y ANCIENT HISTORY, OR WITH A SURVEY OF THE ANCIENT MONUMENT'S OF NORTH AMERICA, ind a Tabular View of the Principal Languages and Primi tive Nations of the whole Earth. By C. S. RAFIJVES'QUE, A M, Ph. D, Prof, in Trans. Univ. Sup't- of the Tians. Bot Garden Sec'y of the Kent. Institute, and member of t;,e following Societies : Imp. Nat. Cur. of Bonn Lit. & Phil Soc. of New York, Imp. Econ. Soc. of Vienna, Lye. of Nat. Hist, of New York, K. Inst. of Sciences of Naples, Ac, of Nat. Re, ot Philadelphia, It. Ac, of Arts and Sciences, Antiq. Soc. of Tennessee, Lin. Soc. of Paris, Med. Soc. of Cincinnati, Amer. Antiq. Soc. Med. Soc. of Lexington, Histor. Soc. ofNewYor,k, &c. & c &c - (Numquam otiosus.J FRANKFORT, IN KENTUCKY. PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, 1824. THESE PAGES ARE DEDICATED TO ALEXANDER DE HUMBOLDT, IN TOKEN OF THE HIGH VALUE SET UPON HIS RESEARCHES ON AMERICA. The following pages have appeared as an introduction to the second edition of the History of Kentucky by Hum phrey Marshall Esq. Some copies have been printed in a pamphlet form, to which the author now prefixes a Philolo- logical and Ethnological Table, abridged from an elaborate survey of about 500 languages and dialects of both Conti nents; reduced to 50 mother languages, (besides 25 exam ples of Dialects) with their principal roots for four impor tant words. ' This will demonstrate those leading facts of his history relating to the derivation of American nations and languages. As a first and arduous attempt, it ought to claim the indulgence of the philologists, if any inevitable omissions or inaccuracies should be detected; but none will be found of a nature to invalidate the general results. At 3. future time the subject may be renewed, enlarged and ren dered still more evident, in connection with a general histo ry of the nations and monuments of America. The individuals to whom this essay will be sent, will con fer a favor on the author, if they are able to communicate to him, some additional vocabularies of any language or dia lect of North or South America; essential words and cardi nal numbers are particularly wanted. ERRATA. Page 6, line 22, for Amygdalvid read Amygdaloid, p 12, 1 24, Termurians F^rmurians. 13, 23, Orenoe Orenoc. 17, 27, Gadesieras Gadesians. 20, 21, Copatta Copatla. 23, 15, Karitist Caralit. 27, 29, Curas Cuzas. 34, 22, 7500 4500 36, 31, county country. 38, 15, Has Star. 20, Harmar Harmon. 39t 17, Vaelt Vater. ETHNOLOGICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE Xatiims and Languages. The words Heaven, Land, Water and Man have been selected to form this table; which is the first attempt vermade to ascertain and comp re the roots of all languages. This has been done by reducing those words from dialects and analogous languages into their primitive, essen tial and radical sounds. The sounds f universal speech are 64, or 12 vowels, 12 nasals, 15 Consonant*, 15 Sibilants and 10 Aspirations; the orthography adapted to express them is phonological and invaria ble The relative connection and affinities of the American nations and languages with those of the eastern continent, will be perceived at a glance by comparing these mots. The number following each Radical Language indicates from how many dialects the root* ha\e been evolved; but few radical Languages are omited, while the words of some impor tant Dialects are added as examples. This singu ! marks the roots iden tical with the American roots. PRIM. NAT. & LAN. ROOTS ROOTS OP OF OF AMERICA. HEAVEN LAND, ROOTS ROOTS OF OF WATER, MAN, GOD, SKY, EARTH, WORLD, SEA, R1VEH, MALE, 8TA- I. EASTERN BRANCH. PARADISE, q ROUND, SOIL. LAKE, RAIN. TION.PEOPIS 1 Atalan or Cutan Poconchian - - Cherokih - 5El,ca. ta, . Taxat Calangata Co. cal. Jlcal Catun Ha. ya. Ha. Ahiia , amah Cu. uil. sea. Cut I. Scayuh. 2 Aruac or Antilan 7 YH. em. Ay. ca. A. na. Co. gua? 3 Crf'-ibian 6 Ca. pu. ta. En. an. no. Tu.co.no. lo . Li. uc. ir. Tamanac ~ - Capu Noni Tuno Oli? ukitt 4 Guarani 4 Pu. ta. Ib. luh. ucl. ma. Ap. JB.raziltan - Tup ana Ibi. ibuy. Ig uh. Aba. tapoy. 5 Muiscas 1 ZHC? At. Ca. 6 Araucanian 2 Huen. Tu. map. Co.ro.le. ma .En. 7 Peruvian 2 Ca. An. ac. Ma. uj . lo. Ra. na. co. II. AsiATfC OR WESTERN BRANCH. 8 Mexican 3 Lu. il. eo. La. an. Al. at. ul. E 7 . 9 Misurian orOman 9 Pa. no. Mah. ca. Nih. mi. Nu. hua. ma. Minitarih - - 1 1\ fi_:j 1 o JLpah-hi. /"> _ *_ - Amah Minih Mat, zha. 10 Floridan 12 Chactah - Itolo? 11 PanisorApachian5 Sea. tu. Co. hua. to. Ca. na. Cu.!iur,.lu.goNo.' cay. is. J\ ani yacana Qcuh Ocah. JVok'nih. Ar. ta. oc. Pa. ec. lsh.*u>.gap 32 Lenapiar 35 Scu. mua. Ac. in. ze Ih. tu. ni. si. In li. di. Shaivanih - - Spimikih Jlkih J^ippih Linnih. 13 Menguy 20 To. ho. Go. hun. chi. (E >. nic. En. on. ni. Tuscorora - - Toendioh Hxniyen Ohuen Entec. nihah. 14 Caralit 5 Ac. na. Na. can. Im. tal. En. in. ga. EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND NATIONS. 15 Pelasgjan 10 Eo 1 as. se. ur. Ar ! ay ! en ! ta ! Hu ! ru ! al ! An. Cu/ Cantabnan Ssent Lurre.Eri Uva Nar . 16 Celtic 54 E!! ne! eo! Ar! la! so. tal. Um.on aclri. Mo ir! ni: Irish , - - Neam Talu Easc-loc. Provential - Sid Ter>, il! Tuilec, lat!A,rnu, mi, Jlt>itay - Leipauc Ishin J\di; pa cu U Ish! ca! ur ' Muca? gur> \ Zingani - Amengi,ihuro. Su. Puba, Pani li. TATARIAN OR NORTHERN. 27 Ogurian 4 Cu.mai'jul.as Ua! er, Ua! su, 28 Mogulian 6 Ten, gri, Ar! da, za, Su, uh! 29 Tocguzian 4 Ca! ne, ul, Na! en! ar! Mu, cu, in, 30 Ostiac 12 No, ga, ol, La! to,ac! ul. Hi! pi, ri, Coriac - Kh* Igan, chervol, Nutolat Pihi 31 :\iruh 6 Ni, can! cu, Oc! tan, to, Pi! hua! Curilian Cando Ciidari Peh, Peth. 32 TSipan or Japan 3 Tin, el! ca! Si, wo, to, Mi! hu! ne Ap? Er. Ca! On! ni- in! Ca! ga! Gasi. Nu! ^i Aintth To. in! Samojsd 20" Nu. in, ja, Ja, ma! ta, 1! bi, sa.'tuy, Ne! si. III. CHINESE OR EASTERN. 34 Thibetan 2 Na! ke, hen, Sa, di, en! Ip! In! 35 Chinese 6 Tien, Io! Ti, di, chi! M'.! hau! na! Nan, In! ya, 36 Birman 14 Sa, an, Ca! gay, Yoe, ri, ti, Vo. lu, pa, 37 Avanese orMon 8 Can!mo.,-Op, la! en! to.ma! Na! pa! co. Na! chay.onl POLYNESIAN NATIONS AND RADICAL LANGUAGES. 38 *)goloteh or Papuan 7 Ker, da, Ar! ta! p.,, io, Yo, si! na! Am, 39 Malay 22 Ra, ta! ni, 1 a!n!bu,en. Ay, hna! En/ an. UP. J\ucahian Hani., tahua, ftennua Ehuay, tay. Enata 40 Tsgalan 12 La, il 5 ur,jo, N'..! op, guy, ' ! ! v... vr-/ l'\ga/ Liuchiu Mijoh? Sinna Ushi. midzi. Ikigah, AFRICAN PRIMITIVE NATIONS & RADICAL LANGUAGES. I. BROWN NATIONS. 41 Egyptian 3 Fo. lao/ ta/ i;sy/ Ui.r.,on, Mu, hu/ tar, 1m, an, Coptic Fa, ' Cahi lar mohu.iom Jm> 42 Atlantic orBerber 7 Ti. ta/ gi, Ay/ un, Guanchian Tigi 43 Abyssinian 8 Ze, ja, ur 44 Danakil 3 45 C after 6 46 Hottentot 6 47 Nubian 4 48 Sudan 10 49 Galla 10 50 Cor go 12 D Malemba An, na/ Oya Aenum Za,er, to,mid Mi/ n, hu/ Se, am. ur, Ar/ Eh, li, da, La. um, Ma/ hut, Ca/ gu, hu, Cu/ mu, Am, si, Ga, horn, II. BLACK OR NEGRO NATIONS. Ze, ul, As, ra, al, Ac, gua, Lu/ zi, Izulu, Ur, ca, Ei\ ro/ Ar/ di,bo,su Io, li, U*l>/ Co/ Guan, cor an j iS'a/ hu/ Ca/ -na/ ut, Ca/ huan/ An; cua/ Oc. ha, An, ya, Un/1?/ ga,di, Be, mi/ su, Ma/m/oc,ua, J.a/po,to s z-r/ Ma/ bu, cu/ U-... ca/ , n'faio, Maza, m'bu> Munto, This is the primitive Black or Negro Nation of Asi, fragments of which? are found on that continent, and throughout Polynesia, INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THK STATE OF KENTUCKY. BY C. S. RAFINESQUE, A. M.~ PH. D. PROFESSOR IN TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITT, MEMBER OP THE INSTITUTE, AND 15 OTHER SCIENTIFIC OR LITERARfc SOCIEtlES 1^ THE UNITED STATES AND IN EUROPE. MY enquiries during several years, concerning the antiquk ties of the western states, have led me to extend my researche over the whole circle of North American antiquities, and com pelled me to enter the dedalus of ancient history. The result of my researches may be given in a more ample form at some future period, when rendered adequate to illus trate the interesting primitive periods of human existence in both hemispheres. I shall merely attempt at present to deli neate the first rudiments of the ancient history, involving the revolutions of nature 'and nations, in that central part of Noith America, now known under the name of Kentucky, and sur rounded by Virginia, Tennessee, the rivers Ohio and Missis* sippi, extending upwards of 400 miles from east to west, and from latitude 36 1-2 to 39 degrees north, In order to ascertain the filiation, migrations and annals of the American nations, all the sources have been consulted from which plausible or certain information mjght be derived. The evidences which they afford, stand in the following order: 1, Features, and complexions of nations; 2, their languages; 3, their monuments ; 4, their religions ; 5, their manners ; 6, their histories ; and 7, their traditions,, 1. The white, tawny, coppery, brown and black; varieties of mankind are connected by numerous links, and claim a com mon origin; they have been early divided, variously separated, and occasionally blended again, yet preserving a sufficient dis tinction to guide us in tracing their successive settlements. The white men became tawny by constant exposure, brown in warm climates, coppery in cold regions, and black in the sands of India and Africa. The Mongol features had origin in the deserts of Northern Asia, and the negro features in those of Southern Asia and central AJfriQa. There are Mongols with 4 EXORDIUM. different complexions, white, pale,, tawny, yellow, olive, cop pery, &c. ; and there are white, yellow, brown and black ne groes. Real negroes have been found in all the parts of the world, except Europe and North America, while in Africa they are confined to the central and western parts of that continent. 2. The primitive language of* mankind was gradually modi fied and divided into dialects, which became languages after producing other dialects: their mixture has produced all those which have existed or still exist. The analogies of those dia lects, in their roots and most important words, afford the best mean to trace the relative parentage of nations. 3. 4. 5. Monuments of arts, traces of various religions and similarity of manners, compared and elucidated by each other, are of high importance in historical investigation. 6. 7. There is such a diversity in the ancient history, chro nology and traditions of the several nations, that it is very diffi cult to fix precisely the dates of many events ; but we may trace, ivith a bold hand a general view of their migrations and set tlements: although th.e revolutions of tl)e earliest empires are involved in fables, we can draw even from those fables, some correct inferences and true events. It is almost impossible to make a plausible choice among the various chronological tables, even of the many texts of the Sepher or Hebrew Bible, and not easy to make them harmo nize with the contradictory accounts of Berosus, Plato, Herodo tus, Sanchoniato,. Mane tho, the Hindoux, Chinese, &c. I shall not attempt it at present, as this would require too many dis cussions, and I shall substitute thereto mere periods of time, or epocjhs, which may be composed of indeterminate ages. Part I Pro C\\o, Oft, GEOLOGICAL ANNALS OF THE REVOLUTIONS OP NATURE IN KENTUCKY. 1. EVERY complete history of a country ought to include an account of the physical changes and revolutions, which it may have undergone. 2. The documents for such a geological survey, are to be found every wherc-tft-th'e bowels of the earth, its rocks and strata, with the remains of organized bodies imbedded therein, which are now considered as the medals of nature. 3. The soil of Kentucky shows, like many other countries, that it has once been the bed of the sea. In James's Map, the primitive ocean is supposed to have covered North America, by having a former level of 6000 feet above the actual level. Since the highest lands in Kentucky do not exceed 1800 feet above the level of the actual ocean, they were once covered with at least 4200 feet of water* 4. The study of the soil of Kentucky, proves evidently tlie- successive and gradual retreat of the salt waters, without evin cing any proofs of any very violent or sudden disruptions or emersions of land, nor erujptions of the ocean, except some casual accidents, easily ascribed to earthquakes, salses and submarine volcanoes. 5. There are no remains of land or burning volcanoes hi Kentucky, nor of any considerable fresh water lake. All the strata are nearly horizontal, with valleys excavated by the tides and streams during the soft state of the strata. 6. After these preliminary observations, I shall detail the successive evolution of this soil and its productions, under six distinct periods of time, which may be compared to the six epochs or days of creation, and supposed to have lasted aa indefinite nunibei; of ages*. 1st Period.- General Inundation. "In the beginning, GOD created the heavens and the earth,*'- "And the spirit of GOD was moving over the waters." The briny ocean covers the whole land of Kentucky, and the United States, rising above 4000 feet over the Cumberland or Wasioto mountains, and 5000 feet over the limestone region near Lexington. The Oregon and Mexican mountains alone rise above the waters in North America. Gradual decrease of the ocean, by the decomposition and consolidation of the waters in the formations of rocks and deposi tion of strata. The rate of this decrease can only be conjec tured, and is rather immaterial. The ocean subsides to 3000 feet. The parallel strata are formed in the following order, or near ly: 1, limestone; 2, slate; 3, sandstone; 4, freestone; 5, grit; G, pebble stone. They are not always superincumbent, nor co existent: but are generally horizontal, except the four last towards the Cumberland mountains, which having probably a granitic nucleus, have compelled the incumbent strata to be come obliqual or slightly inclined from 10 to 30 degrees. By the operation of submarine volcanoes, the strata of coal, ^lay and amygdalvid are formed and intermixed at various in termittent times with the above strata. Several minerals, flint, quartz, calcedony, onyx, ovulites, marls, barytes, iron, lead, pyrites, &c. are successively formed and imbedded or alternated with the preeminent strata. CREATION OF SEA ANIMALS, fishes^ shells, polyps, &c. ; the exuvia of many pelagic animals become buried under or within the strata, where they exist to this time: they belong principal ly to the genera terebratula, gonvtrema, orthocera, encrinites, pen- iremites, turbinotites^ astrea? millepera^ cydorites, mastrema, favo- sites, &c, 2nd Period. Emersion of Mountains. The Cumberland or Wasioto mountains emerge from the sfca, which sinks to the level of 1500 feet above its actual level, and form a peninsula attached to the Allegheny Island or moun tain. The schistose formations proceed under water. OF KENTUCKY. 7 The Black, Laurel, Pine, Log and Gelico mountains emerge successively, after the Cumberland mountains, and an inland sea remains between them, surrounded by sandy hills. The heavy tides and rains furrow these new lands, and form valleys through the soft sandy strata. Grass and reeds grow, VEGETATION BEGINS. Springs appear. Streams begin to flow, and gradually increase in length as the land extends, but decrease in depth and bulk by the excava tion of valleys. 3d Period. Emersion of Table Lands. Further diminution of the sea, till its level is reduced to 11 00 feet above the actual level, and all the tablelands and high lands of Kentucky become uncovered* An inland sea remains over the Ohio limestone basin, cover ing part of the states of Ohio and Indiana^ and extending from the actual mouth of Scioto river to that of Salt river. It is bounded W. and S. by Muldrow hill, or the ascent of the cen tral table land of Kentucky, E. by the Knob hills of Kentucky and Ohio, N. by the Silver hills of Indiana. Another inland sea fills the actual Cumberland basin, boun ded N. by the Green river knobs, S. by the Cumberland moun tains, and open to the west. The upper Cumberland 'sea is drained, the Cumberland river flows, forms its tipper valley, the Falls, and empties into the Gulf of Cumberland. The Ohio flows above the Scioto, and falls into the large Limestone sea ; a long and narrow straight is formed below the Silver hills. Green river forms its valley, &c. All those streams and their branches excavate deep valleys. The Kentucky river falls into the Limestone sea below Red river. The knobs are formed like downs on the shores of the Lime stone sea. Muldrow hill shaped like a wall by the currents being principally composed of slate schist. Sea animals still living in the Limestone sea, and their exu* Mas imbedded in the last limestone schist, AMCIEJfT Ji CREATION of land animals, insects, reptiles, birds ana quad rupeds on the dry land. Vegetation increases, a thin soil is formed, trees'and shrubs begin to grow, and form forests: they succeed the mosses, reeds, grasses and maritime plants produced in the second period* 4th Period. Draining of the. Limestone Sea. Level of the sea gradually reduced to 700 feet above the actual level. The Limestone sea of Kentucky drained, but fiill of marshes, and muddy swamps; licks, clay and marl salses, &c. The Ohio rrvtr and its branches, Kentucky, Licking, Salt, Miami, &c. excavate their Valleys in the soft muddy lime strata, which only became indurated after a long lapse of time. The plains and glades of the Cumberland gulf are drained, and the sea recedes west of them, to the alluvial gravel hills, formed under water, between the actual Cumberland and Ten nessee valleys. The alluvions and bottoms begin to form in the valleys and gulfs, by the attrition of the strata and soil conveyed and depo sited by the streams. Animals and plants increase and spread ; the sea animals be come gradually extinct, while, f.lio. land animals multiply their individuals and species. Some small lakes and ponds left over the land. The sinks and caves of the limestone regions are formed. A soil is formed by the decomposition of strata and the decay of vegetable substances. CREATION OF MANKIND in Eden, in the highlands of Asia. Adam, or Admo, or Adimo, (first man ;) and Eve, or Evah, (life ;) are the parents of the primitive or antedeluvian nation, called the Adamites. This fourth period of Kentuckian history, answers therefore to the sixth day or period of the general creation. The first and second periods of creation having produced the light, suns, stars, planets, and the earth with her primitive crystallized mountains, rising from 10 to 30,000 feet above the actual ocean, besides the burning volcanoes, &c, OF KENTUCKY. g blh Period. NoaVs Flood. Great flood of Noah, Nuh, Menu, or Nahu, in the eastern continent, which may have reached America; but has not left any evident traces of any such violent convulsion, (in Ken- tacky at least ;) the organic and human remains buried in the "soil, are all in gradual depositions. In Kentucky the ocean, which still bathes its western cor ner, subsides gradually to 300 feet above its actual level, and abandons Kentucky forever; forming merely a gulf in the Mis sissippi valley. The great northern inland sea of North America, which included all the great lakes, and extended from the Mississippi to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is gradually drained. The gre&t lakes with their outlets and falls are formed. South of Kentucky, the Gulf stream of Mexico deposits the alluvial ground reaching from Louisiana to New York. All the valleys of rivers and creeks in Kentucky, &c. receive their present shape. Stratas begin to consolidate. Tins ponds nnd marshes de crease; but the salses or muddy volcanoes increase. Vegeta tion overspreads the soil. Animals multiply. Earthquakes are frequent ; some strata are deranged by them. 6th Period. Pelcg's Flood. Great volcanic eruptions of the sea in Europe, America, &;c. with awful earthquakes, convulsing the Atlantic ocean, West Indies, Mediterranean, &c. ; destroying many countries and men. The ocean acquires its actual level, and the American con? tinent its actual shape. The strata become indurated, and the soil firm and solid. Lakes disappear. Springs diminish^ and streams decrease in bulk: rains are less heavy, &LC. Huge animals ramble over the soil, such as the mammoths o> mastodons, elephants, megalonyx, big bears, elks, buffaloes, jaguars, &LC. ; they form licks. Some of them become extinct; their bones ara found at Big-bone lick, Drennon's lick, the Ohio vajleyj &c. in the mud or alluvions,, Part II Clio, OR, HISTORICAL ANNALS OF MANKIND 1 IN KENTUCKY' CHAP. I. ADAMITES, &c. RELIGION, philosophy, geology, history, and tradition, com bine to teach and prove that mankind was created in Asia? and that the second cradle of mankind after Noah's flood was also in the lofty lands of Asia, where mountains and peaks from 20 to 30 thousand feet high (over our actual ocean,) arise among table lands elevated from 10 to 15,000 feet. The loftiest table lands and mountains of America are much less elevated, from 6 to 22 thousand feet at utmost? and they are besides entirely volcanic, unfit therefore to have been the cra dles of mankind. It. is an evident and positive fact therefore^ that America was populated from the eastern continent in the first instance. The first cradle of mankind was called Eden, of Ima, and was in the highest land of Asia. The Adamites, or Antedelu- vians, were spread over the eastern continent; but we have no positive proofs that they came to America^ as very few, if any, remains have been found that might be ascribed or traced to that previous existence of mankind, I shall not venture there fore to ofifer mere conjectures on that subject. All the Ameri can nations Can be trfteed to the second human stock, and need not therefore be' deemed descendants of the Adamites. The second cradle of mankind has received many names, Theba, Tibet, Meru, fran, Taurus, Ararat, &c.; all referring to lofty mountains of Asia. Noah, the second parent, monarch and legisfatof of mankind, was known to all the ancient nations many consimilar names : He is the Nuh of the Persians; Menuh of the Hindoux<; 11 of the Scythians ; Ni-nuh of the Assyrians; U-ra-nuh of the Celts ; Pe-non of the Chinese ; Me-non of the Armenians ; Ac-mon of the Atlantes ; Me-nu of the Egyptians ; Oa-ne$ of the Chaldeans ; Jsfoch or Cox of the Mexicans; Noch or Moch of the Chiapans, &c. The three sons of Noah were also known by many ancient nations under peculiar names. The principal nations of the eastern continent which have contributed to people North America and Kentucky, were The Atalans and Cutans, who came easterly through the Atlantic 'ocean; The Iztacans and Oghuzians, who came westerly through the Pacific ocean. CHAP. II. THE ATALANS AND CUTANS. THE history of those two nations, and of their settlements in America, may be divided into five periods, as follows: 1. From the dispersion of mankind to the first discovery of America, including several centuries. 2. From the discovery of America to the foundation of the western empires, including some centuries, 3. From the foundation of these empires to the Pelegian revolution of nature, including several centuries. 4. From the Pelegian revolution to the ^nvasion of the Izta^ can nations, including about twelvecenturies. 5. From the Iztacan invasion to the decline and fall of the Atajan and Cutan nations in North America, including about thirty centuries to the present time. 1st Period. ~ To the Discovery of America* After the Noachian revolution of nature, mankind was spread again over the earth, from Iran, Aran, Meru, Shinar or Cash* mir, different names given to the highlands of Asia, UNIVERSITY OF eALIPORNI A LIBRARY The first colonies of the primitive nation, preferred to reside 5 . on mountains: the mounts Shingar, Hirna, Liban, Ghaut* Shensi, Laos, Altay, Caf, Arat, Cush, Ural, &c. in Asia; the mounts- Carpath, Hemus, Arcad, Appenines, Alps, Pyrenees, &c. in Europe, and the mounts Atlas, Samen, Tigreh, fe. in Africa^ became the first abode of nations, who gradually spread in the plains. Several empires were successively established in Hindosian r China, Turan, Persia, Egypt, Abyssinia, &c. which underwent many revolutions, and sometimes attained universal dominion or preponderance. The nations which peopled the western shores of the eastern continent, were the Gomerians in Europe and the Atlantcs in Africa. The Atlantes formed a powerful empire in INort^ Africa, which gave lews to many nations,, such as the Lehabim or Lybians, the Phuts, Naphthuhim or Numidians, the Wai:- fcars, Barabars or Berbers^ the Darans r the Garamans, the Gorans or Guanches, &c. In Europe, the Gomerians divided into many nations ; those that occupied the sea shores were 1st. the Peiasgiaus, scat tered- from Greece- to Ireland, under the names of Tirasians in Thracia, Arcadians in Greece, Lestrigons in Sicily, (Enotrians. &c. in Italy, Tubalan$ in Spain, Cunetans or Heijetans in France ; Termurians in Ireland, &c. ; 2nd. the Celts, or Pal- lis, who became Hellens or Yavanas in Greece, Meshekians, Ausonians and Ombrians in Italy r Sicules in Sicily, Gaels i^ France^ Hesperians and G^deiiaris in Spain, Direcotians in Ireland, Cumrics in Scotland, Feans or Fcines in England, &c v ; 3d. the Sncas, who became Magas in England, Saxons and Rasins in Germany,. Etruscans or Tuscans in Italy, Sicanians in Sicily, &c. ;-r-4th, the Garbans, who became Cyclops in Greece and Sicily, Ligurians in Italy, Cantabrians in Spain, Bascans in France, &c. 'All those nations were intimately connected in languages and manners. The Pelasgians were bold navigators, and ven tured to navigate from Iceland to the Azores and Senegal* The Azores* Madera^ Canary and Capverd islands were then OF KENTUCKY.* 13 muted in one or more islands, called the Atlantic Islands, which have given the name to the Atlantic ocean, and were first popu lated by the Darans and Gorans or Western Atlantes. Iceland was called Pushcara, and was not settled, owing to the severe climate and awful volcanoes. Numerous revolutions and invasions took place among thoss nations, until at last the Atlantes of Africa, united them all by conquest in one powerful empire, which extended over North Africa, Spain, France, Italy, part of Greece, Asia, &c.; ancj lasted maoy ages under several dynasties and emperors. It was during the splendor of this empire, that America was discovered, by some bold navigators who were led by the trade winds, to the West Indies, in a few days from the Atlantic islands. They called them Antila Islands, which meant ber fore the land,' and America was called Atala or Great Atlantes. Returning to. the Azore land, Ly a north east course, they extolled the new country, and a great settlement was soon formed in Ayati or Ayacuta (Hayti,) and the neighbouring continent by the AUantes. . 2nd Period. To the Foundation of Empires. The Atalans, or American Atlantes spread themselves through North and South America, in the most fertile spots ; but the marshy plains of Orenoe, Maranon, Paraguay, and Mis sissippi, as well as the volcanoes of Peru, Chili, Quito, Guati* mala and Anahuac, prevented them from settling those parts oft: ie continent. Many of the subjects of the Atlantic empire, such as the Tubalans, Cantab rians, Cyclops and Cunetans, fok low the Atalans in America, and becojne the Cutan nations. It is very difficult to trace the American nations, who have sprung from those early settlers, owing to the numerous revo lutions and intermixtures which they have undergone: nor is it my intention to give now a complete genealogy of the Atalan and Cutan nations. I must confine myself to North America, or even Kentucky. The Allegheny mountains were called Localoca. Beyond them the country was called Great White Land, (Mafeasweta- Bhumi of Hind:) and it became the seat of a great empire^ i 4 or the Western Atlantic Empire. This included of courso Kentucky, but extended from lake Ontario in the north, to the Mississippi. The Atlantic shores called Locuta, or Lacha- cuta, were not settled, owing to their arid soil, lately emerged from the sea. This western empire may be called the Atalan empire. 3d Period. To the Revolution of Peleg. The country watered by the Ohio and its branches was the centre of the Atalan empire, and its metropolis stood some where on the Ohio. It was divided in several provinces, ancj ruled by a powerful monarch of the Atlas family. The Atlan tic monarchs of Africa, Europe, Atlantia ajid Atala, often con tended for supremacy, and the Atalan emperors obtained it once. Their dominion extended from Atala to Syria: they were repulsed in Greece and Egypt. The African emperors were acknowledged generally as lords paramount; but they resided in Europe as often as in Africa, and had to contend against the Titans, a branch of their family reigning in the Alps, There were successively many Atlantic emperors and mo- naflchs, bearing the names of Ian, Atlas, Acmon, Ouran, Ilan, Silvan, Sanu or Satur, Japet or Yudish, Titan, Neptune or Naphtur, Plut, Evenor, Oanes, Derceto, Tritan, Muth, Lucip ? Rahu, &c. in both continents, who were often at war with the monarchs of Egypt, Ethiopia, Scythia, Iran, and Bharata or Hindostan. An intercourse was kept up more or less regularly between all the primitive nations and empires from the Ganges to the Mississippi, Crishna or Hercules, and Ramachandra, two heroes of India, visited Atala and the court of the western monarchs, which is called one of the heavens on earth, by the holy books of the east. The Atalans were civilized like the Atlantes; lived in towns; built houses of wood, clay and rough stones. They worshipped the sun and moon as emblems of the Deity, and built them cir cular temples. They knew geometry, architecture, astronomy ^ glyphic signs, or writing; the use of metals, agriculture 5 OF KENTUCKY. 15 They had public games, festivals, &c. Their food was flesh, fish, fruits, roots and corn which they brought from the east. At the time of their highest prosperity, a dreadful convuL ^ion of nature happened in the Atlantic ocean, and other parts 0f the wo'rld, which is recorded in the oldest annals of many nations, the Hebrew, Hindoux, Chinese, Mexican, Greeks, Egyptians, &c. It appears to have been occasioned by simul taneous eruptions of volcanoes and earthquakes, which sunk, destroyed of convulsed many islands and countries, and among others the Atlantic land, of which the volcanic islands Azores^ Madera, Canary and Capvcrd are the remains. In America, the Antilan lands were severed, the Carib islands formed, the Atlantic shores inundated by awful tides, and many countries sunk or altered. This cataclysm is the division of the earth under Peleg, the flood of Ogyges or Ogug, the Sanscrit convulsion of the White sea or Atlantic ocean. The terror occasioned by this phenomenon interrupted the in tercourse between Europe and America* The Eastern Atlan- tes thought that the whole American continent had sunk, like Ihe Atlantic and many Antilan islands; and the Atlantes of Ihe interior of America becam6 insulated and separated from the Atlantic empire* 4c such as the Abians or Abassans, Alticezecs, Cushazibs, Chun* sags, Modjors, &c. The six Iztacan nations being still pressed upon by their neighbours the Oghuzians, Moguls, &c. gradually retreated os sent colonies to Japan, and the islands of the Pacific ocean; .having discovered America at the peninsula of Alasca, during their navigations, the bulk df the nation came over and spread from Alasca to Anahuac, establishing many states in thawest of America, such as Tula, Amaquemecan, Tehuajo, Nabajoa, Teopantla, Huehue, and many others. After crossing the mountains, they discovered and followed the Missouri and. Arkanzas rivers, reaching thus the Mississippi and Kentucky. 2nd Period.- To the Foundation of the Natchez* The Olmecas or Hulmees were the first Iztacans who vei> tured to come to Kentucky, where they did not make a perma nent settlement. They came in contact with the Talegans^ and not being able to subdue them,, they left the country, in vaded Tennessee, &c. The Winginas and Westoes of Caro lina, as well as the Yamassees of Georgia, may be remains of these Olmecas 5 but the bulk of the nation went to Anahuac, with the Xicalans, having made ap^ alliance with them. The Xiealan$ were another Iztacan ndtion who had come down the^ Arkanza^; meeting on the Mississippi with powerful Atalans, such as the Gorans, Talagans, &c. they joined the Olmecas in a confederacy against them. After partly settling in Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia and Florida; they were both compelled to go to Anahuac, which they reached frQm the north-east, and where they became powerful in time. The Otomis were the most barbarous of the Iztacans, being hunters rather than cultivators; they had spread gradually from the Missouri to Anahuac, in the rear of the Xicallans, under the names of Mazahuas or Mahas, Huashashas or Ozages, Gapahas or Arkanzas, Otos or Huatoctas, Mino-. was or Missouri or Ayowas, Dareotas or Nadowessis, Hua- tanis or Mandans, &c. They began to make war on the., Talegans of Illinois, Ohio and Kentucky, and the Otos appear to have become the Sciotos of Ohio, the Huasiptos of East Kentucky, and the Utinas of Florida, The Colhuans and Tenuchans came the last on the Arkan-. zas, and settled the kingdoms of Tollan, Tula f Huehue, Co- patta, &c. in that region. The Atalans and Iztacans were successively at war or in peace ; but the Iztacans prevailed at last in West Kentucky, when all the Iztacans east of the Mis sissippi formed a confederary against the Atalans; this was the beginning of the Natchez dominion. During these struggles, many peaceful Atalans left the coun try and went to Anahu,ac, Ayatj, Onohualco and South Ameri- ca> where they became legislators and rulers. 3d Period. To the Oghuzian Invasion. The Natchez empire, or confederacy, of Iztacan nations,, extended from the Ohio to Florida, and from the Alleghenies to the Mississippi; west of it were the kingdoms of Capaha, Pacaha and Copatta, (perhaps only one,) also Iztacan. This Confederacy consisted of five hundred towns, and many tribes* such as the Natchez, Taensas, Chitimachas, Movila, Yasoos or and many more. East of them were the Apalaohian OF KENTUCKY. %\ Cataba confederacies, and north the Talegans who had retreated on the north side of the Ohio. The nations forming this empire or league, were civilized and cultivators; they became polished by their intercourse with the Atalans, and borrowed many customs from them. They worshipped the sun and fire ; but did not build circular temples, erecting instead pyramids and high altars, generally of a square or angular form. Each tribe had a king, each town a governor; but the Natchez kings who were called Suns, had the supremacy over all. Agriculture and trade were well attended to. Many contentions and revolutions happened; but the Oghuzian invasion was the most fatal. The Siberian nations,, which had spread over the north of Asia at the dissolution of the Oghuzian empire, having come to America across Behring Strait, sought milder climates by travelling south,, and coming in contact with the civilized but less warlike nations of anterior origin, began towage war over them, and drive them gradually further south, towards Florida and Anahuac., 4th Period.-^-To the expulsion of the Natchez from Kentucky. At the Oghuzian invasion, the Taencas, a Natchez tribe, occupied West Kentucky, the Huasiotos were in East Ken tucky, and some Talegans still held the banks of the Ohio, &c The Cherokees or Zulocans, an Atalan nation dwelling west of the Mississippi, being driven by the Oghuzians, came to Kentucky and Tennessee, and settled at last after many wars in the mountains of Carolina, where they became a nation of hunting mountaineers, and gradually destroyed the Huasioto nation of the Cumberland mountains. The Shawanees, an Oghuzian tribe, came then in contact with the Natchez and expelled them from Kentucky, which they occupied for a long time. The Talegans north of the Ohio, were partly destroyed or driven south, through Kentucky, to join the Apalachian, or down the Mississippi towards Louisiana and Mexico. 5th Period. To the 'present time. The Natchez confederacy declined gradually, becoming di- 22 ANCIENT vided into several independent nations, such as the Taensas, Chitimachas, Alabamas, Coosas, Cahuitas or Cowetas, Win ginas, &c. spread from Louisiana to Carolina, which however did not wage w-ar together, but were often united against the Cherokees, Catawbas and Oghuzian nations. When the Toltecas of Mexico drove away the Xicallans, the bulk of that nation came to the Mississippi, and settled on both sides of it, above the Natchez; many nations have sprung from that stock, all intimately connected in language and manners, such as the Chicasas, Chactaws, Yazoos or Tapousas, Mus- colgees, Cofachis, &c. spreading north and east of the Natchez, they formed a bulwark between them and the northern inva ders ; the Chicasas extended their conquests to the banks of the Ohio in Kentucky. The great Otomi nations, extending from the Missouri to Anahuac, divided into numerous tribes, such as the Osages or Wahashas, Missouris, Ottos, Mazahuas, or Omahuas, Capahas or Arkansas, Mandans, &c.: the Osages, Missouris and Arkan- zas, penetrate as far as West Kentucky, the banks of the Wabash, &c. A succession of wars and contentions take place between the numerous nations of various stocks scattered in North America, by which they are weakened and prevented from improving their civilization, or uniting against the encroachments of the Europeans. The Spanish, French, and English, after tihe discovery of America by Columbus, settle in North America, and in three hundred years occupy all the land from Canada to Mexico, except a few small spots, acquiring possession of it by various means, conquests, cessions or purchases. CHAP IV. HISTORY OF THE OGHUZIANS. SOMETHING like a chronological order can be now introduced. The records of the Mexicans, the traditions of many Oghuzian nations, and the annals of the Europeans, afford sufficient ma terials for a complete history ; but I must be very brief. OF KENTUCKY. 23 1st Period. From the Invasion of North America by the Oghu- zians, towards the first year of our Era, to the Defeat of the Talegans, towards 500, including five hundred years. Nearly two thousand years ago, great revolutions happened in the north of Asia; the Oghuzian empire was severed, and a swarm of barbarous nations emigrating from Tatary and Sibe ria,- spread desolation from Europe to America. In Europe they nearly destroyed the powerful Roman empire, and in North America they subverted many civilized states. Several of those Oghuzian nations, driven by necessity or their foes to the north-east corner of Asia, came in sight of America, and crossing Berhing Strait on the ice, at various times, they reached North America. Two of them, the Lenap and the Menguy, seeking milder climates, spread themselves towards the south ; while another, the Karitit, which came after them, spread on the sea shores from Alaska to Greenland, and some others settled on the north-west coast of America. The Lenaps after settling some time on the Oregon and Multnomah rivers, crossed the Oregon mountains, and follow ing the Missouri, fighting their way through the Ottomies, &c they reaehed the Mississippi, nearly at the same time with the Mengays, who had come north of the Missouri. They found the powerful Talegans in possession of Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, who opposed their progress and cut off the first party that ventured to cross the Mississippi. A long war en sued, in which the two Oghuzian nations joined in a confedera cy against the, Talegans, and succeeded after a long struggle to drive them away to the south. 2nd Period. From the Defeat of the Talegans, towards 500, to the Dispersion of the Lenaps, towards 800, including three hundred years. When the Lenaps had defeated the Talegans, they had to tontend with the Natchez of West Kentucky, the Huasiotos of East Kentucky, the Sciotos of Ohio, besides many remaining branches of the Atalans, Cutans, &e. scattered in North' Ame rica, which they vanquished, destroyed or drove away, occupy- 'ing all the country from the Missouri to the Allegheny moun tains; while the Men guys settled north of them on the lakes, The Lenaps were hunters, but lived in towns, and becamfc partly civilized by the prisoners and slaves that they made. They began to cultivate corn, beans, squashes, tobacco, &c. Their hunters having ventured across the Allegheny moun tains, discovered a fine country, not occupied by any nations j in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Many were induced to remove to that country, where they should be more distant from their southern foes. A settlement was made east of the mountains, and the great Lenapian nation became thus divided into many distant tribes. independent of each other; but connected by a similarity of language, religion, manners, and acknowledged origin. The principal of these tribes, which thus became indepen dent nations, we re the Chinucs on the Oregon, the Anilcos and Quiguason theMissouri^ the Utawas and Miamis north of the Ohio, the Shawanees or Massawomees in Kentucky, the Mo higans and Abnakis in New England^ the Sankikans in New Jersey, the Unarms and Minsis in Pennsylvania, the Powhatans in Virginia, the Nanticoes in Maryland, the Chipeways and Clistenos on the upper Mississippi, &x% A similar division took place in the Men guys, and the in dependent nations sprung from them, were the Hurons or Wyaiidots near lake Huron^ the Eries or Erigas on lake Erie in Ohio, the Tuscororas in Kentucky, the Senekas, Mohawks, Cayugas, Oneidas on the St. Lawrence, &c. That portion of the nation which remained west of the Mississippi, became mixt with some Otomian tribes, and formed the great Darcota nation, since divided into many tribes, such as the Sioux, Assini- boils, Tintons, Yanctons, &c. 3d Period. From the Dispersion of the Lenaps^ towards 800, to the Shawanee Confederacy, towards 1 1 00 including three hun dred years. The Oghuzian nations had united for a long while against their southern enemies ; but many Menguy tribes became jea lous of the Lenaps when they saw them possessed of the best lands and growing very powerful* Dissentions occurred be- twee'n the various tribes east and west of the mountains. The OF KENTUCKY. 25 Senekas and Mohawks begin to quarrel with the Mohigans and Lenaps. They endeavour to excite wars between them and the Cherokees. Several wars occur between the Lenaps and many Menguys, in which the Wyandots and Erigas take no part. Meanwhile the Shawanees of Kentucky have many quarrels and wars with their neighbours ; they drive away the Tuscaro- ras to Carolina, and some Erigas towards Florida. They wage war by turns with the Natchez, Tapoussas, Cherokees? and Apalachians to the south, with the Catabas, Wocons and Westos to the east, the Capahas, Ozages^ &c. to the west. Not satisfied with the possession of Kentucky, they extend their conquests and settlements as far as lake Ontario to the north, in Carolina and Georgia to the south. The Cumberland river became the centre of their settlements. They were hostile to all their neighbours except those of Lenapian origin, and be ing in contact with many more than any other branch, were considered as the bulwark of that nation. In order to resist their numerous enemies, they formed a general confederacy extending from the Lakes to Florida, which soon became formidable twen to their former allies, under the name of Massawomees or Wassawamees. The branches of this great alliance were known by the names of Sakis and Ki- capoos in the west, Uchees and Chowans in the east, Satanas in the north, Savanas in the south, &c* 4th Period. From the Shawanee Confederacy, towards 1100, to the Utawa Supremacy, towards 1400, including three hundred years. The Utawas were a branch of the Lenaps, settled north of the Lakes, and holding supremacy over the Northern Lenaps ; being driven south of the lakes, by their wars with the Men- guys, they assumed a superiority over the Miamis of Ohio, whom they defeated in battle ; but they had more difficulty in their contentions with the powerful Shawanees. A long war was the result; the Utawas conquered part of central Ken* tucky, and compelled at last the Shawanees to acknowledge E 28 +WCIEMT ANNALS them as superiors and entitled to hold the great council fire in the west, as the Lenaps did in the east. During this struggle many revolutions had occurred around Kentucky. The Conoys had become powerful in the Ken- haway valley, and the Illinois on the Wabash. The Shawa nees enter into an alliance with them. The Chicasaws begin to grow powerful in the south-west, and wage war with the Shawanees, &c. The supremacy of the Utawas was acknowledged gradually l>y all the Lenapians west of the mountains, and the chief of that tribe was considered as the greatest chief. They settled in many parts of lake Huron and Michigan, on the Mississippi, and left Kentucky to the Shawanees* -5th Period. From the Utawa Supremacy, towards 1400, to the. Invasion of Soto, towards 1540, including about. 140 years. Towards the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, the situation of the nations residing in Kentucky or the immediate neighbourhood was nearly as follows: The Massawomees or Shawanees had possession of the greatest part of Kentucky, the Cumberland valley in Tennes see, nearly all the banks of the Ohio, and they had settlements or colonies in Illinois, Georgia, Carolina, Gennessee, &c. They had nearly one hundred towns, many of which very populous* The Chicasaws claimed by conquest the west of Tennessee and Kentucky, and resided southerly of the Ohio. West of the Mississippi near Kentucky, the most powerful nations were the Capahas, Ozages, Anileos, Quiguas, &c. ; the two last of Lenapian origin, and extending east as far as the Wabash. In Ohio were the Miamis, Erigas, Tongorias, &c. In Virginia, the Conoys, Moriacans, Powhatans, &c. In Tennessee, the Cherokees, Chugees or Ichias, &c. On the St. Lawrence, five tribes of Menguys the Senekas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas and Onondagos, had united into a league, which soon became formidable (under the name of Iroquese or Five Nations,) to all the Oghuzian nations* OF KENTUCKY. 21 On the Atlantic shores the Lenapian tribes had divided into numerous nations, often at war with each other for supremacy or dominion. Several other nations, besides the Atalans, Cutans, Iztacan?,. and Oghuzians, had reached various parts of America, before the modern Europeans, such as the Mayans or Malays, tho Scandinavians, the Chinese, the Ainus, of Eastern Asia, the Nigritians or African negroes! &c.; but as they did not settle in or near Kentucky, they do not fall under my present scope* CHAP. V. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY, &c. From the Spanish Discovery or Invasion under Soto, towards 1543, till the Settlement of Kentucky by. the Virginians in 1773 in cluding about two hundred and thirty years. 1st Period.-* -Introduction. 1492. Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.. 1496. Discovery of North America by Sebastian Cabot. 1512. Discovery of Florida, by J. Ponce De Leon. 1520. Discovery of Georgia by Mirvelo, who calls it Cicoria* 1525. Invasion of Georgia by D'Aillon and Mirvelp,. who are defeated by the Shawanees and other nations* 1 528. Second invasion and defeat of the Spaniards in Florida. 1536. Third invasion of the Spaniards in Florida. Alvar Nunez discovers the Mississippi, and reaches Culiacan on. the Pacific ocean across the continent* 2nd Period. ^-Sixteenth Century* 1539. Fern. Soto, governor of Cuba, invades North America with an army of 1050 men and three hundred horses: he lands in Florida, defeats many nations, and winters in Apalachia. 1540. Soto visits the Cofas, Cherokees, Shawanees, Curas> &c. ; discovers Tennessee, wins a great battle at Mobile, and< winters at the Chicasas. 1541. Battle with the Chicasas; Soto crosses the Chuca-> gua or Mississippi, visits Capahaand Tula, discovers Arkanzas, and winters in Utiangue. 1542. Soto wanders west of the Mississippi, discovers the Missouri, and diesatGuachoya,(the WashashasorOzages) near the Anilcos or Ilicos, (Illinois.) lie is succeeded by who vainly attempts to reach Mexico by land, goes no further than the Aches or Panis, and returns to the Missouri near the Ozages, winters at Minoya or Minowas. 1543. The Spaniards reduced to 350 men, and threatened by the king of the Quiguas (or Wiwas,) with a powerful attack, embark in 21 boats, and going night and day, reach the mouth of the Mississippi in twenty days, after losing many men in battle with the Quiguas, who pursued them for ten days. - Only 300 Spaniards reached Panuco and Mexico. Discovery of Illinois and KENTUCKY in descending the Mississippi. 1545. T, and settle in their country south of lake Ontario. 1560* The Massawomees of Kentucky are at war with the southern nations, and many eastern nations; but at peace with the nations nor,th of the Ohio ; they form a settlement on the Susquehannah. 1562 to '68. Settlements and wars of the French and Span iards in Carolina and Georgia, in which many nations take a part. 1584 to '89.,, First settlements of the English in North Caro lina; wars with the Winginans, &c. Three unsuccessful cota nies. Kentucky was included in the charter of the colony. 1590. Wahun-Sanacoc, king of the Powhatans in Virginia, conquers many tribes, and becomes formidable to all his. neighbours, even the Massawomees and Erigas of Kentucky. He adopts Opechan, a wise Shawanee,for his brother, and makes him king of Pamunkey. 1595. The Erigas, a powerful nation ofMenguy origin, is now scattered from lake Erie to Florida in various tribes, called Erieronons, Tongorias, Rechehecrians^Grigras, &c, and is at war with the Menguys of Gennessee. OF KENTUCKY. ., $& 3d Period. Seventeenth Century. 1607. Permanent settlement of the English in Virginia, the colony including Kentucky in its charter. The French settle in Canada. 1608. First interview of the English with the Shawanees or Wassawoomees of Kentucky. Sir J. Smith meets one of their war party in the Chesapeak, going to attack the Susquehan- noes and Tocwoys. The Nantaquaes or Nanticoes of Mary land went to trade with them heyond the mountains,. 1618. Death of Wahuji Sanacoe, king of the Powhatans ; he is succeeded by Opechan, the Shawanee king of Pamunkey^ who takes the title of Mango-Peomen, and becomes the foe of the settlers. 1640. The Menguys succeed to destroy the Erigas of Ohio: the remains of that nation fly to Ea^st Kentucky, &c. 1642. End of the wars between the English and Powhatans, which had lasted twenty years; Opechan is taken, and dies, 95 years old: he is succeeded by his son Totopotomoi, who makes peace. 1 654. Col. Wood explores Kentucky as far as the Mississippi, 1656. The Rechehecrians or Grigras cross the Allegheny, and invade Virginia, being molested by the Menguys; Captain Hill and King Totopotomoi who attack them, are defeated ; the king is killed. They soon after leave the country, and are admitted by the Natchez into their confederacy, 1660. The Menguys rendered powerful by fire arms, lay waste all the country on the Ohio, and make war on the Ton- gorias, Shawanees, Miamis, Illinois, Chicasaws, Natchez, &c. ; often coming down the Ohio in war parties. They destroy the Conoys or Kenhaways. 1667. Captain Batt visits the Allegheny mountains, from Virginia. 1670. Captain Bolt visits Kentucky from Virginia. Is he the same as the above? 1672. Father Marquette descends the Mississippi from Illi nois, and discovers the Missouri, Ohio, Wabash, &c. He ftnds 40 towns of Shawanees on the Ohio and its lower branches. 30 ANCIENT 1680. Father Hennepiu descends the Mississippi to its mouth from Illinois, and visits Kentucky, &c. The Tennessee is called Cherokee river. 1683. Captain Tonti descends the Mississippi to its mouth> for the first time, with Lasalle. Kentucky visited again. 1685. Second voyage of Tonti down the Mississippi. 1688. Third voyage of Tonti down the same. 1 700. At the end of this century, the Shawanees of Ken tucky were defeated and humbled by the Menguys. Those of Georgia were compelled to enter the Muscolgee confederacy. The Tongorias of East Kentucky were united with the Chero- kees; and the Illinois, Miamis, Kicapus, &c, often crossed Kentucky, to goto war against the Chicasas. 4th Period. Eighteenth Century. 1710. Col. Spettswooct, governor of Virginia, crosses the Allegheny mountains ancfexplores the country near Kentucky. 1712. The great Apalachian nation destroyed, partly by the Carolinians in 1702 and the Alabampus in 1705; the remains blend with the Muscolgee confederacy. 1720. The French traders begin to descend the Ohio. 1722. Treaty at Albany between the Virginians and Men- guys or Iroquese; the land west of the Allegheny ridge is acknowledged as belonging to the Iroquese, who claim it by conquest over the Erigas, Conoys, Tongorias, &c. 1731. The Natchez are destroyed by the French; the re^. mains of that great nation take refuge with the Chicasas; a war follows in consequence with the French, which lasts many years. 1739. Mr. Longueil descends the Ohio, from Canada, and discovers Big-bone lick in Kentucky. Many Canadians fol-. low that road. 1745. The Shawanees of Kentucky had retreated on the banks of the Ohio, Miami and Muskingum, to avoid their southern enemies, being now at peace with the Menguys, and allied with them against the Cherokees, Catawbas, Muscolgees, Chicasaws, &c. Kentucky remained the hunting ground of the northern and southern nations where they met at war. OF KENTUCKY. 3i 1750* Dr. Thomas Walker, of Virginia, crosses the Alleghe ny and Wasioto mountains, which he calls Cumberland. He discovers Cumberland Gap, the Shawanee river, which he calls Cumberland river, Kentucky river, which he calls Louisa, &c. 1751. Several Indian traders descends the Ohio. 1 752. Lewis Evans publishes his map of Kentucky, &c. from the account of those traders. 1754. James McBride descends the Ohio as far as the mouth of the Kentucky. 1760. Second visit of Dr. Walker to Kentucky, as far as Dick river. 1764. The Shawanees remove to Ohio from Pennsylvania, and to the Wabash from Green river.^ 1767 to 1774. Kentucky i& visited by traders and hunters from Virginia and North Carolina, and begins to be settled, after extinguishing the claims of the Cherokees and Iroquese ; but the Shawanees' best claim having never been attended to, this was the cause of the war which they waged with their allies, against the Virginian settlers for more than twenty years. Ever since 1756 an alliance of all the Oghuzian tribes north of the Ohio having been formed against the Iroquese, Cherokees and Chicasas. the Virginians were considered as new intruders, who had bought the land from their foes. CONCLUSION. ALL the details which might have explained, and the notes which would have proved, my statements, have been unavoida bly omitted, in order to confine myself within the short pre scribed limits. I am merely allowed to add the enumeration of the principal monuments of antiquity, and a mere list of the authors in which all the facts are to be found which I have asserted, except those derived from my personal examination <*f the geology, antiquities and languages of North America. A philological and ethnological view of nearly four hundred American and eastern nations or languages, with their com parative names for land and water, was also found by far too long for insertion, although this is now considered as the base o historical researches. 1. ENUMERATION t)f the Sites of Ancient Towns and Monuments of Kentucky, $c* THE following Catalogue contains the first general account ever pub lished of the ancient monuments hitherto discovered In this State, the grea test part of which have been discovered, surveyed, drawn, and described - by myself in my large manuscript work on the antiquities of Kentucky, which has nearly 100 maps and views. As a further illustration of the sub ject, I add a short account of the monuments of the surrounding States, so intimately connected with ours. They are all very ancient, except these marked L. which appear to be less ancient (from 100 to 1000 years) and to belong- to the Lenapian nations. Total JVb. of Sites J\fons. COUNTIES, &c. r Adair, on the Cumberland river Bath> on the waters of Licking river Boone, on the Ohio, a town near Burlington, &c. Bourbon, a circus of 1450 feet on Licking River, a town, poly* gon of 4675 feet on Stoner's creek L. &c. Bracken, great battle ground, &c. near Augusta, iron rings and a copper medal with unknown letters, &c. Caldwell, at>tone fort onTradewaterr'ver Calloway, a mound 15 feet high on Blood river Campbell, near Covii.gton and at Big-bone lick Christian, near Hopkinsville, &c L, Clarke, near Winchester, Boonesborough, &c. Clay, near Manchester, &c. Fayevte, on North Klkhorn, a beautiful circus, a dronlus, &c. oh South Elkhorn, near Lexington, a polygon town, L. several squares, moulds, graves, &.c. 9 East Indian Shells found in the ground, &c. Gallatm, at the mouth of the Kentucky river Garrard, principally mounds and small circus on Paint Creek 9 Sugar Creek, &c. Greenup, fine remains opposite the mouth of the Scioti Harlan, on the Cumberland river, near its source Hart, mounds near Green river &c. mummies in caves Harrison, a circus near Cynthiana, many mounds, round, ellipti cal or ditched, 16, 20, 25 and 30 feet high Hickman, a fine Teocalh on the Mississippi below the Ironbanks? 450 feet long 10 high, only 30 wide Jefferson, on tbe Ohio near Louisville Jessamine, mounds, graves, embankments, Knox, On the Cumberland riyer, and on the Ohio 1. 3 1 3 4 8 5 46 4 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 12 5 18 6 6 15 36 1 1 3 12 1 3 2 5 2 7 5 16 1 1 4 1 4 10 3 7 1 1 APPENDIX. Total JVc. '/ Scott, a ditched town near Georgetown, on the South Elkhorn., a square on Dry-run, &c. 2 Shelby, near Shelby ville, and south of it 24 Tngg, a walied town, 7500 feet in circumfeience, at Canton, on the Cumberland, inclosing several large mounds and a square Teocalli 150 feet long, 90 wide, 22 high. Many mounds on Cumberland, Little river, Cadiz, &c. 16 Warren, a ditched town, irregular octogone of 1385 feet on Bigbarren river, near Bowling-green, inclosing 5 houses, and , 2 teocallis. Mounds, &c. 66 Whitley, a town on the Cumberland, above Williamsburgh, with 20 houses, a id a teocalli 360 feet long, 150 wide, 12 high. Remains of towns with houses on the waters of Laurel river and Watts creek 12 Woodf;>rd, a fine octogon teocalli of 1200 feet, and 8 high. A town of 270u feet ori South Elkhorn> a square on Clear creek, &c. The total number of ancient sites known to me in Kentucky, a- .148 505 mounts therefore to 148, and the ancient remains or monuments are 505, Those already known to me in- the remainder of North Ami rica, are the following . 14 . 54 In Alabama, many towns, forts mounds, Sic. An elliptical teo calli of 800 feet, and 15 high, on Cedar creek. A teocalli of 1120 feet, and 75 high, on the Etowee. A circus of 25 acres in Jones' valley, with a square teocaltt in the centre, of 720 feet and 30 bighj &c. 10 ' 45 Arkaozus, towns, mounds, &c. several mounds and teocallii, as high as 40 feet, below the town of Arkanzas. Remains of a town built of sunburnt bricks, on the St. Francis river, &c. 3 7 Canada, mounds and forts between lake Huron and Erie 2 : 3 Connecticut, inscribed rocks at Seaticook and Tiverton. L. 12 ' 32 Florida, many embankments, excavations, mounds, &c. not very ancient ,L. Many high mounds, avenues and artificial ponds or tanks, near lake George, &c. 30 Georgia, many large square teocallis, some with 3 stories; and ftyenues leading tQ square excayations on the Uakmulge, &c= I. AfTENDIX* Total jVb of Sites Mons. COUNTIES, &G 12 .170 1.2 12 106! 16 60 61 ro 36 125 Four square teocallis and 4 square excavations near Apali- chicola. Two oval teocallis on Sooquee creek, one is 100 feet high, the other 40. A stone fort on a high hill, &c 'j Illinois, many conical mounds in the American bottom, on the Mississipi ; a squared teocalli of 1200 feet, 100 high, and with 2 s'oping stages on the Gahokia ; a square teocalli of 600 feet and 20 high, near St. Louis. A stone fort on Saline river- Mounds near the mouth of the Ohio, &c. Indiana, towns and. mounds on the Wabash, White river and the Ohio, near the falls, &c. I^ousiana, many mounds on the Mississipi, at Baton Rouge, Sec. Four square te&callis of 240 feet and 22 high, equal, forming a square, joiaed by a wall and ditch, with an avenue leading to a conical teocalli 115 feet high, (spiral road on it) on Bayou Cataoulou. Five mounds of shells near lake Cataonlou is 80 feet high. A high mound on Red river, built in 1728 by the Natchez. Many in Tensa, &?c. Maine, a conical teocalli of 600 feet, 50 high; with a paved summit, on the river Kennebeck Massachussets, the sculptured rocks of Dighton, and the inscrib ed stone of Rutland, of which many opini'.ns have been form ed, supposed Atlantic, Phoenician, Coptic or Lenapian ! Mexico, many towns, teocallis, stone buildings, &c. in Anahuac. Micliuacan, Yucatan, Guatemala, &c, Michigan, towns, forts and mounds on river Huron, lake St, Clair,- near Detroit, &c. Mississipi, several square r octogon and round teocallis on the Mississipi, Yazoo, &c. \greatteocalli at Sultzertown with mounds on it, 90 feet high. A teocalli 150 feet long, 100 broad, 35 high near Natchez. A teocalli of 2650 feet square, 20 feet high, on Big-black river, with a wall and ditch 2400 feet long, joining the highlands, &c Missouri, many mounds, forts, graves, &c. at the mouth of Osage 9 Missouri, Merrimack, Chepousa, &c. 27 mounds and a pris matic teocalli at St Louis. A square teocalli of 800 feet and 14 high, below the mouth of Ohio. A conical teocalli of 1200 feet, 40 high, with a ditch on the lake Chepousa, &c. i Multnomah Country, on the Pacific ocean Several towns and mounds on the Columbia or Multnomah river Nadowessie or Sioux Country, or Upper Mississipi. Many forts, excavations and mounds on the river St Peter, Menomonie, Gaspard, Wapisinekan, 8tc. A poligon below lake Pepin A small square teocalli on Racine river, lat. 44 New-Mexico. Ruins of towns built of clay 6r stones, in Sonora on the Kio-gila and in Cibola, lat 36, &c. New-York. All in the western part of the state ; the most east erly site is. on the river Chenango. Many ancient towns, forts and mounts, on the rivers Seneka, Genessee, Black. &c. near Auburn, Pompey, Buffuloa. Gaondago, Cauandaigua, &?c. some of which appear modernt>r built by the Menguy na tion : an inscription with unknown letters wns found HI Ohon- dago. A circus at Unadilia / two parallel rows of towns or fcris extending 50 miles, on the ancient shores of lake APPENDIX-* Total Ao- '/ Sites Mons. COUNTIES, &C, 72 15 15 44 8 IN 50 28 32 74 Many towns soijth of lake Ontario, beyond the mountain ridge or most ancient land very ancient; &c. North Carolina, some mounds near Saraw, towns on Holston ri ver. On Enoe river 2 inscriptions were found in ploughing, on octftgon stone pillar and a circular piece of brass ! with unknown letters ! Ii Rowan County, 2 iron-stone walls un der ground, supposed basaltic by many, but erroneously. Ohio, this si ate contains numerous fine monuments like Ken tucky, but only a part have been described, although more than of any other s f nt^ ; another portion has been surveyed by myself, many are yet hardly knov n At Cincinnatij a large town, circus, mounds, &c. On Paint Creek, 3 towns with stone walls, mounds, teocallis, 8tcv At the mouth ot'Scioto, a town, dromus, mounds, c^c. At uircleville, a fine circus and mound Near Chillicothe, five towns, with temples, avenues, See In Belmont county, a mound of 16 feet, where iron and silver has been found ji Lake Erie, many towns in Ashtabula cty- with mounds, &c. On the Little Miami, many towns, stone forts, temples, 8tc. a copper coin was found with Persian letters ! At Marietta, a town, mounds, &.c. a silver cup found there Near Newark, 2 towns, with avenvies, pits, mounds, etc. fn Perry county, a town with a stone mound Mouth of Big Miami, a stone fort, a town with round pits, mound and ditch, elleptical teocalli 550 feet, 25 high. Mouth of Maunve, a town and fort On Twin creek, two elliptical teocallis Many other monuments rear Granville, Franklinton, Worthing- ton, New Athens, Gallipohs, etc. n Panis, county of Upper Missouri, mam fortified towns on the Missouri, at the mouth of Osage, Chayenne, Laplate ; also on rive:s Kauzas, Lapla>e,Yellowst'Mie, Jaques, etc. Two squares of 1200 fee' on Peiit-ark creek. A large pit 200 feet long, 130 wide, 30 deep, near the Panis, etc. Pennsylvania, mosUy in the western parts ; mounds and forts near Pittsburgh. N,ear Meadvnle 7 circles, mounds, etc. Se veral towns and forts on the Monongahela, also carved rocks. On the Allegheny, some towns, etc. A town on a hill near the Tyoga river with a circus, etc. South Carolina, near Cambden, in the Wateree, many monu ments^ a teocalli 20 feet high, a wall or parapet three miles long ! 'wrongly supposed to be built by Soto, who never was there, Tennessee ; this state was anciently united to Kentucky and its monuments are very important for our history On the south fork of Forcarieer river, several towns, teocallis, moumis / tr.e fines' pvramid of the United States is there, it is 150 feet high, 1300 feet at the base, 120 at the top, per fectly .square. It was discovered only in 1822. On Duck river, a stone fort Near Cia, ksville, on t'te Cumberland, a town, many teocallis ; an$ near Palmvra^ on Ditto, another town^ busts found there.. 3.? Total JVb. of Sites Mons. COUNTIES, &C. Near Nashville, on ditto, several towns, teocallis, statues, etc.- On the Canj fork oi Tennesee, a circus where the triune vessel was found Near Puiaski, a subterranean brick wall Near Carthage, a fort, graves On Big Harpeth river, several mounds, one is 40 feet high, a sun and moon paii ted > ellow in a perpendicular clift of 70 feet On French, broad, paintings and letters on a vertical cliff, 100 feet above the water ! In Warren county, a town with mummies, etc. Near BrasstownJ on Tennessee, the enchanted mountain with. carved tracts of men and Leasts In Texas, at the head of river Sabine, an elleptical teocalli 6 fe^t high, a mound on the river Trinity, etc. 1 Vermont, sculptured rocks at Bellows falls on Connecticut 172 Virginia, principally on the Ohio, Kenhaway and Holston Near Abington, a circus and mound On Clinch river, a late town, with a ditch round it, L. On the Ohio, painted rocks near the mouth of King's creek, with figures and letters ! mounds near them. Towns near Belleville, Letart's falls, Parkersburgh, Park's bottom, Gal- lipolis, etc- On the Kenhawany, 105 circular temples, towns, mounds, ect/ one mound is 40 feet hiiprh and 420 round At Big Grave creek, many mounds, the largest is a conical py ramid surrounded by a ditch, 70 feet high, base 540 feet round, top 180 feet At little Grave creek, many mounds, the largest is like that of Big Grave, but 75 feet high At Burning Springs, sculptured hierogliphlcs on rocks. Many mounds, etc. on the Guyandot, Elk river, Shenandqah, Mop nongahela, Fluvanna, Rivanna, etc. L. The actual number of ancient seats of population or sites already ascer tained bv me, in Northagore New York Hist. Collections North American Review Nuttall, travels to Arkanzas Oldmixon, North America Officer, travels of an Olivet, new translation of Sepher. Originc des Loix, des Sciences et des Arts Pages, travels round thjL world Pallas, travels in Russisrec. Parry, travels Pennant, Artie Zoology Pernetty, Falkland I. Peron, travels Perouse, travels Pickering, Indian languages Pike, travels in Nortti America Pinkerton, Scythians, fossils, c. Plinius, Natural History Pownal's Map s &c. Proud; History of Pennsylvania Ptolemy, Ancient Geography Quarterly Review Rafinesque, Manuscripts of Tellus, Ancient history of North America, Antiquity of North America, Ge neral view of the American Ian- , guages, c. Raleigh, travels Ramsay, History of Carolina Reland, American languages Robin, travels in Louisiana Rogers, North America Rollin. Ancient History Romans' Florida Sanford, History of the U, States Shermerhorn state of Indians in 1812 Schoolcraft, travels Sibley, travels Smith, Narrative Smith, History of New York Southey, Hrstory of Brazil Sullivan, History of Maine Thomas, travels Tonti and Laralle, travels Traditions (in Ms.) of the Shaw nees, Ottawas, &c. Ulloa, travels and researches Universal History Valancey, Antiq. of Ireland Vanegas, History of Californe , Vancouver, Travels Vaetl, on Languages Verazanz, travels Vespucius, travels Volney, various works Wilford, researches y; Winslow, comments Winthrop, History Winterbotham, America Zuniga, conquest of Peru* SUPPLEMENT. Annales philosophiques Araericaines Tiozman, History of Maryland Burk, History of Virginia Cumberland, Origines Gentium Franklin, polar travels Holmes, American Annals Jameson, Hermes Scythicu* Langsdorf, travels Lawson, Carolina Long, travels Maurice, History of Hindoslan Philadelphia, philosophical tions, E7* K3R2 ' m f ? '