) njVibpn ,bbj?:« ,bt3p3 ,(2) btbpn ,^^^^, .^tpp ,b^t3p ,n;bt!)]? ,bt?p ,bbp ^^^^ , •'btppx? Remark 8. The article before a participle must some- times be rendered in English by the relative pronoun, e. g. ^itt^ the (one) keeping or (he) 7/^A^ 25 heepi'ng. LESSONS IN BEADING HEBEEW. 115 9. When the sign of the definite object precedes the relative, it belongs not to it but to its antecedent under- stood, see § 30. 3; hence *^tDi?| n^ means not whom or which J but him who or what equivalent to that which. sn'ni'i niBifi ini? n^tc nin;> nnyi nna©:" i ^'z^/'TZ/ incense belongs not to thee or it is not for thee to hn/rn incense, 11. The antecedent of the relative pronoun may often be omitted, thus 'it&ij K^n he is the one who or that is the thing which. T T T " : -: "Jt V V T T s V ••.•-: V »\ : 116 LESSONS IN" READING HEBREW T : - T V -: • : - v ::•'■.• v t : tr • rr - 9 a, Hephil, Hophal, and Hithpael Futures, etc. §38. Analyze and translate : — ,(2) Mj^bgnrj , btsj^n:^ ,(2) b'^ppri , 'i^r)ipr) , b-Djpij , b^^pjpa , ^Stppnri mi ::;?i»^, tj'isibi? D'^sn'sn j D':i3T5ri-'j'a cnb oDb Tp^tt '^pi?: nttif nb tnbiy n? njn n^in d:^ non ni'ipn-i^b nb-^sirn -b:? ini5 ^rb^;: J^n^to"! litJb n-jn Dipijn-ip n^STC^o '»pbN nVn^ -bs nx nri? rr^nio-an \T\yvh n^x ^i^npn i^'b : bi5'ii»':'-b|i ''SBb np5?srn nb^^-^3 n-tn Dipian-ni^ i3ns« D'^nntJis jrr^-ixn^n -:• »TTj- t:it • *v- Tt- V j--: ••:- •":. : nin'; 9 5. The Entire Paradigm of bpp. The figures denote, as before, the nxtmber of places in the paradigm repre- pented by the preceding form. Supply the vowels and translate : — , (2) -ibtopn , Dnbtjps , (2) nsbt:p , (5) ''btjpn , (3) inbt:? , (2) bit)p , (2) nbt:pnn , nDbt:pnn , i3bt:pnn , b^t:p"> , (4) nbt:pn ,(4) bt2pnn ,bt2pn'' ,(8) bt:pn ,(2) nnbtspn jb-^wpfi^ ,nbi:pn' ,(10)bt:pn ,(3) i:b:3p ,(12) nabtspn ,^bt2pn jnb-iripn ^ib'^-jp'^ (2) bt2pnn ,b^t:p5 , nbt^pnn ,(2) ib'^tspn ,(3) b-jptt ,(5) bt:pi5 ,(5) ibnp , nbtsps ,(2) b^t^pn jb-itap-a ,ibt)pnn ,ib*'t:pn jb-jptTQ ,bt2pn: ,(5) ibt:pn ,(2) nbtapD ,ib-it:pn ,bt:pnx (7) b:2p2 , (5) bi3p*» , (3) '^nbup , nbt3p3 , (2) nDbt:pn ^Dnbrjpnn ,(2) "^btap jVibtspa ,(2) isbopn ,(2) ibtopnn ,(2) nDbtapnn ,(2) inbtspn j'^b'^tsph ,(5) nbap'i ,(6) nbop jinbupj LESSONS LN READING HEBREW. 117 ,(8) anb-Dp ,(2) ^nbtopn , iDbtsp: ,(3) nbi2p ,(ii) bisp /.Vjpn-' . "'btjpnn ,inbi:pnn ,(2) b^^upri ^^-b-jprin j-^nbcprin 10. Paragogic and Apocopated Future and Impera- tive AND Vav Conversive, §§ 40, 41. Remark 12. When a future with Vav Conversive is pre- ceded by a preterite or by any expression referring to past time, it is to be translated as a preterite. And a preterite with Vav Conversive preceded by a future, an imperative or any expression indicating future time, is to be translated as a future, § 79. 13. ^b is the simple negative; bi< is used with the future, which takes the apocopated form if it has one, to express the negative imperative n^ion x'b thou shalt not deliver , "liop bi5 deliver not. T : ~: — TT »-T T - vv- •■• T- I - : • - t- rirr D^^nji nsbBH nbirr\i np?T p:?pi ns^;) pto c:ab^i ib "itJaJ! 'r\it'^1) n|xn a^^i^n-nij nin;' ninp;) jbap vh^ ^y^yrr^vt. «^3bnb nsn-n;:? nnp jy-i ?]i2r l^^i^'b^ tirii^ '^^'^^^ tiim b? rip?;i J 1. Preterites of Perfect Verbs with Suffixes, § 42. a. Third person masc. and fem. sing, of the Kal Pre- terite. The forms should be analyzed or divided into their significant elements, and their separate equivalents stated; thus i^lfp he killed him is composed of bbj^ 8 masc, eing. pret. and "i for ^ir suffix of 3 masc. sing, with vowel of imioj: 118 LESSOJVrS IN READING HEBREW. (^ ), and is equivalent to ink bl3j? ; nri5::p5 she killed her is for ^T\^'^p which is composed of n'iap 3 fern. sing. pret. , whose termination becomes r> before suffixes, and n suffix of 3 fern, sing., and is equivalent to Pink »^^'I:p . Analyze and translate : — ,^^?^h' ,^2 Q'^'ijan t tybstpn njri'i a^n '^nnSijj : i\b I'lrnrabn j D'^njan ^ste'^abn : iis'ip'i nst^n-bs? inji n^n -j-a npb) '15'ifi? nnai -i©ND 3 !nb onb'^nn nr\x j innp-^ann n-anb'En : nshsn » ■; T : - • V -: - ' : T : - I • t - : kr • : • t t : • - v i \ - ' Jb himsdf^ there being no reflexive pronouns in Hebrew, the personal pro- nouns may be used with a reflexive sense. « Used adverbiaUy, Juxw. » See § 29. 3. * § See 23. 3. 12. FUTUEES, ETC., OF PeRFECT VeRBS WITH SuFFIXES, § 42 a, Kal Future. Remark 15. Those forms in tlie Kal future 6 which end \vith the last radical follow the analogy of bbp*] . In the Kal future and imperative a the vowel of the second radical is not liable to rejection, but is lengthened to Kamets before all the suffixes except the 2 pers. plur. where Pattahh is retained, e. g. ''?r?b©''^ not "^^nbTT''^ from nbi£i7 , and '^pnb© from rht . 16. Those forms in the various futures and imperatives which have personal endings undergo no change before suffixes, except in the fern. plur. as stated in § 42. 2, 120 LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. Analyze and translate : — .(2) ^3!?tpj?n , (2) n^tppt? ,^?'9)?p^ A^)^^?^]??? ,Dfej?3 ,^n'^i2]?5< . (2) ^:^i3ipn , 3fbt:]?3 , ns^ipps , ^^p? , o?^'^]?^ » See §43. 2. n^^.-acn nirr^-nni^ j T\i'^p^^ rrabtea ©En"'! : oriM'^i nntisn ^5b ■'Dbxi njnlicn n^i?"D^ rt5 icx b^:pn nisx risi^nn :nbiyb -. T-" AT T- I:t:' t: \ t ; • - •:-- '-t:v :pi»i2nsi n^'^^n^ tybian-b^ on^i?'!'!] ^Ojni qoin-bs-n^ npb :nbi]? ' Translate the future with vav conversive in these and subsequent exercises ^s though a preterite preceded. • See Remark 8. b. Piel and Hiphil Futures. Remark 17. In those forms of the Piel future, which end with the last radical, Tsere is shortened or rejected before suffixes as in the 3 masc. sing, of the Piel preterite. 18. Tsere in the Hiphil apocopated future, future with Vav Conversive, and imperative becomes Hhirik before suffixes, e. g. nncn-bi^ dest/i'oy not, inn''nT»'r)-bx destroy Mm (or if) not Analyze and translate : — . nb^tppx , '^?i^"'t:p:) , tfb^tpp:: , (4) ^sb'itppri , (3) u^^'^'^r^ - : - ^: AT T r • T • T T •• T : - •• : - • : - ■ LESSUiNS IJN KEADING IIEBEEW. 121 tDDb 5?air'^ nciJ} rr^nsn-nfi? nsD?"" &5b"j ^n^nir:: i^b nin;" n^nn ^nfcnb;) :-yT^*sbi5; n:'i23 5fsn"\«n :bi?ni»7-b? ^ro'ib'a::^ ini5 npb 6'. Infinitive and Imperative. Kemark 19. The sufiix of the 1 pers. sing, is t^ttached to the infinitive in two forms, "^ . expressing the subject of the verb "^^^'^ ray hilling and ''3 its object ''pbipj to Mil me. The remaining persons have but one form, which is used indifferently for the subject or the object, ?|^^]j thy hilling or to Mil tliee^ ^f'^PpO thy causing to Mllj to cause tJue to Mil or to cause to Mil thee. Analyze and translate : — , 1^%-^ , inb'i?;^ , -ijipp , jTibb^ ,(2) ^:bt:i5 , d?>i:p , Dbt:^ , DDb^i? . ^p-^^up , ^n^bipp , iDbt:p , Tibt:p , ibipp , nbbp , ibtpp , (2) ■>??::? ,a^bt3p ,DbDp ,D?£)p ,DDbDp j^S^bcpp ,nbbp ,(2) '^brpp^ ^n^b-^ppn ,DDb^t2pn , (2) '•a.y-'Ppn ,n^bipp ,nbi:p , (2) isHtDp .^b^bpn ,ib'ii:pn ^'^b'^ppn^ ,''r''^^!?r! ' Of the two forms here represented one has a suffix, the other has not. 2 Notice the position of the accent. ,(2)''nb« ,'^ribTD ,'^rib© ,'^3nbT0 jOS-aif j^"!)^^ ?'^'^''?^ j'''^'?? ,(2)''?1T9T? ,in>T» ,Dn|tD ,nrt© ,(3) ^anb© ,''?nb© ,(2)'»:n3>« Remark 20. The copulative ^ is sometimes employed in Hebrew to connect an action with the time of its occur- rence, where no connective is required in English. In such cases we may use tJien as its equivalent or better still leave it untranslated. Thus in my gathering Israel 6 123 LESSONS m READING HEBREW Di "^rn&'Hj^Di then shall I he sanctified in them or wlien 1 gather Isra.el, I shall, etc., § 89. 2 (2). • : - : ■.• - It- •.• T : - • t - - t : • •.••■• t .... - "•irngns^ nin;> ■'?«-*'2i D-^iiin ^irn;^^ an '^no'njppi ^ n^i^mt) bxniri;' ^:£)b Ttplpnb 'iirf'i^jpnb. f\T\^ b^ia^n : it'npb ini^ nirisi'i j nia ' The initial aspirate has Daghesh-lene as thotigh the preceding word were •'a^N § 23. 3. * The accent would be thrown upon the ultimate by Vav Conversive, § 17. 6, but for the f«^lIowing monosyllable, § 18. 13. Gender and Number of Nouns, §§ 43-45. E.EMARK 21. Attributive or qualifying adjectives fol- low the noun to which they belong, and agree with it not only in gender and number but also in definiteness, that is to say, they receive the article if the noun is definite, nbi^5 injk a great stone, r»^i^5n ^n^cn the great stone, § 70. 2. 22. When a demonstrative and an adjective qualify the same noun the demonstrative stands last nib^5tn nini^ri ^^T} these great signs, § 71. 2. 23. Predicate adjectives do not receive the article even tliough the noun is definite ; their usual place is before tlie noun, but they may also stand after it "jS^jn nbiia or nbina inxn the stone is great, § 70. 3. 24. Comparison is expressed by thQ preposition IP § 72. 1, tlB^ n|to;?)n -jnini^ thy sister young froin thee, i. e. younger than thou; 5"^^ ^"^^^ I will he greater than thou, nsnn tD-^bina D''pbt)ii o-^sn n:'ia tnonn y-nsj^ D'^w^n ^crat niabn a-isi^nn jn©"in rnabin ni^^: nniion f-ixn t a:*^^?^}'!^ ^^^^^^ D''??^: j'l^n-'j^Q nb™ i^'^ni lis^n^ nbin^ ' Vowel of the noxm assunilated to the preceding Kamets as after the article, g 25. 3. a. * Upon wMt ground, i. e. for wlmt reason^ why. * Upmi us or against us. 14. The Construct State, §§ 46, 47. Eemark 25. Nouns in tlie construct before a definite noun (including proper nouns) are themselves definite, § 69. 1, Dipg aiolace., but li"iijn Dipia the place of ilie m'h; nin^ p'"i^ ^/^(^ arh (not ^t^ a^*^) of Jehovah. 26. Nouns in tlie construct state do not receive the article ; they are rendered definite by prefixing the article to the governed noun, § 75. 5, Q'^n'by; l6-^^ a man of Gody D-'nb^n ir)^ the man of God. 27. Adjectives or demonstratives qualifying a noun in the construct state do not follow it immediately, but are placed after the governed noun, § 75. 4, bii^n nin^ ni^ N'lisni the great and dreadful day of Jehovah. 28. When the subject consists of two or more nouns in the singular connected by the conjunction and, the predi- cate is commonly put in the singular if it precedes the subject, and in the plural if it follows, § 86. n^^n ^b3 bb j nin^ tms^ ]i-iif} : bi^nto^' in'bst i;ry&^ \ D'^n^'isn ^sss "^laT^^ D^'fatDn nwb in Jd;*^^?! 'inDi? jn'^3t:pni D'^bnsn cn'b^n ^'f\2.yp\ { im '^'^^ D?'i;'in'] ^p?i! ^p ^*pn J •'^?""i^^"^?'? p^? D'?^^n •^b^n nin'i-n^ ^n3tD*»i : D'Titcbs n^m nil ntj^ j rnjkn ^Db)2 b^ia • .- T V : : • - • : • : •• : - • t -t I v: t t •■ : - t 124 LESSONS IN READING HEBEEW. •TD'iti ^ bb'n pteti'n ninna n&"iB^ nsni^ nin «bn : Dins^ trbfe I'^a dn« • : CT T ; V T I - : V -; ~ T » ■lip !n3tti< 28. 1. ' The construct of D";a , a reduplication of tlie more usual form la 15. Nouns with Suffixes, § 49. Remauk 29. The prepositions "iHi? after, "bi^ to, b^ upon and a few others take the suffixes belonging to phiral nouns, § 66. 2, e. g. ^IT}}^ not "^*yn^ after me, 30. The article before Di** da^i/ limits it to the present, that which is now passing, Di'^sn to-day, § 68. 3. ^^T) T"^?T^I ^"^1^ ^'^'^^ ^i?'^'" ''?-¥ ^ir^) * ^^^^ Dip'En-'j'a Dtt© D^nien n^nn^n bbtt irii^ nnn bss i^b ^^ DDtJsrbDi^ ODnnb-bDa - • T : - • TV T T -T • V : : - T : v : - : t : : dD-ibs^s DD'^n'bi^ nSn^ la'^ ^©» ' 3Jl3tJ3 may take a direct object, or as in this instance be followed by a 9 See' Lesson 4, note 1 ; also § 39. 3. " § 30. 33. * The 3 plur. suf . with f em. plur. nouns may be either n ^ or Dtn'' ^ • Upon the subject of, concerning. 16. Pe Guttural Veebs, § 53. Translate and give the coiTesponding forms of the per- fect verb bttp : — , ^'pmn , (2) niay , nb^ij , nia^j , ^'ra^n ,(2) in^n , onntt:? . bii^ J ^bDi^n , njpTnn , pirn fT»-T»ft 7t:-t!it 7 ' -t - 7 " • tr 7 • r> tt 7 • -n ft LESSONS m READING HEBREW. 125 Remark 31. When the subject consists of two nouns in fche relation of the construct state, the predicate commonly agrees with the first as the principal noun ; but it may- agree with the second if this conveys the main idea. The latter is almost always the case when the first noun is ^3 , e. g. D^'an-bD ^i£n.';> all the waters sliall he turned, 32. If a predicate refers to two words of different persons it will be put in the second in preference to the third, and in the first in preference to either of the others. § 86. 3. 33. Nouns are sometimes put in the construct state before a following clause, § 75. 3, as ^^©1$ Dip's tJie place wliicli or where^ etc. 'td^7\ : nin^ ^nn« ^^ riD^nb nbbj^n-riK Tjb ^^n*bj^ r\y\^^ ^bn^:! "ih?D ^tp^^ ^pbif : Dnb D:'^r}-b5 ^DBJi^i : D^b nn;ni ^©nb ^jsn;? : bbi|:b "xti "Osfys,^ "i^^?5 J QDn^ nT^^i nin^i-n^^ dpi;?!? : nin;>-nfi^ Dipi32 Dnb bDi5 i^b irb^n-bi^ D-'n'bxn-o^i^ n^b^'^i j itin-nb^ Trbsx^n Dnb n^bj.'^-ioiii Dip^a : Tji-aD itj nin;» nsn^i^n 'ini^sirbs : ntn i5j 'j'Q^.'^ 1 bb^ni?'] '•n'bjj r\xm \ ^n-bb? '^ia Dnb n^ij;! Dni^ •'tJi^-i^b ' The future followed by 6<3 has the force of a petition or request. ' State the form and meaning of both the K'ri and K'thibh, and which reading yields the more exact grammatical agreement. 17. Ayin Guttural Verbs, § 54. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bbg .v . i^'s^r j'l^^S? ^''^^^^ j^"?^^^ j^"?^^ ,"'>^? jl^-"?? ,(2) ^^2^1 ,tfp]^s ,^2b«^ ,01?^'^? j^^^W )^^^? )(''^)%^^' j*^^^:3 7 ^'^3 .'n^bbi^:^ ,D^afi5 • I : -r- 7 • T : » •'TCBs ^D-ia : "Tib inb T0*^¥: nin;" -ifss fnxia nin;' ijD'in;' ?fn:a !n*'2*2'Q HDnnijii ^i2iD nb^^sjj ^s'libf; : n^b^'sarbD '^nswn-bi^i nin;«-n» 120 LESSONS IN" READING HEBREW. TS? i"»na';'i D'^inbn ^nnt^^i : rbs-bj-ni^i narian-rx) nin;» n^ia :nnt2^ rn^i ^i^'bK ntt^5 ior^n IT J I - : I V •• - T T T 18. Lamedh Guttural Verbs, § 55. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bbj : — n?i^n ,ri''biD:: ,5^1© ,^^t?d ,n% ,n?;j?ij ^nbin* ,n'bTD ,nnit5 . nnbisji , •'shbo , ^:nbo , innb© , n^nM , nbisD "t:- 7 --T 7 --r: J ' -.n i 7 - " - : • 7 - r ' Remark 34. Nouns in the dual have verbs, adjectives, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural, § 85. 7. n-BW y5^n-b&5 :?;:nrn55 y^T "ipiaa tbDi^b on'^ r^n^rb T\y ina T T — : - ' r: :- v - : Iv - •• t :• :• t - - ~ - f 1 -t J^t'SK ''pnb©" nin;! ^2 n?n;> tn^sb nicrn^ ?'ii'^-^i; jD5n-b|-n« • « - •• ' V -: ■.• -I" T ; - T : -T -: t •• : i " KD-bs jnbrin n^s-bi^ npbn \r\nbw ^tini I'-^r^i^ "^ax d^i nia&5*i ntebb D'^3r2?n ^Dbn tiibn \im nn3Di5 naD ■'S -"bx tr'bnta 5?3'an V ; - : : n • » ~ • T T : - - •/ -h v t t - t • • : i- - : t j : DD'^:i5a-bi5n 1^ The plural of )ili< is often used, as it is here, in a singrdar sense. ' hpB is applied specifically to opening the eyes ; OnO is the general term fol opening, and is applied to anything whatever. ■ Tlhn is for tlS^jn and consequently does not lose its Tsere in the plural. 19. Pe Nun Verbs, § 56. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bb^ . LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. 127 , ©'i-a , tht< , ^mn , w^'-^^_ , Dni»^n , w^i)2 , (2) io'5n , C'^as .(8) ^s^b'-^^Fi j^no-^as ,0^12:^5:: ^Tj^'^a:? Remark 35. The relative is often omitted as in English ^^J^f5?,0 "^^^ honey I gave thee to eat for honey which I gave^ etc , § 88. 3. nn3?i n's'ii^-nxi i-i^si'-nxi itis^-n^^i ^2?n trbia-nx ^"r^n ^nhs r - : : - :• • v : - v : - t ' •/ v v ' : it : • - t - : • T h IT - •• • • • /a • • : - :• t J- T ; bin^i pp "inn ib n^i-'an-i^b : on^^sb ^rr^nnii ^^nbDi^n cn'i^ T : » Jt t t t • • •.•••:• • - : ' • : - v: r.- - : nrib^ :nbi$n n'^wn-bi ns? tfbi^b t^d "i%^n nj^inn nii^-n? •lb ?:ini5 n;?XT i "^T*^ *. e. Yodh superfluous ; accordinjf to the Maspretic direction, there- fore, it is to be neglected in reading the word. ' With Pattahh in the ultimate in place of Tsere. 21. Pe Yodh Verbs, § 58. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bi^ : ,ifna« ,cn''Si ,^i:ain ,Bn;« ,©n;« , (2) ^n-«©in ,^inr^ri ,afc3 .^"^nnoin ,D^n''t?i;^ ,^?''^'ii^ /tDDnnis Remark 38. The interrogative n is employed in simple direct questions, n;;nxn shall Hive? in indirect questions Diii is more usual ; inquire '^VX}^ Q^ lohether I shall live. 39. In a disjunctive question, direct or indirect, the first member is introduced by ri and the second ])y DSi , e. g.^ xb-Dbj: ^^nto nSffinn toilt thou heep (or in dependf ac€ LESSONS EST READING HEBREW. 129 on a previous verb, [to hnozo~\ whether thou loilt heejp) his commandments or not f ' :• -r. T I • -: r v -: ' v ••• - t v t ; - it : rr : • - •• v: ^sn nnx) ji-bi5 ^nbc'^i \ Tmr\ rra^b^n-bs ^n^nittjni ?rbr^-m25x ^ bbn • T •• : r V : : • - - t t -: it :• > ■ ,.-;,- f .. .. ... -; . "iti^a ''Ji'bi^ ^'^h'bi^'i ^m liii^v v^^ ^-^^^ ncj^n^ trbi5 -iDbn ^©^^^ V -: I- AT vs J • - r- . - J .• - J • T • • T :• —. r ,!•••. - : 1" JiD-ian nns'i :xinr\ r&c^^ ^bn rox :"inpi^ d©i n^-ai^ ^ni-an tt:- T-: r ».-.. r.... TT i~|t-.- t: t • x ^byy:^ n''Dbnni2n D-in^ab njnDi ''snxb ^inns© x'^nn ncj^ ni^-Tn 1 § 50. 1. " Supply the notin "place" as the antecedent of the relative, which is itself governed by a preposition not expressed. Complete the Hebrew sentence by supplying the ellipsis in both cases. See § 30. 3. 23. Lamedh Aleph Verbs, § 60. rhe Piel of i . Mw^^ 7 'init^ttjj , nji^^'Q , ^2x^tj , (2) n:i5itipi , (2) nj^itin I Remark 43. The verb K^tt takes a direct object in the Kal to he full ^anything, and in the Niphil to he filled with anything ; in the Piel to fill something with some- thing, it may have two objects. ... ._. _ ... .. J T T - ■ /r • V - •• I ••• T : T f: • - tuT)^ Dip tnjTD':^ tyb^i ni« nit? '^ni^'ip-ii'b ^x^;sM "^^ C^'?f?"^3 : i<"T5a "^b i«np 'I'ai^i ^\ nsx'ipn-bi^ p^bi^ ^'mv\^ \ nin"bi5-bx LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. 131 no« nini 'lifi^ JD'^'on-ni^ T">i?n sbisni ui^t^ rn'hiQ D'^i^a o-'-is ... -. X : • —. • IT - V I V T T .. X .- ^ .- '•.••••• • T • - ^b-i5i:3 -lint: nb jn«-Tn fni^n-n^^ Tib nnb^ n^^m n^xtt Tj'^n^asin : n^n'bbj ' See §18. 24. Lamedh He Verbs, § 61. n^a in Kal means to reveal, i, e. to uncover a secret, in Piel to uncoTier, ix Hiphil to exile, i. e. to uncover or strip a land of its inhabitants, in Hithpael Ut uncov&r one^s self. Translate and give tlie corresponding forms of b-bjj : — , ''biin , nb;\3 , (2) n'isi , niba , ^^bj , ^t^% , nnbj , ^bj , ^ba ,nbai3 ,nV5^ ,^'^?J? ,0''?'^ j^^? ?^5^ j^^^ )^x-"'l'^ rOr)*^^?? ,nb':j^ ,Db^:: ,Db;\n jnVsn'i ,J^b'?? j^V?- j^^^"^ , (2) 5^^?^ T T : • - T ' V " : T ; ' •• •• T T • ,- T I V -: • t ri-^bsbD^* i5b D^^'bT^n ^'•am n^^^T] nsn T'ign-b:? a'^n'b^ n©."? opiai^n n'ln-ni^ m'Dnb nia'b© nibDD ^n^i : ^rr^sa iiri^ n-Tn rr^iin-'S 5ii5 P'^i : ito-^s i-^bb^ n«-iD -itJi^D rr^:© nb'btj-b^^ nin^ xn^-i^ nin*' T'f? ^^ Dtj n'lj?"!©^ nt2^n tnibi? b:?n 5^5^^^ »^2iT^ T^i'^ n^ n^,s nob5-b3 nx;^ '^m^ jbinr'^irib T;ni5 nins'i^ jn^^n nii3 '^d^ nsisa T • •.• -: T •• -:i- T : ' : v v: iv t • t :■ • jDbtJin^a nnto5?3 -n»«3 n^-bten-bs nnh nnw5^ i^b jnin^ • IT T • T : vr.' •••-:- • - r - t - - t ; vn t « ' See Remark 20, Lesson 12. '' "^3 for ; or it may be translated 'but, to which it is often equivalent after a negative. ^ The feminine in the sense of the neuter. 25. Numerals, %^^, Remark 44. In stating dates cardinal numbers are commonly nsed for the year and day, and ordinals for the month. 45. The age of persons is idiomatically expressed by the words 1? mn or tna daughter prefixed to the term oi 132 LESSONS IN BEADING HEBREW their life, tlius Ji:i? f^.?^^?^^ son of eight years i. e. eigTii years old. See also the rules in § 73. ny:a^i5 ♦n''T»Jii| E3?i^ j©"'^ Q^'^tin \m^ rwt x'cmi ni£i'b» . •• : T T : •• : . t v ~ • T t: t • • -: t : • ■ T s :nb^b c^ri^i^i Di'' D'^ya^x {nsbiJ?^ Q'^^^-ii? o'lnij \w^m} D'^rn? -■jl :n:© Diy©n"na tniia;;' n:bo-]2i jd'^d^'^ d;»5c JD??® D'^^;' tHpsa nJ^5l n©"b© n'linbn ^nic^ i<^n nbbia^ ni^ njc n'ltp'bo D'^pi^TCi D^'nio' inbxn D^iDn^Jin nnips? D^^ri"©' m'^fi^jy: "ito? n'^:© JD:'ni<^^ \t:p,'2V) nti'bp qbsf D'i'nto2?i u^vi mj© nifc^ia :?nri nsw Wa'iiea 5?3nx n:T^ia : iD'-inb nn^^ oi'^a '^ffiisn tJ'ina D^ip)© rora tbgE^n-rric^b© jai^n n^s^'^nn jnsJ'isb rT^tDw annj^ ti^nH ni?:j : nsxn tn^w T •• T • -t * Observe the distinction between the predicate and the attributive. *§65. 3. The End of the Deluge. Genesis 8, 1-9. t^Tvi^ rox^i^^ iD-^tin ^^f'^i pkn-bs? fi^n u^nb^ niip'^i nana j::- : n • - -it- it-»vtt -- rvi ~-:i — at-- n_2ni :ni;' n^-ja^ D''?'Qn nsjp'a d^bh ^nprnj aiir; ?fibn psn byia n^rini : t2-i*ii^ ^in ba? rj'nnb Di^i -itt):?-n5'2oa "^b^y^n mn^ rann • --; ITT-: r T T vA- V ITT it:-: ••:- vj- t-- ''cs'i ^i^iD lunnb nnjca ^n->i»3?3 ^^n-^iriyn finii^ ^^ nioni n^bn rn i- T i : • V - JT V : • • -: rr H • —. n v j - r- t : ' a t r nbttJ^i : n«n bria a^'En nm'i-ns? nifci iiiur'^ xri nnism-nfi^ nbo-ii - - : - » V rr T i- ■ ' v - •/ / : - t t « /r rr :• r- ~ : - ni^s^-K'bi :nT3"7iV«tT TJ-J - •«- r T"- " T" T»T- T;- I-: - T T - : nnnn-bx rh)^ nni^ xn^'"! nfiD'^'^. ri-^ nbr^i IT -• - CT •• »T r»T - »7fT-- T «-:■- LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. 133 The Creation and Fall. Genesis 1-3. CHAPTER L X 'Yai^^'i 5 D'^Tsn ^3B-b5^ nsDH^itt u^r\b^ mm Dim ^iDB-b:? trcni ^n'ii 3 i" : w V J - IT •/ / »v s. • : I- V #T • : I- t : at ?^pnn-ns D'^n'bij to;i^ \ "o^i^ d""*? v? ^"^"^^^^ ^^^^ °!*"§n ^"^'^^ TIJ'? ^ - hi r rr J" " w -: • - - ; j- - T- t it - j- • v -: •--»«- .. ; — 1 ^3« Di*^ ■iph-'in''i i^jr^n^i 0''^© y^^p^b o^rrbx s'lp'^i : i;2'^t\'^^ s r •• i Fv V • : p- •/ rr • : r- • at t - »« r rr •*• « »t»: • - 'i- • : r- TV » J T 7 • - T - -,-..-- It • • •••: V J - D'^^n nnpiabn r^k nm^^b 1 trn'bx fc^^p^i \ p-^rr^i n©3'^n nxnni •» • T - rh • t Ivv TT-- «■ rs tH--- M" •:!- ATT-- ivTi~: t"!?^r? ^S'7f) 0*^5?'^^ '^^^;!5 5 nitj-13 n'^f^'bx k^;i D'lTa;? xng 11 - (r : • : «• j • »t v j - r • : / iv i * : i- »t: '-tj: : «t: t:at-'j~ \. - 1 t- ■ : - : • - r ~ i p-'^n'^n t'li^n-b:? n^^i^nb Q^^is^n s^'^p'ia niij^tjb ^^nn ? d"':©i to rbciaiab bnan nixian-ni^ nibnan nhis5T2n '^sc-ni^ D'^h'b^ tsj5?^i 16 •jn^i J D''??i3n n^i nb^i^n tbtyi'ab y^y^n "iiV-sn-r.^^ ni^n i7 nb-i'ini Di'^a Sisttbi j rni^n-b!? Ti^nb D^tt^n 5?W3 D^n'b&5 nni^ 18 T ; - - J - : • ; F V rr T - « t : • at r - - Ij- ; • < v: rr :• n • : — i • « v: :/-- » v a - » j- v t » /•• • : - : , v-itj D'^isn iS'iO''. D'^h'bi^ ntti^'^1 B j*^^?'^!"! ni^ nph-n^i a vcyl'^^ j D??^n 5^"? "^^^'^5 T'^^s*"^? ^isi:?:' sqiyi n;n ttsdj 21 I • « v; w- •• • : It r I < r •• ; v •• |. : . - _ • rr • . - - ... « : • : J : a •• « -.i jt ' v *t t - *'*• "•ni-i ':: V. 1. 134 LESSON'S IN READING HEBREW. 23 ^* • ■* r • -: J f:,. • • ,- .• « • .• |- I V rr t vr I v t j fn^-in^ni to^j ™r}? '^r^t' '^tH ^^?,? T'D^f^ ^T^n DTi'bs T •• : - •. : T • • I V T T - - V ..-: -J-- f,- . . ,- AT • : 26 "TQi^;;] : nrj-^3 Q'^Q^^ ^7,!!!] ^n.?""^^ ^''^l^.\i ^^T-l ^'^^"^ ^S^"*?^ T : • - I •.• IT T - /"IT V «T T T : I r T T T : T •■ : - • - t - nnpDn "IDT ini5 «na D-^n'bx cbsa iisbaria D'lxrrrK . D'^n'bx «'•• : /TT A JT T « vi V IV : : - : r t it t -C. VI 28 ^nn^ ^ns D-^n'bi^ Dhb ^12^^^ D-^irbx nri^ ^nn'^i : Dni^ i^na V : ' : • v: V t v - • « T ' V JT : - rr rr r IT - T : • - T - I J : T - ^ - ; . . T A\ ; • : J v «t r v j s • 29 " nTt)5?"b3-ni? Dib ^r\ri5 hsn D'>n*bi< 'iis^^'^'i : v^i^n-bs? ntohn •-•J- T :■ :• T • -T •• . • •ft V J- I V IT T - V n «T -J- F V- • : / V -: I V- T T V ! J V T T T J" ; - V -: -•.• — j" *> ibbb^ Qiia^^n aiy-bDb^ r^ii^Ji n^n-bDb^ : nbDsb rr^n^ ODb riT J : • - T - I T : J V T T J- - T t IT : T : r.- : i- /vr "^ -At II" • : I- AT : -r : v ir • v rr t v t - vjk v -: I v t t - j~ • : |- V /» • I I- * : V ~ • : T T jv -: t •■• • vt : <- - 3D ni&T&n Di'*^ nph CHAPTER 11. n " "* • • : - J - • v: «- ; - it t : r • ! v it t : • ,- r - v \ : - 3 "5213 nn© in •'d inb^ mp'^n ^J'-'nuJn ni^'-ns^ D^iTbi^ tiin'^i T • - T < j> A x-y- i ~ • • : - J ••• • VI ' V «T : - 4 D-^^ouJn niibin nbi^ 3d : niizjs^b D'^n'bb^ sin-^t?« iriDxb'a • »- T - « : I V J- I -: I- X •■"■ /T T \- -: : - : n n-»TD I bbi : D'^'a©^ V"i^ D'irTbx nitT^ nito:? ni^a nsn^ns pi^ni - J- J ; • IT T : 1 :• rt v v: rr : » -: : at : rr • : F v it t i n'^b-an s'b ^3 nm^ dtj n^t^n ni^g-bsi i^-i^n r;;:r;;: d^t: niton G nbs?*^ n&5i t na^i5n-n&5 ih^b vk dini v'licn-bs' o'^nb^^ nin** JV -:i- «■ : it T -: it i -t i- ' • - JT t ; I v t t - • •.•: «T : '7 -ni5 D^'h'bi^ nnn^i ^t<>^ : nani^n ^3S3-b3-nx nptni pxnn'a • -.t T z V • - IT T -: IT r : t v rr : • : » •■■ at t ' • VT T IT »• : - /f - J- : • IT - : /- • - t r -: jr I • t t t t rr 3 -ni5 air? oto^-i anpa ins^a p a'^n'bi^ nin^i yfe'^i : n^^n C3d5!j 9 nana ry-ba naij^n-p o'^n'b^^ nin-> nm^'i \ -is*^ "it&x D'lsn /T : •-• » •/• T T T -: JT ' • ■ vt «T : - : - - "T t /v -: »t t rr :2?n3 nia n^'Mn f?i lan tjinn a'^':nn f^!'! bj^ab nian nsnab ^ n2?mi5b n'^m "jns'^ airai 15n-nx nSprnb p5?a i^s'i "inD-^ ;t r : - : it t : " t • t • V - v 'i : - : ' • J" t r j 11 nb-'nnn r-^.j^-b^ ni5 nnbn tc^n liTO'^s nnxn a© t D'^^^^n T • -: I- 1 ■■ JV T -V ... J ' A • IT V ft '" ' T 12 J an-^n insji nbnan b« nia »inn T^'^SO ^vS^? * ^0?^^ 3®"^'?S LESSOITS US' READINa HEBREW. 135 Jnnt) x^n ^:;''n"in nn:nn n^tjx na-ip -fbhn s^^.n bjj^n ^it^biBt} J n-ittirbi m337b pr-pn ^nns'^n n";ijn-n?« D-^n'biit nin^' n;5^1 .cd f?ri^ :b5i5P bbij Ijn-fj bbtj -ibxb n^ijn-b? DT;bs rrr.;" ns;'^ ^^ jn^^P. ni^a ^3:9^ T^bDSf: Di;;a '^i ^s-g^ bj^^n fc^b 5?^n nit: n^fin 'ITS? ib-ntos^K i'^nb D'ls^n ni-^n nrj-i^b D'^n'bK nirr' n^b^^'i is •/ <• < ;• v: r.- A - : IT T rr ' •-•! » I * •' JT : v - qi^-b^ nxn nnisn r^n-bD n^7«n-;i3 n'^n'b^ Kin';' n^^i ji'^.n^Dig Dis^n ib-«np^ n©« 'bbi ib-N^p'^-ntt nixib nnxn-bx iin^i n^hwn 7T t it » t»T • •-• -: : A tI: . - i : • t ■>• jr ••• •• r - • - r - &i:?bi ni2nnn-bDb ni-a© D'lxn i^'ip^n : ir© K^n n^^n ir5D2 a '1 J : t •• : - r : •• t r tr t>: • - I j / ct - •• /r nin^ 'bs':^ : i'l^Ds nrj «2^"^b DiJjb^ n^ten rjn bbb^ D?i?i?n 21 ^m iiiD'^1 rii3?bs£i3 tini^ ns'^i lo^'^n D'li^n-bs? rra'Tnn 1 wribt^ ITT .»:•- Ti-' -- f- • - J at-- ittit - »t"[- *« tiTTscb mi5nn« npb-m»i< 2?b2rn-nx 1 n^n'bx nHn^ p^^i : nsnnn 22 XT T - T -: I- V '.M J T T rr V — IT T I T V T ^^ • : - *• " TB-'k-nr:?'^ p'b'Sf :ni^-T-nnpb xo^iaici ^"d r\m i^ip-^ rii^rb 'i^tJSt] 24 • T -:i- 1 ■• - , tTtjiv V •• J- T • r-fr ' i a- t : • on-'StD 'i^n^n : nrifc^ ntenb ^^ni ihmii pnni i-ax-ni^i i^nic-r.i^ na V •• s ■« { !• - IT r JT » I V •«• : : • J » j- r i a • v •• v t ncttJan'^ i^bi inci^i D^i^n D-^ii:^"^? CHAPTER III. a ntti^'^i D'^n'ba^ nirr^ n©:? nox niton n^n Sb-a b^*^^? n'^n ©nsn". - It •n JT t \T r IT ■: ••• t - j- - r jt t t t - j B* n^^m Man p bbtt ^Di^n i^b u^rib^ n^&^-^s &i5 r-i-i^n-bic 2 V J - I rr - I i" V • 2 I J • v; j- r r i -« t • jt v *^an-!yin3 -iwi^} f3?n "inspi tbjss ]^TT?. ''!}S?^ ^Or^^"^? "^^\3 3 itti^'^i J l^n-QP-is in ^:?5n j^bi ^31213 tesn i^b D^n'bs* n^&5 4 ■-■ ' ~ ' I \ : ' ■•' A V : • i : •.• • : i ■« • v: j- t DDbDi^ Di"'3 "^i D-^h'bx ^1^ -^s :i^jn'ar\ ni-a-fc^b n-ir^^'n-b^ tnsn n nfeijin s-ini : ^^) nit: ^§7*;' Q'ln'bss on'^^'nT Dj^r? -i^IT^PT ^sis'a 6 b^b'wrb y^n n^ansi o-'rs^b &5^n-nixn ^si bbi^-ab ri^n nit: *^s • : - : J ■• t T (f •■•: nnj; Dys? '^n ?^b Tan ^^ na^^h *^=^r}¥i "'Pr^ dT?""'? ^T^3 ^i p-iiTD "ifTN ic:-; V. 25. 136 LESSONS IN KEADINO HEBBEW. 13 '^'n^h I bpi^n fs^n-i-a ^^-n^ns xin ^^la:? nnw *^ir« iimr\ - r-rr Jrr;- r T:rr * •»• tj-t jv-: r-tr '^D^'iT&n ©nsn nfei^n nia^^ni n''i»3? n^^mia n©xb D'^n'bM nirr^ • f • ' JTT- T'lT - #fT J - W'lT ^»I »TJ 1 i npx ^^ii^ ni<-T n^'tor ^3 ©nan-bx . o'^n'bi^ nin*^ n^ai^^i : bDi^n r X T c »TTi '--j':: - /err- ^- v- t-i- t- AT : - I J- »'-::- 1 /" T • rr / j~ ' : i- • t jt •• : ' i¥ • tynp^Bn ^©"li^-bi^i B'^n "^"ibn nsss^a ?rihnn ^sinsry ihaii^ nann i^5Db^rii ^n©x bipb fis^^ic ^s n^i^ nns^bn d j^si-bM^ x^ni -'•.•:• »j:t:-tj- -t jtti irrt-:' \ \ T T -: rr «t -: k: • r ' " I . . . ^ ^ | .. , 7 18 t[b rr^^sn ^"^nii ripi j h'^^h ''^^ bb nsbD^^n iinstr^a ?in^n:?a 'at - j- : - r- : - : 1 O : • n* - /- ; ^. t r -: 1 1 t • ; ' v -.1- 19 -bi^ ^n^iD ^5' dnb bDi^n ii'ifc^ nr^rsi : niton nter-nx nbDxi ij snp^i J ni»n "i&r-bi^i nr\& idst^s p\npb nstiti '^s n-bn^n iTf: •- ,T «TT vt T- jrrr T:wr\ t «- • v. jt j 23 ^innbuj'^i : Dbi^b ''ni bDi^i D^^nn rra ca fjpbi iT nbtji-ia 24 ©ns^i J Dtoi3 npb iTTi^ nfan^^n-n^^ ii:^ psrw^ d^^nbi^ nin? vit:i- rr • K- v *v -: t t -: jt v -:r- 1 V/r 1- • X v n ' ininn t:nb t)^^ d'^i'n^n-nij n^l5\^ ^^I^''? 1^^?^ °!3?T^^ Masoretic Notes Explained. •'nnn 'n . . . . Large Beth. Ki'^l^r 'n . . . . Small He. pTO nn« ©an .... Dagluesh after Shurek. LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW 1. The Prefixed Particles, §§ 24-28. Translate into Hebrew : — A house and field. A field and a house. In a house. In the house. To a house. To the house. As a house. As the house. From a house. From the house. The house in the field. From the house unto the field. Light and darkness. Day and night. From night to night and from day to day. Darkness in the night. Light in the day. As the sun in the heavens. The darkness. The evening. Evening and morning. As the sea. Light from the sun in the day and from the moon and from the stars in the night. Bread from the field for man and for beast. And flesh. And the flesh. And from the flesh. And to the flesh. As flesh. Not day nor (lit. and not) night. From sun to stars. From the sun unto the stars. 2. The Personal Pronouns, § 29. Direction 1. In conformity mth Remark 2 on page 111, possessives, when not immediately followed by the object possessed, are to be rendered by the preposition b thus, lam my beloved's and my beloved is mine ^^ "^"fnTi '^ni'ib ''ps? . The verb to Tiave must be paraphrased by the same pre- position, e. g. You have a brotlier n^j DDb lit. a broilier is to you; He has tio son "ji ib y^s? lit. tliere is no son to him. 138 LESSONS IN WBITINa HEBREW. Translate into Hebrew : — Ye masG, I and he. Tliey Tnasc, and they fern. She and thouy^7?i. Ye fe'tn, and we. In us. In them (m. and /.). In me. In her. In thee (m. and /.). In you (m. and /.). From eternity unto eternity thou art God. From iGrod to us. From me to you. We are in the house, ye are in the field. He is in the light, I am in darkness. The earth is Jehovah's. The silver is mine and the gold is his. Heaven is thine. God is for us. God is not like man. We are like you. He is like us. The house is yours, and the field is theirs. The sea is his. The bread is mine. I have no bread in the house. We have a brother; he is still living. You have no brother. There is no beast in the field. 3. Othee Pronouns, § 30. Translate into Hebrew : — This house. In this house. This is the house. That field. From that field. That is the field. God, who is in the heavens. Who is in the heavens? The bread, which is in the house. What is in the house ? Who am I ? What are we ? These stars. These are the stars. From this day. In this day. Whose is this house? Whose is that bread ? The place in which we are. The land in which I am. Who is this masc. ? What is this fern, ? Who art thou fern. ? Is this ^ thou ^ masc, f This field, in which thou art. The land, from which they are. These waters, which are fi*om the sea. Jehovah is mine and I am his. Ye are light in Jehovah. We be- long to the day : we belong not to the night nor to dark- Q<'3S. lessons in weiteng hebrew. 139 4. Perfect Verbs. Kal Preterite and Ineintitves, §33. Write the Kal preterite and infinitives of ^'bj^, 'in? and bbw in all their forms as they appear in the paradigm^ with the proper signification 'attached to each. Translate into Hebi'ew : — She killed. They killed. We killed. To Mil. Thou (masc.) killedst. I killed. Ye (masc. and fern.) killed. He killed. Thou (fern.) killedst. Thou (m. andy.) wast bereaved. We were bereaved. Ye (m. andy.) were heavy. She was bereaved. I was heavy. They were heavy. He was heavy. He was be- reaved. To be bereaved. Direction 2. In Hebrew sentences the verb commonly precedes its subject, and both precede the object unless the emphasis requires a different collocation, e. g. i^'^? D^'aijri nx U^tib^ God created the heavens. But if a per- sonal pronoun be either the direct or indirect object it is usually placed immediately after the verb D'ln'bij ib "jnj tJ^D^i God gave to hirti jprojperty. Translate into Hebrew : — I shut the house. She shut the door. He shut the heavens. They ruled over this land. Who gave you (Heb. to you) those vessels ? To whom did he give this field ? What did they give me ? The sun ruled over the day and the stars ruled over the night. Thou didst pour water from the heavens upon the earth. He poured. She gave us gold and silver in the vessels. They gave to him honor and majesty. They kept the command- ment. We kept the Sabbath. God gave us a command- 140 LESSONS USr WElTIj^G HEBREW. ment to keep the Sabbath. He rested id this day, bo cause it was the Sabbath. The darkness was very great. I dwelt in the house. They dwelt in the field. This is the bread which Jehovah has given to you. 5. NrPHAL, PlEL, AKD PuAL 'PeETERITES AND iNTlNITrVES, § 34. Write the Niphal, Piel, and Pual preterites and infini- tives of bttj with their significations. Translate : — He was killed. To be killed. I was killed. We were killed. She was killed. Thou (m, and /.) wast killed. Ye (m. and /.) were killed. They were killed. They massacred. They were massacred. She was massacred. I massacred. Ye (m. and/.) massacred. We massacred. To massacre. To be massacred. Thou (m. and /.) wast massacred. He was massacred. The house was sanctified. The tabernacle and the ark were sanctified. Thou {m, and /) wast sanctified. Ye (m. and /.) were sanctified. To be sanctified. To sanc- tify this day. This is the day, which Jehovah has sanc- tified. They sanctified this place. I sanctified the taber- nacle and the vessels which were in it. Ye were sepa- rated fi^om them. The day was separated fi'om the night. We were separated from you. He was separated from us. We were separated from him. They subdued the land. They were subdued before you. Ye were sub- dued. He has sworn to gather you to this land. The door was shut in the place, in which they were gathered. What did ye gather ? We gathered bread. Flesh was gathered. They have sworn. We have sworn. She has sworn. LESSONS IN WErriNG HEBREW. 141 6. TiiE EEMAiNma Peeterites and Infinitives, § 35. Write tlie preterite and infinitives with their significa- tions in the Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpael of bt?}; . Translate : — I caused to kill. She killed herself. They killed themselves. Ye (m. and y!) were caused to kill. To kill one's self. To cause to kill. To be caused to kill. We were caused to kill. Thou (m. and /,) MUedst thyself. He caused to kill. We separated the silver from the gold. He separated the darkness from the light. Thou didst separate Israel from all the nations which are in all the earth. I was made king. Thou wast made king. Is it a little (thing) to be made king? A little bread. A little flesh. A little gold. A little silver. They cut off the nations. The nations were cut ofE. Bread was cut off from the house. Bread and oil were cut off. We were cut off. She cut off man and beast from the land. They caused the kingdom to cease. He made the kingdom small. We made small. Whom did she destroy? What did she destroy ? Thou (m, and f.) didst purify thyself. I did not purify myself. She purified herself. Ye (m. and/.) purified yourselves. They brought the water near to the king David and he poured it out before Jehovah. He consecrated the oil and anointed the tabernacle, the ark and all the vessels. We consecrated all the silver and the gold to Jehovah. 7. Kal Future, Imperative, and Participles, § 36. Write the Kal future, imperative and participles oi bbp , and the futures of 'lis and bSio*. 142 liESSONS IN TVRITING HEBREW. Translate : — Thou (m. and /.) wilt kill. We shaU kilL I sliaL kiU. He will kill. They (m. and/) will kill. She will kill. Ye (m. and /) will kill. Kill ye (m. and /.). Killed. Killing. Kill thou (m. and/.). Thou wilt rule over us. He will rule over them. The stars shall rule over the night. The sea shall not rule over the earth. Rule thou over the nations. . He is ruling. She is ruling. We are ruling. Ye shall rest in the Sabbath. Rest ye {m. and/) with me in the house. Keep thou {m.) this beast. Keep thou (/) that bread. Who is keeping the silver? Jehovah is keeping Israel. Jehovah, who is keeping Israel, will also keep us. God shall keep thee in the day and in the night. We shall dwell in heaven. Shut (7n.piythe door. I shall shut the gate. She is shutting the house. The virgins are dwelling in the house. The wild beast is dwelling in the field. He will subdue all the nations which are under heaven. Thou shalt be clothed with majesty and splen- dor. I will keep what I have spoken. 8. NiPHAL, PlEL, AND PuAL FuTURES, ETC., § 37 Write the future, imperative, and participle of the Niphal, Piel, and Pual of isb^ . Translate : — We shall be massacred. Ye {m. and/) will massacre. She will massacre. I shall be killed. He will be killed. Thou (ni, and/) wilt massacre. They (m. and/) will be massacred. Be thou (m, and/) killed. Massacre ye (t/l and/). Killed. Massacred. Massacring. Ye will be separated from us. They will be shut in tjie house until the morning. All the people will be LESSONS IN WmriNG HEBEEW. 143 sanctified. The company will be sanctified. These \dr. gins will be sanctified. Those nations will be sanctified. We shall be sanctified. Ye (m. and/.) will be sanctified. Thou (m. and/.) wilt be sanctified. I shall be sancti- fied. Jehovah will be honored. Be ye honored. I will honor them who honor me (lit. the [ones] honor- ing me). I will sanctify the priests. He will sanctify them. They will sanctify us. It belongs to the priests to honor this house. It is not for me to honor him. They will speak to thee. To whom will ye speak ? God is speaking to us from heaven. Wilt thou speak to me ? Speak ye to them. I will take heed that I do not speak evil. Will the gate be shut ? Will they be shut up in Jericho ? 9. HrPHIL, HOPHAL, AIH) HlTHPAEL PuTURES, ETC., § 38. Write the future, imperative, and participle of the Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpael of bbj . Translate : — Ye (m. and/) will be caused to kill. We shall kill ourselves. Kill thyself (m. and /.). Causing to kill. Thou (m, and/) wilt cause to kill. Cause ye (m. and /) to kill They (m. and /) will kill themselves. I shall be caused to kill. Killing one's self. Caused to kill. He will be caused to kill. She will cause to kill. I withheld the rain from you. I shall cause it to rain upon this field and I shall not cause it to rain upon that field. Thou wilt clothe them with (lit. cause them to put on) splendor and majesty. He will clothe the heavens with darkness. Clothe (2 m. s.) all the nations with joy and gladness. He will be made king and ml] 144 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. be lionored in all the land. Ye will be caused to reiga We shall be caused to reign. Thou wilt be caused to reign. What shall I offer to God ? Shall all the rem nanfc be cut ofE ? Joy shall be cut off from Israel. All these nations shall be cut off. Shall we cause the work to cease ? Who shall separate us from him ? What shall separate him from us ? I am separating between good and evil. He shall cause them to dwell in the land. 10. Paragogic and Apocopated Future and Imperative AND Vav Conversive, §§ 40, 41. Direction 3. In narrating the past, the fii'st verb is commonly to be put in the preterite and the succeeding verbs in the futui'e with Vav Conversive, provided the verb stands at the beginning of the clause. If, however, any verb of the series is for any reason removed from the beginning of its clause and so separated from the con- junction, it must be put in the preterite, § 79. 2. 4. In a paragraph relating to the future, the first verb is commonly to be put in the future or imperative, as the case may be, and the succeeding verbs in the preterite with Vav Conversive, provided they stand at the begin- ning of their own clause. But if any verb of the series is separated from the conjunction by an intervening word, it must be put in the future. < 5. A negative imperative must be translated by ^J* with the future, the apocopated form being used if om exists, § 78. 8. Translate into Hebrew : — He anointed me and caused me to reisrn instead of David. They drave out the nations and subdued the LESSONS IN WEITING HEBEEW. 145 land and dwelt in it. Thou wilt gather them from all the nations, and cause them to dwell in this land, and thou wilt reign over Israel forever (lit. to eternity). Ye shall keep the commandment and be separated from the nations and be consecrated to me, and ye shall be great from sea unto sea. Cleave thou unto me and thou shalt keep the covenant which I have made (lit. cut) with thee and thou shalt honor me. Ye shall not forget. Forget not ye what I have spoken to you. Take heed that ye forget not the Sabbath to rest in it from all work. Wilt thou not withhold me from evil? Withhold not mercy from me, O Jehovah, and I will keep (parag. fut.) thia commandment. Cut them not off. We gave them bread and made (lit. cut) a covenant with them. Pray reign over this people. Shut the door. Pray, shut the door. Thou wilt not shut the door. Do not shut the door. We will shut. Let us shut. 11. Preteeites op Peefeot Verbs with Suffixes, § 42. a. Third person masc. and fem. sing, of the Kal Pre* fcerite. Write the 3 m. and f. sing, of the Kal preterite of b^g with suffixes, adding to each form its proper signifi cation. Translate : — He killed them {m, and/.). He killed him. He killed us. He killed thee (m. and/.) He killed me. He killed you {rti. and /.). He killed her. She killed us. She killed you (m. and /.). She killed me. She killed her. She killed them (m. and /.), She killed him. She killed thee (m. and /.). V 146 LESSONS LN^ WRITING HEBREW. b. The rest of tlie Kal Preterite. Write the remaining parts of the Kal preterite of bbp with suffixes. Translate : — They killed you (m. and /.). Ye killed them {m. and /.). I killed her. Thou (m,^ killedst me. I killed thee (m. and/.). "We killed him. They killed me. They killed her, Ye killed us. Thou (/.) killedst him. We killed you. Thou (m.) killedst her. Thou (/.) killedst her. Thou (m.) killedst him. Thou (/.) killedst me. He kept you {m. and/.). She kept him. Ye kept us. Thou (m.) didst keep her. Thou (/) didst keep me. She kept you (m. and /). We kept them (m. and /.). They kept us. I kept thee (m. and /.). He anointed him. He anointed me. Thou (m.) didst anoint us. Thou didst p,noint them. They sent thee {m, and /.). She sent her. Ye sent him. We sent you (m. and/). She forgot me. Thou. (/.) didst forget her. We forgot her. I forgot him. He washed them (m. and /). I washed you (m. and /.). c. The Piel and Hiphil Preterites. Write the different persons of the Piel or Hiphil pre- terite of ^bj with suffixes. Translate, noting the fact when the Hebrew is ambiguous : He massacred them (m, and /.). We massacred you (m. and /.). She massacred us. Ye massacred us. Ye massacred them (m. and /.). They massacred us. They massacred you (m, and /.). Thou (m. and /.) didst mas- sacre us. He massacred you. They caused me to kill. He caused you {m. and /.) to kill. She caused to kill them (m. and /.). They caused to kill her. She caused thee (jti. and /.) to kill LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 147 i"e caused me to kill. Ye caused to kill liim. I caused tkee (m. and f.) to kill. I caused to kill them (m, and y.). Thou {m. and /.) didst cause to kill her. Tkou (m. and /.) didst cause us to kill. We caused to kill him. We caused you to kill. He made me great. He made us great. He made them {m, and/.) great. He honored you (m. and/.). He honored him. He honored her. He bereaved thee (m. and /.). Ye gathered them (m. and /). She gathered us. We honored her. Thou (m. and /.) didst honor him. She honored him. She honored her. I gathered you (m. and /.). They honored me. They caused him to reign over Israel. Ye caused me to put on the garments. He caused Eleazar to put them on. A wild beast overtook him in the field. Thou hast caused us to dwell in this place. I have cut them off because they did not honor me. Thou hast separated them from all the nations which are upon the earth. Ye brought him near to the tabernacle. The sword has bereaved her, and she has neither father nor daughter nor brother (lit. to her is not father and not daughter and not brother). 12. Futures, etc., of Perfect Verbs with Suffixes, §42. a. Kal Future. Write the different persons of the Kal future of ^"bj with suffixes. Translate : — He vi'ill kill us. She will kill us. I shall kill you (vu and /.). Thou wilt kiH her. We shall kill him. She will 'kill them. They will kill her. Ye (m.) will kill her. Thou (/.) wilt kiU her. Thou (/.) wilt kill me 148 LESSONS IN" WRITING HEBEEW. Ye (m.) will kill them. They will kill you {m. and /). Thou (/.) wilt kill us. She will kill thee {in, and/.). Jehovah will keep us from all evil. Thou (w.) wilt keep them (m. and /.). They (m. and /) will remember me. I shall remember them. Who will remember him ? Will he remember her ? Will she not remember you (m. and /.) ? I do not know {pret) him and how shall I remember him ? We shall remember thee (m, and /.) and not forget thee. This is the house ; wilt thou (m, and /.) remember it ? This is the commandment ; will they keep it ? Whose are these garments ? I shall put them on. Behold this babe ! will the mother forget it ? (The) Lord will surely (abs, inftn.) remember you. Thou (in. and /.) wilt not forget me. Do not thou {m, and /.) forget me. K Piel and Hiphil Futures. Write the different persons of the Piel or Hiphil future of bt:^ with suffixes. Translate : — She will massacre them (m, and /.). Will ye {m. and /.) massacre us ? He will massacre you (m. and /.). He will cause thee (m. and y.) to kill me. He will cause ' to kill thee. Thou (m. and /.) wilt cause her to kill us. I will cause him to kill them. They (m. and /.) will cause me to kill. Thou (m.) wilt deliver them and they will honor thea The Lord has remembered us and crowned (future with Vav. Conv.) us with honor and majesty. He will not destroy me. Let him not destroy me. Jehovah, who is dwelling in Zion, will sanctify the people and deliver them (Heb. sing. suf. referring to people) from all ovi) LESSONS m WEITING HEBREW. 149 and cause them to dwell in this place forever. 1 will cause thee to put on sackcloth, and will cause joy and gladness to cease and mil utterly {ahs. infin?) cut thee off. Thou wilt gather us and make us great. We will separate her from the assembly. All the virgins shall honor her. c. Infinitive and Imperative. Write the Kal infinitive of ^ij^ with suffixes and give the different significations of each form. Translate, noting the fact when the Hebrew is am biguous and giving the alternate significations: — To kill you (m, and /.). To kill them (m. andy!). To kill her. To kill him. KiU (m, s. andj9?.) her. Kill (m. s. and^^.) him. My killing. To kill me. Our kill- ing. His being killed. Massacre (m. s, and jpl.) them. To massacre you {m, and/.). His massacring us. Your being massacred. Cause (m. s. and pi.) him to kill tho woman. My causing you to kill. Her causing to kill them. To cause him to kill me. To cause me to kill him. To cause to kill thee (m. and/.). Their being caused to kill her. To keep me. To keep him. To keep thee (m. and f.). To keep us. To keep them {pi. and/.). Keep {m. s. and pL) them. My keeping the commandment. Eemember (m. s. and^Z.) me. Here am I (Heb. '^Dsn , behold me), send me. Hear us. Deliver (m. s.) us. Crown (m. s. and pV) him. To honor her. He has sworn to (use the prep.) gather us and to cause us to reign with him. Honor him and he will not forget to honor thee. Sanctify us and bring us near to thee. Gather the priests to the sancr tuary; honor them before all the people; clothe them with (Heb. cause them to put on) salvation. 150 lessons in writing hebrew. 13. Gender and Number of JSTotjns, §§ 43-45. Translate : — A great war. The great war. It is a great war (Heb. tlie war is great). This war. This great war. This great and evil war. Great wars. The great wars. These* great wars. These great and evil wars. These wars are great and evil. Wars are great evils. He uttered (Heb. cried) a great cry. I will make (Heb. cut) a new cove- nant with them. New garments. These garments are new. There are the new garments. He caused me to put on these new garments. He rent the new garment which was upon him. A great kingdom. He shall reign over all these great kingdoms. Many wells. Large rocks. An evil beast. Good commandments. Many and great nations. Large figs. These large figs. These figs are large. The large figs are very large. These figs are larger than those figs. Those figs are better than these. War is worse than (Heb. evil from) famine. 14. The Construct State, §§ 46, 47. Direction 6. Observe that where a short vowel is in- serted in the construct plural agreeably to § 47: 5, the first syllable is intermediate and a following aspirate will not take Daghesh-lene, § 9. a. Translate : A house of a king. The house of the king. In the king's house are vessels, of gold and vessels of silver. The vessels of silver are more than the vessels of gold. The vessels of gold are smaller than the vessels of silver. The priests of Jehovah burned incense upon the golden altar (Heb. the altar of gold). Who will shut the doors LESSONS IN WEITING HEBEEW. 151 of the house ? The rivers of the garden. The waters of the sea. The cattle of the earth, the beast of the field, and the fowl of heaven. This is the sign of the covenant wliich I have made with you. The mercy of Jehovah is from eternity and to eternity. The blessing of Jehovah, the God of all the earth. The kings of the nations. The stones of the field. The gates of the city. The field of Edom. The stars of the morning. Will ye not keep the commandment of the king ? The good commandments of God. The great day of Jehovah. Aaron and Eleazar ofEered them upon the altar. 15. NoTJNs WITH Suffixes, § 49. Direction 7. Nouns having suffixes are definite and require attributive adjectives joined to them to take the article, §§ 69, Vo. Write the nouns ii"n word and tJsS soul in both num- bers vdth the suffixes in their order, adding to each form its signification. Translate : — Thou shalt hear my voice in the morning. He put (Heb. gave) the ark of God in its place. His mercy is to eternity. She caused him to put on his new garments/" He will subdue the nations under us. Thou wilt subdue them under our feet. I will clothe her priests with (Heb. cause her priests to put on) salvation. My priests shall be clothed with righteousness. Ye shall keep my Sabbaths. I have kept thy commandment. Hear my cry. She will wash her head, her hands, and her feet. He anointed my head with (^) oil. The nations and their kings. His holy tabernacle (Heb. the tabernacle of 152 LESSONS m WEITING HEBREW. his holiness). My righteous God (Heb. God of my righteousness). He will not forget his covenant. His voice is breaking in pieces rocks. My foot. My feet His foot. His feet. Their feet. He has given salvation to his king. Ye are dwelling in your house. This is my field. Thy field is larger than our field. 16. Pe Guttural Verbs, § 53. The intransitive verb ^h'S to stand does not in strictness admit of a passive, and accordingly never occurs in the NiphaL That species, as found in the para- digm, may in these exercises be rendered as though ' stand ' had its transitive sense, he was stood, etc. Write the paradigm of Ta? to stand, the Kal future of bifcj to eat, and the Kal future and imperative of p\.n to be st/rong. Translate : — Ye {m. and/.) stood. We shall stand. They {m. and f.) will stand. Thou {m. and/.) wilt stand. Stand thou (m. and/) I shall stand. To be stood. I was stood. She was stood. Ye (m. and/) will be stood. Be ye (m. and/) stood. He shall be stood. We shall cause to stand. Thou shalt be caused to stand. Thou (m. and /.) wast caused to stand. They were caused to stand. They caused to stand. Caused to stand. Causing to stand. I shall eat. Ye (m. and/) will be strong. Be thou (m. and/) strong. She will eat. The curse was turned to a blessing. I shall turn day to night. Turn (thou) these stones to bread. Darkness shall be turned to light. I shall cause them to eat bread. He caused his people to eat manna. Have ye not eaten ? What have you (Heb. is to you) to eat? There is no bread to eat. It shall not be eaten. The priests shaU LESSONS LN" WEITING HEBEEW. 153 eat it Eat no bread in this place. Ye shall not eat from this tree. Ye have forsaken me and I will forsake you. Will ye forsake me ? Thon shalt serve him and he will not forsake thee. Serve Jehovah with all thy heart and with all thy soul. All the nations shall serve him. Who is Jehovah that I shall serve him? It shall be said to you, Ye are my people and I am your God. The words of Jehovah were verified. He is a living God and an everlasting king (Heb. king of eternity). He is king of kings. 17. Ayin Guttueal Veebs, § 54. The verb bxa has in Kal and Niphal the sense of redeeming^ in Piel, Pual, and FEithpael that ot polluting. Write the paradigm of b^J . Translate : He will redeem. Thou (m. and/.) wilt redeem. Ee- deem ye (m. and /,) They redeemed. She was re- deemed. Be thou (m. and/.) redeemed. They (m. and /) will be redeemed. We polluted ourselves. Polluted. Polluting. Thou (m. and/) poUutedst. Ye (m. and /) were polluted. She polluted. Pollute ye (m. and /.). Pollute thyself (m. and/). We shall be polluted. They (m. and/) will pollute. Ye (m. and/) will pollute yourselves. I shall pollute. I will bless him with all my heart. God will bless us. He has blessed us. Bless ye (m.) Jehovah. Bless Jeho- vah, ye virgins of Israel. He went to bless his housa His seed shall be blessed in the earth. He will bless thee and thy seed after thee. Ye shall be blessed in him. I cried unto thee in the night and thou heardest my voice. We will cry with a loud (Heb. great) voice to him thai 1* 154 LESSONS IK WRITING HEBREW. sittetli (Heb. to the [one] sitting) in the heavens. Ci*y not to me ; cry unto the gods whom ye have served. Wash ye your hands and your feet. Wash thou me and I shall be clean. Cleanse your hearts and not (bi?) your garments. I will cleanse you from all evil. Forsake evil and serve me. He drove out the nations from before us and we dwelt in their land. Thou hast redeemed us The God of Israel is thy Redeemer. 18. Lamedh Guttural Verbs, § 55. Write the paradigm of rtj)© to send. The Piel of this verb may be rendered for the sake of distinction to send a/way. Translate : — To send. To send away. To be sent. To send one's self. To cause to send. Thou (m. and /.) didst send. We shall be sent. I shall send myself. Cause thou {m, and f.) to send. He will send away. Thou (m. and f.^ wast sent. Ye (m. and y.) will cause to send. Sending. Sent. Causing to send. He will cause to send. She will be sent. Thou (m. andy.) wilt send thyself . They (m. and f.) will send. Send ye (m. and y. ). He will sow his field. It is time to sow thy seed. Sow good seed in thy field. Bad seed which should (Heb. shall) not be sown. These fields shall be sown to-day. The sower {^art^ went to sow; and in his sowing (inf.^ these fell on the way and the fowls of heaven ate them ; these fell on the rock and these on good ground. The field is the whole earth; the seed is the word of God; the sower is the Son of man and his servants whom he has sent in his name. Didst thou (m.^ not sow good seed in thy field? Didst thou (/.) hear what he said to thee? It is good to hear thy voice. She will be heard. To be heard. He will open the house. The heavens were LESSONS m WRITING HEBREW. 155 op<3i]ed and a voice was heard, This is my Sou, hear hiin. Who shall open the eyes of the blind '^ The deaf shall hear. His clothes (were) rent {JTal pass, part.) and ashes upon his head. Forget not his commandments. Thou shalt not be forgotten. He will not withhold any (bs) good from us. 19. Pe Nun Verbs, § 56. The Kal and Niphal of ffiia , though given in full in the paradigm, are each but partially in use, and as they are identical in signification they are made to supplement each other. The Niphal is found only in the preterite and participle ; the Kal in the infinitive, future, and imperative. Write the paradigm of tt'ij to apjproacJi and the Kal of inj to give. Translate : — Approach thou (m. and /.). She will approach. They {m. and /.) will approach. Approaching. To approacL We approached. Ye (m. and /.) approached. I ap- proached. I shall approach. I shall be caused to approach. Thou (m. and /.) causedst to approach. Cause ye (m. and/.) to approach. Thou (7/1. and/.) wilt cause to approach. He will be caused to approacL Caused to approach. To cause to approach. To give. Ye (m. and /.) gave. Thou (m. and /.) gavest. We gave. We shall give. Give thou (m. and/.). Give (imp. with He parag,) (to) me thy field. I will give (to) thee instead of it a field better than it. Ask from me and I will give thee the nations. He will give me a new heart. Ye gave me bread and I ate. Thou gavest this land to him and to his seed forever. He sware to give us this good land. Thou wilt give rain upon the earth. He will give them into our hand. He 156 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. said, Give me thy hand ; and lie gave him his hand. What will ye give me ? I know {pret) that he will not suffer (Heb. give) you to go. I shall take a little honey. Take half of the blood and put (Heb. give) it upon the altar. I have (see Direction 1, Lesson 2) no silver and gold ; I shall give thee all that I have. Tell me, I pray thee, what he said to thee ; withhold not a word from me. And he told her all that was in his heart. They did not tell us the half. It was told to the king and to his servants. 20. Ayin Doubled Verbs, § 57. Write the paradigm of ii? to surround^ and the Piel of ^i? to excite. Translate : — He surrounded. We surrounded. They surrounded. Ye (m. and/.) surrounded. Thou (m. and/.) didst surround. She surrounded. I surrounded. I was sur- rounded. He was surrounded. Ye (m. and/) were surrounded. She was surrounded. They were surround- ed. Thou (m. and /.) wast surrounded. We were sur- rounded. We shall be surrounded. We shall surround. Thou {m, and /.) wilt be surrounded. They {m. and /.) will be surrounded. Ye (m. and /.) will surround. I shall surround. Surround ye {m, and /.). Be thou {m, and /.) surrounded. Surrounded. Surrounding. To surround. To be surrounded. They surrounded entirely. We shall surround entirely. Surround ye (m. and /.) entirely. I caused to surround Slie caused to surround. She was caused to surround. Ye (m. and /.) caused to surround. He caused to sur- round. We caused to suiTound. They were caused tn LESSONS IN WRITING^ HEBEEW. 157 suiTound. They caused to surround. Cause thou (m« and y.) to surround. I shall cause to surround. They (m.) shall be caused to surround. Causing to surround. Cause ye (m. and /,) to surround. Ye (m. and f,) shall cause to surround. Surrounding one's self. We excited. They (m. and f.) shall excite. I have begun to give you this land. Thou hast begun to speak to him. Begin to-day. The famine began this year. In those days (§ 50) Jehovah began to send into Judah the king of Edom. She began to ask. We began to demolish the statues and the pillars. They began. They (m. and /.) will begin. They rolled the stone from upon the mouth of the well. The stone is very great ; who shall roll it for us ? He is rolling himself upon the ground. I shall curse thy blessings. He began to curse and to say, I know {prct.) not the man. Curse ye bit- terly (abs. infin.) the city and its inhabitants (Heb. the [ones] inhabiting it). Cursed is the man, who shall eat bread this day. Cursed is the man, who will not hearken to the words of this covenant. I took thee to curse them and lo ! thou hast blessed them. Thou shalt not bless them and thou shalt not curse them. 21. Pe Yodh Veebs, § 58. Write the paradigm of so; to d/well, and the Kal of C5J to he dry. Translate : — To dwell. Dwell thou (m. and /.). He will dwelL Ye (m, and/.) will dwell. I shall dwell. Thou (m. and /.) wilt be dwelt (in). She was dwelt in. Be thou (m. and /.) dwelt in. Causing to dweiU. They were caused to dwell. They caused to dwell. She caused to 158 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. dwell. "We were caused to dwell. Ye (m. and y.) were caused to dwell. Cause ye (m. and /.) to dwell. She will be caused to dwell. I shall cause to dwell. Thou (rii, andy.) shalt be dry. Be ye (m. and/*.) dry. To be dry. Hast thou known ? Will he know ? Wilt thou let me know or not ? Will he go ? Let me know whether he will go or not. They will go to-day. Hast thou remembered the commandments of Jehovah ? Wilt thou keep them or not ? He laiows (^pret?) whether thou wilt keep them. Thou knowest whether he will keep them or not. Wilt thou bless him or curse him? Who shall dwell in thy holy place (Heb. place of thy holiness) ? Art thou my son or not ? Tell (He parag.^ me, I pray thee, whether thou art my son ? Tell me whether thou art my son or not. Will the tree stand or fall? He caused us to go in the wilderness, where ^ we wearied him and did not walk in his ways. Where did we weary him ? If Jehovah be (the) God, go after him; and if Baal, serve him. Whither thou wilt go, I shall go. This is the man to whom ye shall go. To whom shall we go ? thou hast the words of life. H ye will serve me with all yoiu* heart, then (Vav with pret. Rem. 37) will I cause you to dwell in this land forever. ' Observe in this and the following sentences the distinction between the rela- tive and the interrogative. 22. Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh Verbs, § 59. Write the paradigm of Dip to rise and the Kal of n"*"! tc contend. Translate : — Ye (m. and /.) rose. He rose. They rose. We rose She rose. They (m, and f.) will rise. Rise thou {in LESSOT^^S IN WEITING HEBEEW. 159 and y.). We shall rise. He will rise. Kise ye (jn, and y.). To rise. Kising. Risen. To be risen. Ye (m. and y.) will be risen. I shall be risen. Thou (m. and /".) wilt be risen. She was risen. We were risen. I was risen. Thou (m. and /!) wast risen. He was risen. Ye (m. and f.) were risen. They were risen. He will be risen. He raised. We shall raise. He will be raised. Fie was raised. Raising. Raised. I caused to rise. Ye {m. and /.) caused to rise. She caused to rise. He caused to rise. They caused to rise. Thou (m, and y.) didst cause to rise. They (m. and f,) will cause to rise. Thou (m. and f.^ wilt cause to rise. Cause ye (m, and y.) to rise. We shall cause to rise. Cause thou (m. and /.) to rise. Causing to rise. I shall be caused to rise. They were caused to rise. Raise thy- self (m. and y.). She raised herself. Thou (m. and f.) didst contend. I contended. He contended. She will contend. Contend thou {m. and /.). Contending. He came to his house. They came to him and ate Ijread with him. Whence hast thou come ? Whence are ye coming ? Whither didst thou go ? Whither art thou going? Wilt thou come to me to-night? Come and lodge with me. Bring thy father and thy mother with thee. We came to the well and there was no water in it. Bring [ye] my tunic. Gold and silver shall be brought. They brought to him gold and incense. Shft shall return to her former state. Return from your evil ways and serve Jehovah. We are from dust and shall return to dust. The virgins will return bringing water from the well. Bring back the silver which ye have taken from me. They brought him back to the city in joy and gladness. They shall be brought back to thi« land. He shall die. We shall die. They put him to death. He was put to death. She shall be put to death. 160 lessons in weiting hebrew. 23. Lajmedh Aleph Veebs, § 60. Write the paradigm of i^?^ to find. Translate : — Ye (m, and /.) found. We were found. Tliou (m. and f,^ didst find out. They caused to find. I found myself. He was found. To cause to find. To be found. Finding one's self. They (m. and/.) will cause to find. Ye (m. and/.) will find. She will be found. He will find. Ye (m. and/) will find out. Find ye (m. and/). Cause ye (m. and/) to find. Ye were found. I shall call to him and he will hear my voice. They called the name of the city Ur of the Chaldees. Call ye this young man. Call to me in the day of evil ; I will deliver thee. Thy name shall not be called Naomi; thou shalt be called (Heb. to thee shall be called) Mara. Jehovah brought you out from that land. I shall bring you out from all the lands in which ye are and will give you this good land which I sware to your fathers. He created the earth and the sea ; and the heavens are the work of his hands. My hands have created all these. Thou didst create man and beast upon the earth. Bring us out from all evil. Fill the vessels large and small with water. Thou hast filled the earth with thy mercy. The house was full of men and women. He caused it to rain upon the earth and filled our hearts with food and gladness. 24. Lamedh He Verbs, § 61. Write the paradigm of T^l . Translate : — They revealed. We revealed. She revealed. I le- LESSONS IN WKITING HEBEEW. 161 vealed. Thou (m. and/.) wast revealed. He was re- vealed. I was revealed. Ye (m. and /.) uncovered. They uncovered. He was uncovered. We were uncov- ered. She was exiled. Thou (m. and/.) wasfc exiled. Thou (m. and/) didst exile. They exiled. I uncovered myself. To exile. To uncover. To be revealed. To reveal. Thou (m. and/) wilt be revealed. I shall re- veal. He will uncover. We shall be uncovered. They (m. and/) will exile. She shall be exiled. Be ye (m. and/) revealed. Uncover thyself (ni. and/). Reveal- The house was built in the city. My father built it. He began to build it and my brother finished it. I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do. Who will build an altar in this place to Jehovah ? They built a dwelling for him in Jerusalem. All the nations shall go up to Jerusalem to serve Jehovah. To go up and to go down. They offered burnt-offerings upon the altar. I did as Jehovah commanded me. Bring him up to me in the bed. And it came to pass (Heb. it was) as he fin- ished to offer the burnt-offering that (Heb. and) fire fell from heaven. They made for him a throne of gold. Solomon built him a house. Wilt thou dwell in this house which has been built for thy name ? He went up into heaven. He shall descend a second time from hea- ven. Jehovah appeared to Solomon in Gibeon. 25. Numerals, § 65. Direction 8. The preposition 0/ following a cardinal number must be expressed by yn , thus D'^p^DH )'n nwm five of the horses^ not Dip^tsn Tmm which would mean the five horses J D?^^ n^nip' seven of them^ not Qnyni^' whicL would mean they seven. 162 LESSONS IN WEn-ESTG HEBREW. 9. In compound numbers insert tlie conjunction and between the different denominations, which may proceed either from the higher to the lower or the reverse ; thus for sixty -five write either sixty and five ovfive and sixty. Write the masculine absolute of the cardinals from one to ten in their order. Write the present date, year, month, and day. Translate, noting each case in which different forms may be used, or in which the order of the words may be varied : — Four heads. Ten seas. Twelve nations. Thirty of the Philistines. Fifty days. A hundred men. Six nights. Eight shekels. Three years. The seven stars. Seven of the stars. Seven stars. These seven stars. Twe ity rocks. Eleven women. Nine kings. Two vessels. Nine virgins. Five stones. Twenty-four priests. Sixty houses. Sixteen month's. Eighty queens. Six hundred years. Three hundred and sixty-five days. In the fifth year of (Heb. to) king Solomon, in the tenth month, in the second day of the month. In the twenty-first of the eighth month. In the third of this month. The third [part] of the month. The fourth [part] of tlie year. The eighth [part] of the shekeL The eighth shekel. Eight of the shekels. He is eight years old. She is nineteen years old. All the days of Adam were nine hundred years and thirty years and he died, 26. To ACCOMPANY Gen. 1 : 1. Heaven. Earth. In heaven. In eai-th. The heaven. The earth. In the heaven and in the eartL Beginning. In [the] beginning. He created. God created. I created. In [the] beginning thou createdst the earth and the heaven. Creating. God the creator of (lit. the LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 163 [one] creating) tlie heaven. He will create. Thou wilt create. I shall create an earth and heaven. He was created (Niphal). "We were created. Thou wast created. I was created. Ye were created. In [the] beginning were created the heaven and the earth. In [the] begin- ning was created the earth. [There] will be created an earth. [There] will be created a heaven. 27. Gen. 1 : 2. Darkness. The darkness. And the darkness. In darkness. In the darkness. And in the darkness. Face. The face. The face of [the] deep. The face of the heaven. He was. I was. We were. Ye were. Thou wast. He will be. I shall be. We shall be. They will be. The earth will be waste and void (desolation and emptiness). Darkness was on the waters and on the face of the earth. Spirit. The Spirit. The Spirit of God brooded over the deep. The Spirit will brood. In the beginning the Spirit [was] brooding over the waters. God created the darkness and the waters. The deep was created. And the waters of the deep were waste and void. 28. Gen. 1 : 3, 4. He said. They said. And he said (Vav Conv.). And they said. I said. Ye said. We shall say. She will Fay. We saw. They saw. He saw. And he saw. He will see. God [is] seeing in the light and in the dark- ness. The waters were seen (Niph.). The earth was seen. The light will be seen. God saw the light. Good light. Light [is] good. The good light. The light [is] good God is good. God is^ (Heb. he, § 67, 2) light^ 164 LESSONS IN WEITING HEBREW. He saw that the light was good. God divided between the earth and the heaven. God [is] dividing between the darkness and the light. The waters were divided. They will be divided. I divided. Ye divided Thou wilt divide. Divide thou. 29. Gen. 1 : 5, 6. Day and night. The day and the night. In the day and in the night. To the days and to the nights. To divide between days and nights. We shall call. We called. And we called (Vav Con v.). Thou didst call the firmament heaven. I called the darkness night, and the light I called day. The light (Heb. to the light) shall be called day. It was evening. One evening. One morning. One God. One earth. In the midst of the earth. In the midst of the heaven. Between the heaven and the earth (two constructions). God shall say to the waters, Be ye divided. Let there be light. Let there be darkness. God saw the firmament. The firma- ment [is] good. 30. Gen. 1 : 7, 8. God made the day and the night. Thou madest the firmament. Thou didst divide the waters. I shall make. He will make. And he made (Vav Conv.). I made the earth and the waters. We were made. The earth was made. The waters were made. I made the heaven which [is] above the eai-th and the earth which [is] under the heaven, and the waters which [are] under the earth. He divided the day from the night. Light was made in one day, and the firmament was created in a second day. And he called the beginning of the day morning, and the beginning of the night he called evening. A second I LESSONS JN WRITING HEBREW. 165 morning. The second evening. And it was so. And be did so. 31. Gen. 1 : 9, 10. They were gathered. Ye were gathered. We were gathered. And they were gathered. Ye shall be gather ed To be gathered. Being gathered. He said to the waters, Be ye gathered unto the seas. The waters which were under the heaven were gathered unto one place, and the waters which were above the heaven were gathered unto a second place. The dry [land] was seen. The sea was seen. See thou the earth and the heaven. He made the waters which are in the sea. They called the dry [land] earth. The collection (gatheriag together) of waters shall be called sea. The God of heaven made the eea and the dry land. He divided the sea from the dry land. He said and it was [done], 32. Gen. 1 : 11-13. God said to the earth, Bring forth (either of two verbs) grass. The earth brought foi-th herb and tree. Grass sprang up. Grass was brought forth. He said to the herb, Produce seed, and it was so. The herb produced seed (according) to its kind. I have sown the seed. Ye have sown. They have sown. In the morning sow thou the seed. The seed was sown in the evening. The herb will produce seed. The tree will yield fruit. A fruit- tree. The fruit-tree (§ 75. 5). The seed of the fruit-tree is in the fruit. To the tree yielding fruit [there] is seed I according to its kind. The fruit, whose seed is in it. Seas, ' in the midst of which are waters. A day in which there is light. A night in which there is darkness, Ififi LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 33. Gen. 1 : 14-16. Let there be light. Let there be a light (1 aminary) One great light. The second small light. Two great lights. The two small lights. Two of (Heb. from) the small lights, which (Heb. to which) they have called stars. The stars will give light in the night. He made one light for the rule of the day. The second light was made for the rule of the night. He divided between lights and lights (Heb. to lights). Thou didst divide be- tween the great lights and the stars. God created the lights and said (Vav. Con v.) to them, Give light upon the earth and divide day from night ; and it was so. There shall be signs in the heaven and in the earth. One sea- son. A second day. The third year. Two years and two days. Let there be stars giving light in the night. 34. Gen. 1:17-20. In the fourth day God made the two great lights and the stars and in the firmament of heaven he set (Heb. gave) them. He set the firmament above the earth and the earth above the sea. I gave. They gave. We gave. Thou gavest. She gave. Giving. To give. He will give. We shall give. Given. Ye will give. One light ruled the day. A second light shall rule the night. Thou [art] ruling the earth and the sea. God saw that the lights [were] good. He made the reptiles (collective) which are in the waters. He divided between the rep- tile and the fowl. A soul of life. The soul of life. Thou madest the soul of life which is in the fowl and iii the reptile. In the morning they flew away. LESSONS IN WRITING HEBRllW. 1G7 85. Gen. 1:21-23. They we 'e fi-uitf ul and multiplied (Vav Con v.) and filled tlie earth and tlie sea. The waters [are] filling (Pi el) tLe sea. The sea shall be filled. The stars shall Oil the heavens. The moving soul of life shall be fruitful and multiply upon the earth. Great monsters. The great monsters. All the great monsters of the sea. The monsters of the sea are great. God created them and he will bless them. He blessed the winged fowl and every soul of life which he had made. He caused the fowl to multiply in the earth and the monsters in the seas. Blessed be God. Bless ye God. Bless God, O my soul. God is blessing (Piel) every morning and every evening. 36. Gen. 1:24-27. The beast of the earth was made after its kind. Man was created in the likeness of God, and in his image. The earth brought forth cattle and reptile creeping upon the ground. God made lights for the rule of the day and of the night; and the man he created for the rule of the earth. Thou didst make man according to thine image and in thy likeness. Man (Heb. with arti- cle) was made in the image of him that created (Heb. the [one] creating) him. Rule thou over the fish of the sea and have dominion over all the earth. Let the fish multiply in the sea. The fowl shall fly over the face of heaven. He made them male and female. Every beast of the earth was made male and female. 37. Gen. 1:28-31. Subdue ye the earth and fill it ana multiply upon it and have dominion over all which is in it. God bless h1 TG8 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. all that lie had made. He saw that it was very goc»d. He gave to the man the fruit of the earth for food. Thou hast given to us every herb. To the beast of the earth every green herb was given. It will be given. To be given. Grive thou. Give ye. See thou what God bas made. He made light in one day. In a second day he made the firmament. In a third day the dry [land] was seen and it brought forth herb and trees. In a fourth day he made the great and small lights. In a fifth day birds and fish were made. In a sixth day he made cattle and created man (Heb. with article) in the image of God. 38. Gen. 2:1-5. The earth was finished. The host of heaven was fin- ished. The eairth and the heaven were finished. I have finished my work. Thou hast not finished thy work. We have not yet finished our work. They Avill finish their work. Your work will be finished and ye will rest These generations. These are the generations. These are the generations of Adam. These two generations. This day. This seventh day. This is the day which God has blessed. This is the seventh day in which God rested, and which he sanctified. No tree was yet in the ground. The earth had not yet brought forth herb nor (Heb. and) bush. In the fifth day there was no man and beast of the field there was none, for they had not yet been created. 39. Gen. 2:6-10. This is the earth which God created and made (Heb [so as] to make). God blessed them and said (Heb. [so as] to say, or with Vav Con v.) to them, Be fruitful LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 16^ feubdue the earth and rule (Heb. to rule) ever it. God caused it to rain and watered the face of the earth. He causes it to rain (fut. § 78, 3) and waters the ground. A mist [is] ascending from the sea and the earth will be watered We are as the grass, which sprouted in the morning and in the evening shall not be. This is youi breath which Jehovah breathed in your nostrils. He placed Adam in the garden which he had planted and in which he had caused to grow every tree good for food. Four rivers. The four rivers. The four heads of the river. The six heads. The two gardens. Three days and three nights. Five mornings and ^ve evenings. One small star. 40. Gen. 2:11-16. Thou didst form Adam of dust. He made the man (Heb. to) a living soul. A great river is surrounding the land in which there is gold. The name of the garden is Eden. They called the garden Eden. The garden shall be called Eden. In the midst of the garden were two trees; the one was called the tree of life and he called the name of the second the tree of knowing good and evil. The place, where the garden of Eden was, is not known. He went. I went. He will go. We shall go. To go. Going. He took the man. He took him. He took her. He took us. He took you. He took me. He took thee. He will take the tree. Keep the seventh day and (Heb. to) sanctify it. 41. Gen. 2:17-20. Adam ate of the evil fruit and died. This fruit is good; thou mayest freely eat (Heb. emphatic iniiii.) of it. He aie it. She ate it. We ate it. Thou shalt eat 8 170 LESSONS IN WHITING HEBREW. it Ye sliall eat it. They shall eat it. Ye ate it. Ye ate of (Heb. from) it. It is not good for Adam to eat of it. He formed him. He formed her. He formed ua Thou formedst us. I formed you. I formed them. 1 formed him. Thou didst put Adam in the garden to till it. He tilled the ground and kept it. Every beast of the field came to Adam. In the cattle of the field, the beast of the earth, the fish of the sea, and the fowl of heaven there was not found a help the counterpart of Adam. God gave name (Heb. called names) to the day and to the night. 42. Gen. 2:21-25. Adam slept because a deep sleep from God had fallen upon him (§ 66. 2). A rib was taken and was made (Heb. built) into a woman and she was brought to him. One bone. His bone. His one boDe. Two ribs. Her ribs. Her two ribs. One of (Direction 8, Lesson 25) his bones. Two of her ribs. Our three gardens. Three of our gar- dens. Four of their evenings. Five of your rivers. Six of the heads, into which the river was parted. Two of the men. Two of the women. They two, the man and the woman. Two of them. The woman left her father and her mother and clave to her husband. My mother has forsaken me. My father and my mother will not forsake me. Thou shalt do all that thy father and thy mother shall command thee. 43. Gen. 3:1-5. The cunning serpent. This tree is the best of all the trees (Heb. collective) in the garden. The man was the greatest of all the men of [the] east. The stars are the LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW l7l smallest of all the lights in the firmament. The sea is greater than the dry [land]. Dying (emphat. infin.) he shall die. We shall die. I shall die. He died. She died. They died. Dying. He killed (caused to die). They killed. He was put to death. She shall be put to death. He said to the woman, Thou shalt not touch the tree lest thou die. Touch thou this fruit. I touched it and my eyes were opened and I knew good and evil. In the day of thy touching this tree (§ 89. 3) thou and thy wife shall die (§ 86. 1). 44. Gen. 3 : 6-10. The woman's eyes were opened and she saw. She gave of the fruit to Adam and he saw and ate. A desirable tree. The desirable tree. The tree is desii*able. He took of it. She took it. Ye took it. We shall take. They ( f?) will take. Its fruit was taken and eaten and it opened her eyes. Open thou mine eyes and I shall see. Both her eyes. The eyes of them both. Two of their eyes. Their four eyes. They heard Jehovah walking ^ She heard the voice of Jehovah [who was^] walking in the midst of the trees. I saw the man eating^. Where is he \ Here he is (Heb. behold him !). Where art thou ? Here I am. I heard the tree falling ^. The falling waters. We saw the stars falling from heaven. The woman and her husband hid themselves. ' The paxticiple being- a predicate will not agree with its subject Jehovah ui clefiniteness, and hence must not receive the article, Remark 23, Lesson 13. * See Remark 8, Lesson 7. 45. Gen. 3 : 11-15. Who commanded thee not to do this evil [thing] /^m. f Not to hear. Not to see. Not to walk in the garden 17*2 LESSOI^^S IN WRITING HEBREW. I fehall command the stars not to give light in the n^ght. Who did this? Didst thou see the woman who ate (Heb. the [one] eating) this fruit ? Did the serpent de ceive the woman ? Eat ye of it and bless Jehovah. 1 shall not eat the fruit which he has commanded me not to eat. What is this, the woman has done ? What are these? Who are these? The serpent is the most accursed of all cattle. Thy mother is the most blessed of all women. Thou art the greatest of all men. I told him. It was told to me. The serpent bruised his heel (Heb him [as to] heel). He shall bruise the serpent's head 46. Gen. 3 : 16-19. I shall bless them that bless (Heb. blessing) thee, and curse them that curse (Heb. cursing) thee, and all the earth shall be blessed in thee. The woman heard the voice of the serpent. The woman hearkened to the voice of the serpent. The man hearkened to the voice of hia wife, and ate the fruit of which God had commanded him not to eat. The woman bare three sons. Sons were born to him. They shall be born. I was born. We were born. These are the names of the sons of Adam. Whose son ai-t thou ? E-eturn to dust (ye) sons of man. We returned. Have they retui^ned ( Will they (/.) ' return ? He brought them back (caused them to return). Tliey shall be brought back to the garden of the Lord. 47. Gen. 3 : 20-24. Adam called (Heb. to) the woman Eve. The woman was called Eve. The woman's name was Eve. God called his name Adam, and said. Because from the ground I have taken him. Did he not call the man Adam, accord- LESSONS IN WRITIiS^G HEBREW. 17S ing to the name of tlie ground from whence lie had taken him ? Men have given (Heb. called) names to the stars of heaven. God called the nam^ of the firmament hea- ven, and gave names to the day and to the night. See thou the ground from whence thou wast taken. Take ye of the food which I have brought for you and eat of it. Coats of skin were made for the man and for the woman and they were clothed. These God gave to them instead of the fig-leaves which they had sewed for them- selves. He said to him, Put forth thy hand, and he put it forth. 1 shall send (Kal) him. I shall send her. He will send us. He will not send them. He has com- manded us not to send you. Ye will send me away (Piel). We shall send thee away. I shall drive you out (Piel) from my garden. He will keep me. Thou wilt keep them. I HEBREW-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. nij n. m. (const, '^n^ , pi. ninjj) father -1125 v.K. {^h) toperisk P. to destroy 15^5 n. m. f. a stone 1^ n. m. mist, vajpor Di'lK n. m. JEdom liiij n. m. lord, master Dn^ n. m. man H'ia'i^^ n. f. ground, land ^'^^^^ n. m. Lord nnsf or nn^j v. K. ^0 love brvtk n. m. (D''5ni|:) tent pri? n. in. Aaron nix V. K. N. ^(9 shine. H. ^(9 (?ai^S6 ^(9 shine, give light nix n. m. light n^x n. t/r Mi« n. m. f. (rii) sign ts adv. then ^TJi n. f. (n?5Tbj) ^or nx n. m. (const. ^'HX, pi. D'^ni^) hr other nxni< n. m. J.A«5 •rrisj adj. ^71^ tnihx n. f . sister nnx prep, after ""^ adv. (suf. i'^x) wliere? ni'^x n. f. enmity n^^ adv. where? nDD'ifi? adv. 7?^2^ .^ l^k (const, r^) nothing there is not or was not It'i? adv. xohere ? only after 1^, r^^'Q tohence? ns^s? n. f. ephah lO^t^ n. m. (d'^»J»|) m«7i, hus- band, each biij V. K. (kc) ^0 ^ojiJ. H. to cause to eat ^^ adv. not b^ n. m. God "5^ prep. ^(9, i^/Z/^CJ, respecting n>« see n| Jnib^j commonly in the pi. D'lnb^ n. m. God nj^bsj n. m. Eleazar DS n. f. (niiax) mother DX conj. ^f, in a disjunctive question or 1'»J$ V. N. to he verified^ found. true 176 HEBREW-ENGLISH VOCABUI.AKY. r^biax n. Amanah Db^x adv. truly ^ indeed "i^x V. K. (ss) to say. N. to he said Jijx adv. wMtlier? tJi:s| n. m. man ^5JSi , •'ibJj pron. I P|« n. in. (D^SJ?) nostril^ face t[^ conj. «^Z56>, even; ^^ t\^ how much Tnore or after a negative how much less; Gen. iii. 1, is it even so that ? "isif n. m. ashes sians; n. f. lattice^ ivindow nia'i!!* num. ybi^^ D'lya'^i^ num. forty li'iij n. m. f. arh Yy^. n* m. f. (mi) earthy land nSx V. K. P. to curse, N. Ho. to he cursed t:S'ii^ n. Ararat t^ n. m. i,fh*e mfex n. f. (const, moij? , pi. D'^cp) xooman^ wife "iT?^ pron. 'Z^;A^, which; conj. ^A(2^, hecause; "itDxs (^,9 nn«i{ n.f. (n\ and tr\) pillar ribc sign of the definite object fii? prep, with ririi? m., ij»? f. pron. thou a prep, m, m^^, at^ with ^i?3 n. f. a well "IS3 n. m. garment, pi. clotlies 13 n. m. separation; i'13^3 ^7^ A^s seimration, i. e. ^1? V. H. j^o separate, divide. N. ^(9 f 6 separated nbHsi n. hdellium ^ni n. m. emptiness n^nn n. f. S^^s^, C(3^^^Z^ Ki3 V. K. (fut. i5ii;) /^ 6'6>m^. H. ^6> cause to come, hring. Ho. to he hrought y^. prep, heinveen n^i n. m. (cr^^) house "•pb^ adv. 72.(9^, used with the infinitive 121 n. m. (0*^55) son nbs V. K. to huild i^ns^l prep, on account of b>:?i n. m. Baal, lord ij^ia n. m. morning xna V. K. to create, N. ^(? ^^ created lia n. m. A«^7 fi'in:a n. f. covenarA 5i? V. K. P. i5^ Z>fes5. N. Pu. ^6> <^6 hlessed ni'ia n. f. 6? hlessing 1^1 n. vd. flesh na.n. f. (suf. ina, pi. niia) daughter nSin^ n. f. virgin bx5 V. K ^c? redeem. P. ^ crush, jpulver- ize 'Viyi n. m. thistle %y\ n. m. f . way i^c'i V. K. to spring up, ^Siidioi grass. H, to cause to spring vp, bring forth grass «5r"n n. m. ^r^.9,s •n art. j^A^ n asks a question. inn n. m. majesty «^n m. a^'in , i^in f. pron. he^ she, it, that lin n. m. splendor n^n V. K. to be tjbn V. K. ^0 go, walk, H. ^(? c?«^s^ to go, lead, Hith. ;((9 go for one^s self, walk about in, nan int. (suf. '^ijn) lo ! behold! T\}r\ adv. hither tjsn V. K. i(^ ^'^^7•7^. N. to be turned. Hith. to turn one's self in n. m. (pi. ^^y), const, ''Sn) mountain fS'ypi n. m. conception con]. t^TlC? nj m. rii^'T f. bx, nb^? pi. pron. this, these nnj n. m. gold rr;! n. m. olive-tree, olive *oi Y. K. to remember IDT n. m. male nijT n. f. (n^T) sweat pi?r V. K. (fut. a) to cry sipi^T n. f . cry "shi V. K. to sow, H. to pro* duce seed s^'^t n. m. 56'^ J 178 HEBREW-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. sin V. H. to hide, N. Hith. to Mde one's self H'linn n. f. apron bj^'^n n. Hiddehel^ l\ris t3in adj. new ©•iri n. m. month n^''tit| n. Havilah pTH V. K. (f ut. a) to be strong "^ adj. (S^jn) living J alive njn n. f. (paragog. vowel ih^n) life^ living thing ^ beast *»!!n V. K. to live d'l^n n. m. pi. life lii)n n. m. f. window ^Sn V. H. to begin T^O V. P. to deliver ^tn V. K. P. to desire, N. to be desired •'TSW m\m, fifth yi^T} n. m. Haman D"'iB'jan num., fifty ^on n. m. Mndn£ss, mercy ^"orj V. K. ^(9 5^ diminished, tofail ^^^ n. m. (■•sn) AaZ/* nnn n. f. sword «ir? adj. (o'^W'^n) ^o/" •fion i\. m. darJcness "lintj adj. clean, pure *^nt3 V. K. ^(9 Z>^ clean, pure. P. to purify, cleanse, N. ^ be purified 3ii: adj. ^oc>6? 5|3t2 V. p. ^6> 50^7, defile n^ib adv. 72.c>^ ^6^, before fn^^ V. K. (inf. const. n©n;') nca;^ adj. f. c^r^/ land yi;* V. K. ^0 5^ weary, P. H. ^6> weary, to cause to toil "t; n. f. hand "Sfh^ V. K. to hnow, H. ^ cause to hnow, let Tcnoxo Vsy\iri n. m. Judah ''"i^n^ n. m. Jew nVn^ n. m. Jehovah ni"^ n. m. (0*^^;) day rw n. f. (a\) dove qpi'^ n. m. Joseph nS; V. K. ^6> 5^(2r, brin^ forth. N. Pu. ^(9 be bom ^"n see tf?n DJ n. m. (o'^ia::) 5^(^ nps^^ n. m. Jacob ^%^^ V. K. ^(9 ^^ (9z^^, go forth, H. ^ ^^1^56 to go forth, bring forth pi;;' V, K. to pour "I?: V. K. (fut. "12'i^.n) to form «\^ V. K. (fut. sn^:) ^(^'/^ar T];* V. K. ^0 ^ or tr\^ V. K. H. to d/rive out bijnto;' n. m. Israel a®; V. K. to sit, dwell, in- liabit i&l V. K. (fut. ^tyi) to sleep 5?©'^. n. m. salvation 3 prep, according to, as, lilce *in? K. (fut. a) to he heavy. P. to honor, ' N. to he honored ^iis n. m. honor, glory T»ns) V. K. P. to suhdue. N. to he subdued Jib adv. thus, so "fi^ n. m. priest ISDis n. m. star b^s V. P. (bibS)) to contain tJ^3 n. m. Gush ^^ conj. for, hecause, that; after a negative hut bb n. m. (suf . ifc) all, every, the whole kSs v. K. to withhold, re- strain, N. to he restrained nbs V. K. to come to an end. P. to complete, finish, Pu. to hefimjished ^'^^ n. m. (D'^^5) vessel, a/rticle 1? adv. 5(9. 15 ^$ therefore t\i^ n. f. '^^;m^ XD3 n. n). (Mi) throne viob n. m. s^^'2;(?^ ^."bia V. H. to cause to rain 'TtJ^ n. m. rain "% pron. who? whoever D^^'b n. m. pi. water V^ n. m. species^ hind "liti V. K. to sell tsCpri V. K. to fill or 5^/^Z/. P. to fill N. Pu. 25c? he filled nisb-a n. f. (const. riDKbia. suf. iDDKbtt ) 'zz;oryb rrbnb'a n. f. war^ fighting tfb'a V. K. ^c> 7'^^^7^. H. to cause to reign^ to mahe Mng, Ho. to he made hing ^^•59 n. m. hing nsbia n. f. queen tydya n. f. (§ 9. 7) hingdom nibiaia n. f. (const. M?^ hingdom nbtett^ n. £. (const dominion^ rule \q n. m. manna yo prep, from,^ out of ; ni2'53 n. m. rest ^'V^ V. K. to withhold^ heep bach. 'E, tohe withheld "OTq n. a little t:?'a H. to mahe small orfew 1^:?^ n. m. (a\ and ni) fountain b?ia adv. ahove ^^Tq n. f. (const. nS^tt) cave xi-a V. K. to find nnsc"D n. f. s^cj^^'z^^ T\\Ta n. f. commandment nijP'a n. m. gathering tog ether ^ collection oiptt n. m. f. (ni) ^^ac?^ X'lis n. f. ifcj^rc/' (^^i5?5<^7») nikn'a n. m. s^^7^^, ap^ea/r- ance ■>5nnia n. m. Mordecai nctt V. K. ^c? anoint ]?«« n. m. tabernacle^ dwell- ing btttt V. K. i((? rule^ with 2 be- fore its object. H. to cause to rule t2|c'a n. m. judgment ^5 particle of entreaty, noio^ pray^ I pray thee ^i? V. H. to tell. Ho. to he told "%% prep, before, in the pres- enx^e of over against; 1J35 corresponding to, a conn teipart HEBREW-ENGLISH VOCABULAEY. 181 yi? V. K. to touchy with % before its object ©ij V. K. N. to approach ^nj n. m. (d'^. and rii) river r|i3 V. K. to rest H. (n-'in or n'lsn) to cause to rest^ put^ place nb n. m. Noah i^'nj n. m. serpent 5^135 V. K. to plant ''^25^5 n. f. Naomi {sweet) *!?? n. m. young man nsj V. K. to breathe^ hlow i^sj V. K. to fall, fail T»5DD n. m. f. (D\ and ni) nij?5 n. f. female iWD V. H. ^0 deceive D'liiJD see n©iji s^^?3- n. f. hreath Tr35 V. P. ^6> demolish inj V. K. i(6> give, put N. Ho. i{<9 he given ii? V. K. to surround ^yo V. K. P. to shut, shut up. N. Pu. to he shut H. to cause to sJiut "lio V. N, to he shut, stopped J?bo n. m, roclc "ISO V. P. to recount, tell "Q? V. K. to serve, till 13? n. m, servant nnij V. K. to pass, H. to cause to pass "1? prep, unto, until n-^y n. f. company, asserrh hly n? n. Sden "lis? adv. yet, besides b"^2? n. m. sucMing, hahe DpiS' n. m. eternity ; D^'^i^^ forever qis? n. m. fowl, hirds q^S' V. K. P. 256> /2^ *i-i.i? adj. hlind "H> n. m. (mi) sH?2. st:j v. K. to leave, forsake IT? n. m. help "It:? V. P. to crown ■>:? n. (with art.) Ai r? n. f. (n:'r5?) 6?/^ W n. f. {n^^vy city Dn"^:? n. m. (D^iaTi?) nalced- ness, naked ^? prep, upon, over, concern- ing f^3y V. K. to go up, H. to bring up, offer nbj' n. m. leaf nbb n. f. burnt-offering ^^5? n. m. EU n}'^ see obis' D!? n. m. (^^12:?) people n:? prep, ("li?? or ''IBS') with ^i?:? V. K. ^<9 stand ^i^ n. m. (mi) dust 182 HEBKEW'-ENGLISH VOBABULARY. f 5? n. m. tree^ and collectively 3:2:^ n. m. j>ain^ sorrow lin^:? n. m. ^ain^ sorrow D?:^ n. f. (D\ and ni) hone 3p^ n. m. (const, aj??!, pL D''. and tii) heel 3n:b n. m. f. (ni) evening "yy^ n. m. raven Din? adj. (n^^?) 7i 6^ called ^"ip V. K. (fut. «) to come near, approach. H. to hring near, offer 5?'i)p V. K. to rend n^n V. K. (fut. with Vav ^iVl) to see. K to be seen, appear tstk^ n. m. (D'^fe^t') head, source n^^fcxn n. f. beginning y^ adj. (•^5'^) much, many ^in V. K. to he many, mul- tiply intrans. P. H. (inf. abs. ^%yi) to make ma/ay, multiply trans. '^'S^'yy num. fourth ^5T n. f. (D?^?'^) foot T&r\ V. K. to rule, have do- minion D'^unn n. m. pi. troughs Vr^ n. m. f. (tii) breath, wind, Spirit T^^^ V. K. to run Dinn adj. merciful D'^iann n. m. pi. mercies, coniA passions 5]'!'^ V. P. to brood, hover over f ri'i V. K. to wash n^^n V. K. to contend toisn V. K. to creep te^"! n* m. creeping thing^ reptile J?*] adj. («^?7) 5a<^, ^'2;^7 1^'^ n. m. famine n:bn n. f. evil vi^'^ n. m. firmament rrpD n. m. (n\ and Mi) field m^ n. m. bush, shrub u^io Y. K. to place bii? V. H.. to be wise, act wisely n^bto n. f. garment nraio n. f. gladness pi? n. m. sackcloth q'li? V. K. to burn life n. m. joy tt^^'^t n. f. remnant ^b'^'it num. seventh yio V. N. ^o swea/r 184 HEBREW-ENGLISH V^OCABULARY. Sfeij n:?ntD n. m. seventeen ^n© V. P. to break in pieces nnw V. K. (fut. and a) to rest^ cease^ Jceep Sabbath, H. to cause to rest or cease nio n. ni.f. (suf. toi?) Sab- hath Dn'iD n. m. onyx n^ttj V. K. to return, P. H. to cause to return^ bring back t]^© V. K. to bruise^ crush nnw V. H. to destroy m'^© V. K. to put i5« V. K. to lie down Wt V. K. to forget tfii? V. K. to subside ^3T? V. K. (fut. a) to be be- reaved. P. to bereave DDtD V. H. to rise ea/rly 1?? V. K. to dwell P. H. to cause to dwells to station n^T? V. K. P. H. to send^ send away^ put forth ^jt'hio num. third ^^'to V. H. to cast nrfbic n. in. Solomon Di? adv. there ; ri/QO thither DO n. m. (mi) name bbt^itt© n. ra. Samuel D^^'a© n. m. pi. heawen •fQ^ n. m. oil tP'QT? V. K. to hear^ with a direct object or with 3 ; to hearken 'rbffi' V. K. to keep,, observe, N. to keep one^s self take heed ©'^fe n. m. f. sun niTTi n. f. (d*^.) 2/^«^ ''2©* n. m. crimson "^tp' num. second 0^5^ m. D^fntt' f. num. ^i^{) n'lDirf adv. a second time "^?© n. m. f. (D"^.) gate nnsTD n. f. handmaid n)5ttf V. H. to cause to drinks to water bjj^' n. m. shekel fntt'* V. K. to creep,, teem withy increase abundantly T^'iiD n. m. creeping thing, rep- tile '^ist num. sixth i^j^P) n. f. desire n5J^nn.f. i?\) fig-tree, fig rinn n. f. ark ^nn n. m. desolateness Dinn n. m. f. (rii) ocean, the deep ^5^ n. m. midst ni'ibin n. f. pi. generations i^n^ prep, under, instead of V^n n. m. sea-monster "isn V. K. to sew iiJsn V. K. to lay hold of seize rrb'^'in n. f. deep sleep rijj^TiJP) n. f. desire ENGLISH-HEBREW VOCABULARY. Aaron pn^ above bri? to accept ^np P. -^according to 5 on account of "i^^sja to adhere ps'^ K. after ^ns? Aliab ni?nj^ Ai ^50 Amanah nj^i?: !(6> anoint T\wi K. a/pron riiisin 2^«9 appear ritjn N. appearance Hij'^'a ^c' approach ttiw K. N. ; K. article ''^3 ^I'^l? assembly M^i? bdellium nV^a 256> Z>^ n^^n K. to bear (bring forth) ^\*i IC beast (domesticated) ni:n3 <^^as?5 (wild) Jijn because "123^5, ''3 before adv. D'^'b ^^(9r6 prep. %)5 , ''SSb , ^3S-b5 ^6> 5^^m bbn H. beginning ri'ii&icn behold 'jn ^ nin benefit b^i35 jfc? bereave bb© P. ^6> J^ bereaved bbij K. besides "lis? between y% birds Vfs 186 ENGLISH-HEBREW VOCABULARY. ^ to hless ^!i? K. (only in pass, part.) P. s blessing hd'isi r blind 'i^J' > blood D^i ^() Z>Zo^ n&j K. bone D3|:3? ^(/ ^6? horn lb; IN. "thread onb' ^o Z^r^^^^ in pieces "istj P. breath n^irs, n^n ^^ breathe nsj K. ^6> 5^•^7^^ i^ia H. to bring hack sit? P. H. to bring forth fc52f;» H. to bring forth children nb^ H. to bring forth grass st^ H. ^0 67'm^ ujp Tb^s H. ^{? Z>r(9(96Z qrin P. -X brother n^J ^c> bruise Pl^©' K. ^(? 5'^/^7(^ n;n K. ^^ Z> W7'^ ^^, K. ^c? Z'Z^rTi incense ^^J H. burnt-offering nbb ^c> S'z^r^/ nnj K. but (after a negative) *^3 ^ ^0 mZZ i^'np K. to cajpture 'i?b K. ^c> cast tybo H. >c'(7^i5Z^ni3na ^c> cms^ nntg Chaldees n^'^tos cherub ITO city ^"S clean "lini: i^^ J^ {?Z6a?i "^nt: K. ^c? cleanse *int: P. ^c? cleave {adhere) P^*! K. to be clothed with ttfnb oi ©nb K. clothes D'^'!*?? collection nip's ^^ (?6>???^ xia K. ^<9 C(9m^ 72.^a?' 3'ip K. to command njs P. commandment nisp company Tn'V compassio7is u'^w^ to complete nbs P. conception V^y^ concerning b? ^6> consecrate ©"ip P. H. ^6> contain bi3 P. ^c> contend i*^*? K. corresponding to ^553 counterpart "iji? covenant tT'^iS ^<9 cr(?6i^6 i^na K. ^c? te'a'i K., fn© I^* creeping thing tettn, f'jti crimson ^V^ to crown *i^y P. ENGLISII-HEBEEW VOCABULARY. 187 to crush p^'n K. H., qitJ K to cry p?T K. cunning D^"i? to cv/rse nn^ K. P. cur^e nbbp Gush tJ^ ^^ c?z^?{ nt)? K. to cut off tT\'2 K. H. Damascus ptei?1 darkness ?f^n daughter 1^3 David T\ri 'day ni'' ^0 he put to death ri^ia Ho. decade "litoij ^d> deceive i^ifj H. ^A^ J ^^^ bxa P., tjit: P. ^6> deliver f ^n P. ^6> demolish T^inj K. ^ descend Ti; K, desire •^J^P), !^p^©*^\ j56> desire "ran K. P. desolateness inn 25<9 destroy "insj P., nni? H. if(9 ^^6 )nitt K. ^<9 divide b*!? H. ^^ (^^ nte^ K. dominion "^wa to have dominion T\y\ K. . x| 6/(9(97' ribi |t/(9z;^ nbii to cause to drink npij H. to drive out W'DJ K. P., ty^ or T^-n; K. H. dry land ntja^ to he dry cn;' K. dust "^B? ^f^ ^^^^/ mrj K., 1?© K. dwelling 'J?i»^ (?« rise early dd© H. (?(Zr^A "f"!?^ «?(a^5i5 D'lp, n^ip ^7i the east of b anl^a to eat bDij K. Eleazar "iT^bx emptiness ^^"i to come to an end nbs K, enmity ^l'l^? 6pA(3^A n&^i^ eternity obis? Euphrates rins evening I'llj ^6?7*2/ bb ^'y^7 adj. I?"!, n. wn 188 ENGLISH-HEBREW VOCABULARY. face D?SNI, D"^?B to fail bsp K. to fall bsj K. famine ^yn ^father nij to fear si; female Si?i?3 ^(9 m«^6 y^^^ tt^tt H. % field STito figi fig-tree rij«r\ fighting f^^nb"!? ^o/ZZ a^b^ K.' P. ^() //icZ i5|ti K. to finish nbs P. fire m fi/rmamient V9!^ fish njn fiame t:n^ tofij/^'^^K. P. v/br conj. ''3, prep, b X forever ^)^'S'^ to forget Tom K. to form, "1?; K. former state ^7? to forsake nT:j K. «/ T T J - to he fruitful nns K. i5c> he full «bti K. garden "ja garment ^ji , ?Tabte ^^ gather T'^p P. ^0 5^ gathered together nj^ N. gatliering together nijpp generations niibin to give light *iii^ H. gladness nr^stp ^Z(9r^ nil 5 2^0 go tfbn K. ^0 ^6) doivn Tn; K. ^(9 goforth^ go out i maJce great bia P. greenness 771 ground nia'iy: half^V^. Haman 1'cn ENGLISH-HEBEEW VOCABULARY. 189 handmaid nnstD incense trpp^ Havilah nb^in to hum incense "it:;; H. \lie^^r\ toinx^reaseahundantly pijK. head w'fc^i indeed DJI2X to Jiea/r J^tti? K. ^ inhabit nt?; K. to liea/rTcen :^^© K. instead of nnn lieart nb , nnb instruction ^tf^ heaven D^^i?© into a j5(9 ^^ Am'e;^/ "J53 K. ^ Jsm^Z b^-nirr* to take heed nia© N. s e^ i5Vi, i^\^ 7^(?^Z ng? >^^^ ^T? ^ Ja^t?^ np$^ A^rS ntoi > Jehovah nin^ HiddeUl^^Vt Jericho 'tm^. to hide «nri H. v Jerusalem pb©in^ hither nan :^ J"^^ ^'i^n;» ^(9 fey hold of tesn IC "^ Josejph V[W holiness tJ'Tp joy liteto i^^ 5^ ;^oZ2/ '^^ K. r^ Judah nnw honey ©5*7 judgment watDti ^(97l(?r ^il3 ^0 Ao?^(97• ^ns P. jk> fe^ ntttD K. host i^ns ^^ ^^6^ 5ao^ i^?*? K. Ac^-ws^ n^ia A ^ fe^jt? Sdblath rin© K to hover over t^^ P. ^^W n. I"^ how riDD'i^ hindn£ss ^orj ^c>'Z^; mt^cjA less ''? tji? — Ae?^? ^% ^jb-i? much more id. ^c> make king ^rb-sa H. husbam^d tD*^K ki/rigdom ri^Dbtt , JiDbtttt ^{? ^Tic^-z^; T]"^ K. ' /''pi?, ^?bi$ ^(? ?^^ ^Tic^'w; T\'^ H. ^dx image obi feTz^J ^7^, Tjif m a la/rae biia 190 ENGLISH-HEBEEW YOCABULAEY. to lead tf^n H. ^0 5^ m^Tiy ran K. leaf nb:j Mara ^'yi^ to leave a?? K. master "jinij lest "IB mercies D^'^^'D to lie down HD© K. merciful D^n"! life njn, D^^fn, tdsj mercy "ion X^^^A^{ ^ii^ m^6?s^ tj^n a light nixi? m^'s^ n&? V to give light "li^^ H. m^onth tf^n lihe 3 y m(?(??2/ H!?? liheness in'iia'n Mordecai ^"^^^ Z^^i^Z^ ft:s> H morning ^^ « Z^Yz^Z^ "oyq y mother DX to live ^::ri, n;n K. mouth nia V living '^H m-z^cA an living thing HJH ^^ multiply intrans. nan K«, Zt?/ in, nan trans, nan P. H. ^ Noah nb ^(? mo^fe many rinn P. H. nostril V^ .^ ma?^ '^?T not"^^., ''riba, i^b ^ m^Ti Dn« , tj'-^^ , tfisK ifA^T*^ is not or t^«5 7^^ T« young mam, ^i that not "ia manna 'J'a 72/C>^ yet ontt many a'^ 710^ (entreaty) K2 , (time) nn? ENGLISH-HEBEEW VOCABULARY. 191 to observe ^tt© K. ocean Dinn to offer nb^ H., n-ig H. oil -m oli/ve^ olwe-t/ree ts^l one ^riij onyx onizJ to ojpen nna K. to open the eyes Hgs K. or (in a disjunctive question) out ofTQi over b5 o^^T* against IJ3 overtalce "py^ H. r^i?^^ r\^ K. P. H. people fi? to perish ^52? K. JPTiaraoh Jiins Pharpa/r 'nfi'js Philistines D'^htoV? pilla/r n'licij Pison l^ttJ^'B to place ri^s H., D'^te K. to plant 5^5 K. ^(? ^(?'z^r p?; K. ^r<3^2^ / I pray thee KJ m the presence <2/^ '^35 , ''5?^ , "J ~ T^ priest Ill's ^o produce JTtey K. to produce seed r^nt H. to pulverize pp'3 K. H. ^6> he pure "int? K. topu/rify ^intt P. topwrify on^s self "^"^ Hith. i5(9^'2^i5 n^: H., 105 K., ri'^u? K. to put forth rbt K. P. ^(9 j?'Z^^ (??2. clothes tin^ or "©'5^ K. queen nsbtt r(2m "1^9 ^(? c<3^'z^s^ ^6> /"(zm "itaia H. i5^ receive b^p P. j(<9 recount *iSO P. ^(9 redeem bi^j K. ^(9 7•6^^?^ tl^^ K. ^{? remember *i?T K, remnant M'''?*?^ ^0 r^'/i J :?'np K. reptile to*! , f no respecting "bJJ i5c> 7-^5^ r|i3 K., nnT§ K. to reim/rn intrans. ^'lO K, rib :?bs righteousness p'li ^(9 m^ ^(^W^Z^/ DDTJ H. river inj r(9(?^ 2?^o 25^ roll bba K. to rule bT?ia K., nn'n K. 192 ENGLISH-HEBREW VOCABULABT. to 7'un 'p'n K. \Sabhaih nat? Ho he&p Sabbath ^n© K. sackcloth pi? salvation v€l Samuel bi?^^© to sanctify tJn^ P. H. to say n^K K. y sea d;» sea monster "plPj season li^itt second '^po « second tim£ ti^}t to see r\)r\ K. seed 'S'ii to jproduce seed ^"^1 H. to seize testj to sell ^5^ K. ^ send^ send OAJoay f^^© P. H. to se;pa/rat6 ^'^a H., lr\^ K. H. sepa/ration *ia serj^ent tD'nj servant ^5^ seventh ''5?''iin to shine ^i» K. K to shoot forth r\^% K. P. shrub l^'to fe sA-z^^, shut v/p ^59 K. K. P. > side 5?^? ^^7^' ^ 5103 sister ninic s^a?^A ''ISO to sleep ys^ K. &^ sleep t\^"Dr\ small ibj ^(? make small t:?!Q BL /(? so^7 ^513 P. Solomon sib'b© sorrow nsib, "jia^y sound ^ip sou/rce tii^*j ^0 s^'w; :^!!T K. ^^ s^^a^ 15'7 P. species V^ ,spirit tm splendor "Tin i56> spring up (said of grass) to sprout Tmi K. P. to stand *Ta? K. sta/r a?i3 ^6> station 1?^ P. H. ^0 J^ strong pin K. ENGLISH-KEBKEW VOCABULAEY. 193 to suhdnte t5ns K. P. suhtle trr\v suckling b^ >c )^8un liJ'^^* to surround n?D K. to swear :?it? N. sweat WT sword 3'jn tabernacle 'J?^'a i5c? j{«^^ njb K. ^ ^id off clothes t2T?B H. ^6> tema with X^t K. jfo tell n5? H., nso P. x tent bnii i{A(2^ conj. ^t% , ^'S ; pron. )^'^" that not "*!§ then TK therefore 15 ^? thither traij . 25A6>^ ^ris throne i5B3 ^A-z^s Jib >; Tigris bg'jn ^^m<9 (duration) tt? ^^^(9 (repetition) D$9 ^ 1^0 -^« , b 9 ^(9 c^-z^s^ to toil 3?5iJ P. H. to touch 2?5p K. ^^(?, t/rees T? trouble «^^s Proughs D'^^nn ^(9 be found i/rue I^JJ N. j{(? ^2^72. tfSin K. Ur^"^^ va^or 1!& to be verified p?? N. vessel *^^3 virgin ThT^ voice bip to t^^aZi ^^'^ K. to walk about 5^0 HitL wa/r f^^O^^ to -z^^^toT* ts*^'^ H. to t^;^fl57* t5ab or toab K!* to wea/ry ^5? P. H. to be wea/ry ^5; K. 194 ENGLISH-HEBREW VOCABULAEY. t well n. *i^^ ywJiat? ™ /whatever rfn whence f If^^ wJwref ^^, n?« s which ^to'fij whither? nj&J who "y^X who? **tt whoever "% whole is why ? T\^} , nijb wilderness ^y^ wind HTi \ window J^§'^^5 ▼ \ •» to he wise ^5^ H. to act wisely i?te H. with ri;$, a, d2? jfc? withhold fc^bs K., :^59 K, woman siTJs: T t yet^'ys young mam, ^i RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY BIdg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW {APR 7 2005 DD20 15M 4-02