C12E 
 
 IJo.73 
 
CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU 
 
 FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO 
 FLETCHER HAMILTON State Mineralogist 
 
 San Francisco] BULLETIN No. 72 [November, 1916 
 
 The Geologic Formations 
 of California 
 
 WITH 
 
 Reconnaissance Geologic Map 
 
 By JAMES PERRIN SMITH 
 
 26729 
 
 UNlV£K5«5yDF CAUFOI 
 DAViS 
 
 California 
 
 State Pbintinq Office 
 
 191G 
 
 UBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 DETAILED LEGEND FOR RECONNAISSANCE GEOLOGIC MAP OF CALI- 
 FORNIA S 
 
 THE GEOLOGIC RECORD OF CALIFORNIA 10 
 
 Great Basin Sea lo 
 
 Pacific Record n 
 
 ROCK FORMING AGENCIES OF CALIFORNIA 12 
 
 Igneous Rocks 12 
 
 Inorganic Sediments i'-' 
 
 Organic Sediments 14 
 
 Siliceous Organic Sediments 15 
 
 Coal Deposits 1<! 
 
 Chemical Deposits IC 
 
 GEOLOGIC TABLES IG 
 
 SOURCES OF DATA FOR THE GEOLOGIC MAP IS 
 
 Sierra Nevada I'J 
 
 MojAVE Desert . 20 
 
 Colorado Desert 20 
 
 Islands of Santa Barbara Channel 21 
 
 Coast Ranges 21 
 
 Klamath Mountains 23 
 
 Cascade Mountains and Modoc Lava Field 24 
 
 The Great Valley 24 
 
 FORMATIONS SHOWN ON THE MAP 25 
 
 Pre-Cambrian Metamorphics 25 
 
 Santa Lucia Formation 25 
 
 Paleozoic 42 
 
 Cambrian 26 
 
 Ordovician-Silurian 27 
 
 Devonian 27 
 
 Carboniferous 28 
 
 Triassic 29 
 
 Jurassic 30 
 
 Franciscan Formation 32 
 
 Cretaceous 33 
 
 Undifferentiated 33 
 
 Lower . 33 
 
 Upper 34 
 
 Tertiary 34 
 
 Eocene 34 
 
 Auriferous Gravels 35 
 
 Miocene 35 
 
 Pliocene 38 
 
 Undifferentiated 39 
 
 Quaternary 39 
 
 Igneous Rocks , 39 
 
 Volcanic 39 
 
 Plutonic 40 
 
 Petroleum , 41 
 
 LIST OF STATE MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS 42 
 
 INDEX 45 
 
 9457S 
 
The Geologic Formations of California 
 
 Ja.mks Perrin Smith. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A quarter of a century has passed since the preparation of the 
 Preliminar}- Geological Map of California, published by the California 
 State Mining Bureau in 1801. 
 
 The State Mineralogist, jMr. Fletcher Hamilton, was resolved to 
 signalize the end of the second quarter of a century of studies in the 
 geology of California by taking stock, and showing what we have 
 done in that period. The writer agreed, at his request, to sum up 
 all the available information in map form. This Bulletin, with the 
 Reconnaissance Geologic ]Map of California that accompanies it, is 
 essentially a report of progress for this period. He is well aware 
 that there are many imperfections. Certain areas have not been 
 mapped at all, and others only in a general way. Also there is much 
 information buried in unpublished notes and maps of private indi- 
 viduals and corporations that would materially improve the map, if 
 it were available. Such unpublished material as could be obtained 
 has been used, along with the much greater mass of published informa- 
 tion in maps and descriptive papers in the publications of the United 
 States Geological Survey, California State Mining Bureau, California 
 Academy of Sciences, Bulletins of the Department of Geology of the 
 l^niversity of California, and the various scientific publications of 
 Aiiu^rica and foreign countries. 
 
 This last (juarter of a century has been made notable for California 
 l)y the mapping of the Gold Belt by the U. S. Geological Survey, by 
 H. W. Turner, Waldemar Lindgren, J. S. Diller and F. L. Ransome; 
 by areal mapping in the Coast Ranges by A. C. Lawson, J. C. Branuer, 
 H. W. Fairbanks and R. Arnold; by the detailed mapping of the oil 
 fields by R. Arnold, H. R. Johnson, F. M. Anderson, and R. Anderson ; 
 by the stratigraphic work in the Klamath Mountains of J. S. Diller 
 and 0. n. Hershey ; by the studies in tlic continental formations by 
 J. C. Merriam in the desert regions, and by W. Lindgren in the 
 Tertiary river deposits. 
 
 C. D. Walcott has added the Cambrian to our geologic column, in 
 the desert region of southeastern California. J. S. Diller has added 
 the Silurian and Devonian, and greath' extended our knowledge ot* 
 the Carbonifei-ous. The Carboniferous and Triassic stratigraphy and 
 I)aleontology have been studied in detail by J. P. Smith. The Jurassic 
 stratigraphy has been described by A. Hyatt and J. P. Smith, and 
 the paleobotany of that system by L. F. Ward and W. i\[. Fontaine. 
 
b STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 The Cretaceous stratigraphy has been described by C. A. White, 
 J. S. Diller, T. W. Stanton, and F. M. Anderson, and the paleobotany 
 of the Cretaceons by L. F. Ward. 
 
 The Tertiary formations have been the most Incrative field in the 
 past twenty-five years. Tlie invertel)rate fannas of this system have 
 been studied with great care by W. H. Dall, T. AV. Stanton, F. M. 
 Anderson, R. Arnokl, R. E. Dickcrsoii, C. E. Weaver, B. L. Clark, 
 J. P. Smith and otliers. The verte])rates have been descri])ed by J. C. 
 IMerriam. and the paleobotany by F. H. Knowlton. 
 
 The most striking addition to our knoAvledge of the geologic history 
 of California has been made in the studies of the Quaternary inverte- 
 brates by R. Arnold, and of the vertebrates by J. C. Merriam. 
 
 Physical geology has received valuable contributions of worldwide 
 interest from the work of J. S. Diller on mountain structure in rela- 
 tion to physiography; of A. C. Lawson on the types of structure of 
 the Coast Ranges in their relation to seismology; of J. S. Diller and 
 R. S. Ilolway on vulcanism as exhibited by Lassen Peak, the only 
 active volcano in the United States; of I. C. Russell, A. C. Lawson, 
 and R. S. Hohvay on glaciation -. of W. Lindgren and H. W. Turner 
 in niountain structure and physical history in their relations to the 
 ore deposits of the Gold Belt. 
 
 The petrographj^ of the State has been worked over thoroughly. The 
 rocks of the Sierra Nevada have been studied by H. W. Turner, W. 
 Lindgren and F. L. Ransome ; those of the Klamath jNIountains by 
 J. S. Diller and 0. H. Hershey ; those of the Coast Rang'^s by A. C. Law- 
 son, Charles Palache, H. W. Fairbanks and J. P. Smith; those of the 
 Sierra Madre by R. Arnold, A. M. Strong and 0. H. Hershey. 
 
 The phA'siography of California has become classic from the work of 
 J. S. Diller in the Klamath region ; of W. Lindgren, H. W. Turner and 
 I. C. Russell in the Sierra Nevada; of A. C. Lawson in the Coast 
 Ranges; of F. L. Ransome in the Great Valley ; and of H. W. Fairbanks, 
 A. C. Lawson, and R. S. Holway on the general features of the State. 
 
 Economic geology has not been neglected, notable contributions hav- 
 ing been made by W. Lindgren on the auriferous gravels, and on the 
 gold-quartz of the Sierra Nevada; by T. C. Hopkins on structural 
 materials ; by G. F. Kunz on gems ; by R. Arnold and R. P. INIcLaughlin 
 on the petroleum industry; by various members of the State Mining 
 Bureau on the quicksilver and the copper industry. 
 
 The mineralogy of the State has been adequately treated by A. S. 
 Eakle, A. F. Rogers, G. D. Louderback, F. L. Ransome and G. F. Kunz, 
 and many new minerals added to the world's list. 
 
 In the past twenty-five years California has furnished at least her 
 share of geologic literature of interest beyond the boundaries of the 
 State. She has had in that period the services of a large and efficient 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 7 
 
 force of trained workers, whose papers are cited below. But even this 
 quarter of a century of investigations by a small array of workers has 
 not been sufficient for the preparation of a complete geologic map. The 
 area of the State, being 155,908 square miles, is too great for that to be 
 possible, extensive stretches having been little studied. Consequently 
 our knowledge of the State is very uneven, and much remains to be 
 done, especially in the Klamath Mountains and northern Coast Ranges, 
 and in the Mojave and Colorado deserts. 
 
STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 DETAILED LEGEND FOR RECONNAISSANCE GEOLOGIC 
 MAP OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Compiled by J. P. Smith. 
 
 I 
 
 1 \_Q^ QUATERNARY. 
 
 Including alluvium, lake beds, marine San Pedro formation 
 on the coast, and desert wash. 
 
 2 f^l PLIOCENE. 
 
 Including marine Merced, Purisima, Fernando, San Diego 
 and Etchegoin formations of the coast and San Joaquin 
 Valley; the Santa Clara, Tulare and Paso Robles fresh- 
 water beds, and some delta formations. 
 
 3 1^! MIOCENE. 
 
 Including marine Vaqueros, Monterey, Santa Margarita, 
 San Pablo and Jacalitos formations of the Coast Ranges 
 and San Joaquin Valley ; also some lake-beds in the Sierra 
 Nevada, and in the desert region; also the Tuscan tuffs of 
 the head of the Sacramento Valley. 
 
 4 [Wj EOCENE. 
 
 Including marine Tejon and Martinez formations of the 
 Coast Ranges and San Joaquin Valley; the lone forma- 
 tion of the western flank of the Sierra Nevada; also some 
 lake-beds. 
 
 5 PJ AURIFEROUS GRAVELS. 
 
 Ancient river channels of the Sierra Nevada and Klamath 
 Mountain. 
 
 6 [Yj TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED. 
 
 Including some marine beds in San Diego County, in 
 Marin and Sonoma counties ; also some lake-beds and desert 
 accumulations. 
 
 7 \K^ UPPER CRETACEOUS. 
 
 Chico and Horsetown formations of the Coast Ranges and 
 Sacramento Valley. 
 
 8 ^^! LOWER CRETACEOUS. 
 
 Knoxville formation of the Coast Ranges and Klamath 
 Mountains. 
 
 K CRETACEOUS UNDIFFERENTIATED. 
 
 Including the Cretaceous of the western side of the Sacra- 
 mento Valley, and of the middle Coast Ranges, embracing 
 both Chico and Knoxville. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 3 
 
 10 1^ JURASSIC. 
 
 Including the Mariposa formation of the Gold Belt, and 
 associated metamorphic and igneous rocks; also the Hard- 
 grave, Milton, Potem, Modin, and Monte d'Oro forma- 
 tions of the same region. 
 
 11 JlTl FRANCISCAN. 
 
 Cherts, slates, serpentines, metamorphic pre-Cretaceous 
 rocks of the Coast Ranges. 
 
 12 [T^ TRIASSIC. 
 
 Including marine limestones and shales, Pit, Hosselkus, 
 Cedar and Sailor Caiion formations of the Gold Belt, and 
 the Meekoceras beds of Inyo County. 
 
 13 |"C^ CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 Including the Bragdon, Baird, McCloud and Nosoni forma- 
 tions of the Klamath Mountains, the Calaveras formation 
 of the Gold Belt, and associated metamorphic and igneous 
 rocks. 
 
 14 D DEVONIAN. 
 
 Including Kennett limestones and shales of the Klamath 
 Mountains and associated igneous rocks; also similar beds 
 in Plumas and Inyo counties. 
 
 15 rs^[ SILURIAN-ORDOVICIAN. 
 
 Including the Montgomery limestone of the Sierra Nevada, 
 also the Eureka and Pogonip formations of southeastern 
 California. 
 
 16 rc^ CAMBRIAN. 
 
 Limestones j.nd shales of Inyo County and the Mojavo 
 and Colorado deserts. 
 
 17 Ym PALEOZOIC MET AMORPHICS UNDIFFERENTIATED. 
 
 Including limestones, slates and associated igneous and 
 metamorphic rocks of the Klamath Mountains and the 
 Mojave Desert. 
 
 18 ~sr SANTA LUCIA. 
 
 Gneisses, schists and crystalline limestones of the Coast 
 Ranges. 
 
 19 iA^ PRE-CAMBRIAN METAMORPHICS. 
 
 Including gneisses, schists, quartzites and crystalline lime- 
 stones of the Klamath Mountains and the Mojave and 
 Colorado deserts. 
 
10 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 20 !~V~ VOLCANICS. 
 
 Lavas, andesites, l)asalts and rhyolites, chiefly Tertiary in 
 age. 
 
 21 1^ PLUTONICS. 
 
 Including the hatholiths, granite, gabl)ro, and quartz dio- 
 rites, of the Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, Coast 
 Ranges, Sierra IMadre, and southeastern California. 
 
 22 |o[l' OIL FIELDS. 
 
 Small areas in solid black; large areas, cross-hached. 
 
 THE GEOLOGIC RECORD OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 The geologic record of California is exceedingly complete for a single 
 geographic region, because of the two ancient and persistent seas that 
 covered some portion of its surface during each geologic period. These 
 seas were the Pacific Ocean and the Great Basin Sea. 
 
 Great Basin Sea. The older portion of the geologic record, from 
 the Cambrian to the top of the IMiddle Jurassic, has been preserved 
 chiefly in the sediments of the Great Basin Sea, while during those ages 
 that part of California Avhich was afterward covered by the Pacific 
 Ocean was either above water, or has had its sediments so much meta- 
 morphosed that their age is not positively determinable. 
 
 The Great Basin Sea of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time covered 
 approximatel.y the area of the Great Basin of the present age, some- 
 times more, and sometimes less, dwindling away gradually from the 
 noble expanse of the Carboniferous sea to the shrunken remnant in 
 early Mesozoic time. This basin at all times was directly connected 
 with the Pacific Ocean, by a broad passage to the northwest ; and during 
 a part of the Paleozoic, especially during the period of the Coal 
 Measures, it was joined to the Mississippian Sea. At all other times 
 it was exclusively western, and the marine Triassic and Jurassic history 
 of the United States is its peculiar property. It has played very much 
 the same part in tlie geologic history of North America as the ancient 
 Mediterranean, or Tethys, did in the history of Europe, though on a 
 much smaller scale, since it was epicontinental, and not interconti- 
 nental. The Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian sediments of Cali- 
 fornia are mere fragments of little area, representing only a small part 
 of the entire time of those ages. The Carboniferous, hoAvever, is fairly 
 complete, all three major divisions being fully represented by marine 
 faunas. The Triassic period is well represented ; the Lower Triassic is 
 nearly as good as the standard American section of Idaho; the Middle 
 Triassic has both of the greater divisions, although the main portion is 
 not nearly so complete as the standard section of the West Humboldt 
 Range in Nevada. The Upper Triassic of California is the standard 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 11 
 
 for this epoch in America, and compares very favorably with the rest of 
 the world in the richness of its faunas, and the completeness of the 
 record. The Jurassic section of the Great Basin Sea is the most com- 
 plete in the United States, having portions of each stage from Lias to 
 Kelloway, inclusive; but it is fragmentary, the faunas being poorly 
 preserved and scanty. It is not comparable with the Jurassic record 
 of Alaska and British Columbia, and nowhere approaching that of 
 South America. With this epoch the marine column of the Great Basin 
 ends abruptly, as the sea was obliterated at the beginning of the Cordil- 
 leran revolution. 
 
 The Tertiary record of the Great l^asin region is preserved in the 
 ancient lake beds and other continental accumulations, which continued 
 to form througli the Pleistocene. 
 
 Pacific Record. The marine record of California from the bottom 
 of the Upper Jurassic through the Quaternary was kept exclusively 
 by the Pacific Ocean. This was divided between two provinces, or 
 areas of sedimentation, the Sierra Nevada, and the Coast Ranges, but 
 the distribution was not balanced. The Pacific province is one of the 
 great geosynclines, with sediments approximating seventy thousand 
 feet in thickness, and undergoing subsidence more or less continuously, 
 though spasmodically, from the Triassic onward, interrupted by great 
 periods of orogenic activity. This is a part of that grand structural 
 feature of the continent of which the Great Valley, the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, the Willamette Valley, and Puget Sound, are mere remnants. 
 
 The recognizable Paleozoic and early Mesozoic sediments are confined 
 to the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains, while the Cretaceous and 
 Tertiary strata are most complete in the Coast Ranges. The Sierran 
 record is fragmentary, the formations being incomplete, separated by 
 great unconformities, including great masses of tuffs and igneous rocks 
 and showing evidence of important recurring orogenic and volcanic 
 activity. 
 
 The Coast Range province, too, showed this same phenomenon in its 
 Paleozoic and early IVIesozoic sediments, but from the bottom of the 
 Cretaceous to the middle of the Miocene conditions were more uniform, 
 indicating moderately quiet advance and retreat of the sea, with minor 
 unconformities, smaller masses of igneous intrusives, and outpourings 
 of surface lavas. The Coast Range revolution, about the middle of the 
 Miocene epoch, broke the monotony of this history, and for a time 
 there was much mountain-making activity. Minor outpourings of 
 lava occurred along the coast, while farther to the northeast the Colum- 
 bian lava flood overwhelmed an area of more than two hundred thou- 
 sand square miles, and the rejuvenation of the Sierra Nevada was 
 beginning. 
 
12 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 The Cretaceous section of the Coast Ranges is more complete than 
 that of any other single province in America. It lacks only the upper- 
 most portion, and shows a variety of conditions not seen anywhere else, 
 from the boreal faunas of the Knoxville to the tropical faunas of the 
 Horsetown and Chico epochs, with fossil floras interbedded in every 
 formation. 
 
 The Tertiar}^ marine section of the Coast Ranges is not only the 
 most complete in America, but also more complete than that of any 
 other single geographic region in the world. Every minor division is 
 fully represented by marine faunas, and most of them have fresh-water 
 beds intercalated, Avith fossil plants and freshwater animals. 
 
 The Quaternary marine section of the Coast Ranges is the most com- 
 plete that has been described, for this is almost the only known region 
 where there has been much post-Quaternary orogenic activity. In 
 nearly all other regions the Quaternary sediments are still buried under 
 the oceans in which they were deposited. Great stretches of the State, 
 the Great Yallej^, and the intermountain valleys, are covered with 
 alluvium, and portions of the high Sierras and Klamath Mountains are 
 covered with morainal material. Also extensive areas of the Mojave 
 plateau are concealed by desert wash, making the continental record of 
 the Pleistocene very complete. 
 
 ROCK-FORMING AGENCIES OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Igneous Rocks. A large part of the surface of the State, a little 
 less than one-half, is made up of crystalline rocks. Of these the most 
 important group consists of deep-seated granitic rocks, granites, grano- 
 diorites, diorites, and gabbros, compounds of feldspars and ferro-mag- 
 nesian minerals, such as hornblendes, pyroxenes, and mica. The 
 greatest of these batholiths is the great igneous mass of the Sierra 
 Nevada, making up the bulk of that mountain chain. Smaller batho- 
 liths of similar character are in the Sierra Madre, the White Mountain 
 Range, the Klamath Mountains, and in the Santa Lucia Mountains. 
 
 Associated with the deep-seated granitic rocks in nearly all these 
 regions there are numerous dyke-rocks, similar in chemical nature to 
 the parent masses, but showing only a small surface area. In the 
 Colorado and Mojave deserts, in the Santa Lucia Range, and in the 
 Klamath Mountains there are large areas of gneisses and schists that 
 are in part altered granitic rocks, but ar# not mapped as granites 
 because of the uncertainty of their origin. 
 
 A second group is composed of basic intrusives, chiefly peridotites, 
 now largely changed to serpentine, rich in olivine and other ferro- 
 magnesian minerals. These cover great stretches in the Coast Ranges, 
 where they are largely of Franciscan age, older than the Cretaceous; 
 they also form less extensive masses in the Sierra Nevada. There are 
 
 \ 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 13 
 
 also broad areas of serpentines in the Klamath INIountains, supposed to 
 be Paleozoic in age. Associated with them are great bands of basic 
 schists which may be altered igneous rocks. 
 
 A third group is composed of lavas, mostly andesites and basalts, 
 surface flows from volcanoes. These are chiefly of jMiocene Tertiary 
 age; and, together with the less important rhyolite flows, they cover 
 broad areas in northeastern California, and smaller patches in all the 
 other mountain regions of the State. The flows in northeastern Cali- 
 fornia are a part of the Columbian field, and doubtless came from 
 fissure-eruptions. The others came from ordinary volcanoes, though in 
 most cases the volcanic cones are long since destroyed. Mt. Shasta and 
 Lassen Peak are the two grandest volcanoes of the State, the southern 
 extension of the Cascade Range, still preserving their ancient form ; and 
 Lassen Peak has recently resumed its old-time activity. 
 
 Inorganic Sediments. The greater part of the surface of California, 
 a little more tlian half, is made up of sediments. These are of two 
 groups, (1) inorganic, and (2) organic. 
 
 The inorganic sediments are far greater in thickness and areal extent, 
 sandstones and shales, derived from the decay of crystalline rocks. 
 The quartz and undecomposed feldspars furnished the sand grains, 
 and the decomposed feldspars furnished the clay for the shales. The 
 sandstones of California are remarka])le for the large quantitj^ they 
 contain of undecomposed fragments of minerals derived from the igne- 
 ous rocks, so that they are more often arkose and greywaeke than true 
 sandstones. 
 
 Thick beds of aluminous shales, now largely changed to slates, are 
 found in the Carboniferous and Jurassic rocks of the Sierra Nevada, 
 and to a less extent in the Franciscan formation of the Coast Eanges. 
 The Auriferous Slates also form the surface rocks of considerable areas 
 in the Klamath Mountains. 
 
 Less altered shales are extensively developed in all the later forma- 
 tions of the State, from the Lower Cretaceous upward, although not on 
 such a grand scale as in the older periods. 
 
 The greatest individual mass of sediments in California is formed by 
 the Quaternary and Pliocene fluviatile deposits of the Great Valley. 
 This mass is about four hundred miles long by fifty in width, and is 
 several thousand feet thick in the middle, thinning out toward the 
 edges, surpassing the enormous mass of Tertiaiy sediments. These 
 valley deposits have been bored to a depth of three thousand feet, 
 without reaching bedrock, but there are too few deep borings for an 
 estimate of the average thickness to be possible. 
 
 A second great mass of clastic sediments is seen in the Tertiary sand- 
 stones of the Coast Ranges, which extend nearly the entire length of 
 the State, and have a total thickness of about fifteen thousand feet, 
 
]4 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 although not all of this at any one place. A remnant of this series is 
 seen along the western flank of the Sierra Nevada in the marine and 
 hraekish-water Tone formation, and the upland equivalent is seen in 
 the Auriferous Gravels. 
 
 A third great mass of sandstones is found in the Cretaceous of the 
 Coast lianges, where a thickness of about thirty thousand feet was 
 deposited. This thickness surpasses by far that of the Tertiary sand- 
 stones, but the areal extent is much less. These, too, overlapped on 
 the foot of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Smaller masses of sandstone, now largely changed to quartzite, are 
 seen in the early Mesozoic and Paleozoic formations of the Sierra 
 Nevada and Coast Ranges, but nowhere forming extensive surface 
 areas. 
 
 On the western flank of the Sierra Nevada, throughout the Gold Belt, 
 there are, in the late Paleozoic and in the Jurassic, thick beds of tuffs, 
 or volcanic ash, now altered to greenstone schists. These in places 
 have a thickness of several thousand feet, but do not form considerable 
 areas of the surface rocks. These rocks are recognizable as tuffs by 
 the fact that they are bedded, are fragmental, and contain fossils in 
 some places. 
 
 Organic Sediments. These do not make much of a figure on the 
 areal map of the State, but play a large part in its economic history. 
 They are limestones, siliceous shales, and plant accumulations in the 
 form of coal or lignite. 
 
 The limestones are entirely of organic origin, with the exception of 
 some smaller occurrences of late spring deposits, or calcareous tufa, 
 which, however, are large enough to be used in the manufacture of 
 cement. The great masses of limestone are confined to the Paleozoic 
 and early Mesozoic, though as late as the middle of the Jurassic period 
 there are some large beds of limestone. They are formed of ground- 
 up shells, corals, and foraminifers, that lived in quiet, clear waters, but 
 are now largely crystalline, most of the evidence of their organic origin 
 having l)een destroyed in the great mountain-making revolutions that 
 have passed over them. The formation of limestone on a large scale 
 in California was confined to epochs that we know from other evidence 
 were warm, and also to epochs when sheltered, clear seas covered 
 portions of the State. In such seas corals and foraminifers abounded, 
 and the evidence of their rock-forming activity is still visible in the 
 coral reefs of the Paleozoic and Ti-iassic, and the Fusulina limestone of 
 the Carboniferous. 
 
 From the middle of the IMcsozoic up to the Eocene it was still warm 
 enough at times for reef-building corals and foraminifers to have 
 flourished in the seas of California ; but the warm epoch of the Middle 
 Jurassic was a time of igneous activity, and during the Cretaceous 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OP CALIFORNIA. 15 
 
 there was too much sand and mnd poured into the water for these 
 organisms to find a favorable hal)itat. 
 
 Limestones, at least in part formed by corals, have a thickness of 
 several thousand feet in the Cambrian of Inyo County, but the areal 
 extent is unknown. The Devonian of Shasta and Siskiyou counties 
 shows coral reef rock to the thickness of several hundred feet, of small 
 area. These are all surpassed in the great masses of Carboniferous 
 limestone, of the White IMountains, the western flank of the Sierra 
 Nevada, and the Klamath ^Mountains, where the lenticular beds some- 
 times attain a thickness of two thousand feet. There are also extensive 
 and thick masses of limestone in the Klamath ^Mountains of Siskiyou 
 County, which are supposed to be Paleozoic, but are not known to 
 \ contain any fossil evidence of their age. 
 
 The Santa Lucia limestone, in the Coast Eanges, of doubtful Paleo- 
 zoic age, also occurs in large beds, amounting to several hundred feet 
 in thickness, now changed to marble. 
 
 The Upper Triassic of Shasta and Plumas counties has lenses of 
 limestone in places four or five hundred feet thick, forming important 
 topographic features, and largely formed by the agency of corals. 
 
 The Franciscan series of the Coast Ranges has similar limestone 
 masses of lenticular form, amounting in places to a few hundred feet 
 in thickness, and wholly destitute of fossils, except a few traces of 
 foraminifers. 
 
 The Cretaceous lacks limestone beds, except a local accumulation of 
 shell limestone in the Knoxville formation of Colusa County, where a 
 . thickness of only a few feet is developed. 
 
 The Eocene of the Santa Cruz Mountains has some thin beds of 
 limestone, and the IMiocene of Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and 
 Orange counties has shell limestone amounting to as much as fifty 
 feet in thickness. With the exception of these local occurrences there 
 are no limestone masses in the marine beds of California from the 
 middle of the Jurassic to the Quaternary, the Jurassic and Knoxville 
 being characterized by thick beds of shale, and the other formations, 
 from tlui Horsetown up, by enormous beds of sandstone. 
 
 Siliceous Organic Sediments. Among the most remarkable features 
 of the stratigraphy of California are the thick beds of siliceous organic 
 sediments. In the IMonterey shale of the ^Middle Tertiary in the Coast 
 Ranges such sediments are extensively developed, and in places reach 
 a thickness of five thousand feet. These are not shales in the ordinary 
 sense, for they are chiefly organic in origin, the reniains of the micro- 
 scopic d'atoms and radiolaria. Similar deposits are known also in the 
 Eocene 6f tlie middle Coast Ranges, but on a smaller scale. These 
 organic 'siliceous shales are of great economic importance, for they 
 have furnished nearly all of the petroleum of California. 
 
 X 
 
16 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 Similar masses of siliceous organic sediments are known in the Coast 
 Ranges in the Franciscan formation, of the earlier Mesozoic; they are 
 no longer shales, but hard, flinty rocks, with the organic matter long 
 since removed, and the fossil tests of radiolaria almost entirely 
 destroyed, so that the rocks now show little resemblance to organic 
 sediments. 
 
 In the Mother Lode region of the Sierra Nevada there are somewhat 
 similar chert masses, in beds supposed to be Jurassic in age. These 
 too are probably of radiolarian origin. In the Middle Triassic of 
 Shasta County a series of siliceous shales almost without sand grains, 
 several hundred feet thick, likewise was probably formed partly from 
 the shells of siliceous organisms. 
 
 The Lower Carboniferous and the Devonian of Shasta and Siskiyou 
 counties also contain many hundreds of feet of fine-grained so-called 
 siliceous shales that are probably, at least in part, metamorphosed 
 organic sediments. Shells of diatoms and radiolaria are extremely rare 
 in all these older beds, but organic silicia is very soluble, and even a 
 slight degree of metamorphism destroys the delicate tests, and thus 
 obliterates the evidence of their origin. 
 
 Coal Deposits. During the Eocene epoch plant remains accumu- 
 lated to a considerable extent in the swamps of the old embayment of 
 California, especially along the western flank of the Sierra Nevada near 
 lone, in the Siskiyou erabajaiient, the Coast Range island area of the 
 Mt. Diablo region, and in the middle Coast Ranges of San Benito and 
 Fresno counties. These leaf beds have since been compacted into 
 lignite, and in a few places into true coal. 
 
 Chemical Deposits. In Kern, San Bernardino, San Diego and Inyo 
 counties there are extensive chemical precipitates of salt, soda, borax, 
 and gypsum, concentrates from the old lakes and salt pans of the arid 
 region, from Tertiary up to the present. The areal extent is not large, 
 but they are scattered over enormous stretches of country, and are of 
 great present or prospective economic importance. 
 
 war\ 
 h^\ 
 
 ^, 
 
•}- 
 
: I. GEOLOGIC COLUMN OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 P«- li Pulraolc 
 CnbrHii 
 
 „e»»lc 
 
 j 
 
 
 CombrlaD 
 
 rtcUo 
 
 SUurt.. D„,=U„ 
 
 C..O„«e.. 
 
 
 
 ™.„i. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,ura.l. 
 
 
 Cretaceous 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quar 
 
 emary 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Lower 
 
 
 
 Upper 1 
 
 UUdle 
 
 
 MlBSlSSlppiBB 
 
 Coal Measurea Permian 
 
 
 Middle 
 
 
 Upper 
 
 
 Lower 
 
 Middle 
 
 Upper 
 
 .o.er 
 
 Upper 
 
 Eoeene O*"" 
 
 
 „.„„. 
 
 
 Pliocene 
 
 P,e.,oe.ne 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 NUnn 1' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .laa 
 
 0=U,e 
 
 merldse 
 
 PorUand 
 
 ' Neocomlan 
 
 Gault 
 
 CenomAalaii 
 
 Midway 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 
 
 Upper 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 jr 
 
 
 GrtJllU ^^So 
 
 
 BniK- 
 don 
 
 MeCloud 
 
 
 
 Inyo 
 
 
 
 
 Pl^a, 
 
 .url,ero„Sl..e3 
 
 j Cbleo 
 
 1 1 
 
 : ■■!! 
 
 jOniw- 
 Peak 
 
 ,««°^ I 
 
 
 In,, McClDud 
 
 K.... 
 
 Wlldwood 
 
 Meekoceras 
 beds 
 
 Parapo- 
 
 Pit 
 
 Hcelk. 
 
 Broek ; 
 
 Hardgrave 
 
 Mariposa 
 
 KnoxTlUe Horsetown 
 
 
 Martinez 
 
 lejon 
 
 Aslorlan 
 
 V&Queios 
 
 Monterey 
 
 Margarita 
 
 Uieno 
 
 BaC 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 ,2og 
 
 |sl 
 Til 
 
 i 
 
 '! 
 
 o 
 
 is 
 
 pg 1 
 3 
 
 o 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 e1 !> 
 
 III 
 
 5-3" 
 
 ill 
 
 Jig 
 
 
 
 III 
 |li 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 til 
 
 "a 
 
 3-s. 
 
 ^« 
 >=ll 
 
 ll 
 
 II 
 ?§ 
 
 If 
 ll 
 
 ll 
 
 n 
 
 Sis 
 
 U 
 
 3<g 
 
 ill 
 1° 
 
 51 
 ll 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 g 
 1 
 
 5" 
 
 
 11° 
 III 
 
 Q 
 ll 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 8 
 
 it 
 ■?- 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 3| 
 81 
 
 .5* 
 
 Tuffs and shales ot the Gold Belt 
 with PerxsvhvnctES colfaxi. 
 
 Mariposa slates of the Gold Belt with 
 Aucella erringtoni and Cardioceran 
 alternans. 
 
 E- 
 
 If 
 
 1 
 
 Horsetown shales of Sacramento Val- 
 ley with Desmoceras hoffmani 
 Phylloceras onoenae, Lytoceraa 
 batesi. 
 
 Ii 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 Ii 
 
 III 
 
 ll 
 
 bI 
 
 ijij 
 
 i 
 
 San 
 Lo- 
 
 03 
 
 1 
 
 Sejidstones of Monterey and Son Luis 
 Obispo counties, with Turritella me- 
 zana, Mytilua mathewaoni and Pec- 
 ten magnolia. 
 
 Briones formation of Alameda County 
 with Scutella breweriana. 
 
 Monterey sbales and Temblor sand- 
 stones, with Pecten discxis. P. peck- 
 hmui. TurriteUa ocoyana ami Firus 
 
 Sandstones of Salinas Valley. San 
 Pablo Bay and the Coalinga region, 
 with Pecten pabloenais P. estrel- 
 lanua, Oatrea titan and Tamiosoma 
 grcgaria. 
 
 Merced 
 Purisima 
 
 "ol 
 
 |>§ 
 
 •~|o 
 
 !f 
 
 a? 
 §« 
 
 ll 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 1 
 g 
 
 ' i 
 s 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 II 
 a* 
 ss 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 Sandstones of San Diego and 
 Half Moon Bay. with Pecten 
 healeyi and Scutella intcr- 
 llneata. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ! 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 OroviUe 
 
 flora Oregon 
 flora 
 
 
 Shasta flora 
 
 Chico flora 
 
 Auriferous Gravels 
 
 1 Paso Robles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Monte de Oro slates of 
 Orovllle, with lower 
 Oolite flora, associ- 
 ated with marine Ju- 
 rassic forms. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 =r- 
 
 i 1 
 1 i 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 lone formation 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 -f 
 
 Is 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4lf 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 t|s, 
 
 
 t E 1 
 
TABLE II. GEOLOGIC RECORD OF THE GREAT BASIN SEA IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 s 3 
 
 3 = 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 •E 
 
 s 
 
 m 
 
 5 
 iz; 
 
 V c 
 
 o-^l 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■o — 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 s 
 
 a r 
 
 o 
 
 Oa 
 
 - 
 
 Lahontan lake beds. 
 Esmeralda lake beds. 
 
 Miocene, Truckee, lake beds. 
 
 Cordilleran revolution, uplift and metamorphism of Sierra Nevada and 
 obliteration of the Great Basin Sea. 
 
 Hinchman tuff and sandstone of Plumas County, with Kelloway fauna, 
 and reef-building corals. 
 
 Mormon sandstone and Thompson limestone of Plumas County with lower 
 Oolite fauna. 
 
 Hardgrave sandstone of Plumas County, with Upper Liassic fauna. 
 
 Arietites limestones of Inyo County, California, and West Humboldt 
 Range, Nevada. 
 
 Pseudomonotis shales of Shasta and Plumas counties. 
 
 Hosselkus limestone of Shasta County, with coral reefs. Tropites sub- 
 bullatus fauna. 
 
 Pit shales of Shasta. Star Peak limestone of West Humboldt Range, 
 Nevada. 
 
 Black limestone of Inyo Range, with Middle Triassic fauna 
 
 Gray limestone of Inyo Range, with Meekoceraa fauna. 
 
 Nosoni tuffs and shales of Shasta County, with fauna transitional to 
 Permian. 
 
 McCloud limestone of Shasta County, with Coal Measures fauna, and 
 coral reefs. 
 
 Baird shales of Shasta with Asiatic Subcarboniferous fauna. 
 
 Bragdon shales of Trinity County, without definite fauna. 
 
 Kennett limestones of Shasta County, with coral reefs, Favosites, Diphy- 
 
 phyllum, etc. 
 
 Montgomery limestone of Plumas County, with reef-building corals. 
 
 Quartzites of Inyo County. 
 
 Olenellus limestone of Inyo County, with reefs of Archaeocyathus. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian schists of In5'o County, and Mojave Desert. 
 
"^ 
 

 TABLE II. 
 
 GEOLOGIC RECORD OF THE GREAT BASIN SEA IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 Lahontan lake beds. 
 Esmeralda lake beds. 
 
 
 
 
 Miocene, Truckee, lake beds. 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Cordilleran revolution, uplift and metamorphism of Sierra Nevada and 
 obliteration of the Great Basin Sea. 
 
 
 2 
 
 Hinchman tuff and sandstone of Plumas County, with Kelloway fauna, 
 and reef-building corals. 
 
 
 Mormon sandstone and Thompson limestone of Plumas County with lower 
 Oolite fauna. 
 
 
 >3 
 
 Hardgrave sandstone of Plumas County, with Upper Liassic fauna. 
 
 1 
 
 Arietites limestones of Inyo County, California, and West Humboldt 
 Range, Nevada. 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 
 Pseudomonotis shales of Shasta and Plumas counties. * 
 
 
 Hosselkus limestone of Shasta County, with coral reefs. Tropites sub- 
 bullatus fauna. 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 Pit shales of Shasta. Star Peak limestone of West Humboldt Range, 
 Nevada. 
 
 i 
 
 Black limestone of Inyo Range, with Middle Triassic fauna 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1-) 
 
 Gray limestone of Inyo Range, with Meekoceras fauna. 
 
 
 Carboniferous 
 
 Middle Upper 
 
 i 
 
 Nosoni tuffs and shales of Shasta County, with fauna transitional to 
 Permian. 
 
 
 McCloud limestone of Shasta County, with Coal Measures fauna, and 
 coral reefs. 
 
 
 3 
 
 Baird shales of Shasta with Asiatic Subcarboniferous fauna. 
 
 o 
 
 Bragdon shales of Trinity County, without definite fauna. 
 
 - 
 
 •c 
 
 3 
 3 
 CO 
 
 "i S 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Niagara ' Middle 
 
 1 
 
 Kennett limestones of Shasta County, with coral reefs, Favosites, Diphy- 
 phyllum, etc. 
 
 t^ 
 
 Montgomery limestone of Plumas County, with reef-building corals. 
 
 
 Pogo- 
 nlp& 
 Kureka 
 
 Quartzites of Inyo County. 
 
 
 il 
 
 >2 
 
 Olenellus limestone of Inyo County, with reefs of Archaeocyathus. 
 
 §1 
 
 
 
 Pre-Cambrian schists of Inyo County, and Mojave Desert. 
 
X 
 

 F.„„.,Z„,. 
 
 San Diego 
 
 Los Aneelti j Venluia 
 
 ~ 
 
 Ketii Coalliiea ' San Luis Oblsuo Salln.-is Vnlley 
 
 S.n,.C,u. 
 
 MouDt DUblo ReetoD 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Zone of Pcc(en ftelliM. 
 
 
 Pacific Beach beds. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Upper Fernando Dead- 
 man Island beds with 
 Pecten caurUtus. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 £ 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 Upper Fernando with 
 Pecten hellua. 
 
 
 J 
 
 Lake beds with Pliocene 
 fauna with some brack- 
 ish-water beds. 
 
 f- 
 
 Type section of Pasol 
 Robles. supposed to be| S 
 of fresh-water origin. ! -g 
 
 Gravels like those of the 
 type section. 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 Middle Fernando with 
 Pecten hemphHU. 
 
 Lower Fernando with 
 Pecten heaJeyi. 
 
 
 
 Fresh-water Pliocene and 
 t, \ Miocene of the Berke~ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Zone of Pecten healej/t 
 and Bcutella interline- 
 ata. 
 
 f 
 
 Sandstones with 
 Pecten liealeyt 
 and Ftcus nodi- 
 lerus. 
 
 Lower Fernando with 
 Pecten heaJevi and Fi- 
 cna nodifenta. 
 
 FYigler's Point beds with 
 Merced fauna. 
 
 11 
 
 Beds with Pecten wattai 
 and P. coalingaenaia. 
 
 1 
 
 Sandstones with ScutelJa 
 gib b s i and Pecte»i 
 wattsi. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Marine beds of Lake Mer- 
 ced and Half Moon Bay 
 with Pecten healeyi. 
 
 1 ley Hills. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 Sandstones with 
 Pecten carrizoen- 
 Bis and P. cer- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 Zone ot Pecten eatrellanua 
 and Trophon oariaaen- 
 
 Zone of Tamiosoma and 
 Oefreo titan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Jacalitos beds with Fee- 
 ten oweni. 
 
 
 Doubtfully referred t o 
 this horizon. It may be | 
 the equivalent of the, « 
 Santa Margarita. ■ ? 
 
 Type section of Santa 
 Margarita with Oatrea 
 titan, Tamioaoma gre- 
 
 1 
 
 Sandstones with Oatrea 
 titan and Aatrodapaia 
 antiaelli. 
 
 \ 
 
 Type section on San 
 Pablo Bay with Pecten 
 patloenaia and .<i«tro- 
 dapsis tumidua. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Beds with Tamioaoma 
 gregaria, Ostrea titan, 
 and Pecten eatrellanua. 
 
 1 i 
 
 Typical sandstones with ^ 
 Oatrea titan, Tamiosoma = 
 gregaria and Pecten' -jn 
 eatrellanua. 
 
 garia and Pecten e»-i ^ 
 trellanxis. | 
 
 
 Zone of Pecten discus. 
 
 Zone of Agasoma and 
 Pecten andersoni. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pecten diacua beds. 
 
 
 
 Pecten diacua beds. 
 
 Pecten discus beds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dlatomace- 
 ous shales 
 resembling 
 
 the 
 Monterey 
 
 Sandstones 
 with fauna 
 like that of 
 the Ocoya 
 formation 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Flinty shales resembling 
 the Monterey. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Bitu- 
 
 mln- 
 
 f Barker's ranch 
 S b e d s w i t h 
 ■g 1 Agaaoma har- 
 £ kerianum, Fi- 
 " cua kernianus 
 £ and Pecten 
 
 1 Doubtfully 
 referred 
 to the 
 
 Type section 
 of Temblor 
 with fauna 
 like that of 
 the Ocoya 
 Creek form- 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Diatomaceous shales re- 
 sembling the Monterey. 
 
 1 
 
 Diatomaceous shales, & 
 like the typical Monte- g 
 rey. and sandstones a 
 with Turritella ocoiiana g 
 and Mytilus mathew- 
 
 Typical section of Monte- | 
 rey shale. ^ 
 
 Bituminous diatomaceous 
 shale, and sandstones 
 with Turritella ocovana 
 and Pecten andersoni. 
 
 Monterey sUale and 
 sandstones with 
 Agaaoma and Tur- 
 ritella ocoyana. 
 
 
 Zone of Pecten maonoUa 
 and Turritclla (ncjeona. 
 
 shalesJs 1 ondersoni. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sandstones with Turrt- 
 tetla inesana. 
 
 1 
 
 Sandstones with Turri- 
 tella inezatia and Jtf.u- 
 tilua mathewaoni. 
 
 1 
 
 Sandstones with Turri- 
 tclla inezana and Pec- 
 ten viagnolia. 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 i 
 
 Massive sandstones with 
 Turritella inezana, Pec-I g 
 ten magnolia and My- § 
 tiltia mathewaoni. g 
 
 1 '- 
 
 Type section of Vaqueros, „ 
 massive sandstones of S 
 the Banta Lucia Moun- § 
 tains, with Turritella t 
 inezana. > 
 
 Sandstones with Tiirritel- 
 la inezana. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 

 
 
 Coast Ranges. 
 
 
 
 
 
 SnatRA Nevada. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 Terrace. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Terrace gravels. 
 
 1 1 
 
 San Pedro sandstones. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 Cafion cutting epoch. 
 
 
 
 Glacial beds. 
 
 J 
 
 s 
 
 Santa Barbara sandstones. 
 
 San Diego, Merced and Fu- 
 rislma sandstones. 
 
 
 Santa Clara and Tulare lake 
 beds. 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 Santa Margarita and San 
 Pablo sandstones. 
 
 
 Lake beds of Tesla. with Up- 
 per Miocene leaves. 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 f 
 
 
 Mohawk lake beds. 
 Post-volcanic gravels, with 
 Upper Miocene leaves. 
 
 Coast Range revolution. 
 
 
 Chief volcanic period. 
 
 Briones sandstones. 
 Monterey shale and Temblor 
 sandstones. 
 
 Ocoya Creek sandstones, with 
 marine fossils 
 
 Vaqueros sandstones 
 
 
 ii 
 
 San Lorenzo sandstones and 
 shales. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 Tejon sandstones. 
 
 
 Lake beds of Corral Hollow, 
 with Eocene plants. 
 
 Coat beds of lone. Marine 
 sandstones of Merced Falls. 
 
 Martinez sandstones. | 
 
 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Chico sandstones. ^ g 
 
 Plant beds In northern Cali- 
 fornia, associated with ChIco 
 marine species. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Chico sandstones of Butte 
 County, with marine fossils. 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 Horsetown sandstones and 
 shales of Shasta and Tehama 
 counties. 
 
 |.| 
 
 Plant beds of northern Call-j 
 fornia and southern Oregon 
 associated with Knoxvillei 
 and Horsetown marine! 
 species. 1' 
 
 Erosion period. Record want- 
 
 Knoxville shales and con- 
 glomerates. 
 
 |l 
 
 Plant beds of northern Cali- 
 fornia and southern Oregon, 
 supposed to be of Jurassic 
 age. 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 1 
 
 j Cordllleran revolution. 
 
 Cordilleran revolution. 
 
 1 Cherts, limestones, shales, and 
 B 1 schists without definite fos- 
 ^ 1 sils and with great intrusions 
 
 
 S 
 
 Colfax shales and altered tuffs, 
 and igneous rocks. Marine 
 record almost destroyed. 
 
 1 
 
 pre-Cretaceous, and in part 1 
 
 11 
 
 Mariposa shales, with marine 
 fossils of Upper Jurassic 
 age. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 Wanting? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sailor Canon shales. 
 Genessee Valley limestone and 
 shales. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Wildwood beds of Trinity 
 County with Permian fauna. 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 illi 
 
 Limestones and quartzites of 
 the Sierra Nevada, with Car- 
 boniferous fossils. 
 
 ^ Santa Lucia Paleozoic meta- 
 2 j limestonei morphias o f 
 a 1 gneisses and i Siskiyou 
 *" 1 granites, 1 County, 
 without defl- 
 
 1 nite fossils. 
 
 i 1 
 
 |l 
 
 
 Taylorsville formation of 
 Plumas County. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 ■c 
 
 Montgomery limestone of Plu- 
 mas County with Niagara 
 fauna. 
 
 i| 
 
 
 
 Gneisses and schists of Siski- 
 you and Trinity counties. 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Older gneisses of Sierra Nevada 
 and Inyo County. 
 
X.. 
 

 
 MEDirERBANEAN RbGION. 
 
 GEOGRAPHIC RELATIONS OF WEST 
 
 Oriental Region. 
 
 Boreal Recion. 
 
 West American Region. 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 Marine fauna of Japan. 
 
 
 Marine fauna of California. 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 \A arm water marine fauna of 
 California. 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 Cold water marine fauna of 
 Japan. 
 
 
 Cold water marine fauna of 
 California. 
 
 i 
 
 Cold water marine fauna. 
 
 Cold water marine fauna of 
 Japan. 
 
 
 Cold water marine fauna of 
 California. 
 
 -.. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Venerxcardia planicosta Zone. 
 
 
 
 Venericardia pJanicosta Zone. 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 SchloenMchia fauna of Europe. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Schloenbachia fauna of Japan, 
 South India and East Africa. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 
 Schloenbachia fauna of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Aucella fauna of North Europe. 
 North Asia and Alaslta. 
 
 Aucella fauna of the KnoxvUle 
 Strata in California. 
 
 1 \ i 
 
 
 
 Cardioceras fauna with Aucella 
 in Russia. 
 
 Cardioceraa fauna with Aucella 
 in California. 
 
 
 Mediterranean type in India. 
 
 Cadoceras fauna of Alaska and 
 the Boreal region. 
 
 Mediterranean type In Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 1 
 
 -IriXifcs fauna. 
 
 .Irietites fauna in tlie Indian 
 Ocean. 
 
 ArietitPS fauna of Alaska. 
 
 Arietites fauna in California 
 and Nevada. 
 
 -2 
 
 1 
 
 
 Pseudomonotis ochotica fauna in 
 Japan. 
 
 Paetidomonotia ochotica fauna. 
 
 Alasica and North Siberia. 
 Dtiwsonites fauna of the Arctic 
 
 Ocean. 
 
 Pseudomonotis ochotica fauna in 
 California and Nevada. 
 
 Tropites aubbullatus fauna. 
 
 Tropites aiiibullatua fauna in 
 India. 
 
 Tropitea subbullatus fauna in 
 California. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ceratites trinottoaus fauna. 
 
 Ceratites trinodoaus fauna. 
 
 Ceratitea fauna of Spitzbergen. 
 
 Ceratitea trinodoaua fauna In 
 Nevada. 
 
 Beprichites fauna. Gulf of Ismld. 
 
 
 
 Parapopanoceras fauna in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Columbites fauna. Albania. 
 
 ffedenatroemia fauna of India. 
 
 Oleiikites fauna of North Siberia. 
 
 Columbitea fauna In Idaho. 
 
 Tirolitea ca3sianua fauna. 
 
 
 Tirolitea fauna In Idaho. 
 
 
 Meekoceraa fauna of India. 
 
 Meekoceraa fauna of Spltzber- 
 gen. 
 
 Meekoceraa fauna In California 
 and Idaho. 
 
 II 
 
 
 Atlantic type. 
 
 Asiatic type in India, Japan and 
 Cliina. 
 
 Asiatic type in Alaska and 
 Siberia. 
 
 Asiatic type in California. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 17 
 
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GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 17 
 
 
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18 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 SOURCES OF DATA FOR THE GEOLOGIC MAP. 
 
 The geologic formations of California are much more numerous than 
 those shown on the map. Some of the formations that have been 
 named are of doubtful value; some are differentiated only locally; 
 others are merely synonyms of formations better known by other 
 names. 
 
 No subdivision is attempted of the pre-Cambrian metamorphics, 
 although these probably include several formations. The Ordovician 
 and Silurian are joined, for want of data for separation. The Cnr- 
 ])oniferous is not subdivided, although the section is very complete, and 
 the Bragdon, Baird, McCloud, Nosoni and Wildwood formations are 
 units of real value. But throughout the Gold Belt, the greatest area 
 of Carboniferous rocks in the State, data for subdivision of the Cala- 
 veras formation are wanting. 
 
 The Triassic zones are capable of discrimination by paleontology, but 
 they are too small to be mapped on a twelve-mile scale. 
 
 In the Jurassic, the folios of the U. S. Grcological Survey distinguish 
 not only a large number of sedimentary formations, but also numerous 
 metamorphic and igneous rocks. These subdivisions become too con- 
 fusing when reduced to the twelve-mile scale, which is true also of the 
 subdivisions of the Franciscan formation in the Coast Ranges. 
 
 For the Cretaceous only two subordinate units are practicable, and 
 for a portion of the State even this segregation can not be carried out. 
 
 Under the Tertiary, the Martinez and Tejon are merged in the 
 Eocene; the Auriferous Gravels are given separately, although they 
 are, at least in part, Eocene. Some lake beds and other continental 
 deposits are put down under Tertiary undifferentiated. 
 
 The Vaqueros, Monterey, Santa Margarita, San Pablo and Jacalitos 
 formations are merged under the Miocene, including also the San 
 Lorenzo Oligocene beds, not separable on this scale. 
 
 The Merced, Purisima, San Diego, Fernando, and Etchegoin marine 
 formations are merged under Pliocene, with which are united also the 
 Tulare, Santa Clara and Paso Robles fresh-water beds. 
 
 The Quaternary includes alluvium, delta material, lake beds, glacial 
 deposits, where differentiated, and a narrow fringe of marine beds 
 along the coast. 
 
 The following are Ihe chief sources of data for the geologic map of 
 California, given by regions. It should be understood that reports 
 covering the entire State, such as the Geological Survey of California 
 by J. D. Whitney; the Pacific Railroad Reports by W. P. Blake, Thomas 
 Antisell, J. S. Newberry, and T. A. Conrad; the Stratigraphy oC 
 North America by Bailey Willis, Professional Paper No. 71, U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, are not cited under the various subdivisions, although 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OK CALIFORNIA. 19 
 
 of course they were used. It would be needless repetition to i)lace 
 these citations under the various headings. 
 
 SIERRA NEVADA. 
 
 Northern End of the Range. J. S. Diller, Geology of the Lassen 
 Peak District. 8th Annual Report, V. S. Geological Survey, Part T, 
 l>p. 395-432; Lassen Peak Folio, U. S. Geological Survey; The Geology 
 of the Taylorville Region, Bull. 353, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 Gold Belt. The folios of the U. S. Geological Survey; \V. Lind- 
 greu, Colfax, Truckee, Sacramento, Placerville, Pyramid Peak ; W. 
 Lindgren and H. W. Turner, Smartsville, Marysville; H. W. Turner, 
 Bidwell Bar, Downieville, Jackson ; H. W. Turner and F. L. Ransome, 
 Big Trees, Sonora ; F. L. Ransome, Mother Lode ; II. W. Fairbanks, 
 Geology of the Mother Lode Region, Report X of the State Mineralo- 
 gist, pp. 23-90; H. W. Turner, The rocks of the Sierra Nevada. 14th 
 Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, Part II, pp. 441-495. 
 Further contributions to the geology of the Sierra Nevada, 17th Annual 
 Report, U. S. Geological Survey, Part I, pp. 521-762. Waldemar 
 Lindgren, The gold quartz veins of the Nevada City and Grass Valley 
 districts, California, 17th Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, 
 Part 2, pp. 1-262. The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada, 
 P.P. 73, U. S. Geological Survey. J. S. Diller, Tertiary revolution in 
 the topography of the Pacific Coast, 14th Annual Report, U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, part 2. pp. 403-483. 
 
 Southern End of Sierra Nevada. A. C. Lawson, the Geomorphog- 
 eny of the upper Kern basin. Bull. Dept. Geol., University of Cali- 
 fornia, Vol. 3, No. 15, pp. 291-376. A. Knopf and P. Theleu, Sketch 
 of the geology of ^Mineral King, Bull. Dept. Geol., University of Cali- 
 fornia, Vol. 4, No. 12, pp. 227-262. H. R. Johnson, The geology and 
 water resources of Antekjpc Valley, Water Supply Paper No. 278, 
 U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 East of the Sierra Nevada. AV. T. Lee, Geology and water 
 resources Owens Valley, Water Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 181, 
 U. S. Geological Survey. I. C. Russell, The Quaternary history of 
 Mono Valley, California, 8th Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, 
 Part I, pp. 269-394. A Knopf, ]Minej-al resources of the Inyo and 
 White mountains, California, Bull. 540, U. S. Geological Survey, 
 ]>p. 81-120. S. II. Ball, A geological reconnaissance in southwestern 
 Nevada and eastern California, Bull. 308, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 Various minor papers by II. W. Fairbanks, C. D. Walcott, G. K. Gil- 
 bert; Personal communications by H. W. Turner, A. M. Strong. 
 Unpublished (Geological Map of Inyo County ])y C. A. Waring, Cali- 
 fornia State Mining Bureau, 1917. 
 
20 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 MOJAVE DESERT. 
 
 J, E. Spun-, Geology of Nevada south of tlie Fortieth Parallel and 
 adjacent parts of California, Bull. 208, V. S. Geological Survey. H. R. 
 Johnson, Geology and water resources of Antelope Valley, Water 
 Supply Paper No. 278, U. S. Geological Survey. C. L. Baker, Notes 
 on the later Cenozoic history of the Mojave Desert region in south- 
 eastern California, Bull. Dept. Geology, University of California, 
 A^ol. 6, No. 15, pp. 333-383, C. L. Baker, Physiography and structure 
 of the western El Paso range and the southern Sierra Nevada, Bull. 
 Dept. Geology, University of California, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 117-142. 
 G. E. Bailey, The saline deposits of California, Bull. No. 24, California 
 State Mining Bureau. W. P. Blake, A geological reconnaissance of 
 California, Vol. 5, Reports, Pacific R. R. Survey. Bailey Willis, The 
 stratigraphy of North America, P.P. 71, U. S. Geological Survey. M. R, 
 Campbell, Reconnaissance of the borax deposits of Death Valley and 
 Mojave Desert, Bull. 200, U. S. Geological Survey. 0. H. Hershey, 
 The Quaternary of southern California, Bull. Dept. Geology, University 
 of California, Vol, 3, No. 1, pp. 1-30. S. H. Ball, A geological recon- 
 naissance in southwestern Nevada and eastern California, Bull. 308, 
 U. S. Geological Survey. G. A. Waring, Springs of California, Water 
 Supply Paper No. 338, U. S. Geological Survey (Map of California). 
 Guidebook of the Western United States, Part C, U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bulletin 613. 
 
 COLORADO DESERT. 
 
 Various publications of the California State Mining Bureau, espe- 
 cially W. A. Goodyear, San Diego County, 10th Annual Report, State 
 Mineralogist ; and E. B. Preston, Salton Lake, Report XI, State Mineral- 
 ogist. W. P. Blake, Geological reconnaissance of California, Vol. 5, 
 Pacific R. R. Reports. H. W. Fairbanks, Geology of San Diego County, 
 11th Annual Report, State Mineralogist, pp. 76-120; Stephen Bowers, 
 Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert Mining District, Bulletin — , 
 1901 ; D. T. MacDougal, Sketch of the geology and soils of the Cahuila 
 Basin, The Salton Sea, Publications of the Carnegie Institution, No. 193. 
 
 The Sierra Madre (Sierra de Los Angeles). The range extending 
 from Point Conception in Santa Barbara County through San Diego 
 and Imperial counties to Lower California, has generally been termed 
 the Sierra ]\Iadre; F. L. Ransome has recently proposed to name this 
 system the Sierra de Los Angeles. The new name will hardly displace 
 the time-honored term. 
 
 H. W. Fairbanks, Geology of San Diego County, etc., Report XI, 
 State Mineralogist, pp. 76-120. G. H. Eldridge and R. Arnold, 
 Geology of the Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills and Los Angeles Oil 
 districts, California, Bull. 309, U. S. Geological Survey. A. C. La^vson, 
 
GEOLOGIC rORM.VI'JONS OF CALIFORNIA. 21 
 
 the post-Plioeeiie diastropliism of the coast of southern California, 
 Bull. Dept. Geology, University of California, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 115- 
 160. 0. H. Hershey, The Quaternary of southern California, Bull. 
 Dept. Geologry, University of California, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-30. 0. H. 
 Hershey, Some crystalline rocks of southern California, American 
 Geologist, Vol. 27, pp. 225-245. R. Arnold and A. M. Strong, Some 
 crystalline rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains, Bidl. Gcol. Society of 
 America, Nov. 16, pp. 183-204. R. Arnold, Geology and Oil resources 
 of the Summerland district, California, Bull. 321, U. S. Geological 
 Survey. R. Arnold and R. Anderson, Geology and oil resources of 
 the Santa ]\Iaria district, California, Bull. 327, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 R. Arnold, The palaeontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene 
 and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California, Mem. California Academy 
 of Sciences, Vol. 3, pp. 1-420. R. E. Dickerson, The Martinez Eocene 
 and associated formations at Rock Creek on the western border of the 
 Mojave Desert area, Bull. Dept. Geology, University of California, 
 Vol. 8, No. 14, pp. 289-298. H. W. Fairbanks, Geology of northern 
 Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monterey and San Benito 
 counties, 12th Annual Report, State Mineralogist, pp. 493-526. R. P. 
 McLaughlin and C. A. Waring, Petroleum industry of California, 
 Bull. 69, California State Mining Bureau. Various minor county 
 reports in the publications of the State Mining Bureau; Unpublished 
 work of R. Arnold, J. R. Pemberton, and C. A. Waring. 
 
 THE ISLANDS OF THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL. 
 
 L. G. Yates, Stray Notes on the geology of the Channel Islands, 
 Report IX, State Mineralogist, pp. 171-174. W. S. T. Smith, A geo- 
 logical sketch of San Clemente Island, 18th Annual Report, U. S. 
 Geological Survey, Part 3, pp. 74-96. W. S. T. Smith, A topographic 
 study of the islands of southern California, Bull. Dept. Geology, Uni- 
 versity of California, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 179-230. W. S. T. Smith, 
 The geology of Santa Catalina Island, Proceedings California Academy 
 of Sciences, 3d Ser., Geology, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-71. 
 
 COAST RANGES. 
 
 The Middle Coast Ranges, Point Concepcion to San Francisco. 
 R. Arnold and R. Anderson, The geology and oil resources of the 
 Santa Maria district, California, Bull. 327, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 R. Arnold and R. Anderson, The geology and oil resources of the 
 Coalinga district, California, Bull. 398, U. S. Geological Survey. R. 
 Arnold and Harry R. Johnson, Pn^liminary report on the IMcKittriek- 
 Sunset oil region, Kern and San Luis 01)ispo counties, California, 
 Bull. 406, U. S. Geological Survey. U. W. Fairbanks, Geology of 
 Point Sal, Bull. Dept. Geology, University of California, Vol. 2, 
 pp. 1-92. H. W. Fairbanks, San Luis Folio, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
22 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Warinp:, Petroleum industry of Cali- 
 fornia, Bull. 69, California State Mining Bureau. H. W. Fairbanks, 
 Geology of Northern Ventura, etc.. Report XII, State Mineralogist, 
 pp. 493-526. F. M. Anderson, A stratigraphic study in the Mount 
 Diablo Range of California, Proc. California Academy of Sciences, 
 Third Ser., Geology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 155-248. A. C. Lawson, The 
 California earthquake of April 18, 1906, Report of the State Earth- 
 quake Commission, Vol. 1, part 1, 1908, pp. 1-52. R. W. Pack and 
 W. H. English, Waltham, Priest, Bitterwater and Peachtree Valleys, 
 California, Bull. 581-D, U. S. Geological Survey. A. C. Lawson, Sketch 
 of the geology of the San Francisco Peninsula, 15th Annual Report, 
 U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 403-476. A. C. Lawson, San Francisco 
 Folio, U. S. Geological Survey. Roderic Crandall, The geology of the 
 San Francisco Peninsula, Proc. American Phil. Society, Vol. 46, 1907, 
 pp. 1-58. Homer Hamlin, Water resources of the Salinas Valley, 
 California, Water Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 89, U. S. Geological 
 Survey. G. F. Becker, Geology of the cpiicksilver depo-sits of the 
 Pacific Slope, Mon. 13, U. S. Geological Survey. A. C. Lawson and 
 Charles Palache, The Berkeley Hills, a detail of Coast Range geology, 
 Bull. Dept. Geol., University of California, Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 349^50. 
 W. F. Jones, The geology of the Sargent oil field. Bull. Dept. Geol., 
 University of California, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 55-78. A. C. Lawson, The 
 geology of Carmelo Bay, Bull. Dept., Geol., University of California, 
 Vol. 1, pp. 1-59. J. C. Branner, J. F. Newsom, and R. Arnold, The 
 Santa Cruz folio, U. S. Geological Survey. Unpublished work of the 
 summer field-geology classes of the L^niversity of California, Leland 
 Stanford Junior University, and personal communications from W. H. 
 Ochsner, H. Hannibal, R. B. Moran, H. R. Johnson, F. M. Anderson, 
 C. H. Beal, E. C. Templeton, J. R. Pemberton. C. H. Davis, and 
 C. F. Tolman, Jr. 
 
 The Northern Coast Ranges, San Francisco to Cape Mendocino. 
 A. C. Lawson, The geomorphogeny of the coast of northern California, 
 Bull. Dept. Geol., University of California, Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 241-272. 
 V. C. Osmont, A geological section of the Coast Ranges north of San 
 Francisco, Bull. Dept., Geol., University of California, Vol. 4, No. 3, 
 pp. 39-87. A. C. Lawson, San Francisco folio, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 H. AV. Fairbanks, Notes on the geology of Tehama, Lake, Colusa and 
 Napa counties, Report XI, State Mineralogist, pp. 54r-15. H. W. Fair- 
 banks, The pre-Cretaceous age of the metamorphic rocks of the Cali- 
 fornia Coast Ranges, American Geologist, Vol. 9, pp. 153-166. H. W. 
 Fairbanks, Notes on a farther study of the pre-Cretaceous rocks of the 
 California Coast Ranges, American Geologist, Vol. 11, pp. 69-84. 
 H. W. Fairbanks, Review of our knowledge of the geology of the Cali- 
 fornia Coast Ranges, Bull. Geol., Society of America, Vol. 6, pp. 71-102. 
 
 \ 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 23 
 
 F. ^r. Anderson, The p:eology of Point Reyes Peninsula, Bull. Dept. 
 Geology, University of California, A'ol. 2, No. 5, pp. 119-133. F. L. 
 Ransome, The geology of Angel Island, Bull. Dept. of Geology, Uni- 
 versity of California, Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 193-240. C. A. White, Correla- 
 tion Papers; Cretaceous, Bull. 82, U. S. Geological Survey. J. S. Dil- 
 ler. The topographic development of the Klamath Mountains, Bull. 196, 
 U. S. Geological Survey. T. W. Stanton, Contributions to the Creta- 
 ceous paleontology of the Pacific Coast, The fauna of the Knoxvilh; 
 beds, Bull. 133, U. S. Geological Survey. F. M. Anderson, Cretaceous 
 deposits of the Pacific Coast, Proc. California Academy of Sciences, 
 3d Ser., Geology, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-154. G. F. Becker, Geology of the 
 quicksilver deposits of the Pacific Slope, Mon. 13, U. S. Geological 
 Survey. R. S. Ilolway, An extension of the known area of Pleistocene 
 glaciation of the Coast Ranges of California, Bull. American Geo- 
 graphical Society, Vol. 43, pp. 161-170. R. S. Holway, Physiograph- 
 ically unfinished entrances to San Francisco Bay, University of 
 California Pub. in Geography, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 81-126. In addition 
 to these papers, unpublished work of AV. B. Barber on Sonoma, of 
 H. Hannibal on Lake and Colusa, and of W. G. Cooper and H. Hanni- 
 bal on ^Mendocino County. 
 
 KLAMATH MOUNTAINS. 
 
 J. S. Diller, Tlie topograjihic development of the Klamath ]\Ioun- 
 tains, Bull. 196, U. S. Geological Survey. J. S. Diller, The Klamath 
 Mountain section, American Journal of Science, Vol. 165, pp. 342-363. 
 J. S. Diller, The Bragdon formation, American Journal of Science, 
 Vol. 169, pp. 379-387. J. S. Diller, Redding folio, U. S. Geological 
 Survey. J. S. Diller, Auriferous Gravels of the Weaverville quad- 
 rangle. Bull. 540, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 11-21. J. S. Diller, 
 Alineral resources of southwestern Oregon, Bull. 546, U. S. Geological 
 Survey. 0. H. Hershey, INFetamorphic formations of northwestern 
 California. American Geologist. Vol. 27, pp. 225-245. 0. H. Hershey, 
 Structure of the southern portion of the Klamath Mountains in Cali- 
 fornia, American Geologist, Vol. 31, pp. 231-245. 0. H. Hershey, Some 
 evidence of two glacial stages in the Klamath IMountains, American 
 Geologist, Vol. 31, pp. 139-156. O. H. Hershey, The Bragdon forma- 
 tion in northwestern California. American Geologist, Vol. 33, pp. 347- 
 360. 0. H. Hershey, The Belt and Pelona series, American Journal oP 
 Science, Vol. 184, pp. 263-273. 0. H. Hershey, Del Norte County 
 geology, Mining and Scientific Press (1911), Vol. 102, p. 468. H. AV. 
 Fairbanks, Geology and mineralogy of Shasta County, Report XI, State 
 AFineralogist, pp. 24-53. F. Af. Anderson, The physiographic features 
 of the Klamath Mountains, Journal of Geology, Vol. 10, pp. 144-159. 
 TI. G. Ferguson, Gold lodes of the Weaverville quadrangle, California, 
 
24 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 Bull. 540, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 27-79. D. F. MacDonald, Gold 
 lodes of the Carrville district. Trinity County, California, Bull. 530, 
 U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 9-41. F. M. Anderson, H. W. Turner 
 and other geologists, The Copper resources of California, Bull. 23, 
 California State Mining Bureau. 0. H. Hershey, unpublished geo- 
 logical map of Siskiyou County. H. Hannibal and "W. G. Cooper, 
 unpublished personal communications on Humboldt, Trinity, Del 
 Norte, and Siskiyou counties. Unpublished work of the writer on the 
 same region. 
 
 CASCADE MOUNTAINS AND MODOC LAVA FIELD. 
 
 J. S. Diller, Geology of the Lassen Peak district, 8th Annual Report, 
 U. S. Geological Survey, Part 1, pp. 395-432. J. S. Diller, Lassen Peak 
 folio, U. S. Geological Survey. J. S. Diller, The geology of the Taylors- 
 ville region. Bull. 353, U. S. Geological Survey. J. S. Diller, The 
 eruptions of Lassen Peak, Mazama, Vol. 4, pp. 54-59. R. S. Holway, 
 Preliminary report on the recent volcanic activity of Lassen Peak, Uni- 
 versity of California, Pub. in Geography, Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 307-330. 
 I. C. Russell, Geological history of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary lake 
 of northwestern Nevada, Mon. 11, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 THE GREAT VALLEY. 
 
 Sacramento Valley. J, S. Diller, Redding folio, U. S. Geological 
 Survey. J. S. Diller, Tertiary revolution in the topography of the 
 Pacific Coast, 14th Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, Part 2, 
 pp. 403-433. Waldemar Lindgren, Marysville folio, U. S. Geological 
 Survey. Waldemar Lindgren, The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra 
 Nevada, P. P. 73, U. S. Geological Survey. H. W. Turner, The rocks 
 of the Sierra Nevada, 14th Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, 
 Part 2, pp. 441-495. R. E. Dickerson, Fauna of the Eocene at Marys- 
 ville Buttes, California, Bull. Dept. Geol., University of California, 
 Vol. 7, No. 12, pp. 257-298. R. E. Dickerson, Fauna of the Martinez 
 Eocene of California, Bull. Dept. Geol., University of California, Vol. 8, 
 No. 6, pp. 61-180. 
 
 San Joaquin Valley. F. L. Ransome, The Great Valley of Cali- 
 fornia, a criticism of the theory of isostas}'. Bull. Dept. Geol., Uni- 
 versity of California, Vol. 1, No. 14, pp. 371-428. F. M. Anderson, A 
 stratigraphic study in the Mount Diablo Range, Proceedings California 
 Academy of Sciences, 3d Ser., Geology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 155-248. 
 F. M. Anderson, The Neocene deposits of Kern River, California, Pro- 
 ceedings, California Academy of Sciences, 4th Ser., Vol. 3, pp. 73-146. 
 F. M. Anderson, Neocene record in the Templor basin, California, and 
 Neocene deposits of the San Juan District, San Luis Obispo County, 
 Proceedings California Academy of Sciences, 4th Ser., Vol. 4, pp. 15- 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 25 
 
 112. W. L. Watts, Oil and gas yielding formations of California, 
 Bull. 19, California State Mining Bureau. R. Anderson, Preliminarj' 
 report on the geology and oil prospects of the Cantua-Panoche region, 
 California, Bull. 431, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 58-87. R. Ander- 
 son, Preliminary report on the geology and possible oil resources of 
 the south end of the San Joaquin Valley, California, Bull. 47, U. S. 
 Geological Survey, pp. 106-136. R. Arnold and R. Anderson, The 
 geology and oil resources of the Coalinga district, California, Bull. 398. 
 U. S. Geological Survey. R. Arnold and Harry R. Johnson, Pre- 
 liminary report on the McKittrick-Sunset oil region, Kern and San 
 Luis Obispo counties, California, Bull. 406, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Waring, Petroleum industry of California, 
 Bull. 69, California State Mining Bureau. 
 
 FORMATIONS SHOWN ON THE MAP. 
 
 PRE-CAMBRIAN METAMORPHICS. 
 
 Color, pink. Symbol, Am. 
 
 This series includes the supposed Archfean of Inyo, San Bernardino 
 and Riverside counties, where some of the gneisses and schists are 
 known to underlie the loAver Cambrian Olenellus beds. These rocks 
 may be in part altered sediments, but appear to be chiefly granitic rocks 
 made schistose or banded by pressure. It includes also the Pelona 
 schists of San Bernardino County, of Hershey\ and the Abrams and 
 Salmon schists of Trinity and Siskiyou counties, named by the same 
 Avriter, in the paper cited above ; also the South Fork Mountain schists 
 of Trinity County, named and described by J. S. Diller- but assigned 
 by him merely to a pre-Devonian age. These pre-Devonian meta- 
 morphics of the Klamath Mountains consist partly of altered sediments, 
 and partly of altered igneous rocks. They may be Algonkian in age, 
 though hardl}' so old as the true Archaean. 
 
 This heading should also include the older schists and gneisses of 
 the Sierra Nevada, but there are no data for separating them, since 
 they have been mapped with the granitic rocks of the Sierra batholith. 
 The same thing is true of similar rocks in the Sierra Madre of southern 
 California, especially in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto batholiths. 
 
 There are also some granites included under this heading, in south- 
 eastern California, where data for separation are lacking. 
 
 SANTA LUCIA FORMATION. 
 
 Color, dark gray. Symbol, SI. 
 
 Schists, gneisses and crystalline limestone of the Santa Lucia Range 
 
 in Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties, and Fremont's Peak of the 
 
 Gavilan Range in San Benito County, have been named by Bailey 
 
 ^American Journal of Science, Vol. 184, pp. 253-273. 
 'American Journal of Science, Vol. 165, pp. 342-368. 
 
26 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 Willis'' the Santa Liieia series. These rocks have never been fully 
 described, but a partial description is given by H. W. Fairbanks* with- 
 out naming the series. 
 
 No definite fossils are known in the series, but round crinoid stems 
 are said to have been found in the Gavilan limestones of Fremont's 
 Peak. They are certainly pre-granitic, and the granite of the Santa 
 Lucia Range is older than the Franciscan. They may be altered 
 Paleozoics, but Hershey thinks they are pre-Cambrian. The rocks 
 are thoroughly metamorphosed, and look as old as the pre-Cambrian 
 rocks of southern California. 
 
 Their thickness and structural relations are unknown, but the Fran- 
 ciscan rocks lie unconformably upon them in the few cases where eon- 
 tacts have been observed. They are sometimes alluded to as altered 
 Paleozoics, but no Paleozoic fossils have been found in the coastal 
 region in either northern or southern California. 
 
 PALEOZOIC METAMORPHICS UNDIFFERENTIATED. 
 
 Color, pearl gray. Symbol, Pm. 
 
 This heading includes slates, crystalline limestones, schists and 
 altered igneous rocks, in Trinity, Humboldt, Del Norte, and Siskiyou 
 counties. EspecialW notable are the great masses of serpentines in 
 this region. This division includes all the rocks between the pre- 
 Devonian metamorphics of Trinity and Siskiyou counties and the 
 known Paleozoics of that region. It may also include Devonian and 
 Carboniferous beds, but no fossils are known in the series to fix the age. 
 
 It is not a geologic formation, but a convenient catch-all for the 
 undifferentiated metamorphic rocks of the Klamath ]\Iountains, and 
 may even include pre-Cambrian rocks. 
 
 The designation includes also crystalline limestones and slates of 
 southeastern California in which no fossils are known, in that region 
 most likely Cambrian or Ordovician. Thickness and stratigraphic rela- 
 tions unknown. 
 
 CAMBRIAN. 
 Color, lavender. Symbol, G. 
 
 Limestones, slates and quartzites of Inyo and San Bernardino 
 counties. Lower Cambrian Olenellus beds, and possibly some jNIiddle 
 Cambrian. Best known in the Inyo Range east of Owens River, where 
 the series has a thickness of more than 10,000 feet. 
 
 Archaeocijatkns and Olenellus are abundant in the limestones, the 
 corals forming reef-banks. This formation has been described by 
 A. Knopfs in the Inyo Mountains. It is the same that occurs in the 
 
 ^'Science, Vol. II (1900), p. 221. 
 
 ■'Geologry of Northern Ventura, etc., Report XI r, California State Mining Bureau, 
 pp. 493-526. 
 
 ''Bull. 540, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 81-120. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 27 
 
 Silver Peak region of Nevada, a short distance across the line from 
 California, long known as the classic locality for lower Cambrian 
 fossils. 
 
 S. li. Ba\r distinguishes in the Death Valley region of eastern Inyo 
 County, the Prospect IMouutain limestone (The Olenellus beds), and 
 the Prospect Mountain quartzite. These are mappable units on large 
 scale maps, but can not be differentiated on the twelve-mile scale. 
 
 ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN. 
 
 Color, cobalt blue. Symbol, S 
 
 Ordovician and Silurian <iuartzites of Inyo County, described by 
 J. E. Spurr' from the White ^Mountain Range and other desert moun 
 tains. S. H. BalP distinguishes in the Death Valley region of Inyo 
 County, the Pogonip limestone Avith a thickness of 4000 feet, and the 
 Eureka quartzite of the Amargosa Range, 1500' thick, both Ordovician. 
 Ball lists Orthoceras olarus from the Pogonip, and A. Knopfs lists from 
 the Inyo Range : Biplograpius and Hormotoma, from the 4400' thick 
 limestones of Mazourka Canon. Ball also cites from the Amargosa 
 Range the Lone Mountain limestone 1800' thick, supposed to be Silu- 
 rian. This heading includes also the Montgomery limestone of the 
 Grizzly formation of Indian Valley, Plumas County, described by 
 J. S. Diller^*' as containing Niagara fossils. 
 
 DEVONIAN. 
 
 Color, turquoise blue with inclined ruling. Symbol, D. 
 
 Limestones and associated igneous rocks of Kennett and Lower Soda 
 Springs in the Sacramento Cailon, with Middle Devonian fossils, 
 described by J. S. Diller^\ also patches of limestone on the northeast 
 side of South Fork ^Mountain, Trinity County, and near Gazelle, Siski- 
 >'ou County. The formation is best known on the ridge between Back- 
 bone and Squaw Creeks, about 4 miles NE. of Kennett, Shasta County, 
 Miiere the limestone contains reefs of Favosites canadensis. 
 
 This heading includes also the Taylorsville formation of Indian 
 Valley, Plumas County, described by J. S. Diller^-. assigned to this age 
 because of its position between the ^Montgomery limestone and the 
 Carboniferous beds. 
 
 Knopf'" described Devonian limestones from the Inyo Range, in the 
 foothills east of Citrus Station, in Owens Valley, where they have a 
 tliiekness of 1400' and contain Spirifcr maia, S. argentarius, Atrypa 
 )nm(nm€usis, and Chonetes deflectus. 
 
 •Bull. 308, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 'Bull. 208, U. S. Geological Survev, p. 188. 
 
 "Bull. 308, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 "Bull. 540, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 86. 
 
 ■"Bull. 353, U. S. G. S. 
 
 "Redding Folio, U. S. G. S. and Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 165. pp. 342-361 
 
 ■=Buli. 353, U. S. G. S. 
 
 "Bull. 540, U. S. G. S., p. 81-120. 
 
28 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 Color, turquoise blue. Symbol, C. 
 
 The greatest area of Carboniferous in the State is the Calaveras 
 formation of the Gold Belt, fully described in the Gold Belt folios of 
 the United States Geological Survey. This formation includes lime- 
 stones, quartzites, some schists and igneous rocks. It is not a true 
 geologic formation, but may include also the basement rocks on whicli 
 the Carboniferous was laid down. A part of it is certainly Carbon- 
 iferous, for Fusulina cylindrica, Clisiophylluni gahhi, and other charac- 
 teristic fossils have been found in the limestones. 
 
 The thickness is unknown, but is certainly many thousand feet. 
 This formation extends from Plumas to Mariposa counties, and a small 
 patch occurs at Mineral King in Tulare County. 
 
 The Caribou limestone of the Taylorsville region of Plumas County, 
 with Fusulina cylindrica, and the Robinson tuffs of the same region, 
 with Fusulina rolusta, described by J. S. Diller^* are also mapped 
 under this heading. 
 
 The best section of Carboniferous on the West Coast is in the region 
 of McCloud and Pit rivers, in Shasta County, described by J. S. Diller 
 in the Redding folio, U. S. G. S. This section includes the Bragdon, 
 Baird, McCloud, Nosoni and Wildwood formations, all good mappable 
 units, but not distinguished on the 12-mile scale, for the sake of uni- 
 formity with the Gold Belt. 
 
 The Bragdon formation of Trinity and Shasta counties lies uncon- 
 formably upon the Devonian, and is conformable below the Baird. It 
 consists of conglomerates, slates, and included igneous rocks, and ha? 
 a thickness of about 6000'. 
 
 0. H. Hershey^^ described the Bragdon as Mesozoic, equivalent to 
 the Mariposa formation, but J. S. Diller, in the Redding folio, proves 
 it to be Mississippian, Lower Carboniferous. 
 
 The Baird formation, known only along the McCloud River in 
 Shasta County, lies conformably between the underlying Bragdon and 
 the overlying McCloud. It consists of siliceous shales and tuffs, and 
 has a thickness of about 600'. J. P. Smith^^ described the Baird as 
 Lower Carboniferous, because of the occurrence of Productus giganteus 
 and Proetus elipticus, but Charles Schuchert^^ thinks it is probably 
 lower Pennsylvanian. The evidence is uncertain, for the fauna is 
 Asiatic in affinities, wholly unlike the standard Mississippian and 
 Pennsylvanian of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 The ]\IcCloud limestone of Shasta County has a thickness of 2000' 
 and contains an abundant fauna characteristic of the Coal Measures, 
 
 "Bull. 353, U. S. G. S. 
 
 "Amer. Geol., Vol. 27, p. 238. 
 
 '«Jour. Geol., 1894, Vol. 2, pp. 598-612. 
 
 "Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 20, 1910, pp. 571-573. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OP CALIFORNIA. 29 
 
 especially Fusulina cylindrka, F. rohusfa, CUsiophyJJum (jahhi, Litho- 
 strotion calif orniense, etc. It is the same as the Caribou limestone of 
 Plumas County, and the Fusulina limestone of the Gold Belt. Large 
 areas of this formation are known also in Inyo County, and are reported 
 from the Mojave Desert. 
 
 The Nosoni formation of Shasta County overlies the McCloud con- 
 formably, and consists chiefly of altered tuffs (amphibolites), with some 
 thin beds of limestones and shales; it has a thickness of about 1000' 
 and contains numerous fossils, especially Fusulina elongata, several 
 species of Prodiictus allied to Permian types, of Asiatic affinities. The 
 formation is probably transitional to Permian. Its horizon is the same 
 as that of the Robinson tuffs of Plumas County. Similar amphibolite 
 schists are common in the Mother Lode region, but are not known to 
 contain fossils. 
 
 The Nosoni formation lies uneonformably below the Triassic of Pit 
 River, separated from it by masses of igneous rocks. 
 
 TRIASSIC. 
 Color, emerald. Symbol, Tr. 
 
 The Triassic of California contains five different formations, ]\Ieeko- 
 ceras beds of Inyo County, Parapopanoceras beds of Inyo County, Pit 
 shales, Hosselkus limestone, and Brock shales of Shasta County. These 
 are easily separable locally by paleontology and lithology, but the units 
 are too small to segregate on the scale of our map. It also includes 
 the doubtful Sailor Caiion formation of Placer County. 
 
 The Meekoceras beds are known in California only in the Inyo Range, 
 east of Owens Lake, where they overlie the Carboniferous wdth apparent 
 conformity. They have a thickness of more than a thousand feet, of 
 shales with some limestone beds, much folded and sheared. Fossils are 
 abundant, though badly preserved. The fauna has been described by 
 Hyatt and Smith^* and contains Meeliocevas gracilitatis M. mushhacha- 
 num, Ussiiria compressa, Pscudosageceras intermontanum, and many 
 other species characteristic of the Lower Triassic. 
 
 The Parapopanoceras beds of Inyo County lie conformably above 
 the Meekoceras beds, and consist of shaly black limestone. The fos- 
 siliferous bed is probably not more than 50' thick, but the total thick- 
 ness is probably several hundred feet. The fauna contains Hungarites 
 yatesi, Parapopanoceras haxigi, Xenodiscus hittneri, and Acrochordi- 
 ceras inyoense, characteristic of the lower part of the Middle Triassic, 
 d&scribed by J. P. Smith^^. 
 
 The Pit formation, known only on Pit River and Squaw Creek, 
 Shasta County, consists of siliceous shales and tuffs, with a thickness 
 
 "P. p. 40, U. S. G. S.. Triassic Ceplialopod Geneia of America. 
 "Prof. Paper No. 83, U. S. G. S. 
 
30 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 of about 2000'. The shales are probably of radiolarian origin, and 
 are flinty. They contain, near Copper City, a few definite fossils: 
 rtychites sp., Ceratites eonf. humboldtenis, Tropigastrites, and Penla- 
 cnnus, of Middle Triassic age, the same as those of the Daonella beds 
 of the West Humboldt Range in Nevada. This formation lies con- 
 formably beneath the Hosselkus limestone. 
 
 The Hosselkus limestone of Shasta and Plumas counties is of Upper 
 Triassic age, and has a thickness of about 400'. The beds on Brock 
 ]\lountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, are 
 full of fossils, Tropites suhlullatus, Sagcnitcs herhichi, Paratropitcs 
 scUai, Discotropites sandlingcnsis, Proclydonantihis triadicus, Tlalohia 
 superha; and reef-building corals, Isastraa, Thamnastra, PhijUucoenia, 
 etc. 
 
 The Brock shales with a thickness of about 1000' overlie the Hossel- 
 kus limestone conformably, in Shasta and Plumas counties. They are 
 dark aluminous shales with thin bands of tuffs, containing Pseudo- 
 monotis suhcircularis, Halorites americanus, Arccstes, and Rhabdoceras, 
 characteristic of the Upper Triassic, Noric horizon. The Upper Trias- 
 sic faunas of California have been described by Hyatt and Smith^", 
 and the rich reptilian fauna by J. C. Merriam, in the Bulletins of the 
 Department of Geology, University of California. 
 
 The Sailor Caiion formation of the Colfax folio, U. S. G. S., Placer 
 County, has been described by W. Lindgren as Upper Triassic, and is 
 included under the general heading of Triassic on the map accompany- 
 ing this Bulletin. It is supposed to be the equivalent of the Brock 
 shales. 
 
 The Cedar formation of J. S. Diller, Lassen Peak folio, U. S. G. S., is 
 the equivalent of the Hosselkus and Brock formations. 
 
 Some small patches west of Lake Tahoe are assigned, on the basis 
 of lithology, to the Triassic, but no fossils are known in them. 
 
 JURASSIC. 
 Color, gray blue. Symbol, J. 
 
 The Jurassic of California has been better studied than any other 
 of the older formations, because of its association with the gold-bearing 
 veins. It includes a large number of formations which are mapped in 
 detail on the large scale maps, but not separable on the 12-mile scale: 
 the Hardgrave sandstone of Shasta and Plumas counties, the Modiu 
 and Potem formations of Shasta County, the Mormon, Hinchman, 
 Thompson and Bicknell formations of Genessee Valley, Plumas County, 
 the Mariposa, Colfax, Milton and INFonte d'Oro formations of the Gold 
 Belt folios, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 The Modin and Potem formations are known only on Pit River, 
 
 "Prof. Paper No. 40, U. S. G. S. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 31 
 
 Shasta County; they consist of dark shah\s and tuffs witli tliin beds of 
 limestone; thickness about 4000'. Cliaraeteristic fossils are: Pccten 
 acutiplicatus, Pholadomya ncvadana, Pinna expansa. They are of 
 Lower Jurassic age, Lias, though the upper beds may reach into the 
 ^Middle Jurassic. 
 
 The Hardgrave sandstone of Plumas County consists of 500' of dark 
 gray and reddish shales, sandstones and tuffs, and contain Pccten acuti- 
 plicatus, Plioladomya nevadana, and Pinna expansa, of Lower Jurassic 
 age. The same formation occurs in the Blue IMountains of Oregon, and 
 Ihe West Humboldt Range of Nevada. 
 
 The ^Mormon, Bicknell, Hinehman, and Thompson formations of 
 Genessee Valley, Plumas County, described by J. S. Diller-^ are of 
 small thickness and areal extent, important stratigraphically only 
 because they contain the only known ^Middle Jurassic fauna in Cali- 
 fornia. They are important geographically, because they show the last 
 appearance of Mediterranean faunas on the West Coast before the 
 Eocene invasion. 
 
 The ^lariposa formation, known only along the Gold Belt, from 
 Plumas to Mariposa County, includes the dark Mariposa slates, the 
 tuffaceous beds of Colfax, and great stretches of amphibolite schists 
 that were originally tuffs, also igneous rocks of minor extent. The 
 ^Mariposa slates contain characteristic LTpper Jurassic fossils at a num- 
 ber of places, especially the Texas ranch, six miles out from Copper- 
 opolis on the road to Sonora, (^alaveras Count.y, where the writer 
 collected Aucdla rrriiif/loiii, Cardioccras alfcDtans, Pcrisphinctcs sp., 
 and other fossils. 
 
 The tuff beds of Colfax contain Pcrisphinctcs colfaxi, and the same 
 beds near Nashville, Amador County, contain Simbirslcites sp. 
 
 The total thickness of the Mariposa is very great, about 10,000', 
 including the equivalents of the Kimmeridge and the Portland forma- 
 tions of Europe. This apparently great thickness may be caused by 
 folding and faulting, or may ])e due to the included tuff beds. 
 
 The Milton formation of the Gold Belt folios, U. S. G. S., is a 
 synonym for the iNfariposa. I'he ^lonte d'Oro formation of Butte 
 County, in tlie foothills of tiie Sieri'a Nevada, is a phase of the .Mari- 
 posa, containing the same auriferous quartz veins, and nuide up of 
 similar tuffaceous slates. It is interesting chiefly because it contains a 
 fine Jurassic flora, described by \V. ^F. Fontaine", who thinks this flora 
 may be lower Oolite, Middle Jurassic. It is older than the Jurassic 
 flora of southern Oregon, although many types are common to the two 
 floras. 
 
 "Bull. 353, U. S. G. S. 
 
 »=20th An. Rept, part 2, U. S. (3. S., pp. 342-308. 
 
32 STATE MINING BUREAU. • 
 
 FRANCISCAN FORMATION. 
 Color, gray blue. Symbol, Jf. 
 
 The Franciscan formation is well developed throughout the coastal 
 region of California, from the Siskiyou Mountains of Del Norte, in 
 the northern and middle Coast Ranges, the western part of the Sierra 
 Madre Range, Santa Barbara County, and doubtfully in Orange and 
 San Diego counties. It is also widely distributed in western Oregon, 
 and is thought to occur also in the Olympic Range of Washington. 
 
 It is made up of cherts, altered sandstones, slates, and glaucophane- 
 bearing schists. The beds are greatly contorted and altered, much 
 intruded by serpentines and other igneous rocks, which are mapped 
 with the Franciscan. 
 
 The thickness is unknown, but must be at least 15,000'. Fossils are 
 known in the Franciscan in a few places, especially at Slate's Hot 
 Springs, on the coast of Monterey County, where C. H. Davis-^ has 
 described a Jurassic fauna, and assigned the beds to an age not earlier 
 than Middle Jurassic, nor later than the Mariposa. 
 
 The Franciscan rocks were first described by H. W. Fairbanks^*, who 
 differentiated them from the Cretaceous, and upset the previously 
 accepted theory of Whitney and Becker that these rocks were altered 
 Cretaceous. 
 
 The formation was named by A. C. Lawson-^, who assigned them to 
 the Cretaceous, as Whitney and Becker had done. This view is long 
 since abandoned. The rocks are certainly pre-Cretaceous, though not 
 necessarily, nor even probably, all Jurassic. Similar metamorphics in 
 the Grecian Archipelago once passed for altered Cretaceous, and have 
 since turned out to be Paleozoic. 
 
 There are in the Franciscan great masses of serpentine and numerous 
 smaller areas of dyke rocks, mapped with the formation, though they 
 are intrusive in it, and therefore younger. 
 
 The Franciscan is certainly pre-Knoxville ; in the Santa Lucia Moun- 
 tains it contains Jurassic fossils, and overlies unconformably the Santa 
 Lucia series. 
 
 At the end of the Franciscan and the Mariposa epochs came the 
 great Cordilleran Mesozoic revolution, in which the mountain ranges 
 of Western America were uplifted, great masses of granite were thrust 
 into the superjacent formations, and quartz veins were mineralized. 
 This was the most important event in the geologic history of California, 
 and prepared the way for the future wealth of the State. 
 
 =^New species from the Santa Lucia Mountains, California, witli a discussion of the 
 Jurassic age of the slates at Slate's Springs. Jour. Geol., Vol. 21, 1913, pp. 453-458. 
 
 =*Pre-Cretaceous age of the metamorphic rocks of the California Coast Ranges. 
 Amer. Geol., Vol. 9, pp. 153-166 ; and Notes on a farther study of the pre-Cretaceous 
 rocks of the California Coast Ranges. Amer. Geol., Vol. 11, pp. 69-84. 
 
 =°Sketch of the geology of the San Francisco Peninsula. 15th An. Rept., U. S. G. S., 
 pp. 401-476. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 33 
 
 CRETACEOUS. 
 
 There are two units under the Cretaceovis, the lower, containinti' the 
 Knoxville, and the Horsetown formations; and the Upper, containing 
 the Chico. The broad band on the eastern side of the Coast Ranges 
 from Shasta County soutliward consists chiefly of Knoxville; that on 
 the ocean side consists chiefly of Chico. 
 
 UNDIFFERENTIATED. 
 Color, nile green. Symbol. K. 
 
 ^Marine sandstones and shales without distinctive fossils. 
 
 LOWER CRETACEOUS. 
 
 Color, olive green. Symbol, Kk. 
 
 The Knoxville formation, consisting of shales, sandstones, and con- 
 glomerates, lies unconformably upon the Franciscan rocks, but is 
 greatly mixed with them by folding and faulting. The ro<-ks are 
 darkened, but not greatly altered nor mineralized. 
 
 The thickness of the formation is about 20,000', and it extt-nds from 
 southwestern Oregon to San Luis Obispo, never reaching eastward of 
 the Coast Ranges. Some of the areas mapped as Lower Cretaceous 
 probably contain some Franciscan, for even on large-scale nuips a 
 separation is difficult. 
 
 The formation may be divided paleontologically into two divisions: 
 lower Knoxville, w^ith Aucella piocki and Fliylloceras knoxvillense; and 
 upper Knoxville, with Aucella crassa and A. crassicollis. These are not 
 mapal)le divisions. 
 
 The lower Knoxville, in southern Oregon, and northern California, 
 contains a flora described by W. M. Fontaine-" as Upper Jurassic. The 
 upper Knoxville and Horsetown formations contain a flora described 
 by Fontaine-' as the Shasta Flora, and assigned by him to the Neo- 
 comian division of the Lower Cretaceous. J. S. Diller-*" doubts th(i 
 Jurassic age of the Oregon flora, and assigns it to the Lower Cretaceous. 
 The evidence brought up by F. H. Knowlton"-'' seems to show that the 
 fossil flora of the lower Knoxville is uppermost Jurassic, though post- 
 r\Iariposa. The break between ^lariposa and Knoxville does not coin- 
 cide with the dividing line between Jurassic and Cretacenus. The 
 upper Knoxville is certainly Neocomian, Lower Cretaceous. 
 
 The Knoxville fauna has been iuWy described by T. W. Stanton in 
 Bull. 133, U. S. G. S. 
 
 Jlorsetoivn formation. This is known certainly only in northern 
 California, where it has been described by J. S. Diller, in the Redding 
 folio, U. S. G. S. It consists of about 6000' of calcareous shales and 
 
 -"Mon. 48, U. S. G. S., pp. 4 8-14.-.. 
 
 -•■Mon. 48, U. S. G. S.. pp. 211--:i77. 
 
 -"Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer.. Vol. 19 (1908), pp. 367-402. 
 
 •-•»Amer. Jour. Sci.. Vol. ^M^. lili sor. MinO), pp. 33-34; 63-64. 
 
 3 — 26729 
 
34 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 sandstones, lying imconformably upon the Knoxville, but conformably 
 below the Chieo. It contains, in the" region of Cottonwood and Hulen 
 creeks, southwest of Redding, a rich fauna, especially : Lytoceras hatesi, 
 Phijlloceras onoense, SchloenhacJtia, Desmoceras hojfmanni, Hoplites 
 remondi. The age is probably upper Gault and possibly lowest Ceno- 
 manian. This formation has been listed from the Mt. Diablo region, 
 but is doubtful there. 
 
 UPPER CRETACEOUS. 
 Color, light green. Symbol, Kc. 
 
 The Upper Cretaceous of California includes only the Chico forma- 
 tion, which is distributed along the West Coast from Puget Sound to 
 Lower California, chiefly in the Coast Ranges, and on the west side of 
 the Great Valley, but overlaps on the western flank of the Sierra 
 Nevada, near Oroville, in Butte County. It may be divided paleonto- 
 logically into : lower Chico, with Schloenhachia oregonensis; and upper 
 Chico, with Placenficeras. The lower Chico is probably upper Ceno- 
 manian and Turonian in age, equivalent to the Colorado formation, 
 while the upper Chico is probably Senonian, equivalent to the Montana 
 formation. They are not separable as mapping units, since they are 
 perfectly conformable and have the same lithology. 
 
 The lower Chico is best known in southern Oregon, Shasta County, 
 California, and the Santa Ana Mountains in Orange County. The 
 upper Chico is best known in the Coast Ranges from San Francisco 
 southward, especially in the coastal part of the Sierra Madre Range 
 in southern California. 
 
 The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Chico have been described 
 by F. ]\I. Anderson.^'^ 
 
 The Chico beds as a whole consist chiefly of yellowish sandstones Avith 
 some limy shales. Their thickness is probably at least 4000' where the 
 whole formation is present. 
 
 TERTIARY. 
 
 EOCENE. 
 
 Color, orange. Symbol, Te. 
 
 The Eocene includes the Martinez and Tejon formations, and also 
 the lone, which is a synonym of Tejon. 
 
 Martinez. This formation consists of about 4000' of sandstones 
 in the region of San Francisco Bay, and in the Santa Monica ^Nloun- 
 tains in southern California. It lies unconformabl}' between the Chico 
 and the Tejon. The most characteristic fossils are : Venericardia 
 planicosta. Pholadomya nasuta, Cncullaea matheivsoni, Turritella mar- 
 fi)iezensis, and manj^ others. 
 
 ^''Cretaceous deposits of the Pacific Coast, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3d Series, Geol., 
 Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-152. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 35 
 
 The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Martinez have been fully 
 described by R. E. Dickerson.^^ 
 
 Tejon. This formation has a thickness of about 10,000', chiefly 
 of yellowish sandstones. It occurs from Cape Flattery to San Diego, 
 chiefly in the Coast Ranges, western side of the Great Valley, and a 
 narrow fringe along the western base of the Sierra Nevada. It lies 
 unconformably between the Martinez and the Oligocene. Its very rich 
 fauna has been described in many papers by T. A. Conrad, W. M. Gabb, 
 W. H. Dall, R. Arnold, R. E. Diekerson'^- and C. A. Waring. Some of 
 the most characteristic fossils are: Venericardia planicosta, Cardium 
 coopcri, Crassatella uvasana, Turritella uvasana. 
 
 The lone formation, of the western flank of the Sierra Nevada, was 
 originally described as upper Miocene, but has been shown by R. E, 
 Dickerson, H. Hannibal and others to be upper Eocene. It contains 
 many species of the marine fauna and characteristic flora of the Tejon 
 formation but probably represents, in part at least, a later period of 
 time and sedimentation. 
 
 The Topatopa formation of southern California, described by Eld- 
 ridge and Arnold^^, is a synonym of Tejon. 
 
 The fossil flora of the Tejon is almost as characteristic as the inverte- 
 brate fauna, being also distinctly subtropical. It is best known in the 
 Tesla region of the ]\Iount Diablo Range, and in the foothills of the 
 Sierra Nevada. Among the characteristic plants are : Sabalites cali- 
 fornica, Geonomites schimppri, Mar/noUa califurnica, Laurus sp., and 
 Juglans califomica. 
 
 AURIFEROUS GRAVELS. 
 Color, orange. 
 
 This formation consists of ancient river gravels on the western flank 
 of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Klamath Mountains. The older 
 gravels are contemporaneous with the lone, and hence are Eocene, as 
 shown by R. E. Dickerson. The later gravels of the volcanic and post- 
 volcanic epochs are thought to be Miocene. W. Lindgren^* has fully 
 described this formation, and assigned it to the upper Miocene, but 
 this was before the work of Dickerson was published. The flora of 
 the older gravels is the same as that of the Tejon beds of the Tesla 
 region, where they are interbedded with a typical Eocene marine fauna. 
 
 MIOCENE. 
 Color, cadmium yellow. Symbol, Tm. 
 
 The Miocene is widely distributed in the middle Coast Ranges from 
 San Francisco southward ; along the western side and southern end of 
 
 "Fauna of the Martinez Eocene of California. Bull. Dept. Geol.. Univ of Cali- 
 fornia. Vol. 8, No. 6 (1914), pp. 61-180. 
 
 "Stratigrapliy and fauna of tlie Tejon Eocene of California. Univ. of Cal Pub 
 Bull.. Dept. Geol., Vol. 9, No. 17, pp. 363-524. 1916. 
 
 ^=Bull. 309, U. S. G. S. 
 
 "The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada, Prof. Pap. 73, U. S. G. S. 
 
36 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 the San Joaquin Valley ; and on the coastal side of the Sierra Madre as 
 far as Orange County. Lake beds of this age are extensively developed 
 in Trinity and Lake counties, and in the Sierra Nevada. Continental 
 accumulations are known in Kern, Inyo and San Bernardino counties. 
 
 Under the Miocene the San Lorenzo Oligocene beds of the Santa Cruz 
 Mountains are included, because the scale of the map is too small for 
 their separation. For the same reason the Sespe formation of the 
 Santa Ynez Mountains, is mapped with the Miocene, although Arnold 
 supposed it to be Oligocene. 
 
 The Miocene proper includes the following formations, beginning 
 with the older beds. 
 
 Lower Miocene. Vaqueros formation, described by Fairbanks, 
 San Luis Folio, U. S. G. S., and more fully by J. C. Branner, J. F. 
 Newsom, and R. Arnold in the Santa Cruz Folio, U. S. G. S. It 
 consists of several thousand feet of hard yellowish gray sandstones and 
 conglomerates, well developed in the Santa Cruz Mountains; the east 
 side of the Santa Lucia Mountains (the type section) ; the Santa Ynez 
 Mountains; and the Santa IMonica Mountains. It is not known north 
 of San Francisco, nor east of the Coast Ranges. 
 
 Characteristic fossils are Pecten magnolia, Turritella inezana — 
 {T. Jioffmanni) and Scutella fairhanksi. 
 
 Monterey. The ^Monterey formation was first named by Blake in 
 the Pacific R. R. Reports, to include the diatomaceous shales of the 
 Coast Ranges; re-named and described by A. C. Lawson^'^ to include 
 the sandy facies of the same series; later more fully described and 
 discussed by G. D. Louderback'"', who includes also the Vaqueros forma- 
 tion under this series. 
 
 The Monterey shale facies is best known in the middle Coast Ranges, 
 where it reaches a thickness of 5000', and is the chief source of the 
 petroleum of California. The sandy facies is best known in the Contra 
 Costa Hills ; the southeast side of the Santa Lucia Mountains : the 
 Coalinga oil fields ; the Kern oil fields ; and the Santa Monica ^loun- 
 tains. 
 
 The sandy facies of the Monterey has been called the Temblor forma- 
 tion by F. M. Anderson", with the fauna of the Kern oil fields. Barker's 
 ranch, as the type. Arnold'^ calls these beds Vaqueros, but later usage 
 has placed them under the Monterey. 
 
 Characteristic fossils are: Pecten andersoni, P. miguelensis, Chione 
 temblorensis, Ficus kernianus, Agasoma harkeriamim, and Turritella 
 ocoyana. 
 
 '■^Geology of Carmelo Bay, Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. of Cal., Vol. 1. 
 ""The Monterey series in California, Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. of Cal., Vol. 7, No. 10. 
 "A stratigraphic study in the Mount Diablo Range of California, Proc. Calif. Acad. 
 Sci., 3d Ser. Geol., Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 155-248. 
 »»Bull. 398, U. S. G. S. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 37 
 
 At the top of the Monterey in Alameda and Contra Costa counties 
 lie the Briones beds, zone of Scutella hrewenana, included by Lawson^*" 
 under the ^Monterej'. 
 
 After the Monterey epoch came the uplift and mountain-making of 
 the Coast Ranges, hardening all the older Tertiary rocks, and inaugu- 
 rating the modern topography of the State. 
 
 Upper Miocene. Santa Margarita formation of the east side of 
 Salinas Valley, and the Coalinga oil fields, light gray granitic sand- 
 stones, and sandy shales, thickness about 1200'. These beds were first 
 definitely named by Fairbanks in the San Luis Obispo Folio, IT. S. G. S. ; 
 their fauna has been fully described by R. Arnold**^', who calls the forma- 
 tion middle Pliocene. The Jaealitos beds have been separated from the 
 Santa Margarita by R. Arnold*^ on the basis of a slight unconformity. 
 
 The most characteristic fossils of the Santa ^Margarita are: Feci en 
 crassicardo, P. estreUanus, Ostrea titan, Tamiosoma gregaria, and 
 Astrodapsis antiselli. The mast distinctive fossils of the Jaealitos are: 
 Pecten oiveni, and Scutella gihhsi, Troplwn ponderosns, and the earliest 
 of the Pliocene types. 
 
 The San Pablo formation, named by J. C. Merriam*- to include the 
 Miocene beds of San Pablo Bay. is the equivalent of the Santa ^Nlarga- 
 rita and possibly the Jaealitos formations, and is especially character- 
 ized by Pecten pabloensis, Astrodapsis tumidus and A. ivhitneyi. This 
 fauna has been studied and described by B. L. Clark'*". 
 
 The ]\Iohawk lake beds of Plumas County, formerly called Pleisto- 
 cene, the Truckee lake beds of Nevada County, and the Esmeralda lake 
 beds east of the Sierra Nevada, are included under the Miocene, along 
 with the continental accumulations of Kern, San Bernardino and Inyo 
 counties. The uppermost beds of the desert region described by C. L. 
 Baker** contain a Pliocene fauna of vertebrates, but can not be sep- 
 arated in mapping on a small scale. 
 
 The Cache lake beds of the Clear Lake region, described by Becker*^, 
 are included under the Miocene; also the beds of Hay Fork and 
 Ilyampom in Trinity County. 
 
 Under the ^Miocene are classed also the Tuscan tuflfs at the head of 
 the Sacramento Valley. These were formerly mapped as Pliocene, 
 because they overlie the lone formation, formerly called Miocene, now 
 known to be Eocene. 
 
 "San Francisco Folio. U. S. G. S. 
 
 ^n'he paleontology of the Coalinga district, Fresno and Kings counties, California 
 Bull. .3!t6. U. S. (1. .S. 
 
 ♦'Bull. 398, U. S. G. S. 
 
 "Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. of Calif., Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 109-118 ; and Jour. Geol., Vol. 6, 
 pp. 48:^-499 (quoted by H. W. Turner). 
 
 "Fauna of The San Pablo Group of middle California. Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. of 
 California. Vol. S, No. 22. pp. 385-.t72. 191.5. 
 
 "Bull. Dept. Geol.. Univ. of Calif., Vol. 6 No. 15, pp. 333-383. 
 
 "Mon. 13, U. S. G. S. 
 
38 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 PLIOCENE. 
 
 Color, lemon yellow. Symbol, Tp. 
 
 The Pliocene includes the San Diego formation of San Diego, the 
 Merced formation of the San Francisco Peninsula; the Wildcat for- 
 mation of Humboldt County; the Fernando formation of southern 
 California ; the Etchegoin formation of the Coalinga oil fields ; the 
 Purisima formation of the Santa Cruz folio, all at least approximately 
 contemporaneous; also the Carrizo formation of Imperial and San 
 Diego counties, which probably includes uppermost Miocene along 
 with the Pliocene. 
 
 These formations have received different names because of their geo- 
 graphic occurrence, and the climatic influences on their faunas. 
 
 The Carrizo formation is strictly tropical, characterized by Pinna, 
 Dolium, and tropical types of sea-urchins, Encope tenuis, Clypeaster 
 howersi, C. deserti, etc. 
 
 Arnold**^ called this formation Miocene, influenced by the tropical 
 character of the fauna ; but this is the head of the ancient Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, and would be tropical even now, if the sea had access to it. 
 
 The San Diego and lower Fernando formations of the coastal region 
 of southern California are warm temperate in character, characterized 
 by Pecten aslileyi, P. healeyi, P. hemphilli, P. merriami, Ficus nocli- 
 ferus, Scutella aslileyi, Astrodapsis fernandoensis. 
 
 The Etchegoin beds of the Coalinga region are still characterized by 
 warm temperate species; they were described by F. M. Anderson as 
 Pliocene, but R. Arnold*'^ influenced by the strong contrast with the 
 Merced fauna, called them upper Miocene. They are now generally 
 admitted to be lower Pliocene. Among the most characteristic fossils 
 of the Etchegoin are: Pecten oweni, P. coaling aensis, Scutella gihhsi, 
 Mytilus coaling aensis, Thais kettlemanensis, etc. 
 
 The Merced-Purisima beds of the San Francisco Peninsula and the 
 Santa Cruz Mountains have a more northern tj^pe of fauna, Pecten 
 healeyi, P. oweni, Chrysodomus imperialis, C. tahidatus, Chione sccuns, 
 Paphia staleyi, Scutella interlineata. This same fauna occurs in the 
 Wildcat beds of Eel River, except that Pecten healeyi and P. oiveni are 
 lacking. 
 
 Still further north, on the coasts of Oregon and Washington, the 
 facies of the Pliocene inclines to sub-boreal. 
 
 In southern California the Fernando beds are overlain by still 
 younger Pliocene, called the Santa Barbara formation, characterized 
 by more modern and cooler water types than those of the Fernando. 
 
 The Merced has a thickness of 5000', the other contemporaneous 
 formations of the Pliocene are much thinner ; all are little consolidated 
 
 ^"Prof. Paper No. 47, U. S. G. S (1906). 
 *'Bun. 398, U. S. G. S. 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 39 
 
 sandstones and shales, much softer and less disturbed than the Pliocene 
 formations. The Paso Robles estuarine beds of the Salinas Valley, 
 the Santa Clara lake beds of the region of San Francisco Bay, and 
 the Tulare lake beds of the Coalinga region are included under the 
 
 Pliocene. 
 
 TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED. 
 
 Color, chrome yellow with inclined ruling. Symbol. T. 
 
 This heading includes continental beds partly formed by rivers and 
 partly by deposition in ponds. In most cases these undifferentiated 
 beds are either Miocene or Pliocene. 
 
 A small area of marine deposits north of San Diego is mapped as 
 Tertiary undifferentiated, because it is supposed to contain Eocene, 
 Miocene and Pliocene beds, but they have not been separated on maps. 
 
 QUATERNARY. 
 
 Color, light buff. Symbol, Q. 
 
 The Quaternary includes the San Pedro marine formation of the 
 coast of southern California; older alluvium and delta formations of 
 the Great Valley and other valleys; lake beds in various parts of 
 the State ; desert wash of southeastern California ; and glacial deposits, 
 where differentiated. 
 
 The San Pedro formation is entirely marine, and has a thickness of 
 about 1000' ; it is characterized bj^ a fauna a,lmost exactly like that now 
 living. 
 
 The brea deposits of southern California contain a Pleistocene verte- 
 brate fauna unlike anything no^v living ; this is true also of the Quater- 
 nary cave deposits in northern California. The river alluvium also 
 contains many extinct forms. 
 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 VOLCANIC ROCKS. 
 Color, salmon pink. Symbol, V. 
 
 The volcanic rocks shown on the map are surface flows, chiefl}^ ande 
 sites, but with some basalts and rhyolites, mostly of Tertiary age, but 
 including the Quaternary lavas of ]\Iount Shasta, Lassen Peak and the 
 eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 The Modoc lava sheet covers eastern Siskiyou and eastern Shasta 
 counties, and all of ]\Iodoc and Lassen; Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak 
 form a southward extension of the Cascade Range. 
 
 The volcanic region of Clear Lake covers extensive stretches of Lake, 
 Sonoma and Napa counties. The Tertiary volcanic flows of the Sierra 
 Nevada cover large areas from Plumas to Tuolumne Coimty. The 
 Great Basin volcanics are extensively developed from Alpine to Ttiyo 
 
40 STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 County, on the east side of the Sierra Nevada. There are small patches 
 in the middle Coast Ranges, and mueh larger ones in the Mojave Desert 
 of Kern and San Bernardino counties. 
 
 PLUTONIC ROCKS. 
 Color, cerise. Symbol, P. 
 
 Under the plutonic rocks are grouped the batholiths of granite, 
 granodiorite, gabbro and quartz diorite that occur in the core of most 
 of the mountain ranges of California. 
 
 The greatest batholith in the State is that of the Sierra Nevada, 
 extending from Plumas County to Tejon Pass in the Tehachapi Moun- 
 tains. It is composed chiefly of granodiorite, but contains also typical 
 granite, quartz diorite, and gabbro. Its age is supposed to be late 
 Jurassic, for at Indian Gulch in Mariposa County a dyke of granite 
 cuts across and metamorphoses the Mariposa slates. However, it is 
 not likely that this immense batholith was formed all in one age, for 
 rolled pebbles of granitic rocks are reported from the Carboniferous, 
 the Triassic and the Jurassic sediments of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 The second greatest batholith is that of the Sierra ]Madre, beginning 
 with the San Gabriel IMountains of Los Angeles County and running 
 southeast through the San Jacinto Mountains and the San Bernardino 
 Range to Lower California. This range is like the Sierra Nevada in 
 constitution, but has more of gneisses and schists in its make-up. 
 Nothing is known of its age, except that in the Santa Ana Mountains 
 of Orange County the granitic rock has altered Triassic strata. 
 
 Throughout the Mojave and Colorado deserts there are bosses ol" 
 true granite, and numerous large patches of gneiss that are probably 
 granitic. These may belong to the pre-Cambrian, even Arclijean, and 
 are mapped as plutonic only where they are known to be intrusive. 
 
 In the Klamath Mountains of Siskiyou, Shasta, Trinity and Del 
 Norte counties there are numerous batholiths of granitic rocks, very 
 like those of the Sierra Nevada, and supposed to belong to the same 
 period. But since no fossiliferous sediments of later age than Upper 
 Carboniferous are invaded by these rocks, no definite age can be 
 assigned to them. And since the batholiths are isolated, we do not 
 know that they all belong to one great intrusive mass. 
 
 The core of the Coast Ranges is undoubtedly a batholith, or series of 
 l^atholiths. Granitic rocks crop out underneath the later sediments 
 at a number of places, showing small bosses in San Luis Obispo County; 
 and large masses in the Santa Lucia Mountains of Monterey County, 
 with some small patches in Santa Cruz, San Mateo and Marin counties. 
 The Farallone Islands are such a denuded remnant of the axis of the 
 Coast Ranges. All through the Coast Ranges the great abundance of 
 granitic sands shows the former surface extent of this batholith. 
 
 
GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA. 41 
 
 We know little of the age of these granitic rocks. In the Santa Lucia 
 ^Mountains the Franciscan rocks are said to lie upon the eroded surface 
 of granite, which is therefore pre-Franciscan there. Whether the other 
 bosses are of the same age can not be said. At any rate they are all 
 pre-Cretaeeous. 
 
 The rocks of the Sierra Nevada have been fully described by H. W. 
 Turner and W. Lindgren, in papers cited above; those of the Sierra 
 Madre partially studied by R. Arnold, 0. H. Hershey and A, ^I. Strong- 
 those of the Coast Ranges by A. C. Lawson; those of the Klamath 
 ^Mountains by J. S. Diller and 0. H. Hershey. A petrographic study 
 of these batholiths is one of the great needs in the geology of 
 California. 
 
 PETROLEUM. 
 Color, black. Symbol Oil. 
 
 The proven oil areas in California total 80,702 acres, or 126 square 
 miles. On the geologic map the larger commercially productive fields 
 are indicated by cross-hached areas; smaller occurrences and less exten- 
 sive producing areas by solid black. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. 
 
 Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite amount, 
 stamps, coin or money orders will be accepted in payment. 
 
 Money orders should be made payable to the State Mining Bureau. 
 Personal checks will not be accepted. 
 
 Only 
 
 REPORTS. 
 
 Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. 
 *Report I. Henry G. Hanks. 1880. 
 
 ♦Report II. Henry G. Hanks. 1882. 
 ♦Report III. Henry G. Hanks. 1883. 
 ♦Report IV. Henry G. Hanks. 1884. 
 ♦Report V. Henry G. Hanks. 1885. 
 ♦Report VI. Part 1. Henry G. Hanks. 1886. 
 ♦Report VI. Part 2. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1886. 
 ♦Report VII. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 18S7. 
 ♦Report VIII. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1888. 
 ♦Report IX. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1889. 
 ♦Report X. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1890. Price. 
 
 Report XI. "Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1892. (First biennial) $1.00 
 
 ♦Report XII. J. J. Crawford. 1894. (Second biennial) 
 
 ♦Report XIII. J. J. Crawford. 1896. (Third biennial) 
 
 Chapters of State Mineralogist's Report, Fletcher Hamilton: 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources of Imperial and San Diego Counties — F. J. H. 
 
 Merrill. 1914 .35 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties — 
 
 W. B. Tucker. 1915 .50 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano, 
 
 Sonoma and Yolo Counties — Walter W. Bradley. 1915 .50 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Counties 
 
 — F. L. Lowell. 1915 .25 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, 
 San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties — Walter W. Bradley, G. C. Brown, 
 
 F. L. Lowell and R. P. McLaughlin. 1915 .50 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties — G. C. 
 
 Brown. 1915 .50 
 
 Report XIV. Fletcher Hamilton. 1915. (The above county chapters combined 
 
 in a single volume) t 
 
 BULLETINS. 
 
 ♦Bulletin 1. Desiccated Human Remains. — Winslow Anderson. 1888 
 
 ♦Bulletin 2. Methods of Mine Timbering. — W. H. Storms. 1894 
 
 ♦Bulletin 3. Gas and Petroleum Yielding Formations of the Central Valley of 
 
 California. — W. L. Watts. 1894 
 
 ♦Bulletin 4. Catalogue of California Fossils (Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5). — J. G. 
 
 Cooper. 1894 
 
 ♦Bulletin 5. The Cyanide Process : Its Practical Application and Economical 
 
 Results. — A. Scheidel. 1894 
 
 Bulletin 6. California Gold Mill Practices. — E. B. Preston. 1895 .50 
 
 ♦Bulletin 7. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1894. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 ♦Bulletin 8. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1895. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 ♦Bulletin 9. Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc. — Hans C. Behr. 1896 
 
 ♦Bulletin 10. A Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Palaeontology, and 
 
 Mineral Resources of California. — A. W. Vogdes. 1896_ 
 
 ♦Bulletin 11. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura and 
 
 Santa Barbara Counties. — W. L. Watts. 1896 
 
 ♦Bulletin 12. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1896. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 ♦Bulletin 13. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1897.— Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 ♦Bulletin 14. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1898. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 Bulletin 15. Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County. — J. H. Means 
 
 ♦Bulletin 16. The Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California. — A. S. 
 
 Cooper. 1899 
 
 ♦Bulletin 17. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1899. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale (Tabulated sheet) — -. 
 
 ♦Bulletin 18. The Mother Lode Region of California. — W. H. Storms, 1900 
 
 ♦Bulletin 19. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of California. — W. L. Watts. 
 1900 . 
 
 fWrite for price list. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 43 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU— Continued. 
 
 Asterisk (•) indicates the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price. 
 •Bulletin 20. Synopsis of General Report of State Mining Bureau. — W. L. 
 
 Watts. 1900 
 
 •Bulletin 21. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1900. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 22. Mineral Production of California for Fourteen Years. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. 1900. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 Bulletin. Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert Mining District. — Stephen 
 
 Bowers. 1901 
 
 Bulletin 23. The Copper Resources of California. — P. C. DuBois, F. M. Ander- 
 son, J. H. Tibbits, and G. A. Tweedy. 1902 .50 
 
 •Bulletin 24. The Saline Deposits of California. — G. E. Bailey. 1902 
 
 •Bulletin 25. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1901. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 26. Mineral Production of California for Fifteen Years. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. 1901. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 27. The Quicksilver Resources of California. — Wm. Forstner. 1903 
 
 •Bulletin 28. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1902. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 29. Mineral Production of California for Sixteen Years. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. 1902. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 ■*Bulletin 30. A Bibliography of Geology, Palaeontology, and Mineral Resources 
 
 of California. — A. W. Vogdes. 1903 
 
 •Bulletin 31. Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum. — H. N. Cooper. 1903. 
 
 (Tabulated sheet) _. 
 
 Bulletin 32. Production and Use of Petroleum in California. — P. W. Prutzman. 
 
 1904 .25 
 
 •Bulletin 33. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1903. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 34. Mineral Production of California for Seventeen Years. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. 1903. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 35. Min. s and Minerals of California for 1903. — Chas. G. Yale. 1904. 
 
 (Statistical) 
 
 •Bulletin 36. Gold Dredging in California. — J. E. Doolittle. 1905 
 
 Bulletin 37. Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California. 
 — George F. Kunz. 1905 : 
 
 First edition (without colored plates) .25 
 
 *Second edition (with colored plates) 
 
 •Bulletin 38. The Structural and Industrial Materials of California. — "Wm. 
 
 Forstner, T. C. Hopkins, C. Naramore, L. H. Eddy. 1906 
 
 •Bulletin 39. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1904. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 40. Mineral Production of California for Eighteen Years. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. 1904. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 41. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1904 — Chas. G. Yale 
 
 (Statistical) 
 
 •Bulletin 42. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1905. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 43. Mineral Production of California for Nineteen Years. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. 190.1. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 44. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1905. — Chas. G. Yale. 
 
 (Statistical) 
 
 •Bulletin 45. Auriferous Black Sands of California. — J. A. Edman. 1907 
 
 Bulletin 46. General Index to Publications of the State Mining Bureau. — Com- 
 piled by Chas. G. Yale. 1907 .30 
 
 •Bulletin 47. Mineral Production of California, bv Counties, 1906. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 48. Mineral Production of California for Twenty Years. — Chas. G. 
 
 Yale. 1906. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 49. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1906. — Chas. G. Yale. 
 
 (Statistical) 
 
 Bulletin 50. The Copper Resources of California. — A. Hausmann, J. Krutt- 
 
 schnitt. Jr., W. E. Thome. J. A. Edman. 1908 1.00 
 
 •Bulletin 51. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1907. — D. H. 
 
 Walker, Statistician. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 52. Mineral Production of California for Twentv-one Years. — D. H. 
 
 "U'^alker, Statistician. 1907. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 53. Mineral Production of California for 1^17, with County Maps. — 
 
 D, H. Walker, Statistician. 1908. (Statistical) 
 
 ♦Bulletin 54. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1908. — D. H. 
 
 Walker, Statistician. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 55. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-two Years. — D. H. 
 
 Walker. Statistician. 1908. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 56. Mineral Production for 1108. Countv Maps, and Mining Laws 
 
 of California. — D. H. Walker. 1909. (Statistical) 
 
 •Bulletin 57. Gold Dredging In California. — W. B. Winston, Charles Janin. 
 
 1010 
 
 •Bulletin 58. Mineral Production of California, by Counties. 1909. — D. H. 
 
 Walker. Statistician. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 59. Mineral Production of California for Twentv-three Years. — D. H. 
 
 Walker, Statistician. 1909. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 •Bulletin 60. Mineral Production for 1909. County Maps, and Mining Laws 
 
 of California. — D.H.Walker. 1910. (Statistical) 
 
44 APPENDIX. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU— Continued. 
 
 Asterisk (♦) indicates the publication Is out of print. 
 
 Price. 
 ♦Bulletin 61. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1910. — D. H. 
 
 Walker, Statistician. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 Bulletin 62. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-four Years. — D. H. 
 
 Walker, Statistician. 1910. (Tabulated sheet) 
 
 Bulletin 63. Petroleum in Southern California. — P. W. Prutzman. 1912 .75 
 
 Bulletin 64. Mineral Production for 1911. — B. S. Boalich, Statistician, 1912__ 
 
 Bulletin 65. Mineral Production for 1912. — B. S. Boalich, Statistician, 1913__ 
 
 ♦Bulletin 66. Mining Laws, United States and California, 1914 
 
 Bulletin 67. Minerals of California. — A. S. Eakle. 1914 
 
 Bulletin 68. Mineral Production for 1913. — E. S. Boalich. 1914 
 
 Bulletin 69. Petroleum Industry of California, with Folio of Maps (18x22 In.) 
 
 — R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Waring, 1914 2.00 
 
 Bulletin 70. .Mineral Production for 1914, with Mining Law Appendix. 1915 
 
 Bulletin 71. California Mineral Production for 1915, with Mining Law Appen- 
 dix and Maps. — Walter W. Bradley, 1916 
 
 Bulletin 72. The Geologic Formations of California, with Reconnaissance Map. 
 
 — James Perrin Smith 
 
 Bulletin 73. Report of Operations of Department of Petroleum and Gas for 
 
 1915-16.— R. P. McLaughlin 
 
 REGISTERS OF MINES WITH MAPS. 
 
 Amador County $.25 
 
 Butte County .25 
 
 ♦Calaveras County 
 
 *B1 Dorado County 
 
 *Inyo County 
 
 *Kern County 
 
 Lake County .25 
 
 Mariposa County .25 
 
 ♦Nevada County 
 
 ♦Placer County 
 
 ♦Plumas County ; 
 
 ♦San Bernardino County _^ 
 
 ♦San Diego County '. 
 
 Santa Barbara County .25 
 
 ♦Shasta County 
 
 ♦Sierra County . 
 
 ♦Siskiyou County 
 
 ♦Trinity County 
 
 ♦Tuolumne County 
 
 Yuba County .25 
 
 Register of Oil Wells (with map), Los Angeles City- .35 
 
 OTHER MAPS. 
 
 California, Showing Mineral Deposits (50x60 in.) — 
 
 Mounted $1.50 
 
 Unmounted .30 
 
 Forest Reserves in California — 
 
 Mounted .50 
 
 Unmounted .30 
 
 ♦Mineral and Relief Map of California 
 
 El Dorado County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 
 
 Madera County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 
 
 Placer County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 
 
 Shasta County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 
 
 Sierra County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 
 
 Siskiyou County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .2Q 
 
 Trinity County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .45 
 
 Tuolumne County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 
 
 ♦Mother Lode Region 
 
 Desert Region of Southern California .10 
 
 Minaret District, Madera County -20 
 
 Copper Deposits in California -05 
 
 Calaveras County -25 
 
 Plumas County -25 
 
 Tuolumne County .25 
 
 DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SAMPLES. 
 Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the state may be 
 sent to the Bureau for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. 
 No samples will be determined if received from points outside the state. It must be 
 understood that no assays, or quantitative determinations will be made. Samples 
 should be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly with name of sender on out- 
 side of package, etc. No samples will be received unless delivery charges are prepaid. 
 A letter should accompany sample, giving locality where mineral was found and the 
 nature of the information desired. 
 
 February. 1917. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Alameda County 37 
 
 Alpine County 39 
 
 Amador County 31 
 
 American Geographical Society, refei-- 
 
 ence 23 
 
 American Geologist, reference 
 
 21, 22, 23, 28, 32 
 
 American Journal of Science, refer- 
 ence ' 23, 25, 27, 33 
 
 Anderson, F. M.__5, 6, 22, 23, 24, 34, 36, 38 
 
 Anderson, R 5, 21, 25 
 
 Antisell, Thomas 18 
 
 Area of California 7 
 
 Arnold, Ralph 
 
 — 5, 6, 20, 21, 22, 25, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41 
 Auriferous gravels 35 
 
 Bailey, G. E 20 
 
 Baird formation 18, 28 
 
 Baker, C. L 20, 37 
 
 Ball, S. H 19, 20, 27 
 
 Barber, W. B 23 
 
 Bcal, C. H 22 
 
 Becker, G. F 22, 23, 32, 37 
 
 Bicknell formation 31 
 
 Blake, W. P ^ IS, 20, 36 
 
 Bowers, Stephen 20 
 
 Bragdon formation 18, 28 
 
 Branner, J. C 5, 22, 36 
 
 Brock shales 29, 30 
 
 Butte County 31, 34 
 
 Cache lake beds 37 
 
 Calaveras County 31 
 
 formation 28 
 
 California, area of • 7 
 
 California Academy of Sciences, ref- 
 erences 21, 22, 23, 24, 34, 36 
 
 Cambrian formations 26 
 
 Campbell. M. R 20 
 
 Carboniferous formations 28 
 
 Caribou limestone 28 
 
 Carrizo formation 38 
 
 Cascade Mountains 24 
 
 Cedar formation 30 
 
 Ciiemipal deposits 16 
 
 Chico formation 34 
 
 Clark. B. L 6, 37 
 
 Coal deposits 16 
 
 measures 10 
 
 Coast ranges 21 
 
 Colorado Desert 20 
 
 Columbian lava flood 11 
 
 Colusa County 15 
 
 Conrad, T. A 18, 35 
 
 Contra Costa County 37 
 
 Copper 6 
 
 Cooper, W. G 23, 24 
 
 Crandel, Roderic 22 
 
 Cretaceous formations 33 
 
 Dall, W. H 6, 35 
 
 Davis, C. H 22, 32 
 
 Del Norte County 26, 32, 40 
 
 Devonian formations 27 
 
 Dickerson. R. E 6, 21. 24, 35 
 
 Diller, J. S 
 
 5, 6. 19. 23. 24. 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33. 41 
 
 Page 
 Eakle. A. S 6 
 
 Economic Geology - 6 
 
 Eldridge, G. H 20, 35 
 
 English, W. H 22 
 
 Eocene formations 34 
 
 Esmeralda lake beds 37 
 
 Etchegoin formation 38 
 
 Eureka quartzite 27 
 
 Fairbanks, H. W 
 
 _-5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. 26, 32, 36. 37 
 
 Ferguson, H. G 23 
 
 Fernando formation 38 
 
 Fontaine, W. M 5, 31, 33 
 
 Formations shown on the map 25 
 
 Fossil faunas (see Table IV). 
 
 Franciscan formations 32 
 
 Fresno County 16 
 
 Fusulina limestone 14 
 
 Gabb, W. M 35 
 
 Geographic relations of Western 
 
 American fossil faunas. Table IV. 
 
 Geologic column of California, Table I. 
 
 map of California 5, 8 
 
 record of the Great Basin Sea. 
 Table II. 
 Geological Society of America, refer- 
 ences 21, 22, 28, 33 
 
 Gilbert. G. K 19 
 
 Glaciation 6 
 
 Gold Belt 19, 31 
 
 Gold quartz 6 
 
 Goodyear, W. A 20 
 
 Great Basin Sea 10 
 
 geologic record of. Table II. 
 
 Great Valley, The 6. 24 
 
 Grizzly formation 27 
 
 Hamilton, Fletcher 5 
 
 Hamlin, Homer 22 
 
 Hannibal, H. 22, 23. 24. 35 
 
 Hardgrave formation 31 
 
 Hershey. O. H 
 
 5, 6, 20, 21, 23. 24, 25, 26, 28, 41 
 
 Hinchman formation 21 
 
 Holway, R. S 6. 23, 24 
 
 Hopkins, T. C 6 
 
 Horsetown formation 33 
 
 Hosselkus formation 29 
 
 Humboldt County 26. 38 
 
 Hyatt, A. 5, 29. 30 
 
 Idaho, Standard American Triassic 
 
 section in 10 
 
 Igneous rocks 12. 39 
 
 Imperial County 38 
 
 Inorganic sediments 13 
 
 Invertebrate faunas 6 
 
 Inyo County 
 
 9. 15. 16. 26, 27, 29, 36. 37. 34 
 
 lone formation 35 
 
 I.slands of the Santa Barbara Channel 21 
 
 .lacalitos formation 37 
 
 .Johnson. H. R 5. 19. 20. 21, 22. 2." 
 
 Jones, W. F : 22 
 
 Journal of Geolog>-, references 23, 28, 32 
 
 .Jurassic formations 30 
 
46 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Kennett limestones 27 
 
 Kern County 16, 36, 37, 40 
 
 Klamath Mountains 23 
 
 Knopf, A 19, 26, 27 
 
 Knowlton, F. H ' 33 
 
 Knoxville formation 33 
 
 Kunz, G. P 6 
 
 Lake County 26, 39 
 
 Lassen County 39 
 
 Lawson, A. C 
 
 5, 6, 19, 20, 22, 32, 36, 37, 41 
 
 Lee, W. T 19 
 
 Legend for geologic map 8 
 
 Lindgren, Waldemar 
 
 5, 6, 19, 24, 30, 35, 40 
 
 Lone Mountain limestone 27 
 
 Los Angeles County 40 
 
 Louderback, G. D 6, 36 
 
 McDonald, D. F 24 
 
 MacDougal, D. T 20 
 
 Marin County 8, 40 
 
 Marine formations 8 
 
 Mariposa County 28, 31, 40 
 
 formation 28, 31 
 
 Martinez formation 34 
 
 McCloud formation 18, 28 
 
 McLaughlin, R. P 6, 21, 22, 25 
 
 Meekoceras beds 29 
 
 Merced formation 38 
 
 Merriam, J. C 5, 6, 30, 37 
 
 Milton formation 31 
 
 Mineralogj'' 1 6 
 
 Mining and Scientific Press, references 23 
 
 Miocene formations 35 
 
 Mississippian Sea 10 
 
 Modin formation 30 
 
 Modoc County 39 
 
 Modoc lava field 24, 39 
 
 Mohawk lake beds 37 
 
 Mojave Desert 20 
 
 Monte d'Oro formation 31 
 
 Monterey County 25, 32, 40 
 
 formation 36 
 
 Moran, R. B 22 
 
 Mormon formation 31 
 
 Mother Lode region 16 
 
 Napa County 39 
 
 Neocene sections of California, 
 Table V. 
 
 Neocomian formation 33 
 
 Nevada County 37 
 
 Nevs'berry; J. S 18 
 
 Newson, J. F 22, 36 
 
 Nosoni formation 18, 28 
 
 Ochsner, W. H 22 
 
 Oil fields 10 
 
 Olenellus beds 26, 27 
 
 Orange County 15. 32, 34, 36, 40 
 
 Ordovician formations 27 
 
 Organic sediments 14 
 
 Osmont, V. C 22 
 
 Pacific Railroad Reports, references 
 
 18. 20, 36 
 
 Pacific Record 11 
 
 see also Table IIL 
 
 Pack, R. W 22 
 
 Palache, Charles 6, 22 
 
 Paleobotany 5, 6 
 
 Paleontology 5 
 
 Paleozoic metamorphics 26 
 
 Page 
 Parapopanoceras beds 29 
 
 Paso Robles formation 39 
 
 Pemberton, J. R 21, 22 
 
 Petrography ' g 
 
 Petroleum g, 41 
 
 Physical geology ' 6 
 
 Physiography 6 
 
 Pit formation 29 
 
 Placer County 29, 30 
 
 Pliocene formations 38 
 
 Plumas County 
 
 9, 15, 27, 28, 30, 31, 37, 39, 40 
 
 Plutonic formations 40 
 
 Pogonip limestone : 27 
 
 Potem formation 30 
 
 Pre-Cambrian metamorphics 25 
 
 Preston, E. B 20 
 
 Prospect Mountain limestone 27 
 
 quartzite 27 
 
 Purisima formation 38 
 
 Quaternary formation 39 
 
 history of California, Table VI. 
 
 invertebrates 6 
 
 Quicksilver 6 
 
 Ransome, F. L 5, 6, 19, 20, 23, 24 
 
 Rock forming agencies of California 12 
 
 Rogers, A. F 6 
 
 Russell, I. C 6, 19, 24 
 
 Sacramento Valley 8, 24 
 
 Sailor Caiion formation 29, 30 
 
 San Benito County 16, 25 
 
 San Bernardino County 
 
 16, 25, 26, 36, 37, 40 
 
 San Diego County 8, 16, 32, 35, 38 
 
 formation 38 
 
 San Francisco County 35 
 
 San Joaquin Valley 8, 24 
 
 San Lorenzo Oligocene beds 36 
 
 San Luis Obispo County 15, 25, 33, 40 
 
 San Mateo County 40 
 
 San Pablo formation 37 
 
 San Pedro formation 39 
 
 Santa Barbara Channel Islands 21 
 
 County 15, 32 
 
 formation 38 
 
 Santa Clara formations 39 
 
 Santa Cruz County 40 
 
 Santa Lucia formations 25 
 
 Santa Margarita formation 37 
 
 Schuchert, Charles 28 
 
 Sespe formation 36 
 
 Shasta County 
 
 15, 16, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. 33, 34, 39, 40 
 
 Sierra Madre 20 
 
 Sierra Nevada 19 
 
 Sierran record 11 
 
 Siliceous organic sediments 15 
 
 Silurian formations 27 
 
 Siskiyou County__15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 39, 40 
 
 Smith, J. P 5, 6, 28, 29, 30 
 
 Smith, W. S. T 21 
 
 Sonoma County 8, 39 
 
 Sources of data for the geologic map_ IS 
 
 Spurr, J. E 20, 27 
 
 Stanton, T. W 6, 23, 33 
 
 State Mining Bureau, publications, ref- 
 erences 
 
 5, 6, 19, 20. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 
 
 Stratigraphy 5, 6 
 
 Strong, A. M 6, 19, 21,41 
 
 Structural materials 6 
 
INDEX. 
 
 47 
 
 Page 
 Table I. Geologic Column of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 Table II. Geologic Record of the 
 
 Great Basin Sea in California. 
 Table III. Pacific Record. 
 Table IV. Geographic Relations of 
 
 Western American Faunas. 
 Table V. Neocene Sections of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 Table VI. Synopsis of Quaternary 
 History of California. 
 
 Taylorsville formation 27 
 
 Tejon formation 35 
 
 Temblor formation 36 
 
 Tcmpleton, E. C 22 
 
 Tertiary formations 34, 39 
 
 Thelan, P. l"t 
 
 Thompson formation 31 
 
 Tolman, C. F.. Jr 22 
 
 Topatopa formation 35 
 
 Triassic formations 23 
 
 Trinity County_-_25. 26, 27, 28, 36. 37, 40 
 
 Truckee lake beds 37 
 
 Tulare County 2S 
 
 formation 39 
 
 Tuolumne County 39 
 
 Turner. H. W 5, 6, 19, 24, 41 
 
 Tuscan tuffs 37 
 
 United States Geological Survey, ref- 
 erences 
 
 — -5 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 
 
 26, 27, 28, 29. 30, 31, 32. 35, 36, 37, 38 
 University of California, Dept. of 
 
 Geologj', references 
 
 5, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 35, 36, 37 
 
 \'a<luero.s formation 36 
 
 Vertebrate faunas 6 
 
 Volcanic formations 39 
 
 Vulcanism ' 6 
 
 Walcott, C. D 5, 19 
 
 Ward, L. F 5. 6 
 
 Waring, C. A 19, 21, 22, 25, 35 
 
 Waring, G. A 20 
 
 Watts, W. L 25 
 
 Weaver, C. E 6 
 
 West Humboldt Range 10 
 
 White, C. A 6, 23 
 
 Whitney, J. D 18, 32 
 
 W^ildcat formation 38 
 
 Wildwoort formation 18, 28 
 
 Willamette Vallev 11 
 
 Willis, Bailey 18, 20, 26 
 
 Yates, L. G 21 
 
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