WHAT A SOLDIER SHOULD KNOW WHAT A SOLDIER SHOULD KNOW THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM BY MAJOR F. C. BOLLES 3rd Infantry, U. S, Army CAPTAIN E. C. JONES Medical Dept, U, S. Army AND CAPTAIN J. S. UPHAM 3rd Infantry, U, S. Army WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY MAJOR-GENERAL HUGH L. SCOTT Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army ILliUSTilATED Garden City New York DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1917 3 e? Copyright, 1915, by F. C. BoLLEs, E. C. Jones, AND J. S. Upham Copyright, 1916, hy DOUBLEDAY, PaGE & CoMPANY All rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian Contents PACt Introduction ix CHAPTER I. Rifle AND Equipment . 3 II. Infantry Drill Regulations 27 III. Signaling 59 IV. Rules of Land Warfare 67 V. Army Regulations and Discipline .... 73 VI. Discipline and Saluting 85 VII. Bayonet Combat 89 VIII. History of the United States 94 IX. FmiNj Regulations 102 X. First Aid TO Wounds 128 XL Camp Sanitation and Personal Hygiene . . 146 XIL Venereal Disease 159 XIIL Guard Manual 165 Index 175 370934 List of Half-Tone Illustrations FAaNG PAGE Artificial Respiration Position of operator (picture No. 20) 142 Position of patient (picture No. 21, 22, 23) 140 Bloodvessels Arm (picture No. 2) 130 Body (picture No. 1) 128 Leg (picture No. 8) 132 Drowning Removing water from lungs (picture No. 19) 138 Removing person from water (picture No. 26) 140 Position for giving first aid (20, 21, 22, 23) 142, 140 First Aid Packet Application of (picture No. 13) 136 Contents of (picture No. 12) 134 Improper application of (picture No. 14) 136 Fractures, Splints and Slings for Arm (picture No. 15) 136 Forearm (picture No. 16) 136 Leg (picture No. 17) 138 Thigh (picture No. 18) 138 Hemorrhage, Arterial Places to make pressure Arm (picture No. 2) 130 Arm pit (picture No. 11) 134 Forearm (picture No. 2, 7) 130 Foot (picture No. 8, 9) 132, 134 Hand (picture No. 2, 7) 130 Head (picture No. 5) 132 Leg ^picture No. 8, 9) 132, 134 Neck (picture No. 10) 134 Thigh (picture No. 8) 132 Venous (picture No. 3) 132 Infantry Equipment, Model 1910 18 Ingrowing Nails Proper trimming of (picture No. 24) 142 Improper trimming of (picture No. 25) 142 Slings (See fractures) Splints (See fractures) Tourniquets Application of (picture No. 6, 8) 130, 132 Composition of (picture No. 2) 130 vii Introduction By Major-General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A. The conditions under which modem wars are fought are ever making increasing demands on the individual soldier. The size of armies has increased beyond all previous conception; methods of leadership have been perfected but due to the in- creased difficulties in the control of men in fire swept areas, this leadership must be carried so far as to be almost automatic after the intention of the leader has been announced, or until a new order is signalled. The individual soldier must know how to interpret accurately orders and signals, for the enemy's fire may often so isolate him from his leader and comrades, perhaps only a step away, that he may be thrown on his own initiative in making his actions conform to those of the whole line; he may have to use his own judgment in opening fire, in advancing, in intrenching; he may have to prepare his own food, to dress his own wound unaided, or assist a wounded comrade. The officer must be well trained to prepare his command for such a test. In doing so he trains individual soldiers and finally moulds them into an organization, which he handles as a unit or as a combination of units. This training of the individual, if complete, means the develop- ment of discipline and character as well as the physical develop- ment of the soldier, training in the care and effective use of the weapons issued, individual sanitation, and the ability to care for one's self in camp, in the field, and in the trenches. Are we willing to place our sons in such a position untrained, undisciplined, ignorant of how to advance under fire, how to use cover, how to properly use their arms, how to intrench when further advance has been halted, how to stem the flow of blood from a wound which a trained soldier might have avoided? What government wishes to force its untrained youth forward to such a sacrifice? A nation which plans to combat disciplined troops with raw or partially trained levies, must send forward X INTRODUCTION; an army at least twice that of the enemy; must stand ready to give Uberally from its manhood to replace frightful losses, and even then have no guarantee of success. It is the fundamental duty of the state to provide for its de- fense; to have sufficient trained men available for the purpose because it is no less than murder for a nation to permit its youth untrained to war in the modem sense to enter battle to-day. It is likewise the duty of every citizen to fit himself by means of the opportunities which the government should offer, and so be able to render eflficient service to the state as a trained soldier in the event of need. For this purpose ''The Soldier's Cate- chism" should be an efficient help. H. L. Scott, Major-General, Chief of Staff. Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington, D. C, May 22, 1916o Note An attempt has been made to formulate these questions and answers in as simple language as possible in order that the aver- age soldier msLj readily understand them; no attempt has been made to follow strict grammatical or technical rules if the idea could be conveyed in a simpler form. These questions are not intended to supersede instruction by the company commander on the subjects covered, but are intended to be used as an aid to the enlisted man in obtaining a better understanding of the subject when taken up by his instructors. The Compilers WHAT A SOLDIER SHOULD KNOW CHAPTER I RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 1. Q. From what articles issued to you for field service should you never become separated? A. (a) Rifle and bayonet. (b) Ammunition. (c) Intrenching tool. (d) Pack and cartridge belt. 2. Q. What articles constitute your field kit? A. 1 Bayonet and scabbard 1 Shelter half and rope 1 Brush and thong 5 Shelter ten pins 1 Front sight cover 1 Poncho (slicker for mounted 1 Rifle, U. S., Cal. 30 men) 1 Bacon can 1 Blanket 1 Condiment c^Ji 1 Drawers 1 Canteen 1 Cake of soap 1 Canteen cover 1 Tooth brush 1 Cartridge belt, Cal. 30 1 Comb 1 Cup 2 Pr. socks, light wool 1 First aid package 1 Soap 1 Fork 1 Towel 1 Gun sling 1 Identification tag and 1 Knife tape 1 Haversack 1 Intrenching tool 1 Pack carrier 1 Undershirt 1 Pouch for first aid 1 housewife (for one man erf package each squad) 1 Meat can Ammunition and rations if 1 Spoon issued. What is carried in the surplus kit? 1 breeches 1 drawers 1 shirt, olive drab 1 shoes, russet, marching 2 pr. socks. * 1 pr. shoe laces 1 imdershirt RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 5 4. Q. How should you pack your bundle which is to go into the squad surplus kit bag? A. Socks to be rolled tightly, one pair in toe of each shoe, shoes placed together, heels at opposite ends, soles out- ward, wrapped tightly in underwear, and bundle se- curely tied around the middle by the extra pair of shoe laces — each bundle to be tagged with the company num- ber of the owner. Breeches and olive drab shirts to be neatly folded and packed on the top and sides of the layers of bundles when placed in surplus kit bags. Rifle and Bayonet 6. Q. What is the name and caliber of your rifle? A. U. S. Magazine rifle, caliber 30. 6. Q. What is the number of your rifle? A. Number " ." 7. Q. Where do you find the number of your rifle? A. On the right side of front end of receiver. 8. Q. What is meant by caliber? A. The distance across the bore measured between the lands. In this rifle, thirty hundredths of an inch. 9. Q. Point out the following parts on Pages 4, 6 and 8 and explain their use: Q. Stock? A. Fig. 1. The metallic parts of the gun are mounted on the stock. Q. Hand guard? A. Fig. 2. To protect the hand when the barrel of the gun becomes heated. Q. Guard? A. Fig. 3. To protect the trigger. Also anchors the barrel and stock by means of two screws. Q. Bolt? A. Fig. 4. Contains firing and extracting mechanism. Q. Barrel? A. Fig. 5. Has front sight stud and rear sight base at- tached and the bore has four lands and grooves. The twist is uniform, one turn in ten inches. RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 7 Q. Receiver? A. Fig. 6. Contains loading, firing, extracting and ejecting mechanism. Q. Butt plate? A. Fig. 7. To protect the butt of the stock. Q. Upper band? A. Fig. 8. Fastens muzzle of barrel to stock. Q. Magazine spring? A. Fig. 9. Presses against and lifts the follower. Q. Follower? A. Fig. 10. Holds cartridges in proper position for loading and unloading. Q. Extractor? A. Fig. 11. Draws cartridges and shells from chamber. Q. Floor plate? A. Fig. 12. Contains seat for magazine spring. Q. Firing pin? A. Fig. 13. Forces striker forward when main spring is re- leased. Q. Movable base? A. Fig. 14. Movable base for rear sight leaf and is used to correct for windage. Q. Rear sight leaf and slide? A. Fig. 15. Used for setting correct elevation for firing. Q. Trigger? A. Fig. 16. For discharging the piece. Q. Lower band? A. Fig. 17. Binds stock and hand guard to barrel. Q. Sleeve? A. Fig. 18. Connects bolt and firing pin. Q. Cut-off? A. Fig. 19. Regulates use of cartridges in magazine. When ''OFF'' allows rifle to be used as a single loader; when *'0N" as a magazine loader and in middle position allows bolt to be taken from receiver. RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 9 Q. Safety lock? A. Fig. 20. To prevent the piece from being accidentally- discharged. Q. Main spring? A. Fig. 21. When released it supplies the striker with suf- ficient force to explode the primer. Q. Stacking swivel? A. Fig. 22. It is attached to upper band and is used for forming stacks. Q. Lower band swivel? A. Fig. 23. Holds upper end of sling. Q. Butt swivel? A. Fig. 24. Holds lower end of sKng. Q. Lower band spring? A. Fig. 25. Prevents lower band from slipping. Q. Firing pin sleeve? A. Fig. 26. Connects firing pin and striker. Also holds main spring in place. Q. Striker? A. Fig. 27. Explodes the primer in cartridge. Q. Butt plate screw, large? A. Fig. 28. Fastens toe of butt plate to stock. Q. Butt plate screw, small? A. Fig. 29. Fastens heel of butt plate to stock. Q. Butt swivel screw? A. Fig. 29. Fastens butt swivel to stock. May be used in heel of butt plate if necessary. Q. Cut-off spindle? A. Fig. 30. For the cut-off to work on. Q. Rear guard screw? A. Fig. 31. Secures the guard to the receiver. Q. Windage screw, assembled? A. Fig. 32. Secures the movable base to the fixed base. ( \. Upper band screwl 10 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Fig. 33. Secures upper band to stock. Q. Cut-oflF spindle screw? A. Fig. 34. To hold cut-off spindle in place. Q. Sear joint pin? A. Fig. 35. Hinges the sear to the receiver. Q. Lower band screw? A. Fig. 36. Fastens lower band swivel to lower band. Q. Stacking swivel screw? A. Fig. 37. Fastens stacking swivel to upper band and is longer than lower band screw. Q. Front guard screw? A. Fig. 38. Secures the guard to the receiver. Q. Joint pin? A. Fig. 39. Hinge for sight leaf. Q. Cut-off spring spindle? A. Fig. 40. Keeps the cut-off in its seat in the receiver. Q. Front sight? A. Fig. 42. Set in slot in movable stud. Q. Cut-off spring? A. Fig. 43. Sets over cut-off spring spindle. Q. Sear spring? A. Fig. 44. Holds sear in place. Q. Front sight pin? A. Fig. 45. Fastens front sight to movable base. Q. Oiler and thong case? A. Fig. 46. To carry oil, cleaning brush and thong. It is kept in butt of piece. Q. Floor plate catch spring? A. Fig. 47. Holds the floor plate in its seat. Q. Point out on Fig. 48 the following: Muzzle, Barrel, Up- per Band, Stacking Swivel, Stock, Hand Guard, Lower Band, Finger Groove, Bolt Handle, Cocking Piece, Safety Lock, Safety Lug, Trigger, Trigger Guard, Small of Stock, Comb, Butt Swivel, Butt, Toe and Heel, and Bayonet Stud. RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 11 10. Q. For what is the oil which is carried in oiler and thong case used? A. For lubricating the working parts only. 11. Q. How should you put the oiler and thong case in your rifle? A. It should be put in so that the leather tipped cap will be next to the butt plate cap. 12. Q. After firing ball cartridges from your rifle, what re- mains in the bore? A. The burned and unbumed pieces of smokeless powder. 13. Q. If you leave this in, what happens? A. It will eat and wear away the bore. 14. Q. What is the proper end from which to clean a rifle? A. The breech. 15. Q. What is issued to you for cleaning your rifle? A. The barrack cleaning rod. 16. Q. What kind of rags should you use? A. Canton flannel. 17. Q. Into what size and shape are these rags cut? A. Into squares about one to one and a half inches. 18. Q. What should you always do before putting your rifle away? A. Wipe it off with oil. 19. Q. Take the bolt apart and assemble it, 20. Q. How do you clean the bolt? A. By taking it apart and cleaning all the parts with an oiled rag, and then drying them. 21. Q. What do you do just before putting the bolt together again? A. Oil lightly the firing pin, the barrel of the sleeve, the well of the bolt and all the cams. 22. Q. How do you care for the stock and hand guard? A. Put on a light coating of raw linseed oil once a month. Also after any wetting from either rain or dew. 23. Q. Is the oil rubbed in? 12 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Yes, rubbed in well. 24. Q. Are you allowed to take your rifle apart? A. No, except by permission of the company commander. 25. Q. What is the greatest range of your rifle? A. 5465 yards, or about three and one-tenth miles. 26. Q. What is the range of effective fire? A. Eight hundred yards and under. 27. Q. What is the length and weight of your rifle without bayonet? A. A Httle over forty-three inches long and weighs eight and sixty-nine one hundredths pounds. 28. Q. What is necessary in order that your rifle will work properly and be free from rust at all times? A. That the working parts are always well cleaned and oiled. 29. Q. What should you do in case a cartridge fails to fire? A. Do not draw bolt back immediately, but cock rifle by pulling back the cocking piece. 30. Q. After firing when should the rifle be cleaned? A. Not later than the evening of the day you fired it. 31. Q. What cleaning materials are needed for the proper care of your rifle? A. A suitable rack or table upon which to fit the rifle in notches and also for the convenient holding of the cleaning material. (b) A barrack cleaning rod suitable for cleaning full length of bore from the breech. (c) Flannel patches cut to fit the bore properly. (d) Salsoda dissolved in water — as much soda as will dissolve in the water. (e) Cosmic, number 30, soft — a heavy grease issued by the government. (f) Sperm oil. (g) Linseed oil. 32. Q. In ordinary cases how should you clean the bore? A. Take out the bolt. Place rifle on the rjpaning rack or i3, Q. A. 34. Q. 35. Q. RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT table, soak a flannel patch in the o salsoda solution. With cleaning rod ^ push the patch through bore from breech, running it back and forth *o full length of bore several times. Do this with several more patches. Now, do the same with several per- fectly dry patches. Dip a patch in the cosmic and swab the bore as be- fore. Put the rifle away for the day. Next day first swab out all the cos- mic and then do exactly as you did on the preceding day, which will leave your rifle bore covered with a coating of cosmic. What is metal fouling? It consists of small flakes of metal left near the muzzle by the cupro-nickel jacket of the bullet. What is the objection to this in your rifle? If left in, the bore will become pitted under the metal fouling. When should you look for metal foul- ing? 13 r-l 0) A. When cleaning the bore and after you ^ have run through the perfectly dry patches; examine near muzzle look- ing through the muzzle end of rifle. 36. Q. What does metal fouling look like? A. Like flakes, smears or lumps of silver sticking to the rifling. 37. Q. What should I do about it? A. I should at once take the rifle to the 1 quartermaster sergeant, artificer or £ other person designated by the company commander to remove metal fouling. 14 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 38. Q. Point out the following parts of the bayonet from the cut page 13 : Blade, Edge, False Edge, Guard, Scabbard Catch, Pommel and Tang. Use of Cover in Connection with the Rifle 39. Q. When firing upon the enemy and taking cover, for what must you look out? A. I must be able to fire easily and with good effect upon the enemy. 40. Q. How must you advance upon the enemy? A. I must advance rapidly and steadily and get as much cover as possible when I am doing so. 41. Q. Why should you not stay too long in any one place? A. Because the enemy is apt to locate me and fire upon me. 42. Q. Before starting forward from one position, what should you do? A. I should select the next position at which I want to stop. Ammunition 43. Q. How much ammunition do you carry in your belt? A. One hundred rounds. 44. Q. How are ball cartridges issued? A. In clips of five. 45. Q. Why does the bullet have a sharp point? A. To offer less resistance to the air. 46. Q. What is a bandoleer? A. A bandoleer is an olive drab cloth cartridge carrier with six pockets. 47. Q. How many clips are there in a bandoleer? A. Twelve clips, two in each pocket, making a total of sixty cartridges, 48. Q. How do you open the bandoleer pockets? A. By pulling the piece of tape which is sewed along the seanx RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 15 49. Q. What ammunition does a soldier use first in battle? A. That which he carries in bandoleers. 50. Q. What ammunition should be held as reserve? Ao The thirty rounds which he carries in the right three pockets of his field belt. 51. Q. When does he use this reserve ammunition? A. Only when ordered by an officer. 52. Q. How much ammunition will a soldier have for use during a one day's fight? A. That which he carries with him into the fight and what he may pick up from the dead and wounded. 53. Q. Why is it very important that he should save his am- munition? A. Because when his ammunition is gone he is almost helpless. 54. Q. How many bandoleers does he carry when he goes into a fight? A. Two. 55. Q. How much ammunition does that give him? A. One hundred rounds in belt and one hundred and twenty rounds in the bandoleers, in all two hundred and twenty rounds. 56. Q. If he is sent forward with ammimition to the firing Une, would he remain upon the firing line or return? A. Remain on the firing line and fight, always. 57. Q. Should he ever leave the firing line to get ammunition? A. No. 58. Q. Should he ever leave the firing line without proper authority for any purpose? A. No. If he does he is guilty of "skulking." 59. Q. What are the names of the parts of the cartridge? A. Brass case, primer, charge of smokeless powder and the bullet. 60. Q. What information is stamped on the case? 61. Q. A, 62. Q. A, 63. Q. A. 64. Q. 16 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. The initials of the place of manufacture, the number of the month and year of manufacture. Of what is the bullet made? A core of lead and tin composition with a jacket of cupro-nickel. Intrenching Tool For what purpose are you issued intrenching tools? To help protect myself against the enemy's fire. What thickness of dry sand will protect you from rifle fire? About ten inches. How much moist sand? A. About fourteen inches. 65. Q. How much dirt without sand? A. About twenty inches. 66. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 1, page 17, show? A. Hasty cover trench. 67. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 2, page 17, show? A. Kneeling trench. 68. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 3, page 17, show? A. Deep and narrow fire trench. 69. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 4, page 17, show? A. Same as mmiber 3, except that a passage way has been provided. 70. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 5, page 17, show? A. Same as number 4, except that overhead cover has been provided. 71. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 6, page 17, show? A. The Spanish trench. This trench, unlike all the others shown in cut, has no parapet. 72. Q. What is headcover? A. Sand bags, logs or other material placed on parapet to afford protection to the head while firing. 73. Q. What is overhead cover? ►•ar.-, H'DBBP. 17 18 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Overhead cover is provided by placing planks or poles under parapet. These are covered with earth and sod of sufficient thickness to protect the men in trench from fragments of shrapnel bursting overhead. See Fig. 5, page 17. 74. Q. What is a traverse? A. A partition of earth dividing a trench into smaller por- tions, such as squad or platoon lengths; it reduces the effect of fire from the flanks. 75. Q. What is a cover trench? A. A cover trench is a trench built in rear of the fire trench to afford protection for the support. 76. Q. What is a communicating trench? A. One which connects the fire trench with the cover trench. It is deep and narrow and usually zigzagged to escape fire from the flanks. 77. Q. When you have sand bags in trench when and for what are they used? A. For head cover when actually flring on the enemy. At other times they should be left in the bottom of trench. 78. Q. When you put your sand bags up for head cover, how should they be arranged or fixed to give you greatest amount of protection with the greatest field of fire? A. They should be placed on the parapet forming an angle with the narrow end of angle toward trench. 79. Q. What should you do to the fresh earth from your trenches? A. Cover it with grass, twigs, etc. 80. Q. Why do you do this? A. To make them harder for the enemy to see. {Note) A good method for instruction in intrenching is to construct models of the various trenches out of thin lumber or sand on a scale of 1 to 12. 81. Q. What care should you take of intrenching tools? A. Should be kept sharp and clean, free from rust and in serviceable condition at all times. The Infantry Equipment, Model 1910. RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 19 82. Q. How should the pickaxe be used? A. Should be worked from front to rear, not sideways. Lift the pick well above the head with both hands. The helve should slide easily through the hand near- est the pickhead, and full use should be made of weight of the tool. 83. Q. How should the shovel be used? A. The thigh should be used to help in thrusting shovel imder the earth which has been loosened by the pick. Throw the earth without a jerk, the hand nearest the blade sliding freely up the handle. The Infantry Equipment, Model 1910 84. Q. Using plate, show your instructor the following parts of your equipment: 1. Pack carrier 7. 1st aid pouch 2. Haversack and flap 8. Pack suspenders 3. Coupling strap 9. Canteen cover 4. Binding straps of haver- 10. Lower suspension rings sack 11. Meat can pouch 5. Cartridge belt 12. Belt suspenders 6. Pack binding straps 13. Flap for intrenching tool 85. Q. How should you adjust the belt? A. So that it will fit loosely about the waist and rest well down over the hip bones and below the pit of the stomach. 86. Q. Why do you wear suspenders with this belt? A. It distributes the weight over the body, part on the shoulders and part on the waist. 87. Q. In adjusting the belt, of what should you be careful? A. To see that the adjustment is made equally from both ends of the adjusting strap, so that the centre eye- let will come in the middle of back of the belt when it is worn. 88. Q. How should you fill the belt? A. (a) Unsnap the flap of the pocket and the interior re- taining snap. 20 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM (b) Lay the retaining strap out fiat in prolongation of the pocket. (c) Insert a clip, points of bullets up, in front of retain- ing strap. (d) Press clip down until base of clip rests on bottom of pocket. (e) Press retaining strap over the bullet points and fasten it to the outside of pocket by means of fastener provided. (f) Insert a second clip, points down, in rear of first clip. (g) Press down until points rest on bottom of pocket. (h) Close the flap of the pocket and fasten with fast- ener provided. Fill other pockets in the same way. 89. Q. Where should you attach the first aid pouch? A. Under the second pocket of the right section of the belt, unless armed with pistol, then I wear it on the left side of belt. 90. Q. Where should you attach the canteen? A. Under the rear pocket of the right section of the belt. 91. Q. How should you attach the pack carrier to the haver- sack? A. (a) Spread haversack on groimd, inner side down, outer flaps to front, (b) Place buttonholed edge of carrier, lettered side up, over buttonholed edge of haversack and lace together with coupling strap, beginning at the centre. 92. Q. How should you attach the cartridge belt to the haver- sack? A. (a) Place haversack and pack-carrier on the ground, inner side down. (b) Place the cartridge belt, pockets down and tops to the front, along the junction of the haversack and carrier. (c) Insert the hook on rear belt suspender in centre eyelet of adjusting strap, so that end of hook will be on outside of belt. (d) Insert the hooks on ends of front belt suspenders RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 21 in eyelets between the second and third pockets from the outer ends of the belt, so that end of hooks will be on the outside of the belt. 93. Q. How should you attach the bayonet scabbard to the haversack? A. (a) Pass lower end of bayonet scabbard through loop provided on the side of the haversack body, (b) Engage double hook attachment in the eyelets on outer flap of haversack inserting hooks from inside. 94. Q. How should you attach the intrenching tool carrier to the haversack? A. (a) Fold outer flap of haversack over so that meat can pouch is on top. (b) Pass intrenching tool carrier underneath meat can pouch and engage double hook attachment in eyelets in the flap provided, inserting the hooks from the underside. 95. Q. Where should the meat can, knife, fork, and spoon be carried? A. In the meat can pouch. 96. Q. How should the pack be rolled? A. (a) Spread shelter half on ground and fold in the tri- angular ends to make a square, the guy on the inside. (b) Fold poncho once across its shortest dimension and lay it in centre of shelter half. (c) Fold blanket same way. (d) Place it on poncho. (e) Put pins in fold of blanket, in centre and across shortest dimensions. (f) Fold edges of shelter half snugly over blanket and poncho. (g) Beginning on a side, roll tightly. 97. Q. From which side of pack do you roll? A. (a) From short side if the short pack is to be worn. (b) From long side if the long pack is to be worn. 98. Q. When is the short pack worn? A. When rations, toilet articles and underwear are car- 22 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM ried in haversack just above upper end of rolled pack. 99. Q. When is the long pack worn? A. When rations are not carried and the bacon and con- diment cans (the latter inside the former), toilet articles and underwear are rolled up in the pack. 100. Q. How should the equipment be adjusted? A. (a) Put on the equipment as you would slip on a coat, slipping arms one at a time through pack suspenders. (b) Get another man to help you. (c) Raise or lower belt by means of adjusting buck- les on belt suspenders until belt is in proper posi- tion. (d) Raise or lower it in rear until adjusting strap lies smoothly across small of the back. (e) Using adjusting buckles on pack suspenders, raise or lower the load on the back until top of haversack is level with top of shoulders. 101. Q. What is the most important point in adjusting the equipment? A. To see that the top of haversack is level with the top of shoulders and that pack suspenders are exactly V, level from where they are sewn on haversack top to where they touch the top of shoulders. 102. Q. Why should the top of haversack be level with the top of shoulders? A. So that load will not tend to tear pack suspenders where they are sewn to haversack. 103. Q. How do you get rid of the pack without taking off the rest of the equipment? A. Getting someone to help you will save time. (a) Unsnap pack suspenders from the suspension rings and snap them in eyelets on top of belt and in rear of rear pockets on both sides. (b) Support bottom of pack with left hand and with right grasp coupling strap (which is laced through the button holes) at its middle. RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 23 (c) Withdraw first one end and then the other from the button holes. (d) Press down gently on pack with both hands and remove pack. (e) Lace coupling strap into button holes along up- per edge of pack carrier. (f) Adjust the pack suspenders. 104. Q. Where can I find complete detailed information about the Infantry Equipment and pictures? A. In pamphlet number 1717 called ''Instructions for assembling the Infantry Equipment, model of 1910/' issued by the War Department to each company. 105. Q. How will you get hold of it? A. Ask my company commander. 106. Q. When is the pack a protection to you? A. When I am lying down under shrapnel fire. Care of Leather Equipment For organizations having leather equipment. 107. Q. What should be done to preserve the life of leather? A. It should be cleaned whenever dirt, grit or mud has collected on it or when it has become wet. 108. Q. How can you tell as to the condition of leather equip- ment? A. So long as the leather is reasonably pliable, looks and feels well, no oil should be used, and soap and polish sparingly applied. 109. Q. How should you clean leather equipment? A. Carefully wash each part with a sponge moistened with a thick lather made from clean water and castile soap; then rub it vigorously until thoroughly dry. 110. Q. How should you obtain a surface polish? A. Apply a thick lather made from clean water and Frank Miller's soap, allow lather to dry and then rub thoroughly with a soft cloth. 24 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 111. Q. If you desire only a polish of your personal leather equipment what should be done? A. Use the dressing supplied by the Ordnance Depart- ment. Apply sparingly to the surface and rub briskly with a dry cloth. 112. Q. What should be done when leather becomes hard and dry from exposure to wet or other cause? A. It should be carefully washed and then oiled. 113. Q. How should it be washed in this case? A. Use a damp sponge, squeezed nearly dry, rub it on castile soap and manipulate so as to form a thick lather, apply lather to surface of leather and let it stand until dry. When dry remove with a clean, damp sponge; spots particularly soiled may be rubbed with a moist, soaped cloth. 114. Q. How should it then be oiled? A. While surface of the leather is still slightly moist from the washing apply ''Neat's Foot OiF' with a cloth, moistened but not wet or saturated with the oil. The equipment should now be left alone for some time, a day if practicable, and then thoroughly rubbed with a coarse, dry cloth until the surface is clean. 115. Q. If equipment is properly cared for how often will it be necessary to oil it? A. Not more than three or four times a year. 116. Q. When will this not be sufficient? A. Under exceptional conditions of warm, moist climate or frequent wetting and drying. Care of Clothing and Shoes 117. Q. Who is responsible for the proper care and appear- ance of your clothing? A. I am. 118. Q. What is best rule to follow as to spots on clothing? A. Remove as soon as possible. 119. Q. What will take out paint? RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 25 A. Turpentine. 120. Q. In what two ways can you remove grease spots? A. (1) Place a piece of brown paper, newspaper or other absorbent paper over and under the stain and press with a hot iron. (2) Moisten a clean, woolen rag with gasolene, rub the cloth briskly and press with a hot iron. 121. Q. What adds very greatly to the appearance of all uni- forms? A. To keep them neatly pressed. 122. Q. What is an inexpensive way to keep a good crease in a pair of trousers? A. Moisten the crease lightly with a moist sponge, place them inside of blanket once folded on top of your mattress. By sleeping on them the heat of your body will give an excellent crease. 123. Q. What care should you give your buttons? A. Gilt ornaments and buttons should be frequently pol- ished. Bronze ornaments and buttons should be merely wiped clean. 124. Q. How should you remove dirt and mud from leggins, haversacks, canteen covers and articles of web equip- ment? A. Wait until they dry and remove with a stiff brush be- ing careful not to injure the material. 125. Q. How should you remove grease spots from leggins, haversacks, canteen covers and articles of web equip- ment? A. The best way is to immerse the article completely in gasolene. If not enough gasolene on hand, make a suds from H. & H. soap (furnished by Ordnance Department) completely immerse the article in the suds and rub the soiled parts gently in clean water. 126. Q. Ordinarily what care is necessary for the shoes? A. Keep them clean and polished. 127. Q. What should be done with shoes when they become thoroughly wet? 26 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Fill them with dry oats, bran or sand and dry in the shade; never near a fire. 128. Q. If the leather becomes hard, dry or stiff what should be done? A. Give shoes a slight coating of "Neat's Foot Oil,'' well rubbed in. 129. Q. Where is ''Neat's Foot Oil" obtained? A. Apply to the Company Quartermaster Sergeant as each company is supplied with it. Inspection of Equipment 129|.Q. How is your personal field equipment displayed for in- spection of quarters, permanent camp or shelter tent camp? A. Always in the same manner; picture and description is given on pages 172 and 173, Infantry Drill Regula- tions, 1911. CHAPTER II INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS Definitions 130. Q. What is meant by '^battle sight"? A. The position of the rear sight when the leaf is laid down. 131. Q. When is the battle sight used? A. For firing at ranges up to 547 yards; not so accurate as the fixed sight and used when excitement, noise, etc., prevents giving ranges and the proper setting of the fixed sight. 132. Q. What is meant by a "column"? A. When troops are arranged one behind another it is called a column. Example — a column of squads, a column of twos, a column of files. 133. Q. What is meant by distance? A. Distance is space measured from front to rear. Ex- ample — the distance between front and rear rank is 40 inches; also distance between ranks in a column of squads is 40 inches. 134. Q. How is distance measured? A. From the back of the man in front to the breast of the man in rear. 135. Q. What is the difference between ''distance" and "in- terval"? A. Distance is measured from front to rear, but interval is measured from right to left. Example — my dis- tance from my front rank man is 40 inches but my interval from the man next to me in ranks is 4 inches. 136. Q. What is meant by a "file"? A. A file is two men, the front rank man and his rear rank man. 137. Q. What is meant by the "file leader"? 27 28 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. The front rank man is spoken of as the file leader. 138. Q. What is meant by a ''blank file''? A. When the rear rank man is missing the file is spoken of as a blank file. 139. Q. What is meant by a file when there is but one rank? A. One man is then called a file. 140. Q. What are ''file closers"? A. Officers and Non-commissioned Officers posted in rear of the line, 141. Q. Why are they posted in rear of the line? A. To see that I perform my duties properly, and to assist the captain and platoon leaders in fire control and fire direction. 142. Q. When spoken to by a file closer while in ranks, what should you do? A. Obey at once as he is a better judge of what should be done than I am. 143. Q. Why should you obey promptly? A. (a) So that the appearance and worth of my com- pany will be improved. (b) To play my part in the team to which all the men of the company belong. (c) To keep out of trouble myself. 144. Q. What is meant by a "flank"? A. The right or left of a body of troops. Example— the right flank of the company. t45. Q. What is meant by a "formation"? A. When the company falls in for drill or other exercise it is called "a formation of the company." Ex- ample — ^when I am not in ranks at roll call I am absent from the "formation." 146. Q. What other meaning has the word "formation"? A. It is also used to mean "arrangement." Example — in what formation or "arrangement" is your com- pany? Answer — in line; in column of squads; in column of twos, etc. INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 29 147. Q. When you are at battle exercise what is meant by the word ''front''? A. The direction of the enemy is always the front. 148. Q. What is a guide? A. An Officer, Non-commissioned Officer or Private upon whom I am required to dress while marching. 149. Q. What is meant by 'Intervar'? A. Space measured from right to left. Example — my inter- val from the man on my right in ranks is 4 inches. 150. Q. How is interval measured? A. From elbow to elbow. Example — ^my interval from the man on my right in ranks is 4 inches measured from his left elbow to my right elbow. 151. Q. What is meant by "close order'' drill? A. The ordinary drill on the parade ground, in which I keep the intervals and distances which I had when I was first formed by the 1st Sergeant. Example — ^when marching in column of squads the company is in "close order." 152. Q. What is meant by "extended order"? A. When the company is formed with greater intervals than is ordinarily used on the parade ground it is called "extended order." Example — ^when the com- pany is formed as skirmishers it is in "extended order." 153. Q. Why is close order used? A. To teach habits of discipline and exactness. 154. Q. Why is extended order used? A. To teach the movements and formations that are found to be the best when face to face with the enemy. 155. Q. In extended order how do troops march? A. They march "at ease," with pieces at "the trail" un- less otherwise ordered. 156. Q. What is meant by "a pace"? A. Thirty inches; it is the length of the full step I am re- quired to take when marching at quick time. 30 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 157. Q. What is meant by "a rank"? A. A line of men placed side by side. Example — the front rank; the rear rank. 158. Q. Where will you find any of the above words officially explained? A. In the Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 — front of book, under ''Definitions/' pages 7 and 8. Introduction 159. Q. Why are you given instruction in your duties as a soldier? A. Because it makes me more valuable as a fighting man and success in battle is our main object. 160. Q. At drills or battle exercises when is the enemy said to be ''imaginary"? A. When he is merely assumed to be at a certain place. 161. Q. When is the enemy said to be "outlined"? A. When a few men have been sent out to indicate the enemy's lines. 162. Q. When is the enemy said to be "represented"? A. When a body of troops has been sent out to act as the enemy. General Rules for Drills and Formations 163. Q. What should you do when given the command 1. In Place; 2. Halt? A. I halt, stand fast and keep my rifle as it was. 164. Q. What should you do when given the command 1. Re- sume; 2. March? A. I take up the movement I was executing just before "1. In Place; 2. Halt;" was given. 165. Q. What should you do when given the command 1. As you were? A. I stop the movement I am executing and return to the position I was in just before starting. Exam- ple — ^ypur company is in line at attention; your P^FANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 31 company commander gives the command 1. Parade; 2. Rest, which you have executed. He now com- mands 1. As you were. You should now return to the position of ''attention.'' 166. Q. In close order when in line where is the guide of the company? A. Always ''right '* unless otherwise given. 167. Q. Where is the guide of each rank (four men) when the company is in column of squads? A. On the side of the column opposite from that on which the file closers are marching. 168. Q. Where is the guide when the company is marching in extended order? A. It is center, unless otherwise given. 169. Q. What should you do when ordered to "fall in"? A. (a) I should look for and go to my proper place in ranks. (b) I should place the palm of my left hand on my left hip, fingers pointing downward. (c) As soon as the man on my left has his interval (4 inches) I should drop my left hand to my side. 170. Q. How will you get your proper interval? A. By feeling lightly the left elbow of the man on my right with my right arm. Orders, Commands and Signals 171. Q. What two kinds of commands are given? A. 1. The preparatory command. 2. The command of execution. 172. Q. For what is the preparatory command used? A. To tell me just what the movement is going to be. Example — 1. "Squads Right," is a preparatory com- mand which tells me that the company is about to execute squads right. 173. Q. For what is the command of execution used? A.. To tell me exactly when to execute the moveme^* 32 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM described in the preparatory command. Example 2. "March/' is a command of execution which tells me to move off at the instant it is given. 174. Q. Place the figures 1. in front of the preparatory com- mands and the figures 2. in front of the commands of execution in the following commands: Right shoulder arms; Right by twos, march; Parade rest. A. 1. Right shoulder 2. Arms; 1, Right by twos 2. March; 1. Parade 2. Rest. 175. Q. Why should you understand signals? A. Because often in battle there will be too much noise to hear commands. 176. Q. What two signals only are given on the whistle? A. 1. A short, sharp whistle meaning ''attention.'' 2. A long whistle meaning ''suspend firing." Whistles of Company Commander and Platoon leaders have different sounds — I should pay attention only to the whistle of my Platoon leader. 177. Q. What signals are used in place of the following com- mands: COMMAND SIGNAL USED (a) 1. Forward Hand to shoulder and thrust arm 2. March in direction of march. (b) Halt. Hand to shoulder, thrust upward and hold vertically. (c) 1. Double Time Hand to shoulder, thrust upward 2. March. several times. (d) 1. Squads Right Extend arm sidewards and move 2. March. between vertical and horizontal position several times. (e) 1. Squads Left Extend arm sidewards and move 2. March. between horizontal and down po- sitions several times. (f) 1. Squads Right Extend arm sidewards and move about 2. March, between vertical and down posi- tions several times. INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 33 COMMAND (g) Change direc- tion (if in line) or 1. Column Right 2. March. (h) 1. As Skir- misher s 2. Guide Centre 3. March. (i) 1. As Skirmish- ers 2. Guide Right (or left) 3. March. 0) 1. Assemble 2. March. (k) To signal the range to be used in setting sights. SIGNAL USED Move the hand on side towards the change to the opposite shoul- der and swing it fully extended in the new direction. Raise both arms sidewards to the horizontal. Swing both arms up- ward to the vertical; repeat sev- eral times. Extend both arms sidewards to the horizontal. Keep the arm on the side of the guide in this posi- tion and swing the other arm up- wards to the vertical and back to horizontal several times. Note: It makes no difference whether your instructor faces you or turns his back when making this signal, the hand on the side of the guide will be held station- ary in either case. Raise the arm to the vertical and make small circles. Extend arm, fist closed, to mean ''battle sight." Extend arm, fist closed, and ex- pose the mmiber of fingers equal to the number of hundred yards in the desired range. To add or subtract 50 yards from the range make short horizontal line with forefinger, up or down for in- crease or decrease. Example — ^your instructor ex- tends closed fist but at once ex- poses five fingers followed by three more (same hand) and then with his forefinger, pointing up- wards, makes a short horizontal 34 THE SOLDIER^S CATECHISM COMMAND (k — continued) (1) What range are you using, or what is the range? (m) Commence firing. (n) Suspend Fir- ing. (o) Cease Firing. (p) Fire faster. (q) Fire slower. (r) To swing the cone of fire to the right or left. (s) Fix bayonet. (t) Any movement to be executed by a complete Platoon. (u) Any movement to be executed by a complete Squad. SIGNAL USED line. What is the sight-setting? Answer — 850 yards. To deduct 300 yards hold up three fingers pointing downwards. To add 400 yards hold up four fingers pointing upwards. Extend the arms toward the person addressed, one hand open, palm to the front, resting on the other hand, fist closed. Move the arm extended full length, palm down, several times horizontally in front of the body. The long whistle or raise forearm and hold steadily in front of face, palm of hand to the front. Same as suspend firing except that hand is swung up and down several times in front of face. Execute rapidly the signal for "Commence firing." Execute slowly the signal for ''Commence firing." Extend the arm full length to the front, palm to the right (left); swing the arm to right (left) ; and point in the direction of the new target. Simulate the movement of the right hand in ''Fix bayonet." Arm is extended towards that platoon leader and small circles made with that hand. Arm is extended towards the pla- toon leader and that hand is swung up and down from the wrist, which will mean that this INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 35 COMMAND SIGNAL USED (u — continued) platoon leader is to have the move- ment, whatever it is, executed by squad. (v) Rush. Same as for "double time." (w) Are you Raise the hand, fingers extended ready? or I and joined, palm toward the per- am ready. son addressed. Q. How do you usually receive the above signals? A. They usually come to me from the company commander through the platoon and squad leaders whose business it is to read the signals and see that they are carried out. Q. What is the color of your company flag? A. By looking on page 19, paragraph 45, Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911, I can find the colors of all com- pany flags of a Regiment. Q. For what is the company flag used? A. (a) For signalling. (b) As a point of assembly for the company after a fight. (c) To mark the position of the company and of the company commander's tent in a camp. School of the Soldier Q. What is the position of ''attention" in or out of ranks? A. There are ten parts of the body to remember; begin with the heels and work upwards: 1. Heels — on the same line and as near each other as possible; most men should be able to stand with heels touching each other. 2. Feet — turned out equally and forming an angle of about 45 degrees. 3. Knees — straight without stiffness. 4. Hips — level and drawn back slightly; body erect and resting equally on hips. 5. Chest — lifted and arched. 6. Shoulders — square and falling equally. 7. Arms — hanging naturally. 8. Hands — hanging naturally, thumb along the seam of the trousers. 36 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 9. Head — erect and squarely to the front; chin drawn in so that axis of head and neck is vertical (means that a straight line drawn through centre of head and neck should be vertical); eyes straight to the front. 10. Entire body — ^weight of body resting equally upon the heels and balls of the feet. 182. Q. What may you do at the command "fall out"? A. I may leave the ranks but must remain near by (close enough to hear the command ''fall in''). 183. Q. Having fallen out, what do you do at the command "fall in"? A. I take my place in ranks at "attention." 184. Q. What may you do at the command "rest"? A. I may talk and move my body but must keep one foot in place. 185. Q. What may you do at the command "at ease"? A. I may move my body, but must keep one foot in place and cannot talk. Steps and Marching 186. Q. What is the length of the full step in quick time? A. 30 inches. 187. Q. How many full steps do you take to the minute when marching at quick time? A. 120. 188. Q. What is the length of the full step in double time? A. 36 inches. 189. Q. How many full steps do you take to the minute when marching at double time? A. 180. 190. Q. What should you do when an Officer or file closer in- dicates the step by counting "one, two, three, four"? A. If not in step, at once get there; that is see that my left foot strikes the ground at the counts of one and three. INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 37 191. Q. What is the length of the half step in quick time? A. 15 inches. 192. Q. What is the length of the half step in double time? A. 18 inches. 193. Q. What is the length of the step in ''right step" or ''left step"? A. 15 inches. 194. Q. What is the length of the step in "backward march"? A. 15 inches. Manual of Arms 195. Q. How is the chamber and magazine of your rifle carried — empty or filled? A. Always empty, except when positively ordered other- wise. 196. Q. How should the safety lock of the rifle be turned when a cartridge is in the chamber? A. At the "safe." 197. Q. When the rifle is empty how should it be carried? A. Unlocked and the trigger pulled. 198. Q. If cartridges are found in the chamber or magazine at "Inspection Arms" what should be done? A. Take them out and put back in belt. 199. Q. Except whqi cartridges are actually used, how is the cut-off turned? A. Off, so that bolt may be used readily to "simulate load." 200. Q. How is the rifle carried at command "Fall in"? A. At the "order arms." 201. Q. Armed with the rifle how is the free hand carried in "double time"? A. The same as without rifle. 202. Q. In coming to the order arms from any position how should the rifle be lowered to the ground? A. Should be lowered gently in order to prevent inj^ng rifle and unnecessary noise. 38 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 203. Q. What movements are always executed with rifle at ''the trail''? A. (a) The facings — as "right face," "about face," etc. (b) The alignments — as "right dress," etc. (c) Open and close ranks. (d) Taking intervals and distances — as 1. Take interval to the right 2. March; 1. Take distance 2. March. (e) The assemblings — as 1. Assemble to the right 2. March. 204. Q. When at regimental formations, at whose command of execution should you execute the manual and other movements? A. At the command of execution given by my battalion commander. 205. Q. When your company is in line of skirmishers (extended order) and is ordered to fix bayonets, how is this done? A. Each front rank man will fix bayonets at once; when they start firing again the remainder of the company will fix their bayonets and at once take up the fire again. School of the Squad 206. Q. What is meant by a "squad leader"? A. A corporal or experienced private who is placed in charge of a squad (7 men and the leader). 207. Q. When the corporal steps out of ranks what does his rear rank man do? A. He steps into the front rank. 208. Q. Is this blank file then covered? A. No. 209. Q. After once being assigned to a squad what should you be careful not to go? A. Not to allow myself to be separated from it. 210. Q. In case your squad is broken uy what should you do? A. I should at once join another squad and obey its leader- INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 39 211. Q. When marching in close order what seven things should you be careful to do? A. (a) If ahead or behind the Une to gain or lose distance gradually, I should not jerk back and forth. (b) To give way to the right or left gradually. (c) To keep my 4 inch interval and 40 inch distance. (d) To keep covered in file. (e) To keep dressed towards the guide. (f) To keep my head and eyes up. (g) To carry my rifle properly. 212. Q. If your squad has numbers 2 and 3 blank files, what does number 1, rear rank, do at the command 1. Stack 2. Arms? A. He should take the place of number 2, rear rank, while making and breaking the stack. May arms be stacked with bayonets fixed? No. When arms are stacked, how should you pass from one side of the line of stacks to the other? I should go around it — ^never through the line of stacks. When the corporal gives the command ''follow me" how does the squad execute it? (a) If in line or in skirmish line, No. 2 front rank fol- lows the corporal at about 3 paces, the other men keeping dressed on No. 2. (b) If in column the head of the column follows the corporal. At what gait snould you execute the command 1. As Skirmishers 2. March? At a run. At the command 1. Assemble 2. March, when do you move at a double time? When my squad leader continues to move forward. If your squad is drilling alone under the corporal and he gives the command 1. As Skirmishers 2. March, upon whom is the Hne of skirmishers formed? Upon number 2, front rank. 40 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 219. Q. If your squad is drilling with other squads in the com- pany or platoon and the command 1. as Skirmishers 2. March, is given, upon whom is the line of skir- mishers formed in your squad? A. Upon the corporal, who remains in the line. 220. Q. When the squad is acting alone who is the guide? A. Number 2, front rank; it is his duty to follow the cor- poral. 221. Q. Unless otherwise ordered, what interval should there be between skirmishers? A. One-half pace (15 inches), measured from elbow to elbow. 222. Q. In deploying as skirmishers where does the rear rank man always place himself? A. On the right of his front rank file. 223. Q. May you assemble when marching to the rear? A. No. Loadings and Firings 224. Q. May you fire while marching? A. No, the firings are always executed from the halt. 225. Q. When given commands for firing in close order, when only, does the rear rank load, aim or fire? A. Only when the firing is to be executed at the stand- ing position. 226. Q. Your aiming point or target having been given to you, when may you change to another? A. Only when so ordered. 227. Q. If in Une of skirmishers may you load while moving? A. Yes, holding my rifle as nearly as possible in the posi- tion of ''load." 228. Q. Having been given the command "fire at will," when do you commence firing? A. At once, without further command. 229. Q. What should you do when given the command or ,. signal ''suspend firing"? INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 41 A. I should lock my loaded piece and watch the target. 230. Q. What should you do when given the command or signal ''cease firing''? A. I should lock my loaded piece, lay down the sight leaf and come to the order. The Use of Cover 231. Q. In taking cover from the enemy's fire what kind of a position should you choose? A. One from which I can fire easily and effectively upon the enemy. 232. Q. How should you advance against the enemy? A. As steadily and quickly as possible, keeping out of his sight as much as possible while going forward: I should always keep in touch with, and in my proper place in my squad. 233. Q. How should you fire from behind cover? A. From the right side if possible, otherwise over the top. 234. Q. Why should you not remain long in one place? A. Because the enemy will discover me and get my range. 235. Q. Before starting forward what should you try to do? A. To pick out a place in front of me where I can halt and get cover. 236. Q. When you move forward why should you run rapidly? A. Because I will then make a poorer target for the enemy. 237. Q. How should you get up to run forward? A. I should spring at once from the lying position to the run. 238. Q. Why should you do this? A. So as not to make a target for the enemy; if I rise part way before running I attract his attention and draw his fire. 239. Q. What should you do when about to halt? A. I should throw myself at once from the running posi- ■I tion to the lying position. 42 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 240. Q. When you can no longer move forward by running what should you do? A. I should crawl forward. 241. Q. What is a good way to crawl forward? A. Lie on the left side, grasp rifle in right hand and push myself forward with the right leg. 242. Q. If you are alone and you are fired upon by the enemy what should you do? A. I should drop to the ground, look for cover and try to locate the enemy. I should not fire unless to defend myself or to give a necessary alann. Observation 243. Q. When in the field why should you always notice care- fully your position and all the prominent objects near it? A. (a) To practice the eye in estimating distances. (b) To have my bearings at all times. (c) To quickly locate the enemy in case he should suddenly turn up in the neighborhood. Night Operations 244. Q. If sent out to make a night attack what six things should you bear in mind? A. (a) Not to load my rifle unless ordered. (b) Not to talk. (c) Not to smoke or light matches. (d) Not to allow my equipment to rattle. (e) To watch carefully and see that I do not stumble or make any unnecessary noise. (f) Not to allow myself to become separated from the others, specially those in my squad. 245. Q. When required to fire at night how may you improve your aim? A. By tying a white rag on the front sight. INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 43 Infantry Against Cavalry 246. Q. What is the most dangerous thing you can do if fight- ing Cavalry or mounted men? A. To run away or get in any position where I cannot use my rifle or bayonet. 247. Q. In a fight with a mounted man on which side of him should you try to stay? A. On his left side — that is, the side away from his pistol and saber hand. 248. Q. What is the best position to meet the charge of a mounted man? A. Standing. A horse will not run over a man if he can help it. 249. Q. In a scrimmage with a mounted man what chance hava you against him with your bayonet? A. At least an even chance. Patrolling 250. Q. What is a patrol? A. A detachment of men sent out from a body of troops to gain information of the country or of the enemy or to keep the enemy from getting information. In special cases it may be sent out for other purposes — for example, a patrol might be sent out to blow up a bridge or tear up a railroad track. 251. Q. May you at any time become the leader of a patrol? If so, in what way? A. (a) Yes, the corporal may become disabled and I may be the private with the longest service, (b) I may be designated as an acting corporal in com- mand of a patrol. 252. Q. How large may a patrol be? A. From two men to a company. 253. Q. When should a patrol be small? A. When its only purpose is to gain information and it does not expect to fight for it nor to have to send back many messages. 44 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 254. Q. When should a patrol be large? A. When it may have to fight and drive off enemy patrols; also when it may have to send back many messages. 255. Q. In order to be a good patrol leader what is necessary? A. (a) Should be able to cover a large tract of ground with few men and still control their movements by signals or otherwise. (b) Should be able to estimate the strength of the enemy when discovered. (c) Should be able to report accurately what is discovered. (d) Should be able to read signs correctly. (e) Should be able to judge as to the importance of information received. (f) Should have courage, endurance, and good judg- ment. (g) Should be able to travel across country off roads day and night without being lost. 256. Q. With what should a patrol leader provide himself beside his arms and ammunition? A. Compass, watch, note book and message blanks, and map of coimtry if possible. 257. Q. What should a patrol leader do as soon as he is given his instructions for going out? A. (a) He should make sure he understands his instruc- tions by repeating them to the Officer who is send- ing him out. (b) If he has a map he should locate himself and where he is to go and have his commander verify it. 258. Q. After getting his instructions correctly what should the patrol leader do? A. (a) Assembles the men detailed for the patrol. (b) Inspects their arms and ammunition. (c) Sees that none have maps, papers, etc., that might be of value to the enemy in case of capture. (d) Sees that arms and accoutrements do not glisten or rattle. INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 45 (e) Repeats his instructions from the Officer, to his patrol seeing that all understand them. (f) Explains the signals to be used. (g) Designates a man to command the patrol in case the leader is captured or disabled, and also a "get away man." 259. Q. What general rule should be followed as to the forma- tion of the patrol? A. (a) Always have the men so arranged that they can quickly see my signals; quickh- move to one side or the other; quickly join me. (b) Always adopt a formation so that in case of capture or a fight at least one man may escape. 260. Q. What general formation is usually adopted? A. A formation having a main or central body, an ad- vance guard, a rear guard, and right and left flank guards. 261. Q. (a) If you are sent out with a patrol of four men (5 counting yourself) how would you arrange them to agree with this general formation? A. I would put one man about 40 yards to my front (that is, towards the enemy), one man about 40 yards to my left, one man about 40 yards to my right and one man about 40 yards in my rear. I would then represent the main or central body myself, (b) What is another excellent formation? i5to r • p^^^* 20 yards | in frv r ^ <■■■ Commander 10 to ) ^^ XT^ 1 15 yards j • No. 1 No. 2 20 t '^^^^ \ • Get away man Commander sends Nos. 1 and 2 to the flanks as needed. 262. Q. How do you decide what the distances shall be be- tween parts of your patrol? 46 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. I use my best judgment. (a) In open country I would make distances greater than in a close wooded country. (b) With a small patrol I would not separate parts by more than 50 yards. With a large patrol I would put the limit at 100 yards. 263. Q. Are there any hard and fast rules laid down for dis- tances, formations, movements, etc., of a patrol? A. No. 264. Q. Why is this so? A. Because in each case things come up which require special action not applying to other cases. No gen- eral rule will apply. (See exception question 130, this pamphlet.) 265. Q. How should a patrol pass over a hill? A. Leader should first send one man ahead to look over top; if clear he should signal "come on.'' 266. Q. How does a patrol pass a house or inclosure? A. Leader sends one man to investigate, or he avoids it entirely. 267. Q. How does a patrol pass through a wood? A. Generally in a thin skirmish line. 268. Q. What are some things that may indicate the char- acter of enemy troops? A. (a) Abandoned camp sites. (b) Abandoned clothing or equipage. (c) Insignia on uniforms. (d) Camp fires. (e) Clouds of dust — ^low for Infantry, high and thin for Cavalry, a broken cloud for Artillery or wagons. 269. Q. When should a patrol fight? A. (a) When it cannot get the information required in any other way. (b) When it has the information but has to fight to get back with it. (c) When it was sent out to keep the enemy from getting information. INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 47 (d) When it has done what it was sent out to do and fighting will keep the enemy from learning something. Must not fight if it interferes with doing what patrol was sent out to do, must not fight just to be fighting; always have a good reason. 270. Q. When a patrol leader gets important information what should he do? A. Unless patrol is to return at once the leader should send the information back by one of the members of the patrol. 271. Q. In the conduct of a patrol what is very important? A. That you, as leader, require the members to contin- ually watch you for signals and to promptly obey your orders, which may be expressed verbally or by signals. Messages 272. Q. What is a message? A. A short account of something that has happened; much like a telegram. 273. Q. If a patrol leader sends a written message what should it contain? A. (a) From whom sent. Example — Corporal Jones' Pa- trol, or, if numbered. Patrol No. 3. (b) Location of Patrol when message was sent — ^200 yards north of Smith's farmhouse. (c) Date— 15 Sept., 15; 22 July, 14, etc. (d) Thehour— 8:45 A.M. (e) The number — No. 2, meaning the second mes- sage this patrol had sent out. (f) To whom sent— To Comdg. Officer, Co. F. 3 Inf. (g) Body of message. (h) Signature of patrol leader — ^Jones, Corpl. (i) How sent — ^foot messenger, motorcyclist, etc. 274. Q. How should the information be written in the message? A. In my best hand-writing using only necessary words. 275. Q. What form is followed for a message? 48 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. The message blank furnished companies. 276. Q. In messages how should dates be written? A. 13 Aug., 15; 5 Oct., 14, meaning August thirteenth, 1915; October fifth, 1914. 277. Q. How should a road always be spoken of? A. By the points it connects. Example — the Water- town-Madison Barracks Road. 278. Q. Why not refer to a road by one place only, as the Water- town road? A. Too indefinite — there might be a dozen Watertown roads. 279. Q. How should the name of a road always be written? A. Use a dash to connect points on the road. Water- town-Madison Barracks road. Smithville-Hender- son road. 280. Q. In messages how should you refer to any position? A. By points of the compass — not by terms "right," ''left,'' etc., except for banks of streams. Example — 200 yards north of Smith's farmhouse. 281. Q. Why not use "right," "left," etc? A. Too indefinite — does not give an exact description of position. 282. Q. If the bank of a stream is referred to as the "right" bank or the "left" bank, what does it mean? A. The right or left bank as you face down stream. Ex- ample — the right bank of the Mississippi river would be the western bank. 283. Q. What is wrong with the first message on next page? 284. Q. Is the second message any better? If, so, why? 285. Q. If a verbal message is to be sent what should be done? A. Require the messenger to repeat it several times until he can state it to you exactly as you want it delivered. 286. Q. How long may a verbal message be? A. It should contain but one statement only. Example — Company E will arrive at Madison Barracks at INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 49 5:00 P. M. to-day. Note — try your squad or de- tachment in relaying a simple verbal message. You will be surprised. 287. Q. Which is better, verbal or written messages? A. The written usually. "lR=TE7 U. S. ARMY FIELD MESSAGE CotntDunicAted by BUZ^rn. PHONE. TELEGRAPH, RADIO. LANTERN. HELIO^ FLAG. CYCLIST, FOOT MESSEN- GER. MOUNTED MESSENGER. ■QJi^derioof ineaii* used) it I Space for I S igpa' Opc Wo.w Only I -^ C . ^!r.l \ W riniA/ _i£^ Q/«W ^.r^^ ^^g- KeceiTedL U. S. ARMY FIELD MESSAGE C«inmuaicated by BUrZER. PHONE. TELEGRAPH. RADIO. LANTERN. HELIO, FLAG, CYCLIST. FOOT MESSEN - GER. MOUNTEO T Ass g WSER . (UndeneoM tDMona utecl) To t.0. . e .^.3- . ga^- Date^^ ^MA^J^jifHour ^WS/lrtNoJ- /W>a/V^^\aX£^ w^ "^ryw^^ ,^ At command ''Guard" half face to the right. 89 554. Q. A, 555. Q. A, 90 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM (c) Carry back and place the right foot about once and a half its length to the rear and about 3 inches to the right, the feet forming with each other an angle of about 60°, weight of the body balanced equally on the balls of the feet, knees slightly bent, palms of hands on hips, fingers to the front, thumbs to the rear, head erect, head and eyes straight to the front. Where can you find the prescribed foot movements fully explained? On pages 221 and 222, " Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 1913)/' Describe the position of "Guard" with arms. (a) The command is 1. Bayonet Exercise 2. Guard. (b) At command " Guard '' take the position of '* Guard '' as without arms (except as to the hands). (c) At the same time throw rifle smartly to the front, grasp the rifle with the left hand just below the lower band, fingers between the stock and gunsling, barrel turned slightly to the left, the right hand grasping the small of the stock about six inches in front of the right hip, elbows free from the body, point of bayonet at height of chin. 556. Q. Name the movements used in attacking. A. (a) Thrust (b) Lunge (c) Butt Strike (d) Cut Down (e) Cut right (or left). 557. Q. Where can you find these movements fully explained? A. Under "Attacks" on pages 225 and 227, "Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 1913)." 558. Q. Name the movenients used to defend yourself. A. (a) Parry Right (b) Parry Left (c) Parry High (d) Low Parry Right (or left). 559. Q. Where can you find these movements fully explained? A. On page 230, "Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 1913)." 560. Q. How is the rifle used for hand to hand combat without a bayonet? BAYONET COMBAT 91 A. As a club and should be swung hard enough to break through any guard or parry. Q. Where is the position of ''Club Rifle'' fully described? A. On page 232, ''Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 1913)/' Q. In a bayonet fight should you simply try to defend your- self? A. No. I should press the fight and keep my enemy busy defending himself. Q. Name some pointers in bayonet combat. A. (a) Look at the ground when you start to fight so that you can move on that part which will give you the best footing. (b) Watch the enemy's eyes, not his weapon nor where you wish to strike; if at night then watch his weapon and movements of his body. (c) Always watch for a chance to strike enemy's left hand which grasps the forward part of his rifle. Q. When is the butt of rifle very useful? A. For close and sudden attacks; very useful in riot duty. Q. Against a man on foot armed with a sword or saber how should you use the rifle and bayonet? A. Be careful he does not grab the muzzle of my rifle. Attack him with short, stabbing thrusts and keep him beyond striking distance of his weapon. Q. Fighting against larger nimibers how can a small group of men best protect themselves? A. By grouping themselves so that they cannot be attacked from behind. Q. What should be done in fighting a mounted man armed with a saber? A. Try to get on his near (or left) side. It is harder for him to make good use of his pistol or saber then. Q. In receiving night attacks what position should you take? A. Kneel or lie down as the enemy will then be easier to see against the skyline. 92 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 569. Q. What should you do when he arrives within attacking distance? A. I should rise quickly and lunge well forward at the middle of his body. 570. Q. Describe the fencing salute. A. All fencing exercises, either by command or ''at will," where two men engage in bayonet combat for in- struction, begin and end with the fencing salute. Being at the order facing each other, at the command "Salute" each man, with his eyes on his adversary, carries the left hand smartly to the right side, palm of the hand down, thumb and fingers extended and joined, forearm horizontal, forefinger touching the bayonet. At count "two" drop the arm smartly by the side. 571. Q. Describe the position of the fencing exercise "Guard." A. (a) The command is 1. Fencing Exercise 2. Guard. (b) Take position of "Guard" with arms as described in question No. 555. (c) Bayonets should be crossed, each man's bayonet bearing lightly to the right against same part of his adversary's bayonet. 572. Q. What is this position called? A. The Engage or Engage Right. 573. Q. Where can you find the Fencing Exercises fully ex- plained? A. On pages 236, 237, 238, 239 and 240, "Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 1913)." 574. Q. Of what do they consist? A. The engages, assaults, simple attacks, attacks on the rifle, feints and combined movements. 575. Q. What is a "Chancery"? A. An attack which disarms my adversary, or causes him to lose control of his rifle, or which disables his piece. 576. Q. What is "Fencing at WUl"? BAYONET COMBAT 93 A. When two men are to fence without formal commands it is called ''fencing at will." 577. Q. In this case what commands are given? A. To start. 1. At will 2. Assault. To interrupt. Halt. To end the match. 1. Halt 2. Salute. 578. Q. Your ability to fence at will or in actual combat depends upon what? A. (a) On my coolness. (b) Quickness. (c) Correctness of movements. (d) Being able to quickly see what my adversary in- tends to do. 579. Q. Where can you find "Fencing at Will" fully explained? A. On pages 241, 242, 244 and 245, "Infantry Drill Reg- ulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 1913)." CHAPTER Vlir HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 580. Q. Why should a soldier know something about the history of the United States? A. Every man should have at least a general idea of how his country started, its principal wars, generals, etc. He should know what people are talking about when they speak of such things. 581. Q. Who first discovered America? A. Christopher Columbus, an Italian. 582. Q. When was this discovery made. A. On October 12, 1492, Columbus landed from his ship the ''Santa Maria" on the island of San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands which are to the southeast of the United States. 583. Q. Who lived here before the United States was discovered? A. Different tribes of Indians. 584. Q. How did the new world get its name? A. It was named America after an Italian named Americus Vespucius who made several voyages of discovery to this land in the years 1497 to 1499. 585. Q. Where was the first permanent English colony in America? A. At Jamestown, Virginia — in 1607. 586. Q. Where was the first English colony in New England? A. At Plymouth, Mass., in 1620 — these people landed from the ship ''Mayflower'' on the Plymouth Rock. 587. Q. What is meant by the ''Thirteen Colonies." A. As the eastern shores of the United States were settled by the English (New York by the Dutch) the land was claimed for England and each part was given a name as follows: 94 588. Q. A, 589. Q. A. 590. Q. A. 591. Q. A. 592. Q. A. 593. Q. A, 594. Q. A. 595. Q A, 596. Q A. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 95 Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, Pennsyl- vania and Georgia. These were known as the thirteen original colonies. When were they settled? In the order named above (except New York, in 1614) during the years 1607 to 1733. How long did the colonies belong to England? Until the signing of the Declaration of Independence on the fourth of July, 1776. Why is the Fourth of July celebrated? Because on that date in the year 1776, the colonies de- clared themselves free and independent of England and they have remained so ever since. How did the colonies manage to become independent? They helped each other and fought the War of the Revo- lution which they finally won from England. France also helped the colonies, sending troops, ships, and generals. How long did this war last? From the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, to the sur- render of the English at Yorktown on October 19, 1781 — a little over six years. Who was the leading American General? George Washington. Name some of the well known battles of the Revolution. Lexington, Bunker Hill, Long Island, Trenton, Saratoga, Monmouth, Yorktown. What caused the War of the Revolution? England did not treat the colonies fairly — she forced slaves on them, taxed them unjustly, interfered with their trade, and tried to take their land from them. What were the results of the War of the Revolution? As England was defeated a treaty of peace was signed in 1783. It admitted that the colonies were now in- 96 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM dependent, and that their land extended from Canada to Florida and from the Atlantic Ocean west to the Mississippi Riven The colonies bound themselves together into one nation known as the United States of America. 597. Q. Who was the first president of the United States? A. George Washington, who served as president for eight years and then declined to serve any longer. 698. Q. When did the United States get possession of most of the land west of the Mississippi River? A. In 1803 — ^by purchase from France; known as the Louisiana Purchase. 599. Q. What was the next war in the United States? A. The War of 1812, between the EngUsh and Americans. 600. Q. How long did this war last? A. From June 18, 1812 to December 24, 1814 — two and one half years. 601. Q. What caused the War of 1812? A. Interference with our commerce on the high seas. The English claim of the right to search our vessels for EngHsh subjects. 602. Q. Name some of the well known happenings during this war. A. Hull's Surrender, Perry's naval victory on Lake Erie, Sackett's Harbor, Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, Platts- burg, Bladensburg, Capture of City of Washington, New Orleans. 603. Q. Name some of the more noted American generals in this war. A. Jacob Brown, Winfield Scott (later in Mexican War), Andrew Jackson (later President of the United States) — in the navy. Perry and Macdonough. 604. Q. What were the results of this war? A. Nothing — although England stopped searching our ves- sels she would probably have done so anyway as her troubles in Europe were over and she no longer cared to do t^ii'". HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 97 605. Q. What branch of our fighting forces was the most successful m this war? A. The navy, by far. 606. Q. What do you understand by the ^'Monroe Doctrine"? A. In 1823 President Monroe sent a message to Congress in which he started a new rule for the American people, as follows: That North and South America are not hereafter to be colonized (settled) by any European nations; that any attempt to do so will be considered an unfriendly act. This rule has been carried out ever since, 607. Q. What was the next war? A. The War with Mexico. 608. Q. How long did it last? A. From May 13, 1846 to February 2, 1848— nearly two years. 609. Q. What was the cause of this war? A. Disputes over the boundary line between Mexico and the State of Texas. 610. Q. Name some of the battles in this war. A. (a) In the north of Mexico, under General Taylor, were fought the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey and Buena Vista, (b) In the central eastern part of Mexico, xmder General Scott, were fought the battles of Cerro Gordo, Con- treras, Churubusco, San Antonio, Chapultepec and the City of Mexico. 611. Q. Were these battles successes for our troops? A. Yes — all of them. 612. Q. What were the results of this war? A. The United States obtained a large tract of land, in- cluding California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. 613. Q. Name three great statesmen of this time. A. Clay, Webster and Calhoxm. 614. Q. What was the next war? 98 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. The Civil War or the War of the Rebellion. 615. Q. How long did it last? A. From the bombardment of Fort Simiter, by the Con- federates, April 12, 1861, to the surrender of General R. E. Lee to General Grant, at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865 — ^four years. 616. Q. What were the causes of this war? A. Probably the great difference of opinion of the Northern and Southern people of the United States: , The North did not believe in slavery. The South did believe in slavery. The North believed that the Nation as a whole should rule. The South believed that the various States were more powerful in themselves. 617. Q. Name some of the well known battles of this war. A. First Bull Run, Chancellorsville, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, the Wilderness, Spottsyl- vania, Atlanta and many others. In the Navy— the ''Monitor" and the "Merrimac,'' Mobile Bay. 618. Q. Which was the first large battle in this war? A. The First Bull Run — a Confederate victory. 619. Q. Which is considered one of the most important battles? A. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as here the Confederates under General Robert E. Lee were defeated by the Union troops under General George G. Meade, and were driven back into their own territory from which they were never again strong enough to try an invasion of the North; had the Confederates won this battle many of the large cities of the North would have fallen into their hands. Up to this time, July, 1863, the South (Confederate) had usually been successful; after this they commenced to lose and the North (Union) won many battles. 620. Q. Name some of the generals on both sides in the Civil War. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 99 A. (a) Union: McClellan, Hooker, Meade, Burnside, Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Buell, Thomas, Rosecrans and many others, (b) Confederate: Robert E. Lee, ''Stonewall" (T. J.) Jackson, Johnson, Hill, Early, Beauregard, Longstreet, Ewell, Stuart and others. 621. Q. Which was the most noted general on each side? A. Union — U. S. Grant. Confederate — R. E. Lee. 622. Q. Who was President of the United States during this War? A. Abraham Lincoln — ^he was assassinated a few days after the close of the war. 623. Q. Who was President of the Confederate States during this war? A. Jefferson Davis. 624. Q. What were some of the results of the Civil War? A. (a) That the United States as a Nation has more power than any one State, (b) No more slaves in the United States. 625. Q. When did the United States secure Alaska? A. In 1867, by purchase from Russia. 626. Q. What was the next war? A. The war with Spain. 627. Q. How long did it last? A. From April 25, 1898 to August 12, 1898— about foui months. 628. Q. What caused this war? A. (a) Improper treatment of Cubans by the Spanish. (b) Continued uprisings in Cuba. (c) The blowing up of the United States Battleship ''Maine'' in Havana harbor (in Cuba), on February 15, 1898. 629. Q. Name some of the battles and occurrences during the Spanish- American War. A* Manila Bay (Admiral Dewey, Commanding the Navy), 100 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM El Caney, San Juan Hill, Destruction of Admiral Cervera's Fleet, Hobson's exploit, trip of the "Oregon/' Capture of Manila. 630. Q. Name some of the well known characters of history in this war. A. Roosevelt, Miles, Schley, Sampson, Shafter, Hobson.. Dewey, Garcia, Merritt, Aguinaldo, Funston. 631. Q. What were the results of this war?" A. (a) Spain gave Cuba its independence. (b) The United States took over the Philippine Islands, Guam and Porto Rico, pajdng for them the sum of $20,000,000. 632. Q. How and when did the different parts of the United States come into its possession? A. (a) The original 13 States — during the War of the Revo- lution, 1776. (b) Louisiana Purchase — from France in 1803. (countr}^ west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains). (c) Florida — from Spain, in 1819. (d) Texas — annexed in 1845 (will of the Texas people). (e) The Oregon territory — claim established in 1846. (Washington, Oregon and Idaho.) (f) California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts of New Mexico, Wyoming and Colorado — ^from Mexico in 1848 (close of the war). (g) Gadsden Purchase (southern strip of Arizona) — ^from Mexico in 1853. (h) Alaska Purchase — from Russia in 1867. (i) Philippine Islands and Guam — ^from Spain in 1898 (close of the war), (k) Porto Rico — from Spain in 1898 (close of the war). (1) Hawaiian Islands — annexed in 1898 (request of Hawaiian Government), (m) American Samoa — by International Treaty, in 1899. (n) Canal Zone — ^from Panama in 1904. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 101 633. Q. How can you learn more fuDy about t}i^.,hiitory of this country? A. By attending Post School for enlisted men or by getting hold of a United States History and reading it my- self. CHAPTER IX FIRING REGULATIONS 634. Q. What is an anemometer? A. An instrument which measures the force of the wind in miles per hour. 635. Q. What is the battle sight? A. The position of the rear sight when leaf is laid down. 636. Q. Up to what ranges is it used? A. Up to 547 yards. 637. Q. What is the bore of your rifle, pistol or revolver? A. The cylindrical cavity in the small arms barrel; or the inside of the barrel between the muzzle and^the chamber. 638. Q. What do you mean by caliber? A, The distance across the bore, measured between the lands. (Lands are the raised parts of the rifling.) 639. Q. What is the caliber of your rifle measured in inches? A. Thirty hundredths — a little less than one-third of an inch. 640. Q. What is the caliber of your pistol? A. Forty-five hundredths — or a little less than one-half of an inch. 641. Q. What is the caliber of your revolver measured in inches? A. Thirty-eight hundredths — or a little less than four- tenths of an inch. 642. Q. When is your piece canted? A. My piece is canted when I devolve the barrel to the right or left in aimmg. The rear sight base is not then horizontal nor the front sight vertical. 643. Q. What is a coach? A. A special instructor, officer, non-commissiohed officer 102 FIRING REGULATIONS 103 or private charged with the duty of giving advice to the firer. 644. Q. What is estimating distance? A. Judging how far it is from one place to another; each soldier is required to practice this and to be tested in it before shooting on the range. 645. Q. What is a mirage? A. Heat waves seen on the target range on warm days. 646. Q. What is a ricochet shot? A. Bullets which strike ground or other objects before hitting target. These have the same value as any other hit. 647,, Q. What is a miss? A. A shot at the target which does not strike anywhere within or on the black border line of the paper target. 648. Q. What are sighting shots? A. Trial shots fired before starting the score. In record firing two sighting shots are fired at 600 yards, slow fire. 649. Q. What is a trajectory? A. The path of the bullet through the air. 650. Q. What is slow fire? A. Firing with small arms without any time limit laid down. 651. Q. What is ''fire at will''? A. The kind of fire in which each soldier fires independ- ently of the others? 652. Q. What is rapid fire? A. Firing with the rifle at the prone figure mounted on a disappearing target. A tim.e limit is given you. 653. Q. What is long range? A. 800 to 1,200 yards. 6547 Q. What is mid-range? A. 500 to 800 yards. 655. Q. What is short range? A. Up to 500 yards. 104 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 656. Q. What is gallery practice? A. Firing at reduced ranges with the 22 caliber rifle. 657. Q. What is instruction practice? A. The practice I have on the range before I shoot for record. 658. Q. What is record practice? A. The practice that I have on the range which is care- fully recorded and shows any progress which I may have made and the class to which I belong, 2d, 1st, Marksman, etc., and for which extra pay is allowed as follows: Marksman $2.00 per month Sharpshooter 3.00 per month Expert Rifleman 5.00 per month 659. Q. What is an unqualified man? A. A soldier who makes less than 152 points out of 300 in his record practice, also one who did not fire the course. 660. Q. What is a 2d class man? A. A soldier who makes a total of at least 152 and less than 177 points in firing for record with the rifle. He must also make 85 per cent, in the estimating distance test. 661. Q. What is a 1st class man? A. A soldier who makes a total of at least 177 and less than 202 points in firing for record with the rifle. He must also make 85 per cent, in the estimating distance test. 662. Q. What is a Marksman? A. One who makes a total of at least 202 and less than 238 points in firing for record with the rifle. He must also make 85 per cent, in the estimating dis- tance test. 663. Q. What is a Sharpshooter? A. One who makes a total of at least 238 and less than 253 points in firing for record with the rifle. He FIRING REGULATIONS 105 must also make 90 per cent, in the estimating dis- tance test. 664. Q. What is an Expert Rifleman? A. One who makes a total of at least 253 points out of a possible 300 in firing for record with the rifle. He must also make 90 per cent, in the estimating dis- tance test. 665. Q. What is a centre? A. When a shot hits within the four ring of the slow fire target it is sometimes called a centre. 666. Q. What is an inner? A. When a shot hits within the three ring of the slow fire target it is sometimes called an inner. 667. Q. What is an outer? A. When a shot hits within the two ring of the slow fire target it is sometimes called an outer. 668. Q. What is a marking disk? A. A stick with a disk at each end used by a soldier de- tailed to mark targets in the pit. Each disk is painted a different color on either side to indicate value? of different hits. 669. Q. For what is the white disk used? A. For signaling a bull's-eye or five. 670. Q. For what is the red disk used? A. For signaling a centre or four. 671. Q. For what is the black and white disk used? A. For signaling an inner or three. 672. Q. For what is the black disk used? A. For signaling an outer or two. 673. Q. What signals are made with the red flag? A. (a) A miss, when waved across the front of the target. (b) A ricochet, when used with the marking disk. (c) Danger, when placed above the parapet and al- lowed to remain there. 674L Q- What i? windag:e? 106 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. The amount of change made on the wind-gauge of the rear sight for the purpose of overcoming the action of the wind on the bullet after it leaves the bore. Spoken of as ''two points right wind," "a point and a half left/' etc. 675. Q. What is meant by a 9 o'clock wind? A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly across the range from the left is called a 9 o'clock wind. 676. Q. What is meant by a 3 o'clock wind? A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly across the range from the right is called a 3 o'clock wind. 677. Q. What is meant by a 6 o'clock wind? A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly down the range toward the target is called a 6 o'clock wind. 678. Q. What is meant by a 12 o'clock wind? A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly in my face from the target is called a 12 o'clock wind. 679. Q. What is the general rule for designating the wind by the ''o'clock" method? A. I imagine myself to be standing at the centre of a large clock dial with the 12 o'clock figure (XII) pointing directly toward the target. The 6 o'clock (VI) will then be at my back, the (IX) at my left and the (III) at my right. 680. Q. Prom where will a 2 o'clock wind come? A. From the direction of the (II) on the clock dial, i. e., from the right-front. 681. Q. From where will an 11 o'clock wind come? A. From the direction of the (XI) on the clock dial, i. e., from the left-front and almost directly in my face. 682. Q. From where will a 4 o'clock wind come? A. From the direction of the (IV) on the clock dial, i. e.j from the right-rear. 683. Q. From where will a 7 o'clock wind come? FIRING REGULATIONS 107 A. PYoni the direction of the (VII) on the clock dial, i. e., from the left-rear. 684. Q. How does one read the wind-gauge on his rifle? A. (a) If for right windage, read spaces between the two small zeros at the right ends of the graduated arcs of the fixed base and movable base of the rear sight. CAUTION: read the spaces between the short lines, not the lines themselves. (b) If for left windage, read spaces between the two small zeros at the left ends of the graduated arcs of the fixed base and movable base of the rear sight. CAUTION: read the spaces between the lines not the lines themselves. 685. Q. How much windage do the following diagrams rep- resent? ^, .Graduated arc of mov- ^'^ able base of rear sight. ^*..* ! Graduated arc of fixed 'base of rear sight. Movable base protrudes ^ here for left windage. -^^^ Movable base protrudes here for right windage. A. Figure 1 does not indicate any windage as zero lines are together at both right and left ends of arcs. 108 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Figure 2 shows two points left windage as there are two spaces between the two zeros at the left ends of ares, where movable base protrudes. A. Figure 3 shows four points right windage as there are four spaces between the two zeros at right ends of arcs where movable base protrudes. 686. Q. Why should you become a good shot? A. Because I will be more useful in time of war. 687. Q. What should you learn first for target practice? A. I should know the principal parts of my rifle, how to care for same and how to prevent accidents. 688. Q. What are the principal parts of your rifle? A. (See "Rifle and Equipment.") 689. Q. How should it be cared for? A. (See "Rifle and Equipment.'') 690. Q. What should you do in order to prevent accidents? A. Never load the rifle unless ordered or until I am at the firing point and it is my turn to shoot. 691. Q. If the piece is loaded and it is not your turn to fire what should you be careful to do? A. Keep the bolt open. 692. Q. What are six other things you should be careful not to do in order to prevent accidents? A. (1) Never aim down the target range when the targets are not in sight and in readiness for firing. (2) I should never under any circumstances aim at any one, no matter in what condition my gun may be. Many an "unloaded" gun has killed a man. (3) If my rifle is loaded and the targets are not ready I should see that the safety lock is turned to the right, that is, at the "SAFE.'' I should be care- ful never to turn the muzzle in the direction of the other men on the firing line. (4) I should never aim at the targets from behind the firing line. (5) If I wanted to practice snapping, I should get FIRING REGULATIONS 109 up on the firing line, preferably off on one of the .flanks out of the way. (6) In unloading, I should always point the muzzle in the ground a short distance from my front and away from all other persons. 693. Q. In target practice what different drills are you re- quired to take? A. (1) Nomenclature and care of the rifle. (2) Sighting drills. (3) Position and aiming drills. (4) Deflection and elevation drills, that is, practice in setting my sights. (5) Gallery practice. (6) Estimating distance. (7) Know distance firing on the target range for in- struction and then for record. 694. Q. If any point comes up that you do not understand in regard to shooting, what should you do? A. Ask an experienced shot of my company or troop; I should not trust to luck. 695. Q. To whom are the sighting drills given? A. To all soldiers who have not qualified as Marksmen or better during the preceding target year. 696. Q. Of what use are sighting drills? A. They explain the proper use of the sights and show how errors are made and how to correct them. 697 Q. Draw a picture of the normal sight as it would look to you if enlarged when looking through the sight at a bull's-eye. Fig. 4 110 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 698. Q. Draw a picture of the correct peep sight as it wiuld appear to you if enlarged when looking through the sights at a bull's-eye. 699. Q. A. 700. Q. A. 701. Q. A. 702. Q A. 703. Q A 704. Q Fig. 5 Why are the normal sight and the peep sight better than all others? Because they both have fixed lines upon which the same amount of front sight can be easily and quickly taken each time. In the normal sight, what is the fixed line? The line formed by the shoulders on either side of the notch in the open sight, on the rear sight drift slide. The tip of the front sight should appear to be even with this line, and immediately below the buirs-eye. In the peep sight what is the fixed line? The horizontal line crossing the centre of the peep hole. The eye will generally centre the tip of the front sight in the peep naturally, and for this rea- son the line is not often used. What will happen if you take too much front sight? It will make the shot strike high. Taking too little (known as too fine) front sight will have what effect? It will make the shot strike low. . Why must you be careful to sight exactly through th^ centre of the rear sight notch? FIRING REGULATIONS 111 A. Because sighting through the left of the notch will throw the bullet to the left and sighting through the right will throw the bullet to the right of the point at which I am aiming. 705. Q. Why must you be careful to sight exactly over the top of the front sight? A. Because sighting over the left of the front sight will throw the bullet to the right and sighting over the right of the front sight will throw the bullet to the left of the point at which I am aiming. 706. Q. Why must you be careful not to cant the rifle in firing? A. Because canting it to the left throws the bullet to the left and below the point at which I am aiming; and canting it to the right throws the bullet to the right and below the point at which I am aiming. 707. Q. How do you blacken your sights? A. Light a candle or piece of camphor and hold my sights in the smoke until fully blackened. 708. Q. Should you always blacken your sights before firing? A. Yes, sir. 709. Q. Why do you blacken your sights? A. It prevents the sights from glistening when in a bright light, and makes the aim more distinct. Position and Aiming Drills 710. Q. Why are the position and aiming drills valuable to you? A. Because they teach me to hold my piece properly, aim and pull the trigger properly; they also harden the muscles of my arms, all of which is necessary if I am to become a good shot. 711. Q. Who should take these position and aiming drills? A. Every soldier who expects to become a good shot. 712. Q. Why should you learn to do the aiming exercise exactly as taught? A. Because without doing it properly I cannot become a good shot. 713. Q. Describe the aiming exercise. 112 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. The commands are, 1. Aiming. 2. EXERCISE. (a) With rifle in position of ready, at the command "exercise," without moving the body or eyes, raise the rifle smartly to the front of the right shoulder to the full extent of the left arm, elbow inclined down- ward, the barrel nearly horizontal, muzzle slightly depressed, heel of the butt on a line with the top of the shoulder. (b) Bring the piece smartly against the hollow of the shoulder, without allowing the shoulder to give way, press the rifle against it mostly with the right hand. (c) Forefinger of the right hand pressing lightly against the trigger, without canting the rifle. At the count "TWO'': (d) Bend the head to the right, the cheek resting against the stock, being careful not to get the nose too close to the thumb, (e) The left eye closed, the right looking through the notch of the rear sight at a point slightly below the mark. At the count "THREE": (f) Draw a moderately long breath, let a portion of it out, then holding the breath, (g) Slowly raise the rifle with the left hand being careful not to cant the piece until sights are aligned just below the mark, (h) Hold in this position until the power to hold piece steadily is almost gone then resume position of ready, and resume breathing. 714. Q. What should you be careful to do when you raise the rifle to sight through the notch? A. I must be careful to keep my eye on the target and not on the front sight. 715. Q. Why should you do this? A. If I fail to do this, when I shoot at the long ranges, the mark will appear blurred. 716. Q. Why should you be careful not to hold the breath too long? A. Be^9"^ip^, J get sb^v. and mv eyes blur. FIRING REGULATIONS 113 TRIGGER SQUEEZE 717. Q. How should you squeeze the trigger? A. With the second joint of the forefinger, first taking up the slack, then squeezing the trigger with the whole hand as you would squeeze water from a sponge. 718. Q. Why should you squeeze the trigger in this manner? A. Because it prevents jerking the trigger and firing be- fore I am ready. RAPID FIRE EXERCISE 719. Q. What is the object of rapid fire exercise? A. To teach me to get aim quickly and correctly in all positions. USE OF SLING 720. Q. Why should you learn to adjust the sling in the best way? A. Because it helps me to get a good aim and keep it. 721. Q. Is the sHng a help to you in all shooting positions? A. It is and I should use it in all positions. 722. Q. In what ways only can you use your sling? A. (1) I can use the sling on one arm only. (2) Neither end shall have been passed through either sling swivels. (3) No knots will be tied in the gun sling. (4) The sling will not be altered, added to or changed in any way. DEFLECTION AND ELEVATION 723. Q. How do you set your sights for battle sight? A. Have rear sight leaf down. 724. Q. Show your normal sight set at 600 yards. Show your normal sight set at 750 yards. Show your normal sight set at 975 yards. 725. Q. Show the same for the peep sight. 726. Q. Where would a soldier look for even numbered ranges on his rear sicht leaf? 114 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. On the left-hand side of leaf. 727. Q. Where would he look for odd numbered rangesT A. On the right side of leaf. 728. Q. In actually setting your sights where should you look on sight leaf? A. On both sides, otherwise I am Hable to take too much elevation. 729. Q. If the wind is from the right in which direction would you set your wind-gauge to correct for it? A. To the right. 730. Q. If from the left in which direction would you set your wind-gauge? A. To the left. 731. Q. What rule governs this? A. I always push my wind-gauge in direction I wish bullet to go. 732. Q. How can you know how much windage to take? A. I will be told by the instructor until I am a good shot, then I will know by experience. 733. Q. Set your wind-gauge to show one and a half points right windage. 734. Q. Set your wind-gauge to show two and a half points right windage. 735. Q. Show the same for a left wind. 736. Q. Should you find what your sight setting is for dif- ferent ranges, for your particular rifle? A. Yes, sir. 737. Q. Should you keep a record of this and where? A. Yes, sir, in my score book or other convenient place. 738. Q. How can you tell which way the wind is blowing? A. By looking at the trees, smoke or grass near me. GALLERY PRACTICE 739. Q. What can you learn at gallerv Dractice? A. I can learn how to hold and sight properly. FIRING REGULATIONS 115 740. Q. What is one important thing that gallery practice will not teach you? A. Whether or not I flinch and how to overcome it. ESTIMATING DISTANCE 741. Q. Why should you try to estimate distance correctly? A. Because it may be necessary in time of war for me to estimate the range of my target. 742. Q. What is the length of your pace? 743. Q. How many of your paces make a hundred yards? 744. Q. What are good ways to estimate distance to an object? A. (1) By comparing the distance with one hundred yards. (2) To divide the distance in half and compare the half with one hundred yards. (3) It certainly is not more than a certain distance, nor is it less than a certain distance, therefore it is between the two. (4) Watching for the dust of the shot. 745. Q. When do objects seem closer to you than they really are? A. (1) When they are down hill. (2) On a bright day. (3) Across the water, snow or wheat field. (4) When the object contrasts sharply with the back- ground, like white against black. (5) In high altitudes. 746. Q. When do objects seem further away from you than they really are? A. (1) On a dark or foggy day. (2) When up hill from me. (3) When part of the object is covered. (4) When looking over a hollow or depression in the ground. SHOOTING ON THE RANGE 747. Q. Are you required to shoot your rifle as it is issued to you? A. Yes. except that my company commander may have 116 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM the front sight changed or the wood near the upper band worked down. 748. Q. May you shoot with the front sight cover either on or off ? A. Yes. 749. Q. When not shooting should you be careful to keep the front sight cover on? Why? A. Yes, because it protects my front sight from injury. 750. Q. When not shooting should you be careful to keep your rifle in a cloth cover? Why? A. Yes, because my rifle is then protected from dust, dirt and dampness. 751. Q. Should you be careful to keep the muzzle of your piect off the ground? A. Yes. 752. Q. In what uniform should you always appear at the firing point? A. In the uniform prescribed by the commanding officer. 753. Q. How many privates work and mark each target during target practice? A. Two. 754. Q. What do these two privates do? A. One works targets up and down and the other pastes the holes and signals the shot values. 755. Q. When should I leave the pit? A. When the danger flag (red) is up and the firing ceases. 756. Q. Should I ever stick my head above the parapet? A. No, sir. 757. Q. When should you lower the target? A. Only when ordered to do so by the Corporal. 758. Q. How would you signal a miss on your target? A. By waving a red flag across the front of target. 759. Q. How would you signal a ricochet shot that hits the tar-. get? A. By showing the ricochet flag and the proper disk ovet the shot hole. FIRING REGULATIONS 117 760. Q. How would you indicate that shots were going over your target during instruction practice? A. By shoving the flag up and down. 761. Q. What do you do if you know a shot has missed your tar- get on either side? A. Signal a miss and show the signal on the side missed. 762. Q. How do you show a shot in the parapets? A. The miss is signalled and the flag is moved toward the parapet so that it shows the shot hit in the parapet. 763. Q. How do you mark rapid fire? A. (a) Each shot hole is marked in order, beginning with the highest in value. (b) I should swing the disk clear of the target for each shot marked. (c) I must be careful to mark slowly, so that the scorers at the firing point can read the score cor- rectly. 764. Q. How are misses shown in rapid fire? A. By waving the red flag once across the target for each miss. RAPID FIRE PRACTICE 765. Q. When should you load in rapid fire? A. At the command and not before or after. 766. Q. What sight only do you use for rapid fire? A. The battle sight. 767. Q. How do you load for rapid fire? A. Fill my magazine, load the piece from the magazine and turn my safety lock to the '' safe." 768. Q. What do you do at the command, "READY," by the officer in charge of the firing line? A. Turn safety lock to ready and take position of ready, standing with sling properly adjusted. 769. Q. What do you do in case you are not ready when the officer in charge of the firing line calls, ''Ready on the right" or ''Ready on the left"? 118 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. I call ''Not Ready/' giving the number of my target. 770. Q. What happens if you do not call "not ready" and you fail to fire at the target at the proper time? A. tam given a total miss for the score. 771. Q. If you hear the command "Ready on the firing line," where must you keep your eyes? A. On my target. 772. Q. What do you do when you empty your magazine in rapid fire? A. I put in another clip and continue the fire. 773. Q. What care should you take in loading the second clip? A. I should load as follows: Take a clip from the belt and insert the end in the clip slot, placing the thumb on the powder space of the top cartridge and the fingers ex- tending around the piece, tips resting on the magazine floor plate. Force the cartridges in the magazine by pressing down with the thumb; without removing the clip, thrust the bolt home, and turn down the handle. 774. Q. How can you ruin good scores by carelessness in loading the second clip? A. By forcing the cartridges out of the clip. They fall on the ground and require time to pick up and load. 775. Q. What is each unfired cartridge counted in rapid fire? A. A miss. 776. Q. In case your clip breaks or jams what should you do? A. Load cartridges singly as quickly as possible and con- tinue to fire. 777. Q. In case you fire on the wrong target, what happens? A. I get credit for such shots only as hit my own target. 778. Q. What care should you take in working your bolt in rapid fire? A. (a) To pull the bolt clear back in order that the fired shell be thrown out. (b) That the bolt handle is clear down when piece is re- loaded from magazine. FIRING REGULATIONS 119 779. Q. What is flinching? A. Flinching is a sudden movement of the body at the mo- ment of firing, throwing your rifle out of aim; another form of flinching is closing the eyes at the moment of firing. 780. Q. What causes it? A. Your fear of the recoil. 781. Q. If you are sure that you have made a good score and they give you a miss, what is probably the cause? A. I have probably flinched. 782. Q. How, to a great extent, can you overcome flinching? A. By aiming properly, and holding my piece steadily, and squeezing the trigger so gradually that I will not know the exact instant the shot will be fired. 783. Q. If you know the exact moment you are going to pull the trigger, what will happen? A. I will probably jerk the trigger, flinch or both. 784. Q. On what should you keep your mind when aiming? A. On the aiming and not on pulHng the trigger. IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER 1 . That the greatest cause of poor scores are: (a) First and foremost, flinching. (b) Not squeezing the trigger properly. (c) Not holding the rifle to the shoulder closely enough. (d) Not holding the rifle accurately on the mark. (e) Not taking full value of sling. (f) Not getting a comfortable position before firing. (g) Not holding the breath properly. PISTOL FIRING 785. Q. What are the three principal parts of your pistol? A. The barrel, slide and receiver. 786. Q. How do you clean your pistol? A, S^in? a§ fgr rifle, (See ''Rifle and Equipment.") 120 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM • 787. Q. In taking the pistol from the holster or rack, what pre- cautions should you take? A. Remove magazine and draw back slide to see that piece is not loaded. Do the same after firing on target range and again before putting pistol back in, holster or rack. 788. Q. What are the ''don'ts" in pistol practice? A. (a) Do not load or cock pistol imtil ready to fire or imtil run in mounted course is started. (b) Always keep pistol in position of ''Raise pistol" ex- cept when pointing at target. (c) Never place the pistol on the ground where dirt and sand can hurt the mechanism. 789. Q. How do you load pistol? A. FOR LOADING PISTOL: (a) Place five cartridges in the magazine and insert mag- azine in the handle. (b) Draw back the slide and insert the first cartridge in the chamber. In drawing back the slide, pull to- ward] the body with thumb and forefinger of the left hand until it stops and then release it. (c) The pistol is then loaded and the hammer at full cock. 790. Q. Your pistol being loaded and at full cock, how do you lower the hammer? A. (a) Place thumb of right hand firmly on the hammer and insert forefinger of right hand in trigger guard. (b) With thumb of left hand exert slight pressure on grip safety and at the same time press the trigger. (c) Lower the hammer fully down with thumb. 791. Q. Should you ever put the pistol in the holster with ham- mer cocked? A. No, sir. 792. Q. What is the position for firing dismounted? A. (a) Stand firmly on both feet. (b) Body perfectly balanced and erect and turned at such an angle as is most comfortable when the arm is extended toward the target. FIRING REGULATIONS • 121 (c) The feet far enough apart to insure firmness and steadiness of position. (About 8 or 10 inches.) (d) Weight of body resting upon both feet. (e) Right arm fully extended, or nearly so. (f ) Left arm hanging naturally. 793. Q. How should you grip the pistol? A. Firmly, and exactly the same for each shot. 794. Q. How should the trigger be squeezed? A. The same as for the rifle, with the whole hand. 795. Q. Why is the pistol harder to shoot than the rifle? A. Because I am allowed no rests or gun sling. 796. Q. How do you aim in pistol shooting? A. In the same manner as with the rifle (using the normal sight) except in rapid or quick fire when little aim can be taken. 797. Q. What is rapid fire? A. Firing with the pistol at a bull's eye pistol target, with time limit of 20 seconds for five shots (30 seconds in expert test). 798. Q. How do you aim in rapid fire? A. I keep my eye fixed on the mark, and, after each shot be- gin a pressure on the trigger getting off the next shot as nearly perfect as I can in the time allowed. 799. Q. What is quick fire? A. Firing with the pistol at the bobbing target. 800. Q. How do you aim in quick fire? A. I practise pointing and aiming until I can get a good aim practically without the use of the sights. 801. Q. Should the left hand be used in pistol practice? A. Yes, after the right has become trained. 802. Q. How should ''quick fire'' be executed? A (i) I should load my pistol with five cartridges (one in 122 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM chamber and four in magazine) leaving pistol cocked and at the ''safe'' (that is, locked so that hammer cannot fall). (b) I should face about one quarter left from the target with weight of body resting equally on both feet and pistol held in the position of "raise pistol." (c) I should watch closely the bobbing staff and the instant it is flipped (the target exposed) I should re- move the "safe" by pressing down with the thumb and take quick aim at the figure before pulling trigger. (d) After the first shot, during time that target is not exposed, I should remain in the position of "raise pistol" (not at the "safe"). (e) I should fire one shot at each reappearance of the target until five shots have been fired. 803. Q. When firing is it necessary to squeeze the handle of pistol tightly in order to insure its proper working? A. Not at all — the slightest pressure on the grip will make the grip-safety take hold and therefore you need never bother about this point. 804. Q. What is a second class pistol shot? A. One who makes at least 72 and less than 96 points (60 per cent.) in record firing with the pistol. 805. Q. What is a first class pistol shot? A. One who makes at least 96 points out of a 120 (80 per cent.) in record firing with the pistol. 806. Q. What is an expert pistol shot? A. One who makes at least 50 points (83 per cent.) out of a possible 60 in record firing with the pistol. PISTOL RESUME There are two kinds of pistol shots, the natural and the made shot. The former with comparatively little practise can soon do good shooting. The latter must be willing to spend a great deal of time at snapping at marks and firing with small caliber FIRING REGULATIONS 123 pistols. The 22 caliber with 6 inch to 10 inch barrel is recom- mended. When proficiency with the 22 caliber^ slow and rapid, has been attained, then only can this soldier hope to manage Lccessfully the caliber 45 pistol. As with the rifle, flinching will be found to be the greatest evil to be overcome. Great patience and perseverance will be required both by the soldier and his instructor. Designation of Targets and Fire Distribution 807. Q. In firing in squad, platoon or company why should you always aim exactly where told by your commander? A. Because it is a part of the team work. I am firing at one part of the target while others are firing at the other parts of the target and in this way the whole target, either in battle exercise or in real war, is kept imder our fire. 808. Q. Why not have the whole company fire at the same part of the target? A. Because that would take the fire away from a large part of the target (or enemy) and in war would leave just that many of the enemy free to fire coolly and de- liberately at us. The enemy's fire would then be much more accurate and deadly. 809. Q. What is meant by ''designation of targets"? A. The pointing out of targets. When my platoon commander tells me where my target is and at what part I am to fire he is ''designating my target." 810. Q. What is meant by "fire distribution"? A. Aiming and firing in the platoon in such a way that every point of the platoon target is under fire. When my platoon commander has told us all at what target each is to fire and has assigned us so that all of the platoon target is covered by our fire then he has distributed his fire. If we all fire accurately at our proper target as ordered, he has good "fire dis- tribution." 811. Q. Whose duty is it to designate your target? 124 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. My platoon commander; he may be assisted by platoon guides and squad leaders. 812. Q. How should your target be designated or pointed out if it can he dearly seen ? A. My platoon commander will use the horizontal dock system — that is: we imagine ourselves to be in the centre of a very large clock dial which is lying flat on the ground with the XII directly in our front (perpendicular to our firing line). He will then give (a) the direction ... for example : "at two o'clock " which means we look in the direction of the II on the large clock dial. (b) the range. . . .for example: ''range iOOO" which means that our target is about a thousand yards from us and we are to set our sights at one thousand. (c) the objective or target for example: "a troop of cavalry dis- mounted" which means our target will be this troop of cavalry dis- mounted and we will open fire on it when given the command ''fire at will.'' A few more examples of pointing out targets which can he clearly seen: 1. (a) at eleven o'clock (b) range 950 (c) a company in column of squads. 2. (a) at one o'clock (b) range 800 (c) a field gun in position. 3. (a) at ten o'clock (b) range 1100 (c) a group of staff ' officers mounted. Explain to your instructor just what each of the three examples means. FIRING REGULATIONS 125 813. Q. How should your target be designated or pointed out if it is small or hard to see ? A. My platoon commander will then use the vertical clock system — that is (a) we imagine ourselves to be in tlhe centra of a very large clock dial which lies flat on the ground with the XII directly in our front as before and (b) as soon as the platoon cctfnmander gives us a reference point (a house, tree or other object near our target but easy to see) we imagine another clock dial standing upright and facing us with its centre at this reference point, (c) Platoon com- mander will now give the o'clock or direction to look from the centre of this upright clock dial, (d) He will then give the range (e) and then the target. For example: Your platoon commander wants you to open fire on a line of skirmishers who are lying down to our left front and are very hard to see as the range is 900 yards. There is a bushy tree about 100 yards back of this line and to their left; it can be easily seen by us. Our platoon commander will give the commands like this: (letters in front of these commands are simply for use in studying). (a) ''To our left front/' (or % "at eleven o'clock") which means we look in the direction of eleven on the large clock dial which lies flat on the ground. (b) Reference point which means we are to ''A bushy tree" use this as our reference point for the centre of our upright clock dial. (c) "At eight o'clock" which means we are to follow from this bushy tree or the reference point in the eight o'clock di- rection in order to find our target. 126 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM (d) "Range 900'' which means the line of enemy skirmishers will be found 900 yards from our position, and at eight o'clock from the bushy tree reference point. We are to set our sights at 900. (e) "A line of skirmishers" . which means our target or objective will be this line of skirmishers and we are to open fire on it when given the com- mand ''fire at will." (Note: the platoon commander will now probably distribute his fire by telling us where each is to fire on the platoon target; as a usual thing he will give to each a part of the line of skirmishers which comes most nearly to being in my direct front. A few more examples of pointing out targets which are small or hard to see: 1. (a) To our right front (b) Reference point ''a house with two chimneys" (c) at 3 o'clock (d) range 1000 (e) a patrol of four men. 2. (a) at 2 o'clock (b) Reference point ''a white shack" (c) at 9 o'clock (d) range 1100 (e) a squad marching east. Note: that in both examples the first command refers to the horizontal or flat clock dial, that in both examples the third command refers to the vertical or upright clock dial. Explain to your instructor just what both of these ex- amples mean. 814. Q. How may the fingers be used in designating or pointing out your target? A. My platoon commander may give a command like this: "To our right front, Reference point 'a stone house with two chimneys,' four o'clock three fingers, range FIRING REGULATIONS 127 1000, a skirmish line alongside that fence length about two fingers, right at the dark bush." Which will mean that we find our reference point (stone house with two chimneys) as explained in the vertical clock system and from this reference point and in the four o'clock direction a width equal to three fingers we should find the right or nearest point of the skirmish line, one thousand yards away. The length of skirmish line is about two fingers which would bring the left of skirmish line two fingers farther to our right. In other words he has used his fingers to show how far from the reference point (stone house with two chimneys) we are to look for the nearest part of the target (three fingers) and he has again used his fingers to show how wide the target is (two fingers). 815. Q. How should the fingers be used in pointing out the target? A. The arm is extended to its full extent, palm of the hand onwards, fingers held vertically (upright) with one side of the hand against the reference point. 816. Q. When may it be necessary for you to aim at one object with the idea of hitting another? A. When the real target is very hard to see (or out of sight), but there is a good aiming point near by. In this case I may be required to aim and fire at the good aiming point but to use such windage and elevation as will throw my bullets into the real target. Only by following strictly the orders of the platoon com- mander as to sightsetting, etc., will my shots go where intended. CHAPTER X. FIRST AID First Aid to Wounds An attempt has been made to formulate these questions and answers in as simple language as possible so the average soldier can understand them, and no attempt has been made to follow grammatical or technical rules if the idea could be conveyed in a simpler form that the soldier would under- stand. These questions are not to be used in the place of instructions by the Company Commanders on the subjects covered, but are simply to be used as an aid to the enlisted man in getting a better understanding of the subject when taken up by his instructors. 817. Q. Of what does the first aid treatment of wounds consist? A. (a) The arrest of hemorrhage. (Stopping bleeding.) (b) The prevention of infection. (Keeping dirt out of wound.) (c) The treatment of shock. ARREST OF HEMORRHAGE 818. Q. How is the blood carried to the different parts of the body? A. By the blood vessels, just as the water is carried to the different parts of the post by the water pipes of the water system of the post. 819. Q. How many kinds of blood vessels have you, and what does each do? A. Three. (a) Arteries, carrying the blood from the heart to the different parts of the body. (b) Veins, carrying the blood from the different parts of the body to the heart. (c) Capillaries, very small vessels connecting the arteries and the veins. See picture No. 1. 820. Q. What do you mean by hemorrhage? No. 1 The heavy black lines represent the arteries. Paralleling each of these heavy black lines is another black line that represents the veins. The small lines connecting the heavy lines rep- resent the capillaries. 1 is the heart, the right side receiving the venous blood through the veins, the left side send- ing the arterial blood out through the arteries. 2 is the large artery that carries the blood to the arms and is found under the collar bone as shown in picture. FIRST AID 129 A. When any part of the body is injured, as by a cut or a bullet wound, the walls of some of these vessels are broken, allowing the blood to flow out of the vessels in- stead of being carried along in them. Hemorrhage. is the escape of the blood from the blood vessels through a break in their walls. 821. Q. What kind of hemorrhage may follow an injury? A. (a) Arterial, when the walls of an artery are broken. (b) Venous, when the walls of a vein are broken. (c) Capillary, when the walls of a capillary are broken. 822. Q. How could you tell by looking at a wound which of these vessels had been broken? A. (a) If an artery has been cut the blood flows out of the wound in spurts and the blood is bright red. (b) If a vein has been cut the blood flows out of the wound in a steady stream and the blood is dark red. (c) If capillaries are cut the blood simply oozes out of the wound and does not flow in a steady stream. 823. Q. How would you stop the hemorrhage if you decided it was from an artery? A. By putting on a tourniquet between the wound and the heart. 824. Q. What is a tourniquet? A. A pad or compress placed on the line of the artery and a strap or band to go over the'pad and around the limb so that when it is tightened it will press the pad down upon the artery and interrupt the flow of blood. 825. Q. What may be used as a pad for the tourniquet? A. A cork, a smooth round stone, a piece of wood or a coat button wrapped in something like a handkerchief to make it softer. 826. Q. What may be used as the band for the tourniquet? A. Your waist belt, handkerchief, hat cord or a piece of rope. See picture No. 2. 827. Q. How is the tourniquet tightened? A. (a) Tie the band around the limb. 130 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM (b) Place the pad under the band and over the artery where you want to make pressure. (c) Pass a stick under the band and twist until the flow of blood stops. (d) Hold in this position by catching one end of the stick under the band. 828. Q. In what way may harm be done in using the tourniquet? A. (a) By bruising the flesh and muscles by twisting the band too tightly, (b) By leaving the pressure on too long. 829. Q. When and how would you loosen the tourniquet? A. After about half an hour untwist the stick slowly and watch the wound for return of the hemorrhage; then leave band and pad in place so it may be tightened again if hemorrhage returns. 830. Q. How would you stop the hemorrhage if it is from a vein? A. (a) Place gauze pad in first aid packet over the wound and then wind the bandage tightly around the limb over the gauze pad. (b) Then raise the limb above the rest of the body. See picture No. 3. (c) If it still bleeds put tourniquet on the side of the wound farthest from the heart. 831. Q. If it is from the capillaries? A. By placing the gauze pad in the first aid packet over the wound and then wind the bandage tightly around the limb over the gauze pad. 832. Q. How does making pressure between the wound and the heart stop hemorrhage from an artery? A. By pressing the artery against the bone so that the blood cannot pass through the artery and out of the wound. 833. Q. Where would you make pressure if the bleeding is from the side of the head? A, In front of the ear just below the edge of the hair on the same side as the wound. See picture No, 4, 834e Q. If frgm tb^ arm ^bgye the elbow? No. 2 1 is the line of the artery. 2 is the pad placed on line of artery; in this case folded hand- kerchief and match box have been used for a pad. 3 is the band; in this case the belt has been used. 4 is the stick to tighten the band; in this case a pen holder has been used. 5 is the wound. No. 6 1 is the wound. 2 is the line of the artery. 3 is the pad of the tourniquet in this case a handkerchief and blouse button were used. 4 is the band of the tourniquet, in this case the hat cord was used. 5 is the stick to tighten the band; in this case the knife from the mess kit was used. No. 7 1 is pad behind knee. 2 is belt passed around ankle and thigh. 3 is the wound. FIRST AID 131 A. Along the inner edge of the big muscle on the front of the arm, above the wound. See picture No. 2. 835. Q. If from the arm below the elbow or from the hand? A. Same as last answer; or by placing a pad in front of the elbow then placing the hand on the shoulder of the same side by bending the elbow; hold arm in that position by passing a belt around the wrist and around the arm just below the shoulder. See picture No. 5. 836. Q. If from between the hip and the knee? A. The middle of the groin a few inches to the outside of the crotch, above the wound. See picture No. 6. 837. Q. If from below the knee or from the foot? A. Same as last answer; or by placing a pad behind the knee and bending knee back until the heel almost touches the buttock; hold the leg in that position by passing a belt around the ankle and around the thigh just below the hip. See picture No. 7. 838. Q. How would you stop bleeding from the arge artery in the front of the neck? A. By making pressure with the thumbs below the wound and along the big muscle of the neck that comes down to the breast bone. See picture No. 8. 839. Q. How would you stop bleeding from the large artery in the arm pit? A. By placing the thumb or finger on the artery in the space above the collar bone and pressing down behind the collar bone until your thumb or finger feels the bone underneath the collar bone. See picture No. 9. Prevention and Infection use of the first aid packet 840. Q. Where is the first aid packet carried? A. In front of the right hip under the second pocket of the field belt. If armed with a pistol, in front of the left hip. 132 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 841. Q. How should the packet be placed in the pouch? A. With the ring down. 842. Q. Why? A. If placed with the ring up, a soldier in removing it will pull on the ring, either pulling off the metal ring or opening the metal container, thereby allowing dirt to get into the packet thus rendering it unserviceable. 843. Q. Who carries the first aid packet? A. Every soldier in the army. 844. Q. What does the first aid packet contain? A. Two gauze pads and bandages, two safety pins, and printed directions for using packet. 845. Q. How do you open the first aid packet? A. By pulling on the ring. 846. Q. What do you find when you open the first aid packet? A. One large package which contains three smaller packages. 847. Q. What is in the smaller packages? A. A sterile gauze pad and bandage in two of them andsafety pins in the smaller one. See picture No. 10. 848. Q. How would you apply the first aid packet to a wound? A. (a) Open the packet by pulling on the ring. (b) Break the wax paper around one of the gauze pads and bandages. (c) Pick up the rolls of the bandage with the thumb and forefinger of each hand. (d) Pull gently with each hand until the gauze pad opens out. (e) Place this gauze pad over the wound. See picture No. 11. (f ) Unroll the bandage slowly from each side, winding it around the part so as to completely cover the gauze pad and hold it in place. (g) When the ends of the bandage are reached, pin with the safety pins or tie. 849. Q. What is meant by saying the gauze pads and bandage are sterile? No. 3 1 is the first aid packet applied over wound. 2 is arm held above rest of body. No. 4 No. 5 1 is pad in front of elbow. 2 is belt around 1 is the wound, wrist and arm to hold hand on shoulder. 3 is pressure, end of belt tucked under shirt. No. 8 2 is the place to make FIRST AID 133 A. They have been treated with heat or some chemical so that all germs have been killed. 850. Q. Why is this done? A. So that when the gauze pad is put on the wound no germs will get in the wound from the dressing. 851. Q. ^What four things should you remember in putting on the dressing? A. (a) That nothing whatever, not even your fingers, be allowed to touch the gauze pad which is placed against the wound. (b) That nothing whatever is allowed to touch the wound. (c) That the bandage should be put on so as to cover both ends of the gauze pad, thus preventing in- fection (dirt) from getting under the dressing when the wounded man is moved. (d) That the bandage is put on tightly enough to hold the gauze pad over the wound, but not so tightly as to shut off the circulation of the blood. 852. Q. How would you know the bandage was too tight? A. The part beyond the bandage (farthest from the heart) would become swollen, the veins large, color dark and later may become cold; also the wounded man would probably complain of increasing pain. See picture No. 12. 853. Q. Suppose the wound was larger than the gauze pad what would you do? A. At the top of the gauze pad will be found two threads; break these and you will have a pad three and a half by seven inches. 854. Q. Suppose there were two wounds? A. Apply the gauze pad and bandage in the other package the same as you have applied this one. 855. Q. Why is it necessary to be so careful not to touch the wound or the gauze pad that you intend to place on the wound? A. (a) The hands, the clothing and everything that has 134 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM not been sterilized are covered with hundreds of germs which are so small they can not be seen with the naked eye. (b) By touching the wound or the pad that is to be placed over it these germs are left in the wound or on the pad and from it they get into the wound. 856. Q. What may result if these germs do get in the wound? A. Pus may form or there may develop ''blood poisoning," lock-jaw, or erysipelas, depending upon the kind of germs that are carried into the wound. 857. Q. What is an infected wound? A. One that germs have gotten into. 858. Q. How may these germs get into the wound? A. (a) By touching the wound with dirty hands or dirty dressings, (b) By having a dirty body and dirty clothing. 859. Q. How may a soldier prevent a wound from becom- ing infected? A. (a) By keeping his body and underwear clean. (b) By keeping dirt out of the wound. (c) By putting on the first aid dressing properly. Treatment of Shock 860. Q. What is shock? A. It is a condition that results when a man has received a severe injury or has lost a large amount of blood. 861. Q. What do you know about the treatment of shock? A. It is such a serious condition that a private soldier should not attempt to treat it but a medical officer should be called at once. First Aid in Sprains and Fractures 862. Q. What would you do if you sprained your ankle or wrist? A. (a) Put hand or foot in bucket of cold water at once. (b) Keep adding cold water; ice water is better. (c) Keep it in this water for about a half -hour. (d) Bandage tightly and report to medical officer. No. 9 No. 11 1 is the wound. 2 is the collar bone. 3 is 1 is the wound. 2a and 2b sterile bandage, the place to make pressure. 3 is sterile gauze pad. Note how he has picked up each bandage with thumb and forefinger without touching pad. No. 12 1 is first aid packet applied^to wound near elbow. 2 shows enlarged veins caused by bandage being too tight. No. 10 1 is first aid packet with metal container. 2 is package found after metal container is re- No. 10 moved. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, are what is found when large package is opened. 3a and 3b each con- tain a sterile gauze pad and bandage. 3c con- tains two safety pins. 3d is printed directions for using packet. 4 is safety pins ojjened. 5 is sterile pad contained in 3a and 3b. 6 is sterile bandage contained in 3a and 3b. FIRST AID 135 863. Q. What would you do if you thought a man had a broken bone? A. (a) See that the injured Hmb is not moved more than is absolutely necessary. (b) Place the limb in as near the natural position as possible. (c) Put on splints so as to hold it in that position. 864. Q. What are the dangers from moving a broken limb be- fore splints are put on? A. In moving the limb, the sharp ends of the bone may tear the muscles or a blood vessel, or may break through the skin. 865. Q. What would you do if the bone had broken through the skin? A. First put on a first aid packet and then apply splints the same as for any other broken bone. 866. Q. What could be used for splints? A. Pieces of board, sticks cut from trees or anything that is strong enough to hold the limb so it can not move. 867. Q. What must you always be careful to do in putting on splints? A. (a) Pad the splints so they will not cause pain by pres- sure. (b) Put splints on tight enough so there can be no move- ment of the broken ends of the bone when the man is moved. (c) Have the splints long enough so as to prevent, as much as possible, movement of the joint above and the joint below the break. 868. Q. What could be used for padding? A. Parts of the man's clothing, paper, grass, leaves. 869. Q. What could you use to hold the splints in position? A. Handkerchiefs, waist belts, bandages, ropes, hat cords, leggin strings, shoe strings or straps. Put these on above and below the break and never immediately- over it. 136 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 870. Q. What would you do if a man had a broken arm between the shoulder and elbow? A. Put splints on outside of arm from shoulder to elbow; another on inside of arm from arm pit to elbow; place arm across chest so that the thumb points up and hold in a sling. See pictures 13, 15, and 16. 871. Q. If between the wrist and elbow? A. Splint on outside of arm from elbow to ends of fingers; splint on inside of arm from elbow to ends of fingers; put in sling as shown in pictures 15 and 16, also see picture 14. 872. Q. What could you use for a sling? A. Two handkerchiefs tied together, lower part of blouse or shirt turned up and pinned high enough to hold arm across chest, or use a belt. See pictures 15 and 16. 873. Q. If between the knee and the ankle? A. Splints on inside, outside, and behind from above knee to sole of foot; then tie the legs together. See pic- tures 17 and 18. 874. Q. If between the hip and the knee? A. Long splint on outside of leg from armpit to sole of foot; short splint inside of and behind leg from crotch to sole of foot, then tie legs together. See picture No. 19. 875. Q. If collar bone is broken? A. No splints needed, but put arm in sUng same as for a broken bone. First Aid in Drowning 876. Q. What are some of the things to remember if you are a poor swimmer and find yourself in deep water? A. (a) Do not make violent strokes with your arms and legs, as this only tires you out. (b) If possible keep your head above the water, and if vou find vou have to go under close your mouth and No. 13 1 is splint on outside of arm from shoulder to elbow. 2 shoestrings used to hold splints in place. 3 underwear used as padding. 4 where the arm is broken. 5 is splint on in- side of arm from armpit to elbow. No. 14 1 is splint on outside of arm from elbow to fingers. 2 is underwear used as padding. 3 shoestrings used to hold splints in place. 4 where th^ arm is broken. 5 is splint on in- side of arm to ends of fingers. No. 15 1 is lower end of shirt used as sling. 2 shows shirt held in position by two safety pins. No. 16 Showing belt used as sling. FIRST AID 137 hold your breath. If you do this you will come to the surface in a very short time, (c) Do not throw your arms out of the water or try to raise them above your head. If you do your head will go under. 877. Q. In what way can you keep your head above the surface for a long time? A. (a) Throw your head back with your face turned up so just your nose and mouth stick out of the water. (b) Keep working your hands and feet slowly up and down. In this way you will float for a long time and not become tired. (c) The smallest piece of board or driftwood will be a great help in keeping you afloat. 378. Q. If a person swims out to rescue you what should you do? A. (a) Remain in the same position as when floating. (b) Try to do exactly as the person rescuing you tells you to do. (c) Never grasp the person rescuing you with your arms or legs. If you do you will both drown. (d) When he starts to tow you turn on your back and if possible without interfering with him paddle with your hands and feet. 879. Q. In what danger is a swimmer when he tries to rescue a drowning man? A, He is in danger of being drowned by the drowning man getting a ''death grip" on him and preventing the rescuer from swimming. 880. Q. What would you do when you had reached the drowning man? A. (a) Tell him to stop struggling and keep his arms and legs away from you and you will be able to save him. (b) Do not attempt to take hold of him until he has stopped struggling and is quiet. (c) Do not allow him to grasp you with his arms or legs. 881. Q. What would you do if he did get a grip on you with his arms or \e^? 138 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Push his head under the water and hold it there until he relaxed, or strike him in the face with your fist or choke him. 882. Q. After he has become quiet how would you take hold of him? A. (a) Swim around him so you could suddenly grasp him by the hair, the collar or under the arms, and then turn him on his back. (b) Then give him a quick pull toward you, which will bring his body near the surface, and at the same time turn on your back. See picture No. 26. This should place his back on your stomach and the back of his head on your chest. (c) Place your hands under his jaw on each side and swim with your legs and elbows. See picture No. 26. 883. Q. What causes a man to die when he is kept under watert A. He tries to breathe and instead of drawing air into his lungs, draws in water which fills his lungs so that the air can not enter. 884. Q. Then what is the first thing to do for him when he is taken out of the water? A. Try to get the water out of his lungs. 885. Q. How would you do that? A. (a) Open his clothing about his neck. (b) Turn him on his face. (c) Stand astraddle of him and pick him up by placing your hands under his belly just above his hips and lift him up so his face falls toward his toes. See picture No. 20. (d) Hold him in this position and shake him up and down several times. 886. Q. You have the water out of him so that the air can go in his limgs. Now what are you going to do for him? A. (a) Wipe out his mouth as far back as you can reach, as his mouth may be filled with mud or sand, or mucus (phlegm) and this would keep the air from entering his lungs. No. 17 2, 3, are splints on inside, behind, and outside of leg from below sole of foot to above 1 . . knee. 4 where bone is broken. 5 shoestrings to hold splints in place, splints in place. 7 is underwear and O. D. shirt used for padding. 6 is hat cord to hold No. 18 Shows broken leg same as in plate No. 17 but with legs tied together so he can be moved. 1 is where leg is broken. 2 are belts used to tie legs together. No. 19 1, 2, are splints reaching from crotch to below sole of foot on inside and behind leg. 3 is splint reaching from armpit to below sole of foot. 4 shoestrings, hat cord, and belts used to hold splints in position. 5 is where bone is broken. FIRST AID 139 (b) Try to start him breathing by artificial respiration. 887. Q. How would you give artificial respiration? A. (a) Lay him face down, turn head to one side so that nose and mouth are not in the dirt. (b) Bring his arms straight up above his head. See picture No. 20. (c) Get astraddle of his legs up close to his hips and pull up his shirt and find the lower edge of the lowest rib. (d) Turn your hands outward so your fingers point away from his backbone, then put the heels of your hands down on his back a couple of inches from his back bone, one on each side of the backbone, the little finger of each hand being along the lower edge of the lowest rib on each side. (e) Keep you arms stiff and throw your weight forward on your hands and stay in that position for about three seconds. See picture No. 22. (f) Suddenly take off your weight, then wait two or three seconds and then put on weight again as before. (g) Repeat these movements twelve or fifteen times a minute. If a man is larger than you, when you put your weight on your hands raise your body so all your weight is on the heels of your hands and your toes. Never keep weight on man longer than three seconds. See picture No. 23. 888. Q. What is the best way to time the movements in artificial respiration? A. Have comrade time you with watch, or lay your own watch down by your side where you can see the time. If you have no watch, time it by your breath- ing. You breathe once about every three seconds. 889. Q. How long would you keep up artificial respiration? A. At least two hours. 890. Q. After he started to breathe what would you do? A. As soon as he is conscious give him something hot to drink, black coffee being the best; watch him carefully as he may stop breathing again; wrap him in blankets 140 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM and do not move him or allow him to stand until his breathing has been deep and regular for an hour or more. First Aid in Poisoning and Snake Bite 891. Q. When a man takes poison of any kind what is the first thing to do? A. Get as much of it out of him as you can as quickly as pos- sible, or give him something that will change the poison so that it will no longer act as a poison. 892. Q. What could you do to get the poison out of him? A. Cause him to empty his stomach by vomiting; to do this give him a glass of warm water with a teaspoonful of salt in it, or a glass of warm water with a teaspoonful of mustard in it; then put your finger down his throat as far as you can, or tickle the back part of his throat with a feather, until he vomits ; give water from time to time and keep him vomiting until the water he throws up is clear. 893. Q. When should you not give him something to make him throw up? A. If there were bums on his Mps or in his mouth; this would show he had taken carbolic or some other strong acid. 894. Q. What could you give him to change the poison so that it would no longer act as a poison? A. Hot strong tea, milk or white of an egg are best; these should be given before the mustard or salt water; if there are bums, these should be given alone. 895. Q. What would you do if a man was bitten by a poisonous snake? A. (a) At once place a tourniquet without a pad betw^een the wound and the heart. (b) With a clean knife, the blade of which has been heated in a match flame, make the bite larger so that the blood will flow out. (c) Have the injured man or comrade suck the wound. No. 26 Position for Rescue. 1 shows arm above head. No. 21 2 shows head turned to one side. 3 shows proper place for hand to make pressure. 4 shows backbone. No. 22 1 shows hands in proper position. 2 shows arms stiff with weight thrown on hands and man making pressure resting on his knees. No. 23 Shows weight on hands and toes FIRST AID 141 (d) Give stimulants of some kind, like whiskey or black coffee in small doses. 896. Q. Why would you put on this tourniquet? A. To keep the poison that is in the wound from being carried into his system. 897. Q. How long would you leave this tourniquet on? A. About a half to three quarters of an hour. 898. Q. How would you take it off? A. By untwisting a turn; then waiting a few minutes, and untwisting another turn ; continue in this way until the tourniquet is loose, taking about a half hour to com- pletely imtwist it. 899. Q. Why is this necessary? A. By loosening it slowly he will get what poison there is left in the wound into his system in such small amounts that it will not poison him. 900. Q. What would cause you to tighten the tourniquet again? A, If the man, at any time, complains of feeling dizzy or sick at his stomach. 901. Q. Why would this cause you to tighten the tourniquet again?- A. His complaining of feeling sick at his stomach or dizzy would show that he was getting enough poison into his system from the wound to poison him, so the tour- niquet would have to be tightened again to stop it. First Aid in Burns and Freezing 902. Q. What would you do if you spilled boiling water over your hand and arm? A. Keep the whole burned surface under warm water so as to keep out the air; if there are blisters do not open them but put on clean handkerchief or bandage and bandage lightly, and report to medical officer at once. If the clothing is stuck to the burned surface, do not try to remove, but cut off the rest of the clothing leav- ing the part that is stuck remain. 142 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 903. Q. What would you do if you spilled lye on your hands? A. Pour vinegar over it and then do the same as above. 904. Q. What would you do if you found a comrade's clothing all ablaze? A. Throw him down and not allow him to run, as this would increase the blaze; smother the blaze by throwing around him a blanket, coat or overcoat; after fire is out do the same as above. 905. Q. What part of the body is most frequently frozen? A. The ears, fingers, nose, toes and cheeks. 906. Q. How would you know your fingers were about to become frozen? A. First they would feel cold, then painful and red, then they would commence to tingle and feel like they were going to sleep and at the same time changing to a dark red color; after this, all feeling leaves them and they become white. 907. Q. What would you do if you found one of your hands or feet frozen? A. Keep away from the fire or warm room; if possible, put the part in a bucket of ice water and rub briskly; if not, rub briskly with wet snow; never rub with dry snow. Keep this up until the feeling and color returns in the part; then wrap in cloths wrung out in ice water. First Aid in Fainting, Heat Exhaustion, and Sunstroke 908. Q. What would you do if a comrade fell in a faint? A. (a) Place his head lower than his body. (b) Keep the crowd from collecting around him. (c) Open his clothing about his neck and chest. (d) Sponge his head and face with cold water. 909. Q. How would you tell the difference between heat ex- haustion and heat stroke? A. HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE Skin cold to touch Skin very hot to touch Skin damp Skin dry FIRST AID 143 HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE Face pale Face very red Breathing shallow and Breathing deep and snoring sighing Man usually unconscious and Man not unconscious, cannot be aroused easily aroused 910. Q. What would you do for heat stroke? A. (a) Place in coolest place possible. (b) Pour cold water over entire body, or if possible rub entire body with ice. (c) When conscious give cold (not ice) water to drink in small quantities frequently. 911. Q. For heat exhaustion? A. (a) Place him in the shade. (b) Open his clothing around his neck. (c) Lower his head. (d) Give stimulants such as black coffee. (e) Wrap him in blankets and rub limbs until they feel warm. Care of the Feet 912. Q. What are the most common troubles a soldier may have with his feet while on the march? A. Corns, blisters, bunions, inflamed or swollen tendons (cords or leaders), and ingrowing nails, 913. Q. What causes corns, blisters and bunions? A. (a) Shoes that do not fit properly. (b) Socks that wrinkle. (c) Wrinkles in the lining of the shoes. (d) Dirt in the shoes. (e) Dirty socks or dirty feet. (f ) Not having the feet properly hardened before starting on a long march. (g) Socks that are too tight. 914. Q. How can shoes be fitted to the feet? A. After the shoes have been properly fitted to the feet by the Company Commander, stand for five minutes in 144 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM water well above the soles of the shoes; then walk over a level surface until the shoes are perfectly dry; then rub shoes with a light coat of ''Neat's Foot Oil/' 915. Q. What can be done to prevent blisters other than having a properly fitted shoe? A. (a) Always wear woolen socks. (b) See that the socks have no holes or wrinkles in them, and that they are not too tight. (c) See that there are no wrinkles in the shoe lining, (d) Put on clean socks every morning. (e) Use foot powder in shoes and socks every morning. (f ) Bathe the feet every evening, or at least wipe them off with a wet towel. (g) Put on adhesive plaster over any red or tender spots. 916. Q. If a blister has formed while on the march what would you do? A. (a) Open the edge of blister with the point of a knife or needle that has been heated in a match flame. (b) Be sure and get all of the fluid out of the blister; to leave any in it may make it worse. (c) Put on adhesive plaster covering the skin well be- yond the edges of the blisters, putting on as tightly as possible without wrinkles. 917. Q. What is a good way to stop a shoe from rubbing the heel? A. Put a piece of felt or cloth between the tongue of the shoe and the lace and then lace tightly. 918. Q. Where are the tendons that usually become inflamed or swollen? A. (a) The large cord that can be felt just above the heel at the back of the foot, (b) The several small cords that can be felt in front of the ankle and on top of the foot. 919. Q. What causes them to become painful or swollen? A. (a) Lacing lower part of leggin too tightly. (b) Lacing shoe too tightly. (c) Folds in tongue of shoe or knots in the shoe strings pressing on lie ^endons. FIRST AID 145 (d) Strap on back of shoe pressing against big tendon above heel by lower part of leggin. 920. Q. What would you do if you found you had an inflamed tendon? A. Report to medical officer as soon as pain is first noticed. If this is impossible remove any of the above causes that may be present; soak foot in cold water and then massage over tendon; then strap tendons down as tightly as possible with adhesive plaster. 921. Q. What causes ingrowing nails? A. Not trimming the nails properly and shoes that are too tight across the toes. 922. Q. How should the nails be trimmed? A. Straight across, leaving the comers square. 923. Q. What would you do if you had a nail just starting to grow in? A. (a) Cut the nail square across the ends. (b) Cut a V-shaped piece out of the centre of the end. (c) Scrape the nail as thin as possible from the point of the V back toward the flesh. See picture No. 24. (d) Soak the foot in hot water every night and gently press flesh away from the sides of the nail. (e) If possible work a piece of cotton imdemeath the edges of the nail where it has started to grow in. (f) Do not cut out the comers but leave them grow out square. See picture No. 25. (g) Do not cut nail close enough to cause bleeding as this may cause blood poisoning. CHAPTER XI CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE Flies 924. Q. Why are flies dangerous? A. Because they carry disease. 925. Q. How do they carry disease? A. By carrying germs from the places they feed to our food. 926. Q. How do they carry these germs? A. (a) By the germs sticking to their bodies and legs. A single fly has been known to carry as many as six miUion germs at one time. (b) By the Hquid from their mouths they put on the food to soften it so they can eat it. (c) By depositing ''fly specks" which contain germs, on the food. 927. Q. Where do flies feed? A. (a) In the "rears," not properly covered. (b) On any waste matter that is not put in the "rears." (c) On food that is not covered in kitchen and dining room. (d) In garbage cans. (e) Around picket lines and stables. (f) Where greasy water has been thrown on the ground. (g) On small pieces of garbage that have been scattered over the ground. (h) They may feed in any of these places and in a few minutes afterwards al ght on your food and leave the germs they have picked up in these places or pieces of the waste matter from the "rears" or picket line on the food you eat. 928. Q. Where do flies lay their eggs? A. (a) In the "rears." 146 CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 147 (b) In horse manure and unclean picket lines. (c) In garbage cans not properly covered. (d) In the ground where greasy water has been thrown. (e) In partially burned garbage that is frequently found around incinerators. 929. Q. How many eggs will a fly lay at a time? A. One hundred to two hundred. 930. Q. How long does it take these eggs to hatch and full grown flies come out? A. Ten to twelve days. 931. Q. If flies have the proper feeding places will they increase in number very rapidly? A. Yes, one female and her offspring will produce over twelve million flies in forty days, even though half their eggs do not hatch. 932. Q. What are some of the diseases that flies may carry? A. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera and tape worms. 983. Q. What is the best way to keep flies away from a camp? A. (a) Destroy their breeding places, this is the first and most important. (b) Destroy their feeding places — don't feed them. (c) Use fly traps and fly paper. (d) Swat them. 934. Q. How can their breeding places be destroyed? A. (a) By burning out the "rears'' every day. (b) By removing the manure from the picket line and stables every day, and burning over the ground around the picket line once a week. (c) By putting all garbage and greasy water in the incinerator, and seeing that it is completely burned. (d) By daily policing around the kitchen and kitchen incinerator. (e) By removing every day small pieces of garbage, waste matter and horse manure that may be scattered over the ground. 148 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 935. Q. How can their feeding places be destroyed? A. (a) Have all deposits in the ''rears" completely covered at once. (b) Bury any waste matter that may be found near the camp. (c) Have all foodstuffs covered with mosquito bars or cheese cloth. (d) Do not allow dirty dishes or cooking utensils to set around exposed. (e) Keep garbage cans covered. (f) Do not throw greasy water on the ground. (g) Have horse manure and small pieces of garbage collected and burned by camp ''police" each day. (h) By the proper "police" of the picket lines. CapwS of the Health in Garrison, on the March and in the Camp in garrison 936. Q. How often should a man bathe? A. At least twice a week bathe the whole body with warm water and soap and follow this with cold water. 937. Q. Why is this necessary? A. The sweat is being poured out on the skin at all times; it dries on the skin and collects the dust and dirt. Germs that are always on the skin will grow and multiply by the million in this sweat and dirt so that any slight injury to the skin will become infected and abscesses or boils form. 938. Q. Why is it that men so frequently have boils when in the field? A. They usually do not have as good means for bathing as in garrison, and this dirt, sweat and germs collect on the skin; these germs are constantly rubbed into the skin by the equipment, that is why boils are so often seen where the belt or pack rubs against the man. 939. Q. Why should every man wash his hands before each meal? CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 149 A. (a) Because he probably has been handling something that others have been handling. (b) These other persons may have some disease and the germs of this disease will be on things they handle. (c) Your hands pick up these germs. (d) Then you get these germs on your food and that may give you the disease. 940. Q. What are some of the diseases that may be carried that way? A. Typhoid fever, cholera, syphilis, tuberculosis (con- sumption). 941. Q. How often should the underclothing be changed? A. Twice a week, and the underclothing that is worn during the day should not be worn at night. 942. Q. How often should your bedding be changed? A. Pillow cases and sheets should be washed once a week and the blankets and mattress aired once a week. 943. Q. What vermin is a man liable to get when he does not keep his body and clothing clean? A. Different kinds of lice. 944. Q. What are the common kinds of lice? A. (a) The head louse, which usually lives in the hair of the head. (b) The body louse (gray-back), which usually lives in the clothing. (c) The body louse (crab-louse), which usually lives in the hair of the body. 945. Q. In what way can Uce harm you? A. They not only suck your blood and cause irritation of the skin, but they may carry disease from one person to another. 946. Q. What should you do if you found you had lice of any kind? A. Report at once to the Medical Officer for treatment, and treat yourself exactly as he tells you. Do not try to get rid of them yourself; you may be able to 150 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM do so for a time, but they usually come back again for their knits or eggs are hard to kill and unless you are instructed how to kill these knits and eggs they will hatch out a long time after you have killed all the lice and you will find you will have another crop of them several weeks after you think you are cured. 947. Q. What causes the teeth to decay? A. Not cleaning the teeth and mouth properly. 948. Q. How often should you clean your teeth? A. At least twice a day, especially before going to bed at night. 949. Q. What should you use to clean your teeth? A. A good stiff brush and a good tooth paste or powder that has no gritty material in it. 950. Q. How should you clean your teeth? A. (a) Brush the back part of the teeth as well as the front, brushing up and down the long way of the teeth instead of across them. (b) Brush the gums as well as the teeth. (c) After brushing all the teeth in this way rinse the mouth thoroughly with warm water. 951. Q. Why should you brush the gums as well as the teeth? A. It makes them harder and keeps them from getting soft, spongy and sore and liable to bleed easily. 952. Q. How should you care for your tooth brush? A. (a) Rinse off thoroughly after using each time. (b) Allow it to dry by hanging it up or lajdng in some clean place. (c) Do not carry brush in your pocket, leggin or ha^ band. (d) Do not use brush after the bristles become worn, soft or loose. 953. Q. What happens when the teeth are not properly cleaned every day? A. (a) Part of the food remains between the teeth or be- tween the teeth and the ^ms. CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 151 (b) These particles of food decompose and give a bad odor to the breath and a bad taste in the mouth; also later cause the teeth to decay. (c) Later where these particles of food collect hard crusts form, and these crusts are called tartar. (d) This tartar discolors the teeth and causes the gums to become sore. 954. Q. What causes tooth ache? A. Holes or cavities in the teeth. 955. Q. In addition to brushing in what other way should these particles of food be removed from between the teeth? A. By working dental floss or thread between the teeth, but do not use a pin or metal pick, or a hard wood pick. 956. Q. What else may happen to a tooth besides causing it to ache when a cavity forms in it? A. Pus may collect at its root. This is what is commonly called "an ulcerated tooth" or an ''abscessed tooth." 957. Q. How can tooth ache or an abscess at the root of a tooth be prevented? A. (a) By using a stiff tooth brush regularly. (b) By keeping the food from collecting between the teeth and around the gums by using dental floss. (c) By reporting to the Bental Surgeon at once as soon as a small cavity is found, and not waiting until the cavity becomes deep enough to cause the tooth to ache. (d) Have the teeth examined at least twice a year by a Dental Surgeon, as small cavities will form between your teeth without your knowing it imtil they begin to ache. 958. Q. What is a gum boil? A. It is the pus from an abscess at the root of a tooth forcing its way out through the gums. 959. Q. What should you do for it? A. Report to a Dental Surgeon at once. 960. Q. What besides cavities in the teeth may come from not keeping: the mouth clean? 152 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. (a) Particles of food collect between the gums and the teeth and decompose. (b) Germs will collect there and pus will form under the gums, (pyorrhea). 961. Q. What harm does this do? A. (a) It inflames the gums and makes them tender so the food will not be properly chewed. (b) When the food is chewed this pus is squeezed out from under the gums and is swallowed with the food. (c) After a time the gums will shrink away from the teeth and the teeth become loose, and may fall out. 962. Q. How may decayed teeth or pus under the gums affect your health? A. (a) It keeps the food from being properly chewed, be- cause of the soreness, and this keeps it from being properly digested. (b) It causes a bad taste in the mouth and bad breath, loss of appetite, and later trouble with the stomach. (c) This collection of pus under the gums allows germs to get into the body either by being swallowed with the food or getting into the blood through the gums, and these germs may give you disease, especially rheumatism. 963 . Q. What should be done with all kinds of garbage and waste from the kitchen and table? A. It should be put in the cans provided for that purpose and these cans kept covered. Why is this necessary? If even the smallest particles of garbage are allowed to become scattered around they will attract flies. ON THE MARCH 964. Q. What should you do at the first halt on the march? A. Re-adjust the pack or any part of the equipment that has felt uncomfortable. Loosen the shoe and legging laces if they feel at all tight; if shoes feel uncomfortable look for dirt or wrinkles in the socks; go to the ''rear'' if you have not ab-eady done so before the start. CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 153 965. Q. What is the best way to get the most benefit out of the halt? A. Loosen the pack and the belt; lie down if you can and keep your feet higher than your head. 966. Q. Why should the water in your canteen be used sparingly? A. (a) It should be filled with good water before starting. (b) This may be all the good water you will be able to get until you get into camp and then you may have to wait some time before you get any more. (c) If it is drunk in large quantities at once it does not stop your thirst any more than if it is taken in small sips. (d) If it is taken in large quantities on a hot day it maf make you sick. 967. Q. What are some of the things you may do to prevenf thirst? A. (a) Drink your water in small sips, just enough to wet the back part of your mouth. (b) Keep chewing gum or a pebble in your mouth. (c) Do not smoke while marching. (d) Do not eat sweets or use alcoholic liquors while marching or the night before. 968. Q. Why not re-fill your canteen at any well, spring or stream that you pass? A. Very often the water from such places may look and taste all right, but at the same time not be fit to drink be- cause of cesspools, privies, or stables may drain in them and drinking such water may give you disease, so canteens should be filled only from such places as a medical or other officer tells you the water is fit to drink. 969. Q. What diseases may you get from drinking such water? A. Typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea and worms. 970. Q. If it became necessary for you to go to the ''rear" while on the march where should you go? A. A place some distance from the road, and then remember to cover your deposit with dirt. 154 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 971. Q. Why is this necessary? A. Other troops may be following you and camp near this place, or you may camp here later. If this deposit is not covered properly, flies will collect there and then go to the camp kitchens, or it may be blown into the camp kitchens by the wind. 972. Q. Why should you not buy fruits, candy, soft drinks or ice cream from vendors along the road? A. (a) Fruits may be covered by disease germs from the hands of the vender. (b) Candy will increase your thirst. (c) Soft drinks are usually ice cold and if drunk in large quantities may make you sick. (d) The same is true for ice cream, and the kind sold by these people is usually made out of the dirtiest kind of milk which may contain all kinds of disease germs. IN CAMP 973. Q. What is the best thing to do when you get into camp feehng tired and exhausted? A. Remove equipments at once; drink a cup of hot black coffee and eat a sandwich; do not eat a heavy meal until after you have rested. 974. Q. What will overeating and poorly chewed food do to you? A. Give you cramps and diarrhea. 975. Q. What should you do as soon as your tents are pitched? A. Ditch the tent, level the floor and make a dry bed with straw, leaves, grass or boughs. 976. Q. When should mosquito bars be used? A. Every night when camped in places wnere there arc mosquitoes. 977. Q. What is the danger from mosquitoes? A. Their bite may give you disease. 978. Q. What diseases can mosquitoes give you? A. Malaria fever, yellow fever and dengue (break bone fever). CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 155 979. Q. What is one of the first things that is always done when you get into camp? A. A pit or latrine is always dug by each company for a ''rear/' 980. Q. Where should ''rears'' be dug? A. (a) Always at the opposite end of the company street from the kitchen. (b) About fifty yards from the last tent on the company street. (c) On ground high enough to prevent flooding in case of rain. (d) On ground that does not drain into a stream from which water is used. 581. Q. What would you do to any "rear" that you build to prevent its flooding? A. Either ditch "rear" tent or ditch the pit. 982. Q. Why should "rears" be dug as soon as getting into camp? A. So that the men will have a place to go to the "rear" and will not have to soil the ground around the camp. 983. Q. What is the difference if they do soil the ground if they go some distance from camp? A. This will cause the flies to collect at this place, and these flies will afterwards find their way to the kitchens; also as the earth dries it will be carried by the wind as dust to the kitchen and get in the food. 984. Q. What is the best kind of a "rear" to use when camp is to be occupied for only twenty-four or forty-eight hours? A. A straddle pit for each company. 985. Q. How should it be dug? A. Make it one foot wide, eight feet long and two feet deep. 986. Q. What should you do with the dirt taken out of the pit? A. Pile it along side the pit so it can be used by each man to cover up his deposit. 987. Q. What should be kept in each "rear" all the time to aid the men in covering their deposit? 156 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. A small piece of board or bark to be used as a shovel. 988. Q. What should every man do that uses the ''rear'7 A. See that his deposit is completely covered with loose earth that is kept alongside the pit, so that flies cannot get to any part of it. 989. Q. Why should you sit astride of these pits instead of along the side? A. If you sit astride, everything drops to the bottom of the pit, while if you sit on the side, you will soil the edges of the pit and flies will collect or this soiled earth will be carried on your shoes or by the wind to the kitchens and tents. 990. Q. If the camp is to be used more than forty-eight hours how would you dig the pit? A. Dig it two feet wide, twelve feet long and six feet deep. 991. Q. If box seats are furnished how should the pit be dug? A. The same as last answer only the width and the length should be so that edges of the box would come about four inches from the edges of the pit. Then bank the dirt around the bottom of the box so flies cannot get in. 592. Q. What kind of care is required for this kind of a pit? A. (a) Scrub the box seat every day. (b) Bum out pit with fifteen pounds of straw and one gallon of oil once a day. (c) See that the lids and around the edges of the boxes are kept fly proof. (d) Dig new pit when filled within two feet of the top of the ground. Fill old pit and mark it. (e) Keep lids closed when not in use. 593. Q. In camps for more than forty-eight hours what should be used as a urinal at night? A. A tub or galvanized iron can should be placed in each company street with a lantern beside it. 994. Q. What care does this require? A. (a) It should be placed in the company street at dark and be removed immediately after reveille. CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 157 (b) It should be emptied in the "rear" every morning, scrubbed and burned out with straw and oil and then the bottom covered with a solution of lime and the can kept covered. 995. Q. What should every man remember about the disposal of his waste matter? A. (a) That the bowels and bladder should not be emptied at any place except in one of these pits and then deposit covered, or the lid of the box seat closed. (b) Not to do this may cause sickness for himself or his comrades. (c) If the material is not placed in the pits and properly covered, some of it will always find its way to the kitchen either by flies or dust and he will be get- ting it served with his meals. 996. Q. In a twenty-four to forty-eight hour camp what should be done with the garbage? A. It should be burned in the cook fire, or fire for that pur- pose. 997. Q. If camp is to be longer than forty-eight hours, what should be done with it? A. It should be burned in the company incinerator. 998. Q. How would you build a company incinerator? A. (a) Build a pit three feet wide, one foot deep and four and a half feet long, near the kitchen. (b) Fill this to the level of the ground with loose stones. (c) Build a stone wall one and a half feet high around both sides and one end of pit. (d) Bank outside of stone wall with dry dirt. 999. Q. How should the garbage be placed on the incinerator? A. The solid garbage should be burned in the centre of the incinerator. After the stones become hot the liquid should be poured on the inside of the stone wall and not on the wood or fire. 1000. Q. What care should be taken in using the incinerator? A. (a) Have all garbage ip the incinerator completely burned. 158 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM (b) Do not spill garbage on the ground between kitchen and incinerator or on the dirt surround- ing the rock wall. (c) If it is spilled remove it at once and rake over the surface of the ground where it fell. 1001. Q. What should be done with all dish water or other greasy water? A. It should be poured in the incinerator as above. 1002. Q. Why not throw it on the ground and allow it to dry? A. It will attract flies and flies will collect and breed in ground soiled with this kind of water. 1003. Q. What should be done with the empty cans? A. They should be burned out in the incinerator and then smashed so they will not hold water, and col- lected each day and teken to the dump or buried. 1004. Q. What can every man do to help prevent flies from collecting in a camp? A. (a) Use nothing but the ''rears" as you have been told before. (b) See that every particle of garbage from his mess pan goes in the incinerator. (c) See that greasy water from washing mess pans goes in the incinerator. (d) See that all pieces of fruit, candy or anything that attracts flies is put in the incinerator and not allowed to become scattered around the ground. 1005. Q. If water for the camp is to be taken from a running stream, at what part of the stream would you get it? A. (a) For cooking and drinking at a place up stream above where it is obtained for any other purpose. (b) For washing clothing at a place down stream below where it is obtained for any other purpose. (c) For bathing below the place where cooking and drinking water is taken and above where clothing is washed. CHAPTER XII VENEREAL DISEASE 1006. Q. Why are venereal diseases so important in the army? A. Because they cause more days of duty to be lost than any other disease. In 1910 the total days of duty lost were the same as if one whole regiment had been absent from duty during the entire year, be- sides losing the use of these men the Government was placed at great expense for their treatment. 1007. Q. Why are these diseases so important to every soldier? A. (a) Because they are diseases that he can avoid and if he does acquire them they are due to his own mis- conduct. (b) Because if he does acquire them he loses his pay during the days absent from duty and also has to make up the time lost. (c) Because they may become chronic and cause his discharge ''not in line of duty'' or cause him to re- quire treatment for years. 1008. A. Are venereal diseases as common among civilians as in the army? A. (a) Yes, New York City alone had a quarter of a million cases in 1910. (b) One in every four cases of blindness are due to these diseases. (c) One in every four cases of insanity are due ta these diseases. (d) One in every ten men that marry give their wives Venereal disease, the majority of them believing they have been cured. (e) One in every three prostitutes have some form of venereal disease in an infectious stage and eight out of every ten have these diseases in one form or another. 15? 160 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 1009. Q. What laws and regulations relative to venereal dis- eases affect soldiers? A. (a) Every soldier will report to the hospital immedi- ately after exposure and receive the prophylactic treatment. For failure to do this he will be court martialed. (b) He will receive no pay for the days lost while absent from duty on account of venereal disease. (c) His enlistment period will not be completed until he has made up the days lost from venereal disease. (d) If he is discharged for disability due to venereal disease he has no claim for a pension. 1010. Q. What method should be used to prevent venereal disease? A. (a) Do not expose yourself to these diseases. Tht: is the only sure method. (b) If you have not sufficient will power to contro; your passion and are willing to take the chance of catching one of these diseases, immediately afte'^ exposure you should urinate and wash parts thor- oughly with soap and water and then report to the hospital for the prophylactic. (c) If going on pass or furlough for more than twenty- four hours, buy an A & N tube at Post Exchange for five cents; immediately after exposure urinate and wash parts thoroughly with soap and water and use medicine in this tube according to directions and upon arrival at the post report immediately to the hospital. (d) Avoid the use of alcohol for it only destroys your will power and will cause you to take chances that you otherwise would not take. If you must take an occasional glass of beer go to a place that is kept clean and sanitary and has no back rooms with women there for the purpose of taking your money. (e) Avoid the company of women whose character is questionable. VENEREAL DISEASE 161 1011. Q. What should you remembor if you expect the pro- phylactic to be of any benefit to you? A. (a) It must be used as soon as possible after exposure and immediately after arrival in the post. Re- member that the use of the A & N tube does not excuse you from taking the treatment at the hos- pital. (b) The longer you delay using it the greater chance you have of catching disease. 1012. Q. What kinds of venereal diseases are there? A. Three: 1, Syphilis; 2, Gonorrhea; 3, Chancroid. 1013. Q. What is the cause of syphilis? A. It is caused by a germ getting into a break in the skin, usually by sexual intercourse, or by kissing a person with a syphilitic sore in the mouth, also by using eating utensils or drinking cup or smok- ing a pipe or cigarette that a syphilitic has used, or from getting the discharge from a syphilitic sore into a break in the skin; sometimes if the father or mother has syphilis the child will be bom with the disease. 1014. Q. What stages does the disease go through? A. (a) Primary, (first stage). (b) Secondary, (second stage). (c) Tertiary, (last stage). 1015. Q. What is the primary stage? A. It is the first stage of the disease and is shown by the forming of a hard, raised pimple (the chancre) from the top of which comes a watery discharge, at the place the germs get in the skin, usually around the foreskin. 1016. Q. What is the secondary stage? A. It comes later when a rash appears on the skin, the throat becomes sore or there are sores in the mouth and the hair and eyebrows fall out and the eyes become inflamed and painful and there may be pain in the joints and bones. 162 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 1017. Q. What is the tertiary stage? A. It may come on within eighteen months after ex-, posure or it may not develop for fifteen or twenty years, when there may be deep ulcers of the skin, disease of the bones or blood vessels, parts of the body may become paralyzed or insanity may de- velop. 1018. Q. In what stages is it most contagious? A. In the first and second stages. 1019. Q. What are the dangers from syphilis if it is not prop- erly treated? A. (a) It will go on to the tertiary stage and some or all of the above things develop. (b) Between the different stages there are times when a man will feel perfectly well and think he is cured and he then neglects treatment only to find the disease again appear in several months or years afterwards. (c) It requires such thorough treatment for such a long time that the man becomes discouraged and neglects treatment. 1020. Q. Why should you go on sick report at once if you find you have such a sore on your penis, sore throat or sores in your mouth or a rash on your skin? A. Because these are the early signs of the disease and the sooner the treatment is started the sooner you can be cured. If treatment is commenced early and properly carried out sjrphilis can be cured. 1021. Q. What is the cause of gonorrhea? A. It is caused by a germ. 1022. Q. How is it carried from one person to another? A. In the majority of cases by sexual intercourse, al- though it may be carried by the gonorrheal pus getting on towels, clothing, hands, or by sjrringes. 1023. Q. How would you know if you had contracted gon- orrhea? ^. At first there is a burning or itching sensation in the VENEREAL DISEASE 163 penis just back of the opening in the end, which is made worse when the urine is passed and within twenty-four hours a thick yellow discharge comes from the penis. 1024. Q. Why should you go on sick report at once if you had any of these signs? A. Because if proper treatment is started at once it can be cured. 1025. Q. What are some of the things that may result from gonorrhea? A. Strictures, buboes (''blue balls,'' swelling in the groin), swelling of the testicle, gonorrheal rheumatism, in- flammation of the bladder, inflammation of the ten- dons, ''blood poisoning,'' heart disease, or it may be- come chronic. (Gleet). 1026. Q. What care should be taken about the discharge from the penis? A. (a) A folded cloth or home-made bag or clean to- bacco bag with cotton in it should cover the penis; all of which should be burned when soiled. (b) Wash the hands with soap and water after touching the penis or dressing. (c) If any of the pus should get into the eye the disease develops there and may cause you to lose your sight. 1027. Q. What is the cause of chancroids? A. They are caused by a germ. 1028. Q. How is it carried from one person to another? A. Usually by sexual intercourse, or by the pus from one of these sores getting into a break in the skin. 1029. Q. How would you know that you had contracted chan- croids? A. There first appears a small blister usually around the foreskin, which breaks and leaves a raw inflamed spot which later increases in size and becomes covered with pus and near this ulcer new ones form. 164 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 1030. Q. Why should you go on sick report at once if you had such a sore? A. (a) Because it will keep spreading and new ones form- ing unless it is properly treated, (b) If not treated early, buboes will form which often form abscesses that have to be opened and they take weeks or months to heal. 1031. Q. If you had reason to believe you were developing any kind of venereal disease, what should you do at once, and why? A. (a) Report to a medical officer at once. (b) If treatment is started at once the number of days' time and pay you lose will be lessened. (c) The disease will be discovered at the semi-monthly inspection and you then will have to take treatment. (d) To attempt to treat yourself or be treated with patent medicines or by drug clerks or quacks only delays your cure and may result in some dis- ability that may cause your discharge. (e) You will get the best treatment possible, and the Government pays for it. CHAPTER XIII GUARD MANUAL 1032. Q. What are the points considered in selecting an orderly? A. (a) A soldier will be selected who is the most correct in the performance of duty. (b) The best in military bearing. (c) The neatest in personal appearance and clothing. (d) Whose arms and accoutrements are in the best con- dition. 1033. Q. What does the orderly do when he is ordered to fall out at guard mount? A. (a) He will give his name, company and regiment to the Sergeant of the Guard, (b) Take his rifle to his company quarters and go at once to the officer to whom he is assigned. 1034. Q. How does he report? A. ''Sir, Private Smith, Company 'Q,' reports as orderly." 1035. Q. What should an orderly look out for when he is ordered to carry a message? A. He should take care to deliver the message exactly as it was given him. 1036. Q. When does his tour of duty end? A. When he is relieved by the next orderly. 1037. Q. Are color sentinels placed on regular posts? A. No, sir. 1038. Q. Are their posts numbered? A. No, sir. 1039. Q. How does a sentinel on the color line call the Corporal of the Guard? A. ''Corporal of the Guard, Color Line." L040. Q. Will officers and enlist^ men passing the uncased colors, salute? 165 166 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Yes. 1041. Q. When do they salute? A. On crossing the color line or passing the colors. 1042. Q. Will a sentinel placed over the colors permit them to be moved? A. No, except in the presence of an armed escort. 1043. Q. Who is allowed to touch the colors? A. The color bearer only, unless otherwise ordered by the commanding officer. 1044. Q. Will he permit any soldier to take arms from the stacks? A. No, except by order of an officer or a non-commissioned officer of the guard. 1045. Q. If any person passes the colors or crosses the color line and fails to salute the colors, what will the sentinel do? A. The sentinel will caution him to do so and if the caution is not heeded he will call the corporal of the guard and report the facts. Privates op the Guard 1046. Q. What two kinds of orders has a sentinel on post? A. General and special. 1047. Q. What are your general orders? A. My General orders are: 1. To take charge of this post and all government property in view. 2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing. 3. To report all violations of orders I am instmcted to enforce. 4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guard-house than my own. 5. To quit my post only when properly relieved. 6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who re- lieves me all orders from the commanding officer, officer GUARD MANUAL 167 of the day, and officers and nonrcommissioned officers of the guard only. 7. To talk to no one except in line of duty. 8. In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm. 9. To allow no one to commit a nuisance on or near my post. 10. In any case not covered by instructions to call the corporal of the guard. 11. To salute all officers', and all colors and standards not cased. 12. To be especially watchful at night, and during the time for challeng ng, to challenge all persons on or near my post, and allow no one to pass without proper authority. 1048. Q. In your general orders what is the meaning of the word (a) "alert"? (b) "violations"? A. (a) Watchful and wide-awake (b) breaking. 1049. Q. What are colors? A. National and Regimental flags carried by foot troops. The National color is red, white and blue. The Regimental color is blue for Infantry and scarlet for Coast Artillery. 1050. Q. What are standards? A. National and Regimental flags carried by mounted troops. The National standard is red*, white and blue. The Regimental standard is yellow for Cavalry and scarlet for Field Artillery. 1051. Q. What is the meaning of the term "cased"? A. When colors or standards are folded around their staffs and a waterproof case drawn over them they are said to be "cased." 1052. Q. Are all persons of whatever rank required to observe respect toward sentinels and members of the guard? A. Yes, when they are in performance of their duties. 1053. Q. What should a sentry do in cage anything suspicious Qr uiiusu^l happens? 168 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM A. Report it at once to the corporal of the guard. 1054. Q. What will he do to all suspicious persons prowling around his post? To parties creating a disorder near his post? To persons who attempt to enter the camp at night? A. Arrest them and call the corporal of the guard. 1055. Q. Are the number, limits, and extent of your post part of your General or Special Orders? A. Special Orders. 1056. Q. The limits of your post include what? A. Every place I am required to go in the performance of my duty. 1057. Q. How does the sentry carry his rifle when on post? A. He may carry it either at the right or left shoulder, and in wet weather at the secure. 1058. Q. Except in case of relief, fire, or disorder, how does the sentry call the corporal of the guard? A. ''Corporal of the guard. No " 1059. Q. How does he call for relief in case of sickness? A. ''Corporal of the guard. No , Relief." 1060. Q. What does a sentry do when he is to be relieved? A. (a) He will halt, face toward the relief at a right shoulder when it is 30 paces from him. (b) Come to a port arms with the new sentry. Turn over to him all the special orders relating to his post. 1061. Q. Has any officer the authority to investigate the ap- parent violation of regulations by members of the guard? A. He has. 1062. Q. When halting or holding communication, in what position does the sentry hold his piece? A. Port arms, except at night when a person approaches dangerously near, when he will hold his piece in the position of guard. GUARD MANUAL 169 1063. Q. How does the sentry give the alann in case of fire? A. 'Tire, No " 1064. Q. Should the sentry put out the fire himself? A. Yes, if not too great. 1065. Q. Will he discharge his piece? A. Yes, if the danger is great. 1066. Q. How does the sentry give the alarm in case of disorder? A. By calling: ''The Guard, No " 1067. Q. Will he discharge his piece? A. Yes, if the danger is great. 1068. Q. If not engaged in the performance of duty which would prevent it, does a sentry salute all officers who pass? A. Yes, sir. 1069. Q. How does a sentry salute? A. If armed and on post, he halts, piece at right shoul- der, faces toward the person to be saluted, when he comes within 30 paces and comes to a present arms when the person saluted is at the saluting distance. At all other times, he will salute with the right hand. 1070. Q. If armed and not on post how does he salute? A. With the rifle salute. 1071. Q. In case of the approach of an armed party of the guard, the sentinel will do what? A. He will halt when the party is about 30 paces from him with his piece at the right shoulder, facing toward the party. 1072. Q. If he is not himself relieved at this time what will he do? A. He will so place himself that the party passes in front of him. 1073. Q. When does he resume walking his post? A. When the party has reached 6 paces beyond him, 1074. Q. At what distance does a sentry salute? A. When the party is at 6 paces or at the nearest point to hinPL 170 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 1075. Q. During challenging hours when does the sentry salute an officer? A. When duly recognized and advanced, and again after- wards if conversation takes place. 1076. Q. Is an officer entitled to a compliment when either in or out of uniform? A. He is. 1077. Q. Will a sentry in conversation with an officer interrupt the conversation to salute other officers? A. No, sir, unless the officer to whom he is talking salutes. 1078. Q. What does a sentry on post do in case he is in sight of the flag when it is being lowered at retreat? A. He faces the flag and stands at present arms during the sounding of '' To the Colors," or '' The Star Spangled Banner." 1079. Q. What does a sentry do when he challenges? A. He advances rapidly toward the person or party challenged, when within 30 paces of them will call: *'Halt, who is there?" and place himself in the best position to receive or arrest the party. 1080. Q. What does the sentry do in case the party challenged is mounted? A. He calls: "Halt, dismount, who is there?" 1081. Q. What does the sentry do in case the challenged party consists of more than one person? A. He calls: "Halt, who is there? Advance one to be recognized," and if recognized, he commands, "Ad- vance relief" or Advance patrol," as the case may be. 1082. Q. What does a sentry do in case several parties approach his post from several directions at the same time? A. All are halted in turn and the senior advanced. 1083. Q. If a sentry is in conversation with a party and other persons approach his post, what does he do? A. Halt them in turn and continues his conversation, im- less they are senior to the person to whom he is talk- ing, in which case he advances them at once. GUARD MANUAL 171 1084. Q. In what order do the commanding officer and officials of the guard and others come or rank? A. Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day, Officers of the Guard, Officers, Patrols, Reliefs, Non-commissioned Officers of the Guard in order of rank and friends. Special Orders for Sentinels at Guard House 1085. Q. What orders are the sentries at the guard-house re- quired to memorize? A. (a) Between reveille and retreat to turn out the guard for all persons designated by the Commanding Officer, for all colors or standards not cased, and in time of war for all armed parties approaching my post, ex- cept troops at drill and relief and detachments of the guard. (6) At night, after challenging any person or party, to ad- vance no one hut call the corporal of the guard, re- peating the answer to the challenge, (c) The sentinel at the post of the guard has charge of the prisoners except when they have been turned over to the prison guard or overseers. (d) He will allow none to escape. (e) He will allow none to cross his post leaving the guard- house except when passed by an officer or non-com- missioned officer of the guard. (/) He will allow no one to communicate with prisoners without permission from proper authority. (g) He will promptly report to the corporal of the gvxird any suspicious noise made by the prisoners. Qi) He will be prepared to tell whenever asked, how many prisoners are in the guard-house and how many are out at work elsewhere. (i) Whenever prisoners are brought to his post returning from work or elsewhere, he will halt them and call the corporal of the guard, notify him of the number of prisoners returning. Thus ''Corporal of the guard, so many prisoners.'^ (j) He will not allow prisoners to pass into the guardr 172 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM house until the corporal of the guard has responded to the call and ordered him to do so. 1086. Q. After receiving an answer to his challenge, the sentry at the guard-house does what? A. Calls: ''Corporal of the guard, so and so,'' repeating the answer to the challenge. 1087. Q. How long does he remain in the challenging position? A. Until the corporal has recognized or advanced the per- son challenged. 1088. Q. Does the sentry salute the person or party challenged? A. Yes, if that person is entitled to a salute. 1089. Q. When does he resume walking his post? A. As soon as the person has been recognized, advanced or saluted. 1090. Q. What does the sentry do at the approach of the new guard at guard mounting? A. He calls: "Turn out the guard, armed party." 1091. Q. If the person named by the sentinel does not desire the guard formed he will salute. What does the sentinel do? A. He will call: "Never mind the guard." 1092. Q. After calling: "Turn out the guard," does a sentinel call: "Never mind the guard," on the approach of an armed party? A. No, sir. 1093. Q. In case the guard is already formed, does he still turn it out for the person entitled to the compliment? A. Yes, sir. 1094. Q. What will a sentinel at the guard house do in case of fire or disorder in sight or hearing? A. Call the corporal of the guard and report the facts to him. 1095. Q. What is a countersign? A. A word used as an aid to guards and sentinels in identifying persons who are authorized to pass at night. It is usually the name of some battle. GUARD MANUAL 173 1096. Q. What is a parole? A. A word used as a check on the countersign and given only to those entitled to inspect the guard. It is usually the name of some general. 1097. Q. Are countersigns and paroles much used? A. They are not. 1098. Q. What should a sentry do if a prisoner attempts to escape? A. He should immediately prepare his rifle for firing and call "Halt.'' If the prisoner fails to halt he should again call " Halt," and if he fails to halt this time (and the sentry sees no other way of stopping him) the sentry will fire upon him. Index PACK Absences . 75 Ammunition 14 Articles of War 82 Bayonet Combat 89 Bearers, Flags of Truce 56 Care of Feet 143 Care of Leather Equipment 23 Care of the Health 148 In Camp 154 In Garrison 148 On the March 152 Care of the Teeth 150 Cause of Poor Scores 119 Ceremonies and Inspections 57 Challenging 170 Cleaning Rifle 11 Clothing 73 Clothing and Shoes 24 Combat Signals 64 Company Flags \ 35 Company Fund 74 Deflection and Elevation 113 Deserters 56 Desertion . 76 Designation of Enemy 67 Designation of Targets 123 Discharges 75 Discipline 73,85 Disposal of Garbage 157 Distribution of Fire 123 Don'ts for Shooting 108 Duties Outpost Sentinels 56 Escape of Prisoners 173 Estimating Distance 115 Field Kit 3 Finances 79 Firing Regulations and Definitions 102 First Aid Packet, Use of 131 175 176 INDEX PAOB First Aid in Drowning . • . , 136 First Aid in Fainting 142 First Aid in Fractures 134 First Aid in Freezing 141 First Aid in Heat Exhaustion 142 First Aid in Heat Stroke 142 First Aid in Poisoning 143 First Aid in Snake Bite 140 First Aid in Sprains 134 First Aid to Burns 141 First Aid to Wounds 128 Flies 146 Breeding Places of 146 Feeding Places of 146 Prevention of 147 Flinching 119 Gallery Practice 114 General Orders 166 General Rules for Drills and Formations . 30 General Service Code 60 Hemorrhage 128 Incinerators 157 Infantry Against Cavalry 43 Infantry Drill, Definitions 27 Infantry Equipment, Model 1910 19 Infected Wounds, Prevention of 16 Intrenching Tools 16 Latrines 155 Lice, Diseases Caused by 149 Loadings and Firings . 40 Manual of Arms 37 Marching 50 Medal of Honor 77 Messages 47 National Air 87 Night Operations 42 Oiler and Thong Case 10 Orderlies and Color Sentinels 165 Orders, Commands and Signals 31 Outposts 53 Parts of Rifle 5 Parts of the Bayonet 13, 14 Passes and Furloughs 76 Patrolling 43 Pistol Firing 119 Position and Aiming Drills Ill INDEX 177 PAGE Position of "Attention" 35 Post Exchanges 78 Preliminary Drills, Target Practice 102 Protection on the March 61 Punishment 81 Range of Rifle 12 Rapid Fire 113, 117 Regulations 73 Retirement 77 Rosters 78 Rules of Land Warfare 67 Saluting 85 School of the Squad 38 Shooting on the Range 115 Sick 79 Sighting Instruction 109 Signaling 59 Special Orders of Sentinels at Guard House 171 Steps and Marching 36 Surplus Kit 3 Tent Pitching ^ 57 The Tourniquet 129 Trenches 16 Two Arm Semaphore 62 U.S. History 94 Use of Cover 14, 41 Use of Intrenching Tools 16 Use of Sling 113 Venereal Disease 159 Chancroids 161 Gonorrhea 161 Syphilis 161 Weight and Length of Rifle 12 Windage 105 Ve 40299 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY