■4^ : Social Programmes in the West THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Agrnta THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON AND EDINBUEGH THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO KARL W. HIERSEMANN LEIPZIG THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YOEK SOCIAL PROGRAMMES IN THE WEST LECTURES DELIVERED IN THE FAR EAST ^ BY CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON, PH.D. Professor of Sociology in the Uni'versity of Chicago THE BARROWS LECTURES 1912-1913 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Published July igi^ Composed and molded for plates by Macmillan & Co., Bombay, India Sterotyped and printed by The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. H3as CONTENTS PAOC Preface --.--,__.- vii Letter of Commission ....-_. viii Aims of the International Associations on Social Legislation -- xi By Professor E. Fuster, Paris Syllabus - xv LECTURE I Foundations of Social Programmes in Economic Facts and in Social Ideals -- 1 LECTURE II Public and Private Relief of Dependents and Ab- NORMALS 30 LECTURE III Policy of the Western World in Relation to the Anti-Social --- 55 LECTURE IV Public Health, Education, and Morality - - - 80 LECTURE V Movements to improve the Economic and Cultural Situation of Wage-Earners 125 LECTURE VI Providing for Progress -,----- 156 ■._a_'*.^'''.K: v.. EVALISM In order to give a historic background for this dis- cussion, it will be necessary to allude to the economic condition of European society before the age of science and steam-driven machinery. The period of transition extended from the close of the fifteenth to the nineteenth century, but each country had its own rate of speed in passing over this stage of evolution; and the changes of the last hundred years have proceeded more swiftly than those of any preceding age. In the older industrial order the historians have dis- covered and depicted ' the following traits: 1. The village or small community was isolated, and, in consequence, eco- nomically independent and self-sufficient. 2. The division of labor was imperfect and rudimentary. 3. The capital employed in each unit of industry was small. 4. The direction of industry was in the hands of the small crafts- men, each of whom worked independently on his own acccount. 5. Trade was largely barter, and international commerce was chiefly in articles of luxury. The market was narrow and under rigid regulations. Prices were fixed more by custom than by competition. 6. The means of transportation were so imperfect that the irregularities ' Sir Theodore Morison, k. c. i. e., W. Cunningham, Growth of English The Economic Transition in India. — Industry and Commerce. — K. Bucher, G. SCHMOLLER, Mercantilism. — Som- Entstehung der Volhswirtschaft BART, Der moderne Kapitalismas. — A.Toynbee, The Industrial Revolution X ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS of production could not be adjusted. Local famine could not be relieved by importations from favored regions. 7. Vast numbers of the population were in a servile or semi-servile status, without hope of rising. Many were mendicants and parasites by profession, and their guilds were sometimes recognized as legitimate or were holy. CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN INDUSTRY AND EXCHANGE 1. The interdependence of all parts of the industrial world upon each other. 2. The concentration of labor in factories and manufacturing centers, where it is minutely divided and graded. 3. The aggregation of capital in large amounts so as to secure the advantage of production on a large scale. 4. The direction of industry and com- merce by expert managers, selected by a fierce competitive process. 5. The creation of a group of persons dependent on daily wages for their livelihood; neither slave nor serf, but free, yet without the instruments of production and, therefore, subordinate to capitalist managers. This skeleton of contrasting forms is altogether too absolute and requires considerable modification to make it conform to the reality. As a matter of fact, even in the advanced countries of Europe and America all the historical forms of industry and production still exist and persist, although the older forms tend to retire into obscure corners and the Great Industry tends to dominate the national life. Thus we find still surviving the hunting of game and fishing in the sea and inland streams; the members of a household producing many articles of food and clothing to be consumed in the same household. In other cases we still find artisans going from farm to farm to repair machinery, or seamstresses going from house to house making clothing for wages, themselves being without BARROWS LECTURES capital save simple tools, and the customer furnishing materials. The higher form of organization is found when the small manufacturer makes articles to order for his personal circle of customers in the village or rural neighborhood. Still more developed is the stage, found even in large cities, where the trader sends out the raw materials to be worked up in the houses of the workmen, while he sells the finished product to the general trade and not to particular consumers. This shows that India is not essentially different from Europe and America; that it has all the same industrial organizations; and that the differences lie in the degree of development. All forms which serve an end well and are adapted to the conditions of life have their justification^ and will persist so long as they are useful. In the book of Morison just now cited, it is shown that India, apparently, is passing through a transition similar to that from which European nations have emerged, — similar though not identical. Agriculture is still domi- nant in India as in Europe of the past. The population is diffused over the land. The village community has been independent and supported itself by its simple, primitive industries. The implements of toil have been primitive. The means of transportation have been defective or want- ing. Railways are of recent origin and development. Now, India is building large establishments, extending railways, attracting laborers from farms to factories, and is passing from a situation where custom and status rule social rela- tions to one where the workers have no ownership in the costly machinery of production nor in the product of their labor, but depend upon capitalists and traders for wages. Point for point India is following the same lines of econo- mic evolution; how rapidly, we do not yet know. What * See BOCHER, Entstehang der Votkswirtschaft, p. 163, 2. Aufl., 1898. ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS is rare and exceptional now in small groups of wage- earners under capitalistic enterprise may before very long come to be very general and important. The economic process which I have just characterized was never in any country the result of a definite plan or social policy. It moved by forces which were out of sight. The individual choices of the plans of particular men were engulfed in this oceanic current and borne onward. But the movements which we are here to illustrate are real policies ; they are the programmes of human beings acting by concerted public volition, in view of common knowledge and for common ends. The wisdom of formulating such a general, national, far-looking policy appears in this citation (conclusion of Morison, pp. 241-2): "This brief survey of a large question must now be brought to an end; the conclusion to which it points is that India's industrial transformation is near at hand; the obstacles which have hitherto prevented the adoption of modern methods of manufacture have been removed; means of transport have been spread over the face of the whole country, capital for the purchase of machinery and erection of factories may now be borrowed on easy terms; mechanics, engineers, and business mana- gers may be hired from Europe to train the future captains of Indian industry. In English a common language has been found in which to transact business with all the provinces of India and with a great part of the Western World; security from foreign invasion and internal com- motion justifies the inception of large enterprises. All the conditions are favorable for a great reorganization of in- dustry which, when successfully accomplished, will bring about an increase hitherto undreamt of in India's annual output of wealth. Whether this change will be accom- panied by the evils which have disfigured the industrial revolution in the West is a question which lies behind the 8 BARROWS LECTURES curtain of the future. We can only hope that India may be warned in time by the example of Europe, and that her industrial revolution may not be disfigured by the reckless waste of human life and human happiness which has stained the annals of European industry. Most of all must we wish that in the fierce struggle for material wealth she may not lose the lofty idealism by which she has hitherto been so nobly distinguished." Morison has proved that India is now on the right road to economic prosperity; that she can win the means of subsistence and that at a higher level than ever before, for all her citizens. My lectures aim to give the most important lessons of this costly Western experience as to the wisest means of avoiding what Morison fears. It does not seem to me necessary that Japan, China, and India should repeat our blunders and grope their way. We in the West had to pass over a route which had never been explored. It was a voyage toward an unknown world. When the Western peoples began their new eco- nomic career, modern science was not yet born. Medical art was in a backward state. Public hygiene was in its Infancy. Europe and America can now offer without price to the Orient all that it has bought at so great a cost of trial and failure, of ordered experiment and bungling error. To indicate in large outlines what we have gained and have to present to nations just entering the "Industrial Revolution" is one purpose of these lectures. India is not stagnant. Stanley-Lane-Poole (Mediceval India under Moham- medan Rule, 712-1764) concludes his learned and in- structive book by saying: The conquerors of India have come in hordes again and again, but they have scarcely touched the soul of the people. The Indian is still, in general, what he always was, in spite of them all ; and, ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS however forcible the new and unprecedented influences now at work upon an instructed minority, one can with difficulty imagine any serious change in the rooted character and time-honored in- stincts of the vast mass of the people ; nor is it at all certain that such change would be for the better. The East bowed low before the blast, In patient, deep disdain; She let the legions thunder past, And plunged in thought again. The conclusion here seems to be that India is ex- ceptional in human history, does not need to advance, and is incapable of further development. But, while declining to assume the role of a prophet, one may point out certain historical and psychological facts which seem to indicate a different, perhaps a brighter and more hopeful outlook. 1. The first of these facts is that the nations of Northern Europe were overrun for centuries by foreign legions; and that the Roman military superiority left hardly a trace. But the ideas of the ancient culture of Greece, Rome, and Palestine, mediated by teachers, remained deep in the soil of the popular soul, long after the Roman legions had fled before the vigorous races armed to conquer their conquerors. The lesson is that ideas are the permanent masters of a race; that all external force is evanescent, however important its service in opening a road for ideas. 2. The second fact to be mentioned is that modern Europe grew out of mediaeval Europe when the methods of modern science replaced a barren metaphysical and unscientific method. The Renaissance gave the impulse; the chemists, physicists, and physiologists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries carried the movement onward. The cities of Europe suffered for over a thousand years, helpless and hopeless, from the famines, plagues, and pests which spread woe and death over the continent; they had men who "plunged in thought"; the monasteries were full of 10 BARROWS LECTURES meditative men; prayers and ritual were not wanting and they were passionately sincere. It was the method of science which gave to all the idealism of Europe an instru- ment of power to realize itself, to awaken from its horrid dream and assert its spiritual liberty, its right to dominate nature, its duty to develop from within. A petty race may be annihilated by force. A great race cannot be anni- hilated, and a military conquest is wholly external to the people. It is what the soul of the people produces which is significant. 3. The third fact is that the Indian people are even now, and on a gigantic scale, passing through a revolution which never came to it before. It is not a foreign con- quest, it is not a superficial political change; it is an intellectual movement within, answering with intelligent action to material requirements; and it is full of power and hope. All the European nations, after ages of slumber, have passed through this revolution and come forth at a higher level. India has begun to climb. Japan, — after waiting for the magic touch of science — has advanced far on the way of its transformation. China has shown capacity for the same career. Who shall venture to say that the Indian people alone are to be left isolated, unmoved, stagnant, while all the rest of the Orient is in commotion and ferment? 4. The fourth consideration is that science, which is the new beginning of all national progress, is not patented, cannot be monopolized, and can be accepted without hu- miliation. It is world property. Every human being has a right to it. It has no boundaries. Science has on it no national mark. As Mrs. Browning said: "For the truth itself, that is neither man's nor woman's, but just God's." Therefore, it belongs to all His children. This is only the religious form of expressing the idea that truth is universal. We may, then, reasonably and safely argue from the solid ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS 1 1 basis of historical facts that India is, in all probability, at the bright dawn of a new era. Upon, the one vital point, fundamental to all else, I cite an excellent authority: "Some agricultural experts despair of the improvement of agriculture, because they have taken the Indian peasant to be a living emblem of inertia. But, in reality, the peasant is not so conservative as he is often thought to be. He is not quite unwilling to adopt improved methods, but these must be shown to be capable of giving better results. In order to induce the peasant to adopt improved methods, the experts must prove, not on paper, but by actual farming, that these are paying and are suitable to the conditions under which the cultivator lives." (P. Banerjea, Indian Economics, p. 72, and he refers to Dr. Volcker, Improvement of Indian Agriculture, and D. L. Roy, Crops of Bengal.) The demonstration work of the United States Department of Agriculture rests on this principle. The peasant reasons that he can at least exist by following traditional methods; and he cannot afford to risk his all on a "theory". He is right and rational. Let governments and rich capitalists, with a surplus and mar- gin, erect "experimental stations"; they should do so; but what an actual farmer needs and wants is a "demonstration " It is so in religion and other matters. Men want not an experiment, but an experience, not a theory, or doctrine, or history of far away events, but a "demonstration" in life and action and service. I also bring to your consideration the sublime vista opened to our spirits by my learned colleague, distinguished as a geologist, with the vision of a seer. Indian history is part of a drama whose theatre is the universe in which we all dwell. "While, therefore, there is to be, with little doubt, an end to the earth as a planet, and while perhaps previous to that end conditions inhospitable to life may 1 2 BARRO WS LECTURES be reached, the forecast of these contingencies places the event in the indeterminate future. The geologic analogies give fair ground for anticipating conditions congenial to life for millions or tens of millions of years to come, not to urge the even larger possibilities. But congeniality of conditions does not ensure actual realization. There arise at once questions of biological adaptation, of vital tenacity and of purposeful action. Appeal to the record of the animal races reveals in some cases a marvellous endurance, in others the briefest of records, while the majority fall between the extremes. Many families persisted for millions of years. A long career for man may not, therefore, be denied on historical grounds, neither can it be assured; it is an individual race problem; it is a special case of the problem of the races in the largest sense of the phrase. But into the problem of human endurance two new factors have entered, the power of definite moral purpose and the resources of research. No previous race has shown clear evidence that it was guided by moral purpose in seeking distant ends. In man such moral purpose has risen to distinctness. As it grows, beyond question, it will count in the perpetuity of the race .... It will become more critical as the growing multiplicity of the race brings upon it, in increasing stress, the distinctive humanistic phases of the struggle for existence now dimly foreshadowed. It will, beyond question, be more fully realized, as the survival of the fittest shall render its verdict on what is good and what is evil in this realm of the moral world. But to be most efficient, moral purpose needs to be conjoined with the highest intelligence, and herein lies the function of research. None of the earlier races made systematic inquiry into the conditions of life and sought thereby to extend their careers. What can research do ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS 13 for the extension of the career of man? We are witnesses of what it is beginning to do in rendering the forces of nature subservient to man's control and in giving him command over the maladies of which he has long been the victim. Can it master the secrets of vital endurance, the mysteries of heredity, and all the fundamental physio- logical processes that condition the longevity of the race? The answer must be left to the future, but I take no risk in affirming that, when ethics and research join hands in a broad and earnest endeavor to compass the highest de- velopment and the greatest longevity of the race, the era of humanity will really have begun."* The burden of tradition and custom of the dead past is finely characterized in Sidney Lanier's Barnacles, and there also is the forward look of the illumined and awakened spirit: ^- My soul is sailing through the sea; i But the Past is heavy and hindereth me. The Past hath crusted cumbrous shells That hold the flesh of cold sea-mells About my soul. The huge waves wash, the high waves roll, Each barnacle clingeth and worketh dole And hindereth me from sailing. Old Past let go, and drop i' the sea Till fathomless waters cover thee ! For I am living but thou art dead ; Thou drawest back, I strive ahead The Day to find. Thy shells unbind ! Night comes behind, I needs must hurry with the wind And trim me best for sailing. * Professor T. C. Chamberlin Opportunities of our Race, ■pp. \2-\Z, in A Geologic Forecast of the future Science Dec. 31, 1909. 14 BARROWS LECTURES II SOCIAL FAITH IN THE SOCIAL POLICY OF THE OCCIDENT The religious creed which inspires this policy is based on a conviction that this universe in which we live, the world known to us, is at its core full of meaning, and the meaning good. It is expressed by Browning in many ways, as in these words: V'Tis better being good than bad ; Tis better being mild than fierce; 'Tis better being sane than mad; My own hope is a sun will pierce The thickest cloud earth ever stretched; That after last returns the first, Though a wide compass round be fetched; That what began best, can't end worst, Nor what God blessed once prove accursed. My honored friend Mr. C.S. Loch, of London, recog- nized leader and representative of international philan- thropic movements, has expressed this faith for all philan- thropists in our age: "Charity is the very life of religion, above all of Christianity Is it not possible, then, for those who, by their religious faith are believers in charity, to unite, as they have never yet done, for the true and honorable fulfilment of the task which their faith impresses on them — Levite, priest, and Samaritan — conforming, non- conforming, cleric and lay, men and women? Cannot all, putting aside lesser matters of difference, try to find an orthodoxy in charity and charitable method? In the hope that now or some day this may be possible, and that there may be a new unity in this vital social faith, this book has been written."^ A "social policy" is the form taken by the social faith -Hn response to the particular needs of the age, the land, ^XHhan'ty and Social Life, pp. 477-8. ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS 15 the group under consideration. The phases of that policy can be made clear only by taking concrete problems and measures for discussion. A "social policy" implies and assumes a certain philosophy of life and, with me at least, a certain religious faith. This faith proves its worth and reasonableness by its works. It is living and it is prophetic and creative. To us who believe in a progressive social policy, the world is not merely pushed forward by blind physical forces; it moves onward toward aims clearly set before the human will and realized gradually by concerted labors directed by science. This policy is, root and branch, ethical; it is morality organized, vivified, guided by growing knowledge, and inspired by faith. 1. Morality includes the disposition, the will. Out of the heart are the issues of life. Good fruit grows only on good trees. We cannot insist too strongly on inner character, on uprightness of motive, on loving kindness. Even when we are too weak or ignorant to achieve results, it is something to will the good, to aim at the best we know, even if our hands are feeble and external circumstances defeat our ambitions. 2. But morality is also action,^ and that action which is helpful, useful to humanity, to all mankind. The social welfare test must be applied to all conduct; the deed is the revelation of the inward purpose and intelligence. Our Master of Christendom did, indeed, dwell on the necessity of spiritual vision, of holy desires, of just and loving intentions, down in the very springs of all activity, in the heart and will. But in the sublime vision of the Eternal Judgment He also insists, as the test of true discipleship, that all who are truly on His side, have 'J. Makarewitz, "Tugend ist sellschaftlich niitzlichen Handlungen diejenige Richtung des Willens, diese aussert. " nsychische Kraft, welche sich in ge- 16 BARROWS LECTURES acted in accordance with their professions: they have fed the hungry, clothed the naked, been hospitable to the stranger, pitiful to the prisoner chained to floors of dark dungeons. These are all outward, visible, tangible, verifiable deeds, and not merely emotions, sentiments, and professions. 3. Modern morality, in conduct and programmes, must live up to the best light. It is inexcusable in us to tolerate conditions which our ancestors did not know were wrong and evil. We must not only intend to bring forth good fruits, but we must also actually produce them. Before science came, men were not to blame for ways of conduct which now are detestable. It is our duty to follow the brightest light God gives us. Wherever there is a consensus of experts, there is a plain moral obligation to follow with concerted action. Some of the most im- portant legislation of recent years rests on this moral prin- ciple; and, in spite of the written constitutions of the United States prepared in the eighteenth century, our Supreme Court has reversed time-honored laws, because they no longer spoke the voice of science and enlightened public opinion. They have read into the ancient law a broader, richer, nobler meaning than that our forefathers conceived. One essential characteristic of these social programmes which distinguishes the modern from the mediaeval policies, is the control of scientific method. In this connection it is worth while to quote Dr. Ira Remsen, president of Johns Hopkins University. At a conference of city officials and others in Baltimore, shortly after the establishment of the department of legislative reference in that city, he said: It may fairly be said that that nation which makes most use of the scientific method is the most advanced nation, taking everything into consideration, and in the long run that nation will outstrip the others. That the industries are dependent upon the cultivation of the sciences is well known. Innumerable striking examples of this could be given. It has also been shown that in the study of the ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS 17 problems of government, whether these problems be those of a municipality, of a state, or of a nation, the scientific method is of vital importance. What this method is, may be summed up in a very few words. It is that method that proceeds in the most sensible way to solve problems. Whenever a wise man has a problem to deal with, he first endeavors to find out what the facts are, and after he has learned the facts, he proceeds to action; his conclusions are drawn from the knowledge of the facts. Ill PURPOSES AND SCOPE OF THESE LECTURES 1. As already hinted, I have not in mind specific proposals for direction of the Orient; the policy of a people must be worked out by itself, with all the help it can command from modern science. This is a slow and tedious process; but for this travail there is no substitute. What is done, or apparently done, for a people, in spite of their desires or without their intelligent and willing co-operation, is not valuable nor permanent, because it remains a thing externa', to their minds, their wishes, their habits. Only that wnich expresses the character of a community will endure; all that is imposed from without falls into ruin and decay. 2. But I do have the ambition to describe, illustrate, and explain some of the essential aims, tendencies, and reasons of the social policy of the Western World, es- pecially of that country wfth which I am most familiar, the United States. If from this sketch and the facts brought forward the people of the East and their leaders find any building materials for their own social creations, they are welcome to tear down what is here presented and use any pieces of stone, steel, glass, or terra-cotta which may be convenient for their own plans. 2 18 BARROWS LECTURES 3. Principles of organization and conduct may be disclosed which are based on general, perhaps universal, factors of human nature and needs. Such regulative principles are discovered by a careful and intensive study of particular facts and local strivings. It is true that, before such principles can be applied by a community to which they are presented, they must first be taken up, considered, sifted, and tested by the best thought of that community itself. 4. I wish to enjoy fellowship with my honored hosts, my oriental colleagues in the sacred studies of science and in the education of aspiring youth. Sincerely do I value this opportunity to learn from the Orient, to discover by comparison and discussion what is merely local and acci- dental in my generalizations, and so to rise to a broader and nobler view of what is genuinely human, universal. The Barrows lecturer is not merely commissioned to give lectures in the East; he is expected to return to America and there tell at least some of the things he has learned. Mrs. Haskell expressly said: "If the committee shall decide to utilize this lectureship still further in calling forth the views of scholarly representatives of non- Christian faiths, I authorize and shall approve such a decision. Only good will grow out of such a comparison of views." Therefore, it will be a distinct favor to the lecturer to have his attention called, by conversation, letter or reference to books and documents, to any matters relating to his subject, and which justice and truth require should be published in the West. 5. It is necessary, especially in view of the limits of time for these conferences, to rigidly confine my dis- cussion to certain limited fields of thought and action, and even here to select carefully what seems most significant and vital for our purpose. Therefore, we shall consider chiefly those movements and measures of the Western ECONOMIC FACTS AND IDEALS 19 World which relate to community action, on a large scale, for those groups of citizens whose well-being depends on the co-operation and help of the entire people. And, more explicitly: the social policy which aims to deal rationally and kindly with a) Those who are economically dependent on society for their very existence. These include the indigent, r/s: orphans or abandoned children, widows without resources, families in distress, the aged men and women who are without property or relatives able to support them, and the insane and feeble-minded whose physical condition makes assistance imperative. b) This social policy also relates to common action in relation to the anti-social groups, and to laws, insti- tutions and agencies for repression, defence, correction, and prevention of crime. c) The wage-earners, especially the unskilled and least efficient, though not these exclusively. d) In all this we must keep in mind the social function of exceptional men and groups, the most vigorous, pro- gressive, advanced, people of talent and genius whose function and duty it is to lead the nation to higher levels. For what the discoverer and inventor possess alone to-day will sometime in the future belong to all, will bless and enrich all. Therefore, our social policy must include provisions for discovering, stimulating, encouraging, and utilizing to the utmost the rare and gifted personalities whose birth is often among the humble, whose early efforts are often hampered by poverty, and whose ob- scurity of origin may so conceal them from timely recog- nition that the world may lose their extraordinary service and all be poorer for the oversight. 6. The cements of a social policy are determined by the universal needs of humanity. These may be briefly indicated under these heads: 20 BARROWS LECTURES a) An adequate social policy for any people must lay a deep foundation in national health, A physically feeble people cannot accomplish as much as a powerful and vigorous race. The promotion of health is a common interest and a common duty. This policy must include not merely the care of the present generation, but must also look to racial improvement by measures of protection, nurture, and selection. b) The industrial efficiency, the largest production and the most equitable distribution of material means of existence and well-being must be a part of the policy of a great nation. The poverty of the poorest is the loss of all ; the welfare of the weakest is the concern especially of the most gifted and successful. c) The spiritual progress of men must be included in a worthy and comprehensive policy. Science, art, mo- rality, genial fellowship, and religion are essential factors in a noble and truly human existence. There are writers who seem to think and who seek to give the impression that "social welfare" means in- crease of material possessions and better distribution of income. It does include that. But, the world over, the noblest representatives of every great race and nation will repudiate the narrow and unworthy conception that mate- rial good is the ultimate end of life. Whatever is true, beautiful, and good is included in the ends for which we strive, as individuals and as co-operating associations of men. The view of Professor S. N. Patten is here presented, because it emphasizes the difference between mere political forms and parties and the more profound interests of humanity which may be fostered under various govern- mental forms: A social programme must meet five tests: Does it make for peace;, does it increase prosperity; does it mal