UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 FROM THBJLreWTRY OF THE LATE 
 PAN S. CODELLAS, M.D. 
 
 rr^r s*~ - 
 
GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
Bonbon 
 
 HENRY FROWDE 
 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE 
 
 AMEN CORNER, E.G. 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 66 FIFTH AVENUE 
 
Fro. I. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 FIG. 6. 
 
 FRONTISPIECE. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FIG. i. AN ARCHAIC GEM, PROBABLY PARTHIAN (Paris Coll., 1264,2 ; 
 cf. Imhoof-Blumer und Keller, PI. xxi, 14). 
 
 FIG. 2. TETRADRACHM OF ERETRIA (B. M. Cat., Central Or., 
 PI. xxiii, i). 
 
 Both these subjects represent a bird on a bull's (or cow's) back, in my 
 opinion the pleiad in relation to the sign Taurus (vide infra, p. 31). In 
 Fig. 2 the bull is turning round, to symbolize the tropic ; in Fig. r it is in 
 the conventional kneeling attitude of the constellation Taurus, as Aratus 
 describes it (Ph. 517) 
 
 Tavpov 5f ateeXfcov oaarj irepityaiveTai oK\a, 
 or in Cicero's translation 
 
 ' Atque genu flexo Taurus connititur ingens.' 
 
 Compare also, among other kindred types, the coins of Paphos, showing 
 a bull with the winged solar disc on or over his back {Rev. Num., 1883, 
 p. 355; Head, H. Numorum, p. 624, &c.). 
 
 FIGS. 3, 4. A COIN OF AGRIGENTUM, WITH EAGLE AND CRAB (Head, 
 H. Niimorum, p. 105). Aquila, which is closely associated with 
 Capricorn (cf. Manil. i. 624), sets as Cancer rises : it may figure, 
 therefore, as a solstitial sign. 
 
 FIG. 5. COIN OF HlMERA, BEFORE B.C. 842, WITH THE COCK (Head, 
 
 H. Numorum, p. 125 ; cf. infra, p. 26). 
 
 FIG. 6. ATHENIAN TETRADRACHM, WITH OWL, OLIVE-TWIG, AND 
 CRESCENT MOON (Head, p. 312; cf. infra, p. 46). 
 
 FIG. 7 (on title]. DECADRACHM OF AGRIGENTUM. Cf. Aesch. Agam. 
 1 10-120 (vide infra, p. 8). The reverse of the coin shows Cancer 
 associated with the solar Quadriga. 
 
A GLOSSARY OF 
 
 GREEK BIRDS 
 
 BY 
 
 D'ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON 
 
 PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUNDEE 
 
 OXFORD 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 M DCCC XCV 
 
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 KY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 PRINTED IN 
 GREAT BR1TA 
 
Collection 
 
 THI riATPI 
 
 X0ONOZ APTEIAZ APOTHPI 
 
 KAPflON HN MOTE EZHEIPE 
 
 -J 
 
 3 
 
 OAAYZIA ATTA 0EPIZAZ 
 AnOAIAHMI 
 
 91807 
 
RES ARDUA, VETUSTIS NOVITATEM DARE, NOVIS AUCTORI- 
 TATEM, OBSOLETIS NITOREM, OBSCURIS LUCEM, FASTIDITIS 
 GRATIAM, DUBIIS FIDEM. PLINY. 
 
 TTOAAOCJN TG KA\ AAA03N TOIOyTOON 6QTI HAH0OC A 
 
 N role HAAAioTc, onep ef TIC BoyAHGem QYNAfAreTN, eic 
 
 AN MHKOC 6KTei'N6l TON AOfON. - NEMES., De Nat. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THIS book contains materials for research in greater 
 measure than it presents the results of it ; and, accordingly, 
 it is not my purpose to preface it with an extended summary 
 of the many wide generalizations to which the assemblage 
 of fact and legend here recorded may seem to lead. This 
 book indeed includes only a small part of the notes I have 
 gathered together since I began years ago, as an under- 
 graduate, ignorant of the difficulties of the task, to prepare 
 the way for a new edition of the Natural History of the 
 Philosopher. Three points, however, in my treatment of 
 the present subject deserve brief explanation here. 
 
 Instead of succeeding in the attempt to identify a greater 
 number of species than other naturalist-commentators, dealing 
 chiefly with the Aristotelian birds, have done, I have on the 
 contrary ventured to identify a great many less. This limita- 
 tion on my part is chiefly due to the circumstance that I have 
 not ventured to use for purposes of identification a large class 
 of statements on which others have more or less confidently 
 relied. A single instance may serve to indicate the state- 
 ments to which I allude. In the Historia Animalium 
 (especially in the Ninth Book, great part of which seems 
 to me to differ in character and probably in authorship from 
 all but a few isolated passages of the rest of the work), in 
 the works of such later writers as Pliny, Aelian and Phile, 
 and scattered here and there in earlier literary allusions, 
 we find many instances recorded of supposed hostility or 
 friendship between different animals. When we are told, 
 
Xll PREFACE 
 
 for example, that avOos is hostile to anavOk and to the Horse, 
 that TTITTW is hostile to iroutA.1?, to Kopi>5coi>, to \Xapevs and to 
 epooSto's, that one Hawk is hostile to the Raven and another 
 to the Dove, and one Eagle to the Goose or to the Swan, 
 we try at first to use these statements as best we can in 
 unravelling the probable identification of the respective 
 species. But when we find, for instance, among the rest 
 that the Owl is hostile to the Crow, and when we recognize 
 in that statement the ancient Eastern fable of the War of 
 the Owls and Crows, we are tempted to reject the whole 
 mass of such statements and to refuse them entry into the 
 domain of Zoological Science. While former commentators 
 have, with greater or less caution, rejected many fables, 
 they have often rashly accepted many others. And I fear 
 for my part that I in turn, while rejecting a much greater 
 number, have perhaps also erred in ascribing a fabulous or 
 mystical meaning to too few. 
 
 For many such statements, and for others equally unin- 
 telligible in the terms of Natural History, I offer a novel 
 and, at first sight, a somewhat startling explanation : to wit, 
 that very many of them deserve not a zoological but an 
 astronomical interpretation. 
 
 In the spring of 1894 I read to the Royal Society of 
 Edinburgh a paper (which I have not yet printed) on * Bird 
 and Beast in Ancient Symbolism'. In that essay I sought 
 to demonstrate the astronomic symbolism of certain ancient 
 monuments, especially of the great bas-relief of Cybele in 
 the Hermitage Museum 1 ; secondly, of the beast and bird- 
 emblems of classical coinage 2 ; and lastly, of certain fables 
 or myths of the philosophers and poets. 
 
 1 This monument, a figure of which is accessible in Miss J. E. Harrison's 
 Mythology of Ancient Athens, represents, according to my view, the ancient 
 tropics of Leo and Aquarius, with Taurus and Leo in symbolic combat in the 
 frieze below. 
 
 2 The identical theory, in so far as it applies to numismatic emblems, was pro- 
 mulgated a few months afterwards by M. Jean Svoronos in a learned and scholarly 
 paper, to be found in the Bulletin de Correspondence Hellenique for 1894; but 
 the theory was not so novel as M. Svoronos and I supposed it to be. In con- 
 nexion with coins or gems, it is explicitly and admirably stated by Gorius, De 
 
PREFACE Xlll 
 
 Many illustrations of this theory of mine will be found 
 in the pages of this Glossary 1 . Suffice it to say here, in 
 briefest illustration, that the Eagle which attacks the Swan 
 and is in turn defeated by it, is, according to my view, the 
 constellation Aquila, which rises in the East immediately 
 after Cygnus, but, setting in the West, goes down a little 
 while before that more northern constellation ; that Haliaetus 
 and Ciris are the Sun and Moon in opposition, which rise 
 and set alternately, like the opposite constellations of Scorpio 
 and Orion with which the poet compares them. 
 
 Among many other opinions and testimonies to the same 
 effect, let us listen to the words of a Father of the Church : 
 ' The ancients believed that the legends about Osiris and 
 Isis, and all other mythological fables [of a kindred sort], 
 have reference either to the Stars, their configuration, their 
 risings and their settings, or to the wax and wane of the 
 Moon, or to the cycle of the Sun, or to the diurnal and 
 nocti-diurnal hemispheres V 
 
 The proof and the acceptance of such a theory as this 
 are linked with considerations far-reaching in their interest. 
 The theory has its bearing on our new knowledge of the 
 orientation of temple-walls; it helps to explain what Quintilian 
 meant when he said that acquaintance with Astronomy was 
 essential to an understanding of the Poets ; the wide-spread 
 astronomic knowledge which it presupposes may account for 
 the singular interest in and admiration of the didactic poem 
 of Aratus, the poem translated by Germanicus and Cicero 
 and quoted by St. Paul ; and the whole hypothesis points to 
 a broad distinction between two great orders of Myth. 
 
 Myths are spontaneous or literary, natural or artificial. 
 Some come to us from the Childhood of Religion and the 
 Childhood of the World ; dream-pictures as it were from 
 the half-opening eyes of awakening intelligence, archaic traces 
 of the thoughts and ways of primitive and simple men ; these 
 
 Gemmis Astriferis, 1750 ; and a kindred but exaggerated development, in regard to 
 legend, of the same hypothesis forms the method of Dupuis. 
 
 1 Cf. pp. 8, 28, 31, 63, 107, 121, 132, 192, &c. 
 
 3 Euseb, Pr. Ev. iii. c. 4. 
 
XIV PREFACE 
 
 are the folk-lore tales and customs that are presented to 
 us by the school of Mannhardt. But others, and these for 
 the most part are astronomic myths, belonging to a relatively 
 later age, were artificially invented of the wise, to adorn, 
 preserve, or conceal their store of learning ; they had their 
 birth in cultured homes of deep religion, of treasured science, 
 of exalted poetry. Both orders of Myth come to us with 
 the glamour of antiquity, and each has for us a diverse but 
 perennial interest : 
 
 d <TTa<pv\\s <TTa(j)is eVri, KOI ov p68ov avov oXemu. 
 
 The distinction between these two orders of Myth was 
 pointed out long ago by an ancient critic l ; he drew the dis- 
 tinction clearly, but the tales of folk-lore, puerile in his eyes, 
 found no echo of sympathy in the old scholar's heart. We, on 
 the other hand, have learned nowadays to say with the poet : 
 
 y AK\cir)s ode p.dvris 6? ovS' ocra Traidcs 
 
 The great Signs of the Heavens are as old as our knowledge 
 of the months and years, and about them poet-watchers of the 
 stars wove an imperishable web of imagery. Of this kind are 
 the Voyage in quest of the Golden Fleece 3 , and the Twelve 
 Labours of the Hero-God 4 ; and I have attempted to show 
 how into the same fabric are woven tales of Aetos and 
 Haliaetos, of Halcyon and Ciris, of Stymphalian perhaps also 
 
 1 Oi JAW yap TUV aotywv pvOoi ire pi aiSicav flat irpay^drcav, ol 5e ru>v iraiSow ire pi 
 tyxpovuv KOI fffJUKpwv KOI ol fj.ev voepdv fx ovffl T *l v dXrjQaav, of 8e x a A 7rT '7 < 
 ovSw vibrjXov krteuarvftbnyr : Procl. in Plat. Tim. Cf. also Porph. V. Pythag. (41) 42, 
 Iambi. V. Pythag. 23, and other commentators on the Pythagorean Symbols. 
 
 2 Apoll. Rh. iii. 930. 
 
 3 * Auf die Argonauten hatte ich immer ein Zutrauen .... Es liegen herrliche 
 Motive darin, und gewiss liessen sich noch manche daraus entwickeln ' : Goethe to 
 Schiller, Letter 496. 
 
 4 An English scholar very recently propounded the view that the Hind with the 
 Golden Horns was a reindeer ! 
 
 217770-0; 6/idSos xpvatov Kepas" ov Se aAeWcu 
 
 Tr]\ifeov 'Hpa.K\f)a fj.tf)S e\d(f)0io tpovTJa' 
 
 Mr) Tpopcprjs t\d(f>ov fJUfJLvrjaKfo. Nonn. Dionys. xxv. 223. 
 
PREFACE XV 
 
 of Diomedian and Memnonian Birds, of Pleiad-Doves and 
 Singing Swans. All these come to us from the Land beyond 
 the Rainbow : they are dwellers in Fairyland. 
 
 Akin to this enterprise of tracing allusions to the ancient 
 science of the Stars in art and legend, in neglected phrases 
 and statements, of the Greeks, is the effort I have made to 
 ascribe to non- Aryan languages names used by Hellenic 
 writers for many legendary as well as for many real Birds. 
 The Master told his pupils that the gods whom men wor- 
 shipped under other names were, in the childhood of religion, 
 the Sun, the Moon, and the Stars of Heaven, to which many 
 barbarians still bowed down 1 ; and he told them also that 
 one who should seek to explain by Greek all the words 
 of Greek should surely go astray, for that many words in 
 daily use were borrowed from barbaric speech 2 . 
 
 The astronomic science that the ancients loved and under- 
 stood, as do the wise men of China and Arabia to this day, 
 was not the gift of Greece alone, but was the accumulated 
 gain of ages of antecedent civilization by the River of Egypt 
 and the Four Rivers of Chaldaea ; and Eastern imagination 
 veiled in mysterious allegory the ancient treasures of Eastern 
 lore. 
 
 If the quest after non- Aryan words and the attempt to 
 trace the esoteric meaning of fables to a science which had 
 its origin on alien soil are to be justified, we must cease 
 to believe in a gulf between the Greeks and their Eastern 
 contemporaries and predecessors. That gulf, if gulf there 
 was, was crossed again and again. It was crossed by 
 the migrations of races, by the tramp of armies, by the sails 
 of commerce ; by the progress of religions, by the influence 
 of art, by the humble footsteps of philosophers, seeking 
 wisdom like Dervish-pilgrims of the Eastern or Wandelnde 
 Studenten of the Western world. 
 
 1 Plat. Cratyl., p. 397. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 409 : Ei ns &TOI ravra KO.TCL rrjv 'E\\rjviffriv (poavty us choreas KCITCH, 
 dAAa prf /car' fKfivijv, e ?js TO ovopa. Tvyx^ vfl v > otcrOa on diropoi av. El/torus ye. 
 The doctrine of ' Loan-words ' thus adumbrated in the Cratylus, is now, within 
 certain limits, a commonplace of philology; but we do not know where the 
 quest for such Loan-words may end. 
 
XVI PREFACE 
 
 As the White Doves came from Babylon or the Meleagrian 
 Birds from the farther Nile, so over the sea and the islands 
 came Eastern legends and Eastern names. And our Aryan 
 studies must not blind us to the presence in an Aryan tongue 
 of these immigrants from Semitic and Egyptian speech, or 
 from the nameless and forgotten language that was spoken 
 by the gods. 
 
 D. W. T. 
 
A 
 GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 "APAY. 6 KVKVOS, VTTO SKV^COV, Hesych. 
 
 'AfO'P' deros, KvTrptot, Hesych. 
 
 - Bochart (Hieroz. II. c. xi, coll. 79, 80) shows good reason for 
 supposing that deros here should read yepavos, and that dyop is 
 merely Heb. "\1jy, a crane (Jerem. viii. 7 ; Is. xxxviii. 14). Cf. 
 Lewysohn, Zool. d. Talmuds, p. 169. 
 
 'ArPAKO'MAI' opvts TIS vno ILa^L\wv, Hesych. 
 
 'APPEY'Z. An unknown bird. It is like a Blackbird, black, musical, 
 and a mimic, Ael. viii. 24. The description is somewhat sug- 
 gestive of the Indian Mynah, but it is in the main mystical. Vide 
 
 'AAflNHl'l, s. dSuimjis (cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 478). ^ xeXi8a>i/, Hesych. 
 Cf. drjo'ovis, S. V. drjSwK. 
 
 'AEAAO'I, an unknown bird, Hesych. 
 'AEPOKO'PAH, vide s. v. Kopa. 
 'AE'POvlJ, vide s. v. fxepoxj/. 
 
 'AETO'I. Ep. and Ion. aleros alrjros in Find. P.iv, Arat. 522, 591, &c. ; drjros, 
 Arat. 315 ; alperos, for al ferns, Hesych. Dim. aenSeuy, Ael. vii. 47, Aesop, 
 Fab. I. deros is said to be 'the flyer,' 'the Bird] from root af or vt, 
 of Sk. m-s, Lat. avi-s, and of Gk. ar^i : the same root perhaps in 
 ol-wv-os (Curt.) and al-yvTr-ios ; cf. the Greek use of olavos ; also the 
 Lat. use of ales for Eagle, and opveov in M. Gk. for Vulture. Never- 
 theless, the absence of Eagle-names similar to aeros in other Indo- 
 ^ B 
 
1 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AET02 (continued}. 
 
 European languages is so striking, that I suspect for it a non-Aryan 
 root. 
 
 An Eagle, the generic word; see also dKuXcifc, dXideros, arrap, 
 dpyioirous, api<|>os, dorepias, eupufjit'Swv, i^i^os, I8e<ui>, KUKi/ias, 
 Xayw^oyos, {JieXai/dieTOS, fjiop^yos, i>T]TTo<|>6i>o9, irXdyyos, iruyapyos, 
 Xpuaderos, c.: v. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, ix. 32, 6i8b, 619 a ; on the 
 species of Eagles cf. Cuvier ad Plin. x. 3, ed. Grandsaigne, whose iden- 
 tifications, however, like those of Sundevall (Thierarten des Aristoteles, 
 Stockholm, 1863, also in Swedish, K. Akad. Wetensk. Stockholm, 1862), 
 are in my opinion to be received with caution. Besides the Osprey, 
 Pandion Haliaetus, and the Short-toed Eagle, Ctrcaettts gallicus, the 
 following true Eagles are regular inhabitants of Greece, A. Chrysaetus, 
 A. heliaca, A. naema, A. Bonelli, A. pennata, and Haliaetus albicilla. 
 Though occasional passages may be descriptive of the habits of one 
 rather than another of these species, there is no evidence of any of 
 these having been recognized as distinct : such names as dXuieros, fieXav- 
 deros and \aya(j)6vos have a mystical or symbolic rather than a de- 
 scriptive or specific meaning. On the confusion of the Eagles with the 
 Vultures, vide infra. Eagles are common in Greece, though (Xen. 
 Venat v. 24) absent from many of the islands, for want of hills. On 
 the Eagle in classical art and mythology cf. O. Keller, Thiere d. cl. 
 Alterthums, pp. 236-276, 430-452. 
 
 Epithets. Horn. ay/cvXo^ei'X^f (cf. Ar. Eq. 197 Pvpaaieros ayKuXo^eiX?;? 
 S. -XJjXjjs), aWcov, fieidy, KapriaTos KOI O>KLCTTOS Trererji/aii/, p.e\as (cf. Aesch. 
 Ag. 115, Plut. Amat. iv. 9), o^vraros depKfadai, reXeioraro? (II. viii. 247), 
 v^ineTTjs s. tynreTrjeis (cf. Soph. Oenom. fr. 423, Horap. ii. 56, c.), Ail 
 (piXraros (II. xxiv. 310). Hes. Th. 523 ravinrrfpos (cf. Find. P. v. 112, 
 II. xxiv. 317, Orphic. Lith. 124). Find. P. i. 6, v. 48, Isthm. vi dpxbs 
 ola>vS)v, Ol. xiii. 21 /3ao-iXeu? oia>v>v (cf. Aesch. Ag. 1 15 ; Ar. Eq. 1087 ; 
 Ael. ix. 2 ; Nic. Ther. 448 ; Callim. Hymn. Jov. 68 ; Ovid, Met. iv. 362 ; 
 the Eagle was an Egyptian symbol for the king, according to Horap. 
 ii. 56, and was worshipped as a royal bird by the Thebans, Diod. Sic. 
 i- 87, 9) ; a royal emblem also at Babylon, Philostr. Imagg. 386 K. 
 Aesch. Pr. V. 1024 Aios TTTTJVOS KIXOV, da(f>oivbs aieros I Soph. fr. 766 
 a-Kf?7rro/3a/io)j/ cu'eros, KVO>V Aids (cf. Ar. Av. 515, Find. P. i. 6). Aesch. 
 
 Suppl. 212, Soph. Aj. 1040, Eur. Ion 159, &C. : Z^z/6? opvis, Zrjvbs aieroy, 
 
 Zrjvbs Kijpv^. Antip. Sid. xcii in Gk. Anth. (Jac.) ii. 33 *Opvi, Atos 
 Kpovidao diaKrope. Arat. Phen. 522 Zrjvbs piyas ayyeXos. Schol. Find. 
 I. v. 53 SioTrojLiTro? alfTos. See also Porphyr. De Abstin. iii. 5 opvifas rots 
 dvdpwTTOis ftcri Krjpvues aXXoi aXXwi/ df&v, Albs fiev aerdy, K. T. X. Nonn. 
 Dionys. xxiv. I2O aieroy ^-yt/idj/eue di rjepos avrirvrros Zevs. Ar. Av. 1248 
 (Aesch. fr. Niob.) irvptyopoicriv aierois. Bianor in Gk. Anth. ii. 143 ^epo- 
 divrjs aleroS) oiavav povvos enovpavios. Cf. Eurip. fr. 866 avrns p,ev drjp 
 
AETOI 3 
 
 AETOI (continued}. 
 
 TrepdcrifJLOs. (Cf. Arist. H. A. 32, 619 b v-^ov 8e irererai, OTTCO? eVi 
 TOTTOV Kadopa' dionep 6elov ol avBpwnoi (pacriv flvai JJLOVOV ra>v 
 opVQ)v.) Opp. Venat. i. 281 aleros aWcpioicnv firiBixttv yvdXotaiv. Quint. 
 Sm. iii. 354 olu>v5>v Trpocpepea-Taros. Opp. Hal. ii. 539 o<rcroi> yap Kovcpouri 
 /ier' ola>vol<riv avaKres, cu'eroi. Phile, De Aq. vty id p opos, KaprioTo? 6pvida>v, 
 TrnjvoKpdroop. Eurip. fr. 1049 (Cram. An. Gr. Oxon. ii. 452) 
 aero?, 6 Xwcrroff OVTOS KOI <pi\otve<rTaTos. 
 
 derog 6 *uX. yvfjorios. Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 peyiaTos TO>V 
 
 jjieifav re rrjs (pfjvrj?, TO>V 8' dfrav KOI jJ/zidXios', ^pa>/za {-avdds, (paiWrai 5e 
 oXiyaKis coo-Trep 117 Ka\ovp.evrj Kvpivdis I cf. Plut. Amat. iv. 9 ; vide S. V. 
 fAop<f>i/6s. This is usually taken, as is also the xpuo-afros or do-repi'as of 
 Ael. H. A. ii. 39, to mean the Golden Eagle, Aq. Chrysaetus (L.) ; the 
 former birds are however said by both authors to be very rare, whereas 
 the Golden Eagle is the commonest eagle in Greece (Heldreich). 
 Aristotle's statement as to its size is modified by Pliny (H. N. x. 3, 
 media magnitudine). The passage is obscure and mythical, as shown 
 by the allusions to Kvpivdis and (pyvr) : Pliny's phrase solumque in- 
 corruptae originis is a literal but perhaps incorrect translation of 
 yvrjo-ios. Many of the general references to aeros apply more or less 
 closely to Aq. Chrysaetus^ e. g. Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619, its nesting 
 habits ; vi. 6, 563 ri/a-ei rpla <oa, eVa>aei Trepi rpiaKovra ijpepas I ix. 32, 
 619 b TOVS dao"viro8as OIIK vdi>s Xap-/3ayei, aXX' els TO nfftiov edcras 7rpoeX$eii>, 
 this last statement being, however, very obscure : Ael. ii. 39, &c., &c. 
 On the other hand accounts of the capture of snakes and stories of 
 the combat with the Dragon (Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 Tpocpyv yap Troiemu 
 TOVS ofais 6 dtTos : Ael. xvii. 37 ; II. xii. 200 ; Aesch. Choeph. 245 ; Soph. 
 Antig. 1 10-126 ; Nonn. Dion. xl. 476 ; Nic. Theriac. 448 ; Acs. Fab. 120 ; 
 cf. Virg. Aen. xi. 751 ; Hor. Carm. iv. 4 ; Ovid, Met. iv. 712 ; Flav. Vopisc. 
 De Aurel. iv), are based on the habits of Circaetus gallicus, the Short- 
 toed Eagle, which feeds on reptiles, and partly also of the Lammer- 
 geier. In Imhoof-Blumer and Keller's Thierbilder we have coins of 
 Chalcis in Euboea showing an Eagle with the snake in its beak, and 
 also (pi. v. 9) a similar coin of Cyrene in which the bird's head is 
 evidently a Lammergeier's. 
 
 The Vultures were frequently confused under the name oVros, e. g. 
 Aesch. Ag. 1 38 o-Tvyel Se delnvov aler&v : as also in the story of Pro- 
 metheus, e.g. Hes. Th. 523; Aesch. Pr. V. 1022; Pr. Sol. ap. Cic. Q. 
 Tusc. ii. 10 ; Apoll. Rh. ii. 1254, 1263, iii. 851 ; Lucian, Prom. 20 (i. 203) ; 
 D. Deor. i. i (i. 205), &c., &c. ; and as in the story of the death of 
 Aeschylus, Ael. vii. 16, Plin. x. 3, Valer. Max. ix. 12. 2, Didym. Chalc. 
 ed. Ritter, 1845, pp. 84 &c., Hesych. Onomast. c. 16, where the derds was 
 evidently a Lammergeier, on whose propensity to feed on tortoises v. 
 Tristram, Fauna of Palestine, p. 94, see also Ibis, 1859, p. 177 ; cf. Acs. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AET01 (continued]. 
 
 Fab. 419; Babr. 115. (On the mythical character of the Aeschylus 
 legend cf. Teuffel, Rh. Mus. ix. 148, 1854; Piccolomini, Sulla morte 
 favolosa di Eschilo, Pisa, 1883 ; Keller, op. c. pp. 257, 444.) 
 
 The description in Arist. H. A. ix. 32 e(p' v^r\\wv KaOiCei dia TO /SpaSeW 
 aipfaOai OTTO TJJS yr/s' v\^ov 8e Tre'rerm, OTTCOS eVi 7rXet(rroj/ TOTTOV Kadopq, /c.T.X., 
 suggests rather the habit of the Griffon Vulture (v. Trfp/ci/oWf pos), which 
 is also the ' Eagle ' alluded to in like terms in Job xxxix. 28 ; cf. also 
 Ael. ii. 26, Horap. i. n, ii. 56. The Griffon Vulture is the royal bird 
 of the East, the standard of the Assyrian and Persian armies (Xen. Cyr. 
 vii. i. 4, of. Is. xlvi. ii, Habakkuk i. 8 ; whence probably the Roman 
 Eagle), and the Eagle-headed God Nisroch (2 Kings xix. 37) of the 
 Assyrians (cf. Tristram, Fauna of Palestine, p. 95 ; see also Hammer, 
 Hist. Osman. i. p. 50, Creuzer's Symbolik, iii. pp. 649, 756, &c.). The 
 crested Eagles of Assyrian sculpture (cf. Pocock's Descr. of the East, II. 
 pi. xvi ; Wood's Baalbec, pi. xxxiv), are merely a further development 
 of the solar emblem, and it is unnecessary to suppose (as does Hogg, 
 Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3) xiii. 1864, P- 5 2 ) that they are copied from 
 an actual crested species. 
 
 The Persians, reverencing the Eagle, admired the aquiline nose and 
 cultivated it : Olympiod. in Plat. Alcib. i. c. 16, p. 153 ol SOKOVVTCS apioroi 
 TO. TOVTOV popta els ,/caXXos 8ta7rXarTOU(7i ypVTrfjv Kal Tr]v piva 
 v8eiKvvp.evoi. TO f)yefJ.oviKov eivat Kal j3ao-t\iKov TOV nalfta' OVTOD yap 
 Kal 6 aeTos ypvTros eo~Tiv a>s /ScunXiKo? : cf. Hyde, Rel. vet. Pers. p. 374. 
 
 A fine description of the Eagle's flight in Apuleius, Florid, i. 
 
 Myth and legend. The story of Prometheus, vide supra. 
 The story of Ganymede. Strato in Gk. Anth. iii. p. 82 ; Anon. ibid. 
 
 IV. p. Il8 aleTos 6 Zvs rjXdev eV avrideov ravvfJiT)8r)V, KVKVOS eVi J~av6r]V 
 nr]Tpa TTJS 'E\evrjs : Theocr. xv. 124; Lucian, D. Deor. iv. I (i. 208), 
 Hor. Car. iv. 4. The statue of Leochares, Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 19, 29. 
 On coins of Chalcis, Dardanos, Ilia, &c. The story referred to the 
 constellation Aquila, Hygin. P. Astr. ii. 16, Germanic. Phen. 317, 
 Manil. Astron. v. 486, ,&c. 
 
 The story of Leda : the Swan pursued by an Eagle ; Eurip. Hel. 
 17-22. The Eagle in combat with the Swan, freq., e.g. II. xv. 692, 
 Arist. ap. Ael. V. H. i. 14, Phile xv. 10, Statius Theb. iii. 524, viii. 675, 
 ix. 858, &c. On coins of Mallos in Cilicia, and Camarina (Eckhel, 
 Doctr. Numm. i. i. 201, Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, pi. vi. 16, 17, &c.). 
 
 The Eagle with Dolphin on coins of Sinope, and other towns, 
 especially on the Black Sea and Hellespont, is taken by Keller as 
 symbolic of the fish-trade (op. c. p. 262) : the Dolphin here has 
 also been referred to the Eastern emblem of Eros (cf. Weber, Hist, of 
 Ind. Liter. 1882, p. 257), but is more probably simply the constellation 
 
AETOI 5 
 
 AETO2 (continued}. 
 
 adjacent to Aquila (cf. Manil. Astron. i. 353). See for other views, 
 Welcker, Der Delphin und der Hymnus des Arion, Rhein. Mus. i. 
 pp. 392-400, 1833. 
 
 The myth of Nisus and Scylla or Ciris, Virgil (?) Ciris, Hygin. Fab. 
 198, Ovid, Met. viii. 146, &c. (a Semitic solar myth, O. Keller, I.e. 
 p. 259) ; see also E. Siecke, De Niso et Scylla in aves mutatis, Berlin, 
 1884, vide s. v. dXideros. 
 
 The transmigration of Agamemnon, Plato, Rep. x. p. 620 ; of King 
 Periphas of Attica, Anton. Lib. Met. vi ; Ov. Met. vii. 399(cf.Th. Panofka, 
 Zeus und Aegina, Berlin 1836) ; of King Merops of Cos, Anton. Lib. 
 Met. xv. Cf. the ceremony at the consecration of a dead Emperor : 
 dfTos dtpitTui o~vv ra> nvp\ dve\vo~6[j.(vos es TOV aldepa, os (pepeiv dno yf/s 
 es ovpavbv Tr)v TOV j3ao~i\e(i)$ \l/-v)(f]v TTicrreuerai VTTO 'Pco/xai'co^, Herodian, 
 iv. 2. II ; cf. Dio Cass. Ivi. 42, Ixxiv. 5. 
 
 The Eagle as a portent (a. reXeio'raTos) in connexion with the founding 
 of the Ptolemaic dynasty, Suid. s. v. Adyos : of the Phrygian dynasty by 
 Gordius, Arrian, Anab. ii. 3, Ael. xiii. I ; of the Persian by Achaemenes, 
 Ael. xii. 21 ; with the birth of Alexander, Justinus xii. 16. 5. 
 
 The Eagle a portent of death : aero? entKadeo-dels rf/ Kf(pa\fj TOV Idovros 
 Qdvarov aura) /uai/reuercu, Artemid. Oneirocrit. i. p. 112 (ed. Hercher). 
 
 On the Eagle in augury cf. II. viii. 247, xii. 200, Od. ii. 146, xx. 242, 
 Aesch. Ag. 115, Ar. Vesp. 15, &c. : doubtless also referred to, though 
 unnamed, in such passages as Orph. Lith. 45, Aesch. Sept. c. T. 24, Pr. V. 
 486 : still more frequent in Latin, e.g. Liv. i. 24 ; Cic. De Divin. i. 47, 
 ii. 48 ; Sueton. Octav. 94, 96, 97 ; Valer. Max. i. 4. 6, Plut. Brutus xxxvii, 
 &c. See Hopf, Thierorakel, pp. 87 et seq.; Spanheim in Callim. Hymn. 
 Jov. 69. 
 
 On Eagles in the Mithraic mysteries, Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. How 
 the Etruscans understood the language of eagles, ibid. iii. 4. 
 
 An Eagle's nest with seven eggs (!), as a portent, Plut. Marius, xxxvi. 
 An Eagle's nestling in symbolism and dream-prophecy, Horap. ii. 2 (cf. 
 Leemans in loc.}. 
 
 The mythical genealogy of the Eagle : Arist. De Mirab. 835 a, i. (60) 
 CK TOV frvyovs 8e TWI/ aro>j> Qdrepov T&V eyyovdav oXlOUTOS yiverai 7rapaAAa, 
 IW av avvya yevrjTai. K fie aXimcrwy (f)r)vr) ytVerai, CK de TOVTM nepKVol 
 K. yvTres, K. T. A. ; cf. 0eoKpocos, dXideros, ^^T), &c. 
 
 How (prjvr) rears its young, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619, Antig. Hist. Mirab. 
 4 (52), cf. Plin. x. 3. 
 
 How the Eagle feeds and defends its young, and is affectionate 
 towards them, Ael. ii. 40, Opp. Yen. 115, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 (cf. 
 Deut. xxxii. ii), but nevertheless casts them out, 8ia (frOovov, <pvo-fi ydp 
 eo-TL (pOovepbs Kal oginreivos, e'n 8e o^uAa/3^?, Arist. ibid. How it lays three 
 
6 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AET02 (continued}. 
 
 eggs, hatches two, and rears one, Musaeus ap. Arist. vi. 6, 563, Plin. 
 x. 4 ; a similar statement of iepa, Horap. ii. 99 TIKTWV yap rpia 6>a, TO li/ 
 \iovov eViXeyerai KOI rpe^ei, ra Se aXXa dvo K\a' TOVTO Se Trota, 5ta TO KOT' 
 TOV \povov TOVS oj/v^a? dno(3d\\iv, Kal eWeC$ei> /x) 8vvao-6ai TO. rpia 
 
 How, when brooding, it goes without food, OTTOS M ap-nd^ TOVS TO>V 
 6rjpia)v o~Kvp,vovs (cf. Horap. i. 1 1). 01 re ovv oyv%es avTOv 8iao~Tpe(povTai oXrya? 
 Tj/j-epas, Kai. TO. Trrepa XevKm'veTai, &O~TC Kal rols TCKVOLS TOTC yivovrai 
 ou TTtii/Ta 6e Ta T>V der&v yevrj o/zoia Trepi ra reKva, aXX' 6 irvyapyos 
 ot S p,f\avfs fvrcKvoi TTCpl Trjv Tpo^v tlviv, Arist. H. A. vi. 6, 563. 
 
 The sharp sight of the Eagle, opviduv o^uooTreWaTo?, and how its gall 
 mingled with honey is an ointment for the eyes, Ael. i. 42 ; Plin. xxix. 38, 
 &C. Cf. II. xvii. 674, Alciphr. iii. 59 yopybv TO /SXe/u/ua ; Prov. dfT&o'fs (3\f- 
 TreiV) Lucian Icarom. 14 (ii. 769), Hor. Sat. i. 3. 26, &c. How the Eagle's 
 offspring look straight at the sun, and the bastards, being by this test 
 discovered, are cast out, Ael. ii. 26, cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 34, 620, Antig. 
 Mirab. 46 (52), Lucan ix. 902, Lucian, Pise. 46 (i. 613), Sil. Ital. x. 107, 
 Petron. Sat. 120, Claudian III. Cons. Hon. Praef, 12, Plin. x. (3)4, Dion. 
 De Avib. i. 3, Apul. Florid, i. 2, Basil. Hexaem. viii. 6. 177, Eust. Hexaem. 
 viii. 6. 952, S. August. Mor. Manich. xvi. 50, Julian. Imp. Epp. 16 (386 C), 
 40 (418 d), Eunod. Ep. i. 18, id. Carm. ii. 150, Phile i. 14. Cf. Chaucer, 
 P. of Fowles, 331 'the royal egle . . . that with his sharpe look perceth 
 the sun.' On the Egyptian origin of this fable, see Keller, op. c. p. 268, 
 and cf. Horap. i. 6, II. The Solar Myth is also oriental, and in the 
 Rig-veda the sun is frequently compared to a Vulture or Eagle hovering 
 in the air. 
 
 The Eagle is exempt from thirst, Ael. H. A. ii. 26 ovdenoTc deTot 
 OVTC Trrjyrjs Setrai OVTC y\i^(Tat KOvio~Tpas, aXXa Kal dtyovs dfjLfivwv eo~Ti '. 
 cf. Arist. H. A. viii. 18, 601 b ; but perishes of hunger (also an Egyptian 
 fable, Keller op. C. 267), yrjpdo-Kovo-i 8e Tols dfTols TO pvyxos avgdvfTai TO 
 avo) yap,^fovp,fvov del p.d\\ov } Kal T\OS Xi/iW aT:o6vr)(rKOVo~LV. cmXfyeTai 8e 
 TLS Kal nvflos, cos TOVTO 7rdo~)(fL 8ioTi avGpajirbs TTOT' &>v r)diKr]o~e evov, Arist. 
 H. A. ix. 32, 619. Cf. Antig. 46 (52), Horap. ii. 96 (where the Eagle is 
 said to be for that reason an Egyptian symbol for an old and starving 
 man), Epiphan. ad Physiol. c. 6, Plin. x. 14. 
 
 It is however long-lived, paKpoftLos 8' eo-TtV drj\ov 8e TOVTO e/c TOU 
 iro\vv xpovov T ^ v veoTTiav TTJV avTrjv diapeveiv, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 b. 
 
 It feeds on grass, Ael. ix. 10 (pottos oo-nfp Kal Aibs KK\r)rai), is poisoned 
 by o-vp.(pvTov, Ael. vi. 46, Phil. De An. Pr. 668, and in sickness eats 
 tortoises as a remedy, Dion. De Av. i. 3. 
 
 Its hours of feeding : &pa de TOV epydfca-Qat aeTcS Kai TrereoAu an-' 
 dpio~Tov p-^XP 1 8ei\r]s' TO yap HwQev KadrjTai p-fXP 1 ^ypds ir\r)dvovo~T)s, Arist. 
 H. A. ix. 32, 619. 
 
AETOZ 7 
 
 AETOI (continued]. 
 
 Its feathers are incorruptible, Ael. ix. 2, Plut. Q. Conv. i. 10, Plin. x. 
 (3) 4 ; its right wing buried in the ground is an insurance against hail, 
 Geopon. i. 14, 2. 
 
 How it walks with its toes turned in, to keep its claws sharp, Plut. De 
 Curios. 12. 
 
 Is hostile to fpeoSio?, o-i'm;, rpoxi'Xo?, Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 b, aiyvmos, 
 ib. 610 a ; v@pis, ib. 12, 615 b; Kopoavrj, Ael. xv. 22 ; TUTTM, Nicand. ap. 
 Anton. Lib. 14 ; eyxeXv?, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. ii. 239 ; noXvirovs, 
 Ael. vii. II, as well as to Spaxcoi/, Arist. ix. I, 609 (cf. Ael. ii. 26, Plut. 
 Od. et Inv. iv. p. 650), and KVKVOS, ib. 12, 615 b, by which last it is con- 
 quered, Ael. xvii. 24 ; to veftpos and aXcon-^, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 b), 
 cf. Plut. Sol. Anim. xxxi. 7 ; hostile also to xh v (Od. xv. 161), Sop/cay, 
 Anyeos (Orphic. Lith. 147), ravpo?, Phile. Cf. Plin. x. (74) 95. 
 
 It places the herb KaAXiYpixo" in its nest for a charm, Geopon. xv. 1,19. 
 
 The Eagle a symbol of the Nile, Diod. Sic. i. 19. 2. Cf. Eustath. in 
 Dionys. v. 239 eKXrflrj [% A'iyvTrros] Kal 'Aer/a : cf. Bryant's Anc. Mythol. 
 i. pp. 19, 378. A symbol of the year, Artemid. Oneirocr. ii. 20, as the 
 Vulture is also said to be by Horap. i. n ; of elevation, Horap. i. 6; 
 of the sun on the equator, Clem. Alex. Strom, v. 567. For the explana- 
 tion of these hieroglyphs, into which the emblem of the Vulture enters 
 as a phonetic element, see Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bay. Ak. 1876, p. 81. 
 
 A king who lives remote from and disdainful of his people is pre- 
 figured as an Eagle : OVTOS yap ev rols epi'ip-ois TOTTOIS e'^ei rrjv veoaa-idv, Kal 
 v^rjXoTfpos iravr&v rS)V 7TTeivS)V tTTTarai, Horap. ii. 56. 
 
 The white Eagle of Pythagoras, Iambi. V. Pyth. xxviii. 142, Ael. V. H. 
 iv. 17, was probably a symbol for the town of Croton, on whose 'coins an 
 eagle is displayed (cf. Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins, i. c. 20, also Creuzer, Symb. 
 ii. 602, footnote). How Pythagoras lured an Eagle at Olympia, Iambi. 
 V. Pyth. xiii. 62, Porph. V. Pyth. 25, Plut. Numa viii. 
 
 The constellation Aquila, Eurip. Rh. 530 /LieVa d' ateroy ovpavov nrorarai 
 (cf. Petavii Var. Diss., lib. v. c. 14) ; Arat. Phen. 313, Hygin. iii. 15, &c. 
 The constellation Aquila is frequently referred to in Latin ; e. g. Ov. 
 F. v. 732 grata lovi fulvae rostra videbis avis ; [viii. Kal. Jun. Rostra 
 aquilae oriuntur chronice.] Ib. vi. 194 si quaeritis astra, Tune oritur 
 magni praepes adunca lovis ; [Kal. Jun. Aquila oritur chronice.] Cf. 
 Columella xi. 2 ; Germanic. Phaen. 692 redit armiger uncis Unguibus, 
 ante omnes gratus tibi, luppiter, Ales ; cf. ib. 610, &c. On the 
 mythology of the Eagle in connexion with the constellation Aquila, 
 see also Eratosth. c. 29, Hygin. P. Astr. ii. 16, for, int. /., the stories 
 of the metamorphosis of Ethemea, of the Eagle that brought Venus' 
 slipper to Mercury (cf. Strabo xvii. 808, Ael. V. H. xiii. 33), the eagle 
 that portended victory to Jove in his combat with the Titans, &c. 
 
 The complicated mythology of the Eagle baffles analysis. It is 
 
8 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AETOI (continued']. 
 
 sometimes evidently a solar emblem, as is Zrjvbs opvis in Aesch. Suppl. 
 212. Its name xpuo-a'eros- is in like manner probably a translation of the 
 ' golden hawk ' of Egyptian Horus. In its combat with the Hare, the 
 Swan, the Bull, the Dragon, and so forth, these latter are probably 
 symbolic of their stellar name-sakes, and in such cases, the hostile 
 Eagle is, in the main, a stellar and not a solar emblem. The following 
 are the principal facts in connexion with the constellation Aquila which 
 seem to bear on the mythology of the Eagle. It rose nearly together 
 with the Dolphin, and shortly after, and as it were in pursuit of, the 
 Swan and the Serpent of Ophiuchus : it set as the Lion rose, whose 
 leading star Regulus was also called ^ao-tAiWos-, the Hare and the Dog- 
 star rising simultaneously ; it set together with Aquarius, known also as 
 Ganymede the cup-bearer, and it was close beside and rose together 
 with the Arrow of Sagittarius. It is not far distant from the constel- 
 lation Lyra, which last constellation is also known as the Vulture ; it 
 and the Eagle are known respectively to later writers (and to the Arabs) 
 as Aquila or Vultur cadens and volans or yty Kadrj^evos and nero^e vos, 
 nesr-el-waki and nesr-el-ta'ir, whence our modern names Vega and 
 Altair applied to their two principal stars. (See for Arabic and other 
 references, Ideler, Sternnamen, pp. 67, 106, &c.; also Grotius' Aratus, 
 Notae ad Imagg. pp. 54, 60, &c., &c.) Aquila rose together with the 
 latter stars of the Scorpion, but Lyra or the Vulture, rising a little earlier, 
 seems to have been the true paranatellon of that sign : accordingly it 
 is probably not the true Eagle but the Vulture or Aquila cadens, which, 
 substituted for the unlucky Scorpion, figures with the other three 
 cardinal signs of Leo, Taurus, and Aquarius, in the familiar imagery of 
 Ezek. i. 10, x. 14, and Rev. iv. 7. A solar myth is discussed s. v. dXideros. 
 The combat with the Hare is interesting from its representation on a 
 famous decadrachm of Agrigentum, as well as for the equally mystical 
 description in Aesch. Ag. 115 jSoa-Kd/zcj/oi \aylvav. (The symbolism con- 
 nected with the Hare seems to me to be peculiarly complicated and 
 difficult, and all tentative hypotheses are more than commonly liable to 
 be overthrown.) The Eagle with the Serpent or Dragon occurs not 
 only in classical coinage (Chalcis, Agrigentum, Gortyna, Siphnos, &c.), 
 but also on Persian and Egyptian sculptures. The Eagle with the 
 lightning (deros Trvpcpopos) or thunderbolt (minis trumfulmtnis, cf. Plin. 
 x. 3, Serv. in Aen. i. 398, Sil. Ital. xii. 58 adsuetis fulmina ferre Un- 
 guibus) occurs on coins of Elis, Catana, Megalopolis, &c. Philo's phrase 
 (i. 628) (pcyyo? yvfja-iov and 0. voQov for sunlight and moonlight is perhaps 
 suggestive or corroborative of a solar symbolism in aero? yvrja-ios. 
 
 afTirrjs, the eagle-stone. Ael. i. 35. Diosc. v. 161. Dion. De Avib. 
 i. 3 ot p.ev avrbv arro TO>V KauKatricoi/ opaii/, ot 8e OTTO rrjs TOV wKeavov o%dr)s 
 $ao-l K0fu'r#a<. : Lucan vi. 676 quaeque sonant feta tepefacta sub alite 
 saxa ; Plin. x. 3, xxx. (14) 44, xxxvi. (21) 39, xxxvii. (u) 72, Horap. ii. 49, 
 
AETOI 9 
 
 AETO1 (continued}. 
 
 Phile 736, Geopon. xv. i, 30, Solinus, c. 37, Philostr. V. Apollon. ii. 14, 
 Stobaeus 98, Priscian in Perieges. p. 393. Cf. Physiol. Syrus, where 
 the stone is called WTOVLKOV, a corruption of CVTOKIOV or VKVTOKIOV : cf. 
 Eustath. Hexaem. p. 27, Epiphan. De Duodecim Gemmis, &c., ed. 
 Romae, 1743, p. 30, Marbod. Lapidarium, 339-391 (King's Ant. Gems, 
 p. 404). See also, for mediaeval and other references, Boch. Hieroz. 
 ii. 312-316, and N. and Q. (8) v. 518, 1894. The Eagle with its stone, 
 an Egyptian symbol of security, Horap. ii. 49. 
 
 Proverb and Fable. Fable of Fox and Eagle, Archiloch. fr. 86-88 
 (no), Aes. Fab. 5 ; Ar. Av. 652. Hence according to Rutherford 
 (Babrius p. xlvii), the proverb ahrbs ev TTOTCIVOIS, Pind. N. iii. 77 (138); 
 alerbs ev vetyeXaiai, Ar. Eq. 1013, Av. 978, 987, fr. 28, and Schol. ; applied 
 by the oracle to the Great King (cf. Ezek. xvii. 3), Schol. in Ar. Eq. 1010 ; 
 cf. Zenob., Suid. eVt TO>V SucraXcorooi/, Trapoaov derbs ev ve<pe\ais &>v ov% dXiV- 
 
 KCTOI : for other explanations, see Steph. Thes. 
 
 derbv i7TTa<r6ai 8iSd(n<eis, Suid., Zenob. ii. 49 ; cf. Pseudo-Plutarch, 
 Prov. 25 avev Trrepwv forels lirravQai : hence, according to Rutherford, 
 the fable of the Eagle and Tortoise, Babr. cxv, Aes. 419 ; cf. Diog. L., 
 ii. 17, 10. 
 
 alerbv Kavdapos /uaieu(ropu, Ar. Lys. 696 : eVi rS>v rifia)povju,ei>a>j/ TOVS 
 p.tiovas irpoKardp^avTas KCIK.OV. \eyerai yap ra a>a roO deroO d(pavifiv 
 6 KavOapos, Suid.: cf. Ar. Pax, 133, and Schol., Lys. 695, Aes. Fab. 7, 
 Keller, op. c. p. 269. 
 
 The oracle of Action, Herod, v. 92. 
 
 Fable of Eagle shot with its own feathers, Aesch. Myrm. fr. 123, 
 cf. Schol. in Ar. Av. 808, Aes. Fab. 4. The Eagle and the Archer, 
 Bianor, Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 143. 
 
 derbs Kal /SatriXiVKoy, Plut. Mor. ii. 806 E. The Fighting-cock and the 
 Eagle, Babr. v ; the Eagle and Lion in partnership, Babr. xcix ; the 
 Eagle mindful of benefits, Aes. 6, 92, 120, Ael. xvii. 37, whence the 
 proverb aUnov x<*P iv eicrivfiv, Apost. Cent. i. 78 ; cf. Tzetz. Chil. iv. 302. 
 
 The tame Eagle of Pyrrhus, Ael. ii. 40 ; the Eagle that saved Tilgamus 
 of Babylon, Ael. xii. 21 ; that saved Aristomenes, Paus. iv. 18. 5 : 
 cf. Antip. Sidon. xcii in Gk. Anthol. ii. 33 : see also Ael. vi. 29, Plin. 
 x. (5) 6: cf. Marx, Gr. Marchen, 1889, pp. 29-50. 
 
 On Hawking with trained Eagles in India, Ctesias, fr. n (ed. 
 Miiller), Ael. iv. 26 ; in Thrace, Ael. ii. 42 ; cf. also Leo Africanus and 
 Tzetzes Chiliad, iv. 134. On Eagles trained for Falconry, see (e.g.) 
 Scully, Contr. to the Ornith. of E. Turkestan, Stray Feathers, vi. p. 123, 
 1876; also Yule's Marco Polo, Schlegel's Fauconnerie, &c. 
 
 Representations of Eagles. On Babylonian processional sceptres, 
 Herod, i. 195. On the sceptre of the Persian kings, Xen. Cyrop. vii. 
 
10 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AET02 (continued'}. 
 
 I. 4 (cf. Keller, op. c. pp. 240, 435). On the sceptre of Zeus at Olympia, 
 Paus. v. II. i (copied on a late coin of Elis) ; and at Megalopolis, id. 
 viii. 31. 4 (cf. Find. P. i. 6 evSei ava O-KUTTTO) AIOS aleros, Soph. fr. 766 
 o-Kr)7TTot3d[jLa>v ahros, Schol. in Ar. Av. 510); on pillars before the altar 
 of Zeus Lycaeus, in Arcadia, id. viii. 38. 5 ; on the Omphalos at Delphi 
 (cf. Soph. O. T. 480), Pind. P. iv. I xpuo-ecov Atos alrjT&v ndptdpos (simi- 
 larly on coins of Cyzicus). Cf. Plut. de Orac. i. 409 derovs rtvas, r) 
 
 KVKVOVS, nv6o\oyov<riv OTTO T&V oLKpoiV Trjs yrjS firl TO fj.6(rov <pepop.vovs els 
 ravTo crvfjiireo-flv Uv6oi nepl TOV Ka\. o/KpaXoi/. The great mechanical 
 Eagle with outspread wings on the altar at Olympia, Paus. vi. 20. 12. 
 On the shield of Aristomenes at Messene, Paus. iv. 16. 7 (cf. account 
 of shield in Eurip. fr. Meleag. iv, and on the shield of Aeacus, Zrji>a 
 vodov, (ro(pov opviv, Nonn. xiii. 214). For references to coins, v. supra, 
 passim. 
 
 The gable of a temple was called deros, Ar. Av. mo, or ae'ra^a, 
 Suid. Cf. Eur. fr. Hypsip. tdov irpbs alQep e^a/LuXA^o-ai Kopais, ypair- 
 TOVS fv atTol<Ti 7rpoa-/3Xe7ra>i/ rvnovs : Pind. Ol. xiii. 21 ris yap . . . rj 6t<av 
 vaoiviv olavoiv /SatriXea didvpov eircBrjKe ; cf. Pind. fr. 53, ap. Paus. x. 5. 12, 
 and Bergk's note ; Tacit. H. iii. 71 ; Bekker Anecd. p. 348. 3 aeroi) 
 /Mi/zemu (TX^JP-CL dnoreraKOTos ra -nrepd : for other references see Blaydes, 
 in Ar. Av. 1106. Compare the Sacred Hawk or Eagle, or the winged 
 solar disc, on Egyptian gables, &c., and on Mithraic monuments. 
 See Bronsted, Voy. en Grece, ii. 154; Welcker, Alte Denkmaler, i. 3. 
 A conventional ornament on the gable even of modern buildings in 
 the Greek style, still represents the degenerate emblem of the Eagle's 
 wing. 
 
 See also, besides the special references to the other Eagle-names 
 enumerated above, kindred mythological references s. vv. yu'ij/, Upa, 
 
 *AZEINOl', also d^effijUKH' KVKVOI, rats nrepv^iv dno\ap,[3dvovTfs df'pn, Hesych. 
 
 'AHAQ'N, TJ [6 a., Anth. Pal. vii. 44, Eust. 376. 24 ; for grammatical forms, 
 see Bergk. Philol. xxii. p. 10, Ahrens in Kuhn's Zeitschr. iii. p. 81, c.] 
 Also drj&ovls (Eur. Rhes. 550, Theocr. viii. 38, freq. in Gk. Anthol., c.), 
 ddovis (Theocr., Mosch.), dfirjdav = nf^Scoj/, Hesych., and a^Sco, Soph. 
 Aj. 628. Dim. drjdovidevs, Theocr. xv. 121. Rt. vad^ to sing, a<-i'Sa>, &c. 
 
 The Nightingale, Motacilla luscinia, L., Daulias luscinia, auctt. 
 
 Mod. Gk. drj86vi, applied to various Warblers. 
 
 Od. xix. 518 Uavdapeov Kovprj ^Xcop^ls drjduv. [German commentators, 
 translating ^Xwpjyi'y green, have made many needless conjectures as 
 to some other bird being here alluded to ; cf. Groshans, p. 5 ; Buchholz, 
 pp. 123-125. On the word xXwpiji'y see also G. E. Marindin and 
 W. W. Fowler, Class. Rev. 1890, pp. 50, 231, and in particular Steph. 
 
AETOI AHAflN II 
 
 AHAflN (continued}. 
 
 Thes. (ed. 1821), coll. 1284-5. The general significance is perhaps 'the 
 nightingale, that clepeth forth the fresshe leves newe,' Chaucer, P. of 
 Fowles 351, ^Xwpalff VTTO /3a<7(raiy, Soph. Oed. Col. 673.] 
 
 Other Epithets. 'Ar0i'y, aloXooeipos (Nonn. xlvii. 33), moXocpooi/os (Opp. 
 Hal. i. 728), fiapvdaKpvs (Phil. Thess. Ixvi), 8aKpv6eo-o-a (Eur. Hel. mo), 
 *Hpos ayyeXos, ^jj.fp6(pa)vos s. ip,fp6(p(i)vos (Sappho, p. 39, ap. Suid.), 
 KipKr)\aTos (Aesch. Suppl. 62), \iyeia (Aesch. Ag. 1146; Soph. Oed. Col. 
 671), \tyv(pdoyyos (Ar. Av. 1380), \iyv(pa>vos (Theocr. xii. 7), p,f\iyr)pvs 
 (C. I. G. 6261; Gk. Anthol. iv. pp. 231, 273; cf. Theocr. Ep. iv. 12), 
 6gv(pa>vos (Soph. Trach. 963 Babr. xii. 3, 19), gov66s (Aesch. Ag. 1142, 
 Ar. Av. 676, Theocr. Ep. iv. n ; cf. Eur. Hel. mi), TroiKi\68eipos (Hes. 
 Op. et D. 201), Tro\vKa)Ti\os (Simonid. fr. 73, in Etym. M.), irvKvomepos 
 (Soph. Oed. Col. l8), 7rav68vpros S. rravdvpros (Soph. El. 1077), TCKVO- 
 Xereipa (ib. 107), ^Kopavxnv (Simon. 73). [Note similarity of epithets 
 s. v. xeXiSwi/.] 
 
 Among innumerable poetic references, cf. Ibyc. fr. 7 rap-os avnvos 
 
 K\VTOS opOpos eyeiprjartv drjdovas. Simon, fr. 73 8evT dr)86i>es TroXuKwrtXot, 
 X\a)pavxfves elapivai. Callim. L. P. 94 juar^p f*V yoepatv olrov drj8ovi8a)V 
 aye ftapv K\aiov(ra. Aesch. Ag. IIl6 "irvv, "irvv ffTevovcra, drj8(av. Soph. 
 El. 147 <* *!TVV aiev "irvv oXo<puperat, opvis arv^o^LieVa, Aioj ayy(\os. 
 Eurip. Phleg. fr. 773, 23 p-eXnci de SevSpeo-i \enrav drjdav appoviav 
 op6pevop,va yoois^lrvv^Irvv 7ro\v0pr]vov. Eurip. Hel. 1 1 II S> 8ia ov6av 
 yfvvow e\\io[jieva 6pr t vois e/Ltois ^vvepyos. Ar. Av. 212 "irvv eXeXifrufvr) 
 (cf. Hor. Car. iv. 2. 5 Ityn flebiliter gemens, Catull. Ixv. 14 Daulias 
 absumpti fata gemens Ityli). Soph. Aj. 628 otVrpa? yoov opviOos a^SoCr, 
 cf. Aesch. fr. 412. Eur. Hec. 337 dr)86vos o-ro/xa. Ar. Ran. 684 pvgci 
 
 S' e7riK\avTov drjdoviov vop.ov. Mosch. iii. 37 ovdc roaov ITOK aeurev cvl 
 <rK07re\oi(riv drjfttov ' cf. v. 46. Aristaenet. Ep. i. 3 fjdv KOI drjdoves, 
 irepnterofjievoi TO, va^ara, fj.\a)8ov(nv. Philip Ixvi in Gk. Anthol. ii. 
 p. 213 met 6' fj fBapvdaKpvs, enl a-rrjXais p.ev drjdwv' p,ep.(pop,Vi] de ftvQols, 
 aXKvovls /SXeTrerm, &c., &C. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. iv. 9, 536 aSet KOI 6 apprjv KCU y ^Xeta 
 [an error, but cf. Od. xix. 518], 7r\rjv rj drfXfia Trauerat orav eVcoa^ KOI ra 
 veoma ^XH" wTrrat KCU dr)da>v veorrov 7rpo8i8d(rKov(ra (cf. Ael. iii. ^O } Plut. 
 De Sol. Anim. 973, Dion. De Avib. i. 20 dnoKTeivfi 8e TOVS d<pd6yyov$, 
 Porph. De Abst. iii. 5). Arist. H. A. v. 8, 542 b rtWa -roC Qepovs dp%o- 
 
 fj.vov 7TVT Kul e <a* (p(o\vi de OTTO TGI) /ueTOTrcopou p~e\pi TOV eapos. 
 
 H. A. ix. 15, 6i6b OVK. ie^et TTJS y\a>TTr)s TO 6gv [true of the Hoopoe; 
 dr)8a)v is an interpolation here, Aub. and Wimm., cf. Plin. x. 43 (29), 
 but compare the version in Apollod. iii. 14]. H. A. ix. 49 B, 632 b 
 
 17 S' drjdwv qdei p.ev (ruff^cos rjp.epas KOL VVKTUS deKanevre, orav TO opos fj8r) 
 
 i' p,ra. 8e TavTa aftei per, (Tvi/f^ws S' ov<eTi. TOV 8e depovs 
 dfpirjcri <xavr]V Kal OVKCTI 7iavTo8aTrfjv ovSe 
 
13 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AHAflN (continued}. 
 
 dXX' cbrX?)i>, Kal TO xp5)p.a p.Ta(3d\\ei Kal ev ye 'iraXta TO ovoua fTfpov 
 KaXemu nepl rrjv &pav ravTyv. (paiverai S* ov rroXvv \povov' <^>a>XeZ yap 
 (cf. Ael. xii. 28 ; Plin. N. H. x. 29, Clem. Alex. Paedag. x) : the above 
 excerpt is very obscure and mystical; with the verb dao-vvTjTai cf. 
 Etym. M. s.v. AaiAfr, also Aesch. fr. 27 (tbi tit.}, and Paus. x. 4, 7. 
 Hesiod, ap. Ael. V. H. xii. 2O rrjv dr)86va fj.6vr)v opvldav dpoipelv VTTVOV 
 Kal did Tf\ovs dypvrrvelv. Ael. H. A. i. 43 drjdwv opviQav Xi-yupomm;, 
 Xeyouo-i Se Kai ra Kpea avTrjs es dypvnviav \vaiTe\elv : cf. ib. xii. 2O, Phile 
 xviii. Ael. iii. 40 Kadeipypcvr) ev oiKio-Kco Sdrjs aTre^erai, ml d/JLVverai TOV 
 opvidodfjpav vnep rijs dov^eias ry <na>Trfj' ovnep ovv ol avdpwiroi Trerrfipafj-evoi, 
 rag p.tv fjdr) Trpe&PvTepas p-fdidcri, <nrov8dov(n 8e 6r]pav ra veorria. Ib. V. 
 38 V TCUS eprjfjiiais orav a8rj Trpbs eavTrjv, anXovv TO /LteXo?* orav de dXaJ 
 Kal T>V aKov6vTo>v pr} SiafnapTavr), noiKiXa re dvapeXireiv Kal raKepws eXi'rreii' 
 TO /ueXoy. Its mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 13. On captive 
 Nightingales, see also Nemesian, Eel. ii, De Luscinia. A white or 
 albino specimen, Plin. 1. c. 
 
 The locus classicus for the Nightingale's song is Plin. x. (29) 43, 
 cf. Ar. Av. 209 ; see also Dion. De Avib. i. 20, Phile xviii, &c. 
 
 Pausan. ix. 30. 6 XeyouoH de ol QpaKes, oo~ai T&V drjbovtov e%ovo~i veoo~ffias 
 Trl TCO Tci0o) ToO 'Op^eoff, TavTas fjdiov Kal p.e'i6t> n qdeiv. Cf. Antig. Hist. 
 Mirab. 5, Myrsili Methymn. fr. 8 (vol. iv. p. 459, Miiller). 
 
 The Nightingale which sang over the infant Stesichorus, as a presage 
 of poetry, Plin. x. 43 (29). The transmigration of Thamyras (? Thammuz), 
 Plato, Rep. x. 620. 
 
 On talking Nightingales, Plin. N. H. x. 59 (42). 
 
 The lay of the loom, KcpKida 8' evrroirjTov, drjSova rav eV cpMois, Antip. 
 Sid. xxii, Gk. Anthol. ii. n, cf. id. xxvi ; cf. Ar. Ran. 1316. 
 
 The Cricket is called rfjv Nu/^e'coi/ Trapodlnv dr)86va, Gk. Anthol. 
 iv. 206. 
 
 Ulysses, for his melancholy tale, is Movo-cof aqo>i/, Eur. Palamed. 
 viii ; a poet is Movo-da>v drjdovts, Anthol. Pal. vii. 414 (cf. Movo-dv opvix*s, 
 Theocr. vii. 47) ; a bad poet is drjdovoiv fjrriaXos (enough to give a Night- 
 ingale the shivers), Phryn. Com. Inc. i. 
 
 The Sirens are called aprrvioyovvoi a^Sdves, Lye. 653. 
 
 Proverb and Fable. ouS' oo~ov dr]86ves vTrvvovaiv, Suid. VTTVOS dr)86- 
 veios, Nicoch. Inc. 3 (ii. 846, Mem.), cf. Nonn. Dionys. v. 411 ofj.fj.aaLv 
 dpird^avres drjboviov (s. otdonov) irrepov VTTVOV. rol O-K>TTS a;Soo-i yapv- 
 craij/ro, Theocr. i. 136, cf. Gk. Anthol. (Jac.) iv. p. 218, also Theocr. v. 
 136 TTOT' dr)6va Kiao-as pio~8evl Luc. Pise. 37 BO.TTOV av yv-^r drjdovas 
 
 Fable of the Hawk and tne Nightingale, Hes. Op. et D. 203, cf. 
 Aes. Fab. 9, Plut. Mor. 1586. The Nightingale and the Swallow, 
 
AHAflN 13 
 
 AHAflN (continued}. 
 
 ov #eXo> TTJV \vm)V raw TraXatav pov (rvfjXpop&v jj.p.v^crdai, Acs. Fab. IO, 
 cf. Babr. xii. Vox et praeterea nihil, Plut. Apophth. Lacon. 123 A ri\as 
 TIS drjoova <al ^pa^elav ndvv crdpKa evpwv eiVe, (fxava TV TIS even KCU ovSev 
 aXXo. Story of Agesilaus and one who mimicked the Nightingale's 
 song, avras, flnev, CIKOVKO. -rroXXdns, Plut. Mor. 191 B. 
 
 On the myths of Itylus, Philomela, Procne, and in general on the 
 melancholy strain of the Nightingale, cf., int. /., Theocr. xv. 121 ; 
 Pherecydes, fr. p. 136 (ed. Sturtz) ; Ar. Av. 203, 665, and Scholia ; 
 Paus. i. 41. 8; Boios ap. Ant. Lib. xi ; Hygin. Fab. 45 (209, 212); 
 Apollod. iii. 14. 8; Virg. Georg. iv. 510, Eel. vi. 79; Martial x. 51, 
 xiv. 75 ; Ovid, Met. vi. 424, Am. ii. 6. 7; Catull. Ixv. 14; Carm. de 
 Philomela, &c., &c. See also (int. al.} Hartung, Relig. und Myth. 
 d. Gr. iii. p. 33 ; Duntzer in Kuhn's Ztschr. xiv. p. 207 ; E. Oder 
 in Rh. Mus. f. Philol. (N. S.) xliii. p. 540 et seq. ; Keller op. c. 
 pp. 304-320; Pott in Lazarus and Steinthal's Zeitschrift, xiv. p. 46, 1883 ; 
 J. E. Harrison, J. Hellen. Studies, viii. 439-445, 1887, M. of Anc. 
 Athens, p. Ixxxiv. 
 
 The Nightingale's song, as Coleridge discovered, is not melancholy. 
 It was a spirit of religious mysticism that ' First named these notes 
 a melancholy strain, And many a poet echoes the conceit.' I believe 
 the innumerable references to the melancholy lay of doovis or dr)8vv, and 
 to the lament for^Irvy, to be for the most part veiled allusions to the 
 worship of Adonis or Atys ; that is to say, to the mysterious and 
 melancholy ritual of the departing year, when women ' wept for 
 Tammuz ' : 'A5oW ayopev, KOI TOV "Aduvtv KXdopev ! This conjecture is 
 partially supported by the confusion between doovis and afiooi^iV, by 
 the mythical relations between the Nightingale and the Swallow, and 
 by the known connexion of both with the rites of Adonis. Compare 
 also Thuc. ii. 29 6 /uei/ eV Aav\ia rfjs &WKIOOS vvv KuXovp-evrjs yrjs, 6 Trjpevs 
 <pKei rore VTTO QpqK&v oiVou/ieVqs* Kai TO epyov TO irepl TOV *!TVV al 
 ev TTJ yfi TavTfl 7rpaav' TTO\\OIS $e KCU T>V TroirjTwv ev dr)86vos p.vr)fj,rj 
 17 opvts encDvopao-Tai. (Cf. Hesych. AavXt'a Kopa>vr) ; also Etym. M. 
 p. 250, 8 AavXi'av Kopavyv, dvT\ TOV drjdova, 'Aptarot^a'j/T;? Sia TOV pvdov' eviot 
 
 In the above passage from Thucydides the commentators take cu 
 ywalKfs to refer to Procne and Philomela ; it seems to me to mean 
 simply that in that spot the women-folk practised the rites of Adonis. 
 It is noteworthy that Dodwell found an archaic village-festival, or 
 feast of tabernacles, taking place at Daulis, when he visited the locality 
 at the season of the vernal equinox (cf. Ezek. viii, &c.). The passage 
 in Theocr. xv. 121 ofoi drjSoviories degonevwv eVi Se'i/Speoi/, K.T.X., with its 
 context, is important in this connexion. As I have attempted to bring 
 uv, Itys or Itylus, and possibly even Thamyras into relation with 
 
14 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AHAflN (continued}. 
 
 Adonis, Atys, and Thammuz respectively, so I am tempted to see 
 a connexion between a fourth Adonis-name, Duzi or Dazu, and the 
 traditional etymology (dacrvs) of Daulis. Again, is it certain that drdls 
 arjftav, a late and rare epithet in Greek (Nonn. Dionys. xlvii. 32, cf. 
 ibid. xliv. 265), means really the Attic nightingale ; or may we not 
 here also have an Atys-name ? Lastly, a reference to a Moloch- 
 sacrifice is indicated in Hesychius under the heading A.if3vs re a.T)8o>v' at 
 yap ev VLapxydovi (rfjs Aifivrjs de ftcri) yvvaiKes [at] ra i'Sta reKva Kara TI 
 vofjLifjiov y o-(payiaov Kp6va> [et maestis late loca questibus implent !] : cf. 
 Soph, in Andromeda, fr. 132, ap. Hesych. s. v. Koupioi/. 
 
 Philomela and Procne are frequently confused, cf. Serv. ad Eel. vi. 
 78. In all Greek authors, Philomel is the name of the Swallow, and 
 Procne of the Nightingale (Ar. Av. 665). The Latins generally reverse 
 this ; but Varro De L. L. and Virg. Eel. vi adhere to the Greek version 
 of the story (W. H. Thompson, ad Plat. Gorg. fr. 6, p. 180). drjSuv and 
 d\Kva>v are also apt to be confused, e. g. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, where 
 MSS. have drjSovvv for d\Kvova>v, and Suid. s.v. 'H/xepti/a a>a, where 
 dr)8<av occurs among the 6a\da<na a>a, between d\Kv<av and Kr)vg ; cf. 
 Boch. Hieroz. ii. 218. In the version of the Itylus-Myth given by Boios, 
 ap. Anton. Lib. u, the mother of Aedon is transformed into the bird 
 
 See also s. vv. dXideros, dXtcuoW, x 6 ^ ^- 
 Al'BETO'l (for al^eros). alperos' deros, Uepyaiot, Hesych. 
 AlTl'OAAOI (also aiytOaXXos ; cf. KopuSaXos, Kopu8aXX<5s). A Titmouse. 
 
 Three sorts are indicated, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b 6 pev cnri^ir-qs pf- 
 yto-roS) fan yap oaov (nria = Parus major, L., the Great Tit or Ox-eye : 
 cTcpos S' opeivos, ovpdiov fiaKpov ex )V ~ Acredula (Parus] caudatus, 
 the Long-tailed Tit (which occurs in Northern Greece, v. d. Miihle 
 p. 49, Lindermayer p. 65) : rpiros eXa^io-ros, including the Tom- 
 Tit and its allies, of which, according to Heldreich (p. 39) P. ater, 
 coeruleus and palustris are rare in Greece ; P. higubris, Nath., is com- 
 moner and now shares the same popular name KXeidcwds with the Great 
 Tit. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis <rKO)\r)Ko(pdyos : ix. 15, 616 b Tucrei 
 <'a TrXelora (the Long-tailed Tit is known to lay very numerous eggs) : 
 ix. 40, 626 /MaAiora aSiKei ras fie \Lrras (cf. Ael. H. A. i. 58, Phile 650, 
 Geopon. xv. 2, 18). According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. p. 65, 
 eXato? and <rvKci\is are also varieties of alyidaXos: vide s.v. auicaXis. 
 Mentioned also Ar. Av. 887 together with p,e\ayKopv(f)os (into which 
 <rvKoXfc is metamorphosed) ; Alcae. Com. ii. 825. Is hostile to d<av- 
 QvXXis, Plut. De Od. et Inv. iv. 537 B. The metamorphosis of 
 Timandra, Anton. Lib. Met. v ; and of Ortygius, Met. xx. Is con- 
 fused with alyo0ji\as, Dion. De Avib. i. 15, iii. 20. 
 
AHAQN AirOKE4>AAOI. 15 
 
 AfriQOS (also aiyiyflos). An unknown and mythical bird, identified 
 by the older commentators (e. g. Belon) with the Linnet. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609, 610 oVo> iroXc'/uor (cf. Antig. Hist. Mirab. 58 
 (63) ; Ael. H. A. v. 48 ; Dion. De Avib. i. 12 ; Phile 696 ; Plin. x. 95). 
 
 TroXefuoi 5e KOI avQos Kal aKav&is KOI cuyidos. Ib. ix. 15, 6l6b eu/SiWo? 
 KOI TroXvTfKvns, TOV 7roSa ^coXoff. [Many MSS. have alyioBos : for ^coXd? 
 some texts read o>xP s > or ^Xcopoy, the latter Albertus Magnus, but cf. 
 aiyiOos dpcpiyvrjeis, Callim. fr. ap. Antig. 1. c. ; Plin. x. (8) 9.] Xe'yercu 8' 
 on alyidov KCU avdov alp-a ov (rv/z/ztywrai aXX^Xois : idem, Pliny X. (74) 
 95 (who calls it avis minima), Ael. H. A. x. 32, and Phile 432, the 
 same statement of aKavQis and alyidaXos, and Antig. H. M. 106 (114) 
 the same of atyidos and aKavdts. Dion. De Avib. iii. 14 Qrjparai KXo>/3o5, 
 V eo TraXat drjpadels eWpoy eirl TO (3oav KaTaxXeifrat. Antig. H. M. 45 (5*)j 
 how atyidos sucks the goats (v. alyoOfaas) and is xo>Xo'?. [Aegithus 
 solo nomine huic nostrae aetati cognitus, P. Hardouin, Annott. ad 
 Plin. x. 8.] Vide s. vv. 
 
 A Macedonian name for the Eagle. Etymol. M. 
 
 AITOOH'AAI. The Goatsucker or Nightjar, Caprimulgus euro- 
 paeus, L. 
 
 The name is probably corrupt, and the mythical attribute of the bird 
 due to a case of ' Volksetymologie.' 
 
 M. Gk. name -yido/3ucrrpa is a corrupt translation of alyo6fj\as (Heldr. 
 p. 37). Also called /Sufaorpa, wKTpi8a (i. e. the Bat, v. d. Miihle), WK- 
 Tondrrjs, and TT\UVOS (Erh.). (Cf. Germ. Ziegenmelker, Kuhmelker, Fr. 
 tette-ckevre, &c.) 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 30, 6l8b opvis 6pew6s, p-ncpw ptifav Korrixpou, KoKKvyos 
 e'Xarrcoj;* wo dvo [cf. Lindermayer, p. 38, Kriiper, p. 183, &c.] rj rpia" TO 
 Se rjffos P\aiuK6s [verb, dub., cf. Aub. and Wimm. in Arist. 1. c.]. &jX4 
 8e ras alyas. OVK O^UCOTTOS TTJS tyftcpof. Ael. H. A. iii. 39 roX^pdraroy 
 q>a)i> .... tmriforcu rais atgi Kara TO Kaprepov, KOL rols ovQcunv avrS>v 
 7rpoo"7r6To/Mej/oj elra Kp.vd TO -yaXa .... Tv<p\ol TOV fj-aaTov, KUI OTroo'jSeVj'VO't 
 TTJV cueWev eiripporjv. Cf. Plin. x. 56 (40). Vide S.vv. alyiOaXos, aiytOos. 
 
 AlTOKE^AAOI. Probably a kind of Owl: perhaps the Horned or 
 Long-eared Owl, Strix otus, L., or its small ally Ephialtes scops, 
 K. Bl. The latter is the Asio of Plin. x. (23), xxix. 38, which name 
 in its Italian diminutive form is Shelley's ' Sad Aziola/ 
 
 Arist. H. A. ii. 15, 506 o\a>s oi'K e^ TOV o-7r\ijva' TrjV xo\f)V e^ei Trpoff TO 
 i^TraTt Kai Trpoy TTJ KotXta. Ib. ii. 17, 509 TOV o-Top-a^ov e^ei evpvTepov TO 
 KUTCO. 
 
 Gesner (p. 62) mentions Capriceps as an unknown bird. Neither 
 Sundevall nor Aubert and Wimmer pronounce an opinion on it : the 
 
l6 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 A I rOK E4>AAOI (continued]. 
 
 former thinks it possibly identical with alyodrjKas. According to Scaliger 
 p. 2$I ) alyoKe(j)a\os = aiya>\ios. In both passages cited above alyoicecpaXos 
 is mentioned along with yXau, and the name suggests a Horned Owl 
 (sic Scaliger, Lidd. and Sc., &c.). For other suggestions, see Newton, 
 Diet, of Birds, p. 365, s. v. Godwit. 
 
 Al'nmiO'Z. A Vulture. 
 
 Etymology very doubtful. The analogy of Lammergeier suggests a 
 compound of ai or oiV (Curt.) and yv^, but the word is probably much 
 more primitive and ancient. I suspect that most of the remarkably 
 numerous bird-names beginning with al- (many of which are peculiarly 
 difficult to identify, a circumstance suggesting their generic rather than 
 specific character), contain an element akin to avi-s^ Sk. vi-s (v. deros), 
 and in this case that yfy is the shortened or derived form. The dialectic 
 form afy/TTor//- is interesting in this connexion. 
 
 Horn, frequent, with ep. dy<v\oxfi\r}Sj ya^5>w^. Not merely a car- 
 rion-eater (as in Hes. Sc. 405-412), but attacks live birds (II. xvii. 460, 
 Od. XX. 322, cf. Soph. Aj. 169 .... pcyav alyvmov VTroSeurai/re?). Arist. 
 H. A. ix. I, 609 b /ua^erou dera>' TroXe/uos auraXam. A portent of aiyvirioi 
 in chase of ipq/cey in the Persian war, Herod, iii. 76 ; cf. Baehr's note. 
 Is feared by rpwyXiVijs-, Phile 692. Sometimes distinguished from yty, 
 Ael. ii. 46 V peOopico yvTTwv flat KCU aerwf, elvat KCU cippevas, KOI rrjv xpoav 
 TrffyvKfvcu p.f\avas (cf. Phil. De An. pr. 127) : Nic. Ther. 406 alyviriol yinres 
 re. Pallad. Alex, xx, in Gk. Anthol. iii. p. 119 KOI TOV peit TITVOV Kara 
 yrjs 8vo yvrres fdovaiv, rjnas Se U>VTO.S Tf&orapes alyvmoi. Cf. Lob. Path. j. 
 p. 87. 
 
 The metamorphosis of Aegypius and Neophron into alyvnioi xpoav de 
 KCU p,eye6os ov% O/JLOLOI, dXXa eXarrcoj/ opvis alyvrrLos eyevero N6O0p&)j/, Boios 
 ap. Anton. Lib. Met. v ; the smaller species here alluded to is the 
 White or Egyptian Vulture, the Neophron percnopterus of modern 
 authors : vide s. vv. yuxj/, irepKi/oVrepos. 
 
 The <f)i\ocrTopyia of alyvmos, as also of (prjvTj, celebrated in Od. xvi. 216, 
 Aesch. Ag. 49, Opp. Hal. i. 723, c., is connected with the Egyptian 
 association of the Vulture with the goddess of Maternity (cf. Horap. 
 i. ii). 
 
 alyvmos is apparently the poetic name, applied to the various species 
 which frequent the battle-field, and on the other hand applied to an 
 Eagle in such passages as II. xvii. 460. That the word is an old and 
 antiquated one seems to be meant by Suidas : alyvmov' OVTWS ol -n-aKmoi, 
 dXX* ov yvrra. Cf. Bekk. An. 354. 28, Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 19. 
 
 Al'm'AIOI. Also alyoXios, and aircaXios (Bk., Ar. vi. 6. 3). An Owl. 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, a nocturnal rapacious bird, mentioned with 
 and o-Kco^, and resembling the former (in size) : &/peuet ras 
 
AirOKE4>AAOZ AIOYIA 1 7 
 
 AirflAIOI (continued'). 
 
 [here Camus, reading m'ro>Xios, and following Belon and Buffon, trans- 
 lates Milmts niger, the Black Kite]. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 17, 6l6b VVKTIVO^LOS eVrt, KOL fjpepas oXiyaKis (paiverat. 
 otKel Trerpas KOI (nrrj\vyyas' eon yap dida\\os [Gaza tr. vtctus gemini, 
 Guil. divaricately v. Aub. and Wimm. ii. p. 248], r^v 8e didvoiav /SiomKoy 
 KOL cv/jiTjxavos. Ib. vi. 6, 562 eViore de Kal Terrapas ft-dyei VCOTTOVS [Plin. 
 x. 79 (60)]. 
 
 The metamorphosis of Aegolius, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 19. 
 
 If 8i6a\\os means particoloured, mya>Atos is clearly the White or 
 Barn Owl, Strix flammea, L., as Littre' (ad Plin.) takes it to be ; 
 it however does not catch birds, and is said to be scarce in Greece 
 (v. d. Miihle, Lindermayer). Gesner transl. by ulula, and identifies 
 it with the Tawny Owl. Sundevall librates between the Tawny and 
 the Barn Owl ; A. and W. incline to the former. See cuyoKe^aXos, 
 eiroXios. 
 
 Ar0YIA. A poetic word, of uncertain or indefinite meaning. 
 
 Probably a large Gull, e. g. Larus marinus, the Black-backed Gull 
 (Sundevall), or L. argentatus, the Herring Gull (Kriiper), the former 
 being rare in Greece. Netolicka's hypothesis of the Merganser, and 
 that of Groshans that it was a Diver or Grebe, do not tally with 
 Aristotle : Schneider's identification with the Skua, Lestris parasiticus, 
 fails, inasmuch as the latter does not dive (vide Buchholz, op. c. pp. 112, 
 113) nor does it breed in the Mediterranean. The Herring Gull is 
 abundant during the winter and breeds about the middle of April : 
 the Common Tern (Sterna anglica) lays about the same time (Kriiper) 
 but in the lagoons and not on the cliffs. 
 
 Od. v. 337, 353. Arist. H. A. v. 9, 542 b 17 5' aWvia KO\ 01 \dpoi TLKTOVO-I 
 jj.ev fV Tals rrepi daXarrav Trerpais, TO /xeV 7r\rjdos dvo r) rpia' aXX' 6 /xeV 
 Xapoy TOU 6epovs y 17 8' aWvia dp\op.evov rot) capos [cf. Mergus, Plin. x. 32 
 (48)] evOvs fK rpoirav. ovdcTfpov 8e (pa)\vi. Also i. i, 487 ] viii. 3, 593 b. 
 Arrian, Peripl., ed. Didot, 1855, i. p. 398, names it with Xapoi and 
 Kopwi/at ai $aXa(nricu, and Hesych. renders diOviai by eivdXiai Kopwvai. 
 Frequent in the Gk. Anthol. ; e. g. Glauc. vi, vol. iii. p. 58 cSXero yap 
 criiv 1/771, ra ' oore'a nov rror' eKfivov f TrvQerai, aldviais yvaxTra p.ovais eveneiv, 
 cf. Marc. Arg. xxxi, ibid. ii. p. 250 ; Callim. xci ; Leon. Tar. xci, Gk. 
 Anthol. i. p. 178 TQV aldvirfs 7rXei'oi/a vij^d^evov : Anon. ibid. iv. p. 143 
 arjpayyos aXiKrvnov os rode vaieis evori/Sey atdviais i^^u/3oXoi(7i terras, 
 Phile, De Anim. Pr. 680, is hostile to neXapyos and Kp'. Is said to 
 be deaf and dumb, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. i. 141. 
 
 The metamorphosis of Hyperippa, daughter of Munychus, Nicander 
 ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 14. 
 
 Arat. Phen. 918, a sign of rain ; TroXXaKi? 8' dypidSa vf)cr<rai 
 
 c 
 
1 8 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AI0YIA (continued}. 
 
 aWviai xepo-cua TLvaa-arovrai TrTtpvyco-aiv : cf. Theophr. De Sign. ii. 28, 
 Virg. Georg. i. 362. 
 
 A long but unsatisfactory description in Dion. De Avib. ii. 5. 
 
 A title or epithet of Athene, Paus. i. 5. 3, i. 41. 6. 
 
 Said to be the name of a horse in Mnasalc. xiii. Gk. Anthol. i. p. 125. 
 
 See also SUTTTTJS, Xcipos. 
 
 Al"E. An unknown bird. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b : mentioned 
 
 between xr?i/aXa>7n7 and 7rr)ve\o\^ as One of the opvidfs o-reyai/oVoSes 
 
 ftapvTfpoi (omitted in several MSS.). 
 
 According to Belon the Plover (Vanellus cristatus) was so called 
 in Greece in his time: the interpretation cannot hold. Sundevall 
 9 conjectures ai' to be one of the smaller Geese (? Anser leucopsis\ and 
 to be derived from the goat-like cry. Perhaps as alyoKc(pa\os suggests 
 the Horned Owl, so nt here suggests the Horned Grebe, Podiceps 
 auritus, Lath., a common bird in Greece in winter. 
 
 AI'PIGAKO'X. Vide S. vv. auraicos, epiOaicos. 
 AriAKOI. A very doubtful word. 
 
 KaXelrat Se KCU TO a>oi/ 6 alpiQaKos aio*aKoy, Etym. M. Cf. Serv. in 
 
 Aen. iv. 254, v. 128. 
 
 Al'XA'AfiN (alaap&v, Hesych.). A sort of Hawk, traditionally identified 
 with -the Merlin, Falco aesalon, L. (Gesner, &c.). 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 62O T>V Se icpaKuv devrepos [rfj Kparia]. Ib. 
 ix. I, 609 b alyvTricS iroXepios' aXo>7rKi rroXe/ito? Kal KopciKi. Ael. H. A. 
 ii. 51 p.d\Tai 5' 6 K.6pa KOI opvidi tcr^upaJ TO) KaX. atcraXcoi't, /cat orav 
 ^eatr/jrai aXa>7TfKt p.a^6p.vov } Tifj-wpflrai. Cf. Antig. H. M. 59 (64)* Plin. 
 N. H. x. (74) 95 Aesalon vocatur parva avis, ova corvi frangens, 
 cuius pulli infestantur a vulpibus. Invicem haec catulos eius ipsam- 
 que vellit : quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur velut adversus 
 communem hostem. (Some editors read aesalona for epileum> Plin. 
 N. H. x. 9.) 
 
 'AKAAANOl'l' eiSo? opveov /nt/cpoO, Suid. Vide S.W. dKa^Ois, dKar'OyXXis. 
 
 Ar. Pax 1078 17 KcoScof a.Ka\av6is (Schol. XctXoi> -yap TO wov) e7Tfi.yop.evT} 
 rv(p\a TLKTei (cf. Paroemiogr. ed. Gaisf., p. 69). Associated with Artemis, 
 Ar. Av. 871. One of the nine Emathidae, daughters of Pieros, was 
 metamorphosed into the bird aKaXavdis, Nicander ap. Anton. Lib. 
 Met. ix. 
 
 'AKANGI'X. A small bird, usually identified with the Linnet, Fringilla 
 cannabina, L., or the Goldfinch, F. carduelis, L., on the ground of 
 the more than doubtful derivation from aitavOa. The description 
 
AI0YIA AKMfcN 19 
 
 AKAN0II (continued}. 
 
 is in the main mythical : cf. a^Oos. Mod. Gk. a-KaBi, the Siskin, is 
 perhaps akin (Bike'las). 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis aKavBotpdyos' enl aKavBav vep-erat. Ib. 
 ix. I ova> Kal avBco Kal alyida iroXepios [cf. Antig. Hist. Mirab. 106 (114), 
 Plin. x. 74 (95)], ix. 17 KUKO^LOS Kal KaKoxpoof, (puvrjv /ueWoi \iyvpav 
 e^ovo-a. Agath. xxv. 5 in Gk. Anthol. iv. p. 13 \iyvpov /So/i/SeCo-ii/ aKavdidfs. 
 Theocr. 7. 141 : the Scholia in Theocr. make a<avdis synonymous with 
 dicav0v\\is and TroiKiXis. Virg. Georg. iii. 338 littoraque halcyonem 
 resonant, et acanthida [#/. acalanthida] dumi ; cf. Serv. in Virg. alii 
 lusciniam esse volunt, alii vero carduelem, quae spinis et carduis 
 pascitur. 
 
 In Anton. Lib. Met. vii, the daughter of Autonous and Hippo- 
 damea is called 'Anai/Bis and 'A.KavQv\\is indifferently ; note also that 
 her mother was metamorphosed into Kopv86s. Hesych. and Aelian 
 have also azavBos. (Cf. Anton. Lib. 1. c.) Vide s. v. 
 
 'AKANGYAAI'I (in some MSS. cueavBc^is). Probably the Goldfinch, 
 Fringilla carduelis, L. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 TO peycOos oarov KvnroXoyos. Ib. ix. 13, 6l6 rexvi- 
 Koi)S 5e K.CU fj TTJS aK.av6v\\i8os cx l veomd' TreVXcKrai yap axrirep (rcpalpa \ivrj, 
 e^oucra TTJV clfrdvcriv p.iKpdv I cf. Plin. x. 33 (50). Is hostile to Kopv8a\6s, 
 
 Ael. iv. 5, Phile, De An. Pr. 683. Mentioned also Eubul. fr. iii. 268, 
 ap. Athen. ii. p. 65, Plut. ii. 537 B, and by Hesych. as vrpovBov yevos. 
 
 The description in Arist. H. A. ix. 13 has suggested to scientific com- 
 mentators (Sundevall, p. 116, &c.) the nest of the Long-tailed or Pendu- 
 line Tits, Aegithalus caudatus or pendulinus (cf. alyi6a\os) or Bearded 
 Tit, Calamophilus biarmicus ; but the neat round nest of the Goldfinch 
 would suit the description well enough. The alternative form aitavBaKis 
 is evidently identical with aKoKavQis, and so supports the identity of the 
 bird with aKavOis, while its identity with TroiKiX/s-, also asserted by the 
 Schol. in Theocr., is strengthened by the statements of hostility to 
 Kopvba\6s in the case of both these birds. The latter statement is, of 
 course, fabulous or mystical. In identifying dKavdvXXis with the Gold- 
 finch, I only mean that such an identification was probably adopted by 
 Aristotle : what d/caj/0vXXi's, civBos, &c. originally meant is unknown. 
 See also cuyiSaXos, akdos. 
 
 'A[K]KAAANirP- aKavBvXXis, Trapa Ad<axnv, Hesych. [On various read- 
 ings cf. Valkenaer, Adon. p. 2*78 ; Ahr. Dor. ii. 69.] 
 
 "AKMQN- -yeW deroC, Hesych. Cf. Opp. Cyneg. iii. 326, where, though 
 amoves are cited as wolves, the description closely resembles that 
 of the mystical eagles in Aesch. Ag. 111-120. 
 
 C 2 
 
20 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 'AKYAEHT dfros, Hesych. Also dicuXds, Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 
 381. Perhaps akin to aquila\ cf. Umbrian (Tab. Eugub.), angla 
 s. ankla. 
 
 'AAEKTPYft'N. Also aX<?KTup (Batr. 191, Simon. 81, Theocr. vii. 122, 
 Aesch. Ag. 1671, Eum. 86 1, &c. dXeKreop seems thus to have been 
 an old form, retained in tragedy; cf. Rutherford, New Phryn. 
 
 P- 307). 
 
 Fem. d\KTopis : Com. aXfKrpvaiva (Ar. Nub. 666, 851, c.) and rj 
 d\cKTpva>v (Ar. Nub. 663, Fr. 237, &c.). Cf. Hesych. aXenrpvoves' KOIV&S oi 
 naXaiol Kai ras 6r)\eias opveis OVTMS eitd\ovv I Phrynich. CCVli aXeKTOpls 
 evpiffKeTdi ev rpaycadia irov KOI Koo^eoSi'a, Aeye de aXeKrpvwv KOI eVi 6r)\eos 
 KOI eVt appcvos as oi iraXaioi : Ar. Nub. 662 rf]v re 0r)\fiav KaXfls a\K- 
 rpvova Kara rairo Kai TOV appeva. Dim. d\cKTopi8evs, a chicken, Ael. 
 vii. 47 ; also dXeKropivKos, a cockerel, Babr. v. I, xcvii. 9, cxxiv. 12. 
 Connected with O. P. halak, the sun, cf. dXicuwy. For false etymology 
 a, \eKTpov, see below. 
 
 The Common or Domestic Fowl, Gallus gallinaceus, L. Often 
 mentioned simply as opvis, a ^fowl' [especially a hen, Athen. ix. 373 
 dXXa [Mfv K.a.1 opvtdas K.OL opviQta vvv \iovov rj avvrjdfia KaXel ras 6r)\eias], cf. 
 opvis evoiKios, Aesch. Eum. 866 ; opvis KaGoiicis, Nic. Ther. 558 ; 
 Id. Alex. 60, 535 ; KaroiKiSios, Geopon. i. 3. 8 ; &pvidcs oi 
 Herondas vi. 101 ; opvis o-vvf<mos } Opp. Cyneg. iii. 118; nOas opvis, 
 Alpheus Mityl. in Gk. Anth., ii. p. 118, cf. Arat. Progn. 960 (228), 
 
 Early references. Theogn. Scut. 86 1 eo-Trepfy r' e(ip.i, KOI opdpirj avris 
 eaeip.1, ctnos oXfKTpvovav (J)Q6yyos cyeipopevav. Simon, fr. 80 B (Athen. 
 ix. 374 D) a/zep6<po>j/ dXeKrcop. Pind. OI. xii. 2O fVSo/xa^s ar* 
 Epicharm. Com. Syr. (ap. Athen. I.e.) fr. 96 (Ahr. Dial. Dor.) wea 
 K d\KTopid(i>v TTfTerjv&v. Batrachom. 191 eeos e/3o^o-ei/ dXeVrajp. For many 
 fragments, see Athen. 1. c. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544, De Part. ii. 657 b, De Gen. iii. 
 749 b> described as yevos' fjfjiepov, striytioif, KOVHTTIKOV, jSapu, ov TTT^TIKOV, OVK 
 ^oTTTfpoV) d(ppo5i(riac7Tt/coi', &C. H. A. ii. I7> 5^8 b, 509 ^po- 
 ?rp6 rrjs KoiXias' drro<pvd8as e^ov<ri. 
 
 Comb and spurs. Ar. Av. 487, 1366, Arist. H. A. ii. 12, 504 b ema TWV 
 opveav \6<pov e'^otxri, ra pei/ avrfav TO>V Trrepfov eTraveo'TTjKOTa, 6 S' dXeKrpvcov 
 fMovos idiov' ovre yap (rap| ecrriv ovre Troppto o~apKos rr^v (j)vo-iv. Ib. ix. 49, 
 50 KaXXmov, nXrJKrpa (Hesych. has also TrXaxr^p and KoTries, the spurs). 
 KtiXXaia, distinguished from X6<poy, the ' wattles,' Ael. xi. 26, Ar. Eq. 497, 
 cf. Schol. <d\\aia 8e TOVS Trcoycoi/as- rwf d\Krpv6vu>v : in Ael. xv. I, a fish- 
 hook dressed with two feathers vnb rots xaXXeois suggests the ' hackles.' 
 With ep. <poiviic6Xo<pos, Theocr. xxii. 72, Geop. xiv. 16. 2. 
 
AKYAEHI AAEKTPYnN 2 I 
 
 AAEKTPYflN (continued}. 
 
 Compared in size with (pao-ovz, Arist. fr. 271, 1527 I with eXfo?, H. A. 
 viii. 3. 592 b ; with the largest of the Woodpeckers, H. A. ix. 9, 614 b ; 
 with daKaXairas, H. A. ix. 26, 617 b. 
 
 Reproduction. Arist. H. A. V. 2, 59 b o-vyKadeio-rjs rrjs AfXcutf eVi 
 rfjv yrjv CTrtfiaivei TO appevl cf. ib. X. 6, 637 b. Ib. vi. 9, 564 b op^ety. Ib. 
 vi. I, 558 b o^euerai KOI rixrei o\ov TOV evtavTov eeo 8vo fj-rjvfav TO>V ev TGJ 
 
 X/UGw TpoTriK&v (cf. H. A. v. 13, 544, De Gen. iii. i, 749 b, P^ n - x - 74)- 
 
 TIKTOVO-I de Kal oiKoyevels eviai dls TTJS rj/jLfpas' fj8rj 8e rives Xiaf TroXvTOKTjo-acrai 
 dircQavov 8ia ra^ecor. H. A. vi. 2, 560 b at i/forrt'Ses npStTov TIKTOVQ-IV evdvs 
 dpxop,vov TOV fapof) Kal TrXeuo TIKTOVO~IV r) al Trpo~(3i>Tepai' tXarro) 8e TW 
 fjifyedei TO. K T>I> vea>Tpa>v. Ib. awio-Tarni de TO Tr/s dXfKTOpidns wbv /JLfTa 
 rfjv oxeiav KOL reXeioCTai fv deft r)p.pais. Ib. 560 a eV oKTuKaideKO. fjfiepais 
 ev TO) Oepei K\TTovo~iv ) (v 8e T&7 xeifjitovi VIOT' ev TreWe KOI f'lKncriv. 
 
 Plut. Q. Conv. vii. 2 (Mor. 853. 15) d\KTopida)v t OTUV reKoxri, 
 <pi<Tfji6s, cf. Plin. x. 41 (57). 
 
 The structure and development of the egg, H. A. vi. 3. am 
 U7n7i>e/iia, Kvv6o~ovpa, ovpia, rj fcffrvpia, H. A. vi. 2, 559? ^ e Gen. iii. I, 75 1 j 
 Plin. x. 60 (80) ; Columella, vi. 27 ; cf. Erasmus ad Prov. vmpffua TIKTCI. 
 wa 8i8vp.a, H. A. vi. 3, 562. On crosses between fowl and partridge, 
 De Gen. ii. 7, 749 b. How Pea-hen's eggs are put under a sitting hen, 
 H. A. vi. 9, 564 b. How the hen takes the chicks under her wing, 
 H. A. ix. 8, 613 b ; cf. Alpheus Mityl. xii, in Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 118 ^ei- 
 
 fj-epiois vKpadevo-i iriiKvvofJitva Tidas opvis, TCKVOIS evvalas dpcpexfc TTTepvyas I 
 Eurip. H. Fur. 71 ov? vnb Trrepoif <ra>a> vfoo-ffovs opvis a>s v(f)(ip.evr} : see 
 also Plutarch, De Philost. (Mor. 599. 4) ; Opp. Cyneg. iii. 119. How 
 a cock sometimes, after the hen's death, rears the brood, and ceases to 
 crow, H. A. ix. 49, 631 b, Plin. x. (55) 76. H. A. ix. 8, 614 ev Tols iepols, 
 OTTOV avev drjXei&v dvaKfivTai [as to this day on Mount Athos], TOV dvaTide- 
 \ievov jrdvTfs fv\6ya>s oxevovviv. Cf. Plut. Brut. Anim. Nat. vii (Mor. 
 1 2 12. 30) dXfKTpvvv 6' d\fKTpvovos eTTiftaivav, GqXeias fifj napovo-qs, KUTU- 
 
 On eggs in medicine, Diosc. ii. 44, Galen. De Fac. Simp. Med., Plin. 
 xxix. (3) n, &c. The longer eggs produce male birds, and are the 
 better to eat, Hor. Sat. ii. 4. 12, Plin. x. 74 (52). 
 
 On artificial incubation in Egypt, Arist. H. A. vi. 2, 559b, Diod. Sic. 
 i. 74. Geopon. xiv. 8. i. On capons, Arist. H. A. ix. 49, 631 b ; cf. Plin. 
 x. (21) 24, &c. Varro, R. R. iii. 9, &c. On the whole management of 
 fowls, Geopon. xiv. 7-17. 
 
 TLoTfpov f] opvis npoTfpov jy TO cobv fyevfTo, Plut. Q. Conv. iii (Mor. 
 770. 13). 
 
 The Crowing Cock. Among innumerable poetic and other references, 
 cf. Theogn., Simonid., Batrachom., supra. Cratin. ap. Athen. 3740 
 &o-jrp 6 Ilfpo-iKbs [cf. Ar. Av. 277, 485, 708, c.: v. also Suidas] &puv 
 
22 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AAEKTPYQN (continued"). 
 
 iraa-av Kava-^v 6\6(pa>vos, 'AXexrwp. eipjjrcu S' ovrcoy eVeiS^ Kai ex TOV 
 XtKrpov ^/nas dteyeipet. Theocr. xxiv. 63 opviQfs rpirov apn TOV e 
 opdpov aeidov. Soph. El. 1 8 as f]jjuv fjdr) Xa/i7rp6i> j/X/ou ore\as ewa 
 (pdeypaT opvi6a>v (ratprj : fr. QOO KOKKoftoas opvis : cf. ep. opdpofioas, 
 Alexarch. ap. Athen. 98 E. Diph. iv. 421 (Mein.) opdpioKoKKvt- \lect. 
 dub.~\ a\KTpv>v. Probably alluded to also Soph. Anten. 2, fr. 141 
 (Ath. ix. 373 D) opvtda Kal KrjpvKa KOI didieovov. Plat. Symp. 223 C 
 a\cKTpv6va)v abuvTwv, at Cock-crow. Cf. Alciphr. i. 39. 20, Aristaenet. 
 i. 24 fts d\KTpv6vo)v wfia? : Ar. Nub. 4, Juv. ix. 107, &c. Plut. ap. Eust. 
 Od. p. 1479, 47 (re de KOKKvfav opdpi d\eKTQ>p 7rpo/caXeiTai. Antip. Thess. 
 V, in Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 96 TraXai 5' rjaos 'AXe/crcop, Kjypuo-frcoz/ (pdoveprjv 
 'Upiyevfiav ayei. opvidcov eppois (pdovepooraroS) K. r. X. : cf. Ar. Vesp. 8l5 5 
 
 Anyt. xi, in Gk. Anthol. i. p. 132, Virg. Aen. viii. 456, &c. Arist. De 
 Acoust. 800 b TOVS rpaxfaovs e^oi/rey paKpovs jSiat'co? (pdeyyovrai. Ael. 
 N. A. IV. 29 6 dXeKrpuojj' rrjs cre'h.fjvrjs ai/io-^ovo-Ty s (vBovcriq. (pacrt KOI (TKiprd. 
 17X105 5e avlax^v OVK av TTOTC avrbv dia\ddoi, eJStJfWTaros Se eaurou tori 
 Cf. Arist. H. A. iv. 9, 536. Lucian, Gallus, &c. With ep. 
 i?, Babr. cxxiv. II. 
 
 , to crow, Cratin. ii. 186, Diph. iv. 407 (Mein.), Theocr. vii. 
 48, 124, &c. KaKKafciv, to cackle, Hesych., &c. 
 
 Why the Cock crows : by an affinity for the sun, or rejoicing in heat 
 and light, Heliodor. i. 18. See also Schol. Ar. Av. 830, Cic. De Div. 
 ii. 26. According to Theophrastus (Ael. iii. 38) in moist localities 
 Cocks don't crow. Paus. v. 25. 9, on the shield of Idomeneus, as a 
 descendant of Helios, 17X101; de lepov (paatv elvai TOV opvida Kal dyy\\eii> 
 dvievai peXXovros TOV fj\iov. See also Schol. Diog. L. viii. 34, Plaut. M. 
 Gl. iii. i. 96, Mart. xiv. 223, Isidor. De N. R. c. 3, &c., &c. 
 
 How to prevent Cocks crowing, by means of a collar of sarmentum 
 wood, Plin. xxiv. 25. 
 
 On hearing a Cock crow, or an ass bray, it is a matter of common 
 prudence to spit, Joh. Chrysost. in comm. ep. S. P. ad Ephes. iv. 12 
 (vol. xi. p. 93, Montef.) : this reference to the ass is used to explain 
 ovov opviv in Ar. Av. 721, by Haupt, Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1864. 
 
 On Fighting Cocks, Aesch. Eum. 866 ; Plato, Legg. vii. 789 ; Theocr. 
 xxii. 72 ; cf. Opp. Cyneg. ii. 189; cf. Schol. in Ar. Eq. 494, Ach. 165 
 orav is [i.d](r)v o"U/i/3uXXo>o"ii> TOVS d\KTpv6vas } (TKopoda 8i86a(riv avTols I 
 Lucian, Anarch. 37 (2. 918), &c. (See also Xen. Symp. iv. 9, and 
 cf. (pvo-iyyoopu, from (pvo-iyf;, garlic. The annual cock-fight at Athens, 
 instituted by Themistocles, Ael. V. H. ii. 28 aXetcrpvovas dywvifccrdai 
 8r}fjLO<ria (v rq> dedrpq) pia J^e'p? TOV erovs : cf. J. E. Harrison, Myth, of 
 Anc. Athens, p. 278; also at Pergamus, Plin. x. 21 (25). The cock- 
 fight was depicted on the High-priest's chair in the Dionysiac theatre 
 (Boetticher, Harrison, c.) ; represented also in the Festival Calendar 
 
AAEKTPYHN 23 
 
 AAEKTPYflN (continued}. 
 
 of Panagia Gorgopiko at Athens, as taking place in the month Poseideon, 
 about the end of December (Boetticher, Philologus, xxii. p. 397, 1865). 
 As an attribute of January, on a Calendar of the time of Constantius ; 
 Graevii Thes. Ant. Rom. viii. 96, Creuzer, Symb. iii. 616. Ael. N. A. 
 
 iv. 29 /*X?7 &* d\KTpvu>v Kal TTJ irpbs ii\\ov rjTTtjOels dyom'a OVK av aaeie' 
 TO yap rot (ppovrjua avra KarecrraXTat, KOI KaraSverai ye VTTO TTJS aldovs. 
 KpciTrjcras 8e yuvpos eort, *ai {i^ai^ei/ft, KOI Kv8povfj.ev(6 HOIKC. Cf. Proverb, 
 Galli victi silent, canunt victores, Cic. De Divin. ii. 26 ; cf. Ar. Av. 70 
 and Schol. <pvo-i<bv TOVTO eV ruts (rvfjiftoXals TWV dXfKTpvovcov TOVS fjTTrjdevras 
 eirca-dai rols veviKrjKoo-i : cf. Theocr. xxii. 71. On spurs for fighting- 
 cocks, TrXrjKrpa, KcWpa, cf. Ar. Av. 760, and Schol. The table with raised 
 edges, ri/Xt'a, on which Cocks or Quails were pitted against one another 
 (still used in the East), Aeschin. viii. 221, Alciphr. iii. 53, Poll. ix. 108; 
 also irlva t Plut. Mor. 65 c. It was a matter of duty and of education 
 to witness the cock-fights, o>$ p.rj dyevvearepot KOI aroX/norepoi (paivoivro 
 rS>v dXeKTpvovatv fJir)e -rrpomrayopcvoiev vnb rpav/zarcov ^ Ka/iareov fj TOV 
 aXXou 8v<rxepovs, Lucian, De Gymn. 37. See also s. vv. opru, O-TU<[)O- 
 
 KOjULTTOS. 
 
 On the marks of courage, Arist. Physiogn. 2, 806 b ; Plin. x. (56) 77 ; 
 Geopon. xiv. 16. 
 
 The fighting-breed of Tanagra, Pausan. ix. 22. 4 (vide infra). 
 
 How the Cock fights his own father, Ar. Nub. 1427, &c., cf. Av. 758, 
 1364. 
 
 How a hen that has defeated the Cock in combat, crows and assumes 
 the plumage of the male, Arist. H. A. ix. 49, 631 b, cf. Ael. v. 5 ; Terent. 
 Phorm. iv. 4. 30 gallina cecinit. On wide-spread superstitions con- 
 nected with the Crowing Hen, vide Hopf, Thierorakel, pp. 164, 165. 
 
 On the pugnacity of the Cock, cf. also Pind. Ol. xii. 20. Aesch. 
 
 Agam. 1671 Kofjuracrov 0ap<ra>i/, aXeKToop wore 6r)\eias ireXas. Cf. Ar. Av. 
 
 835 "Apew? veoTTos. See also Lucian, Gallus, &c. 
 
 Placed as a symbol of battle on the head of Athene's statue in the 
 Acropolis at Elis, Pausan. vi. 26. 23. 
 
 Varieties and Breeds. Adrian Fowls, Arist. H. A. vi. I, 558 b pucpal 
 TO fjieyedos, rocTOWl S' dv cKaaTrjv f]p.epav' elffl Se ^aXfyrat, KOI Kreivovo~i TOVS 
 veoTTovs TroXXaKiy' xpa>fiara 5e TravroSaTra X OV(rLV - ^f. De Gen. iii. 6, 
 Chrysipp. ap. Athen. vii. 285 E, Plin. x. 75 (53), Hecat. fr. 58, ap. 
 Steph. Byz. 
 
 Illyrian Fowls, that lay twice or thrice a day, Arist. De Mirab. 128, 
 842 b; cf. H. A. vi. I, 558 b. 
 
 At Tanagra, Paus. ix. 22. 4, were two breeds, oi re /ua^i/zoi, KOI ol 
 Koo-orv(poi Ka\ovp.evoi. Cf. Babr. Fab. 5 aXe/cropiWa)^ ty pd\rj Tavnypaioiv, 
 ols (paviv flvai dvfutv &anrep dvdpa>7rois. See also Lucian, Gallus, on the 
 metempsychosis of Pythagoras, dm Sa/itov Tayaypaloy. Cf. KO\oi4>pu|. 
 
24 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AAEKTPYQN (continued}. 
 
 The Egyptian breed of Moi/oo-ipot, e o>i/ of /za^t^iot dXfKrpvovcs yfvvw 
 and on their exemplary patience as sitters, Geopon. xiv. 7. 30. 
 
 A silent breed at Nibas, near Thessalonica, Ael. xv. 20. 
 
 On the breeds of fowls, galli tanagrici, medici^ chalcidici, &c., see 
 also Varro, De R. R. iii. 9. 3 ; Colum. viii. 27 and 31 ; Plin. x. (21) 24, 
 (56) 77- ^ 
 
 Chrysipp. ap. Athen. ix. 373 A KaOdrrep rives ras \CVKCLS opvidas T>V 
 p.\aiva>v fjdiovs tlvai fj.d\\ov. 
 
 The fatted fowls of the Delians, and Roman laws and practices 
 regarding the same; Plin. x. 50, cf. Columella viii. 2, Varro iii. 9, Cic. 
 Academ. iv. 
 
 The large fowls of Ctesias, fr. 57. 3, Ael. xvi. 2, were Impeyan 
 Pheasants ; cf. Cuvier in Grandsaigne's Pliny, vii. p. 409, and Yule's 
 Marco Polo, i. p. 242. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Pythag. ap. Iambi. Adhort. xxi. 17 d\KTpvova 
 ptv, pr) 6ve 8e' privy yap KCU 17X10) KaQiepvrai. Cf. Iambi. V. Pyth. xxviii. 
 147, 150, &c. 
 
 A white Cock sacred to the Moon, Pythag. ap. Diog. L. viii. 8. 19, 
 Iambi. V. Pyth. xviii. 84 : to the Sun, Suid. s. v. UvBayopa T a o-vp@o\a. 
 
 A white or yellow Cock sacrificed to Anubis, Plut. de Is. Ix. 
 
 The Cock sacred to Athene, Paus. vi. 26. To Hermes, Lucian, 
 Callus (cf. Montfaucon, i. pi. Ixviii, Ixxi, Graev. Thes. A. R. V. 718 A, 
 c.) ; cf. Plut. Conv. Disp. iii. 6. p. 666 6 de opBpos npbs rf)v epydvrjv 
 } Adr]vdv Kai rov dyopalov t Eppr l v enaviOTrjari. To Latona, Ael. iv. 29. 
 Sacrificed to Mars, Plut. Inst. Lacon. (Mor. 238 F.). Sacred to 
 Demeter, and therefore not eaten at Eleusis, nor by the initiates of 
 Mithra ; Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. Sacrificed to Nephthys and Osiris 
 on the 1 3th of Boedromion, and to Hercules and Thios on the 29th of 
 Munychion, C. I. G. 523, Marm. Oxon. ii. 21, pp. 15, 17. 
 
 Dedicated to Aesculapius, Plat. Phaed. 118. See also Artemid. v. 9 
 rjv^aro ns TO> 'AovXlprff , ei dia TOV erovs uvo<ros ?X0oi, Qvaeiv CIVTG> d\(K- 
 rpvova : also Porphyr. Vit. Pythag. 36, Herondas, Ascl. iv. 12. On the 
 fowl in medicine, Nic. Ther. 557, Cels. v. 27, Diosc. Ther. 19 and 27, 
 Galen and Pliny passim. 
 
 Sacrificed to the Household gods, Juv. xiii. 233 Laribus cristam 
 promittere galli ; cf. ibid. xii. 96. 
 
 The Cuthic deity Nergal (2 Kings, xvii. 30) is said to have been 
 represented as a Cock : for which reason Rabbinical writers, according 
 to Gesenius, connect the name with TUTtH, tharnegol, a Cock, which 
 word old-fashioned etymologists found hid in Tanagra. 
 
 An image dedicated to the Twin Brethren, Callim. xxiv, in Gk. 
 Anthol. i. p. 218 ; cf. Pausan. vi. 26. 
 
 How fowls were kept in the temples of Hercules and Hebe, ei> rfj 
 
AAEKTPYHN 25 
 
 AAEKTPYQN (continued}. 
 
 EvpeoTT/;, Mnaseas ap. Ael. xvii. 46 at /uei/ ovv dXcKropiftes ev r<w TTJS "H^ys 
 vep.oi>Tai Vfui, ol 8e ev 'HpaK\eovs ol T0)vde yaperai I cf. Plut. ii. 696 K, Paus. 
 ii. 148. 
 
 Ael. N. A. ii. 30, how a new-purchased cock, if carried thrice 
 round the table, does not seek thereafter to escape. Ib. iii. 31, how 
 the lion fears the cock, and how the latter frightens the basilisk 
 to death : for which reason travellers in Libya take a cock along with 
 them. Cf. ibid. vi. 22 e^iora 8e TO> p,ev Xeoj/ri nvp KOI aXe/crpucoi/ : Aes. 
 Fab. 323 ; Plut. De Inv. iv (Mor. 650, 5), Sol. Anim. xxxii (Mor. 1201, 
 23). Hence also the use of a Cock to destroy the Lion-weed, 17 \eov- 
 rfios Tr6a=opopdyxri, Geopon. ii. 42. 3. A confusion is possibly indicated 
 here with the Galli, priests of Cybele ; according to Varro, De R. R. 
 c. 20 (Nonius, s. v. mansuetum), when the Galli saw a lion, tympanis 
 ...fecerunt mansuetum: for other important references see Mayor's 
 note to Juv. viii. 176. Note further that a mystical name for the Sun 
 was Aeo>i>, and that those who participated in the rites of Mithra were 
 called Lions ; Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. Niclas, the learned editor of 
 the Geoponica (ed. 1781), and certain other historians quoted by him, 
 finding that a lion in Bavaria evinced no terror at the sight of a Cock, 
 but killed and ate the bird, still remained faithful to the old tradition, 
 asserting that that lion's spirit must have been broken by captivity : 
 scimus quam vim habeat consuetude ; cum diu in galli vicinia detentus 
 esset, quid mirum, si eum ferre didicerit, &c. ! 
 
 Paus. ii. 34. 2 ; at Methana (Troezene) a Cock with white wings was 
 torn in two by two men as a charm to protect the vines from the wind 
 Aty, cf. J. G. Frazer, Folk-lore, i. 163, 1890. See on Sacrifices of the 
 Cock, Sir J. G. Dalyell's Darker Superstitions of Scotland, 1835 ; Sir 
 S. Baker, Nile Sources, pp. 327, 335, c., &c. 
 
 On d\eKTpvofj.avTfia } see Lucian's Callus, De Dea Syr. xlviii, Cic. De 
 Div. ii, Plin. x. (21) 24; cf. Mem. Acad. Inscr. vii. 23, xii. 49; Hopf, 
 Thierorakel, pp. 161-163. 
 
 How some cannot abide a cock or a hen, Plut. fr. viii. 10 (12. 23). 
 
 The Cock as a weather-prophet, Ael. vii. 7, Plut. Mor. 129 A, 
 Theophr. De Sign. i. 17, Arat. Progn. 960 (228), Geopon. i. 3, 8. 
 
 How the flesh of a fowl absorbs molten gold, Plin. xxix. 25. 
 
 Is hostile to drrayds, Ael. vi. 45. 
 
 Proverb and Fable. 
 
 d\KTpvovos KoiXiav exftv, Ar. Vesp. 794 (i.e. the stomach of an 
 ostrich, to swallow pebbles), cf. Suid. 
 
 O.\fKT(t>p TTlWt KflU OVK OUpft, Suid. q.V. 
 
 \fj6ovo-i yap TOI Kai/e'/LKoi/ 8ieoSot 6rjKfiav opviv, TT\T)V orav TOKOS 
 Soph. fr. 424. 
 
26 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AAEKTPYflN (continued}. 
 
 KOIVOS ' A.6r)vai<i)v aXeWoop, descriptive of a bombastic talker, Demadas 
 ap. Athen. iii. 99 D. 
 
 fnTT) dXe/crwp dov\ov a>s K\ivas nrfpov, Phrynichus ap. Plut. Amator. 
 xviii (Mor. 762 F); whence Ar. Vesp. 1490 rfrfjcra-ei $pvvixos &s ns 
 
 0\KT(i>p. 
 
 With metaphorical epithet SiavXoSpofio?, 8ia yap TTJS av\ijs rpe\ei, 
 Artemid. iv. 24 ; cf. Ar. Av. 291. 
 
 Fable of the Eagle which carried off the Cock crowing over his 
 victory, Aesop, Fab. 21. The Weasel and the argumentative Cock, 
 ib. 14. The Cock and Thieves, ib. 195. The Cock and Dog, as 
 wayfarers, ib. 225. The two Cocks and the Partridge, ib. 22. See also 
 Babrius and Aesop passim. 
 
 Fable of the Weasel and the Hen ; us &rj KCIT evvoiav avTrjs vo<rov<rr]s, 
 ows ex f t) TrvvQavopevriv' KaXo>?, clnev, civ crv aTroor/js 1 , Plut. De Frat.Am. xix. 
 
 How the plumage of the Cock outshines the raiment of Croesus in 
 all his glory, (pvcriKO) yap avQei KeKoo-prjrai KCU /xupi'w KGtXXioi/i, Solon ap. 
 Diog. L. i. 2. 4. 
 
 Representations. The oldest Coins with the Cock are those of 
 Himera and Dardanus (Imhoof-Bl. and K. pi. v. 38-42) and of 
 Carystus (B. M. C., Central Greece, p. 100, pi. xviii), all of the early 
 fifth century. They recall the Indian Gallus Sonneratii (cf. J. P. Six, 
 in Imhoof-Bl. p. 35), or rather the Gallus ferrugineus or bankiva of 
 Northern India. Cf. also Blyth's note (Ibis, 1867, p. 157) on fowls 
 sculptured on the Lycian marbles (c. 600 B. C.). See also Conze, Ann. 
 de I'lnst, 1870, p. 280, on a Cock represented on an ancient relief of 
 Dionysus and Semele (?), B.C. 580-540. In regard to Himera, it is 
 noteworthy that Pindar's twelfth Olympian Ode, in which the Cock is 
 mentioned, was addressed to Ergoteles, an inhabitant of Himera (cf. 
 Buckton, N. and Q. (4) iii. 131). 
 
 The Cock with the Lion is early and frequent on coins of Asia 
 Minor: with Athena on coins of Leucas, Corinth, Dardanus; also on 
 coins of Ithaca, Zacynthus, Argos, &c. 
 
 On a statue of Athene, Paus. vi. 26 (v. supra); on a statue of 
 Apollo, to indicate sunrise, Plut. De Pyth. Orac. xii. 574 (Mor. 488. 30). 
 On the shield of Idomeneus, Paus. v. 25 (v. supra). 
 
 See also s. vv. |3pY)T<Ss, TJIKCU'OS, KIKKOS, KoXoi<|>pu, KOTTOS, 
 , <re'pi<os, 
 
 'AAIA'ETOZ s. dXiaieros. A Sea-eagle. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 e^ovcrii/ av\eva re /j,eyav KCU TTO^VI/ Kal nrepa 
 Ka/iTruXa, ovpOTrvyiov 8e TrXaru" otKov&i de Trept BaXarrav KOI auras, dpna^ovTcs 
 de KCU ov dwd/j-evoi (pepctv TroXXaKis KcmKpe'poi/rcu els (Bvdov. viii. 3, 593 b 
 nepl rrjv 6d\arrav Siarpi'jSet KOI ra \ifJLvala Kojrrfi. [Here KoWet seems 
 
AAEKTPYflN AAIAETOI 27 
 
 AAIAETOI (continued']. 
 
 meaningless and may be an interpolation; cf. the next reference.] 
 ix. 34, 620 6va>7r<TTaTOS /zeV eori, KCU ra TCKVO. avayK.a(i en ^iXd oi/ra 
 Trpos TOI> rj\iov (BXeTreiv, Km TOV p.f] (Bov\6p.evov KOTTTCI KOI <rrpe<pei, KCU 
 OTTorepou civ e/Lwrpocr$ev ol o<p$aXp.oi daKpixraxnVj TOVTOV dTTOKreiVei, TOV 5' 
 erepov KTpe(pi. [The same story, s. v. aeVoy, in Ael. H. A. ii. 26, also 
 Plin. N. H. x. 3, and in Gesner, &c.] fj Orjpevutv TOVS irepl rfjv 6a\arrav 
 opviOctS) K.r.X. Arist. De Mirab. 60, 835 e*c TOV fvyovs TO>V derail' BaTfpov 
 TOSV eyyovwv aXidfTos yiverai TrapaXXa^, &c., cf. Dion. De Av. ii. i. Men- 
 tioned also Ar. Av. 891, Eur. fr. 637 6p<S 5' eV UKTO'IS vo^dSa KvpaTocpOopov 
 aXidcTov : Opp. Hal. i. 425 Kparepoi ^' dXtateroi dpiraKT^pes, &C. 
 
 See also Nonn. Dion. xlii. 531, where dXiaero?, associated with 
 Poseidon, seizes a dove from the clutches of KI'PKOS, faidofjicvois 6vi>x^fo-i 
 HTap(TLov opviv dei'poo^. Cf. Sil. Ital. Punic, iv. 105. 
 
 A good omen to fishermen, Dion. De Avib. ii. i. 
 
 On the fabled metamorphosis of Nisus or Pandareus see Ovid, Met. 
 viii. 146, xii. 560 ; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xi ; Hygin. Fab. 98 ; Virg.(?) 
 Ciris 536, and Keller, op.c. p. 259. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 is apparently descriptive of the Osprey, 
 Pandion Haliaetus, with which bird dXtdero? is commonly identified 
 by mediaeval and modern commentators ; but the description of the 
 chase after sea-birds (ix. 620) applies rather to Aquila naevia, or 
 Hal. albidlla (Sundevall). A Sea-eagle is very frequently alluded 
 to under the generic name deros, e. g- Pind. N. v. 21 irtpav TTOVTOLO 
 TraXXoi/T* euerot' : Soph. Oen. fr. 423, ap. Ar. Av. 1337 yevoipav tueroy 
 v^nreTaS) as av noTcidfiijv vTrep drpvyerov yXavKas eV ol8p,a \ifJLvas I Theocr. 
 xiii. 24. 
 
 An Eagle with a fish is frequent on coins, e. g. Acragas (Imhoof-Bl. 
 and K. pi. iv. 31), Sinope (ibid. v. n, 12), and many other towns 
 especially in the Black Sea and Hellespont (Keller, op.c. p. 262). 
 
 In all the above references, as in most passages relating to the Eagle, 
 a mystical and symbolic meaning outweighs the zoological. The poem 
 of Ciris is of great importance for the understanding of the myth. It 
 is noteworthy how many birds, or names associated with birds, occur, 
 with more or less obscure significance, in this poem ; to wit, Procne, 
 the Daulian maids, Pandion, theAnserLedae, Haliaetus or Nisus, and 
 lastly Ciris. I accept the theory that we have here to do with an 
 elaborate Sun and Moon myth. The golden or purple lock in Nisus' 
 hair (cui splendidus ostro Inter honoratos medio de vertice canos 
 Crinis inhaerebat, Ov. Met. viii. 8, cf. Ciris 122, Apollod. ii. 4. 5), 
 recalls, on the one hand, the Samson-legend (as we are expressly told 
 by Tzetzes in Lye. 648), and on the other, the crest of the solar tVo^ 
 or focus, both of which birds appear in the version of the legend given 
 by Boios. The name Nisus is akin to nesher^ m'sr, an eagle (vide 
 
28 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AAIAETOI (continued}. 
 
 s. v. aeros), and Nisus or 'AXiciero? plunges, like the setting Sun, into 
 the sea. Ciris, Ketpi? (with which I believe KeipuXos- or <f]pv\os to be 
 connected), or Scylla is the Moon (cf. Porphyr. De Abst. iii. 17), which, 
 as the watery goddess, appears in some forms of the legend as a fish. 
 The last lines of the poem Ciris are of 'peculiar importance, where the 
 mutual pursuit and flight of Haliaetus and Ciris are described, and com- 
 pared with the alternate appearance and disappearance of the opposite 
 constellations of Scorpio and Orion : Quacunque ilia levem fugiens 
 secat aethera pennis, Ecce inimicus atrox magno stridore per auras 
 Insequitur Nisus : qua se fert Nisus ad auras, Ilia levem fugiens 
 raptim secat aethera pennis : it is the Moon in opposition, the Moon 
 at the full, which (strictly speaking, at the sacred season of the equinox) 
 sets and rises as the Sun rises and sets. Cf. also Cornutus, p. 72 L 
 (teste Keller) Kvvrjyia ' f'oine KOI TO ^ diaXeirrftv avrrjV ore p.ev 8ia)KOV(Tav 
 TOV rjXiov ore e (pevyoixrav . . . ovx eWpa 8' ovtra avrrjs rj 'EKar/7, &C. The 
 full understanding of the stories of d^Scoy, Procne, Philomela, and the 
 whole Tereus-legend, depends on the further elucidation of this myth. 
 Were it not for the comparison drawn with Scorpio and Orion, we 
 might be rather disposed to refer the description to the Moon in the 
 last quarter, stationed in advance of and as it were in flight before 
 the Sun. The same four lines occur in Virg. Georg. i. 406-409, where 
 I venture to think they are out of place and keeping. 
 
 AAIA'nOAA' TOV Kenfpov, rj Ba\amov opvtv . . . Hesych. (verb. dub). 
 
 A bird, doubtless the Halcyon. 
 
 Ibyc. fr. 8 (13) ap. Athen. ix. 388 D, according to Hermann and 
 Schneidewin. Others read \a6nroptpvpi8es, v. Bergk, P. Lyric. Gr. iii. 
 p. 239. Cf. Alcman 12 (26) a\nr6p(pvpos ettpos opvts (vide s. v. K^puXos), 
 whence Tennyson ' The sea-blue bird of March 3 (on which, see Whitley 
 Stokes and others, Academy xxv. 1884; also Tennyson in Nature 
 Notes, i. p. 93, ii. p. 173, where the Laureate alters the epithet). I am 
 not inclined to admit that aXiTro'ptpupo? means sea-blue, nor that it is 
 anything so simple as a mere colour-epithet ; cf. 
 
 'AAKYii'N s. dXicuwi'. Also d\icvovis (Ap. Rhod. i. 1085, Epigr. Gr. 205 
 &c.), and aX/uW, Hesych. Cretan avKvvv, Hesych. On the aspirate, 
 see Forstemann, Curt. Zeitschr. iii. 48. Not from aX? : cf. Lat. a/c-edo. 
 Probably connected with O. P. halak or harac the Sun, and so akin 
 to a\KTpv(>)v and tfXeKTpov, also to 'Hpa/cX^s and to many other proper 
 names, e. g. Alc-inous. 
 
 The Halcyon, a symbolic or mystical bird, early identified with the 
 Kingfisher, Alcedo ispida, L. The Kingfisher is called, in Mod. 
 
AAIAETOI AAKYflN 29 
 
 AAKYQN (continued]. 
 
 Gk., -^apo(f)dyos, also (Heldr.) o-apde\o(pdyos, /MTTtpftTriXt rrjs QaXdao-rj?, 
 and (in Acarnania) /3ao-tXo7roCXi. 
 
 First mentioned in Simon. fr.i2 (ap. Arist. H. A. v. 8, 542 b, Poet. Lyr. 
 Gr., Bergk p. 874, vide infra) ; Aleman 26 (12), ap. Antig. Mirab. 27 ; 
 and Ibycus fr. 8 (13) d\Kv6vfs Tawo-iTTTepoi. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. ix. 14, 6l6 17 8' d\Kv<vv eVn p,ev ov TroXXeS 
 peifov o-Tpovdov, TO 8e XP^P a * a ' Kvavovv e^et Kat ^Xwpoi/ KOI vTron6p(pvpov' 
 fjLfj.iyfievu>s 8e TOIOVTOV TO ff&fJia TTCLV Kat at TTTepvyfs KOI ra ?repi TOV Tpd^rj\ov t 
 ov \<p\s eKdo-TOV TWV xpa/jbaTcov' TO 8e pvy^os wd^Xcopoi/ jj.ev, /uaKp6i> 
 8e /cat XeTrrof. viii. 3, 593 b TO T>V d\Kvova)i> 8e yevos ndpvSpov ecrriv' 
 8' CIVTUV oi/ra dvo eldrj. KO\ f] p.ev (pOeyyerai, K.adidvovo-a eVi TO>V 
 f) 8' a(poivos' eorrt 8' avr^ p-dfav' TO 8c vwrov d/jLCpoTepai KVO.VOVV 
 [Cf. Plin. x. 47. Two species occur in Greece, A. (Ceryle) 
 rudis, L., the Spotted Kingfisher (Mod. Gk. aWpoj> tyapocpdyor, v. d. 
 Miihle), principally near the coast, and A. ispida, the Common King- 
 fisher. Sundevall points out that A. rudis has not TO VWTOV KVOVOVV, 
 and suggests A. smyrnensis, which does not now occur in Greece 
 (Kriiper) but in Asia Minor. Neither of these birds can sing, any more 
 than the common Kingfisher, and the attempt is hopeless to identify the 
 second Aristotelian species with either. The whole matter is confused 
 and mystical.] 
 
 On the ' song' of the Halcyon, cf. Tymnes ii (Gk. Anthol. i. p. 256) 
 o> napop-otov aXxvoariv TOV o~ov (pdoyyov lo~(H(rdp.evov '. Pindar fr. 62 (34) a P 
 Schol. Apoll. Rhod. i. IO86 (q. v.) ev\6ya>s 8e oa-ffav tirre TTJV a\Kvovos 
 (fxovfjv : cf. Dion. De Avib. ii. 7 TQ>V d\Kv6va>v 8' ov< av ftrrot Tty els (ptavrjv 
 opvfov fjdtov. Its plaintive and melancholy note ; Eur. I. in T. 1089 opvts, 
 a Trapa TTCTpivas, TTOVTOV 8etpd8aff, d\Kv<av } eXeyov OITOV deideis '. imitated 
 Ar. Ran. 1309 d\Kvovcs al Trap' devdois daXdo-OTjs Kv/j.aai o-Tco/xuXXfrf. Cf. 
 II. ix. 563 /-tJjTJjp J A\KVOVOS Tro\viTvdeos OITOV fx ov(Ta ' Mosch. iii. 40 
 *A.\Kv6vos 8' ov TOCTO-OV eV a\yeo~iv ta^e K^v^. Opp. Halieut. i. 424 
 a TC (pv\a a\Kv6va>v. Epigr. in Marm. Oxon. iii. p. in (Ixxi) 
 8e f] dvcTTrjvos oftvpfTai old TIS O.KTO.IS 'AXxvovt's, yoepoils 8aKpvo~i 
 fj.vp6p.eva. See also Lucian in Alcyone, Philostr. Imagg. 362 K, Plut. 
 Utr. Anim., Ov. Met. xi, Trist. v. i. 60, Her. xviii. 81, &c., &c.; cf. 
 also Eumath. De Hysm. et H. L. x. p. 448 TTJV yXa>TTai> d\Kv6ves TTO\V- 
 
 ircvOeo~T*pai) drjftoves QprjvrjTiKatTfpai, avTrjs NiojS^s 1 fj.i/j.ovfjifva.1 TO TroXuSa/tpti, 
 
 Trpoy 6pr)vov eplfovvai. According to the Scholia in Ar. Aves, Horn. II. ix, 
 Theocr. Id. vii eOpfjvei T>V aiwv avTrjs ev TT) 0a\do~o-T] KXap-evoiV. 
 
 How the females carry the old males on their backs, Ael. vii. 17 ; cf. 
 Plut. Utr. Anim., Antig. Hist. Mirab. 27. Cf. also Aleman (ap. Antig. 1. c.) 
 /SaXe 817, (3d\ KqpvXos f'irjv, os T' eVt KV/JLCITOS avdos a/u,' akKvoveao-i TTOT/Jrai I 
 imitated in Ar. Av. 251 o>j> T' eirl TTOVTIOV otS/xa ^aXao-o-^y (pv\a /xeT* 
 
 d\KVOVO~O i l TTOTCLTai. 
 
30 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AAKYHN (continued}. 
 
 Beloved of the Sea-nymphs, Theocr. vii. 59, cf. Virg. Georg. i. 399. 
 
 Associated with Pallas, Antip. Sidon. xxvi, Gk. Anth. ii. p. 12 t<rra>i/ 
 IlaXXdSos d\Kv6va (the shuttle, from its swift flash of colour) : with Hera, 
 Pindar fr. 1. c. ' 
 
 With ep. govOos, Mnasalc. viii (Gk. Anthol. i. p. 124), [vide s. v. iTrn-a- 
 Xe/crpvcoj/]. 
 
 The Nest. Arist. H. A. v. 8, 542 b riWei nepl Tporras TCLS x l l i P lvas ' 
 816 Kai KaXovvTai orav ei>8ieii/ai -yeVooj/rat at rpoTrat, d\KvovL8es qpepai e7rra 
 [lev Trpo rpoTraij', eWa fie fierd rpon-d?, KaBdnep KOI St/ican'St;? evoiiffW, 
 "a>y onoTav xei/nepioi/ Kara fj.rjva TrivvaKr) Zeus Jj^ara reo-(rapaKaieKa, Xa0di/e/zdt> 
 re' fjnv &pav Ka\eovatv enixjdovioi, lepav iraidorpofpov noiKiXas d\Kvovos" 
 yivovrai 5' evSieii/at, oral/ crvuftfj various yiveo~dai ras rpoTrdf, rijs H\eid8os 
 /Sopeiou yfvoijievrjs. Xeyerai 5' eV eTrra /i^ fjnepais Troie'ia'Oai rrjv veorTidv, 
 ev 6e rats XoiTrals cVra f)p,epais TLKTCIV ra i/eorna KOI enrpefaiv. nepi p-ev 
 ovv TOVS evTctvda TOTTOVS OVK del <rvp.(3aivi yiveo-dai d\Kvovibas ypepas Trepl 
 ray rporrds, ev 8e r<u 2iKfXiK<B TreXdyfi o-^eSov act. TtWei 5' 17 aX/cuu)!/ rrcpt 
 TTCVTC wd. . . . irdvTuv &e a-navKararov Idflv aXxvoz/a ecrriV cr^fSoj/ -yap Trepi 
 KOI Tponns oparat p.6vov } KCU ev TOLS v<popfj.ois irpo^rov o<rov 
 TTfpl TO jr^-olov d(pavierai evOvs, 816 Kai Srjyo'i^opoy TOVTOV TOV 
 epl ain-f)?. (Schneider conjectures that this last refers 
 to an Argonautic legend, cf. Apoll. Rhod. i. 1085 and Schol.) The Nest 
 further described, ib. ix. 14, 6l6 Trapo/no/a rat? a(paipais rals tfaXarri'ats earl 
 /cat rats Ka\ovp.evais aXco'd^i/ai?, n\r]v TOV ^pco/aaro$'' TrjV 8e %p6av vnonvppov 
 e%ovo~iv } K. T. X. /cat KOTTTOVTI (lev (TtS^pto) o^ei ov Tci%v diaKoTTTeTai, a/za 
 8e KOTTTOVTI Kai rat? x e P"' dpavovTi ra^u Sta^pawcrat, &cnrep 17 dXoo-d^i/jy. . . . 
 6oKt 8e p-dXto-ra e*c reov aKavdwv TTJS fteXovrjs. A lengthy description in 
 Ael. H. A. ix. 17 : see also Dion. De Avib. ii. 7 ; Plin. x. (32) 47, (33) 49 ; 
 Plut. De Sol. Anim. xxxv; Acs. Fab. 29, &c. Cf. also Callim. xxxi (Gk. 
 Anthol. i. p. 219) o>? Trdpo? nW^rai voTeprjs eov d\Kvovo$. The descrip- 
 tion in Plutarch ends as follows : e/zoi Se TroXXaxts ISovri Kai Oiyovri, 
 Traptorarat \eyeiv Kai qfteiv ' A^Xa) b~r) Trore rotoi/ 'ATroXXcovo? napd yaw.' 
 
 On the d\Kuota8es or dXKuo^eioi ^jxepat, f when birds of calm sit 
 brooding on the charmed wave,' see also Theocr. vii. 57 K&\Kv6ves orope- 
 o~evVTi TO. KVfiaTa TO.V Te 6d\ao~o~av } TOV re VOTOV TOV r* evpov. Apollonid. 
 xiii (Gk. Anthol. ii. p. I2l) et Kai ev aXwovvv fjfj.ao~i K\av(rop.eda, d\KVova>v, 
 als TTOVTOS del (TTripl^aTO KU/XO, vrjvep.ov. Ar. Av. I594> Schol. in Ar. 
 Ran. 1344, Ael. i. 36, Philoch. 180, Plut. Sol. Anim, p. 983, Quaest. 
 Grace, pp. 1809, 1810, Apoll. Rhod. i. 1086, Plin. x. (32) 47, xviii. (26) 
 62, xxxii. (8) 27, Aul. Cell. iii. 10, Sil. Ital. xiv. 275, Plaut. Poen. 145, 
 Casina, prol. 26, Diosc. iv. 136, Alciphr. 5. i, Lucian Hale. 2, Ovid Met. 
 xi. 745, Colurn. xi. 2, Dion. De Avib. ii. 7, Carm. De Philom. 383. On 
 the number of the Halcyon days, see, in addition to the above, Suidas, 
 according to whom Simonides made them eleven (v. supra), Dema- 
 
AAKYflN 31 
 
 AAKYflN (continued}. 
 
 goras seven, and Philochorus nine. See also references in Bochart, 
 Hieroz. ii. 86 1. 
 
 On the myth of Alcyone and Ceyx, cf. II. ix. 563 (where the bird 
 is not mentioned, but cf. Heyne, in loc.}, Lucian, Halcyon. 2, where 
 Alcyone and Ceyx descend from the Morning Star, Ovid, Met. xi. 410, 
 Apollod. I. vii. 4, Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 399, Lutat. ad Stat. Theb. 
 ix. 361, Tzetz. ad Lye. p. 69, &c. 
 
 The myth of the Halcyon days is unexplained. The above state- 
 ments have no zoological significance : the Kingfisher neither breeds 
 at four months old, nor lays five eggs (but rather six or seven), nor 
 nests in the winter season, nor on the sea. I conjecture that the 
 story originally referred to some astronomical phenomenon, probably 
 in connexion with the Pleiades, of which constellation Alcyone is the 
 principal star. In what appears to have been the most vigorous period 
 of ancient astronomy (not later than 2000 B.C., but continuing long 
 afterwards to influence legend and nomenclature), the sun rose at the 
 vernal equinox in conjunction with the Pleiad, in the sign Taurus : the 
 Pleiad is in many languages associated with bird-names (cf. Engl. * hen- 
 and-chickens,' see also s. v. jj^po\[), and I am inclined to take the bird 
 on the bull's back in coins of Eretria, Dicaea, and Thurii for the asso- 
 ciated constellation of the Pleiad. (Note, as a coincidence, the relation 
 of Alcyoneus to the heavenly Bull in Pind. I. v. 47 ; ubi Schol. fiovfiorav 
 e TQV j3ovK.6Xov (1707, Trap' ov rag 'HXi'ou (3ovs aTr^Xatre . . .) The particular 
 bird thus associated with Taurus may vary ; on some of the above- 
 mentioned coins, where it is certainly not a Kingfisher, it is taken by 
 Canon Tristram (Ibis, 1893, p. 215) to be a Tern ; to me it seems 
 rather to be the Swallow, figuring as the bird of spring; (on the 
 cognate symbolism of the Dove, see s. v. ireXeia). The Halcyon is said 
 by Canon Tristram (1. c.) to have been the sacred bird of Eretria ; 
 I cannot find a direct statement of the fact. Suidas definitely asserts 
 that the Pleiades were called 'AXxvoi/es. At the winter solstice, in the 
 same ancient epoch, the Pleiad culminated at night-fall in mid-heaven, 
 a phenomenon possibly referred to in the line vi>g /iaxpi) KOI x<iipa. \*.ivr\v 8' 
 eVi nXetaSa 8vvei. This culmination, between three and four months after 
 the heliacal rising of the Pleiad in Autumn, was, I conjecture, sym- 
 bolized as the nesting of the Halcyon. Owing to the antiquity and 
 corruption of the legend, it is impossible to hazard more than a very 
 guarded conjecture ; but that the phenomenon was in some form an 
 astronomic one I have no doubt. [It might for instance refer more 
 directly to the Sun, which anciently began its annual course at the 
 spring equinox when in conjunction with the Pleiads, and which at 
 the winter season, when in the lowest part of its course, might be said 
 to brood upon the sea, only beginning its ascent a week after the actual 
 
3 2 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AAKYftN (continued-). 
 
 tropic (cf. Ptolemy, ap. Petav. iii. 54, Kal. Jan. : Sol elevari incipit)]. 
 The risings and settings of the Pleiads and of the Dogstar were 
 apparently the chief landmarks of the ancient year, and in this con- 
 nexion the comparison with aXocrd^vr] is also suggestive. I take 
 to be a corruption, by ' Volksetymologie,' of the Egyptian 
 q", the Dog-star. Cf. Chalcid. in Timaeum Plat. f. cxxiv, ed. 
 Fabr., Cum hanc eandem stellam do-TpoKvvov quidam, Aegyptii vero 
 o-oXf^T/t/ vocant (v. Jablonsk. in Steph. Thes. and cf. Leemans in 
 Horap. i. 3). The common Egyptian name for the Dog-star is Sothi^ 
 and of this we read in Plut. De Isid. p. 375 2co0! AtyvTrrio-rl o-^/iaiWi 
 
 KVT](TIV rj TO KVflV. 
 
 The birds anciently associated with the season of the vernal equinox 
 are, with the exception of the Nightingale, associated with St. Martin 
 in modern times; viz. the House-martin or Martlet (cf. xeXifio>v), the 
 Harrier (cf. KtpKos}, Fr. oiseau St. Martin, and the Kingfisher, Fr. 
 martin-pecheur. It is precisely the same birds, with the addition of 
 the solar Hoopoe and Woodpecker, and with the substitution of 
 aXidfro? (q. v.) for <a'pKos, that figure together in the story of the meta- 
 morphosis of Pandareus ; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. xi. 
 
 In the calendars ascribed to Geminus (?), Columella and Ptolemy (?), 
 the Halcyon days are placed in the end of February or beginning of 
 March. I cannot account for this discrepancy, which is clearly at 
 variance with the older tradition ; unless indeed the phrase had lost its 
 meaning and was simply transferred to the season of the migration 
 of birds. 
 
 See also s.vv. avfiuv, <xXnrop<f>upis, KTjpuXos, KTJU. 
 
 Note. On the mystical element in the stories of d\Kvot>v and di/dap 
 cf. Lucian, Hale. OVK av e^oi/nei/ tlirfiv ftefiaias OUT' 'AXfcvovcoj/ Trepi, OUT' 
 'Ar)86v(av' K\fos 8e fj.vOa)v, olov TrapeSocrav Trnrepes 1 , TOIOI/TO KOI naKrl 
 a> opvi dprjvav /LieXcoSe, TrapaScoaco TO>V <rS)v vp.vd)V TTfpt, Kai o~ov TOV 
 KCU (pi\av$pov epami TroXXaxi? v 
 
 "AMAAAOI- irep&ig, Ho\vppr)vioi, Hesych. 
 
 'AMHEAl'I. An unknown bird. Ar. Av. 304. Cf. Poll. vi. 52. 
 
 'AMHEAl'ilN. An unknown small bird mentioned together with 
 (q. v.), with epithet Koixpdraroy. Taken as identical with 
 
 a/iTTfXiSfS- as vvv d/HTreXicoi/as KaXovcriv, J. Pollux, VI. 52 J cf. Lob. 
 
 Prol. p. 49. In Mod. Gk. dpndKovpyos is the Black-headed Bunting, 
 
 Called also KpaaonovXi, p.e6v(TTpa. 
 
 'ANATKHI, S. o.vd<K\<s' opvfov TI 'ivdticov, opoiov ^dpo), Hesych. The 
 name is strongly suggestive of the Arabic and Syrian Anka or 
 
AAKYftN ANOHAIA 33 
 
 ANAfKHI (continued}. 
 
 Onka, which is said to be identical with Sirrmrgh, the magical 
 bird of the Persians, and which is believed further to come into 
 relation with Athene 'Oy/ca; cf. Von Hammer-Purgstall, Wien. 
 Jahrb. d. Lit. xcvii. 126, Creuzer, Symb. iv. 397, Boch. Hieroz. 
 ii. 812, 852. Vide s. v. OK^OS. 
 
 "AN00I. An unknown small bird. The name does not occur in 
 Mod. Gk., and like so many of the bird-names mentioned in a 
 non-scientific or fabulous sense, is probably an exotic. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis a-KcoX^Ko^a-yos-, /neye$o? orrov (Tiria. 
 ix. I,6o9b ITTTTW TToXejmos' ccXavjwi yap 6 ITTTTOS CK rrjs vop^s, noav yap 
 6 avQos. eirdpyefjios 8' earl KCU OVK ova)7rds' /Lu/ielrai yap rou ITTTTOU 
 pwvrjv, Ka\ (pojSel e7rt7rerd/zei/o? /cat, ee\avvei, orav 8e Xa/Sfl, KreivfL avrov. 
 ' 6 uvBos napa Trorapov Kal eX??, \poav S' e\i KaXrjv KOL (vjBioTos ecrrt. 
 IX. I, 6 10 and 12, 615 hostile to duavQis and a'iyidos' alyidov Kal avQov alpa. 
 ov crvp/jiiyvvTai a\\r]\ois i cf. Plin. x. 74 (95). With the above fabulous 
 account, cf. Ael. H. A. V. 48, vi. 19 Ididfct Se rats pi^o-fa-i r<av TOIOVTVV 
 6',Te (ivOos KaXov/JLevos . . . Kai 6 /ueV civOos UTTOKptVerat xpep-eTicrpa "rnrov. 
 
 Also Plin. x. (47) 52 ; see also Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 7, where 
 Anthus is a son of Autonous and Hippodameia, killed by his father's 
 horses, and metamorphosed into the bird &v6os. In Phile 705 it is the 
 fish dvOias that is said to be hostile to the horse. 
 
 Note. As indicative of the mythical, fabulous, and probably exotic 
 element in the above, compare the accounts of ai>0os and 
 (? aK-av6-is), the former (TKa>\r]K.o(pdyos, ei>/3i'oro?, xpoav KaX 
 noXefjiios '. the latter aKavQo(pdyos, KctKo/3io?, KaKo^poos, oj/o> TroXe/xtos, &C. : 
 aKavdis and a"yi(v)0os are perhaps two corruptions of the same word. 
 Though the bird cannot be identified, and though it is more than 
 doubtful whether it was ever known to the Greeks, yet Sundevall's 
 identification of avQos as the Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla flava, L., 
 deserves to be recorded. This hypothetical identification is based 
 on the brilliant colour (which according to v. d. Miihle is more brilliant 
 in Greece even than in N. Europe) and on the localities frequented. 
 The Yellow Wagtail frequently consorts with the cattle at pasture, 
 feeding on flies ; it may indeed have become associated with the above 
 fable, the origin of which, however, is doubtless more deep-seated and 
 obscure. 
 
 'ANOnAfA. A bird associated with Athene, possibly the Wight- Heron. 
 
 Od. i. 320 Otrcfty yXavKfoiris 'A^i/r;, opi/ty 8' o>? dvoTram fiieVraro. For 
 various explanations and Scholia, see Steph. Thes. (ed. 1821), Lidd. 
 and Sc., c. According to Rumpf, De aedibus Homericis, ii. p. 32, 
 Giessen, 1857, Netolicka, Naturh. aus Horn. p. n, Buchholz, Horn. 
 
 D 
 
34 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 ANOHAIA (continued}. 
 
 Realien, p. 126, the Swallow, from its passing in and out through the 
 smoke-hole, napa TO 8iarpi@civ fv rats oirals (Herodian). Cf. Hesych. 
 dvoTrala' upveov ovop.a Kcil ci8of, 77 ava TTJV oirr)v rrjs dvpas, r/ ava rrjv 6vpi8(i, 
 T) a<pavfjs (MS. afpuvos). See also Ameis in loc., Doederlein, Horn. 
 Gloss, &c. 
 
 Bochart, Hieroz. ii. 337, suggests (not for the first time, for the state- 
 ment is made in early Hebrew dictionaries) a connexion with Hebr. HS3N 
 anaphah, which he supposed to be a species of eagle, partly perhaps 
 to make it fit in with the interpretation, common in his time, of dvonala. 
 But according to Lewysohn (Zool. d. Talmuds, p. 109), with whom 
 Tristram agrees, anaphah is rightly translated Heron (Lev. xi. 19), 
 which seems to me to lend support to the hypothesis that dvonala 
 is identical with it. Cf. epaoios, II. x. 274. 
 
 "ANTAP 1 afTos, VTTO Tvpprjv&v, Hesych. 
 
 'ANTl'^YXOI* OVT&S KaXovvrai ol Mf'nvoves opviGes (q. V.), Hesych. 
 
 'AnA<t>0'I' eWo^ TO opveov, Hesych. (Probably a Macedonian word, 
 Schmidt in Hesych. ; or more likely Egyptian, vide infra, s. v. 
 
 AHOYI. A bird of the swallow kind. Probably including the Swift, 
 Cypselus apus, L., and Hirundo rupestris, Scop., the Cliff 
 Martin; Mod. Gk. Trerpo^eXiSow. Also for KityeAoy, the Sand 
 Martin. 
 
 Arist. H. A. i. I, 487 b opvis KOKOITOVS (cf. Plin. xi. 47), 
 (paiverai 6 pev anovs iraaav &pai>, f] 5e Speiravls orav vcrfi rov Qepovs. Ib. ix. 
 30, 6l8 ot ' anodes, ovs Ka\ovo-i rives Kv\l/e\ovs o/noiot rals x ^ 0(TiV eZortV 
 ov yap paStov diayvuvai Trpos TTJV ^eXiSoya, TT\T)V rcS TTJV <vi]\it]V e^etv 8a(relav. 
 veoTTevovo-iv ev KV\l/e\iaw CK TrrjXov ne7T\aafJ.vais /laxpatj, ocrov eicr 
 e^ovo-ais' ev o~Teyv<a 8e Troietrai ras veomas VTTO Trerpais KCU (77rr;Xaioiff, 
 KOI TCI drjpia Kal TOVS avdpanovs diafpevyfiv. Cf. Plin. X. 39 (55) his quies 
 nisi in nido nulla, &c. 
 
 The name is traditionally identified with the Swift, Cypselus apus^ 
 L. As regards the former passage (which is doubtfully authentic) 
 it appears that H. rupestris is the only bird of the Swallow kind 
 which is a permanent resident in Greece (Kriiper p. 255, &c.), though 
 Erhard (p. 46) says that Swifts winter in the Cyclades. The second 
 passage is corrupt, and contains two different accounts of the nest 
 (cf. Sundevall p. 130). H. rupestris builds solitarily, on the face of 
 high cliffs (VTTO TreTpais) (Kriiper, 1. c.). The other account (cv Kv^e\io-iv 
 pa<pals) seems to refer to the Sand Martin, vide s.v. Kuij/eXos. Sundevall 
 
ANOnAIA APF1H 35 
 
 AF1OYZ (continued}. 
 
 takes ttTTou? to be the Swift: Aubert and Wimmer (p. in) take it 
 to be the House Martin (Hirundo urbica L.). The name Trfrpo^eXiSoi/i 
 applies in Mod. Gk. both to H. rupestris and to the Swift (Heldreich). 
 
 "APAKOI. An Etruscan word for a Hawk. apaKos' fe'pa, 
 
 Hesych. Said to be a Lydian word, Jablonsk. in Steph. Thes. 
 
 Cf. 
 
 "APAMOI. A name for a Heron = epcofito'?, Hesych. 
 
 'APno'nOYI, s. dpyiTTous. A Macedonian name for the Eagle, Hesych. 
 Perhaps a corruption of alyiiroty, or perhaps of apgxpos. 
 
 'APHTIA'AEI "OPNI0EI. Fabulous birds, which shot forth their feathers 
 like arrows: doubtless an astronomical emblem. Apoll. Rhod. 
 ii. 1035-1052. Cf. King's Ant. Gems p. 330. 
 
 'APNEYTH'P. [Cf. Lat. urinator, a diver, Sk. vdri, water (Curt.).] 
 Supposed to mean a diving bird, diver or grebe (Colymbus). 
 Perhaps only a professional diver. Cf. SUTTTT]?. 
 II. xvi. 742 dpvevTijpL toiK&s. See also II. xii. 385, Od. xii. 413. 
 
 *APJ=I<I>OI. A Persian word for an Eagle, Hesych. (Pers. barges). Cf. 
 dpyioirous. 
 
 "APflAIOI. An unknown or fabulous bird ; vide s. v. Spirt]. 
 
 "APP1H. (Perhaps from rt. of dp7r-do>, L. rap-io.} An unknown or 
 fabulous bird. 
 
 II. xix. 350 apTTfl el/ana ravvTrrepvyi, Xiyv(pa>i/a) (Eustath. <Sov $aXdcr<rioi>, 
 Xdpa> Tro\p.ovv). Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609-610 en ol ano rrjs daXdrTrjs 
 ^"col/res TroXe/iioi dXX^Xoi?, olov fipevdos Kal Xdpoy Kai aprn] . . . . 7ri(piy Kal 
 apiri) Kal IKTWOS (pi'Xoi. ix. 1 8, 617 TroXe/uio? 8e r/y apirrj f] (f>S>v{;, Kal yap 
 tKtivrj 6fjLoio(3ioTos. Ael. H. A. ii. 47 r] Se opeios aprrrj T&V opvlQ&v npcxr- 
 irfcrovcra rovs o(p6a\povs dfpapirdfci. Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 4. Plin. 
 x ' 95 (74) Dissident harpe et triorches accipiter. Harpe et milvus 
 contra triorchem communibus inimicitiis. The wife and son of Cleinis 
 are metamorphosed into the birds apTrrj and aprraa-os : Boios ap. Anton. 
 Lib. Met. 20. According to Hesych., ap-nrj is Cretan for IKTLVOS. 
 
 Places ivy, KiWo?, in its nest for a charm, Ael. i. 35, Phile 729, 
 Geopon. xv. i. 
 
 The word is poetical. Dionysius (1. c.) refers to the Lammergeier. 
 Some mediaeval commentators (e. g. Gesner) take Harpe and Milvus 
 (IKTWOS) to be identical in Arist. and Plin. 11. cc., as does also Tzetzes, 
 Chiliad, v. 413 IKTWOS opj/is ris evnv, 6Wep KaXovpev apTrrjv, apTrdfav ra 
 
 D 2 
 
36 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 APF1H (continued}. 
 
 veoTTta TO. TWV aXfKTopidav, and Sundevall makes Harpe the Black Kite, 
 Milvus ater, or M. parasiticus. Aubert and Wimmer suspect apirr) to 
 be a large Gull (Larus}. For other hypotheses, vide Buchholz p. 137. 
 
 'AIBHNOl'- opvtBfs, Hesych. Possibly akin to O-TTWOS. 
 
 "All AON- epoSioV, Hesych. Heb. HTDH, chasidah, the Stork. Cf. 
 Boch. Hieroz. ii. 321-326. 
 
 'AIKA'AA4>OZ. An unknown bird, mentioned Arist. H. A. ii. 12 as 
 possessing colic coeca (d-nofpvdftas). 
 
 Usually translated Owl, from the story of the Metamorphosis of 
 Ascalaphus, Ovid, Met. v. 539 Foedaque Jit volucris, venturi nuncia 
 Indus, Ignavus bilbo, diruin mortalibus omen. Cf. Apollodor. ii. p. 107 
 'AaKoXixpov ovv ArjfjL-fjTTjp ftroftpro' &TOV '. Serv. ad Aen. iv. 462. The mys- 
 tical aspect of the story is briefly indicated by Creuzer, Symbolik, iv. 
 378. [Quaenam sit avis, neque ex Aristotele neque ex Plinio aut ex 
 Aeliano deprehendere potuimus. Sed Ovidius inter fabulas ostendit 
 esse bubonis speciem : Scaliger in Arist.] 
 
 'AIKAAH'nAI. (daK^XoTras, Arist. MS. O). Probably identical with 
 <7KoAo7ra, q. v. The Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola. 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 26, 6l7b iv Tols KIJTTOIS dXi'o-Kerru Ip/ceo-iy, TO p-ey^dos 
 fi&ov dXfKTopis, TO pvy%os p,ciKpoV) TO xpa)p.a opoiov arrayfji/r rpe^fi Se Ta\v. 
 The Woodcock according to v. d. Miihle and Lindermayer is very 
 abundant in Greece in November. Aubert and Wimmer rather identify 
 d<TKa\a>nas with the Curlew, 
 
 'AXTEPI'AI. 
 
 I. An Eagle = x/jvo-aero?, Ael. ii. 39. In Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 
 620, mentioned as yeW ifpaKw, and usually identified with the 
 Goshawk. 
 
 Cf. Scaliger in Arist. p. 249 : aorrptav vertit Theodosius stellarem . . . 
 d(TTpiav igitur puto nostrum asturem : ut enim punctis quibusdam 
 tanquam stellis totus pictus in pectore. This identification, though 
 adopted by Sundevall, is inacceptable. aartpLas is said to be the 
 largest of the eagles, and to feed on fawns, cranes, and in Crete, bulls ; 
 like xpixraeros it seems to be used not of the actual bird but as a symbol, 
 probably astronomical. 
 
 II. A bird of the Heron kind, supposed, for a similar and equally 
 unsatisfactory reason, to be the Bittern, Ardea stellaris, L. 
 
 It is only mentioned in connexion with an Egyptian myth, probably 
 relating to the Stork ; and the name itself is in all probability foreign 
 and corrupt (cf. 
 
APHH ATTAfAI 37 
 
 A2TEPIAI (continued}. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 b, 18,617 T&V po)8iS)v yevos, emKaXovutvos OKI/OS-, 
 /uufloXoyemn yrWcr&n en dovXwv. Ael. H. A. v. 36 ovofjui ecrnv opviOos 
 d&Tfptas, Kal Tida(TVTai ye eV TTJ Ai-yurrra), Ka\ dvQpamov (ptovrjs eVatei. 
 ei de TIS avrbv oveiftifov 8ov\ov fMTCMj 6 Se opyi^erai' Kal fit IS OK.VOV KaXecrttev 
 avToV, 6 de flpevQverai Kal dyavaKTfl, a>$ KOI es TO dyevves CTKcoTTTOfjifVos KOI 
 es dpyiav eldwopevos. Vide S. V. ep<o8i<$s.. 
 
 'AITH'P. A name for the Goldfinch, vide s. v. dicaK0uXXis. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. iii. 2 mrrcpis ols epvOpos re KVK\OS ea-riv, &<rircp aor^p, 
 eVi rat? KccpaXals. Arrives in spring with the North wind, and is 
 caught with bird-lime. 
 
 'AZTPAfAArNOI. An unknown small bird, mentioned along with the 
 foregoing, with epithet raxvf. Perhaps a synonym of d<rryjp : 
 Belon (cit. Bikelas) has It. stragalino = Goldfinch, but, according 
 to Giglioli, the word is not known in any modern Italian dialect. 
 
 'AITPAAO'I* 6 ^apo'y, VTTO eerraXcoi/, Hesych. Supposed to be 
 akin to L. stur-nu-s (Curt.), L.paru-s (Fick), O. H. G. sprd, &c. 
 
 An unknown bird ; Hesych. s. v. evQv 
 
 'ATTArA'l, s. drrayas, s. drray^. Also drTapuyds, Hesych. (MSS. 
 have dTTayrjs, aTrayts, drayi]), and ray^i/dpioi/, Suid. C Lob. Path. 
 i. p. 142. Athen. 388 B notes the accent as an exception, and the 
 plural orrayoi, not drrayijves ; cf. Eustath. p. 854 TO TraXaibv 'ATTayat 
 p,ev 'ATTtKcos 1 , 'ArTayrjves 8e KOLVWS. Mod. Gk. rayivdpi (Du Cange), arra- 
 yivdpi (Sibthorpe ap. Walpole, Mem. rel. to Turkey, p. 262), Ai/3aSo- 
 7T6pdt (Tournefort). Vide s. v. Tay^i/. The word has been taken for an 
 Egyptian one, from the phrase 'Arrcrya? Alyvirrias, Clem. Alex. Paed. 
 ii. i. p. 140 ; cf. Sturzius De Dial. Aeg. p. 86, ap. Steph. Thes. p. clxxiii. 
 
 The Francolin, Tetrao francolinus, L. See Lilford, Ibis, 1862, 
 P- 352. 
 
 Ar. Av. 247, 761 with ep. rouc/Xof, TrepiTroiKiXo? or Tn-epoTro/KiXoy (cf. 
 Meineke, in loc.) ; cf. Suid. eon KardaTiKTos TrotKi'Xoic TTTepoTs* Xe-yeTai fie eirl 
 Sov\w KaTeo-TiypeVcoi/. Ar. Ach. 875, common in Boeotia ; absent from 
 Crete, praeterquam in Cydoniatarum regione, Plin. x. 58 (83). Arist. 
 H. A. ix. 26, 617 do-Ka\a>Tras TO xp<p-a o/zoioi/ arroy^n. ix. 49 B, 633 011 
 
 71T1JTIKOS dXX' fTTiyeiOS KOI KOVI&TIKOS. Ael. H. A. IV. 42 TO IdlOV Ol/OjUa rj (T0VCl 
 
 (ptovfj (pOeyyerai Kal dvafJie\Trei avro. Ib. vi. 45 voovcri 8e apa drrayds 
 p.t> d\KTpv<'>vi exdurra, aXexTpvcov S' av ira\iv drraya. Socr. ap. Athen. 
 ix. 387 f., how the drrayds in Egypt said in times of famine Tpis Tots 
 KaKnvpyois KGKO, (vide Casaub. in Athen. ii. p. 420, ed. 1600) ; cf. Ael 
 V. H. xv. 27. Alex. Mynd. in Athen. 1. c. fjuKpy /zeV peifav earl nepdiKos, o\os 
 
38 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 ATTAPAI (continued}. 
 
 fie Ka.T(iypa(f)os rot Trepl TO VMTOV, Kepap-eovs rrjv %poav viroTrvppifav p.a\\ov. 
 6rjpfvfTai fie VTTO Kvvrjywv fiia TO fidpos Kai TTJV TWV TrrepStv /Spa^ur^Ta. (Cf. 
 Dion. De Avib. iii. IO.) e'ori fie KOVKTTIKOS, 7ro\vreK.v6s re icai OTrepjuoXd'yoy. 
 Schol. in Ar. Av. 250 6 drrayas 6 e^coi> TUV \ip.)va TOV Mapadwvos. TO. 
 yap \ip,voaftr) KCU eXeia ^copia KaTa/3oV/ceTai 6 drrayay. It is friendly with 
 the stag, Opp. Cyneg. ii. 404. 
 
 Proverbs. array as vovp,r]viq> [crwep^frai], Trapot/zia eVi ra>v 
 Suid. s. v. drrayas, Hesych. s. v. vov^vios, Schol. Ar. Av. 762. Cf. 
 Timon ap. Diog. L. ix. 16. 6, Paroem. Gr. i. p. 307, ii. pp. 16, 212 (Scaliger 
 in Prov. metricis). Ar. Vesp. 257 TOV TnjXoi/ wa-nep drrayas rvp@a<Tis 
 /3a5i^o)i/. Proverbial as a delicacy : Ar. IlfXapyoif in Athen. 388 b drrayas 
 fyeiv (v fTriviKiois Kpeas. Phoenicid. 4. 509 Kovbev rjv TOVTM rrpos 
 pftaXriv r&v /SpcopiTcov. Martial, xiii. 61 Inter sapores fertur 
 alitum primus, lonicarum gustus attagenarum. Cf. Ovid, F. vi. 175, Hor. 
 Epod. ii. 54 ; Plin. x. 48 ; Apicius, De Re Coquin. vi. 3 ; Aul. Cell. 
 Noct. Att. vii. 16, c. Mentioned also, Hippon. fr. ap. Athen. 1. c. 
 
 The Francolin does not now occur in Greece or Italy, though it is 
 found in Crete, Cyprus, Sicily, Malta, and on the southern shores of the 
 Black Sea (Lindermayer p. 125). On this account, Sundevall and 
 others have disputed its identity with arrayas, and have identified 
 the latter with various birds, especially Perdix cinerea^ the Common 
 (or Northern) Partridge ; C. T. Newton, Cont. Rev. 1876, p. 92, taking 
 it to be Pterocles alchata^ a species of Sand-grouse. The descriptions, 
 especially that of Alex. Myndius, point distinctly to the Francolin, 
 and even Lindermayer does not doubt that the name is to be so 
 interpreted, and that the bird was formerly abundant. The record by 
 Sibthorpe of the modern Greek name, which I cannot find in more 
 recent writers, suggests that the bird has only lately disappeared from 
 Greece. According to Danford (Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. p. 124) 
 it is fast disappearing in Asia Minor also : likewise in Cyprus (Guille- 
 mard, The Field, Sept. 1892). The general disappearance of the Quail 
 in recent years from England is a parallel case. 
 
 BAl'BYKOI' TTfXeKa^os <i\r)ras, 'Ap-fpias [5e] (SavflvKOs, Hesych. For 
 
 other readings, v. Steph. Thes. ii. coll. 40, 41, and Schmidt's 
 Hesych. i. pp. 352, 366. 
 
 BAIH'0. An Egyptian name for a Hawk. 
 
 Horap. i. 7 wri ^ V X^ S te'p a rda-aerat, C'K rrjs TOV ovofiaros epfjLrjvdas' 
 KaXen-at yap Trap AlyvrrTiois 6 lepag, Ba'ifjQ. TOVTO fie TO oj/o/za diaip(6ev, 
 a-rjualvei <a\ Kapdiav' eWi yap TO /ueV /3at tyvxr], TO fie T}$ KapfitV 17 fie 
 t'a KCZT' AiyvTTTLOvs tyvxr/s vrepi'/SoXo?, <waTf ffrjuaiveiv TT]V (rvvdecriv TOV 
 ovduaros, ^fvxrjv eynapdiav' dfi ov Ka\ 6 iepag 8ta TO irpbs Trjv ^fvx^v o~vfji- 
 
ATTAfAI BEAAOYNHI 39 
 
 BAIHG (continued}. 
 
 7ra0eti>, vSwp ou Trt'i/ei TO KatfoXov, dXX' atfia, <u Kot ^ tyvyj] rpe'^erai. Cf. 
 Leemans in Horap. p. 151, and in particular Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. 
 Akad., 1876, p. 78 ; the hawk enters as a phonetic or alphabetic element 
 into the hieroglyphic spelling of bat or ba, and in the second place 
 becomes associated with the symbolic meaning of the word. I suspect 
 that /3at/3uKo? is closely allied, especially as a bird like a pelican is 
 figured instead of a hawk in an alternative spelling of the syllable ba. 
 The Egyptian representation of the Soul as a Hawk is also mentioned 
 by Chaeremon, \//-uxjj-jpuos--&os == tepa| ; it, and the Harpy-figures which 
 represent the disembodied soul are interesting in connexion with 
 Plat. Phaedr. p. 246 ; cf. Jomard, Descr. de PEg. Antiq. vol. ii. pp. 366, 
 381, Bunsen, Egypt's Place in History, v. 135, R. Brown, jun., Dionys. 
 Myth. i. 340, &c. 
 
 BA'P[B]AE- tipag, irapa Ai'jSvcn, Hesych. Cf. apaicos, peipaices. 
 BAPl'THI. An unknown small bird. Dion. De Avib. iii. 2. 
 
 BAIIAEY'I. A name for the Wren, Lat. Regulus. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, ix. II, 6153. rpo^iXoy KaXemu KUI npeaftvs 
 /mi /SaatXcus* 5to /cat TOV aerof avreo, <pao"i, 7ro\fp.flv. Plin. Ep. i. 5> 14 
 regulus omnium bipedum nequissimus ; cf. Plin. H. N. viii. 37. See 
 also Carm. de philomela v. 42 Regulus atque merops et rubro pectore 
 progne Consimili modulo zinzinulare sciunt. Vide s. vv. {Sao-iXio-jcos, 
 irpeajBus, po|3iXXos, rptKKOs, Tpox^Xos, TpwyXo8uTT]s, rupavvos and 
 especially opxiXos. 
 
 BAIIArZKOI. A name for the Wren = pao-iXcu's. 
 
 Artemid. p. 234 H TO. Se p-ovaiKct KOI rjdv^wva (ptXoXdyovy Kal p.ov(TiKOv$ 
 /cat ev(p<avovs, a>y ^eXtSobv Kal drjd&v KOI /Sno-tXtV/coy KOI ra o/uota. Cf. 
 po|3iXXos. Fab. dcrbs Koi /SaaiXur/cos, Plut. Mor. ii. 806 E. 
 
 BAIKA'Z. Ar. Av. 885. Vide s.v. pooxds. 
 
 BA'ZKIAAOr Kio-cra, Hesych. (A /Saaica), fortasse, ut loquax, Lob. Prol. 
 
 p. 120.) 
 BATl'l. An unknown bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvts o-K<X?7Ko<pcryo9. (Gaza translates rubefra, 
 as if from jSaroy, a name like our ' brambling,' and apparently supposed 
 the bird to be the Stonechat, the traquet of Belon, to which bird, 
 Saxicola rubetra, L., his name is still applied.) 
 
 BATYPPHTA'AH. A Lydian word for a Kite, IKTWOS, Hesych. 
 BEI'PAKEZ- iepaKfs, Hesych. Possibly for 
 
 BEAAOY'NHI* rptopx^y, AaKavcs, Hesych. 
 
40 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 BI'TTAKOZ. A Parrot. Vide s. v. \J/irraKOs. 
 
 BOIKA'Z, v. 11. |3ao-Kdis, 4>aaK({s. A small Wild Duck; probably including 
 the Teal (Anas creccd] and Garganey (A. querquedula], both 
 common in Greece ; and in Athenaeus also a larger species. 
 , Ar. Av. 885. 
 
 as, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b mentioned among the heavier 
 water-birds, OJJLOIOS /nev V^TTTJ, TO Se peyeQos eXdrTw. Alex. Mynd. ap. 
 Athen. ix. 52, 395 d 6 /uei/ apprjv Kardypcxpos, e^ouo-i Se 01 appfves (Tip-d re 
 /ml eXarrofa rfj (ru/ifierpia ra pvyx a - *V TI * Ka ^ "XXo yevos 
 p.fv VTJTTTJS, eXarroj/ 8e x^aXooTreKOff. 
 
 4>a<7Kas, Alex. Mynd. ibid, ai Se Xeyopevat (pa<TKd$es 
 oucrai rS)v p,iKpS)v KoXu/u./3i'5a)V, Ta XoiTra vfjTTats etai TrapaTrX^orioi. 
 
 BOYAY'THI. An unknown small bird, mentioned Dion. De Avib. 
 iii. 2, with epithet dvGfvrjs. 
 
 BOYKOAI'NH- Ki'y*Xor, TO opveov, Hesych. 
 
 BOY'TAAII. [Said to be from ov- intens., and raXaw (?)]. 
 The ISTightingale, in Aesop 235. 
 
 BPE'NOOI. An unknown bird, or birds, opveov (3pev6os, oncp ci/tot 
 Kocrvvfpov Xf'yovo-t, Hesych. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. u, 615 a ftpevdos [MS. Vat. PpwQos] lv rots opeo-i KOI 
 TTJ v\y Karoi/cet. eujSioTo'y ecrri Kal eofiiKo? [mentioned with eiro^r]. Ibid, 
 ix. I, 609 a, a sea-bird, TroXe'/uoi Sc ot OTTO r^s ^aXarr/;? ^"wiref aXX^Xoty, oiov 
 Ppevdos Ka\ \dpos Kal apnr). In this latter passage, fipevOos is perhaps 
 a later interpolation ; cf. branta, the Brent Goose. 
 
 BPHTO'I* dAe/crpuon/ evtavaios, Hesych. 
 
 BY'AI (v. 1. ppvas), for Pvf as : Mod. Gk. /iTrovcpos, Lat. bubo, It. ^/"^, 
 Sp. buho, O. H.G. uwo, Germ. w/^w. [Cf. Lith. bub-auti, to 
 shriek, Fick i. 685, ii. 620.] 
 
 An Owl, especially the Eagle Owl, Strix bubo, L., Bubo maxi- 
 
 mus, Bonap. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b eon ' 6 (Bvas rr\v fieV ifieav ofioios yXavni, 
 TO 5e peytdos acroO ovSeV eX(irTeoy. A favourite word of Dion Cassius, 
 usually as a bird of evil omen, e.g. Ivi. 29 @vas e/3ve, also xl. 17, 47, 
 xlii. 26, 1. 8, liv. 29, Ivi. 45, c. Cf. Bubo, Virg. Aen. iv. 462, and Serv. 
 in loc., Plin. x. (12) 16, Ovid, Met. v. 550, vi. 431, x. 453, xv. 791, Seneca, 
 Here. F. 686, &c. 
 
 The Owl, bubo, in medicine and magic, Plin. xxix. 26 and 38 ; its egg 
 also is valuable, but difficult to obtain: quis enim, quaeso, ovum 
 
BITTAKOI PEPANOZ 41 
 
 BYAZ (continued}. 
 
 bubonis unquam videre poterit, quum ipsam avem vidisse prodigium 
 sit? 
 
 The Eagle Owl is not rare in Greece (v. d. Miihle, Lindermayer), 
 and is still called p.irov<j)os or yovpt. 
 
 BY'ZA = fivas. Nic. ap. Anton. Lib. 10, where the daughters of 
 Minyos are metamorphosed into wKrcpis (cf. Ov. Met. iv. 415), 
 yAa{), and /3ua* (f)vyov Se ai rpeis TTJV avyyv rov j^Xi'ou. Also j3u(T(ra 
 = A(VKo6eas opvis, BoiOS ap. Ant. Lib. 15. Also f3ua<rrpi'a, 
 Herodian, 479. (Hence (Bv&vnov, Curt.) 
 
 BY'TGAN- TOV ^dpa, Hesych. 
 
 BQ'KKAAII, s. pdpicaXis. A small bird, mentioned with o-vKaXis and 
 others in a list of presents to the Indian king, Ael. xiii. 25. 
 
 BflMOAO'XOI. A little Jackdaw. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 b Tpirov yevos TO>I> Ko\oiS)V 6 p,iKpos } 6 
 See 
 
 PAYZAAI'THI- opveov, napa 'ii/SoT?, Hesych. 
 
 PE'PANOZ, f) (6 ap. Theophr. Sign, i ; mL<oivov TW yei/et, Suid.). Also 
 yfprjv, Hesych.; yeprjv fj 6f]\fia yepavos (?), Ael. Dion. ap. Eust. 231. 
 35 (i75); cf. Lob. Prol. p. 49. 
 
 Etymology doubtful : according to Curtius, from rt. gar, to cry. 
 Cf. Utih.garny, Bret, garan, O. H. G. chranuh, Germ. Kranich, Kran, 
 Armen. Kt'unk, Eng. crane: without the n in L. gwts, Lith. ger-ve, 
 O. SI. geraixf, Russ. zurawl (v. Edl., &c.). 
 
 The Crane. Ardea grus, L., Grus cinereus, auctt. Mod. Gk. 
 yepavos, ytpdv (Heldr.). The Crane is in Greece a bird of pas- 
 sage only, chiefly seen on its journey northward in the spring 
 (cf. Strab. i. 2. 28): it breeds further north, in Macedonia (hence 
 grues Strymomae, Virgil, Seneca, Martial, Claudian, &c. ; s. Bis- 
 toniae, Antip. Sidon. cv, Lucan, &c.) and on the Danube (Kriiper, 
 p. 267). In Horn, yepavos doubtless includes the Stork also, the 
 latter bird not being mentioned, though equally common in the 
 Troad (Schliemann, Ilios, p. 113). 
 
 Description. p,ciKpov e^ei TO pvyxos, Arist. H. A. i. I, 486 b. TOV 
 rpd^j/Xov paKpov, id. De Acoust. 800 b ; cf. Prov. (frdpvyya CIVTW paKpo- 
 repov yepdvov ytvevdai yvgaro rts o^o^ayoj, id. Nic. Eth. iii. 13, 1 1 8, &c. 
 An uncomplimentary description, Athen. iv. 131 E. In colour, re0pa 
 (ashy, cinereous, cf. Babr. Ixv. i), /teAairepa yrjpda-Kovaa TO. Trrepa i'cr^et, 
 
42 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 TEPANOI (continued]. 
 
 Arist. H.A. iii. 1 2, 5 19, cf. De Gen. v. 5, 785, Plin. x. 42 (29), Solin. c. 10. Its 
 noisy cry, Arist. De Acoust. 800 ; frag. 241, p. 152 a : cf. II. iii. 3, Antip. 
 Sidon. xvii, O. Smyrn. xiii. 104, Ar. Av. 710, Virg. Aen. x. 265, Mart. 
 Ep. xxx ; Lucret. iv. 182 ; in Carm. De Philom. grus gruit ; &c. With 
 ep. $&>AoK<)7ror, Cratin. 2. 20. 
 
 A smaller species in the Balearic Islands, called Vtpio, Plin. x. 
 49 (69). 
 
 Gregarious habits: dyeXatoi/, H. A. i. i, 488, iv. 12, 597 b; irXirtJc6i/ 
 Ka\ v(f> fjytfjiovi, i. i, 488. Pugnacity : fights with the eagle, II. xv. 692, 
 Q. Smyrn. xiii. 104, Ael. iii. 13; and with its own kind, H. A. ix. 12, 
 615 b. Its flight is lofty, ovpuvodi TT/JO, II. iii. 3; cf. Hes. Op. 446 euf 
 av yepuvov <pa>vr)v eiraKovcrr]s,' t Y\^odtv CK vecptwv eviaixria KeK\r]yvirjs (with 
 which cf. Pind. Nem. vii ei TL irepnv dcpdels dveKpnyov) ; Aes. Fab. 397 
 (ifTTpw eyyvs tWa/uat, Arist. H. A. ix. io, 614 b, Avian. Fab. xv Ast 
 ego deformi sublimis in aera penna, Proxima sideribus numinibusque 
 feror ; Ael. iii. 14, Plin. x. 23, Isidor. Origin, xii. 7 ; see also Horap. 
 ii. 98, where a watcher of the stars is said to be symbolized in Egypt 
 
 as a crane, v\l/rj\a)S yap iravv in-rurai, Iva Oeda-rjTai ra ve(f)rj, fj.rj apa X l P l *&]> 
 
 Iva eV r)(n>xLq diapery : flies against the wind, Arist. H. A. viii. 13, 597. 
 Lays two eggs, ib. ix. 12, 615 b ; ov o-vyKadeio-rjs T^S 0/jXei'as e 
 
 TO appev, ib. v. 2, 539 b. 
 
 Migrations. Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 eKToni&vo-iv e< TWV 
 Ti-fStW fls ra e\rj TCI <'iv<0 T?JS Aiyvtrrov (cf. Herod, ii. 22). A fuller account, 
 how they alight before foul weather, how they have in front a leader, at 
 TOVS enio-vpiTTovras v rots eV^arots 1 : how when sleeping they stand first on 
 one leg and then on the other : how while they rest the leader keeps watch, 
 Arist. H.A. ix. io, 614 b: cf. frag. 241, 1522 a, Antig. H. Mirab. 46; 
 and how their discipline taught men the rules of government, Ael. iii. 14. 
 Cf. in particular Eur. Hel. 1478 At/3ue$- ol<avo\ oroXade? Spftpov \irrov(rai 
 %ip.epiov viacrovTai Trpecr/Surara (rvpiyyt Trei^o/Ltej/ai 7roip.cvos, &C. How they 
 fly aloft in the form of a triangle, with the old in front, the young in the 
 middle, Ael. iii. 13, Plut. De Sol. Anim. Mor. 967 C, 979 A, Dion. De 
 Av. ii. 17, iii. n. The distance they traverse, crossing the Euxine 
 between the promontories of Criumetopon and Carambis, Plin. x. 30 : 
 from Thrace to the river Hebrus, Ael. ii. i ; cf. Diog. Perieg. 155 ai' 
 T a/i(a> gvvia<Tiv evavTiai, ov fiev eovvat eyyvdev, dXX' oaov 6\<as eVt rpirov 
 dvvfrcrrj. The migration from Thrace takes place TOV Mai/iax- 
 , Arist. H. A. viii. 12 ; (pdwoTrapov fjdrj fjiea-ovvros, Ael. iii. 13. 
 
 The flock was supposed to represent a A or other letters ; cf. Philostr. 
 Heroic, xi. 4, p. 7IO ai yepavoi p.aprvpovTai rols 'A^aioiy ort avrai -ypdjMjuara 
 fvpov: cf. Claudian. De B. Gild. 477 ordinibus variis per nubila texitur 
 ales Littera, pennarumque notis inscribitur aer ; Lucan v. 712, Martial 
 ix. 14, xiii. 75, &c., &c. See also Bochart, Hieroz. ii. p. 78, G. J. Voss, 
 
TEPANOI 43 
 
 TEPANOI (continued}. 
 
 De Arte Gramm. i. 25, Mayor in Cic. Nat. Deor. ii. 49, Hemsterh. ad 
 Lucian, i. 305, &c., &c. ; cf. Cicero, De Nat. Deor. 1. c., Martial xiii. 75. 
 How each carries a stone, $ %x flv Kct ' ( *iirvov KOI irpbs ras e^poXas T&V 
 oW/ucoz/ ep/ua, Ael. ii. I, cf. Antip. Sidon. cv, Ar. Av. 1137, 1429, Nonn. 
 Dionys. xl. 515, Plin. x. 30 (23), also Prov. yepwoi \idovs Kara7re7rru)Kmai, 
 of provident men, Suid. ; and how the same is a touchstone for gold, 
 Ael. iii. 13. [In Plin. xxxvii. 72, the stone yepavlris is said to be so 
 called from resembling the hue of the crane's neck.] How the oldest 
 crane, having encircled the flock, dies and is buried, Ael. ii. i. How 
 they post sentinels, who hold aloft a stone for wakefulness' sake, Ael. 
 iii. 13, Plut. Sol. Anim. x, xxix, Plin. x. 30,. Phil. De An. Pr. xi. The 
 stone still figures in heraldry as the crane and her ' vigilance.' The 
 crane an Egyptian symbol of vigilance, Horap. ii. 94. It observes the 
 time of its coming, ' intelligent of seasons,' Hes. Op. 448 fjr dporolo re 
 
 o-ri/jia (pepei, Kal y^lp.aros &prjv deiKvvei oufipripov. Theocr. Id. X. 3! and 
 Schol., Ar. Av. JIO (nrelpeiv pev orav yfpavos /cpd>bu(r' es rfjv A.i[Bur)v 
 
 The fight with the Pigmies. H. iii. 6 avdpavi nvyp-aioio-i (povov Kal 
 (pf'povcrat, and Schol.; cf. Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 (loc. dub.) ov yap 
 
 fCTTi TOVTO juO^of, aXX' eon Kara. rrjv dXrjdeiav yevos p,iKpov p.fv, &(nrep Xeyerat, 
 Kul avroi KOI ol iTTTroi, TfjiayXodurai ' etai TOV ftlov. Cf. also Strab. Geogr. 
 i. 2. 28, p. 35, xv. i. 57, p. 71 1 ; Ctesias, Photii Biblioth. p. 68 ; Opp. Hal. 
 i. 620; Philostr. Imagg. ii. p. 375, Heroic. I.e., Babrius xxvi ; Apoll. 
 Vit. iii. 50, p. 136, &c. Frequent in Latin ; Plin. H. N. iv. 18, vii. 2, x. 
 2 3 (3); Ovid, Met. vi. 90; F. vi. 176 nee quae Pygmaeo sanguine 
 gaudet avem ; cf. Julian. Anticensor. Epigr. 3 m/^an Uvyfj.ai(ov rjdo^vtj 
 yepnvos : Juv. vi. 506, xiii. 168, &c., &c. A myth of the cranes and 
 pigmies in Boios ap. Athen. 393 C rjv TIS rrapa rols nvypaiois yvvi] 
 dido-rjfjLos, oi'Ofj-a Tfpat/n, K.T.\. : cf. Ael. xv. 29 ; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 16 ; 
 Eustath. in Iliad. 1444. 14; Ovid. Met. I.e. The legend of the Pigmies 
 appears in India in the story of the hostility between the Garuda bird 
 and the people called kirata^ i. e. dwarfs, the 2/upfmu of Ael. xvi. 22 ; 
 cf. Megasthenes ap. Plin. vii. 2. It is quite possible that this fable has 
 an actual foundation in the pursuit of the ostrich by a dwarfish race. 
 (Compare also Addison's poem nvyp.aioyepavop.axia ; Tyson's Essay 
 concerning the Pygmies, &c. 
 
 The Cranes of Ibycus : the avengers of crime. Schol. Ar. Thesmoph. 
 1 68 : Suid. S. V. "iftvKos' crvXXr/Cpdcls 8e vno Xflvruv eV prjp,ias e'cprj, Kav ras 
 ytpdvovs, as e'rv^ej/ uTrfpiVrao-^at, CJtdlKOUf yevevdai, Kal avrbs pev dvypefy 
 p.Ta de raura TCOJ/ Kgvr&W (Is ev rfj TroXei 6fa<rdp,fvos yepdvovs *<$)*)' i'Se, at 
 i, K. T. X. Cf. Iambi. V. Pyth. xxviii. 12. 6 opas rovs 
 Cf. also Plut. De Garrul. p. 509 F, Nemesian. De Nat. Horn. 
 c. 42, Eudoc. p. 247, Zenob. i. 37, Apostol. ii. 14, Diogen. i. 35, H. Steph. 
 
44 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 TEPANOI (continued}. 
 
 Animadv. ad Adagia Erasmi, p. 10; Stat. Silv. v. 3. 152 volucrumque 
 precator Ibycus. Evidently alluded to also in Ar. Av. 1427. See also 
 Welcker's interesting article, Die Kraniche des Ibykos, Rhein. Mus. i. 
 pp. 401-413, 1833- 
 
 A weather-prophet. A sign of early winter, or of storm, lav Trpcoi 
 nerovTai KOI ddpooi, KOI eav vTroo-rpcKpao-i Trerofteyoi, Theophr. Sign. Hi. I, 
 Geopon. i. 3. 12 ; cf. Hes. Op. et D. 629, and the imitation of the line 
 in Ar. Av. 711 ; cu xXayyai Ka\ov<rtv opftpovt, Ael. i. 44; cf. Virg. Aen. 
 x.265, Georg. i. 351, 373, (cf. Milton, ' With clang despise the ground, 
 under a cloud In prospect '). How mariners return to port if they see 
 the cranes flying the contrary way, Ael. iii. 14, cf. vii. 7. A sign of 
 fair weather, Kal ' av TTOU yepavoi paXaKfjs TrpoirdpoiQc 70X771/77?, daCpaXevs 
 ravvo-aiev era Spoftov rj\iOa ira<rai, Arat. Phen. IOIO ; cf. Theophr. Sign, 
 iv ov yap Treroi/rat irpiv f/ av neTopevoi Kadapa idaxrti'. 
 
 The crane was not molested, Lucill. 66 (Gk. Anthol.' iii. p. 42) ov5d? 
 Trpbs yepdvovs TroXe^o? : cf. Ael. ii. i ; see however Babr. 13. 
 
 Mentioned as food, Plat. Polit. p. 114, Athen. p. 131, Plut. De Esu 
 Cam. ii : Plin. x. 30, Hor. Sat. ii. 8, 86, Epod. ii. 35, Apic. vi. 2. 
 Its brain used as an aphrodisiac, Ael. i. 44. How captured, by means 
 of a beetle inside a dry gourd, Dion. De Avib. iii. II. Grues mansue- 
 factae, Plin. H. N. x. 23. 
 
 Their plumes carried in front of the shield by certain Eastern tribes, 
 Herod, vii. 70 ; cf. iv. 175. 
 
 The Dance called ycpavos, Plut. Theseus, xxi. I. 9 D, Luc. Salt. 34, 
 J. Poll. iv. 20 (101). Perhaps described in Callim. Delian Hymn, 
 515) &c. ; still danced in Greece under the name of Kai>5io>r^y, vide 
 Guys, Voy. litte'r., lettre xiii ; represented in Leroy, Ruines des plus 
 beaux monuments de la Grece (2nd ed.), p. 22, pi. x (Ricard, Vies 
 de Plut. i. p. 137, 1829). The dictionaries usually say that the dance 
 mimics the flight of the cranes, which is incorrect : the dancing 
 of Cranes may be seen in the opening of the year in any zoological 
 garden. 
 
 A comic simile, dvvjrodrjTos opdpov irepnra.Te'iv yepavos, Aristopho 3- 
 361 (Mem.). 
 
 Fables. yepavoi KOI yfwpyos, Aesop, 93 (Babr. 26). y. KOI x*) V *) 4 21 - 
 y. KOL a\a>7rq, 34 (Plut. Mor. 614 F). y. KOI \VKOS, 2?6 b. y. KOI raws, 
 
 397 (Babr. 65). 
 
 See also ayop, o-eprr]?. 
 
 n'NII (s. yvis). A Tuscan word for a Crane = yepavos, Hesych. 
 
 TAAY'KION. A kind of Duck. 
 
 Perhaps the Golden-eye, Anas clangtila, L., Clangula glaucion, 
 Bonap., which winters in considerable numbers in all the waters of Greece 
 
TEPANOI FAAYE 45 
 
 TAAYKION (continued}. 
 
 (Lindermayer, p. 163); at least some species of duck with pale yellow 
 eyes like those of yXavg. Athen. ix. 395 C TO e Xeyo/ni/oi> yXau/aoi/ dia 
 Tr)V TO>V o/u/Ltarcov %pnav /xt/cpa> e'XaTToV earn vr/TTrjs. 
 
 PAAY'E (s. y\au) (yXavo-crco, yXav/cos = gleaming [cf. a/cel)^, a/ceTTTo/iat : 
 
 v. Edl. p. 37]). 
 The Little Owl, Athene noctua, auctt. Mod. Gk. KovKov@ata. 
 
 Description. vvKrcpofiios, Arist. H. A. i. I, 488, cf. Ar. Lys. 760 ; VVKTC- 
 pivos, yafji^wvv^ Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b ; OVK ov /SXeVet rrjs J^/iepa?. ov KOTO 
 iraa'av rrjv VVKTO. 6r]pevfi ) aXX' aKptairfpov KOI rrept opBpov. Orjpevei 8e pi)? 
 /cat o-avpas /cat o-(povdv\as KOI roiavr' a'XXa a>apta, ix. 34, 619 b (cf. Ar. 
 Av. 589). IJLVOVO-I 01 yXaufcco8eiy /cat rco ava) /3Xe^)dp&), ii. 12, 504. /uiKpoj/ 
 e^ei rov (nr\i)va, ii. 15, 506. o-To/xa^oi' e^et evpvrepov TO KUTO)' a7ro0yada? 
 e^et, ii. 17, 509. oXt'-ya? ypepas <po)\l, viii. 1 6, 6oo. The owl's nocturnal 
 hootings, Ar. Lys. 760 (vide s. vv. |3uas, KIKUJJLIS). 
 
 A bird of evil omen, Men. 4. 230 av y\av avfupayr) de^oiKa^fv. Dion. 
 ix, in Gk. Anth. ii. p. 232 a/ACpi Se Tv/j,(3(p aelo /cat atfXauTOi yXaiKes edfVTo 
 yoov : Ael. x. 37 (foretelling Pyrrhus' death) ; see also Pallad. De Re 
 Rust. i. 35, Plin. x. 12, 16, &c. A portent of victory : Hesych. n-po rfjs 
 p.d)(r)s ev SaXa/Liiyi yXavjed (pacri dicnrTTJvai rrjv VIKTJV Trpoarjfj.aivovcmv. Hence 
 Prov. yXaC^ tTTTaTat, cf. Suid., Ar. Vesp. 1086, Eq. 1091 and Schol. On 
 the Owls released by Agathocles to encourage his soldiers, see Diod. 
 Sic. xx. n, 3. 
 
 A weather-prophet, aa-atra evdiav p.avTfverat, Arist. fr. 241, 1522 a. 
 Cf. Theophr. Sign, iv, Ael. vii. 7, Arat. 999, Geopon. i. 2. 6, Virg. 
 Georg. i. 403. 
 
 The hostility to it of small birds, Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609, Luc. Harm. I 
 e5o-7rep eVt rijV yXaC/ca Ta opvea, cf. Ov. Met. xi. 24 et coeunt ut aves si 
 quando luce vagantem Noctis avem cernunt ; Plin. x. (17) 19, &c. 
 
 Capture of small birds by means of the owl, Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 
 TT}? fie rjpfpas KOI TO. aXXa upviQia rf]V yXavKa TreptTreVaTat, 6 KaXelrat 
 Ouvpafciv (cf. Timon ap. Hesych., Diog. L. iv. 42, Sillogr. Gr. p. 117, 
 ed. Wachsmuth, ot Se /JLIV fjvre yXavKa Trepit; (nriai TepoToCvro), /cat rrpocr- 
 TreTojueva TiXXou<r*<' dio ol opvidodrjpai Oypevoicriv avrfj iraVTodcnra opvidia. 
 Cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 22, 617 b, Ael. i. 29, Phil. De An. Pr. 468, Dio Chrys. 
 xii. i ; an Egyptian version, Horap. ii. 51. Full account in Dion. De 
 Avib. iii. 17 -yXuuKi Se at KopvdaXides aypevovrai. r]V 6 OrjpaTrjs eni TWOS 
 
 Kt/cXa) pa/38ta 7TfpixP l o~QfvTa t^co* TTJV yXavKa TO vvKTepivbv opveov o~7revovo~iv 
 at KopvdaXides eXetr, TW Te lw /cat TOIJ pa/SSot? dXi'o'/fovTai. See also Dio 
 Prusiensis, Orat. 72 and 12, quoted in Schneider's Eel. Phys. i. 48. 
 
 The owl itself ai>Topxovij.evos dXiV/ceTai, Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b, 
 fr. 276, 1527 b. 
 
46 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 PAAYE (continued}. 
 
 The War of the Owls and Crows : noXepia y\avg, Kopwvrj, o 
 
 Arist. H. A. IX. I, 609 vvKT&p enifiov\evei rols wots rrjs Kopcoi/jyy, K. T. X. 
 
 Ael. iii. 9, Antig. Mirab. 57 (62), Plut. Od. et Inv. iv (Mor. 537 C). 
 The story is oriental, and is one of the chief tales in the Mahabharata. 
 Cf. Indian Antiq. March, 1882, p. 87; also, 'The Night of Slaughter,' 
 by Sir Ed. Arnold. The account in Julian. Imp. Orat. iv. 149 suggests 
 that the story is simply a parable of the Sun and Moon ; vide infra. 
 See also S. V. KOpcoyr). Cf. Prov. ii\\o yXavt-, aXXo Kopatvi] (pdeyyercn.' 
 crrl Twv a\\r]\ois prj o-up.<poai>oiWa>i>, Suid. 
 
 Milks the ewes like a goatsucker : uses a bat's heart to keep away 
 . ants from its nestlings, Dion. De Avib. i. 15. 
 
 Sacred to Demeter, Porph. De Abst. iii. 5. 
 
 No Owls in Crete. Ael. v. 2, xvii. 10, Arist. De Mirab. 124 (130), 
 83 (84), Plin. x. 29 (41). 
 
 Fables of the very wise Owl, Acs. 105, 106, from Dio Chrysost. xii, 
 Ixxii. A fabled metamorphosis, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. 10 ; s. v. |3ua : 
 see also Boios ap. Ant. Lib. 15. 
 
 The allusion to the Owl in Ar. Av. 358 is unexplained: it contains 
 some obscure reference to the sacred \vrpn and probably to the feast 
 of the gvrpoi. 
 
 yXau can scarcely be said to be a generic term, except in the sense 
 that the Little Owl, as the commonest species, is taken as typical 
 of the rest. It is still extremely common about Athens (cf. Ar. Av. 301 
 y\avK els 'A^ray, cf. Antiph. 3, 96 (Meineke), Lucian, Nigr. I, Diog. L., 
 Vit. Plat., Cic. ad Quint, ii. 16, &c. ; Propert. ii. 20, 5 nocturna 
 volucris funesta querela, Attica), as indeed it is, in one or other of its 
 local forms, all round the Levant. It is the bird of Athene (cf. Ar. Av. 
 516, Eq. 1092, c., &c.), doubtless in her primitive character of the 
 Goddess of Night ; the epithet yXavKooTns- is quite obscure, but I fancy 
 we have it used in a very ancient sense when applied to the moon, e. g. 
 Eur. fr. (ap. Schol. Ap. Rhod. i. 1280) y\avi(>nis re o-rpe<percu p.r)vr) : cf. 
 Emped. ap. Plut. ii. 934 C ; cf. also yXauxca, a name for the Moon, 
 Schol. Find. Ol. vi. 76 (cit. Fick, Beitr. Indog. Spr. xx, p. 156, 1894). 
 On Athene as a moon-goddess, cf. Porph. ap. Euseb. P. E. iii. n; 
 Creuzer, Symb. iii. 380, &c. It was represented on Athenian coins 
 (yXavKes AaupiomKm, Ar. Av. no6, Schol. in Ar. Eq. 1091, Plut. i. 442, 
 Philochori fr. p. 83, Suid., Hesych.), and is still the city's badge. 
 On a very ancient colossal Owl from the Parthenon, see Friederichs, 
 Bausteine, p. 22 J cf. Hesych. y\av ev TrdXei' Trnpot/iia, dvaKflrui yap VTTO 
 3?ai8pov ev rf) dffpoTroXei. The owl of Athene is always a hornless, and 
 never a horned or eared species (cf. Blumenbach, Sp. Hist. Nat. Ant. 
 p. 20, Gottingen, 1808). 
 
 A dance called yXai), Athen. xiv. 629 f. ; also a/con//-, q, v. 
 
FAAYE rYO> 47 
 
 rAQTTl'l. An undetermined bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b. Departs with the quails : y\5>rrav e|cryo- 
 tievrjv e^ei pexpi 7roppo>. Cf. Plin. X. 23 (33). 
 
 Supposed by Sundevall (op. c. p. 129) to be identical with iVy, the 
 Wryneck, on account of the protrusible tongue ; as also by Niphus, 
 in Arist., v. Camus, ii. 383 ; the Wryneck however winters in Greece 
 (Lindermayer p. 41). Belon identified it with the Flamingo, Gesner, 
 followed by Linnaeus, from a confusion with Ger. or Sw. Glutt, with 
 the Greenshank, in connexion with which latter bird the name survives 
 in modern zoology. Vide s. v. c\a<f>is. 
 
 PNA'<I>AAOI. An unknown bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. l6, 6l6b (pwvrjv c^ei dyaQrjv, KOI TO .^pco/ia /caXo?, Kai 
 (3iop,t]xavos, KOI TO ddos evrrpeTrqff. 8oKel 8' flvai gevixos opvis' 6\iyaKis 
 yap (paiveTai ev rots pf] oiKfiois TOTTOIS. 
 
 Gesner suggests the Bohemian Waxwing, Ampelis garrulus, L., 
 which however has not T^V (pcwrjv ayaOr^v, nor is there any evidence 
 of the Waxwing reaching Greece. Probably the foreign name of 
 a foreign bird. 
 
 TOINE'EI' nopals, Hesych. Perhaps for [f]o/as, q. v. 
 ro'AMII* ^dp, TO opveov, Hesych. 
 ro'PTYE- ZpTvg, Hesych. Quasi fo'pru. 
 
 rPA'nil* eifiof opveov, Hesych. Perhaps akin to ^pawn-is: cf. J. G. 
 
 Schneider in Arist. H. A. viii. 5. 4, p. 590. 
 rPAY'KAAOI- opvis Tempos, Hesych. Cf. icauicaXi'as. 
 
 PPY'riAl* at v0<r<nal T>V yvn&V ol 8f yvnai, Hesych. 
 
 rPYHArETOI. A fabulous bird. Ar. Ran. 929. 
 
 TY'rHI. A fabulous bird : supposed to be connected with Lith. gufa, 
 guzutys, a Stork. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. ii. 16 yvyijs opvis eVrtV, avaftoav net Kai qftfiv TOI/TO 
 doKciiv, os TOVS opveis ev VVKT\ Karecrdiei TOVS dfj.(pi^iovs. Tf]v fKfivov y\a)o~a'av 
 e'i TIS f/TTore/MOt ^"^^ Ka ' <payew Soiy TCO fj-^Tra) \O\OVVTI iraidico, Travrco? 
 avrov Ta\(Ds \vcrei Tt)V O-IU>TTI]V. 
 
 TY'vl/. A Vulture. See also deros, aiyuirios, i/epros, irepKKoirrepos, 
 $r\vi\. Mod. Gk. opveov, dyiovwa (Byzantios). 
 
 Frequent in Homer, usually with the idea of feeding on carrion, 
 II. iv. 237, xi. 162, xvi. 836, xxii. 42 ; Od. xxii. 30, &c. Cf. Eur. Tr. 595 
 cr<afj.ara vfKptov yu\^l (pepeiv rc'rarat : Eur. Rh. 5^5 7rc Tf LV0 ^ S 
 
 . Ov. Tr. vi. n, Lucret. iv. 680, Sil. Ital. iii. 396, &c. 
 Used metaphorically, Eur. Andr. 75. 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 Arist. H. A. vi. 5, 563 i/correuei eVi Tre'rpaty dTrpoarpdrois (also Antig. 
 H. Mirab. 42 (48), cf. Aesch. Suppl. 796 *pep,a.c yuTrias TreVpa)' Sto crndviov 
 I8clv veoTTtav yvirbs Kal VCOTTOVS. Kal 8ia TOVTO KOI 'Hpo&opoy 6 Epvcrcoi/oy 
 ToG a-o<piarov Trarr/p (pr)(rlv flvai TOVS yvnas a(p' cVf'pas 777$-, dS^Xou T/p-ti', 
 TOVTO Te Xf-ycoi/ TO arj/Jiflov, OTI ovdels ecopa/ce yvrrbs veoTTidv, Kal OTI TroXXot 
 eai<pvr)s (fraivoVTai aK.o\ovQovvTfs TO"IS o-Tpareupao-ii/ [as the Griffon 
 Vulture did at Sebastopol], cf. Ael. ii. 46, Basil. Hexaem. viii 'ibois av 
 p.vpias a-ye'Xa? yviru>v rots o~TpaToire8ois TrapeTro/xei/a? : &C. How the 
 Vultures divine beforehand the place of battle, npo fjpfpwv eWa eV 
 avrof irapayivofjieiHu, Horap. i. ii ; cf. Ael. ii. 46 ; Umbricius ap. Plin. x. 
 (6) 7 ; Plaut. True. ii. 3. 16, Martial, Ep. 62, 6. 
 
 Arist. 1. C. TO 8' eoVt xaXe-jrbv p.ei> t&f li> } tWTrrm 8' O/JLCOS. TIKTOVO-I Se dvo <pa 
 01 yvTres (cf. Plin. x. 7). Cf. H. A. ix. n, 615, which latter passage has 
 ev mbv r) 8vo TO. rrXf to-Ta. 
 
 On the mythical generation of vultures, how they are all females, 
 are impregnated by the East wind, lay no eggs, and bring forth their 
 young alive and feathered, see Ael. ii. 46, Arist. De Mirab. (6c) 835 a, I, 
 Horap. i. n, Dion. De Avib. i. 5, Phile, De An. Pr. 121, Plut. Quaest. 
 de Us. Rom. 93 (Mor. 286 A, B), Ammian. Marcell. xvii, Tzetz. Chil. 
 xii. 439, Euseb. Pr. Ev. iii. 12, and innumerable other references in 
 Patristic literature. On the mythical genealogy of the vultures, see also 
 s. vv. deros, dXideros, 4>i^i/Y]. These are Egyptian myths. Vultur 
 fulvus was sacred to Maut, the Goddess of Maternity, cf. Deut. xxxii. 
 II, 12 | cf. Horap. i. II p.rjrepa de ypd<povTS yinra j^co-ypfKpoCo-i, eVeiS^ 
 appyv ev Toi/rco rep yevei T&V &a>v ov% vndpxei. Hence also the obstetrical 
 value of a Vulture's feather, Plin. xxv. (14) 44. The Common Egyptian 
 Vulture or Pharaoh's Hen, Neophron percnopterus, was sacred to Isis, 
 cf. Ael. X. 22 AtyuTTTioi 8e"Hpas peV iepbv opvtv clvai TreiriaTevKCKTi rbv yvira^ 
 Korr/Liovo-i Se rr]v TTJS "ividos K(>a\r)v yvirbs TTTepols. In Horapollo, yv\js is 
 always feminine. The Vulture being sacred in Egypt, was an unclean 
 bird among the Jews ; cf. eiro\|/. 
 
 On the (piXoo-Topyia of the Vultures, cf. Od. xvi. 216, Aesch. Ag. 49, 
 Plut. Q. Rom., Mor. 286 A, B, Opp. Hal. i. 723; cf. aiyumos. 
 The Vulture is stated to feed its young with its own flesh or blood, 
 a myth afterwards transferred to the Pelican; Horap. i. n, cf. Georg. 
 Pisidas, 1064 (cit. Leemans) rbv fjujpbv fKTf^ovrfS, ^p-aTco/zevoiy FaXaicTor 
 6\Kols ^toTTupoCo-i Ta /3pe'(pr/. On the connexion between the Vulture 
 and the Pelican, see s.v. |3aiTJ9. The stories of the Vulture's tenderness 
 and affection coincide with the resemblance between the Hebrew words 
 DH1 compassion, and DiVI a vulture (Boch. Hieroz. ii. 803, &c.). 
 
 How a Vulture's feather, if burnt, drives serpents from their holes, 
 Ael. i. 45, Piin. xxix. (4) 24. How the pomegranate is fatal to vultures, 
 Ael. vi. 46. How* the odour of myrrh is fatal to Vultures, Ar. De 
 
49 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 Mirab. (147) 845 a, 35, Ael. iii. 7, iv. 18, Geopon. xiii. 16, xiv. 26, 
 Theophr. De C. PI. vi. 4, Clem. Alex. Paedag. ii. 8 ; and why, Dion. 
 De Avib. i. 5. Doves do not fear the Vulture, Ael. v. 50 ; the hawk is 
 hostile to it, Ael. ii. 42. Most of the above mythical attributes of the 
 Vulture are summed up by Phile, c. iii De Vulture. 
 
 The stories of Prometheus and Tityus, Od. xi. 577 ; Aen. vi. 595 ; 
 Lucret. iii. 997; Ov. Met. iv. 456; Val. Fl. Argon, vii. 357, &c. See 
 also s.v. deros. 
 
 How the Persians exposed their dead to the Vultures, Herod, i. 140. 
 
 Cf. Ael. X. 22 BapKcuoL (s. BaKKatot, 'lo-iravias eQvos, Steph.) rovs Iv 
 7TO\(fj.(a TOV j3iov KaTCKTrptyavTas yvtyl 7rpo/3aXXov(rii', lepov TO <aov dvai 
 KfTTio-TevKOTes (cf. Sil. Ital. iii. 340, xiii. 470). 
 
 The augury of Romulus, Plut. Romulus ix, Quest. Rom. 93, Dio 
 Cass. xvi. 46, Dion. Hal. i. p. 73, Ael. x. 22, Liv. Hist. i. 7, &c.; of 
 Augustus, Sueton. Aug. c. 95. The prophecy of Vettius, drawn from 
 the vultures of Romulus, as to the duration of Rome, Censorin. xiv. 
 
 The Vulture is sacred to Hercules, Plut. Mor. 286 A; is associated 
 with Pallas, Eur. Tr. 594. The Vulture and Scarab together, according 
 to their order and position, represented Neith or Phtha, Athene or 
 Hephaestus, Horap. i. 12 ; cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. 338, and Lauth op. cit. 
 
 In the system of Egyptian hieroglyphics the Vulture and the Beetle 
 are associated or contrasted with one another. This relation bears 
 upon certain statements made by Greek writers. The beetle, KavQapos, 
 is devoid of females (Ael. x. 15) as the Vulture is of males ; it is killed, 
 as is the Vulture, by the odour of myrrh (Ael. i. 38, vi. 46, Phile 120, 
 1215); it shares with the 'Eagle' the gift of the renewal of youth 
 (Arist. H. A. viii. 17, 601). For further details concerning Egyptian 
 Vulture-myths and for many references to other sources of information, 
 see Horap. ed. Leemans, pp. 171-191 ; and for the connexion between 
 the statements of Horapollo and the phonetic value of the Vulture- 
 symbol, see Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. 1876, pp. 81-83. 
 
 A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Ant. Lib. 2i*Aypios 6e pfrffiaXev 
 
 IS yVTTO., TTaVTtoV 6pl'id<t)V %6l(TTOV dfols T K.O.I avBptoTVOlS. 
 
 A medicinal application, Dioscor. ii. cap. De stercore : yvnos a<po8os 
 aTrodvp-iaflelo-a epfipva eKTivdaa-fiv rrapadedoTai (a statement frequently 
 made by the Arab Doctors, Bochart). For other medicinal uses of the 
 vulture's liver, heart, and feathers, see Plin. xxix. (4) 24, (6) 38, Galen 
 iv. 8, Sext. Platon. ii. 2, Quint. Seren. c. 47, &c. 
 
 Proverbs. yvnbs ovaa* eVi T<UI/ prjSevbs \6yov atW (cf. ovov oxta), 
 Suid. ; the proverb may refer, on the other hand, to the shadow of 
 coming events, in allusion to the Vulture's fabled prescience (vide 
 supra; cf. also Erasm. in Proverbiis s.v. vulturis ztmbrd). darrov av 
 dySovas p/z^o-airo, Luc. Pise. 37. 
 
 E 
 
50 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 yty is, like alyvmos, a generic word for Vulture. In Arist. H. A. 
 viii. 3, 592 b, two species are distinguished, 6 fj.ev p.iKpbs KOI e/cXeuKorfpoj, 
 6 de pdfav Kal CT-TToSoeiSeo-repoy. Four vultures occur in Greece, Gypaetiis 
 barbatus, the Lammergeier, Vultur fulvus, the Griffon Vulture, V. cine- 
 reus, the Black or Cinereous Vulture, and Neophron percnopterus. 
 Sundevall and others have tried to apportion among these four the 
 names (prjvrj, irepwoTrTepos, and the two varieties mentioned of ym//-. 
 But I think it certain that here the small white Neophron is meant 
 as the one variety, and that the larger darker sort includes the other 
 three. The true Vultures were usually spoken of as dark-coloured or 
 black ; e. g. Plin. x. 6 vulturum praevalent nigri, cf. Phile 130 ; Juv. Sat. 
 xiii vulturis atri poena ; Senec. in Thyeste, visceribus atras pascit 
 effossis aves. 
 
 A Macedonian name for the Jackdaw = KO\OIOS, Hesych. 
 
 AA'KIA* TO. ciypia opviQdpia, Hesych. 
 
 AAKNl'l, Hesych. An unknown bird. Also SaKvds, Festus: Dagnades 
 sunt avium genus, quas Aegyptii inter potandum cum coronis 
 devincire soliti sunt, quae vellicando morsicandoque et canturiendo 
 assidue non patiuntur dormire potantes. 
 
 AA'NAAAOI* 6 cptdaKos, TO opveov, Hesych. 
 
 AEl'PHI. A name for the Sparrow in Elis. Nicander ap. Athen. 
 ix. 392 a. 
 
 AlTHPEI- vTpovdoi, Hesych. Cf. SpTJyes. 
 
 Al'KAIPON, also SiKmov (Ael. iv. 41) = Arab, zikanon. An Indian 
 * bird ' as large as a Partridge's egg, whose dung causes a pain- 
 less death like sleep; Ctesias p. 313, Ael. iv. 41, Phile, De 
 Anim. Propr. 33 (32), v. 761. The 'bird' was the Dung-beetle, 
 Scarabaeus sacer, L., Arab, zikanon] the 'dung' was probably 
 confounded with charas, a resinous preparation of Indian hemp. 
 Vide Valentine Ball, Indian Antiq. xiv. p. 310, 1885; also Proc. 
 R. I. Acad. (2) ii. 
 
 Al'KTYI' 6 i'/mi/o?, VTTO AaK<ava>v, Hesych. : cf. tKrt'r. The word is more 
 than doubtful as a bird-name, and is applied to a Libyan animal 
 by Herod, iv. 192. 
 
 APAKONTl'l. An unknown or fabulous bird, into which one of the 
 nine Emathidae, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed; 
 Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. Met. c. 9. 
 
APYOKOAAHTHI 51 
 
 APEnANl'Z, from Spenavov, i.e. * sickle-wing.' Also dpairavis, Hesych. 
 Arist. H. A. i. i, 487 b. A bird similar to arrovs and xeXi8o>i/, evVrepos, 
 oparai KOI dXurKerm oral/ vo-y TOV Bepovs' oXa>? de KOI cnrdviov 
 
 Probably the larger Alpine Swift, Cypselus melba, L., and also 
 perhaps the Common Swift, C. apus, both conspicuously ' sickle- 
 winged/ On the other hand, Aub. and Wimm. p. in, also 
 Bochart ii. 62, as well as Gaza and Scaliger, say the Sand- 
 Martin : v. Kv^eXos. Cf. Plin. x. (33) 49, xi. 47 (107), xxx. (4) 12. 
 The brief account indicates that the bird is comparatively scarce, 
 and that its period .of residence in the country is short ; both 
 circumstances telling in favour of a Swift as against the 
 Sand-Martin. 
 
 Spe-iraki's is translated Keyxpis by Hesychius. 
 
 APH*[r]EZ' o-Tpovdoi, Mane'doves, Hesych. Also Myrjpfs and diprjyes. 
 Cf. Seiprjs, Spuc^ai, q. v. 
 
 APIKH'AI* opvea void, Hesych. Also 8pi, arpovQos, ap. Cyrill., Lob. 
 Parall. p. 102. Cf. SpfJYes, &c. 
 
 APYOKOAA'IITHI. Also fyuj/KoXaTm??, fyvKohdnTr)* (Ar. Av. 480, 979), 
 fywKoXm//- (Hesych.), SpvoKonos (Arist. De Part. iii. i, 662 b). 
 Cf. Sk. darvaghata (Keller). 
 
 A Woodpecker. Mod. Gk. &* Xt8 P a (v. d. Mtthle). See also 
 
 8puo\|/, nrnr], Ke\e<5s, ireXeKaK, TTITTW. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593, vide s. v. mirw. Ib. ix. 9, 614, a full and 
 accurate description : KOTTTCI 8e ras 8pvs 6 dpvoKoXdnTrjs r&v ovoX7}Kcoy KOI 
 <TKvnra)v evfKfv, tj* e^t'oxTij/. aj/aXeyerat yap et-eXdovras avrovs rfj yXwrrrj' 
 TrXarelav 8* e^fi KOI fjLeydXrjv. KOI Tropevtrai enl rols Sv8pf(Ti ra^ecos Trdvia 
 Tpo-jTov, Kai VTTTIOS KdQdirep ol ao"KaXa3wrai. e^et de KOI TOVS owlets fteXriovs 
 TU)V KoXoiwf TTffpvKoras Trpbs rrjv dcr<pd\eiav rrjs eVi rots devdpecriv f<pe8peia$' 
 TOVTOVS yap f^.rrrjyvv<; Tropeverat. ecrn de TCOV Spvo/coXaTrrcoi/ ev p.ev yevos 
 eXaTTOj/ TOV Korrixpov, e^6i S' vTTcpvdpa piKpd, eTepov Se yevos [j.elov i] 
 KOTTV<})OS' TO 8e rp'irov yevos avrcav 6v TroXXw eXarrov O~Tiv dXfKTopiSos 
 dyXfias. vforrevei 8' eVt T>V devdpav, fv ciXXois T TUV oev&pcw Kal ev 
 eXaigis . . . Kal Ti6acro~v6p,vos 8e TIS fjdrj dfj.vyo'aXov els pwyprjV vXov evBeis, 
 orras fvappoo-dev viropeivftcv avrov rf)V irXrjyrjV, ev rrj TptTfl nXrjyf) dieKo^f 
 Kal Karrjo-die TO paXaKov. Cf. Arist. De Mirab. 13, 831 b: the hard bill 
 of the woodpecker, Arist. De Part. iii. i, 662 b. 
 
 Four well-defined species occur in Greece, (a) the Great Black 
 Woodpecker, Picus Marttus, which evidently answers to the last and 
 largest variety mentioned above ; (b) the Green Woodpecker, P. viridis y 
 
 E 2 
 
52 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 APYOKOAAFITHI (continued}. 
 
 with its close ally, P. canus ; (<:, d) the Greater and Lesser Spotted 
 Woodpeckers, P. major and minor. The Green Woodpecker is 
 described under the name KeXeo's-, and accordingly Sundevall and 
 others make the remaining two of the three Aristotelian varieties 
 to be the Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers respectively. 
 But as P. viridis, whether it had another name or not, would certainly 
 be still classed as dpvoKoXiiirTrjs, it is better to take it as the middle- 
 sized sort, uniting the Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers as 
 the last and least variety. 
 
 The Woodpecker is not in Greek, as it is in Latin (e. g. Ov. Met. xiv. 
 321, F. iii. 37, 54, Virg. Aen. vii. 191, Plin. x. 18 (20), Plut. Q. Rom. xxi. 
 268 F, Romulus iv; Aug. Civ. Dei, xiii. 15), a bird of great mythological 
 importance, though the Dryopes were probably, like the descendants of 
 Picus, a Woodpecker-tribe. It figures in the oriental Samir-legend 
 (vide s. v. eiroij/) in Ael. i. 45 as making its nest in a tree, and, by 
 virtue of a certain herb, removing a stone with which one shall have 
 blocked up the entrance ; cf. Plin. x. (18) 20, xxv. 5 ; Plut. p. 269 ; 
 Dion. De Avib. i. 14 ; and is accordingly spoken of as a rival power 
 to eVo^ in Ar. Av. 480. Cf. Alb. Magnus, De Mirab. 1601, p. 225. See 
 also Baring-Gould, Myths of the Middle Ages, p. 397. The Woodpecker 
 and the Hoopoe come into relation also in the version of the Tereus- 
 myth given by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. II, where the brother of 
 Ae'don is transformed into the bird CTTO^, and her husband into 
 
 APY'CW. A Woodpecker = fyvo/coXaTrrjjs, Ar. Av. 304. 
 
 AY'riTHI. A diving bird, identical with aWvia (q. v.), ewot 
 Etym. M. 
 
 Callim. 167, ap. Etym. M. 8vnrai r e a\bs tpx&fuvot ; with which cf. 
 Arat. 9^4? S. V. epojSios. Lye. 73 OTeva> (re, Trarpa, KOI T<i(f)ovs 'ArXai/rt'Sos', 
 dvTTTov KeXoapo?. Applied to a professional diver or sponge-fisher in 
 Opp. Hal. ii. 436, and possibly also, therefore, in the preceding reference. 
 
 Cf. 
 
 AYTfNOI. An unknown water-bird. Dion. De Avib. ii. 13, iii. 24. 
 El'AAAl'l, also iSuX/y. opvis voids, Hesych. 
 
 "EAAIOI s. eXaios. According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 65 B 
 a kind of alyi6a\6s or titmouse, called by some trvppias (MS. 
 
 7riptas\ crvKaXis S' fon dXi'oveercuJ orav a.Kp.dr) TO. crvKa. Conj. in Anth. 
 
 Pal. vii. 199 ed. Mackail xi. 13 <i'\' eXaie. Probably one of the 
 many Warblers which frequent the olive-gardens, e.g. Salicaria 
 olivetorum, Strickl., and S. elaeica, Linderm. (v. Lindermayer, 
 pp. 88-92). 
 
APYOKOAAFITHI EAflPIOI 53 
 
 "EAANOI = falvos, Hesych. 
 
 'EAAZA'I. An unknown bird, Ar. Av. 886. 
 
 'EAA<t>l'I. An unknown water-bird. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. ii. II i\a$ls 6' opveov eon TO. Trrepa iravTa tiri rots 
 VWTOIS eXa<po>i/ fX ov ^ OiKO ' ra dpii, Kal rpecperai Kara TOVS xepcrai'ouy 'ivyyas, 
 Trjv yXa>o~o~av p.rjKia'Trjv ovo~av a)0~7Tp 6pp,iav els TO vdwp tin TTO\V Ka$teio~a, 
 K. r. X. The hair-like feathers on the back suggest, if anything, a Heron 
 or Egret. A gem in the British Museum represents a Heron or Stork, 
 with the antlers of a Stag ; v. Torr, Rhodes, pi. I, Imhoof-Bl. and K., 
 pi. xxvi. 59. 
 
 'EAE'A. MSS. have also e'Xata, (qy. = eXfta Sundev.), IXeia Callim. 
 
 s. eXecls Ar. Av. 302, s. eX^as, Hesych. Cf. e'Xaios. 
 A small bird, probably the Heed- Warbler, Salicaria arundinacea^ 
 Selby, and allied species. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. l6, 6l6 b opvis cvffioTOS, KaOifci Oepovs /xeV ev 7rpoa-r]Vfj.M Kal 
 cr/aa, ^eip.(ji)vos 8' fv U7/\t6), Kal eVicrKeTrei eVt T>V bovaKcov Trepi ra eXrj' 
 e(TTi 8e TO p.ev peyedos jSpa^vy, (fxavrjv 8' e'^fi dyadrjv. In Ar. AV. JO2 eXeay 
 
 may or may not be the same bird. Callim. ap. Schol. Ar. Av. 302 eXeta 
 fj.LKp6v t (f)a>vfj dyadov. 
 
 The Reed-Warbler is a permanent resident in Greece, and is very 
 common in all marshy places (Kriiper, &c.). 
 
 'EAEIO'r efSof iepaKos, Hesych. 
 
 Sch. conjectures IXeio? fialustris in Arist. H. A. ix. 36, i, and for 
 the common reading Xeloi writes 'in 8' eXeioi of Kal (j>pvvo\6yoi. Cf. A . 
 and W. ii. p. 264. Vide s. v. emXelos. 
 
 'EAEO'I. A kind of Owl. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b; mentioned with, and said to resemble, 
 alyo>\ios and CTKCO^ : peifav d\CKTpvovos, flypevti TO.S KLTTUS. ix. I, 609 b 
 *pe erXew TroXe/ntos (alternative readings, KoXfw, -yoXew). 
 
 The size accords with that of the Tawny Owl, Syrnium Aluco, L., 
 which is common in Greece and is not definitely ascribed to any 
 other classical name. Scaliger so identifies it, taking eXcds from the 
 owl's cry, cf. e'XeXfO, &c., also Lat. ulula. Sundevall reads e'Xeo'y 
 s. e\ios = palustris, supporting this view by the mention of Crex 
 in the context, and identifies the bird with Strix brachyotus, L., the 
 Short-eared or Marsh Owl. But both etymological suggestions are 
 more than doubtful, and neither Tawny nor Short-eared Owl Qrjpcvet 
 TCIS KLTTas. Artemidor. iii. 65, Zonar. c. 684. 
 
 'EAQ'PIOI. A water-bird, similar to Kp<-' (verb. dub.}. 
 
 Clearch. ap. Athen. viii. 332 E (Casaubon), where later editors read 
 os : numbered among TOVS opvtOas TOVS irapevdiao-Tas Ka\ovp.evovs. 
 
54 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 'ENOY'IKOI' 6 d<r(pd\6s, TO opvcov, Hesych. 
 
 "EFIIZA- opvfa, Kwpioi, Hesych. (<nriia, conj. Salmas.) 
 
 'EniAAl 1 *!. An unknown small bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis o-Ka>\r)Ko<pdyos. Sylburge, Schneider, 
 Piccolos and others read irrroXats, q. v. 
 
 'EniAEfOI, s. emXeos. A bird of prey, perhaps the Buzzard, Buteo 
 vidgaris, Bechst. 
 
 Plin. H. N. x. 9 epileum Graeci vocant qui solus omni tempore 
 apparet, caeteri hieme abeunt (vide s. v. aladXwi/). This passage, 
 following on a reference to Buteo, and stating a fact recorded by 
 Aristotle of rpiop^s (q. v.), suggests that all three are identical. 
 Perhaps connected with, or a mere variant of, eXeio's- or Aetos, q. v. 
 
 'Eno'AIOI. fldos opveov wKrepivov, Suid. Ambiguum an illud, quod ab 
 Aristotele alya>\i6s, H. St. Thesaur. App. p. 942 E. 
 
 Note. We have above (IXcuos, eXe'a eXeos, cmXcus, emXcios) 
 
 a succession of bird-names all very similar, whose meaning and deri- 
 vation are alike obscure. 
 
 The Hoopoe, Upupa epops, L. Hesych. has also 6770770?, 
 
 opveov '. errojTra, aXeKTpvova aypiov '. and also a7ra<f)6s. 
 
 Mod. Gk. Ta\oTTT(iv6s or ro-aXoTremj/o's (Erhard, Heldreich), dypio- 
 (Boch., Jonston ; still on Mt. Taygetus, Heldr.), dypwKOKopag 
 (v. d. Miihle). eVo^ is, in form, onomatopoeic, like upupa> but is very 
 probably based on an Egyptian solar name, ""ATroTrir, 'HXtov dSe\(p6$, 
 Plut. De Is. xxxvi ; with which cfSEncxpos Herod, ii. 153, &c., &c.; also 
 "ETTI^I, Plut. Is. et Os. lii. p. 372 B : the form dncKpas preserved in 
 Hesychius is identical with the name used by the Syriac Physiologist. 
 For fanciful derivation see Aesch. fr. 305 en-or//- eVoTn-T?? T&V avrov K.a<wv : 
 cf. Hesych. s. v. See also s. vv. Kouicoitya, irouiros. 
 
 First mentioned by Epicharm. ap. Athen. ix. 391 D (fr. 116, Ahrens) 
 CTK.5>7ra$ fTTOTras yXavxas. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. i. 488 b opvis opeior, cf. ix. n. 615 a (vide 
 Boch. Hier. ii. p. 343 for similar interpretation of Heb. or Arab, dukiphat, 
 duk kepha, gallus montanus). H. A. ix. 15, 616 b OVK e^a T^S y\<arTT)s TO 
 6v, vide s. vv. dY]8wy, (ULeXayKopu^os : cf. Giebel, Z. f. ges. Naturw. 
 X. 236. Pausan. x. 4 6 8e erro^f es ov e^ei \6yos TOP Trjpea aXhayrjvai, 
 peyedos p,v o\iyov to~T\v inrep oprvya, eTTi rfj K(pa\fj 8e cl TO. Trrepa es Xd^ou 
 o-xni^a e|^prai. Cf. Ar. Av. 94, 99, 279; Ovid, Metam. vi. 671 cui stant 
 in vertice cristae, Prominet immodicum pro longo cuspide rostrum, 
 Plin. x. (65) 36 cum fetum eduxere abeunt. Is destructive to bees, Phil. 
 De An. 712. 
 
EN0YIKOI EHO* 55 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 The cry represented, e7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7rot, Ar. Av. 227, &c. Vv. 
 237, 243, 260 rto rto &c., though incorporated in the same speech, are 
 evidently from the nightingale and other birds behind the scenes : 
 Kifoca/3a{5, v. 261, is the owl's hoot. 
 
 Nest. Arist. H. A. vi. I, 559 a povos ou Trout-rat veornav ru>v KaO* eavra 
 veoTTfVovTwv, a\\' el&dvofjievos els ra o-reAe^jj ev Tols KOI\OIS avraiv -rue-ret, 
 
 eV (TV[Ji,<f)opovp.vos. Ib. ix. 15, 6l6b veoTTiav TToteirat K rrjs avdpcojrivrjs 
 According to Heldreich (p. 38) the Hoopoe is a spring and 
 autumn migrant through Greece, but does not now breed there : it 
 however seems to breed in Macedonia and perhaps in Epirus (Kriiper). 
 The story of the nest e* Konpov av0pa>7rii>r)s (also in Ael. H. A. iii. 26) 
 arises (i) from the Hoopoe's habit of seeking its insect food among 
 dung (avis obscoeno pastu, Plin. H. N. x. 29 ; cf. Fr. coq puant, Germ. 
 Kothhahn, <Stinkhahn, Mistvogel, &c.), and (2) from the nest having 
 an evil smell from the accumulation within of excrement, and perhaps 
 also from a peculiar secretion of the birds (see for scientific references, 
 Aub. and Wimm. i. p. 91). 
 
 Myth and Legend. The Tereus-myth (see also s. v. dTjSwf, dXidcrog, 
 XcXiSwy) Aesch. fr. 297, in Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 633 a (more probably 
 from the lost Sophoclean tragedy of Tereus, cf. Schol. Ar. Av. 284, 
 Welcker, Gr. Trag. i. 384) TOVTOV ' erroTrrrjv enona TU>V avrov K(i<a,v \ 
 TTTroiKiXa>Ke Ka7ro8r]\(0<ras e^ei | dpatrvv Trerpalov opviv ev iravrevxia' \ os r/pi 
 p.ev (fravevri SiarraXXei nrcpov \ KipKov \7rdpyov' K. r. X. Cf. Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 15, 617 a, and 496, 633 a T^y Ideav /uera/SdXXa roO Oepovs KOI TOV 
 Xeipuvos, Plin. x. (30) 44. With the phrase eTroTrrrjv TWV avroO KQK&V, cf. 
 Plat. Phaedo p. 86 A <a<7t dia XVTTTJV adciv : also Ach. Tat. V. 5 6 Trjpevs 
 opvis yivfTdi' Kal Trjpov&i en TOV nddovs rfjv eiKova. In the use of the 
 word eVoTrrjy?, we have not merely a fanciful derivation of eVo^, but also 
 an allusion to the mysteries. 
 
 In this very obscure story we have frequent indications of confusion 
 between Hoopoe and Cuckoo, and the 'metamorphosis' is in part 
 connected with the resemblance between the Cuckoo and the Hawk ; 
 cf. Arist. vi. 7, Theophr. H. PI. ii. 6, Geopon. xv. i, 22, Plin. H. N. 
 x. 8, ii. See also Lenz, Zool. d. Gr. u. R. p. 318. For the relations 
 between Hoopoe and Cuckoo, der Kuckuk und sein Kiister, v. Grimm, 
 D. M. p. 646, Grohmann, Aberglaube aus Bohmen, Leipzig, 1864, 
 p. 68, &c. On the metamorphosis of the Cuckoo into a Hawk in 
 English and German Folk-lore, see Swainson, Provincial Names of 
 British Birds, p. 113. 
 
 How the Hoopoe first appeared at Tereus' tomb in Megara, Paus. 
 i. 41, 9. The Tereus-myth also in Aesch. Suppl. 60, Apollod. iii. 14, 
 Ach. Tat. v. 5, Ovid, Metam. vi, &c. 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 On the Tereus-myth, and the mythology of the Hoopoe in general, 
 see in particular E. Oder, Der Wiedehopf in d. gr. Sage, Rhein. Mus. 
 (N. F.), xliii. pp. 541-556, 1888. 
 
 A weather-prophet, Horap. ii. 92 ecii> irpb rou Kaipov rS>v a/x7reXa>i/ 
 TroXXa Kpa&7, evotviav o-rjpaivfi. The same of the Cuckoo, Plin. H. N. 
 xviii. 249, Hor. Sat. i. 7, 30. With ep. mo-toy, Anton. Lib. xi. 
 
 Phil. De An. Pr. 667 <p0iW 8e rots eVo^i dopKadav o-reap (also 
 Ael. H. A. vi. 46). Ib. 724, uses aypavns as a remedy (cf. icopuSos). Ael. 
 i. 35 places a&iavrov or KaXXiT/n^oy (cf. deros) as an amulet in its nest or 
 heals itself when injured, Horap. ii. 93 ; also written ap.la.vTov, Geopon. 
 xv. i, 19. 
 
 How the Hoopoe by means of a certain herb (the same ablavrov] 
 liberates its imprisoned young, Ael. iii. 26, cf. Ar. Av. 654, 655. The 
 same story of Picus, Plin. H. N. x. 18 (20), vide s. v. SpuoKoXd-nrris. 
 This is a version of the well-known Samir-legend (the * open Sesame ' 
 of the Forty Thieves), and is told also of the Hoopoe in connexion 
 with Solomon (Boch. Hieroz. ii. 347). See also Buxdorf, Lex. Talmud, 
 col. 2455 : on similar German superstitions see Meier, Schwab. Sagen, 
 Nr. 265. On Indian versions of the story of the Hoopoe which shel- 
 tered Solomon from the sun, see W. F. Sinclair, Ind. Antiquary, 1874, 
 also ib. 1873, p. 229, Curzon's Monast. of the Levant, c. xii, &c. The 
 story of the Indian Hoopoe, Ael. xvi. 5, which buried its father in its 
 head (vide s. v. KopuSos) is probably connected with the same legend ; 
 see Lassen, Ind. Alterth. 2nd ed. i. p. 304. The statement (Ael. 1. c.) 
 that the enofy 'ivSiKos is dnr\d<riov rou irap fjfuv, KOI wpaiorepov ISelv, is 
 purely fabulous. 
 
 Filial affection of the Hoopoe, Ael. x. 16, vide s. v. KouKOitya, 
 irc\apY<5s. The Hoopoe on coins of Antoninus as a symbol of filial love, 
 Eckhel, Doctr. numm. vi. 531, Creuzer, Symbolik, ii. p. 64, Zoega, 
 Numm. Eg. Imp. pi. x. i, Seguin. Scl. Numism. p. 152. 
 
 The evil smell of the Hoopoe suggests a connexion with Pitumnus 
 in the story of Pilumnus and Pitumnus or Sterculinius ; Serv. Aen. ix. 4 
 fratres fuerunt dii ; horum Pitumnus usum stercorandorum invenit 
 agrorum, Oder, op. c. p. 556 : cf. Jordan-Preller, Rom. Myth. i. 375. 
 
 The Hoopoe was a sacred bird in Egypt, as it still is among the 
 Arabs (cf. Creuzer, I.e., Denon pi. 119, 8, c., &c.). From its rayed 
 crest it was a solar emblem, and it is in part as such that it comes into 
 relation with KipKos, the sacred hawk of the solar Apollo. The wood- 
 pecker, with its red or golden crest (cf. Ov. Met. xiv. 394) becomes in 
 like manner a solar emblem, and there is a curious parallel in the con- 
 nexion between Circe and the metamorphosis of Picus. As a solar 
 emblem also, the Hoopoe figures in the version of the Phoenix-myth 
 
EPMAKON 57 
 
 EHCW (continued}. 
 
 in Ael. xvi. 5. To a like source is traceable the Samir-legend, and 
 possibly also the obscure origin of the Tereus-myth. From its sanctity 
 in Egypt it became an unclean bird among the Jews, Lev. xi. 19, 
 Deut. xiv. 1 8, where its name nB'On dukiphat (cf. icouicou<f>a) is rendered 
 Lapwing, as being the crested bird with which the translators were 
 most familiar (cf. Newton, Diet, of Birds, p. 505). 
 
 In the Birds of Aristophanes we have many veiled allusions to the 
 mythology of the Hoopoe. The confusion with KOKKV (vide s. v. 
 Kouicou(J>a) is indicated throughout ; the fables of Tereus and Procne 
 are frequently referred to, e. g. y yap aj/#po>7ror, v. 98 rr]v e/^i/ dydova, 
 vv. 203, 367, c. : the Hoopoe's first cry, avoiye rfjv vXijv, v. 93, is 
 a reference to the Samir-legend ; the kindred fable of Kopvdos appears 
 in vv. 472-476 ; the mysterious root in v. 654 is the magical dblavrov : 
 the mention of rjXtaa-rrjs, v. 109, is a pun on fjXios : the allied solar 
 symbolism of SpvoKoXdirr^s is suggested in v. 480 ; and the nauseous 
 reputation of the nest is probably hinted at in the Hoopoe's pressing 
 invitation to Peisthetairus, v. 641, that he should enter in. 
 
 'EPI'GAKOI, s. epi0aKos (Arist., Ael.), epi0eu's (Arat, Theophr.), epi'OuXos 
 
 (Schol. ad Ar. Vesp.). The Robin, Erithacus rubecula, L. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis o-KQ>\r)Ko(pdyos. ix. 496, 632 b /*fra- 
 ftdXXovo-iv of epiOaKoi Koi ol KaXovp-evoi (poivinovpoi e dXXr]X(DV' eVri 8' 6 
 /xei/ cpiQaKos xeifjLfpivov, ol 8e (poiviKovpoi Oepivoi, 8ia(pepou(Ti 5' 
 ovdev as etVeiv dXX' 77 rfj XP$ f^ovov : Geopon. XV. I. 22. 
 
 A weather-prophet, Arat. Phen. 1025, Theophr. fr. vi. 3, 2 
 fjifya o-fjp-a KOI op^iXoy KOL epiBtvs, dvvav es KoiXas o^eas. Arist. fr. 241, 
 I522b epiOaKos es TO. av'Xia KOI TO. oiKovpeva Trapivv dfjXos ean ^ei/iSvos 1 
 firiSrjuiav d'Trobidpdo'Kcov, Cf. Ael. vii. 7- 
 
 A mimetic bird, fjupovvrai KOL p.pvr]VTai %>v av aKovo-cooriv, Porphyr. De 
 Abst. iii. 4 (epidaicos here is either an interpolation, or is used of some 
 other bird). 
 
 Proverb, Schol. in Ar. Vesp. 922 (927) /u'o Xo^/ii; dvo cpidaKovs ov rptyft. 
 earl 8e opveov VTTO /zeV nvav KaXovpevov epiSevs, viro &e eVepcoi/ epidvXos, 
 vno TO>V nXeiovav epidaKos I cf. Photius. Also eptdcvs' 6 epiQaKos, TO opveov, 
 Hesych. epiBaKos' opveov p,ovrjpfs Kal povoTponov, Suid. 
 
 Sundevall derives cpi&ucof from epvffpos, QCLKOS (cf. Eng. redstart, 
 Germ. Rothsteiss), and identifies the bird in Arist. with the Redstart, 
 Lusciola phoenicurus, L., in winter plumage : vide s. v. (jxuyiicoupos. 
 The derivation is far-fetched, and the identification is discountenanced 
 by the fact that the Redstart does not, at least in Attica, remain 
 through the winter (Kriiper p. 245), during which season the Robin 
 is as common there as with us. See also cuaaicos, 
 
 "EPMAKON' opveov, Hesych. Probably by error for fpi 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 opvis TTOLOS, Hesych. Probably for en-ox//-, or else 
 
 'EPYGPO'nOYZ. In Ar. Av. 303, usually translated Redshank, which 
 bird, Totanus cah'dn's, L., is common in Greece in winter. 
 Used as an epithet of WXeia, Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544 b. 
 
 'EPQrA'l* pa>8i6s, Hesych. A very doubtful word. 
 
 'EPflAIO'l (polo's-, Hippon. 59, ap. Etym. M. Also c'&oXtor, Hesych.) 
 
 A Heron, L. ardea ; etym. dub. 
 
 Various species are mentioned : 6 Tre'XXor, the common Heron, Ardea 
 cinerea, L. ; 6 XeuKor, the Egret, A. alba and A. gazetta ; 6 da-rtpias 
 Ka\., A. (Botaurus) stellaris, L., the Bittern; Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 b ; 
 cf. Dion. De Avib. ii. 8 corn/ avrutv yevrj p.vpia' 01 /nev yap (Spa^els T' etat 
 Kal XeuKoi, aXXoi 6e TToiKt'Xot Kai p.ei^ovS } p.aoL S* eWpot, Kai rots' fj,ev OVK 
 <TTIV eVi TTJS Ke(j)a\rjs 7r\6K(ip,os, a\\ois 8' &(nr(p ns /SoCTrpu^o? aTT^eop^Tai. 
 Plin. x. 60 (79). 
 
 The above identifications of TreXXos and dorepms (q. v.) are doubtful : 
 the same words occur in relation to one another as proper names in 
 Apoll. Rh. i. 176; cf. Pott in Lazarus and Stemthal's Zeitschrift, xiv. 
 P- 43- 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b Trepi ras \ip,vas Kai TOVS Trora/zou? /Storeuft. 
 Ael. H. N. v. 35, x. 5 oo-rpea c<r6i*iv Seivos eari (?) ; cf. Pint. Sol. Anim. x. 
 (Mor. 9670). Its flight described, Arist. De Inc. 10, 710 a, fr. 241, 
 1522 a. 
 
 Mentioned also Ar. Av. 886, 1142. With ep. fj.aKpoKap.rrv\avxfvfs, 
 Epich. 49, ap. Athen. ix. 398 D. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Sent by Athene, to Odysseus and Diomede, 
 as a favourable augury, II. x. 274. Here from the nocturnal appearance 
 of the bird and its loud cry, Netolicka (Naturh. a. Homer p. 10) and 
 others suggest the Night-Heron, Ardea Nycticorax, L., which is 
 abundant in the Troad ; cf. Hippon. 1. c. Kve<palo$ eXd&v p'o>8i&> Karrjv- 
 Xio-drjv. In II. x. 275 there is an alternative reading ire\\ov 'Adqrau? 
 (Zopyrus, De Mileto Cond. iv (Schol. Venet.), cf. Groshans, Prodr. Faun, 
 pp. 15, 16, Buchholz p. 119; for a discussion of important Scholia on 
 this passage, and for notes on e'padufc in general, see J. G. Schneider, 
 in Arist. vol. iv. pp. 45-47; vide s. v. ireXXos). See also s. v. d^oirata. 
 
 The Heron as a symbol of Athene on coins of Ambracia and Corinth 
 (Imh.-Bl. and K. p. 38, pi. vi). Said also to be sacred to Aphrodite, 
 Etym. M. A bird of good omen, Ael. x. 37, Plut. Mor. 405 D, especially 
 the White Heron, Plin. xi. 37. A weather-prophet, Arat. Phaen. 913, 
 972, Athen. viii. 332 E (where Casaub. reads eXwpio?), Ael.vii-7, Theophr. 
 De Sign. i. 18, ii. 28, Virg. Georg. i. 363, Lucan, v. 553, Cic. Div. i. 8, 
 Callim. s. v. SUTTTTJS ; hence beloved of men, Dion. De Avib. ii. 8. 
 
EPOvl/ HEPOIIOI 59 
 
 EPHAIOI (continued}. 
 
 Hostile to TrtTra), ra yap a>a Karfcrdifi KOI roiis VCOTTOVS TOV f'pcoSiov, 
 Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609, cf. Nicand. ap. Ant. Lib. Met. 14 ; aerw iro\fp.ios, 
 apndfci yap avrov, Kal aXooTreja, (pflelpei yap avTov rrjs VVKTOS, Kal Kopvdcp, TO 
 yap <ua avrov K\eirTfi, Arist. H. A. 609 b ; hostile also to 6 XCVKOS \apos, 
 Ael. iv. 5, Phile, De An. 682, and to sorex, Plin. x. (74) 95. Friendly 
 with KopwvT], Arist. H. A. ix. i, 610, Ael. v. 48. 
 
 Erodius, who tended the horses of his father Autonous, was turned 
 into the bird e'pwSio'r, his father being metamorphosed into OKVOS, and 
 the groom into epcoSidy. aXX' oit% op.oiov' fjo~o~ov yap eo~Tiv iKavSas TOV 
 TTtXXoG : Boios ap. Ant. Lib. Met. 7. 
 
 Swallows a crab, napKivov, as a remedy, Phile 724, or places one 
 in its nest as a charm, Ael. i. 35, Geopon. xv. i. Noted, like the 
 stork, for filial and parental affection, Ael. iii. 23. 
 
 On the painful generation of the Heron cf. Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 b, 
 Plin. x. (60) 79 ; hence a fanciful derivation of epooSids in Etym. M. and 
 Eust. ad II. x. 274. Vide infra, s. v. ireXXos. 
 
 Fable of \VKOS KOI pco8ios (s. ytpavos) '. ap/cel eroi <ai TO JJ.OVQV (ra>av 
 TTJV KfCpaXrjv, Acs. Fab. 276, Babr. 94. A fragment : epcoSto? yap 
 Matav^pirjv Tpiopxov tvpvv fvQlovT afpeiXtTo, Simonid. ap. Athen. 
 vii. 299 C. 
 
 Deprived by Neptune of the power of swimming, and why, Dion. 
 De Avib. ii. 8. The Island of Diomedea, Ael. H. A. i. i KaXctrai TIS 
 AiopjSeia 1/770-09, Kat epwdtovs e^ei TroXXouy, and how these epcofiioi, once 
 the comrades of Diomede, give welcome to Greek visitors ; also Lycus 
 ap. Antig. Mirab. 172 (188), Anton. Lib. Met. 37, Phile, De Anim. Pr. 
 152. Cf. Ovid, Metam. xiv. 498, Aen. xi. 271 et Serv. in loc., Plin. x. 44 
 (61). Cf. also S. Augustin, De Civ. Dei, xviii. 16, Lachmund, De Ave 
 Diomedea diss., Amstelod. (1672) 1686. There is evident but obscure 
 connexion between the story of the birds of Diomede, and the meta- 
 morphosis above alluded to : where the son of Autonous and Hippo- 
 dameia is killed by his father's horses, and his father and his servant 
 are turned into epa>8ioi. A story similar to that of the birds of Diomede 
 is wide-spread, and usually told of the Stork, cf. Alex. Mynd. ap. Ael. 
 iii. 23 ; for Modern Greek references, see Marx, Gr. Marchen, 1876, 
 PP. 52, 55- 
 
 See also curiSo^, dorepias, eXwpios, XeuicepwSio's, OKI/OS, ireXXos. 
 
 EY'PYME'AQN' aero'?, Hesych. (verb. dub.\ for aero's, Kuster CJ. Atq 
 ZA'PIKEI' (iri6cToi> TreAafpjywi', Hesych. (verb. dub.). 
 'HAY'TEPAI- a! rpvyoW, Hesych. (verb. dub.}. 
 
 'HE'POnoi* A bird doubtless identical with aepo^ ; vide s. v. /uep 
 
 According to Boios ap. Ant. Lib. Met. 18, the boy Botres was 
 
60 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 HEPOnOI (continued}. 
 
 transformed into the bird ^eporro?, 6y ert v\iv riKrei fiev vno y^f, alel 8e 
 
 'HTKANO'I' 6 dXfKrpvuv, Hesych. Cf. KIKKOS: forte Kuwait, Schmidt. 
 'HMIO'NION- o/ms Trow?, Hesych. 
 
 'HPIIA'AnirE' opveov rt eidos, Hesych. Also epKraXniyt;, Callim. Schol. 
 ad Ar. Av. 884. 
 
 EO'KPONOZ. A fabulous bird. 
 
 Dion. De Av. ii. 15 els T>V d/i<t/3iW opviBav eori KOI 6 deoKpovoS) os e 
 afT&v flvai vodos KOL iepaKcw Tncrrfverai, K.r.X. 
 
 PA'E. A water-bird, mentioned with Sura/os and KoXv/^/Sos, Dion. De 
 Avib. ii. 13, iii. 24, q. v. 
 
 PAYni'l. (eXvnis in Cod. Med. C a . Gpanis, 6\mis also occur. 
 Perhaps identical with y\dms, ypdms, Hesych.) An unknown 
 species of Finch. Cf. J. G. Schneider in Arist. 1. c. 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis aKav6o(pdyos, mentioned with aKavdis 
 and xpwo/u?}Tpis. 
 
 fiO'J' opvis TTOIOS, Hesych. 
 "IBINOZ- acro'y, Hesych. 
 
 "IBII, s. t|3is; also tpof, Hesych., Suid. The Ibis. 
 
 An Egyptian word, bahu : cf. hib or hip in copt. vers. Lev. xi. 17 (for 
 P]1tW A. V. great owl\ cf. Is. xxxiv. II ; tr. ibis in LXX and Vulg.) ; 
 vide Scholtzii Lex. Aegypt., Oxon. 1775, p. 155. Another Egyptian 
 name leheras still survives as Arab, el hareiz, and is preserved in the 
 following fragment: Albert. Magn. vi. p. 255 Avis autem, quae ab 
 incolis Aegypti secundum Aristotelem ieheras (s. leheras) vocatur, et 
 habet duos modos, et unus illorum est albus et alius est niger. 
 Cf. Gesner, iii. p. 546 Avis (inquit Albertus, de ibide sentiens) quae 
 ab Aegyptiis secundum Aristotelem leheras (s. ieheras) dicitur, secun- 
 dum Avicennam Caseuz vocatur. Cf. Belletete, Annot. ad op. Savigny 
 (infra cit.), p. 39- 
 
 Of the two species of Ibis, the Whits or Sacred Ibis, which was 
 first recognized by Bruce (Travels in Abyss, v. p. 173, 1790) is Tan- 
 talus aethiopicus, Latham, Numenius Ibis, Savigny, or Ibis religiosa, 
 Cuv. : the Abou Hannes or Father John of the Abyssinians (Bruce), and 
 Abou Mengel or Father Sickle-bill of the fellaheen. The Sacred Ibis 
 still regularly visits Lower Egypt at the time of the inundation, coming 
 from Nubia (cf. Newton, Diet, of Birds, s. v.). Before the time of 
 Bruce's discovery, the name had been variously assigned to several 
 
HEPonoi IBII 61 
 
 IB II (continued}. 
 
 birds : having been likened to a Stork by Strabo, it was identified 
 with that bird by Belon, by Prosp. Alpin., Hist. Eg. Nat. p. 199, 
 and by Caylus, Antiq. Eg. vii. p. 54, though such an identification 
 was expressly rejected by (e.g.) Albertus Magnus (vi. p. 640 non 
 est ciconia: quia rostrum longum quidem sed aduncum habet), and 
 Vincent. Burgund., Bibl. Mund. i. p. 1212; it was supposed to be 
 a Curlew (falcinellus) by Gesner (H. A. iii. 546) and Aldrovandi (Orn. 
 iii. p. 312) and an Egret or White Heron by Hasselquist (Iter Palest. 
 (2) cl. 2, no. 25), an identification adopted by Linnaeus (Syst. Nat. 
 ed. x. p. 114); by Perrault (Acad. des Sc. Paris, iii. p. 58, pt. xiii) 
 it was taken to be a much larger bird, the Tantalus ibis of Linnaeus 
 (Syst. Nat. ed. xii) ; and yet others, e. g. Maillet (Descr. de 1'Egypte, 
 4to ii. p. 22) confounded it with the Egyptian Vulture or ' Pharaoh's 
 Hen.' The White Ibis is figured on the Mosaic of Palestrina (cf. the 
 coloured figures in the Pitture ant. di Petr. S. Bartholi) and in the 
 Pitture ant. d' Erculaneo (ii. pll. 59, 60). 
 
 The Black Ibis of Herodotus, the Glossy Ibis of ornithologists, is 
 Ibis falcinellus, Temm., Falcinellus igneus or P legacies falcinellus of 
 more recent writers. It is confounded by L. & Sc. with the Scarlet 
 Ibis, an American bird. To it the Arab name el hareiz is said 
 especially to apply. 
 
 On both species, see Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. iv. pp. 103-135, 1804; 
 and especially the learned memoir of J. C. Savigny, Hist. nat. et 
 mythol. de 1'Ibis, 8vo Paris, 1805. On Ibis mummies, cf. T. Shaw, 
 Levant, 1738, pp. 422, 428, G. Edwards, Nat. Hist. 1743-1764, 
 Blumenbach, Phil. Trans. 1794, and later writers. 
 
 The Sacred Ibis is said to nest in palm-trees, Ael. x. 29 TOVS alXovpovs 
 aTi-oSiSpdovcouo-a, cf. Phile xvi ; according to Vierthaler, ap. Lenz, Z. d. Gr. 
 u. R. p. 379, it breeds in Sennaar, nesting on mimosa-trees, and building 
 twenty to thirty nests on a tree : see also Heuglin, Ornith. Nord. 
 Afrikas, p. 1138. 
 
 Herod, ii. 75, 76 eon de x&pos TTJS 'Apa/37? Kara Bovrovi/ iroXiv /ud\mi 
 K.TI Kei^evos' KCU es TOVTO TO ^copt'op rj\dov } nvvdavo/jievos Trepl T&V Trrepcorcov 
 o(piW. . . \6yos 5e eori, afia ra> eapi irrepaTovs o<pts CK. rrjs 'Apa/Si^ff 
 Tre'recr&u eV AlyvnTOV' raff de 'i@is ras opviQas aTrairaxraff es rr]v eV/3oXj)i/ 
 ravTT]S rrjs ^copjj? ov Trapitvai TOVS o(pts, dXXa KaraKreiVetv* KOI TTJV 'iftiv 
 dia TOVTO TO epyov rfrtju^cr^ai \eyovo~i 'Apd/3ioi p.fyd\cos Trpbs AlyvrrTLav. 
 6/ioXoyeovcri de Koi AlyvTTTioi dia raura rijuai/ TO.S opvidas TavTas. eldos de 
 TIJS p,ev 'ijBios Tode' /ueXati/a deiv>$ Trao-a, (TiceXfa de (popeei yepdvov, TrpocrooTroy 
 de es TO. /uaXiora eiriypVTrov, peyaQos o&ov Kpe. TWJ/ pev drj 
 rS)V p,axopev(ov irpos TOVS o(piS, fjde Iderj. TCOJ/ 8' eV TTOO-I juaXXov 
 Tolan dvdpanoio-C (dial yap drj io~i at i/3i) \fsi\r) TTJV K(pa\r]V, KOI Tr]v 
 detpfjv Traaav' \evKrj Trrfpoicrt, 7rXj)i/ Ke(pa\rjs Kal TOV av^evos Kal 
 
62 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 IB II (continued}. 
 
 T>V TTTepvyw KOI TOV Trvyaiov aicpov' raCra e ra elirov Trdvra, /ne'Xatra e'ort 
 8eivS>s' ovceAea 8e KOI Trpoa-wnov, ffj,(pepr)S rrj freprj. Cf. Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 27, 617 b fv /iei> ovv TTJ a\\rj hlyvTrrq) at \evnai tio-iv, nXrjv ev TlrjXovaiw 
 ov yivovrai' ai 8e[ /ueAaii/at ev rfj a\\rj AlyvrrTq* OVK elo-iv, ev Ur)\ov(TL<o ' 
 elviv. Cf. Plin. x. (30) 45, Solin. xxxv. p. 95. On the geographical con- 
 fusion implied in these accounts, vide J. G. Schneid. in Arist. vol. iv. 
 pp. 493-496. 
 
 The annual fight between the Ibis and the flying serpents is also 
 alluded to: Cic. Nat. D. i. 101, Ael. ii. 38, Phile, De An. xvi, Solin. 
 xxxv, Pomp. Mela iii. 9, Amm. Marcell. xx. 15, Isidor. i. p. 306, Albert. 
 M. vi. p. 640, &c. 
 
 The Ibis in conflict with a winged serpent on coins of Juba II, 
 and Cleopatra of Mauretania (Imhoof-Bl. and K. p. 37), The 'Winged 
 Serpents' were probably the hot winds and sandstorms (cf. Diod. 
 Sic. i. 128) of spring, which disappeared as the Etesian winds (opvtBiai 
 tu/e/iot) supervened, and the Ibis returned in the month of Thoth from 
 its migration, with the season of the inundations which freed Egypt 
 from all her pests : cf. Savigny, op. cit. pp. 91, 134, Pluche, Hist, du 
 Ciel, i. i, p. 77 ; an interpretation of the Winged Serpents, more subtle 
 than this, is however possible : cf. the o<pis icpaK6fwp$os, Philo ap. 
 Euseb. Praep. Evang. i. p. 41, Lydus De Menss. pp. 53, 137, Creuzer 
 Symb. ii. 246, &c. On the other hand the Indian ocpas Trrepwroi of 
 Megasthenes (ap. Ael. xvi. 41) seem to have been real, not mythical, 
 and were very probably ' Vampire ' Bats, Pteropus medius, Temm. 
 (Val. Ball). On the Ibis as a useful destroyer of ordinary serpents, 
 see Cic. Nat. D. i. 36, ii. 50, Diod. Sic. i. 97, Strabo, Geogr. xvii. p. 823, 
 Plin. N. H. x. 28 (40), &c. How Moses brought it in cages of 
 papyrus to destroy the serpents of the Ethiopian desert, Joseph, ii. 10. 
 p. 127. How serpents are terrified by an Ibis' feather, Ael. i. 38, Phile, 
 De An. v. 715, or even paralyzed by it, Zoroast. in Geopon. xv. I, cf. ib. 
 xiii. 8, Theoph. Simoc. Quest. Phys. xiv. p. 19, &c. ; likewise the 
 crocodile: an indolent and rapacious man symbolized by a crocodile 
 crowned with a plume of Ibis' feathers, TOVTOV yap eav i'/Seco? 7rrepo> Biyrjs^ 
 uKivrjTov evpfoeis, Horap. ii. 81, Pier. Valer. xvii. 22. The Ibis was also 
 hostile to the scorpion, Ael. x. 29, including ' winged scorpions,' Phile, 
 De Ibi : and is associated [obscurely] with the Scorpion on the small 
 zodiac of Dendera, Savigny, op. cit. p. 131, Denon, Voy. pi. 130; cf. 
 Kircher, Oedip. ii. pp. 207, 213. The Ibis also destroyed locusts 
 and caterpillars, Diod. Sic.; it fed on fish, avoiding strong currents, 
 Physiol. Syr. c. xviii, Procop. Comm. in Levit. p. 344, Vincent. Burg. 
 Specul. i. p. 1212; and on the refuse of the markets of Alexandria, 
 Strabo, 1. c. Its flesh was poisonous and fatal, Vine. B. i. 1212, ii. 1489 
 ejus ova si quis comeditur, moritur ; cf. Albert. M. xxiii. 24, Gesner, 
 
BIZ 63 
 
 IB II (continued']. 
 
 cap. De Ibi. How the basilisk springs from an egg, the product of 
 poison eaten by the Ibis : ex aliquo quod ilia peperit, ut putredinoso, 
 magnum aliquid malum enascitur basiliscus, &c., Theoph. Simoc. 1. c. ; 
 cf. Pier. Valer. p. 175. 
 
 It was foul-feeding and insatiable of poison, Ael. x. 29, Phile xvi ; 
 cf. Gesner v. 547 apud Graecos lexicorum conditores ibin 6<pio(pdyov 
 ab esu serpentium, et pvrrapocpdyov ab impuritate victus cognominare 
 invenit. Nevertheless, it was in other respects cleanly (Ael. x. 29), 
 and the Egyptian priests washed in water from which the Ibis had 
 drunk (Ael. vii. 45), ov TriWt yap rj voo~)8cs r) nfcpcipyij.fvov, Plut. De Is. 
 p. 381. It is killed by hyaena's gall, Ael. vi. 46, Phile 666. 
 
 Mentioned with name AuKovpyos-, Ar. Av. 1296. Compared with 
 the Stymphalian birds, Paus. viii. 22, 5. Its tameness noted, Strabo, 
 1. c., Joseph. Antiq. Jud. p. 127, Amm. Marcell. p. 337. 
 
 Its name a term of reproach, Ovid, Ibis, v. 62 Ibidis interea tu 
 quoque nomen habe : cf. Callim. Alciati embl. 87, in sordidos. 
 
 The Ibis was sacred to Isis, the Moon- Goddess : Ael. ii. 38 icpa rrjs 
 (T\r)VT)s f) opvis e'ori, roo-ovrtov yovv fjntpwv ra &>a Ky\v<pi, oVooi/ f/ Qebs 
 avf-ei re KCU Aqyei (cf. ib. ii. 35). rrjs de Alyvrrrov ovTrore aVo^/iel, TO 8e 
 aiTiov, roTicorarry %wp5)V anacrtov AiyvTrrd? ecrTi, Koi f) cr(\r]VT] Se voTKOTarr] 
 TO>V TrAai/oojueVcoi/ aWpcoi/ TTfTrio-reuerai, cf. Plin. x. 48. Hence an emblem 
 of Egypt, Pier. Valer. xvii. 18, Kircher, Oedip. iv. p. 324, and as such 
 on coins and medals of Hadrian and Q. Marius. See also Phile xvi 
 Kal rrjs o~e\T)vr]S ov rraprjXOe TOVS 8pop,ovs p.iovfjivi]S . . . KOI 7r\r)povfievr)S. 
 
 Plut. De IS. p. 38l Tl 8e f) TQ)V lJL(\aV<t)V T7Tep>V TTfpi TCt \CVKO. TTOlKlXta Kttl 
 
 pit-is cpfpaivei (reXrjvrjv dufpiKvprov, also Symp. 4, 5. Cf. Pignor. Mens. 
 Isiac. Expl. p. 76; Wilkinson, Anc. Egyptians, (2) ii. pp. 217-224; 
 Renouf, Hibbert Lectures 1879, pp. 116, 237. It is figured together 
 with the new moon on the southern Temple of Jupiter Ammon at Karnak 
 (Descr. de I'^gypte, Thebes, ii. 261, pi. 52 ; Creuzer, ii. p. 208, c.). 
 On the connexion between Thoth and the Moon, discussed in explana- 
 tion of the Ibis" relation to the latter, see Leemans in Horap. p. 247. 
 
 It represented the moon (as a hawk symbolized the solar Osiris) 
 at Egyptian banquets of the gods, Clem. Alex. Stromat. v. 7. Its mode 
 of generation was probably related to lunar superstitions : Ael. x. 29 
 fjiiyvvvrai de rois 0To'/xacri /cat TratdoTroioui/rat rbv rporrov TOVTOV : cf. Anax- 
 agoras ap. Arist. De Gen. iii. 6, 756 B, Schol. in PL Phaedr., Solin. 
 xxxv, &c. Its ashes prevent abortion, Plin. xxx. (15) 49. 
 
 The Ibis was sacred also to Thoth or Hermes : cf. Socr. ap. PI. 
 Phaedr. p. 274 ; Ael. x. 29; Plut. Symp. ix. 3 ; Diod. Sic. i. 8 ; Horap. i. 
 capp. 10, 36 ; Pier. Valer. xvii. 19 ; Kircher, Obel. Pamph. iv. 325, Oedip. 
 i. 15, ii. 213, &c. Thoth was the patron or emblem of Sirius, which 
 star on the small zodiac of Dendera is represented close to a double- 
 
64 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 IBII (continued"). 
 
 headed snake with ibis-heads; cf. Savigny, op. cit. p. 159, Kircher, 
 Oedip. iii. p. 96, c. : on the same zodiac an ibis-headed man rides 
 on Capricornus, under which sign Sirius rose anti-heliacally (Dupuis, 
 Orig. de tous les cultes, v. i) ; in this connexion, cf. Timoch. 3. 590 
 nS>s av o-<b(Ticv "(3is rj KVCOV. Thoth is figured as an Ibis, or with 
 an ibis-head, Plut. Symp. ix, cf. Pherecydes, Hymn. Merc. T Q 'Epufjs 
 tj3i'/nop0f, dpxnyos oftvooio, o-uyypa/^ar<oi> yevvrjrajp, /ue^o-ccos re 7100-77? : 
 Hermes, pursued by Typhon, changed himself into an Ibis, Hygin. 
 Astr. P. ii. c. 28, Ant. Lib. Met. c. 28, Ovid, Met. v. 331. Many of 
 the bird's peculiarities, real or fabulous, are mystically associated with 
 the same god: e.g. its dainty walk (Ael. ii. 38) with the inventor 
 of the dance ; its numerical constants (e. g. its intestine 96 cubits long, 
 and its pace of one cubit, Ael. x. 29) with the inventor of arithmetic ; 
 the equilateral triangle or A that its beak and legs made (Plut. Is. et 
 Osir. 381 ; or its legs alone, Pier. Valer. xvii. 18, xlvii) with the inventor 
 of letters (cf. also Kircher, Obel. Pamphil. pp. 125-131), its knowledge 
 of physic with the founder of the medical art. On the Ibis as the inventor 
 of clysters, cf. Cic. N. D. ii. 50, 126, Plut. De Sol. Anim. p. 974 C TTJS i'/3eo>s 
 TOV {iTTOKAvoTzoi/ a.\fj,rj KadaipofjLevrjs AlyvTTTLOi crvvidelv KOI p.ip.rja'ao'dai Xeyovaiv I 
 id. De Is. et Osir. p. 381, Ael. ii. 35, x. 29, Phile xvi, Plin. viii. (27)41, x. 30, 
 Galen, De Ven. Sect, i, &c. ; the same story of the Stork, Don Quixote, 
 ii. p. 63 (edit. Lond. 1749) : cf. N. and Q. (4) ix. p. 216: see also 
 Bacon, De Augm. v. 2. The opposed black and white of the Ibis' 
 plumage, as sometimes of Mercury's raiment, suggested various sym- 
 bolic parallels, the opposition of male and female, of light and darkness, 
 of order and disorder, of speech and silence, of truth and falsehood : 
 cf. Ael. x. 29, Schol. in PI. Phaedr., Plut. De Is. 381 D, Clem. Alex. Str. 
 v. 7. The Ibis is a symbol of the heart (Trtpi ou \6yos eVrt nXelaros 
 nap* Alyvnriois (^epofj-evos, Horap. i. 36), an organ under the protection 
 of Hermes ; and the bird has a heart-shaped outline (Ael. x. 29 <ap8ias 
 TO.V {.'TTOKpuxJ/^Tcu TTJV Seprjv KOI rrjv KecpaXrjV rois VTTO TO> orepvo) 
 as indeed its mummies have still ; a weight as it issues from 
 the egg equal to the heart of a new-born child (Plut. Symp. 670), 
 or a heart of its own of exceptional size (Gaudent. Merula, Memorab. 
 iii. c. 50) ; in this connexion we may compare the Eg. bahu with ba or 
 <foz the soul (Lauth, op. cit.); cf. supra s. v. j3au)6. The Ibis was em- 
 blematic of the ecliptic or zodiacal ring : dpidpov yap emvoias nal /xeVpou 
 uaXicrra T>V <*)a)v 77 ijSis apxrjv Trape^ecrdai rols Alyvirriois SoKet, <us TCOV 
 KVK\UV Xoos, Clem. Alex. Stromat. p. 671. It enjoyed freedom from 
 sickness, longevity, or even immortality (Apion ap. Ael. x. 29) ; it was 
 buried at Hermopolis (Herod, ii. 67, Ael. 1. c.). 
 
 *IBY5. Hesych., Suid. ; vide s. v. i|3is. 
 'IAAAI'1, also eidaAiV opvts TTOIOS, Hesych. 
 
* IBII IEPA= 65 
 
 - i8os [e&os, cf. Schmidt] deroC, Hesych, 
 C IE'PA= (Ep. and Ion. iprjg, s. ?pf?: 1}. Not connected with lepos (i); 
 
 perhaps from root pi swift (cf. Maass, Indo-Germ. Forsch. i. 
 p. 159), but the etymology is quite obscure. 
 
 A Hawk. The generic term especially for the smaller hawks and 
 falcons. Mod. Gk. lepdu or yepdici, applied to the Sparrow-hawk, 
 Kestrel, Hobby, &c., and also to the Kite (Erhard). Dimin. 
 
 icpaKiSfvs, EuSt. 753, 56; lepaKio-KOs, Ar. Av. 1 1 12. 
 
 In Horn, with epithets VKVS II. xvi. 582, wKvirrepos xiii. 62, &KIOTOS 
 TreTerjvwv xv. 237, ehacpporaros ncrtrjvcov xiii. 86 : also Od. v. 66. In Hes. 
 Op. et D. 210 wKVTrerrjs tpyt;, ravvaiTrrepos opvis : cf. Ar. Av. 1453. In 
 Arist. with ep. ya^^vv^os, o-apKOfpdyos, wp.o(pdyos, &C. Alcman 1 6 ap. 
 Athen. 373 ^vcrav 8' airpaKra vcavides, v Q.o~r > opvfis lepaKos vnc pirrafj-evai '. 
 Eur. Andr. 1141 ol 8' OTTOOS 7reXeui8e? lepa< I8ovo~ai npbs (pvyrjv eVamo-av. 
 
 Varieties. Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 TODJ/ 8' iepaKuv /cpartOTO? p.ev 6 
 rpiop^rjs, 8evTpo$ 8' 6 at(ra\o)i/, rpi'ros 6 Kipnos' 6 8' dcrrepias Kal 6 (patraro- 
 (povos KOI 6 nrepvLS dXXotoi* ol 8e TrXarvrepot lepaKes worptop^ai /caXovj/rai, 
 aXXoi 8e rrepKoi KOI cnri&cu, ol 8e Xelot Kai oi <ppvvo\6yoi' yevrj 8e TWV 
 IfpuKoav (pao~i rives tivai OVK eAarrco r5>v 8Ka, 8ta0epou(ri 8' dXXjjXcoi', K. T. X. 
 Cf. ib. viii. 3, 592 b. That there were ten species of hawks is asserted 
 by Callimachus, Etym. M. Vide Callim. fr. p. 468, ibique Bentleii ; 
 cf. Schol. ad Ap. Rhod. i. 1049. For lists of the species, cf. Ar. Av. 
 1178, Ael. xii. 4, Dion. De Avib. i. 6, Plin. x. 8, 9, 10. The Egyptian 
 hawks were smaller, Arist. H. A. xii. 4. The various hawks migrate 
 during winter (cf. Job xxxix. 26) except rpiop^;?, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, or 
 epileus, Plin. x. (8) 9. 
 
 Anatomical particulars. \o\r)v apa Trpos TW rjirari KOI rots fvrepois 
 X<>vo-i, depfj-Tjv rr]V KoiXiav, p,iKpbv rbv o-TrXr/i/a, Arist. H. A. ii. 15, 506 a, l6, 
 5o6b; De Part. iii. 7, 670 a. 
 
 Breeding habits. Arist. H. A. vi. 6, 563, incubates twenty days ; ix. 1 1, 
 615 eV aTTOTOfioi? vforrevfi. De Gen. ii. 7> 746 b SOKOVO-IV ol diacpepovres TO) 
 i'8ft fuyvwrticu Trpos dXX^Xovy (an error naturally arising from the sexual 
 difference in size and plumage in many species). H. A. vi. 7, 564 
 ylvovrai ol j/eorroi r)8i>Kpeco o~(p68pa Kal Trioves. Ael. H. N. ii. 43 8iva>s 
 (pi\6drj\vs, cf. Horap. i. 8. Antig. Mirab. 99 (107) rpia /nei/ nVrftv, 
 avavop.fvav 8e TU>V VCOTT&V K\eyfiv rbv eva } K. r. X. See also supra S. V. 
 deros, and cf. Horap. ii. 99. 
 
 On Hawking. Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 eV QpaKrj rfj Ka\ovfj.vr) TTOTC 
 KeSpetTroXct ev ro> e\ei 0r)p*vawnp ol (ivdpwrroi, ra 6pvi0ia KOivrj pera TK>V 
 IfpaKwv. Cf. De Mirab. vi. 118, 841 b, Ctesias in Phot. Excerpt, and ap. 
 Ael. iv. 26, Ael. ii. 42, Antig. Hist. Mirab. [Amphipolis], 28 (34), 
 Plin. H. N. x. 8 (10), &c. The account in Dion. De Avib. i. 6, iii. 5, and 
 
 F 
 
66 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 IEPAE (continued}. 
 
 probably also in Martial, Ep. xiv. 216, refers to bird-catching with 
 a captive hawk, as with the owl. See also for much curious informa- 
 tion, 'lcpaKo<T6(piov, s. rei accipitrariae scriptores, ed. Paris, 1612, and 
 Leipzig, 1866, also Schlegel's Fauconnerie, &c. 
 
 Metamorphosis with the Cuckoo. Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 562 b, Plut. 
 Arat. cap. xxx, Tzetz. ad Lye. 395 ; Geopon. xv. I. Theophr. De PI. ii. 
 4, 4. Vide s. vv. eirovj/, KOKKU. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Worship of Hawks in Egypt, Herod, ii. 65, 67 ; 
 Ael. x. 14 AlyvTTTioi TOV lepaKct 'ATrdXXooi/i Tipav e'oiKCHTt (cf. II. xv. 237? Od. 
 xv. 526 and Eust. in loc., Ar. Av. 516, Eq. 1052), KOI TOV p.ev Oebv'Qpbv 
 KaXovcrt TTJ (ptovfj TT} (r<pTepa . . . 01 -yap lepaKes opvidtov povoi rals afcrlcrt 
 TOV 17X101; pqdius KOI afiaa-avHTT&s avTifiXerrovrfS, K. r. X. : cf. ib. xi. 39 and 
 vii. 9, where the priests are called iepaKo/3o<m>i ; cf. also Plut. Is. et Os. 
 Ii. p. 371. Ael. xii. 4 6 p.eV TrepdiKodrjpas Kal wKvnrepos ' A.n6\\a)v6s eVri 
 QfpaiTtoV (poo*/, (pyvijv fie Kal apTrrjv 'Adrjva 7rpoaW/zovo~tj>, 'Ep/zoC fie TOV 
 <j)ao~o~o(p6vTr)v cidvpp.a elvai (pacrii/, "Upas 8e TOV Tavvo~i i rrTpov ) Kal TOV 
 Tpiopxyv OVTO) Ka\ov[j.fvov 'Aprep.iSoj. f^rpi Se 0(S)V TOV p-eppvov. See 
 also Strabo, Geogr. xvii. i. 47, Horap. i. 8, Pier. Valer. Hierogl. xxi, 
 &C. Ttves de <f)ao-iv cv rots ap^atot? ^poi/ots, tepaxa /StjSXt'ov fVfyKelv els 
 Otjftas Tols tepevcrt (poiviKa pd/u/Ltan 7rpiL\T}p,p.evov, e^ov yeypap,/xeVas TCLS 
 TO>V OepaTTfias re Kal Tinas' dto?rep Kal TOVS tepoypap-fiaret? (popelv (poiviKovv 
 pap/Lta Kat Trrepov lepaKos (irl TTJS KffpaXrjs, Diod. Sic. i. 87, 8. The 
 Egyptian Sun-god Phra with a hawk's head, tepa/cop.op<po?, ItpaKorrpbo-- 
 o)7roy, Philo ap. Eus. P. E. 41 D, 116 D (i. 10, iii. 12), Horap. i. 6. 
 In the Rig-Veda the sun is frequently compared to a hawk, hovering 
 in the air. The hawk associated with fire-worship, Ael. x. 24. A three- 
 legged hawk sometimes seen in Egypt, Ael.'xi. 39. Moult before 
 the inundation, ib. xii. 4 ; live seventy years, ib. x. 14 ; the leg-bone 
 has an attraction for gold, ib. ; throw earth on an unburied corpse, 
 ib. ii. 42. Salve their eyes with OpidaKivrj or wild lettuce, ib. ii. 43 
 (also Dion. De Avib. i. 6); hence, as well as by reason of their sharp 
 sight, the Hawk or Eagle in medicine constitute a remedy for diseases 
 of the eye, Plin. xxix. (6) 38, &c.; as does the herb t'epa/uoj/, Horap. i. 
 6, Plin. xx. (7) 26, xxxiv. (ii) 27: it is seldom possible to trace any 
 meaning in the mystical herbs associated with particular animals, and 
 it is therefore worth noting in this instance that dpiftaKivrj is the sacred 
 herb of Adonis. Are supposed by some to be bastard eagles, Ael. ii. 
 43 ; how a hawk caused the apprehension of a sacrilegious thief at 
 Delphi, ib. ; how the hawks in Egypt repair to certain Libyan islands 
 to breed, having sent two messengers in front, ib. (cf. Plin. H. N. x. 8, 
 Diod. Sic. i. 87); do not eat the heart, ib. ii. 42 ; hostile to the fox, the 
 eagle, and the vulture, ib. Are exempt from thirst, Damasc. V. Isid. 
 97 (cf. s. v. aeros), but drink blood instead of water, Horap. i. 7. Their 
 
IEPAE IKTEPOI 67 
 
 IE PAH (continued}. 
 
 heart is eaten, to obtain prophetic powers, Porph. De Abst. ii. 48. A 
 Hawk sitting on a tree a sign of rain, Theophr. Sign. fr. vi. 2, 17. 
 
 The Fable of the Hawk and the Nightingale, Hes. Op. et D. 201, 
 Aes. fab. 9. 
 
 A metaphor of the Hawk and the Crows, Ar. Eq. 1052. 
 
 The metamorphosis of Hierax, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. iii ; cf. that of 
 Deucalion, Ov. Met. xi. 340. 
 
 The Hawk entered in Egypt into innumerable hieroglyphics, in 
 which its image is, in the main, a phonetic element, the symbolic 
 ideas being, for the most part, secondary (cf. supra, s. v. jSai-^O). 
 According to Horap. i. 8 *Apea ypd(povTes KOI 'Afppodirrjv, 8vo iepanas 
 
 faypacpovviv ; these are the symbols >,\ and HM , Horus and 
 
 Hat- H or, the latter being the OIKOS "Qpov of Plutarch. According to 
 Chaeremon, fr. 8 Vv)(r)-rj\ios-0f6s = iepat-. On the sanctity of hawks in 
 Egypt, and the solar symbolism associated with them there, see also 
 (besides the references quoted above), Porph. De Abst. iii. 4 ; the Sun 
 called tVpa, ibid. iv. 16, Plut. De Is. et Osir. c. 51, Eus. P. E. iii. 10, 
 Clem. Alex. Strom, v. 7. 
 
 For other words and phrases in which the hieroglyph of the Hawk 
 had part, see Horap. i. 6 Qebv ^ov\6p.evoi cnyftgwu, 77 v^os, rj 
 
 17 vnepoxfjv, rj ai/ui, 77 VIKTJV, iepaKa a>ypa(pov<ri I id. ii. 15 iepa 
 ray Tfrepvyas ev aepi, otov nrepvyas e\ovra avep.ov crr]p,alvai I id. ii. 99 
 diTOTa^iipevov TO. 'i8ia reKva 81 drropiav jSovAo/zcj/oi o'Tjp.fjvai, IepaKa 
 <oypa(f)ov(Tiv : Diod. Sic. iii. 4. 2 iepat; avrols arrjuaivei rravra TO. 
 ogcas yevofieva. Cf. Klaproth ad Goulianoff De Inv. Hierogl. Acrolog., 
 cit. Leemans in Horap. p. 150, and especially Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. 
 Akad., 1876, pp. 77-79- 
 
 See also alordXwi/, apaicos, |3aiY|'0, jSdppa^, peXXou^s, cXeios, eiriXcios, 
 , TrepKos, Trrepi'is, (riri^ias, Tpiopx^S, uTTOTpiopx^S, ^ao'O'O^oi'OS, 
 
 , &C. 
 MZl'NEZ' oitovoi, opviQcs, Hesych. Cf. deii/oi. 
 
 IKTEPOI. A bird with fabulous attributes; according to Pliny, 
 identical with galgulus, the Golden Oriole. 
 
 Plin. xxx. ii (28) Avis icterus vocatur a colore, quae si spectetur, 
 sanari id malum [t/crepoi/, malum regium, the jaundice] tradunt, et 
 avem mori. Hanc puto Latine vocari galgulum (galbula, Mart, 
 xiii. 68). Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 27 ; Coel. Aurel. Chron. iii. 5 passio 
 vocabulum sumpsit secundum Graecos ab animalis nomine, quod sit 
 coloris fellei. Cf. Schneider, in Arist. H. A. ix. 12 ; and Suid., who derives 
 the word from IKTWOS. Vide infra s.v. 
 
 F 2 
 
68 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 'IKTfNOI, or "KTIVOS (Aristoph., cf. Suid.): also IKTIS (Ufpyaioi, Hesych.). 
 In plur. iKTives (Ael. i. 35, ii. 47) or licrivcs (Paus.). For other 
 grammatical forms, see L. & Sc., &c. Derivation unknown; 
 sometimes said to be connected with Sk. yyena. 
 
 A Kite : including the Common Kite, Milvus regalis, Briss., M. 
 ictinus, Sav.. and the Black Kite, M. ater, Gm. The Black 
 Kite is still called IKTIVOS in the Cyclades, where it is the com- 
 moner species of the two (Erh.). The Common Kite is also 
 called To-tyTTjs in Attica (Heldreich). 
 
 In minor references frequent, usually as a robber, e.g. Theogn. 1261, 
 1302 ; Soph. Fr. 890 LKTLVOS us e/tXa-y^e Trapa<rvpas Kpeas ; Plat. Phaed. 82 ; 
 Men. 4, 329 (493) ; Plat. Com. 2, 695 (69) : Aristoph. fr. 2, 1192 (71), 
 Ar. fr. 525, Etym. M. p. 470. 34 IKTIVO. TravrofpdaXfjLov apiraya : Simon. 
 Iambi. II, Automed. viii, in Gk. Anth. ii. 192 OVTOS e^ei -yap apnayos 
 IKTIVOV x ' l P a KpaTaiorepjjy. 
 
 Description. Arist. De Part. 670, 34 fjiiKpos 6 <rn\r)V rr)v ^oX^i/ e^et 
 trpbs r<j5 fjiran KCU irpos rfj Koi\ia : H. A. vi. 6, 563 5uo <uu' fv'iorc 8e KOI 
 rpia' eVooaffi Trepi CIKOVIV f) p.e pas I ib. viii. 3, 592 peyfOos o<rov Tpi6p%r)s '. 
 ib. 594 oXiyaKis TTLVfi, 27rrni Se irivav. Very destructive to poultry ; ovdev 
 av TIS avaibearcpov eiTroi, Dion. De Avib. i. 7 ; cf. Theogn. 1302 IKTLVOV 
 <rxfT\iov rjdos. 
 
 A migratory bird : it arrives before the swallow, at the spring 
 shearing-time, Ar. Av. 714; in Egypt it does not migrate, Herod, ii. 
 22 ; it sometimes hibernates, Arist. H. A. viii. 16, 600 oi fiev irXrjo-iov 
 ovTts TOIOVTMV Tonw, v ols ael diapevovo-i, KO.I IKTWOI KOI ^eXiSoi'ey, airo- 
 X<t>pov(riv evravQa, oi 8e Troppcorepco 6Vre? OVK KToniov(Tiv aXXa Kpinrrovo-iv 
 eavTOvs' fjdr) yap (oupevai TroXXai %\tdovs flalv ev dyytLOis e\/^iXo)fii/ai 
 7ra/i7rai/, Kai iKTii/oie/c rotovrav eWero/xei/oi x<0piW, orav (paivavrai TO rrpa>Tov. 
 The common Kite is merely a bird of passage in Greece, a very few 
 remaining to winter there (Kriiper) ; the Black Kite is a rare visitor to 
 the mainland of Greece. Both species are common, and breed, in 
 Macedonia (Kriiper, Elwes, &c.). 
 
 The statement 'ixrivo? (pmVrai appears in various Calendars, e. g. 
 Geminus, I sag. in Arat. Phaen. c. xvi, who dates its advent, according 
 to Eudoxus thirteen days, to Euctemon eight, and to Callippus one day, 
 before the vernal equinox. According to Grotius, Arat. Phaen. notae 
 ad imagg. p. 55, Milvus, in Latin, refers to the constellation Cygnus ; cf. 
 Ov. F. iii. 793 Stella Lycaoniam vergit declivis ad Arcton Milvus. 
 Haec ilia nocte [xvi. Kal. April.] videnda venit ; see also Plin. xviii. 6 ; 
 but according to Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 77, the dates given do not 
 tally with this hypothesis, the heliacal rising of Cygnus being three 
 months earlier ; and he prefers to assume that the statements in the 
 older Calendars referred to the bird of passage, and were mistakenly 
 
IKTINOZ IAIAI 69 
 
 IKTINOZ (continued}. 
 
 attributed to a constellation by Ovid and Pliny. I am for myself 
 inclined to think that Ovid did allude to the constellation, but that he 
 did not mean (nor say) that on the date in question it rose with the 
 sun ; as a matter of fact it then rose at midnight, and was on the 
 meridian when it disappeared at sunrise. 'IKT'IVOS is also the name of 
 one of the mystical XUKOI or ZK proves (q. v.) in Opp. Cyneg. iii. 331. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Hostile to Kopag, Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609, Ael. 
 iv. 5, Phile, De An. 688, Cic. De Nat. Deor. ii. 49 ; friendly to 7n'<iy 
 and apnrj, Arist. 1. c., Ael. v. 48. Use Opvos as a remedy, Phile 725 ; 
 place pdpvov in the nest as a charm, Ael. i. 55 ; how a stick from a Kite's 
 nest is a remedy for headache, Plin. xxix. (6) 36, xxx. (4) 12 ; detest the 
 pomegranate, /5oia, so that they never even alight on that tree, and 
 why, Dion. De Avib. i. 7. Suffer at certain seasons from sore feet, 
 Dion. I.e., namely, at the time of the Solstice, Plin. x. (10) 12 ; and 
 from sore eyes, Suid. s. v. i/crepoy. See also Albert. M. De Animal, xxiii. 
 24, p. 641. Cf. supra, s. v. Up<x. How the Kites in Elis rob men 
 in the market-place (cf. Ar. Av. 1624), but never molest the iep66vroi 9 
 Ael. ii. 47, Arist. De Mirab. 123, 842 a, Theopomp. ap. Apollon. Hist. 
 Mirab. x, Pausan. v. 14, Plin. 1. c. ; on the Kite as dangerous to 
 sacrifices, cf. Ar. Pax 1099, Av. 892 ; cf. r< tVnV&> r<u eVrtoy^w, Ar. 
 Av. 865. How the Kite was once a King, Ar. Av. 499. The story 
 in Plin. 1. c., milvos artem gubernandi docuisse caudae flexibus, does 
 not seem to occur in Greek. In Latin, Milvus is proverbial for its 
 powers of flight and of vision ; cf. Pers. Sat. iv. 26, Juv. ix. 25, Martial 
 ix. Ep. 55. 
 
 Fable of IKT'IVOS that lost its voice trying to neigh, Aes. Fab. ed. Halm, 
 170, Babr. 73 ; Suid. ; cf. Julian in Misopogone, p. 366 (cit. Schneider in 
 Arist. H. A. vi. 6) TOV IKTIVO. entdfO'dai ra> xpfpfTifciv, axnrfp ol yevvaioi TWV 
 eira TOV p.ev eViXatfd/uei/oi/, ro 8e p.rj dwrjOevra eXetj> fjcap&f, ap.<poiv erre'- 
 KOI (pavXoTepov T>V aXXcov opviOw eii/ai TJ?J> (pavrjv : cf. ac0os. Fable 
 of \dpos Koi IKTWOS, Aes. 239. Proverb, irpoK.vXivSe'ia-dai iKriVots, Ar. Av. 
 5OI j cf. Suid. eapos yap dp%op,evov LKTIVOS (paivercu. ol rrevrjres ovv 
 dira\\ayevTes x ft P-^vos TrpoeKvXivdovvTo /cat Trpoo-CKvvovv avrovs. 
 See also apirif], jSaTuppTjydXir), SIKTUS, eXayos. 
 
 'IAIA'1. Also IXXds, Athen. ii. 65 a, Eust. 947, 8. In some MSS. 
 
 of Athen. also rv\ds. Perhaps akin to i'x^ a > i. e. Kt^Xa. 
 A kind of Thrush : for references, see KIX\T). 
 
 Gesner, Belon, and others identify l\ids as the Redwing, Turdus 
 iliacus, L., on account of its small size (Arist. H. A. ix. 20, 617). Sundevall 
 points out that the expression TJTTOV Trot/aX?? (1. c.) is inapplicable. In 
 Athen. ii. 65 a (c. 68) these words are omitted from a corresponding 
 passage; and the account of the nesting habits of ict^Xi; (H. A. vi. i) 
 
70 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 IAIAI (continued}. 
 
 are transferred to iXXay. Both the Redwing and the Fieldfare are 
 now winter-migrants in Greece, and not very common (Kriiper, Linder- 
 mayer, &c.). The word was probably an old or dialectic form, meaning 
 simply thrush, to which it was sought to apply a specific meaning 
 in Aristotle. * 
 
 'IMANTO'nOYI. A wading-bird; the name is now allotted to the 
 Stilt. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. ii. 9 a * ^' ipavTcnroo'es XeTrroI? p.ev o~<e\eo~i xpcovrai, KCU 
 e^ov(ri TTJV Trpoo~r)yopiav CK TOVTOV. KCIIVOV S' eV avrfov eo~Ttv, on T/)I> Karatdev 
 yevvv %ovT(s ireTrrjyviav, JJLOVOV KIVOVO~I TTJV avadev. Cf. Plin. x. 47 (64). 
 
 'INAIKO'I "OPNII. The Phoenix (q. v.), Aristid. ii. p. 107 ; cf. Creuzer, 
 Symbolik, ii. p. 167. 
 
 "IN YE' opvcov TI, w xpcoi/rai ot (papp.aKides, Hesych. Vide S. V. tuyl. 
 
 'lEOBO'POI, or igo(pdyos, Athen. 65 a (*os = viscum, mistletoe, cf. 
 Ital. vi'scada, the Missel- thrush). 
 
 The Missel-thrush, Turdus vtscivorus, L. Mod. Gr. Kipiaplva (v. d. 
 Miihle), Sej/Sporo-t'xXa on Parnassus, Kvpa Elprjvr) in Eurytania, 
 powoTo-ix^a in Laconia (Heldreich). The only one of the true 
 thrushes resident in Greece throughout the year (Kriiper). 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 20, 617. Vide s. v. KixXtj. 
 
 'innAAEKTPYfi'N* TOV p.fyav a\KTpvova } rj TOV ypa(pop.evov tv 
 
 7Tpi(rTpa>fj.a(ri. ypafyovrai 8e olov ypvnes. evioi yvrra, Hesych. 
 Cf. Ar. Ran. 932 (959), Pax 1177, Av. 800 TOV govdbv t 
 cf. Aesch. Myrm. fr. 130, &c., &c. 
 
 Note. The epithet {-ovOos is applied to various creatures, e.g. aj 
 d\Kv<av, xeXiScov, /zeXio-cra, Terrt|, all of which agree in being closely linked 
 with religious symbolism. The meaning of the adjective is quite un- 
 known. With the various conjectures of modern commentators cf. 
 Photius : j-ovOov' XeTrrov, drraXov, eXcxppov, xXoopdV, vypov, av66v t Ka\6v, 
 ITVKVOV, o^u, Taxy. ol 8e TroiKiXov, eveiSes, dtavyes. 
 
 opvcov TTOIOV, irapa7r\r)o~iov ^vaXcaTreKt, Hesych. 
 
 , (s. tirira, s. iirTtt, s. lira). 6 Spvo/coXax^, cdvix&s, Hesych. The 
 root is supposed to be trr, Lat. ic-o (Vanicek 82), cf. LTTOS ; and 
 the word is taken to be identical with mirw (q. v.) ; but the irra 
 suggests identity with O-ITTTJ. 
 
 Doubtless identical also with iimr], Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 21 KOI 
 eo~Tiv dyadbs OVTOS 6 opvis eVl Orjpav 'IOVTI. 
 
IAIAI ivr= 71 
 
 'mno'KAMriTOZ- o-rpov&W , Hesych. (verb. dub.}. 
 "IIKAA, v. ixXa. 
 
 "IZTPAE* opvis TTOIOS, Hesych. Perhaps for Terpaf (q. v.). 
 "ITYE. opvfov, Suid., Phot, Lex. Seg. Cf. iuy. 
 
 "lYPE. Perhaps from the hissing cry, cf. Ivyfj, a snake's hiss, Nic. 
 Th. 400 ; but more probably a word of foreign and unknown 
 origin. 
 
 The Wryneck, Yunx torquilla, L. Mod. Gk. oxpfj/So'Xi, pvpp.riKo\ayos 
 (Heldreich). See also iVu, ITU, Kii>ai8io>, crcio-oiruyis. 
 Arist. H. A. ii. 12, 504 a (a full and accurate description) oXi'yoi <=' r<i>es 
 
 8uo p.V [SaKrvXovs] epTrpoo-Qev 8to 8' oiriadev, olov 17 KaXovpevr) 'ivyg [cf. De 
 Part. iv. 12, 695]. aurr; d' e'ari /LUKpco pev jueicoj/ (nrifrs, TO 8' eiSos notKiXov, 
 idiq d' ex el T< * T iftpi- [TOVJ SaKruXouy /cat] TJ^V yX corral/ ofioiav rols 
 e^et yap eVt fj.fjKOS eKTaariv KOI eirl rerrapa? SaKryXous, KOI TrdKiv 
 fty eavnjv* en fie Trepiarpe^ei roi' rpa^^Xor ety Tovnicra) TOV \OITTOV 
 r)p(p.ovvTos, KadaTTfp oi ofais. ovv%as ' e^ft /zeyaXous /xew ofJLoiovs 
 ne(pVKOTas rols T>V KoXoiaii/' rjy Se (poavf] Tpiei (cf. Plin. xi. (47) 107). 
 Ael. H. A. ix. 13 wyyar, epcoTLKas av0pa>7roi (paaiv elvai rives: cf. ibid. XV. 
 19. Mentioned among mimetic birds, Ael. H. A. vi. 19 vrroKpiveTai TOV 
 tikayiov rj tvyt- av\6v. 
 
 Superstition, interwoven with a phallic symbolism (cf. Dion. De 
 Avib. i. 23), used the iuy as a charm to bring back a strayed lover. 
 Find. P. iv. 214 (in connexion with Jason and Medea) TTOTVIO. 8' o|vrarou/ 
 jSeXecov TroiKiKav Ivyya TtTpaKvap-ov Ov\vp.Tr6Qev ev aXurcp fevj-aiaa KVK\(O 
 [icuvdd* opviv KvTrpoyei/eia (pepev 7rpS>Tov avQpamoia'i. Theocr. Id. ii"luy 
 \Ke TO TTJVOV ep.6v TTOTi SwfjLd TOV avdpa. Gk. Anth. (Jac. iv. 140, Anth. 
 Pal. V. 205) "luy^ f) NIKOVS 77 KCU biairovTtov \Keiv \ avdpa Kal CK OaXdfjiav 
 naidas Trio-TafJ.evrj. Cf. Soph. Oenom. iii. I IVyya OrjprjTrjpiav epcoro?. The 
 
 bird was bound upon a wheel and spun round, cf. Theocr. ii. 30; 
 Schol. Pindar, 1. c. ap. Suid. ed. Gaisford \anpdvovo~ai yap UVTO 
 
 dO~fJ.VOVO~lV K TpO^OV TIVOS, OV 7TplppOfJ.^OVO~lV O^ia TTa8oVO~ai. oi de <pdO~LV 
 
 OTt TO. evTfpa O.VTOV ee\Kvo~ao~ai K.a6dirTovo~i rw rpo^w. Cf. Hesych., 
 Suidas, Tzetzes in Lycophr. 310, Ael. H. A. ix. 13, &c. In Pind. P. iv. 
 214 ivyya TeTpaK.vap.ov is supposed to be the bird thus bound, and 
 cross-fixed or spread-eagled ; cf. Pind. P. ii. 40 TCTpaKva^ov Se<Tfj.6v. See 
 also King, Ant. Gems, i. 381. 
 
 In Xen. Mem. iii. 12, 17 eX<aj/ tuyya eVi TIVI is to work the bird 
 against some one (Schn.), and perhaps the word is here used for the 
 wheel itself or for a charm in a more general sense ; cf. Aristaenet. 
 ii. 1 8 TOV (pi\Tp07roibv i/ce'reve irdkiv near* Keivrjs dvciKivrjo-ai ray luyyas : cf. 
 also Pind. Nem. iv. 35 uryyi 8' eX/tOjuai ^rop Vop.r)viq 6iyi\itv I Luc. Dom. 
 13 co(77rep OTTO 'ivyyos rep /cdXXei eXKopevosl Ar. Lys. IIIO, Diog. L. vi. 2, 76; 
 
72 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 E (continued"}. 
 
 Ael. xv. 19, Opp. Hal. iv. 132 ; still more loosely used in Ael. ii. 9, v. 40, 
 xii. 46, xiv. 15, c. Compare also Virgil's translation of Theocritus, 
 Ducite ab urbe domum mea carmina, ducite Daphnin. The magic 
 wheel was properly called pd/u/3or, Theocr. ii. 30, Orphic, fr. xvii 
 (Hermann) ap. Clem. Alex. Strom, p. 15. 8, Luc. D. Meretr. iv. 5, c.; 
 o-rpd(aXos, Schol. ad Synes. 361 D, Psell. in Schol. ad Orac. Chald., 
 TpoxiWoy, Tzetz. Chil. xi. 380 (trochiscilus, Apul. De Mag. xxx), cf. Clem. 
 Alex. Strom, v. 8, or PLKOS, Suid., and in Lat. rhombus. Mart. ix. 30, 
 Propert. iii. 6, 26, rota, Plaut. Cistell. ii. i. 4, or turbo, Hor. Epod. xvii. 7. 
 It was probably similar to, though not identical with, the poTrrpov, or 
 tambourine of the Corybantes, and the bird was, like that instrument, 
 associated with the worship of Rhea, Dion. De Avib. i. 23. According 
 to Marcellus in Nonn. Dionys. ix. 116, the pop.pos was (and under the 
 same name still is, in Italy) an instrument twirled round at the end of 
 a thong, which means to say, I suppose, that it was a ' bull-roarer ' ; if 
 this be so, the tvyg TTpa<vap.os was not rotated round on its own axis, 
 but spun at the end of a string, as we spin cockchafers. Concerning 
 the magic wheel, see also Selden, De Diis Syr. i. i, 33. 
 
 The bird is represented on a vase in connexion with Dionysus, Brit. 
 Mus. Vase Cat. No. 1293 ; and the Pindaric epithet TTOIKI'XJ? has been 
 interpreted as a link in its Dionysiac character (cf. R. Brown, jun., 
 Dionys. Myth, i. 339). In this connexion the name'Ivyyiu for Dionysus 
 (Hesych.), is very interesting. Another vase (No. 1356) represents 
 Adonis holding out the bird to Aphrodite. 
 
 wyg was also used metaphorically for love or desire, cf. Aesch. Pers. 
 989, Lye. 310 and Schol. Heliodor. iv. 15, &c. 
 
 The ivyg in Anth. Pal. v. 205 was engraved on an amethyst, xpvcro> 
 TTotKtX&io-a, diavyeos e dp.(6v<rTov \ yXvirrr) : it is represented on a gem, 
 associated with Jason and the Golden Fleece (Imh.-Bl. and K. pi. xxi. 
 21, p. 131) probably in illustration of Find. Pyth. iv. 
 
 According to Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 9, one of the nine 
 Emathidae, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird 
 fcyf. 
 
 The ivyg was equally sacred among the ancient Persians and Baby- 
 lonians, Marini Proclus, xxviii, cf. Hopf, Thierorakel, p. 144. See also 
 the remarkable description of the Royal Judgement-seat at Babylon, 
 Philostr. V. Apollon. i. 25, where however the precise meaning of tvyg is 
 not clear I 8iKaei p,ev df) 6 f3a.(ri\tvs eWa$a' xpixrai 8e Zvyyes aTTOKpep-avrai 
 TOV opofpov TeTrapfS, TrjV 'ASpaoTeiaj/ avro) TrapcyyvSxrai, Kai ro p.fj virep rovs 
 avBpwirovs aipeadai' ravras ol fiayoi avrot (paaiv dp/JLOTreadai, (poiTO)VTS es 
 ra /3ao-iXeia* KaXoutri 8f avras 6e>v -yXaxro-as ; cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 221. 
 
 See also Pseudo-Zoroaster, fr. 54, ed. Cory. 
 
IYPE KAAANAPOI 73 
 
 IYFH (continued}. 
 
 Bury (J. of Hellen. St. vii. pp. 157-160) supposes, chiefly from 
 Theocritus Id. ii, and Pindar Nem. iv, that the 'ivy was originally a 
 moon-charm or invocation to the Moon-Goddess J Io>, a theory supported 
 by Mart. ix. 30, where rhombus is in like manner a moon-charm, as 
 also by such parallel passages as Virg. Eel. viii. 69, and Tibull. i. 8. 21. 
 The ury was undoubtedly thus used in lunar rites, but the bird does 
 not cry 'lo>, 'Ia>, and the suggested derivation of its name and sanctity 
 from such a cry cannot hold. It is interesting, however, to find that 
 lo and ivyg do come into relation with one another, the witch who by 
 her spells had made Zeus enamoured of lo, being transformed by Juno 
 into the bird 'ivyg, Niceph. in Schol. ad Synesium, p. 360, Creuzer, Symb. 
 iii. 249 ; see also Schol. Find. 1. c. It is thus quite possible that 'lo> and 
 ?vyg are after all cognate, though the bird's cry had nothing to do with 
 their etymology. 
 
 ivyg and 'l(Bis come into relation with one another, as both connected 
 with moon- worship ; and the dialectic form of the latter, tpvg (Hesych., 
 ? i'fi^) suggests perhaps an ancient confusion between the two names. 
 
 "IXAA. A form of K^Xa, Hesych. Cf. Lob. Path. p. 107. Also 
 icr/cXa, I'xaXq, Hesych. : cf. Mod. Gk. i-or^Xa. 
 
 'iXNEY'MftN. An unknown or fabulous small bird ; mentioned by 
 Nicander ap. Anton. Lib. c. 14. 
 
 'IftNA"!' ncpicrTfpd, Hesych, Vide s. v. oivds. 
 
 'IQNI'X. An unknown bird; mentioned among the opvidas Trora/uiW 
 a/ta KOI Xi/ui/aiW, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. i. 24 (Supplem. 
 Aristot. i. i. p. 5, Berolini, 1885). 
 
 KAKKA'BH,,?. icaKicapis. *iJ/3a, Hesych. (Cf. Sk. kukkubha.) A name 
 for the Partridge. 
 
 Athen. ix. 390 a Kakovvrai 8* of TrepSiKes vn ei/tW KaKKaftai, a>s KOI UTT* 
 'AXAC/xai/of* err?? rciSe KOI peXos 'AXfc/zap | evpf, yey\a>(r<Tap.Vov \ 
 o-rd/xa [Svopa, Casaub.] a-vv6efj.evos (Alcman, fr. 25 Bergk). Hence 
 piCfiv, Arist. H.A. iv. 9, 536 b ; Athen. I.e.; cf. Anthol. Lat. 733 (ed. 
 Riese) Interea perdix cacabat nidumque revisit. Cf. Stat. Sylv. ii. 4. 20 
 quaeque refert iungens iterata vocabula perdix. Vide s. v. Wp8i. 
 
 KAAAMOAY'THI. An unknown bird. 
 
 Ael. vi. 46 KeSpou TOV Ka\ap.odvTr]v aTrdAXtxri <pv\\a. Cf. Phile, 664. 
 
 KA'AANAPOZ. The Calandra Lark, Alauda Calandra, L., Melan- 
 corypha calandra, auctt. The Chelaundre or Calendre of 
 Chaucer, who distinguishes it from the lark or laverokke, Rom. of 
 the Rose, 662, cf. v. 655. Skeat (in loc.) derives the word, 
 
74 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KAAANAPOI (continued']. 
 
 through O. F. calandre, caladre, from L. caradrius, Gk. 
 
 (cf. Babr. Ixxxii ; and vide infra s. v. xapaSpios). Said by others 
 
 to be connected with "L.caliendrum, a tufted head-dress, a top-knot. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. iii. 15 SXw&poi de OVK. av TIS eXoi paSiW, et /LIT) rr\r]o-iov 
 
 vfiaroy Oeir) TO \Lvov' 6 fj.ev yap TOV TTOTOV xprjfav TrpocriTTTarai, 6 de dypevT^s 
 
 Teens ev KaXvQjj Xav6dva)V KOI eTTiTcivwv TO SLKTVOV, TTIVOVTU KaXv^ei TOV K<i\av- 
 
 8pov. The same device is still used for the capture of small birds in 
 
 Italy; cf. Frederick II, De Venat p. 32; J. G. Schneider, Anm. z. d. 
 
 Eel. Phys. p. 41 ; see also Bechstein's * Cage Birds,' &c. 
 
 KA'AAPIZ. (In MS. Da K 6\apis). An unknown bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 TOV de KaXapiv 6 alywXibs KOI ol aXAoi yajur^a)- 
 vvxfs KaTeadiovo-iV odev 6 7ro\fp.os a^Tols. Gesner suggested /coXXvpi(oi/a, 
 Billerbeck KiXXvpov s. Ki\\ovpov : cf. J. G. Schneider in loc. The whole 
 chapter is replete with difficulties, and, in my opinion, with signs of 
 foreign influence or even of spurious origin. 
 
 KA'AAI>OI' d(TKaXa<j)os, Hesych. 
 KAAI'APIZ. Vide S.v. 
 
 KA'AAflN. A name for the Cock. 
 
 KaXXaia, ra VTTO ra yeveia T>V d\KTpvova>v, ovs KaXXcova? of 'Arri/col 
 \eyowrivy Moeris. Cf. xeiXurcs. 
 
 KAAOTY'nOI' 6 SpuoKoXan-rj;?, Hesych. Cf. gvXoKonos. 
 KA'PYAOI, KAPY'AAAOI, Hesych. Vide s. v. K<5pu8os. 
 KA'P<I>YPOI' ot vcotrtroi, Hesych. 
 
 KAIANAH'PION- IKTWOS, Hesych. A very doubtful word ; an emended 
 reading is KCLO-W' 6rjpiov (Schmidt). 
 
 KA'iniOI "OPNIZ. A remarkable bird, of three varieties, of which 
 one croaks like a frog, one bleats like a goat, and the third barks 
 like a dog. Full description in Ael. xvii. 33, 38. It is not 
 identified by Gesner. 
 
 KATAPPA'KTHI, s. KarapdKTTis (Arist., Codd. Med. Vatic., &c.). An 
 unknown bird ; the references to which are so discordant as to 
 suggest that the meaning was early lost, if indeed the name was 
 ever applied to an actual species. It is the ' Cormorant,' j?9, 
 of the LXX. 
 
 Mentioned in Ar. Av. 886. In Soph. frr. 344, 641, applied to the 
 Eagle and to the Harpies (cf. Hesych.), as KaTappaKrrjp is to /a'pKos, Lye. 
 
KAAANAPOI KATPEYI 75 
 
 KATAPPAKTHI (continued}. 
 
 169. In Aristotle, said to be a sea-bird, but not web-footed: mentioned 
 as opvis Trorapoy, Aristoph. H. A. Epit. i. 24, and tfaXuo-o-io?, ib. i. 23. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 TOV o-rdpi^oi; CX L (vpvv KOI TrXarvv o\ov. Ib. ix. 
 12, 615 opvis o~xiCo7rovs' fj p.(v Trepi $uXaTrc>, orav &e KUC% O.VTOV (is TO 
 XP OVOV OVK eXdrTova f) oo~ov nXedpov die\doi TIS' eo~Ti 8' eXarrov 
 From this account and from its mention in ii. 17, between 
 TO. o-xi&TToda (con's) and ra (TTeyavoiroda (Xdpos), Aubert and Wimmer 
 identify KarappaKTrjs with Podiceps auritus, the Eared Grebe, Mod. Gk. 
 KapauaTaiKiov (Erh. p. 48) ; Sundevall, on the other hand, with the Little 
 Cormorant, Phalacrocorax or Graculus pygmaeits (vide icoXoios, J3). 
 Neither of these birds, however, suggests by its habits the name 
 KaTappaKTTjs : and neither is white in colour, so that they at least conflict 
 with the following excerpt from Dion. De Avib. ii. 2 cos ot T>V Xdpuv e'Xdcr- 
 crovfs, la"xyp os &* Kct ^ T *l v XP oav Xev/cdy, Kat rails ras (pdo~cras dvaipovcriv iepai 
 npoaro/jioios . . . (is TOV TVOVTOV ola TTITTT^V otWrai . . . Tols (TKOTreXois Kat TO'IS 
 alyia\ols ((pi(dvei. Further, a fabulous account of the breeding-habits. 
 According to the same author (iii. 22) aaviviv (iKovas eVi-ypa^aj/res i^ycov 
 TOVS KaTappaKTas' criV 6pp,fj yap cos eVi Tiva KUTdTTTavTes l\6vv 
 TOIS (raviai KOI diafpOdpovTm. These accounts are usually 
 applied to the Gannet or Solan Goose, Sula bassana (cf. Oedmann, Act. 
 Acad. Stockh., vii. 1786, Schneid. in Arist. vol. ii. p. 88) ; but the size 
 is incompatible with such an identification, and the bird is not a native 
 of Greece. The account in Plin. x. (44) 51 is wholly fabulous, and 
 includes the story of the Birds of Diomede, ot KaTctpdo-vovaiv els ras 
 TO>V ftapfidpcov K((pa\ds, Arist. De Mirab. 79, 836 a ; cf. Ael. i. i, and 
 vide s. v. epwSio's. 
 
 Gesner, who is followed in modern ornithological nomenclature and 
 by the lexicographers, identified /carappaKrrjs with the Skua, Lestris 
 catarrhactes, L., a bird which does not occur in the Mediterranean. 
 
 KATPEY'l. An unknown or mystical bird. 
 
 Cleitarch. fr. 18, ap. Ael. xvii. 23 /ueyetfor Trpos TOV racov* ra 8e aKpa 
 rS)V nTp(ov (OIKS cT/uapciyScp Kal 6pS>v p,(V a'XXcos, OVK oldas olovs 6<p6a\- 
 fjiovs cx l ' et ' &* *L S a * aTTi'Soi, epeis Kivvdfiapiv TO o/Lt/Lia, K.r.X. Cf. Strabo, 
 XV. i. 69. Nonn. Dion. xxvi. 206 Karpeus S' eWo/ieVoio irpoticcnri&i xv~ tv 
 o'/ijSpou | av6o<pvr]S \iyv<pa>vos' OTTO /3Xe(papcoi> de oi a'lyXr] | Tre/LtTrerat, op- 
 Bpivfjai ftoXais dvrippOTros TJOVS. | TroXXdici S' f)vefJi6(VTos vnep 8(vSpoio 
 \iyaivav, | trvvdpovos copiWos dveir\(K. ydrova fjLoKirrjv | (poiviKeais TTTepv- 
 yco-o-i K(Ka(rp.(vos' rj Ta^a (patrjS) | fteX7rop.ej/ov KaTprjos eco'iov vpvov dtfovuv, | 
 opdpiov alo\68eipov drjftova KS>p.ov v(paiveiv. 
 
 The description of the plumage in Aelian has suggested to some 
 commentators the Manal or Impeyan Pheasant, Lophopus impeyanus 
 (cf. Val. Ball, Ind. Antiq., xiv. 305, 1885), which bird is very possibly 
 
7< A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KATPEYZ (continued). 
 
 meant by the partridge larger than a vulture, Strabo, xv. i, 73, and by 
 the a\(KTpv6i>es /xeyiorai of Ael. xvi. 2 : but the identification of Karpevs 
 with that bird is precluded by the comparison of its voice with the 
 Nightingale's, a statement which suggests comparison with Sk. kdtdra, 
 melodious. The various accounts are all fabulous or mystical, and 
 the bird is always coupled with the equally mystical wpiW. The dypeus 
 of Ael. viii. 24, though described as TO yevos Koa-a-vfyw (ppyrup KOI 
 (rvyyevrjs, is probably akin. 
 
 KAY'AE (=Kd/ r a^) ) s. K<XUT). Apparently a Doric form of KTJU: also 
 KauTjs, Hippon. 5. Root unknown: a comparison with such 
 words as Lith. kovas> Dutch kauuw, Eng. chough, is tempting, 
 but unwarranted : cf. Fick, ii. 63. A diving sea-bird. 
 \dpos, Hesych. 
 
 Antim. fr. 2 (57), ap. Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. i. 1008 T)VT( ns 
 SvTTTrjaiv es aXpvpov v8<op. Cf. Lye. 425 *A\vros OVK aira>0e Kavr)<as TTOT>V : 
 Euphor. 87 ; Leon. Tar. 74 ; Anth. P. vii. 652. Vide s. vv. KT)U, KTJ. 
 
 KAYKAAl'AI, s. KaimaXos, s. KauKidXrjs. opvis TTOIOS, Hesych. 
 KE'APOI- oprvl, Hesych. A very doubtful word. 
 
 KEBAH'flYPII. In Ar. Av. 303 usually translated Redpoll (from K^ 
 = K<pa\r]), which bird, Fringilla linaria, L., only occurs in 
 Greece rarely, during severe winters. The meaning is unknown. 
 
 KErXPHl'l (Arist. H. A. ii. 17, Ael. ii. 43), teyxpis (Arist., Ael. xiii. 25), 
 Kfpxvrjts or Kepxvys (Aristoph., Ael. xii. 3, Eubul. fr. ap. Athen. ii. 
 65 e, Photius), Kfyxprj (Aristoph. H. A. Epit. i. 22, i. 28), ripx**}* 
 Hesych. Cf. also Epical, Ke'pKyos. 
 
 A Kestrel-Hawk. Mod. Gk. itpdiu, KipKivefr dvepoydpos (Heldr.). 
 The Common Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, L., is a permanent 
 resident in Greece, and not rare ; but the Lesser Kestrel, F. cen- 
 chris, Naum. or F. tinnunculoides, Natt., a summer migrant, is 
 in its season the commonest of Greek hawks ; cf. G. St. Hilaire 
 ap. Bory de St. Vincent, More'e, Oiseaux, p. 29, pi. ii, Hi : Aub. 
 u. Wimm., Arist. De Gen., Introd. p. 28 ; Kruper, op. cit., p. 161 ; 
 and Lindermayer, p. 14, who says ' Ich habe im Jahre 1848 von 
 5-7 Uhr Morgens an dem Thore der Akropolis 1 4 Stiicke erlegt, 
 ohne mich von der Stelle zu bewegen.' 
 
 Derivation unknown. L. and S. compare neyxpos, Keyxpyis with 
 Lat. mtHum, mil-uus ; but derive the name from Kepxvo?, ' hoarse ' : 
 cf. Fr. cresserelle, O. F. quercerelle. Scalig. in Arist. p. 251 
 
KATPEYI KEAEOZ 77 
 
 KEfXPHII (continued}. 
 
 Quercerellam vocant Franci, non corrupta voce, quasi Cenchrel- 
 lellam, ut ait Ruellius, sed quasi Querquerellam ; nam Quer- 
 querum, lamentabile, dixerunt veteres; semper enim stridet et 
 queri videtur. The derivation from Keyxpos is also old, cf. Camus 
 ii. p. 257 'parce qu'elle a le plumage couvert de petites taches 
 comme de petites graines.' 
 
 Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 rij? KoiXia? avTrjs n e\et o/xoioi/ 7rpoXo/3o). (Cf. 
 Gesner, p. 284 Dieses Vogels Magen ist dem Kropf gleich und gar 
 nicht fleischigt). Ib. vi. I, 55&b ^fio-ra TIKTCI ra>v yaa\^a)vvxa)V. COTTTOI 
 
 (J.6V OVV KOL TTT(lpa fjdrj, TlKTCl fie KCtl 7T\LO). Ib. vi. 2, 559 0)01 epvdpd <TTIV 
 
 &<T7r(p /ui'Xroff. Aristoph. H. A. Epit. i. 28 povrj rt'/crei wa (poiviKa. De 
 Gen. iii. 750 /^aXtora fie 17 Keyxpis iroXvyovov' povov yap (T^efioi/ TOVTO KOI 
 mVei T&V yajM^coi/y^ft)!/, 17 S' vyporrjs KCU rj crvfjicfrvTos Kal fj (TTUKTOS (rTrep/zari- 
 KOV /nera rrjs VTrapxoixrrjs avrfj 6epp.oTTf]TOs. TLKTCL fi' ovfi' avr) TroXXa Xiay 
 aXXa re'rrapa TO TrXftorov. Cf. H. A, viii. 3, 594 ; Plin. X. (37) 52. On 
 the other hand, according to Ael. ii. 43 m <pCXoi/ tepa/ccoj/ 6 KaXetrai 
 Keyxprjis, KOI TTOTOU fieernt ovdev. 
 
 Mentioned also in Ar. Av. 304, 589, 1181 : Ael. xii. 4. One of the 
 daughters of Pieros was transformed by the Muses into the bird 
 Keyxpis, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. 9. 
 
 In Ael. xiii. 25, Keyxpis seems to refer to a different bird, being 
 mentioned as a dainty with <rvKoXis, and Kepxvrjs is mentioned in 
 a similar way by Eubul. ap. Athen. ii. 65 e. 
 
 KEfXPl'THI. Apparently a sort of wild duck or goose, Dion. De 
 Avib. iii. 23. 
 
 KEf PII' opvcov iepag, ol fie' dX/evo'j/a, Hesych. 
 
 On the fabled metamorphosis of Ciris, Nisus, Pandion, &c., vide 
 supra, s. v. dXideros ; cf. also KtjpuXos, Kipis. 
 
 KEfHA' Ktacra, ACIKOWCS, Hesych. 
 
 KEAEO'l (MSS. have /t^Xio's, Ka\i6s, KoXios). The Green Woodpecker, 
 Picus viridi's, L. (a scarce bird in Greece, Lindermayer). Mod. 
 
 Gk. TreXeKavos, rcriKXifiapa, devdpotydyos, Heldr. 
 Arist. H. A. ii. 4, 504 : has feet like ivy|. Ib. viii. 3, 593 TO 
 rpvyav, TO fie xP^P- a X^ w P of 0X05* eo*Ti fie ^V\OKOTTOS 
 
 errl TO>V v\(ov TO. TroXXa, (powfjv re fjLeyaXrjv e^et* yiverai fie 
 Trepi neXoTroi'v^a-oi/. The preceding reference is as accurate as the 
 following is unmeaning or mystical : Ib. ix. I, 609, 610 (pi'Xoi Xaefioy 
 Kal K\f6s' 6 fiev yap KeXeos Trapa TTOTapbv oi/cei Kal Xo^fta?' TroXefUoi KeXeos 
 Kai Xi/3uo'?. Suid. opj/eoi/ Ta^vTaTov. The identification of KeXeo's with 
 
78 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KEAEOI (continued}. 
 
 the Green Woodpecker is said to have been first given by Gesner, 
 cf. Schn. in Arist., vol. iii. p. 592. 
 
 The bird KfXeds- figures, together with Xai'ds and others, in a very 
 mystical story of Boios, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. 
 
 Celeus is also the name of a mystical king of Attica, in connexion 
 with the story of Ceres and Triptolemus ; this circumstance may be 
 correlated with other Woodpecker-myths in Greek and Latin referred 
 to s. v. SpuoKoXdirrris : cf. Mythogr. Vatic, i. 7. 8, iii. 7. 2 ; Schol. ad 
 Greg. Nazianz. p. 48, ed. Gaisf., &c. On other relations between 
 Celeus and the Ceres-myth, cf. Horn. Hymn. Cer. 475 ; Ar. Ach. 48 ; 
 Pausan. i. 14, 38, 39, ii. 14; Anton. Lib. c. xix; vide also Creuzer's 
 Symbolik (ed. 1836) i. 152, iv. 368, 384. 
 
 KE'I~I4>OI. MSS. have also *ep,(pos, KiV^oy, yetyos. An unknown water- 
 bird ; usually, but without warrant, identified (after Schneider in 
 Arist., and Promt. Lips. 1786, p. 501) with the Stormy Petrel, 
 Thalassidroma pelagica, L. According to Hesych., identical with 
 icrjf. The accounts are fabulous, and the name is very probably 
 foreign. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, a sea-bird, mentioned with \dpos and 
 aWvia. Ib. ix. 35, 620 dXlcrKovTai rw a<pp&>* Kcnnovvi yap avrov, 5to 7rpo<r- 
 paivovTes Qrjpevovaiv. ex. t &* T *l v P* v "XXqy crapta evtobr), TO de nvyalov 
 IJLOVOV 6ivbs o. ylvovrai de moves. Cf. Nic. Alexiph. 165-169 dfppov 
 (TTfyKepdo-aio doov dopirrj'ia Keircpov, K. r. X. See also Lye. 76, 836, and 
 Tzetz. ad Lye. 76 OaXdacriov opveov \apofides, onep dfj,(pcj) (sc. dfppw) 
 6r)pa>(riv ol Tiaides TO>V dAtecof. Cf. also Suidas, s. v. According to the 
 Schol. in Ar. Pax 1067 emu TTO\VV p.tv eV rols Trrepois, 6\iyov 8c cv TOIS 
 
 Dion. De Avib. ii. IO C'K TTJS KovtporrjTos ol aXiel? ovop-dfrvviv' TO yap 
 vdoi>p aKpov Tols TToalv eVtrpe^ei Kat o~r}p,aivfi Tols d\iev(Tiv flTlTV^iav. Feeds 
 on small fish killed by tunnies and dolphins ; sleeps seldom ; afraid of 
 thunder. Arat. Prognost. 916 nai TTOTC <al Kerrcpoi OTTOT' evdioi Trorecoj/Tai | 
 dvTia p,e\\6vT(iov dvn<>v ei\rjo'a (pepovTai : cf. Schol. ; see also Theophr. 
 Fr. vi. 28 ; Symmach. (Schol. Ar. Pax 1067) p. 217. See also Hesych. : 
 eldos 6pvov KovfpoTarov Trepl Trjv 6d\ao~aav fitarpi/Sovros 1 , o ev%fpS)S VTTO 
 dvefj-ov [MTayeTai' ev6ev Xeyerni 6iis Kal Kovcpos avdpwTros Kerrfpos (i. e. 
 a booby] ; cf. Ar. Pax 1067 Keir(poi Tprjpuves: Id. Plut. 912 S) Kerrcpe 
 (Schol. KaXemu de KOIVWS \dpos, B. gull). Hence K7T(p(odeis, Prov. vii. 22 
 (ed. LXX) j cf. Cic. Att. 13. 40. 
 
 KEPAr*!' KopavT), Hesych. Cf. Lye. 1317. avTOK\rjTov Kfpatda applied 
 to Medea. 
 
 KE'PBEPOI. Mentioned as a bird-name in Anton. Lib., Met. c. xix; 
 cf. s. v. Xae&o's. 
 
KEAEOZ KH= 79 
 
 KE'PGIOI. Perhaps the Tree Creeper, Certhia famih'aris, L. Vide 
 S. v. KwiroXoyos. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 17, 616 b opvidiov p.iKpov' TO p,ei> rjOos Opavvsj KOI otm nepl 
 devdpn, Kal eon tipiirotydyos, TTJV 8e dtdvoiav ev/Sioroy, Kal ri}v (pavfjv e^ti 
 \ap.7rpdv. 
 
 The passage contains several birds difficult to identify. The descrip- 
 tion of KepQios suggests the Tree Creeper, with which it is usually 
 identified (Belon, Sundevall, &c.), but wnroXoyos is certainly the Creeper, 
 and the above description is not enough to reveal an indubitable 
 synonym. 
 
 KE'PKAE- tVpa|, Hesych. 
 KEPKA'r *cpe r6 Zpveov, Hesych. 
 KEPKIGAAI'Z, s. KpKi0a\Xis f epw&icfc, Hesych. 
 KEPKI'Z- cidos opvfov, Hesych. 
 
 KEPKl'flN. (For a discussion of possible Sk. roots, see Temple, 
 infra cit). An Indian talking bird. 
 
 Ael. xvi. 3 ; is the size of a starling, particoloured, docile, and learns 
 to speak ; it is impatient of captivity, and gets its name eVeiSj) 
 Kal avros Siacret'ercu rbv oppov, a>s TTOIOVVTCLI ol K/ycXoi. .In spite of these 
 two discrepant statements, it is possible that Aelian refers to the 
 Common Mynah, Acridotheres tristis, the Talking Mynah, Gracula 
 religiosa, or allied species, Hind, sarak or shdrak ; Temple, Ind. Antiq. 
 1882, p. 291 ; Val. Ball, ib. 1885, p. 305; cf. Lassen, Ind. Alterth. iii. 
 p. 321 (1858). 
 
 KE'PKNOI- tipag, f, a\fKrpvo>v, Hesych. 
 
 KEPKOPQ'NOI. An Indian bird, probably identical with 
 
 Ael. xv. 14. 
 
 KE'PKOI' aXeKrpua)!/, Hesych. 
 KEPXNH'I. Vide s.v. 
 
 KH'AAI. Cf. Hind. Hargela. An Indian bird; the Adjutant, Lep- 
 toptilus argala, L. See Val. Ball, Ind. Antiq. xiv. p. 305, 1885. 
 Ael. xvi. 4 To p-fjfdos TpiTrXdaiov cort'Sos 1 , KOI TO o~Top.a yevvctiov dtivwS) 
 Kal p.aKpa rci crKeXr;. (frcpet de TOV Trprjyopeava Kal fKelvov p.cyto~Tov, Trpocrc/u- 
 0ep)) KcopvKGj), <p6eyp.a 8e e^t Kal p.d\a any^es, Kal TTJV p.V a\\rjv TTTtXoxrtV 
 eort Tempos, Tas de TTTepvyas aKpas co^po? eVri. 
 
 KH'=. An unknown sea-bird. Probably the same word as icaiiag, 
 KT|U|. In Hesych. KdiKa, probably for KCIKO, K^KU. 
 Od. XV. 479 avT\a> d' cv8ovTrr)0- TTCO-OVO-' as dvahir) KTJ^. Cf. Schol. opvfov 
 
80 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KH= (contimied}. 
 
 6aXdo-aiov napaTrXrjaiov ^fXi8dj/i' evioi e Xdpov avrov Xeyovcriv, ol 8e aWviav. 
 Cf. Hesych. KTJ' 6 \dpos /caret 'Anrtcoi/a. Xeyerai 8e Kal Kavrjf-, rives <al 
 aWviav d7rodi86ao-iv' ol 8e KfTTfpov' ol 8e Si'Xfiepovra dXXqXooj/. 
 
 Usually identified with the Gannet, Sula bassana, L. (vide s. v. 
 KaTappdKTTjs), which does not occur, save by the rarest chance, in 
 Greece. Among other more than dubious hypotheses, Netolicka 
 (Naturh. aus Homer, p. 14), with whom Buchholz, Korner, and others 
 agree, suggests the Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus, L., whose 
 cry is keck, keck. (Cf. s.v. KTJU|.) 
 
 KHPY'AOI, s. KrjpvXos, s. KfipvXos (Ar. Av. 300), s. KrjpvXXos (Eustath. ad 
 Horn.), s. KipvXos (Hesych.). A doubtful, perhaps foreign, word, 
 sometimes applied to the Halcyon, sometimes compared with it. 
 Sundevall's identification of KrjpvXos with a second species which 
 occurs in Greece, Alcedo (Ceryle] rudis, the Smyrna Kingfisher, 
 is quite untenable, the poetical and mythical use of both KrjpvXos 
 and d\Kvwv being opposed to so concrete an interpretation. 
 The suggested connexion with Lat. coeruleus (O. Keller, Lat. 
 Etym., 1893, p. 15) is in equal degree improbable. 
 
 Alcman, 12 (20) /3aXe S;;, /3aXe KrjpvXos eirjv, | os T' eVi KV/JLO.TOS avdos a/n' 
 a\Kv6v((T<ri irorrjTai | vrjXees r}rop e^tov d\tn6p<pvpos eiapos opvis. Cf. S. v. 
 dXiirop<f>upis. 
 
 Mosch. iii. 41 ovSe roa-ov yXavKols cvl KVfj.a(ri KrjpvXos qSev. Arist. H. A. 
 viii. 3, 593 b Trtpl rrjv QaXarrav KO\ aXwow Kal KrjpvXos. Ael. v. 48 a\Kvova 
 Kal KrjpvXov nodovvras dXXfjXotv TrdXai 'icrp.fv. Ib. vii. 17 KrjpvXos 
 6(jLa>vvp.oi Kal auft^toi, Kal y^pa yf Trapeipevovs avrovs emfle/Jifvai al 
 nfpidyov&iv 7rl TG>v KaXov p.fva>v p.(o~o7TTepvyi<i)v. Cf. Antig. H. Mirab. 
 23 (27), where KrjpvXos is said to be the male kingfisher; cf. also 
 Hesych. KtpvXos' apcrr/i/ opvis o~vi>ov(Tiao~TiK6s, rives 8e d\Kvova I also 
 Tzetzes ad Lye. 387 ; Schol. Ar. Av., Schol. Theocr. vii. 57 ; Eustath. 
 ad Horn. II. i. 558. In Clearch. ap. Athen. x. 332 E, numbered among 
 TOiy opvidas rovs 7rapev8iao~ras KaXovp-evovs, with rpo^iXoy and 6 rfj KpeKi 
 npoo-ep.(pfpf)s epcoSioy. Mentioned also by Archilochus, fr. 121 ap. Ael. 
 xii. 9 Kiy<Xos Ktvel 8e Kal ra ovpala Trrepa, wcnrepovv 6 Trapa rco 'Ap^iXo^a) 
 KrjpvXos. 
 
 In Ar. Av. 299, usually written KeipvXos, as if from Ket'peo. Cf. infra 
 s. v. o-TTopytXos. 
 
 The names and attributes of KrjpvXos are undoubtedly akin to those of 
 Kfipis or Ciris ; and it is interesting to note that, according to Hesy- 
 chius, the name Ktlpis applies either to a hawk or to the Halcyon. 
 I would place the legend of aXwav and KrjpvXos side by side with the 
 astronomic parable of Haliaetus and Ciris. Vide s. vv. dXideros, 
 
KH= KITKAOI 8 1 
 
 KH'V'E. (See also s. vv. icaua, iclji.) A sea-bird. 
 
 Babr. cxv. 2 Xapoi? re ral Krjvj-iv elirfv erypaHrrai?. Apollod. 28, ad 
 Lucian. i. 178 ; said by Schol. to be the male aXKv&>i>, and identical with 
 KrjpvXos. In Dion. De Avib. ii. 7, applied rather to the female O.\KVUV' el 
 TOV appeva Te\evTr)<rai crvpjSati}, fiopas an-e^o/ifi/ai Kal TTOTOV TTUVTOS eVl TTO\V 
 Kal SiafpOeipovrai, Kal Tag (o8as 8' ft Karcnravfiv jueXXoief, K'/V 
 fi7roi)(rai (riyworiv. K.TJVKOS de (ptovrjs /n^r' ey^? / LtI 7 7 "' "XXov 
 aKovo-ai TIS' (ppovridas yap Kal reXeuras <rr]p,aivei Kal dvarvx^p-nra. Suidas, 
 s.v. 'H/ifpw/a ^wa (whatever that may mean) mentions KrjVKes as sea- 
 birds, together with a\Kvovfs and droves. On the fable of Ceyx, 
 Alcyone, &c., see Ovid. Met. xi. 269, &c., &c. ; Ceyx comes into 
 relation with Hercules and the Argonautic legends in Anton. Lib. 
 c. xxvi ; and the Hesiodic myth of Ceyx and Cycnus is of the same 
 order. We may, I think, rest assured that Kr)v was not originally 
 a concrete and specific bird-name, but a mystical term associated with 
 the Halcyon-myth (cf. s. v. lojpuXos). 
 
 Kl'rKAOI. (MSS. of Arist. have Kiyx^os, KIX^OS, KO'^XOS-. Other forms 
 
 are KeyK\os, KiyKaXos Suid., KiyK\ts, Etym. Mag.) Cf. Sk. can-cala, 
 
 mobile (Burnouf, Diet. 237). 
 A Wagtail, Motacilla sp. According to Hesychius, Photius, and 
 
 Suidas, also called ici'XXoupos and aeicroiruyis (q. v.). 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b mentioned among the smaller aquatic birds 
 with axomXos and Truyapyos ; is less than the latter, which is as large as 
 a thrush. Travres S' OVTOI TO ovpalov KIVOIKTIV. Ib. ix. 12, 615 Trepl rfjv 
 Oakarrav /3ioi. TO f)Qo$ rravovpyos Kal dv&drjpaTOS) OTav Se XrjCpdfj, TtQao~o~6- 
 TaTos. Tvyxdvei 8' &v Kal dvdnrjpos' a/cpar^ff [cf. De Gen. ii. 99] yap rail/ 
 
 OTTl(r&V fO~TlV. 
 
 Ael. xii. 9 TTTTJVOV eVrt do-Qeves TO. KaToniv, Kal dia TOITO (pao-i fj.r) Idia 
 fj.r)de Ka6* cavTov dvvdptvov UVTOV vfOTTiuv (rv/uTrXelai, eV TO.LS aXXwj/ oe TIKTCLV' 
 fvdev TOI Kal TOVS TTTW^OV? KryxXous Ka\ovv at TO>V dypoiKcov TTapoipiai (cf. 
 Menand.Thais4,ap. Suid. and Phot. (4.132, Meineke)Ki'yKXot> Trrw^oTtpos). 
 Kivel df TO. ovpaui TTTepd. Cf. Aristoph. in Antiar. (2. 955) ap. Ael. 1. c. oo-<pi>v 
 S' eg aKpav, 8iaKiyK\io~ov TJVTC KiyK\ov. Autocr. in Tympan. (2. 891) ap. 
 Ael. 1. C. oia rraiovo-i -napOtvoi . . . oia KtyK\os aXXcrat. Cf. also Theogn. 
 1257 KiyK\os rro\vn\dyKTos : also verb /ayKX/o>, Theogn. 303, npoo-Kiy- 
 K\iop,ai, Theocr. v. 117 ; also KiyXo/3arai/ pvOpov Aristoph. fr. 6 (2. 997) 
 ap. Ael. 1. c. Vide Hesych. /ay/cXo?, opveov TTVKVMS TTJV ovpav KIVOVV' acp* 
 ov Kal TO KiyK\Leiv, o ean Siao-ei'ecr&u* TLVCS de o-[e]i(ro7ruyiSa. 
 
 Sundevall takes KiyK\os to be a Sandpiper, Tringa sp., chiefly, as it 
 seems, because vxoiviXos is doubtless a name for the Wagtail, Motacilla. 
 But I prefer to believe that KiyK\os is also a Wagtail, firstly because the 
 movement is much more characteristic and noticeable in that bird than 
 in the Sandpiper, secondly because of the statement as to its size, and 
 
 G 
 
82 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KITKAOI (continued}. 
 
 thirdly because of its asserted tameness in captivity. The statement 
 in Aelian, about the nest (also ap. Phile, 492), may perhaps be 
 explained by the fact that, according to Kriiper, the Wagtails in Greece 
 all leave the plains in summer to breed, resorting to the hills, or in the 
 case of M. melanocephala to the salt-marshes and lagoons. At the 
 same time it is evident that allusions to Kiy/cXoy, &c., are much influ- 
 enced by notions and superstitions connected with the bird iuy. 
 
 KirKPA'MAI- Spveov, Hesych. Cf. Ku'xpajJios. 
 
 Kl'KIPPOI, s. KIKKOS, and KIKKTJ. Cock and Hen, Hesych. Cf. Mod. 
 
 Gk. KOKKopas, 
 
 KIKKA'BH. Also Kucu|3os, KiKujStjl's, KIKUJAOS, KITUJJUS, Hesych. KIKUJJLIS. 
 
 Call. fr. 318. Perhaps connected also with KvpivSis, s. 
 An Owl. Lat. cicuma (Festus). 
 
 Schol. ad Ar. Av. 262 ; sub voce KiKKaftav. Tas yXavKas ourw 
 \eyovcriv' oBtv KOI KiKKafBas extras Xeyovoui/, 01 5e Ki/cu/it'Sa?, oas 
 "/capr' dyadfj KIKU/ZIJ," KOI "OfjLrjpos Se u ^aXfaSa KiK\r)orK.ov<ri Beoi" K.r.X. 
 
 Cf. KovKovftayia, and KOVKKOS, the modern Athenian popular names for 
 y\ai>. Vide s.v. KOKKopdpT]. 
 
 KIKYMHTZ" yXav^, Hesych. Also ib. KiTUjJtii'a' yXaC/ca ; qy. KiKUfxiSa. 
 
 Cf. KIKKCI|3TJ. 
 
 KIAI'AI' <rrpov66s aparjv, Hesych. 
 
 Kl'AAOYPOI. A Wagtail. With KiXX-ovpoy, cf. L. mota-cilla, and 
 perhaps Kiy-K\-os. On the root, cf. Benfey's Zeitschr. viii. 1892. 
 Fick, i. 527. Vide S. vv. iciyicXos, o-eiaoiruyts, aeiaoupa. 
 
 KINAI'AION. A name for iuy, Hesych., Phot. Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 
 23, Schol. in Theocr. ii. 17. 
 
 KINAA^OI'- fyvca, Hesych. 
 
 KINNA'MnMON ''OPNEON. Also ifiwa/noXdyor, Plin. X. (33) 50; cf. 
 Solin. (33) 46. The fabled Cinnamon Bird. 
 Herod, iii. 1 1 1 ; how the Arab merchants left pieces of flesh which 
 might break down by their weight the nests to which the birds carried 
 them, and in which the cinnamon was found. In Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 
 616, a variation of the same story, the nests being brought down with 
 weighted arrows. Cf. Ael. ii. 34, xvii. 21 ; Antig. H. Mirab. c. 49 ; 
 Phile De Pr. An. 28 (27) ; Plin. xii. (19) 42 ; Sindbad the Sailor, &c. 
 Sometimes confused with the Phoenix; cf. Claud. Epist. ii. 15 Venit 
 et extremo Phoenix longaevus ab Euro, Apportans unco cinnama 
 rara pede ; Ovid, Met. xv. 399 ; Stat. Silv. ii. 6. 87. 
 
KlfKAOI KIPKOI 83 
 
 KINNYPl'AEI' TO. fJUKpa opviddpia, Hesych. (Perhaps akin to Kti>vpop,ai.) 
 KINY'TIAOr xapaSpid?, Hesych. A very doubtful word. 
 
 Kl'PlI* \i>xvos, opveov, r) *A.do)Vis AaKuves, Hesych. Also Kippis' etSos 
 lepaKos. o/zoiW 8e Xe-yerai Trapa Kvrrpiois Kippis 6 "Adavis, napa AaKaxri 
 
 Se, 6 \vxos, Et. M. Cf. Kvpis, 6 "AScom, Hesych. These refer- 
 ences are important in connexion with the solar symbolism 
 underlying the stones of Ciris, KrjpvXos, &c. ; cf. the version of the 
 Ciris-myth, s. v. <ippis (s. Kippis), Dion. De Avib. ii. 14. 
 
 Kl'PKH. A poetic or mystical bird-name ; different from, and hostile 
 
 tO, KlpKOS. 
 
 Ael. iv. 5 aeiprjv, /ifXiWqs ovopa, rrpos KipKrjv expo's. KipKrj 8e frpos 
 KipKov, ov r<$ yevei povov, dXXa xai rfj (pvcrei dicxpepovra Trefpapao-Oov. Cf. 
 ib. iv. 58. 
 
 Kl'PKOI. A poetic and mystical name for a Hawk : the sacred 
 Hawk of Apollo ; in the main an astronomical, perhaps solar, 
 emblem. In Mod. Gk. KipKivefr is said to be a name for the 
 Kestrel (Heldr.), vide s. v. KYxpVs- 
 
 In Homer, the bird of Apollo, 8fibs opvis, 'ATroXXwi/oy ra^vs ayycXos, 
 Od. xv. 525 ; an emblem of swiftness, eXa^pdraros- TrerfT/j/oov, II. xxii. 139, 
 Od. xiii. 87 ; cf. Apoll. Rh. ii. 935, Opp. Cyn. i. 282 j; nipKos ravafjan 
 Tivaa-a-ofjifvos irrepvyeuviv : usually as an enemy of the Dove, II. xxii. 
 140 (cf. iprjg, xxi. 493), Od. xv. 526, cf. Apoll. Rh. i. 1049 TJVTC KipKovs \ 
 eo/cvTrcTa? ayeXrjdov diroTpeaaaxri rreXeiai : ib. iii. 543? S^ 1 ) lv * 4&6 I hostile 
 to ^ap, KoXoto?, and other small birds, II. xvii. 757. Frequent in Aesch., 
 usually, as in Homer, an enemy of the Dove ; Suppl. 223 eV/x6y tos 
 TTfXeiaScov te(r$e, KipKoav T>V Ofj-onTepav (^)d/3w, Pr. V. 857 Ki'pccoi TreXeiaii' 
 ov naKpav XeXei/z/zeVoi (note in this passage the association with Egyptian 
 *Ena<pos) ; mentioned in connexion with the Tereus-myth, as metamor- 
 phosing with eVo^, fr. 32, ap. Arist. H. A. ix. 49 b CTTOX^ ... 6s rjpi p.ev 
 (paivovTi diaird\\i nrepov \ Kipnov XcTrdpyou : as a portent, pursuing an 
 eagle, TrpoV eoxdpav ^oi^ou, Pers. 205 ; cf. Suppl. 60 OTTO ras Trjpetas 
 prjTidos oiKrpas dXd^ov, fctp/cj/Xdrov T' drjdovos. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 rpiros TWV IcpaKatv [r<3 Kpdret]; ib. ix. I. 609 b 
 dXo>7r/a 7roXejutos, cf. Ael. v. 48, Phile, 704, Wotton, De Diff. Anim. 
 vii, 143, &c. In Plin. x. 8 circos occurs as an alternative reading for 
 aegithus\ cf. circus as the name of a gem, similis accipitri, Piin. 
 xxxvii. 10. 
 
 Mentioned as hostile to the Dove also in Ael. iii. 46, v. 50 at 8 Trepi- 
 
 (TTfpal Trpos aercov fj.(v K\ayyr)V Kal yvir&v flappov&i, KipKcoz/ de KOI dXtaera)^ 
 OVKCTI : to rpvy&v and to Kopa)vrj, ib. vi. 45 ; to KIPKTJ, ib. iv. 5> 5^ 5 anc ^ 
 to mice, Batrach. 49. How it places chicory (niKpis) in its nest as 
 a charm, Ael. i. 35, Phile, 722, or wild lettuce, aypia dpidaKivrj, Geopon. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KIPKOI (continued}. 
 
 xv. i. 19, with which it salves its eyes, Anatol. p. 297 (cf. iepa) ; and is 
 killed by pomegranate-seed (poias o-idrjv Konelo-av) , Ael. vi. 46, Phile,637- 
 Used by fowlers, Opp. Cyn. i. 64 CLVTOIS eVi dpvpa o-iW/iTropo? ea-nero 
 Kip/cor. 
 
 The bird is not identifiable as a separate species, and is so recog- 
 nized by Scaliger and others. Neither the brief note as to its size 
 in a corrupt passage of the ninth book of the History of Animals, nor 
 the mystical references to its alleged hostilities and attributes in 
 Aristotle, Aelian, and Phile, are sufficient to prove that the name 
 indicated at any time a certain particular species. The word is 
 poetical, and is chiefly used in relation to TreXeta, or with reference 
 to Apollo. The attempts on the part of commentators to assign KipKos 
 to a particular species are all based on the epithet Xerrapyos. Thus 
 Sundevall suggests the Hen Harrier or Ringtail, Circus cyaneus, of 
 which the male is blueish-grey : while Belon and others of the older 
 naturalists, followed by Camus, assigned the name to the Moor Buzzard 
 or Marsh Harrier, C. aeruginosus, which is only white beneath the 
 tail. But the meaning of \tirapyos is in reality unknown ; it will not 
 bear using, nor is it likely to have been used, as a specific or diagnostic 
 epithet. Cf. s.v. Truyapyog. 
 
 The chief allusions to KtpKos are obviously mystical, though the 
 underlying symbolism, involving also the symbolic meanings of the 
 Hoopoe, the Dove, the Crow, the Fox, the Pomegranate, &c., is not 
 decipherable. In this connexion, the passage in Opp. Cyn. iii. 293-339 
 is important and suggestive, but I refrain from putting forward a tenta- 
 tive hypothesis as to its meaning ; we have here enumerated five kinds 
 of XUKOI, of which the first is ro^eur^p or ovd6s, the next three are 
 Kipicog, xpiVeo?, IKTIVO?, and the last Orjpevei eiri 7rra>Keoro-ti/ opoucof, i.e. is 
 Xayaxpovos (the last two are called axixoccg, q. v.) ; of these five names 
 the last four are all also names or epithets of hawks. 
 
 Kl'PYAOI, Hesych., for iceipuXog, KTjpuXos. 
 
 Kl'ZIA, s. Ki-n-a, also Keto-o-a (Hesych.). The Jay, Garrulus glan- 
 darms, L. Mod. Gk. KiWa (Heldr.); cf. Ital. Gazza, in its 
 many dialectic forms. Perhaps one of the many bird-names 
 connected with rt. kak, to cry, quasi ktk-ja (v. Edl., p. 52); 
 cf. Sk. kikt, a Jackdaw, with which Von Edlinger connects 
 O. H. G. heh-aro, Germ. Haher, the Nutcracker. See also s.v. 
 
 Ar. Av. 302, 1297; with ed. ^vpaicovo-ios. Arist.H. A. viii. 3, 592 b 
 persecuted by eXeor and alya>\io$. (Cf. De Gen. iv. 6, 774 b ; Plin. x. 
 79 [60].) Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 b, 6l6 (jxovas /iera/3aXXei ir\fi<rrus (K(I(? 
 ens elnelv rj^fpav aXX^j/ d<pirjai)' TiKTfi de irep\ evvea wa, Troietrat 
 
KIPKOI KIXAH 85 
 
 KIIIA (continued}. 
 
 de TTJV veoTTtav eVi rwv 8fv8pa>v K rpi\S)V Kal epiow : makes a Store of 
 acorns, orav 8' vrro\t7ra)(nv at fiaXavoi, dnoKpimTovora ra^teverat. Ib. ix. 2O, 
 617 a, is the size of to/3opo?, the Missel-Thrush. 
 
 Its garrulity: Alexid. Thras. i (3, 420 Mein.) XaXi<rrepai/ ov /array, 
 oiV drjdov 1 ovTf rpvy6va\ Lye. 1319 rfjv \d\r)6pov Kicra-av '. and imitative 
 faculty, Ael. vi. 19, Plut. De Sol. Anim. p. 973 C, Dion. De Avib. i. 18, 
 Plin. x. 42 (59), Porph. De Abst. iii. 4; hence Kio-o-a/3io>, Poll. v. 90. How 
 it is caught with a springe and bait of olive, Dion. De Avib. iii. 1 8. 
 Mentioned also in frr. Antiph. 3. 145, Anaxand. 3. 185, Mnesim. 3. 
 570 (Meineke). According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. 9, one of the 
 Emathides, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird /a'o-0-a ; 
 cf. Ovid, Met. v. 294, 663 ; Mart. Ep. xiv. 76 ; Pers. Prol. ; Plin. x. 33. 
 
 Sundevall supposes the Magpie (which is very much rarer in Greece 
 than the Jay) to have been meant, but the description tallies much 
 better with the Jay, which still retains the name. The Magpie is now 
 called KctpctKaga (Heldr.). In Italian, gazza, che'ca, cecca, pica, &c., 
 apply both to the Magpie and to the Jay, as very possibly Kicraa also 
 did in Greek. Pliny (x. 29) gives an accurate account of the Magpie, 
 describing it as a variety of pica of recent advent to the neighbourhood 
 of Rome. 
 
 KI'IIIPII, Suid., Kiaipias, Hesych. An unknown bird. 
 KI'XAH. Dor. Kixfa (Ar. Nub. 339, Epicharm. in Athen. ii. 64 f (68)). 
 A Thrush : the generic term including IXids s. IXXds, t|op6pos, 
 
 rpixas, q. v. The root appears in Russ. kwickzol, a thrush, 
 
 with which ouzel is perhaps cognate. Mod. Gk. r^Xa. Cf. 
 
 also "x^a, 'ioxXa. 
 
 Mentioned in Od. xxii. 468 Kt^Xai rawo-inrfpoi. Homer is said to 
 have received a present of xt^Xat for reciting a certain poem, hence 
 called 'Efl-tJuxXidre: Menaech. ap. Athen. ii. 65 b. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, ix. 22, 6l7b, is as large 
 as Trvyapyos, and a little larger than fj-aXaKOKpavevs. Ib. ix. 49 B. 632 b 
 /^6Ta/3dXXei 8e Kat rj KI'^XTJ ro xpaijua* TOV pev yap ^Lp.wvos ^apa, rov Se 
 Oepovs TroiKiXa TO. nepl TOV av^eVa to-^ei' TYJV /xei/roi (pwrjv ovftev /Ltera- 
 /3aXX. Cf. Ael. xii. 28. This would suggest a confusion of species : 
 the more variegated birds being Fieldfares and Redwings ; the latter 
 are said to occur in large flocks in Spring (v. d. Miihle), though all 
 alike have departed by Summer. Its song alluded to, Ar. Ach. 1116 
 
 noTfpov aKpides rjSi6v ecrnv, r) Kt'^Xai ; Ar. Pax 531, &C. 
 
 Nesting. Builds in a spray of myrtle, 6a\\ov (jivppivrjs, or places one 
 in the nest for a charm, Ael. i. 35, Phile, De An. 723, Geopon. xv. I, 19, 
 Anatol. p. 298 : cf. Fab. Aes. 194. A different account, Arist. H. A. 
 vi. I, 559 a * 8e Kt'^Xai veomav p.ev noLovvrai, ucrirep al ^eXi8dj/ey IK. rryXov 
 
86 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KIXAH (continued}. 
 
 TT\ rols v^qXoTs T>V dfvdpav, (p^ijs Se TTOLOVO-LV a\\rj\ais Kai 
 WOT* dvai 8ia TTJV <rvvexf<-av axnrep 6pfj,adov veoTTiatv. A similar account, 
 restricted to the variety t'XXay, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 65 a ^v /cat 
 <rvvay\a<rTiKr)v elvai Kai veorrevfiv cos *at ray ^eXiSovas. Note. The Field- 
 fare, T. pilaws^ L., which breeds only in Northern Europe, is the 
 only Thrush which nests in colonies. Sundevall takes the above 
 passage (Arist. H. A. vi. i) to indicate that the Fieldfare formerly nested 
 in Greece or at least in Macedonia. In Anth. Pal. ix. 373, Mackail 
 (P- 35 8) takes /a^Xr; to be either the Thrush or the Fieldfare, which 
 latter however is a winter-migrant in Greece. (For other references 
 to the Anthology, vide s. v. Koao-u<J>os.) The Missel-Thrush is, now at 
 least, the only species, except the Blackbird, which remains to breed in 
 Greece or Asia Minor. 
 
 Migration. Arist. H. A. viii. 1 6, 600 $coXe?, f. e. hibernates. Cf. Plin. 
 x. 24 (35) Abeunt et merulae turdique. Sed plumam non amittunt 
 nee occultantur ; visi saepe ibi quo hibernum pabulum petunt : itaque 
 in Germania hyeme maxime turdi cernuntur. 
 
 Varieties. Arist. H. A. ix. 2O, 617 KIX^W $ etSq rptcT f] p.ev tgofiopos 
 [lo<pdyos Athen.]' avrr) S' OVK ea-diei aXX' 77 toi/ Kai prjrivTjv, TO de ^ytOos 
 oaov KITTO. ecrTLV. Tepa Tpi)(u.s' avTr) S' ov (pOeyyeTdi, TO Se p.eye6os oanv 
 . 3X\rj S' TJV Kahovvi Tives IXiada [iXXaSa, s. rvXada, Athen.], 
 TC TOVTVV /cat TJTTOV TroiKiXr). Cf. Athen. ii. 65 a. 
 
 The Thrush as Food: frequent in Com. Poets, OTTTOI Ki'^Xai, Pher. 
 2, 300 (i, 23), Telecl. 2, 362 (i, 12) ; ava/3paaroi Ki X \ai, Pher. 2, 316 
 (i, 10) ; Kpea T opvLdcia KixnXav, Ar. Nub. 339, and elsewhere frequent; 
 Ki'xXai /xeXtTt fJL6fj.iyp.evat, Plat. Com. 2, 674 (2, 8) ; e\aio(pi\o(pdyovs Kixf)Xas, 
 Epicharm. 281 L. ap. Athen. 1. c., &c. &c. Cf. Athen. ii. pp. 64, 65, 
 Geopon. xiv. 24, Colum. De R. R.viii. 10, Varro, De R. R. iii. 5, Pallad. 
 i. 26, Martial, Ep. xiii. 51, 92, Hor. Epist. i. 15, 41, Plin. x. 23 (30), &c. 
 &c. Prescribed as a remedy for Pompey, and obtained from the 
 aviaries of Lucullus ; hence the saying Et M AOVKOV\\OS crpixpa, no/Lwnji'os 
 OVK av e^o-e, Plut. i. 518 F, 620 B, ii. 204 B, 786 A. Capture by traps 
 and nets, nayibas Kai ve(p\as, Athen. ii. 64: cf. Dion. De Avib. iii. 13, 
 Pallad. xiii. 6, &c. 
 
 A talking thrush, Plin. x. (42) 59. 
 
 Proverb and Fable. KaxpoTepos Ktx^s, Eubul. iii. 22O (5). 
 p.vp<nv(i)vi, Aes. Fab. 194. 
 
 KAATroi. An alternative reading for irXdyyos, q. v. Cf. 
 Lat. clangunt aquilae, Carm. De Philom., &c. 
 
 KAAAAPO'PYrXOI, i. e. clapper-bill. A name for rpfyiXos, Ael. xii. 15. 
 KAOIfTN. flSos opvcov, Hesych. Perhaps for Ko\oi5>v. 
 
KIXAH KOKKYE 87 
 
 KNIflOAOTOI. (MSS. have also Kvi8o\os, KviooXoyos, 
 The Tree Creeper, Certhiafamiliaris, L. Vide s. v. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 TO p-eyedos piKpbs oo~ov aKavdvXXis, rfjv 8e %poav 
 <nro8oeif)s Kal KaraoriKroy' (pavel 8e piKpov. e<m 8e Kat roCro vXoK07rov. 
 (Mentioned at the end of the list of Woodpeckers.) Gloger, Sundevall, 
 Aubert u. Wimmer, and others, agree in the above identification. 
 The word is used by Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. c. 14, as an epithet 
 or synonym of mirw, q. v. 
 
 KOKKO'AE* Kop&vr], Hesych. 
 
 KOKKOBA'PH. An Owl = yXavg, Hesych. Cf. Kiicicd/Sir], also Mod. Gk. 
 and Calabr. KovKovpayia, Neap, cucuveggta, Alban. kukuvatzke, all 
 meaning the Little Owl, yXa : also Mod. Gk. x ov X ov P lo " r *i s > tne 
 Tawny Owl, Sp. chucha ; vide O. Keller, Lat. Etym. 1893, p. n i. 
 Bikelas cites, from Wagner's Carm. Gr. Med. Aevi, the form 
 KouKou^as. Coray would read for KOKKopdprj, KOKKojSorj, and for 
 
 KiKKaftrj (q. V.), KtKaj3oY]. 
 
 KOKKOBO'AI "OPNII. 6 aXefcrpuwi/, vapa 2o<poK\fi. Eust. 1479, 44 
 (Soph. fr. 900). 
 
 KOKK00PAY'ZTHr opms TTOIOS, Hesych. 
 
 KO'KKYH. Cf. Sk. kokilas, Lith. kukuti, O. H. G. gauh, Scot, gowk, &c. 
 The Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, L. Mod. Gk. KOVKKOS. 
 
 Full Description and comparison with te'pa, Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 563, 564. 
 
 Its Cry, freq. ; e. g. Hes. Op. et D. 484 ^p.os KOKKV KOKKV&I dpvbs ev 
 TTfToXoKn I TOTrpmrov TepTTfi re fipoTOVs eV anflpova yaiav : Ar. Av. 507, Ran. 
 1379, 1384. Cf. Lyc. 395 KOKKvya Kopna^ovra fjia^avpas (rroftovs. 
 
 Note. KOKKvfciv is still more frequently used of the Crowing Cock ; 
 vide S. V. dXcKTpuwi'. On Ar. Ach. 598 e'^eipoTOi/T/o-ap /ue KOKKvyes ye 
 rpar, cf. Bind. Thes. iv. c. 1737 B, also L. and S., s. v. KOKKU. 
 
 Nesting and Breeding. Arist. 1. C. veorrovs de KOKKvyos \eyov<riv ebs- 
 ovdels ewpaKev' 6 de TLKrei fj.ev, aXX' ov Trou/cra/iei/oj veoTTidv. dXX' eVi'ore 
 p.V V rrj TO>V cXaTTOvow opvidcov fvriKTfi KdTa<pay(0v TO. (pa TO, fKfivw, 
 p,d\i(TTa 8' Iv TOLS rooi> (paj35>v veoTTials . . . TIKTCI 8' oXtyaKi? fiev 8uo, ra 5e 
 7T\(l(TTa ev. cvTiKrei 8e KOI TTJ TIJS VTroXatSos i/eoTrta" f] 8' fKircTrci Kal 
 eKrpeCpei. Id. H. A. ix. 29, 6l8a TIKTCI /uaXtora p.i> fv rals T>V (paftuv 
 Kal ev VTroXaiSoff Kal Kopvdov X a / xat '> ^ SevSpov 8' ev rfj TTJS xXwpi'Sos xaXov- 
 fJievrjs VCOTTLU. TIKTCI ev MOV. orav av^dvrjrai 6 TOV KOKKvyos veorros, 
 K/3aXXei ra avrrjs [rj Tpe(pov(ra] Kal anroXXui/rai OVTWS. ol 8e Xeyov&iv a)S 
 Kal drroKTeivacra 17 rpefpovcra 8i'8a)(ri KaTafpayelv' Sta yap TO KaXov elvai TOV 
 TOV KOKKvyos veoTTOv d7roSoKifJ.d(iv TO. avTrjs. Id. De Mirab. 3. 830 b TOVS 
 KOKKvyas TOUV ev Ty 'EXi/c^ (?), ev rats veoTTiais T>V <paTTQ)v f) TQ>V Tpvyovov 
 
88 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOKKYE (continued}. 
 
 fVTLKreiv. See also Arist. De Gen. iii. I, 750, Ael. iii. 30, Theophr. Caus. 
 PI. ii. 18, 9, Dion. De Avib. i. 13, Plin. x. (9) 26, Phile, De An. Pr. 
 xxiv. 
 
 A species that builds its own nest : Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 564 veorrevei 
 yevns TI aiiT&v Troppco Km fv aTroro/iois Trerpcus. [Ib. vi. I, 559> KOKKV 
 probably for Korrvcpos]. 
 
 The Cuckoo is said by Kriiper (p. 184) to lay in Greece chiefly in 
 the nest of Sylvia orphea, and also of the species of Saxicola. Coccystes 
 glandarius, the Great Spotted Cuckoo, which also occurs in Greece, 
 (Mod. Gk. Kpavos), lays in the nests of the Jackdaw, Magpie and Crow. 
 The repeated statement that KOKKV^ lays in the nest of <pdrra or (pd^ is 
 inexplicable, unless such a statement be of foreign origin and refer 
 originally to some Oriental species ; a little light is perhaps thrown 
 upon the point by the circumstance that in certain Chinese legends 
 the Dove and the Cuckoo are confounded together: vide infra s. v. 
 ircpiorepd. This discrepancy deprives of all value the attempted 
 identifications of t>7roXaiV, wihch are based on its being some bird in 
 whose nest the Common Cuckoo habitually lays its egg ; see also 
 S. v. irdmros. 
 
 Migration. Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 563 b (paiWrai eV 6\iyov \povov TOV 
 OepovS) TOV Se ^fi/zcai/a d<pai>terai. Ib. IX. 49 B, 633 /xera/3dXXei TO XP&>M a 
 Kal rfj fytovfj [ov] o-a(pr]vi(i, orav pe\\rj d(pavifcrdai' d(pai/ifrai 8' VTTO Kvva, 
 (pavepbs de yiverat OTTO TOV eapos ap^a^-evos l*-*XP L Kvvos fViToX^s 1 . Cf. Ael. 
 iii. 30 oparai 6 KOKKV^ rjpos vnap^of^fvov els avaToXas Seipi'ou : Dion. De 
 Avib. i. 13 irp&TOS TU>V Xonr&v TTTrjv&v fjfjuv TO cap dyycXXcoi/. 
 
 Metamorphosis with the Hawk, Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 563 b, ix. 49 B, 633. 
 Cf. Plut. Arat. xxx (i. 1041 C) KOI Kadd-rrep rep Koiwvyl (fyrjviv AUTOOTTOJ 
 
 TOVS XfTTTOVS OpVlOdS, OTl <pl>yOlV dVTOV, LnLV tKflVOVg O)? eCTTdl 
 
 e teVa| (Acs. Fab. 198, ed. Halm). Cf. also Tzetz. ad Lye. 395. 
 See also supra, s. vv. TTOI|/, Kipicos. 
 
 Other Myths and Legends. How Jupiter, in the shape of a Cuckoo, 
 sought Hera on Mount Thornax ; and how for this reason the cuckoo 
 figures on Hera's sceptre, Pausan. ii. 17, 4: cf. Schol. ad Theocr. 
 xv. 64 ; hence the mountain was called 6'poy KoKKvyiov, Pausan. ii. 36, i ; 
 cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. 248; cf. also the Teutonic Gauchsberg, Grimm,. 
 D. Myth. p. 646, &c. 
 
 From its propinquity to Sparta, and from the circumstance of the 
 Cuckoo having come in a cloud, Creuzer (1. c.) conjectures an allusion 
 to the same story in Ar. Av. 814; cf. also the weather prophecy in 
 Hesiod, 1. c. 
 
 How the Cuckoo was king over Egypt and Phoenicia, Ar. Av. 504. 
 In these latter statements we have evidence of a confusion with the 
 
KOKKYE- KOAOI02 89 
 
 KOKKYE (continued}. 
 
 Hoopoe, vide s. vv. eiro\|f, KouKou<f>a ; for the relations between the 
 Cuckoo and the Hoopoe, Der Kuckuk und sein Kiister, v. Grimm, 1. c. 
 
 On the mythology of the Cuckoo, see also (int. al.} Von Mannhardt, 
 Zeitsch. f. d. Myth. iii. pp. 209-298 ; Hardy, Pop. Hist, of the Cuckoo, 
 Folk-lore Record, pt. ii ; Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 152. 
 
 How the Atnphisbaena, alone among serpents, appears before the 
 Cuckoo is heard, i.e. in early spring, Plin. xxx. (10) 25; a magic 
 remedy for fleas, Plin. I.e.; a Cuckoo in a hare-skin, a remedy for 
 sleeplessness, Plin. xxx. (15) 48; the Cuckoo as food, Plin. x. 9 ; cf. 
 Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 564 (spurious passage). 
 
 KO'AAPII. Vide s. v. 
 
 KOAAYPl'fiN, s. Ko/ttAA/eoi', Hesych. An undetermined bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 6l/b ra aura eV$/ ra> Korru^w . . . dXiVKerai Se 
 Kara ^eijuwi/a /ndXtara. Is of a size with KOTTV<pos, TrapfiaXos, p.a\a.KOKpai>vs, 
 
 Belon's unsupported hypothesis of the Shrike (Observ. ii. 98) is 
 handed down in the modern scientific name of Lanius collurio. 
 Buffon, quoted by Camus, ii. p. 238, says (Hist. Des Ois. ii. p. 70) that 
 in Mod. Gk. the Shrike is called xoXXuptW ; there is no recent 
 evidence of this. Gloger suggests with more probability, Turdus 
 j L., the Fieldfare, 
 
 KOAOIO'I, a. The Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, L. Root very doubtful. 
 
 Mod. Gk. KoXotoy, KaXoiciKovda. Hesych. KoXoidV [opi>eoi/] 6 oti ra^a 
 oparat tv 'AAeai>pei'a '. also, KoXoiot' (TKooTres'j p-i/epai nopwvai. 
 
 II. xvi. 583 ; xvii. 755 fyapwv ve<pos ep^erai ^e KoXoi&v, \ ov\ov K(K\r)yovTS. 
 In regard to the Jackdaw's cry, cf. Pind. N. 3, 143 (78) KoXoiol xpayerat : 
 Antip. Sid. 47 KoAoicov Kpoo-y/uds : J. Poll. vi. 13 KO\OIOVS K\a>fiv : hence 
 the verb KoAoiaa), Poll. v. 89. 
 
 Frequent in Aristophanes ; Av. passim, Ach. 875, Vesp. 129, Eq. 
 1020, &c. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 b 6i5j/ rpia* KopaKias, XUKOS, j3a>fj,oXox S 5 q. v. 
 Ib. ii. 17? 5^9 T ^ Trpo? Trjv KoiXiav relvov f\(i evpv KOL TrXaru. Its claws 
 are weaker than those of 8pvoKo\dnrr]s ) ib. ix. 9, 614 (here Schneider, 
 followed by Sundevall, would read for KoXoieov, Ko\iS>v s. KeXeoiv). De 
 Gen. iii. 6, 756 b f) Tols pvy^ari els a\\rj\a Koivavia d>j\ov eVi ratv ndao'evo- 
 
 How the Jackdaw, a victim to sociality, is caught with a dish of oil, 
 into which, looking at his own reflection, he falls ; Ael. iv. 30, 
 Athen. ix. 393 b, Dion. De Avib. iii. 19. Caught also with springes 
 baited with an olive, Dion. ib. iii. 18. 
 
 A weather-prophet, of KoXotot e* T&V vr\<j&v Trero/ueixn rols yeapyois 
 
90 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOAOIOI (continued}. 
 
 (rrj(j.flov avxnov /cat acpopt'us etVtV, Arist. fr. 240, 1522. A sign of rain, 
 dye\r)8a /cat IpfjKfO'cnv opolov \ <p$eydp.epot, Arat. Ph. 965 5 cf. ib. 
 Kopat; Se av Kopavrj /cat KoXoibs deiXrjs ox/nay ft (pOeyyoLVTO ^ftjwcoi'os 
 ai TWO. eViS^/Miay 8i8d<TKOV(Ti' /coXotoi de iepaK.iovTS } /cat 7reTop.tvoi TTJ} 
 fj.ev aVwTepo) nrj de Kara>repa>, Kpvfj.ov /cat verov drjXovai, Arist. ap. Ael. vii. 7 j 
 cf. Theophr. De Sign. vi. I ; Arat. 1023, 1026 ; Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 34 
 pluviae graculus auctor aquae ; Lucret. v. 1082. 
 
 In augury, frequent. Ar. Av. 50 x<u KO\OIOS ovroo-l ava> K^vfv : cf. 
 W. H. Thompson's note on Plat. Phaed. 249 D. 
 
 How the Jackdaws, destroying the grasshoppers' eggs, are cherished 
 by the Thessalians, Illyrians, and Lemnians, Ael. iii. 12, Plin. xi. 29. 
 How the Veneti bribe the Jackdaws to spare their crops, and how 
 the Daws respect the compact, Ael. xvii. 16, Antig. Hist. Mir. 173 (189), 
 Arist. De Mirab. ii. 9, 841 b. On the construction of scare-crows, cf. 
 Geopon. xiv. 25. 
 
 Story of a Jackdaw enamoured of a certain youth, Ael. i. 6, xii. 37. 
 The Jackdaw in medicine, Plin. xxix. (6) 36, xxx. (n) 30, &c. Uses 
 laurel as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27. 
 
 Fables. The Daws and the Husbandman, Babr. xxxiii. The Daw 
 in borrowed plumes, ib. Ixxii : also KO\OIOS KOI y\avg, in Fab. Aes. ed. 
 Halm, 200 ; Phaedr. i. 3 ; cf. Luc. Apol. 4 KoXotos aXXorpiois vrrepot? 
 cryaXWai : Hor. Ep. 1.3. 19, 2o moveat cornicula risum, Furtivis nudata 
 coloribus. See also Aes. Fab. 201, 202, 398. 
 
 Proverb. KO\OIOS irapa KO\OIOV idvei, Arist. Rhet. i. II, 1371 b ; cf. 
 Nic. Eth. viii. 2, 1155, &c. KaK&v navdpiore Ko\oiS>v, Lucian, Fugit. 30 
 (3, 382). Of chatterers, TroXXot yap /utWi o-$e KaraKpa>^ov<n /coXotot, Ar. 
 Eq. 1020. 
 
 KOAOIO'I, p. The Little Cormorant. Phalacrocorax pjygmaeus, 
 Bonap.; vide s. v. KaTappdic-nis. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 b eon 8e /cat aXXo yevos /coXotcov irepl rf)V AvSiav 
 Kal tyvy&nr, 6 areyavoTrovv eariv. Is friendly with Xapos (6 /caX. /coXotos), 
 Ael. v. 48. 
 
 Sundevall ingeniously suggests the above interpretation, the large or 
 Common Cormorant, ' corvo marine,' being known as /cdpa (Arist. 
 H. A. viii. 3, 593 b). Ar. Ach. 875 (883) vdWus, /coXotous, drrayas, (paXa- 
 , &c., is quoted by Athen. ix. 395 E as a list of water-birds. Cf. s. v. 
 
 r| GaXdaaios. 
 KOAO|'<I>PYE' Tavaypalos aXe/crp^toi/, Hesych. 
 
 KOAOKTPYfli'N. In Hesych., supposed to be based on an ancient 
 
 error in MS. Ravenn. of Ar. Ran. 935, for Kd\cKTpv6va. 
 KOAYMBI'I, s. KoXvrfos (Ar. Ach.), KoXu/ujSas (Athen. 395 e, Anton. Lib.). 
 A water-bird ; especially a Grebe. 
 
KOAOIOZ KOPAE 91 
 
 KOAYMBII (continued}. 
 
 Ar. Av. 304, Ach. 875, brought to market from Boeotia. Mentioned 
 among the water-birds in Arist. H. A. i. I, 487, viii. 3, 593 b; Alex. 
 Mynd. in Athen. ix. 395 d 77 p.iKpa KoXv/u,/3is 7rai/ra>i> Aa^um} TO>V evvSpcov, 
 pVTrapofjieXaiva rfjv XP oiav KOI TO pvyxos ov e^ei, {TKeVroi/ re (lect. dub.) ra 
 o/up.ara, ra Se TroXXckKaraSuerai. Dion. De Avib. ii. 12 roi? KoXvpfiois eo~T\v 
 del TO vrj\0~6ai <piXoi>, KOI ovS' ay VTTVOV X l *P lv % Tpofprjs eVi r>)i> yrjv eX$oiep, 
 K.r.A. : ib. iii. 24, capture of KoXvpfiis at night, with net and lantern. 
 The above passage from Alex. Mynd., so far as it is intelligible, is 
 a good description of the Little Grebe or Dabchick, Podiceps minor, L., 
 which is a common resident in Greece (Mod. Gk. /SourqKrdpa). In 
 Arist. De Part. iv. 12 we find a minute account of the Grebe's foot, but 
 without a name. 
 
 According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, 
 daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird Ko\vp,pas. 
 
 KO'MBA* Kopavrj, noXvpprjvioi, Hesych. 
 
 KONTl'AOI- ddos opve'ov, ^ 6pri;, Hesych. It is possible that the word 
 may be connected with KoVros, and that it may relate to the game 
 of opTvyoKOTTta, or quail-tapping. 
 
 KOPAKI'AI. Also KopaKiKos (synonymous according to Hesych.). 
 A Chough. Pyrrhocorax alpinus, the Alpine Chough, and Fregilus 
 graculus, the Cornish Chough ; both found in Greece, the latter 
 more rarely. Mod. Gk. KaXiaKovda in Attica, Kopuvo-n-ovXt in 
 Laconia (Heldr.). 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 b. A sort of KO\OLOS' oa-ov Kopo>j>?7, 
 pvy%os. Hesych. 6 p.e\as KoAoio'y, KOI Kopaicivos 6/ 
 
 KO'PAE, a. The Raven. Corvus corax, L. Cf. Sk. kar-dvas, L. cor-vus t 
 Sw. krd-ka, O. N. hro-kr, A. S. hro-c, Eng. crow, rook, O. N. hra-fn, 
 Eng. raven : the same root in Kpo>, crepare, raucus, O. H. G. 
 hruofan, Ger. rufen, Eng. croak. Mod. Gk. Kopag, KopaKas, Kop- 
 Kopag (Erh.). Dim. Kopaicii'os, Ar. Eq. 1053 ; KopaicurKOs, Gloss. 
 
 Not in Homer. Poet., frequent, with the idea of ravenous, carrion- 
 feeding, e.g. Aesch. Suppl. 751, Ag. 1473 ; Gk. Anthol. (Jac.) iv. 179 
 ayKei/jiai p.ya delnvov ap.Tpo{3iois Kopa.Kecro~t. Hence Prov. els KopaKas, Ar. 
 Vesp. 51, 852, Nub. 123, 133, 789, Pax 500, 1221, Thesmoph. 1226, &c., 
 Arist. fr. 454, 1552 b, Plut. ix. 415, Lucian, Alex. 46 (2, 552) ; frequent 
 also in the comic fragments. See also the long note of Photius ; cf. also 
 Antisthenes ap. D. L. vi. 1,4 Kpelrroj/ e'Xeye <add (prjaiv 'E/carcoj/ eV raty 
 Xpeiaiy, els KopaKas f) els KoXaKas eKTrecretj/' 01 pev yap vcKpovs, of 8e )i>Tas 
 
 : cf. Pallad. 32, Gk. Anthol. iii. 121 p KOI X povov 
 
92 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOPAH (continued}. 
 
 ftceplfct, J XOITTOV T avTo Kopa /Sco/ioXd^oy re KoXa. With epithet 
 Eur. Andr. 862. 
 
 Anatomical particulars. Arist. De Part. iv. I, 626 b TO pvyxos e^ei 
 lo~xvpbv KOL 07cX7pdV, TOV oTOfia^ou TO ?rp6ff TTJV Koi\iav Tiivov cvpv KOI nXarv, 
 Xo\rjv irpbs TOIS evrepois. 
 
 Breeding. Arist. De Gen. iii. 6, 756 b f) p.ev o^eia oXiycm? oparai, f) Se 
 TOIS pvyxevi Kpbs aXXi;Xa Koii/am'a TroXXafci?, eiori yap Ttvey 01 Xeyovo-i Kara 
 TO o-TO/ia p.iyvv<r6ai TOVS KopaKas, cf. Plin. x. (12) 15 ; Dion. De Avib. i. 
 9 ov piyvvvTat Tvplv TWO. TCUS drjXeiais (pdrjv axnrep yap.fj\iov TrepiKpd^ai. Pair 
 for life, Athen. ix. 506. Lays four to five eggs, Arist. H. A. ix. 31, 618 b. 
 Incubates twenty days and expels the fledglings, ib. vi. 6, 563 b. ; cf. Piin. 
 1. C. Ael. iii. 43 Kopa 6 fjSrj yepav orav pfj $vvr}Tai rpefpeiv TOVS VCOTTOVS, 
 eavrbv avTOis Trporcivei Tpofprjv, | 01 Se fffBiawn TOV TraTepa ; cf. Phile, De 
 Anim. Pr. vi. 
 
 Habits. Mentioned among TO. KCITO. TrdXeiy eico^oVa paXiaTa r)v, Arist. 
 H. A. ix. 23, 617 b. Is a mimic, Ael. ii. 51. /SovXeTai 8e TO>I> 
 fupeladai ras (rTayovas, ib. vi. 19. ov n(Ta(3d\\ct TOVS TOTTOVS ov 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 6i7b. How the Ravens pick out sheeps' eyes, Ar. 
 Av. 582. 
 
 Myth and Legend. How there are never more than two Ravens 
 Trepi Tfjv Ka^ov/jLevrjv KOTTTOI/ in Egypt, Ael. vii. 1 8 ; at Krannon in 
 Thessaly, Arist. De Mirab. 126, 842 b, Plin. x. (12) 15 ; in Pedasia in 
 Caria, Arist. De Mirab. 137, 844 b. In this last instance they inhabit 
 the temple, and one has a white throat. Perhaps the nopals here were 
 priests or priestesses, cf. ir^Xeia. See also Arist. H. A. ix. 31. 
 
 On the KopaKes or *opd/aa, as a grade in the Mithraic hierarchy, cf. 
 Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16, Hieronym. ad Laet. 7, Diodor. i. 62, Inscr. 
 Griiter. p. 1087. 4, &c. ; cf. Montfaucon, ii. p. 377, Creuzer's Symbolik i. 
 p. 253, Miinter ad Jul. Firmic. v. p. 20, &c. Creuzer (i. p. 431) correlates 
 the Indian myth of Brahma appearing in one of his incarnations as 
 a Raven, and compares in turn this latter story (ii. p. 655) with that 
 in Herod, iv. 15. The Raven of Odin is, perhaps, also cognate. 
 
 The Raven as a messenger of Apollo. Hesiod, fr. 125 (142) ap. 
 Schol. Pind. P. 48 (28) TO> /ieV ap' a'yyeXoy ^X$e Ko'pa itprjs OTTO SaiTOS | 
 IlvdS) es fjyadfrjv KCU p ecppao-fv epy didrjXa | $oi/3a> aKepo-Kop.r) : cf. Ael. 
 i. 47 'ATrdXXtoi/off Bepdrrav, with which cf. famulum in Cat. Ixvi. 57, 
 and Ellis's note ; see also Bianor iv in Gk. Anthol. ii. 142 <S>oi'/3ou XaTpts: 
 Ael. i. 47, 48, vii. 18, Porph. De Abst. iii. 5, Stat. Silv. ii. 4 Phoebeius 
 ales, &c. 
 
 Hence with the laurel-emblem, on coins of Delphi. Hence also 
 Stat. Theb. iii. 506 comes obscurus tripodum ; Petron. Sat. c. 122 
 delphicus ales. 
 
KOPAE 
 
 93 
 
 KOPAE (continued}. 
 
 The legend of Coronis (Paus. ii. 26, 6), mother of Aesculapius : the 
 raven sent for water by Apollo, and punished for dallying by the way ; 
 hence the raven, alone of birds, does not bring water to its young : 
 Dion. De Avib. i. 9, Phil. De An. Pr. vi : cf. Callim. fr. nuper edit., 
 Gompertz, Mitth. a. d. Rainersammlung, 1893, Kenyon, Class. Rev. 
 1893, p. 430. See further, Ael. i. 47; also Ovid, F. ii. 249, where 
 Corvus in the same story appears as a constellation ; according to 
 Hyginus, Poet. Astron. c. xl, the raven waited to devour some ripening 
 figs, and the punishment of everlasting thirst is correlated with the 
 juxtaposition of the constellations Corvus and Crater, which latter the 
 Hydra guards (Ovid, F. ii. 243 Continuata loco tria sidera Corvus et 
 Anguis, Et medius Crater inter utrumque iacet). Hence Prov. *o/:;a 
 vdpevfi, Hesych., Suid. In the version of the same story in Ovid, Met. 
 ii, the raven was originally white (v. 536) Nam fuit haec quondam niveis 
 argentea pennis Ales, ut aequaret totas sine labe columbas ; a world- 
 wide legend : cf. Hygin. Fab. 202, Cower, Conf. Amant. iii, &c. 
 
 On the name Coronis in connexion with Moon-symbolism, cf. Pott 
 in Lazarus and Steintheil's Zeitschr., xiv. p. 18, 1883. 
 
 It is skilled in augury, Ael. i. 48 ; cf. Aes. Fab. 212, Plin. x. (12), 15, 
 Cic. Divin. i. 39, Ovid, Met. ii. 534, Plaut. Aulul. iv. 3, i, Id. Asin. ii. 
 i, 12, Hor. Car. iii. 17, Stat. Theb. iii. 506, Petron. Sat. 122, Valer. Max. 
 i. c. 4, Festus, 197, c. 
 
 How ravens conducted Alexander to the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, 
 and subsequently gave warning of his death, Plut. V. Alex. c. 27. 
 
 How the ravens flocked to Delphi, and despoiled the gifts of the 
 Athenians, before the Sicilian disaster, Pausan. x. 15, 5. 
 
 How ravens guided the Boeotians to the site of a new city, Photius, 
 s. v. es Kopaicas. 
 
 How all the ravens departed from Athens and the Peloponnese on 
 the defeat of Medius at Pharsalus, Arist. ix. 31, 618 b : cf. Plin. x. 15 ; 
 see Schneider in loc., and ad Xen. Hellen. ii. 3, 4, further Diodor. xiv. 
 82, and Strab. xi. p. 591. Some similar incident seems to be alluded 
 to in Ar. Eq. 1052 dXX' lepaKa <pi\et } p.[j,vT]fj.evos tv (ppeaiV) 6s (rot | Tjfycrye 
 crvvdrjoas AaKfdaifjioviav KopaKivovs. 
 
 How in Egypt the ravens beg of those sailing by in boats, and if 
 denied, cut the cordage, Ael. ii. 48. Places liyvov in its nest as a charm, 
 Ael. i. 35 : cf. Phile, 727. Detests rrjv evfapov TTOUV, Phile, De An. 670, 
 
 or va>fJLOV (nrepfjui) Ael. vi. 46. Is hostile to iKrlios, alaraXav, 
 ovos, Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b, Ael. v. 48, Phile, 388, 705, and to 
 Phile, 690. A raven and an ass together on a coin of Mindaon, Imh. 
 Bl., and Kell., p. 32, pi. 24 (the constellation Corvus set shortly after 
 Cancer, with which latter the Ass is associated). The hare detests the 
 voice of the raven, Ael. xiii. 1 1 (and the constellation Lepus sets soon 
 
94 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOPAE (continued}. 
 
 after the rising of Corvus, as does also Taurus). The raven is friendly 
 to the fox, Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b. The raven's eggs dye the hair and 
 the teeth black, Ael. i. 48, Phile, De An. vi, Plin. xxix. (6) 34. The 
 raven in medicine, Plin. xxix. (4) 13, &c. After killing a chameleon, 
 the raven uses a leaf of laurel as an antidote to the reptile's venom, 
 Plin. viii. (27) 41. 
 
 For an account of the various Raven-myths discussed in connexion 
 with the astronomic symbolism of the constellation Corvus, see Hygin. 
 Poet. Astron. xl, Fab. ccii, German, c. xl, Eratosthen. c. xli, Theon. 
 p. 151, Vitruv. ix. 7, Ovid. 1. c., Dupuis, Orig. de tous les cultes, vi. 
 p. 457,&c. 
 
 A "Weather-prophet. A prophet of storm : Arat. 963-969 89 TTOTC Kal 
 yeveal KOpaKav Kal <pv\a /coXoian/ 1 vdaros ep%ofjLvoio Aio? ndpa (rrjfji eyevovro, \ 
 (paivopevoi dye\T]8a Kal iprjKfao'iv o/zola | (p0ydp,voi . . . 17 TTOTC KOI Kpo)avr 
 (3apcirj SicrcraKi (pwvfj \ fjuiKpbv eVtppoie{)(ri Ttvaacropevoi Trrcpa TTVKVO, I cf. 
 Theophr. De Sign. vi. I, l6 *opa TroXXas- /iera/3dXXfii/ <B0obff (puvds, 
 TOVTOJV eav ra^i/ 8ty (pOey^rjTai. Kal 7nppoir)(TT] Kal rivd^rj ra Trrepa vdu>p <rr)- 
 paivfi' KOI edv verav OVTWV no\\ds /xerajSaXXj; <pa>vas Kal edv (pdeipifrrai 
 eV e'Xaiay' KOI edv re evStas fdv re vdaros ovros /zi/i^rai r,^ (pavfj olov 
 ffTaXaypovs v8a>p o-rjfjialvti (vide Aratus, 1. c.), cf. ib. c. 3 ; Arist. ap. Ael. 
 vii. 7 ra^ecoff KOI eVirpox 009 <p^eyyo/xei/os KCU Kpovav rds TTTepvyas Kal Kpornv 
 avraSy on ^ftjucov earai Kareyvo) rrpaiTos. Kopa 8e au Kal Kopavr) Kal KO\OIOS 
 8e[\r)s o^fias fl (pdeyyoivTO, %fip.covo$ e&e&dai nva 7ri8r)p,iav 8i8darKov(ri I 
 Plut. Sol. Anim. ii. 129 A, Nic. Ther. 406 and Schol, &c. A sign of 
 fair weather: Arat. 1003 Kal KopaKes povvovfjifv' fpypaloi (Booavrfs \ div- 
 avrap eireira p.ey ddpoa KK\r)ya>Ts \ rrXciorepot, dye\r)8bv eTrrjV KO'LTOIO 
 (pavfjs e/n7rXeioi : cf. Theophr. op. cit. vi. 4, 13, Q. Smyrn. xii. 
 513, Geopon. i. 2, 6; i. 3, 8, Plin. xviii. 87, Virg. G. i. 382, 410. In 
 the Georgics, the allusion is evidently to rooks, as is perhaps also the 
 case, though more doubtfully, in Aratus ; cf. W. W. Fowler, ' A Year 
 with the Birds ' (3rd ed.), p. 234. 
 
 Varieties. White ravens, Arist. H. A. iii. 12, 519 : cf. De Color. 
 6, 799 b ; Cod. Rhod. Lect. Antiq. xvii. i i ; though \evKos Kopag = 
 cygnus niger, an unheard-of thing, Anth. Pal. xi. 417 (Jac. iv. 130) 
 TI 7retpaeiff \*VKOV Idelv KopaKa ; see also Photius, s. v. cs 
 Athen. 359 E; Lucian, Epigr. 9 (3, 689) Qarrov crjv \CVKOVS 
 Trrrjvds re ^eXcoj/as | (vpelv rj doKtpbv pyropa KamradoKrjv ; cf. Schol. in Ar. 
 
 Nub. 133 ; Juv. Sat. vii. 202. Cf. fable of *opa KCU KVKVOS, Acs. 206. 
 According to Boios and Simmias, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xx, Lycias, son 
 of Cleinis, was metamorphosed into a white Raven. The ravens in 
 Egypt are smaller than in Greece, Arist. H. A. viii. 28, 606. 
 
 a fabulous variety, Lucian, Ver. Hist. i. 16. Kopa 
 
KOPAE KOPYAAAOZ 95 
 
 KOPAE (continued}. 
 
 in Athen. 353 a, and *opa wKrepivos in Lucian Asin. 12 (ii. 581), for 
 yuKTiKopaS, q.v. 
 
 On talking Ravens, Porph. De Abst. iii. 4, Plin. x. (43) 60, &c. 
 
 Fables. Fable of the pitcher and the stones, Bianor iv, in Gk. 
 Anthol. ii. 142 ; Ael. ii. 48, vii. 7. Fox and Crow, Babr. 77, Aes. (ed. 
 Halm), 204 : cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 56. The Sick Raven, Babr. 78, Aes. 
 208 TLS T(ov 6eS>v, TCKVOV, <raxrf i, | TWOS yiip VTTO (TOV /3&>/z6y ov% <jv\r)6r) ; 
 Daw and Raven, Aes. 201. Raven and Serpent, Aes. 207: cf. Gk. 
 Anthol. ii. 97. Raven (VTTO rrayiSos Kparrjdeis) and Hermes, Aes. 205. 
 
 Prov. KaKov KopaKos KCIKOV woV, Ael. iii. 43 ; Paroem. Gr. ii. p. 466, 
 ed. Leutsch : cf. W. H. Thompson's Phaedrus, p. 132. 
 
 KO'PAE. p. A Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carlo, L., and P. graculus, 
 L. Mod. Gk. KaXirfaKov. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b 6 Ka\ovfj.evos Kopa earl TO p,ev peyeOos olov 
 TreXapyo?, 7r\r)v TO. o~Ke\rj e^et eXarrca, cTTeyavoTrovs de nal veuoriKoy, TO 8e 
 XpMfMi /AeXas. Ka6iei de OVTOS eVi T>V Sevdpav Koi veoTTfvei evTavQa p.6vos 
 
 TtoV TOIOVTWV. 
 
 The Cormorant appears in various Italian dialects as cormoran^ 
 coruo marin, corvastro, &c., the Little Cormorant (vide s. v. KoXoiog) 
 as corvo marin piccolo, and in Venetia, corveto marin, i. e. Sea-Jackdaw 
 (Giglioli). 
 
 The corvus aquaticus of Plin. xi. (37) 47, mentioned as bald (quibus 
 apud Graecos nomen est inde), and therefore presumably identical with 
 the phalacrocorax, ib. x. (48) 68, must have been a different bird. 
 
 KO'PA<t>OI. An unknown bird, Hesych. According to Schn., for 
 icopvcpos, whence fxeXayicopu^os. 
 
 KO'PGIAOI- opvts ov rives fiaviXio-Kov, Hesych. Cf. rp6)(iXos. 
 KO'PKOPA' opvis, Hepymot, Hesych. 
 
 KOPY'AAAOI. K<5pu8o, s. KopuSos, Plato, Euthyd., Ar. Av. 302, 472, 
 &c., Anaxandrides ap. Athen. iv. 131, Arist. H. A. &c., Theocr. 
 vii. 141, Plut. De Is., &c., Galen, &c. ; icopuSaXX^, Epich. 25 
 Ahr. ; KopuSaXXts, Simon. 68 ; KopuSaXis, Phile, De An. Pr. 683 ; 
 KopuSaXXos, s. KopuSdXos, Theocr. x. 50, Babr. 88, Eubul. fr. ap. 
 Phryn., Arist. H. A. ix. 15; icopuSwy, Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609, 
 cf. Schol. ad Ar. Av. 303 ; ic6pu6os, Hesych. (a doubtful word, 
 defined as tls T>V rpo^tXa)!/ : cf. KopuOwy), &c. : cf. Lob. Phryn. 
 338 ; Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 426. On the gender, cf. 
 
 Schol. ad Ar. Av. 472 6rj\vKS)s eip^Ke Triv KopfSoV, 6 5e 
 
 (Euthyd. 291 D) TOVS 
 
96 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOPYAAAOI (continued). 
 
 A Lark (from Kopus). Mod. Gk. KopvSaXoy, <rKOp8aXor, 
 
 (Belon), and in Santorini o-Kovptav\6s (Bikelas) qy. o--Kovpt[S]auXo?. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 b fj ^Xcopi's- cariv f)\iKov Kopvftos : 
 ix. 49 B, 633 b cniyfios, KOVHTTIKOS (i. e. bathes in the sand, like a hen) : 
 viii. 16, 600 a <po>Xei: vi. i, 559 run-ci eV 777 777, like the quail and the 
 partridge : ix, 8, 614 a eVi SeVSpou ov KaOi&i d\X' eVt r^s- y^s : ix. 29, 6i8a 
 the cuckoo lays in its nest, which is placed on the ground, cf. Ael. 
 iii. 30. Is caught with bird-lime, Dion. De Avib. iii. 2, or by help of 
 the owl, ib. iii. 17. The crest referred to proverbially, Simon, fr. 68. 
 (Plut. ii. 91 E, 809 A, V. Timol. xxxvii, 253 E) irdo-aiaiv Kopv8a\\io-iv XP*1 
 \6(pov eyy'ivecrdai. Arist. mentions neither the singing nor the soaring 
 of the lark ; but Theocr. vii. 141 has aeiSoi/ KopuSoi KOI oKavOidtt, and 
 x. 50 eyeipopevq) Kopv8a\\a>, surgente corydalo. The lark's song was 
 apparently not appreciated : cf. Alciphr. Epist. 48 ov eyo> r/?? d 
 <pa)vr]S eveKa opdSiS Kopv86v [s. opdoKopvo'ov] Ka\flo-dui irpos f)fjiS)V 
 Epigr. ct KVKVCO dvvarai KopvSus irapaTrXrja-iov adeiv : and proverbs cited by 
 Schneider in Arist. vol. iv. p. 128. 
 
 Varieties. Arist. H. A. ix. 25, 617 b 8vo yevrj, f) pev erepa errlyeios Kal 
 \6<poi> ex ovfra ) ^ ^* fTepa dy\aia Kal ov (nropas aHnrep eKeivr], TO p.evTOi 
 jjLOiov TJ7 repa e^outra, ro 5e p.fyedos ZXarrov' Kal \6<pov OVK if^ei, 
 Se. The first species is the Crested Lark, Alaitda cristata, L., 
 a permanent resident in Greece; the other is the Common Lark, 
 Alauda arvensis, L., a winter migrant (v.d. Miihle, p. 36, Lindermayer, 
 p. 49). Both species receive the name KopuSaXds in Mod. Gk. (Erhard). 
 
 Myth and Legend. Arist. H. A. ix. I, 610 $1X01 <rxoivia>v KOI 
 
 KOpV&OS KOI Xl/SuOff KOL K\OS. ix. I, 609 b 6 TTe'XXo? TToXf/iei KOpvdti), TO, 
 
 yap o>a avrov /cXfTrret. Ib. 609 TroXe/uia TrotfiXi'Sey Kat KopvSwves Kal 
 TTiVpa Kal x^>P f vs. Hostile also to a/cai/#vXXi's, Phile, 683, Ael. iv. 5. 
 Uses the "grass aypvarris as an amulet or protection, Ael. i. 35, as 
 does the Hoopoe, Phile, 724; whence the proverb eV Kopv8ov 
 Koirr] o-KoXif) KeKpvnraL ayp&o-Tis, Geopon. xv. i, 19. Uses, in like 
 manner, oak-leaves, Phile, 725. Is killed by mustard-seed, vdnvos 
 (77rep/u,<m, Phile, 662, Ael. vi. 46 ; cf. Galen, Theriac. i. 9, 943, &c., 
 Diosc. ii. 59, 796. How the lark led an Attic colony to Corone in 
 Messenia, and how Apollo, under the name Ko'puSo?, had a temple 
 and cured diseases there, Paus. iv. 34, 8. How the Lemnians honoured 
 the larks, ra rtoi/ arTeXa/3a>i> fvpio~KovTa$ &>a Kal Korrrovras, Plut. ii. 380 F. 
 The story of the Lark and his Father, Aesop ap. Ar. Av. 471 
 irdvTwv TTpWTrjv opviOa yevecrdai, TTporepav rrjs yr/s, Acaxreira voo~q) TOV 
 avrtjs d7rodi>f)<TKfiv' yrjv d' OVK (ivai, TOV 8e TrpoKfladai 7rfp.7TT<uov' Trjv S* dno- 
 povcrav UTT' dprjxavias TOV Trnrep* avTijs ev Tfj Ke<pa\fj KaTopv^ai. The same 
 story told in great detail of the Hoopoe, eVov^ 'iv SIKOS (Ael. N. A. xvi. 5) 
 
KOPYAAAOI KOPflNH 97 
 
 KOPYAAAOI (continued}. 
 
 with the statement that the Greeks probably transferred the legend to the 
 lark ; vide s.v. eiroij/. The legend, which probably includes a solar myth, 
 is very obscure. Connected with it is probably the epithet e7riTu/i/3i'Stoi 
 KopvdaXXidesj Theocr. vii. 27, but the line in Babrius Ixxii. 20 KopvdaXkbs 
 ovv rdcpois naifav is spurious and unreliable (W. G. R.). The Kopvdos 
 and eTrox//- (both crested birds) are frequently confused : the very word 
 Alauda is possibly an Eastern word for the Hoopoe, Arab, al hudhud. 
 Cf. Plin. xi. 37 galerita appellata quondam, postea gallico (?) vocabulo 
 alauda. 
 
 Associated with the name Philoclees, Ar. Av. 1295. 
 
 The superficial resemblance between KopvdaXos and the name of 
 "ApTffiis KopvQaXia (Athen. iv. 139) may help to explain"Apre/iiy 'AKaXavdis 
 and the other similar epithets in Ar. Av. 870-877. 
 
 A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 7, where Hippo- 
 dameia is transformed into a lark, 6Yt eKopvcrcreTo Trpos ras ITTTTOV?. 
 
 Fables. KopvSaXos els Trdyrjv aXovs, Aes. 209 (c. 55, F. 228). KOpvdaXos 
 /cat yccopyo'y, Ib. 2IO (F. 379, C. 421, B. 88). 
 
 KOPYOft'N, also Kopui/6euV dXf/crputoi/, Hesych. Very probably identical 
 with Kopu&wi/, s. v. KopuSaXos. 
 
 KOPYAAin'N- opvtGos eldos, Hesych. Vide s. v. icoXXupia>i>. 
 
 The Crow, Corvus cor one, L., including also the Hooded 
 Crow, C. comix, L. Mod. Gk. Kop&va (Erh.), Kovpovva (v. d. M.). 
 Sometimes the Rook, which only appears in Greece during the 
 winter, and appears to have received no special name : vide s.v. 
 onrepjULoXoyos. On the confusion in Latin between comix, corvus, 
 &c., v. Wedgwood, Tr. Philol. Soc., 1854, p. 107; also W. W. 
 Fowler, ' A Year with the Birds/ c. vii. Dim. Kopw^iSeus, Cratin. 
 
 ILv\. IO. 
 
 First in Hes. Op. 747 M T0t e(peop.evr) Kpu>rj \ctKepvfa Kopavrj : cf. Ar. 
 Av. 609 ; Apoll. Rhod. iii. 928 ; Arat. 950. 
 
 Described as frequenting cities, Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617 b, not a migrant, 
 ib. (cf. Fab. Aes. 415). No bigger in Egypt than in Greece, ib. viii. 28, 
 606 ; alimentary canal as in the Raven, ib. ii. 17, 504 ; frequent the sea- 
 shore, to feed on jettisoned carcases, being omnivorous, ib. viii. 3, 593 b ; 
 Archil. 44, ap. Athen. 594 O-VKYJ Trerpair) 7ro\\as jBoaKovo-a Kopwvas (? rooks). 
 
 Breeding habits. Arist. De Gen. iv. 6, 774b TLKrovatv a'reXr/ /cat rv(p\d. 
 H. A. VI. 8, 564 eVspa^bt'O'i de ai 6rj\eiai povai, Kai 8iaT(\ov(riv en avru)v 
 ovcrai dia Travros' rpffpovcri 8' auras ol appeves Kop,iovTes rr]v rpocprjv avrais 
 /cat airi^ovrfs : ib. 6, 563 b eVrt rtra xpovov eTTt/zeXelrat* /cat yap ijdrj Trero- 
 On their monogamous habits, mutual afifec- 
 H 
 
9 8 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOPHNH (continued}. 
 
 tion and constancy, whence their invocation at weddings, vide Ael. 
 iii. 9 (infra ctt.}. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Its proverbial longevity. Hes. in Plut. De Orac. 
 Def. ii. p. 415 C Ivvfa rot iwei yeveas XuKepua K.op<avr), \ dv8pa>v ?7/3a>i>ra>j/ : 
 cf. Ar. Av. 609, Arat. 1023 cvvedveipa Kopcwr) : Opp. Cyn. iii. 117 aicrd- 
 evra re (pv\a TToKvfaoi (? 7roXuKpa>oi) re Kop&vai. Cf. also Ar. Av. 967 
 TToXtat Kopwvai : Babr. Fab. 46, 9 Kopavrjv devrcpav oVaTrX^o-a?, lived two 
 crows' lives ; Automed. ix (Gk. Anthol. ii. 193) /3i'oi/ <uotre Kopavrjs : 
 Lucill. xcvii (ib. iii. 49) ei /ieV f t s ravaov eXdfpov xpovov f]e Kopavijs : Com. 
 Anon. 4, 680 (Meineke) inrep raj Kopvva? /3e/3ia>K<k, &c. See also Plin. 
 vii. 48, Horat. Car. iii. 17, 16 annosa cornix ; Martial, x. 67 cornicibus 
 omnibus superstes, c. ; Lucret. v. 1083, Juv. x. 247, Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 36. 
 Auson. Id. xviii. 
 
 Is hostile to yd\r), y\av, op^tXo?, 7rpeo-/3vy, rvrcavos, Arist. H. A. ix. 
 I, 609,610: to aKav6v\\is, Ael. iv. 5 : to deros and KipKos, Ael. xv. 22; 
 friendly to epcoSws, Arist. 1, c., Ael. v. 48. The War of the Owls and 
 Crows, Ael. iii. 9, V. 48 exrfi de fj y\avg eariv avrfj TroXe/Aior, KOI vvKrcap 
 cnijBovXevd rols tools Trjs Kopavys, f) be fj.c& fjfjLepav Klvr)v ravro Spa retro, 
 etdiua %X flv T *) v o^nv TfjV y\avKa TrjviKavra dadevrj. Cf. Jataka, p. 270 ; 
 
 Ind. Antiq., 1882, p. 87; De Gubern. Zool. Myth., &c. Vide 
 s. v. yXau^ for a discussion of the moon-symbolism of the latter bird, 
 and compare the Chinese expression of the Golden Crow and the 
 Jewelled Hare to signify the Sun and Moon. The same legend may 
 account for Athene's supposed enmity to the Crow, cf. Ovid, Amor. ii. 
 6, 35 cornix invisa Minervae. 
 
 Uses dpi<TTp)v as a charm, Ael. i. 35 ; also pa/m/of, Phile, De Am. Pr. 
 725 ; and Trepia-repeuva TOV VTTTIOV, Geopon. XV. 1,19. 
 
 A weather-prophet : of storm, Theophr. Sign. vi. 3, 39 lav ra^u 8ls 
 Kp<ar) KOI rpirov ^et/if'pia o^juaiw . . . Kal o\^e qdovora : Arat. IOO2 Koi 
 ff<rvxa TroiKiXXouovz [s. KcoriXXoucra, Lob.] | &py ev fcnrepir) Kpo>yp.ov TroKvfpojva 
 Kopuvrj : ib. IO22 /cat evvedvcipa Kopavr) \ vvxrtpov de[()ov<ra : cf. Arist. fr. 
 
 241, I522b, ap. Ael. vii. 7, Plut. ii. 674 B, Virg. G. i. 388, Hor. C. iii. 
 17, 13, Lucan v. 556; a sign of fair weather, Theophr. vi. 4, 53 KOI 
 ea>@v fvdvs lav Kpdrj rpi'?, evdiav orq/zati/ei, KOI ecrnfpas ^ft/ucows 
 
 Souo-a : cf. Ael. 1. c., Virg. G. i. 410, Geopon. i. 2, 6, &c. 
 A bad summer is portended when the fig-leaves are shaped like 
 a crow's foot, Plut. ii. 410 E. 
 
 The Crow in augury, seldom mentioned in Greek, save in Ar. Aves ; 
 see also Ael. iii. 9, where a solitary crow is mentioned as an evil omen ; 
 according to Porph. De Abst. iii. 4, the Arabs understood the language 
 of crows. A crow on the left-hand is unlucky, Virg. Eel. ix. 15, Cic. 
 De Div. i. 39, Plaut. Asin. ii. i, 12, &c. ; cf. Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 115. 
 
 According to Bent, Cyclades, 1885, p. 394, the inhabitants of Anti- 
 
KOPflNH 99 
 
 KOPQNH (continued}. 
 
 paros are called Kovpovvai by their neighbours in Paros, the reason 
 assigned being that if the former see a crow on the south side of 
 a tree, they are in terror. 
 
 How a crow never enters the Acropolis at Athens, Arist. fr. 324, 
 I532b, Ael. v. 8, Apollon. viii, Plin. x. (12) 14. (This statement is 
 believed by some modern travellers, cf. Dr. Chandler, Trav. in Greece, 
 c. xi. p. 54 ; and may have a foundation in fact, due simply to the height 
 of the hill.) How a crow in Egypt used to cany messages for King 
 Marres, and was honoured with a sepulchre, Ael. vi. 7. How a crow 
 dies if it falls in with the leavings of a wolf's dinner (!), Ael. vi. 46, Phile, 
 671. How a brazen crow was found in the foundation of Coronea, 
 Paus. iv. 34, 5. How the crows showed the grave of Hesiod, Paus. ix. 
 38, 3. How the young crow leaves the egg feet first, Dion. De Avib. i. 10. 
 The heart eaten, to secure prophetic powers, Porph. De Abst. ii. 48 (cf. 
 
 It was invoked at weddings, Ael. iii. 9 OKOUO) Se TOVS naXai Kal Iv rots 
 ydfjLOis p.Ta TO vp.eva.iov rrjV Koputvrjv KO\~IV, o-vvdrjp,a opovoias TOVTO rots 
 avviovo'LV eirl TraidoTToiiq didovTff. Cf. Horap. i. 9 ydp.ov de dr]\ovvres ) dvo 
 Kopwvas <Bypa(pot;(n [01 Atywmot] : regarding which statement, see Lauth, 
 Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 79. Cf. also Horap. i. 8 r6i>"Apea KOI 
 Trjv^AcppodiTrjvypd^ovTes, dvo Kopwvas faypacpovaiv, <$ avdpa KOI yvvalKa, errel 
 roOro TO q>ov dvo <wa yevvq, a<p' a>v cippev Kal 6rj\v yvvao~dai Set. eVeiSai/ 6e 
 ycvvrjo"?], onfp o~7raviti)S yiVerai, dvo dpo~viK.dj r) dvo 6rj\VKa^ ra dpcreviKa ras 
 6rj\fias yafjLTjo-avra ov /Jiiayerai eVepa Kopwvrj, ov8e jj-rjv f) QrjXeia erepa KOpwvrj 
 , aXXa p-ova ra airo^vyevTa 6iareXet. dib Kal fj.ia Kopavy o~vvav- 
 Tai ol ai>6pa)7TOi, &)? x r iP ^ OVTl o~vvr)VTr)KOTcs fpa>' rf]S de 
 TOiavrrjs avrcov 6/j.ovoias X^P LV P^XP 1 vvv ' 1 "EXX^ycy ev rdls ydpois' eKKOpi, 
 Kopij Kopwvrj' \eyovo-iv dyvoovvres. Cf. the Delphic oracle ap. Pausan. 
 ix. 37, 4 en//-' rj\6es yeverjv dt^rj^fvoS) oXX' en KOI vvv \ i<jToftor[i yepovri verjv 
 Trort/SaXXe Kopwvrjv. 
 
 The much-discussed words eKKopi, Kopi, Kopuvrj, or (Prov.) xo'pe, eV/fo'pei 
 Kopdovrjv are quite obscure (cf. Herm. Opusc. ii. 227, Leemans in Horap. 
 p. 156, various commentators on Pind. P. iii. 19, &c.). They are prob- 
 ably part of a ( Crow-song,' and very likely involve a corruption of 
 foreign words : TTJKOpI (which word includes the article) is said to be 
 Coptic for a Crow or Daw. Various uses of cKKopew, fcoxojplgbpai, &c., 
 are perhaps involved in the same corruption ; cf. also the word-play on 
 Koprj, Kouposy &c., in the Crow-song next referred to. 
 
 On the Crow-song, Kopcuiuo-fxa, and its singers, Kopoworai, see Athen. 
 viii. 359 lda de 3?oiviK.a rrjv KoXo(pa>i/ioi/ iap.{3oTroiov p.vr]p,ovevovTa nvu>v 
 dvdpvv a>s dyeipovTMV rfj Kopavy (cf. Hesych. S. V. ropawtOTOu), Kal Xeyovmv 
 raCra' 'Eo-^\ot Kopco^ ^eipa Trpoo-dore Kpiflav, Trj naidl roD 'ATroXXcovoy, 
 wv, K.r.X. Ilgen, Poet. Gr. Mendicorum Spec., in Opusc. 
 H 2 
 
100 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOPflNH (continued}. 
 
 Var. Phil., i. p. 169 ; Fauriel, Chants de la Gr. Mod., i. p. cix. See also 
 s.v. x 6 ^ 1 ^"- 
 
 Frequent in Fable, e.g. Kopowrj KOI nopat- (the Crow that could not 
 prophesy), Fab. ACS. 2O2 ; Kopcovr/ *A0r)vq duovo-a, ib. 213. xeXia>i> KOI 
 KopavTj, ib. 416. 
 
 Proverb Kop^vrj o-KopTriov [fjpnacre']. Anth. Pal. xii. 92, Hesych., Suid., 
 cf. Ael. vii. 7, Zenob. iv. 60, p. 101. 
 
 KOPft'NH C H AAYAI'AI. The Nightingale ; vide s. v. dYjSui'. 
 KOPfl'NH e H OAAA'IIIOI. An undetermined sea-bird. 
 
 Od. V. 66 Tavvy\(i)O'o~oi re Kopwvai \ eivaXiai, rfjaiv re $aXacr<ria epya 
 fifp.rj'hfv. Ib. xii. 418, xiv. 308 ol 5e Kopavyo-iv txeXoi Trepi vrja peXatvav \ 
 
 K.VfJ.aO~lV fJL<popOVTO. 
 
 Arrian. Peripl. c. 21 Xapoi *ai aWviai KOL KopS>vai al da\d(rcriai TO 7r\r)Qo$ 
 ov pradfttyrot* ovrot of opvides Oepanevova-iv roO *A^iXXea)y roi/ veoov. fc 
 6<rr)p.fpai Karate roi/roi es TTJV 6d\a(T<Tav' eirfira OTTO Tijs 6a\d(T(Trjs 
 
 fJLCVOt TO. TTTfpO. (TTTOV^fj av (T7rTOVTai fS TOV ^COJ/, KOI paivOVCTt TOV V0)V. 
 
 Arat. Progn. 95 *7 7TOV Ka ' XaKepv^a Trap' rfiovi 7rpov%ovcrr] 
 ep^o/iefou ^ep(r< VTrerv^e Kopooi/^, | ^f TTOU /cai noTap.oio e/Sa^aro /xe^pi Trap' 
 aKpovs | &ILOVS fK Kf<paXf)y, ^ <at /iaXa Traora KoXu/z/3a, | 77 TroXXj) arpe(perat 
 Trap' vdcop na^ea. Kpw^ovaa I cf. Geopon. i. 3, 7 Kf *' KOpd>vr) eV' atyiaXoi) r^i/ 
 Ke(pa\f)v 8iaj3px ovo ' a } *l 7TO" a vr lXP* vr )i K( *i- WKTOS o-fpo&porepov Kpa>ovara, 
 opftpovs 7rpoiJ.r)vvi : Theophr. Sign. vi. I, l6 Kopcovrj eVt TreVpa? Kopvarao- 
 fjv Kipa KaTaxXv^fi. vdap (rrjfjLaivet' Kal *coXu/i/3a)(ra TroXXa/ciy 
 
 These passages, with which compare Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, and 
 Ael. xv. 22, denote a different bird altogether from fcopeov?/, evidently 
 a swimming and diving bird, and not merely one frequenting the sea- 
 shore as the Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow do. It is neither a Xapo? 
 nor an aWuia (Arrian, 1. c.) though identified with them by the Scholiast 
 in Od. v. 66, with whom cf. Hesych. Kop&vaC aXiai aWvuu, KoXv/t/3i'Sfy. 
 It may be another name for the Cormorant (vide s. v. Kopa, |3) : but 
 it is not safely identifiable. 
 
 It is apparently such passages which are imitated in Virg. G. i. 388 
 Turn cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce, Et sola in sicca secum 
 spatiatur arena; cf. Claud. De Bell. Gild. 492 Heu nimium segnes, 
 cauta qui mente notatis, Si revolant mergi, graditur si littore cornix. 
 Cf. however the weather-prophecies s. v. KoXoios. It is at least pretty 
 clear that in such passages the Latin poets were thinking more of what 
 they had read than of what they had seen. 
 KO'IKIKOI, KOTtKas, KOTTOS, KOTTuXos. The Common Fowl. Hesych. 
 
 KOCTKIKOL' ol KaToiKiftioi opvdes. KOTIKCIS' dXeVnwp. KOTTOS' opvis. 
 
 KorruXoi* KaroLKidiai opvds. 
 
KOPHNH KOIIY4>OI IO1 
 
 KOZKIKOI (continued}. 
 
 These obscure words do not occur elsewhere. KOTTOS is said to be 
 connected with KOTTIS, for a crest or top-knot, cf. Hesych. s. v. -irpoKorra : 
 /cat 01 d\KTpvoves KOTTOI 8ia TOV CTTI rfj Ke(pa\f) \6(pov (cf. supra, S. V. 
 
 K<XX(i)l>). For KOOVClKOy, KOTTUAOS 1 , cf. K.OO~(T(.\OS) KOO~O~V(pOS, KOTTVffOS I KOTiKdS, 
 
 on the other hand, suggests a corruption of KUTOIKUS. Cf. Lob. Proll. 
 327 ; Schmidt ad Hesych. 3758, 3790. 
 
 KO'IIY^OI, a. Also KO\|/IKOS, Ar. Av. 306, 806, 1081 ; Nicostr. ap. 
 
 Athen. ii. 650, &c. ; KO\|/UKOS, Suid. 
 The Blackbird, Turdus merula, L. Mod. Gk. KoVo-v<pos, KoYcrtxpo?, 
 
 KOTO-V(pl, KOT^KpOf. 
 
 Description. Its size compared with the Woodpecker, Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 9, 614 b ; with \aios, ib. 19, 617 ; with rpi^a?, ib. 20, 617 ; with KVO.VOS, 
 ib. 21,617 ; with \J/-a'poff, ib. 26, 617 b. (poivucovv e^ei ro pvyxs, ib. 29, 
 617. Dion. De Avib. i. 27 8uo 8' eVri yevij KOQ-Q-V^V' KOI ol pev ndvrr] 
 /neXaver, ol 8e Kr)p(j> TO. X ^- r } 7rpo" f tKores', KOL TCOV tTepav fj,a\\ov rrpbs ras 
 <aSas fTTiTtjdeioi : this is plainly the sexual difference. 
 
 Migration, Arist. H.A. viii. 16, 600, (pcoXet. Change of plumage, ib. 
 ix. 49 B, 632 b T>V S' opvewv TToXXa /^era/3aXXoua'i Kara ray &pa$ KOI TO 
 Kal rfjv (frwvfiv, olov 6 KOTTV(pos avT\ fj,e\avos avdos' Kal rr]V (puvr]V 5 
 aXAotai/' V p.ev yap TOO $epei aSft, TOV de ^fi^covoff Trarayei KOL 
 Qopvpvdes. Cf. Arist. fr. 273, I527b; Ael. xii. 28. Eustath. Hexaem. 
 p. 30 e wStKoO KpaKTiKos : cf. also Clem. Alex. Paedag. x, Plin. x. 28 
 Merula ex nigra rufescit, canit aestate, hyeme balbutit, circa solstitium 
 mutat. Song referred to also, Ael. vi. 19 ; Theocr. Ep. iv. 10 clapivol 
 de \iyv(p86yyoi(riv aoio~als \ Koao~v<poi d^eC(riv TroifctXorpavXa jueXf/. 
 
 Nesting. Arist. H. A. v. 13, 554 81$- r/Krei 6 Koa-avfpos' TO. fiev ovv Trpair.i 
 TOU KO(r<Tv(f)ov VTTO ^fi^tan/off aTToXXvrai, Trpcoi'airara yap T'IKTZI TO>V opve^v 
 dndvTWV, TOV 8' vaTfpov TOKOV fls re'Xoy eKrpe0 : cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 27. 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 616, builds a nest lined with hair and wool like xXwpi's-. 
 
 White Blackbirds on Cyllene. Arist. H. A. ix. 19, 617, De Mirab. 
 15, 831 b, Pausan. viii. 17, 3, Sostrat. ap. Ael. v. 27, Plin. x. 30, Steph. 
 Byz. s. v. KuXAr^, c. ; according to Lindermayer (p. 30) white or 
 albino blackbirds are still remarkably common on Cyllene, but in 
 Aristotle the fact is mixed with fable. 
 
 Mode of capture. Dion. De Avib. iii. 13. Frequently mentioned, 
 together with Ki'^X?/, in the Anthology; Rhian. vi (Gk. Anth. Jac. i. 231) 
 IG> Aei(WKO? VTTO xXcopfl TrXarai/iVrw | Koo~o-v<pov erypfvcrar, elXe Kara 
 TTTfpvyoav' \ ^a> p.ev dvao~TevdxG)v eneKoxvev iepos opvis '. Archias xxiii (ib. ii. 
 85) fiiVo-ats <rvv Kt^Xaiiriy vnep (ppaypolo 8ia)^^eiV | Koo-o-vcf)os rjepirjs KoXnov 
 eov ve(p\r]s : Antip. Sid. Ixii (ib. ii. 23) dia-adv eK /Spo^ifiwv a p.ev pia 
 iriova Ki^Xaj; | a /nia 8' Imrfia Koao-vcfrov ctXe Traya : Paul. Sil. Ixxii (ib. iv. 
 
 63) OpOplOS fVTT^CKTOlO \LVOV ve<pOei8l K.6\7T(t> | e/LlTTCCTe (T\!V Kl^Xjy KOO~O~V<pos 
 
102 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KOZZY4>OZ (continued}. 
 
 Tjdvpoas. Mentioned as a destructive bird, Anon. 416 (ib. iv. 206) 
 fjviSe KCU Kix^r)v Kat K6<ro~v<pov, Jj^iSe roVcrous | ^apas, dpovpairjs ap-rrayas 
 evnopirjs. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Arist. H. A. ix. i, 608 b, hostile to *pe, friendly 
 with rpvycov : cf. Ael. vi. 46. Is killed by pomegranate, cf. Phile, De 
 An. Pr. 657. 
 
 KO'ZZY4>OZ, |3. A breed of fowls at Tanagra. 
 
 Pausan. ix. 22, 4 TOVTOW TWV Koo~(rv(f)(dv fieyeOns p.ev Kara TOVS Avfiovs 
 eo~Tiv opvidaS) XP oa $* f[Ji(f>prjS Kopaxi, KaXXaia de KOL 6 \6<pos Kara a.vep.a>vr]v 
 /uaXiora. Xevxa 8e (rrjp.e'ia ov /neyaXa eVi re aKpto rw pdpfai Kal enl anpas 
 exouai rrjs ovpas : cf. ib. viii. 17, 3. 
 
 KOTTO'Z. opvis [i. e. aXfKrpvwi/] Hesych. Hence KOTToftoXew, TO trapa- 
 TWO. opvtv, ib. ; cf. Kopa>vo[Bo\e1v, Anth. Pal. vii. 546; also 
 , '4v6a al opvifas Koip.S)VTai, Hesych. Among the Mod. 
 Gk. names for a Fowl are KoVra and KorraTrovXt. 
 
 KOYKOY'4>A, s. KouKouc|)as, J. KOUKOU^OS. The Egyptian name for the 
 Hoopoe. Vide s. v. tiro\|f. Cf. Lib. MS. Anon. De Avibus (cit. 
 Ducange in Gloss. Med. et Inf. Gr., s. v. KOU'KOU<|>OS, Leemans 
 
 ad Horap. p. 280) en-o^ opveov tv dfpi TTfTOfjievov' OVTOS KaXclrai 
 
 KOVKOV(pOS, KOI TTOVTTOS. 
 
 Horapollo, i. 55 AiyuTmoi ev^apia-riav ypdfpovrfs KovKov(pav coypa<f)ov(ri, 
 8iori TOVTO [JLOVOV T<>v d\6yo>v (po>i' 7T(iav VTTO ro)V yoveo>v eKTpiicpfj, yijpdo'a- 
 uiv avTois TrjV avrfjv arraTroS/ScDcri X^P lv ( c ^ Ael. X. 1 6) : odev KOL eVi TO>V 
 6eiocv aKf]TTTpo)v KovKov<pa TrporifJirjffis ecrri. Cf. the Cuckoo on Hera's 
 sceptre at Mycenae, s. v. KOKKU. On the Hoopoe on Egyptian sceptres 
 or staves, see Creuzer's Symbolik, ii. 64, 280, pi. iv. 17; Denon, PI. 
 cxix. 8, &c., &c. For an account of the hieroglyphic symbol of the 
 Hoopoe, and an explanation of the statements of Horapollo, vide 
 Lauth, in Sitzungsb. d. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 106. To the Egyptian 
 references given above, s.v. Iiro\|/, add the following : <rVo<pi'ero [Qavvos] 
 napa TOLS AlyvTTTLOiS) otcoycoi/ re Xoyov? Kat CTTOTTOOV TrpcxrayyfXias Ka\ 'ITTTTCOV 
 Xpep.eTio-p.ovs paQw, Exc. Cr. Barbari, Chron. Min., ed. Fick, 1893, 
 P- 239. 
 KOYPEY'Z' opvts TTOIOS, drro rot) <p6eyyecr6ai ffifpepes fjx*? yvafpiKov /xa^atpiov, 
 
 Hesych. 
 
 KOYTl'AEZ' o-VKaXXi'Se?, Hesych. Cf. KovTidia' diKTva TO. -rrpos ras (TVKaX- 
 \i8as, Hesych. 
 
 KPA'BOZ' 6 Xapoy, Hesych. 
 KPArrfl'N- Kio-o-a, Hesych. 
 
KOIZY4>OZ KYANOI 103 
 
 KPA'MBnTON' IKTIVOS TO >ov, Hesych, 
 
 KPAYfO'Z. A Woodpecker. SpvoKoXdnrov ctSos, Hesych. : who has 
 also Kpavyov TTOIOS opvis. Von Edlinger cites Lith. kraki\ cf. 
 
 KPE'=, also Kepicds (Hesych.). A very doubtful bird, usually identified, 
 by Sundevall and others, with the Corn-crake or Land-rail, 
 Rallus crex, L., Crex pratensis, auctt. = opruyop^Tpa = Kuxpap>s. 
 The name is lost in Mod. Gk. 
 Herod, ii. 76, compared in size with the Ibis. 
 
 Ar. Av. 1138 TOVTOVS S' CTVKIOV al KpfKfs tols pvyx^iv. Schol. in Ar. 
 (Suid.) opveov dvaoitavia-TOv rols ya/jLOvcriv, 6v rrdvv TO pvyxos Kal Trpiova&es 
 f\ ov: c f- Hesych. opveov , 6 rot? yaftovo-iv olawffcrot' racro-fTai de KOL 
 errt rpo^ov [cf. iuy]. As a bird of evil ornen to the newly married, 
 cf. Euphor. 4 (quoted by Tzetzes) bv S' fjflo-e ydpov KO.KOV e^^o/uevos Kpe|, 
 and Lycophr. 513, where Helen is Svadprrayos Kpeg. A messenger of 
 Athene, Porph. De Abst. iii. 5. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b Kpe TroAejuios eXecS KOL KOTTU$< KOL ^Xcopi'coi/t . . . 
 Kal yap avrovs fiXdirrei K.a\ rot reKva avT&v. In Ael. iv. 5 (loc dub?) 
 Kpeg is hostile to aWvia'. also Phile, De An. Pr. 68 1, with epithet 
 
 j3pa$v7rTpos. Arist. H. A. ix. 17, 6l6b 17 Se xpe| TO p.V rjdos /ua^tjuo?, 
 rqv 5e duivoiav evprjxavos Trpbs TOV ftiov, aXXco? 8e KaKOTror/uoy opvis. Arist. 
 
 De Part. iv. 12, 695, mentioned among the long-legged birds with 
 a short hind-toe. 
 
 Kpe' has been identified, on account of its pugnacity; with the Ruff, 
 Machetes pugnax, L.; but the Ruffs fight with one another (cf. jae^i/wj/), 
 and, moreover, all the accounts of mutual hostilities between birds are 
 unreliable, and in the main mythological. From the size, and the 
 rudimentary hind-toe, the Black-winged Stilt, Himantopus rttfipes, 
 Bechst. was suggested first by Belon : its use by Herodotus as 
 a standard of comparison with the Ibis is somewhat in favour of this 
 bird, which is common in Egypt. The identification with the Corn-crake 
 rests mainly on the assumption that the name is onomatopoeic. The 
 facts that the Scholiasts knew little or nothing about the bird, and 
 that the name is lost in Mod. Gk., suggest that the word was perhaps 
 an exotic, and that its meaning was early lost. 
 
 KPirH'- 77 yXaOl, Hesych. 
 
 KPl'EZ' f) xeAi8a>i/, Hesych. Doubtless corrupt : Meineke suggests 
 ? or K/Ycr */. 
 
 KY'ANOI. Probably the Wall-Creeper, Tichodroma muraria, L. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 21, 617 /mXicrra ev Nto-ypw [eV 2Kupa>, Ael.] eVrt, 
 TTOieTrai ' eVi TCOI> irfTpwv Tas 5iarpi/3ay* TO Se fAtyedos KOTTV(J)OV p.tv eXarra-i', 
 
104 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KYANOI (continued}. 
 
 cnrlflp Se /jLfifav /ziKpo)* p,(yd\o7rovs e, Kal rrpos ras Trerpas Trpoaa 
 KVCIVOVS oXos" ro 5e pvy%os X i ^TTTOV Kal fj.aKpov } <TK\r) de 
 
 Ael. iv. 59 opi/t? drravdpconos rbv rponov, [uawv pev ra? dariKas 8ia- 
 rpi/3as /cat ray KHT' oliciav av\i(reis, . . . ovre rjireipois <pi\r)8e'i ) ovre vfjvois 
 ayaOais' 2/cupa) e, Krzi et TIS TOICLVTTJ cVepa ayay XuTrpa Kal ayovos Kat di^^pco- 
 TTCOI/ %r)pvov(ra, a>s ra TroXXfi. 
 
 The description in Aristotle accords very perfectly with the Wall- 
 Creeper (with which bird Gloger, Sundevall, and Heldreich identify it) 
 as regards habitat, size, feet, and bill, as does Aelian's account of its 
 solitary nature : but the bird is not KVWOVS b\os, nor is Aelian's account 
 of its habitat satisfactory. Aubert and Wimmer on the other hand, 
 following Belon, Gesner, and other older commentators, identify KVCIVOS 
 with the Blue Thrush (Mod. Gk. vrfrpoKoVo-ucpor, cf. infra, s. v. Xcuos)) 
 which agrees with the description in colour, but in little else, and is 
 a very common bird, whereas KVUVOS is mentioned as scarce and local. 
 
 KYKNI'AI. An Eagle, white like a swan, at Sipylus near Lake 
 Tantalus, Pausan. viii. 17, 3. 
 
 That Pausanias is here in error is rendered the more probable by 
 the existence in Med. Gk. of the words rvweas, rfrKveas, Mod. Gk. 
 rcriKvtas, meaning a White Heron or Egret. 
 
 The White Eagle of Pythagoras (Iambi. Vit. Pythag. 132, Ael. 
 V. H. iv. 17) is supposed to be an allegory for the town of Croton, 
 on whose coins an eagle is represented ; cf. O. Keller, op. cit., pp. 238, 
 431. 
 
 KY'KNOI. (Hesych. has also Ku'8 s .) Sk. fak-uni, a bird; Bopp, 
 ii. p. 379, cf. Fick in Herzenberger's Beitr. z. I. Gr. Spr., vii. 
 p. 94, 1883 : cf. the Gk. use of opvis for the constellation Cygnus 
 (Arat. 275, 599, 628, &c.). 
 
 A Swan. Mod. Gk. KVKVOS, viaXfia (Heldr.), and in the Cyclades 
 KOV\OS (Erh.). The Mute Swan, Cygnus olor, Gm., breeds in 
 Greece; the Hooper or Whistling Swan, C. mustcus, Bechst., 
 is probably only a winter migrant; cf. Heldr., op. cit., p. 56. 
 
 Epithets. dfpanroTrjs, Hes. Sc. H. 316 ; operas (= ^x e ' T '? y )j Eur. El. 
 151 ; 8o\ixavx*]v, Eur. (?) I. A. 794; SowXi^dSeipoff, II. ii. 460, xv. 692; 
 , Christod. Ecphr. 384, Xtyvdpoos, id. 414, in Gk. Anth. ; 
 -, Opp. Cyneg. ii. 547; /ieXwSos 1 , Eur. I. T. 1104; TTOTO- 
 , Id. Rh. 618; TroXio'^pco?, Id. Bacch. 1364: cf. Ar. Vesp. 1064; 
 , Pallad. 40, in Gk. Anth. iii. 123; x tovl ^XP ms ) Eur. Hel. 216. 
 A frequent emblem of whiteness : cf. Eur. Rh. 618 o-n'X/3oucn ' wore 
 KUKVOV irrepov. [Note the frequent allusions in Euripides ; 
 
KYANOI KYKNOI 105 
 
 KYKNOI (continued}. 
 
 rare in Aeschylus ; not in Sophocles, save for Tm'Xoz/ KVKVCIOV in the 
 dubious fr. 708, ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. 716.] 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. i. I, 488, viii. 12, 597 b opvis aye\aios : 
 ib. viii. 3, 593 b, enumerated among ra /Sapurepa TO>V o-reyavoTro'Scoj/ : 
 ib. ix. 12, 615 ftioTfvovo-i irepl \ipvas KOI eX?7, cvjSi'oroi Se KCU fvrjOtis Kal 
 VTKVOI Kal evyrjpoi, Kal TOV aerof, eav apf-rjTai, dp.vvop.fvoi viKwaiv^ avTol 
 8' OVK apxovai paxys. nSiKol Se, Kal irepl ras reXeura? /zaXtora a8ov<nv' 
 avaTTtrovrai yap Kal fls TO neXayos, Kai Tives fjdr] irXeovres Trapa TTJV AijBvrjv 
 irepiTV%ov ev rfj BaXdrTrj TroXXoi? q8ovo~i (pcovfj yocoSei, Kal TOVTODV <apa>v 
 aTTo6vrjO~KOVTas eviovs I cf. Ael. V. H. i. 14 Xeyet 'Apia-roreX^? TOV KVKVOV 
 Ka\\inat$a elvat Kal TroXyrratSa, /c.r.X. : cf. also Athen. ix. 393 d ; Eustath. 
 ad Horn. II. p. 193 ; Dion. De Avib. ii. 19. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 e'x 
 a7ro(f)vddas oXiyas KaTcadfv Kara TTJV TOV eVre'pou Te\evTrjv. Occur abun- 
 dantly 'Ao-icp ev Xeipwvi, Kavo~Tplov dp(j)l pee^pa, II. ii. 461 : cf. Virg. G. 
 i. 383, Aen. vii. 699; on the river Hebrus, Ar. Av. 768; on Lake 
 Aornos, in the spot called Pyriphlegethon, near Cumae, Arist. De 
 Mirab. 102, 839. Its flight described, Plin. x. (23) 32. The swan as 
 food, Athen. ix. 393, Plut. De Esu Cam. 2, &c. 
 
 Myth and Legend. On the combat with the Eagle, vide s. v. deros, 
 and compare also the story of Leda ; cf. also Ael. v. 34, xvii. 24 ; Dion. 
 De Avib. ii. 19. Is hostile also to 8paKa>v, Ael. v. 48, Phile 691. 
 Is aXX^Xocpayo? pdXicrTa T&V opveav, Arist. H. A. ix. I, 6lO (cf. aXX^Xcxpo- 
 vos, Pice., A. and W., dXX^Xocpi'Xo?, Sund.), cf. Plin. x. (23) 32 mutua 
 carne vescuntur inter se. Is killed by KWVSIOV, Ael. iii. 7 ; places the herb 
 Xvyaia in its nest as a charm, Boios ap. Athen. ix. 393 E. How the Indians 
 do not favour the swan, from its want of filial affection, Ael. xiv. 13 ; yet 
 the swan bewails its dead parent in Eur. El. 151, cf. Bacch. 1364 opvis 
 ona>5 Kr)(j)rjva [a/Kp6/3aXXei] TroXio^pcos KVKVOS. Associated with the op(f)a\os 
 Sit Delphi, Plut. De Orac. i. 409 ; vide s. v. deros. A good omen to 
 sailors, Virg. Aen. i. 393, Aemil. Macer in Ornithogr. Anthol. Vet. Lat. 
 Epigr. et Poem. i. 116 (cf. Serv. in Aen. 1. c.) Cygnus in auspiciis semper 
 laetissimus ales, Hunc optant nautae, quia se non mergit in undas : 
 see also Stat. Theb. iii. 524 ; cf. the Swan as a figure-head, Nicostr. 
 iii. 282, &c. : cf. also the mythological (and astronomical) association 
 of the Swan with Castor and Pollux (Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 177) : see 
 also Drummond in Class. Journal, xvi. p. 94. The Swan-maidens, 
 Kopat Tpels KVKvopopcfroi, Aesch. Pr. V. 797. According to Nicand. and 
 Areus ap. Anton. Lib. c. xii, a certain Cycnus, and his mother Thuria, 
 were metamorphosed into swans at Lake Conopa, Kal no\\ol tv TJJ &pa 
 TOV dpOTov fvraiiOa (paivovTai KVKVOI. 
 
 On the Swan as the bird of Apollo, cf. Hymn. Horn, xxi, Caljim. 
 Hymn. Apoll. 5, id. Hymn. Del. 249, Ar. Av. 772, 870, Ael. xi. I, Nonn. 
 Dionys. xxxviii. 2O2 KVKVOV aywv rrrepofVTa, Kal ov ra^w "LTTTTOV 'A7r6XXcoj>,&C., 
 
106 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KYKNOI (continued}. 
 
 &c.; represented on coins of Clazomenae. With the Greek association 
 of the Swan with Apollo, cf. the Hindoo connexion of the same bird with 
 Brahma. Associated with Venus, in Latin only, Hor. C. iv. I, 9, Sil. 
 Ital. Punic, vii. 441, Stat. Silv. iii. 4, 22 ; cf. the Cilix of Aphrodite and 
 the Swan in the British Museum : vide Kalkmann, Jahrb. d. k. d. Inst., 
 1886, i. 41, Collignon, Gk. Mythol. p. 132, fig. 56 ; see also Guignat, pi. 
 C. 393, Creuzer, pi. liii. 2. 
 
 The Swan's Song. Hesiod, Sc. H. 314 *Ap.<pi 5' 1rr\v pe'fi> 'ClKcavbs 
 Tf\T]dovri cotKcos | . . . ol 8e K<IT' avTov \ KVKVOI depcrtTrorai /neyaX' fjirvov' 01 
 pa -ye TroXXoi | vrjxoir eV aKpov v8a>p : cf. Virg. Aen. viii. 655. Hymn. 
 Hom. xxi $>ol/3e, <re fj.ev Kal KVKVOS VTTO irrepvyav \iy det'Sei, | 6'^% tVt- 
 0pa><rKcoi> TTorcifjibv Trapa divrjcvTo, | Tlrjvfiov : cf. Meleager no in Gk. Anth. 
 i. 31 d\Kv6vs Trepl Kvpa, xeXi8oi/ey dufpl peXadpa, \ KVKVOS eV o-^dai<nv 
 7Tor/io{5, ical vif a\<ros drjd&v [q&ov<ri] I Eur. I. T. IIO3 Xipvav ff efXur- 
 <rov(rav vdwp \ KVK\OV [s, KVKVCLOV], evda KVKVOS ^ieXa>| dbs Movaas Oepcnrevfi '. 
 Ar. Av. 769 TOidde KVKVOI \ avfj-jjuyrj @or)v 6/Mou | nTfpols KpeKovrfS 'LaK^ov 
 'ArroXXco, o^&a e(pf6[j.evoi ?rap' r/ E/3pop Trorajuoi/i Callim. Hymn. Del. 249 
 KVKVOI 8e deov fj.\7rovrS dot8oi | Mrjoviov IIuKTcoXov fKvK\axravTO \LnovTfs \ 
 vrept A^Xoj', eVjjeKraj/ de Xo^ci^ | Moi/(rd<i/ opvides, doidoraTOi 
 Pratin. i. 7 (Bergk 457) ola re KVKVOV ayovra TroiKiXoTrrepov 
 fj.eXos : Dion. De Avib. ii. 19 avrrj^ovo-iv avrols qdovaiv ol re o-Korre\oi 
 KOI ai (pdpayyes, KOL povaiKMTaTOvs iravrav TOVTOVS i(T/iei/ 6pvi6a>v, Kal lepovs 
 Ka\ovfj.v 'ATroXXo) vos. q8ovo~i 8' ou^t Oprjv&o'fs, &o~7rep ol d\Kv6ves, aXX' f]8v 
 n KCU p-eXi^poj/, Kal olov av\ols rj KiOdpais xpa>fj.evoi I Anon. 468 in Gk. 
 Anth. iv. 2l8 fl KVKVG) dvvarai Kopvdos 7rapan\r]o~iov qdeiv I Antip. Sidon. 
 47j ib. ii. 19 Xwirepos KVKVWV 6 /juKpbs 6poos ^e KO\OI>V \ Kpoaypos ev elapivols 
 KidvafJLfvos v(f)fXais I Theocr. Id. V. 136 ov 6^.iTOV . . . enorras KVKVOIO~IV 
 epio-Sfiv : cf. Ar. Ran. 207, Lucret. iii. 16, iv. 182, Virg. Eel. viii. 36, 
 55, Mart. i. 54, Plut. Ei. ii. 387 povcriKy re fj8eTai, Kal KVKVUV (pava'ts. 
 
 Especially of the dying Swan, Aesch. Ag. (1419), 1444 KVKVOV 8iKr)v,\ 
 rbv vcrrarov /LieX^acra 6avdo~i[JLov yoov \ Kelrai (pi\r)TO>p roOS' I cf. Plato, 
 Phaedo 85 B, Rep. 620 A ; cf. Porphyr. De Abst. iii. p. 286 ov naifav 
 6po8ov\ovs avrov \eyev rovs KVKVOVS [6 SoaKpar???]. Ael. ii. 32, v. 34 
 7reiria-TVK yap OTI p,r]8evbs dXyeivov fj.r]8e \nrapov /nereo-n $ai/aTO>, with 
 which passage cf. Chrysipp. ap. Athen. xiv. 616 B (piXcxmoTrrq?, /neXXcov 
 OTTO TOV drjpiov o~(pdTTfO~6ai flrrelv e(pr] 8e\iv a>o~7Tfp TO KVKveiov qo~as 
 dnodavflvl Plut. Mor. l6l C et-qaai de Kal TOV jSiov T\VT>V Kal p.r) yevecrdai 
 Kara TOVTO TWV KVKVMV dyevveo~Tpos I Phile, De An. Pr. X. 233 avdparre 
 (pi\6\l/vxe, TOV KVKVOV /3Xe7ro)j/, | Trpbs TTJV Te\fVTT]V, (I (ppovels, pr) o~Tvyvdo~r)s I 
 
 cf. Cic. De Orat. iii. i, I ; see also Ael. x. 36, xi. i ; Fab. Aes. 215, 
 216, 416 b; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1301; Polyb. xxx. 4, 7, xxxi. 20, i; 
 Opp. Cyneg. ii. 547 OVK a P a T l p-ovvoio~iv ev 6pvi6eo-o~iv eao~i I KvKvot 
 yoov voraroy deidovTes : Dio Chrysost. Orat. Cor. p. 102 
 
KYKNOI 107 
 
 KYKNOI (continued}. 
 
 (Reiske) ; cf. Hor. C. ii. 20, Ovid, Her. vii. i, Met. xiv. 430, Mart. xiii. 
 77, Stat. Silv. ii. 4, 10, &c., &c. The singing swan a portent of death, 
 Artemid. Oneirocr. ii. 20. Modern allusions are innumerable ; cf. 
 Chaucer, P. of Fowles, 342, Tennyson, * The Dying Swan,' &c. ; see 
 also for numerous references, Douce's Illustr. of Shakspeare, i. 262, 
 Lenz, Zool. d. Gr. u. R., pp. 384-400, &c. 
 
 The Swan's song was discredited by some, e.g. Alex. Mynd. ap. 
 Athen. ix. 393 d ; Lucian, De Electro seu Cycnis ; Cic. Tusc. Quaest. i ; 
 Philostr. V. Apollon. iii. c. 23 ; Plin. x. (23) 32 ; cf. Greg. Nazianz. Ep. i. 
 TOT' qfrovrai KvKvoij oTav KoAcnoi (TitoTTTjO'ojo'tv. Cf. Scaliger, Ferrariae 
 multos cygnos vidimus, sed cantores sane malos, neque melius ansere 
 canere ; cf. also Aldrov. Ornith. iii. 19, 5 ; Wormius in Mus. Worm. iii. 
 c. 19 ; Mauduit ap. Plin. ed. Panckoucke, vii. 385 ; Voss. De Idol. ii. 
 p. 1212; Pierius, De Cycnis, p. 254 ; Brown's Vulg. Errours, iii. p. 27 ; 
 the curious conjectures of Bryant, Anc. Mythol. ii. 353-384; Pallas, 
 Zoogr. ross.-asiat, ii. p. 212, and recent writers. Modern naturalists 
 accept the story of the singing swans, asserting that though the 
 Common Swan cannot sing, yet the Whooper or Whistling Swan does 
 so. It is certain that the Whooper sings, for many ornithologists 
 state the fact, but I do not think it can sing very well ; at the very 
 best, dant sonitum rauci per stagna loquacia cygni. This concrete 
 explanation is quite inadequate ; it is beyond a doubt that the Swan's 
 Song (like the Halcyon's) veiled, and still hides, some mystical allusion. 
 Applied as an epithet to a poet, especially an old poet ; Eur. H. F. 
 691 Traiavas 6' eVri (rot? p.e\ddpois \ KVKVOS cos yepoov doiBbs \ 7roAicii> en 
 
 | KeAa6Yyo-co, Id. Bacch. 1361 ; Posidipp. x/. in Gk. Anth. ii. 48 
 o) Zrjvoov 6 (ro(pbs KVKVOS : Christod. Ecph. 384, ib. iii. 175 ^/^s ' 
 'EXi/cowo? toraro KUKI>OS, Hivdapos t/zepo^wi/os 1 : Anacreon is the 
 'Swan of Teos,' Antip. i. 26, cf. Hor. C. iv. 2, 25. Cf. Horap. ii. 39 
 yepovra ^OVCTLKOV /SofAdjuevoi (Trj/jLijvcii KVKVOV ^<i)ypa(pov(nv' OVTOS yctp 
 T)$VTCITOV fJLtXos qdei 
 
 The Swan of Leda. Cf. Eur. I. T. 794, 1104, Hel. 19, c., Here. F. 
 690, Orest. 1388; also various passages in the Anthology, e.g. Pallad. 
 40, in Gk. Anth. iii. 123, Anon. ib. iv. 118, 128, &c. ; cf. Lucian, De Deor. 
 20, 14 (i. 264). For mythographic references, see Hygin. Fab.' 77, 
 P. Astron. ii. 8, German, c. 24, Eratosth. c. 25, Theon. p. 136, &c. 
 According to these latter authors, the mythology of the Swan is 
 inseparable from the phenomena attending the constellation Cygnus. 
 The stellar Swan lies in the Milky Way, 'the river of heaven'; it is 
 adjacent to the constellation Lyra ; it rose a little in advance of the 
 Eagle, but, lying more to the north, it only set some time after the 
 Eagle had gone down : that is to say, it was attacked by the Eagle, 
 but in turn defeated it, cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b, Ael. xvii. 24, &c. ; 
 
IO8 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KYKNOI (continuect). 
 
 it stood in mid-heaven at the rising of the Pleiad ; at its own rising, 
 the Virgin (Leda) was in mid-heaven, and the twins Castor and Pollux 
 were just setting in the west. The stories of Cycnus, son of Mars 
 (Hesiod, Anton. Lib. 12, Philochor. ap. Athen., Ovid, Met., &c.), of 
 Cycnus, King of Liguria (Hygin. Fab. 144), Cycnus, brother of Phaethon 
 (Lucian, De Electro, Virg. Aen. x. 189), and others, which are also 
 similarly connected with astronomical myths, lie outside the scope of 
 this book. Cf. (int. al.), Dupuis, Orig. de tous les cultes, iii. p. 813, vii. 
 P- 367. 
 
 KY'MBH. A very doubtful bird. nrfpolSanoves Kvupai, Ernped. 188. 
 Supposed by L. and S. to be a Tumbler-pigeon ; but cf. Ko'p.{3<x, 
 
 SUpra. Hesych. has Kv^af opviQes I also Kv/x/3[ar]eurui'- opviQevrai 
 
 KY'MINAIIrrx^fc^ (?) Y |, q. v. Kvfrvdts in some MSS., both of 
 Horn, and Arist., cf. J. G. Schneider in Arist., vol. iv. p. 92. 
 
 Hesych. has Kvftrjvats' y\av[ats], query Kvprjvftisl also KvddvaV 
 
 TTJV y\avKa, query Kvfifjva. See also s. v. KIKKU^. An unknown 
 or fabulous bird ; perhaps an Owl. 
 
 II. xiv. 290 opvidi Xiyvpfj eva\iyKios, rjv r ev opewiv | ^aX/aSa KIK\T)<TKOVO-I 
 $eoi, avdpes de KVfjLivdiv. 
 
 Ar. Av. I l8l Xpei de nets TIS 6vv\as ^yKuXeo/neVo?, | Kepxvrjs, Tpiopxys, yv\lf, 
 Kvpivdis, aleTos. Mentioned likewise among the rapacious birds, Ael. 
 xii. 4. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b 6\tyaKis (J.ev (paiWrat, oiKel yap op?/, ecrri de 
 /leXny, Kal fj.ey@os 5(rov iepa 6 (f)ao~cro(^6vos KaXovfievos, Kai rrjv Ideav pctKpbs 
 Kal Xenros. K.vp.iv^iv de Ka\oi(Tiv "laves CIVTTJV '. the passage is very cor- 
 rupt, and according to some texts (followed apparently by Pliny, x. 8, 
 and by Eustath. in Horn.), the next clause concerning vppis or ivrvy^ 
 applies to the same bird, ^ 6' v/3piV, (poor! 8c rives elvai TOV avrbv TOVTOV 
 opvida T<a TTTvyyi, OVTOS fj/J-epas ^ev ov (paiverai 8ia TO pr) /SXeVfii/ ou, ras 5e 
 vi/KTas Orjpevei coanep ol aeroi [oi oirot, cj. Sundevall], Kal fia^orrat 8e irpbs 
 rbv deTov ovra) o-(po5pa WOT' ap.0a> XafjLJBdveardai noXXaKis a)VT(is VTTO rS)V 
 vop,c>)V. TiKTei pv ovv 8vo coa, veoTTevei de Kal OVTOS ev Tierpais Kai <r7rrj\aiois. 
 
 Conjectured by Sundevall to be the Black or Glossy Ibis, from the 
 suggestion of metallic colouring in xaX/a'y, and from Mod. Gk. xXfcoKora, 
 Erh. ; but this is certainly not a bird of the mountains, and the 
 supposed derivation from ^aXxo's is imaginary. By Aub. and Wimmer, 
 and others, ascribed to the Capercailzie, Tetrao urogallus, L. 
 Usually taken to be a large Owl (cf. Suidas, xaX*iV, eI8os opveov, 17 
 yXai|, cf. Schol. Ar. Av. 262), as by Belon, Gaza, and other older 
 naturalists. Cuvier (Grandsaigne's Pliny, I. v. 11, pp. 374, 375) identi- 
 fies it with the Hawk Owl, Strix uralensis, Pall., and Netolicka agrees. 
 
KYKN02 KYO/EAOI 109 
 
 KYMINAIZ (continued"). 
 
 The bird being, in Homer, that in whose shape "Ynvos appears, is an 
 additional point in favour of identifying it with a nocturnal species : and 
 this relation of vnvos to the bird ^aX/ti's- suggests a connexion with the 
 phrase x^ KfOS vrrvos. ^aX/a? belongs to the language of the gods, that 
 is to say, is probably a foreign word ; it is not likely to be a simple 
 derivative of ^aXico?. Is there a possible alternative that ^aXxeos ZTTVOS 
 is wrongly translated by/erreus somnus ? 
 
 For an account of various Scholia relating to this bird, cf. J. G. 
 Schneider, 1. c. In some, if not all, of the names of this bird, we are 
 undoubtedly confronted with foreign words. 
 
 KYHAPI'IIIA' etSos aXr/woW, Hesych. Query KvrrapiWtoi. 
 
 KY'XPAMOI. MSS. have nixpafjios, Ke'xpa/xos, Kfxpa/ioy : Hesych. wy- 
 xpavos, Kiyxpapas '. Schn. writes Kyxpap,os (^eyxpos) as Belon 
 translates miliarius. 
 
 An unknown bird : probably (as Sundevall takes it) identical with 
 opTuyopJTpa, the Corncrake, Rallus crex, L. One or both 
 names doubtless apply also to the Water-rail, Rallus aquaticus, 
 L., which is very abundant in Greece, and according to Von der 
 Miihle abandons its usual haunts in Autumn and frequently 
 associates with the quails (op. cit., p. 92). 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b. A bird which accompanies the quails, 
 /ecu dj/aKctAemu avrovs rwcTOJp* Kfu orav TOVTOV rr\v (pa>vr)V aKovcraxnV) ol 
 Qrjpevovres "ivaviv on ov Karo^vovo-iv [ot oprvye?] : which expression 
 Sundevall translates ' delay not their coming,' and A. and W. ' remain 
 no longer.' Cf. Plin. x. (23) 33. 
 
 KY'^EAOI, s. Kuv|/eXXos. A bird of the Swallow kind ; perhaps the 
 Sand-Martin, Hirundo riparta, L. Hesych. KityeXor opvis 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 30, 680, mentioned as synonymous with cnrous, q v., 
 ais ^eXiSdo'tt'' ov yap padiov diayv5>vai TTpos rr)V ^eXiSova, rrX)i/ r<a 
 rr)v Kvf)p.r}v e^eii/ Save'iav : cf. Plin. x. (39) 55. In the description of the 
 nest (loc. cit.), though KV^\LS (a box, or beehive) would rather suggest 
 the nest of the House-Martin (If. urbica, L.), yet the epithet naKpos 
 would certainly not apply : moreover the House-Martin was certainly 
 included in xeXt$a>i>. Accordingly the evidence leans to identifying 
 Ki>\lff\os with the Sand-Martin, H. riparia^ L. ; this identification is 
 followed by Sundevall, while A. and W., on the contrary, identify the 
 bird with the House-Martin. There was doubtless a confusion of 
 species. If the passage in Pliny suggests one more than another, it 
 would seem to be the Swift ; yet in the Aristotelian reference the 
 
HO A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 KYvpEAOI (continued}. 
 
 hypothesis of the Sand-Martin, advocated by Sundevall, has strong 
 claims. 
 
 Kfi'KAAOZ* KwKoXov' cldos aXeKrpvovos, Hesych. Cf. S. V. XotcaXos. 
 KQNflnOGH'PAI- opvis 6 navanas fypcvuv, Hesych. 
 
 KQTIAA'I. The Swallow. A Boeotian word. Anacr. 99 ; Strattis, 
 &oiv. 3; cf. Simonid. 243. 
 
 AAfOGH'PAI' Hesych., aerou flSos. = XayaxjxJ^os = jieXaj/deros (q. V.). 
 An epithet of the Eagle. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 6i8b. The Eagle in combat with the hare is 
 frequent on gems, and on coins of Agrigentum, Messana, Elis, &c. : cf. 
 Imhoof-Blum. and Keller, passim ; Keller, Th. d. cl. Alterth., p. 449. 
 The wide occurrence of this subject (cf. Layard, Nineveh, ii. pi. 62) 
 indicates a lost mythological significance, in which one is tempted 
 to recognize a Solar or Stellar symbol ; vide s. vv. deros, Kopa. 
 
 AAfQAl'AZ. A synonym of cSros, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 390. 
 AATOI'NHI- opvis TTOIOS, Hesych. 
 
 AAm'nOYI. A Ptarmigan. 
 
 Plin. x. (48) 68 praecipuo sapore lagopus : ped.es leporino villo nomen 
 ei hoc dedere, cetero candidae, columbarum magnitudine, &c. The 
 lagois, s. logois of Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 22, is possibly akin. In Mart. vii. 87, 
 an old reading was Si meus aurita gaudet lagopode Flaccus, altered by 
 Scaliger to glaucopide. 
 
 AAffl'l. A bird-name, mentioned with the Swallow, in Artemid. 
 Oneirocr. iv. 56. The name suggests a reference to daavKovs 
 xeXiSoVeioy, Diph. s. Calliad. ap. Athen. ix. 401 a. According to 
 Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xx a certain Oreius was metamor- 
 phosed into the bird Xayobs, opvis eV ovdevl <paiv6/j,evo$ aya$a>. 
 
 AAEAO'I (MSS. also XatSos, Xt/3vo's). A bird, in all probability identical 
 with Xcuos, q. v. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 6lO Xae&k KOI Ke\ebs (pi\oi. 6 8e \afobs rrerpas KOI 
 oprj [oiK6t], *cai ^tXo^capet ov av OIKT/. 
 
 We may connect the reputed friendship of KeXeo? and \ae86s with 
 the association of /ceXeds and Xcuos together, in the obscure story of the 
 metamorphosis of those impious persons who entered the forbidden 
 cave in Crete where Jupiter was born ; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. 
 
 AAI"O'I. Probably the Blue Thrush, Petrocichla cyanus, L. The 
 Stone-thrush, P. saxatilis, L., is less common in Greece, and 
 
KYO'EAOI AAPOI III 
 
 AAIOZ (continued}. 
 
 is chiefly found in the northern and more mountainous parts. 
 Both receive the Mod. Gk. name 7rerpoKoVo-u<po9 (Heldr.), and 
 were probably confused under the ancient name also. 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 19, 617 opoios rc5 \ii\avi Korrucpa) ecrrlv 6 Xcuo?, ro 
 peyedos piKpw eXarrcov* OVTOS eVt r&v Trerp&v *al eVl rail/ Kepdpav ras 8ia- 
 TpLftas TToidrai. A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. 
 
 It seems all but certain that \acdos and \aios refer to the same bird. 
 The correct reading of the name, or names, is unknown. In Arist. 
 H. A. ix. 19, edd. have also (Balos and (pmos (cf. Camus, i. 747, Schneider, 
 ii. 120). The name Xa'ios is taken from the passage in Anton. Lib., 
 the supposed derivation from \aas helping to gain it acceptance. Schn. 
 and Pice, read \aios also for XaeSog, q. v. 
 AA'AAfEI- opveov elBos, Hesych. Possibly connected with Mod. Gk. 
 
 XeXfKi, a Stork ; vide s. v. ireXapyos. 
 
 AA'POI, a. A Sea-Gull. In Mod. (and doubtless also in Ancient) Gk. 
 yXdpos includes both the Gulls and the Terns. 
 
 Od. v. 51, a perfect description. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 e^<-i rbv <TTO- 
 paxov *vpvv Kal rrXarvv oXov. Ib. V. 9, 542 b TIKTCI TOV Oepovs, ev TOLS nepl 
 6d\arTav Tre'rpmy, TO 7T\r)6os 8vo ^ rpia' ov (fia)\evi | cf. Plin. X. 32. On its 
 
 breeding habits, see also Dion. De Avib. ii. 4. 
 
 Varieties. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b \dpos TO XP^M" o-TroSoa&Jy, also 
 Xapo? 6 \evKos. The former is, according to Aub. and Wimmer, one 
 of the darker Terns, e. g. Sterna nigra, Briss. ; but the epithet seems 
 more descriptive of the ashy grey of the ' Black-backed ' Gulls : cf. 
 na\aKoKpdvevs. Dion. De Avib. ii. 4 enumerates three sorts: of fuv 
 \cvKol KCU as al TTfpicrTfpal Ppaxe'ts' ol 8e TOVTGW pev clat pflifovcc KOI l(r\vpo- 
 repot, TrvKvordrois Se Trrepoi? TrepKrKeTrovrat' Kai rivfs eri KOL TOVTWV evpcyc- 
 6e<TTepoC \fVKa S' eVri Kai TOUTOI? Trrepo, TT\TJV ovov eVi rats aKpordrais 
 irTpvgi Kal rols rpa^Xot? /zeXaiVovrai. *cat rovrois arravTes oi XotTrol Xapoi 
 voprjs T KOI edpas 7rapa^copoi)(ri Kai u>s fiacriXcvo'iv virfiKovcrC KCIL yrjpdaKovai 
 8' avrols Kvdvea yiverai Trrfpa. Here the first group are probably the 
 Terns, the last the Black-backed Gulls. 
 
 A bye- word for greediness, Ar. Eq. 959, Nub. 591, Av. 567. Devour 
 dolphins stranded on the beach, Ael. xv. 23. Open shell-fish by drop- 
 ping them from a height, Ael. Hi. 20. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Hostile to fipevQos, apTrrj, and <?po>8io's, Arist. H. A. 
 viii. 3, 593 b, Ael. iv. 5, Phile 682; friendly to KO\OIOS, Ael. v. 48. 
 Killed by pomegranate-seed, Ael. vi. 46, Phile 657. Associated with 
 Hercules, Ar. Av. 567. The Gulls are souls of disembodied fishermen, 
 hence their gentle and peaceable disposition, Dion. I.e. A gull's 
 feather was tied to a fishing-line as a kind of float, Ael. xv. 10. 
 
 Fable. Xdpos Kal <Vr/or, Aes. 239 (ed. Halm). 
 
112 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 AA'POI, |3. A kind of tame singing bird, Anth. Pal. vii. 199. 
 AEfOI, vide s.v. iXeios. 
 
 AEYKEPflAIO'l (also XevKopd>8ioy). The Spoonbill, Platalea leucorodius, 
 L. Mod. Gk. KovXtdpi (=Fr. cueiller). 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b ro pfyeQ f >s epa&iov eXdrratv, KOI e^ei TO 
 
 The description of the bill easily identifies the bird in this passage 
 (Belon, Sundevall, &c.), but the name would probably be likewise 
 applied to the other White Herons or Egrets. 
 
 AIBYO'I. (MSS. have Xefr'os, K&IOS, ic^Sios, cf. Schn. in Arist. iv. p. 7). 
 An unknown bird: possibly to be compared with AtjSuxos opvis, 
 Ar. Av. 65. 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 K\COS KOI \iftvbs TroXcfuot : cf. s. v. XcteBog. 
 
 AO'KAAOZ. An unknown bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509, mentioned with ao-KaXacpos as a bird having 
 colic coeca. Omitted in Cod. Venetus and others. Gesner supposes 
 the word to be Italian (?=aluco, an Owl), and to have come in as 
 a marginal rendering of do-Ka\a<pos. Scaliger reads KwicaXos. 
 
 AY'KOI. A sort of Jackdaw (Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 6iob); probably 
 a nickname of the common Jackdaw, cf. pwjjioXoxos. (Schn. and 
 Pice, read XUKIOS, which form occurs in Hesych. : \VKIOS, KO\OIOV 
 See also s. v. 
 
 MAKEII'KPANOI. A name for the Hoopoe. 
 
 Hesych. paKfo-iKpavos. error//-' 8ia TO 
 
 \6(poV) Ka\ KOpvOaioXov avrov Xeyovai. 7ro\v(avvfj.ov de Xeyerai TO 
 (rivTtjv re yap avrbv KOI dXfKTpvova [aypiov, inser. Heinsius] KUI ye 
 \yovari. 
 
 MAAAKOKPANEY'I. An unknown bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 22, 617 b ael eVi ro ai/ro KaBi^dvei, KOI dXia-Kerai evravQa. 
 TO 8e eiSo? Kf<pa\r) p,ev p.eyd\rj ^ovdpoTviros^ TO de fjteyedos eXarrcov Kt^Xi^s 
 /jLiKp<p. o~TOp.a 6' 6vpa)o"TOv, [UKpov, o~Tpoyyv\ov' TO 5e xp>[Jia o~Tro8oei8r]S 
 0X09. evTTovs de KOI KaKOTrrepos. dXiovcerai 8e p.d\i(TTa yXavKi [? aucupium 
 per noctuamj. 
 
 Identified by Sundevall with the Lesser Grey Shrike, Lanius minor, 
 L., in Mod. Gk. Kf(pn\ds and deTo^d^os (Heldr.). Lindermayer (op. c. 
 p. 114) states that this bird is extremely common in Greece, and sings 
 all day long ' auf der aussersten Spitze eines Baumes oder Strauches 
 sitzend.' This identification is more plausible than the many others that 
 have been suggested, such as the Jay, the Bullfinch, and even the Snipe 
 
AAPOI MEAAMFlYrOI 113 
 
 MAAAKOKPANEYI (continued}. 
 
 (Belon, Schneider, Brisson, &c.). It must, however, be remembered 
 that the bird is mentioned once only, and in a portion of the Historia 
 Animalium that is full of difficulties and incongruities : the epithets 
 associated with it are numerous, but mean little or nothing ; x ov ^P OTV7ros 
 does not occur elsewhere ; dXio-Kerai yXavKi is a phrase of doubtful 
 meaning and questionable construction. The Aristotelian description 
 seems at first sight copious and adequate, but in the words of Camus, 
 'autant qu'il semblerait devoir etre facile de reconnoitre le Crane-mol, 
 autant est-il certain que jusqu'ici il ne 1'a pas eteV The bird irdpSaXos, 
 q. v., is next mentioned, and is in like manner impossible to identify. 
 
 MAPA'IIAI- opt>i6es, Hesych. 
 
 MATTY'HI' f) piv <pa>vr) MaicedoviKr), opm, Hesych. Cf. paTTitrj, Artemid. 
 ap. Athen. xiv. 663 D, &c. 
 
 MEOYOPl'AEI' eiSos piKpav opviOuv, Hesych. 
 
 MEAArKO'PY4>OZ. Probably the Marsh Tit, Parus palustris, L.; in 
 which identification Sundevall and Aub. and Wimm. agree. But 
 there was a confusion between this bird and the Blackcap Warbler, 
 Motacilla atricapilla, L., Sylvia atricapilla, auctt. The verb 
 p.e\ayKopv(pifa, to warble like the p.e\ayKopv(pos, Hero Spir. p. 220, 
 suggests the latter of these two. See also s.v. <ruKa\is. 
 Mentioned in Ar. Av. 887. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 15, 6l6b am nXelara TI'KT fj,era TOV ev Aiftvg (TTpovdov' 
 eajparew p.cv yap KCI\ enTOKaideKa, riKTei pevTOi KOI TrXet'a) 77 e'Uoo-iv. riVrft 
 5' del TTfptrra, cos (patriv. veorrevd de Kai ovros ev rots dev&pecri, KOI 
 TOi'ff crKiaXrjKas. Idiov de TOVTG> KOI dr)$6vi napa TOVS a\\ovs opvidas TO 
 *Xiv TTJS y\a>TTYjs TO o|u [vide s. v. eirovj/]. ix. 49 B, 632 b /^-raj 
 els aXXfoovs at avKa\L&fs KOI ol p.e\ayKopv(poi' yiverai 5' fj pev (TVKaXls irep\ 
 r>]v OTTcopav, 6 de p.e\ayKopv(pos evdews jj.fTa TO (pQtvorrwpov (cf. Geopon. 
 XV. I, 22 evOvs p.Ta TO TpvyrjTOv). diafpepovat 8e KCU OVTOI ovQev d\\r]\<0v 
 n\r)V TTJ XPfy Ka * 1 T W </><w?7. OTI 5' 6 avros C<TTIV opj/iy, fjdr] ooTTTni TTfpi TTJV 
 fieTci(3o\r)v eKa.T(pov TO yevos rouro, OI/TTCO de reXecos iieTafteftiKrjKOTa ovfi' ev 
 Garepq) e'idei 6Wa. Cf. Plin. x. 44, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 69, p. 65 b 
 dvo d' elvat yevrj airov avKaXida Kai fjLe\ayKopv(jjov. Ael. vi. 46, Phile 6oi 
 TOV p.\ayKopv<pov ayvos enTpiflei. A fabulous Arabian bird, Plin. xxxvii. 33. 
 
 MEAA'MHYroi. A word applied to the Eagle in the Fable of the Fox 
 and the Eagle, Archil, fr. no (86). Schol. Venet. II. xxiv. 315 
 
 euo$e KUI 6 'Ap^i'Xo^os /ueXdjuTruyov TOVTOV KaXelv : Schol. Lye. 91 elal 
 yap n(\dp.Tniyoi, nvyapyoi, eidrj dfTwv KUT 'Ap^iXoxoi/ : cf. also Hesych., 
 
 and Gaisford's note. Cf, also Schneidewin ; Farnell, Gk. Lyr. 
 Poets, p. 300, &c. 
 
 i 
 
114 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 MEAAMHYrOI (continued'}. 
 
 A solar symbolism probably underlies this name and its correlative 
 iruyapyos. Cf. the references to 'HpaxXij? /zeXa/iTruyo?, ap. Diodor. Sic. 
 iv. 31, &c. 
 
 MEAANA'ETOI = Xayw<|)oj'os. An epithet of the Eagle. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 6l8b fj.\as TTJV XP av ) Kc " P-eycQos eXa^toro?, KpartCTros 
 TOVTUV [rail/ irvydpyav KOI nXdyyatv]. OVTOS oiKei oprj Kal v\as' KaXeircu fie 
 fzeXai/aeros' KCU Xaywcpovos. KTpe<pei Se p.6vos TO. TCKVO. OVTOS KOI e^dyei. eo~Tl 
 de MKvftoXos Kal evdrj^cov Kal acfrdovos Kal a(pojBos KOI p,d^tfj,o5 KOI ev(pr]p,os' ov 
 yap fjLLWpi^ei ouSe XeXr/fcej/ : cf. Ib. vi. 6, 563 b 01 8c peXaves, K. r. X. 
 Plin. x. 3 Melanaetus a Graecis dicta, eademque Valeria [MSS. in 
 Valeria], minima magnitudine, viribus praecipua, colore nigricans, &c. 
 
 Aubert and Wimmer suppose a small species of Eagle, e. g. Aquila 
 minuta, Brehm, to be meant ; Sundevall suggests the Peregrine Falcon. 
 As is mentioned above, s. v. XayoxjxJp'os, I see no grounds for these or 
 any other concrete interpretations : the passage is mystical and prob- 
 ably foreign. Aubert and Wimmer have already called attention to 
 the want of meaning and irrational order of the six epithets a>Ku/3oXos-, 
 cv0r)p,a>v,- &C. 
 
 On fjieXas as an epithet of the Eagle, see s. vv. deixSs, |J.op<f>i/og : cf. 
 O. Keller, op. c., p. 237. Both /AeXaixxeTog and Xayw^oi/os are applied to 
 the constellation Aquila in the Comm. Alfrag. p. 106 ; and I am 
 inclined to think that the ' Black Eagle ' had originally a mystical 
 and astronomical meaning. Cf. s. v. jxeXdpruyos. 
 
 MEAA'NAEIPOI- opvddpiov KOIOV, Hesych. Perhaps connected with 
 Setp TJS (q. v.), rather than with dcipr). 
 
 MEAEArPl'l. Also (AeXeaypos, 17 KaroiKiSios opvis, Hesych. ; fxeXaypis, 
 
 Salmas. ad Plin. p. 612. 
 A foreign word, connected with Sem. Melek ; as in Melkart, 
 
 Meleager, Melicertes, &c. (cf. Keller, Volksetym. p. 236, Lat. 
 
 Etym. p. 180). 
 The Guinea-Fowl, Numida sp. 
 
 First mentioned by Soph. Meleag. fr. ap. Plin. xxxvii. (2) n, the 
 birds weeping tears of amber for the death of the hero. Mentioned in 
 connexion with amber also by Mnaseas ap. Plin. 1. c. 
 
 A full description in Clytus Miles, ap. Athen. xiv. 655c-f aa-ropyov 
 irpbs TO. eKyova TO opveov* TO p.ev p.eyedos opvidos yevvaiov^ Tr]v 8e Kf(pa\f]V 
 fUKpav rrpos TO troi/^a Kal TavTrjv \l/i\fjv, eV avrrjs 8e \6(f)ov crapKivov, o-K\r]p6v } 
 aTpoyyvXov, e^e^oi/ra TTJS KefpaXrjs a>o-7Tfp TrcrrraXov, K.al TO XP^P"^ ^XoeiS^. 
 TO 8e aai/Jia affav TVOLK'L\OV^ peXavos OVTOS TOV ^pa)/naroff oXou, Trrt'Xoi? \fVKols 
 Kal nvKvols dii\T)iJL[j.ei>ov' TrapanXfjaiai 6' elalv al dfjXeiai TOIS appecriv, K. r. X. 
 
MEAAMnYrOI MEAEAPPII 1 15 
 
 MEAEAFPII (continued}. 
 
 Arist. H. A. vi. 2, 559 Kareon-y/zeVa ra am T&V /LteXeaypt^cov : cf. Aristoph. 
 H. A. Epit. i. 28 wa dcrrepeoTa. 
 
 See also the description given by Columella, viii. 8, 2 Africana est 
 quam plerique Numidicam dicunt, meleagridi similis, nisi quod rutilam 
 galeam (paleam, emend. Newton) et cristam capite gerit, quae utraque 
 sunt in meleagride coerulea. This passage from Columella is very 
 interesting as showing that the Greek pc\taypig and the Roman Gallina 
 africana or numidica were different from one another, the latter having 
 a red wattle, the former a blue. This would look as though the /ueXea- 
 ypis had sprung from what is now called Numida ptilorhyncha, an 
 Abyssinian species, and had been brought to Athens by way of Egypt ; 
 while the Afra avis originated in the Numida meleagris of W. Africa. 
 See Newton, Diet, of Birds, p. 399, footnote. 
 
 The fj.\eaypides mentioned, however, by Scylax, Periplus, were seen 
 beyond the Pillars of Hercules, in N. W. Africa, as were those men- 
 tioned by Mnaseas ; and these were doubtless, therefore, of the red- 
 wattled species. Strabo and Diodorus report the birds as inhabiting 
 an island in the Red Sea ; Sophocles (1. c.), speaks of them poetically 
 as Indian. 
 
 Mentioned as sacred birds, Clyt. Miles. I.e. Trepi 8e TO Ifpov TTJS 
 Hapdevov ev Aepo> ci<riv ot KaXovpevoi opvides p.e\faypides. Also in 
 
 Aetolia, Menodot. ap. Athen. xiv. 655 a. 
 
 Ael. iv. 42 : the metamorphosis of the sisters of Meleager ; 00-01 
 8e apa aldovvrai TO flelov KCU p,a\\ov el rr]v "Aprejutv, OVK civ rroT Toivde 
 TWV opvldwv TTi Tpo<pr)V TTpoo'd'^aiVTOj KOI rJTts T) aiTLO. 'icrao~i T 01 rrjv vfjcrov 
 olKOvvTCs TTjv Aepov KOI Veo~Ti padelv aXXaxodev. Ib. v. 27 TOS 8 eV Aepo) 
 fi\caypidas OTTO /M?ySej/6s ddiKela-Qai TWV yaptywvvxw opvetov \eyet "la-Tpos. 
 
 Sacrificed at the temple of Isis in Tithorea (Phocis), Pausan. x. 31 
 (x. 32, 9, ed. Teubn.). 
 
 Were kept also in the Acropolis : /ieXeaypi'Scs* 6'pm? ai eW/uoiTo eV 
 Til a/cpO7rd\et, Hesych. opi/ca arrep cveftovTO ev Tfj a.K.pon6\i' Xeyovo"* de 
 01 /xeV d8e\(pas TOV Me\eaypov /ueTa/3aXeii/ els TUS /ieXeaypi'Sa? opi'idas, ol 
 8e TO.S avvTjdtis 'lo/caXXi'8o? TTJS cv Aepvy Trapdevov, r}v TifiSto'i daip.ovid)s t 
 Suid., Phot. 
 
 On the story of the metamorphosis, cf. Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. 
 c. I, Hygin. Fab. 174, Ovid, Met. viii. 534, Mart. iii. 58, 15, Lactant. 
 viii. 4. 
 
 How the Meleagrides fought around the tomb of Meleager (cf. s. v. 
 ptyvw) PHn. x. (26) 38, &c. 
 
 For other references, see Antig. Caryst. xi ; Juv. xi. 142 ; Hor. Epod. 
 ii. 53 Afrae aves; Mart. iii. 58, 15 Numidicae guttatae ; xiii. 45 Libycae 
 volucres ; xiii. 75 ; Stat. Silv. i. 6, 78, ii. 4, 28 ; Suet. Calig. 22 (vide s. v. 
 Terpawi'); Petron. 93 ; Varro, De R. R. iii. 9, 18, c. 
 
 I 2 
 
1 1 6 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 ME'MNftN, s. fxepojas, s. Mepvovos op^is. The Ruff, Machetes 
 pugnax, L. 
 
 Mosch. iii. 42 ov TOO-OV duoio-iv ev ayKecrt TralSa TOV 'Aoi? | 'nrra^vos Trepi 
 tra/Lia KivvpuTO Mepvovos opvis. Paus. X. 31, 6 p-ep-vovides Tais opvio~iv ecrnv 
 ovofia, Kara 8e CTOS 01 'EXXqo-Trdi/rtoi (paaiv avras ev elpr]pLevais f)p,epais levai 
 re eVt TOU Me/zi/oi'O? TOV ra^or, KCU OTTOCTOV TOU p,vfjp.a.TOS devdpcov eo~T\v 
 f) iroas ^iXoj/, rotTO /cat (raipovcnv at opvides KCU vypois TOLS Trrepoi? roi) 
 AioTyTrov TO) vSart puivowi. Ael. V. I ouKoCi/ Toi? opvidas Tovs cirwvvfjiov? 
 TOV fjpwos d(piKvel(r6at Kara trav eros, KOI diaipeiadai re Kai Siao-^ifeo-^ai 
 els %dpav KOI dia<popav, Kai /uci^f (rdat fJ-dx^ Kaprcpdv, K. r. X. : cf. Anecd. 
 
 Paris. Bekk. ii. p. 25. See also Dion. De Avib. i. 8 ; Quint. Smyrn. 
 Posthomer. ii. 645, et seq. ; Plin. x. (26) 37 ; Ovid, Met. xiii. 607, 
 Amor. i. 13, 3 ; Solin. c. 40. 
 
 The identification, first suggested by Cuvier (Grandidier's Pliny, loc. 
 cit), is certain, the combats or ' hilling ' of Ruffs being unmistakeably 
 described : for modern descriptions, see Montagu, quoted in Yarrell, 
 4th ed. vol. iii. p. 428. At the same time, it is evident that the myth is 
 a very ancient one, and its connexion with this particular species of 
 bird and its peculiar annual combats may be a late version of an old 
 and mysterious story : cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 181, &c. In other words, 
 though Pausanias and Aelian undoubtedly alluded to the Ruff, I do 
 not for a moment believe that Moschus did so. Vide s. v. 
 
 ME'PMNOI, s. jj^ppijs, Hesych., also Cram. Anecd. Oxon. i. 64, 24. 
 A kind of hawk, sacred to Cybele, Ael. xii. 4 ; according to 
 Hesych., identical with Tpi6pxt)s. 
 
 ME'POvl/. The Bee-eater, Merops apiaster, L. Mod. Gk. /zcXt 
 H\ur<rovpy6s (Erh.), and on Parnassus popydprjs (Heldr.). 
 
 In Arist. H. A. vi. I, 559 aepox^, S. e"po\lf (Bk.), ov S' oi BOIOOTO! Ka\oi<riv 
 aepoira : cf. Hesych. depones, opi/ea TIJ/O, also Schol. in Ar. Av. 1354 ; 
 depoirovs, Suid. in verb. dvrine\npyiiv '. rjepo^ S. fjepoTros, Boios, ap. 
 Anton. Liber, c. 18. A name similar to jBopydpijs used by Scotus, aves 
 quae dicuntur Graece Boareia, ovant in foraminibus terrae, and by 
 Albertus M., quam obarcham Graeci vocant : cf. Schneider in Arist. 1. c. 
 According to Bent (Cyclades, 1885, p. 325), pepovnas now means in 
 Syra simply a bird, opvis. 
 
 Arist. H. A. IX. 13, 615 b (pavl de rives KCU TOVS p.ep07ras dvTeKTpefaadai 
 VTTO TOM/ eKyovwv ov povov yr)pdo~KovTas aXXa KOI evdus, OTCIV oioi T (%O~LV' 
 TOV de Trarf'pa Kai Trjv p.r]Tepa pe.veiv evBov. 17 8' idea TOV opvidos T>V 
 7TTepS)v earl ra pev vnoKUTco &>^poj/, TO. fie eWra) wvirep Trjs d\Ki>6vos Kvdveov, 
 TO. fi' eV aKpti>v TO)V TTTepvyiw epvOpd (cf. Plin. x. (33) 51). TIKTCI 8e Trepl 1^ rj 
 eTTTa VTTO Ti]v oTTcopav [it breeds in Greece about the middle of April, 
 Lindermayer], ev Tols Kpypvols Tols paXaKols' eto-fiyerai S' et<ra> KOI reVrapa? 
 
MEMNQN NEBP04>ONOI 
 
 117 
 
 MEPO* (continued). 
 
 TT^etr. Ib. vi. I, 559 v & i Botwroi KaXovviv depoTra, ets ras- orras ev rfj 
 yfj KaT(i8v6fj.fvos Vforrevei povos. 
 
 On the filial piety of pepo^, 8iKatoraros- KOI 6U(re/3e0Taros' opvidav cmav- 
 T<OV, see Ael. xi. 30, Plin. x. (33) 51 ; cf. Boch. Hieroz. ii. p. 302. 
 
 Is destructive to bees, Arist. H. A. x. 40, 626, Ael. v. n, vii. 6, Plut. 
 Mor. 976 c, Geopon. xv. 2, Phile 650, Virg. Georg. iv. 14. 
 
 Is said to fly backwards, Ael. i. 49. 
 
 A fabled metamorphosis, Boios, 1. c. J An6\\a)v Be opviQa enoirjo-e TOV 
 
 TTOtSa TjepOTTOV, OS Tl VVV TLKTfl JJLV V7TO yrjS, O61 & p.\fTO, 7ITO~dctl. 
 
 MHAIKOI' "OPNEII- M^Soi dXfKrpvoWs, Hesych. Vide S. V. dXeKrpucoi/. 
 Cf. also Plin. x. 21, Colum. viii. 2, Varr. R. R. iii. 9, and Festus. 
 In Latin a common reading is Melicae gallinae] cf. Colum. 1. c. 
 The term ' Median bird ' is applied also to the Peacock. 
 
 Suid. Mrj^iKos opvis' 6 raws. Id. raw? evTr^X?/^* 6 MTJ^IKOS Kal xpytronrepos 
 Kai d\aoviKos opvis. Cf. Schol. ad Ar. Ach. 63 fJKovrfS CLTTO Ilepo-iSos rawv 
 XVTS \r)\v0ao-iv : also Ar. Av. 707 o Se TIcpa-iKov opviv, ubi Schol. Ttves 
 de TOV aXeKTpvova, ol 8e TOV raw : cf. also Clem. Alex. Paedag. ii. i 6'/>my 
 eVt TOVTOLS (rvvavovvrai TOVS dirb (pao-i8os, drra-yas AiyvTrriay, Mrjdov Taava : 
 ibid. iii. 4 opveis 'ij/SiKOvy, Kai Taavas MrjdiKovs eKTpefovo-i. 
 
 MONO'IIPOI. A breed of fowls in Egypt. 
 
 opvfis ev 'AXe^avSpeia Trj Trpbs AtyvnTov fieri, f a>v ol /na^t/zoi d\eKTpv6v( s 
 ytvvwvTcti, Geopon. xiv. 7, 30. 
 
 MO'P4>NOI. An Eagle or Vulture. In Plin., the Lammergeier. 
 
 Supposed to be connected with the idea of dark or black; cf. 
 
 opQvT), Russ. mrachnoe, Eng. murky, (popcpvos = O-KOTCIVOS, Suid., 
 
 but = gav66s, Hesych.). 
 
 II. xxiv. 315 avTLKct ' aleTov ^/ce, reXetdraroj/ TrfTerjv&v, | fji6p(f)vov 8rjpr)Tr)p t , 
 ov KOI ncpKvbv Kokcowiv (cf. II. xx. 252 ; Porphyr. Schol. ; also Heyne's 
 note, in loc.). Hes. Scut. 134 p,op<pvolo (f>\eyvao KaXwrrojUfi/oi nTfpvyfao-1. 
 Lycophr. 838 TOV xP V(TO ' jraT P ov (J-op(pvov. According to Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 32, 618 b, identical with TrXayyos and vr)TTo<p6vos (here also written 
 (j,6p<|)os, jxop4><5s)- Plin. x. 3 Phemonoe Apollinis dicta filia dentes ei 
 esse prodidit, mutae alias, carentique lingua : eandem aquilarum 
 nigerrimam, prominentiore cauda. Ingenium est ei testudines raptas 
 frangere e sublimi iaciendo, &c. Cf. Suid., who definitely applies the 
 name to a Vulture ; p.6p<pvo$ y eldos aVroC* povoi de OVTOI TO>V deTwv ov 
 KVvr)yeTovo~iv } dXXa veKpols o-wpao-i Tp(f)ovrat. Vide S. v. 
 
 MY'TTHE' opvis voids, Hesych. 
 
 NE'BPA-E. veftpaKfs' ol appeves vcoTTol TO>V dXenTpvovav, Hesych. 
 
 NEBPO^O'NOI. Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618 b = iruyapY ?) q v. 
 
Il8 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 NE'PTOI. A Vulture. 
 
 Ar. Av. 303, mentioned together with yity and ifpag. Hesych. ve 'pros' 
 lepag' ol de eloos opveov (i.e. a species of vulture). This word, hitherto 
 
 unexplained, I conjecture to be the Egyptian ^ j^ nert, Copt. 
 
 ItOTpI, a Vulture : cf. Chaeremon, fr. 9, and Lauth, in Horap. i. 3, 
 Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 73. 
 
 NrTTTA, Boeot. maora (Ar. Ach. 875). A Duck. Cf. Lat. anat-is, 
 
 Lith. anh's, A. S. ened, Ger. Ente. Dim. v^-ndpiov (a term of 
 
 endearment), Ar. PI. ion, Menand. Inc. 422 (4, 316); 
 
 Nicostr. Antyll. 3 (3, 280). See also poaicds, yXauiaoi>, 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b included among ra 
 ra>v o~TcyavoTr68a)v' irepl norafjiovs KOI \ip.va$ eariv ; ibid. ii. 17, 509 
 e^i cvpitv KOI TrXarvv o\ov, aTrotpvdo'as ex cl - 
 
 Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 52. 395 c 6 appqv ptLfav KCU TromXoorepos 1 . 
 
 An allusion to the particoloured plumage of the Common Drake, 
 or else of some wild Duck, in Ar. Av. 1148. 
 
 Ael. V. 33 e' o>SiVa>i> eVrt vrjKriKT), KOI fiadelv ov Setrat, K. r. X. 
 
 Use as Pood. Herod, ii. 77 AiyuTmoi ras vfjo~o-as wp-ovs o-iTfovrcu, 
 irpoTapixevo-avres. Frequent in the Comic Poets. Its wholesomeness, 
 Plut. V. Cat. Maj. xxiii (i. 359 D). On the Roman j/qo-o-orpo^em, see 
 Varro, De R. R. iii. n, Colum. viii. 15. Mode of capture, Dion. De 
 Avib. iii. 23. 
 
 Brought as tribute to Indian kings, Ael. xiii. 25. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Sacred to Poseidon, Ar. Av. 566. According to 
 Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, daughters of Pierus, 
 was metamorphosed into the bird vfjo-o-a. 
 
 Its defence against the eagle, cf. Phile, De An. Pr. xiv. 
 
 Use the herb sideritis as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27. 
 
 A "Weather-prophet. Ael. vii. 7 Trrepvyi^ovaai nvev/jLa drj\ovo-iv Io~xvp6v : 
 cf. Arist. fr. 241, 1522 b; Theophr. De Sign. fr. vi. 18, 28; Arat. 
 918, 970. 
 
 NHTTOKTO'NOI, s. i/t]TTo<|>6i>os. A kind of Eagle, the Anataria of 
 Plin. x. 3. Supposed, by Sundevall, to be the Spotted Eagle, 
 Aquila naevia ; vide s. v. dXideros. Compare, however, the notes 
 on Xayw^oyos, irXayyos, &C. 
 
 KipKos VYJTTOKTOVOS, Phile, De An. Pr. xiv. 6. vrjrrocpovos, Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 32, 618 b = poppas and TrXdyyos, q. v. Cf. Ael. v. 33. 
 
 NOYMH'NIOI. An unknown bird, opveov opoiov arraya* 6 KOI rpo'^iXoy, 
 
 Hesych. 
 Proverb. vi>J?X0oz/ array as re KOI j>ov/i?jyioy, Suid., &C. (for other 
 
NEPTOI NYKTIKOPAE 1 1 9 
 
 NOYMHNIOI (continued]. 
 
 references vide s. v. drTayas). In all probability, vovufjvtos was some 
 bird associated with moon-worship ; we have an obscure indication 
 of a kindred symbolism in the case of array as, in the statement that 
 that bird is hostile to the Cock (Ael. vi. 45). That drrayds had some 
 mystical signification seems plain, though the precise allusion is 
 obscure : the frequent reference to the bird as TTOIK/XO?, and the state- 
 ment of its friendship with the Stag, may in time furnish a clue to the 
 mystery. For my part, I imagine I discern a stellar attribute in the 
 one bird, and a lunar in the other. Tradition, of doubtful antiquity, 
 associates the name Numenius with the Curlew, and it may well have 
 this or some similar bird with a decurved or crescentic bill. 
 
 NYKTAl'ETOr opvis fepos'Hpaj, 6 *at epa>8ios, Hesych. Cf. J/UKTiKOpaf. 
 
 NYKTIKO'PAE, s. i>uicToic6pa, Hesych. Probably the Horned or Long- 
 eared Owl, Strix o/us, L. ; but perhaps also applied to the 
 Night-Heron. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b evioi TOV wrbv vvKriKopaita Ka\oixnv (loc. dub.). 
 Ib. viii. 3, 592 b eri rtv WKrepiv&v evioi yap\ra)vvxes elcriv, olov vvKTiKopat;, 
 y\avg, jBpvas. Ib. ix. 34, 689 b y\avK.es de Ka\ WKTiKopaKfs, KOI ra \onra 
 ocra rrjS fjp-epas dSvvarel /SXeTTfiy, TI)S VVKTOS p.ev drjpevovra rr]V rpotforjv avrois 
 7ropi'er<u' fypevei fie pis Ka\ aavpus, K.T. X. Cf. Athen. viii. 353 a, where 
 in a similar passage, Kopaices = wKrinopaKes. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 a7ro(pvd8as e'x. [The caeca are rudimentary 
 or absent altogether in the Herons ; they are large and conspicuous in 
 the Owls.] wKTiKopag is, therefore, in Arist. a nocturnal, rapacious bird, 
 identical with, or confounded with, euro?. It can scarcely be other than 
 the Long-Eared Owl. 
 
 It corresponds to Heb. D13, an Owl, in Ps. 102. 6 (LXX). 
 
 A bird of evil omen. Horap. ii. 25 wKriKopag Qavarov tr^/zaiVi* acpva 
 yap (nepxerat rols veovo-ols rav Kopwcov Kara ras vvKras, u>s 6 Bavaros afpvco 
 enpxTai. With this passage, cf. the legendary hostility of the Owl and 
 the Crows, s. vv. yXau|, Kopwi^] : there is, however, a very similar story 
 
 Anth. Pal. XI. l86 WKTiKopat; qei 0avarrj(p6pov, dXX' ortiv qvrj | 
 6vr](TK.fL Kavros 6 vvKriKopag. Cf. the carmen ferale of the Owl, Virg. 
 Aen. iv. 462 : vide also s. v. j3uas. Cf. also Spenser's ' hoarse night- 
 raven, trompe of doleful drere,' c. 
 
 A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xv ; cf. j(apa8pi<5s. 
 
 There is an old confusion between this bird and the Night- Heron, 
 Ardea nycticorax^ L. Gesner (ed. cit., p. 357), discussing the discrepant 
 opinions regarding wKriKopag, figures the Night-Heron, and adds, ' Wir 
 haben hierbey die Figur des Vogels gesetzt, welcher zu Strasburg ein 
 Nachtram anderswo ein Nachtrabe geheissen wird, welcher doch 
 
120 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 NYKTIKOPAS (continued}. 
 
 meines Bedenckens weder ein Caprimulgus noch Nycticorax ist.' 
 And the confusion thus introduced seems to have been aided by Gaza 
 having translated wKTiKopag by cicuma (Gr. KIKUJUS, q.v.), afterwards 
 misspelt cicunia, ciconia (vide Belon, ii. c. 36, Camus, ii. p. 250). 
 
 Nevertheless, although the above-cited passages all appear to apply 
 to an Owl, yet Ardea purpurea, nycticorax, and other Herons are said 
 to be now called wKTiKopag (Erh., Heldr.) ; further, it has been shown 
 above that the attributes of epo>8ios are in part nocturnal. Lastly, it 
 must be noted that there are evidences of Egyptian influence in the 
 stories both of e'pwSior and vvKTiKopag ; vide s. v. dyoiraia. 
 
 Ol'NA'NOH. An unknown bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 633 (loc. dub.} a(^avl^rai Se KCU TJV KaXoDa-t rives 
 olvdvdrjv av'io~\ovTO$ TOV o~(ipiov } dvopcvov 8e (paivcrai' (frevyei yap ore p.ev 
 TO. "^vxn, ore de rrjv aXeai/. Cf. Plin. x. (29) 45 ; perhaps identical with 
 parra, ib. xviii. 69, or mtiparra, ib. x. (33) 50. Vide infra, s. v. oiras. 
 
 Belon (Nat. des Oiseaux, vii. 12) first applied the name to the 
 Wheatear, which (Saxicola oenanthe, L.) still retains it. 
 
 OI'NA'Z. A kind of Pigeon : probably the wild Hock-Pigeon, 
 Columba tim'a, L. Also oli/ias, Poll. vi. 22 olvtas 8e ical olvds, 
 
 77 aypi'a 7rept(TTfpa. 
 
 Arist. H. A. V. 13, 544 ^ opvis TrepicrrepoeiS)]?, fitKpco jj.ei(cv rrjs TrepioTepaff. 
 Ib. viii. 3, 593 Aon-tai/ de fyaftos. Ib. vi. i, 558 b 8irom, i.e. lays two 
 eggs ; cf. De Gen. iv. 77, iii. 9, Plin. x. 79 (58). Arist. H. A. viii. 3. 593 roG 
 Kol (fxiivcrai prXiora Kal aXtWercu* rj 8' SXaxris avrijs yiverat 
 a KajTTovcrrjs TO vScop' atyiKvovvrai 8 els TOVS TOTTOVS TOVTOVS e 
 
 Arist. ap. Athen. ix. 394 a /uei'o>i/ eVrt TJJS TrfpiorTfpa?, 
 olvanov. (paiverat (frdivonapfo (JLOVCO. Athen. ib. 394 e Xeyfrai fi* on 
 f) olvas fav (payovva TO TTJS lias cr7rep/za eVt TIVOS aQodevfrrj devdpov, Idiav 
 llav (pveo-dai : cf. Plin. xvi. (44) 93, s. v. palumbes. Ael. iv. 58 TTJV otVaSa 
 opveov floevai XPV ovcrav, ov p,f]V &s Tives o/i7reXoy. \eyei 8e 'Apto-roreX^y 
 /net^oj/ jj,fv avTO elvai (fraTTtjs, Trepiarepaff ye ^v TJTTOV. Mentioned also, 
 Lyc. 358. 
 
 oiyaSoO^pas, in Sparta, a dove-catcher, Ael. 1. c. 
 
 The passage in Aelian, and the discrepancy between the accounts of 
 the bird's size, indicate that olvds was a little-known word. The later 
 Greeks and early commentators derived it from olvos, with reference to 
 the colour of the bird (Athen. I.e., Eustath. ad Odyss. p. 475, ed. Basil.) 
 or to its appearance in the vintage-season (TOV (pdivorrdapov) ; hence 
 Gaza translates it Vinago ; and most moderns have identified it with 
 the Stock-dove, C. oenas, L., whose breast is purple-red. But the 
 word is more probably identical with the Hebrew T\^ , Jonah, as has 
 been suggested by Casaubon in Athen. p. 617, and Bochart, Hieroz. ii. 
 
NYKTIKOPAE OKNOZ. 121 
 
 OINAI (continued^. 
 
 2. Cf. *l<iras, Hesych., also Tzetz. Chiliad, vii. 126. [The same word 
 is supposed by some to give its name to the island of S. Columba.~\ 
 It was then probably either a sacred name, introduced with a foreign 
 cult, or else a Phoenician sailor's name, especially for the wild Rock- 
 pigeons of the coast ; and on this latter interpretation the passage in 
 Arist. viii. 3, 593 would refer naturally to an autumn flight inland from 
 the sea-board breeding-places. 
 
 The OtVorpoTj-oi, who were turned into doves, Lye. 570, cf. Simon, 
 fr. 24 (39), ap. Schol. Horn. Od. iv. 164, Serv. Virg. Aen. iii. 8, Ovid, 
 Met. xiii. 674, c., may derive their name from the same root, and the 
 story of their turning water into wine may then be due to a case of 
 * Volksetymologie.' 
 
 By this word, and its Semitic root, I would seek to explain the 
 curious 'canting heraldry' which represents the constellation of the 
 Pleiads as a bunch of grapes, and gives to it the name Corpus (Porpw 
 yap auras- Af'youa-i*/, Schol. II. xviii. 486 ; Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 317). 
 On coins of Mallos in Cilicia, we have Doves represented, whose 
 bodies are formed by bunches of grapes, and in other cases the dove 
 is lost and replaced simply by the grapes: on the relation of these 
 figures and their other associated symbols to the constellation of the 
 Pleiad, see M. J. Svoronos, Bull, de Corresp. Hellen., 1894, p. 107, c. 
 I imagine that an old confusion, intentional or unintentional, between 
 oii/as- and oil/or may have been the cause of this strange and unwonted 
 prefigurement of the constellation. The association of the dove with 
 the bunch of grapes survives in early Christian symbolism ; cf. Gorius, 
 Diss. XIII. De Gemmis Astrif. Christian, (vol. iii. p. 249) 1750. 
 
 The symbolic meaning here assigned to olvas tends to suggest a 
 similar derivation and interpretation in the case of oti><j'0Tj. 
 
 Ol'NIA'E. According to Hesych. a kind of Raven, but probably = 
 otyds, which latter^ word Hesych. interprets yevos Kopanos' ol 8e 
 
 dyplav Trfpicrrepdv. Cf. yoiyees. 
 
 OfZTPOZ. An unknown small bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, mentioned as a small insect-eating bird 
 with rvpavvos, eVtAat'ff, &c. 
 
 On the assumption that ola-rpos (the Gad-fly) must denote some very 
 small bird, Sundevall follows the mediaeval naturalists in identifying it 
 with the Willow-wren, Sylvia trochilus, L., our smallest bird next to 
 the Gold-crests. 
 
 "OKNOZ, ,$. OKJ/OS. A bird of the Heron kind, with fabulous attributes ; 
 in Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 b, 18, 617, Ael. v. 36 = d0Tpias, q.v. 
 
 Pausan. x. 29, 2 OKVOV d' ovv KOL fjuivrecov ol opwvrfs TOVS olavovs KaXovvi 
 
122 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 OKNO2 (continued}. 
 
 nva opvida, KCU evTiv OVTOS 6 OKVOS /zeyioroy fj.ev Kal KaXXioTos' epadiwv, ei 
 6e aXXos TIS opvidc&V) o~7rdvi6s eon KCU OVTOS. 
 
 According to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. vii, Autonous was metamor- 
 phosed into the bird OKI/OS-, on (oKvrjo-e aTreXaaai ras 'LTTTTOVS, his son being 
 turned into an cpwdios. On Ocnus as a mythological character, cf. 
 Diodor. i. 97, p. 109, Pausan. 1. c., &c. 
 
 Probably a foreign word, and perhaps Egyptian (cf. Ael., Diod. 1. c.). 
 Bearing in mind the close connexion of the Heron with Athene, I am 
 almost tempted to see in OKVOS a distorted reflection of Onkh, "Oyya, 
 "OyKas (Hesych.), &c., a mystical name of the same goddess. Vide s. v. 
 
 'OAAITOl', s. oXaroi' cnrfpfjioXoyoi, Hesych. 
 'OAKA'r drjo-uv, Hesych. (loc. dub. et mutilus). 
 'ONOKPO'TAAOI. A Pelican. 
 
 Plin. x. (47) 66, Mart. xi. 21, Hieron. in Lev. xi. 18, c. ; cf. Boch. 
 Hieroz. ii. 276. 
 
 'OPEINO'I. A species of aiyi'OaXos, q.v. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b erepos 6' opavos, 8ia TO SiaTpifieiv ev rot? 
 opecrtv, ovpaiov p.a<pov CXMV. 
 
 Also a name or epithet, like opeiTrjs, of a Hawk or Eagle : cf. Plut. 
 Amat. iv. 9. 
 
 'OPEIFlEAAPrO'l, vide s. v. ircpKyoTrrepos. 
 
 'OPEl'THI. A kind of Hawk, mentioned with KCYXP^IS, Ael. ii. 43. 
 
 'OP0OKO'PYAOI. A name or epithet for a Lark (verb, dub.) ; Alciphro 
 iii. 48. 
 
 "OPNI0EI MEI'ZONEZ BOft~N. Eudox. ap. AeL xvii. 14 v7rep/3aAo>i/ ras 
 'HpaKXciouy oTJ^Xay ev \tp.vais ewpaKevai opviOds Tivas *cat p.eiovs f3o>v. 
 
 'OPO'iniZOI. The Blue-throat, Cyanecula suecica, L. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b <TTTIT) opoios KOL TO peyeOos 7rapa7r\r](rios' e^ei 
 [rt vrepi] TQV av\cva Kvavovv } KOL Starpi'/3ei ev rols ope(nv. The bird is rare 
 in Greece (Lindermayer, p. 104), nevertheless its identity is unmistake- 
 able. The MSS. have several variants in the name. 
 
 'OPTA'AIXOI. Also opraXi's, Nic. Alex. 295, &c. A Boeotian word 
 (Stratt. &oiv. 2, 781) for a Chick. 
 
 Theocr. xiii. 12 ot/0' OTTOK' opraXi^ot pivvpol TTOT\ KO'ITOV opaev. Cf. Ar. 
 Ach. 871 and Schol. ; Aesch. Ag. 54. Applied to Swallow-chicks, 
 Opp. Hal. v. 579. 
 
OKNOI OPTY=. 133 
 
 'OPTYrOMH'TPA. The Corn-crake or Land-rail, Rallus crex, L., 
 Crex pratensis, auctt. : cf. icpe, Ku'xpajjios. In Mod. Gk. still 
 called opTvyoMTpa (Heldr. &c.), and in the Cyclades peSiyoudXia 
 (Erh.), It. Re di quaglie. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b; a bird which accompanies the quails 
 (vide S. V. Kuxpcifios). TrapaTrXqo-ios- TIJV p,op(pr]v Tols \ipvaiois (i. e. to the 
 wading birds) : cf. Plin. x. 33 ; Frider. ii De Arte Venandi, i. 9 et 
 modus rallorum terrestrium, quae dicuntur duces coturnicum. Alex. 
 Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 393 a * " T0 p-ty f @o$ 77X1*77 rpuycov, o~K\rj Se /zctKpa, 
 dvo~6a\r)s Kal deiXrj. 
 
 Cratin. (2. 158) ap. Athen. I.e. 'Idanrja-ia opruyo/^rpa. Ar. Av. 870 
 associated with Latona, Arjrol 'Opruyo/zr/rpg, cf. Schol. in Argum. 
 Pythiorum Pindari. 
 
 In Hesych. oprvyo/^rpa = oprvg vTrfppeyedrjs. The word is used also 
 by the LXX, and by the Fathers, for oprug (Ex. xvi. 13 ; Numb. xi. 31, 
 32 ; Ps. cv. 40) : according to Bochart (Hieroz. ii. 94) qua tamen voce 
 libentius usi sunt, quam simplici oprvyes-, ne crederetur Deus gregarias 
 coturnices Israelitis immisisse, sed earum nobilissimas! 
 
 "OPTYE- Hesych. yo'p, i. e. foprv. Sk. vart-ika (cf., int. al., Muir's 
 Sk. Texts, i. 112. 8), cf. Lat. vertere, Lit. the dancer (?), or more 
 probably and simply, the one who returns. The Quail, Colurnix 
 vulgar is y auctt. Mod. Gk. oprvKi, oprvKiov. Dim. opruyioy, 
 Eupolis and Antiph. ap. Athen. ix. 392 e. On the quantity of 
 
 the u, cf. Phot., p. 35> IO oprvyas' <rv(TT\\ovTes ol 'ArriKoi \eyovcri 
 TO v 8r)\oi ev AaiTa\ev(riv 'Apiarofpdvrjs. Gen. oprv^of, in Philem. 
 
 ap. Chaerob. i. 82. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. vi. 12, 597 b ov TTTJJTIKOS : ib. ix. 9, 614 eirl 
 ftfvdpov ov Ka6iei, dXX' eVt rrjs yijs : ib. iv. 9, 536 /za^d/ie^os ^BeyyfraC 
 [jui\\ov adei 6 apprjv, al de OrjXfiai OVK adovaiv. 
 
 Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 392 c 6 6^\vs op XcirTOTpd^os eo~ri, TOV 
 appevos OVK 'iya>v TO, VTTO r&5 yeveico peXava. Pratin. ib. dSvfpcovov TOV oprvya, 
 7T\r)v el pf) TI napa Tols ^Xiaaiois rj TO!? Aa/toxri (f)a>vr]VTs, as ol nepdiKes. 
 
 Anatomy. Arist. H. A. ii. 15, 506 b Trpo? Tols e'vrepois TTJV ^o'X^i/ e^. 
 ib. 17, 509 e^ei Kcti TrpoXoftov Kal npb TTJS yaorpo? TOV aro/Lta^oi/ evpvv Kal 
 TT\aTvv e\ovra' 8iep(ei S' 6 TrpoXojSos TOU Trpo TIJS y(rrpos (rro/xa^ov av^vov 
 oas Kara peyeOos. Alex. Mynd. 1. C. dvaTp,r)6els 8e 7rpoXoj3oz/ ov% oparat 
 fieyav e^eov, Kap8iav S' e^ft /zeyaXr;j/, /ecu TOVTTJV rpt'Xo/Sov, K.T.\. 
 
 Nest and Breeding- habits. A full description, together with 7re'pSi, 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 613 b, 614: cf. ib. vi. i, 559. Cf. Xen. Memor. 
 ii. i, 4. 
 
 Migrations. Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597. Migrate in September, TOV 
 Borjo'pop.iavos. iriorfpoi TOV (frOivonwpov p.d\\ov rj TOV eapos. ol &' oprvyes 
 
124 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 OPTYE (continued}. 
 
 orav ffiTrecraxnv, eav p.ev evdia /} jBopeiov 17, o~vv$vdovrai re KOI ei>T)p.povo'iv 
 eav 8e voros, ^aXcTrw? e^ovtri Sia TO pfj elvai wrrfrtKol' vypbs yap Kal 
 ftapvs 6 avfp.os' dib Kal ol 6r)pfvovTes OVK 7Ti)(ipovo~iv evdias' Tots voriois ' 
 ou Treroi/rai Sta TO fidpos' TTO\V yap TO croi/ia, dib Kal fio&VTes TTCTOVTOL' 
 TTOVOVO~I yap. orav [lev ovv eKeldev TrapafidXXaxriV) OVK f^ovcriv fjyeuovas. 
 orav 6' evrevdev airaipaa-iV) fj re yXwrris o-vvanaipeL Kal f] opruyo^ryTpa, K.T.X. 
 Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 30; Plin. x. 33 (23) ; Varro, De Re Rust. iii. 5,7. 
 The connexion between the quails' flight and the wind is well known : 
 cf. Numb. xi. 31 ; Joseph. Ant. iii. I, 5. 
 
 Modes of capture. With a mirror, Clearch. Sol. ap. Athen. ix. 393 
 of oprvyes TTfpi rbv rrjs o^eias Kaipbv, eav KaroTrrpov c evavrias TIS avr&v 
 Kal Trpb TOVTOV J3p6%ov dfj } Tpe\ovres TTpbs rbv eufpaivo^fvov ev TK> KctTOTTTpcp 
 e/i7riVTouo-ii/ fls rbv (^po^ov. With a sort of scare-crow, Dion. De Avib. 
 iii. 9. With nets simply, on the coast of Egypt, Diodor. i. 60. A quail- 
 catcher, opTuyo07?pas-, Plat. Euthyd. 290 D. Cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 614 
 ovTO) &e o~<podpa Kal ol TrepSiKey Kai 01 oprvyes e'TTTO^vrcu Trepi TTJV o^eiav, cocrr' 
 els TOVS QrjpevovTas e/XTriTTTOucrt Kai TroXXaKir Ka6idvov(riv eirl ras Ke<pa\ds. 
 
 Abundance and cheapness : cf. Antiph. ap. Athen. ix. 397 rr\eiovs 8* 
 flarl vvv [of raaves] T>V bprvya>v. Juv. Sat. 12. 97. 
 
 In Egypt, according to Herod, ii. 77 TOVS opTvyas otua ariTeovrai, rrpo- 
 Tcipixcvo-avTes : cf. Diodor. 1. c. : vide s. v. y^lwiov. On potted Quails 
 in the Morea, cf. G. St. Hilaire ap. Bory de St. Vincent, More'e, 
 Oiseaux, p. 35. 
 
 Domesticated and pet Quails: Ar. Pax 789 opru-yas oiKoyevfis: cf. Ar. 
 Fr. 36; Arist. Probl. x. 12, i ; Plut. V. Alcib. i. 195 E, Mor. ii. 799 D ; 
 Varro, iii. 5, 2 ; M. Anton, i. 6. A lover's gift, Ar. Av. 707, Plat. Lys. 
 211 E: cf. Plaut. Capt. v. 4, 5; vide Jacobs ad Anthol. x. p. 13. 
 Hence </>iXop, Plat. Lys. 212 D ; </>iXopTuyorpo<pea>, Artemid. iii. 5, c. 
 
 Quail-fights. Lucian, Anach. 37 (2, 918); Plat. Lys. 211 E; Plut. 
 i. 930 E, cock and quail-fights between Antony and Caesar (cf. Ant. and 
 Cl. ii. 4 ' and his quails ever Beat mine, inhoop'd at odds ') ; ibid. ii. 207 B 
 how in Egypt a procurator of Augustus killed and ate a victorious 
 quail, and how retribution fell on him ; Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 27, &c. This 
 sport, still common among the Chinese, Malays, &c., was practised 
 in Italy in Aldrovandi's time (Ornith. ii. p. 74 : cf. Voss., De Idol. c. 86, 
 p. 596). For a Chinese picture of a quail-fight, showing the 'hoop' 
 or TrjXia (cf. supra, p. 22, s. v. dXeKxpuwf), see Douce's Illustr. of 
 Shakspeare, p. 367 ; cf. also Bell's Travels in China, i. p. 404 (8vo 
 ed.). See also Becker's Charicles. The birds are said to have been 
 stimulated to fight with bells, cf. Schol. in Ar. Lys. 485 (dKcoouvio-Tov) ; 
 see also Aristarch. ap. Harpocrat. s. v. SieKwoomo-e. 
 
 Quail-striking, opTuyoKOTria, Jul. Pollux, ix. 107. The player was 
 s-, Plat. Com. IlepiaXy. 4, ap. Athen. xi. 506 D or (TTV(poK6jros. 
 
OPTY=. 125 
 
 OPTYE (continued). 
 
 Ar. Av. 1299 and Schol. Cf. Plut. ii. 34 D. See also Meursius, De 
 Ludis Graecorum, in Gronov. Thes. Ant. Gr. vii. p. 979. 
 
 Immunity from poison. Arist. De Plant. 5, 820 b {joa-Kvapos KOI 
 eXXe/3opos- dvOpairois ptv Si]\r)TT)pioi, Tpn(pf) 6e Tols oprvt. Cf. Plin. x. 33 
 (23), Geopon. xiv. 24, Galen. De Ther. ad Pison. i. 4, De Alim. Fac. 
 ii. 6, De Temper, iii. 4, Basil. Hexaem. v. p. 59 (ed. Paris), Eustath. 
 Hexaem. p. 9, Ambros. Hexaem. iii. 9, &c., Lucret. iv. 641. For similar 
 oriental reff., see Bochart, ii. 97, 98. 
 
 Legend of Delos. Phanodem. ap. Athen. ix. 392 d as Kareldev 'Epvo-i'^- 
 &u>v ArjXoj/ TTJV vrjcrov rfjv VTTO T>V dp^aiaiv KaXovfjievTjv 'OpTvytav Trap* 6 ras 
 dyeXas T>V <(*>v TOVTCHV (pepopevas CK TOV ne\dyovs idveiv (Is Trjv vrjaov 8ta 
 TO vopp.ov fivat ... Cf. Serv. ad Aen. iii. 73. On the metamorphosis 
 of Artemis, Leto, and Asteria into Quails, see Apollod. i. 4, i, Schol. 
 Apoll. Rhod. i. 308, Hygin. Fab. 53, Tatian, Adv. Grace, c. xvi, &c. In 
 yet another version it is Zeus himself who appears as a Quail : Argum. 
 Pyth. Pindari, ed. Bockh, ii. p. 297. 
 
 Legend of Hercules. Eudox. ap. Athen. ix. 392 d ot $oii>i<cs 
 T<0 'Hpa/cXeZ oprvyas Sia TO TOV 'HpaicXe'a TOV 'Acrrepiay KOI Ato? 
 (Is AiSvrjv dvaipfOrjvai /ieV VTTO Tv(pS)vos, 'loXaou S' avTfS 7rpoo~eveyKavTOs 
 opTvya Kal 7rpoo~ayayovTOS oo~(f)pavdevTn aj/a/3icoj/ai : cf. Arist. Probl. XXX. I. 
 Eustath. in Od. xi. 60, p. 1702. PrOV. o'pru eo-wo-fv 'HpaxXri TOV Kaprfpoi/, 
 
 Zenob. v. 56 ; Diog. vii. 10 ; Apostol. xiii. I ; Eutecnius in Cram. Anecd. 
 Paris., i. p. 31 ; Paroemiogr. Gr. i. p. 143. In this passage various 
 commentators read opvya for oprvya, the Gazelle being sacred to 
 Typhon ; cf. Jablonski, Panth. 197, Dupuis, Orig. de tous les Cultes, 
 ii. 350, Creuzer, Symb. ii. 100, Boch., I.e.; but the emendation is not 
 justified, cf. Stark, op. infra cit. The Quail's brain was a specific for 
 epilepsy, the morbus comitialis or herculeus, Galen, Parat. Facil. iii. 
 155, Plin. x. (23) 33. Vartikd, the Quail, is said to be a solar emblem 
 among the Hindoos : it is as the emblem of the returning Sun, that it 
 figures in the legend of Delos, the birthplace of Phoebus, and in that of 
 Hercules, the slayer of Typhon. 
 
 The principal allusions to the Island of Ortygia are collated and 
 discussed by Hermann, De Apoll. et Diana, Opusc. vii. p. 310 (1839). 
 See also, for a still more elaborate investigation, Stark, Die Wachtel, 
 Sterneninsel und der Oelbaum im Bereiche phoinikischer und griechi- 
 scher Mythen, Ber. K. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss., 1856, pp. 32-120. It 
 seems clear to me that in the superstitions regarding the Quail, and in 
 the sacred reputation of Ortygia, the main point is with reference to 
 the Solar Tropic ; cf. Od. xv. 403 vyo-os TIS Svpirj KfK\fjo-KeTat, nov 
 d.KOvfts, | 'OpTvyirjs Kadinrepdev, 061 Tporrai qeXioio. The Quail derived its 
 sanctity, and perhaps its name, from the circumstance that it returned 
 with the returning Sun, and Ortygia was some spot where the Tpoiral 
 
126 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 OPTYE (contimted). 
 
 r)e\ioio were observed and their festivals celebrated, as of old in 
 Delos. Cf. (int. al.) Find. Nem. i. 
 
 The word OPTYroeHPA, on coins of Tarsus (Mionnet, Suppl. vii. 
 p. 258, &c.) is supposed to refer to a similar symbolic festival (Stark, 
 op. c., p. 44). 
 
 Hostile to Tre\Kav, Ael. vi. 45, Phile, 684. A prey to hawks, Ael. 
 vii. 9. Arist. H. A. ix. II, 615 6 iepa rrjv rot) oprvyos Kapdiav ov 
 
 How the Quails, migrating, carry each three stones, to hear by 
 drgpping them whether they be over the sea, Dion. De Avib. i. 30 : cf. 
 Plin. x. 33 (sand for ballast) ; cf. s.v. yepai/os. 
 
 An obscure allusion in Lye. 401 rvp-^os 6e yeirav oprvyos Trerpov/xei/qs | 
 TpffjLtov (pv\dei po^Bov Alyaias d\6s. 
 
 Proverbial Beferences. Philostr. V. Sophist., p. 253 (ed. Kayser) 
 p) -yap fir) Iv Tfixfi 7ri7TTr]^o)pfv oprvyaiv ava^dpevoi <pv<nv. Antiph. ap. 
 Athen. ix. p. 392 C a>? Sr) o-v ri iroidv Swdfifvos oprvyiov 
 
 OPXIAOZ, s. opxiXos. Probably the Wren; cf. rpox^os. Hesych. 
 opviQapiov ra>v cvavrjT&V Xeyerai be VTTO TIVWV (raATrtyJVjrqs : cf. Phot. 
 351. 12. 
 
 Ar. Av. 569 /3aatXfu? eVr' op^i'Xos opvis : cf. trochilus, Plin. viii. 37, 
 x. 95. Mentioned also Ar. Vesp. 1513. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 y\ai>g /cat op^iXos TroX/^ta, ra yap wa 
 rrjs y\avKOS. 
 
 A sign of rain, Arat. 1025 op^iXo? fj KOI epiOevs bvvuv es <oi\as o 
 Cf. Theophr. De Sign. vi. 3. 39, 4. 53. According to Nicand. ap. Anton. 
 Lib. c. xiv, Alcander, son of Munychus, was metamorphosed into the 
 bird 6'pxiXos-. 
 
 An evil omen at weddings : Avienus in Arat. 1. c. infestus floricomis 
 hymenaeis orchilus. Cf. Euphor. ap. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. p. 83 (cit. 
 Schn. in Arist. 1. C.), TrouaXov ovSe p.f\a6pov op^i'Xos CTTTJ; KVLKOS. oi/S* 
 fjeia-f KOKOV ydpov ex^opevos Kpeg. 
 
 opxiXos and rpoxiXos (qu. r-op^iXoy) are probably identical words, 
 and of foreign origin. KopOiXos (q- v.) may be yet another corrupt 
 form. Lauth (in Horap. i. 57, Sitzungsber. d. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 107), 
 comparing Copt. OTpA. avis, and OTfpO rex, affords a hint which 
 may explain, by referring to an Egyptian source, the origin both of 
 and of its synonym or epithet 
 
 'OITOKATA'KTHI, 'OITOKAA'ITHI, 'OITOKO'PAE. In Byz. Gk. for 
 
 ossifragus, 
 OY*PAE. The Athenian name for re'rpii (q.v.), Arist. H. A. vi. i, 559. 
 
OPTYH riEAAPrOI. 1 27 
 
 OY'PI'A. A kind of water-bird. 
 
 Athen. ix. 395 e fj 8e \eyop.vr} ovpia ov iro\v XeiVerat J^TTT??, TOJ> xpa>/icm 
 6e pV7rapoKpafj,6s eVri, TO 8e pvyxos p-aKpov re KOI orei/6z> e^ct. 
 
 'O*rOYPOI' opvis TTOIOS V At&OTua, Hesych. 
 
 nA'nnoi. An unknown bird (verb, dub^ ', opveov eiSor, Hesych. 
 
 Mentioned Ael. iii. 30, in a somewhat doubtful passage, as a bird in 
 whose nest the Cuckoo lays her egg. Sometimes supposed to be 
 punned on in Ar. Av. 765 $vcrara> ndmrovs Trap' yp-w, where however 
 TraTTTroi are more probably young downy feathers (vide Kock, &c.). 
 Coray cites, vaguely, Mod. Gk. TrdTrma, a duck. 
 
 riAPAO'l- deTo'y, t-vro MaKefioW, Hesych. 
 
 HA'PAAAOI, s. irapSaXis, Hesych. An undetermined bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617 b opveov eariv cryeXatoj; a)s eirl TO TroXv, Kai OVK 
 Hem Kara eva I8elv' TO 8e %pa>fji.a (TTro&oeifijys oXof, p.eyedos 5e TrapaTrX^o-ioy 
 eKfivois [? fjLO\aKOKpavevs, ^Xcop/coj/, rpuya)!'], CVTTOVS 8e Kai ov KaKOTrrepo?, 
 (puvr) de TroXX?) Kai ov /SapeTa' TO de p.eyf6os [rov KoXXupiWoy] TUVTOV. 
 
 A very doubtful passage, cf. Billerbeck, De loc. nonnull. Arist. H. A. 
 difficilior., Hildesh. 1806. Sundevall, following Turner, Gesner, &c., 
 identifies ndpdaXos with the Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, L., 
 which is frequent in flocks in Greece, and has a constant cry, and is 
 about as large as rpvy&v : in the name he sees a suggestion of the 
 dappled plumage, in spite of o-rroSoetS^? o\os. Billerbeck, following 
 Aldrovandi, &c., identifies it with the Starling, for similar and equally 
 good reasons. Vide supra, s. v. jAaXcucoKpaKeu's. 
 
 HEAAPro'l. (Said to be derived from TreXoy, dpyo't: lit. black-and- 
 white ; vide Suid. s. v. rreXapyidcls, ed. Bernhardy; Zonarus, p. 1528 ; 
 Pott. Etym. Forsch. i. p. 131 ; cf. vfjes TreXapyo'xpojres-, Lycophr. 
 24; opeiTTfXapyos, q. v.). Dim. TrcXapyiSeus, Ar. Av. 1356, Plut. ii. 
 992 B. Cf. also y^Y 1 ! 5 * 
 
 The Stork, Ciconia alba, L. Mod. Gk. XeXeiu, XeXe/ca?, sometimes 
 said to be a Turkish word ; but Byzantios ingeniously compares 
 
 XeXe'fa = TreXapydf with Ae'Xeyes = IIeXao-yo t ' : cf. also XdXttYCS. 
 
 Mentioned in Ar. Av. 1 139, with a pun on ro HehapyiKov ; cf. ibid. 869. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 Trept ray \ifivas KOL TOVS noTanovs 
 fiiorevei. Its clattering noise, Philostr. Ep. ad Epictet. TOVS rreXap- 
 yovs eTreiSav rrapiovTas fjp-as Kporakrti/ : cf. Ovid, Met. vi. 97 crepitante 
 ciconia rostro. 
 
 Migrations Arist. H. A. viii. 16, 600, <o>Xft. Cf. Plin. x. 23 (31) Cico- 
 niae quonam e loco veniant aut quo se referant, incompertum adhuc 
 est. Nemo videt agmen discedentium, cum discessurum appareat, nee 
 
128 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 nEAAPfOI (continued}. 
 
 venire sed venisse cernimus : utrumque nocturnis fit temporibus. Cf. 
 Dionys. De Avib. i. 31. (Its departure is scarcely noticed ; Lindermayer, 
 op. cit., p. 154). Ael. iii. 23 rrjs &pas fie rrjs Kpvpwdovs di\6oi;crr]s ) orav 
 VTroo~Tpe\ls()o~iv $ TO. i'5ia, Tr)v eavrS>i> fKarrros KaXiav dvayv(opiovo~iv ) a>s 
 TT}V olKiav av0pa)Troi. The precise regularity of their coming (cf. s. v. 
 Yepayos) : Lucullus to Pompey, ap. Plut. i. 5i8D eira, e<p/;, o-ol SOKG> 
 e\aTTOva TO>V yepdvav vovv ex eiv Ka ' v 7reXapya>j>, wore rats wpais P.TJ 
 o~vp.fj.eTafid\\etv ras Statra? ; Cf. 6 ne\apyos aXrjrijs, Call. Fr. 475. 
 
 According to Strabo, 221, 397, connected with IleXao-yoi, a nomad race; 
 cf. Dion. Hal. i. 28. 
 
 Filial Piety. Ar. Av. 1355 eirfjv 6 irarrjp 6 TreXapyoy 
 irdvTas noirjo-r] TOVS TreXapyiS^s rpe^tov | 8el rovs VCOTTOVS TOV Trarepa nd\iv 
 Tpefaiv. Cf. Plut. Alcib. i. 135 D, Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 b, Ael. iii. 23 
 
 Tpe(j)iv fJiev TOVS Trarepas TreXopyol yfytjpaKOTas KOI e6\ov<ri Ka\ 
 efJie^eTrjcrav' KeXfvei 8e avTovs v6p.os avOpasniKos ovde els rovro, dXXa ama 
 TOVTCOV <pv(ris' ol avTOi 8e Kal ra iavTO)V enyova (ptXoO(rt, K. r. X. Origen, 
 C. Celsum, iv ev(rfj3fOTepouff elvai TOVS 7re\apyovs TWV dvdpwTrwv. Cf. Fab. 
 Aesop, yeoop-yoy icat TrcXapyo?, Fab. ico, loo b (ed. Halm), Babr. xiii 
 OVK fljj.1 yepavos, ov trrropov K(iTa(p6fipa> | nc\apy6s elfju (xn XP1 P- 
 TTTrjvwv TTcXap-yos evo-e^earaTO? (/WCDJ' | TOV ep.bv TtdrjvS) narcpa Kal 
 
 Cf. Soph. El. 1058. See also verb amTreXapyfo/, Suidas, Zenob. i. 94, 
 &c., and UfXapyiKot vopjot, Hesych., Suid., &c. The Stork as a primeval 
 law-maker is alluded to in Ar. Av. 1353, perhaps also ibid. 1213. Hence 
 the Stork was honoured by the Egyptians, as an emblem of piety : Ael. 
 X. l6, Horap. ii. 55 <piXo7raropa (3ov\6fjifvot (njfiTJvai avdpconov, TreXapyoi/ 
 a>ypa(povo~tv. fv TOLS o~Kr)7TTpnis afcortpa) p,ev irf\apybv ruTrovfrt, Karcorepa) 
 de Trora/itoi/ tmrov. (Cf. Schol. in Ar. Av. I.e.) Cf. Phile, (vi.) 158 : Plin. 
 x. (23) 33 ; Juv. Sat. i. 116 ; Porph. De Abst. iii. n ; Publius ap. Petron. 
 Sat. 55 ciconia etiam grata, peregrina, hospita, Pietaticultrix, gracilipes, 
 crotalistria. 
 
 How the Storks teach their children to fly, Plut. ii. 992 B KOI TOIS n-eXap- 
 yiSevcrij/ 6 pas eVi TO>V Teyav cos ol re'Xeioi napovTes dvaTreipatfjievois vCprjyotvTai 
 
 TT)V TTTTjO-iV. 
 
 Destroys serpents, and hence honoured by the Thessalians. Arist. 
 Mirab. 23, 832 Trepi QfTra\iav p.vr]p.ovvovo~iv o<peis ^Ktoyovrjdrjvai TOO~OVTOVS 
 SXTT } el fj.f] VTTO Tcov ne\apyS)V dvgpovVTO, eK^top^trat av avrovs. fiio 8fj KOI 
 TIJJ,U>O~L TOVS TreXapyouy, *cal KTeiveiv ov VOJJLOS' Kal edv TIS KTturg^ tvo%os roty 
 avTols yiveTai olanrfp Kal 6 di>8po(puvos '. see also Plut. De Isid. c. 74> 
 Symp. viii. 7, Plin. x. (23) 33, Solin. De Thessal. Cf. Juv. Sat. xiv. 74 
 serpente ciconia pullos, Nutrit et inventa per devia rura lacerta ; Virg. 
 G. ii. 320. 
 
 The Stork as food, Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 50, and Scholia; cf. Corn. Nepos, 
 ap. Plin. x. (23) 30, Mart. Ep. xiii. 
 
FlEAAPrOI riEAEIA 129 
 
 HEAAPrOI (continued}. 
 
 Myth and Legend. Hostile to aWvia, Ael. iv. 5, Phile, 680; to 
 vvKTpis, Ael. vi. 45. Uses opiyavov as a remedy, Arist. H. A. ix. 6, 
 612, Ael. v. 46, Plin. viii. 27. How the bats (wKTepides) render the 
 Stork's eggs unfruitful, and how the Stork defeats them with a leaf of 
 irXdravos, Ael. i. 37, Geopon. xiiL 13, xv. i, 18; according to Anatol. 
 p. 298, a tortoise-bone is equally efficacious. A Stork's stomach is 
 a specific for the murrain of sheep and goats, Geopon. xviii. 1 1 ; cf. 
 Plin. xxix. 33. 
 
 A young Stork, a prophylactic against ophthalmia, Plin. xxix. 38. 
 
 A messenger of Athene (cf. epo8ios), Porph. De Abst. iii. 5. 
 
 Story of Alcinoe, an unfaithful wife: Ael. viii. 20 TOI-TO crwiSuv 6 
 ire\apybs 6 OLKCT^S oi>x virepfivev, aXXa eTip^prjae TO> decnroTTj' Trpo&nrjdSiv 
 yovv fTrrjpoMTf TTJS dvdpwirov Trjv 6S//ii/ i cf. Apostol. xiv. 15, p. 609. Story 
 of Heraclei's, to whom the Stork, healed of a broken leg, brought next 
 year a magic pebble : ibid. viii. 22 rrjv &' ovv \L6ov evdov TTOU 
 flra VVKTWP dtvnvio-Qdcra 6 pa avyrjv nva KO\ a'iyXrjv afyiclvav, KOI 
 6 owcoy coy eaKoiucrdeiffrjs dados : cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 31. The stone was 
 probably the stone \VXVLS or XV^I/I'TTJ?, cf. Plin. xxxvii. (17) 103, and 
 Philostrat. V. Apoll. Tyan. ii. 14 TreXap-yoi KaXias OVK av irrjt-aivro, pr] nporfpov 
 avrals evappoa-avres TOV XV^VI'T^V \idov : cf. also Lucian, De Dea Syr. 32 ; 
 Orph. Lith. 268. 
 
 Metempsychosis : Alex. Mynd. ap. Ael. iii. 23 orav es yrjpas a^iKco^rai, 
 irapeXdovras avrovs es ras ' SlKeavindas vr](rovs dfj.cifBeiv TCI c'idi) es dvdpairov 
 Hop(pfjv, Kai eva-efteias ye T^S es TOVS yeivapevovs adXov TOITO icr^ciy, aXXtos 
 re, e'L TI eyu> voo), K.a\ V7ro0e'cr$ai T>V 6tu>v (3ov\op.evwv TOVTO yovv T>V dvdpw- 
 TTCOV rwv eKeWi TO yevos evo~ej3es Kal ocriov^ ewel ov% olov re T]V ev rfj aX\r) yfj 
 vfi f)\io> TOIOVTOV diafiiovv : cf. the story of the birds of Diomede (s. v. 
 epcoStos), and see for accounts of similar superstitions in recent times, 
 Schwenk, Slav. Mythol. p. 129 ; cf. also August Marx, Griech. Marchen, 
 PP- 5-55) Stuttgart, 1889. 
 
 riE'AEIA, s. ireXetdls. Also ireXTjids, Opp. Cyn. i. 351. 
 
 A Pigeon or Dove. The Epic word : used for nepio-Tfpd also by 
 the Dorians (Sophron. ap. Athen. ix. 394 D), and by the lonians 
 (Hipp. 638. 8, 667. 3 : cf. Lat. pal-umba. Commonly said to be 
 
 connected with TreXo'y, iro\i6s, &C. ; cf. Hesych. neXeiai' fieXaivai 
 VtplOTfpal, and Eustath. Hom. p. 1262 Tre'Xem 8e ov% dn\S)s Trepi- 
 (TTfpd, eldos de TI Treptarepas, cos 17 \eis enibr)\ol' ireXbv yap TO /xeXavi^oi/j 
 
 ^ ov ml 6 7rf\apy6s. Nevertheless, the derivation appears to me 
 somewhat dubious; for all the wild pigeons, the Turtle-dove 
 excepted, are very much of a colour, and I do not think the 
 Greeks would have spoken of black pigeons until they had got 
 
 K 
 
130 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 F1EAEIA (continued}. 
 
 white ones ; cf. also Herod, ii. 55 p.e '\aivai Tn-XeiaSey. IleXeia seems 
 lost as a current word in Mod. Gk. : it does not occur in 
 Aristophanes, save in the Homeric parody in Ar. Av. 575. 
 In Horn, frequent ; the only Homeric word for pigeon, save for the 
 occurrence of (pdao-a in the compound (pao-o-o(poj>o?, II. xv. 238. Usually 
 with epithet rpr\pw q.v., a word of equally doubtful etymology, the received 
 derivation from rpe<a appearing dubious in the light of such pigeon- 
 names as Tpvymv, turtur, ^in , &c. 5 cf. TroXurpqpwt/ (descriptive epithet 
 of the towns Thisbe and Messe), II. ii. 502, 582, and Lye. 87, 423, where 
 rprjpaiv=7r\eia : see also Eustath. Horn. II. pp. 1262, 1712, Athen. xi. 
 490 D. A prey to tprjg, II. xxi. 493, to nip?, II. xxii. 139; cf. Aesch. 
 Pr. V. 858. Messengers of Zeus, when Rhea protected him from 
 Cronos, Od. xii. 62 Tre'Aemi | rpypuves, rai T' dfj.fipoorir)v Ail Trarpl (pepov<riv. 
 As ornaments of Nestor's cup, II. xi. 634 8oial de TreXeioSfs- dp.fos 
 fKCHTTov [ovas] \ xpucmot vepfdovro, cf. Athen. 1. c. Captured in springes, 
 Od. xxii. 468 ; cf. Dion. De Avib. iii. 12 (s. v. <pd<r<ra). In Homer the 
 pigeon is never spoken of as a domesticated bird, and is definitely 
 a wild one in II. xxi. 139, and Od. xxii. 468. II. xxi. 495 suggests the 
 Rock-dove, C. livid I fj pa ff t><p* ipfjKo? KoiXr/i> ftcreTrroro frerpty?, | 
 cf. Q. Smyrn. xii. 12 tp^ creue neXciav' eTreiyop.^^ &' apa Keivrj, | 
 7TTpt]s KaTfdvo-aTo i cf. also Virg. Aen. v. 213. 
 
 In Aristotle distinguished from TrcpioTepdi : H. A. v. 13, 544 b er 
 eon rrepL(TTpa KCU TTfXfids' e'Xdrrcoi/ /ney ovv 17 TreXeia?, Tidaacrov 8e yiWrai 
 fiaXXoi/ 17 TTfpio-repa. 77 8e TTfXetas KOI /j.e\av Kal piKpov Koi cpvQpoirovv Kal 
 rpaxvnovvj 816 Kal ov6e\s rpefai. [The contrary stated, Athen. ix. 394 C.] 
 Ib. viii. 12, 597 b anaipovo-i 8e KCU at (peirrat KOI al TreXfiaSey, KOI ov X fl ^"~ 
 ^ouo-t, ni 8e Trfpio-repat Kara^svova-iv. According to Sundevall, TreXem is 
 here in Aristotle the Stock-dove, C. oenas, otms being the Rock-pigeon, 
 C. livid, 4>&|r or <j)dtTTa, the Ring-dove, C. palumbus, and irepio-TCpd, 
 the Domestic Pigeon. Aubert and Wimmer, on the other hand, take 
 olvag as the Stock-dove, and leave ?re'Xeia in doubt. For my part, I do 
 not think the Stock-dove was recognized as a distinct species, but was 
 included, as in Mod. Gk. (Erhard, Heldreich), under the name (poo-era 
 with the Ring-dove. Excluding the Turtle-doves, there then only 
 remain the wild Rock-pigeon (Mod. Gk. dyptoTrfptorept) and the 
 domestic variety ; and I imagine that both olvds (q. v.) and TreXeto 
 refer, in Aristotle, to the wild Rock-pigeon, and Trepitrrfpo especially to 
 the Tame Pigeon; cf. also Moeris (p. 405, ed. Koch, 1830) elwOds, rj 
 KaroiKidios TTfpicrTfpa, f) yap aypia, ireXfids. The account in Arist. H. A. 
 v. 13 is corrupt and not to be too much depended on, especially in 
 view of the discrepant quotation in Athenaeus. The chief difficulty 
 in the whole interpretation is the passage H. A. viii. 12, where it 
 is asserted that both <parr<u and TreXeiafiey migrate and do not remain 
 
 
nEAEIA 131 
 
 nEAEIA (continued}. 
 
 over the winter, whereas all the Pigeons occur more or less in Greece 
 in winter-time, and it is in summer that the Ring-dove and Stock- 
 dove, which breed elsewhere, are seldom found. The passage can 
 hardly have been written in Attica ; it would appear more consonant 
 with the truth did we suppose it written, for instance, in Macedonia. 
 Except in the doubtful case of Aristotle, Tre'Xeta is in no sense a specific 
 term : we have seen it applied in Homer to the Rock-pigeon, and 
 on the other hand the TreXetai in the Oak-woods of Dodona must have 
 been either Ring-doves or Stock-doves (vide infra). In Opp. Cyn. i. 
 351, where pigeon-fanciers are said to cause the pigeons by a display of 
 purple stuff to bring forth young of a like colour, TreX/yYciy and also rprjpwv 
 are used of tame pigeons. 
 
 On the Latin usage of columba, palumbes, &c., cf. W. W. Fowler, 
 A Year with the Birds (3rd ed.), p. 218. 
 
 Various attributes. Its timidity ; Aesch. S. c. T. 292 Trai/rpop.0? \al. 
 Traj/rpocpos 1 ] TreXeias 1 : Soph. Aj. 139 jwe-yay OKVOV e^co Kai 7re0o'/3///iai TTT^V^S 
 tos op-fj-a TreXfias: Antip. Sid. xcii, Gk. Anth. ii. p. 33 8ei\ai rot 8ei\ol(riv 
 cfadpfjo-ovori Tre'Xeiai i cf. Varro, De R. R. iii. 7 nihil est timidius columba ; 
 Ovid, A. Amat. i. 117, ii. 363, &c., &c. Its swiftness : Soph. Oed. Col. 
 Io8l aeXXcu'a raxyppaxTTos neXeuis, cf. also Philoct. 289, 1146 ; Eur. Bacch. 
 1090 TreXei'a? toKvTrjr* ov% rjaraovei. 
 
 The Dove pursued by the Hawk or Eagle, a type of swiftness and of 
 timidity: II. xxi. 493, xxii. 139, Q. Smyrn. xii. 12 ; Aesch. Pr. V. 858 
 7reXeio>i> ov p-nKpav XeXei/zpei/oi | Covert ; Eurip. Andr. 1140 01 d' OTTOIS 
 UpaK idov&ai Trpbs (pvyrjv eVamcrai/ : Ovid, Met. i. 507 sic aquilam 
 penna fugiunt trepidante columbae ; cf. ibid. v. 605, Trist. i. i, 75 ; Virg. 
 Eel. ix. ii ; Lucret. iii. 751 ; Phaedr. Fab. i. 31, 3, &c. Thus Medea 
 comes to Jason, as a Dove seeking shelter from the Hawk, Val. Flacc. 
 Argon, viii. 32. 
 
 The Dove in the clutches of the Eagle or Hawk, as an omen, Od. xx. 
 243, xv. 525, Sil. Ital. Pun. iv. 104 ; cf. Virg. Aen. xi. 721. 
 
 Hera and Athena, coming to the aid of the Argives, compared to 
 Doves I II. V. 778 ai fie /Scm;*', rpjypeocri TreXeiao-ti/ Wpaff o/zoteu. For 
 various interpretations of this simile, see the Scholia, also Ameis and 
 other commentators ; but the allusion is probably neither to swiftness 
 nor to dainty tread, but to the ancient and widespread prefigurement 
 of the deity as a dove (cf. int. al., F. L. W. Schwartze, Urspr. d. 
 Mythologie, p. 218); in the Homeric Delian Hymn, v. 114, Iris and 
 Eileithyia /3av 5e TTOO-I rprjpuai 7reXeuz<7ii/ Wp.aff o/noiat, with which cf. Ar. 
 Av. 575 *Ipiv de y "Ofj.r]pos efpaaK iK\rjv flvai rp^paw TreXei'fl, and Schol. 
 
 The story of the Dove bound by Achilles to the mast as a mark 
 for the archers, II. xxiii. 850 et seq. : it was shot by Meriones, v\^i 
 d vTral v(pto)v cide Tpfjpcova TreXeiai', | rr\v p" oyc divevovaav inrb irrepwyos 
 
 K 2 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 HEAEIA (contimted}. 
 
 /3a\e Ufa-err)* : the same story transferred to Aeneas and Eurytion, Virg. 
 Aen. v. 485-544. 
 
 On the pigeons that brought ambrosia to the infant Zeus, see Od. 
 xii. 60 ; Moero Byz. ap. Athen. xi. 4906 ; Ptolem. Hephaest. ap. Phot. i. 
 p. 474. 
 
 The Dove that flew between the clashing rocks in the passage of 
 the Hellespont : Apoll. Rh. ii. 328, ii. 557, &c., and Schol. ouoi/cw Si) 
 irpocrde TreXeiuSi Treip^aaarde \ vqbs ciTronpo ftedevres e(pifp,v' . . . afcpa 8' 
 K.o\lfav | ovpala Trrepa raiye TreXeiuSos* f) & diropovcrtv \ d(TKr)6r)s '. see also 
 Apollod. i. 9, 22, Hygin. Fab. xix, Propert. ii. 26, 39 cum rudis Argus 
 Dux erat ignoto missa columba mari, &c. ; cf. the account of the 
 l Tre'rpai or Cyanean rocks, Od. xii. 62 rfj pev r oi/Se TTOTTJTO. 
 i, ot5e Tre'Xeicu | rpqpeoi'e?, rat T* d^poairjv Au Trarpi <pepov<riv : 
 cf. Plut. ii. I56F. The Dove in the story of the Argonauts again, 
 in connexion with the fire-breathing bulls, Apoll. Rh. iii. 541 
 
 ay, | v 
 
 In the above legends there are numerous traces of the mythical 
 astronomy of the Pleiads. This view is a very ancient one ; cf. Athen. 
 xi. 490 E TrpwTr) 8e Motpo> 17 BvfavTia KaXws fdet-aro TOV vovv TO>V 'Oprfpov 
 Troi^paTcov, eV rfj Mvt)fj,oo-vi/Tj eTTiypafpopevr] (pda-Kov<ra rrjv dp.ftpo(riav T 
 Au ras n\iddas KO/J.!.^LV. Kpdrrjs de 6 KpiriKos cr(pfTfpi(rdfj,(vos avrijs rrjv 
 86gav, &s i'Sioj/ K(pepfi TOV \dyov. Cf. Moero, ibi cit., in the story of 
 the Infant Jove, u>s 8' avras rp^pcocri TreXetacrtf coTra(re Ti/zj^y, | at 8r) rot 
 Bepcos KOI x^paTos ayye\oi tlcriv : also many references, ap. Athen. 1. c., 
 from Pindar, Simonides, Simmias, Lamprocles, &c., where the TrXeiaSf? 
 are called TreXeiaSes- : e. g. Lampr. (p. 554 Bergk) atre noravais 6p.a>j/up>oi 
 nfXddariv altiepi Ktlvde. The Pleiads are also supposed to be alluded 
 to in Alcman, fr. 23 (Bergk) TO! irfXeiddes yap dp.iv \ 'Opdia (papos fapoi- 
 <rais | VVKTO. Si' ap,/3pO(Tiai/ are o-fipiov | avrpov dj/etpo/xevai /xa^oi/rat. 
 
 The coincidences on which rests the foundation for an astronomical 
 interpretation of the above myths are chiefly the following. As has 
 been mentioned above, s.v. aXKuwy, the sun rose together with the 
 Pleiads in the sign of the Bull, at the vernal equinox, the ancient 
 opening of the year. If the Cretan Jupiter was a Sun-god, he might 
 be said to be nursed by the 7r[Y]Xeiade? : the sign Taurus may have 
 been the Cretan Bull ; and a transit through that sign may have 
 been the celestial Boo-Tropo? of the Argonautic voyage. The Dove as an 
 attribute of Venus is similarly explained, the domus Veneris being in 
 the sign Taurus, the sign of the Pleiad. 
 
 The Doves of Nestor's cup, II. xvi. 634, are also supposed to have 
 reference to the Pleiades, Athen. xi. 490-492. 
 
 On the Dove of Deucalion : cf. Plut. Mor. 968, 1 185. On the dove in 
 
flEAEIA 133 
 
 nEAEIA (continued}. 
 
 the Chaldaean deluge-myth, cf. Euseb. Chron. Armen. i. p. 50, &c., c. ; 
 see also the representation on coins of Apamea, Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. 
 iii. 132, Friedlander, Kgl. Miinzkab. pi. ix, c., &c. 
 
 A similar explanation is given of the Dove of the deluge-myth. 
 
 The Pleiades (as doves ?) fleeing before the hunter Orion, Hes. Op. 
 et D. 619. 
 
 For references to the copious (and often unreliable) literature of 
 Pleiad-symbolism, see int. al., Pluche, Hist, du ciel, Dupuis, Orig. de 
 tous les cultes, Haliburton, New Materials for the Hist, of Man, 1863, 
 von Bunsen, Plejaden und Thierkreis, 1879, Nitzsch in Od. v. 272, 
 &c., &c. 
 
 How the soul of Ctesylla departed as a dove ; Nicand. ap. Anton. 
 Lib. i ; cf. Ovid, Met. vii. 370. 
 
 The Pigeons of Dodona. Herod, ii. 55 raSe Se Aeo8a>raiW (pa<r\ at 
 7rpop.dvTiS, 8vo TreXeiaSas 1 p.\aivas K Qrjfteow ru>v AtyuTrnecoj/ avaTrro/xeVar, 
 rrjv [lev avrecnv es Aifiurjv, rrjv 8e napa axpeas dnLKfaOai' ifcofjLfvrjv 8e piv 
 eVt (frriyov, avdda<r6ai (pwvfj dvOpotTrrjir], eby XP ^ V e fy parrifav avroQi Atos 
 yfWo&ti. Ibid. 57 TreXeiafie? de pot doKeowi KXrjdijvai npos Aco&oi/auoi/ 
 67rl rovde at yvvalKes, 8tort /3ap/3apoi f)<rav' edoKfov 8e cr<pi 6fj,oia>s opvuri 
 (}>0cyyfo-6at . . . peKmvav 8e \tyovres flvai rf]V TreXetaSa o-rjuaivovcri on 
 AlyvTTTlrj T) yvvrj rjv. Cf. Pausan. vii. 21, x. 12. On Alexander and the 
 doves at Ammon, cf. Curtius, iv. c. 7, Strabo, xvii. See also J. Arneth. 
 Ueber das Taubenorakel von Dodona, Wien, 1841 ; Perthes, Die 
 Peleiaden von Dodona, Progr. d. Progymn. zu Mors, 1869; H. D. 
 Miiller, Philol. Anz. ii. p. 95, 1870; Lorenz, op. cit., p. 35; Creuzer, 
 Symb. iii. pp. 183, 217. 
 
 According to Thrasybulus and Acestodorus, ap. Schol. II. xvi. 233, 
 a dove had founded the oracle in the time of Deucalion. On the 
 pigeons of Dodona, see also Soph. Tr. 171 <us rr)V naXaiav (prjybv nv^aat 
 7roT6 I AooSam 8i<r(r)v CK TreXetaScov c(pr) : also ap. Schol. Find. fr. Paean. 
 58 (30) ; Diod. i. 13, iii. 71 ; Sil. Ital. iii. 678 ; Serv. in Aen. iii. 466, 
 Eel. ix. 13. According to Strabo, ap. Eustath. in Od., p. 1760, and 
 Geogr. vii. fr. i a the priestesses were called Tre^iopavrfis, cf. KopaKonav- 
 rets. According to Philostr. Imagg. ii. 33 (387 k), a choir of priestesses 
 danced round an oak, on which sat a golden dove. Dion. Halic. Ant. 
 Rom. i. 14, 4f compares with the Dodonaean dove the TT'IKOS or 
 dpvoKoXaTTTrjs of the oracle of Mars. The whole story is intricate and 
 confused. It seems clear that the priestesses were called Tre'Xeiat (cf. 
 Paley, Aesch. Suppl. ed. 2, p. xiv) or TreXeto/udWet? ; and also that 
 the oracle was not essentially an augury or bird-oracle, but one in 
 which tree- worship, river- worship (cf. Macrob. v. 18), and thunder- 
 worship (cf. Mommsen, Gr. Jahresz. p. 432, c.) were alike involved. 
 The doves of Dodona link on to the story of Deucalion, to the doves 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 riEAEIA (continued). 
 
 that fed the infant Zeus, to the dove in other Zeus-myths (cf. Athen. 
 ix. 395 a, Ael. V. H. i. 15) and to the doves of Dione. If we seek 
 to get further back, we enter the mist of Pleiad-symbolism. 
 
 It has been suggested by Landseer, Sabaean Researches, p. 186, 
 from the study of an Assyrian symbolic monument, that the stars 
 which Conon converted into the Coma Berenices (Hygin. P. A. ii. 24, 
 cf. Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 295) and which lie in Leo opposite to the 
 Pleiades in Taurus, were originally constellated as a Dove ; and that 
 this constellation, whose first stars rise with the latest of those of 
 Argo, and whose last rise simultaneously with the hand of the Hus- 
 bandman, links better than the Pleiad into the astronomical Deluge- 
 myth. The case rests on very little evidence, and indeed is an 
 illustration of the conflicting difficulties of such hypotheses : but it 
 is deserving of investigation were it only for the reason that the Coma 
 Berenices contains seven visible stars (Hygin.), and the Pleiad six, 
 a faint hint at a possible explanation of the lost Pleiad. 
 
 n-eXeioOpejjLjjLw^, an epithet of Salamis (according to the Schol. and 
 Hesych., but see Paley and other commentators), Aesch. Pers. 309 ; cf. 
 TroXurp^pcoi/ (s. v. rpr\pwv) ; also the Insula Columbaria, Plin. iii. (6) 12. 
 
 Proverb. f)p.evr) TreXcid?, a 'pigeon/ a simpleton: Eustath. Horn, 
 p. 1333 Trctpoi/zia eVi Tail/ aTrXouordra)!/ TO fati"! TreXeia? Sia TO evades TOV 
 feov : Suid., Hesych., Phot., c. 
 
 In preparing this article on TreXeta, and the other cognate articles 
 on the various Pigeon-names, I have drawn much from the learned 
 pamphlet of Dr. Lorentz, Die Taube im Alterthume, Wurzen, 1886, 
 as well as from the earlier compilation of Hehn, in his Culturpflanzen 
 und Hausthiere. 
 
 riEAEIA'l XAnPO'riTIAOI. An Indian Green Fruit-Pigeon, probably 
 Crocopus chlorogaster, Blyth, cf. Val. Ball, Ind. Antiq., xiv. 
 p. 305, 1885. 
 
 Ael. XVI. 2 (pair) Tiff av irpS)TOV tfeno-d/iei/off, KOI OVK s^av e7ri(TTr]p.r]v 
 opviOoyvoo/JiOva O-LTTOKOV flvai KCU ou TreXetaSa. X 61 '^ 7 ? 5e e'^oixri KCU (TKeXrj 
 roiff "EXXfjo'i 7rep6\t rrjv ^poav TrpooreoiKora. 
 
 HEAEKA'N. The Pelican, Pelecanus crispus, Bruch., and P. ono- 
 crotalus, L., which latter is rare in Greece (Von der Miihle). 
 Mod. Gk. 7reXeKdj/i (Von der M.), frauds- (Turk, a water-carrier), 
 Tvpnavias. Onocrotalus t Plin. x. 47 (66). Vide s. vv. |3atj3uicos, 
 |3aiT]0. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 ' TreXeKayey S' eicroirifavo'i, KOI trerovrcu airb 
 TOV ^Tpvp.6vos TTOTdfjLOv eVi TOV "l&Tpov, Ka/cet TfKVOTtoiovvTaC adpooi S' cnrep- 
 dva/jievovTes ol irporfpoi TOVS varepov, Siu TO OTQV inrepnTavTai TO 
 
HEAEIA nEAEKAN 
 
 135 
 
 F1EAEKAN (continued}. 
 
 opos do~f]\ovs yiveo~dai TOVS Trporepovs TOLS vo~Tpois. Ib. 597 b opvts aye- 
 Xato?, like the crane, the swan, and the little goose. Ib. ix. 10, 614 b 
 
 01 de 7T\fKavS ol ev Tols TTora/zots yivo/Jifvoi KaTaTTLVOvo-t ras fJicyaXas Koy^as 
 Kal \eias' orav ' eV rco Trpo rrjs K0i\ias TOTTO) ~ Trex^cocrtj/, e^fjj.ova'LV, tva 
 XaaKovo-tov TO. Kpea l^aipovvrcs eo-dicaaiv. A similar account in Arist. 
 De Mirab. 14, 831 b ; Antig. Hist. Mirab. 41 (47) ; Ael. iii. 20, 23, v. 35 ; 
 Apostol. Cent. 15; Phile, De An. (9), 215; Dion. De Avib. ii. 6 
 Kai TIS KO\TTOS avrols ^r,pTTf]Tai Trpo TO>V crrepvatv, fls ov a.7rao~av TTJV 
 ecos (fj,(3d\\ovo~iv ) ovt TU>V KTGVWV ovre T>V o~K\r)pS)if 
 i, K. <r. X. : cf. Plin, x. 47 (66) faucibus ipsis inest alterius 
 uteri genus. That the Pelican can render up its food from its 
 ' pouch ' was much commented on by the ancients : hence the 
 Hebr. name kaath> lit. 'to vomit.' But the Pelican feeds on fish, 
 not (?) on shell-fish : and moreover P. crispus is common in Greece 
 and is not limited to the north. Hence various writers have doubted 
 the common interpretation, e. g. Gesner, Brandt (Descr. Animal. Rusti- 
 corum, 1836, p. 53), Van der Hoeven (Handb. d. Zool., ii. p. 396) and 
 especially Aubert and Wimmer (op. cit., i. p. 104), who suppose a 
 species of Heron to be meant. But the passage in Dionysius (s. v. 
 ireXeKiKos) is only applicable to the Pelican, and the latter is distin- 
 guished from cpudios in Ael. v. 35, Phile, c. ix, &c. ; the Heron and the 
 Pelican seem however to be confounded by Plutarch, 1. c. 
 
 Cicero (De Nat. D. ii. (49) 124) repeats the story under the name 
 Platalea, and Plin. (x. (40) 56) under that of Plafea, names which rather 
 suggest the Spoonbill, to which the account may have been transferred, 
 the Pelican not occurring in Italy (Gallia hos septentrionali proxima 
 Oceano reddit, Plin. x. 47). 
 
 The Pelican and its ' piety,' Ael. iii. 23. Cf. Horap. i. 54 7re\f<ava 8e 
 ypd(bovTS, avow re fjSr) KOL a(ppova o-r]fj.aivovo-iv' eVetS^ dwdpevos fv rots 
 v\lsrj\OTcpois TOTTOLS KaTaTideo~6ai TCI eavrov a'a, &o~rrfp Kai ra XotTra TO>V 
 TreTeijvcov, TOVTO ov Troie? aXXa yap Kal avopvas yrjv, exei KaTariderai TO. 
 yfvvo)fj,va' orrep cTTiyvovTes avdpconoi, ra> TOTTW /3oo? d(p68evfjia ^rjpov rrfpiTi- 
 6eao~iv } cp Kal Tvvp V7roftd\\ovo~i' deaad^icvos de 6 TreXeKaz/ TOV Kavrj/oj/, rot? 
 Idiois Trrepols fiovXofjifvos a7roo"]3ecrai ro TrCp, K T&V evavriwv KOTO, rrjv Kivr]o~iv 
 e^arrret alro. v<p' ov KaraKctiofjievos TO. eauroi) Trrepa evavhXrjTTTOTepos rols 
 yiverai' di' TJV alriav OVK evofjiiadr] eadifiv TOVS if peas avrov, enfiOfj 
 )$ vrrep TfKvatv noielTai TOV dy5)va' AlyvnTLWv oe ol Xoiyrot eo~diovo~i, 
 OTI pr) Kara vovv TTJV p-dxrjV) &o-7Tfp ol ^^i/aXcoTreKfS 1 , aXXa Kara 
 
 6 TreXeKav Troielrat. This statement follows an account of the 
 parental affection of ggraX&ri^ ; Lauth (Sitzungsb. Bayer. Akad., 1876, 
 p. 105) shows that it is in part based on a confusion between two 
 Egyptian words, chemt, ' a pelican/ and chemi, ' ignorant.' The parental 
 affection of the Pelican is frequently referred to by the Fathers : cf. 
 
136 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 HEAEKAN (continued}. 
 
 Epiphan. (ad Physiol. c. xx) Hexaem. c. viii e<rri yap fj jreXeKav <pi\6- 
 reKvov opveov Trapa Tcavra ra opvea' 17 8e 6fj\eia Kade^trai ev rfj veoTTia 
 <pv\do~o~ov(ra ra re/ci/a, Kal irepiOahnfi avra d(T7rabp.eV>7, KCU KO\a(piovo'a ev 
 <pi\rjfj.aTi OTTUS rals TrXeupaiS 1 Karepyaerat, Kal reXevraxrt" Kal /J.e6' fjp-epas 
 Tpeis Trapayfvofjifvov roC appevos TreXeKavos^Kal fvpiaKOvros avra TeBvrjKOTa 
 oXocpvpeTat rrjv Kapdiav XiW' TreTrXq-ypeVoy Se rou novov KoXcxplfci rrjv ISiav 
 nXevpdv, Kal arras avrrj f/tTroiet, KOI Karappfl aijpia eTTicrra^coj/ eVt ras ir\rjyas 
 TO>V T^6vr]K.oT(Av veo(T(r(ov, Kal ovTcos (/ooTToioCi/roi : cf. also Ps.-Hieron. ad 
 Praes. de Cer. Pasch. v. p. 149 (ed. 1693), Isid. Orig. xii. c. 7, Glycas, 
 Annal. i. p. 44, S. August, in Ps. cii, &c., &c. A confusion with 
 certain Woodpecker-myths (cf. TTcXeicas) may be one of the various 
 sources of these corrupt but popular stories. 
 
 HEAEKA"!, s. ireXeKdt^ A Woodpecker. Mod. Gk. TreXe/uW, Sei/fy>o- 
 (payos, TaiK\iddpa. Vide S. W. SpuoKoXdiTTTj?, KcXeos, orreXcKTOS. 
 
 Mentioned Ar. Av. 882, 1155 et seq. Cf. s. v. 7reXe<ai/, Arist. H. A. 
 ix. IO, 614 b oi fie Trc\Kavs ol ev rols Troranols, as indicating that the 
 same word applied to the two different birds. Cf. Suid. (verb. q. del. 
 Gaisford), ecrrt de eidos opj/eou, rpVTrovv ra devfipa, dfi ou Kal devdpOKo- 
 Xa?rr/7? /caXeirai : also Hesych., s. v. TreXeKai'. 
 
 In the version of the Itylus-myth, given by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 
 c. xi, Polytechnus, the husband of Ae'don, is metamorphosed into the 
 bird TreXeKoV, the brother of Ae'don being transmuted at the same time 
 into eVo^. With the stories of the Woodpecker breaking open con- 
 fined places, referred to above, s. vv. 8puoKoXdTrris and eiroxj/, under 
 the heading of the * Samir-legend,' cf. the myth of Aiovvcros neXeKvs 
 (R. Brown, Dionysiac Myth, i. p. 332, ii. p. 8l). 
 
 Hostile to op, Ael. vi. 45, Phile, De An. 684 : this statement is 
 generally referred to the Pelican, but it more probably refers to the 
 Woodpecker, that bird and the Quail being both alike associated with 
 solar myths. 
 
 nEAEKfNOI. 
 
 In Dion. De Avib. ii. 6, and probably therefore also in Ar. Av. 882, 
 a Pelican. 
 
 FIEAHA'P* Trepia-Tfpas Kal nepai^s TO rjniav' AaKuves. Hesych. (verb. dub. : 
 cf. Schmidt in Hesych.). 
 
 HE'AAOZ. The Heron. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b 6 TTC\\OS ^aXerrcos evvafcrai Kal o^ewfi* /cpa^Vt re 
 yop Kal alfjLa, cbs (pac-iv, d(pirjcriv CK ro>z/ o<pda\p.S>v o^eucov, Kal TiKret 0auX<o? 
 Kal 68vvr)p>s. TroXeuel de rot? /SXaTrrouati/, derw dp7ra -yap avroV Kal 
 aXcoTTeia (pdeipei yap avrbv TTJS VVKTOS *cai Kopvda ra yap wa avrov 
 K\e7TTCi. Ibid. ix. l8, 6l6b ev/z^ayos de Kal deirrvocpopos Kal erraypos, 
 
flEAEKAN riEPAIS 137 
 
 HEAAOI (continued}. 
 
 f'pyaerai de TTJV rj/jLtpav. rrjv p.vroi xpoav c^ei <pav\r)v Kn\ TTJV K.oi\lav act 
 vypav. Cf. Plin. x. (60) 79. 
 
 In II. x. 275, there is an alternative reading TreXXoy 'A&pfifr}, vide s. v. 
 epcoSiog. 
 
 riEPrOY'AON' opvidapiov 'ApyaXe'yeo [? 'Apyeioi Xcyovcrt] Hesych. Cf. 
 . Vide S. VV. airopyiXos, orpouOos. 
 
 T1EPAIKO0H'PAI. A specific appellation of a Hawk, sacred to Apollo ; 
 Ael. xii. 4. 
 
 FIE'PAIE. (On the quantity of the i, vide Athen. ix. 41, 388, and Soph. 
 
 fr. 300, ibi cit.). 
 
 A Partridge (Etym. dub.) Mod. Gk. 7rep8t<a. Dim. TrepSinaSfv?, 
 Eust. 753, 56; TTfpSiKtov, Eubul. Inc. 14, Ephipp. Obeliaph. ap. 
 Athen. ix. 359 b, &c. The species commonly referred to is 
 Perdix graeca = P. saxatilis, auctt., the Common Partridge, 
 P. cmerea, being distinguished from it chiefly by its note. 
 
 Arist. H. A. iv. 9, 536 B 01 fier KaKKa{3{ovo~iv, ol Se rpiov(riv. P.graeca 
 cries cacabis, P. cinerea on the other hand girrah or ripipri. The 
 latter bird, our common Partridge, is now confined to the north of 
 Greece. Cf. Athen. ix. 390 a, b : Theophr. ap. Athen. 1. c. ol 'Adrjvrja-i 
 en-! rafie TrepStKe? roC KopuSaXXov [a village on the road to Boeotia] npbs 
 TO ao~rv KaKKa^i^ovo~iv, ol S' TreKiva TnTv(3iovo~iv ; cf. Plin. x. (29) 4* 
 Perdices non transvolant Boeotiae fines in Atticam ; Solin. vii. 23. 
 Athen. ibid. TWV de 7Tfp8tK<oj/ ecrrti/ erepov yevos eV 'IraXia apavpov rfj 
 TTTepaxrei Kal fjuKpoTepov rfj e^et, TO pvy%os ov%l KLvvafBapivov %X OV ' this 
 seems to be again the common Partridge. The red legs of the Greek 
 Partridge, Ael. xvi. 2 ; vide s.v. ireXeiag xXwp<"mXos. Cf. Ael. iii. 35 ; 
 Antig. H. Mirab., vi. See also s. vv. fifxaXXos, KaKKa^Tj, in]pi, 
 
 Description. An epitomized account, mostly after Arist. (fr. 270), in 
 Athen. ix. 389 ; ^fpcratoy, o-^iSaroTrous-, KOVKTTIKOS (H. A. ix. 498, 633 b), 
 $7 <5e err) nevrfKaideKa (ib. ix. 7, 613 ; sixteen years, ib. vi. 4, 563), 
 fj de 0fj\eia KOI 7T\eiova. orav de yvu OTI QrjpfveTai, rrpoeXdcw TTJS vfOTrias 
 KvXivdelTai vrnpa ra cnceXr) roO fypevovros (H. A. ix. 8, 613 b, Ael. iii. 16, 
 Plut. ii. 992 B, Antig. H. Mirab. 39 (45), Plin. x. (33) 51; cf. verb. 
 eKTrepftiKio-at, Ar. Av. 768, and Schol. ; also StaTrepSiKi'^Vti/, Meineke, Com. 
 Fr. iv. 634)* I n Ar. Av. 1292 7rep8i p,ev cis K<'nrr]\os a)i/o^idero | ^coXos 1 , 
 the allusion is rather to its supposed habit of feigning lameness, than 
 merely, in a general way, to the bird as a proverbial deceiver ; cf. Prov. 
 
 TTfpdlKOS (TKfXos, ap. Schol. KClKOrjOr]? KCU TTUVOVpyOS (H. A. ix. 8, 6l3, 6 1 4), 
 
 1 , ano(pvddes } H. A. ii. 17, 508, 509. ov p.6vov adei aXXa 
 
138 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 lE (continued}. 
 
 Kal rpiynbv afpirjai Kal ci\\as (j)a>vds, H. A. ix. 8, 614 ; cf. Plut. ii. 727 D. 
 /xera/3aXXei ro xP^M a ) De Color. 6. 798 ; albino variety, De Gen. v. 785 b. 
 oo-cppr)o-iv 8oKei exftv f7ridr)\ov, H. A. vi. 2, 560 b, cf. De. Gen. iii. I, 751. 
 Kox^ias eo-dtel, H. A. ix. 37, 621, Athen. ix. 3900 (01 ev 2Kui0a>), and how 
 the snails (ot KaX. dpeiovts) to elude them leave their shells behind, 
 Ael. x. 5. 6 f)yfp.wv T>V dypiuv, ol x*JP l > Athen. 1. c., Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 614. 
 Nest and Breeding Habits. Lays ten to sixteen eggs (Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 8, 6i3b, cf. Ael. x. 15) which are white (H. A. vi. 2, 559) ; vTrrjvefua (Ib. 
 560). Nest : H. A. ix. 8, 613 b ov iroiovvTai veoTTiav. aXX' orav 7roir}o~a>VTat 
 (V TO> Xei'a) Kovio'Tpav, eTrrjXvyacrdfJievoi aKavddv Tiva KOI v\rjv TTJS Trepl TOVS 
 lepaKas ev(Ka Kal TOVS aerovs aXecopas, IvravSa T'LKTOVO~I, Kal eTra)dovo~iv I cf. 
 
 Ael. iii. 16, x. 15 ; Plin. x. (33) 51 ; Ovid, Met. viii. 258. Arist. H. A. vi. 8, 
 
 564 dvo rroiovvTai r>v (p)v o~rjKovs } KUI e0' <u fj.fv rj 6r)\eia eVl 8e 0arepw 6 
 apprjv eircod^fi, Kal eifXtyas /nrcfurct eKarfpos cKarcpa : cf. Athen. I.e., 
 Antig. H. Mirab. 101 (no). Hence, perhaps, the allusion in Ar. Av. 
 767 rrepdit; yeveo-^o), TOU narpos veorriov : cf. also Phryn. ap. Athen. 
 ix. 3893 TOV KXeo/zjSpoTo'j/ re TOV | irepdiKos viov. Dion. De Avib. i. II 
 doXepov TO yevos cVrtV, cos KOL TOVS VCOTTOVS yiv<no~Kiv OTTO)? av&pa ~x.Ph 
 TTpoaiovTa ft-a.7raTq.it, <pv\\ois r) jSooXois 1 KaXv\|^a/nefovs. Cf. Plut. De Solert. 
 
 An. p. 971. 
 
 Its salacity. De Gen. ii. 746 b, iii. 749 b, Ael. iv. i, vii. 19, c., c. 
 
 fito Kal TO. eJa TTJS 6r)\eias crui/rpi/3ei Iva aTroXavr] TWV d<ppo$io~icovl Arist. ap. 
 Athen. 1. c., Ael. iii. 5. (With this and similar fables, cf. Jerem. xvii. 1 1). 
 e ol xnP ot a vTa>v npos d\\fj\ovs Kal 6 fjTTrjdfls o^ewerai virb TOV 
 Athen. 1. C., Plin. 1. C. oxfvovo-i 8e Kal ol Tidao-ol TOVS dypiovs' 
 de TOVTO Kara Tiva &pav TOV erovy, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 1. C. 
 TOVS VCOTTOVS oxevovo'i, H. A. vi. 8, 5^4- av KCITO. ai/ep.ov crT&ffiv al Brfkfiai 
 T&v dppevwVj ey<voL ylvovTaC 7ro\\aKis de Kal TTJS (ptovrjs (dKOvcraaai], edv 
 6py5)o~ai ru^coai, Kal vTTfpir^TOp.evaiv ex. TOV KaT(i7rvevo~ai TOV cippeva' x ao ~ KL ^* 
 Kal f) 6rj\eia Kal 6 apprjv, Kal TYJV y\5)TTav eo) e^ovcri TTfpi TrjV Trjs o^et'a? 
 TToirjaiv, H. A. v. 5, 541 ; cf. De Gen. iii. i, 751, Ael. xvii. 15, Antig. 
 H. Mirab. 81 (87), Athen. I.e., Plin. 1. c., c. 
 
 Bastards, eK nepSiKos Kal dXeKTpvovos, De Gen. ii. 738 b. 
 How the young chip the shell, &o~7rep dcpoKoirovvres, and are inde- 
 pendent from the first : Ael. iv. 12. 
 
 Capture and Domestication. Decoy partridges, Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 
 614, vi. 2, 560 b, Ael. iv. 16, Xen. Mem. ii. i. 4. Various modes of 
 capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 7 ; cf. Simm. Rh. iv, Gk. Anthol. i. p. 137 
 aypdra 7repdi | ovKeTi 6r]pevo-fis /SaXi'ov? (Tvvo}jLijhiK.as. Epitaph on a tame 
 partridge, Agath. Ixxxv, Gk. Anthol. iv. 35 rX^ojf crKontXav /uerai/dorpm 
 Trfpdit; (also others by Democharis, c.). 
 
 The sport of partridge-fighting (still practised in the Greek Islands), 
 and how the females are kept at hand to stimulate the courage of the 
 
F1EPAIE riEPIITEPA 139 
 
 fl E PA I = (contimicd*} . 
 
 combatants, Ael. iv. I. How the Cirrhaean (Phocian) Partridges, which 
 can neither fight nor sing, deliberately starve themselves in order to be 
 unfit for food also : but the singing and fighting birds deliver them- 
 selves up rather than be slain: Ael. iv. 13; cf. Athen. ix. 390. An 
 Egyptian dwarf who imitated partridges in their cages, Philostorg. x. 
 II (cf. J. E. B. Mayor in Juv. viii. 33). 
 The Partridge as food, Mart. Ep. iii. 58, 15, xiii. 65, 76, &c. 
 
 Myth and Legend. (Besides the stories already told under the head 
 of Breeding-habits, supra). 
 
 On TrepdiKes in the wars of the Cranes and Pygmies ; Basilis and 
 Menecles, ap. Athen. ix. 390 b. 
 
 An evil omen : 2a/iuoi TrXeuaavres els "Svfiapiv KOI Karao-^oj'res' rfjv Siptrii/ 
 avanravr^v KOL rroirjaavTOiv tyofpov, eKTrXayevres e<pvyov } Kal 
 (Is ras vats dveTrXevaav, Heges. ap. Athen. xiv. 656 C. 
 
 A fabled metamorphosis of Perdix, son of Daedalus, Hygin. Fab. 274, 
 Ovid, Met. viii. 236-260. This subject is discussed in a curious essay 
 by Gerland, Ueber die Perdixsage, Halle a. S., 1871. The writer 
 identifies Perdix with the Lapwing. 
 
 Sacred to Zeus and Latona, Ael. x. 35. 
 
 8vo e'xowi Kfipbias, Theophr. ap. Athen. 1. c., Ael. x. 35 (in Paphlagonia ; 
 cf. Plin. xi. 70). 
 
 Hostile to xeAu>i>77, Ael. iv. 5, and to exfvos 6 7rorfioyaYo)i>, Phile, 678. 
 Friendly to e\a(pos (hence a stag's head used as a decoy), Dion. De 
 Avib. i. 1 1 ; to (/mrrct, Ael. v. 48. 
 
 Use KaXa/j-os as a remedy, Ael. i. 35, Phile, 723, Geopon. xv. I ; also 
 opiyavov, Ael. v. 46, or a leaf of laurel, Plin. viii. 27, or the herb variously 
 known as perdicium, helxine, sideritis or parthenium, Plin. xxi. (16) 62 ; 
 xxii. (17) 19. 
 
 Proverbial expressions. nepdiKos (TKt\os, nepdiKos vlos, &C. vide supra. 
 Archil. 95, ap. Athen. ix. 388 f. 7rrco<rcrouo-ai/ coo-re TrepSiKa : with which cf. 
 Ar. Vesp. 1490, c., s. v. dXeKTpuwy. Pherecr. ap. Athen. I.e. *? roO 
 TOV Xeipcom | e^icrw OKCOI/ devpo -rrepftiKos rponov. 
 
 nEPIITEPA'. Etym. dub. According to Benfey (ii. 106) from Sk. 
 pri, ' to love ' ; a derivation not much more convincing than 
 the old on ncpio-a-ws fpa (Schol. Apoll. Rh. iii. 549). Hehn 
 (Wandering of Plants, &c., Eng. ed. p. 484), and others compare 
 O. Slav, pero, ' a feather/ prati, pariti, ' to fly/ 
 
 Other forms are Trepiarcpis, Galen, vi. 708 (ed. Kiihn) ; irepio-repos, 
 Pherecr. Tpa. 2 (2. 266), Alexid. Si^rpe^. 2 (3. 481) ap. Athen. 
 ix. 395 a, b ; Eustath. Horn. p. 1712 ; a form censured by Lucian, 
 Soloec. 7 ; cf. Lat. columlus^ Varro, De L. L. ix. 38. Dim. 
 
14 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 HEPIITEPA (continued}. 
 
 jrepiorepiSeus, Schol. Ar. Ach. 866, Eust. 753, Suid.; jrepiorepio'ioi', 
 LXX. Lev. i. 14, Athen. xiv. 654 a; Treptor^pioy, Pherecr. HeraX. 
 2 (2. 322), Phryn. Com. Tpaya>8. 4 (2. 599) ap. Athen. ix. 395 c, 
 xiv. 654 b, &c. (vide Meineke). 
 A Pigeon. See also S. VV. elms, ireXeia, irupaXXts, rpuywv, <f>d<raa, 
 
 First mentioned in Charon ap. Athen. ix. 3940, and Herod, i. 138; 
 in Attic, first in Sophocles, then in the Comic Poets and Plato. 
 
 Description. opvis ayeXmo?, Arist. H. A. i. I, 488; TO <ra>fia oyKcoSer, 
 De Gen. iii. I, 749 b ; /ca/mo^a-ya Kal Tro^ayei, H. A. viii. 3, 593- i> K 
 dvaKimTti Trivovcra, H. A. ix. 7, 613. Blinks with both eyelids, De Part. 
 An. ii. 12, 657, Plin. xi. (37) 57. KOI Koviovrat Kal Xovvrai, Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 49 B, 633 b ; does not migrate, Ib. viii. 3, 593, 597 b. Lives 
 to eight years old (when blinded as a decoy) Ib. ix. 7, 613, Plin. x. 
 (35) $2- Is the prey of hawks, (pao~l ras ir(pio~Tpas yivwcrKeiv CKOOTOV 
 TO>V yevuv [T>V fcpairai/], Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620, Ael. v. 50, &c., &c. Its 
 COO, J. Poll. V. 13 f'lirois av Tre/narepay ynyyvfeiv. 
 
 How pigeons purge themselves with the herb helxine, Plin. viii. 
 (27) 41, cf. Diosc. iv. 39, 86 ; feed greedily on irepio-Tepewv or TrepioWpioi/ 
 (verbena), Plin. xxv (10) 78, Diosc. iv. 60, Nic. Ther. 860 and Schol. ; 
 and on the white seeds of Helioscopium, Plin. xxvi. (8) 42. 
 
 Captured by nets (cTricrndcrTpois) or more easily by springes (/Spo^ois-), 
 Dion. De Avib. iii. 12. 
 
 Anatomical particulars. Arist. H. A. ii. 15, 506 /LHK/JOI/ e^et TOV 
 JJya, <(7Tf \av6dveiv oXi'you rrjv aio-^fyaw Ib. 506 b rr]v ^oXr/i/ e^ei 
 rols evrepois, cf. Plin. xi. 37 (74). Said to lack gall, Horap. i. 57; 
 see also Clem. Alex., Paedag. i. 15, Isidor. Orig. xii. 7, 61, and many 
 mediaeval naturalists and poets, e. g. Walther v. d. Vogelw. xix. 13 ros 
 ane dorn, ein tube sunder gallen ; cf. Hamlet, ii. 2. Galen, De Atra 
 Bile 9, states correctly that the Pigeon possesses gall and merely lacks 
 rr\v errl ro) ^Trari KVCTTIV. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 508 b np6\o[Bov %i npo TTJS 
 KoiXias : cf. Plin. xi. 37 (79). tiepfjLrjv rrjv KoiXtW, De Gen. iii. 7, 670. 
 
 Her wings are covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow 
 gold: Arist. De Color. 3, 793 (6, 79, 96) ol ra>v TrfpurrfpSiv Tpax/yXoi 
 putroeiSft? TOV (paras avaK\a)[j.fvov. Philo, De Temulent. TOV 
 TTJS 7T(pi(TT(pas cv f)\iaKais avyals ov KaT(vor)(Tas pvpias ^pw/tiarcoj/ 
 cxXXarroj/ra Ideas; rj ov^l (froiviKovv Kal Kvavovv Trvponov re Kal dvdpaKoeiSes, 
 en 8e a>xpbv Kal epvdpbv Kal aXAa Traj/roSnTra 'icr^ci ^pcoyLtara. See also 
 Ael. Promot, 480 a, cit. Rhein. Mus. xxviii. p. 277, 1873. Cf. Lucret. 
 ii. 801 Pluma columbarum quo pacto in sole videtur, Quae sita cervices 
 circum collumque coronat ; et seq. See also Cic. Acad. Pr. ii. 25 in 
 columba plures videri colores, nee esse plus uno ; Nero ap. Senec. Q. 
 
HEPIITEPA 141 
 
 riEPIITEPA (continued^. 
 
 Nat., i. 5, 6 colla Cytheriacae splendent agitata columbae ; Plin. x. 
 (36) 52 nosse credas suos colores varietatemque dispositam ; id. xxxvii. 
 5 (18) ; Auson. Epist. iii. 15. The young birds are plainer and darker 
 in colour, Arist. De Gen. v. 6, 785 b. 
 
 Nesting and Breeding Habits. Arist. H. A. vi. 2, 560 b KVVOIKTIV 
 aXXTyXas*, orav /ueXXfl dvaftaive.iv o appyv, rj OVK av o^euo-eiej/ o -ye 7rpeo-/3irrepos 
 TO 7rpa>Toz>* vo~Tepov fJievTOi dvafiaivei Kal uf] Kvcras' ol de veaiTepoi del TOVTO 
 TToifjo-avTes oxfvovcrLV, Kal ert at 6r]\eiat aXXqXat? avaftaivovaiv, OTUV appyv 
 pf) Trapfj, Kvo-ao-ai vo-rrep ol appeves' KOI ovQev irpo'iffjievai els aXX^Xas 
 TiKTOvmv (pa TrXfico 77 ra yovco yivdjj.eva' e lav ov -ytWrai VCOTTOS ovdeis, 
 aXX* vn^ycfua iravra TO. roiavrd flcriv. Cf. De Gen. iii. 6, 75^ b, Athen. 
 ix. 394 d, Ael. V. H. i. 15, Dion. De Avib. i. 25, Plin. x. 58 (79); Ovid, 
 Am. ii. 6, 56 oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. 
 
 Their prolific increase : TLKTCI dnoveoTTevovo-a ndXiv ev rpiaKovQ' fjf 
 H. A. vi. 4, S^o* TIKTOWI d' ai 7repio"T6pai nacrav &>pav KOI 
 cav TOTTOV fx a)(riv oXeeivov Kol TO. eTTiTrjdeia' fl Se pf], TOV Bepovs povov. ra 
 5' fKyova TOV eapos jSe'Xrtcrra KCI\ TOV (pQivoTrmpov. TO. de TOV Bepovs Kal 
 tv Tals Gepurj/jiepiais ^eipta-ra, H. A. V. 13, 544 b. TroXXa pev ov 
 7ro\\aKis Se, De Gen. iii. I, 749 b. Srro/ce? rt'/cret Se/cd/cts roi) 
 H. A. vi. I, 558 b. fjftr] de Tives KOL ^ydncauff, at 6' ev Afywrro) KCU 
 ibid. vi. 4, 562 b ; Athen. ix. 394 c. wa Xevxa* vTr^i/e/xta, H. A. vi. 2, 559, 
 
 561, &C. o>s eVi TO TroXv appev Kal OrjXv, Kal TOVTMV Q)S eVt TO TroXu npOTepov 
 
 TO appev TtKTei (Athen. ix. 394, &c. : cf. Flourens, C. R., Ixxiii. p. 740, 
 
 1864)' Kal TfKovcra piav r^pepav SiaXeiVei, ?ra nd\iv TIKTCI OaTepov' 
 eTraxi^ei 8e Kal 6 cipprjv ev T5 fjiepei TIJS fjfjiepas, Trjv de VVKTU f) 6r)\fia (cf. Ael. 
 iii. 45, Athen. ix. 394 b). e/KTrerreTai TC Kal 6/<Xe7reTai CVTOS f'tKoaiv r)p.fpS)v 
 
 TO yev6fJ.VOV TrpOTepOV T&V to)V (cf. ibid. Vi. 2)' TlTpd)OVCl 6 TO 6)6j/ Trj 
 
 TrpOTepata rj e/cXeVet, &C. o^tuei de Kal o^eueTai e'fToy cviavTOv' Kal yap 
 
 cKnyvos, H. A. vi. 4, 562 b : cf. Arist. fr. 271, 1527. 
 
 Care and Nurture of the Young. Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 613 yevo/ieVtov 
 8e TCOV vfOTT&iv TTJS a\uvpiovo~T]S fj.d\LO~Ta yrjs 8iap.ao"7yO'ap-ej/os eio~nTVi Tols 
 veoTTols dioiyvvs TO aro/za, irpoTrapaaKevdfav 7Tp(>s Trjv Tpocpyv. See also 
 Ael. iii. 45, Athen. ix. 394 f, Plin. x (34) 52 ; hence the variant in Athen. 
 
 394 C, Ael. V. H. i. 15 o apprjv e/zTrruet avTotr, "va p.r) (BaarKavd(ii)o~i. 
 
 For other particulars regarding nesting, incubation, care of the 
 young, c., see Arist. H. A. vi. i, 558, 2, 560, 8, 564, ix. 7, 612 : De 
 Gen. iii. 6, 756 b, iv. 6, 774 ; Athen. ix. 394 ; Geoponic. xiv. i, 2, xvi. i, 3 ; 
 Plin. x (53) 75, (58) 79, (60) 80 ; Varro, De R. R. iii. 7, 9, &c.; Colum. 
 R. R. viii. 8, 5 j Eustath. p. 1712, c., &c. 
 
 Conjugal Affection and Chastity. Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 6l2b OVTC yap 
 0vydvdc<r&u [Antig. H. M. 38 avv.vvdfa6ai\ 6e\ovo~i irXeioaiv, OVTC 
 TrpooTroXeiTTouai Tr]V Koivaviav, TrXrjv fdv X*IP OS *7 XnP a y^rjTai. eVi fie 
 Trepl Trjv wSIva deivf) f) TOV appevos Qepaneia Kal (rvvayavaKTyo'is' edv T 
 
142 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 FIEPIITEPA {continued}. 
 
 airofjia\a.Kir)Tai Trpbs TTJV eTcroSoi/ rrjs veorrias 8ia rr]V Xo^etai/, TVTTTCI KOI 
 dvayKa^fi ettneVai. Ael. iii. 5 Tfcpiorfpav 5e opvidwv aaCppovea'TdTTjv, /cat 
 KKO\aafJ.vrjv els d(ppo8!.Tr]v p-dXtara O.K.QVU) Xeyovrav' ov yap Trore aXX^Xtov 
 diao~nS)VTai) ovre 17 ^Xeta, eav p,fj dfpatpedf) rv^rj TLV ^ TOV ovw6ftov t oure 6 
 apprjv r)v M xw* yevrjrai i cf. also iii. 45, V. H. i. 15. See also Athen. 
 ix. 394, Antig. H. M. 38 (44), Dion. De Avib. i. 25, Porphyr. De Abst. 
 iii. 10, Plin. x. (34) 52, Propert. ii. 15, 27, c., c. Hence, in Egypt, 
 a black dove a symbol of perpetual widowhood, Horap. ii. 30. 
 
 Its simplicity and harmlessness (anepaiocrvvrj) Matt. x. 16; cf. Cyrill. 
 De Ador. Spir. xv Trpbs aKpov fjneiv rrpqorrjTos, &c, &c. With ep. placida, 
 Ovid, Met. vii. 369, cf. Hor. Epist. i. 10, 4, &c., c. 
 
 As Epithets, Tj-epKrrepa and <pdo-<ra are applied to a wife and mistress, 
 Artemid. Oneir. ii. 20 ; similarly Lycophron calls Helen Tpfjpav (Cass. 
 87, ubi Schol. 8ia roXa^i/oj/), ne\fids (ib. 131, Schol. nopvr}), and Cassandra 
 (ib. 357) (paa-a-a. In Lat. Columba is very frequent as a term of endear- 
 ment, Plaut. Cas. i. 50, Asin. iii. 3, 103, c., c., while palumbes y 
 Id. Bacch. i. i, 17 appears in the sense of lover, and turtur, Bacch. i. i, 
 35 in that of mistress. 
 
 Varieties. Aristotle enumerates the following names or varieties 
 of pigeon: H. A. viii. 3, 593 (pd^ [om. A a , C a ], (paTra [om. D a ], 
 7rfpi(TTpd, olvds, rpvyoav '. ib. viii. 12, 597 (pdrrai, TreXeiaSes 1 , rpvyoves, 
 TTfptOTfpai I ib. V. 13, 544 b Trepiarepa, TreXeias-, ^)arra, olvas, rpvyav. 
 Arist. ap. Athen. ix. 393 f Trepjorfpa, oli>ds, (pd-^r, (pdo-a-a, rpuycov. Callim. 
 Trepi opveav, ap. Athen. ix. 394 d, Ael. V. H. i. 15 (pda-aa, TrvpaXXiV, 
 Trepio-rtpa, rpvyw : for all which names, see under their proper 
 headings. 
 
 irepiorepd is usually the generic word : 7rfpio-repo)i> p.ev ftvai ev yevos 
 eid7 Se rrevre, Arist. fr. 271, 1527, &c. When used specifically, it refers 
 to the Domestic Pigeon, Columba livia, var. domestica : Arist. H. A. 
 i. I, 488 b TO. /zei/ aypoiKa &<rnep (pdrra . . . ra 8e (rvvav6pto7ri(i olov 
 TrepurTfpd: ib. V. 13, 544 b ridaa-o-bv 8e yiverai /uaXXoy 17 nepiarfpa: cf. 
 Soph. fr. 745 (ap. Plut. Mor. 959 e) Trepiarepav e<pmov OIKSTIV re : Plat. 
 Theaet. I99b Xa/Sttj' (pdo-o-av avrl irepiarfpas, a wild pigeon for a tame 
 one. Cf. eiwucis, f] KaroiKidios Trtpicrrepa, T) yap aypia, rrfXfids, Moeris 
 (p. 405, ed. Koch, 1830) ; with which cf. Themist. Or. xxii. p. 273 C ov 
 yap 8rj TWV 77epKrrepa>i> p,tv at eddftes iroXXaKis nvas Ka\ ^evas eVayoi/Tat. 
 In its generic use it appears, e.g., in the statement that in cities 
 TreptoT-fpai' are tame, in country districts very wild, Ael. iii. 15 rrfpiarfpal 
 de ev rats TroXfcrt roils avdpomois avvayeXd^ovrai, Kai flai Trpaorarat /cat 
 (IXovvrai Trapa rot? irbcriv, c. The passage in Ar. Lys. 754 appears 
 to refer to the extreme familiarity of the city-pigeons. 
 
 White pigeons : first seen in Greece near Athos, during the Persian 
 War, Charon ap. Athen. ix. 394 d, Ael. V. H. i. 15; though white 
 
FIEPIZTEPA 143 
 
 FIEPIITEPA (continued'}. 
 
 pigeons were not honoured in Persia, being deemed hostile to the Sun, 
 Herod, i. 138 ; the white doves had probably been the property of 
 Phoenician, Cilician, or Cypriote sailors (Hehn). On white pigeons, 
 cf. also Alexid. 3, 481, ap. Athen. I.e. Aevjcos 'A^poStV^r et/ul yap nepi- 
 o-repos : see also Varro, De R. R. iii. 7, Ovid, F. i. 452, Ep. 
 xv. 37, Met. ii. 537, xiii. 674, xv. 715, Martial, &c. The white 
 pigeons were apparently the sacred race of Babylon, which after- 
 wards spread to Syria and to Europe : cf. Hehn, Culturpfl. p. 279, 
 Engl. ed. p. 258 ; they are still numerous in Damascus (cf. Thomson, 
 Land and Book, p. 271). Galen distinguishes between the KaroiKidioi 
 and the aypiai, ftoo-Kadfs, or vopades, De Comp. Medic, ii. 10 (xiii. p. 514, 
 ed. Kiihn), cf. De Simpl. Med. Temp. x. 25 (xii. p. 302) ; for the latter, 
 dove-cotes were built in the fields near Pergamus. Varro, De R. R. 
 iii. 7 gives a similar account : agrestes maxime sequuntur turres, in 
 quas ex agro evolant, suapte sponte, et remeant. Alterum genus illud 
 columbarum est clementius, quod cibo domestico contentum intra 
 limina ianuae solet pasci. Hoc genus maxime est colore albo. There 
 is also a mixed breed, genus miscellum, reared in the Trepto-reporpocpejoi/ : 
 cf. Ovid, Heroid. xv. 37 et variis albae iunguntur saepe columbae. 
 See also on the care of domesticated and half-domesticated pigeons, 
 Colum. De R. R. viii. 8, Pallad. i. 24, Geopon. xx. 
 
 Homing or Carrier-Pigeons. Pherecr. fr., ap. Athen. ix. 395 b cwro- 
 7Tfji\l/ov dyyeXKovra rov irepia-Tepov. Anacreont. fr. 149, Bergk, iii. p. 305 
 (ed. 4) 'Ai/aKpecov p? cTrcp^ev \ Trpos TratSa, Trpos "Bd6v\\ov | ey&> 
 AvaKpeovn \ diaKOvS) rocravTa' \ Ka\ vvv, opas } CKCLVOV 
 A message sent from Pisa to Aegina, by Taurosthenes, 
 a victor in the Olympian games, to his father, Ael. V. H. ix. 2. Cf. 
 Varro, De R. R. iii. 7, 7 columbas redire solere ad locum licet anim- 
 advertere, quod multi in theatre e sinu missas faciunt. Pigeons sent 
 into the Consuls' camp by Dec. Brutus at the siege of Mutina, Plin. x. 
 (53) 37 J cf' Frontin. Strategem. iii. 13, 8. See also Mart. Epigr. 
 viii. 32, &c., &c. 
 
 On Decoy Pigeons, see (int. al.) Ar. Av. 1082 ras Trepio-rcpas 0' 6p.oia)s 
 iAAa/3a)i> el'p^as 1 %X l ) I KaTravayKii^et TraXeveiv 8edfp,va$ fv $IK.TVG) (cf. Schol. 
 TOVTO y\o)o-(TT]p.aTiKS)s naXeveiv e\eyov) ; they were blinded for the purpose, 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 613. Cf. Hesych. \eyovrai yap rraXeurpiai avrai at 
 f^aTraraxrai Kal V7rdyov(rai npos caura fjyovv eve8pvov(rai. 
 
 A Dove-cote, irfpiarfpcuv, Plat. Theaet. 197 C, D, 198 B, 200 B, 
 Galen, Aesop, c. ; also Trepto-TepoTpocpeW, Varro. On the dove-cotes 
 in Herod's garden at Jerusalem, Trvpyoi rreXeiddw yp-tpav, Joseph. De 
 Bell. Jud. v. 4, 4. Great dove-cotes are still conspicuous objects in many 
 parts of the East ; they are very numerous and large, for instance, in 
 Tenos, the modern site of the Panhellenic shrine and festival (cf. Bent, 
 
144 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 HEPIITEPA (continued}. 
 
 Cyclades, 1885, P- 253). On the construction of dove-cotes, their 
 internal niches (0-77*01, KvOplvot, Geop. xiv. 6), and perches (o-avides), on 
 the duties of the Treptorfporpocpoy, ndaa-aroTpocpos (Opp. Cyn. i. 354) or 
 pastor columbarius, on charms to keep the birds from straying, &c., &c., 
 see Varro, Columella, Palladius, and Geoponica, loc. citt. For references 
 to dove-cotes, see also Ovid, Met. iv. 48 albis in turribus ; id. Tr. i. 4. 7 
 aspicis, ut veniant ad Candida tecta columbae, Accipiat nullas sordida 
 turris aves ; Mart. xiii. 31 quaeque gerit similes Candida turris aves. 
 
 According to Varro, a pair of full-grown pigeons was worth from 
 200-1000 sesterces ; and L. Axius had purchased a pair of a dealer for 
 500 denarii. 
 
 The Sacred Doves of Venus or Astarte. Pigeons were sacred in the 
 eyes of the Syrians, like the fishes of the river Chalos, Xen. Exp. Cyr. 
 i. 4, 9 ; they were kept in great numbers at Ascalon, Ctes. ap. Diodor. 
 ii. 4, Philo ap. Euseb. Prep. Evang. viii. 14, 64 (cf. the Dove on coins 
 of Ascalon, Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. iii. p. 445) ; and at Hierapolis, Lucian, 
 De Syr. Dea, c. 14, where the statue of Atargatis had a gold dove on 
 her head, Lucian, ibid. c. 33. On Venus' doves, see also Virg. Aen. vi. 
 190, Ovid, Met. xiv. 597, Fulgent. Mythol. ii, &c., c. 
 
 On the doves in Palestine, cf. Tibull. i. 7, 17 Quid referam, ut volitet 
 crebras intacta per urbes Alba Palaestino sancta columba Syro? cf. 
 Hygin. Fab. 197, Lucian, De Syr. p. 912, Joseph: loc. cit., Clem. Alex. 
 Trpos *EXhr)i> ii, Philo ap. Euseb. P. E. viii. c. 14, p. 398, &c. See also 
 the account given above of the introduction of white pigeons into 
 Greece, and compare the sanctity of the bird in modern times at 
 Mecca, Constantinople, Venice, Moscow, &c. On the cult of Doves 
 in Syria, cf. Broeckhuis, ad Tibull. 1. c. 
 
 The cult of the goddess, carried from Ascalon to Cyprus (Herod, i. 
 105, Pausan. i. 14, 7), brought thither the sacred doves ; cf. Antiphon. 
 ap. Athen. xiv. 635 B 77 Kvnpos d' e'xei neXeias dia<popovs I the white 
 Paphian doves, Martial, viii. 28, 13, cf. Nemes. fr. De Aucup. 22 ; see 
 also Eustath. Horn. II. p. 1035. See also Fr. Miinter, Die himmlische 
 Gottin zu Paphos, p. 25. 
 
 As evidences of the cult in islands of the Aegean, cf. the Dove on 
 coins of Seriphos and Siphnos, and the ancient dove-cotes still standing 
 on the latter island. On figures of Astarte with the Dove, see (int. al.) 
 Lenormant, Gaz. Archdol. 1876, p. 133 ; de Longpe'rier, Mus. Napol. iii. 
 pi. xxvi. 2, &c., &c. 
 
 At Eryx in Sicily ; Athen. ix. 394 f rrjs 8e SixeX/a? ev*EpvKi Kmpos TIS 
 eortV, ov KaXovaiv 'Ai/aycoyia, eV <u (pcuri rf]v 6tbv els At/Sur/i/ avi'iyecrdaC TOT' 
 cvv at Trept TUV TOTTOV Trepiorepal dcpavels yivovrai o>s brj T>] 6e<S arivcarobr]- 
 /xovo-ai, K. r. X. Cf. Ael. iv. 2, x. 50, V. H. i. 15. For the Dove on 
 a silver coin of Eryx, see Du Mersan, Med. inedites, Paris, 1832, p. 57. 
 
FIEPIITEPA 145 
 
 HEPIITEPA (continued*). 
 
 Sicilian doves mentioned, Alexis and Nicander, frr. ap. Athen. ix. 
 395 b, c, Philemon, ibid. xiv. 658 b. 
 
 The story of Semiramis, forsaken as an infant by her mother 
 Derceto, and fed by Doves in the wilderness, Ctes. ap. Diodor. ii. 4, 4, 
 Ctes. fr. ed. Biihr, p. 393. Cf. Lucian, De Syr. Dea, ii. p. 885, Athenag. 
 Leg. pro Christ, p. 156 (ed. Otto), Ovid, Met. iv. 47. Cf. Phornutus, 
 De Diis, cap. De Rhea eoiKe Se fj avrrj y napa. Svpoi? "Apraya elvai, TJV 
 ftia TO TTfpto-Tfpas /cai i%0vos aTre^eo-^at n/iooo-t. See also Selden's De Diis 
 Syriis. Cf. also Hesych. Se^a'pa^is-, Trepiorepa opeios- 'EXX^j/iorrt. 
 
 The Dove sacred also to Dione : Sil. Ital. iv. 106 Dilectas Veneri 
 notasque ab honore Diones Turbabat violentus [accipiter] aves. 
 
 The Dove in connexion with the Cyprian 'Ado>i/ia, Diogen. ap. 
 Gaisford, Paroem. i. Pref. p. 5. On the Dove in connexion with 
 Aphrodite, see also Apollod. ap. Schol. Apollon. iii. 593. 
 
 How Doves hatched the egg from which Venus sprang, Hygin. Fab. 
 197; Theon, ad Arat. 131. 
 
 The Dove is not associated with Aphrodite in early Greek, unless, 
 as is not likely, the obscure fragment of Sappho (Bergk 16 (8), Schol. 
 Find. Pyth. i. 10) indicate ^such an allusion. In later authors, the 
 references are very frequent : cf. Alex. Com. ap. Athen. ix. 395 B \CVKOS 
 'Acppodirrjs Trepia-rfpos i Apoll. Rhod. iii. 548 ; Plut. De Is. 71 (Mor. i. 
 463)? &c., &c. Cf. also Virg. Aen. vi. 192 turn maximus heros Maternas 
 agnoscit aves ; Sil. Ital. iii. 683 Cytherei'us ales ; cf. Nero ap. Senec. 1. c. 
 On Venus' car with its team of Doves, cf. Ovid, Met. xiv. 597 ; 
 Apuleius, Met. vi. 6, 393 ; Claudian, Epithalam. 104. 
 
 Venus and her Dove are associated with the month of April on the 
 cylindrical Zodiac of the Louvre, &c. : and the sign Taurus was the 
 domus Veneris. This fact also has a direct reference to Pleiad- 
 symbolism. 
 
 The Dove on the mystical monument of the 'Black Demeter' at 
 Phigaleia, Paus. viii. 42, 3. 
 
 As an instance of the Syrian Dove adopted into Christian worship, 
 cf. Hefele, Concil. ii. 771 : how the clergy of Antioch, A.D. 518, com- 
 plained that Servius had removed the gold and silver doves that hung 
 over the altars and font [note the apparent confusion of ideas in 
 Ko\vfjL(3r]dpa], on the ground that the symbolism was unfitting. On 
 the TrcpKTTtjpiov, or receptacle in the form of a dove for the Blessed 
 Sacrament, cf. Chardon, Hist, des Sacram. ii. 242. On the sacred 
 symbolism of the dove, cf. also Euseb. H. E. vi. 29. 
 
 Various Legends. How Zeus pursued the virgin Phthia in Aegium 
 in the form of a Dove, Athen. ix. 395 a. 
 
 How Doves led the Chalcidians to Cumae, Philostr. Icon. ii. 8. 
 
 L 
 
146 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 F1EPIITEPA (continued'}. 
 
 How a Pigeon caused a war between Chaonians and Illyrians, Ael. 
 xi. 27. 
 
 The Dove of Deucalion ; Plut. Mor. ii. 968 F Trepto-repai/ e< rijs \dpvaKos 
 d(pip,VT)v } S^Xco/ia yfve<rdai Xip,>vos pev euro) TTaXiv evdvofjLtvrjv, evftias 8e 
 aTTOTrrao-ai/ : cf. Lucian, Syr. Dea, c. 12, Apollod. i. 7, 2 (vide s.v. ueXcia). 
 
 The Pigeon in Medicine. For references to the therapeutic value 
 of Pigeons' dung, flesh, blood, feathers, and other parts in cases of 
 poisoning, burns, ulcers, jaundice, and most other ailments, see Galen, 
 De Simpl. Med. Temp, x, also Plin. iii. (6) 12, xxii. (25) 58, xxix. (6) 39, 
 and xxx, passim. 
 
 Fables. Trepiorf pa KOI KO\OIOS, Fab. Aes. (ed. Halm) 201 b. Trepurrfpa 
 
 KOL KOpWVT], ibid. 358. 7TpL(TTpa KCU pvpfj.r)g, ibid. 296. TTfpHTTepa dl- 
 
 ^oia-fl, ibid. 357. 
 
 See also, in addition to articles cited s.v. irAeia, T. Watters, Chinese 
 Notions about Pigeons and Doves, N. China Br., R. As. Soc., iv. 
 pp. 225-242, 1867. In this paper various resemblances are shown to 
 exist between classical superstitions and Chinese popular notions, an 
 important subject concerning which too little information is accessible. 
 Among other points, the writer states that in Chinese legend the Dove 
 is often confused with the Cuckoo, that the former as well as the latter 
 bird is said to metamorphose into the Hawk, and that the Dove is said 
 to lay in the Magpie's nest : these facts may have some bearing on 
 the obscure Aristotelian statements referred to above (s.v. KOKKU) 
 concerning the nesting of the Cuckoo in the nest of <j>d\|/. 
 
 flEPIITEPA" MHAl'NH. An Indian Green Fruit-pigeon, Treron sp. 
 
 Daemach. ap. Athen. 394 e; Ael. V. H. i. 15. Also Treptorfpal a>xpa', 
 Ael. xv. 14, brought as presents to the Indian king; acnrep Xeyouo-t /-i^re 
 rjfiepova-dai /xJjre irore npavveo-Qai. Cf. S.v. ireXeids \\wp6irTi.\o<$. 
 
 nEPKNO'flTEPOI = opciireXapyos = uircuVros. A kind of Vulture. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 6l8b XevKrj Kpa\f), fifytdei be peyHTTOS, Trrepa 
 de /Spa^urara, KOI ovponvyiov Trpn/ui/Kcy, -yuTTi opoios. ope'ineXapyos KaXelrai 
 KOI inraifTos, oiKel 8' aXo-rj, ra pev KCIKO. rai/ra e^o>v rols aXXois-, r>v 
 6' dyaQ&v ov8ev' aXurKerai yap KCU diaxeTai vno KopaKuv Kal TUV aXXcoi/. 
 Qapiis yap KOI KaKoftios Ka\ TO. TeQve>Ta (pepwv, TreLvfj ' aet Kal /3oa Kal 
 pivvpifri : cf. Plin. x. (i) 3. 
 
 Of the three names, not one occurs elsewhere, save vTra/eroy, Boios 
 ap. Anton. Lib. c. 20 (loc. corr.). The description is insufficient, but 
 agrees fairly, except as regards size, with the Egyptian Vulture ; in 
 which case the black and white plumage may explain TrepKj/o'Trrepor, 
 and, together perhaps with the stork-like nest, opfiWXapyos-. 
 
 Sundevall identifies TrepwoTrrepos with the Lammergeier, Gypaetus 
 barbatuS) L., with which the epithet Xeu*oKe'<paXoy agrees ; but for this 
 
nEPIITEPA FlHNEAOvp 
 
 HEPKNOnTEPOI (continued}. 
 
 he has to suppose Tn-epa jSpa^urara (alis minimis, Plin. 1. c.), to be an 
 error for /za/cporara. 
 
 The Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus, L., Sav., though the 
 black-and-white of its plumage might be associated with the name 
 opfiVe Aapyos-, , and though a comparison might also be drawn with 
 the Stork in connexion with the Egyptian stories of its parental 
 affection, is by no means p-eyedfi ^yia-ros, and is nearly all white, 
 instead of merely on the head. In short, the bird is not to be clearly 
 identified, and the passage, like much of its immediate context, is 
 altogether obscure. 
 
 riEPKNO'l. A kind of Eagle = jJtop^os, nr)TT<xf>6i/os, irXdyyos, q.v. 
 (7repKi/0 = /xeAa?, Suid.). 
 
 II. xxiv. 316 ateroi/ . . . /uop(pi/oi/ drjprjrrip' ov KOI TrepKvov Ka\eov<nv. Arist. 
 De Mirab. 60, 835 < 8e d\taTO)V <t>f)vr] yiVercu, e/c Se TOVTWV nepKvol Ka\ 
 yviTfs. Cf. Plin. x. (i) 3 ; Lye. 260. 
 
 In regard to the obscure words jjiop<j>i/os, irepKyos, irepKos, it is hard 
 to be content with the Scholiastic explanations which treat them as 
 mere colour-epithets : such an interpretation may or may not be true, 
 and various facts suggest that there is more to be learned regarding 
 them. For instance, ennrepwos (Xen. Cyn. v. 22) is said to be likewise 
 a mere colour-epithet (J. Poll. v. 67), but the relations between nepwus, 
 fjiopfpvos, p,\ava6Tos and Xayox^ofos make it at least somewhat striking 
 that ennrepwos, in the only passage where it occurs, should be applied 
 to the Hare. 
 
 nE'PKOI. A kind of Hawk. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 aXXoi & nrepKoi KCH O-TTIUH : fortasse nee 
 Aristoteli ipsi cognita sunt, Scalig. p. 249. If nepKos and o-Tri^'ay are 
 identical, the former, if it mean dark-coloured, agrees as an epithet 
 with the traditional identification of the latter with the Sparrow-hawk. 
 
 FIE'PNHI, v. 11. nre'pt'ig, Trrepkis, Trre'pnrjs. A kind of Hawk. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 6 S' dorepia? KCU 6 <pa<ro-o<povoff KOI 6 Trepvrjs 
 aXXotoi. Hesych. Trrepvis, fldos U/XUCOC. 
 
 nHNE'AO*. A kind of Wil Duck or Goose. 
 
 Ibyc. 8 (13) TroiKi'Xai nav\ones. Alcae. fr. 84 (Bergk) opviQcs rivts 018' ; 
 <uKedi/a) yas r O.TTV ireppaTow \ i]\6ov TraveXoTrcs noiKiXodeipoi ravvo'iTiTf pot, 
 Ion. ap. Hesych. S. v. <poiviKo\(yvov' v lcoi> TOV irrjvfXorra TO opveov, TOV yap 
 rpa^rjKov enirrav (powiKovv, f) Se \eyvrj Trape\Kei. 
 
 Mentioned also, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b (with x^aXeoTr?^, &ig f & c .) ; 
 cf. Ar. Av. 298, 1302, and Schol. 6 nrjveXo^lf vrjTTrj jueV carti/ 5fj.oiov } Trepicrrf- 
 pas 8e p-fyedos' p,ep.vr)Tai fie avrov 2T^O"i\opos Kal*I(BvKOS. 
 
 From the superficial resemblance of the name 
 
 L 2 
 
148 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 riHNEACW (continued*}. 
 
 Hesych., and from its occurrence in some MSS. for the latter in 
 Plin. x. (22) 29, it seems probable that both names are identical, and 
 possible that both are corruptions of a foreign (Egyptian ?) word. The 
 association of m and nrjveXo^ in an obscure and faulty Aristotelian 
 passage, may be a mere confusion arising out of the story of Hermes 
 visiting Penelope in the form of a goat (cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. p. 502) ; 
 in which case di'| should disappear from the list of bird-names. 
 
 FlhTPIE' nepdig, Kp/jrey, Hesych. 
 
 nfKOZ. A Woodpecker. Lat. /zV&tf ; said to be an Oscan word. 
 
 Strabo, V. 2 nlKov yap TTJV opviv TOVTOV oyo/id^bucn, Kai Vop.iov(n.v "Apecop 
 lepov. See also Dion. Halic. i. 14. Cf. Ovid, F. iii. 37, &c. Cf. also 
 Grimm's D. Myth. p. 388, Creuzer's Symb. iii. 676, iv. 368. 
 
 nfnoi s. miriros. A young chicken, Athen. ix. 368 f. (Casaub. for 
 
 ITTTTOVs). 
 
 ninQ' (MSS. have also mira, TTITTOS, irtirpa. Some editors read unrw, 
 
 cf. unnr]). The Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, 
 
 Picus major and minor, L. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 uXXa 8' eVri o-Kvnrocpdya, a rovs crKviiras QqpfvovTa 
 fj jLtaXtoro, olov TTiTTo) TJ re /xei^tBi/ KOI f) eXaTTav' K.aXovo'i de rives dp.(p6Tpa 
 ravra dpvoKoXaTTTas' o/nota S' d\Xrj\ois Kai (poovfjv e^ovtriJ/ opoiav, 7r\r)V 
 /iet'^a) TO (jLfi^ov. vepfTat 8' a/Lt<porepa raCra Trpo? ra v\a Trpoo-Trero/xcj/a. 
 Ibid. ix. 21, 617 TO. (TK.\rj jSpa^ea [e^ 64 Kvavos] rfj iriirtp 7rap6p.oia. Ibid, 
 ix. I, 609 : hostile to 7701*1X19, KOpw&JU> t ^Xcopeu?' TO -yap a>a Kareo-diovo-iv 
 d\\r)\a)v, and to e'pwStos (cf. Hesych.) : ra yap Ja KartffBiei Kai TOVS VCOTTOVS 
 TOV fpa>8iov. 
 
 Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. C. 14 17 Se /i^rr/p abriav cyevero wnroXoyos 
 TTtTrco* Trpoy TaiTr]V derco TToXfynos eVn KOI epwSiep* Karayvvai yap avr&v ra 
 a>a, KOTTTouo-a r^v dpvv 8'ta rouy Kvliras (cf. CTITTYJ, q. v.). 
 
 Lycoph. Cass. 476 dvrl TTITTOVS tritopiriov Xatpw o-?rao-ay. Tzetz. in Lye. 
 (edit. Steph. p. 83) TTITTCO opvcov (<TTI OaXdcro'iov evTrperres Kai tveiSes 1 . 
 
 The above identification, setting aside the statement of Tzetzes, 
 depends solely on the existence of two species of Spotted Woodpecker, 
 similar in appearance, but unequal in size. 
 
 m'TYAOI 1 6pvi6dpi6v n aypiov, Hesych. Also iriiruXos, Schol. Theocr. 
 
 x. 50. 
 ni'^YrE (v. 1. m<j>iY, iri^i): m4>Xt^, Suid. An unknown bird = 
 
 KopuSaXos = 7ri<paXXoy, S. TTKpaXXij, Hesych. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 610 ni<piy Kai apirrj KOI IKT'IVOS <pi\oi. Mentioned 
 also by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xx, in a fabled metamorphosis, together 
 with apTrj;, apira<ros, c. Cf. Etym. M. 673 ; Choerob. Cram. Anecd. 
 
HHNEACW nOP<t>YPII 149 
 
 ni<t>Yr= (continued}. 
 
 Oxon. ii. p. 245 ; Lob. Proll. p. 96. I cannot help thinking that the 
 word is akin to <|>wu, and its allies. 
 
 nAA'lTOI (v. 1. irXdyxos, ir\(lt/os, Niphus icXdyyos, q. v. supra) = J'TJTTO- 
 
 <j)6t/os = fJLopc^j'os (Arist.). 
 A kind of Eagle. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 6l8b erepoi/ e yevos derov eVrii/ 6 7r\dyyos KaXemu, 
 devrepos peyedei KOI pupy. ot/cei de (3f]<r<ras Kal ciyKrj KOI Ai/Liras 1 . eniKaXelrai 
 6e vr)TTO(povos Kal p.6p<pvos' ov Kal f 'Op,rjpos fJ,ep,vr]Tat ev rfj rov Hpid/JLOV eda), 
 II. xxiv. 316. 
 
 Plin. x. i Tertii generis morphnus, quam Homerus et percnon vocat, 
 aliqui et plancum et anatariam, secunda magnitudine et vi : huicque 
 vita circa lacus, &c. 
 
 Commentators have given innumerable interpretations of this word. 
 If it be really a concrete specific appellation, then the Spotted Eagle, 
 Aquila naevia, fulfils the conditions best : it is large and powerful, 
 but less so than the Golden Eagle ; it frequents water, feeding partly 
 on fish (especially on pieces of decomposing fish, cf. Shelley, Birds of 
 Egypt, p. 206), and partly on waterfowl and sea-birds (cf. Buffon, 
 Hist, des Ois. i. 127, Sundevall, p. 104) : if popcpvos, nepwos and 
 (?) K\dyyos are to be taken as descriptive epithets (as they are by some), 
 it is dusky, mottled, and noisy. 
 
 The passage quoted from Pliny is full of fables, and includes the 
 story of the death of Aeschylus, which suggests rather the habits of 
 the Lammergeier (cf. s.v. de-ros, Ael. vii. 16). 
 
 noiKIAl'l. An unknown bird: taken by mediaeval writers (Belon, 
 Aldrovandi, &c.) for the Goldfinch, from the statement that it 
 is identical with &Ka.vQi<s, q.v. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 ; hostile to Kopu8&>i>, nnro) (niTrpn), and ^Xwpeus. 
 Schol. ad Theocr. vii. 171 (cit. Schn. in Arist. vol. ii. p. 5) aKavdls de 
 opveov eori TTOIKI\OV nal \iyvpov, KaAemu Se Kal 7roiKi\ls dia TTJV ^poi'aj/. 
 
 FloiKiXos op^is was also an expression for the Peacock. Cf. Athen. 
 
 ix. 397 C 'Ai/TKpcojri Se T<B pfjropt \6yos jueV yfypanrai e^cov eVi-ypa/njua Ilept 
 Ta>v' Kal ev avrcp roi Xdya) ovdepia p.Vfia TOV ovo^iaros yivfrai, opveis de TTOLKL- 
 \ovs TroXXaKiy ev avrcS ovo/jid^fi. 
 
 nONTIKO'Z "OPNII. The Pheasant. 
 
 Hesych. (paa-iavoi' opveis TTOIOI, 01 de TOVS TIo^TiKovs (pacriv. 
 
 nOP4>YPri. An unknown bird = Xa6nrop(|)upts. 
 
 Mentioned Ar. Av. 304. Ibyc. fr. 4, ap. Athen. ix. 388 raz/uTrrepo? 
 cos oKa Kopcpvpis. Ibyc. fr. 8, 1. C. alo\68eipoi \adinop(pvpides. According 
 to Callimachus, ap. Athen. 1. c., 7rop<pvpis differs from 7rop0vptW. 
 
15 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 riOP4>YPl'aN. The Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio hyadnthus, Temrn. 
 
 Mentioned Ar. Av. 707, 88 1, 1249. Arist. fr. 272, ap. Athen. ix. 
 388 C, d (TX^avo-iroda OVTOV dvai, e^etv re XP^ a <^aveov, <rKe\r) 
 
 e< rrjs Ke(pa\rjs (poiviKovv, peyedos d\(KTpvovos. 
 ov, 8ib TO>V \afj.ftavop.eva)V fls TOV TroSa ra/zieuerat p,iKpa$ TCIS 
 8e TrtWi (H. A. viii. 6, 595 ; Plin. x. (46) 63 morsu 
 bibit). TrevTaSdKTvXos re (?) &v TOV p,f(rov e^ei p.iyi(TTov. Dion. De Avib. 
 i. 29, a similar description, epvdpbv avroJ TO pa/u,<poy e OTI, KCU Kara KetfraXris 
 wo-TTfp riva nl\ov e^ct, onoiovs ol ro^crai ITepo-ai (pepovcriv. Arist. H. A. ii. 
 17, 59 a*V c/J/a fMKpov ex fl ' vre TOV irpoXofiov e^ft ovre TOV (TTopaxov fvpvv 
 dXXa o-(f)6dpa pa<pov. Schol. Ar. Av. 1249 tcvdveoi cia-i. Arist. De Inc. 
 IO. 7IO Callim. ap. Athen. I.e. TT^V Tpoffirjv XafJLJBdvew TOP Troptpvpiava ev 
 CTKOTCO KaTaftvofjifvoV) tvo. fir) Tis avTov 6edo~r)Tai' f~\.6paivfi yap TOVS TrpOffiovTCis 
 avrov Tfl Tpo(pfj. Ael. iii. 42 wpuioraro? re ap.a KOI (^epcoj/u/icorards 1 eVn 
 {<p<ov, KO.\ xaipfi Koviopfvos, &c. According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 
 1. c., it inhabits Libya and is there held sacred. According to Plin. 
 x. 63, it inhabits Commagene (Asia Min.) and a yet nobler sort (x. 69) 
 the Balearic Islands. 
 
 A bird of lofty morals and great vigilance, Polemon ap. Athen. 1. c., 
 Ael. iii. 42, v. 28, vii. 25, viii. 20, xi. 15, Dion. De Avib. i. 29. 
 
 An easy mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 21. 
 
 The descriptions in Arist. fr. 272 and Dionysius clearly refer to the 
 Purple Gallinule : that in Arist. H. A. ii. 17 is supposed by some 
 (I think needlessly) to apply to the Flamingo, the Gallinule not having 
 a very long neck. The bird occurs in Egypt and neighbouring coun- 
 tries : it is rare in Greece, but inhabits Lake Copai's and Lake Dystos 
 in Euboea (Erhard, I.e., also Naumannia, 1858, p. 21), though, accord- 
 ing to other authorities (Von der Mtihle, Heldreich, Kriiper), nothing 
 is known of its occurrence in Greece in recent times. 
 
 nOY'noi. A late word for the Hoopoe ; vide s. v. 
 
 Anon. De Avibus et earum Virtutibus in Medicina (MS. cit. Du 
 Cange, Gloss. S. V. KovKOvfpos), eVox^ opveov ev dept TTOT&IKVOV' OVTOS KuXetrat 
 
 KOVKOV(pOS, KCU TTOVTTOy. 
 
 flPE'lBYI. A name for the Wren =rpoxiXos, Hesych., Arist. H. A. 
 
 ix. 1 1, 615. In this word one is much tempted to suspect a trans- 
 
 position of letters, and to suggest, as a conjectural emendation, 
 
 aire'pjSus; cf. also S.vv. aWpyus, <nropyiXos. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 TroXe/zios 5e KOL 6 vpeo-ftvs Kakovfuvot KOI ya\ij 
 KOI Kopoivrj \rfj yXawuj ra yap wa /cal TOVS VCOTTOVS KaTeo~6iovo~tv avTrjs. In 
 the preceding sentence 6'p^tXoy and y\avg are mentioned as hostile 
 to one another. (Here Sundevall supposes the Jackdaw to be meant, 
 on account of its egg-eating propensities, but the passage is mytho- 
 logical, not prosaic.) 
 
nop<i>YpiftN nvrAproz 151 
 
 F1PEIBY2 (continued}. 
 
 Cf. Plin. viii. 25 ; Munk. ad Anton. Lib. p. 100 ; Lob. Path. 
 p. 132. 
 nTE'PNII. Vide s.v. 
 
 
 riTEPYrOTY'PANNOI- opvis noios fv 'Ivdiicfj 'AX^ai/fyxa doBels, Hesych. 
 
 riTE'PflN' flcjos opveov, Hesych. 
 
 Meineke, Com. Fr. iv. p. 647 (ap. Hesych.) dXX' j) rpiopxos ?} Trrepwr 77 
 arpovdias. Cf. Etym. M. 226, 37, Theognost. 36. 19. 
 
 HTYT5. Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b = u|3pis, q. v. For imryyi, MSS. 
 
 have irtoyi, iTTOyyi, irrvyyiyi, for which Schn. reads ircovyyi; vide 
 infra s. v. <|>wu|. Cf. Schn. in Arist. vol. ii. 97, 117 ; Anton. Lib. 5 ; 
 Etym. M. 699, 10 ; Lob. Phryn. 72. 
 
 RYTAProi, a. A sort of Eagle or Falcon; 8os aeroC, Hesych.; 
 vide infra. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 6l8 b yevos dcrwv' Kara TCI TreSt'a KOI TCI 0X0-77 KOI TTfpt 
 Tas TroXets 1 yiverat' eviot 8e KaXoixri vefipocpovov avrov' Trtrfrai de KCU fls TCI 
 opr) KOI els TTJV v\r]v 810. TO Qdpaos. Cf. Plin. x. (1)3 secundi generis 
 Pygargus, in oppidis mansitat et in campis, albicante cauda. Arist. 
 
 H. A. Vi. 6, 563 b X a ^ e 7TO y Ktpi r TfKVa. 
 
 Cf. Schol. Lye. 91. Also Etym. M. 695, 50 nvyapyos' flSos aerou* 
 2o(poK\r]s (fr. 932 a) cVi roi) SciXoi), d-rro TTJS \CVK^S nvyrjs, cocrTrfp evavTius 
 [j,fXaiJi7rvyr]s drro TTJS icr^vpds. 
 
 Note Circus cyaneus, L. ( > =Falco pygargus, L.), the Hen-harrier 
 or Ring-tail, is now called rrvyapyos in the Cyclades (Erhard, op. cit. 
 p. 47). To it much of the description given is applicable, but certainly 
 not the epithet vfftpo(p6i>os. Sundevall imagines the Golden Eagle to 
 be meant, Gloger and others the White-tailed Eagle or Erne, Haliaetus 
 albidlla (L.), to which latter the description in Aesch. Ag. 1156 e|orrti/ 
 dpyias, seems to apply : but these are surely excluded by the evidence 
 as to size (cf. Pliny, 1. c.), frequency, and affection for cities and plains. 
 I incline to identify the bird with the Short-toed Eagle, Circaetus 
 gallicus, which in French, as perhaps also here, seems to share its 
 popular name (Jean-le-Blanc) with C. cyaneits. But the name was 
 originally mystical (cf. s.v. jJieXdjjnruYos), however it may in later times 
 have been specifically applied to a particular bird. 
 
 HYTAProi, |3. An undetermined bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b. A water-bird, mentioned with o-^om'Xo? 
 and KiyK\os, about the size of a thrush ; TO ovpalov KMI : frequents rivers 
 and streams. 
 
 The size agrees with Sundevall's suggestion of a Sandpiper. Aubert 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 and Wimmer take the three birds to be different species of Wagtail 
 (Motacilla). The name more strongly suggests to me the Dipper, 
 Cinclus aquattcus, L., (Mod. Gk. vepoKoo-o-vcpos, Heldr.): but all three 
 birds are quite doubtful. 
 
 FIYPAAAI'Z, s. iruppaXis (Hesych.). An unknown bird: probably 
 a kind of Pigeon. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609, hostile to rpuyoov, TOTTOS yap rrjs vop.r)s KCU ftios 
 6 aiiTos. Cf. Ael. iv. 48. 
 
 Callim. (fr. 100, c. 4) ap. Athen. ix. 394 d KaXXi'/xa^o? a>s 8ia<popas 
 eKTiOfrai (pdacrav, TrupaXXi'Sa, Trfpurrfpav, rpvydva. Cf. Ael. V. H. i. 15. 
 
 nVPn'THI' <nrupYiTY|s, a Sparrow, Galen. Vide s. vv. o-TropytXos, 
 
 orpouOos. 
 FIY'PPA. A bird, hostile to rpvyav. Ael. iv. 5, Phile, 685. Perhaps 
 
 identical with irupaXXis. 
 
 nYPPl'AI, s. mpias = eXaios, q.v. 
 
 FlYPPOKO'PAE. The Alpine Chough, Corvus pyrrhocorax, L. 
 Plin. x. (48) 68 Alpium pyrrhocorax, luteo rostro, niger. 
 
 nYPPOY'AAI (v. 1. iruppoupas, &c. Lob. Prol. 132). Probably the 
 Bullfinch, Pyrrhula vulgaris. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis a-KO)\r]Ko(pdyos. Sundevall, op. c., p. II I, 
 identifies nvppovXas with the Robin, the Bullfinch being a seed-eater, 
 and confined to the mountainous parts of Northern Greece : but 
 Heldreich quotes the same word as the name for the Bullfinch in 
 Mod. Gk. 
 
 nft'Y~(r)=' TTOIOS opvis, Hesych. Cf. TTTU'Y. 
 
 PA'4>Ol f opvfis rives, Hesych. (Verb, dub.) 
 
 'PINO'KEPfll- TTOLOS opvis ev AlQioTTta, Hesych. Probably the Hornbill. 
 
 'PO'BIAAOI- /Sao-tXtWos opvis, Hesych. (Possibly for pYyiXXor, L. 
 regulus.). Vide s. v. jSaaiXeu's, &c. 
 
 'PYNAA'KH. Supposed to be akin to Pers. jJ^ (Rund) nomen avis, 
 quae frequenter in oryzetis invenitur (J. Albertus in Hesych., &c.). 
 An Indian bird, of the size of a pigeon, Ctes. Pers. 61 ; also Hesych. 
 In Plut. Vit. Artax. 19, p. 1020, purrdicrjs. 
 
 C PQAIO'I = epw8i<5s 3 q.v. Hippon. p. 63 ; also Hesych. 
 
 H. Also aaXirryKTiis, s. aaXTriaT^s. 
 A synonym of opxiXos (q-v.), Hesych. Cf. Dind. Thes. vii. c. 45 B. 
 
nvrAproi IEAEYKII 3 53 
 
 ZAPl'N' opi/eov etSos, opoiov ^dpo>, Hesych. Also crapKWJ>, 
 
 Hesych. 
 
 In both cases it has been suggested to read o-apioy, quasi 
 lEIPH'N' 6pvi6dpi6v TTOIOP, Hesych. Possibly, like the ' Sirens,' con- 
 nected with the Heb. sir, to sing. 
 Cf. Hesych. s. v. aeipTiyes' 01 p,ev ea> yvvaiKas <pao~i 
 
 ZEIZOnYn'l, aetaoupa. Literally Wagtail, Motacilla. Identified with 
 iciyKXos, Hesych. : and apparently with ivy, Schol. in Theophr. ii. 
 17. Cf. also Suid. iVy, TO opveov, TO Xe-yo/zei/ov o-eto-oTrvyiy. In 
 
 Mod. Gk., o-ovo-ovpdSa is the Wagtail. Vide s. v. KiyK\os. 
 IEIIO'<*>EAOI- ro T>V rpox&w ftSos, Hesych. 
 
 Perhaps for o-o-oXd(pos (J. Albertus in Hesych.), or o-fio-o[*:e](j6aXoy, 
 
 s. o-eta-oKe/SXos, Meineke, Philol. xii. 621. 
 ZEAEYKl'l, s. creXeuia'as. The Bose-coloured Pastor, Pas for roseus, 
 
 Temm. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. i. 22 rroXv^opcoraroj/ opveov fj areXcvKis, KOI /uera TrXeia-rr/s 
 fvxns d(^iKvovfj.(vov Toiy dypotKoiy, tjv TOVS Kapnovs oKpidov fdyrai ir\rj6os. 
 OTL ras p.ev (payoixrat) rds de Kal dirb (JLQVTJS TIJS crKias aTratpoutrat, eKKpivovaiv 
 as av KaTafpiiyuxn pqdiws avriKa, Kal Tropdovpevois dvbpd<ri l-eviKrjv dv ns 
 etTTOt avfjifj,axiav \T]\v6evai. aXX' el rrjs ^apiros rts roiis opvcis aTroare- 
 pfjffdf, diacpOdpovcnv avrai rov crco^e'i/ra Kapnov. 
 
 Zosimi Hist, i* 57. 6 (Schneid. Eel. Phys. i. 51) lv SeXeim'a rfj Kara 
 KtXtKt'ai/ 'ATToXXcovoff lepov idpvro Ka\ovfj.evov SapTrrjdoviov, Kal ev TOVTW 
 Xpr)(TTT)piov. Ta p.ev ovv ncpl rov deov TOVTOV Xeyopeva, Kal a>s aTratri rols 
 VTTO Xvp-rjs aKpiduv eVo^Xovfiej/oty a-e\evKid8as rrapadidovs (opvea 8e ravra 
 cvdiaiTQ>p.eva rols nepl TO iepbv TOTTOIS) o-vKet-fnepTrc Tols airovo-t, at 8e 
 Tat? dicpiVi o~vp.7TfpnrTdfj,vai Kal Tols ard/uao't TUVTOS fie^o'^ierai 7rapa^pj}/ua 
 re anfipov ev dxapiaia) Sie'cptfeipoi/, Kal TTJS K TOVTO>V /3Xa/3?;? TOVS 
 TTi^XXarroj/, raCra p.ev rfj TrjviKavTa TO>V disdparrwv vdaip.ovia 
 i, rov Ka6* f]p.as yevovs diroo~fi(Tap.evov fleiav fi/fpyecriav. Cf. Photius, 
 Cod. ccxxiii. p. 68 1 (teste Bernhardy, ed. Suid.). 
 
 Plin. x. (27) 39 Seleucides aves vocantur quarum adventum ab love 
 precibus impetrant Casii mentis incolae, fruges eorum locustis vastan- 
 tibus. Nee unde veniant, quove abeant, compertum, nunquam con- 
 spectis nisi cum praesidio indigetur. 
 
 Cf. Ael. xvii. 19 ; Galen, De Loc. Affect, vi. 3 ; Hesych., &c. 
 
 The bird, under the name Samarmog or Samarmar is in like manner 
 reverenced to this day by the Arabs ; cf. Niebuhr, Beschreib. v. Arabiens, 
 p. 174. In Mod. Gk. it is called dyioTroOXi on its Spring migration, 
 when it destroys the grasshoppers, and 8ia/3oXo7rovXi in Autumn, when 
 it devours the grapes (Heldr.). 
 
154 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 ZEMl'PAMIZ' 7rfpio-Tpa opeios, 'EXXijwori, Hesych. Cf. Diodor. ii. 6. 
 Vide S. V. irepiorepd. 
 
 ZE'PKOZ- dXe/crpvobi/, KOI aXcKTopioes acXices, Hesych. Baethgen, De vi 
 et signif. Galli, Diss. Inaug., Getting. 1887, p. 10, collates feXicos, 
 a word inscribed together with the image of a Cock on a Cretan 
 vase (Roulez, Choix de vases de Leide, p. 40, nr. 13), and this in 
 turn with rA^ai/or, s. Ff\x avos > Zf ^ s f/ 3 " Kpj/o-iV, Hesych., inscribed 
 also on a coin of Phaestus (Bull. Inst. Arch., 1841, p. 174); further 
 he suggests a kindred reference to the opvis TlfpmKos, in the corrupt 
 Hesychian gloss, SeX^pot* Uepa-ai. A coin of Phaestus figured in 
 the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins (Crete, p. 63, pi. xv. 10), bears the same 
 inscription and shows the god seated holding a Cock on his knee. 
 
 ZE'PTHZ' yepavos, UoXXvpprjviot, Hesych, 
 ZlAAENAPl'Z* notos opvis napa KaXXi^tci^o), Hesych. 
 
 Schn. in Arist. H. A. viii. 3 (vol. ii. p. 596) suspects this bird to be 
 identical with the corrupt KaXi'Spis, s. o-KavSpts, s. oxaXt&pis, of 
 Arist., and suggests aicaXuSpts as an emendation for both. Cf. 
 also aiaXis. 
 
 ZIAAI'X. A bird so-called from its cry. Didymus ap. Athen. ix. 
 392 f. Also Hesych. 
 
 Zl'NTHI. Vide s.v. 
 
 - 7re'p&, Uepyaioi, Hesych. 
 
 ZITAPrz. An unknown bird, o-i'rrq' ^ v\>v o?/uu \tyoptwi o-irapis-, Suid.: 
 cf. Zonar. 1645, Lob. Proll. p. 30. 
 
 ZITTA'KH, Philostorg. H. E. Hi. ii. aiTTaK<Js, Ael. xvi. 15, Arrian. 
 Ind. i. 8, &c. Vide s.v. 
 
 Zl'TTAZ = airraKOS. crtrras, opvis Trotof evtoi 8e TOV ^firraKov Xeyovviv, 
 
 Hesych. 
 
 Zl'TTH. (Some MSS. have O-I'TTTTTJ in Arist. H. A. ix. i.) With a-imrrj 
 cf. (Wry, q. v. Also ITTTO- 6 SpvoKoXa^ edviK&s, Hesych. We might 
 conjecture a form ^irrr?, akin to O. H. G. speh, speht, specht, 
 Lith. spakas, Sk. pika, &c. 
 
 A bird with fabulous attributes, allied to the Woodpecker; opvis 
 TTOIOS, of Se opvoKo\dirTT)s, Hesych. Usually identified with the 
 Nuthatch, Sitta europaea or S. syriaca, which latter very similar 
 species is commoner in Greece (Von der Muhle, Lindermayer) ; 
 
IEMIPAMII ZKflvJ, 
 
 IITTH (continued^. 
 
 Mod. Gk. aKa\o6apT)s, <r(f)vpiKTfjs, and To-ojravoirovXt, i. e. the little 
 shepherd (Heldr.). 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b aerep TroXffiiov' Karayvvei yap TO. am rov OCTOV : 
 ibid. 17, 6l6b /ta^i/no?, rrjv de dtdvotav cvdiKros Kal fvdr)p.a)V Kal ev/3iWoy, 
 Kal Xe'yerat {^ap/xaxeia eivai dia TO nciXvidpis civaC TroXvyovos 8e Kal 
 
 Callim. Fr. 173 (in Etym. M.) 6 8' rj\e6s ovS' eVi O-ITTTJV jSXev/ra?. 
 A good omen to lovers, Schol. in Ar. Av. 705 ; fr. ap. Suid. cyw /ueV 
 w AevKiTrnr) dfia criTTjy. 
 
 21'TTOI" crirrov, ol pev y\av<a' YJ Kia-crav' rj iepaKa, Hesych. 
 
 [O-I'TT;;, a-lrras and a-irros are all doubtful and corrupt words. They 
 are probably akin to the equally corrupt and obscure TTITTO), which bird, 
 like O-ITTTJ, is allied to the woodpeckers and hostile to the eagle.] 
 
 ZKAAl'APIZ. (MSS. have KaXidpiSj o-Kavftpis, o-Ka\i8p$. Schneider sug- 
 
 gests o-Ka\v8pis. Possibly identical with o-iaXe^Spis, q.v.) 
 An unknown bird ; taken by Belon and later writers for a species 
 of Sandpiper, e. g. Totanus calidris, auctt., the Redshank : but 
 any one whom it pleases may interpret it as a Wagtail, whose 
 gray plumage is enlivened with a ' noiKiXla ' of yellow. 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3? 593 ^ r " wpaiov Ktve'i, TroiKiXiav fX l ) T 
 (rnodoeiftes (mentioned with ffgocnXaf, K/yxXor, and nvyapyos). 
 
 IKI'AAOI- iKrlvos, Hesych. Cf. pdcriciXXos. 
 IKlV. Vide S. v. 
 
 IKOAO'flAE. Generally supposed, and by all the older commentators, 
 to be identical with dcncaXwiras, the Woodcock. Mod. Gk. 
 aoncaXoTra/cas-, 6pvi6ovKa\La (Coray), t-vKoKorra (Heldr.), v\6pvi6a 
 (Bik.), /iTre/caro-a ( = Fr. because]. With <7-KoX-o7ra, cf. Gk. tr-icoX-o^, 
 o-/caXov^, o-7raXa : rt. of L. cutter, &c. 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 614 eVi SeVSpov ov KaBi&i, aXX' eVi rrjs yfjs. Nemesian. 
 
 Aucup. fr. 21 (in Wernsdorf' s Poet. Lat. Min.) praeda est facilis et 
 
 amoena Scolopax. 
 
 [(T7raXa| or o-KiiXo-^f in Theophr. De Sign. Temp. p. 439, ed. Heinsii, 
 
 is sometimes taken to apply not to the mole but to this bird : cf. 
 
 J. G. Schneider, in Arist., vol. iv. p. 131.] 
 
 Etym. doubtful. The derivation from o-KeVrw is not more 
 certain than the older one from ovco>7n-a> (Athen. and Aelian). 
 The o- may be a late prefix, from the false analogy with o-KwnTeiv. 
 According to Alex. Myndius, ap. Athen. ix. 391 b, Homer wrote 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 K&rras for o-KSmas, and Aristotle likewise : so also Speusippus ; cf. 
 Ael. xv. 28, and Cobet's note [falso dixit hoc Alexander, Casaubon 
 in Athen. ii. 358]. Doederlein, Horn. Gloss. 2359, finds the 
 stem in Kvfirjvais (yXau^i), Hesych., L. cucubare, &c. ; in which case 
 KiKKapTj (q. v.), and Mod. Gk. KovKovpata, would seem to be cog- 
 nate. Hesych. has also O-KOKCS. The name resembles the cry 
 of the bird, and is in part at least onomatopoeic : cf. It. jacopo. 
 In Switzerland it is called Todtenvogel, and cries Tod, Tod, Tod, 
 Hopf. Orakelthiere, p. 102. 
 
 The Little Horned Owl or Scops Owl, Ephialtes scops, L. Mod. 
 Gk. KXaxrcros, ^LU>VI (Erh.). 
 
 Od. V. 66 (TKatTTes T "prjKes Tf TavvyKaHTvol re Kopwvai | etfdXicu. 
 Theocr. Id. i. 134 KTJ opeW roi or/coWrey cfyfido-i yapvo-aivro. 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b e'Xdrrooi/ yXavicos. Two varieties; H. A. 
 ix. 28, 617 b (TKOiirfs fi' ol fj.ev del ncKrav &pav ei(ri, /ecu KaXovvTai deioTCaJTres', 
 Kal OVK eirdiovrcu fiia TO ajSpooroi eimi* erepoi fie ylvovrai eV/ore row 0$ij/o7ra)- 
 pov, (paivovrai d' e'cp* fj^epnv p.iciv f) dvo TO TrXetcrroi', Koi lo~lv cScofiijuot Kal 
 (T<p68pa evdoKip.ovo~iv' Kal diafpepovcri TU>V dficrKcoTroov KaXov/ieVcov OVTOI aXXw 
 fjiev a>s flirclv oiiSfvi, TW 8e nd^et' Kal OVTOI p.ev io~iv acpoai/oi, fKelvoi 8e 
 (pdeyyovrat. rrepl 8e yevfa-fcas avrStv TJTIS O~TIV, ovOev a>7rrai, TT\TJV OTI 
 Tols frcpvpiois (paivovTai. Cf. Callimachus ap. Athen. ix. 391 b ; Ael. 
 XV. 28 dia(f)povo-i de TO>V dfio-Kanrw rc5 Trd^fi, K<U el< 
 Tpvyovi Kal cpaTTr] (vide Jacobs, in loc.). 
 
 Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 391 b piKpoTepos eVrt y\avKos, Kal 
 
 Trap' exarfpoj/ KpoTafpov dvafpepet TTTepd '. cf. Ael. 1. C. 
 
 The account given of the size of the bird and the descriptions in 
 Athenaeus and Aelian agree perfectly with the Scops Owl ; this is 
 a noisy bird, repeating its cry with monotonous persistence. But it 
 appears to spend the summer only in S. Europe, migrating to Africa 
 in winter. The passage in Aristotle is perhaps faulty in this con- 
 nexion, owing to misinterpretation of the name deia-KO)^ as though 
 from del. Sundevall supposes the other variety to be the Short-eared 
 Owl, Strix brachyotus, a somewhat larger species, which appears 
 merely to pass through Greece on its migrations : vide infra, s.v. WTOS. 
 The bird o-Ka>^r was quite unknown to Pliny, x. (49) 70 ; as apparently 
 also to Hesych., who has o-K&Tres' eldos opvew, oi fie KO\OIOVS. 
 
 According to Metrodorus ap. Athen. 1. c. dvTopxovp.tvovs dXia-Kea-dat 
 TOVS <rKo)TTas. Hence ovcco^ and o~Ka>TTfvp,a as the name of a dance, 
 Ael. xv. 28, Athen. ix. 391 a, xiv. 629 f, where there is a confusion 
 between O-KCOX//- and O-KOTTOS, VTTOO-KOTTOS : cf. yXau. See also O. Jahn, 
 Vasenbilder, p. 24 ; Rochett, J. des savans, 1837, pp. 514-517. 
 
; iniZA 157 
 
 IMA'PAIKON' orpov&W, Hesych. Cf. airapdo-ioi/. 
 ZMH'PIN0or opvis Trows-, Hesych. 
 
 IOY~I4>A, s. oma(|>a. Indian birds which indicated to the mariner 
 proximity to land, Cosmas, Indopl. ii. p. 182. Schneider, Lex. 
 
 ZnAPA'llON- opveov epfapes vrpovOa. evtot ovcty, Hesych. Cf. \|/dp, 
 
 <T|Jl<p8lKOl>, &C. 
 
 HIE'AEKTOI- KfXcKdv, Hesych. 
 
 znE'PrOYAOr op^ddpiov ayptov, Hesych. Vide s. v. orpouOos. 
 
 inE'PPYI- 7Tpe'o-/3u9, Hesych. This is apparently a bird-name allied 
 to a-nepyovXos ; the gloss Trpecrpvs may be itself corrupt. Cf. Ahr. 
 Dial. ii. p. in, &c. See also s.v. -n-pecrpus, cnropyiXos. 
 
 IHEPMOAOTOI (also airepfiofofjios, Hesych.). 
 
 Although commentators now take this word adjectivally (as it is in 
 Athen. ix. 387 b) or generically, I have no doubt that it applies 
 specifically to the Book, Corvus frugilegus, L., in Ar. Av. 232 
 crTTfp/xoXoycoi/ Te yevrj | TOXV TreTopeva, paXdaKrjv teWa yfjpvv : also ibid. 
 
 579 ; and accordingly also in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b. Cf. 
 Hesych. cnrepnoXoyos' KoXotcoSe? <uoi> ; see also Suid. : cf. also Late 
 Lat. frugilega. It is so interpreted by older writers, e. g. Caius, 
 De Rarior. Anim. Hist. Libellus, p. 100. In Mod. Gk. the Rook 
 is said to be called xa/3apow. See also s.v. oXairoi. 
 
 im'rror o-n-iW, Hesych. 
 
 im'ZA, im'ZH. (MSS. have also irl^ai\ Dim. am^V, Hesych. 
 
 applied to all small birds; cf. eiri^a* opvea, Kinrpioi, Hesych. 
 
 Perhaps from rt. ping, to paint, connected with Germ, fink, 
 
 finch, &c. Cf. Eng. bunt-ing. 
 The Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs, L. Mod. Gk. crnlvos, and, on 
 
 Parnassus, T&W (Heldr.). 
 
 Soph. fr. 382 KOTO) Kpe/jLavrai O-TTI'' OTTO)? ev epKfo-t. Timo ap. Diog. 
 Laert. iv. 42 fjvrf yXau/ca Trept crTT/^ai. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis 
 (TKd)\r]Ko(pdyos '. ib. ix. 7> 6l3b didyovcri TOV p.ev 0povs ev rols aXeeivols, 
 TOV 8e xeijjL&vos ev rot? -^vxpols. Compared in size with ?uy, KiWor, 
 (nriiTr)$, opoo-rrigos, &c., ib. ii. 12, 504, viii. 3, 592 b, ix. 21, 617. 
 a-nifr' opviddpiov, <TTpovd(S epfapes, Hesych. 
 
 Evidently some very common bird, from its use as a standard of 
 comparison. I follow Sundevall (in spite of Aubert and Wimmer's 
 scepticism) in identifying it with the Chaffinch, on the ground of 
 
158 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 iniZA (continued}. 
 
 tradition, and on the ground of the resemblance of the name to the 
 various forms of the word am^os, which is still the Mod. Gk. name of 
 the bird : partly also because the other common birds which might be 
 meant (Goldfinch, Greenfinch, and Linnet) are fairly well identified 
 under other names. 
 
 imzi'AI. (Cod. Med. <myi'<). 
 
 Mentioned (by name only) in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, ix. 36, 
 620. (micas' iepaKos el8os, Hesych. Identified by tradition with 
 the Sparrow-hawk, Accipiter m'sus, L. ; vide s.v. Wpicos. 
 
 iniZl'THI. The Great Tit or Ox-eye, Parus major, L. eifioy alyiQa- 
 XoO opvcov, Hesych. 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b. Vide s. v. alyiOaXos. 
 
 im'NOX. Also <nriv6<s (Photius), cnripa, crmnrj, ami'Oia, Hesych. Cf. 
 also amyyos, cnruyyas, myyas, Hesych. Dim. amvfoiw, Ar. fr. 
 344 : ami'ioi', Eubul. Incert. 14. 
 
 Probably identical with oiriyyos, <rm'a, the Chaffinch; still so- 
 called (Heldr.). 
 
 Ar. Av. 1079 ort crvveipav TOVS cnrivovs TrwXet Kad* CTTTCI roujSoXov. Pax, 
 1148, Fr. 443, Eubul. ap. Athen. ii. 65 c Tt'XXcti/ re (f)aTTas KOI Ki^Xas 
 
 6/ZOU | (JTIIVOIS. 
 
 Ael. iv. 60 (TTTiVoi de apa cro(p<aTpoi KCU avdpa>Tra>v TO p.e\\ov rrporyvw- 
 KCVCU, icraat yovv KOL x fL ! JL ^ )Va /teXXoira, KCU ^ioi/a (ffOfuvrjv TrpojUT/^eoTara 
 f(pv\davTO. Koi TOV KaraXrjfpdfjvai Seel, airodidpdo-Kovcriv es ra d\<r(i)dr) x^P^ ) 
 KOI avTols ra ddcrrj Kprjcrrpvyera as civ CITTOIS fcrriv. Cf. Theophr. De Sign. 
 vi. i, 3 ; Arat. 1024. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. iii. 2, 4 a/*a rols aXXoi? arrpovdiois rots- Kara TOV ftoppav 
 ciridrjfjLoicri TOV eapoy t^w tfqpaij/rai, Tols KaXdpois eiriKadicravTfs, K.T.\. 
 0ea/iara>i/ 6' rjdicrTov crTpovdovs opav t|ai ircTTfO'rjfJifVovs Kal KaTaninTOVTas (!). 
 
 inOPn'AOX. In Ar. Av. 300, SiropyiXos probably means a Sparrow, 
 and the usual reference to Sporgilos, a barber, if justified 
 at all, makes the joke a double-barrelled one. The word is 
 
 the same as atrepyovXos or cnrepyvs, and as Mod. Gk. O-TTOU/)- 
 
 yiYjjr, a Sparrow, irvpyinis, a word applied to a Sparrow by 
 Galen, &c., is rendered in the dictionaries turrilis, as if from 
 Trvpyos: it is obviously cr-TrvpyiTrjs; in like manner irtpyov\os, 
 Hesych. = cr-7repyov\os ' } and I have suggested above, somewhat 
 less confidently, that irpeo-fivs as a bird-name should perhaps read 
 aneppvs=<rnpyvs. These words form a parallel series, with n 
 
iniZA ITPOY00KAMHAOI 159 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 for r, to o-rpovdos, &c. ; they have a near ally in Eng. Sparrow, 
 and a still nearer in sprug. 
 
 ITAYNI'E- iVpa, Hesych. 
 
 ITHOl'AI' opvis TTOIOS, Hesych. Perhaps a misreading for orpouOuxs. 
 
 ITPl'E. Also OTpiy, orXt. Cf. Hesych., orpiyXos, 01 Se 
 Also <rru', 6 GTKCOX//' TO opveov. An Owl, Lat. strix. 
 Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 21. Cf. Hygin. Fab. 28. Theognost. in 
 Anecd. Oxon. ii. 41, 132. 
 
 A charm to scare them, orptyy* dnoTre^TToV) ia>Kri/3oaz>, rav o~rpt'yy' cnrb 
 Xaou | opviv dv&vvfjLov wKVTropovs 7rl vfjas eXavve, Anon. fr. Bergk. 26, ap. 
 Festus, p. 314. Cf. Plin. xi. (39) 95 quae sit avium constare non arbitror ; 
 Isidor. xii. 7, &c. 
 
 XTPOYOOKA'MHAOI, s. orpou0<Ss. 
 
 vrpovdos Kardyaios (Herod.), vrp. 6 p.f'yas S. rj fitydXr] (Ar., Xen., Ael.), 
 orp. 6 fv Aifivr) or 6 AtfivKos (Arist.), crrp. 6 rwv anrrivtov (PailS.), 
 (TTp. 6 ^fpo-aios (Ael.), arrp. 6 'Apa/3tos (Ath., Heraclid.), trrp. ^a/uai- 
 
 TrerTjy (Lucian), o-TpovdoKdp.r)\os (Diod. Sic., Strabo, Pliny), also 
 simply a-rpovdos (Ar. Ach. 1106, Theophr. Hist. PL), orp. 
 liavpovo-ios (Herodian), orp. 6 ayptos (Hesych.). 
 The Ostrich, Struthio Camelus, L. 
 
 Herod, iv. 175 * s T v 7rdXep.oj/ trrpovdav Karayaiav 8opas (popcov&i 
 rrpo^X^fiara [01 Maieat (to the south of the Persian Gulf)] : ibid. 192 
 Kara rovs Nd/iaSas (i. e. in the country of the Bedaween) etcri arpovOol 
 Kardyatoi. 
 
 Xen. Anab. i. 5, 2 orpov^oi al /ueyaXat, met with in ' Arabia/ near the 
 Euphrates, (rrpovdov 8e ovdeis e\a/3ey* ot fie 8i<navTS TWV imretov ra^v 
 firavovro' iro\i> yap cineo-naTO 0euyov(ra, rots pev Troal Spo/za), rais de 
 apao-a, &<rirep torta) ^pca/ieV/; (cf. Ael. ii. 27, iv. 37, viii. 10) el 8e 
 cu peXXot, TOVS TrapaTrtTrrovras 1 \i6ovs ?$ rovrnVeo (T(pevdova rois 
 iroa-iv : cf. Phile, De An. iv. 144 ; Claudian in Eutrop. ii. 
 
 Ar. Av. 875 Koi o-TpovQo) fjieydXy, prjTpl 6ea>v Kal av^pcoTreoj/. 
 
 Ar. Ach. (1106) IIl8 /caXoV ye KOI XCVKOV TO TTJS arpovdov irrcpov. 
 
 Arist. De Part. iv. I4j 697 ra P* v yup opvidos fx l i Ta ^^ Cv ov TerpaTroSos. 
 a>s fj.fv yap OVK &v rerpcirrou? Trrepa e'^ei, a>s 5' OVK &v opvis ovre Trererai 
 ^creajpi^d/iei/os 1 , Kal ra rrrepa ou xPW l P- a npos TTTTJO-W aXXa rpi^cofi^. crt Se 
 a>? /ueV rfrpaTrovs cbi/ jSXe^api'Sa? e^et ra? avaBev (ibid. ii. 14, 658) Kal \JaXdy 
 eo~Ti ra Trepl r/}v K.e<paXr)V Kal ra ai/co rou av%evos, &o~T rpi^caSeo'repas X* LV 
 ras (3\(papidaS) cos 5' opvis &i> ra KdraOev cTirfpcora/, cai SITTOVS pev eVrtv 
 a>s opi/is, di%a\os de (ibid. iv. 12,695) ws rerparrovy ; ov yap daKrvXovs 
 
I6"0 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 ITPOY0OKAMHAOI (continued}. 
 
 ie^ei dXXtt ^jjXa?. TOVTOV 6' CUTIOV on TO ptyedos OVK opviOos e^ei aXXa rerpa- 
 TroSos : cf. Plin. x. I, x. (22) 29, xi. (37) 47, &c. Arist. H. A. ix. 15, 616 b, 
 lays more eggs than any other bird (the fact being that several lay 
 in one nest), cf. De Gen. iii. i, 749 b, and Ael. iv. 37. On the number 
 of eggs (vnep TO. o-ySoryKoiTct !), on the construction of the nest, and on 
 its maternal affection, v. Ael. xiv. 7, Phile, 1. c. 
 
 Heraclides ap. Athen. iv. 145 d o-rpovOol ol 'Apu/3toi, at the banquets 
 of the Persian King ; and of the ' Indian ' King (o-rp. 01 ^po-moi), 
 Ael. xiv. 13 ; also of Heliogabalus, Ael. Lampridius, De Heliog. 28. 
 
 On the capture of the Ostrich see also Diod. Sic. ii. 50, Ael. xiv. 
 7, Opp. De Ven. iii. 487. The interesting account in Strabo, xvi. 4, n, 
 doubtless refers to the Ostrich. 
 
 How the Ostrich swallows stones, which are a medicine for the eyes, 
 and how its fat and sinews are a useful tonic, Ael. xiv. 7, Phile, I.e. The 
 price of Ostrich-fat, Plin. xxix. 30. 
 
 Pausan. ix. 31, I rfjv 8e 'Apo-ivorjv (a statue in Helicon) o-rpovOos (pcpei 
 XO^KTJ rS)V dnTrjvaV Trrepa p,ev ye KCU avrai Kara ravra rais aXXais (pvova-iv, 
 lino 8e ftdpovs KOI Sia peyedos ov% old re fariv dvfx fiv 0"<as es rov aepa 
 rot TTTcpa. Cf. the ales equos of Cat. Ixvi. 54, and Ellis's note thereon ; 
 cf. also Flav. Vop. Firm. c. 6 sedentem ingentibus struthionibus vectum 
 esse ut quasi volitasset. 
 
 Opp. De Ven. iii. 482 et seq. peya Qavpa, p-era arpovdolo Kdfj.rfXov . . . 
 TJjff TJTOL p.ey0os p.ev VTrepfiiov, ocrvov vnfpde \ i/coroiy fupuraroio~t <pepeiv 
 Vo6r)\a Kovpov' \ ov8e fj,V opvidtvo-iv 6fj.oi'ios a/u,/3aS6v fvvfj, \ Ba/crptoj/ ola 
 de (pv\ov e^ovffiv dnocrrpocpa Xc/crpa, &c. 
 
 Ostriches eV rfj JUT) vo/xeV^ rf)s Aiftvrjs, Theophr. Hist. PI. iv. 3, 5. 
 
 Callim. Rhod. ap. Athen. v. 200 f o-rpov0<j/ <rvi>a>pides o/crco, i. e. eight 
 yoke of ostriches (drawing chariots?) in a procession of Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus at Alexandria. Cf. Plautus, Pers. ii. 2, 17 Vola curriculo. 
 Isthuc marinus passer per circum solet. Ostriches harnessed to the 
 coach of the Emperor Firmus, Flav. Vopisc. Firm. c. 6. 
 
 Ostrich plumes mentioned, ibid. iv. 4, 5, ix. 12, 5. 
 
 How the eggs are eaten by the Garamantes (in the Libyan Desert), 
 Lucian, Dipsad. 235, but are of inferior quality, Galen, De Ovis, xxii. 
 
 How the Ostrich hides its head in the sand, Oppian, Halieut. iv. 
 630 rola 8e Kai Atfivrjs Trrepocv /3oroj/ dyKV\6deipov \ vrjTTia Te^a^et, K.r.X. 
 Cf. Plin. x. I. 
 
 The name (rrpov6oKdp.T)\os is modern, cf. Galen, De Alim. iii. 20 
 TO de Tojf o~Tpov6oKaiJ.T)\(dv [ovofjLa Kai rots TTflXaiots 1 ] drjdes. 6vofj.dovcri 
 yap avras peydXas (rrpovdovs : cf. ibid. De Prob. Succ. Alim. vi. 
 ITPOYGO'I, 6 and 17. Also arpous, Hesych. Dimin. <rrpou0ioi', Arist., 
 
 Anax., 3. 164, Ephipp. 3. 326; orpouOdpioy Eubul. 3. 268 (14); 
 
 o-TpouGtas, Com. Anon. 4.647 (172); orpou0i's, Eust. Opusc. 312, 
 
ITPOY0OKAM HAOI ZTPOY0OZ 1 6 1 
 
 ITPOY0OI (continued}. 
 
 cf. Alexid. 3. 449, and Meineke's note ; o-Tpouduricos, Theod. 
 Prodr. Cf. o-TropyiXos, aire'pyouXos, Goth, spar-va, O. H. G. spar-o, 
 Eng. sprug, sparrow, &c. 
 
 A Sparrow, Passer domesticus, L., in Greece, as here, the com- 
 monest of birds (Von der Muhle, &c.) : in Elis, called also 
 q. v. Mod. Gk. <rnovpyirrjs (Erhard) ; on Parnassus 
 (Heldreich) ; and in Cyprus <rrpov6os (Sakellarios). 
 
 Very often used generically, like Lat. passer, Heb. Ti, of any 
 Small birds (cf. Phavorinus, &C., o-rpovOia 8' ovSen-'pco? travra T 
 
 r&v opvidcov) ; sometimes of larger birds, e. g. o-rpovQbs 
 
 Nic. Alex. 60. 535 ; transferred to the Ostrich (vide s. v. orpouOo- 
 KdjunrjXos) ; applied to the Stymphalian birds, Epigr. Gr. 1802. 5. 
 
 Early and Poetic References. The story of the serpent and the 
 brood of sparrows, II. ii. 308-332 : this is an instance where the name 
 is used vaguely and not specifically (as is TiDV in Deut. xxii. 6) ; the 
 Homeric account of the nest is reflected in Ael. iv. 38, and the state- 
 ment as to the number of eggs reappears in Arist. fr. 1527, ap. Athen. 
 ix. 391 f. 
 
 Venus' team of sparrows, Sappho fr. I. 9 KaAoi 8e o-' ayov \ a>Kee? 
 (rrpovdol Trepi yds p,e\aivas \ TTVKVU divevvres Trrep' CLTT a>pai/oo aldep\os did 
 /zeVo-o). On the connexion between this image and the lascivious pro- 
 pensities of the sparrow, cf. Athen. 1. c. 
 
 The story of Aristodicus and the sparrows' nests in the temple, Herod, 
 i. 159. 
 
 Not mentioned in Attic Tragedy, save for Aesch. Ag. 145 Kara/xo/*(pa 
 re (pda/j-ara (TTpovQ&v, on which line see the textual commentators. 
 Frequent in Aristophanes: Vesp. 207, Lys. 723, Ach. 1106, c. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis o-KuXrjKotydyos. Ib. ii. 
 J 5> 55 b npos rols evrepois TTJV ^oX^i/ e\fi. Ibid. 17, 509 OVK c^ei ovre rbv 
 <TT6p.a%ov OVTC rov TrpoXo/Soj/ rvpuf, dXXa rfjv KoiXiav naKpav. drrocpvaSas 
 e^ei' aXXa niKpa nafj-nav. Ib. ix. 49 B, 633 b Kai Koviovrai. KOI \ovvrai. Ibid. 
 7, 613 Xeyotxrt de rives Kai ran/ crTpovdlcov eviavrov p,6vov rjv TOVS cippevas, 
 TTOIOV/JLCVOI vr]p,elov on TOV capos ov (paii'ovTai exovTfs evdvs TO, Trepl rov 
 tr<aymva /ueXava, vcrrepov 8' ICT^OVO-IJ', w? ovdevbs <ro>ofj.evov rwv Trporepcaj/' 
 ras de 9q\tias fia/cpo/Stcorepa? eii/ai r&v arpovdiuv' ravras yap dXiffKecrdai ev 
 rots veots, <al diadfaas flvai ra> ex flv Ta n pi Ta X 64 '^ o~K\r]pd. Arist. fr. 
 273. 1527 (ap. Athen. 392 a) //era/3aXAet. On albino varieties, cf. H. A. 
 iii. 12, 519 ; De Gen. v. 6, 785 b. 
 
 Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 391 b Suo yevrj flvai rwv arrpovdcov, rb pev 
 rjjj.epov, rb 8' aypiov' rds 8e dr)\eias avr&v dvdevea-repas rd r* aXXa elvai, Kai 
 rb pvyxos Keparocides p.d\\ov rf]v XP^ av ) r ^ Trpoa-conov ovre 
 
A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 ITPOY00I (continued}. 
 
 Reproduction. Arist. H. A. v. 2, 539 b oeW o-uyyiWm : De Gen. iv. 
 6, 774 b TiKTovaiv areXJ; *ai rtKpXa' TroXvroKoCo-ty, cf. fr. 273, I5 2 7 (&p. 
 Athen. 391 b) riKrei /ue'xpi OKTO>. Athen. ix. 391 e o^evrtfcoi cla-iv. Hence 
 used as an aphrodisiac, Terpsicles, ap. Athen. 1. c. The erotic symbolism 
 of the sparrow is alluded to by Festus, s.v. strutheum. 
 
 Whatever Lesbia's 'sparrow' may have been, I am pretty sure in 
 my own mind, pace Professor Robinson Ellis, that it was not Passer 
 domesticus, the most intractable and least amiable of cage-birds 
 (experto credej cf. also Bechstein's ' Cage-birds ' ; on the point at 
 issue, see De Quincey, Selections, viii. p. 82). As to o-rpou&'oj/, or 
 passer, used (non-specifically) of a cage-bird, cf. Job xl. 24 9rai'0 Se 
 fv nireo <u<T7rep opyeeo } TJ 8rj(Tfis O.VTQV locrrrep (rrpovBiov TratSt'a) 5 cf. also 
 Boch. Hieroz. ii. 152. 
 
 A "Weather-prophet. Theophr. Sign. vi. 3 a-rpovdos o-rrifav eadev x<-t/ze- 
 piov [ov/p-diVei]' (TTpovdbs eav XCVKOS ^ei/ia>ra p.yav (rrjfJLaivei : cf. ibid. C. 2. 
 
 ITYM4>AAl'AEI, s. ZTujj^YjXi'Ses opa0es. Fabulous and mystical birds. 
 They were met with by the Argonauts at the Island of Dia ; they 
 shot forth their feathers like arrows, and were put to flight by the 
 beating of spears on shields, ex more Curetum, Apoll. Rhod. ii. 1054 
 and Schol, Q. Smyrn. vi. 227, Hygin. Fab. xx, Claud. Idyll, ii. They 
 were shot by Hercules in his fifth labour, in insula Martz's, Hygin. 
 Fab. xxx, or at Lake Stymphalus, Paus. viii. 22, 4; or terrified by 
 him with a brazen drum, Strab. viii. 371, 389: cf. Pisand. ap. Paus. 
 I.e., &c. They inhabited Arabia, an.d had migrated thence; they 
 were as large as cranes, and resembled the Ibis, but had stronger 
 beaks ; they pierced through iron and brass but were held by reed- 
 mats, eagres (pXdiVai, as small birds by bird-lime, Paus. 1. c. Repre- 
 sented, three in number, on the metopes of the temple of Zeus at 
 Olympia (now in the Louvre) Paus. v. 10, 9 ; cf. Expdd. de la Moree, 
 i. pi. 77, &c., &c. Also, together with female figures having birds' legs, 
 on the temple of Artemis Stymphalia at Lake Stymphalus, Paus. 1. c. 
 Also on medals, cf. Med. du Card. Alban, ii. p. 70, &c. ; on an amphora 
 in the Brit. Mus., J. de Witte, Gaz. Archeolog. 1876, pi. iii ; on coins, as 
 crested water-birds (6.0.431-370), B. M. Cat. Coins, Peloponnese, p. 199. 
 According to Dupuis (Orig. de tous les cultes, ii. p. 260, 8vo, Tan 
 iii), the Stymphalian birds are the constellations of Aquila, Cygnus 
 and Vultur or Lyra, which rise together with, that is to say are 
 paranatellons of, the sign Sagittarius (cf. Hygin., Columella, &c.). 
 Starting from the Lion (with which the labours of Hercules began) 
 the sign of the Archer is the fifth in order : it was moreover the 
 domicile of Diana, to whom belonged the temple at Stymphalus. 
 A similar explanation possibly underlies the story of the Birds of 
 Diomede. 
 
ITPOY00I IXOIN IAOI 1 63 
 
 ITY'E. A bird-name, mentioned, in connexion with a fabled meta- 
 morphosis, by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xxi. Vide s.v. <rrpt. 
 
 lYKAM'Z (MSS. have also *caXk, avKaXXts, crucaX/r). On the form 
 
 (rvKa\\is, cf. Athen. ii. 65 c. 
 Probably the Black-cap Warbler, Sylvia atricapilla, auctt. Lat. 
 
 ficedula. Vide S. v. jjieXayKopu^os cf. also 
 
 Epich. fr. 49 Ahr. ap. Athen. ii. 65 c ayXaai 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis <rK(0\r)Ko(pdyos. Ib. ix. 49 B, 632 b 
 OVTOI ((TUKaXi'Sf? KGU p.e\ayKopv(poi) p.Ta[3d\\ovo~iv els aXX^Xous* ylverai 
 5' r) p.ev (TVKaXls TTfpi TTjv OTTWpav, 6 8e p.\ayK6pv(pos fvOetoS juera TO 
 fyBivonupov. Cf. Plin. x. (29) 44, Geopon. xv. I, 22, Festus. 
 
 Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 65 b arepos TCOV a!yidd\uv i>(p' u>v p-ev e'Xatoi/ 
 KaXeTrat, vnb 8e nv&v Trvppias' avKaXls 8', orav aKjj.d^rj ra crvKa. Athen. 
 ibid. 8vo 5' etVat yfvr] avroi), (rvKaXida KCU fjL\ayKopv<pov. a\i<TKovTai 5' 
 aurai rcS TWV CTVKWV Kaipcp. Mentioned also, Ael. xiii. 25. 
 
 Aubert and Wimmer suppose the Marsh Tit, Parus palustris, L., 
 P. atricapilluS) Gmel., to be meant. Sundevall supposes a confusion 
 between that bird (fj.f\ayi<6pv(pos) and the Black-headed or Pied 
 Flycatcher, Muscicapa atricapilla, L., (o-uKaXk), as accounting for 
 the imaginary metamorphosis. But the Black-headed Flycatcher is 
 probably chosen incorrectly, and should be the Black-cap Warbler or 
 true Beccafico, Sylvia atricapilla. It is the latter and not the former 
 bird which comes down into the plains in autumn and is caught in 
 multitudes on the fig-trees (Kriiper, p. 241, &c.). The former is 
 a comparatively scarce bird in Greece (Kriiper, Lindermayer). Coray, 
 on the other hand, identifies a-vKaXis with the Golden Oriole, in Mod. 
 Gk. o-vKoqxiyos. The Golden Oriole is also known now-a-days as 
 KiTpivoTTovXi and o-ox^aios, the latter of which names might possibly be 
 a corruption of a-vKaXis. 
 
 lYPIITH'l' ycpavos apprjv, Hesych. 
 
 2YPOriE'PAI=. A variety or species of Partridge. 
 
 Ael. XVI. 7 &vpo7rpdi yiverai Trepi rrjv 'AvTio%(iav TTJV Hicri8iaS) KOJL 
 (rireirai KOI \idovs' p.iKporepos 8e eVn rou TrepStKO? KOI peXay rfjv XP av > 
 Trvppos fie TO pd/JLCpos. ov% fjfitpovTai de Kara TOV a\\ov, ovde yivfTai 
 Tidaaos, aXX' ayptos es TO ae! diap.evd. ecrTi Se ou /xeya?, fipadrjvai T 
 Tjoiav TOV erepov, KCU rr]v o-dpKa TTCOS SoKet Trv/fi/orepo?. Cf. Phile, De Anim. 
 330. The species cannot be certainly identified from this account. 
 
 IXOINTAOI. (Also o-xoivixXos, o-^ow/IXoff, &C. Hesych. ar^oiviKos.) (From 
 
 a'xo'ivos, iuncus.) 
 
 Probably a Wagtail, Motacilla sp. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b : mentioned with KiyxXos and rrvyapyos 
 
 M 2 
 
164 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 ZXOINIAOI (continued}. 
 
 as a small bird, smaller than a thrush, which moves its tail and 
 frequents rivers and ponds. 
 
 The identification hangs by that of Kiy<\os and nvyapyos, q. v. Of the 
 three bird-names, not one is to be identified with any certainty ; I am 
 somewhat inclined to interpret nvyapyos, the largest of the three, as 
 a Sandpiper, and to suppose the other two to be both Wagtails ; at any 
 rate, o-xom'Xoy, i n its derivation, rather suggests a Wagtail than a Sand- 
 piper. The same bird appears elsewhere under such names as <i\\ovpos, 
 (relo-ovpa, o-eia-oTrvyis ; vide also s. v. o-KoXiSpis. The identification with the 
 Reed Bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus, adopted by Turner, Gaza, &c., &c., 
 is based purely on the derivation of the word, and is contradicted 
 by the fact that the Reed Bunting does not flick its tail as the 
 others do. 
 
 ZXOINl'flN. An unknown bird; perhaps, as Gaza and others take 
 it, identical with axoiiaXos. 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 610 o-xomW KOI Kopvdos (pi\oi. 
 
 IfTAEI, at. An unknown small bird, caught with bird-lime : Dion. 
 De Avib. iii. 2. 
 
 TAfH'N, TArHNA'PION. Apparently names for an-aycis (q. v.), Suid. 
 rayrjvapi is given by Tournefort (Voy. ii. p. in), as Mod. Gk. 
 for the Francolin. 
 
 TANYIl'nTEPOI. A species of Hawk, sacred to Hera, Ael. xii. 4. 
 TATY'PAZ. Vide S. v. re'rapos. 
 
 TAQ'l, s. raws. According to Trypho, ap. Athen. 'ix. 397 e, in Attic, 
 e.g. Ar. Av. 101, 269, rao>?, i.e. rafeos-. The word is referred, 
 with Hebr. tukk-iyim, Arab, tdwus, Pers. tdus, to Tamil togai, 
 Sk. fikkf(v. Edl., &c.). Cf. LzLpavo, A. S. pawa, Ger.p/au, &c. 
 On the change of Semitic / into / see Hehn, Wanderings of 
 Plants, &c., pp. 208, 266. 
 
 The Peacock. Mod. Gk. iray&vi (Heldr.), i. e. rrafcoi/i; also o natov 
 and TO Trawi/ij/, novXoXdyo? ap. Wagner's Carm. Gr. Med. Aevi. 
 History and Mythology. Menodot. ap. Athen. xiv. 655 a ol raol 
 lepoi etcrt TYJS "Hpas. Kal p,fj rrore Trpcoricrrot KOI eyfvovro KOI erpd^ijtrav ev 
 2a/x,w, KCU evrevOev ds TOVS e^co TOTTOVS SieSo^(raj/. Cf. Antiphanes, ibid., 
 17 8' ev 2a/io> ^Hpa TO ^pucroCv, (^acrtV, opviOuiv ytvos [f^fi], j TOVS KaXAt^tdp- 
 <f>ovs KOI Trepi/SXeVrov? raw?. The Peacock on coins of Samos, Athen. 
 1. c., cf. Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. ii. p. 568 ; Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, 
 pi. v. 49. Samos was, according to this evidence, the original home of 
 the Peacock in Greece. The bird was sacred to Hera (as also at 
 
IXOINIAOI TAHI 165 
 
 (continued}. 
 
 Tiryns, Paus. ii. 17, 6) as Queen of Heaven (cf. Eur. Hel. 1096) from 
 its starry tail (Hehn) : cf. Ovid, Met. xv. 385 lunonis volucrem, quae 
 cauda sidera portat ; ibid. i. 723; Juv. vii. 32; Stat. Silv. ii. 4, 26; 
 Claudian, Eutrop. ii. 330. Cf. also Job. Lydus, De Menss. p. 66 KOI 
 TaS>va Tr}v opvida TO~IS ifpois TTJS "Upas ol (pvatKol didoaanv, olovel TOV 
 do-TfpoiTrbv depa, fjroi ovpavov. Cf. also Lucian, De Domo, xi. p. 908 ; 
 Hemsterh. ad Nigr. i. p. 247. The Peacock is associated with Hera 
 on coins also of Cos, Halicarnassus, c. On a Roman zodiac (Millin, 
 Galer. Mythol. pi. xxix. fig. 86) a Peacock comes after Capricorn, 
 coinciding with the Athenian month Gamelion, the month (Hesych.) of 
 Hera; cf. Boetticher, Philologus xxii. p. 399, 1865, Pyl> Der Zwolf- 
 gotterkreis im Louvre, Greifswald, 1857, &c. [The association of Hera 
 with the month Gamelion (Jan.-Feb.) is due to the fact that this was 
 the month of the sign Aquarius ; and the connexion in turn between 
 Hera and Aquarius is connected with the fact that the Full Moon 
 stood in that sign when the Sun was in Leo, in the month of Zeus, at 
 the season of the Olympic festival.] 
 
 The story of Argus, Mosch. Id. ii. 58, Ovid, Met. i. 720, Dion. De 
 Avib. i. 28 (ppovpbs OVTOS [6 raoos-] TJV rrjs 'loCy, rjv'iKa "Hpa KO.T avrrjs 
 e^aXcTraii'ei/* 'Ep/uJJy 8' dveiXev avrof, Kal reXeur^o-ai/roy, dvf)Ktv opviv f) yfj 
 T>V 6<j)6ah p.S>i> ex VTa Ta 0-rjfj.ela T>V npoo-Oev. Hence a Scholiast in 
 Ar. Av. 102 suggests (sed hyeme gallica frigidior est haec coniectura, 
 
 Bochart) Tao>? 6 Trjpevs' Trapa TO rrjpflv TTJV 'lot. 
 
 On Peacocks in Athens, in the time of the Persian Wars, Antiphon 
 ap. Athen. ix. 397 C TOVTOVS rpefaiv Afj/jiov TOV IlvpiXdfJurovs KOI TroXXovy 
 TrapaylvfcrQai Kara iroOov rrjs TO>V opvidcov deas ecc re AaKedai^ovos Kal 
 QcTToXias Kai <nrov8f]V Troiflcrdat, T&V (pav lAeraXajBelv . . . dXXa ras fJ.ev 
 vovp.r)vias 6 j3ov\6fjLvos etcn/et, ray 8' fxXXay f)fj.pas f'i TIS e\doi (3ov\<jfi.fvos 
 Qedcravdai, OVK ea-riv ocrns eru^f. Kai ravra OVK e^des ovde Trpwrjv, aXX' err) 
 ir\fov TI rpiaKovrd eanv i cf. Ael. v. 21. Its rarity at the time is 
 suggested in Ar. Av. 102, 270: but already a nickname in Ar. Ach. 
 63 ; cf. Strattis, Ma/ce$. 7, ap. Athen. 654 F TroXXoii/ <Xva'po>j> Kal raG>v 
 dvrd^ia. 
 
 Its former rarity and subsequent abundance, Antiph. ap. Athen. ix. 
 397 a T&V ra5)V [j.v ws a7ra| TIS fvyos rjyaytv povov | (nrdviov ov TO XPW* 1 
 irXeiovs 8' fio~l vvv T>V oprvywv (at Rome), cf. Eubul. 3. 259 ; for other 
 citations, see Athen. xiv. 654 -655 a; eriftcoyTo 8e TOV appeva. Kal TOV 
 6rj\w dpaxn&v pvpiav, Antiph. ap. Ael. v. 21 ; cf. also Plut. i. 160 d, 
 Plin. x. (20) 22, Varro, R. R. iii. 6, Macrob. Sat. iii. 13, &c. 
 
 On the probably independent introduction of Peacocks into Rome, 
 cf. Hehn, op. c. 
 
 The Peacock is an Indian bird, Aelian passim, Lucian, Navig., &c. ; 
 and was bred for the 'Indian' King, Ael. xiii. 18 eV rots 
 
1 66 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 TAfll (continued}. 
 
 TptyovTai raa>? fjp.epoi. It was likewise kept in Babylon, Diod. Sic. ii ; 
 and the passage in Ar. Ach. 63 may imply that the Persian ambassador 
 was bringing a present of peacocks to the City. How Alexander 
 protected the Indian Peacocks on account of their beauty, under pain 
 of a heavy penalty, Ael. v. 21. An Indian Peacock presented to the 
 Egyptian King, Ael. xi. 33. The Indian Peacocks larger than elsewhere, 
 ibid. xvi. 2. The Peacock throne at Babylon (as to this day, according 
 to report, at Teheran), Philostr. 386 k. 
 
 The Peacock, like the Cock, was also called the Persian Bird. 
 A Schol. on Ar. Av. 707 has ra TroXureXi) navra, of? povos fiao-iXevs e^p^ro, 
 e/caXetro Hepo~iKa' Kal vvv OVK tSi'cos TIS opvis Hepo~iKos. Tives de TOV 
 aXcKTpvova, ol de TOV raa>. Cf. Suidas, M.rjdiKos opvis, 6 raws. Tacos 
 v7rr)\Tj, 6 MrjftiKos Kal xpuaoTTTepos 1 Ka ' d\aoviKos opvis : cf. Philostr. 
 loc. cit. Vide s. v. MYJ&IKOS opyis. 
 
 The Peacock as food, Ael. iii. 42 ; first so used by Hortensius, ibid, 
 v. 21, Plin. x. (20) 23; cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 2. 28, Juv. Sat. ii. 143, vii. 32, 
 Varro, De R. R. iii. 6, Columella, viii. n, and innumerable other Lat. 
 references. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. vi. 9, 564 6 de racb? r] p.ev nepl irevre <a\ 
 e'lKocriv er/7 (cf. Plin. x. (20) 22), yevva de Tpierrjs /idXio-ra, ev ols Kal rfjv 
 iroiKiXiav rS)v Trrepav aTroXafj-ftdvei' e/cXe7rei 6' ev rpidKovd rj^ 
 
 1T\(ioO~lV. OTTOt^ TOV TOVS JJLOVOV TtKTet, TiKTl 8' Cpa 8a)8tKa T] 
 
 riKrei Se SiaXeiTrcoi/ dvo T) rpeT? rj^ifpas KOI OVK e(p^rjs (cf. Ael. V. 32, Plin. x. 
 (59) 79, Colum. viii. II, Pallad. i. 28, &c.). at de TrpoaroroVoi /udXtara 
 TTfpt oKTcb tad. TiKTOVQ-i 8' oi Taw Kat VTrr)vep,ia. o^euoi/rcu 8e TTfpl TO cap' 
 de KOI 6 TOKOS fvdetis /nera TrjV o^eiav. TTTfpoppvfi 8e a/na Tols 
 TU>V oevdpwv Kal ap^fTat avdis dnoXafJifBdveiv Tr]V 7TTfpcoo~iv ap-a TTJ 
 TOVT&V j3Xa(rr^<ret. aXe/cropi'Si d' v7TOTideao~iv avT&v TO, wa entpd^fiv ol 
 Tpf(povres dia TO TOV appeva TTJS OrjXeias TOVTO 8pa>o~r]S fTrnrfTOfievov o~WTpi- 
 
 fteiv: cf. Arist. fr. 274. 1527^ ap. Athen. ix. 397 b. 
 
 Its plumage and its ' pride,' Mosch. Id. ii. 59 opvis dya\\6p.vos 
 TTTepvyaiv noXvavde'i XP ol fi ( c ^ Ael. 1. C. COIKCV dvdr)p(p Xei/icoft) | rapcra S' 
 avcnr\a>o~aS) axrei Te TIS ajKuaXos vrjvs, \ ^piMrctov raXapoio Trepi'ovcfTre ^et'Xta 
 rdpcroi?. Ael. V. 21 6 rau>? oidev opvidav wpaioraros &v, Kal evdd ol TO 
 Ka\\os KadrjTai KOI TOVTO ote, feat eV aurw Kop,a, Kal o~ojBepos eo~Ti } Kal 
 flappel Tols TTTfpols, o)O~Trepovv avTco Kal Koo-p-ov TTapaTidrjai, Kal Trpos TOVS 
 ft-a>6ev <po(Bov aTToareXXei, K.T.X. Ach. Tat. i 6 de roC rao> \eip.a>v evavQc- 
 o-Tepos' TT(pvTVTai yap avr<0 Kal xpva-os ev Tols mfpols, KVK\W 8e TO aXovpyes 
 TOV xpvvbv TrepiOefi TOV 'Lvov KVK\OV. Arist. H. A. i. I, 488 b opvis (pdovepbs 
 Kal (pi\oKa\os. Lucian. Dom. II (3. 196) eViorpe^ei yovv eavTOV, Kal 
 nepidyei Kal e^no/jLTrfvei TO) KtiXXet. Dion. De Avib. i. 28 TO <cdXXos 5e 6 
 Taa>s TO oiKelov Tedavfj.aKf, Kal el KO\OV TIS OVTOV ovoudo-fiev, evOvs TO>V 
 O. avdr) p.ep.iyfj.fva ^puaw, &o~7rep TIVCI Xet/xcova, deiKwaiv dvao-TT]o-as, 
 
TAfll TETAPOZ 167 
 
 TAiiZ 
 
 Trepidyav etp KVK\OV avra SiaTfTaypfvois 6'/u,/ia<rij>* ra 817 Kara rrjs ovpas 
 \d/j,7Tovo-i,v &o-rrp aVrepes 1 avrcp, K.r.X. Chrysipp. ap. Plut. ii. 1044 C 6 raws 
 evK.a TI)S &pas yeyove, dia TO KaXXo? avrrjS. Cf. Opp. Cyneg. iii. 344 otrcroi/ 
 cv rjfpioiori raws- KaXbs ouoi/oi<ri. Plin. x. (20) 22 Gemmantes laudatus 
 expandit colores adverse maxime sole, quia sic fulgentius radiant : . . . 
 omnesque in acervum contrahit pennarum, quos spectari gaudet oculos. 
 Colum. R. R. ix. 1 1 Semetipsum, veluti mirantem, caudae gemmantibus 
 pennis protegit, idque cum facit, rotare dicitur. Ovid, Art. Amor. i. 627 
 Laudatas ostendit aves lunonia pennas ; Si tacitus spectes, ilia recondit 
 opes : cf. id. De Medic. Fac. 33, Met. xiii. 802. Cf. also Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 
 24, Lucret. ii. 806, Stat. Silv. ii. 3, 26, Mart. xiii. 70, Propert. ii. 24, ii ; 
 Phaedr. iii. 57, &c., &c. It is, however, much ashamed of its ugly feet : 
 Phile, 208 (ruoTe'XXerai de KCU Karaa-rra TOV rvfpov \ opwv dvaeiBels e'/c pvTidwv 
 TOVS Ttodas. 
 
 Its harsh cry, Anaxilaus ap. Ath. xiv. 655 a olptofav raws : Eup. 2. 
 437 (4) p-faoTf 6pf\ls(o napa Hep&ffpovr) roiovde raS>j/, os TOVS evSovTas eyeipei. 
 
 Various legends. 
 
 Uses as a charm \ivov pifav, which it carries under its wing, Ael. xi. 18. 
 
 How the peacock swallows its excrement, lest we should use it in 
 medicine, Plin. xxix. 38. 
 
 A peacock enamoured of a maid, Clearch. ap. Athen. xiii. 6o5 c. 
 
 Fable. The Crane and the Peacock, Babr. Ixv, cxlii (ed. Rutherford) 
 " (TV &' o)s a\KT<op rnlcrfie rals Karaxpvo-ois \ ^a/zai Trrepva-crr]" (pr^a-iv, " ot8' 
 ava> (paivr)" Cf. Suid., S. V. yepavos. 
 
 TEAE'AZ. A bird-name (?). Ar. Av. 168 and Schol. 
 
 TE'TAPOI. A Pheasant. A Median word, whence Pers. tedyrw, 
 
 adopted into Old Scl. tetravi, tetria, &c. ; also Lith. teterva, 
 
 teterwas, teltera, whence Finn. tetri\ adopted further into Sw. 
 
 tjader, Dan. fuir t and possibly incorporated (Hehn) into Eng. 
 
 turkey. Cf. Hind, tittiri, a Partridge or Francolin; Lat. tetrao, 
 
 Gk. Te'rpaf, Terpdwi/. Cf. Pott, Etym. Forsch. i. p. Ixxx. 
 
 Ptolem. Euerg. ap. Athen. xiv. 654 C ra re TMV (pao-iav&v ovs rerapovs 
 
 (al. TfTpa&vas) 6vo[j.dovcriv. \ovs] ov p.6vov fK Mrjftfias juereTre/zrrfro, dXXa 
 
 KOI vofMadas opviQas V7roj3d\a>v CTroirjo-f n^fjdos, wore Kal <jiTtl(r6ai. TO 6e 
 
 /3pw/za 7ro\vTf\fs dTrocfxiivovviv : cf. ibid. ix. 387 e. 
 
 Also rarupas, Epaenetus, Artemid. and Pamph. ap. Athen. ix. 387 d 
 6 (pao-iavbs opvis TaTvpas KaXelrai : cf. Hesych., who gives also rtrupas, 
 Ttrupos, cf. Theophr. Char. vi. 2. Hesych. has further -rerapy?;' (pao-ya- 
 v>v fldoi, where word and gloss are alike corrupt ; cj. rerapot* <pao~iav>v 
 eloos. Taurao-os and reyyupos, Hesych., are probably also akin. See 
 also s. vv. Te'rpa, 
 
1 68 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 TETPA'AHN* opveov ri, 'AX*ato?, Hesych. Cf. ibid. TerpdSucru'* dr,o6va. 
 See Schmidt in /oc., and Bergk, P. Lyr. Gr. iii. p. 192, fr. 154 
 (116). 
 
 TETPAfON' opviddptov TI, Adicavcs, Hesych. Cf. TerpaSwi/. 
 
 TE'TPAE. A doubtful word, applied to the Guinea-fov^L. 
 
 Ar. Av. 885, Eust. 1205, 27. 
 
 A discussion concerning the identity of this bird in Athen. ix. (c. 58). 
 398, C-f. Alex. Mynd. ibid. rcVpal TO p-cyedos "ia-os o-Trep^oXoyw, TO xpco/xa 
 KpafjLOi>s, pvirapais o~Tiyp.als Kai peydXais ypap.iJ.als iroiKiXos, Kapirocpdyos, 
 oTav woTOKT) de, TfTpdei Trj (pcovfj. [The disputants here seem to suppose 
 that Alexander Myndius referred to some very little bird, TWOS 
 Epicharm., ibid, rerpayas o"irepp.aTo\6yovs re Kay\aas 
 ?. . . . epwfitoi . . . rerpayes re [xott] <T7repp.aTO\6yoi. Athen. 1. C. 
 a/ia de ravra \eyovros OVTOU, clo-rj\0 ns (pepav ev T< TaXapw rov TfTpciKa. 
 rjv de TO p,ev peyedos iVep aXe^TpuoVa TOV p.yi(TTOv, TO de eiSos 7rop(f)vpia>vi 
 7rapan\r]o-ios' KOI OTTO T>V &TODV eK.a.Tepa>&fV el% Kpepdp,fva axnrfp of aXe*- 
 TpvovfS TO. KaXXnia' jSapeta 8' r)v f) (pcovrj. tiavpao-avTuv ovv f]p.5)V TO evavdes 
 TOV opvidos p.T ov TroXv Kai co~Kvao~p,vos Traprjve^df]) Kai TO. /cpea 
 rjv TraparrX^o'ia [TOI? TTJS /Lte-ydX^s] CTTpovOov^ rjv KOI avTrjv TroXXttKtS' 
 
 According to Larensius (ap. Athen. 1. c.), he had seen the bird and 
 heard the name in Mysia and Paeonia : he probably alluded to some 
 one of the Grouse family ; cf. tetraon in Plin. x. (22) 29. The bird 
 brought into the banquet was evidently a Guinea fowl, the descrip- 
 tion given of the colour, wattles, &c. being characteristic. The account 
 in Alex. Mynd. is not capable of identification : it also may possibly 
 refer to the Guinea-fowl, which is not mentioned under the name 
 p.e\eaypis by this author. Sundevall supposes that Alex. Mynd. alluded 
 to some small bird, perhaps the Whinchat, Pratincola rubetra^ L., 
 and that the same was identical with rerpi^ and oupd, J. G. Schneider 
 (Anmerk. z. d. Eel. Phys. p. 45) conjectures the Little Bustard, Otis 
 tetrax^ L., on whose cry at breeding-time, cf. Buffon, iv. p. 55. 
 
 The name occurs also in Nemesian, i. 128, Anthol. Lat. 883 (ed. 
 Riese), in a passage, however, which adds nothing definite to our 
 knowledge : Tetracem Romae quern nunc vocitare taracem Coeperunt, 
 avium est multo stultissima ; namque Cum pedicas necti sibi contem- 
 plaverit adstans, Immemor ipse sui tamen in dispendia currit . . . 
 Hie prope Pentinum radicibus Apennini Nidificat, patulis quae se 
 sol obiicit agris, Persimilis cineri dorsum, maculosaque terga Inficiunt 
 pullae cacabantis imagine notae. 
 
 TE'TPAI. A bird-name, Schol. in Ar. Av. 168. Probably = 
 
TETPAAflN TPHPflN 169 
 
 TETPA'HN, for rerapos, Ptol. Euerg. ap. Athen. xiv. 654 c : Hesych., 
 
 OpVIS TTOIOS. 
 
 In Sueton. Calig. xxii tetraones numidicae were probably Guinea- 
 fowl. In Plin. x. (22) 29 tetrao is the Black Grouse, Tetrao tetrix : 
 decet tetraonas suus nitor, absolutaque nigritia, in superciliis cocci 
 rubor. The larger variety mentioned next is the Capercaillie, T. uro- 
 gallus : altertfm eorum genus vulturum magnitudinem excedit, quorum 
 et colorem reddit ; nee ulla ales, excepto Struthiocamelo, maius corpore 
 implens pondus, &c. 
 
 TE'TPIE. An unidentified bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. vi. I, 559 a 17 5e re'rpi ^v KO.\OVO-IV 'Atfqmtoi ovpaya, oi>V 
 TT\ rrjs yrjs veoTTfvei OVT eVl rols SevSpeaiv, aXX' enl rols ^a/zai^Xoi? 
 (pvrols. A few lines before it is mentioned with the lark as nesting 
 on the ground. 
 
 ' Only these two conflicting references occur. Belon took reVpi for 
 the Black Grouse, Camus and Buffon for the Capercaillie, neither of 
 which occur in Attica. Sundevall identifies it with the Whinchat, 
 vide s. v. TTpa. 
 
 TITI'I. A small bird, Phot. (Cf. rmo>.) 
 
 TO'PrOI. A Vulture. 
 
 Hesych. ropyos' ei'So? yviros ctfyuaroppdcpov. eon Se Kal 6 yv\ls Trapa 
 SiKeXicoTat?. Cf. ibid. Topyiov' opos lv SifceXia, OTTOV VOTTvov<riv oi yvnes. 
 afi ov KOI avrol ropyoi. 
 
 Callim. fr. 204. Frequent in Lycophron. Cass. 1080 ropyouriv eucop^a 
 (pOLviois defects : ib. 86 Xeucrcrco deovra ypvvbv eTrrepco^evot/ | rp^pcovos els 
 apTray/za, HecpvaLas KVVOS \ r\v ropyos vypo(poiTos e/<Xo^euerai | Ke\v<pdvov 
 orpo'/SiXoi/ ci)(TTpaK(ii)p,vr)v' ubi Schol. ropyos de Kvpias 6 yvty, vvv 8e rov 
 KVKVOV \eyfi) ov p,ip.rj(rap.evos 6 Zevs o~vvep.iyr] rfj A.rjSfl '. ibid. 357 Trjp.os 
 jSiaicos (paoxra rrpbs ropyov \e%os \ yajj.'^aia'iv apTrais olvas e\Kvo'6rjO'op,ai ) 
 where the Scholiast is in doubt whether to translate olvas by a/iTreXoy, or 
 (as is of course correct) by Trepto-repa. 
 
 The word ropyos comes to us through Alexandrine writers (late- 
 brasque Lycophronis atri !). I take it (in spite of Hesychius) to be an 
 Egyptian word, and to be connected with the root of opxtXos (q. v.) and 
 rpoxiXos ; see also s. v. rpi6pxr)S. The name To'pytov, cited by Hesychius, 
 is at least more likely to be derived from ropyos, than the latter from it. 
 
 TOY~TII- 6 Koo-o-v<pos, Hesych. A very doubtful word. 
 TPH'PflN. A Pigeon or Dove. 
 
 On the possibility of Tprjpwy being a true pigeon-name, and 
 
 not merely an epithet derived from rpe'w, vide supra, s. v. 
 
 ire'Xeia. 
 
17 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 TPHPflN (continued}. 
 
 Moero, ap. Athen. xi. 491 B of the doves that fed the Infant Jupiter 
 in the Cretan cave, rbv pen apa rp^pcoi/ey VTTO #e<u rpt<pov aWpo> | 
 dp.^po(rir]v (popfowai cm* a>Keavolo podcov. 
 
 Lyc. 87 (vide S. v. ropyos) ; ibid. 423 or' els voBov rpfjpwvos rjvvdadrj 
 Opp. Cyn. i. 73 Tprjpwas e\ov dovaKrjes I ibid. i. 352 eirre yap es 
 a 6oal Tprjpwvf? i'oo<rt | fjn.yvvp.evai oTO/mreoxri j3apv(p()6yyois dXo^oKTi : 
 ibid. i. 385 etapi Ka\ Tpfjp&ves enidvova-L TreXei'my. 
 
 Hence TroXvrp^pcoi/, an epithet of Laconian Messe, and Boeotian 
 Thisbe, II. ii. 502, 582 ; cf. Stat. Theb. vii. 261 Dionaeis avibus circum- 
 sona Thisbe. There is a curious apparent coincidence between the 
 association with doves of the town Thisbe, and the connexion of 
 Thisbe in the story of Pyramus and Thisbe (Ovid, Met. iv) with 
 Babylon, urbs Semiramidis : on the dove-myth of Semiramis, vide s. v. 
 Trepiorepd. ^ 
 
 TPl'KKOr opviQdpiov o Ka\ ftao-iXevs VTTO 'HXeiW, Hesych. Cf. SpiKKtti, 
 
 SpiK^ai, &c. ; also possibly, rpixas. 
 
 TPIO'PXHZ. MSS. have also rpiopxis ; rpiopxts in Ar. Av. 1206, 
 Simon. Iambi. 8. irupiopxts in Cram. An. Gr. Oxon. ii. 457. See 
 also s. v. J3e\\ouVT]s. 
 
 A Buzzard (?), Buteo vulgaris, auctt. Mod. Gk. 
 
 Ar. Av. 1181, 1206; also in Ar. Vesp. 1532, where the Buzzards are 
 called the children of Poseidon. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b eort 8e 6 rptopxrjs TO fieyfdos O(TOV LKTLVOS. 
 Kal (paivcrai OVTOS dia Travros. Ib. ix. 36, 620 Kpariaros rS)V IcpaKcov. 
 Ibid. I, 609 rpiopxrjs Kal (ppvvos Kal o<pis TroXe'ftiot* KaTeaQiei yap 6 
 rpiopxis avrovs. Ael. xii. 4 ; sacred to Artemis. Mentioned also, Lyc. 
 147 ; Plin. x. (8) 9 Triorchem a numero testium. Buteonem hunc 
 appellant Romani. 
 
 Tradition interprets rpiopxrjs as the Buzzard, with which the descrip- 
 tion given agrees save for the important epithet Kparioros. Some writers, 
 e.g.Thuanus, De Re Accip., 1612, pp. 22,100, repudiate the identification. 
 
 The mediaeval anatomists, Aldrovandi, Gesner, &c., sought and 
 found (!) the abnormality from which the bird apparently derives its 
 name : but the derivation is probably quite false, and the word 
 corrupted by Volksetymologie. Is it possible that its origin lies hid 
 under the name ropyos, (q. v.) ? 
 
 According to Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xiv, Munychus was meta- 
 morphosed into the bird rpiopxis, and his son Alcander into op^iXos-, 
 other two sons becoming Ixvevpav and KiW, both of which are here 
 spoken of as birds. There is, to my mind, an Egyptian look about 
 the whole story. 
 
TPH PflN TPOXIAOZ 1 7 1 
 
 TPIXA'I. The Song-Thrush, Turdus musicus, L. Mod. Gk. T^'yXa. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 2O, 617 KIX^W fidos' ov (frOeyyeraC TO Se peyeOos ovov 
 KOTTV(POS. Vide s. v. K/xXq. 
 
 This word (anag \ty6p.evov) was translated by Gaza pilaris (quasi a 
 0pi'), whence our modern name Turdus pilaris, L., the Fieldfare. 
 The word survives in Mod. Gk. as ro-i'^Xa, rryXa, T^^Xa, and is pos- 
 sibly the same as TPIKKOS, q. v. ; it is a parallel form to KixXt], and is 
 the same as our thrush. [Cf. Lith. s-trasd-as (Nessl. p. 506), Russ. 
 drosd?) I eel. trast, L. turdus, &c.] 
 
 TPOXl'AOI, s. rpoxiXos, a. (Most MSS. have rpoxfXoy ; for other forms, 
 v. Lob. Par. 115.) Derived, in my opinion, from the root of 
 opxiXos (q.v.), and not connected with rpe;(a>. 
 
 The Wren, Troglodytes europaeus, L. Mod. Gk. KoXu/^/Spi, Tpwo- 
 
 Kapvda (Erhard, Bikelas). 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. II, 615 \6xpas Kal Tpa>y\a$ OIKC'I' dvvaXaros de Kai 
 8pa7TTT]S Kai. TO rjBos aadevf)?, cvfitoTos 5c KOI TCX VIKOS ' KaXerrcu fie Kai 
 irpeo-ftvs Kai j3a<Ti\vs (cf. Plin. viii. 37)) Sto KOL TOV afTov avrw <acrt 
 TroXe/xeti/: cf. ibid. ix. I, 609 b. Mentioned as an oracular bird, Plut. 
 ii. 405 c "XX' rjp.f'is epcoSiots ol6fj.eda <al rpo^iXoi? KOI Kopa^i ^prjcrdai (pdey- 
 ynfj.evois 0-77 fjuiivovra TOV 6f6v. On superstitions connected with the Wren, 
 * The king of all birds,' &c., Dyer, Brit. Pop. Customs, 1876, p. 497 ; 
 id. Engl. Folk-lore, 1880, p. 67 ; Croker, Researches in S. Ireland, 
 1824, p. 233 ; N. and Q. (6), xi. p. 297, 1885, &c., c. 
 
 TPOXI'AOI, p. 
 
 The Egyptian Plover or Ziczac, Pluvianus aegyptius = Hyas 
 aegyptiacus = Charadrius melanocephalus . Also called K\aSap6- 
 pvyxos. This identification, due in the first instance to Geoffroy 
 St. Hilaire, is generally accepted : a recent writer, however, 
 states that the true ' Crocodile-bird ' is a somewhat larger species, 
 the spur- winged Plover, Hoplopterus spinosus (Ibis, 1893, p. 277). 
 
 Herod, ii. 68 6 rpo^iXos fodtjpw es TO orofia [TOV KpoxoSeiXou] KaraTnWi 
 ras jSSe'XXa?* 6 de axfieXevfjLcvos rjdfTat, Kai ovdev criVerai TOV rpo^t'Xoi/. 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 6, 6l2 T&V KpoKodeiXow x ao ~ KOVTCOV 0<L fpo^fXoi Kadaipovcrtv 
 
 flffTTCTO/JLeVOl TOVS OOOVTttS Kill ttVTol /JiV Tp6(j)r)V \afJL^O.VOVO~lV ) K. T. X. Cf. 
 
 Arist. Mirab. 7, 831 a; Ammian, xxii. 15, 19; Antig. Car. c. 33; Ael. 
 iii. II, viii. 25, xii. 15 ; Plut. De Sol. Anim. ii. 980 d; Phile, De An. 
 Pr. 97 (82). Mentioned among TOVS opvidas TOVS Trapevdcao-Tas ccaXou- 
 fj.evovs, Athen. x. 332 e. In Dion. De Avib. ii. 3, the name is apparently 
 applied to various sandpipers. Mentioned also Ar. Av. 79 (eon de <al 
 opveov rpo^i'Xos 1 , Kai Xe'yercu elvai Spt/xu, Schol., Suid.), Ach. 876, Pax, 
 1004, &c. 
 
172 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 TPOXIAOI (continued}. 
 
 Pliny confuses it with the foregoing : Parva avis quae trochilos ibi 
 vocatur, rex avium in Italia, H. N. viii. (25) 37. 
 
 Cf. G. St. Hilaire, Descr. de l'gypte, (2) xxiv. p. 440, Mem. du Mus. 
 xv. p. 466 ; Curzon, Monast. of the Levant, c. xii ; Brehm, Thierleben, 
 Vogel, iii. p. 216 (2nd edit.) ; Newton, Diet, of Birds, pp. 442, 733, c. 
 
 TPYTfAI. In some MSS. and editions (Aid. Schn. &c.) for nvyapyos, 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b. 
 
 TPYra'N. Cf. Heb. lin, L. tur-tur. On the derivation from rpv&iv, 
 cf. Eust. Horn. II. (xi. 311), p. 751, Od. pp. 229, 1951 ; Schol. ad 
 Theocr. Id. vii. 140, &c. ; cf. Isid. Orig. 12, 17 turtur de voce 
 vocatur. I am inclined to think that rpvyav cannot be directly 
 derived from rpv&iv, but that the verb was applied to the dove's 
 note from mere coincidence of sound : and further that the root 
 of rpuywi/ is probably foreign, like that of ol^dis. See also s. v. 
 
 A Turtle-dove, Columba turtur, L. Mod. Gk. rpiywvi (Heldr.), rptyovt 
 
 (Von der M.), rpvyvviov (Erh.), SeKOKrovpa, Bikelas (from the cry). 
 
 Mentioned Ar. Av. 302, 979, &c. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544 b TO>V 7Tprrfpoa8ooi> eXa^i'trr?} : 
 cf. Athen. ix. 394 A. Compared in size with xeXed?, H. A. viii. 3, 593, 
 and with xXcopeus, ib. ix. 22, 617. Arist. fr. 271, 1527, ap. Athen. I.e., 
 TO xp&j/ia Tf<ppdv, cf. Eust. Horn. Od. p. 1712. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 
 KapTTo^a-yet KOI rroijcpayfl' </>ntVerai TOV Bepovs, xew&vos dfaivifaai' (pcoXet 
 yap. Cf. ibid. 12, 597 k dyeXd^ovrai S* tu re (pdrrai Kal at rpuyovef, orav 
 Tf TrapayivcovTcii Kal ndXiv orav &pa 77 rrpbs rrjv dvaKOfjLiftrjv. See also 
 ibid. l6, 599 <p<o\fl yap . . . Kal Tpvya>v' Kal fj y rpvya>v 6p,oXoyov- 
 fjifvos /uaXttrra irdvT&v. ovdels yap as eiTreiv Xeyerat rpvyova I8e~iv ovScifj.ov 
 XfifjL&vos. apteral Se TTJS (poikeias a~(p68pa rrieipa ovaa, Kal TTTfpoppvel p,ev 
 ev rfj (^coXet'a, vra^eia (JLCVTOI SiarcXet ov<ra. 
 
 Cf. Plin. x. (24) 35 verius turtur occultatur, pennasque amittit. On 
 its migration, see also Varro, De R. R. iii. 5, 7, c. Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 
 613 OVK dvaKviTTOvo-t irivovvai, eav pr) IKUVOV iriaxriv (cf. Alex. Mynd. ap. 
 Athen. ix. 394 E, Plin. x. (34) 52) ; o>o-t Kal OKT<*> err] (Plin. 1. c.), at 
 TfTV(p\(i)iJLvai virb To>v TTaXevrpias rpefpovTW avrds : on their capture by 
 decoys, see also Dion. De Avib. iii. 4, 16. 
 
 The voice of the Turtle. Theocr. Id. xv. 88 & dvcrravoi, dvdvvTa /tam'X- 
 Xovo-ai | Tpvyovfs : cf. Virg. Eel. i. 59. On the verb rpvfav, vide supra ; 
 cf. also Pollux, V. 14 eiTTOis S' av rpvyovas Tpvfiv, Trepio-Tepas yoyyvfciv : 
 Suid. dcrfjp-dis (pdeyyerai Kal yoyyvcrTiKws : rpvyofciv, A. B. 1452. Hence, 
 of a talker, rpvyovos \a\icrrcpos, Menand. TlXoK. 13, ap. Ael. xii. 10, in 
 which passage a ' double entendre ' is expatiated on by Aelian, Suidas, 
 
TPOXIAOZ TPYrQN 173 
 
 TPYfflN (continued]. 
 
 &c. ; see also Demetr. Sic., ap. Ael. 1. c., Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 633 b, 
 &c. ; cf. also rpuXieii>, of a quail, Poll. 5. 89. 
 
 Reproduction, Nesting, &c. Arist. H. A. vi. I, 558 b SiroKet (i. e. lays 
 two eggs). Ibid. 4, 562 b TIKTOVO-I rpvy&v KCU (pdrra ev rw eapi, ou TrXeo- 
 vi'iKis f) 8is. TiKret Se ra Seurepa, OTUP TO. Trporcpov yevvrjdevra dia(p6apf)' 
 TroXXai yap 8ia<p6eipov(Tiv avra rcov opvidoav. TLKTCI p.ev ovv, oocrTrep e'iprfTai 
 Kal rpi'a Trore' dXX' e^dyerat ovderrore dvotv TT\LCO veorrolv, eviorc ' Ij/ p,6vov' 
 TO 6' vTroXetTrdfieyoi/ TOW (BO)!/ del ovpiov (TTIV (cf. Plin. X. 58 (79)), Tas 6e 
 (pdrras KOI ras rpvyovas evioi (pacnv o^evecr^ai xal yevvav Kal Tpi/jLrjva ovra, 
 arjfjielov iroiov^fvoi rrjv TroXvn\fjdfiav avrav. eyKva 6e yiVerai delta KOI rerra- 
 pas rjfjiepaS) Kal eVwa^Vi aXXa? rcxravTas' ev erepais de SeKa Kal rerrapcrt 
 TTTepovvrai OVTWS ware p,rj paStcoff KaraXafjipdveaQai. Ib. ix. 7, 613 e^et 
 Se roy appeva 17 rpvyvv rbv avrbv Kal (parra, Kal aXKov ov TrpoaievTai. 
 (Concerning its chastity, see also Ael. iii. 44, x. 33, Dion. De Avib., 
 Phile, De An. Pr. xxii, &C.) *ai eTradfrvcriv dpcpoTepoi, Kal 6 appqv /cat 
 TJ 6r)\eia. diayvwvai 5' ou pqdiov rrjv 6rj\iav Kal rbv appeva, aXX' rj rots eVro?. 
 VOTTVOV(TL 8e Kal at (pdjSeff Kal at rpvyoves ev rols avrols TOTTOLS dei. 
 The Cuckoo builds in its nest, Arist. De Mirab. 3, 830 b. 
 On White Turtle-doves, which are sacred not only to Aphrodite and 
 to Demeter, but also to the Fates and the Furies, Ael. x. 33. 
 
 How Turtle-doves were brought as tribute to the Indian king, 
 Ael. xiii. 25. How the Turtle-dove is slain by xXwpei!?, Arist. H. A. ix. 
 I, 609, Phile, De An. Pr. 690 ; is hostile to TrvpaXXis, Arist. 1. c., and to 
 TTupprt, Ael. iv. 5, Phile, 1. c. 685 ; to Kopag and to KipKos, Ael. vi. 45 ; is 
 friendly to Korrvcpos, Arist. H. A.ix. 1,610 (cf.Plin. x. (76) 96 ; to Trfpicrrepd, 
 Ael. v. 48, and to the Parrot, Plin. x. (76) 96, cf. Ovid, Heroid. xv. 38 
 et niger a viridi turtur amatur ave ; id. Amor. ii. 6, 1 2 tu tamen ante 
 alias, turtur amice, dole. Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, c. 
 These last references probably allude to the practice of keeping Turtle- 
 doves together with Parrots in aviaries. On Turtle-doves in captivity, 
 see Varro, iii. 8, Columella viii. 9, Geopon. xiv. 24, &c. Mentioned as 
 a delicacy, Juven. vi. 39, Martial, xiii. 53, &c. Is killed by pomegranate 
 seed, Ael. vi. 46, Phile, 1. c. 657, and uses the fruit of the Iris as a charm, 
 Ael. i. 35, Phile, 1. c. 727. Possibly identical with the trigon or trygon 
 that is said to issue tail first from the egg, Hylas ap. Plin. x. (16) 18. 
 
 They are captured by the aid of decoys, at their drinking-places, 
 Dion. De Avib. iii. 12 ; or with bird-lime, ibid. 2. An incredible story 
 of their being beguiled by dancing and music (sometimes referred 
 to Tpvyav = pastinacd) Ael. i. 39, Phile, De An. Pr. 22 (21), 464. 
 
 Proverbs. rpvyuvos \a\iarfpos, vide supra, rpvyova s. Kara, rpvyova 
 \jrd\\fiv '. Suid. S. V. rpvyovos' Kal napoifj-ia Tpvyova v/mXXeiy eVt TCOV (pav\a>s 
 l ibid. S. V. Trovrjpd' Trovrjpa Kara Tpvyova tyd\\fis' eirl ra>v 
 Kal firnrovus o>z/ro>j/, Kal yap fj rpvyvv eirfiddv Trciva Tore 
 ct. Cf. also Hesych. 
 
174 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 j 
 TPnrM'THI. A small bird, probably identical with TpwyXo8uTT]s. 
 
 Phile De An. Pr. 691 aerov fie TOV \iiyo.v | alyviribs fie'fioiKe* TOV fie, 
 TpcoyXiTTjs. Hdn. Epim. 136, 181 ; Eust. 228, 35. 
 
 TPiirAOAY'THI. The Wren, Troglodytes europaeus, L. 
 
 Philagr. Med. ap. Act. xi. n (cit. Schn. in Arist. vol. iv. p. 85) o-rpou- 
 6iov eo~T\ crfJLiKpoTaTov o~x f ^v airavTO)v TWV opveav TrX^i/ TOV jBcKTikiaKov 
 Ka\ovfj,fvov' napfoiKe fie TOO /3a(rtX ICTK&) Kara TroXXa, (ivev T>V Xpvo~i6vT(i>v 
 cv /uercoTro) Trrepav' vp.yedeo~Tepov 8' eVrl /UKpa) 6 rpajyXofiirny? TOV /SaaiXiV- 
 KOV KOI /LieXa^rcpos 1 , KOI rrjv ovpav eyrjyepnevrjv fX fi " et 'j Xev/c<B Kareo'TLynevriv 
 omcrQev ^p<t)juar6. AaXiartpo? 8' e&rlv OVTOS TOV ^ao~L\io~Kov ) KOI riff ore 
 ^apcorepo? eV a^pa 7repiypa<pfj r^? Trrepuyof. /Spa^e/a? Se ras TTTfpvo-eis 
 Troietrat, Kat dvva/J.iv e^ei (pvaiKrjV aiav Bav^aa^ov. a<pdovov olfjiai TO yevos 
 avT&v TTdVTaxov KCLTa TOV ^ei/noova (paivopevov. 
 
 TY'rrrA* opviQdpiw rt, Hesych. 
 
 r' tuyya cj. Bourdelot, ad Heliod. p. 57, sed sine causa fortasse 
 (M. Schmidt, ad Hesych.). 
 
 TY'AAI, for tXXas, q. v. A kind of Thrush, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 
 ii. 65 a. 
 
 TY'flANOI. An unknown bird. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 oVoKretWi 17 Kop<avr) TOV KaXov/jievov Tvnavov. The 
 fact that the Crow is also said to be hostile to op^iXoy and to TrpeV/Sus-, 
 gives some ground for supposing that TVTTO.VOS is here a misreading for 
 Tvpavvos. 
 
 TY'PANNOI. The Gold-crested Wren, Regulus cristatus and igni- 
 capillus. (Both species occur in Greece, Von der Miihle, p. 68, 
 Lindermayer, p. 96.) Cf. Gk. /3acnAiW>?, Lat. regulus, Fr. 
 roitelet, Germ. Zaunkonig, &c. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3> 59^ b TO [JLeyedos /xtxrpcS /uei'icov aKpidos, eari de (poivt- 
 KOVV \6<pov tx&V) K.a.1 aXXcoy ei/'^api ro opvi6iov Kai evpvdpov. 
 
 TYTii'* 17 y\avg, Hesych. 
 
 Cf. Plaut. Menaechm. iv. 2, 90 Vim afferri noctuam, quae tutu 
 
 usque dicat tibi? Cf. O. Keller, Lat. Etym., 1893, p. in. 
 'YBPI'Z, s. uppis. Probably the Eagle-Owl, Strix bubo', cf. /3piW (for 
 pu'as), of which word vfyts is perhaps a corrupt form. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b 17 5' vfipis, (paal 6e Tives elvat TOV avrov TOVTOV 
 opvida r< TTTvyyi, OVTOS fjfiepas p.v ov (paiVerai dia TO p,rj {3\fTTfiv o^v, TOS 
 de VVKTO.S dijpfvei, &aTTp ol dfTol [cj. Sundevall, ot wroi], Kai /ia^ovrai 8e 
 irpos TOV dfTOV OVT(O o~(p68pa &O~T ci/jifpa) \afjLJSdvfo~dai iro\\a.Kts S>vTas t'Tro 
 r>v vo/jLeav. TLKTCI p.ev ovv dvo wa, veoTTevei de Kai OVTOS ev TicTpais KOI 
 anijXaiois. Hesych. vftpis' opvfov 
 
TPnrAITHI 4>ABOTYnOZ 1 75 
 
 'YnAl'ETOI (male -yuTrmero?); also uvj/iaieros, (Boios ap. Anton. Lib.). 
 An obscure name for an Eagle or Vulture. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 6l8b TrepKvoTrrepos* opcnrcXopyo* KaXetrai Ka\ 
 vTraieros. Boios ap. Anton. Lib. C. 2O KOI eyevero KXetvis //,eV v\^iaifTos' 
 OVTOS ecrri devrepos opvidav p.ra TOV aierdr, 8iayv)vai S' ov ^aXeTToV 6 p.ev 
 yap eVri vf(3po(f)6vo$ epf/ii>df, p.eyas re Kal a\Kip,os, 6 6* aero? /neXuvrepos Kai 
 
 eKfivov. On this perplexing passage, see Schneider in Arist. I.e. 
 
 'YnOAEAIft'I. A Libyan bird-name, Ar. Av. 65. 
 
 The word is commonly taken as a Comic derivative of 
 (cf. Soph. Aj. 169). The five bird-names beginning with the syllable 
 VTT- are all obscure, and what little is said about them is replete with 
 signs of foreign influence. I am pretty certain that in none of these 
 cases does VTTO- mean sub, and for my own part I suspect it to be 
 a corruption of a foreign, and probably Egyptian, word or prefix. 
 
 c Yno0YMl'X. An unknown bird. Ar. Av. 302. 
 
 . (MSS. have also un-oX&ns, uiroXXis, uiroXiV uiroXri'ts, Hesych.) 
 An indeterminate small bird. Perhaps the Wheatear, Saxicola sp. 
 The Cuckoo lays her eggs in its nest, which is on the ground, Arist. 
 H. A. viii. 7, 564, ix. 29, 618, Antig. H. Mir. 100 (109), Theophr. De 
 Caus. PI. ii. 17, 9. Also in some editions for eViXatV, H. A. vi. 3, 592 b. 
 Sundevall suggests the Wheatear, which makes its nest under a stone, 
 from a supposed connection with Xaa? ; and the conjecture is supported 
 to some extent by the circumstance that the Cuckoo is known some- 
 times to use the Wheatear's nest in Greece (Kriiper, p. 184); but the 
 derivation is very doubtful. The Orphean Warbler is the bird in whose 
 nest the Cuckoo in Greece usually lays its egg, and further the state- 
 ments in Aristotle as to the birds in whose nest the Cuckoo lays are 
 very untrustworthy. 
 
 'YnOTPIO'PXHZ. A kind of Hawk. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 ot 8e TrXarurepot [Schn. and others read 
 
 7T\aTVTTTfpoi] IfpaKCS VTTOTplOpXdl KaXoiVTCll. 
 
 There is nothing by which to identify the name, which indeed seems 
 to be to some extent generic. The name subbuteo is traditionally 
 applied to the Hobby, which if TrXariWfpos means broad-winged, is, as 
 Sundevall remarks, excluded by the epithet. 
 
 <t>ABOTY'nOI, s. {frnpoKToyos, Hesych. A kind of Hawk. Cf. <j>ao-ao- 
 <j>6^os, q. v. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3? 59^ b o re (paftorvTros KOI 6 (micas' 
 8* OVTOI TO p.yeOos no\v d\\f)\(0v. 
 
176 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 <t>AAAKPOKO'PAE. A bird, commonly identified, on the strength 
 of its name (cf. <j>a\apts)j with the Coot; according to others, 
 the Cormorant. See also s. v. Kopa, |3. 
 
 Plin. x. (48) 68 lam et in Gallia Hispaniaque capitur [attagen], et 
 per Alpes etiam, ubi et phalacrocoraces, aves Balearium insularum 
 peculiares. Cf. ib. xi. 47 quaedam animalium naturaliter calvent, 
 sicut . . . corvi aquatici, quibus apud Graecos nomen est inde. 
 
 4>AAAPI'I, s. <J>a\T]pi's. (MSS. have also (papaXis.) 
 
 ((pdXos, the ' beak ' of a helmet ; $dXapo?, a white spot or ' blaze ' ; 
 cf. Germ. Bksshuhn, from Bletz = blaze, Buttm. Lexil. s. v. $dXos : 
 the Engl. bald-coot is analogous.) 
 The Coot (?), Fulica atra, L. Mod. Gk. <paXapi8a (Heldr.). 
 
 Ar. Ach. 875, Av. 565 r\v 'A^poSiT/; Ovy, Trvpovs opvidi (paXrjpiSi dveiv 
 (ubi Schol. r) fie (pa\r)p\s opi/eoV eari Xifj.vaiov cvrrpfires). Arist. H. A. 
 viii. 3> 593 h opvis oreyai/oTrouy, /3apurepos* Trept noTafj.ovs KOI XL/JLVUS e'ortV. 
 (Mentioned with KVKVOS, J^TTO, KoXup/3i's.) Id. fr. 273, 1527 b aXXarreo-0ai 
 a>s T<JDV Koa~a'v(f)a)v KOI ^aX^piScai/ aTroXevKatvonevav Kara Kaipovs. 
 
 Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 395 e fj 8e (f)a\ap\s KCU avrr} o-revbv e^oucra 
 TO pvyxps (TTpoyyvXcorepa rr]v ofyiv ouaa, evrecppos rf)v yaorepa, fjn<p<a 
 p.\avTepa TO V>TOV. Cleom. ap. Athen. ix. 393 C <pa\^pi8as rapixnpas 
 p-vpias. Its mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 23. Plin. x. (48) 57 
 Phalerides in Seleucia Parthorum et in Asia, aquaticarum lauda- 
 tissimae; Colum. viii. 15, I ; Varro, R. R. iii. II, 4. 
 
 The identification rests mainly on the modern name, of which 
 Sundevall and Aubert and Wimmer seem to have been unaware, and 
 is supported by the derivation of the word. Sundevall suggests Mergus 
 albelhts, and Aubert and Wimmer also suppose a species of Mergus. 
 Gesner, Camus, and other older commentators agree in the identifica- 
 tion of Coot. At best the identification is doubtful, and the various 
 references perhaps refer to more birds than one. The allusion in 
 Athenaeus to ten thousand salted (paXrjpidas is especially puzzling. The 
 connexion with Aphrodite in Ar. Av. 565, where we might rather 
 have expected some such word as Trepiorepa, is not explained. 
 
 <t>AIIANO'l, s. $a.<Tia.vi.K.6<$ ; sc. opyis. 
 
 A Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, L. Vide also s. v. re'rapos. 
 
 Mnesim. ap. Athen. ix. 387 b o-rravicorepov napeo-riv opvidoav yd\a | 
 KOI (jjacnavos aTToreriX/zeVos' KaXcos. 
 
 Ar. Av. 69 ; Nub. 109 (sometimes supposed to refer, in the latter 
 passage, to a Phasian horse, cf. Suidas, Lob. Phryn. 460, but not so 
 according to Athen. ix. 387 a). 
 
 Agatharch. ap. Athen. ix. 387 C Trept TOV <3>ao-iSos TrorajuoO TOP \6yov 
 ypd(pL KOI Tavra' " TrXrjdos 5' opvi&av TO>V KaXovpevav (pacriavnv 
 
4>AAAKPOKOPA= 4>AZIA 177 
 
 <t>A2IANOI (continued}. 
 
 (poira rpoipi)s X<*P IV Trpo? Tas eK/3oXaff TWV (TTOfjaTcnv " I cf. Lucian, De 
 Merc. Cond. 17, Navig. 23. Callix. Rhod. ap. Athen. 1. c. (describing 
 the procession of Ptolemy Philad. at Alexandria) efra efpepovro *v 
 dyyeiois (paatavoi K.r.X. Cf. Ptolem. ap. Athen. xiv. 654 c (cf. ix. 387 e) 
 TO. re T&v (f)ao~iavu>v ) ovs rerdpovs [j. rerpaooi'as] ovop.a^ovo'iv^ [ovs] ou p.6vov 
 fK MrjSfias /xereTre/iTrero, aXXa Koi vop,d8as opvidas V7ro/3aXo)i/ eVonjcre 
 7rXfj$oy, ooorre KOL o-iTfladaC TO yap /3/>a>/za no\VT\es drro(paivov(riv. avrrj 
 f) rov Xa/LtTrporarou /SacriXea)? (pcov^, os oiide fyaaiaviKov opvidos Trore 
 yfixrao'dai <u/ioXoy?j(rei/, aXX' axnrep TL Keiju^Xioi/ dvaKei^evov el% rowa'Se 
 TOVS opvidas. Arist. fr. 589, 1574 a (Theophr. fr. 179), ap. Athen. 
 1. C. roil/ (pao-iavS)!/ ou Kara Xdyoi/ 17 vTTepo^i) ra>y dppevcov, aXXa TroXXcp 
 fjieifav. Ulp. ap. Athen. 1. C. eip r;)j/ ayopai' Tropeutfei? a)vf]crop.ai (pao-iaviKov, 
 ov o-vyKaredo/jiai o~ot. Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 633 opvis ov TTT^TIKOS aXX' 
 eniyeios, KOVHTTIKOS (cf. Arist. fr., and Theophr. fr. ap. Athen. ix. 387 b). 
 H. A. V. 31, 557 e> " P-n KOVIWVTOI, 8ia(p6eipovTai VTTO ran/ (pOeipvv. Ib. 
 vi. 2, 559 Karecrrry/Lie'i/a ra wa rcoi/ /leXeaypiSooi/ Kat (pao-iav&v (this error 
 is repeated by Buffon, Hist. Ois. iv. 78). 
 
 On Pheasants reared by the Indian kings, Ael. xiii. 18. On the 
 breeding and rearing of Pheasants, see Pallad. R. R. i. 29, Colum. 
 viii. 8, 10. 
 
 For Latin references to the Pheasant as a dainty, cf. Juv. xi. 139 
 Scythicae volucres ; Mart. xiii. 45, 72, c. ; Stat. Silv. i. 6, 77, ii. 4, 27 ; 
 Manil. Astron. v. 376 ; Suet. Cal. 22 ; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 37 lovis 
 epulo et Saturnalibus et huiusmodi festis diebus phasianus ; Capitol. 
 Pert. 12 phasianum nunquam private convivio comedit aut alicui misit ; 
 Amm. xvi. 5, 3 phasianum et vulvam et sumen exigi vetuit (lulianus) 
 et inferri, munificis militis vili et fortuito cibo contentus ; Ambr. 
 Hexaem. vi. 5 exquisitum illud et accuratum opipare convivium, 
 in quo phasiani aut turturis species apponitur. 
 
 4>AIKA'I. Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 395 D. Vide s. v. /Sao-icds. 
 4>A'IIA, Att. <J>arra. 
 
 A Ringdove or Woodpigeon, Columba palumbus, L. Mod. Gk. 
 (pdo-a : L. palumbus s. palumbes. Identical with <|>d\|/, q. v. Some- 
 times applied also to the Domestic Pigeon, v. infra. Dim. 
 <J>CITTIOI>, Ar. PI. ion, Ephipp. 3, 334 (Mem.). An artificial 
 masc. form 4>drros in Luc. Soloec. 7. Used as an illustration 
 of the interchange of <ro- and rr, Luc. Jud. Voc. 8. [On the 
 interchange of o-, TT, (pdo-o-a, <<ty, (pdpos, cf. J. Schmidt, Philol. 
 Anz. xxv. p. 139, 1 88 1.] 
 
 In Homer, only in the compound fao-o-ofpovos : otherwise, first 
 in Aristophanes. 
 
 N 
 
178 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 4>AIIA (continued}. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544 b peyio-rov [TO>V 
 f) <parra Ian \ cf. fr. 271, 1527 (ap. Athen. ix. 394 a) aXexropoy TO 
 *X l > XP^ a S* O-TTOO'IOV. Alex. Mynd. ap. Schol. Theocr. Id. v. 96 rj fj.ev 
 (paoxra VTTOKvdveov fX L T *i v Ke(paXr]v Kal paXXoV ye ep.7rop(j)vpov, rS>v 8e 
 o<pdaXfja)v XevKfov ovi(>v TO ev avrois /ze'Xav aTpoyyvXov f\i. Arist. H. A. 
 ix. 7> 613 ftiayvoovai 8' ov pa&toi/ TYJV 6r)Xeiav Kal TOV appeva, aXX' r) rot? 
 fVTos. a>(Ti &' at (parrai iroXvv XP OVOV ' KOI yap eiKoaiv err) KOI 
 Kal TpiaKovTa tt>p.p.evai elo~iv, eviai 8e Kal TfTTapaKovra TTJ. 
 de yivofjitvav avra)V ol ow^e? av^avovraC aXX' a.TroTp,vov<Tiv oi rpe<f)oi>TS 
 (hence (parrot here are tame pigeons). aXXo S' ovSet/ j3Xa7rron-ai eVtS^- 
 Xa>ff yrjpao-Kovaai i with this somewhat incredible statement as to 
 length of life, cf. ib. vi. 4, 563, Athen. ix. 394 b, Plin. x (32) 52. Arist. 
 H. A. ii. 17, 508 b 7rpoAo/3oi> npb TTJS KoiXias e^ouo-t. Ib. viii. 12, 597 b 
 curaipovat) K.CLI ov ^i^a^ovai [the contrary stated, viii. 3j 593]' yeXabj/rcu, 
 OTO.V re TrapayivavTai Kal TraXij/ orav &pa rj Trpos rrjv avaKop.ibr]v. Ibid. 
 1 6, 600 TWV 8e (pa(r<rcov eviai p,ev <pooXov<rti>, eviai ' ov (pooXoixriv, aTre 
 S' ap.a rotr ^fXtSdo'tj'. Ib. ix. 49 B, 633 rou /zeV x fi ^ vos i> 
 nXfjv fj8rj TTorf fi>8ias eK ^ei/icovos <r(po8pov ycvofj.evr)s efpdeygaro K 
 T<a6r) VTTO T&V enneipwv' aXX' orav cap yfvrjrai, Tore apteral <pa>velv : cf. Alex. 
 Mynd. ap. Athen. 394 e. Arist. H. A. viii. 18, 601 of avx/uot o-u/i^epova-i 
 Kal irpbs Trjv fiXXrjv vyteiav Kal irpbs rovs TOKOVS, Kal oi>x fj<i(rTa rat? (parTais. 
 Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 1. C. ov niveiv <prjo~l rrjv (pd(ro-av avanvirrovaav 
 wff rr)v rpvyova. 
 
 Beproduction, Nesting, &c. Arist. H. A. vi. 4, 562 b eVtot (pacrtv oxeu- 
 evBai Kal yevvav Kal Tpiprjva ovra, (rrjfjieiov Troiovpfvoi rf)V iroXvTrXrjdeiav avrStv. 
 fyKva de yiverai deKa Kal rerrapa? f]p.epas, Kal eVwa^et aXXas 
 fv Tpais Se Sexa Kal rerrapai nrfpovvrai oura)S wore p,f) paSioos 
 fiavfaOai . . . ovo TLKTOVUII eVi ro TroXu, ra de TrXelcrra rpia* eV rS icapi 
 n'/cret, ov nXcovaKis y Si's: cf. vi. I, 558 b, Plin. x. (58) 79, (53) 74. Arist. 
 De Gen. iv. 6, 774 b riKrovo-tv areXJ; Kal rv<pXd. H. A. iii. I, 510 6Yai> 
 i, ar(p68pa /xeyaXov? lo-^ovo-tv (TOVS opxfis) . . . eooV eVioi o'lovrai 
 v X 1 P'^ >VOS PX CLS avra ' JX- 7> 613 f/( ei ^^ T I/ a PP^va f) rpvy&v 
 rbv avrbv Kal <parra, Kal aXXov ov 7rpoo~i'ei/rai* Kal fTratdfcovmv dp.<p6Tpoi Kal 
 6 apprjv Kal f] BrjXfia. Arist. fr. 271, ap. Athen. ix. 394 b OVK aTroXei- 
 TTOVO~I 8' eW davdrov ovrf ol appeves ras ^^Xei'ay, o0re at dfjXeiai TOVS appevas, 
 aXXa Kal reXeuri/o'ai'ro? xiP vl vnoXftTrop-evos : cf. Porph. De Abst. iii. II. 
 How it places a branch of laurel, Satpv/;, in its nest for a charm, Ael. i. 35, 
 Phile, 722, Geopon. xv. i, cf. Plin. viii. (27) 41. How the Cuckoo builds 
 in its nest, and the young Cuckoo, assisted by their parents, casts 
 out its foster-brothers, Arist. De Mirab. 3, 830 b, Ael. iii. 30. 
 
 In Plat. Theaet. 199 b Xaftclv (paTTav oWl Trepio-repas, is to take 
 a wild pigeon for a tame one. Its flesh is mentioned as a dainty, 
 Ar. Ach. 1105, 1107 KoXov ye Kal ^avdbv TO Ttjs (paTTrjs Kpeas. Mentioned 
 
4>AZZA 
 
 >AIIA (continuecf). 
 
 as coming from Boeotia, Ar. Pax 1104. In Anth. Pal. ix. 71 the oak 
 is otK/a (pdTTuv. Its capture is difficult, but is effected by means of 
 nets and by the aid of blinded decoy-birds, Dion. De Avib. iii. 12. 
 
 A lover's gift, Theocr. v. 133. The Dim. ^dmcy, used as a term 
 of endearment, Ar. PI. IOII vrjTTapiov av KOI (pdmov v7reKopiero : in 
 Philip. Obel. fr. ap. Athen. viii. 359 b, a little pigeon, a skinny 
 one. 
 
 Proverb. Plut. ii. 1077 C (pdrra (pdrTij, as like as two peas. 
 
 Cf. also <f>cty, irepiorepd, &c. 
 
 4>AII04>0'NOI, s. <j>a<rao<j)6i/TY]s. Cf. <J>aj3oTuiros. 
 A species of Hawk. 
 
 II. XV. 238 LprjKi COIKWS | co/tei (pa<ro~o(p6v(p. Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b, 
 36, 620 f) 8e KUfj-ivSts p.eye6os o<rov ipa 6 (pao-(ro(j)6vos KaXovpevos. Ael. 
 Xli. 4 'Ep/zi; TOP (pao~o~o(p6vTT)V aBvpfJ-a clvai (paa/i/. 
 
 Commonly translated Goshawk, i. e. Astur pahtmbarius, L., which 
 has moreover a reputation for extreme swiftness : but the Goshawk is 
 rare in Greece (Lindermayer, Von der Miihle), and there is no definite 
 tradition in regard to the name (Scaliger, in Arist. p. 249 certe pericu- 
 losum sententiam suam dicere). The above references are all mystical ; 
 cf. s.v. ire'Xeia. 
 
 A Wild Pigeon; almost certainly identical with <J><xor<ra, the 
 Ringdove. Cf. 4>a|3oTuTros, <J>ao-ao<|x>vos. 
 
 Apparently distinguished from (pdo-o-a in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 a, 
 15, where however, in the catalogue of pigeon-names, some 
 MSS. (Aa, Ca) omit <<ty, and others (Da) (pdrra. In the follow- 
 ing line, (pdrra p.ev ovv Kal TrepiaTcpa del (paivuvrai, the MSS. PDa 
 
 read 0<ty, as in Arist. fr. 271, 1527, Athen. ix. 394 a. In Arist. 
 ap. Athen. 1. c. there is further confusion in the statements as to 
 their size, tpdvo-a and <<ty being apparently cited as different, but 
 the passage is corrupt. 
 
 Supposed to be connected with rt. (pop. $e'/3o/A<u, but the derivation 
 is as doubtful as its supposed parallel, Tprjpwv, Tpeo>. As var. IL 
 (p\dpes, and <p)(dpu>v occur in Arist. passim; cpap&v is specially 
 cited in Aesch. Philoct. (fr. 232) ap. Athen. ix. 394 a. 
 First in Aesch. fr. Prot. (2) 194, ap. Athen. 394 a (riTovp,evr)v bvarrjvov 
 
 d6\iav 0a/3a, /xecraKra TrXeupa npos TTTVOIS 7TTr\yfJ.fvr)V. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 613 owe dvaKinrrovo-i rrivova-ai (vide 
 
 S. v. (jxiaaa, Athen. ix. 394 c) VCOTTCVOVO-I ev rots avrots TUTTOIS dei. Arist. 
 
 H. A. vi. 8, 564 ^ p-cv 6r]\eia dno SeiXrjs dp^afj.fvrj rrjv re vv\ff o\r)v e7T6)a^t 
 
 Kai ea>s aKpari'oyiaros &pas } 6 6' "tpprjv TO \OITTOV TOV ^poj/ov. Ibid. 7; 5^3 ^j 
 
 N 2 
 
l8o A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 4>A^ (continued). 
 
 ix. 29, 618. The Cuckoo lays her eggs in its nest (cf. s. v. <|><{a<ra, 
 Arist. De Mirab. 3, 830 b). 
 Mentioned also Lye. 580. 
 
 EAAl'NAX. An unknown water-bird, mentioned, with epithet ra^vf, 
 as being captured in nets, Dion. De Avib. iii. 23. 
 
 4>H'NH. According to Doederlein, connected with (prjvos (= Xaju,7rpo'y), 
 <au, (paivco, &c., i.e. having ra o/A/xara XajuTrpa : or according to 
 Von Edlinger and others, from root bha-n = </>a>i/eu/. I incline 
 to think the word is an exotic, and probably Egyptian, connected 
 with (pow, Eg. bennu. 
 
 A kind of Vulture. 
 
 Od. iii. 371 *Adr}vrj | (ptjvrj fldop,evrj. Od. xvi. 2l6 K\alov 8e Xtyecoff, 
 dSivooTepov 77 r' olavoi, \ (pf]vai rj alyvniol yap^mwx^ s. Ar. Av. 304. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b aeroC peifav, TO xp/ia o-irodoftftes. Ib. ix. 32, 
 619 dfTos 6 yvf)<rtos fjieifav rrjs (prjvijs. Ib. vi. 6, 563, ix. 34, 619 b Kft\r)dtVT(i 
 Tp(f)ft ra roO dcTOv reWa (cf. Ambros. Hexaem. V. l8). eVapyejuos- T' eori 
 Kal TTfTrrjpwTat rovs 6(j)0a\fjLovs (? 3. reference to the blood-red sclerotic of 
 the eye). Its maternal affection referred to (cf. tuyumos, &c.), Opp. 
 Hal. i. 727 KOL [it? TIS (pr'jvrfs dftivbv yoov K\vev dvrjp \ opOpiov dfj.(f)l rz 
 
 Arist. De Mirab. 60, 835 a e' aXiniercoi/ (771/77 yiWrat, CK de 
 TTfpKVoi Kal yiTres. 
 
 Ael. xii. 4 4>rjvr)V 8e Kat apTTT]v 'A.@rjvq rrpoave/JLovo'iv. 
 
 According to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. vi, Zeus -metamorphoses the 
 wife of Periphas into the bird 0ryi>/7, Kal 81801 rrpos aVao-ai/ npa^iv av^pcoTroi? 
 ata-iav enKpaiveadai : cf. Ovid, Met. vii. 399. 
 
 Also ^tJ'i'S, Diosc. ii. 58 (pivis TO opveov, o 'Pttftatari Ka\ovo-iv oo-o-i(ppayov: 
 cf. Plin. x. 3. 
 
 Identified by Aldrovandi, Gaza, and by most moderns, with the 
 Aquila barbata of Pliny, N. H. x. 3, that is to say with our Lammer- 
 geier, Gypaetus barbatits, L., which is accurately described by Dion. 
 De Avib. i. 4 under the name fipimj. The Lammergeier is also 
 identical with Lat. ossifraga (Plin. 1. c.), a name accurately descriptive of 
 its habits, and Lat. sanqualis (Festus, 316,317). The brief description 
 in Arist. H. A. viii, inclines Sundevall, Aubert, and Wimmer, to identify 
 <pT)vr) with Vultur monachus. The references are in the main poetical 
 or mythical, and both the name and the stories of the bird's maternal 
 affection seem to me to point to an Egyptian origin. With the stories 
 of the Eagle's bastard brood, cf. the Mod. Gk. name /u77XaSeX0t = 
 Tfpoda\r)s (Coray,*ATaKra, v. 204), said by Heldreich to be applied 
 to Aquila Bonellii. 
 
<t>Avl/ 4>OINIKOnTEPOI 
 
 4>AErY'AI- 6 derts, Suid. fab gav66s, t&s, Hesych. Cf. Hes. Sc. H. 
 134 (vide infra). 
 
 <frAE'EII. An unknown bird. 
 
 Ar. Av. 882. Perhaps connected with (JjXeyuas, a name or ep. of 
 jjt6p<J>kos in Hes. Sc. H. 134, where it seems to mean the ' lightning bird/ 
 from <p\fy-<D, fulg-eo^ Sk. bharg, to shine. Cf. Steinthal, app. to 
 Goldzieher, Myth, of the Hebrews, p. 384 (ed. London, 1877). 
 
 *OINIKO'nTEPOI. The Flamingo, Phoenicopterus antiquorum, L. 
 
 Ar. Av. 271 *EII. OVTOS ov T&V rjdddav TO>I>' o>i/ opaff vfj,f1s del, | d\Xa 
 \ifj,valos. TIE. /3a/3at, KaXos ye KOI (froiviKiovs. 'ED. CIKOTMS' KOI yap oVo/z' 
 nvrfi> y' eo-ri (froiviKonTepos. This is the only reference to the bird 
 in classical Greek, and the identification here is at best doubtful. 
 The succeeding reference to the Cock might lead one to suspect that 
 under the name Phoenicopterus some bird less unlike the Cock than 
 the Flamingo is, was here alluded to : such a bird, for example, 
 as Porphyrio hyacinthinus, the Purple Water-hen (vide s. v. Trop^upiwy). 
 The question, however, is not capable of settlement. The Flamingo 
 occurs in Greece only as a rare straggler, though abundant on the 
 opposite coast of Asia Minor (Von der Miihle, p. 118 ; Lindermayer, 
 p. 155, c.). Cf. Gesner, H. Anim. lib. iii Mirum est huius tarn pul- 
 chrae et eximiae avis nomen ab Aristoteli taceri, cum Aristophanes, 
 qui vixit eadem aetate, meminerit ; sed Graecis etiam raram esse hanc 
 avem puto. Flamingos were seen, however, by Bory de St. Vincent, 
 in the marshes of Osman Aga near Navarino. 
 
 Heliodorus, Aethiop. vi. 3 describes the bird as NeiXyov (powiKOTrrepov : 
 and the Scholiast ad Juv. xi. 139 states in like manner, abundans 
 est in Africa : it, apparently, is also mentioned as a dainty, by Philostr. 
 Vit. Apoll. Tyan. viii. p. 387 (ed. Paris, 1605) as opvts (powiKeos. 
 
 In Crat. Nem. fr.4, ap. Athen. ix. 373 d opvis (poiviKO'irrepos, is probably 
 the Cock. 
 
 It has been stated above, s. v. yXwrris, that Belon (Hist, des Oyseaux, 
 viii. 8) identified that bird with the Flamingo ; so also did Aldrovandi 
 (Ornithol. iii. 20, 4), with as little reason. To the opinion there ascribed 
 to Linnaeus, the following words of Gesner should have been sub- 
 joined : ego vero iis quas Gallinulas aquaticas nostri vocant avibus 
 Glottidem adnumero, quae omnes fissipedes sunt ; cf. also Scaliger 
 (in loc. Aristot.) Glottis autem quae sit nondum mihi constat ; ridiculum 
 quod quidam de Phoenicoptero ausus est pronuntiare. 
 
 In Latin, references to the Flamingo are frequent and free from 
 doubt. Cf. Juv. xi. 139 et Scythiae volucres et phoenicopterus ingens ; 
 Martial, Ep. iii. 58, 14 nomenque debet quae rubentibus pennis ; ib. 
 xiii. 71 dat mihi penna rubens nomen ; Suet. Cal. 22, c., c. 
 
 ' That the Tongue of this Volatile was much commended, and in 
 
182 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 >OINIKOnTEPOI (continued}. 
 
 great Esteem, for its excellent Taste and most delicious Relish, will 
 appear from the following Quotations' (Douglass, op. infra cit.) : Plin. 
 x. (48) 68 Phoenicopteri linguam praecipui saporis esse, Apicius docuit ; 
 Martial, xiii. 71 sed lingua gulosis Nostra sapit : quid si garrula lingua 
 foret ? cf. also Sueton. Vitell. xiii. The brain was also a tid-bit, and 
 Heliogabalus (Lamprid. 20, p. 108) exhibuit Palatinis dapes extis et 
 cerebellis Phoenicopterorum refertas. Receipts for the cookery of 
 Flamingos are given (without mention of the tongue) by Apic. (?) De 
 Re Coquin. vi. 7. I am inclined to believe that such costly indulgences 
 of the palate were often determined by obscure superstitious motives 
 (as are many Chinese luxuries) rather than by real or imaginary 
 refinements of taste. Nevertheless the Flamingo's tongue is said to 
 be still appreciated: cf. Von der Miihle, Ornithol. Griechenlands, 
 p. 118 Ein franzosischer Schiffscapitain brachte mir einige von Smyrna, 
 wo sic sehr haufig sind, und von den Jagern den Englandern zum 
 Verkaufe angeboten werden, welche die dicke fleischige Zunge als 
 teckerbissen verzehren. Cf. (int. al.) the interesting paper by 
 Dr. J. Douglass in Phil. Trans, v. p. 63, 1721. 
 
 <l>OINl'KOYPOI. The Redstart, Luscinia phoenicurus, L., and L. tithys 
 (Scop.). Mod. Gk. KOKKivoKaXos, yiawaKos, KaXavrtfjs (Bike'las). 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 632 b ; Plin. x. (29) 44 ; vide s. v. epiOaicos. Cf. 
 also Geop. xv. i, 22. 
 
 E s. <f>otVi|. The Phoenix, an astronomical symbol of the 
 
 Egyptians. Eg. bennu. 
 
 First in Hes. Fr. 50, 4. 
 
 Herod, ii. 73 eon e xai aXXos opvis tpd?, rw OVVO/JLO. (poling' eyaj p,ev /UP 
 OVK eidoi/, ei p.Yj oo~ov ypa(pfj' /ait yap drj KOI orrrdvios enKpoira o~<pi } Sia ereav 
 (a>s 'HXiovTroXtrai Xeyovo~i) 7rfVTaKoo~ia>v. (potrav Se Tore (petal, eVecif ot 
 airoOdvy 6 iraTrjp. fort Se, (I rfj ypa(pfj ira.p6p.oios, T0o~6o~8f KCU TOiocrSe' ra 
 p.fv avrov xpvo~oKOfj.a T>V Trrep&v, ra de epvdpd' es ra /xaXiara aierw Trepirj- 
 yrjo~iv o/ioidraros, <ai TO p,eyados. TOVTOV de \eyovo~i p-rj^avaadai rae, e'/zoi 
 p.V ov TTKrra \tyovT6S. e 'Apaftirjs 6pp.ea>p.evov cs TO ipbv TOV 'HXi'ou 
 Ko/j.ieiv TOV Trarepa ev o~p.vpvr] ejU7rXa(T(roj/ra, ai Qcmrew fv TOV 'HXt'ou r< 
 fpw. K0p,iciv de OVTO>' npayrov, TTJS ap.vpvr)s woi/ rrXao-o-etv oo-ov re Swaros 
 eVri (pepeiv' /iera 5e irfipa<r6ai avro (^ope'oi/ra' fireav de diroireipijdf}, ovrw 
 drj KOiXfjvaVTa TO o)dr, TOV Trartpa es avro evTtOevcu, o~p.vpvr) 5e aXXfl e/i7rXacr- 
 (reiv rovro Kar* o rt roi) woO eKKoiXrjvas evedrjKf TOV Trarepa' e'o-Ketfievov de TOV 
 TTarpos 1 yiveo~0ai rcouro (Bdpos' e/i7rXao*ai/ra 8e K0p.ieiv p.iv eV AiyvTTTOV es 
 TOV 'HXiou ro ipov. Cf. Ael. vi. 58, Philostr. Vit. Apollon. Tyan. iii. 49, 
 p. 135 (Olear.), Antiph. Com. iii. 96 fv 'HXi'ou p,ev (pao-i yiyveadai TrdXet 
 (poiviKas, ev 'kOyvais de yXavKas. Artemid., Suid., Ovid, Metam. xv. 
 392, &c. 
 
4>OINIKOnTEPOI 4>OINIE 183 
 
 4>OINI= (continued}. 
 
 An Indian version, Dion. De Avib. i. 32 OK^KOCI 6V, as -rrapa rots 'li/Soi? 
 opvis fir) yovecov a.Tep KOI p,it-ea>s %<apis v(pio~Tdfji,vos ) (po"ivi rovi/o/ua, KOI (Siovv 
 (f)ao~iv eVi rr\elo~Tov Kal p.era 7rdo~r)$ dfpofiias avTov, u>s ovre TO$~QIS ovre \i6ois 
 ovre Ka\d[jLOLS T) TTiiyctis Tav dvSp&v TI KOT' avTutv Troielv neipafjievwv. *O Se 
 Qdvaros avra> TTJV dpx^jv iroiel rrjs <orjs' ty yap nore yrjpdaas yrpo? ras 7rr?ycrei? 
 favrov "idy vco0<TTfpov, rj ras avyas rS>v o^ardnv e'Xao-o-ovfievas 1 , e'<' vtyrjhrjs 
 TTtrpas Kapfprj trvXXe^a? nvpdv nva rrjs reXeuT^f, rj Ka\iav (rWTiQijfft rrjs 
 , f)v eV /Lteaa) Ka6r)fj,evov TOV (poiriKos r] TO>V rjXiciKcov UKTIVOOV KarcKpXeyei 
 OVTO) de dicKpOapfvros avrov vfos CK rrjs Te<ppas avdis erepoj 
 yiverai (polvig KOI rols Trarpows edeai ^pfjrai, wore vrro TTJS fjXiaKrjs povov 
 avyijs, Trarpos re Kal fir/Tpos X^P lf ) T v P VLV yivfadai TOVTOV. Cf. Physiol. 
 Syr., c. xvi (who adds that the Phoenix builds its nest in the month 
 Pamnuth, s. Faminoth, a Coptic word); Epiphan. in Physiol. c. xi, 
 Eustath. Ant., p. 29 (ed. Lugd. 1677), Pseudo-Hieronym., p. 219 (ed. 
 Venet. 1772). 
 
 Chaeremon, fr. 16 eVmuroV (poivit-. Horap. i. 34 ijXtou e'orij* 6 (poivig 
 ... tyvxriv Se evravda iroXvv XP VOV Swrpipovo-av /3ovXo/xej/oi 
 i) r) ir\rjfj.p,vpav, (poiviKa TO opveov a)ypa<povcriv I ibid. 35 Ka ^ T v 
 e OTTO evr]$ eViS^//.o{!j/ra 8r)\ovvTs, vraXti' (poiviKa TO opveov icoypa- 
 <povo-iv : ib. ii. 57 aTro/caraoracriz/ Se TroXv^pdj/ioi/ /3ouXo/xei/ot o-T]/jLrjvai, 
 (poiviKa TO opveov a)ypa<povo~iv' eKelvos yap ore yevvaTai, a7TOKarao"racris 
 
 A symbol of long life, Prov. i)i /ni) (poiviKos CTTJ ^to>a-?7, Luc. Hermot. 53 
 C 1 ? 793) 5 c f- Jb xxix. 18, where for sand read Phoenix. 
 
 Cf. also Nonnus Dion. xl. 394 /mi ^uXa Krj&evra (pepwv 
 rdpo'co | ^iXter/;s o~o(pos opvis eV ei>68fjL(o o~eo /3co/zca | (polvi, Teppa 
 avrocnropov apxfa I TiKrerat, IO-OTVTTOIO XP OVOV Trd\w ayperos CLKWV \vo~as 
 & ev rrvpl yr/pas, afulfkmu eK nvpbs fjfirjv. See also the Phoenix of 
 Claudian; Auson. Id. xi; Ovid, Met. xv. 402; Senec. Ep. xlii ; Pompon. 
 Mela, iii. 9 ; Lactant. (?) Carm. Phoenice ; Lucian, iii. 27, 276, 350 ; 
 Solin. Polyhistor. c. 36 ; Clem. Rom. Ep. i ad Corinth, c. 24, p. 120, &c. 
 
 Late apparitions of the Phoenix, Plin. x. 2 ; Tacit, vi. 28 ; Dio C. Ivii ; 
 Suidas ; Tzetz. Chiliad, v. 6. A new Phoenix-period is said to have 
 commenced A. D. 139, in the reign of Antoninus Pius; and a recru- 
 descence of astronomical symbolism associated therewith is manifested 
 on the coins of that Emperor. 
 
 Various remedies were to be obtained from its nest, Plin. xxix. 9 
 (Irridere est vitae remedia post millesimum annum reditura monstrare). 
 
 For further references, oriental and classical, see Bochart, Hieroz. ii. 
 coll. 8 1 8, 849. 
 
 On the Phoenix as an astronomical symbol of a cyclic period, see 
 (int. al.) Marsham, Canon. Chron. p. 9, 387 ; Creuzer's Symb. i. p. 438, 
 ii. p. 163 ; Lewis, Astr. of Anc., p. 283 ; Kenrick's Egypt of Herod., 
 
184 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 4>OINI= (continued}. 
 
 p. 100 ; Larcher's Herod, ii. p. 320 ; Encycl. Metrop., Art. Herodotus 
 (8vo ed.), p. 249; Drummond in Class. Journal, xiv. 319; Ideler, 
 Enchir. Chron. Math. i. p. 186. See the Bhagavad Gita, viii, for an 
 account of the similar cyclical 'day and night of Brahma.' For a 
 corresponding Chinese tradition, see Martini, Histor. Sinica, cit Coray 
 ad Heliod. p. 201 ; Creuzer, Symb. ii. 164 ; on the Persian account, cf. 
 Dalberg, 'Simorg, der Persische Phonix,' in Von Hammer's Fundgruben 
 des Orients, i. p. 199. See also Henrichsen, De Phoenicis fabula apud 
 Graecos, Romanos, et populos orientales, Hafniae, 1825, 1827. 
 
 In Aristid. ii. p. 107 (Jebb) the Phoenix is called 'li/St/coc 6'pi/is. 
 
 For representations of the Phoenix, see Jomard's Descr. de l'g. 
 Antiq. i. c. 5. 
 
 The Phoenix has been taken by Cuvier, Lenz, and others, for the 
 Golden Pheasant, a coarse materialising of a mythic symbol (Hehn). 
 On the study and interpretation of such sacred enigmas of the ancients, 
 see Grote's Hist. i. c. 16. 
 
 The subject deserves to be studied under many heads ; for example, 
 the varying terms assigned to the Phoenix-period, and the various 
 astronomical cycles thereby indicated ; the relation of the Phoenix to 
 the Palm-tree (Eg. bennu = $oivi TO opveov, benne <poli>i TO devdpov, 
 Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 94) in connexion with the 
 whole symbolic imagery of the latter ; the relation of the Phoenix to the 
 Heron (Lauth, I.e.; cf. supra s.v. |3aiTJ6), involving also the depicting 
 of the Soul as the Phoenix and the question of the term assigned to the 
 Soul's wanderings. The whole subject is of great complexity, and lies 
 beyond the scope of this book. 
 
 4>PYn'AOI. An unknown bird, obscurely referred to in Ar. Av., with 
 a play on the word 'Phrygian'; 763 cppvyiXos opvis tv6a$ eo-rai, 
 
 TOV 3>i\r)fJiovos yevovs '. and 873 <ppvyi\fd 2a/3ai'<u. I conjecture it 
 
 to be a form cognate to TrepyoCW, <nre'pYouXos, &c., and to mean 
 a Sparrow ; in which case <ppvyi\o> 2a/3a'&> is an exact parallel to 
 o-TpovQa peydXrj p.r)Tpl 6ewv. Supposed also to be connected with 
 'Ltii.fringilla. 
 
 <l>PYNOAO'roi, s. <f>pui/oX6xos (<j>pvvrj, a toad). 
 
 A kind of Hawk, probably a species of Harrier, Circus sp. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 ot 8e Xetoi KCU ol (ppvvoXoyoi' OVTOI eL>/3ia>raroi 
 KCU x&i/iaXoTrrJjrai. Vide S. v. eXeios. 
 
 Of the various hawks that feed on reptiles, the epithet ' low-flying ' 
 seems best applicable to the Harriers. 
 
 , Hesych. 
 
4>OINIE XAPAAPIOI 185 
 
 <KTy=. (MSS. have <a>u, 6S>vg, Aid. and Camus $ou, Schn. 7ro>i>. 
 
 7ro>uy in Anton. Lib. c. 5; Et. M.) 
 
 A bird of the Heron kind ; supposed to be a name for the Bittern, 
 but equally applicable to the Common Heron. 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. 18, 617 of pev ovv epeoSiot TOVTOV j3iov<ri TOV rporrov, f] 8e 
 KaXovp-evr) (p&vf; i'dtoi/ e^et Trpos raXXa' /zaXicrra yap eo~Tiv 6<pda\p.o(36pos 
 T&v opvid&v. 7ro\ffj.ios 8e rfj apTrr), Kal yap fKeivrf 6[j,oioftioTOS. 
 
 Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 1. C. 17 8e BovXis eyeWo 7ro>t>y, Kal avrfj rpocpyv 
 edtoKfV 6 Zevs fj.rjo'ev CK yijs (pvouevov, dXXa ((rOieiv ofpda'^p.ovs LX^VOS rj opvidos 
 f) o(pfo>S) on e/xeXXef AlyvTrnov TOV TratSos d(pe\ecrOai ras o^eis. Etym. M. 
 Haivyyes, at aWvtai, al K\r]delcrai /3oCyyes, irapa TTJV ftorjv Ka\ Ivyrjv. 
 
 XAAKIAIKO'Z' cldos aXfurpvovos, Hesych. Vide S.V. aXeKTpucji', p. 24. 
 
 XAAKI'I. Vide supra, s. v. KU'JU 
 
 XAPAAPIO'I. A bird conjectured to be the Thick-knee or Norfolk 
 Plover, Charadrius oedz'cnemus, L., Oedicnemus crepitans, auctt. ; 
 so identified by Gesner, followed by Sundevall, Aubert and 
 Wimmer, &c.. Mod. Gk. rovp\i8a (Erh.). Applied by the 
 LXX. to Heb. ns3N. The derivation from ^apaSpa is more 
 than doubtful. 
 
 Ar. Av. 265 es rr]V \6xfj,r)v | f/J.j3as eVw^e, ^apaSptov fJ.ifJLOVfj.fvos I ib. 1 14! 
 ot ^apaSptot KCU raXXa Trora/xt' opvea. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, mentioned with Xapos, KCTT^O?, aWvia. Ib. 
 ix. 11,615 Tas S' oUrjo-eis of fj.ev 7rep\ ras ^apaSpay Kai ^?;pa/xovff noiovvrai 
 Kal nerpas, olov 6 Ka\ovfj.evos ^apaSptds* eWi S' 6 ^apaSptoy Kat TTJV xP oav 
 Kal TTJV (pavrjv (pav\0f } (paiverai Se i/^Krcap, r}fj.epas 5' a7roSiSpao~/<ei. 
 
 Proverb, x a p<*8piov fiiov ^j/, of a glutton, Plat. Gorg. 494 B (ubi Schol. 
 opvis TIS os afia rco iffOitai c/dtpufi). 
 
 Is killed by cio~<pa\TOf } Ael. vi. 46. TrtTrrei ^apaSptos nrai/ou o'Trno'af, 
 Phile, De An. Pr. 673. 
 
 According to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xv, Agron is metamorphosed 
 into the bird ^apaSptoy, the other characters in the story turning into 
 various other nocturnal birds. 
 
 The sight of it is said to cure the jaundice, the bird catching it itself 
 through the eyes ; hence aTroo-rpe^erat TOVS txreptSj/ray, KCU ra op/nara 
 o-uyAcXetVas e'x ft - [From which we may conjecture that the experiment 
 has never been fairly tried. W. H. T.] Plut. Symp. ii. 68 1 c, Ael. 
 xvii. 13. See also Suidas (and Schol. in Ar. Av. 267) Xapabpios. 
 opveov, els ov aTro/SXe^ai/Tes, a>s Xdyor, of iKTepiavTes paov a7raXXaTTOi>rai* 
 odev Kal a7roKpviTTov(nv avrovs of irnrpdo'KOVTes, Iva fjirf TTpotxa ax^eXcoirat of 
 KapvovTes. "Kal fj.^v KaXvnTfi, fj.S>v ^apaSptov Ttepvas ;" OVTWS 
 Kal Trapoijui'a evrevdev, XapaSptoi/ /it/iou/zej/oy, eVl TG>J> 
 
1 86 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 XAPAAPI02 (continued}. 
 
 OVTWS Ev(f)povios. fTTfl yap rovs iKTfpiwvras &>0eXet 6 xapaftpibs 6(p6eis, 
 Kal rovrov ol TTfpv&vTfs KpinrrovcriV) Iva JUT) Trpo TOU wvrjcraa'daL TIS ladfj 
 Trepte'pyws. etrri Se fldos opveov /ueTa/3ctXXdp,ei/oi/ els ra irpOKeipeva, K.r.X. Cf. 
 ucrepos. 
 
 In these mythical stories, with which compare Physiol. Syr. xv 
 (volucris tota alba, nee ulla in ea nigredo est : reperitur in regum 
 palatiis), Epiphan. in Physiol. xxiii, Eust. Hex. p. 32, Bochart, ii. p. 340, 
 we have to do with eastern tales of the Stork, Heb. chasad (Lev. xi. 19, 
 Deut. xiv. 1 8) arising from a confusion of names. 
 
 In Babr. Ixxxii (Ixxxviii, W. G. R.) Cod. Ath. has x a P a &P l s f r 
 daXXos : the word is here perhaps a corrupt connexion of 
 It. calandra, which occurs in Dion. De Avib. iii. 15. Cf. W. H. 
 Thompson's note on Plat. Gorg. I.e. 
 
 XEIAfTNEX* TCOV d\(KTpv6v<*v nves, Hesych. Cf. s. v. icdXXwy. 
 
 XEAIAH'N. Etymology very doubtful. Cf. Lat. hirundo, Sp. golon- 
 drina, &c. Supposed by some to be from Sk. rt. har, ' to catch 
 or seize,' cf. Lat. hir-udo, a view somewhat akin to one much 
 older, Isid. Orig. xii. 7 hirundo dicta est, quod cibos non sumat 
 residens, sed in acre rapiat escas et edat. 
 
 A Swallow. The Chimney Swallow, Hirundo rustica, and the 
 House Martin, H. urbica. Mod. Gk. xeXtdovi. See also s. vv. 
 airous, SpeTrayis, KuvJ/eXos, KwnXds. 
 
 Dim. x^&oi'i&eu's, Eust. 753. 56 : x c ^ l &4" lo| 'i Galen, xiv. 386 : 
 XeXi&oyis, Anth. Pal. vi. 160, vii. 210, &c. A Swallow-chick is 
 called poo-xos x<Xt8o'i>oy, Achae. ap. Ael. vii. 47, or opraXixos (q. v.), 
 Opp. Hal. v. 579. 
 
 In Homer, Od. xxi. 411 f] S' wro Ka\bv aeto-e, xeXi&w elKe\r) avdqv (of 
 the bow of Ulysses), xxii. 240 \^Adr)vrj] c^er' araia(ra, ^eXiSort eiKeXrj 
 
 avrrjv : cf. Plut. Is. and Osir. xvi, ii. 357 C, where Isis turns by night 
 into a Swallow. 
 
 Epithets and Phrases. moXo'Setpo?, Nonn. Dion. xii. 76. 'Ar0t 
 Kopa, fj.e\i6 'perrre , XaXo? XaXoi* dp7raacra | r/TTtya (and Other epithets), 
 Even, xiii, Gk. Anth. i. 98. dva-yap.cs, Lucian, Traged. 49. 
 eXiSot, Anacr. fr. 57 ap. Hephaest. vii. 39. 4, p. 22. 
 \ deivbv eVt/Spe/xerai j QpyKia ^6Xi8toi/, Ar. Ran. 679-68 1. XaXo?, 
 Arrian, Nonnus, Babr. govdrj, Babr. Fab. cxviii (cf. Rutherford's note, 
 and vide supra, s. v. iTnraXeKTpuwi/). 6p6poy6i], Hes. Op. et D. ii. 186. 
 optfpoXaXo?, Philip, xviii, Gk. Anth. ii. 200. navdiovis, Hes. I.e. ; Sappho, 
 p. 88 (Bergk) ; freq. in Anthol. nedoiKos, Aesch. fr. 45 ap. Hesych. 
 
XAPAAPIOI XEAIASN 187 
 
 XEAIAflN (continued). 
 
 , irondXos, Ar. Av. 1411 (cf. Alcaeus, fr. 84, ap. Schol.). 
 
 os, Anth. ^oi/SdX^Trror, Lye. 1460. 
 Description. Arist. H. A. vi. 5, 563, viii. 3, 592 b opvis <rapKo(payo9. 
 Ib. iii. 12, 519 povoxpoos. Ib. i. I, 487 b, ix. 30, 68 o/zotoy TW wro&r cvnrepos 
 
 Kal KdKOJTOVS. Ib. IX. 3O, 6l8 TT]V KvfjfJLtJV OVK 6^61 ScKTeldV. Ib. ii. IJ , S9 ^ Tf 
 
 TOV 0-Top.axov ovre TOV irpuXofiov X eL cvpvv, aAXa TTJV Koi\iav paKpav. Ib. ii. 1 5, 
 506 b npos Tols fVTepois e^ei r n v X^*l v - The Swallow is said, like the 
 Nightingale, to have no tongue, Acs. Fab. 416, &c. 
 
 West and Reproduction. Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 6l2 b (TvyKaTcnrXeKei yap 
 Tols Kap(j)o~i TrrjXoi/* Kav drropiJTai TrqXoC, /3pe^ov(Ta avTrjv KoXivfte'iTat ro'is 
 TTTfpols Trpos Tr]i> Koviv. TL 5e <rn/3ao7roieiTai Kaddirfp of avdpunoi, ra cr/cX^pa 
 Trpcora viroTiQtlcra KCU TW /zeye^et (Tvp.p,Tpov noiov<ra -rrpos avrrjv. Trepl re 
 TTJV rpofprjv To>v TfKvoav (Kiroveirai afj.(poTpa' SI^<B(TI S' exarepa) dta.TTjpovo'a. 
 TIVI <rvvr)6fia TO 7rpoetXr/(pop, OTTCO? ^17 51? \dj3rj. Kai rfjv KOTTpov TO p.^v 
 7rp5)Tov avTal eK^d\\ov(nv t OTO.V S' av^rjOSxri, p.eraa'rpe^oi'ras' e^o> 8i8acr/<oi;(rt 
 rouff vfoTTovs irpoievm. (This accurate account evidently refers in par- 
 ticular to the House Martin.) Cf. Ael. iii. 24, 25, Antig. Mirab. 37 (43), 
 Plut. De Soil. An. ii. 966 d. Arist. H. A. vi. 5, 563 p.6vov ro>z/ o-apK.o<pdyav 
 dls veoTTvi. The nests of the Swallow, House Martin and Sand Martin 
 are adequately described by Plin. x. (33) 44. 
 
 Phile, De An. Pr. (20) 454 evavTiav Se $curi TJJ TWV opveav, TTJV p,iiv 
 avT&v evpedrjvai KCU ^evrjv. 
 
 For poetic references see (int. at.) Ar. Av. 1151 (which quotation is, 
 however, by a recent emendation, no longer apt : cf. Rutherford, Class. 
 Rev. 1891, p. 90) ; Antip. Sid. Ixiii, Gk. Anth. ii. 23 ^eXtSoi/, /nT/repa 
 TCKV&V | apTi (re 6d\irov(rav TraiSa? vrro Trrepvyi : Agath. Ivii, Gk. Anth. 
 iv. 23 eVtrpu^ei 8e ^eXiSeoi', | KapfacrL KO\\TJTOV Trrj^ap.ei'r] fldXapov I Theaet. 
 Schol. ii, Gk. Anth. iii. 214 KOI (pi\6jrais VTTO yeicra dopovs Tevt-ao-a 
 ^eXi^coi/ | e<yova ir/yXo^roi? geivodoKel ^aXajLtoI? : Marc. Argent, xxiv, Gk. 
 Anth. ii. 248 fjdrj KOI (piKoreKvos VTTO rpauXottri ^eXiScor, | ^eiXecri Kap<piTi]v 
 7rrj\odofjifl ddXapov l Anth. Pal. X. 2 rjdrj de TrXacrcrci p,ev V7r<i)po<pa yvpa 
 o'lKia. Nonn. Dion. ii. 132 Kal poftov dyyeXXovtra KOI dvde- 
 tparqv | eVo-o/uat elapivolo (pi\rj Ze(f>vpoio ^eXi8a>j', | (pQeyyopevrj, 
 XaXoy opvLS, VTTWpocpirjs p,e\os r)Xv f i I PX 7 ?fy l< P VTepoevTi nepLaKaipovcra 
 KaXirjv: cf. ibid, xlvii. 30. Opp. Hal. i. 729 ^e KCU ciapivfjcri ^eXiSdo-ty 
 cyyvs eKVpfre p,vpop.evais ea Tewa, rare (r(pio~t \rjto~o~avTo | e^ evvrjs rj 
 
 (pS>Tfs dnr)Vs rje dpaKovres : cf. ibid. v. 579. See also the Fable of the 
 Nightingale and the Swallow, Babr. xii (ed. Rutherford). 
 
 Migration. Arist. H. A. viii. 16, 600 (pwXovo-i de TroXXol KCU T>V opvi- 
 Qwv, Kal ov% &s Ttves otorrotj els dXfeivovs TOTTOVS direpxovra.1 TrdvTfS' aXX* 01 
 p,v iT\T)a'iov ovTfs ToiovTow TOTTWV, fv ols del 8ia/zej>ovcn, KOI IKT^VOI Kal 
 ^cXiSdj/e? a7ro^copoO(rti/ evTavda, ol fie Troppcorepw ovres TO>V TOIOVTGDV OVK 
 KTOTriov(Tiv dX\a Kpv7TTOV<riv cavTOvs. fjdr] yap wp-fievai TroXXat ^ 
 
1 88 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 XEAIAflN (continued}. 
 
 i(rli> ev dyyet'ois e^tXcD/iei/ai Tra/iTrai/. Cf. Plin. x. (24) 34 in vicina abeunt 
 apricos secutae montium recessus, inventaeque iam sunt ibi nudae atque 
 deplumes ; Claudian, Eutrop. i. 118 Vel qualis gelidis pluma labente 
 pruinis Arboris immoritur trunco brumalis hirundo. In reference to 
 the migration, see also Aesch. fr. 48 nedoiKos (i. e. 
 Arch, xxvi, Gk. Anth. ii. 86 alav o\r)v VTJVOVS re 
 The Swallow as the bird of returning Spring : Hes. Op. et D. 568 (ii. 
 1 86) TOV 8e p.er' opdpoyoT] Hav$iov\s wpro ^eXiScov | es (pdos avdp&Trois, eapos 
 veov iarajj-evoio. Simon. 74 (l2l) ap. Schol. Ar. Av. 1410 ayyeXe K\vra 
 eapos ddvodpov, \ Kvavea ^eXifiot. Stesich. fr. 45 (Bergk) ap. Eust. II. IO. 
 I oTav rjpos oopa K.e\a8fj ^fXificoi/. Ar. Pax 800 v/zi/eiv, orav rjpivd p.ev (puvfj 
 XaSry. Id. Eq. 4^9 o"/ce\^ao"^e rraldes' ov% 6pa$' | eopa 
 Id. Av. 714, &c. Ael. i. 52. Babr. 131. Cf. Ovid, Fasti, 
 ii. 853 Fallimur an veris praenuntia venit hirundo : Hor. Ep. i. 7, 13, 
 &c. Cf. also a well-known vase (first figured in Mon. Inst. Corr. 
 Archeol. ii. pi. xxiv) with the inscription 'iSou x^tSd)f. NJ? TOV 'HpaxXea. 
 Avr^r. "Eap fjdr). 
 
 How the Swallows come with the wind xeXiSoiuas or Favonius,Theophr. 
 H. P. vii. 15, i, Plin. ii. 47. 
 
 Artemid. p. 1 53 orav Se ro cap TrapajSaX?; Trpurr} irpoveiaiv' ws av e'irroi 
 diroSeiKviiovcra TWV epyw eKaora, Kai orav ye (paivrjTai oi/SeTrore e(rjrepas 
 aSet, dXX' eoidev T]\IOV dvl(r)(OVTOs ovs av 5>VTas KaraXa/i/Sapoi {jTrofMifivfj- 
 o-Kovo-a T>V epyoav : cf. Nonn. Dionys. iii. 13 /ecu Xiyup^, /tiepoTreo-o-i crvvea- 
 rios, etapi Krjpvt;, \ opOpiov virvov cipepve XaXos rpu^oucra ^eXiScov | dvrKpavrjS I 
 Apul, Florid, ii. 13 cantum hirundinibus matutinum ; &c., &c. 
 
 Hence invoked at the Spring festival of the Thesmophoria : Ar. 
 Thesm. I o> Zev, ^eXiScbi/ apa nore (pavf/aerat : cf. Ar. fr. 499 rrvdov x c Xt5cbj/ 
 TTY]VLK arra (paiverai (Eratosth. ap. Schol. Plat. p. 371 ; vide also Suid. 
 
 S. V. ttTTa). 
 
 How the Swallow is visible in Egypt all the year, Herod, ii. 22, 
 Pausan. x. 4, 9 ; but never stays to nest in Daulis, the country of Tereus, 
 Pausan. 1. c. Neither does it visit Thebes, quoniam urbs ilia saepius 
 capta sit ; nor Bizya, in Thrace, propter scelera Terei, Plin. iv. (n) 18, 
 x. (24) 34 ; it goes, however, to rap Karca e^as, Babr. Fab. cxxxi. 
 
 On Swallows used as messengers, Plin. x. (24) 34. 
 
 Proverb. p,[a ^eXiScbi/ cap ov Troicl, Arist. Eth. Nic. i. 6. 1098 (from 
 Cratin., according to Cramer, An. Par. i. 182) ; cf. Ar. Av. 1417. 
 
 The Rhodian Swallow Song, x e ^ l &o i/ta J JLa > sung in the month Boe- 
 dromion (?), Athen. viii. 360 c ^X0', rjXde x*XiS&>i/, | K a\as a>pas ayova-a,\ 
 KaXovs eviavrovs, \ eVi yaorepa \evKii, \ eVt va>ra peXaiva \ . . . avoiy avoiye \ 
 TCLV Bvpav ^eXiSdi/i* | ov yap yepovre's \ eVftej/, dXXa TratSt'a : emended by 
 Ilgen, Opusc. Phil. i. p. 165, Bergk, P. Lyr. iii. p. 671. Cf. Eustath. 
 1914, 45- 
 
XEAIAflN 189 
 
 XEAIAflN (continued}. 
 
 In Sappho, fr. (52) 88 rl /*e Uav8inv\s wpdva xeXt8o>i>, we have perhaps 
 a fragment of a ' Swallow-song.' This difficult line is variously read 
 and interpreted : Hesychius gives <u 'pdvva xfXiSo>i>- opocpfj, but the gloss 
 is, in my opinion, fragmentary and meaningless : Bergk, after Is. 
 Vossius, reads S>"pawa ; I venture to suggest &pa vea, as in Ar. Eq. 419, 
 which latter line is itself probably a fragment of a Swallow-song. 
 Another fragment of a Swallow-song perhaps exists in Horn. Carm. 
 Min. XV. 1 1 vevfj-ai rot, i/eu/zcu eViavtnoy, wore ^eXiScov | earrjK ev irpodvpois 
 ^/t\T) Tj-dSay. In the Rhodian Swallow-song already referred to, two very 
 curious features are the alternate balance or ' parallelism ' of successive 
 lines and the apparent influence of accent on rhythm : the text has 
 been much emended by commentators, in order to obtain a more 
 accurate scansion than the song ever, perhaps, possessed. It is easy to 
 suggest yet other emendations : for instance in 11. 17, 18 av drj (pepys rt, \ 
 pey av rt drj tpepoio seems better than the common reading p.eya 8rj rt. At 
 the very best some of the lines (in their present state) seem to have little 
 rhythm and not much sense. 
 
 A modern ^fXefidi/ia-p-a, Fauriel, Chants de la Grece mod., i. p. xxviii 
 ^fXiSoj/a e'p^erai | aV TTJV a&Trprjv 6d\a<T(Tav' | Ka6r)(re /cat XaX?7<re. | Mapr?7, 
 Mdprr) p.ov KaXe | Kai <p\i@dpr] <p\if3fp \ K av ^iort'o-7/y, K av Trovricrrjs TraXe 
 
 According to Bent (Cyclades, 1885, p. 434) the Swallow-song is still 
 sung in Kythnos (Thermia) and in Macedonia, on March I. Cf. 
 Grimm, D. Myth. p. 723 ; Swainson, Prov. Names of British Birds, 
 p. 50, &c., &c. Cf. also the Kopdmafxa, supra, s. v. 
 
 A Melancholy Bird. The myth of Itylus. Agath. xii, Gk. Anth. 
 IV. 8 d/jLCpiTrepiTpv^ovari ^eXiSoyfy, cs 6' e/xe 8d<pv \ jSaXXouo-t. . . . aXX' 
 "\TV\OV K\aioiT Kar oupea, Kal yodoire \ tis enoiras KpavafjV av\iv e'0e^o/nej/at. 
 Mnasalc. ix, Gk. Anth. i. 125 rpavXa purvpoft&a, Havdiovl rrap6(Vf, <pa>vq\ 
 Trjpeos ov QffjiiToov d^apeva Xe^ecav. | TITTTC jrava/iepioj yndeis dva 5ai/>ia 
 X\td6v : Anth. Pal. ix. 57 Uavdiovl xa/z/xope Kovpa, \ p-vpo^fva : Mosch. iii. 
 39 ovde TOCTOV dprjvrjcrfv dv wpea paKpd ^eXiScoi/. Nonn. Dion, passim, 
 &c., &c. 
 
 The Itylus-myth has been already discussed s. vv. drjEwc and eiro\|r. 
 In the association together of the Swallow and the Nightingale, a curious 
 feature is the similarity of the poetical epithets applied to both. The 
 epithet Ilavdiovis, and the inclusion of Pandion in the myth, whatever 
 they may exactly mean, seem to me to have something to do with 
 the festival of the Jlai/fita, which took place at Athens /xero ra Aiovvaia 
 (Photius) ; that is to say, at or near the Vernal Equinox, and not far 
 from the time when the xeXi6cmo>ia is still sung. The statement of 
 Photius that Ilavdia is a name for the Moon, is also of great interest, 
 
 
190 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 XEAIAflN (continued}. 
 
 especially in connexion with the Swallow's relation towards the un- 
 doubtedly solar e7ro\^. 
 
 Deprived of Sleep. Hesiod ap. Ael. V. H. xii. 20 ryv Se 
 OVK cs TO Trai/reXes dypvirvelv KOI TavrrjV) aTroftefiXrjKevai 8e TOV VTTVOV TO 
 fjfjiio~v' Tip.o)piav 8e apa ravrrjv KTLVOVO~I 8ia TO Trddos TO ev QpaKT] KararoX- 
 p.rj6ev TO es TO delnvov eKeli/o TO adeo-fj-ov. Cf. Himerius, Orat. iii. 3, p. 432 
 d<pir]fj.i de KOL rat? ^eXtSoai raty 'Arrt/cais TOV pvdov fKelvov TOV QpqKiov. 
 
 Other Myths and Legendary Allusions. How the mother brings to 
 her young, being blind at first, sight by means of a certain herb 
 (xeXidoi/ioj/), for which men have often sought in vain ; Ael. ii. 3, iii. 24, 
 Phil. 20. Cf. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 508 b, VI. 5, 563 TUV oe i/eorroii/ av TLS 
 en veaiv OVTW TTJS xeXiSoi/os ra opifiara (KKevTrjay, yivovrai vyieis KOL fi\e- 
 nova-iv vo-Tfpov : also De Gen. iv.6. 774 b ; Antig. Mirab. 72 (78), 98 (106) ; 
 Plin. viii. 27. On the ^fXiSoi/i'a or ' Swallow-stone,' a cure for blindness, 
 epilepsy, &c., see Theoph. Nonn. 36, Diosc. ii de hirundine, Plin. xi. 
 79, xxxvii. 56; cf. Evangeline, I. ii. 133 'the wondrous stone which the 
 Swallow Brings from the shore of the sea to restore the sight of its 
 fledglings ' ; Baring- Gould, Myths of the M. Ages ; Lebour, Zoologist, 
 xxiv. p. 523, 1866, c. Hence the ashes of Swallows are a remedy 
 for cataract, Plin. xxix. 38 ; Galen, De Fac. Simpl. Med. Ch. Boiled 
 swallow, a remedy for the bite of a mad dog, Plin. xxviii. (10) 43. 
 
 How the mother immolates herself over the bodies of her dead 
 children : Opp. Hal. v. 579 o>? S' OTTOT' opraXt'^oio-i ^fXt 
 vtpQev i>7re 6p6(poio ru^eoj/ o(pis ay^i TreXatra-^ | Kai rot/y p,e 
 P.TJTTJP de Trp&Tov p.ev aTvop.(vrj SeSoi^rai | Xoiyta rerptyuta fpovov yoov' aXX 
 ore TralSa? | aOpfjar) (pdipevovs, f) 5* OVKTI <pui,v oXedpov \ Si'^erai, aXX' avrfjcriv 
 VTral yfvvfffO'i 8pa.KovTOS \ eiXetrai p.eo'fi opviv \rj TraidoKTOvos IITT). 
 
 The twittering of Swallows likened to the speech of barbarous 
 tongues, Aesch. Ag. 1050 ^e\idovos dUijv dyi>a>ra (pwvrjv j3ap/3apov KKTT)~ 
 pevrj. Ar. Av. 1 68 1 fii) ^a/3pa^et (s. /3a/3aei, /3an'^a, jSav^tt, rtrv^tfn, 
 &c.) y axrirfp ai ^tXi5oi'$-. Hence 6 xe\i8a)v = 6 fidpftapos, cf. Ion. ap. 
 Schol. Ar. Av. 1680; Ar. Ran. 680. Similarly, Eur. Alcmen. fr. 91 
 XeXf8oi>coj/ novaela, explained by Hesych. o>r /3dp/3apa KOI davvfra -noiovv- 
 TUP TMV rpayiKad/: cf. Ar. Ran. 93 xeXiSoi/a>i> fiouaeia, XwfirjTal Tf\ vr l f ' See 
 also Suidas. Cf. Nicostr. 3. 288 (Mein.) el TO avvex&s KO.L noX\a KOL 
 XaXeii/ | rjv TOV (ppovetv 7rapdo~r)uov, ai \e\i86vs \ eXfyovr' av fjfj.a>v 
 
 The Pythagorean injunction ^AiSom cv olida ^ fie'^co-^oi, Pythag. 
 ap. Iambi. Adhort., xxi, may be thus understood of foreigners : 
 Arist. fr. 192, 1512 b, Hesych. roureWi XdXous dv6pa>7rovs o/jLvpocpiovs fj-f) 
 Other explanations in Plut. Symp. viii. 7 x ^ l ^^ v T f] ^>^" ft 
 , TraptiSeiy^ca TOV dj3f/3ai'ou Kai d%apio~TOV '. Diog. Lacrt. Viii. I7j 
 
XEAIAflN 191 
 
 XEAIAilN [continued-]. 
 
 p. 578, Clem. Alex. Strom, v. p. 238, c. Vide Class. Rev. 1891, pp. 
 i, 230. 
 
 On Swallows commonly building within the house, consult Darnel, 
 Tour through Greece, p. 40, 1819, and recent travellers: on their 
 entering ancient temples, cf. Clem. Alex. Protrept. iv. 52. 
 
 How the Swallows restrain the overflow of the Nile : Thrasyllus in 
 Aegyptiac. ap. Plut. De Fluv. Nil. ii. 1159 yei>i>>vT<u de KOI a'XXoi Xtfot, 
 KoAXa>Tes KoXovfufvoi' TOVTOVs, Kara rfjv dcrefteiav TOU Nei'Xou, o-vXXeyovaai 
 ^eXiSoj/es', KaracTKevd^ovo'i TO 7rpoo~a.yopev6fj.evoi> ^\tdovtov rei^ofj onep eVe^ei 
 TOU vSaros TOV poio/', Kal OUK e'a KaTaK\vo~p.M <pdeipeo~dai rfjv %a>pav. Cf. 
 
 Plin. x. (33) 49. Cf. also Ogilby's Fables of Aesop, 1651, p. 54, tit. N. 
 and Q. (7) v. p. 346. 
 
 There is perhaps an allusion to this legend in the story of the building 
 of the Tf"ixs in Ar. Aves, in which account we may note the references 
 not only to the Swallow but to Egypt and Egyptian birds. This con- 
 jecture is partly based on Rutherford's demonstration (supra cit.) that 
 there is no distinct reference to mud-^/-building on the part of the 
 Swallow in v. 1151. 
 
 White Swallows. Arist. H. A. iii. 12, 519 orav ^vxn yiyvrjTat /LtSXXoj/, 
 \evKos yiveTui. Cf. De Color, vi. 798, Theophr. De Sign. vi. 2, Alex. 
 Mynd. ap. Ael. x. 34. A White Swallow in Samos (connected with 
 the story of recovered sight), Arist. ap. Ael. xvii. 20, Antig. Mirab. 
 120 (132). 
 
 Is hostile to bees, Ael. i. 58 (cf. ibid. v. II, Phile, 650) 01 6e [/ueXm-oup- 
 yoi] rfjv ^eXiSora aldol rijs p.ov(TiKr)S (cf. Ael. vi. 19) OVK cEarOKrctyoiun, KCIITOI 
 paStW av avrrjv TOVTO dpdcravres' aTro^pn &e avrols Ka>\viv rfjv ^eAiSoi/a 
 Tr\r)<rlov r5)v <rip.p\a>v KaXiuv vnonrjgai. Cf. also Virg. G. iv. 15 ; Chaucer, 
 P. of Fowles, 353, 'the swalow, mordrer of the bees small,' &c. Cap- 
 tures Ttrrtye?, Ael. viii. 6, Plut. ii. 976 C, Phile, 713 ; cf. Even, xiii, supra 
 tit., p. l86. Hostile to (ri\(pai : Ael. i. 37 al o-iXfpai TO. oi'a d8iKou<nv' OVKOVV 
 at nqrepes aeXivov KofJirjv ?rpoj3aXXoj/rai TCOJ> ftpeffxav, Kal eKeivais TO fVTfvdev 
 a/3ara eVni/ : cf. Phile, 738, Geopon. xv. I. Is fond of ivy (a Dionysiac 
 plant) Eurip. Alcm. fr. 91 TTO\VS 8' di/etp7re KKTO-OS, tv<f>vr)s K\dSos, \ ^eXiSoi/a)!/ 
 p.ovo~elov. 
 
 In Augury. Ael. x. 342 Ti/iarat Se 17 ^eXiSobj/ Qtois fjLV)(iois Kal 'A(ppoSi'r?7. 
 Swallows nesting in the general's tent were (very naturally) an evil 
 omen, as in the cases of Alexander, son of Pyrrhus and Antiochus, Ael. 
 1. c. : but by returning to the citadel foretold the safe home-coming of 
 Dionysius (1. c.). See also Ar. Lys. 770 dXX' OTTOTOV TTT^COO-I ^eXiSoj/e? 
 ei? ei/a x&pov | TOVS eTronas (f)evyovo~cii ) a7rd(r^aji'rai re (paXrjTcov \ TravXa KCLK)V 
 eorai, ra S' VTTf'prepa vepTepa tfqcrei | Zet/s v\^i/3pe/zeVj;9 | . . . fjv de dtao-Ta>o-iv 
 KOI dvaiTTOiVTai TTTfpvyeo-criv \ e' tepoO vaolo ^eXiSot/es', OVKCTI 86get \ opveov ovd* 
 OTIOVV KaTairvyuvfo-repov clvai : the above passage is entirely mystical 
 
192 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 XEAIAflN (continued}. 
 
 and obscure. How Swallows that had built in Cleopatra's galley were 
 expelled by others before Actium, Plut. Anton. Ix, i. 944 a ; cf. Ant. and 
 Cl., ' Swallows in Cleopatra's sails Have built their nests.' The Swallow 
 that fluttered round Alexander's head as an omen of treachery, Arr. 
 Anab. i. 25 rfjv yap ^eXiSoi/a <rvvTpo<pov re elvai opviQa Ka\ evvovv dv0pa>nois 
 Koi \d~\ov /iaXXoy rj aXXrjv opvi&a. See Class. Rev. 1891, p. 231. 
 
 A Sign of Rain. Arat. Phen. 944 17 \L^vr]v nepi drjda ^eXiSoi/es' aiWoi/- 
 rai | yaarepi TVTTTOVO-CII avras flXevpf^ov iJScop : cf. Theoph. Sign. vi. I, 
 Virg. G. i. 377- 
 
 Fables. The Swallow and the Nightingale, vide s. v. drjSwi/. The 
 Swallow and Eagle, Plut. ii. 223 F. The Wise Swallow and the Hen, 
 Acs. 342 (ed. Halm). The Crow and the Swallow, TO pev <rbv *aXXo? 
 TTJV eapivf]V &pav dvdf't, TO fie e/J-ov 0-co/za KOI ^ei/zooi/i TraparetWrai, Acs. 415* 
 The Crow (or the Swans) and the Swallow, rl av eiroirjo-as, el rffv y\S>TTav 
 ciX f ?) OTTOV TfjiTjdfia-rjs roo-avra XaXety, Acs. 416, 416 b. The Swallow and 
 other Birds, Acs. 417, 417 b. The Swallow building in the Law-court, 
 ot/zoi rj7 ev?7, on evda ItAvttt diKaiovvrai, \iovt] fyutye rjdiKrjiJiai, Aes. 4^j 
 
 418 b : cf. Babr. 118. The Swallow out of due season, Babr. 131. 
 
 XEAQNO<l>A'roi. A kind of Eagle or Vulture, Hesych. The name 
 suggests the Lammergeier. In Sparta the name xf\a>vidprjs is 
 said to be now applied to Aquila imperialis, but surely not to 
 the exclusion of the Lammergeier. 
 
 The Lammergeier does indeed eat tortoises, as has been mentioned 
 above ; and it may accordingly be held that the name x\&vo(f)dyos 
 is manifestly so simple a descriptive term as to throw doubt on 
 my astronomical interpretation of the Eagle that slew the Serpent 
 or the Swan. But it is curious to note that the constellation of 
 the Tortoise is placed in very much the same relation to that of 
 the Eagle as is that of the Swan : moreover the Tortoise forms 
 part of the constellation Lyra, another name for which is the 
 Vulture, and to the latter 'bird' the Eagle is said also to be 
 hostile. It is only natural that those astronomical ' hostilities ' 
 should be the most commented on, which are somewhat akin to 
 zoological fact or possibility. 
 
 XE'NNION, s. xmW. 
 
 A kind of Quail, eaten pickled by the Egyptians. 
 
 Athen. ix. 393 c piKpov S' eo-ni/ oprvyiov : cf. Cleomen. and Hipparch. 
 ibi cttt., &c. Pall. Alex, xxi, Gk. Anth. iii. 119 fj^ls 6' e<r6iop.v KK\TJ- 
 p.VOL a\p,vpa Triivra \ ^fwia KOI rvpovs, ^T/VOS aXiora XI'TTJ/. According to 
 Bent (Cyclades, 1885, p. 128) potted or pickled quails are still eaten in 
 
XEAIAflN XHN 193 
 
 XENNION (continued}. 
 
 Santorini. Jablonsky, De Voc. Egypt., ap. Steph. Thes., suspects xeWtoi/ 
 to have been a locust, Eg. sche. See also Hercher in Jahn's Annal. 
 1856, Suppl. i. p. 285. 
 
 XH'N. A Goose. 
 
 Sk. hansa, hamsa, L. (fi)anser. x^ v = X avs or X VS ( c ^ M v = PW) ; 
 Ger. Gans. Lat. ganta (the small wild northern species, Plin. x. 
 (22) 27 ; also Venant. Fortunat, Miscell. vii. 4, n, teste Keller) is 
 a borrowed word ; cf. O. H. G. ganzo (Keller), Engl. gannet. 
 The connexion with x^ is doubtful (Curt.). An irreg. plur. in 
 
 Gk. Anth. iv. 258 (A. P. vii. 546) w irrrjvas r)Kpo@6\ie x>ay. Dim. 
 
 \-qvdpiov, Hdn. Epim. 150 ; x^l^ 6 "?, Ael. vii. 47, Eust. 753. 56 ; 
 \t\viov, Menipp. ap. Athen. 664 e; x^" ?, Eubul. 3. 211. 
 In Horn, frequent ; usually with the epithet apyos : cf. x a P 07rov X ava ) 
 Antip. Sid. Ixxxviii, Gk. Anth. ii. 31. The Geese in the Odyssey are 
 tame birds, Od. xv. 161, 174, xix. 536, in the Iliad always wild, II. ii. 460, 
 xv. 690. Remains of the bird are not known from ancient Troy or 
 Mycenae (Schliemann and Virchow, teste Keller, Th. d. cl. Alt., p. 288). 
 Description. Arist. H. A. ii. I, 499 t^ouo-i n 8ia pecrov T>V o-^ifr/Liarcoz/ 
 . Ael. xi. 37 opvis o-reyavoTrovs KOL 7rAarua>ia>. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 
 evpiis KOI TrXarus, drrcxpuaSes' oXiyai Karoo$ez> Kara rrjv TOV evrepov 
 rjv, aldoiov (pavep&Tepoj/ orav TJ o^eia Trpo&cpaTOS TJ. Ib. vi. 2, 560 b 
 rat KaraKoXvp^oixnv : ibid. 8, 564 ai 6r)\iai eVoaa^bua-i povai, KOI dia- 
 8ia TTdvrbs efpfftpcvovorai, oravnep Spfanrrcu TOVTO iroiflv I ibid. 6, 563 
 Trept rpiaKoj/^' f]fj.epas: cf. Varro, De R. R. iii. 10, Colum. viii. 
 7, I. Their splay feet alluded to, Ar. Av. 1145. The goose's cackle is 
 expressed by xyvifav, Diphil. 4. 413, na'mra&iv, J. Pollux, Lat. gingrire, 
 Festus ; its splashing movements in the water by TtXaTvyifav, Eubul. 
 3. 260. 
 
 Eggs. Eriph. ap. Athen. ii. 58 b <aa \evKa ye | KOI /neyaXa. B. Xn vet> 
 earivj &>s y JJLO\ 8oKel' OVTOS 8e (prjai ravra rr]V Arfiav reKelv. (Cf. Sappho, 
 fr. 566, ap. Athen. 1. c., Clem. Alex. Homil. v. 14.) Simon, fr. n B 
 (I.e.) diov re XTJI/OS weoi/ Maiavdpiov. Were not eaten by the Indians, 
 Ael. xiv. 13. The Fable of the Golden Egg, Aesop, ed. Halm 343 b ; 
 cf. Keller, Gesch. d. Gr. Fab. p. 346 et seq. 
 
 Migrations. Ael. V. 54 01 de x*l vfs 8iafJ.ei^ovT(s TOV Tavpov TO opos 
 dedoLKaai TOVS derouy, KCU eK.ao~TOS yf ai/Twv \iOov eVSaKovres 1 , tva p.r) KXafacriv, 
 
 &(T7Tfp OVV p.jBa\6vT($ CrfplCTl (TTO/JLLOV, dldTTeTOVTCll (rKOTTWVTfS, Kal TOVS 
 
 afToits TO. TroXXa ravrj] SiaXavQdvovai. Cf. Dion. De Avib. ii. 1 8 ; Pint. 
 De Soil. Anim. p. 967 B ; Phile, De An. Pr. xv. 
 
 Sacred to Osiris and Isis, Pausan. x. 32, 16 ; cf. Juv. vi. 540; see 
 also Philip. Thess. 10 (Gk. Anthol. ii. 197) TroXiov x^ v ^ v &vyos ewdpo- 
 
 o 
 
194 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 XHN (continued}. 
 
 /3iW : whose priests used it as food, Herod, ii. 37 ; as did the 
 Pharaohs, Diod. Sic. i. 70, and the sacred cats, ibid. i. 84. 
 
 The Geese of the Capitol, sacred to Juno, Diod. Sic. xiv. 116 ; Ael. xii. 
 32 ; cf. Liv. v. 47, Cicero pro Roscio, 20, Virg. Aen. viii. 655, Plin. x. 26, 
 xxix. 14, Ovid, Fasti, i. 453. Cf. ref. to the bird's watchfulness, Arist. 
 H. A. i. i, 488 b ftpveov alaxvvrrjKov KOI <pv\aKTiKov : also noted in the 
 Vedas (Zimmer, Alt.-ind. Leben, p. 90, tit. Keller) ; cf. also Chaucer, 
 'the waker goose.' Its wisdom, Ael. v. 29, cf. Ovid, Met. viii. 684, 
 xi. 599 canibus sagacior anser. 
 
 Sacred to Venus in Cyprus (Cesnola, Cyprus, pl.,vi) and to Priapus, 
 Petron. Sat. 136, 137. 
 
 The Goose was sacrificed to Isis and Osiris in Autumn (Paus. 1. c.), as 
 by the ancient Germans to Woden at Michaelmas (Keller, op. c. p. 301). 
 
 An erotic bird ; a goose enamoured of a boy, Ael. v. 29 ; of a musi- 
 cian, ibid. i. 6; and of a philosopher, ibid. vii. 41. Cf. Ael. iv. 54 j 
 Athen. xiii. 606 c ; Plut. Mor. 972 F. A lover's gift, Ar. Av. 707. 
 Hence, in Mod. Gk., a term of endearment, xn va I JLOV J iraTrnLa p.ov 
 (TraTTiria meaning a duck, but cf. Ar. Vesp. 297, ,&c.). Portends, in 
 dream-prophecy, the birth of a wanton maid, Artemid. Oneirocr. iv. 83. 
 Goose-fat as an aphrodisiac, Plin. xxviii. (19) 80, c. On sacrifices of 
 the Goose vide Gust. Wolff, Porphyr. De Phil., Ex Orac. Haur. Libr. 
 Reliq., Berlin, 1856; cf. Philologus xxviii. p. 189, 1869. On the erotic 
 symbolism of the Goose, see (int. at.) Creuzer, Symb. iv. p. 423. 
 
 Tame Geese also mentioned, Soph. Fr. 745 ndavov 8e xn va KC " **pur- 
 rcpdv, e<f)CTTiov oiKeTiv re. Eubul. ap. Athen. xii. 519 KOI yap TTOO-O* KO.\\IOV, 
 iKereua), rpe(peiv \ avdpuirov ear' avdpconov av exi) /3i'oi/, | ?j X*l va wXaruyioi/ra 
 KCI\ Ke^vora: cf. Plut. Mor. 958 E. They were kept in the temples; 
 Artemid. I.e. lepol yap oi x*l ves * e> " va is avaTpefpopevoi. Brought as 
 gifts to the Indian king, Ael. xiii. 25. 
 
 Fatted Geese, Epigen. ap. Athen. ix. 384 Sxrirep x^va a-irevrbv erpf<pf 
 /ze, &C. Eubul. 2re</>. ibid. JJLTJ trv xnvus rjirap 77 tyvxrjv fX fls '- P a ^- Alex, 
 xxi, Gk. Anth. iii. 119 x^vbs dXtora Xi-rrrj: cf. Juv. v. 114, Colum. xiv. 8, 
 &c. A favourite food of the younger Cyrus, Xen. Anab. i. 9, 26. 
 Given by the Egyptians to Agesilaus, Athen. 1. c. Brought from 
 Boeotia to the Athenian market, Ar. Ach. 878, Pax 1004 ; kept like- 
 wise in Macedonia and in Thessaly, Plat. Gorg. 471 C, Polit. 264 C. 
 Cf. Plut. ii. 2 loc, Plin. x. (22) 27, &c. 
 
 They were kept, but not eaten, by the Celtic inhabitants of Britain, 
 Caes. Bell. Gall. v. 12 ; very much as at the present day. 
 
 On goose-livers x^i/em fjirara, cf. (int. al.} Athen. ix. 384, Plut. ii. 965 a 
 Geopon. xiv. 22, Plin. x. 52, Hor. Sat. ii. 8, 88, Juv. v. 114, Mart, 
 xiii. 58, and many Comic fragments. A goose-herd, X^O^OO-KOS, Cratin. 
 ap. Athen, 1. c., Diod. i. 74 ; a goose-farm or goose-pen, 
 
XHN XHNAAnnHE 195 
 
 XHN (continued}. 
 
 Varro, R. R. iii. 10, I, ^i/ojSoo-Kioi/, Geopon. xiv. 12, i, xTji/orpo^etoj', 
 Colum. viii. i, 3 ; cf. ^"ojScon'a, plat. Polit. 264 C. 
 
 On goose-fat, or goose-flesh, in medicine, Plin. xxix. 38, Nicand. Alex. 
 228, Celsus, ii. 18, c. ; the blood, in medicine, ibid. xxix. 33, cf. Diosc. 
 Alexiph. c. 30, Galen, Comp. Medic, xi. i. On the use and value of the 
 feathers and down, Plin. x. 53 ; cf. Hesych, pvovs' TO XfTTTorarov Trrfpov, 
 Kvpi&s Se rS)V xyvav. 
 
 Eubul. UpoKp. i. 5 (3. 247 M), yaXa x'fwfc, ' pigeons' milk,' of an un- 
 known luxury. 
 
 Destructive to the crops, Babr. 13, Aesop, 76. 
 
 A weather prophet, Arat. 1021 KOI x*i vs KXayyqSoj/ faety6p**eu Ppapolo \ 
 Xtipwvos p.eya a-rjua. Cf. Theophr. Sign. vi. 3 ; Geopon. i. 3, 9 ; Avien. 
 Aratea, 432 ; Suid. 
 
 Capture by decoys, Dion. De Avib. iii. 23 : see also Nemes. Cyn. 314. 
 Killed by laurel, ddcpvr) and pododdcpvr), Ael. v. 29, Phile, De An. xv. 
 Use the herb sideritis as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27. 
 
 The Oath of Socrates, vrj TOV xn va > probably for vfj TOV Zijva. ; cf. Ar. 
 Av. 521 ; an oath prescribed by Rhadamanthus (Suid.). Cf. Philostr. 
 vi, De Vita Apoll. c. 9; Cratin. 2. 155 (Mein.) ols r\v peyia-Tos opKos\ 
 airavTi Xoycp KVOW, eVeira xn v - 
 
 Associated with Aquarius, in a representation of the month of 
 February (doubtless with reference to Juno, cf. s. v. raws), Graev. Thes. 
 Ant. Rom. viii. 97 ; cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. p. 626. 
 
 See for a further account of the Goose in classical art and mythology, 
 O. Keller, Thiere d. Cl. Alterth., pp. 286-303. 
 XH'N* 6 fjiixpos, dyeXaios. 
 
 A wild species, unidentifiable, mentioned in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 
 
 593 b > I2 > 597 b. 
 XHNAAfl'nHE, s. x*)'<&<4, J. x r l l '^M'> Hesych. Dim. x'n^aXwireKiScus, 
 
 Ael. vii. 47. 
 
 The Egyptian Goose, Chenalopex aegyptiaca, Steph. This and 
 TTTjveXox//- are both probably renderings of an Egyptian word, cor- 
 rupted by false etymology. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, mentioned among the heavier web-footed 
 birds, after 6 fjiiKpbs x*l v aye\alos. Ael. V. 30 e^et fjicv yap TO eldos TO TOV 
 s > rravovpyiav 5e diKaioTdTa dvTiKpivoiTO av TTJ aXcoTreKt. KOI tVri /ueV 
 paxvTfpos, dvo'peioTepos fie, KCU ^copetf 6/ud(re dcivos. dfjivveTcu yoiv 
 KOL dcTov Kal a'iXovpov KCU TO, XOITTO, oo~a CIVTOV dvTinaXd fcrnv. Reverenced 
 in Egypt for parental affection, Ael. x. 16, xi. 38 (piXoTewov de apa <ov 
 TJV Kal 6 x^vaXcarrr]^ KOI TOVTO. Tols nepdtgi 8pa. KOI yap OVTOS irpb TO>V 
 VOTTa)V eavTov Kv\ii } Kal frdi&MTUi fXnioa as Qrjpaaovn avTov r<w eirtovrC 
 ol 8e dnodiSpdo-Kovo-iv ev ro> reooy. As an hieroglyphic symbol, meaning 
 
 o 2 
 
196 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 XHNAAiinH= (continued'}. 
 
 ' son,' Horap. i. 53 ; cf. Bailey in Class. Journ. xvi. p. 320, and especially 
 Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 105, who cites from the 
 
 Rosetta stone *fe^ su-ra = vibs'H\iov. Sacred to the Nile, Herod. 
 
 ii. 72. With cognomen Beoyevfjs, AT. Av. 1295. Its eggs second only 
 to the peacock's, Athen. ii. 586. vmivepia rucra, Arist. H.A. vi. 2, 5590. 
 Mentioned also Plin. x. (22) 29. 
 
 XHNE'Pftl. A small kind of Goose, Plin.x. (22) 29 et quibus lautiores 
 epulas non novit Britannia, chenerotes, fere ansere minores. 
 
 XHNOIKO'noi. Name of an Eagle, Phile, De An. Pr. (15) 376. Cf. 
 
 XAfXPEY'Z. An unknown bird, the statements regarding which are 
 all fabulous. 
 
 Hesych. opviddptov ^Xcopov. Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 noXeuioi TWV 6pvi6a>v 
 iroiKiXides Kal Kopvdaves Kal ninpa KOI xXwpeuy, Tpvywv Kal ^Xwpeus' dno- 
 KTfivei yap TTJV Tpvyova 6 xXcopeur. Hostile to rpvyav, also in Ael. V. 48 ; 
 to Tpvy&v and Ko'pa, Phile, De An. Pr. 690 ; to corvus^ Plin. x. (74) 95 
 noctu invicem ova exquirentes. Supposed by Gesner and Sundevall 
 to be identical with xXttpfor, and by Gaza with x^ w pk, q- v - 
 
 XAflPl'Z. The "Greenfinch, Fringilla chloris, L. Mod. Gk. <Xd>, 
 
 (pivpi (Erh. p. 44, Von derMuhle, p. 47), in Attica o-myydpios (Heldr.). 
 
 Cf. It. verdone, &c. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis arKO)\r}Ko(pdyos. Ib. ix. 13, 615 b ra Ka'ra> 
 e^et w^pa* TJ\IKOV eVri Kopvdos' TI'KT wa re'rrapa 77 TTfvre' veorrLav Troieirai 
 fx. TOV (rvp-cfivTOV e\Kov(ra 7rp6ppiov t (rrpco/xara 8' VTro/SaXXei Tpt'^a? KOI epia. 
 The cuckoo lays in its nest, which is placed in a tree, ibid. 29, 618. 
 
 Ael. IV. 47 XXcopty 6Vo/za opvidos, fJTrep ovv OVK av aXXa^o^ev TTOtj^craiTO 
 TtjV KctXiav % eK TOV Xeyo/zej/ou arvfjLfpvTOv' e&ri 8e pi'C a T o (Tvp.(pVTOv evpedrjvai 
 Tf Kal opvgai ^aXfTTJy. <TTpo>p.vr]V de uTrojSaXXerai rpi'^a? KOI epia. KOI 6 /ueV 
 6r)\vs opvis OVTCO KK\r)Tai, 6 de apprjv y ^Xwpicaj/a KaXovffiv avroV, Kal eVri TOV 
 (3iov fJLTj^avtKos, paQe'iv Tf trav o TI ovv ayaQos, Kai rX^/ncoj/ inroij.e'ivai Tr)v ev rw 
 pavOdveiv /Sacravoj/, orav dXw. Kal 8ta juev TOV x^i-^vos a(perov Kal eXevdepov 
 OVK av i'Sot TIS avTov, rjpival 8e orav VTrap^coi/rai TpoTrai TOV cravs, 
 av enKpaivoiTO. 'ApKTovpos re eVeTeiXci/, 6 Se dva^oapel es TO. oiKeta, 
 Kal ftevpo eVraXij. 
 
 According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, 
 daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird ^Xcopty. 
 
 On the plant O-VH<PVTOV see also Diosc. iv. 10, Fraas, Fl. Cl., p. 163. 
 Lindermayer, I.e., p. 62, says that the Greenfinch builds abundantly in 
 the olive-groves of Attica, making its nest always of the same material, 
 
XHNAAflFlHE XYPPABOI 
 
 197 
 
 XAHPII (continued}. 
 
 the roots of a species of Symphytum (?), lined with black goats' hair. In 
 Ael. 1. c. the bird is confused with the Golden Oriole, x\o>piW, which 
 migrates in winter, while the Greenfinch does not. 
 
 XAftPl'flN, s. xXwpeloy, Suid. 
 
 Cf. Lat. galbula (galbus = gelb = yellow): oriolus qu. aureolus; It. 
 
 rigogolo, from auri-galbulus (Diez, p. 152). 
 The Golden Oriole, Oriolus galbula, L. Mod. Gk. vvKofydyos 
 
 (Von der M.), Kirpwo-rrovXi (Cyclades, Erh.), o-o^Xmos (Kriiper). 
 
 Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b Kpe TroXe'/uios TW xXcopiWi, bv evioi p,vdo\oyov<Tt 
 yeveo-Qai CK TrvpKa'ids. Ibid. 15, 6l6b ^XcopiW 8e jua0eli> p.ev dya6bs Kai 
 , KdKOTreTTjs 5e, KOL xP av ^X L [*ox6ijpdv. Ibid. 22, 617 6 de 
 
 0X09* OVTOS rov ^et/xco^a ov% 6parot,*7repi 8e ras rpoTras ras dfpivas 
 (fravepbs /uaXtara yiVerat, aTraXXarrerat Se orav 'ApKroCpoy ririTeXX^j TO Se 
 peyedos eVnv ocrov rpvya>v. Cf. Ael. iv. 47, supra S. V. X^ w P l 's : Plin. X. 
 (29) 45- 
 
 The Oriole arrives in Greece in April, and appears in great numbers 
 among the figs in August (Von der Miihle, &c.). Of the above accounts 
 in Aristotle, the first is clearly mythical, and contains a suggestion of 
 the Phoenix myth : the second is equally obscure, though Aubert and 
 Wimmer see in /Sio/M^ai/o? an allusion to the Oriole's surpassing skill 
 in nest-building ; while the third, though undoubtedly referring to the 
 Golden Oriole, is far from accurate : cf. Buffon, M. des Ois. v. 351 ' Je 
 me contenterai de dire ici que, selon toute apparence, Aristote n'a connu 
 le loriot que par ou'i-dire.' 
 
 XPYIA'ETOI. The ' Golden Eagle,' a mystical name, already dis- 
 cussed S. V. dT<$9. 
 
 A fabulous account in Ael. ii. 39 ^pvo-deros* aXXot de dare/Hay TOV avrbv 
 KaXovaiv. oparat e ov 7ro\\aKis* Xeyet de 'AptororeX^? avrbv Qrjpdv Kal 
 veftpovs Kal Xa-ycos Kal yepdvovs Kal xr)vas e^ av\rjs. /Lte-yioros de deraif 
 elvai TreTriVreuTai, Kal \cyowri ye KOI els TOVS Kpfjras Kal TOLS ravpois eViri- 
 BeffOai avrbv Kara TO KaprepoV, K.r.X. 
 
 XPYIOMH"TPII. v. 11. pva-ofjtrjTpis, xP V(T0 ^ T P r l s ' Transl. Aurivittis, 
 
 Gaza. 
 The Goldfinch, Fringilla carduetis, L. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, mentioned with aicavtiif, dpawls. ravra 
 yap irdvTa en\ T>V a.K.av6S)V ve/uerai, cna\r)Ka d' ovdev ov' ilft^VJfay ovde'v' 
 ev rail 8e Kadevdet KOI ve^erai ravra. It is remarkable that we have 
 so little definite record of the Goldfinch, which in Greece is now, 
 according to Lindermayer, next to the Sparrow the commonest of birds. 
 
 XY'PPABOI* opvis TIS TTOLOS, Hesych. 
 
198 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 *l/A'P, s. \|/dp : also vj/dpos, s. \|/apos. Ion. ^r\p. \|mpix<>s, Hesych. 
 A Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, L. Mod. Gk. tyapovi, fiavponov^i. 
 The Etymology is confused and doubtful. Von Edlinger (op. c. 
 p. 103) finds in Gk. ^ap, O. H. G. sprd, Lith. spakas, a connexion 
 with the root of ncpK-vos, Lat. spar-gere, i. e. variegated, speckled. 
 But there also seems to be a connexion of Gk. ^dp or <nrap- 
 with the various names for sparrow, Goth, sparwa, O. Pr. sperglo, 
 &c., as Engl. starling, stare. Ger. Staar, L. sturnus, form 
 another series together with a-rp-ovdos. The Hebr. sippor is 
 perplexingly similar. 
 
 In Horn, always coupled with the Jackdaw, II. xvi. 583 tpr)Ki eWoos | 
 o>Kei', oar' e(p6{Br)(T KO\OIOVS re, ^jypa? re. xvii. 755 & >a " re ^apo!)j> vefpos, rje 
 KO\oiS>v. Arist. H. A. ix. 26, 617 b 6 Se tydpos eVn TroiKiXos' ptyedos S' 
 eVrii/ qXtW KdTTu^os. Ib. viii. 16, 600 </>coXei. Antipat. Sid. cv ap. Suid. 
 6 Trpif eyo) KOI \/^^pa KCU apiraKreipav epvicav \ (nreppaTos v^in-en; Bi(TTOi>iav 
 yepavov. Anth. Pal. ix. 373 tyapas, dpovpairjs apirayas evrropirjs. Diosc. 
 ii ^apas opvCu rptyovres. Is killed by o-KopoSoi/, Ael. vi. 46, Phile, 
 De An. Pr. 660. Used as food, Antiph. ap. Athen. ii. 65 e. 
 
 On talking starlings, Plut. ii. 972 F, Plin. x. 59 (43), Aul. Gell. 
 xiii. 20. Stat. Silv. ii. 4, 18 auditasque memor penitus demittere voces, 
 Sturnus, &c. 
 
 ^H'AHKEZ- TWV dXcKTpvovav ol voSaycwai, Hesych. Possibly akin to 
 creXKes, vide s. v. o-epKos (Schmidt, ad Hesych.). 
 
 WTTA'KH. Also 4/tTraKOS (Paus., Ael., &c.), o-irraKOS (Arr.), 
 
 (Philost.), pirraKos (Ctes.). A Parrot 
 
 Arrian, Ind. i. 15, 8 o-irrctKovs de Neapxos n*v o>s drj TI dapa a 
 on yivovTai ev rfj 'ivd&v yfi, KOI oKolos opvis ccrriv 6 O-ITTUKOS, K.CU OKODS 0a)i/;}/ 
 lei dv8pu>7rivr)V. eye!) 6e on avros re rro\\ovs O7ra>7rca Kal a\\ovs 67rt(rra- 
 fjievovs fjdea rov opvida, ovdev a>s vnep dronov drjdev a7rr]yrjcrop.ai. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b (spurious passage, A. and W.) oXws &e TO. 
 yafji^l/oovvxa, navra /3pa^urpa^f/Xa KCU TrAaruyXcorra Kal /ui/xTyriKa' KOL yap TO 
 'ivftiKov opveov f) 'vJarraK^, TO Xeyo/xevoi/ ai/^pcoTroyXcarroi/, TOIOIITQV eon* Kal 
 a/coXao-Torfpov 6e yiWrai orav iriy olvov. (Cf. Plin. x. (42) 58.) 
 
 Pausan. ii. 28, (on animals of restricted geographical range), Trapa 
 6' 'Ii/Saii/ /idi/a>j/ aXXa Te Ko/xi^erai, Kai opviQes ol ^iTTa/cot. Diod. Sic. ii at 
 Se TTJS Svpi'a? raxariat -^nTTUKOvs Kal Tropfyvpiavas Kal peXeaypidas [e/crpe- 
 <pov(Ti\. Philostorg. 3 Kai /iev df] Kal rr\v crtrraK?jj/ eKfWfv i(Tfj.v Kop.iop.evr)v. 
 
 Ctes. ap. Phot. Trepl TOV opveov TOV /SirraKov, on yXoio'O'ai' dv0pa>7rivT]v e^et 
 
 Kal <pavi]v : cf. Plut. ii. 272 F ; Porph. De Abst. iii. 4 ; Stat. I.e. humanae 
 solers imitator, Psittace, linguae. 
 
 Athen. ix. 387 d, parrots carried in Ptolemy's procession at Alexandria ; 
 ibid. 391 b, mentioned as a mimic, with KiVra and O-K\^. 
 
WTTAKH (continued}. 
 
 Ael. vi. 19, xvi. 2, 15, its wisdom and vocal powers; xiii. 18, is 
 reckoned sacred among the Brahmins ; xvi. 2, is of three species. 
 
 Dion. De Avib. i. 19 rot? \J/-trraKoIy 5e, ovs OVK ev t-vXivocs KXafiols dXX' 
 ls (ppovpdv avayKalov, ^XP 1 - Ka * T ^ s yp*T*pas y\(ao-(rr)s utdrjyrja-e ras 
 17 (pv(Tis. 
 Is friendly to the wolf, Opp. Cyn. ii. 408, 409 ^ITTOKOS avre \VKOS re crvv 
 
 Vfj.ovTaC | aiei yap Trodeovcri \VKOI rroeaixpoov opviv, 
 The Indian parrots above alluded to are the common parrots of 
 Northern India, Psittacus (Palaeornis] Alexandria L. (Cf. Val. Ball, 
 Ind. Antiq. xiv. p. 304, 1885.) The parrots seen by Nero's army at 
 Meroe (Plin. vi. (29) 35) must have been another specks, P. cubicularis, 
 Hass, and probably all the parrots described by Roman writers (Ovid, 
 Amor. ii. 6, Statius, Silv. ii. 4, Apul. Florid. 12, Persius Prologue, and 
 even Plin. x. (42) 58) came from Alexandria and belonged to that 
 species. They are described as green by Stat., ille plagae viridis 
 regnator Eoae ; Ovid, Tu poteras virides pennis hebetare smaragdos, 
 Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco, c. Cf. Sundevall, op. cit., 
 pp. 126, 127, 
 
 vp|<|>ArON' piKpov opviddpiov, Hesych. 
 
 'aKY'HTEPOI. An epithet of a Hawk, used specifically in Ael. xii. 4. 
 Cf. II. xiii. 62, &c. 
 
 'ftPl'ftN, s. wptwK. An unknown and mystical bird. 
 
 Clit. ap. Ael. xvii. 22 : an Indian bird, like a Heron, red-legged, 
 blue-eyed, musical, amative. Nonn. Dion. xxvi. 201 &>piW, y\vKvs opvis, 
 ofjLouos e/j.(ppovi. KvKVcp. Cf. Strab. xv. 718. 
 
 This bird, always associated with the equally mysterious Karpevs, is 
 evidently a poetic and allegorical creation, but what it signifies is 
 unknown. 
 
 Also ouris, Galen, Hesych. 
 The Bustard, Otis tarda, L. ; including also the Houbara, O. 
 
 Honiara. Mod. Gk. dypi6ya\\os, Erh. ; or/Sa, Von der Miihle. 
 
 Lat. tar da, whence Bustard, i.e. avis Tar da, Plin. x. (22) 29 
 
 Proximae eis (tetraonibus) sunt quae Hispania aves tardas appellat, 
 
 Graecia otidas. 
 
 Description. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 TOV oro/Liaxoi> e'^ei evpvv KOI TtXarvv 
 o\ov' a7ro(pvddas e^ei. Ib. V. 2, 539 (rvyKadeio-r)? rrjs QrjXeias enl rr]v yrjv 
 eVtjSaiWi TO appev. Ib. vi. 6, 563 eTrwa^et Trepi TpiaKovC? rjpepas (like Other 
 large birds, e. g. goose and eagle). Arist. Fr. 275, 1527 b, ap. Athen. ix. 
 390 c eVri p,v TWV KTO7Ti.6vTa>v Kal cr^iSaj/OTrdSooj/ KOI Tpi8aKTv\a>v } fjityeSos 
 d\CKTpv6vos jueyaXov, XP^^ a oprvyos, K(pa\r) 7rpop.r)KT)s, pvyxos o|u, rpdx^os 
 \fTTTos, 6<pOa\p,ol /neyaXot, yXwcraa ocrrcbS^s 1 , vrpoXo/Soi/ 5' OVK \ei. (This 
 
200 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
 
 QTI1 (continued}. 
 
 last description is perhaps taken from the Little Bustard, O. tetrax, 
 Mod. Gk. ^a/Lion'So.) Paus. x. 34, I ai Se oori'Se? KaXou/u,ei/ai Trapa TOV 
 Kj?(pto~6y (rov eV <J?am'i) rc/toyrat juaXura opviOaiv. 
 
 Capture by Coursing, with horse and dog. Xen. Anab. i. 5, 3 ra? 8e 
 wn'Sa? af TIJ TO^U avio~Trj eari \ap.{Bdv(iv' Trerovrai re yap (Spa^u axTrrep ol 
 TrepStKfs Kal ra^u aTrayopevouori* ra 5e Kpea avrtov fjdea eo~Ttv (but cf. Plin. 
 1. c.). Athen. ix. 393 d, quoting Xenophon, adds from Plutarch, aXrjdrj 
 \iytiv TOV SevofpwvTa' (pepeadai yap Tra/ujroXXa TO. a>a ravra els TTJV 
 'AXedV8peiai> drro rrjs TrapaKfip.evr)s Aifivr)?, TTJS Qypas avrwv Toiavrrjs yivo- 
 fievrjs. Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 1. C. Trpoarayopeveo-dai avrov \aya>diav. 
 Synes. Ep. iv. p. 165 ^'5/ 5e TLS Ka\ o>ri8a e8a)K6j/, opveov CKTOTTMS f]dv. 
 
 Friendship for the horse. Ael. ii. 28 TTJV con'Sa TO ov opvidav tlvai 
 ^iXiTTTroraroj/ axoua) . . . ITTTTOV Se orav deda-rjrai, ^Sio-ra Trpoo-Tre'rerdi. Alex. 
 Mynd. 1. C. (pa<rl ' avrov Kal rrjv rpcxprjv dvafJiapvKa(r6ai fjSe<rdai re iTTTrw, ei 
 yovv TIS dopav tmrav Trepi^otro, drjpeva-fi ovovs av Be\rj' Trpocriaai yap. 
 Cf. Plut. Sol. Anim. xxxi. 7 (ii. 981 B) ; Opp. Cyn. ii. 406; Dion. De 
 Avib. iii. 8. 
 
 Hostile to the dog, Ael. v. 24, and grossly deceived by the fox, 
 ib. vi. 24. 
 
 Buffon and others have supposed from the name wris that the 
 Houbara (which is very rare in Greece) is chiefly meant : but the 
 etymology is doubtful ; the ' ears ' are not mentioned save by Oppian, 
 Cyneg. ii. 407 a>r/6Vy, alert T0r]\v del Xao-itoraroj/ ovas : and besides the 
 cheek-tufts of the Common Bustard might suggest ears as well as the 
 crest of the Houbara. It is however the Houbara, as the common 
 African species, which is alluded to in Plutarch ap. Athen. I.e. 
 
 *QTOI, s. WTOS. 
 
 A Horned Owl, especially the Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotus 
 
 or Asio acdpitrinus. 
 
 Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 587 b, mentioned along with opriryo/^rpa and 
 Ki>xpap,os as a migratory bird, in connexion with the migration of the 
 quails. Further (loc. dub., A. and W.) 6 ' eoros O/JLOIOS TOW y\avgl Kal nepl 
 rd ojra nrepvyia e%a)v' evtoi S' avrov WKriKOpaKa KaXovcriv (cf. Hesych.). 
 O"ri de Ko/SaXo? Kal /u/z^r^s 1 , Kal dvTop%ovfjLfvos dXiV/ferai, Trepif\66vTos 
 Qarepov TO>V QrjpevT&v, Kaddirep r] y\av. Cf. Arist. ap. Athen. ix. 390 f 
 6 cards' eVrt pev Trapopoios rfj y\avKi } OVK eort de wurepivos . . . peyedos 
 TTfpiCTTfpas, K.r.X. 
 
 In Athen. ix. 390 d, a ridiculous story of its capture by mimicry : 
 oi 8e (rrdvTfs avr>v KaravriKpv viraXeifpovrat (pappaKco TOVS o^^aX/iovy, 
 Trapao-fcevacravre? aXXa (pdppaKa KoXXjjriKa 6(pda\p,S)V Kal /3Xe^)apa)V, aVfp 
 ou Trdppo) eavT&v eV \KavicrKaLS (Spatial? ridfaatv' ol ovv aroi Qeupovpevoi 
 TOVS inraXeifpofJievovs TO OVTO Kal atrol TTOIOVO-IV, K T&V \Kavid<av Xa/ij3a- 
 
flTIZ flTOI 201 
 
 iiTOZ continued}. 
 
 VOVTSS' /cat raxecos dXiVieoprat. A less absurd version, ibid. 391 a ; cf. 
 Plut. Mor. ii. 961 E. Hence cords-, one easily taken in, a 'gull.' 
 
 Plin. x. (23) 33 Otus bubone minor est, noctuis maior, auribus plumeis 
 eminentibus, unde et nomen illi ; quidam Latine asionem vocant : 
 imitatrix avis ac parasita, et quodam genere saltatrix, &c. 
 
 Casaubon and others, followed by Lidd. and Sc., state that Athenaeus 
 confounds cores with conV. There is indeed a confusion in the text, due 
 to the interpolation in 360 d /U/^TIKOI/ cV e'cm, K.r.X., between two state- 
 ments referring to con'? ; but the respective statements as to coros and 
 con's- are correct. 
 
 The Short-eared Owl is indicated in the following statements : 
 (i) as a migratory bird; (2) as associated with the quails, i.e. a bird 
 of the open country; (3) as being diurnal and not nocturnal. The 
 commentators have often fallen into error from ignorance of the habits 
 of the Short-eared Owl : e. g. Gesner, in gallinis, de otide, ' nocturnam 
 avem aut noctuae similem nullam migrare arbitror.' (Certain other 
 species are, at least, partially migratory ; cf. (int. al.} Giglioli, Avif. 
 Ital., 1886, pp. 227, 228, &c.) 
 
 In Arist. H. A. viii. 12, and in Plin. I.e. there appears to be some 
 confusion with the Long-eared or Common Horned Owl, Strix otus, L. 
 
ADDITIONAL NOTES 
 
 'AETO'I. 
 
 Add the following references, concerning the Eagle in connexion 
 with the sacred Olive : Nonn. Dion. xl. 523 tyevriov opviv eXairjs, cf. ibid. 
 470 ; ibid. 493 opoxpovov (s. opoxpoov) opviv Am'?/?. The Eagle sacrificed 
 to Neptune, ibid. 494. Add also the epithet xP WI/ j Lye. 260. 
 
 'AHAfl'N. 
 
 Hesychius states that 'AjySco*/ was a surname or epithet of Athene 
 among the Pamphylians. The connexion between Athene and the 
 Nightingale or the Adonis-myth, lies perhaps in the fact that Athene 
 or Minerva was associated, as for instance in the cylindrical zodiac of 
 the Louvre, with the sign and month of the vernal equinox. Just as 
 Adonis or Attis was, in like manner, a Spring-god and god of the 
 opening flowers ; Porph. ap. Euseb. P. E. iii. 11, p. no et seq. 
 
 While I am still convinced of a connexion between the attributes of 
 drj8(oi/ and the veiled allusions to the mysteries of Adonis, I am inclined 
 to admit that some of the minor arguments adduced by me in support 
 of this hypothesis are overstrained : in particular the interpretation 
 given (pp. 13, 14) of Thuc. ii. 29, and the suggested connexion between 
 Daulis, dao-vs, Duzi. 
 
 'AAEKTPYil'N. 
 
 In preparing the article dXeKTputuy, I neglected to consult Baethgen, 
 De Vi et Signific. Galli in Relig. et Art. Gr. et Romanorum, Diss. 
 Inaug., Getting. 1887, in which paper will be found (among other 
 matters) a valuable account of monumental and numismatic representa- 
 tions of the Cock. 
 
 The Cock on coins of Himera (vide supra, p. 26) is traced by 
 Baethgen (p. 35) to an association with Aesculapius ; cf. C. I. Gr. 
 Nr. 5747 'Ao-K\a7ricp KOI 'l/uepa Trora^w 6 dapos . . . ^(orrjpo-iv. See also 
 Head, Hist. Numorum, p. 125. 
 
 TE'AAIOI, a name for the Hoopoe ; vide s. v. 
 
204 ADDITIONAL NOTES 
 
 The BnpKcuoi (vide supra, p. 49) are probably the RapKavioi (? Parsees) 
 of Ctes. xi, Tzetz. Chil. i. I, 82 ; cf. J. Macquart, Philologus, Supple- 
 ment-bd. vi. p. 609, 1893. 
 
 APYOKOAA'riTHI. 
 
 The eastern legend of the Woodpecker's imprisoned young is so 
 suggestive of the walled-up nest of the Hornbill, that one is almost 
 tempted to suspect a dim tradition, far-travelled from Africa or India, 
 concerning the extraordinary nesting-habits of the latter bird. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 
 
 The following works, in addition to the Natural Histories of Pliny, 
 Aelian, and Phile, are referred to merely under their authors' names : 
 
 AUBERT UND WIMMER. Aristoteles' Thierkunde, 2 vols. Leipzig, 
 1868 (especially Thierverzeichniss, vol. I., pp. 77-113). 
 
 BIKELAS, O. La nomenclature de la Faune Grecque. Paris, 1879. 
 
 ERHARD, DR. Fauna der Cykladen. Leipzig, 1858. 
 
 KRUPER, DR. Zeiten des Gehens und Kommens und des Briitens 
 der Vogel in Griechenland und lonien ; in Mommsen's 
 Griechische Jahreszeiten, 1875 (mit Citaten und Zusatzen 
 von Dr. Hartlaub). 
 
 LINDERMAYER, DR. A. Die Vogel Griechenland s. Passau, 1860. 
 
 MUHLE, H. VON DER. Beitrage zur Ornithologie Griechenlands. 
 Leipzig, 1844. 
 
 SUNDEVALL, C. J. Thierarten des Aristoteles. Stockholm, 1863. 
 
 It is perhaps desirable that I should point out that I have several 
 times in this book, quite with my eyes open, quoted authors whom 
 scholars now look upon with distrust or even altogether reject. The 
 student who is not ashamed to consult Creuzer, nor afraid to peep now 
 and then even into Bryant, will not only find there a great useless 
 mass of theories now deservedly repudiated, but will also find a great 
 store of curious learning and will be guided to many obscure sources 
 of useful knowledge. 
 
ERRATA 
 
 Page 1 6, line 20, for etVi readovras 
 20, 24, for Scut. razd? Sent. 
 44, 6, /0r Trerowai read Trcrtoj/rai 
 45> 1$, for avtKpayr] read avaKpayy 
 63, 2I t for TreTritrreuerat read TremarevTai. 
 
 For the detection of most of the above errors, and for infinite 
 kindness in reading the final proofs of the whole book, I am indebted 
 to my friend Mr. W. Wyse. I must record my debt also, for the 
 like scholarly services, to Mr. P. Molyneux of the Clarendon Press. 
 Lastly, I must pay a debt which should have been acknowledged more 
 prominently than here, to Mrs. W. R. H. Valentine, of Dundee, for three 
 beautiful wood-cuts, the work of her hands. 
 
Ojcforfc 
 
 PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 
Clarenbon press, rfovb. 
 
 SELECT LIST OF STANDARD WORKS. 
 
 STANDARD LATIN WORKS . 
 STANDARD GREEK WORKS . 
 MISCELLANEOUS STANDARD WORKS 
 STANDARD THEOLOGICAL WORKS . 
 NEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY 
 
 . Page i 
 
 3 
 
 .. 7 
 
 1. STANDARD LATIN WORKS. 
 
 Avianus. The Fables. Edited, 
 
 with Prolegomena, Critical Appa- 
 ratus,Commentary,&c., by Robinson 
 Ellis, M.A., LL.D. 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Catulli Veronensis Liber. 
 
 Iterum recognovit, Apparatum Cri- 
 ticum Prolegomena Appendices ad- 
 didit, R. Ellis, A.M. 8vo. i6s. 
 
 Catullus, a Commentary on. 
 
 By Robinson Ellis, M.A. Second 
 Edition. 8vo. i8s. 
 
 Cicero. De Oratore Libri 
 
 Tres. With Introduction and Notes. 
 By A. S. Wilkins, Litt.D. 8vo. i8s. 
 
 Also, separately, 
 
 Book I. ys. 6d. Book II. 55. 
 Book III. 6s. 
 
 Philippic Orations. 
 
 With Notes. By J. R. King, M.A. 
 Second Edition. 8vo. IDS. 6d. 
 
 Select Letters. With 
 
 English Introductions, Notes, and 
 Appendices. By Albert- Watson, 
 M.A. Fourth Edition. 8vo. i8s. 
 
 Horace. With a Commentary. 
 
 By E. C. Wickham, M.A. Two Vols. 
 
 Vol. I. The Odes, Carmen Secu- 
 
 lare, and Epodes. Second Edition. 
 
 8vo. 1 2s. 
 
 Vol. II. The Satires, Epistles, and 
 De Arte Poetica. 8vo. 125. 
 
 Juvenal. Thirteen Satires. 
 
 Edited, with Introduction and 
 Notes, by C. H. Pearson, M.A., and 
 Herbert A. Strong, M.A., LL.D. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. gs. 
 
 Livy, Book I. With Intro- 
 duction, Historical Examination, 
 and Notes. By J. R. Seeley, M.A. 
 Second Edition. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Manilius. Nodes Manilianae; 
 
 sive Dissertationes in Astronomica Ma- 
 nilii. Accedvnt Coniecturae in Ger* 
 manici Aratea. Scripsit R. Ellis. 
 Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Merry. Selected Fragments 
 
 of Roman Poetry. Edited, with Intro- 
 duction and Notes, by W. W. 
 Merry, D.D. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Oxford : Clarendon Press. London : HENRY PROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. 
 
STANDARD LATIN WORKS. 
 
 Ovid. P. Ovidii Nasonis Ibis. 
 
 Ex Novis Codicibus edidit, Scholia 
 Vetera Commentarium cum Pro- 
 legomenis Appendice Indice addidit, 
 E. Ellis, A.M. 8vo. IDS. 6d. 
 
 P. Ovidi Nasonis Tris- 
 
 tiumLibri V. Recensuit S. GL Owen, 
 A.M. 8vo. 1 6s. 
 
 Persius. The Satires. With 
 
 a Translation and Commentary. 
 By John Conington, M.A. Edited 
 by Henry Nettleship, M.A. Third 
 Edition. 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Plautus. Rudens. Edited, 
 
 with Critical and Explanatory 
 Notes, by E. A. Sonnenschein, 
 M.A. 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Quintilian. Institutionis 
 
 Oratoriae Liber Decimus. A Revised 
 Text, with Introductory Essays, 
 Critical Notes, &c. By W. Peterson, 
 M.A., LL.D. 8vo. i2s. 6d. 
 
 King and Cookson. The Prin- 
 ciples of Sound and Inflexion, as illus- 
 trated in the Greek and Latin Languages. 
 By J.E. King,M.A.,and Christopher 
 Cookson, M.A. 8vo. i8s. 
 
 An Introduction to the 
 
 Comparative Grammar of Greek and 
 Latin. Crown 8vo. 55. 6d. 
 
 Lindsay. The Latin Lan- 
 guage. An Historical Account of 
 Latin Sounds, Stems and Flexions. 
 By W. M. Lindsay, M.A. Demy 
 8vo. 2 is. 
 
 Nettleship. Lectures and 
 
 Essays on Subjects connected with Latin 
 Scholarship and Literature. By Henry 
 Nettleship, M.A. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Roman Satura. 
 
 8vo, sewed, is. 
 
 Rushforth. Latin Historical 
 
 Inscriptions, illustrating the History of 
 the Early Empire. By G. McN. 
 Rushforth, M.A. 8vo. ros. net. 
 
 Tacitus. The Annals. Edited, 
 
 with Introduction and Notes, by 
 H. Furneaux, M.A. 2 Vols. 8vo. 
 
 Vol. I, Books I-VI. 1 8s. 
 
 Vol. II, Books XI-XVI. 2os. 
 
 De Germania. By the 
 
 same Editor. 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Dialogus de Oratoribus. 
 
 A Revised Text, with Introductory 
 Essays, and Critical and Explana- 
 tory Notes. By W. Peterson, M.A., 
 LL.D. 8vo. i os. 6d. 
 
 Virgil. With an Introduc- 
 tion and Notes. By T. L. Papillon, 
 M.A., and A. E. Haigh, M.A. 
 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 12.9. 
 
 Nettleship. Ancient Lives of 
 
 Vergil. 8vo, sewed, 2s. 
 
 Contributions to Latin 
 
 Lexicography. 8vo. 2 is. 
 
 Sellar. Roman Poets of the 
 
 Augustan Age. By W. Y. Sellar, 
 M.A. ; viz. 
 
 I. VIRGIL. New Edition. Crown 
 
 8vo. gs. 
 
 II. HORACE and the ELEGIAC 
 POETS. With a Memoir of the 
 Author by Andrew Lang, M.A., 
 and a Portrait. 8vo. 145. 
 
 Roman Poets of the Re- 
 
 public. Third Edition. Crown 8 vo. los. 
 Wordsworth. Fragments and 
 
 Specimens of Early Latin. With Intro- 
 ductions and Notes. By J. Words- 
 worth, D.D. 8vo. 1 8s. 
 
 Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
 
STANDARD GREEK WORKS. 
 
 2. STANDARD GREEK WORKS. 
 
 Allen. Notes on Abbrevia- 
 tions in Greek Manuscripts. By T. W. 
 Allen. Royal 8vo. 55. 
 
 Chandler. A Practical Intro- 
 duction to Greek Accentuation, by H. W. 
 Chandler, M.A. Second Edition. 
 i os. 6d. 
 
 Haigh. The Attic Theatre. 
 
 A Description of the Stage and 
 Theatre of the Athenians, and of 
 the Dramatic Performances at 
 Athens. By A. E. Haigh, M.A. 
 8vo. I2s. 6d. 
 
 Head. Historia Numorum: 
 
 A Manual of Greek Numismatics. 
 By Barclay V. Head. Royal Svo, 
 half-bound, 2l. 2s. 
 
 Hicks. A Manual of Greek 
 
 Historical Inscriptions. By E. L. 
 Hicks, M.A. 8vo. IDS. 6d. 
 
 King and Cookson. The Prin- 
 ciples of Sound and Inflexion, as illus- 
 trated in the Greek and Latin Languages. 
 ByJ. E. King, M. A., and Christopher 
 Cookson, M.A. 8vo. i8s. 
 
 Aeschinem et Isocratem 5 $cAo- 
 
 lia Graeca in. Edidit G. Dindorfms. 
 8vo. 45. 
 
 Aeschylus. In Single Plays. 
 
 With Introduction and Notes, by 
 Arthur Sidgwick, M.A. Third 
 Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. each. 
 
 I. Agamemnon. 
 II. Choephoroi. 
 
 III. Eumenides. 
 
 IV. Prometheus Bound. With 
 
 Introduction and Notes, by 
 A. 0. Prickard, M.A. Third 
 Edition. 2s. 
 
 Aeschyli quae supersunt in 
 
 Codice Laurentiano quoad cffiti poluit et 
 
 Liddell and Scott. A Greek- 
 English Lexicon, by H. G. Liddell, 
 D.D., and Robert Scott, D.D. Seventh 
 
 Edition, Revised and Augmented through- 
 out. 4to. \l. 1 6s. 
 
 An Intermediate Greek- 
 English Lexicon, founded upon the 
 Seventh Edition of Liddell and 
 Scott's Greek Lexicon. Small 4to. 
 I2s. 6d. 
 
 Paton and Hicks. The In- 
 scriptions of Cos. By W. R. Paton 
 and E. L. Hicks. Royal Svo, linen, 
 with Map, 28s. 
 
 Smyth. The Sounds and 
 
 Inflections of the Greek Dialects (Ionic). 
 By H. Weir Smyth, Ph.D. Svo. 
 245. 
 
 Veitch. Greek Verbs, Irregular 
 
 and Defective. By W. Veitch, LL.D. 
 Fourth Edition. Crown Svo. IDS. 6d. 
 
 Wright. Golden Treasury of 
 
 Ancient Greek Poetry. By R. S. Wright, 
 M.A. Second Edition. Revised by 
 Evelyn Abbott, M. A., LL.D. Extra 
 fcap. Svo. i os. 6d. 
 
 ad cognitionem necesse est visum typis 
 descripta edidit R. Merkel. Small 
 folio, il. is. 
 
 Aeschylus : Tragoediae et 
 
 Fragmenta, ex recensione Guil. Din- 
 doriii. Second Edition. Svo. 55. 6d. 
 
 Annotationes Guil. Din- 
 
 dorfii. Partes II. Svo. los. 
 
 Apsinis et Longini Rhetorica. 
 E Codicibus mss. recensuit Joh. 
 Bakius. Svo. 3$. 
 
 Archimedis quae supersunt 
 
 omnia cum Eutocii commentariis ex re- 
 censione J. Torelli, cum nova ver- 
 sione Latina. Fol. il. 55. 
 
 London : HiiNRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. 
 
STANDARD GREEK WORKS. 
 
 Aristophanes. A Complete 
 
 Concordance to the Comedies and Frag- 
 ments By H. Dunbar, M.D. 4to. 
 iZ. is. 
 
 Comoediae et Fragmenta, 
 
 ex recensione Guil. Dindorfii. 
 Tomi II. 8vo. i is. 
 
 Annotationes Guil. Din- 
 dorfii. Partes II. 8vo. us. 
 
 Scholia Graeca ex Co- 
 
 dicibus aucta et emendata a Guil. 
 Dindorfio. Partes III. 8vo. iZ. 
 
 In Single Plays. Edited, 
 
 with English Notes, Introductions, 
 &c., by W. W. Merry, D.D. Extra 
 fcap. 8vo. 
 
 The Acharnians. Third Edition, 3s. 
 
 The Birds. 35. 6d. 
 
 The Clouds. Third Edition, 33. 
 
 The Frogs. Second Edition, 35. 
 
 The Knights. Second Edition, 35. 
 
 The Wasps. 35. 6d. 
 
 Aristotle. Ex recensione 
 
 Im. Bekkeri. Accedunt Indices 
 Sylburgiani. Tomi XI. 8vo. 2l. los. 
 
 The volumes (except Vols. I and IX) 
 maybe had separately,price 55. 6d. each. 
 
 Ethica Nicomackea, re- 
 cognovit brevique Adnotatione 
 critica instruxit I. Bywater. 8vo. 6s. 
 Also in crown Svo, paper cover, 35. 6d. 
 
 Contributions to the 
 
 Textual Criticism of the Nicoma- 
 chean Ethics. By I. Bywater. is.6d. 
 
 Notes on the Mcoma- 
 
 cheanEthics. By J. A. Stewart, M.A. 
 2 vols. 8vo. 325. 
 
 The Politics, with Intro- 
 ductions, Notes, &c., by W. L. 
 Newman, M.A. Vols. I and II. 
 Medium 8vo. 28s. 
 
 The Politics , translated 
 
 into English, with Introduction, 
 Marginal Analysis, Notes, and In- 
 dices, byB. Jowett, M.A. Medium 
 8vo. 2 vols. 2 is. 
 
 Aristotle. Aristotelian Studies. 
 
 I. On the Structure of the Seventh 
 Book of the Nicomachean Ethics. 
 By J. C. Wilson, M.A. 8vo, stiff 
 covers, 55. 
 
 The English Manuscripts 
 
 of the Nicomachean Ethics, described in 
 relation to Bekker's Manuscripts and 
 other Sources. By J. A. Stewart, 
 M.A. (AnecdotaOxoii.) Small 4to. 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 On the History of the 
 
 process by which the Aristotelian Writ- 
 ings arrived at their present form. By 
 K. Shute, M.A. 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Physics. Book VII. 
 
 Collation of various MSS. ; with In- 
 troduction by K. Shute, M.A. (Anec- 
 dota Oxon. ) Small 4to. 2s. 
 
 Choerobosci Dictata in Theo- 
 
 dosii Canones, necnon Epimerismi in 
 Psalmos. E Codicibus mss. edidit 
 Thomas Gaisford, S.T.P. Tomi III. 
 8vo. 155. 
 
 Demosthenes. Ex recensione 
 
 G. Dindorfii. Tomi IX. 8vo. a*. 6s. 
 
 Separately : 
 
 Text, il. is. Annotations, 155. 
 Scholia, i os. 
 
 Demosthenes and Aeschines. 
 
 The Orations of Demosthenes and 
 Aeschines on the Crown. With 
 Introductory Essays and Notes. By 
 G. A. Simcox, M.A., and W. H. 
 Simcox, M.A. 8vo. ias. 
 
 Demosthenes. Orations 
 
 against Philip. With Introduction 
 and Notes, by Evelyn Abbott, M.A., 
 and P. E. Matheson, M.A. 
 
 Vol. I. Philipic I. Olynthiacs 
 
 I-III. Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 
 Vol. II. De Pace, Philippic II, 
 De Chersoneso, Philippic III. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. 45. 6d. 
 
 Euripides. Tragoediae et 
 
 Fragmenta, ex recensione Guil. Din- 
 dorfii. Tomi II. 8vo. los. 
 
 Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
 
STANDARD GREEK WORKS. 
 
 Euripides. Annotationes 
 
 Guil. Dindorfii. Partes II. 8vo. 
 
 I OS. 
 
 Scholia Graeca, ex Oodi- 
 
 cibus aucta et emendata a Guil. 
 Dindorfio. Tomi IV. 8vo. il i6s. 
 
 Hephaestionis Enchiridion, 
 
 Terentianus Maurus, Proclus, &c. Edidit 
 T. Gaisford, S.T.P. Tomi II. los. 
 
 Heracliti Ephesii Reliquiae. 
 
 Eecensuit I. By water, M. A. Appen- 
 dicis loco additae sunt Diogenis 
 Laertii Vita Heracliti, Particulae 
 Hippocratei De Diaeta Lib. L, Epi- 
 stolae Heracliteae. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Herodotus. Books V and VI, 
 
 Terpsichore and Erato. Edited, 
 with Notes and Appendices, by 
 Evelyn Abbott, M.A., LL.D. Svo, 
 with two Maps, los. 6d. 
 
 Homer. A Complete Con- 
 cordance to the Odyssey and Hymns of 
 Homer; to which is added a Con- 
 cordance to the Parallel Passages in 
 the Iliad, Odyssey, and Hymns. 
 By Henry Dunbar, M.D. /fto. 
 il. is. 
 
 A Grammar of the Home- 
 ric Dialect. By D. B. Monro, M.A. 
 8vo. Second Edition. 14$. 
 
 Ilias, ex rec. Guil. Din- 
 
 dorfii. 8vo. f,s. 6d. 
 
 Scholia Graeca in 
 
 Iliadem. Edited by W. Dindorf, 
 after a new collation of the Venetian 
 MSS. by D. B. Monro, M.A. 4 vols. 
 8vo. 2l i os. 
 
 Scholia Graeca in 
 
 Iliadem Towrileyana. Kecensuit 
 Ernestus Maass. 2 vols'. 8vo. 
 iZ. i6s. 
 
 Homer. Odyssea, ex rec. G. 
 
 Dindorfii. 8vo. 55. 6d. 
 
 Scholia Graeca in Odys- 
 
 seam. Edidit Guil. Dindoriius. 
 Tomi II. 8vo. i$s. 6d. 
 
 Odyssey. Books I-XII. 
 
 Edited with English Notes, Appen- 
 dices, &c. By W. W. Merry, D.D., 
 and James Kiddell, M.A. Second 
 Edition. 8vo. 1 6s. 
 
 Hymni Homerici. Codi- 
 
 cibus denuo collatis recensuit 
 Alfredus Goodwin. Small folio- 
 With four Plates. 2 is. net. 
 
 Monro Modes of Ancient 
 
 Greek Music. By D. B. Monro, M.A. 
 
 8vo. 8s. 6d. net. 
 
 Oratores Attici, ex recensione 
 
 Bekkeri : 
 
 I. Antiphon,Andocides,etLysias. 
 8vo. 7s. 
 
 II. Isocrates. 8vo. 7s. 
 
 III. Isaeus, Aeschines, Lycurgus, 
 Dinarchus, &c. 8vo. 7 s - 
 
 Paroemiographi Graeci, quo- 
 rum pars nunc primum ex Codd. mss. 
 vulgatur. Edidit T. Gaisford, S.T.P. 
 1836. 8vo. 55. 6d. 
 
 Plato. Apology, with a re- 
 vised Text and English Notes, and 
 a Digest of Platonic Idioms, by 
 James Kiddell, M.A. Svo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Philebus, with a revised 
 
 Text and English Notes, by Edward 
 Poste, M.A. Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Republic. The Greek 
 
 Text. Edited, with Notes and 
 Essays, by the late B. Jowett, M.A. 
 and Lewis Campbell, M.A. In three 
 vols. Medium Svo. 2l. 2s. 
 
 Sophistes and Politicus, 
 
 with a revised Text and English 
 Notes, by L. Campbell, M.A. Svo. 
 1 8s. 
 
 London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, B.C. 
 
STANDARD GREEK WORKS. 
 
 Plato. Theaetetus, with a re- 
 vised Text and English Notes, by 
 L. Campbell, M.A. Second Edition. 
 Svo. i os. 6d. 
 
 The Dialogues, trans- 
 lated into English, with Analyses 
 and Introductions, by B. Jowett, 
 M.A. Third Edition. 5 vols. medium 
 8vo. Cloth, 4?. 4s. ; half-morocco, c. 
 
 The Republic, translated 
 
 into English, with Analysis and 
 Introduction, by B. Jowett, M.A. 
 Medium 8vo. 1 2s. 6d. ; half-roan, 
 14*. 
 
 Selections. With Intro- 
 ductions and Notes. By John Purves, 
 M.A., and Preface by B. Jowett, 
 M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 
 
 Svo. 55. 
 
 - With Introduction and 
 
 Notes. By St. George Stock, M.A. 
 Extra fcap. Svo. 
 
 I. The Apology, 2s. 6d. 
 II. Crito, 2s. 
 III. Meno, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Plotinus. Edidit F. Creuzer. 
 
 Tomi III. 4to. il. Ss. 
 
 Polybius. Selections. Edited 
 
 by J. L. Strachan-Davidson, M.A. 
 With Maps. Medium Svo, buckram, 
 2 is. 
 
 Plutarchi Moralia, id est, 
 
 Opera, exceptis Vitis, reliqua. Edidit 
 Daniel Wyttenbach. Acceditlndex 
 Graecitatis. Tomi VIII. Partes 
 XV. 1795-1830. 8vo, cloth, 3?. ics. 
 
 Sophocles. The Plays and 
 
 Fragments. With English Notes and 
 Introductions, by Lewis Campbell, 
 M.A. 2 vols. 
 
 Vol.1. Oedipus Tyrannus. Oedi- 
 pus Coloneus. Antigone. Svo. 
 1 6s. 
 
 Vol. II. Ajax. Electra. Trachi- 
 niae. Philoctetes. Fragments. 
 Svo. 1 6s. 
 
 Sophocles. Trayoediae et 
 
 Fragmenta, ex recensione et cum 
 commentariis Guil. Dindorfii. Third 
 Edition. 2 vols. Fcap. Svo. il. is. 
 Each Play separately, limp, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Tragoediae et Fragmenta 
 
 cum Annotationibus Guil.Dindorfii. 
 Tomi II. Svo. i os. 
 
 The Text, Vol. I. 58. 6d. 
 
 The Notes, Vol. II. 45. 6d. 
 
 Stobaei Florilegium. Ad 
 
 MSS. fidem emendavit et supplevit 
 T. Gaisford, S.T.P. Tomi IV. Svo. il. 
 
 - Eclogarum Physicaruvi 
 
 et Ethicarum libri duo. Accedit 
 Hieroclis Coinmentarius in aurea 
 carmina Pythagoreorum. Ad mss. 
 Codd. recensuit T. Gaisford. S.T.P. 
 Tomi II. Svo. us. 
 
 Strabo. Selections, with an 
 
 Introduction on Strabo's Life and 
 Works. By H. F. Tozer, M.A., 
 F.R.G.S. Svo. With Maps and 
 Plans. J2s. 
 
 Theodoreti Graecarum Affec- 
 
 tionum Curatio. Ad Codices mss. 
 recensuit T. Gaisford, S.T.P. Svo. 
 75. 6d. 
 
 Thucydides. Translated into 
 English, with Introduction, Mar- 
 ginal Analysis, Notes, and Indices. 
 By B. Jowett, M.A. 2 vols. Medium 
 
 SVO. \l. I2S. 
 
 Xenophon. Ex recensione et 
 
 cum annotationibus L. Diiidorrii. 
 Historic/, Graeca. Second Edition . 
 
 Svo. ios.6d. 
 Expeditio Cyri. Second Edition. 
 
 Svo; i os. 6d. 
 
 Institutio Cyri. Svo. ios.6d. 
 Memorabilia Socratis. Svo. 75. 6d. 
 Opuscula Politica Equestria et 
 
 Venatica cum Arriani Libello 
 
 de Venatione. Svo. ics. 6d. 
 
 Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS STANDARD WORKS. 
 
 3. MISCELLANEOUS STANDARD WORKS. 
 
 Arbuthnot. The Life and 
 
 Works of John Arbuthnot. By George 
 A. Aitken. 8vo, cloth extra, with 
 Portrait, i6s. 
 
 Bacon. The Essays. Edited 
 
 with Introduction and Illustrative 
 Notes, by S. H. Eeynolds, M.A. 
 8vo, half-bound, I2s. 6d. 
 
 Baden-Powell. Land-Systems 
 
 of British India ; being a Manual of 
 the Land-Tenures, and of the 
 Systems of Land-Revenue Ad- 
 ministration prevalent in the 
 several Provinces. By B. H. Baden- 
 Powell, C.I.E., F.R.S.E., M R.A.S. 
 3 vols. 8vo, with Maps, 3?. 35. 
 
 Casaubon (Isaac), 1559-1614. 
 By Mark Pattison, late Rector of 
 Lincoln College. Second Edition. 
 8vo. 1 6s. 
 
 Finlay. A History of Greece 
 
 from its Conquest by the Romans to the 
 present time, B.C. 146 to A. D. 1864. 
 By George Finlay, LL.D. A new 
 Edition, revised throughout, and in 
 part .re-written, with considerable 
 additions by the Author, and edited 
 by H. F. Tozer, M.A. 7 vols. 8vo. 
 3*. los. 
 
 G-aii Institutionum Juris 
 
 Civilis Commentarii Quattuor ; or, Ele- 
 ments of Roman Law by Gaius. 
 With a Translation and Commen- 
 tary by Edward Poste, M.A. Third 
 Edition. 8vo. i8s. 
 
 Fragmenta Herculanensia. A 
 
 Descriptive Catalogue of the Oxford 
 copies of the Herculanean Rolls, 
 together with the texts of several 
 papyri, accompanied by facsimiles. 
 Editedby Walter Scott,M.A., Fellow 
 of Merton College, Oxford. Royal 
 8vo. 2 is. 
 
 Hodgkin. Italy and her In- 
 vaders. With Plates and Maps. By 
 Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L. A.D. 
 376-553. 8vo. Vols. I and II, 
 2l. 2s. Vols. Ill and IV, il. 16.9. 
 Vols. V and VI. In the Press. 
 
 Justinian. Imperatoris lus- 
 
 tiniani Institutionum Libri Quattuor ; 
 with Introductions, Commentary, 
 Excursus and Translation. By J. B. 
 Moyle , D. C. L. Second Edition. 2 vol s. 
 
 8VO. 22S. 
 
 Machiavelli. 11 Principe. 
 
 Edited by L. Arthur Burd. With 
 an Introduction by Lord Acton. 
 8vo. 1 4s. 
 
 Pattison. Essays by the late 
 
 Mark Pattison, sometime Rector of 
 Lincoln College. Collected and 
 Arranged by Henry Nettleship, 
 M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. 245. 
 
 Ralegh. Sir Walter Ralegh. 
 
 A Biography. By W. Stebbing, 
 M.A. 8vo. ics. 6d. 
 
 Selden. The Table Talk of 
 
 John Selden. Edited, with an In- 
 troduction and Notes, by Samuel 
 Harvey Reynolds, M.A. 8vo, half- 
 roan, 8s. 6d. 
 
 Stokes. The A nglo - Indian 
 
 Codes. By Whitley Stokes, LL.D. 
 Vol. I. Substantive Law. 8vo. 305. 
 Vol. II. Adjective Law. 8vo. 355. 
 
 Strachey. Hastings and The 
 
 Eohilla War. By Sir John Strachey, 
 G.C.S.I. 8vo, cloth, IDS. 6d. 
 
 Thomson. Notes on Recent 
 
 Researches in Electricity and Magnetism, 
 intended as a sequel to Professor 
 Clerk Maxwell's 'Treatise on 
 Electricity and Magnetism.' By 
 J. J. Thomson, M.A., F.R.S., Pro- 
 fessor of Experimental Physics in 
 the University of Cambridge. 8vo. 
 1 8s. 6d. 
 
 London: HENRY FROWDE. Amen Corner, B.C. 
 
STANDARD THEOLOGICAL WORKS. 
 
 4. STANDARD THEOLOGICAL WORKS. 
 
 St. Basil: The Book of St. 
 
 Basil on the Holy Spirit. A Kevised 
 Text, with Notes and Introduction 
 by C. F. H. Johnston, M.A. Crown 
 8vo. 75. 6d. 
 
 Bigg. The Christian Platonists 
 
 of Alexandria ; being the Bampton 
 Lectures for 1 886. By Charles Bigg, 
 D.D. 8vo. i os. 6d. 
 
 Bright. Chapters of Early 
 
 English Church History. By W. Bright, 
 D.D. Second Edition. 8vo. i2s. 
 
 Canons of the First Four 
 
 General Councils of Nicaea, Con- 
 stantinople, Ephesus, and Chalcedon. 
 With Notes, by W. Bright, D.D. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. ;s. 6d. 
 
 The Book of Enoch. Trans- 
 lated from Dillmann's Ethiopia 
 Text (emended and revised), and 
 Edited by E. H. Charles, M.A. 
 8vo. 1 6s. 
 
 Hatch and Redpath. A Con- 
 
 cordance to the Greek Versions and 
 Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament. 
 By the late Edwin Hatch, M. A., and 
 H. A. Eedpath, M.A. 
 
 Parts I-IV. A-MYPE1K02. 
 Imperial 4to. 2 is. each. 
 
 Part V. In the Press. 
 
 Studia Biblica et Ecclesias- 
 
 tica. Essays in Biblical and Patristic 
 Criticism, and kindred subjects. By 
 Members of the University of 
 Oxford. 8vo. 
 
 Vol. I. i os. 6d. 
 
 Vol. II. i2S. 6d. 
 
 Vol. III. i6s. 
 
 5. A NEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY on Historical Prin- 
 ciples, founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philo- 
 logical Society. Imperial 4to. 
 
 Vol. I. 
 Vol. II. 
 
 Vol. III. 
 Vol. IV. 
 
 =! 
 
 C 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 G 
 H 
 
 PRESENT STATE OF THE ' 
 Edited by Dr. Murray . . . 
 Edited by Dr. Murray . . . 
 Edited by Dr. Murray . . . 
 
 Edited by Henry Bradley . . 
 
 Edited by Henry Bradley . . 
 To be edited by Henry Bradley. 
 To be edited by Dr. Murray. 
 
 WORK. 
 . Half-morocco 2 
 
 . Half-morocco 2 
 I D-Deceit . . . o 
 ! Deceit-Deject . o 
 E-Every . . . o 
 Everybody-Ezod o 
 F-Fang . . . o 
 
 ( In Preparation. 
 
 12 
 
 I 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 12 
 
 d. 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 LONDON: HENRY FROWDE 
 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER, E.G. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Medical Center Library 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW 
 
 Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 5oc per volume after 
 the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. 
 Books not in demand may be renewed if application is made before ex- 
 piration of loan period. CL^t'* A A I A 
 
 HISTORY 
 COLLECTION 
 
 5m-7,'52(A2508s2)4128 
 
91007