THE LETTERS OF CICERO 
 TO ATTICUS.
 
 CTnmlm&cjc : 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY & SON, 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
 
 THE 
 
 LETTERS OF CICERO 
 TO ATTICUS. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 WITH NOTES AND AN ESSAY ON THE CHARACTER 
 OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 ALFRED PRETOR, M.A., 
 
 (LATE OF TRINITY COLLEGE), 
 FELLOW OF ST CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 NEW EDITION REVISED. 
 
 DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. 
 
 LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS. 
 
 1882.
 
 STACK 
 ANNEX 
 
 PA 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE following text has been formed by a careful 
 comparison of the editions of Schiitz, Ernesti, 
 Klotz, Nobbe and Boot. In some of the more 
 important letters I am indebted likewise to Mat- 
 thiae and the more recent edition of Mr Watson. 
 In respect to the notes, if in any case I have 
 borrowed without an acknowledgment, I have 
 done so only when it was impossible to verify 
 the actual author from the many who had adopted 
 his results at second-hand. For the arrangement 
 of the letters I should much have preferred the 
 chronological order of Schiitz, but, though indis- 
 pensable if the edition had been a complete one, 
 it would have been of little real advantage in 
 editing a fragment like the present. 
 
 My best thanks are due to Mr W. W. Radcliffe, 
 Fellow of King's College, for his kindness in un- 
 dertaking to revise the sheets for the Press.
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 One word in conclusion on the vexed ques- 
 tion of translations. If a schoolboy is sufficiently 
 advanced to be reading Cicero's Letters, he is past 
 the stage at which his scholarship will be injured 
 by a bad translation, while his style may gain 
 much from a good one. Accordingly for the 
 amount of translation contained in the notes I 
 offer no apology : for its shortcomings as a trans- 
 lation, many. 
 
 It is also my hope that the more continuous 
 passages may be found available for teaching 
 Latin Prose by the only sure method, that of 
 retranslation. 
 
 ST CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, 
 January, 1873.
 
 ON THE CHARACTER OF CICERO. 
 
 A biography of Cicero is no desideratum, 
 when such authorities on the subject as 
 Mommsen, Merivale and Forsyth are acces- 
 sible to every schoolboy: but on the ques- 
 tion of his character, there seems as little 
 prospect as ever of a unanimous verdict, and, 
 while this is so, an editor can scarcely do 
 otherwise than range himself with one or 
 other of the two contending parties. My 
 own opinion, formed at school under circum- 
 stances and teaching the least likely to foster 
 it, that Cicero's character is a weak and a 
 selfish one, has only been confirmed by a 
 more careful study of his works: nor can I 
 read the panegyrics which have been lavished 
 upon him without a real feeling of surprise 
 that such scanty materials should have been 
 found sufficient for the construction of this 
 gigantic idol. In their judgment of this one 
 man, his critics have tacitly ignored the ordi- 
 nary canons by which men measure goodness, 
 justice and the like, and, in their desire to 
 do him honour, have invented an arbitrary 
 interpretation for the most negative and com- 
 monplace characteristics. Words and actions 
 the most trivial and the most unfrequent 
 are thrown out in strong relief, and quoted 
 triumphantly in support of his character:
 
 viii ON THE CHARACTER 
 
 while glimpses of affection for a son, a daugh- 
 ter, or a friend, sufficiently rare if we consider 
 the .circumstances, and, if they were twice as 
 numerous, still not peculiar to Cicero, are 
 appealed to as evincing extraordinary good- 
 ness of heart. In a word, on the strength of 
 a few isolated passages we are required to 
 silence what I venture to say is, in nine 
 cases out of ten, the primary conviction of 
 the reader, that these are the records of a 
 man who in his private relations was vain, 
 selfish and unaffectionate, and in his public 
 life a weak and unprincipled time-server. 
 
 Neither can I give in my adherence to a 
 dictum often quoted by his admirers, that 
 so large a correspondence as that left by 
 Cicero is a hard test by which to regulate 
 our judgment of a man's life and character. 
 The question is at all events a debateable 
 one, even as regards his public life, for many 
 an act of political scheming might gain rather 
 than lose by an insight into the motives 
 which actuated it. That Cicero's politics 
 rarely do gain by the light thus thrown upon 
 them, is, I take it, strong testimony that the 
 motives which inspired them were unworthy 
 rather than the reverse, ambitious and self- 
 interested rather than pure and patriotic. 
 On the other hand I am certain that to a 
 man of ordinary goodness and kindness of 
 heart, the loss, if any, to his political repu- 
 tation by the publication of his private cor- 
 respondence would be more than counter- 
 balanced by the pleasant kindly traits of 
 character which could hardly fail to betray 
 themselves in his moments of unreserve. This 
 test I shall presently apply to our author, 
 with what results I leave the reader to de- 
 termine.
 
 OF CICERO. ix 
 
 Of actual immorality, nothing, in so far 
 as I know, can be proved against Cicero, a 
 fact which I should be tempted to ascribe in 
 some measure to the want of force in his 
 character, whether for good or evil. More 
 probably it arose from a regard for his own 
 dignity, and, if so, it is the most praise- 
 worthy product of that self-love which meets 
 us at every turn in his character. 
 
 It cannot at any rate have been due to 
 principle or conscientiousness on his part, 
 when we see the easy terms on which he 
 could temporize with vice in others, and 
 how eagerly he coveted the friendship of 
 men the most profligate and the most un- 
 scrupulous 1 , thereby affording an indirect 
 encouragement to vice for which even his 
 warmest admirers must hold him responsible. 
 To account for the contrary view, which till 
 quite recently has held its ground, I can 
 only suggest the force of tradition, and the 
 sympathy which is so naturally excited in 
 his favour by the malice of his enemies and 
 his untimely death. 
 
 But it is time to proceed to more direct His politic^ 
 charges, amongst which let me notice in the immoralit y 
 first place the count of political immorality ; 
 by which I am far from implying that we 
 shall detect him in any flagrant act of crimi- 
 nality, such as now and again proves a fatal 
 blemish to an otherwise fair reputation. For 
 instance, though lavish in his expenditure 
 to a fault, he was not avaricious, and in the 
 case of his provincial administration his con- 
 duct appears to have been in marked contrast 
 with the extortionate proceedings of most of 
 
 1 In addition to the more flagrant case of Antonius this is 
 also true of his relations with Crassus (ad Att. 1. 14. 4),Clodius 
 (adAtl. II. I. 5), and others of the same class (ad Att. I. 19. 8).
 
 x ON THE CHARACTER 
 
 the Roman officials. But, granting this, he 
 had yet nothing of the high principle which 
 was so conspicuous in Cato and Catulus, to 
 keep him straight amidst a mass of conflicting 
 interests, and, as a consequence, he was per- 
 petually betrayed into a time-serving policy 
 utterly unworthy of himself and most preju- 
 asthewiiby dicial to his influence for good. Nothing- 
 
 his conduct .,, , . .. 1,11- 
 
 in the /ro- illustrates this fact more clearly than his 
 CMius,"^ conduct throughout the Clodian prosecution. 
 Having set the matter in motion he is alarmed 
 the next moment at the probable conse-- 
 quences, and would gladly have compromised 
 it, had compromise been possible. Failing 
 which, he drops quietly out of the case, and 
 leaves the real work of the prosecution to be 
 undertaken by Cato, Cornificius and others, 
 himself the while looking on. It is useless 
 for Abeken to plead in his defence that 'he 
 could not take in a case at once,' when we 
 have his own express statement that his 
 conduct was the result of premeditation 1 . 
 More than this he appreciated, no one better, 
 the real crises of the prosecution, to the first 
 of which he alludes in a passage of the 
 fourteenth letter 2 , while on the second and far 
 more important occasion, when Hortensius 
 proposed his scheme for the reconstitution of 
 the court 3 , Cicero kept a resolute silence, though 
 taking credit to himself for having foreseen 
 
 1 Cf. ad Att. I. 13. 3 nosmet ipsi, qui Lyciirgei a principio 
 fuissetmis, quotidie demitigamur. 
 
 8 ad Att. I. 14. 5 tabellae ministrabantur ita ut nulla dare- 
 tur UTI ROGAS. Hie tibi rostra Cato advolat, convicium Pisoni 
 consult mirificum facit : si id est conviciunt, vox plena gravi- 
 tatis, plena auctoritatis, plena denique salutis. 
 
 * ad Att. I. 1 6. 2 posteaqnam vero Hortensius excogitawt ut 
 
 legem de religione fiifius tribunus plebis ferret contraxi vela 
 
 perspiciens inopiam iudicum, ntque dixi qiiidquam pro testi- 
 monio, nisi quod erat ita notiim atque testatum ut non posseni 
 praettrire.
 
 OF CICERO. xi 
 
 from the first its fatal tendency. It is scarcely 
 too much to say that a bold speech at this 
 moment in defence of the original measure 
 would have altered his own future, and per- 
 haps even the future of Rome. But instead 
 of this he temporized with every party in 
 turn, till the case had slipped out of his 
 hands : immediately after which he launched 
 out into idle invective, every word of which 
 made him an enemy for life, while it was 
 utterly ineffective in recovering the confi- 
 dence of his friends. 
 
 In this case at any rate it was not from 
 a want of prescience that he erred for he 
 foresaw the issue: nor yet from a want of 
 courage for he was courageous enough when 
 courage was useless: but simply and solely 
 from a want of principle. Having no high 
 standard of right to which to refer his actions 
 he cringed to each party in succession, till he 
 had so tied his hands with conflicting obliga- 
 tions that he could only sit down in silence 
 and see the maze unravel itself by agencies 
 over which he had lost the control. And the in the case 
 story repeats itself in the case of the knights f r ^^ 
 of Asia and the bribery commissions 1 , on both "^^Zni 
 of which occasions the conduct of Cato is in egmtes and 
 splendid contrast with his own, and again in <;/*&*, 
 the trials of Macer 2 , Catilina 3 and Antonius 4 , 23? 
 all of which are so many additional proofs 
 that interest and not principle formed the 
 standard of his actions. 
 
 1 ad Att. ll. t. 8 quid verius quam in iudicittm venire, 
 qui ob rent indicandam pecuniam acceperit ? censuit hoc Cato : 
 assensit senatus. equites curiae belluni, non mihi: nam ego 
 dissensi. quid impudentius publicanis renuntiantibits? fuit 
 tanien, retinendi ordinis causa, facienda iactura. restitit et 
 pcrvicit Cato, 
 
 2 ad Alt. I. 4. 2. 3 ad Att. I. i. i. 
 4 ad Att. i. 12. i.
 
 xii ON THE CHARACTER 
 
 Neither can it be said that he was averse 
 to bribes, when offered in the shape of office 1 , 
 for of money and houses he had enough and 
 to spare. His shortcomings on this head 
 have, I know, been excused on the ground of 
 precedent and the usage of the times: another 
 plea with which I have but little sympathy, 
 for the times were not so destitute of good 
 examples as it is the fashion to suppose: 
 while, if he is to justify the praise of his ad- 
 mirers, he must be proved to have led, rather 
 than to have followed, the multitude. 
 
 May I take it for granted that the above 
 examples have at any rate proved this fact, 
 that Cicero was unscrupulous in the use of his 
 means? The question follows, what was the 
 ultimate aim and object for which he was 
 content to sacrifice honour and self-respect? 
 His immediate object in dropping the Clodian 
 prosecution was unquestionably and by his 
 own admission 2 to prevent at any cost the 
 disunion of the optimates and the collapse of 
 the existing government. We have therefore 
 only to determine whether his ulterior motive 
 was a patriotic or a self-interested one. 
 Seif-interest Taking as I do the worse view of his cha- 
 prfndp'ie g of racter, my object will be to prove, if possible, 
 his hfe, j-hat he foresaw throughout the doom of the 
 existing administration and appreciated its 
 worthlessness and corruption, yet continued 
 notwithstanding to give it his most unquali- 
 fied support for two reasons, (i) because he con- 
 sidered it the best field for the display of his 
 powers, and (ii) because he wanted time to 
 forecast the future and to shape his own 
 conduct accordingly. This view of his cha- 
 racter, which is as old as the time of Dio 
 
 1 ad Att. n. 1 8. 3, and agaih It 5. 2. 
 *adAtt. n. i. 8.
 
 OF CICERO. xiii 
 
 Cassius 1 , is in part adopted by Mr Merivale in 
 the preface to his Life of Cicero, from which 
 I may be pardoned for quoting the following 
 passage: 'It is humiliating to the pretensions 
 of human genius, but it not the less becomes 
 us to acknowledge it, that after all his efforts 
 to purge his mental vision of the films of 
 prejudice, Cicero was blind to the real fact, 
 that his devotion to the commonwealth was 
 grounded not so much upon his conviction of 
 its actual merits, as of its fitness for the dis- 
 play of his own abilities.' 
 
 Of the correctness of the above view the 
 following I think are proofs : 
 
 (i) His self-congratulation* at the increase f s , h . ewn 
 
 r i i -i ,- , by his own 
 
 of his own popularity from the failure of the statement, 
 Clodian prosecution, a miscarriage of justice 
 which in the next letter but one he recognises 
 as the death-blow of the commonwealth 3 . 
 
 (ii) His conduct in exile, which is to me J? v hi . s con - 
 
 x , . , , , . . duct in exile 
 
 inexplicable except on the one supposition 
 that he had been throughout his life working 
 for himself and not for his country, and, as 
 in the days of his prosperity he had thought 
 and spoken of the republic only in reference 
 to himself and his consulship, so when his 
 reverses came upon him his concern for its 
 dissolution was swallowed up in a purely self- 
 ish sorrow for himself and his losses. 
 
 (iii) His friendship with Pompeius. in con- and by his 
 
 i i 1 i 11 relations 
 
 nection with which we shall do well to re- with POO- 
 member the following facts : that it was pems ' 
 
 1 Dio Cass. xxxvi. 25, a passage of which Mr Merivale 
 gives the following translation: '[Cicero] was a mere time- 
 server and passed now to one side now to the other in order to 
 curry favour alternately with each.' There is nothing more 
 extraordinary than the deliberate way in which the verdict of 
 antiquity on Cicero's character has been habitually ignored. 
 
 a ad Alt. i. 16. II. 
 
 3 ad Att. i. 16. 6, and again I. 18. 3.
 
 xiv ON THE CHARACTER 
 
 closely preceded by the bitterest enmity to- 
 wards him: that it had its origin in a period 
 when even the least practised eye must have 
 seen that no one man could any longer save 
 the republic, and that Cicero acknowledges 
 the fact in the very letters in which he con- 
 gratulates himself on having secured Pompeius 
 as his patron : that he was clearly heartbroken 
 at the downfall of this friend 1 , yet was at the 
 same time able to use the most temperate 
 language over the ruin of the commonwealth 2 , 
 nay even to congratulate himself that the 
 claims of Pompeius with posterity would no 
 longer outweigh his own 3 . In a word, I cannot 
 believe that he was induced to court Pompeius 
 in preference to Caesar, or Cato, or Clodius, 
 by any motive except self-interest and a mis- 
 taken idea that he was the man of the future, 
 for he knew his character* and his aims 5 , 
 while of faith in his political professions, under 
 cover of which the alliance between them was 
 formed, Cicero by his own admission had 
 little or none. Even Abeken admits that the" 
 conduct of Pompeius 'ought to have opened 
 the eyes of every unprejudiced person/ while, 
 as regards his own motives, Cicero is suffi- 
 ciently explicit in the following passages : 
 'sed tamen, quoniam ista sunt infirma, munitur 
 quaedam nobis ad retincndas opes nostras tuta, 
 lit spero, via, quam tibi litteris satis explicare 
 11011 possum; significatione parva ostcndam ta- 
 men. iitor Pompeio familiarissime (I. 17. 10), 
 and again: putam mihi inaiores quasdam opes 
 
 1 ad Att. II. 11. 3. 
 
 2 ad Att. n. 21. i, and II. 9 i festive, mihi crcde, ct minore 
 sonitu-quam putaram orbis hie in republica est conversus. 
 
 * ad Att. ii. 17, i. 
 
 * ad Att. i. 13. 4, and again I. 20. 2. 
 9 ad*Att. ii. 17. i.
 
 OF CICERO. xv 
 
 ct firmiora pracsidia esse quaerenda (I. 19. 7), 
 and again : si vero quae de me pacta sunt ea 
 non servantur, in caelo sum, ut sciat hie noster 
 Hierosolymarius traductor ad plebem quam 
 bonam meis putissimis orationibus gratiam 
 retulerit (il. 9. i). 
 
 Supposing the above to be a true expla- 
 nation of his conduct, then the one fatal mis- 
 take of his life was made when he swore 
 allegiance to Pompeius instead of to Caesar: 
 a mistake which must have cost him many 
 pangs as he dallied in turn with the offer of 
 of a legation (il. 18. 3) and an augurship (il. 
 5. 2)* f with the dread before his eyes of what 
 posterity six hundred years later would say 
 if he adventured this last and most shameless 
 transfer of his allegiance (il. 5. i). 
 
 On his incapacity as a statesman there His m- 
 is little need to dwell at length, for the fact aTtatelma 
 is generally admitted, and some of its more ^^anto 
 prominent features have already been inci-/ a . resi '^ if > 
 
 ,..,, , ,. J r .. his want 
 
 dentally illustrated, e. g. his want of prevision of tact, 
 in the selection of Pompeius as the man of 
 the future, and his want of tact in the use- 
 less exasperation of a triumphant foe. Of his /<*>- 
 his inconsistency in politics the present book s " 
 supplies us with two striking examples : the 
 first in the case of the Clodian trial, when to 
 the announcement of his own irresolution he 
 appends the remarkable words, ' In a word, I 
 am afraid that this outrage neglected by the 
 well disposed and upheld by the vicious will 
 prove a fertile source of disasters to the state:' 
 the next when he comments with great bit- 
 terness on the collapse of a bribery bill 2 , 
 totally ignoring the fact that it was owing to 
 
 1 quo quidem uno ab istis capi possum, 
 
 2 ad Att. i. 18. 3 facto senatus consulto de ambitu, de 
 iudiciis : nulla lex perlata.
 
 xvi ON THE CHARACTER 
 
 his own determined opposition that the mea- 
 sure in question had never become law. 
 and his But it is to his indecision, which was 
 
 with him the rule rather than the exception, 
 that his failure as a politician is mainly to be 
 attributed. In the suppression of the Cati- 
 linarian conspiracy, to which his friends so 
 triumphantly appeal, it will be necessary to 
 bear in mind two facts, (i) that it happened 
 at an early stage of his political career when 
 his interests were less conflicting, and his 
 path consequently more clear : (2) that we 
 have after all little else than his own account 
 of the transaction, for the speeches of Crassus 
 and Pompeius and his other admirers in the 
 senate are so clearly self-interested as to be 
 almost grotesque in their extravagance and 
 utterly worthless as evidence. But, in what- 
 ever light we may regard his services on this 
 particular occasion, the fact remains the same, 
 that his politics as a rule were characterised 
 by habitual indecision the result, it may be, 
 of natural weakness of character bewildered by 
 the conflicting interests of a selfish ambition 
 and it was this more than anything else 
 which alienated his friends and in the end left 
 him in almost total isolation. Whatever his 
 ultimate object may have been, it is at any 
 rate certain that he had never formed a defi- 
 nite plan for its attainment, and having no 
 policy he had soon as a consequence no 
 party. The men of action on the other hand, 
 as for instance Caesar and Pompeius, were 
 daily adding to the number of their followers. 
 Even Cato the most uncompromising, and 
 Clodius the most unprincipled, of men were 
 not without their partisans. Cicero alone had 
 no adherents on whom he could rely, though 
 at the outset of his political career numbers
 
 OF CICERO. xvii 
 
 were unquestionably predisposed in his favour 
 by the popularity of his cause. But this 
 promise was soon belied, and they left him 
 to strengthen other factions when all clue 
 to his conduct was lost in a maze of in- 
 consistency and vacillation. Reactions it is 
 true at times took place in his favour, (con- 
 cursus or rallyings is his own expression), ac- 
 cording as he gave glimpses of a more manly 
 ~and straightforward policy, but, often as these 
 were repeated, I cannot accept them as evi- 
 dence that he had secured any lasting hold 
 on the affections even of a few. In every 
 single instance we can trace, I think, the 
 signs of a momentary admiration, oftener still 
 of interested motives, but never a symptom 
 of that steady unwavering confidence by which 
 alone a man of Cicero's temperament could 
 have been nerved for any sustained effort. 
 
 A friendly critic 1 has summed up the His vanity 
 character of Cicero in these words : ' Nor can "p1n his" 
 we wonder, however much we may lament it, E"^* with 
 that in times so corrupt as these even Cicero Atticus and 
 should not have been altogether free from 
 prevalent errors and defects. His early con- 
 nection with Catilina has been already no- 
 ticed, and the compact not less discreditable 
 which existed apparently between him and 
 Antonius, as likewise his defence of that 
 worthless man who had committed such il- 
 legal acts in Macedonia. We are surprised 
 also at the lukewarmness he at first 2 (!) mani- 
 fested in the case of Clodius : nor finally can 
 we fail to be struck with the conscious pride 
 and satisfaction, deserving no better name 
 
 1 Abeken. 
 
 8 The note of admiration is my own. I have already quoted 
 the words of Cicero : ' nosmet ipsi, qui Lycurgei a principle 
 fuissemus, quotidie demitigamur,' 
 
 P.C. 2.
 
 xviii ON THE CHARACTER 
 
 than vanity, which obtrudes itself upon us in 
 many passages of his letters.' 
 
 With the criticism so far I am of course 
 altogether agreed, for the bitterest enemy of 
 Cicero could not have summed up his political 
 offences in a more brief and telling catalogue. 
 But to the defence which the writer proceeds 
 to set up, if defence it can be called, I take the 
 strongest possible exception. ' On the other 
 hand (he says) our reprobation of these 
 failings is in a great measure softened by the 
 candour and freedom with which he discusses 
 all his concerns with his friend.' 
 
 Even if the assumption be true on which 
 our allowance is claimed, the claim at any 
 rate is inadmissible in Cicero's case, whose 
 egotism is not of a character to be excused 
 on these grounds. When I see how entirely 
 his correspondence with Atticus is leavened 
 with vanity, far from finding any excuse in 
 the fact, I can only argue how deeply the 
 vice must have been engrained in his nature 
 when it finds expression in his letters to a 
 most intimate friend, the very last place in the 
 world where one would expect it to appear. 
 For in the intercourse with a friend, who 
 knows your every thought, self-assertion 
 should naturally find no place, and it is in- 
 veterate vanity indeed that will still declare 
 itself when the motive for so doing has ceased 
 to exist. On the other hand, if a man has 
 any unselfishness in his disposition it will 
 nowhere more certainly appear than in a 
 familiar correspondence of this kind. Un- 
 fortunately the passages in which Cicero 
 shows a really disinterested affection as dis- 
 tinct from the merely formal compliments in 
 use between acquaintances are wonderfully 
 few and far between. Else why quote iso-
 
 OF CICERO. xix 
 
 lated examples, as his admirers do, of a 
 feeling which, to be worth anything, ought to 
 constitute the tone of the entire correspond- 
 ence ? For instance, the editors are loud in 
 their praise of his affection for his brother and 
 his daughter, and of the sorrow he displays 
 at the death of an intimate companion. But 
 surely there is nothing specially characteristic 
 of Cicero in these feelings, which we may 
 fairly assume to have been not altogether un- 
 known to men like Catilina and Clodius. 
 
 On the other hand there are at least three 
 passages 1 in this book alone, in which such 
 a feeling is only conspicuous by its absence; 
 and, even when these have been explained 
 away, the whole tone of the letters is self- 
 ish still. Nine tenths of the book are occu- 
 pied with himself and his own concerns. 
 With the exception of Atticus, no one, save 
 the two or three persons to whom I have 
 already alluded, is mentioned with any de- 
 gree of interest, and in the management of 
 the one important concern with which he had 
 been entrusted by Atticus he is dilatory and 
 neglectful, and at last dismisses it from his 
 mind with an unsympathising comment 2 . 
 And as regards affection for his friend, I can 
 see little signs of it beyond the usual stereo- 
 typed commonplaces : and that Atticus felt 
 the omission is plain from the very remark- 
 able passage at the commencement of Ep. 
 XVII., which, so far from being an honest 
 exhibition of feeling, is no better than a vote 
 of confidence delivered at the pressing re- 
 quest of his friend. (Cf. 7 of the letter in 
 
 1 Ep. vr. i if we accept the reading decessit, Ep. XI. i, 
 and Ep. xvn. 7. 
 
 * sect haec aut sanabuntur quum veneris, out ei molesta eittnt 
 in utro culpa erit. 
 
 2 2
 
 xx ON THE CHARACTER 
 
 question.) But the most significant fact of 
 all is that throughout these sixteen books of 
 letters we are kept in almost total ignorance 
 of Atticus and his concerns. I should scarce- 
 ly have thought it possible to write four let- 
 ters, much less four hundred, to a friend in 
 whom one was deeply interested, without in- 
 troducing questions and allusions which would 
 have enabled the reader in some degree to pic- 
 ture to himself his occupation and habits. On 
 the part of Atticus at any rate there was no 
 such want of sympathy, as may be gathered 
 from the pointed questions in reference to 
 his friend's doings, which are noticed and 
 answered by Cicero in almost every letter. 
 But on the other side there is certainly no 
 response of sympathy. The allusions of 
 Cicero to his friend's occupations are of the 
 most meagre and unsatisfactory kind, shuffled 
 as a rule into three or four lines at the end 
 of a letter, and withal so devoid of interest 
 that to the end of the chapter Atticus is little 
 else to the reader than an epistolary dummy, 
 on which are hung the trophies of Cicero's 
 life. If this view of his character be the cor- 
 rect one, we are at no loss to account for 
 his own statement, that, with the exception 
 of Atticus, he had no real friend. And in 
 this lay one of the great secrets of his weak- 
 ness, for it is most certain that no man ever 
 needed them more. Cicero was not one who 
 could mark out his path and pursue it inde- 
 pendently of counsel and advice. Even in 
 these letters we see at every turn the child- 
 like reliance he places on the discretion and 
 foresight of Atticus, and can gather that his 
 was beyond question a character which the 
 devotion of a few true friends might have
 
 OF CICERO. xxi 
 
 strengthened to do great things, and which, 
 for lack of them, was in its political aspect 
 
 Failure, crowning failure, failure from end to end. 
 
 One word in conclusion on the aim of the 
 foregoing pages. To have attempted to 
 prove my point by an examination in detail 
 of Cicero's life and writings would have been 
 clearly beyond the scope of the present 
 edition, which deals with a fragment only of 
 his works. It would also have been foreign 
 to my purpose, which was not so much to 
 supplement and rearrange the existing ma- 
 terials, as to modify if possible the conclu- 
 sions which are usually drawn from them, as 
 they are already supplied to us by the author 
 himself and by any one of his numerous 
 biographers. Cases in which he sacrificed 
 truth and honesty to the interests of a party, 
 or of an individual, could be multiplied out 
 of the letters ad infinitum, but to what end ? 
 The few I have selected as typical from the 
 present book will prove as conclusively as 
 a thousand that in his eyes morality was 
 secondary to expedience : and, if the plan of 
 this edition has prevented me from noticing 
 some points which might have told in his 
 favour, it has at least prevented me from dwel- 
 ling on that portion of his life, which is of alL 
 others the one most difficult to be excused 
 or palliated, I mean his relations with Caesar, 
 and his unseemly exultation at his death. 
 In this, as in the other crises of his life, the 
 difficulties of his position may be allowed to 
 extenuate his failings, but not to exalt his
 
 xxii ON THE CHARACTER OF CICERO. 
 
 failings into virtues : and what I most earn- 
 estly desire to combat is the special pleading 
 of Abeken and others, which, while it admits 
 that he was a vain and immoral statesman, 
 can yet attempt to excuse all this on the 
 shallowest of pleas and to elevate him anew 
 to the position of a hero and a patriot. For 
 myself, with the exception of his marvellous 
 powers as an orator and writer, I can, I con- 
 fess, see little in our author to command our 
 admiration or respect.
 
 I. 
 
 (Romae. Cotta, Torquato coss. 689.) 
 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. PETITIONIS nostrae, quam tibi summae curae 
 esse scio, huius modi ratio est, quod adhuc coniec- 
 tura provided possit. prensat unus P. Galba. sine 
 fuco ac fallaciis, more maiorum, negatur. ut opinio 
 est hominum, non aliena rationi nostrae fuit illius 
 haec praepropera prensatio. nam illi ita negant 
 vulgo, ut mihi se debere dicant. ita quiddam spero 
 nobis profici, quum hoc percrebrescit, plurimos 
 nostros amicos inveniri. nos autem initium pren- 
 sandi facere cogitaramus eo ipso tempore, quo 
 tuum puerum cum his litteris proficisci Cincius 
 dicebat, in campo, comitiis tribuniciis, a. d. XVI 
 Kalend. Sext. competitores, qui certi esse vide- 
 antur, Galba et Antonius et Q. Cornificius. puto 
 te in hoc aut risisse aut ingemuisse. ut frontem 
 ferias, sunt qui etiam Caesonium putent. Aquilium 
 non arbitramur, qui denegat et iuravit morbum et 
 illud suum regnum iudiciale opposuit Catilina, si 
 iudicatum erit meridie non lucere, certus erit com- 
 petitor, de Auli filio et Palicano non puto te 
 exspectare dum scribam. 2. de iis, qui nunc pe- 
 tunt, Caesar certus putatur. Thermus cum Silano 
 contendere existimatur: qui sic inopes et ab amicis 
 et existimatione sunt, ut mihi videatur non esse 
 Curium obducere. sed hoc praeter me
 
 2 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 nemini videtur. nostris rationibus maxime condu- 
 cere videtur Thermum fieri cum Caesare. nemo 
 est enim ex iis, qui nunc petunt, qui si in nostrum 
 annum reciderit firmior candidatus fore videatur, 
 propterea quod curator est viae Flaminiae, quae 
 tune erit absoluta. fsane facile et libenter eum cum 
 Caesare consulem factum viderim. petitorum haec 
 est adhuc informata cogitatio. nos in omni munere 
 candidatorio fungendo summam adhibebimus dili- 
 gentiam et fortasse, quoniam videtur in suffragiis 
 multum posse Gallia, quum Romae a iudiciis forum 
 refrixerit, excurremus mense Septembri legati ad 
 Pisonem, ut lanuario revertamur. quum perspexero 
 voluntates nobilium, scribam ad te. caetera spero 
 prolixa esse, his dumtaxat urbanis competitoribus. 
 illam manum tu mihi cura ut praestes, quoniam 
 propius abes, Pompeii, nostri amici. nega me ei 
 iratum fore, si ad mea comitia non venerit. atque 
 haec huius modi sunt. 3. sed est quod abs te 
 mihi ignosci pervelim. Caecilius, avunculus tuus, a 
 P. Vario quum magna pecunia fraudaretur, agere 
 coepit cum eius fratre A. Caninio Satrio de iis 
 rebus, quas eum dolo malo mancipio accepisse de 
 Vario diceret. una agebant caeteri creditores, in 
 quibus erat Lucullus et P. Scipio et is, quern pu- 
 tabant magistrum fore, si bona venirent, L. Pontius, 
 verum hoc ridiculum est de magistro nunc cog- 
 noscere. rogavit me Caecilius, ut adessem contra 
 Satrium. dies fere nullus est quin hie Satrius 
 domum meam ventitet. observat L. Domitium 
 maxime : me habet proximum. fuit et mihi et 
 Q. fratri magno usui in nostris petitionibus. 4. sane 
 sum perturbatus quum ipsius Satrii familiaritate
 
 LIB. I. ER i, 2. 3 
 
 turn Domitii, in quo uno maxime ambitio nostra 
 nititur. demonstravi haec Caecilio : simul et illud 
 ostendi, si ipse unus cum illo uno contenderet, me 
 ei satis facturum fuisse : nunc in causa universorum 
 creditorum, hominum praesertim amplissimorum, 
 qui sine eo, quern Caecilius suo nomine perhiberet, 
 facile communem causam sustinerent, aequum esse 
 eum et officio meo consulere et tempori. durius 
 accipere hoc mihi visus est quam vellem et quam 
 homines belli solent et postea prorsus ab insti- 
 tuta nostra paucorum dierum consuetudine longe 
 refugit. abs te peto, ut mihi hoc ignoscas et me 
 existimes humanitate esse prohibitum, ne contra 
 amici summam existimationem miserrimo eius 
 tempore venirem, quum is omnia sua studia et 
 officia in me contulisset. quod si voles in me esse 
 durior, ambitionem mihi putabis obstitisse. ego 
 autem arbitror, etiam si id sit, mihi ignoscen- 
 dum esse : eVel ov% ispqiov ov&e ftoefyv. vides enim 
 in quo cursu simus et quam omnes gratias non 
 modo retinendas verum etiam acquirendas pute- 
 mus. spero tibi me causam probasse : cupio quidem 
 certe. 5. Hermathena tua valde me delectat et 
 posita ita belle est ut totum gymnasium eius 
 esse videatur. multum te amamus. 
 
 II. 
 
 {Roinae. Cotta, Torquato coss. 689.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. L. lulio Caesare C. Marcio Figulo consulibus 
 filiolo me auctum scito salva Terentia. abs te tarn
 
 4r. EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 diu nihil litterarum ? ego de meis ad te rationibus 
 scrips! antea diligenter. hoc tempore Catilinam, 
 competitorem nostrum, defendere cogitamus. iu- 
 dices habemus, quos volumus, summa accusatoris 
 voluntate. spero, si absolutus erit, coniunctiorem 
 ilium nobis fore in ratione petitionis : sin aliter 
 accident, humaniter feremus. 2. tuo adventu nobis 
 opus est mature : nam prorsus summa hominum est 
 opinio tuos familiares, nobiles homines, adversaries 
 nostro honori fore, ad eorum voluntatem mihi 
 conciliandam maximo te mihi usui fore video, qua 
 re lanuario ineunte, ut constituisti, cura ut Romae 
 sis. 
 
 III. 
 
 (Romae. Cotta, Torquato coss. 689.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Aviam tuam scito desiderio tui mortuam 
 esse et simul quod verita sit ne Latinae in officio non 
 manerent et in montem Albanum hostias non ad- 
 ducerent. eius rei consolationem ad te L. Saufeium 
 missurum esse arbitror. 2. nos hie te ad mensem 
 lanuarium exspectamus : ex quodam rumore an ex 
 litteris tuis ad alios missis ? nam ad me de eo nihil 
 .scripsisti. signa, quae nobis curasti, ea sunt ad 
 Caietam exposita. nos ea non vidimus: neque 
 enim exeundi Roma potestas nobis fuit. misimus 
 qui pro vectura solveret. te multum amamus, quod 
 ea abs te diligenter parvoque curata sunt. 3. quod 
 ad me saepe scripsisti de nostro amico placando, 
 feci et expertus sum omnia, sed mirandum in mo- 
 dum est animo abalienato: quibus de suspicionibus,
 
 LIB. I. EP. 3, 4. 5 
 
 etsi audisse te arbitror, tamen ex me quum veneris 
 cognosces. Sallustium praesentem restituere in eius 
 veterem gratiam non potui. hoc ad te scrips!, quod 
 is me accusare de te solebat. in se expertus est 
 ilium esse minus exorabilem, meum studium nee 
 tibi defuisse. Tulliolam C. Pisoni L. F. Frugi de- 
 spondimus. 
 
 IV. 
 
 (Romae. Lepido, Tullo coss. 688.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Crebras exspectationes nobis tui commoves. 
 nuper quidem, quum iam te adventare arbitrare- 
 mur, repente abs te in mensem Quintilem reiecti 
 sumus. nunc vero censeo, quod commodo tuo 
 facere poteris, venias ad id tempus quod scribis. 
 obieris Quinti fratris comitia, nos longo intervallo 
 viseris, Acutilianam controversiam transegeris. hoc 
 me etiam Peducaeus ut ad te scriberem admonuit : 
 putamus enim utile esse te aliquando iam rein trans- 
 igere. mea intercessio et est et fuit parata. 2. nos 
 hie incredibili ac singulari populi voluntate de C. 
 Macro transegimus. cui quum aequi fuissemus, 
 tamen multo maiorem fructum ex populi existima- 
 tione illo damnato cepimus quam ex ipsius, si ab- 
 solutus esset, gratia cepissemus. 3. quod ad me de 
 Hermathena scribis, per mini gratum est orna- 
 mentum, et Academiae proprium meae, quod Her- 
 mes commune omnium et Minerva singulare est 
 insigne eius gymnasii. qua re velim, ut scribis, cae- 
 teris quoque rebus quam plurimis eum locum ornes.
 
 6 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 quae mihi antea signa misisti, ea nondum vidi. in 
 Formiano sunt, quo ego nunc proficisci cogitabam. 
 ilia omnia in Tusculanum deportabo. Caietam, si 
 quando abundare coepero, ornabo. libros tuos 
 conserva et noli desperare eos me meos facere 
 posse, quod si adsequor, supero Crassum divitiis 
 atque omnium vicos et prata contemno. . 
 
 V. 
 
 (Romae. Metello, Marclo coss. 686.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 . i. Quantum dolorem acceperim et quanto 
 fructu sim privatus et forensi et domestico Lucii 
 fratris nostri morte, in primis pro nostra consuetu- 
 dine tu existimare potes. nam mihi omnia, quae 
 iucunda ex humanitate alterius et moribus homini 
 accidere possunt, ex illo accidebant qua re non 
 dubito quin tibi quoque id molestum sit, quum et 
 meo dolore moveare et ipse omni virtute officioque 
 ornatissimum tuique et sua sponte et meo sermone 
 amantem adfinem amicumque amiseris. 2. quod 
 ad me scribis de sorore tua, testis erit tibi ipsa 
 quantae mihi curae fuerit, ut Quinti fratris animus 
 in earn esset is qui esse deberet. quern quum esse. 
 offensiorem arbitrarer, eas litteras ad eum misi, 
 quibus et placarem ut fratrem et monerem ut mi- 
 norem et obiurgarem ut errantem. itaque ex iis, 
 quae postea saepe ab eo ad me scripta sunt, confido- 
 ita esse omnia, ut et oporteat et velimus. 3. de 
 litterarum missione sine causa abs te accuser, nun- 
 quam enim a Pomponia nostra certior sum factus
 
 LIB. I. EP. 5. 7 
 
 esse cui dare litteras possem : porro autem neque 
 mihi accidit ut haberem qui in Epirum proficiscere- 
 tur, neque dum te Athenis esse audiebamus. 4. de 
 Acutiliano autem negocio quod mihi mandaras, ut 
 primum a tuo digressu Romam veni, confeceram, 
 sed accidit ut et contentione nihil opus esset et ut 
 ego, qui in te satis consilii statuerim esse, mallem 
 Peducaeum tibi consilium per litteras quam me 
 dare, etenim quum multos dies aures meas Acu- 
 tilio dedissem, cuius sermonis genus tibi notum 
 esse arbitror, non mihi grave duxissem scribere ad 
 te de illius querimoniis, quum eas audire, quod erat 
 subodiosum, leve putassem. sed abs te ipso, qui 
 me accusas, unas mihi scito litteras redditas esse, 
 quum et ocii ad scribendum plus et facultatem 
 dandi maiorem habueris. 5. quod scribis, etiam 
 si cuius animus in te esset offensior, a me recolligi 
 oportere, [teneo] quid dicas, neque id neglexi, sed 
 est miro quodam modo adfectus. ego autem, quae 
 dicenda fuerunt de te, non praeterii : quid autem 
 contendendum esset ex tua putabam voluntate sta- 
 tuere oportere : quam si ad me perscripseris, intel- 
 liges me neque diligentiorem esse voluisse quam 
 tu esses, neque negligentiorem fore quam tu velis. 
 6. de Tadiana re, mecum Tadius locutus est te ita 
 scripsisse, nihil esse iam quod laboraretur, quoniam 
 hereditas usu capta esset. id mirabamur te igno- 
 rare, de tutela legitima, in qua dicitur esse puella, 
 nihil usu capi posse. 7. Epiroticam emptionem 
 gaudeo tibi placere. quae tibi mandavi et quae 
 tu intelliges convenire nostro Tusculano, velim, ut 
 scribis, cures, quod sine molestia tua facere poteris. 
 nam nos ex omnibus molestiis et laboribus uno illo
 
 8 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 in loco conquiescimus. 8. Quintum fratrem cotidie 
 exspectamus. Terentia magnos articulorum dolo- 
 res habet, et te et sororem tuam et matrem maxime 
 diligit, salutemque tibi plurimam ascribit et Tul- 
 liola, deliciae nostrae. cura ut valeas et nos ames 
 et tibi persuadeas te a me fraterne amari. 
 
 VI. 
 
 (Romae. Metello, Marcio coss. 686.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Non committam posthac ut me accusare de 
 epistolarum negligentia possis. tu modo videto in 
 tanto ocio ut par mini sis. domum Rabirianam 
 Neapoli, quam tu iam dimensam et exaedificatam 
 animo habebas, M'. Fonteius emit HS CCCIDDD XXX, 
 id te scire volui, si quid forte ea res ad cogitationes 
 tuas pertineret. 2. Quintus frater, ut mihi videtur, 
 quo volumus animo est in-Pomponiam, et cum ea 
 nunc in Arpinatibus praediis erat et secum habebat 
 hominem ^tjarofjiaOr), D. Turranium. pater nobis 
 discessit a. d. VIII Kal. Decembres. haec habebam 
 fere quae te scire vellem. tu velim, si qua orna- 
 menta yv/j,va<rt,u)Sr) reperire poteris, quae loci sint 
 eius quern tu non ignoras, ne praetermittas. nos 
 Tusculano ita delectamur, ut nobismet ipsis turn 
 denique, quum illo venimus, placeamus. quid agas 
 omnibus de -rebus et quid acturus sis fac nos quam 
 diligentissime certiores.
 
 LIB. I. ER 7, 8. 9 
 
 VII. 
 
 (Romae. Metello, Marcio coss. 686.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 Apud matrem recte est, eaque nobis curae est. 
 L. Cincio HS XXCD constitui me curaturum Idibus 
 Februariis. tu velim ea, quae nobis emisse et pa- 
 rasse scribis, des operam ut quam primum habea- 
 mus, et velim cogites, id quod mihi pollicitus es, 
 quern ad modum bibliothecam nobis conficere pos- 
 sis. omnem spem' delectationis nostrae, quam, 
 quum in ocium venerimus, habere volumus, in tua 
 humanitate positam habemus. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 {Romae. Pisone, Glabrione coss. 687.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Apud te est, ut volumus. mater tua et 
 soror a me Quintoque fratre diligitur. cum Acuti- 
 lio sum locutus. is sibi negat a suo procuratore 
 quidquam scriptum esse, et miratur istam contro- 
 versiam fuisse quod ille recusaret satis dare amplius 
 abs te non peti. quod te de Tadiano negocio deci- 
 disse scribis, id ego Tadio et gratum esse intellexi 
 et magno opere iucundum. ille noster amicus, vir 
 mehercule optimus et mihi amicissimus, sane tibi 
 iratus est. hoc si quanti tu aestimes sciam, turn 
 quid mihi elaborandum sit scire possim. 2. L. Cin- 
 cio HS CCIDO CCIDO CCCC pro signis Megaricis, ut 
 tu ad me scripseras, curavi. Hermae tui Pentelici
 
 cum capitibus aeneis, de quibus ad me scripsisti, 
 iam nunc me admodum delectant. qua re velim 
 et eos et signa et caetera, quae tibi eius loci et 
 nostri studii et tuae elegantiae esse videbuntur, 
 quam plurima quam primumque mittas, et maxime 
 quae tibi gymnasii xystique videbuntur esse. nam 
 in eo genere sic studio efferimur, ut abs te adiu- 
 vandi, ab aliis prope reprehendendi simus. si Len- 
 tuli navis non erit, quo tibi placebit imponito. Tul- 
 liola, deliciolae nostrae, tuum munusculum flagitat 
 et me ut sponsorem appellat. mihi autem abiurare 
 certius est quam dependere. 
 
 IX. 
 
 (Romae. Pisone, Glabrione coss. 687.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Nimium raro nobis abs te litterae adferun- 
 tur, quum et multo tu facilius reperias qui Romam 
 proficiscantur quam ego qui Athenas, et certius tibi 
 sit me esse Romae quam mihi te Athenis. itaque 
 propter hanc dubitationem meam brevier haec ipsa 
 epistola est, quod, quum incertus essem ubi esses, 
 nolebam ilium nostrum familiarem sermonem in 
 alienas manus devenire. 2. signa Megarica et 
 Hermas, de quibus ad me scripsisti, vehementer 
 exspecto. quidquid eiusdem generis habebis, dig- 
 num Academia tibi quod videbitur, ne dubitaris mit- 
 tere, et arcae nostrae confidito. genus hoc est 
 voluptatis meae: quae yvftvao-ictiSi) maxime sunt, 
 ea quaero. Lentulus naves suas pollicetur. peto 
 abs te, ut haec cures diligenter. Chilius te rogat 
 et ego eius rogatu Evfj,o\7rid>v Trdrpta.
 
 LIB. I. EP. 10. ir 
 
 X. 
 
 (In Tusculano. Pisone, Glabrione coss. 687.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 i. Quum essem in Tusculano erit hoc tibi 
 pro illo tuo quum essem in Ceramico verum tamen 
 quum ibl essem, Roma puer a sorore tua missus 
 epistolam mihi abs te adlatam dedit nunciavitque 
 eo ipso die post meridiem iturum eum, qui ad te 
 proficisceretur. eo factum est, ut epistolae tuae 
 rescriberem aliquid, brevitate temporis tam pauca 
 cogerer scribere. 2. primum tibi de nostro amico 
 placando aut etiam plane restituendo polliceor. quod 
 ego etsi mea sponte ante faciebam, eo nunc tamen 
 et agam studiosius et contendam ab illo vehemen- 
 tius, quod tantam ex epistola voluntatem eius rei 
 tuam perspicere videor. hoc te intelligere volo, 
 pergraviter ilium esse offensum, sed quia nullam 
 video gravem subesse causam magno opere confido 
 ilium fore in officio et in nostra potestate. 3. signa 
 nostra et Hermeraclas, ut scribis, quum commo- 
 dissime poteris, velim imponas, et si quod aliud 
 ol/cetov eius loci, quern non ignoras, reperies, et 
 maxime quae tibi palaestrae gymnasiique videbun- 
 tur esse. etenim ibi sedens haec ad te scribebam, 
 ut me locus ipse admoneret. praeterea typos tibi 
 mando, quos in tectorio atrioli possim includere, et 
 putealia sigillata duo. 4. bibliothecam tuam cave 
 cuiquam despondeas, quamvis acrem amatorem 
 inveneris: nam ego crimes meas vindemiolas eo 
 reservo, ut illud subsidium senectuti parem. 5. de 
 fratre confido ita esse, ut semper volui et elaboravi. 
 P. C. 3
 
 iz EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 multa signa sunt eius rei, non minimum, quod 
 soror praegnans est. 6. de comitiis meis et tibi 
 me permisisse meniini et ego iam pridem hoc com- 
 munibus amicis, qui te exspectant, praedico: te 
 non modo non arcessi a me, sed prohiberi, quod 
 intelligam multo magis interesse tua te agere quod 
 agendum est hoc tempore quam mea te adesse 
 comitiis. proinde eo animo te velim esse, quasi 
 mei negocii causa in ista loca missus esses, me 
 autem eum et offendes erga te et audies, quasi 
 mihi, si quae parta erunt, non modo te praesente 
 sed per te parta sint. Tulliola tibi diem dat, spon- 
 sorem appellat. 
 
 XI. 
 
 (Romae. Pisone, Glabrione coss. 687.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 i. Et mea sponte faciebam antea et post dua- 
 bus epistolis tuis perdiligenter in eamdem rationem 
 scriptis magno opere sum commotus. eo acce- 
 debat hortator adsiduus Sallustius, ut agerem quam 
 diligentissime cum Lucceio de vestra vetere gratia 
 reconcilianda. sed, quum omnia fecissem, non 
 modo earn voluntatem eius quae fuerat erga te 
 recuperare non potui, verum ne causam quidem 
 elicere immutatae voluntatis. tametsi iactat ille qui- 
 dem illud tuum arbitrium et ea quae iam turn quum 
 aderas offendere eius animum intelligebam, tamen 
 habet quiddam profecto quod magis in animo eius 
 insederit, quod neque epistolae tuae neque nostra 
 adlegatio tarn potest facile delere, quam tu praesens 
 non modo oratione sed tuo vultu illo familiari tolles,
 
 LIB. I. EP. IT, 12. 13 
 
 si modo tanti putaris: id quod, si me audies et si 
 humanitati tuae constare voles, certe putabis. ac 
 ne illud mirere, cur, quum ego antea significarem 
 tibi per litteras me sperare ilium in nostra potestate 
 fore, nunc idem videar diffidere, incredibile est 
 quanto mihi videatur illius voluntas obstinatior 
 et in hac iracundia obfirmatior : sed haec aut sana- 
 buntur quum veneris, aut ei molesta erunt in utro 
 culpa erit. 2. quod in epistola tua scriptum erat, 
 me iam arbitrari designatum esse : scito nihil tam 
 exercitum esse nunc Romae quam candidates om- 
 nibus iniquitatibus nee quando futura sint comitia 
 sciri. verum haec audies de Philadelpho. 3. tu 
 velim quae Academiae nostrae parasti quam pri- 
 mum mittas. mire quam illius loci non modo usus, 
 sed etiam cogitatio delectat. libros vero tuos cave 
 cuiquam tradas. nobis eos, quern ad modum scri- 
 bis, conserva. summum me eorum studium tenet, 
 sicut odium iam caeterarum rerum : quas tu incre- 
 dibile est quam brevi tempore quanto deteriores 
 offensurus sis quam reliquisti. 
 
 XII. 
 
 (Romae, Messala, Pisone coss. 693.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 i. Te{}pt<? ilia lentum sane negocium, neque 
 Cornelius ad Terentiam postea rediit : opinor, ad 
 Considium, Axium, Selicium confugiendum est, 
 nam a Caecilio propinqui minore centesimis numum 
 movere non possunt. sed, ut ad prima ilia redeam, 
 nihil ego ilia impudentius, astutius, lentius vidi : 
 libcrtum mitto : Tito mandavi : dwi^etf atque ava- 
 
 32
 
 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 sed nescio an ravro^arov ijpwv nam mihi 
 Pompeiani TrpoBpofioi nunciant aperte Pompeium 
 acturum Antonio succedi oportere, eodemque tern- 
 pore aget praetor ad populum. res eius modi est, 
 ut ego nee per bonorum nee popularem existima- 
 tionem honeste possim hominem defendere, nee 
 mihi libeat, quod vel maximum est etenim accidit 
 hoc, quod totum cuius modi sit mando tibi ut per- 
 spicias. 2. libertum ego habeo, sane nequam 
 hominem, Hilarum dico, rat-iocinatorem et clientem 
 tuum. de eo mihi Valerius interpres nunciat Chili- 
 usque se audisse scribit haec : esse hominem cum 
 Antonio : Antonium porro in cogendis pecuniis 
 dictitare partem mihi quaeri, et a me custodem 
 communis quaestus libertum esse missum. non 
 sum mediocriter commotus neque tamen credidi, 
 sed certe aliquid sermonis fuit. totum investiga, 
 cognosce, perspice, et nebulonem ilium, si quo pacto 
 potes, ex istis locis amove, huius sermonis Vale- 
 rius auctorem Cn. Plancium nominabat mando 
 tibi plane totum ut videas cuius modi sit. 3. Pom- 
 peium nobis amicissimum constat esse. divortium 
 Muciae vehementer probatur. P. Clodium, Appii 
 F., credo te audisse cum veste muliebri deprehen- 
 sum domi C. Caesaris, quum pro populo fieret, 
 eumque per manus servulae servatum et eductum: 
 rem esse insigni infamia : quod te moleste ferre 
 certo scio. 4. quid praeterea ad te scribam non 
 habeo. et mehercule eram in scribendo contur- 
 batior. nam puer festivus, ava^vdar^ noster, So- 
 sitheus decesserat meque plus, quam servi mors 
 debere videbatur, commoverat. tu velim saepe ad 
 nos scribas. si rem nullam habebis, quod in buc-
 
 LIB. I. EP. 12, 13. 15 
 
 cam venerit scribito. Kal. lanuar. M. Messala M. 
 Pisone coss. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 (Romae. Messala, Pisone coss. 693.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 i. Accepi tuas tres iam epistolas : unam a M. 
 Cornelio, quam Tribus Tabernis, ut opinor, ei dedisti : 
 alteram, quam mihi Canusinus tuus hospes reddidlt: 
 tertiam, quam, ut scribis, ancoris sublatis de phaselo 
 dedisti : quae fuerunt omnes t rhetorum. pure lo- 
 quuntur,quum humanitatis sparsae sale turn insignes 
 amoris notis. quibus epistolis sum equidem abs te 
 lacessitus ad scribendum, sed idcirco sum tardior, 
 quod non invenio fidelem tabellarium. quotus enim 
 quisque est qui epistolam paullo graviorem ferre 
 possit, nisi earn pellectione relevant ? accedit eo, 
 
 quod mihi non est, ut quisque in Epirum 
 
 proficiscitur. ego enim te arbitror, caesis apud 
 Amaltheam tuam victimis, statim esse ad Sicyonem 
 oppugnandum profectum. neque tamen id ipsum 
 certum habeo quando ad Antonium proficiscare aut 
 quid in Epiro temporis ponas. ita neque Achaicis 
 hominibus neque Epiroticis paullo liberiores litteras 
 committere audeo. 2. sunt autem post discessum 
 a me tuum res dignae litteris nostris, sed non 
 committendae eius modi periculo ut aut interire 
 aut aperiri aut intercipi possint. primum igitur 
 scito primum me non esse rogatum sententiam 
 praepositumque esse nobis pacificatorem Allobro- 
 gum, idque admurmurante senatu neque me invito 
 esse factum. sum enim et ab observando homine
 
 16 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 perverse liber et ad dignitatem in re publica reti- 
 nendam contra illius voluntatem solutus, et ille 
 secundus in dicendo locus habet auctoritatem paene 
 principis et voluntatem non nimis devinctam bene- 
 ficio consulis. tertius est Catulus, quartus, si etiam 
 hoc quaeris, Hortensius. consul autem ipse parvo 
 animo et pravo, tantum cavillatorgenere illo moroso 
 quod etiam sine dicacitate ridetur, facie magis quam 
 facetiis ridiculus, nihil agens cum re publica, seiunc- 
 tus ab optimatibus, a quo nihil speres boni rei 
 publicae, quia non vult, nihil [metuas] mali, quia 
 non audet eius autem collega et in me perhonori- 
 ficus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum. 
 quin imo leviter inter se dissident. 3. sed vereor 
 ne hoc, quod infectum est, serpat longius. credo 
 enim te audisse, quum apud Caesarem pro populo 
 fieret, venisse eo muliebri vestitu virum, idque 
 sacrificium quum virgines instaurassent, mentionem 
 a Q. Cornificio in senatu factam is fuit princeps, 
 ne tu forte aliquem nostrum putes postea rem 
 ex senatus consulto ad pontifices relatam idque ab 
 iis nefas esse decretum : deinde ex senatus consulto 
 consules rogationem promulgasse : uxori Caesarem 
 nuncium remisisse. in hac causa Piso amicitia P. 
 Clodii ductus operam dat ut ea rogatio, quam ipse 
 fert et fert ex senatus consulto et de religione, 
 antiquetur. Messala vehementer adhuc agit severe, 
 boni viri precibus Clodii removentur a causa : 
 operae comparantur : nosmet ipsi, qui Lycurgei a 
 principio fuissemus, cotidie demitigamur: instat 
 et urget Cato. quid multa? vereor ne haec neg- 
 lecta a bonis, defensa ab improbis, magnorum rei 
 publicae malorum causa sit. 4. tuus autem ille
 
 LIB. I. EP. 13. 17 
 
 amicus scin quem dicam ? de quo tu ad me 
 scripsisti, postea quam non auderet reprehendere, 
 laudare coepisse, nos, ut ostendit, admodum diligit, 
 amplectitur, amat, aperte laudat: occulte, sed ita 
 ut perspicuum sit, invidet. nihil come, nihil 
 simplex, nihil ev TO?<? iro\tTiKol<; honestum, nihil 
 illustre, nihii forte, nihil liberum. sed haec ad te 
 jscribam alias subtilius : nam neque adhuc mihi 
 satis nota sunt et huic terrae filio nescio cui com- 
 mittere epistolam tantis de rebus non audeo. 5. 
 provincias praetores nondum sortiti sunt. res eodem 
 est loci, quo reliquisti. ToTrodea-iav quam postu- 
 las Miseni et Puteolorum includam orationi meae. 
 a. d. Ill Non. Decembr. mendose fuisse animad- 
 verteram. quae laudas ex orationibus, mihi crede, 
 valde mihi placebant, sed non audebam antea 
 dicere : nunc vero, quod a te probata sunt, multo 
 mihi aTTLKaorepa videntur. in illam orationem Me- 
 tellinam addidi quaedam. liber tibi mittetur, quo- 
 niam te amor nostri <t\o/Dvropa reddidit. 6. novi 
 tibi quidnam scribam? quid? etiam. Messala con- 
 sul Autronianam domum emit HS. xxxvil. quid 
 id ad me, inquies ? tantum, quod ea emptione et 
 nos bene emisse iudicati sumus et homines intelli- 
 gere coeperunt licere amicorum facultatibus in 
 emendo ad dignitatem aliquam pervenire. Tey/cpt? 
 ilia lentum negocium est, sed tamen est in spe. 
 tu ista confice. a nobis liberiorem epistolam ex- 
 specta. VI Kalend. Febr. M. Messala M. Pisone 
 coss.
 
 j8 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 XIV. 
 
 (Romae. Messala, Pisone coss. 693.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 i. Vereor ne putidum sit scribere ad te quam 
 sim occupatus, sed tamen distinebar, ut huic vix 
 tantulae epistolae tempus habuerim atque id erep- 
 tum e summis occupationibus. prima contio Pom- 
 peii qualis fuisset scripsi ad te antea, non iucunda 
 miseris, inanis improbis, beatis non grata, bonis 
 non gravis, itaque frigebat. turn Pisonis consulis 
 impulsu levissimus tribunus plebis Fufius in con- 
 tionem produxit Pompeium. res agebatur in circo 
 Flaminio et erat in eo ipso loco illo die nundinarum 
 TravTjyvpis. quaesivit ex eo placeretne ei iudices 
 a praetore legi, quo consilio idem praetor uteretur. 
 id autem erat de Clodiana religione ab senatu con- 
 stitutum. 2. turn Pompeius /*a\' api<JTOKpaTt,Kw<s 
 locutus est, senatusque auctoritatem sibi omnibus 
 in rebus maximam videri semperque visam esse 
 respondit et id multis verbis. postea Messala 
 consul in senatu de Pompeio quaesivit quid de 
 religione et de promulgata rogatione sentiret. lo- 
 cutus ita est in senatu, ut omnia illius ordinis con- 
 sulta 7ei>iu9 laudaret, mihique, ut adsedit, dixit 
 se putare satis ab se etiam de istis rebus esse 
 responsum. 3. Crassus postea quam vidit ilium 
 excepisse laudem ex eo quod suspicarentur homines 
 ei consulatum meum placere, surrexit ornatissime- 
 que de meo consulatu locutus est, ut ita diceret, 
 se, quod esset senator, quod civis, quod liber, quod 
 viveret, mihi acceptum referre : quotiens coniugem,
 
 LIB. I. EP. 14. 19 
 
 quotiens domum, quotiens patriam videret, totiens 
 se beneficium meum videre. quid multa ? totum 
 hunc locum, quern ego varie meis orationibus, 
 quarum tu Aristarchus es, soleo pingere, de flamma, 
 de ferro nosti illas \i)/cvdovs , valde graviter per- 
 texuit. proxime Pompeium sedebam. intellexi 
 hominem moveri, utrum Crassum inire earn gra- 
 -tiam, quam ipse praetermisisset, an esse tantas res 
 nostras, quae tarn libenti senatu laudarentur, ab eo 
 praesertim, qui mihi laudem illam eo minus de- 
 beret, q'uod meis omnibus litteris in Pompeiana 
 laude perstrictus esset. 4. hie dies me valde 
 Crasso adiunxit, et tamen ab illo aperte tecte 
 quidquid est datum libenter accepi. ego autem 
 ipse, di boni ! quo modo eveTrep-jrepeva-d^v novo 
 auditor! Pompeio ! si umquam mihi irepio^oi r; 
 KafjLTral 77 evdv^/jiara i) KaracT/cevai suppeditaverunt, 
 illo tempore. quid multa ? clamores. etenim haec 
 erat vTrudea-is, de gravitate ordinis, de equestri 
 concordia, de consensione Italiae, de intermortuis 
 reliquiis coniurationis, de vilitate, de ocio. nosti 
 iam in hac materia sonitus nostros : tanti fuerunt, 
 ut ego eo brevior sim, quod eos usque istim ex- 
 auditos putem. 5. Romanae autem se res sic 
 habent : senatus "Apeio? 770709. nihil constantius, 
 nihil severius, nihil fortius. nam, quum dies venisset 
 rogationi ex senatus consulto ferendae, concursa- 
 bant barbatuli iuvenes, totus ille grex Catilinae, 
 duce filiola Curionis, et populum, ut antiquaret, 
 rogabant. Piso autem consul, later rogationis, idem 
 erat dissuasor. operae Clodianae pontes occu- 
 parant : tabellae ministrabantur ita ut nulla daretur 
 UTl ROGAS. hie tibi rostra Cato advolat, con-
 
 20 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 vicium Pisoni consuli mirificum facit, si id est 
 convicium, vox plena gravitatis, plena auctoritatis, 
 plena denique salutis. accedit eodem etiam noster 
 Hortensius, multi praeterea boni. insignis vero 
 opera Favonii fuit. hoc concursu optimatum co- 
 mitia dimittuntur : senatus vocatur. quum decer- 
 neretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, 
 ad pedes omnium singillatim accidente Clodio, ut 
 consules populum cohortarentur ad rogationem 
 accipiendam, homines ad XV Curioni nullum se- 
 natus consultum facienti adsenserunt : ex altera 
 parte facile CCCC fuerunt. acta res est. Fufius 
 tribunus turn concessit. Clodius condones miseras 
 habebat, in quibus Lucullum, Hortensium, C. Pi- 
 sonem, Messalam consulem contumeliose laedebat : 
 me tantum comperisse omnia criminabatur. senatus 
 et de provinces praetorum et de legationibus et de 
 caeteris rebus decernebat, ut ante quam rogatio 
 lata esset ne quid ageretur. 6. habes res Romanas, 
 sed tamen etiam illud, quod non speraram, audi. 
 Messala consul est egregius, fortis, constans, dili- 
 gens, nostri laudator, amator, imitator, ille alter uno 
 vitio minus vitiosus, quod iners, quod somni pLenus, 
 quod imperitus, quod aTrpa/crorarof, sed voluntate 
 ita Ka^eKTt]^, ut Pompeium post illam contionem, 
 in qua ab eo senatus laudatus est, odisse coeperit. 
 itaque mirum in modum omnes a se bonos alie- 
 navit. neque id magis amicitia Clodii adductus 
 facit quam studio perditarum rerum atque partium. 
 sed habet sui similem in magistratibus praeter 
 Fufium neminem. bonis utimur tribunis plebis, 
 Cornuto vero Pseudocatone. quid quaeris ? 7. 
 nunc ut ad privata redeam, Tey/fpt? promissa pa-
 
 LIB. I. ER 1416. 21 
 
 travit. tu mandata effice, quae recepisti. Quintus 
 frater, qui Argiletani aedificii reliquum dodrantem 
 emit HS DCCXXV, Tusculanum venditat, ut, si 
 possit, emat Pacilianam domum. cu-m Lucceio in 
 gratiam redi. video hominem valde petiturire. 
 navabo operam. tu quid agas, ubi sis, cuius modi 
 istae res sint fac me quam diligentissime certiorem. 
 Jdib. Febr. 
 
 XV. 
 
 {Romae. Messala, Pisone coss. 693.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 i. Asiam Quinto, suavissimo fratri, obtigisse 
 audisti : non enim dubito quin celerius tibi hoc 
 rumor quam ullius nostrum litterae nunciarint. 
 nunc quoniam et laudis avidissimi semper fuimus, 
 et praeter caeteros <f>i\.e\,\r]ve<; et sumus et habemur, 
 et multorum odia atque inimicitias rei publicae 
 causa suscepimus, Travrotr]? dpeTrjs pip-vrjcnceo, cura- 
 que et effice ut ab omnibus et laudemur et amemur. 
 2. his de rebus plura ad te in ea epistola scribam, 
 quam ipsi Quinto dabo. tu me velim certiorem 
 facias quid de meis mandatis egeris, atque etiam 
 quid de tuo negocio. nam ut Brundusio profectus 
 es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae. valde 
 aveo scire quid agas. Idib. Mart. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 (Romae. Messala, Pisone coss. 693.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Quaeris ex me quid accident de iudicio 
 quod tarn praeter opinionem omnium factum sit,
 
 22 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 ct simul vis scire quo modo ego minus quam 
 soleam proeliatus sim : respondebo tibi varepov 
 irpLrepov, 'OfAypifcw. ego enim, quam diu senatus 
 auctoritas mihi defendenda fuit, sic acriter et vehe- 
 menter proeliatus sum, ut clamor concursusque 
 maxima cum mea laude fierent. quod si tibi um- 
 quam sum visus in re publica fortis, certe me in 
 ilia causa admiratus esses, quum enim ille ad 
 contiones confugisset in iisque meo nomine ad 
 invidiam uteretur, di immortales ! quas ego pugnas 
 et quantas strages edidi ! quos impetus in Pisonem, 
 in Curionem, in totam illam manum feci ! quo 
 modo sum insectatus levitatem senum, libidinem 
 iuventutis ! saepe, ita me di iuvent ! te non solum 
 auctorem consiliorum meorum, verum etiam spec- 
 tatorem pugnarum mirificarum desideravi. 2. 
 postea vero quam Hortensius excogitavit, ut legem 
 de religione Fufius tribunus plebis ferret, in qua 
 nihil aliud a consulari rogatione differebat nisi 
 iudicum genus in eo autem erant omnia pugna- 
 vitque ut ita fieret, quod et sibi et aliis persua- 
 serat nullis ilium iudicibus effugere posse : contraxi 
 vela perspiciens inopiam iudicum, neque dixi 
 quidquam pro testimonio, nisi quod erat ita notum 
 atque testatum, ut non possem praeterire. itaque 
 si causam quaeris absolutionis, ut Jam TT/SO? TO 
 Trporepov revertar, egestas iudicum fuit et turpitudo. 
 id autem ut accideret, commissum est Hortensii 
 consilio, qui dum veritus est ne Fufius ei legi inter- 
 cederet, quae ex senatus consulto ferebatur, non 
 vidit illud satius esse ilium in infamia relinqui ac 
 sordibus quam infirmo iudicio committi. sed ductus 
 odio properavit rem deducere in iudicium, quum
 
 LIB. I. EP. 1 6. 23 
 
 ilium plumbeo gladio iugulatum iri tamen diceret. 
 3. sed iudiciunt si quaeris quale fuerit, incredibili 
 exitu : sic uti nunc ex eventu ab aliis, a me tamen 
 ex ipso initio, consilium Hortensii reprehendatur. 
 nam ut reiectio facta est clamoribus maximis, 
 quum accusator tamquam censor bonus homines 
 nequissimos reiiceret, reus tamquam clemens la- 
 nista frugalissimum quemque secerneret, ut primum 
 iudices consederunt, valde diffidere boni coeperunt. 
 non enim umquam turpior in ludo talario consessus 
 fuit maculosi senatores, nudi equites, tribuni non 
 tarn aerati quam, ut appellantur, aerarii. pauci 
 tamen boni inerant, quos reiectione fugare ille non 
 potuerat, qui maesti inter sui dissimiles et maeren- 
 tes sedebant et contagione turpitudinis vehementer 
 permovebantur. 4. hie, ut quaeque res ad con- 
 silium primis postulationibus referebatur, incredi- 
 bilis erat severitas nulla varietate sententiarum, 
 nihil impetrabat reus, plus accusatori dabatur quam 
 postulabat, triumphabat quid quaeris ? Horten- 
 sius se vidisse tantum, nemo erat qui ilium reum 
 ac non miliens condemnatum arbitraretur. me vero 
 teste producto credo te ex acclamatione Clodii 
 advocatorum audisse quae consurrectio iudicum 
 facta sit, ut me circumsteterint, ut aperte iugula 
 sua pro meo capite P. Clodio ostentarint. quae 
 mihi res multo honorificentior visa est quam aut 
 ilia, quum iurare tui cives Xenocratem testimo- 
 nium dicentem prohibuerunt, aut quum tabulas 
 Metelli Numidici, quum eae, ut mos est, circum- 
 ferrentur, nostri iudices aspicere noluerunt : multo 
 haec, inquam, nostra res maior. 5. itaque iudicum 
 vocibus, quum ego sic ab iis ut salus patriae defen-
 
 24 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 derer, fractus reus et una patroni omnes conci- 
 derunt. ad me autem eadem frecfuentia postridie 
 convenit, quacum abiens consulatu sum domum 
 reductus. clamare praeclari Areopagitae se non 
 esse ventures nisi praesidio constitute, refertur ad 
 consilium : una sola sententia praesidium non de- 
 sideravit. defertur res ad senatum : gravissime 
 ornatissimeque decernitur : laudantur iudices : datur 
 negocium magistratibus : responsurum hominem 
 nemo arbitrabatur. 
 
 "Eo-Trere vvv fioi, Movcrai, 
 O7T7rei>9 S>) irpunov irvp e/meo'e. 
 nosti Calvum, ex Nanneianis ilium, ilium lauda- 
 torem meum, de cuius oratione erga me honorifica 
 ad te scripseram. biduo per unum servum et eum 
 ex gladiatorio ludo confecit totum negocium : 
 arcessivit ad se, promisit, intercessit, dedit. iam 
 vero o di boni, rem perditam ! etiam noctes cer- 
 tarum mulierum atque adolescentulorum nobilium 
 introductiones non nullis iudicibus pro mercedis 
 cumulo fuerunt. ita, sumnio discessu bonorum, 
 pleno foro servorum, XXV iudices ita fortes tamen 
 fuerunt, ut, summo proposito periculo, vel perire 
 maluerint quam perdere omnia : XXXI fuerunt quos 
 fames magis quam fama commoverit. quorum 
 Catulus quum vidisset quemdam : quid vos, inquit, 
 praesidium a nobis postulabatis ? an ne numi vobis 
 eriperentur timebatis? 6. habes, ut brevissime potui, 
 genus iudicti et causam absolutionis. quaeris dein- 
 ceps qui nunc sit status rerum et qui meus. rei pub- 
 licae statum ilium, quern tu meo consilio, ego divino 
 confirmatum putabam, qui bonorum omnium con- 
 iunctione et auctoritate consulatus mei fixus et fun-
 
 LIB. I. EP. 1 6. 75 
 
 datus videbatur, nisi qui nos deus respexerit, elapsum 
 scito esse de manibus uno hoc iudicio : si iudicium 
 est, triginta homines populi Romani levissimos ac 
 nequissimos numulis acceptis ius ac fas omne delere 
 et, quod omnes non modo homines verum etiam 
 pecudes factum esse sciant, id Thalnam et Plautum 
 et Spongiam et caeteras huius modi quisquilias 
 statuere numquam esse factum. 7. sed tamen, 
 ut te de re publica consoler, non ita, ut sperarunt 
 mali, tanto imposito rei publicae vulnere, alacris 
 exsultat improbitas in victoria, nam plane ita 
 putaverunt, quum religio, quum pudicitia, quum 
 iudiciorum fides, quum senatus auctoritas conci- 
 disset, fore ut aperte victrix nequitia ac libido 
 poenas ab optimo quoque peteret sui doloris, quern 
 improbissimo cuique inusserat severitas consulatus 
 mei. 8. idem ego ille non enim mihi videor 
 insolenter gloriari, quum de me apud te loquor, in 
 ea praesertim epistola quam nolo ab aliis legi 
 idem, inquam, ego recreavi adflictos animos bono- . 
 rum, unum quemque confirmans, excitans : insec- 
 tandis vero exagitandisque numariis iudicibus om- 
 nem omnibus studiosis ac fautoribus illius victoriae 
 Trapprjaiav eripui, Pisonem consulem nulla in re 
 consistere umquam sum passus, desponsam ho- 
 mini iam Syriam ademi, senatum ad pristinam 
 suam severitatem revocavi atque abiectum excitavi, 
 Clodium praesentem fregi in senatu quum oratione 
 perpetua, plenissima gravitatis, turn altercatione 
 eius modi, ex qua licet pauca degustes. nam 
 caetera non possunt habere neque vim neque ve- 
 nustatem, remote illo studio contentions, quem 
 aywva vos appellatis. 9. nam, ut Idib. Maiis in
 
 26 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 senatum convenimus, rogatus ego sententiam multa 
 dixi de summa re publica, atque ille locus inductus 
 a me est divinitus : ne una plaga accepta patres 
 conscripti conciderent, ne deficerent : vulnus esse 
 eius modi, quod mihi nee dissimulandum nee per- 
 timescendum videretur, ne aut metuendo ignavis- 
 simi aut ignorando stultissimi iudicaremur : bis 
 absolutum esse Lentulum, bis Catilinam, hunc ter- 
 tium iain esse a iudicibus in rem publicam immis- 
 sum. erras, Clodi : non te iudices urbi, sed career! 
 reservarunt, neque te retinere in civitate, sed exsilio 
 privare voluerunt. quam ob rem, patres conscripti, 
 erigite animos, retinete vestram dignitatem, manet 
 ilia in re publica bonorum consensio : dolor acces- 
 sit bonis viris, virtus non est imminuta: nihil est 
 damni factum novi, sed, quod erat, inventum est. in 
 unius hominis perditi iudicio plures similes reperti 
 sunt. 10. sed quid ago ? paene orationem in episto- 
 lam inclusi. redeo ad altercationem. surgit pulchel- 
 lus puer, obiicit mihi mead Baiasfuisse. falsum, sed 
 tamen quid hoc ? simile est, inquam, quasi dicas 
 in operto fuisse. quid, inquit, ho mini Arpinati cum 
 aquis calidis? narra, inquam, patrono tuo, qui 
 Arpinatis aquas concupivit. (nosti enim Marianas.) 
 quousque, inquit, hunc regem fcremns ? regem ap- 
 pellas, inquam, quum Rex tui mentionem nullam 
 fecerit ? (ille autem Regis hereditatem spe devora 
 rat.) domum, inquit, emisti. potes, inquam, dicere, 
 'iudices emisti '? iuranti, inquit, tibi non crediderunt. 
 mihi vero, inquam, XXV iudices crediderunt, XXXI, 
 qu^miam numos ante acceperunt, tibi nihil credide- 
 runt. magnis clamoribus adflictus conticuit et 
 concidit. II. noster autem status est hie: apud
 
 LIB. I. EP. 1 6. 27 
 
 bonos iidem sumus, quos reliquisti, apud sordem 
 urbis et faecem multo melius nunc, quam reli- 
 quisti. nam et illud nobis non obest, videri nostrum 
 testimonium non valuisse missus est sanguis in- 
 vidiae sine dolore atque etiam hoc magis, quod 
 omnes illi fautorcs illius flagitii rem manifestam 
 illam redemptam esse a iudicibus confitenturr 
 accedit, quod ilia contionalis hirudo aerarii, misera 
 ac ieiuna plebecula, me ab hoc Magno unice diligl 
 putat, et hercule multa et iucunda consuetudine 
 coniuncti inter nos sumus, usque eo, ut nostri isti 
 comissatores coniurationis, barbatuli iuvenes, ilium 
 in sermonibus Cnaeum Ciceronem appellent. ita- 
 que et ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas en-to^ao-tcn? 
 sine ulla pastoricia fistula auferebamus. 12. nunc 
 est exspectatio ingens comitiorum, in quae omnibus 
 invitis trudit noster Magnus Auli filium, atque 
 in eo neque auctoritate neque gratia pugnat, sed 
 quibus Philippus omnia castella expugnari posse 
 dicebat, in quae modo asellus onustus auro posset 
 ascendere. consul autem ille, Doterionis histrionis 
 similis, suscepisse negocium dicitur et domi divi- 
 sores habere: quod ego non credo, sed senatus 
 consulta duo iam facta sunt, odiosa, quod in con- 
 sulem facta putantur, Catone et Domitio postu- 
 lante, unum, ut apud magistratus inquiri liceret, 
 alterum, cuius domi divisores habitarent, adversus 
 rem publicam. 13.. Lurco autem tribunus ple- 
 bis [est], qui, magistratum simul-f- contra legem 
 Aeliam iniit, solutus est et Aelia et Fufia ut 
 legem de ambitu ferret, quam ille bono auspicin 
 claudus homo promulgavit. ita comitia in ante 
 diem VI Kal. Sext. dilata sunt. novi est in lege 
 
 P.C. 4
 
 28 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 hoc, ut, qui numos in tribus pronunciarit, si non 
 dederit, impune sit : sin dederit, ut quoad vivat 
 singulis tribubus HS CID CID CID debeat. dixi 
 hanc legem P. Clodium iam ante servasse : pronun- 
 ciare enim solitum esse et non dare, sed heus tu ! 
 videsne consulatum ilium nostrum, quern Curio 
 antea aTrodeoxnv vocabat, si hie factus erit, fabulam 
 mimum futurum ? qua re, ut opinor, faXotrofareov, 
 id quod tu facis, et istos consulatus non flocci 
 facteon. 14. quod ad me scribis, te in Asiam 
 statuisse non ire, equidem mallem ut ires, ac vereor 
 ne quid in ista re minus commode fiat, sed tamen 
 non possum reprehendere consilium tuum, prae- 
 sertim quum egomet in provinciam non sim pro- 
 fectus. 15. epigrammatis tuis, quae in Amaltheo 
 posuisti, content! erimus, praesertim quum et 
 Chilius nos reliquerit et Archias nihil de me 
 scripserit, ac vereor ne, Lucullis quoniam Graecum 
 poema condidit, nunc ad Caecilianam fabulam 
 spectet. 1 6. Antonio tuo nomine gratias egi, eam- 
 que epistolam Manlio dedi. ad te ideo antea 
 rarius scripsi, quod non habebam idoneum cui 
 darem nee satis sciebam quo darem. valde te 
 vindicavi. 17. Cincius si quid ad me tui negocii 
 detulerit, suscipiam. sed nunc magis in suo est 
 occupatus, in quo ego ei non desum. tu, si uno in 
 loco es futurus, crebras a nobis litteras exspecta : 
 ast plures etiam ipse mittito. 18. velim ad me 
 scribas cuius modi sit 'ApaXOeiov tuum, quo ornatu, 
 qua roTTodea-ia, et quae poemata quasque historias 
 de 'A/j,a\0ela habes ad me mittas. lubet mihi facere 
 in Arpinati. ego tibi aliquid de meis scriptis mit- 
 tam. nihil erat absoluti.
 
 LIB. I. EP. 17. 29 
 
 XVII. 
 
 (Romae. Messala, Pisone coss. 693.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Magna mihi varietas voluntatis et dissimili- 
 tudo opinionis ac iudicii Quinti fratris mei de- 
 monstrata est ex litteris tuis, in quibus ad me 
 epistolarum illius exempla misisti. qua ex re et 
 molestia sum tanta adfectus. quantam mihi meus 
 amor summus erga utrumque vestrum adferre de- 
 buit, et admiratione quidnam accidisset quod adfer- 
 ret Quinto fratri meo aut offensionem tarn gravem 
 autcommutationem tantam voluntatis. atque illud 
 a me iam ante intelligebatur, quod te quoque 
 ipsum discedentem a nobis suspicari videbam, 
 subesse nescio quid opinionis incommodae sau- 
 ciumque esse eius animum et insedisse quasdam 
 odiosas suspiciones: quibus ego mederi quum cu- 
 perem antea saepe et vehementius etiam post 
 sortitionem provinciae, nee tantum intelligebam ei 
 esse offensionis, quantum litterae tuae declararant, 
 nee tantum proficiebam, quantum volebam. 2. sed 
 tamen hoc me ipse consolabar, quod non dubita- 
 bam quin te ille aut Dyrrhachii aut in istis locis 
 uspiam visurus esset. quod quum accidisset, con- 
 fidebam ac mihi persuaseram fore ut omnia placa- 
 rentur inter vos non modo sermone ac disputatione, 
 sed conspectu ipso congressuque vestro. nam 
 quanta sit in Quinto fratre meo comitas, quanta 
 iucunditas, quam mollis animus ad accipiendam et 
 ad deponendam offensionem, nihil attinet me ad 
 te, qui ea nosti, scribere. sed accidit perincom- 
 
 42
 
 30 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 mode, quod eum nusquam vidisti. valuit enim 
 plus, quod erat illi non nullorum artificiis inculca- 
 tum, quam aut officium aut necessitudo aut amor 
 vester ille pristinus, qui plurimum valere debuit. 
 3. atque huius incommodi culpa ubi resideat 
 facilius possum existimare quam scribere. vereor 
 enim ne, dum defendam meos, non parcam tuis. 
 nam sic intelligo, ut nihil a domesticis vulneris 
 factum sit, illud quidem quod erat eos certe sanare 
 potuisse. sed huiusce rei totius vitium, quod ali- 
 quanto etiam latius patet quam videtur, praesenti 
 tibi commodius exponam. 4. de iis litteris, quas 
 ad te Thessalonica misit, et de sermonibus, quos 
 ab illo et Romae apud amicos tuos et in itinere 
 habitos putas, ecquid tantum causae sit ignore: 
 sed omnis in tua posita est humanitate mihi spes 
 huius levandae molestiae. nam, si ita statueris, et 
 irritabiles animos esse optimorum saepe hominum 
 et eosdem placabiles, et esse hanc agilitatem, ut 
 ita dicam, mollitiamque naturae plerumque boni- 
 tatis et, id quod caput est, nobis inter nos nostra 
 sive incommoda sive vitia sive iniurias esse toleran- 
 das, facile haec, quem ad modum spero, mitiga- 
 buntur. quod ego ut facias te oro. nam ad me, 
 qui te unice diligo, maxime pertinet neminem esse 
 meorum, qui aut te non amet aut abs te non ame- 
 tur. 5. ilia pars epistolae tuae minime fuit neces- 
 saria, in qua exponis quas facultates aut provin- 
 cialium aut urbanorum commodorum et aliis 
 temporibus et me ipso consule praetermiseris. 
 mihi enim perspecta est ingenuitas et magnitude 
 animi tui, neque ego inter me atque te quidquam 
 interesse umquam duxi praeter voluntatem in-
 
 LIB. I. EP. 17. 31 
 
 stitutae vitae, quod me ambitio quaedam ad hono- 
 rum studium, te autem alia minime reprehendenda 
 ratio ad honestum ocium duxit. vera quidem 
 laude probitatis, diligentiae, religionis neque me 
 tibi neque quemquam antepono, amoris vero erga 
 me, quum a fraterno amore domesticoque discessi, 
 tibi primas defero. 6. vidi enim, vidi penitusque 
 perspexi in meis variis temporibus et sollicitudines 
 et laetitias tuas. fuit mihi saepe et laudis nostrae 
 gratulatio tua iucunda et timoris consolatio grata, 
 quin mihi nunc te absente non solum consilium, 
 quo tu excellis, sed etiam sermonis communicatio, 
 quae mihi suavissima tecum solet esse, maxime 
 deest quid dicam ? in publicane re, quo in gen- 
 ere mihi negligent! esse non licet, an in forensi 
 labore, quern antea propter ambitionem sustinebam, 
 nunc, ut dignitatem tueri gratia possim, an in ipsis 
 domesticis negociis, in quibus ego quum antea turn 
 vero post discessum fratris te sermonesque nostros 
 desidero ? postremo non labor meus, non requies, 
 non negocium, non ocium, non forenses res, non 
 domesticae, non publicae, non privatae carere diu- 
 tius tuo suavissimo atque amantissimo consilio ac 
 sermone possunt. 7. atque harum rerum com- 
 memorationem verecundia saepe impedivit utrius- 
 que nostrum, nunc autem ea fuit necessaria 
 propter earn partem epistolae tuae, per quam te ac 
 mores tuos mihi purgatos ac probates esse voluisti. 
 atque in ista incommoditate alienati illius animi et 
 offensi illud inest tamen commodi, quod et mihi et 
 caeteris amicis tuis nota fuit et abs te aliquando 
 testificata tua voluntas omittendae provinciae, ut, 
 quod una non estis, non dissensione ac discidio
 
 32 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 vestro, sed voluntate ac iudicio tuo factum esse 
 videatur. qua re et ilia, quae violata, expiabuntur et 
 haec nostra, quae sunt sanctissime conservata, suam 
 religionem obtinebunt. 8. nos hie in re publica 
 infirma misera commutabilique versamur. credo 
 enim te audisse nostros equites paene a senatu esse 
 disiunctos : qui primum illud valde graviter tule- 
 runt, promulgatum ex senatus consulto fuisse, ut 
 de eis, qui ob iudicandum pecuniam accepissent, 
 quaereretur. qua in re decernenda quum ego casu 
 non adfuissem sensissemque id equestrem ordinem 
 ferre moleste neque aperte dicere, obiurgavi sena- 
 tum, ut mihi visus sum, summa cum auctoritate, 
 et in causa non verecunda admodum gravis et 
 copiosus fui. 9. ecce aliae deliciae equitum vix 
 ferendae ! quas ego non solum tuli, sed etiam or- 
 navi. Asiani, qui de censoribus conduxerunt, questi 
 sunt in senatu se cupiditate prolapsos nimium 
 magno conduxisse : ut induceretur locatio, postula- 
 verunt. ego princeps in adiutoribus atque adeo 
 secundus. nam, ut illi auderent hoc postulare, 
 Crassus eos impulit. invidiosa res, turpis postu- 
 latio et confessio temeritatis. summum erat peri- 
 culum ne, si nihil impetrassent, plane alienarentur 
 a senatu. huic quoque rei subventum est maxime 
 a nobis perfectumque, ut frequentissimo senatu et 
 libentissimo uterentur, multaque a me de ordinum 
 dignitate et concordia dicta sunt Kal. Decembr. et 
 postridie. neque adhuc res confecta est, sed 
 voluntas senatus perspecta. unus enim contra 
 dixerat Metellus consul designatus. quin erat 
 dicturus ad quern propter diei brevitatem per- 
 ventum non est heros ille noster Cato. 10. sic
 
 LIB. I. EP. 17, 1 8. 33 
 
 ego conservans rationem institutionemque nostram 
 tueor, ut possum, illam a me conglutinatam con- 
 cordiam, sed tamen, quoniam ista sunt infirma, 
 munitur quaedam nobis ad retinendas opes nostras 
 tuta, ut spero, via, quam tibi litteris satis explicare 
 non possum, significatione parva ostendam tamen. 
 utor Pompeio familiarissime. video quid dicas. 
 cavebo quae sunt cavenda ac scribam alias ad te 
 de meis consiliis capessendae rei publicae plura. 
 u. Lucceium scito consulatum habere in animo 
 statim petere: duo enim soli dicuntur petituri. 
 Caesar cum eo coire per Arrium cogitat et Bibulus 
 cum hoc se putat per C. Pisonem posse coniungi. 
 rides ? non sunt haec ridicula, mihi crede. quid 
 aliud scribam ad te ? quid ? multa sunt, sed in aliud 
 tempus. te si exspectari velis, cures ut sciam. 
 iam illud modeste rogo, quod maxime cupio, ut 
 quam primum venias. Nonis Decembribus. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 (Romae. Metcllo, Afranio coss. 694.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 i. Nihil mihi nunc scito tam deesse quam 
 hominem eum, quicum omnia, quae me cura aliqua 
 adficiunt, una communicem : qui me amet, qui 
 sapiat, quicum ego colloquar, nihil fingam, nihil 
 dissimulem, nihil obtegam. abest enim frater a$e- 
 Xeo-Taro? et amantissimus [mei]. en tellus ! non 
 homo, sed 
 
 littus atque aer et solitude mera! 
 tu autem, qui saepissime curam et angorem animi 
 mei sermone et consilio levasti tuo, qui mihi et in
 
 34 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 publica re socius et in privatis omnibus conscius et 
 omnium meorum sermonum et consiliorum particeps 
 esse soles, ubinam es ? ita sum ab omnibus de- 
 stitutus, ut tantum requietis habeam, quantum cum 
 uxore et filiola et mellito Cicerone consumitur. 
 nam illae ambitiosae nostrae fucosaeque amicitiae 
 sunt in quodam splendore forensi, fructum domes- 
 ticum non habent. itaque, quum bene completa 
 domus est tempore matutino, quum ad forum sti- 
 pati gregibus amicorum descendimus, reperire ex 
 magna turba neminem possumus quicum aut iocari 
 libere aut suspirare familiariter possimus. qua 
 re te exspectamus, te desideramus, te iam etiam 
 arcessimus: multa sunt enim, quae me sollicitant 
 anguntque, quae mihi videor aures nactus tuas 
 unius ambulationis sermone exhaurire posse. 2. 
 ac domesticarum quidem sollicitudinum aculeos 
 omnes et scrupulos occultabo, neque ego huic epi- 
 stolae atque ignoto tabellario committam. atque 
 hi nolo enim te permoveri non sunt permolesti, 
 sed tamen insident et urgent et nullius amantis 
 consilio aut sermone requiescunt. in re publica vero, 
 quamquam animus est praesens-f et voluntas etiam, 
 tamen ea iam ipsa medicinam refugit. nam ut ea 
 breviter, quae post tuum discessum acta sunt, col- 
 ligam, iam exclames necesse est res Romanas diutius 
 stare non posse, etenim post profectionem tuam 
 primus, ut opinor, introitus fuit in causam fabulae 
 Clodianae, in qua ego nactus, ut mihi videbar, 
 locum resecandae libidinis et coercendae iuventu- 
 tis, vehemens fui et omnes profudi vires animi at- 
 que ingenii mei, non odio adductus alicuius, sed 
 spe rei publicae corrigendae et sanandae civitatis.
 
 LIB. I. EP. 1 8. 35 
 
 3. adflicta res publica est empto constupratoquc 
 iudicio. vide quae sint postea consecuta. consul 
 est impositus is nobis, quern nemo praeter nos 
 philosophos aspicere sine suspiritu posset, quan- 
 tum hoc vulnus ! facto senatus consulto de ambitu, 
 de iudiciis, nulla lex perlata, exagitatus senatus, 
 alienati equites Romani. sic ille annus duo firma- 
 menta rei publicae per me unum constituta evertit : 
 nam et senatus auctoritatem abiecit et ordinum 
 concordiam disiunxit. instat hie nunc [ille] annus 
 egregius. eius initium eius modi fuit, ut anniver- 
 saria sacra luventatis non committerentur. nam 
 M. Luculli uxorem Memmius suis sacris initiavit. 
 Menelaus aegre id passus divortium fecit, quam- 
 quam ille pastor Idaeus Menelaum solum con- 
 tempserat, hie noster Paris tam Menelaum quam 
 Agamemnonem liberum non putavit. 4. est autem 
 C. Herennius quidam tribunus plebis, quern tu 
 fortasse ne nosti quidem : tametsi potes nosse, 
 tribulis enim tuus est et Sextus pater eius numos 
 vobis dividere solebat: is ad plebem P. Clodium 
 traducit, idemque fert, ut universus populus in 
 campo Martio suffragium de re Clodii ferat. hunc 
 ego accepi in senatu, ut soleo, sed nihil est illo ho- 
 mine lentius. 5. Metellus est consul egregius et nos 
 amat, sed imminuit auctoritatem suam, quod habet 
 dicis causa promulgatum illud^f quidem de Clodio. 
 Auli autem filius, o di immortales ! quam ignavus 
 ac sine animo miles! quam dignus, qui Palicano, 
 sicut facit, os ad male audiendum cotidie praebeat! 
 6. Agraria autem promulgata est a Flavio, sane 
 levis, eadem fere, quae fuit Plotia. sed interea 
 7roAm/co9 dvrjp 01)8' ovap quisquam inveniri potest.
 
 36 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 qui poterat, familiaris noster sic est enim: volo 
 te hoc scire Pompeius togulam illam pictam 
 silentio tuetur suam. Crassus verbum nullum contra 
 gratiam. caeteros iam nosti: qui ita sunt stulti, 
 ut amissa re publica piscinas suas fore salvas spe- 
 rare videantur. 7. unus est qui curet constantia 
 magis et integritate quam, ut mihi videtur, consilio 
 aut ingenio, Cato : qui miseros publicanos, quos 
 habuit amantissimos sui, tertium iam mensem vexat, 
 neque iis a senatu responsum dari patitur. Ita nos 
 cogimur reliquis de rebus nihil decernere ante quam 
 publicanis responsum sit. qua re etiam legationes 
 reiectum iri puto. 8. nunc vides quibus fluctibus 
 iactemur, et, si ex iis, quae scripsimus [tanta], etiam 
 a me non scripta perspicis, revise nos aliquando et, 
 quamquam sunt haec fugienda, quo te voco, tamen 
 fac ut amorem nostrum tanti aestimes, ut eo vel 
 cum his molestiis perfrui velis. nam, ne absens 
 censeare, curabo edicendum et proponendum locis 
 omnibus, sub lustrum autem censeri germani 
 negociatoris est. qua re cura ut te quam primum 
 videamus. vale. XI Kal. Febr. Q. Metello L. 
 Afranio coss. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 (Romae. Metello, Afranio coss. 694.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Non modo, si mihi tantum esset ocii, quan- 
 tum est tibi, verum etiam, si tam breves epistolas 
 vellem mittere, quam tu soles facere, te superarem 
 et in scribendo multo essem crebrior quam tu. sed 
 ad summas atque incredibiles occupationes meas 
 accedit, quod nullam a me epistolam ad te sino
 
 LIB. I. EP. 19. 37 
 
 absque argumento ac sententia pervenire. et pri- 
 mum tibi ut aequum est civi amanti patriam, quae 
 sunt in re publica, exponam : deinde, quoniam tibi 
 amore nos proximi sumus, scribemus etiam de 
 nobis ea, quae scire te non nolle arbitramur. 2. 
 atque in re publica nunc quidem maxime Gallici 
 belli versatur metus. nam Aedui, fratres nostri, 
 - pugnant, Sequani-f- permale pugnarunt, et Helvetii 
 sine dubio sunt in armis excursionesque in provin- 
 ciam faciunt. senatus decrevit, ut consules duas 
 Gallias sortirentur, dilectus haberetur, vacationes 
 ne valerent, legati cum auctoritate mitterentur qui 
 adirent Galliae civitates darentque operam ne eae 
 se cum Helvetiis coniungerent. legati sunt Q. 
 Metellus Creticus et L. Flaccus et TO eirl 77} (fxucf) 
 fivpov, Lentulus Clodiani filius. 3. atque hoc loco 
 illud non queo praeterire, quod, quum de consulari- 
 bus mea prima sors exisset, una voce senatus 
 frequens retinendum me in urbe censuit. Hoc idem 
 post me Pompeio accidit, ut nos duo quasi pignora 
 rei publicae retineri videremur. quid enim ego 
 aliorum in me eTri^xavijf^ara exspectem, quum haec 
 domi nascantur ? 4. urbanae autem res sic se 
 habent. agraria lex a Flavio tribuno plebis vehe- 
 menter agitabatur auctore Pompeio, quae nihil 
 populare habebat praeter auctorem. ex hac ego 
 lege secunda contionis voluntate omnia ilia tolle- 
 bam, quae ad privatorum incommodum pertine- 
 bant: liberabam agrum eum, qui P. Mucio L. Cal- 
 purnio consulibus publicus fuisset : Sullanorum 
 hominum possessiones confirmabam: Volaterranos 
 et Arretinos, quorum agrum Sulla publicarat neque 
 diviserat, in sua possessione retinebam: unam ratio-
 
 38 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 nem non reiiciebam, ut ager hac adventicia pecunia 
 emeretur, quae ex novis vectigalibus per quinquen- 
 nium reciperetur. huic toti rationi agrariae senatus 
 adversabatur, suspicans Pompeio novam quamdam 
 potentiam quaeri. Pompeius vero ad voluntatem 
 perferendae legis incubuerat. ego autem magna 
 cum agrariorum gratia confirmabam omnium pri- 
 vatorum possessiones is enim est noster exercitus 
 hominum, ut tute scis, locupletium , populo autem 
 et Pompeio nam id quoque volebam satis facie- 
 bam emptione, qua constituta diligenter et senti- 
 nam urbis exhauriri et Italiae solitudinem frequen- 
 tari posse arbitrabar. sed haec tota res interpel- 
 lata bello refrixerat. Metellus est consul sane 
 bonus et nos admodum diligit. ille alter ita nihil 
 est, ut plane quid emerit nesciat. 5. haec sunt in 
 re publica, nisi etiam illud ad rem publicam putas 
 pertinere, Herennium quemdam, tribunum plebis, 
 tribulem tuum, sane hominem nequam atque egen- 
 tem, saepe iam de P. Clodio ad plebem traducendo 
 agere coepisse : huic frequenter interceditur. haec 
 sunt, ut opinor, in re publica. 6. ego autem, ut 
 semel Nonarum illarum Decembrium iunctam invi- 
 dia ac multorum inimicitiis eximiam quamdam 
 atque immortalem gloriam consecutus sum, non 
 destiti eadem animi magnitudine in re publica ver- 
 sari et illam institutam ac susceptam dignitatem 
 tueri, sed postea quam primum Clodii absolutione 
 levitatem infirmitatemque iudiciorum perspexi, 
 deinde vidi nostros publicanos facile a senatu dis- 
 iungi, quamquam a me ipso non divellerentur, turn 
 autem beatos homines hos piscinarios dico, ami- 
 cos tuos, non obscure nobis invidere, putavi mihi
 
 LIB. I. EP. 19. 39 
 
 maiores quasdam opes et firmiora praesidia esse 
 quaerenda. 7. itaque primum eum, qui nimium 
 diu de rebus nostris tacuerat, Pompeium, adduxi in 
 earn voluntatem, ut in senatu non semel sed saepe 
 multisque verbis huius mihi salutem imperii atque 
 orbis terrarum adiudicarit. quod non tarn interfuit 
 mea neque enim illae res aut ita sunt obscurae, 
 ut testimonium, aut ita dubiae, ut laudationem 
 desiderent quam rei publicae, quod erant quidam 
 improbi, qui contentionem fore aliquam mihi cum 
 Pompeio ex rerum illarum dissensione arbitraren- 
 tur. cum hoc ego me tanta familiaritate coniunxi, 
 ut uterque nostrum in sua ratione munitior et in re 
 publica firmior hac coniunctione esse possit. 8. 
 odia autem ilia libidinosae et delicatae iuventutis, 
 quae erant in me incitata, sic mitigata sunt comi- 
 tate quadam mea, me unum ut omnes illi colant.' 
 nihil iam denique a me asperum in quemquam fit, 
 nee tamen quidquam populare ac dissolutum, sed 
 ita temperata tota ratio est, ut rei publicae con- 
 stantiam praestem, privatis rebus meis propter 
 infirmitatem bonorum, iniquitatem malevolorum, 
 odium in me improborum adhibeam quamdam 
 cautionem et diligentiam, atque ita tamen his novis 
 amicitiis implicati sumus, ut crebro mihi vafer ille 
 Siculus insusurret [Epicharmus] cantilenam illam 
 suam: 
 
 /ecu p,ep,va<r airicrrelv. upOpa ravra rav (frpevwv. 
 
 ac nostrae quidem rationis ac vitae quasi quamdam 
 formam, ut opinor, vides. 9. de tuo autem nego- 
 cio saepe ad me scribis, cui mederi nunc non pos- 
 sumus. est enim illud senatus consultum summa
 
 40 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 pedariorum voluntate, nullius nostrum auctoritate 
 factum. nam, quod me esse ad scribendum vides, 
 ex ipso senatus consulto intelligere potes aliam rem 
 turn relatam, hoc autem de populis liberis sine 
 causa additum : et ita factum est a P. Servilio filio, 
 qui in postremis sententiam dixit, sed immutari 
 hoc tempore non potest. itaque conventus, qui 
 initio celebrabantur, iam diu fieri desierunt. tu si 
 tuis blanditiis tamen a Sicyoniis numulorum ali- 
 quid expresseris, velim me facias certiorem. 10. 
 commentarium consulatus mei Graece compositum 
 misi ad te : in quo si quid erit quod homini Attico 
 minus Graecum eruditumque videatur, non dicam, 
 quod tibi, ut opinor, Panhormi Lucullus de suis his- 
 toriis dixerat, se, quo facilius illas probaret Romani 
 hominis esse, idcirco barbara quaedam et aoXoifca 
 dispersisse : apud me si quid erit eius modi, me 
 imprudente erit et invito. Latinum si perfecero, ad 
 te mittam. tertium poema exspectato, ne quod 
 genus a me ipso laudis meae praetermittatur. hie 
 tu cave dicas, r/9 Trarep 1 alvrjaei] si est enim apud 
 homines quidquam quod potius sit, laudetur: nos 
 vituperemur, qui non potius alia laudemus. quam- 
 quam non eyK&ftiaa-TiKa sunt haec, sed la-Topitca, 
 quae scribimus. n. Quintus frater purgat se mul- 
 tum per litteras et adfirmat nihil a se cuiquam de 
 te secus esse dictum, verum haec nobis coram 
 summa cura et diligentia sunt agenda : tu modo 
 nos revise aliquando. Cossinius hie, cui dedi lit- 
 teras, valde mihi bonus homo et non levis et amans 
 tui visus est et talis, qualem esse eum tuae mihi 
 litterae nunciarant. Idibus Martiis.
 
 LIB. I. EP. 20. 41 
 
 XX. 
 
 (Romae. Metello, Afranio coss. 694.) 
 CICERO ATTICO S. 
 
 I. Quum e Pompeiano me Romam recepissem 
 a. d. nil Idus Maias, Cincius noster earn mihi abs te 
 epistolam reddidit, quam tu Idib. Febr. dederas. ei 
 nunc epistolae litteris his respondebo. ac primum 
 tibi perspectum esse iudicium de te meum laetor, 
 delude te in iis rebus, quae mihi asperius a nobis 
 atque nostris et iniucundius actae videbantur, mo- 
 deratissimum fuisse vehementissime gaudeo, idque 
 neque amoris mediocris et ingenii summi ac sapi- 
 entiae iudico. qua de re quum ad me ita suaviter, 
 diligenter, officiose, humaniter scripseris, ut non 
 modo te hortari amplius non debeam, sed ne ex- 
 spectare quidem abs te aut ab ullo homine tantum 
 facilitatis ac mansuetudinis potuerim, nihil duco 
 esse commodius quam de his rebus nihil iam am- 
 plius scribere. quum erimus congressi, turn, si 
 quid res feret, coram inter nos conferemus. 2. 
 quod ad me de re publica scribis, disputas tu qui- 
 dem et amanter et prudenter et a meis consiliis 
 ratio tua non abhorret nam neque de statu nobis 
 nostrae dignitatis est recedendum neque sine nos- 
 tris copiis intra alterius praesidia veniendum et is, 
 de quo scribis, nihil habet amplum, nihil excelsum, 
 nihil non summissum atque populare , verum ta- 
 men fuit ratio mihi fortasse ad tranquillitatem meo- 
 rum temporum non inutilis, sed me hercule rei 
 publicae multo etiam utilior quam mihi, civium im- 
 proborum impetus in me reprimi, quum hominis
 
 42 EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM 
 
 amplissima fortuna, auctoritate, gratia fluctuantem 
 sententiam confirmassem et a spe malorum ad 
 mearum rerum laudem convertissem. quod si cum 
 aliqua levitate mihi faciendum fuisset, nullam rem 
 tanti aestimassem, sed tamen a me ita sunt acta 
 omnia, non ut ego illi adsentiens levior, sed ut ille 
 me probans gravior videretur. 3. reliqua sic a 
 me aguntur et agentur, ut non committamus ut ea, 
 quae gessimus, fortuito gessisse videamur. meos 
 bonos viros, illos quos significas, et earn, quam 
 mihi dicis obtigisse, ^iraprav, non modo numquam 
 deseram, sed etiam, si ego ab ilia deserar, tamen 
 in mea pristina sententia permanebo. illud tamen 
 velim existimes, me hanc viam optimatum post 
 Catuli mortem nee praesidio ullo nee comitatu 
 tenere. nam, ut ait Rhinton, ut opinor, 
 
 Ol (J.ev irap ovBev elat, TOI? S' ovStv p,e\ei. 
 
 mihi vero ut invideant piscinarii nostri aut scribam 
 ad te alias aut in congressum nostrum reservabo. 
 a curia autem nulla me res divellet, vel quod ita 
 rectum est vel quod rebus meis maxime consenta- 
 neum vel quod a senatu quanti fiam minime me 
 poenitet. 4. de Sicyoniis, ut ad te scripsi antea, 
 non multum spei est in senatu. nemo est enim 
 iam qui queratur. qua re, si id exspectas, longum 
 est. alia via, si qua potes, pugna. quum est ac- 
 tum, neque animadversum est ad quos pertineret el 
 raptim in earn sententiam pedarii cucurrerunt. in- 
 ducendi senatus consult! maturitas nondum est, 
 quod neque sunt qui querantur et multi partini 
 malevolentia, partim opinione aequitatis delectan- 
 tur. 5. Metellus tuus est egregius consul : unum
 
 LIB. I. EP. 20. 43 
 
 reprehendo, quod ocium nunciari e Gallia non 
 magno opere gaudet. cupit, credo, triumphare. 
 hoc vellem mediocrius: caetera egregia. Auli films 
 vero ita se gerit, ut eius consulatus non consulatus 
 sit, sed Magni nostri ITTWTTIOV. 6. de meis scriptis 
 misi ad te Graece perfectum consulatum meum. 
 eum librum L. Cossinio dedi. puto te Latinis 
 meis delectari, huic autem Graeco Graecum invidere. 
 alii si scripserint, mittemus ad te, sed, mihi crede, 
 simul atque hoc nostrum legerunt, nescio quo 
 pacto retardantur. 7. nunc, ut ad rem meam 
 redeam, L. Papirius Paetus, vir bonus amatorque 
 noster, mihi libros eos, quos Ser. Claudius reliquit, 
 donavit. quum mihi per legem Cinciam licere 
 capere Cincius amicus tuus diceret, libenter dixi 
 me accepturum, si attulisset. nunc si me amas, si 
 te a me amari scis, enitere per amicos, clientes, 
 hospites, libertos denique ac servos tuos, ut scida 
 ne qua depereat. nam et Graecis his libris, quos 
 suspicor, et Latinis, quos scio ilium reliquisse, mihi 
 vehementer opus est. ego autem cotidie magis, 
 quod mihi de forensi labore temporis datur, in his 
 studiis conquiesco. per mihi, per, inquam, gratum 
 feceris, si in hoc tarn diligens fueris quam soles in 
 iis rebus, quas me valde velle arbitraris, ipsiusque 
 Paeti tibi negocia commendo, de quibus tibi ille 
 agit maximas gratias, et, ut iam invisas nos, non 
 solum rogo, sed etiam suadeo. 
 
 P. C.
 
 NOTES. 
 
 LETTER I. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] I 3 A summary of his position 
 as candidate for the consulship, together with a sketch of his 
 probable competitors. 3 5 The reasons of his refusal to 
 act as counsel for Caecilius in his case against A. Caninius 
 Satrius. 5 His acknowledgments for the receipt of a statue. 
 
 I Petitionis~\ =prensationis, as Cicero's petitio or formal 
 canvass for the consulship would not begin before the ensuing 
 year. It was usual however to employ the year which imme- 
 diately followed the praetorship in forming a general interest, 
 and it is to this private canvass that Cicero now alludes. 
 ' The prospects of my canvass in which I know you take the 
 deepest interest are, to make a guess at them, something as 
 follows.' 
 
 Unus] ' alone,' for Antonius and Cornificius, though men- 
 tioned below as intending candidates, are nowhere said to 
 have begun their canvass. It is therefore quite needless 
 to understand units in the sense of 'especially' on the ana- 
 logy of the Greek els [Soph. Track. 460, Oed. rex 1380] and 
 of such passages as Verg. Aen. II. 426 and Cat. xxil. 10, if 
 indeed in the latter instance the word is not rather to be 
 explained in its later sense as equivalent to ns. 
 
 P. Galba] P. Sulpicius Galba, a patrician, who is men- 
 tioned with praise in the or. pro Mur. VIII. 17. 
 
 Sine fuco ac fallacits] ' They say him nay in primitive 
 fashion and without ceremony or disguise.' There can be 
 little doubt that this is the right punctuation, in confirmation of 
 which we may instance the similar expression fucosi suffra- 
 gatores (Q. Cic. de pet. cons. IX. 35). Manutius on the other 
 hand would take the words more maiorum in the sense of 
 'without bribery,' and refer sine fuco ac fallaciis to prensat 
 rather than negatur. 
 
 52
 
 46 NOTES. 
 
 Praeproperd} ' Premature,' both in time and place : the 
 comitia tribunida, which was the first election in the year, 
 being the recognised time, and the Campus Martins the re- 
 cognised place. 
 
 Ita...ut\ 'For they generally refuse him their votes on 
 the plea that they are bound to reserve them for me. So I 
 think it must further my interest as the news gains ground 
 that my friends are being found so numerous.' 
 
 Cogitaramus~\ For the epistolary tense cf. Madv. 345. 
 
 Proficisct\=profecturum esse, as in II. 6. 2 quando te pro- 
 ficisci istinc pules fac ut sciam, and again in IV. 16. 12. Boot. 
 
 Cinctus] L. Cincius, an agent of Atticus, to judge from 
 such passages as VII. i, vm. 2, xvi. 17. 
 
 a.d. xvi] We may without hesitation reject the old read- 
 ing ad in favour of a.d. as the day for the election of tribunes 
 in the Campus Martius would not be left in doubt as the 
 word ad would imply. 
 
 Qui videantur] " So far as they can be ascertained." 
 
 Antonius'} C Antonius Hybrida was Cicero's colleague in 
 the aedileship and praetorship and afterwards in the con- 
 sulate. 
 
 Cornificius^ Q. Cornificius 'iudex justissimus' (or. in Ver. 
 I. 10. 30). He was Cicero's colleague in the augurship and 
 tribune in the consulship of Metellus and Hortensius. 
 
 Ut from 'em ferias] To attach these words to the foregoing 
 sentence, as Nobbe edits them, is to destroy utterly the force 
 of the climax. 'I can fancy your smile or rather sigh at this 
 news. To make you tear your hair, Caesonius is thought 
 possible by some.' 
 
 In illustration of the phrase ut frontem ferias, cf. Dion. 
 Hal. X. 9 rraiovTfsra fjLfTCMra, and Cic. Brut. LXXX. 278. 
 
 Mr Watson regards ingemuisse as a sign of grief 'at the 
 impending defeat of a man of good character.' But it seems 
 invidious to draw this distinction when the candidates men- 
 tioned in connection with him (e.g. Galba and Caesonius) 
 were little inferior in standing and reputation to Cornificius. 
 Moreover the words in hoc must surely refer to the past 
 sentence as a whole. The improbability of Galba's canvass 
 being attended with success, admirable as his character 
 was, may be gathered from Q. Cic. de pet. cons. VII. and, 
 as it appears to me, it is the fact of their candidature rather 
 than the likelihood of their rejection which is to excite the
 
 NOTES. 47 
 
 mirth and indignation of Atticus. Compare the precisely 
 similar criticism on the candidates of a later year (Ep. 17. 
 l). Rides? non sunthaec ridicnla, mihi crede. 
 
 Caesontutti] M. Caesonius, a colleague of Cicero in the 
 aedileship. Cf. or. in Verr. I. 10. 29 homo in rebus iudi- 
 candis spectatus et cognitus. 
 
 Aqutliuttf] C. Aquilius (as Orelli writes the name) Callus, 
 an able lawyer (cf. Brut. XLII, de ojftc. III. 14), and the 
 colleague of Cicero in the praetorship. 
 
 Denegat ef\ denegans, Boot, a piece of latinity which 
 I should be very reluctant to ascribe to Cicero : while the 
 denegavit et iuravit edited by Schiitz, Klotz and others is 
 very objectionable on the score of rhythm. Moreover the 
 reading of the text is easily defensible, if we suppose that 
 the change from the present to the aorist tense is intended 
 to mark the difference between the more general fact of his 
 refusal and the definite cause of it : 'at any rate he declares 
 the contrary and has put in a plea of ill-health.' A special 
 explanation of this kind would be required from one who 
 thus stopped short in his career of office 
 
 The phrase iurare morbum occurs again in Ep. ad Alt. 
 XII. 13. 2, and may be compared with tLe similar excusare 
 inorbnm. 
 
 In regnum iudiciale we may notice a playful allusion to 
 the idea entertained by Aquilius of his own importance in 
 the courts. That the boast was no empty one may be inferred 
 from the or. pro Caec. cap. XXVll, where his influence as a 
 inrisconsultus is admitted in the strongest possible terms. 
 
 Catilina] L. Sergius Catiline, who was at this time ex- 
 cluded from the right of suing for the consulship lying as 
 he did under a charge of extortion in Africa, where he had 
 been praetor A.U.C. 687. Yet, after assuming his guilt in 
 these explicit terms, Cicero in the very next letter is prepar- 
 ing to undertake his defence. 
 
 Catiline was acquitted to the disgrace of the judges, and in 
 all probability by the collusion of Clodius who was prosecutor 
 on the occasion. Whether Cicero was his counsel in the 
 case is a matter of doubt. For the whole question and its 
 connection with the date of the subsequent letter, see Mr 
 Forsy th's Life of Cicero, p. 87. 
 
 Meridie non lucere] 'if the judges can bring themselves 
 to declare that the sun does not shine at noon,' or in other 
 words that 'black is white.' 
 
 A uli filio~\ a l- Aufidio, by which A. Titus Aufidius would 
 probably be meant who is mentioned in Brut. XLVlil. as a
 
 48 NOTES. 
 
 jurist, and in the or. pro Flac. as praetor in Asia. But the 
 reading of the text is preferred by the best editors, and the 
 allusion is to L. Afranius, a creature of Pompeius, who was 
 consul with Metellus A. u. C. 694, 'A nobody and the son 
 of a nobody ' is perhaps the idea. 
 
 Palicanus\ M. Lollius Palicanus, another candidate of 
 the same stamp, as we may gather from an incident which 
 is related of him in Val. Max. ill. 8. 3. 
 
 He had been a tribune of the people, and is referred to 
 again in connection with Afranius in I. 18. 5, while in Brut. 
 LXXII. he is described as contionibus turbnlcntis aptissi- 
 
 1IIUS. 
 
 zDe its qui nunc petunf\ ' Of those who are standing for 
 the present year Caesar is considered safe. The struggle is 
 thought to lie between Thermus and Silanus : who however 
 are so threadbare in friends and reputation that it seems 
 to me perfectly possible that Curius may be pitted against 
 them. But I am alone in this opinion. It suits my interest 
 best, I think, for Thermus to be returned with Caesar : for, 
 supposing him to stand over for another year, there is no 
 one of the present candidates who is likely to prove a 
 more formidable rival ; more particularly as he is conduct- 
 ing the repairs of the Flaminian way, a work now approach- 
 ing its completion.' 
 
 Qui nunc petunt\ i.e. for office in 64 B.C. As regards the 
 date of this and the subsequent letter I have followed the 
 ordinary chronology with Klotz, Nobbe and the majority of 
 the editors. On the other hand Schiitz and Matthiae would 
 refer both to the previous year. 
 
 Caesar] Lucius lulius Caesar, who was in fact returned 
 with Thermus. For his intervention after the murder of 
 Caesar see in particular Phil. Vlll. I. i, and again xil. 
 7.18. 
 
 Thermus] Minucius Thermus, adopted into the patrician 
 gens Marcia, and mentioned in the Fasti as C. Marcius 
 Figulus. He is supposed to be the Q. Minucius Thermus 
 to whom some of Cicero's letters are addressed, a noted 
 partisan of Pompeius in the civil war. Meriv. 
 
 Silano] Decius lulius Silanus, who was consul with 
 L. Licinius Muraena A. U. C. 69^. Q 
 
 Ab amicis\ ex parte amicorum 'in regard to friends.' 
 The construction is apparently a favourite one with Cicero. 
 Cf. Ep. vill. 14.1 [tempus] quod magis debucrit imilum esse 
 a litteris: ill. 17. I [litteras] exploratas a timore, and or.
 
 NOTES. 49 
 
 pro Caec. XXXILJ/ planutn facit ab se, where ab se is equiva- 
 lent to ex sua parte. 
 
 Curium] Turium, Boot, and with some probability, as 
 he is mentioned in the Brutus [cap. LXVII] in the following 
 terms : L. Turius parvo ingenio, sed multo labore, quoquo 
 modo poterat, saepe dicebat. Jtaque ei paucae centuriae ad 
 consulatum defuerunt. But his objection to the received 
 reading on the ground that Curius was a man of infamous 
 character and had in consequence been removed from the 
 senatorial roll [Sail. bell. Cat. XVIL] is of little weight, as it 
 is Cicero's intention to disparage Thermus and Silanus by 
 the suggestion of some worthless competitor. 
 
 Cbdiicere] avrnrapayfiv. This is, according to Boot, the 
 only passage in Cicero where the word is found in this 
 sense. 
 
 Curator -viae Flaminiae\ Merivale quotes this passage 
 as an illustration of the trifling circumstances which might 
 often determine the choice of a consul. The via Flaminia 
 led from the Porta Flumentana through Etruria to Arimi- 
 num, and was designed by the censor C. Flaminius A. u. C. 
 533- 
 
 Cum Caesar e cons] quae cum erit absoluta sane facile 
 eum libenter nunc ceteri consult acciderim is the unintelligible 
 reading of the best MS, for which Schiitz proposes the follow- 
 ing : Quae tune erit absoluta sane facile, eo libens Thermum 
 Caesari consulem accedere viderim. The other emendations 
 which have been suggested are for the most part unsatisfac- 
 tory. Perhaps the only point which we can determine with 
 any degree of certainty is that the words 'quae tune erit 
 absoluta' or their equivalent in meaning should form the end 
 of the past sentence rather than the commencement of the 
 new. But, with this exception, the reading adopted by 
 Schiitz appears to me to be open to objection on several 
 points: e.g. the position of the words 'sane facile' at tfye 
 close of a sentence : the introduction of the proper name 
 Thermus after so short an interval and when there has been 
 no change of subject : and lastly the unusual character of 
 the concluding phrase ' Caesari consulem accedere viderim,' 
 an objection to which the emendation of Gronovius 'Caesari 
 consulem addiderim' is likewise open. 
 
 On the strength of many similar passages we may fairly 
 I think regard the words 'sane facile' as introductory to the 
 new sentence, while the substitution of 'eum' for 'Thermum' 
 is only a return to the reading of the MS. Of the word 
 'factum' I speak with less confidence. It is however the 
 recognised phrase and, in addition to other passages, occurs 
 in Ep. 16. 13 of the present book: 'sedheus tu ! videsne
 
 50 NOTES. 
 
 consulatum ilium nostrum, quern Curio ante dno6f<aa-iy 
 vocabat, si Tnicfactus erit, fabulam mimum futurum ? ' 
 
 Informatd] Informare like adumbrare and the Greek 
 vTrorvrroo) and <r*a-ypa<ea> is used of painting or sketching 
 in outline: 'my general impression of the candidates.' 
 
 Nos in omni mun. cand.] ' For myself, I shall spare no 
 pains on my canvass : and, as Gaul seems to exercise a 
 considerable influence upon the voting, I may possibly take a 
 trip there in September, as soon as the Roman law-courts have 
 cooled down for the vacation, on a mission to Piso, but so 
 as to be home again in January. As soon as I have got an 
 insight into the intentions of our great men you shall know 
 the result. With this exception, my path is clear : that is in 
 relation to the civilian candidates.' 
 
 4 
 
 Gallid\ i.e. Gallia Cispadana. For the extent of this 
 influence cf. Philip, II. 30, and the treatise de bell. Gall. LII. 
 T. Labienum togatae Galliae praefecit, quo maiore commenda- 
 tione conciliaretur ad consulatus petitionem. 
 
 Refrixerif] The word is used again in Ep. 1 1. I. 6 of a 
 measure which was indifferently supported ; quod de agraria 
 lege quaeris, sane iam mdetur refrixisse. From the second 
 Verrine oration we find that for the last four months of the 
 Roman year there was an almost entire cessation of business 
 in the Roman law-courts, as the festivals and holidays were 
 crowded into that portion of the year. 
 
 Legati] i.e. on a libera legatio or honorary embassy to 
 Piso. Caius Calpurnius Piso is meant, who was consul 
 with Acilius Glabrio in the year 67 B. c., and brother of the 
 Marcus Piso in whose consulship Clodius was tried for 
 sacrilege. As governor of Gallia Narbonensis he is the 
 subject of a sarcastic allusion in Ep. 13. 2 praepositumque 
 esse nobis pacificatorem Allobrogum. At a later period he 
 was accused of peculation, and defended by Cicero (or. pro 
 Flac. 39), who procured his acquittal. 
 
 Prolixa~\ Casaubon believes the word to be equivalent to 
 valde laxa. But Forcellini suggests with greater probability 
 that the primary idea was that of running water, and that it 
 was originally used of garments. Hence we have prolixus 
 capillus of loose-flowing hair. Afterwards it became akin to 
 propensus. Thus we have prolixus animus, and (addiv.\\\. 
 5. i) prolixe promittere, and again (Ter. And. v. 8. 20) age 
 prolixe. Finally in a speech of Cato (apud Aul. Gell. vn. 3) 
 we find res prolixae used in the present sense of secundae. 
 
 Competitoribus urbanis] civilian as opposed to military 
 rivals. The latter might any d*iy return from a foreign
 
 NOTES. 51 
 
 campaign, and prove formidable antagonists. Casaubon 
 would appear to have understood the words in a slightly 
 different sense, to judge from the following note: quasi dicat, 
 inulti nobiles qui absunt. 
 
 Cura ut praestes~\ i.e.fac ut mihi caveas ab istis Pompeii 
 asseclis, ne eos competitors habeam, Schiitz. But 'take care 
 to secure me the votes of his retinue' is certainly the more 
 natural interpretation of the words, and more in accordance 
 with the ordinary usage oipraestare. 
 
 Illam manum] i.e. the influential voters who had accom- 
 panied Pompeius on his Mithridatic campaign. The phrase 
 praestare illam manum may refer to their votes or else to 
 their indirect influence. It is not necessary to confine it to 
 the latter, as from the sentence which follows it seems clear 
 that some of them, if not Pompeius himself, would be able 
 to attend in person at the election. The explanation sug- 
 gested by Boot is scarcely satisfactory : potest tamen quoque 
 iudicari opera et auvilium Pompeii. Hac ratione scriptores 
 Graeci utuntur voc. x f ip- 
 
 3 Pervelim~\ 'But there is a matter, by the way, for which 
 I am extremely anxious to secure your forgiveness. Your 
 uncle Caecilius, who has lost a large sum of money by the 
 failure of Varius, has commenced legal proceedings with his 
 brother Satrius for the possession of the property which he 
 accuses him of having received from Varius by a fraudulent 
 bill of sale. The rest of the creditors are making common 
 cause with him, and amongst them Lucullus and Scipio and 
 the person whom they suppose will act as auctioneer if the 
 property should come to the hammer, one Pontius by name. 
 But it is absurd to be discussing the auctioneer at this stage 
 of the proceedings. Caecilius has requested me to appear 
 against Satrius.' 
 
 Fratre~\ Mr Watson notices that in this case, supposing 
 fratre to have its usual meaning, one of the two brothers 
 must have changed his name by adoption, or else they must 
 have been brothers on the mother's side. 
 
 Dolo malo.~\ The adjective has been referred by some to 
 mancipio, but, besides being the recognised formula in use 
 on such occasions (cf. de off. ill. 14. 60), the rhythm of the 
 sentence would alone be enough to shew that the words 'dolo 
 malo' cannot possibly be separated. In the present instance 
 the fraud consisted in the illegal transfer of property which 
 ought to have been forthcoming to pay Caecilius and the 
 other creditors. 
 
 Lucullus'} Lucius Licinius Lucullus is probably meant, 
 the friend of Caecilius as we are told by Nepos in his life of
 
 52 NOTES. 
 
 Atticus, cap. v. As he had by this time returned from his 
 campaign in Asia against Mithridates there is no need to 
 suppose, with Manutius and others, that his brother Marcus 
 is the person referred to. 
 
 P. Scipio~\ He was afterwards adopted by Metellus 
 under the name of Q. Caec. Metellus Pius Scipio. In the 
 civil war he espoused the cause of Pompeius, and killed 
 himself after the battle of Thapsus in B.C. 46. 
 
 Magistruni\ We have no one word in English to express 
 the various relations of the magister in a Roman case of 
 bankruptcy. He was usually selected from the number of 
 the creditors, and was at once auctioneer and assignee of the 
 proceeds of the sale which he was appointed to conduct in 
 their interests. (Cf. or. pro Quint, xv. 50.) Trs. 'receiver.' 
 
 L. Pontius] L. Pontius Aquila. Cf. ad Att. V. 2. I, and 
 Philip. XIII. 13. 27. 
 
 Nunc cognoscere] There seems to be no good reason for 
 discrediting the reading of the text: which is at any rate 
 sufficiently intelligible. 'The question as to who is to be 
 receiver is premature and absurd when we do not as yet 
 so much as know whether Satrius will be condemned or his 
 property sold.' On the other hand Madvig's emendation : 
 verum hoc ridiculum est de magistro. Nunc cognosce rein : 
 which Klotz and Boot have admitted into their text, ingenious 
 as it undoubtedly is, appears to me to be somewhat devoid 
 of meaning, for, without the addition of the words nunc 
 cognoscere, it is quite impossible to see anything ludicrous 
 in the mention of an auctioneer. Boot raises an objection to 
 the reading cognoscere on the following ground : ' Vulgo 
 putabant Pentium magistrum fore ; sed, quam diu incertum 
 erat, utrum bonaVarii venirent necne, de magistro cognosce- 
 bat nemo.' But cognoscere is ' to take into consideration,' 
 and the opposition which he discovers between it andpufant 
 does not appear to me to exist. 
 
 Observat} A stronger word than colere but used much in 
 the same sense. Cf. Ep. 13. 2 sum enim ab observando 
 homine perverso liber. 
 
 L. Domitiuni\ Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus was consul 
 with Appius Claudius Pulcher A.u.C. 699, and in his praetor- 
 ship proved a good friend to Cicero during the time of his 
 banishment. 
 
 4 Demonstravi] ' I pointed this out to Caecilius, at the 
 same time assuring him that, had the suit been confined to 
 himself and Satrius, I would have done my best to oblige 
 him, but, under present circumstances and in a case which
 
 NOTES. 53 
 
 affected the whole body of the creditors, all of them men of 
 distinction, who might easily protect their interests without 
 the aid of a lawyer specially retained by Caecilius on his 
 own account, it was only fair that he should shew some con- 
 sideration for my feelings and convenience.' 
 
 Perhiberei} praeberet Corrad. but the word is technical in 
 the sense of irap(xfo-6ai, in indicium patronum adducere. 
 
 Officio meo] i.e. his obligations to Satrius for his past 
 services : tempcri, his critical position as a candidate for 
 the consulship. 
 
 Homines belli] l than is usual with your. thorough gentle- 
 man.' Cf. Quint, de pet. cons. XI. belle negandum est, nt de- 
 moiistres necessitudinem, ostendas quam moleste feras, aliis 
 te id rebus exsarturum persuadeas. 
 
 Bellus is here equivalent to hnmanus. On the other hand 
 in Catullus and Martial (ill. 63) it is used to denote a fop. 
 It is quite possible that a covert allusion may be intended 
 to the manners of Caecilius, which, as we are told elsewhere, 
 were anything but refined or courteous. 
 
 Refugit\ 'declined the acquaintance which had sprung up 
 between us during the past few days.' 
 
 Abs te peto\ ' I beg of you to make allowance for me in 
 the matter, and to believe that I was debarred by feelings of 
 common courtesy from taking part against a friend in his 
 hour of need, when his entire reputation was at stake, and 
 when moreover he had just done his best for me in word 
 and deed.' 
 
 Summam existimationeni\ l Summa existimatio est res a 
 qua omnis eius existimatio pendet et in discrimen venit : at 
 summa rcspublica est res in qua vertitur salus totius rei- 
 publicae.' Graev. 
 
 Ambitioneni\ ' Self-interest' in the matter of his canvass, 
 
 fVel ou^ *fp-] sub. apinurdtjv, 'For indeed the prize is a 
 grand one.' A quotation from //. XXII. 159. Cf. also Verg. 
 Aen. xil. 794 neque enim levia aut ludicra petuntur Pros' 
 inia. 
 
 Uno] 'mainly.' Cf. Ep. 18. 3 duo firmamenta reipublicae 
 per me unum constituta and note on i of the present letter. 
 
 5 Hermathena\ For the characteristics of these statues, 
 see note on Ep. I. 10. 3. 'I am wonderfully charmed with 
 the statue you have sent me, and it is so happily placed that 
 you would fancy my school to be an offering at its feet. Best 
 love.'
 
 54 NOTES. 
 
 Eius] So Klotz and Boot for jjXi'ov, which is retained by 
 Nobbe, though entirely unintelligible. Schiitz would read 
 illius, but in the similar passage of Ep. 4. 3 eius is the 
 word used, and as an emendation it is perhaps scarcely more 
 violent. 
 
 Gymnasium] i.e. a school for study and recreation, which 
 he had designed in his Tusculan villa on the model of the 
 old gardens of the Academe. The villa itself had once been 
 in the possession of Sulla and was situated about twelve 
 miles from Rome. 
 
 LETTER II. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i. The birth of a son. His in- 
 tention of defending Catiline. 2. A request that Atticus 
 will come to Rome with all possible speed. 
 
 I C. Marcio Figulo\ The Thermus mentioned in I. I. 2. 
 The date of this letter is remarkable as referring in all pro- 
 bability to the day when the new consuls were elected, not 
 to that on which they came into office. 
 
 That the consules designati were often mentioned simply 
 as consules is clear from Ep. ad. Att. vil. 8, /*.#//. xiv. 3. 8 : but 
 in this instance Cicero had probably a special reason for 
 departing from the usual formula, as he may have wished 
 to notify with precision the day on which his son was born. 
 The above explanation, which is countenanced by Schiitz, 
 is likewise supported by the contents of the letter, for 
 Catiline was put on his defence in the consulship of Cotta and 
 Torquatus, when Caesar and Figulus were the consuls elect 
 for the ensuing year. The alternative involves the assumption 
 that Catiline was twice tried for different offences. 
 
 Filiolo\ Marcus. Mr Watson has collected the details of 
 his life, which, though eventful in itself, left little mark on the 
 history of his times. 
 
 Catilinam'} ' I am preparing to defend my rival Catiline. 
 We have the very judges we wanted, and the prosecutor is quite 
 content. If acquitted, I trust he will work more heartily with 
 me in the matter of my canvass. If otherwise, I shall bear it 
 like a man.' The whole of this incident whether as regards 
 his readiness to undertake the defence of a man whose guilt (he 
 admits) was as patent as the noonday sun, or the suggestion 
 of underhand play in the reiectio iudicum, or the motive 
 which influenced his conduct on the occasion is in the 
 highest degree discreditable to Cicero. Catiline was favoured 
 in his canvass by Crassus and Caesar, and it was the fear 
 of their influence and the desire for some compromise
 
 NOTES. 55 
 
 which induced Cicero to promise his services. Whether 
 he actually defended him is still a matter of doubt. The 
 evidence, such as it is, is slightly in favour of Asconius who 
 decides the question in the negative. The fact that Cicero 
 abuses the court which acquitted him (or. in tog. cand.) is 
 not decisive either way : witness his treatment of Fidicu- 
 lanius Falcula in the or. pro Caec. as compared with his 
 eulogies on the same individual at the Cluentian trial. 
 
 Accusatoris~\ Publius Clodius, who, for a consideration, 
 is said to have waived his right of challenging the judges. 
 (or. de har. resp. cap. XX.) If so, the expression summa 
 accusatoris voluntate is sufficiently explained. In the or. 
 in Pis. x. 23 a member of the same family (Sex. Clodius) is 
 charged with a similar offence. 
 
 Sin aliter accident] i.e. 'if he declines to cooperate with 
 me,' and not in reference to his possible condemnation for 
 in the latter case he would of course be unable to stand for 
 the consulship. 
 
 2 Tuos familiares\ As for instance, Crassus and C. 
 Caesar, who were notoriously adverse to Cicero's interests, 
 and perhaps also Philippus, Hortensius and Lucullus, whom 
 he refers to again under the name of 'piscinarios nostros' 
 (Ep. 19. 6) as jealous of his influence in the state. The 
 cause of this feeling is illustrated by the following passage 
 from Sal. Cat. 23: Pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat et 
 quasi pollui consulatum credebant si eum quamvis egregius 
 homo novus adeptus foret. If an additional motive is re- 
 quired it may be found in the devotion shewn by Cicero to 
 the special interests of Pompeius. 
 
 lanuatio ineunte\ We have in this another proof that the 
 consuls Caesar and Figulus were only elect at the present time : 
 for, had they been actually in office, the January of 691 must 
 have been the one to which Cicero alludes, and by that time 
 the services of Atticus would have been useless. Besides we 
 know from other sources that as a matter of fact he was in 
 Rome before the commencement of that year. 
 
 LETTER III. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i. The absence of Atticus and 
 its fatal consequences. 2 A plea for his return, and an 
 acknowledgment of the statues received from him. 3 The 
 inability of the writer to pacify Lucceius. The betrothal of 
 his daughter to Piso. 
 
 I Mortuam esse~\ It is quite impossible that this can be 
 a serious statement, though all the commentators appear to
 
 56 NOTES. 
 
 have regarded it as such. It is no doubt apiece of pleasantry, 
 the object of which was twofold : (i) to hasten the return 
 of Atticus by shewing how much he was missed: (2) to deride 
 the easy going philosophy of his friend Saufeius. ' Regret 
 for your absence has been the death of your grandmother, 
 combined with her fears that the Latin states would not be 
 true to their allegiance, and bring the usual victims to the 
 Alban mount. Saufeius, I imagine, will send you the com- 
 fort you require on the occasion.' 
 
 Quod verita sii\ deridet suspidosae aniculae inanem su- 
 perstitionem. Man. 
 
 Latinae\ sub. civitates, nor can I conceive why the editors 
 should have suggested either feriae (as Boot), with which the 
 expression in officio manere is entirely incompatible, orfae- 
 ininae (as Billerbeck), a word which could scarcely have been 
 omitted. Add to which, as Schiitz remarks, women had 
 nothing to do with the ceremonial on the occasion. The 
 yearly festival of the Feriae Latinae was instituted by Tar- 
 quinius Superbus with the express object of retaining his 
 hold over the more distant civitates by requiring from then) 
 this token of allegiance. 
 
 Ret] With the Epicureans death was no evil, and it is in 
 reference to this view that Cicero uses the matter of fact word 
 ret in announcing to Atticus his imaginary loss. If we are to 
 regard the communication as a serious one this pleasantry is 
 most ill-timed : but against this view we have the fact that in 
 Ep. IV. 6. i, where he is alluding to an actual loss, Cicero 
 speaks in very different language of Saufeius and his school. 
 
 Saufeium] A friend of Atticus and, like himself, a fol- 
 lower of the Epicurean school, of the tenets of which he was 
 an energetic exponent; cf. Ep. II. 8. i quamquam licet me 
 Sanfeium putes esse, nihil me est tnertius. The spirit of the 
 passage is something to this effect: 'Under the circum- 
 stances I may send you my condolences by proxy, and what 
 is more by a correspondent whose philosophy is of a kind to 
 suit your case.' 
 
 2 Ad alios missis f\ 'is it from report alone, or from a 
 letter of yours to some one else ? ' The elegance of the ex- 
 pression is lost, if we omit the note of interrogation with 
 Boot and others. 
 
 Signd\ 'The statues which you have procured for me 
 have been landed at Caieta. I hav'n't seen them as yet, for 
 I have had no opportunity of leaving Rome. I have sent a 
 person to pay for their carriage. My best thanks are due to 
 you for the pains you have taken, and for securing them at so 
 reasonable a price.'
 
 NOTES. 57 
 
 Caietam~\ The celebrated harbour (now Gaeta) in the 
 neighbourhood of which was Cicero's Formian villa. In Ep. 4 
 he refers to the villa itself under the name of Caieta. For a 
 description of his numerous residences see Mr Forsyth's 
 Cicero, pp. 61 66. 
 
 Exposita\ For the use of the word in the sense of ' landed ' 
 cf. Verg. Aen. X. 288, de bell. Gall. IV. 37. 
 
 3 Amicd\ L. Lucceius. He was a man of some literary at- 
 tainments both as poet and historian (cf. Ep. ad div. v. 12), and 
 was courted in consequence by Cicero who wished him to sing 
 his praises. In the year 59 B.c. he was an unsuccessful candi- 
 date for the consulship. To judge from Ep. 14, which was 
 written in the consulship of Messala and Piso, the difference 
 between himself and Atticus (for the origin of which cf. 1 1. 
 i) must have lasted for the space of seven years. 
 
 Quibus de suspicionibus\ =propter quas suspiciones rather 
 than cuius de suspicionibus. 
 
 Sallustiuni\ not the historian, cf . ad div. XIV. 4. 1 1, ad 
 Att. XI. 17. i. 'Sallust, though he was on the spot, I have 
 not been able to restore to his old place in his esteem. I 
 mention this to you because he used to find fault with me 
 for neglecting your wishes. He has now found out by ex- 
 perience that our friend is not very amenable, and that I did 
 use my best efforts in your behalf.' 
 
 Nee tibi defuisse~\ I am disinclined to alter the received 
 reading, which may be justified by the analogy of the follow- 
 ing passages, the latter of which is recognised by Madvig : 
 Pers. v. 172, and Cic.pro Caec. xxiv. ; qui hoc disputant, 
 si id dicunt, non recte aliquid statuere eos qui consulantur, 
 nee hoc debent dicere, etc. The alteration proposed by Schiitz 
 nee tibi nee sibi does not read pleasantly, and, had it formed 
 part of the original text, would scarcely have been cor- 
 rupted. Nee ineum studium tibi def^lisse appears to me 
 a more probable suggestion, as it reads well, and gives a 
 connection to the two sentences the want of which is cer- 
 tainly felt in the received reading. The objection which 
 Boot raises to the text on the ground that it makes dcfuisse 
 dependent on expertus est is surely hypercritical, for the con- 
 struction may be easily explained as a {)y/ia. 
 
 Tulliolant] His daughter Tullia was at the time of her 
 betrothal only nine, or at the most eleven, years old. 
 
 C. Pisoni] His praises are sung by Cicero in the Brutus 
 (cap. LXXVIII.) and elsewhere. At a later period he abandoned 
 his quaestorship in Pontus and Bithynia that he might be 
 near at hand to protect his father-in-law.
 
 58 NOTES. 
 
 LETTER IV 7 . 
 
 Epitome of Contents] I Inducements to Atticus to 
 hasten his visit. 2 The trial of Macer. 3 The decoration 
 of his villas, and his wish to purchase the library of Atticus. 
 
 I 'You are for ever raising my hopes of seeing you. 
 Only the other day, when we thought you were on the point 
 of coming, you suddenly put us off till July. Now I really 
 do propose that, as nearly as your convenience will admit, 
 you come at the date you mention. You will be just in time 
 for my brother's election, you will see me after our long 
 parting, and you can settle your difference with Acutilius. 
 Peducaeus has reminded me to mention this : for we think 
 it better that the matter should be finally settled. My help 
 in arranging it has always been at your service.' 
 
 Reiecti sumtts~\ Cf. Ep. 18. 7 qua re etiam Icgationes 
 reicctum iri puto. 
 
 Quintifratris comitia] who was a candidate for the aedile- 
 ship, which he held in the consulship of Cotta and Torquatus. 
 
 Acutilianam controversial;!] Cf. 5. 4, and again 8. i. 
 The wording of the latter passage sufficiently shews that the 
 matter in question was a debt due from Atticus to Acutilius, 
 and that, in the opinion of Acutilius, the plea advanced by 
 Atticus for deferring payment was an unsatisfactory one. 
 
 Peducaeus] The son of Sextus Peducaeus, the praetor of 
 Sicily, to whom Cicero had been quaestor. He was at present 
 in the employ of Atticus as procurator. Others, from the date 
 of the letter, have inferred that the father is meant. 
 
 2 'I have brought the business of C. Macer to an end, 
 with the marked approbation of the people. I have done 
 him strict justice ; nevertheless by his condemnation I have 
 excited so strong a feeling in my favour as far to outstrip any 
 benefit I might have looked for from himself had I acquitted 
 him.' Meriv. 
 
 C. Macro] Caius Licinius Macer, an historian and orator 
 (Cic. Brut. LXVII). He was accused of peculation under 
 Cicero's praetorian auspices (or. pro Rabir. Post, iv), who 
 presided over the quaestio repetundarum in virtue of his 
 office. Macer was condemned in spite of the influence of 
 Crassus. A sensational story in reference to his trial and 
 condemnation is found in Plutarch (Cic. 9), and again in a 
 different form in Val. Max. IX. 12. 
 
 Quum aequi fuisscmus~\ The statement of this transaction, 
 which in any form is not particularly creditable to Cicero,
 
 NOTES. 59 
 
 is by no means improved by the force which Boot would attach 
 to the subjunctive /uissemus: cui quum par cere etfavere potu- 
 issemus, sive quum in eius gratiam maiorem ae^ui'tatis (tVi- 
 tiKfias) quam iuris rationem habere potuissemus. 
 
 Ex populi existimatione} We may compare the following 
 from Plut. in Cic. II ray Kpicrfis e3of KaOapuis KOI jeaXa>? /3pa- 
 fitvcrai. 
 
 3 Singulare est insigne] Boot omits insigne from his text, 
 but the sentence is incomplete without it. As regards the 
 punctuation and arrangement of the passage there is consider- 
 able difficulty. To place the stop after the words per mihi 
 gratum est necessitates the introduction of est at the com- 
 mencement of the following sentence a verb which is already 
 repeated twice in the space of two lines. A more natural 
 remedy is to supply before Academiae the word et which is 
 much required, and which may easily have been displaced 
 in a sentence redundant with monosyllables. 
 
 Etjis] is in this case almost equivalent to talis ' a school of 
 this class.' Cf. me eum offendes, Ep. 10. 6. A statue of Mi- 
 nerva would be specially appropriate, as the idea of the place 
 was borrowed in the first instance from Athens and the Aca- 
 deme, and its primary object was the culture of the intellect. 
 
 Caictani\ i. e. Caietanum praedium, his estate at Formiae: 
 for so far as we know he had no property nearer Caieta than 
 this. 
 
 Abundare~\ to 'overflow' 'be overstocked' with them. It 
 is better I think to supply signis rather thanfecunia: though 
 either explanation is admissible. 
 
 Conserva\ 'keep your books together, and do not despair 
 of my one day making them my own. This object attained, 
 I surpass Crassus in wealth and can afford to despise the 
 houses and lands of any man.' Conserva may mean 'do not 
 sell them,' or else it may have something of the same sense 
 as confice bibliothecam in Ep. 4. 'make up, complete your 
 library.' 
 
 We are told by Corn. Nepos (vtt. Att. 13) that Atticus 
 kept a large household of slaves, whom he employed to copy 
 MSS for his own library and also for sale. 
 
 Crassum] M. Licinius Crassus. Cf. II. 13. 2 cuius cognomen 
 una cum Crassi Divitis cognomine consenescit. 
 
 Vices'} may be equivalent to villas as in Hor. Epist. II. 
 2. 177, but more probably vici urbani are meant, while -villae 
 will be included in the word.pmta, just as in Martial damns 
 is used of a ' mansion' or 'house in town' in contrast with a 
 country residence. 
 
 P. c. 6
 
 60 NOTES. 
 
 LETTER V. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i The death of his cousin Lucius. 
 S 2 The want of harmony in his brother's household. 3 The 
 infrequency of his letters to Atticus. 4 The affair of Acu- 
 ttlius. 5 The pacification of Lucceius. 6 A -wardship 
 case. 7 The decoration of his Tusculan "villa. 8 His 
 brother Quintus expected. Terenticfs health, and conclusion. 
 
 i Fructu] 'What enjoyment at home and abroad.' It is 
 better to take forensis as referring to his public life in general 
 rather than to his legal duties in particular: although his 
 cousin must have been of great service to him in the latter, if 
 (as Asconius tells us) he travelled through Sicily with him to 
 aid him in collecting materials for the prosecution of Verres. 
 
 Lucit\ The son of Lucius Tullius Cicero, the brother of 
 the orator's father. In defin. v. i. i Cicero speaks of him as 
 fratrem, cognations patruelem, amore germanum. He died 
 in the year 686, two years before the consulship of Cicero, 
 and this letter which announces the fact is consequently the 
 earliest of the series. This use of f rater for patruelis is not 
 uncommon. Cf. Madv. Comm. in or. pro Cael. xxiv. 60. 
 
 humanitate et moribus\ A hendiadys for humanis moribus, 
 ' kindly ways.' 
 
 Meo sermone\ ' My account of you.' 
 
 Adfineni\ because of the marriage connection between 
 Quintus and Pomponia, the sister of Atticus. Boot notices 
 this as a more general use of the word adfinis: Proprie enim 
 ex omnibus Tulliis unus Q. Cicero erat Attici adfinis per 
 nuptias sororis. 
 
 2 De sorore tua~\ To judge from the very amusing ac- 
 count of their family relations which is given in Att. v. i. 2 
 the fault must have been chiefly on her side, and we may 
 fairly hold Quintus excused. 
 
 Minorent\ by about four years. 
 
 3 De Htterarum missione'] intermissione, Muretus, which 
 however it is quite unnecessary to introduce into the text. 
 In Demos, irpos NtKoorp. 1251 we have the precisely similai 
 expression e' t^avav Karaoraortts, 'the #<w-production of 
 available documents,' and compare likewise rr/v irpos d\\r/\ovs 
 firiTT)8evfj.aTa>v vr-o^iav, ' the absence of all curiosity about our 
 neighbours' pursuits.' (Thuc. II. 37.) 
 
 4] 'As regards your instructions about Acutilius, I
 
 NOTES. 6 1 
 
 should have executed them forthwith on my arrival at Rome 
 after our parting, but, as it fell out, there was no need of any 
 such hot haste, and knowing your tact as I did I preferred 
 that Peducaeus should be your adviser rather than myself. 
 For after I had lent a listening ear to Acutilius for so many 
 days, whose style of conversation you know by experience, it 
 were surely no hardship to write you an account of his 
 grievances when I had made none of listening to them, 
 which was, I admit, rather a bore.' 
 
 Confecera)n\ The ordinary explanation of this mood is 
 simpler than to refer it, with Boot, to the purpose, as for 
 instance in the phrases nullum senatus consultum facienti 
 (I. 14. 5), and traducit (l. 18. 4). 
 
 Nihil\ Mt/ti, Boot: who for some unaccountable reason 
 objects to nihil. That there was no need for any particular 
 haste in the matter is sufficiently proved by the fact that two 
 years later (I. 4, i) it was still in progress. 
 
 Illius\ Unless the interchange of the names is a typo- 
 graphical error Muretus refers this to Peducaeus: Cicero 
 (iicit moles tarn sibi fuisse loquacitatem et dicacitatem Pedu- 
 caei, quam tainen molestiam in Pomponii gratiam patienter 
 de-voravit. But Peducaeus was Atticus' own man of business 
 (I. 4. i), and the intended contrast is not between the men, 
 but between the words scribere and audire. 
 
 Facilitate. dandi~\ 'Opportunity of sending.' 
 
 5 Cuiits] Lucceius. 
 
 Recolligi} i.e. reconciliari. Cf. I. 10. 2 for the use of 
 restituere in the same sense : primum tibi de nostro amico 
 placando ant etiam restituendo polliceor. 
 
 Teneo quid dicas\ ' I understand your meaning.' Teneo 
 is the suggestion of Orelli, and its omission is more easily ac- 
 counted for than that of scio or video. Some verb of the kind 
 is required by the sense of the passage and by the word 
 neque which follows, for it is quite impossible to explain the 
 construction as an ellipse, which is the suggestion of Muretus. 
 If the reading of the MSS is to be retained, I should prefer to 
 translate : 'You say I ought to gather a few hints as to the 
 line you had better take with him.' 
 
 Adfectus~\ ' In a strange state of mind.' He purposely 
 uses an indefinite word, as the special cause of offence was 
 unknown to himself and his friend. 
 
 Contendendum} Concedendum. Graev., Ern., but conten- 
 dere and elaborare are the words used in the corresponding 
 passages of Epp. 8 and 10. 'What pressure we are to use 
 
 62
 
 62 NOTES. 
 
 should, I think, depend on your own feelings. So if you will 
 inform me on this point you will find that I have avoided 
 being more busy in the matter than yourself, or more remiss 
 than was consistent with your wishes.' 
 
 6 Tadiana re] ' Tadius, in respect to his case, tells 
 me you have written him word that there is no need for fur- 
 ther anxiety on his part, inasmuch as he has acquired a pre- 
 scriptive right to the inheritance. I am surprised at your 
 ignorance of the fact, that, in the case of a ward, no posses- 
 sion can give a legal claim.' Schiitz gives the following ex- 
 planation of the passage : Tadius, as self-constituted guardian 
 of an heiress who was still under age, had held her property 
 for the two or more years which in ordinary cases (Ulp. in 
 fragm. tit. 19, or. pro Caec. XIX. 54) gave a prescriptive 
 right to ownership. By the advice of Atticus he pleads this 
 when the legal guardians of the girl claim the property at his 
 hands. But the property of wards was carefully protected 
 against any such claims, and, more than this, they could 
 only be dispossessed of it by a special decree. In the or. 
 pro Flac. XXXIV. 84 tutela legitima is used absolutely of a 
 ward's property : nihil potcst He tutela legitima sine omnium 
 tutorum ahctoritate deminui. 
 
 7 Epiroticairi\ Near Buthrotrum, or Buthrotus, for the 
 name appears in both forms. 
 
 8 A rticulorum do/ores] \.z.arthritidem, rheumatism.' 
 MaYime diligif\ ' Sends her best love to your sister and 
 mother.' 
 
 LETTER VI. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i The correspondence between 
 them. TJte ptirchase of the house of Rabirius by Fonteius. 
 2 The settlement of the dispute between Quintus and his 
 wife. The departure of Cicero's fatJier. A further order for 
 statues. 
 
 I Non committam~\ ( I will not risk being charged by 
 you with remissness in writing. Only take care that with 
 such leisure at your disposal you rival me.' 
 
 Dimens. et exaedJ\ ' Laid out and completed in your 
 mind's eye.' C. Rabirius is the person alluded to, who was 
 prosecuted for treason and defended by Cicero in the time of 
 his consulship. 
 
 HS CCCIODDXXX] For a full explanation of the charac- 
 ters, and the system of reckoning, see Madv. L. Gr. xi. 69. 
 
 2 Arpinatibus praediis~\ The estate was called Arca- 
 num. Cf. V. I. 2, and ad Quin.fr. III. I. I.
 
 NOTES. 63 
 
 Discessit] So Madv. for the more usual decessit, and he 
 is followed by Boot and others who are unwilling to believe 
 that Cicero announces his father's death in these brief and 
 unfeeling words. They rely chiefly on the evidence of Asco- 
 nius, who in his preface to the or. in toga Candida mentions 
 as a fact that Cicero lost his father during the time of his 
 canvass for the consulship, i.e. four years after the date of 
 the present letter. In default of other direct evidence this 
 appears to me to be conclusive, as the authority of the MSS 
 is of little weight in deciding between two words so per- 
 petually interchanged, if indeed the alteration is necessary, 
 as the verb deccdere is used by Cicero in both senses. As 
 an instance of the special pleading in our author's behalf 
 against which I have protested in my preface let me quote 
 Billerbeck's comment on the reading decessit : 'The short- 
 ness of the notice shews how deeply Cicero felt his loss.' 
 
 Quae loci sinf] ' Suited to the place you know so well.' 
 Cf. ad div. vn. 23. 2, where he describes the kind of statue 
 he requires, and objects to a Mars and Bacchante as un- 
 suited to the character of the place. 
 
 LETTER VII. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] This letter relates chiefly to the 
 adornment of his Tiisculan villa. 
 
 Apud matreiri\ ' At your mother's house.' 
 
 XXCD] The same payment as that which is notified in 
 different characters in 2 of the following letter. The latter 
 is apparently the correct form, as Madvig, Grant, and the 
 other authorities on the subject would in all cases represent 
 the number 400 by the characters CCCC rather than by those 
 which appear in the text. 
 
 LETTER VIII. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] I The health of the mother of 
 Atticus. Allusions to Acutilius, Tadius and Lucceius. 
 2 His payment to Cincius, and further orders in reference 
 to the statues. 3 The eagerness of Tullia to receive her 
 promised present. 
 
 I Negat\ ' He says he has received no advice of any 
 kind from'his agent, and can scarcely believe that the differ- 
 ence between you arose from his refusal to give you a 
 guarantee against further claims.' See note on I. 4. i. 
 
 Deddisse\ is to settle a difference privately without bring- 
 ing it before a court. Cf. Cic. pro Rose. Amer, xxxix. si
 
 64 NOTES. 
 
 hanc ei rent privatim Sex. Roscius mandavissct, ut cum Chry- 
 sogono transigeret atque decideret: and pro Rose. Com. XI. 
 32 lite contestata, iudicio damni iniuria constitute, tu sine 
 me cum Flavio decidisti. 
 
 Gratum...iucundutn\ 'A matter of thanks... a matter of 
 pleasure,' a distinction which is illustrated by the following 
 passages: Ep. I. 17. 6 fuit mi/ii saepe et laudis nostrae 
 gratiilatio tua iucunda et timoris consolatio grata: ill. 24. 2 
 nam ista veritas, etiamsi iucunda non est, mihi tamen grata 
 est, and again ad div. IV. 6. i cuius officia iucundiora sci- 
 licet saepe mihifuerunt, nunquam tamen gratiora. 
 
 Mihi amicissimus\ In Ep. ad div. V. 15. 2 he speaks of 
 his friendship with Lucceius in the strongest possible terms : 
 tecum vivere possem equidem et maxime -vellem : vetustas, 
 amor, consuetudo, studia paria : quod vinclum, quaeso, deest 
 nostrae coniunctioni ? 
 
 2 Pentelict] ' From the quarries of Pentelicus.' A further 
 explanation of the name is given by Suidas, who refers it to 
 the five lines with which the marble was striped. 
 
 lam nunc} ' Even by anticipation please me mightily.' 
 Cf. Prop. v. ii. 93 ' Discite venturam iam nunc sentire 
 senectam.' The prospective sense which distinguishes iam 
 nunc from the corresponding phrase nunc iam is probably 
 to be explained by the fact that in both cases the word iam 
 has lost its temporal force. 
 
 Caetera] Among which would be included such things as 
 the typos and the putealia sigillata for which he gives an 
 order in the following letter. 
 
 Elegantiae] ' Refined taste.' In the 2nd Book of the Tusc. 
 disp. we have a full account of the Academia at Cicero's 
 Tusculan villa, where he tells us that it was laid out with 
 shady walks (xysti] and quiet seats (exedrae}. Like the 
 Greek gymnasium it had two quadrangles, of which the 
 outer corresponded to the ?co 8p6/j.os or u<rror, while the 
 inner one was furnished with seats for philosophical discus- 
 sion. The Lyceum, to which he refers in tie div. I. 5 as 
 superiori gymnasia, was apparently quite distinct from the 
 Academia in question. 
 
 Studio efferimur\ ' I am so enthusiastic on the subject.' 
 
 Munusculum~\ ' Is importunate for your present, and duns 
 me as your representative. To speak for myself, I am de- 
 termined to repudiate rather than to pay.' The mnnusculum 
 in question was no doubt promised on the occasion of her 
 betrothal to Piso. For appellare in this sense cf. Cic. Phil. 
 II. 29 appellatus es de pecunia quam pro domo, pro hortis. 
 pro sectione debebas ; and for abiurare cf. Plaut. Cure. IV.
 
 NOTES. 65 
 
 2. 10 qui abiurant si quid cfeditum est. Boot suggests that 
 the word dependere is technical for this particular class of 
 payments, and notices the fact that the legal process avail- 
 able for the guarantor in case of loss was known as actio 
 depensi (Gai. ill. 127). The word is only used once by 
 Cicero of a monetary payment, and the instance in question 
 supports the above view. Cf. ad div. I. 9. 9 nisi cum Marcj 
 diligenter egeris, dependendum tibi est quod mihi pro illo spo- 
 pondisti. 
 
 LETTER IX. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i On the subfect of their cor- 
 respondence. 2 His eagerness for the promised s-tatues, 
 and a request for information respecting tiie Eleusinian mys- 
 teries. 
 
 i De-venire} The preposition as in devius, deverticulum, 
 &c. denotes the uncertainty of the destination. Cf. Brut. 
 XLII. consideranti, ad quos ista non translata sint, sed 
 nescio quo pacto de-venerint. 
 
 2 Signa Megaricd\ i.e. of Megarian marble of the class 
 known as Koyxirrjs \idos from the quarries near Amphialus. 
 It was pure white, easy to cut, and full of sea shells. Cf. the 
 following passage from Paus. I. 44, povois Se 'EXX^Vow/ Meya- 
 pdJcriv o Koy\irr]s Xi'tfos e'crri, icai cn^i'cri *m eV TTJ TroXft TrfiroiijTat 
 TroXXa e avrov. eerrt 8e ayav Xeu/c6i /cat aXXou \i6ov fjLoXaK<o- 
 Tepoy, Koy^ai 8e at 0aXdcr(riai 5ta Travros tvfUTiv. 
 
 Arcae nostrae confidito\ 'Rely upon my solvency,' 'Trust 
 to the length of my purse.' Cf. arcae nostrae fiducia (ad 
 Quint, fr. II. 12. 5), and luv. Sat. ill. 143 quantum quisque 
 sua numorum servat in area, Tantum habet et fidei. The 
 allusion is not necessarily to a payment in ready money, 
 as some editors would explain it on the analogy of the more 
 technical phrase ex area solvere. 
 
 Genus hoc est} 'This is the line my fancy takes. That 
 kind of statuary which is most suitable for a training ground 
 is what I require. Lentulus offers me the use of his ships. 
 Pray attend carefully to my wishes in the matter. Chilius 
 sends you a request, and I second it, for any information you 
 can give us about the rites of the Eumolpidae.' 
 
 Lentulus} Schiitz regards him as identical with the Len- 
 tulus mentioned in I. 19. 2 on the ground that all the 
 other members of the family had held office andwere little 
 likely to be engaged in trade. But the latter assumption is 
 somewhat bold, while the contemptuous allusion in Ep. 19 
 suggests an enemy rather than a friend. 
 
 Chilius} A poet, and in all probability the guest of Cicero
 
 66 NOTES. 
 
 at the present time. He is mentioned on two other occa- 
 sions in the letters to Atticus, viz. in Ep. 12. 2, and again in 
 Ep. 16. 15, from the latter of which it may be inferred that he 
 was at one time engaged on a poem in praise of Cicero's con- 
 sulship. 
 
 EvpoXuiSav irarpta] Gronovius would take Eu/zoATriScSj/ in 
 a general sense as equivalent to 'A.dr)vaiu>v, but the allusion 
 is in all probability to a proposed poem on the Eleusinian 
 rites, for which Chilius wants a groundwork of facts. An 
 account of the external ceremonial is no doubt all that he 
 requires : for Atticus would probably know as little as him- 
 self of the more secret mysteries which it was death to reveal. 
 
 LETTER X. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] I An excuse for the brevity of tfie 
 present letter. 2 The quarrel of Lucceius. 3 Tlie fur- 
 ther decoration of his Tusculan villa. 4 His eagerness 
 to secure the library of Atticus. 5 The state of his brotJier's 
 household. 6 The absence of Atticus from Rome, and his 
 promised present to Tullia. 
 
 I Ceramico\ There were two places of this name at 
 Athens, one outside the city, the other within the walls. 
 The allusion in the present case is to the former and more 
 famous of the two, which Thucydides in the funeral oration 
 calls ' the fairest suburb of the city.' It is probable that this 
 villa of Atticus is the one alluded to in the Leges (l. 13). 
 
 Verum tameri\ Resumptive after a parenthesis like the 
 Greek 8' ovv. Cf. Ep. 20. 2. Sed and igitur are frequently 
 used in the same way, and very rarely tamen, of which how- 
 ever Boot quotes two instances, Brut. xxvi. 101, and ad div. 
 IX. 16. 2. 
 
 2 Amtco~\ Lucceius, as before. For this use of resti- 
 tuere cf. ad Att. XV. 4. i dccimo kalend. hora vin fere 
 a Q. Fufio venit tabellariu s, nescio quidab eo litterularuni, uti 
 me sibi restituerem. 
 
 Subesse} imoKeiaQai. 'As I cannot discover any strong 
 ground for it' 
 
 3 Imponai\ ' I should like you to see my statues on 
 board at your own convenience, and anything else you can 
 find that is in character with the place you know so well.' 
 
 These Hermeraclae and other statues of the same class 
 were either simply bifrontes or else composite figures repre- 
 senting the attributes of the two divinities combined in one 
 person. As an illustration of the latter class we have the 
 celebrated description of Vertumnus in Propertius [v. 2],
 
 NOTES. 67 
 
 Scribebani\ ' For I am sitting there to write this letter, so 
 that the place itself puts in a word. In addition I give you 
 an order for bas-reliefs for insertion in the plaster walls of my 
 ante-chamber, together with figured curbstones for my two 
 wells.' 
 
 Typos] Small figures, usually formed of terra cotta: cf. 
 Plin. H. N. xxxv. 1 5 1 impressa argilla. typum fecit, et cum 
 caeteris fictilibus induratum igni proposuit. 
 
 Atrioli} To distinguish it from the atrium maius. Cf. 
 Bek. Gal. II. 176 and Ep. ad Quint, frat. ill. I. i neque 
 (trim satis loci esse videbatur atriolo : neque fere so let nisi 
 in his aedificiis fieri in quibus est atrium maius. 
 
 Putealia\ Gk. Trepiorojua. In Verr. II. 4. 14 the word 
 sigillati is used of raised work in silver. 
 
 4] ' Take care not to promise your library to any one, 
 whatever ardent admirers it may find. I am hoarding up all 
 my little gleanings in the hope of purchasing it for the com- 
 fort of my old age.' 
 
 6 Comitiis meis] Muretus would explain this in refer- 
 ence to the consular election : while Manutius, Schiitz and 
 Abeken understand it of the praetorship. The latter is in all 
 probability the correct view, as we know from other sources 
 (e.g. Plut. Cic. IX., pro leg. Man. I. 2) that the elections for 
 the praetor urbanus were on the occasion of Cicero's canvass 
 twice postponed a fact which is clearly alluded to in 2 of 
 the ensuing letter. ' As regards my election I do not forget 
 that I have given you leave of absence, and indeed have 
 never ceased to proclaim it aloud to our mutual friends who 
 are on the look-out for you, that, so far from pressing you to 
 come, I have even put my veto upon it : understanding as I 
 do that you will gain more by attention to your business at 
 home than I should by your presence at my election. And 
 therefore I hope you will be under the impression that I have 
 sent you to your present quarters for the furtherance of my 
 interests. For myself, you will find me both in word and 
 deed as grateful to you as though my successes, whatever 
 they may be, had been gained, not only in your presence, but 
 by your exertions. Little Tullia is for binding you to a day : 
 she gives your representative no peace.' 
 
 Pentiisisse] I can find no other example of this construc- 
 tion. Mr Swinburne however in his Atalanta in Calydon 
 (p. 83) makes a somewhat similar use of the verb 'allow:' 
 'But the ^o&s Allowed us, and our days were clear of these.' 
 
 Quod intelligain\ Quod intelligo Boot, making with 
 agendum esset, which he has introduced into his text for
 
 68 NOTES. 
 
 agendum est, an almost hopeless confusion of tenses. On 
 the other hand, the ordinary reading quod intelligarn is at 
 once the more usual formula, and interferes in no way with 
 the retention of est, for which the esset of some MSS is an 
 evident corruption. 
 
 In the earlier part of the sentence the word hoc refers 
 primarily to permisisse, and is afterwards by a common con- 
 struction further explained in the sentence te non modo non 
 arcessi a me, sed prohiberi. 
 
 Offendes} Cf. 3 of the next letter : (res) quas tu incredi- 
 bile est, quam brevi tempore quanta deteriores offensurus sis, 
 quam reliquisti. 
 
 Diem dai\ ' Is for taking the law on you,' as in case the 
 debtor failed to discharge the debt on the appointed day 
 legal proceedings followed as the necessary consequence. 
 
 Sponsorem appellat} The editors are almost equally di- 
 vided on the question of retaining or omitting the negative 
 in the present passage. I have decided to omit it with 
 Schiitz, Casaub., Ern. and others, on the ground that no 
 reason can be given for Tullia's change of purpose if (as 
 we can hardly question) appellat is to be explained here in 
 the same way as in the parallel passage of Ep. 8. 
 
 The reading sponsorem me appellat, which finds favour 
 with Klotz and Boot, has little to recommend it. The pronoun 
 is certainly not required, and its introduction spoils the terse- 
 ness of the sentence. 
 
 LETTER XI. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i His negotiations with Luccciits. 
 2 His canvass for the praetorship. 3 The decoration of 
 his Tusculan villa. 
 
 i] 'I was already taking steps of my own accord, and, 
 on receipt of your two letters written persistently in the same 
 strain, have been thoroughly roused to action. Add to which, 
 Sallust is always at my elbow pressing me to do my best in 
 the matter of Lucceius.' 
 
 Adsiduus] In its literal sense. Cf. Hor. Sat. I. r. 82, and 
 the/?r. pro Caec. xxil. where it is used of the labourers who 
 are regularly employed on a farm : non si coactis hominibus 
 quam si voluntaries aut etiam adsiduis ac domesticis. 
 
 Sallustius] See note on Ep. 3. 3. 
 
 Immutatae voluntatis\ 'This change of feeling.' In Ter. 
 Andr. I. 5. 7 we find the word as an adjective in the sense of 
 'unchanged,' while in the de Or. II. 67 immutata oratio is 
 used of allegory.
 
 NOTES. 69 
 
 Illud tuum arbitriuni\ 'That decision of yours in his 
 case,' a more natural expression, as it appears to me, than 
 illud suum arbitrium, which Klotz and Boot have admitted 
 into their text, and which could only mean ' the arbitration 
 which is for ever on his lips.' 
 
 Noslra adlegatio\ ' Diplomacy of mine.' The difference 
 between legare and adlegare is scarcely so definite as Boot 
 and others have imagined, who would restrict the former 
 word to affairs of state, the latter to those of individuals : a 
 distinction which is not universally observed, as we may 
 gather from the use of the word in Plin. Pan. 70 hoc senatui 
 adlegandum putam. More probably the primary idea con- 
 tained in adlegatio is that of secret and even underhand 
 dealing (cf. Ten Andr. v. 3. 28 tie credos a me adlegatum, 
 i.e. subornatuni}, a supposition which accounts for the or- 
 dinary use of the word in connection with the private affairs 
 of individuals, and also serves to explain its meaning in 
 the passage quoted above from the Panegyricus, 
 
 Tanti putaris~\ ' If only you think it worth the trouble.' 
 I have followed the punctuation of Boot, which, from the 
 position of the word id and the rhythm of the sentence, 
 seems to me far preferable to that which is adopted by 
 Klotz and the other editors : si modo tanti putaris id, quod, 
 si me audies et si humanitati tuae constare voles, certe 
 putabis. 
 
 In nostra potestate fore~\ Cf. 2 of the last letter. 
 
 Ident\ ' I now on the other hand seem to distrust my 
 powers.' For this use of idem cf. amongst many other pas- 
 sages de nat. Dear. I. 43 [Epicurus] quutn optimam et 
 praestantissimam naturam Dei dicat esse, negat idem esse in 
 Deo gratiam. 
 
 Obfirmatior] ' More persistent in this fit of spleen.' 
 
 In utro culpa erit\ ' Shall still annoy the one who is to 
 blame.' Great exception has naturally been taken to this 
 careless and selfish decision on the part of Cicero. To those 
 whose business it is to explain away the force of all such 
 passages, the following suggestion will probably recommend 
 itself: scripsit hoc, opinor, Cicero ut Epicureum Attici tor- 
 porem excitaret. Nihil in tribus est epistolis unde colligas 
 falso queri Lucceiurn: sunt autem multa quae significent 
 profectam esse ab Attico gravem iniuriam. Oliv. 
 
 2 Arbitrari~\ The omission of the subject te is worthy 
 of notice, more especially as C. T. Zumpt (Verr. v. 106) 
 quotes this as an instance in which arbitrari is used by 
 Cicero as a passive. It may however have been due to the 
 fact that he is quoting from a letter of Atticus. We have a
 
 70 NOTES. 
 
 similar instance in ad div. II. 13. 5 haec eo pluribus scripsi, 
 quod nonnihil significabant tuae litterae subdubitare, qua 
 essem erga ilium voluntate. 
 
 Designatum~\ Cf. 6 of the previous letter, and Merivale's 
 Life of Cicero (p. 30) : ' He thus complains, in the year when 
 he was preparing to solicit for the praetorship: No people in 
 Rome are more worried in these days than the candidates; 
 every kind of injustice is permitted towards them' 
 
 Philadelpho~\ The tabellarius, in all probability one of 
 the slaves of Atticus. 
 
 3 Mire quani\ Qavpcumas <as. 
 
 Quam brevi temp, quam det^\ Matthiae instances the fol- 
 lowing examples of this construction : or. I. 3 in qua difficile 
 est enumerare quot viri quanta scientia fucrint; and again 
 or. pro Mil. xiv. 38 quern si interfecere voluisset, quanta,, 
 quoties occasiones quam praeclarae fuerunt. 
 
 LETTER XII. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i His pecuniary embarrassments, 
 and schemes for raising a loan. The prosecution of A ntonius 
 for malversation in his province. 2 TJu: reports spread by 
 one Hilarus. 3 His friendship ivith Pompeius. The divorce 
 of Alucia. The Clodian scandal. 4 Tfie death of his slave 
 Sositheus. 
 
 l] ' Our Trojan lady is in truth a slow business : and 
 Cornelius has never paid Terentia a second visit. So we must 
 have recourse, I suppose, to Considius and his tribe. For from 
 Caecilius even his relatives cannot extract a penny at anything 
 less than 1 2 per cent. But, to return to the original question, I 
 never knew anything so shameless, so cunning, so dilatory as 
 our friend : I am on the point of sending my freedman: Titus 
 has received my instructions: all mere pretexts for delay. 
 Notwithstanding I have an idea that fortune will befriend us. 
 For his couriers bring me word that Pompeius will press 
 openly for the recall of Antonius, who thereupon will be ar- 
 raigned before the people.' 
 
 TfVKpis] The data we possess for the solution of this 
 mystery are briefly as follows : 
 
 (i) The mention of the well-known money-lenders, Con- 
 sidius, Axius, Selicius and Caecilius, which marks the ques- 
 tion as one of pecuniary accommodation, and points to the 
 embarrassments in which Cicero had involved himself by 
 the purchase of his house on the Palatine in the year after 
 his consulship. In a letter to Sextius, the quaestor of An-
 
 NOTES. 7 i 
 
 tonius, he states the purchase money at three millions and 
 a half of sesterces, and admits that he had been obliged to 
 borrow largely in order to rind the required sum from Sulla 
 amongst others, whose defence he had undertaken according 
 to Gellius (N. A. xn. 12). From this we may infer that 
 TfCfcpis was some effeminate Roman nobleman from whom he 
 was expecting help of a similar kind. For the disparaging 
 title, cf. Pers. Sat. l. 4. 
 
 (2) The reference to Cornelius, who may possibly be the 
 agent of Caesar alluded to in Ep. ad Att. II. 3. 3 namfuit apud 
 me Cornelius, httnc dico Balbum Caesaris familiarem. It is, 
 however, probable that another Cornelius is meant, of whom 
 mention is made in Ep. ad div. v. 6. i. If so, the introduc- 
 tion of his name may throw some light on the remainder of 
 the passage, as he was connected by marriage with Publius 
 Sextius, the quaestor of Antonius, and managed his business 
 at home during his absence in the province. 
 
 (3) A far more important hint is given us in the imme- 
 diate transition to Antonius and his affairs, which follows in 
 the words sed nescio an Tavro^arov 7/i<5i/, nam mihi &c. 
 This connects the monetary question so closely with the 
 recall and prosecution of Antonius that we can scarcely 
 avoid the inference that the allusion is either to Antonius 
 himself, or toxme of his most intimate friends. 
 
 At first sight the arguments against the hypothesis that 
 TtvKpis and Antonius are identical are clear and telling, and 
 they have been ably marshalled by Schiitz. For instance, 
 why should Cicero use the mysterious designation in one 
 sentence, and in the next mention Antonius by name ? And 
 why, if he expects money for undertaking his defence, does 
 he in the same breath announce his determination to aban- 
 don it ? But in spite of these arguments, and even on the 
 strength of them, I believe that Antonius himself is the 
 Tfvupis of the text, more especially as an evident motive for 
 concealing his real name in connection with the proposed 
 loan, and also for renouncing all interest in his defence, is 
 supplied by Cicero himself in this very letter. With the story 
 of Hilarus full in view it would scarcely have been well to let 
 the world about him know that he was at that very moment 
 expecting large sums from Antonius, and for the same reason 
 it was only a politic measure to denounce his actions, at 
 least till the scandal of Hilarus had died out: for as a matter 
 of fact he did defend him in spite of his present assertions 
 to the contrary. Cf. or. pro dom. XVI. Amongst other 
 attempts to veil the nature of the present transaction we 
 may instance the introduction of Terentia's name in place
 
 72 NOTES. 
 
 of his own, and also his use throughout of the indefinite 
 plural. 
 
 Lentum sane negoduni\ However, in Ep. 12. 7 we find 
 the following: TtvKpiy promissa patravit. Considius is men- 
 tioned as a money-lender in Val. Max. IV. 8, Axius in Ep. 
 ad Att. X. II. 2, and Selicius in IV. 18. 3. 
 
 Caecilio] The uncle of Atticus. Cf. I. 2. The present 
 passage is quoted in full by Seneca (Ep. 118) in illustration 
 of the character of Caecilius. For a further account of his 
 pride and avarice cf. Nep. Att. vit. v. 
 
 Minore centesimis] In proof that I per cent, per month 
 was a heavy rate of interest Boot refers to ad div. v. 6. 2, 
 where \ per cent, (semissibus) is mentioned as the current 
 rate at the time. It is noticeable that in the corresponding 
 passage of Seneca's letters the unusual construction minore 
 centesimis is replaced by the more ordinary phrase minoris 
 centesimis, which was in all probability rejected by Cicero 
 as offensive to the ear. 
 
 rip.a>v\ KoXAiov j3ov\fvfTai, 'chance is wiser than 
 we,' a line from Menander (Fi/a>/i. povoor. in fragm. Com. 
 Gr. IV. p. 361, Meineke). Unless we accept the identity 
 of TevKpis with Antonius, the connection between this pas- 
 sage and the foregoing Cicero's impecuniosity and Antony's 
 recall appears to me an insoluble problem. 
 
 Aget praetor ad populuni] He alludes to the formal motion 
 for the recall and prosecution of Antonius. 
 
 Hominem defendere\ Yet he had already done so (cf. 
 Ep. ad div. v. 6. 4), and afterwards, when Antonius under- 
 went a second and more severe prosecution under the 
 consuls Caesar and Bibulus, he again defended him but 
 without success. (Merivale's Life and Letters, p. 59.) 
 
 Hoc] 'The following circumstance.' For accidit Schiitz 
 reads accedit. But we should have expected in that case 
 the familiar phrase accedit quod without the introductory 
 word etenim: for, whenever a verb has come to form part 
 of a phrase, Cicero rarely introduces a word to break the 
 legitimate combination. 
 
 2] 'For an event has occurred into the origin and 
 character of which I wish you to look carefully. I have a 
 freedman, one Hilarus by name, a rascally fellow enough, 
 an accountant and client of yours. In connection with him 
 the interpreter Valerius mentions the following report, and 
 Chilius writes me word that it has reached him : that the
 
 NOTES. 73 
 
 fellow is closeted with Antonius, who gives out, when he 
 makes his requisitions, that a portion of them is to go to me, 
 and that I have sent out this freedman to look after my 
 share of the gains. I have been seriously annoyed by the 
 report, although not quite believing it. However, the scandal 
 it has raised is considerable.' 
 
 Libertum habeo...dientem tuuni\ From this and similar 
 passages (or. pro Rose. Am. VII. 19, Suet. Caes. 2) we find that 
 a libertiniis could have two patroni, one in his character of 
 libertus, and the other in that of cliens. 
 
 Ratioctnatoretn} He was probably in the service of Anto- 
 nius at the present time : or else the word may refer to the 
 post he had originally held in Cicero's establishment. 
 
 Valerius] He is mentioned again in Ep. ad div. xiv. 2. 2. 
 His duties were to interpret for the ambassadors of subject 
 states on their arrival in Rome. 
 
 Partem mihi quaeri} This is usually referred to some 
 secret agreement between them in accordance with which 
 Cicero declined the province in his favour. But such an 
 explanation is quite inconsistent with what we know of the 
 character of Cicero, who, whatever his faults may have been, 
 was certainly not grasping or covetous. Abeken's conjecture, 
 which is endorsed by Merivale, is far more probable : that 
 Antonius had promised him a pecuniary remuneration if he 
 would undertake his defence in the Senate against the pro- 
 secution with which he was threatened. 
 
 Planciuni\ The subject of the or. pro Plancio, and a 
 staunch friend of Cicero in all his troubles. He was military 
 tribune in Macedonia at the present time. 
 
 3 Amicissimuni\ The first mention in these letters of 
 the celebrated friendship between Cicero and Pompeius 
 which (to judge from the account of their relations in Ep. 
 ad div. v. 7) must have been somewhat sudden in its 
 growth. Atticus never approved of it : most probably be- 
 cause he had a keener forecaste than Cicero in politics, and 
 believed him to be altogether mistaken in his choice of a 
 patron. In addition to which he may have seen how in- 
 sincere was the friendship, at any rate on the side of Pom- 
 peius. 
 
 Muciae] She was the sister of Metellus, and the wife 
 of Pompeius, who, on his return from Asia, divorced her on 
 a suspicion of adultery with C. Caesar. 
 
 P. Clodium~\ For a full account of the matter, cf. 
 Merivale, p. 63.
 
 74 NOTES. 
 
 Quum pro populo fieref\ This use of faccre and fieri in 
 the sense of ' sacrificing ' (like the Greek tpSftv and pt&tv) is 
 too well known to require comment. The rites alluded to 
 are those of the Bona Dea, celebrated by women alone in 
 the house of the Pontifex Maximus. 
 
 Servatum et eductuni\ A hendiadys : 'was got safely out 
 of the house.' 
 
 Servulae] Serviliae, al. But the words ancillarum bene- 
 ficio in the speech de harusp. resp. xxi, and the corre- 
 sponding passage in Plutarch's Lip of Cicero (27), are a suf- 
 ficient confirmation of the reading in the text. 
 
 4] 'What further to tell you I know not; indeed I am 
 too much out of heart to write : for I have lost my reader 
 Sositheus, a pleasant lad, and his death has distressed me 
 more than a slave's death should.' 
 
 I cannot be so enthusiastic as Mr Forsyth in praise 
 of the feeling shewn by Cicero on this occasion. To my 
 mind it is greatly spoilt by the allusion to his own condescen- 
 sion, and I prefer in consequence the epigram of Martial 
 on the death of Erotion (v. 37). 
 
 dvayva><rTT)s] Latine 'lector.' Cf. Plin. Ep. III. 5. 
 
 Quod in buccam "venerit\ ' Whatever comes uppermost.' 
 Cf. ad Att. VII. 10, XII. I. 2, and Mart. XII. 24. 5. 
 
 LETTER XIII. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] I On the subject of their cor- 
 respondence. 2 His position in the Senate, and an ac- 
 count of the consuls. 3 The Clodian scandal. 4 His 
 relations with Pompeius. 5 His literary works. 6 Mes- 
 salds purchase of a house, and the affair o/Ttvicpis. 
 
 i] Atticus, after a stay of nearly two years in Rome, 
 a period which included the consulship of Cicero, had now 
 left for Greece, and was writing from the different places at 
 which he halted on the journey. 
 
 lam] 'This makes the third letter which I have received 
 from you.' 
 
 Tribus Tabernis] The well-known tavern on the Appian 
 Way between Aricia and the Forum Appii. 
 
 Ancoris sublatis] I have admitted this alteration with 
 Schiitz and the majority of the editors, though feeling 
 strongly that the reading of the MSS, ancora soluta, ought 
 not to be so lightly rejected. That ancoram solvere can mean 
 to 'weigh anchor,' or that Atticus used it by mistake and
 
 NOTES. 75 
 
 Cicero in ut scribis calls attention to the error, is equally 
 impossible. But two other alternatives are to be considered, 
 of which the first and more probable is that ancoram sol- 
 vere is to be taken in the more poetical sense of navetn 
 solvere, or futtem praecidere, i.e., to cut the cable which 
 held them to their moorings. The other possible explana- 
 tion is to suppose that he had already been travelling by sea 
 and that he writes as soon as the ship had anchored in port. 
 This is perfectly tenable, as the place from which he writes 
 is not stated, and may, for all we know, have been one of his 
 stopping places on the voyage. Of the other emendations 
 which have been proposed, the following is perhaps the best, 
 ora solnta, a phrase which may be illustrated from Quint, iv. 
 2. i conscendi, sublatae sunt ancorae, solvimus oram, pro- 
 fee ti sumus. 
 
 Rhetorum~\ ' Masterpieces,' 'true works of art.' I can see 
 no objection to the phrase 'worthy of a rhetorician.' It is at 
 any rate better than the majority of the readings which are 
 proposed in its place ; e. g. quae fuerunt omnes. Rhetonim 
 more loqunntur. Orelli's emendation, quae fuerunt omnes, 
 ut rhetorum pueri loquuntur, K.T.\., is admitted by Mr 
 Watson, and has certainly much to recommend it. 
 
 Humanitatis sparsae sale] ' Garnished with a refined wit' 
 Lacessitus, 'challenged.' 
 
 Pellectione relevarit} 'For how few are there who can carry 
 a letter of any weight without first easing the burden by 
 reading it through ! ' 
 
 Quod mihi non...est\ The word notunt, or one equivalent 
 in meaning, is essential to the construction. Orelli proposes 
 perinde, which is accepted by Matthiae. ' Moreover it is not 
 all the same to me who goes to Epirus,' i.e. whether he is 
 a trustworthy man or the reverse. Boot is scarcely to be 
 congratulated on his proposed emendation: quod mihi non 
 bonus est, ut quisque in Epirum proficiscatur. 
 
 Caesis...victimis] As would be done by a general prior to 
 the commencement of a campaign. ' My private opinion is 
 that you have by this time offered sacrifice at the shrine 
 of your Amalthea, and started at once to commence opera- 
 tions on Sicyon.' 
 
 Apud AmaltJteam\ This maybe either the nymph herself or 
 the villa in Epirus which she is supposed to have under her 
 care ; but caesis -uictimis points to the former interpretation, 
 while the neuter AmaltJieum is the more usual form in the 
 latter sense. The title denotes the abundant fertility of the 
 place, and we have a similar word in cornucopia, which is 
 itself derived from the story of Amalthea. 
 
 P. C. 7
 
 76 NOTES. 
 
 Orelli however understands it as referring to an old 
 chapel which Atticus had found on the estate, while Mr 
 Watson suggests the following explanation of the name: 'A 
 villa in Epirus so called apparently from containing a room 
 decorated with pictures from the story of Amalthea.' But the 
 word ToiroQeo-la in Ep. 16. 18 is I think in favour of my view. 
 
 Ad Sicyonem oppiignandttni\ Cf. Ep. 19. 9, and 20. 4. 
 It is a playful allusion to certain payments which were due 
 to Atticus from Sicyon, either in his capacity of publicanus, 
 or else on account of a loan which he had advanced to the 
 state. The former is the more probable theory, for we find 
 that about this time Sicyon, as one of the liberi populi, 
 received certain exemptions from tribute which were an evi- 
 dent loss to the company who farmed her taxes. 
 
 A similar conflict between public and private interests is 
 alluded to in connection with the portorium circumvectionis 
 (Ep. II. 1 6. 4). 
 
 Antoniuni\ Ep. ad div. V. 5 is a letter of recommenda- 
 tion from Cicero to Antonius in reference to this visit of 
 Atticus, the special object of which appears to have been the 
 recovery of certain sums which were owing to him in Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 2] ' Now since your departure events have happened of 
 importance enough to warrant a letter, which must not how- 
 ever be exposed to the risk of being lost, or opened, or 
 intercepted. To begin with then let me tell you that the 
 consul did not ask my opinion first in the Senate, but gave 
 precedence to our peacemaker from Gaul, at which a mur- 
 mur of disapproval ran through the house. For myself I am 
 pleased rather than otherwise, for I am free from any obliga- 
 tion to a wayward fellow, and at liberty to assert my position 
 in the state in spite of him ; while the second speaker in a 
 debate has little less influence than the first, and an inde- 
 pendence unfettered by any compliment from the consul.' 
 
 Pacificatorem Allobrogum\ C. Calpurnius Piso, the bro- 
 ther of the present consul, and himself consul in the year 
 67 B.C. In his proconsulship he had quelled some slight 
 tumult in Gaul (cf. or. in Cat. ill. 9- 22). Casaubon infers 
 from the notice in the text that the compliment in question 
 had been paid to Cicero the year before by the consul 
 Silanus. 
 
 Admurmurante] For the use of this verb in a hostile 
 sense we may compare or. Verr. II. 5. 16 quam valde uni- 
 versi admurmuraverint, quam palam principes contra dix- 
 erint: and again in Ep. 16. 4 we have the similar com- 
 pound acclamatio used in a like sense.
 
 NOTES. 77 
 
 Neque me invitd\ For this use of neque cf. Ep. 17. i ferre 
 moleste neque aperte dicere. 
 
 Catulus] Q. Lutatius Catulus, who, as Plutarch tells us, 
 was pronounced by the dictator Sulla to be the best man in 
 the state. From all that we know of his character he well 
 deserved the praise. In his note on the present passage 
 Mr Watson gives the following as the order in which the 
 opinions of the house were usually taken : (i) that of the 
 consuls elect, if the debate was held late in the year ; (2) of 
 ihz prtnceps senatusj (3) of some other consular at the dis- 
 cretion of the presiding magistrate. 
 
 Consul} Marcus Piso. For another and very different 
 estimate of his character cf. Cic. or. pro Plane. V. 12. 
 
 Cavillator] 'A scoffer of that peevish school.' For a 
 fuller description of his orator)' cf. Brut. LXVll. 236. It has 
 been proposed to substitute for moroso the extremely doubtful 
 word mocoso (^Koy), but in the passage referred to above 
 morosus is the word actually used to denote the peculiarities 
 of his style. 
 
 Facie magis quant facetiis} ' Laughable rather from his 
 expression than his expressions? So far as can be gathered 
 from the distinction drawn between them in or. II. 54 the 
 English equivalent of cavillatio would be 'irony,' of dicacitas 
 ' wit in repartee.' 
 
 Nihil agens cum republica\ The phrase has been much 
 puzzled over by the commentators. It is however admi- 
 rably explained as follows by Matth. ad Cic. Cat. III. 14: qui 
 a consiliis de rep. se ipse removeat, dicitur nihil agens cum 
 rep., ut resp. per irpo<T(>>n<mouav ipsa consilia inire fingatur. 
 
 Nihil (metuas) malt] Nihil metuas malt is the reading of 
 most editors, but against the authority of the best MSS. It is 
 moreover quite a needless alteration, for the twofold sense of 
 sperare (as in the case of the Greek (\Trifiv) makes it a 
 peculiarly suitable word in a construction like the present. 
 Mr Watson has introduced speres in the second clause as 
 well, but its repetition is unnecessary and mars the elegance 
 of the 
 
 Eius collegd\ ' His colleague (Messala) is at once most 
 complimentary to me, and an enthusiastic champion of the 
 good cause.' 
 
 Quin imo~\ Schiitz, quin nunc Matth., either of which is 
 more forcible than qui nunc, which it is proposed to substi- 
 tute for them. ' More by token they are not very good 
 friends just now : and I have my fears that the infection may 
 spread.' 
 
 72
 
 78 NOTES! 
 
 3 Sed] Not, I think, 'in spite of Messala's energy,' as 
 Mr Watson understands it, but ' in spite of my satisfaction 
 at their rupture : ' for Cicero was glad of the fad, but afraid 
 of fat precedent. 
 
 Quod infectum est\ It is not to the bad example of Clo- 
 dius that he alludes, as it is explained by Muretus and 
 others, but to the discord which it was producing, as shewn 
 by the fact that the two consuls took different sides in the 
 question. In his eagerness to prevent an open rupture in 
 the Senate Cicero would probably have dropped the case in 
 toto, if the right feeling of Cato and others had not made 
 such a course impossible. As it was, he shewed a want of 
 energy in the matter most discreditable to himself, and no 
 doubt most prejudicial to his influence for good in the state. 
 
 Jnstaurasseni\ l After the fresh performance of the sacri- 
 fice:' for the first had been polluted by a man's presence. 
 This is the regular sense of tnstaurare, ' to repeat a sacri- 
 fice,' cf. Liv. v. 19, Verg. A en. III. 62. Occasionally, as in Verg. 
 Aen. IV. 145, it means 'to repeat again and again? Ideoque, 
 which Schii tz has adopted in place of idque, though it greatly 
 improves the sentence, can scarcely be called necessary. 
 
 Q. Cornifido\ He was probably of praetorian rank : cf. 
 Ep. I. r, where he is mentioned as an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the consulship. Even Abeken is not quite satisfied with 
 Cicero's conduct on this occasion, which he criticises as follows : 
 ' He was lukewarm in the performance of the duties devolv- 
 ing on a consular In January, 693, Q. Cornificius brought 
 
 the matter before the Senate. We are surprised that this 
 should not have been done by a senator of more conse- 
 quence ; but Cicero, though he likewise expresses astonish- 
 ment at the circumstance, did not offer to come forward.' 
 
 Nostrum] 'Men of my own standing,' i.e. of consular 
 rank. Why is Cicero so particular to mention this fact ? 
 Not, as is commonly suggested, to cast blame on the consu- 
 lars, himself amongst the number, but because he fancies that 
 Atticus will sanction his irresolute policy in a matter the issues 
 of which were as yet so uncertain. 
 
 Nefas] 'Sacrilege.' The rogatio in question was to 
 enable a special court of enquiry to be held on the circum- 
 stances of the case. 
 
 Nuncium remisisse'} repudiare, ' to divorce.' Uxori, i. e. 
 Pompeia, daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus. It was at her 
 house that the proceedings had taken place, her husband 
 being Pontifex Maximus at the time. 
 
 Operam daf\ 'Is straining every nerve to defeat the
 
 NOTES. 79 
 
 measure, although it has been issued in his own name, in 
 obedience moreover to a special decree and on a question of 
 sacrilege. Messala so far is for pressing the matter rigor- 
 ously.' 
 
 Antiquetur\ Antiquare is used in reference to a measure 
 which is still under consideration : abrogare, of an actual law 
 which it is proposed to annul. 
 
 Boni virt\ i. e. optimates : like bonarum partium in 2. 
 The word operae, 'ruffians,' 'hirelings,' appears again in 
 Ep. 14. 5, operae Clodianae. 
 
 Lycurgei] In allusion to the Athenian orator of that name, 
 who is mentioned in Brut, xxxiv. 130, and also in Diod. 
 XVI. 88, where he is called iriKporaros Karijyopos. ' I myself, 
 though a very Lycurgus at the outset, am daily losing the 
 edge of my wrath.' Yet, in the face of this avowal, Abeken 
 can defend Cicero's inertness on the plea that 'he was not 
 able to take in the whole import of a case at once ! ' 
 
 Qui...fuissemus~\ The mood (as in Ep. 4. 2) presents dif- 
 ficulties to Boot, who would understand it as conditional : 
 si Clodius statim reusfactus esset. But cf. Madv. 366, obs. 3. 
 
 Quid multa?"\ 'In short I fear that this outrage, neg- 
 lected as it is by the good, and espoused by the vicious, 
 will prove a fertile source of peril to the state.' 
 
 4 Scin quern dicamf~\ Casaubon would extend this pa- 
 renthesis to include the words laudare coepisse. The question 
 is one of little moment, but a comparison with other passages 
 where the phrase occurs is against the proposed alteration. 
 
 Amplectitur\ The strongest possible word^d 
 me to his bosom.' The motives of Pompeius for this display 
 of friendship are admirably given by Casaubon in a very few 
 words : Serviebat enim omnibus gratiosis turn temporis, ut 
 acta eius bello Mithridatico confirmarentur. 
 
 Ni hi I come] 'There is no sympathy, no candour, no in- 
 tegrity in his politics : nothing dignified or resolute, or 
 manly.' It is strange that even for a moment Hortensius 
 should have been thought to be the subject of these words, 
 when they so exactly agree with the description given of 
 Pompeius by M. Caelius (ad div. vni. i. 3), aliud sentire 
 et loqui, ncque tantum valere ingenio ut non appareat quid 
 cupiat] and again by Cicero himself in a subsequent letter, 
 Pompeius f remit, queritur, Scauro studet; sed utrum f route 
 an mente dubitatur. 
 
 Terrae fi Ho ] A man of whose parents and antecedents 
 nothing is known. 'This son of the soil, goodness knows
 
 8o NOTES. 
 
 who he is.' (Cf. Pers. VI. 56, ad div. VII. 9. 3.) Subtilius, 
 'more in detail.' 
 
 5 Praetores] Among whom were C. Caesar and Cicero's 
 brother Quintus. The delay in their appointment, as we may 
 infer from Ep. 14. 5, was due to the Clodian trial. Cf. Ep. 
 1 8. 7, where the pressure of home business accounts for a 
 similar postponement. 
 
 Includani] This is generally taken to mean Til insert it 
 in my speech.' But, to judge from Ep, I. 16. 10, includere in 
 epistolam is the usual phrase in that case. Moreover it is 
 an unlikely subject to form part of a speech, nor does it 
 appear in any of those which have come down to us. I 
 should therefore prefer to translate Til send it you with 
 my speech,' i.e. inclose it in the same parcel. 
 
 Mendose fuisse\ 'I had already perceived that the date 
 was a mistake.' In all probability he refers simply to an 
 earlier letter; rather than to a date given in one of his 
 speeches. 
 
 drriKfarfpa] 'More classical,' with an evident allusion to 
 his friend's name: a joke which he elaborates in the cor- 
 responding passage of Ep. 19. 10. 
 
 Orationem Metellinam\ 'My speech against Metellus.' 
 Oratiofiem habuerat mense ianuario superioris anni contra 
 contionem Q. Metelli Nepotis trib. pi. a quo consulatti abiens 
 pro more verba ad populum facere fuerat prohibitus. Boot. 
 Only fragments of this speech are extant, collected for the 
 most part from Cell. xvm. 7. 
 
 Liber] 'I will send you a copy, since affection for me has 
 made you such an ardent admirer of rhetoric. Have I any- 
 thing new to tell you ? Anything ? Yes.' With the concluding 
 sentences cf. Ep. ad Quint, fr. III. I. 24 quid praetereaf 
 quid? etiam, etc. 
 
 6 Autronianani\ i.e. of Lucius Autronius Paetus, who 
 had been twice convicted, first of bribery and afterwards 
 of participation in the conspiracy of Catiline. He was at 
 present in exile (ad Att in. 2, or. pro Sull. vi.). 
 
 HS xxxvil] i.e. sestertium tricies septies. It is use- 
 less to print the reading of the best MS HS cxxxiv, 
 for (as Casaubon remarks) to give any point to the com- 
 parison which follows, we may fairly argue that the house in 
 question was not bought at a cheaper rate than his own. 
 For an account of Cicero's purchase, cf. Ep. ad div. V. 6. 2. 
 
 Quid id ad me, inquiesf] 'You will ask how that affects 
 me? Only in this way, that, as compared with him, I am
 
 NOTES. 8 1 
 
 thought to have made a good bargain, and men begin to 
 understand that a certain distinction is attainable by using 
 a friend's money for a purchase.' 
 
 Lentum negocium est] 'Drags its slow length along, but 
 for all that I have hopes of it.' Mr Watson translates the 
 word negocium by 'creature' on the analogy of the Greek 
 XpfjfJ-a, but the ordinary explanation appears to ma more 
 natural. 
 
 Ista con/ice] Insta, confice Schiitz, in reference to the 
 business of TtvKpts : a reading which is particularly tempting 
 if (as I think) Ttvicpis is identical with Antonius, whom Atticus 
 was on the point of visiting. But the fact that it settles 
 everything so comfortably is perhaps an argument for reject- 
 ing it. Add to which mandata effice quae recepisti in 7 of 
 the next letter is the exact equivalent of ista in the present, 
 and in that passage it cannot possibly refer to TevK/ns, whose 
 business was by that time settled. 
 
 LETTER XIV. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i His want of leisure. The first 
 speecli of Pompeius after his return from the east, and 2 his 
 opinion on the subject of the Clodian scandal. 3 The 
 panegyric of Crassus on Cicero's consulship, and 4 his own 
 speech which followed it. 5 The progress of the Clodian 
 trial. 6 The character of the consuls. 7 His private 
 affairs, e.g. the promise o/TtvKpis, his brother's purchase of a 
 house, and his own relations with Lucceius. 
 
 i] 'I am afraid you will think it affectation in me to tell 
 you how busy I am : but for all that I am so worried that 1 
 can hardly find time for this brief scrawl.' 
 
 Putidunt] ' Stale' is the literal sense : from which the word 
 is used figuratively of anything that becomes affected or 
 formal from tedious reiteration. (Cf. ad div. vill. 5, de off. I. 
 37- I33-) 
 
 Scripsi ad te antea\ in a letter either lost or purposely 
 destroyed. The allusion in 4 of the last letter is not definite 
 enough to suit the occasion. 
 
 lucunda miseris~\ ' The speech was not satisfactory to the 
 poor, nor encouraging to the vicious : to the well-to-do it was 
 unacceptable, to the good frivolous, and so it fell flat.' We 
 may notice in the above the use of the figure chiasmus, in 
 which the contrast is between the first and third, 'the poor... 
 the rich,' and again between the second and fourth, ' the 
 turbulent... the well-disposed.' Frigebat, 'met with a cold re- 
 ception.' Cf. refrixerit I. 2, and refrixerat 19. 4. For the
 
 82 NOTES. 
 
 position of Pompeius at the present time, who by disbanding 
 his army had destroyed the secret of his own power, cf. 
 Merivale's Life of Cicero, p. 62. 
 
 Fufius\ Quintus Fufius Calenus, a bitter enemy of 
 Cicero, as we find from the Philippics and elsewhere in the 
 orations. 
 
 In contionetn produxii} 'Introduced Pompeius to the 
 assembly.' It is a note-worthy fact that no one, not even the 
 consuls themselves at the comitia tributa (cf. Matth. ad Sest. 
 33), could address the people except by the authority of the 
 magistrates who had convened the meeting. 
 
 Circo Flaminid\ which was outside the walls of the city, 
 where Pompeius was waiting till a decree should allow him to 
 enter in triumph. 
 
 Nundinarum iravyyvpis] 'A conclave of market people,' 
 which would ensure a good attendance at the assembly. 
 There is no doubt an intentional mock solemnity in this use 
 of the word irav^yvpiy. Casaubon draws attention to the 
 levity shewn by Fufius in selecting by preference a day which 
 till quite lately had been included among the dies nefasti. 
 
 Qnaesivit ex eo] ' He put the question to him whether he 
 was in favour of the judges being chosen by the praetor on 
 the understanding that he was afterwards to be advised by 
 them in court. For so it had been ordered by the Senate 
 for the trial of the Clodian sacrilege.' This selection of the 
 judges by the praetor on whom the conduct of the case 
 devolved was contrary to the ordinary rule, which provided 
 that they should be chosen by lot, subject to the people's 
 approval. Upon this point everything depended. The 
 praetors would only choose respectable judges ; whereas 
 election by lot was a matter of chance, or might give room 
 for corruption. Meriv. 
 
 Cofisilto] Compare the well-known passages in Verg. Aen. 
 vi. 430, Prop. v. 1 1. 20. In Ep. 16 5 we have the phrase ad 
 consilium refertur, which means simply that the question 
 was formally referred to the bench. 
 
 2 fjia\' d(U(rroicpaTiK<os] 'In the spirit of a true aristocrat,' 
 'in true conservative fashion.' 
 
 Maxitnairi\ ' Supreme.' Mr Watson reads ' maximi 
 videri' with Klotz, but I cannot believe that Cicero's ear 
 would have been satisfied with so unpleasant a rhythm. 
 
 Promulgata rogatione\ 'The bill before the house.' 
 
 yew/ecus] It makes little difference whether we translate 
 'in general terms' with Schiitz and Matth., or 'en masse'
 
 NOTES. 83 
 
 with Orelli and others, as in either case the meaning is the 
 same, that he did not venture to speak definitely against 
 Clodius, connected as he was with the most influential citizens, 
 on whose agency he was himself depending for the ratifi- 
 cation of his acts in Asia. 
 
 De istis rebus] is the reading of Schiitz, Matth. and the 
 majority of the editors, while Nobbe gives istius 'about the 
 proceedings of a friend of yours,' i.e. the events of Cicero's 
 consulship and the punishment of the conspirators. Cf. Ep. 16. 
 13 istos consulatus non flocci facteon. It is difficult to decide 
 between these two readings, which are almost identical in 
 meaning, as I cannot believe that either the one or the other 
 can refer simply to the sacrilege and the subsequent trial. 
 Nostris, which is accepted by Klotz, is in all probability an 
 explanatory gloss. 
 
 3 Ornatissime\ ' Spoke in most complimentary terms of 
 my consulship, and even went so far as to say that he owed 
 to me his life and all that was enjoyable in life.' This pane- 
 gyric is again referred to in Ep 16. 5, where it enables us to 
 identify Crassus as the subject of the allusion. 
 
 Quid multa?~\ 'In short, the whole of that topic which in 
 my speeches, of which you are the critic, I paint in hues so 
 varied, about the fire, the sword you know the resources 
 of my colour-boxes : he wove with great dignity into the 
 thread of his argument.' 
 
 Aristarchus} An Alexandrine critic of Homer, whose 
 severity had passed into a proverb. Cf. ad div. III. u. 5. 
 Hor. Ars P. 450. 
 
 XTJKV^OVIS] XT/KV#OI, or ampullae, are literally vessels in which 
 painters kept their colours, used figuratively of rhetorical 
 embellishments. Cf. Plin. Ep. II. 2 Marci nostri \ijKvdovs 
 nonfugimus, and in particular Ep. ad Att. II. I meus autem 
 liber totum Isocrati [ivpod^Kiov atque omnes eius discipulorum 
 arculas ac nonnihil etiam Aristotelia pigmcnta consumpsit. 
 
 Proxime Pompeium\ Pompeio Boot and others from a 
 single MS, but the reading of the text may be readily ex- 
 plained as elliptical for proxime ad. 
 
 Utrum Crassum inire] A remarkable construction in 
 place of the more usual utrum quod Crassus iniret etc. 'be- 
 cause Crassus was establishing a claim for gratitude.' The 
 above is a simpler explanation than the one suggested by 
 Boot: sive quia -videbat Crassum inire gratiam. . . si-ve quia 
 intelligebat tantas esse res nostras, etc. 
 
 Tarn libenti senatu] ' With such kindly expressions on the 
 part of the Senate.
 
 84 NOTES. 
 
 Perstrictus essei\ 'Wounded,' 'roughly handled.' For 
 this use oi perstringere cf. Brut. XCIV. consulatus meus primo 
 ilium leviter perstrinxerat. The word litterae includes his 
 writings of whatever kind, e.g. the speech for the Manilian 
 law (ch. u), and that for Sestius (ch. 31) passages which 
 teem with the praises of Pompeius as the conqueror of 
 Spartacus, when the insurrection had been virtually suppressed 
 by Crassus. 
 
 4 Crasso adiunxit\ 'That day has made me the close 
 ally of Crassus.' This compliment on the part of Crassus 
 was well timed, perhaps intentionally so, as by it he dis- 
 armed the animosity of Cicero till his designs in reference 
 to the trial had been accomplished. 
 
 Aperle tecte\ The juxtaposition of these two words has 
 occasioned considerable difficulty, but there is really little 
 doubt that they are to be separated in translation, and were 
 only brought together to heighten the contrast between them, 
 i.e. quod ille mihi tecte dederat, aperte accepi. Two other 
 explanations have been proposed : (i) to take them as equi- 
 valent to sive tecte sive aperte, and (ii) to understand them 
 as an oxymoron : ' with artful candour.' 
 
 Ego autem ipse\ ' For myself, great Heaven ! how I did 
 flare up for the benefit of my new pupil, Pompeius. If 
 ever periods, or turns, or syllogisms, or flourishes came at my 
 call, they certainly did so then. In short I brought the 
 house down. For this was my theme : the dignity of our 
 order, and its harmony with the knights, the unity of Italy, 
 the dying embers of the conspiracy, the cheapness of pro- 
 visions, the prevailing peace. You know by experience what 
 my thunders are on topics like these : so loud were they on 
 this occasion that I may be brief, for I think they must have 
 reached you even across the water.' 
 
 evtTrtpirtptva'ap.Tjv] ' How I did shew off,' a aira \cy6fjitvov in 
 classical writings, although it occurs in Epictetus and in the 
 Ep. ad Corinth. I. xiii. 4 j ayairr) ov irfpirtpevfTai. K.aT(ir(iptTai 
 is the gloss of Hesychius, and the word nepntpos is described 
 as equivalent to aXa<oi/. 
 
 (v6vn^fMTo] Rhetorical syllogisms : while Karao-Mvai ac- 
 cording to Gronovius and Schiitz are figurae elocutionis. 
 Ernesti on the other hand regards the word as equivalent to 
 confirmationes, constructive as opposed to destructive argu- 
 ments (dvaa-K(vai). Mr Watson still edits napTroi in place of 
 Kapirai, but the latter has been received as a certain emenda- 
 tion by Schiitz, Matth. and others. 
 
 Intermortuis] The emendation of Ernesti. which is ac-
 
 NOTES. 85 
 
 cepted by the majority of the editors, but immorttiis 'nipped 
 in the bud' is the reading of the MS, and gives a more 
 forcible rendering, as the writer does not wish to draw spe- 
 cial attention to the fact that the conspiracy still lives. 
 
 Vilitate'} annonae. For the omission cf. or. Verr. III. 93. 
 216 biennium provinciam obtimiit, quum alter annus in 
 vilitate, alter in summa caritate fuerit. Mr Watson draws 
 attention to the fact that this cheapness of provisions was 
 probably due to the appointment of Pompeius as praefectus 
 annonae, which had been made at Cicero's suggestion in 
 the year 63 B. c. 
 
 5] 'As for the position of affairs at Rome, the Senate is 
 a very Areopagus. No council was ever more resolute, stern 
 or consistent. For when the day came for submitting the 
 senatorial measure to the people, bearded boys came trooping 
 up the whole of Catiline's herd \vith Curio's slip of a girl 
 at their head, and entreated the people to reject the bill. 
 Even Piso the consul, who had proposed the measure, now 
 raised his voice against it. The hirelings of Clodius had 
 beset the gangways, and the voting tickets were being sup- 
 plied in such a way that no applicant received an Aye. On 
 this you should have seen Cato fly to the platform and 
 deliver himself of a marvellous invective against Piso, if one 
 may use the word of an utterance that breathed dignity and 
 determination, aye, and the salvation of our cause. Our friend 
 Hortensius followed suit, and after him many good men and 
 true. Favonius too did us good service.' 
 
 Concursabani\ To 'run to and fro" 1 in an eager and 
 excited way rather than to ' crowd togetJier ' is the precise 
 meaning of concursare. Cf. the Greek irfpiirardv. 
 
 Barbatuli iuvenes] The diminutive expresses his contempt 
 for their youth it may be also for their foppishness. Cf. TTJJ 
 ff vnrivrjv aKovpov rpe'0o>i/ as the mark of a dandy in Aristoph. 
 Vesp. 477. In the or. in Cat. II. 22 he describes the followers 
 of Catiline as pexo capillo nitidos aut imberbes ant bene bar- 
 batos. 
 
 Filiola Curionis] i.e. Caius Scribonius Curio. Cf. Phil. 
 II. 1 8. In Veil. Pat. II. 48. 3 he is described as vir nobilis, 
 eloquens, audax, suae alienaeque et fortunae et pudicitiae 
 prodigus. 
 
 Idem] Cf. XI. I nunc idem videar diffidere, and the note on 
 the passage. 
 
 Ponies] The gangways or approaches by which the citizens 
 passed to the ' septa,' where they assembled by their tribes or 
 centuries, and out of which they passed to give their votes.
 
 86 NOTES. 
 
 For a full description of the method of voting, cf. Mr For- 
 syth's Life of Cic. p. 94. 
 
 Tabellae\ These were tickets, two of which were given to 
 each voter, one of them inscribed with the letters A. P. 
 (anfigua probo] or A (antique), the other with the letters 
 V. R. (utt rogas\ 
 
 Salutis] is sometimes taken to mean ' sound advice,' 
 but this translation does not make the climax sufficiently 
 strong, especially after the words gravitas and auctoritas. 
 
 Favonit\ From the or. pro Alii. IX. 26 he seems in most 
 things to have followed the lead of Cato, whose principles he 
 shared. Cf. also ad div. VIII. n. 2. He was put to death 
 after the battle of Philippi. 
 
 Quum decerneretur\ 'When the moment came for passing 
 the decree.' Nullum facienti i. e. faciendum censenti, ' who 
 was for passing no decree on the subject.' Boot confuses the 
 present decree 'ut consules populum cohortarentur' with the 
 earlier one for the appointment of a court of enquiry when he 
 translates the passage thus : ' who was for cancelling the 
 decree on the subject.' 
 
 Curioni} The elder Curio is meant, as the son was not of 
 age to be on the roll of the Senate a fact which is suffi- 
 ciently established by the use of the word introductus in ad 
 Att. II. 24. 3. 
 
 Fufius tribunus turn concessit\ Fufius territus concessil 
 Gron., of which Boot approves on the ground that the addition 
 of tribunus is otiose after the mention of his rank in the earlier 
 portion of the letter. But it was important to reassert his 
 official capacity on an occasion like the present : while the 
 reading of the MSS tertium is more nearly represented by 
 tri. turn than by territus. 
 
 Contiones miseras] ' Clodius delivered himself of some 
 pitiful harangues in which he assailed Lucullus, Hortensius, 
 Piso and Messala with foul abuse : all he laid to my charge 
 was that I had brought his deeds to light.' 
 
 Tantum comperisse omnia\ In allusion to Cicero's tedious 
 reiteration of his services in the detection of the Catilinarian 
 conspiracy [cf. ad div. V. 5]. But there is a farther sarcasm 
 in the word tantum on his want of energy in the conduct of 
 the Clodian prosecution: 'that I had brought his deeds to 
 light, and nothing more,' i.e. had detected but not helped 
 to punish them. 
 
 Legationibus~\ Not the 'appointment of colonial gover- 
 nors,' but the 'reception of foreign ambassadors,' for which
 
 NOTES. 87 
 
 the month of February was specially reserved by the Ga- 
 binian law. Cf. Ep. 18. 7 quare etiam legationes reiectnm 
 iriputo: Ep. ad div. I. 4. I, and ad Q. Fratr. II. 13. 3. 
 Lataesset} 'Till the bill has become law.' 
 
 6] 'So much for Roman politics : but let me tell you 
 further a piece of news for which I was not prepared. The 
 consul Messala is a fine fellow: resolute, consistent, ener- 
 getic : add to which he praises, admires and imitates your 
 humble servant. His colleague is saved from being utterly 
 vicious by the possession of one vice, his sleepiness, ignorance 
 and general incapacity : but for all that he is so ill-con- 
 ditioned in temper that he has hated Pompeius ever since he 
 praised the Senate in his speech,' 
 
 Ille alter] Marcus Piso. For the construction uno vitio 
 minus vitiosus Boot compares Ov. Metam. xil. 554 Bis 
 sex Herculeis ceciderunt, nee minus uno Viribus. 
 
 ajrpojcrorarof] Like aTrpay/woi/, 'unpractical.' Casaubon 
 notices KaxfKrrjs as a medical term to denote a man with a 
 bad habit of body. Hence the addition of voluntate. 
 
 Cornuid] Caius Cornutus, who three years later was 
 elected praetor. 
 
 Pseudo-Catone] Not * Cornutus is a true pseudo-Cato,' as 
 it has been proposed to render it, but ' Cornutus, believe me, 
 is a second Cato.' The use of bonis in the context is decisive 
 against our understanding the words in a disparaging sense. 
 
 Quid quaerisf] 'Have I told you everything?' A for- 
 mula which denotes not so much surprise on the part of the 
 questioner as a farther desire for information. But the phrase 
 is so unusual in this sense and in this position, that, as Casau- 
 bon suggests, a sentence may possibly have been lost. Boot's 
 re-arrangement of the text is hardly a success : Bonis uti- 
 mur tribunis plebis, Cornuto -vero quid quaerisf Pseudo- 
 Catone. 
 
 7 Quae recepisti] 'Attend to the commissions which you 
 have undertaken.' Cf. ista in 6 of the preceding letter. 
 
 Argiletani\ A part of Rome near the Palatine, so called 
 from the beds of clay (argilld) in the neighbourhood. 
 
 The derivation from Argi letum (Serv. ad Aen. VIII. 341) 
 is purely fanciful, though it has been perpetuated by Martial 
 in the well-known line Argi nempe soles subire letum. \Epigr. 
 I. 118.9.] 
 
 Reliquum dodrantem~\ ' The remaining three-fourths.' 
 Quintus had probably been mentioned in the will as haeres en.
 
 88 NOTES. 
 
 quadrante, and afterwards purchased the remainder of the 
 house from his co-legatees. Venditat, 'is trying to dispose of.' 
 In gratiam redi\ ' Make it up with Lucceius. I see he is 
 labouring under a sharp touch of office fever. I will do my 
 best for him.' The word petiturire is admirably illustrated 
 by Ep. 1 7. 1 1 Lucceium scito consulatum habere in animo 
 statim petere, and it is surprising that any editor should be in 
 favour of rewriting the sentence so as to make it form part of 
 the preceding. 
 
 LETTER XV. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i The assignment of the province 
 of Asia Minor to his brother Quintus, and his hope that it /nay 
 add to the reputation of the family. 2 The correspondence 
 between them. 
 
 i Asiani} This was one of the most coveted of the prae- 
 torian provinces, and included Ionia, Caria, Phrygia and 
 Lydia. 
 
 (f>i\f\\i]vfs] Cf. the Or. pro Flacco cap. XIV. and else- 
 where. 
 
 TTavroirjs dper^s ptpyiprKeo] //. XXII. 268. He expected at 
 this time that Atticus would go into Asia as one of his 
 brother's retinue, but he afterwards gave up the intention. 
 Cf. Ep. 1 6. 14 quod ad me scribis te in Asiani statuisse 
 non ire, equidem mallem ut ires, et vereor ne quid in ista 
 re minus commode fiat. 
 
 2 De tuo negocid\ The Sicyonian debt, in all probability. 
 
 LETTER XVI. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i A plea for his conduct in the 
 matter of the Clodian trial, and more particularly 2 in 
 reference to the measure of Hortensius. 3 5 The progress 
 and issue of the trial. 6 Affairs at Rome. 7 His hopes for 
 the future. 8, 9 His speeches after the verdict. 10 His 
 passage of arms with Clodius. 1 1 His present position in 
 the state. 1 2 The coming consular election. 1 3 The new 
 laws against bribery. 14 The projected visit of Atticus to 
 Asia Minor. 15 On literary subjects, and 16 his own 
 correspondence. 17 The private affairs of Atticus, and 18 
 his Amaltheum in Epirus. 
 
 i] 'You ask me what can have happened on the trial to 
 result in such an extraordinary verdict : also why I fought 
 less brilliantly than is my wont. I will answer your last ques- 
 tion first after the fashion of Homer. To tell the truth, so 
 long as I could plead the resolution of the Senate, I fought
 
 NOTES. 89 
 
 with might and main, insomuch that applause and rallyings 
 ensued to my great honour. Nay, if ever you have thought 
 me bold to protect the state, most assuredly you would have 
 done so then. For when I found he had taken refuge in 
 mob-meetings and was holding up my name to scorn, great 
 Heavens! what fight I shewed, what havoc I dealt! what 
 onslaughts I made on Piso, Curio and the whole of their crew ! 
 How bitterly I inveighed against the frivolity of the old men, 
 the licentiousness of the young ! Often, so help me Heaven ! 
 I longed for you not only to advise me in my counsels, but to 
 be the eyewitness of my marvellous prowess.' 
 
 Quaeris ex me] The question proves that Atticus mis- 
 doubted his friend's sincerity on the occasion, although he 
 did not fathom his motives. The answer of Cicero shews 
 that his energy in the prosecution was confined to vague 
 declamation, while for abandoning the key of the position 
 he offers no defence at all for contraxi vela perspiciens 
 inopiam iitdicum is none. 
 
 vo-Tfpov TrpoTtpov] praepostere. Thus Homer begins the 
 tale of Troy in the gth year, and gives us the history of the 
 previous period in his later narrative. So again in the 
 Odyssey he begins with the loth year of the wanderings of 
 Ulysses, which finds him in the island of Calypso, and fills in 
 his earlier history by episodes in the succeeding books. 
 
 Auctoritas] The resolution mentioned in i of Ep. 14, 
 indices a praetore legi quo consilio idem praetor uteretur. 
 
 Ad invidiam uteretur] As a traitor to the popular cause 
 in the opposition which he had offered to the Agrarian schemes 
 of Rullus, and in the illegal punishment of the Catilinarian 
 conspirators. 
 
 2 Hortensius excogitavit] Fufius, as Casaubon remarks, 
 was no doubt the crafty originator of this scheme, and had 
 in all probability suggested it to Hortensius as the readiest 
 means of proceeding with the case. Hortensius was perhaps 
 honest in his belief that an ordinary bench of judges would 
 secure a conviction ; or else, like Cicero, he was not unwilling 
 that the criminal should escape, so long as he could explain 
 satisfactorily his own part in the matter. 
 
 Inopiam iudicum] like egestas below, the neediness and 
 poverty of the judges. 
 
 Pro testimonio] As for instance that Clodius was at Rome 
 at the time of the sacrilege and not at Interamna, as he had 
 pretended. (Cf. Ep. II. i. 5. Plut. Cic. 29.) 
 
 Commissum est] ' For this result we are indebted to the 
 rash counsels of Hortensius, who, in his fear that Fufius would
 
 90 NOTES. 
 
 put his veto upon the senatorial measure, never saw how far 
 wiser it had been to leave the criminal in his ignominy and 
 disgrace than to trust for his conviction to a weak bench of 
 judges.' 
 
 Dum veritus est] For this rare use of dum with a past 
 tense to denote duration of time, cf. Zumpt, Ixxvi. pp. 355, 
 356, and the Public School Lat. Gr. p. 162, I. 6. 
 
 Tamett\ For this common elliptical use of (amen cf. Ep. 
 19. 8 atque ita tamen his no-vis amicitiis implicate sumus, 
 and Ellendt, ad orat. v. 2, p. 208, 'that a sword, were it of 
 lead, would yet suffice to cut his throat.' The proverb 
 appears again in defin. IV. 1 8. 48. 
 
 3 Incredibili exitu\ 'The result passes all belief: so that 
 now, when all is over, everyone else blames the scheme of 
 Hortensius, as I have done from the first.' 
 
 Reiectio\ For this challenging of the judges, cf. the locus 
 classicus on the subject, Verr, I. 6. 16, and the comments 
 of Asconius upon it. 
 
 Accusator\ Lucius Lentulus (Plut. in Caes. 10), who was 
 consul with Caius Marcellus in the year 705. Among the 
 subscriptores to the prosecution were two relatives of Len- 
 tulus, and also Caius Fannius (ad Att, n. 24. 3). 
 
 Tanquam clemeiis lanistd\ who, in selecting the pairs of 
 combatants for the games, would naturally choose the most 
 worthless for the arena and retain the more respectable for use 
 in the training school. 
 
 Consederunf\ 'As soon as ever the jury were empanelled, 
 good men began to entertain strong doubts. For a more 
 rascally lot never sat round a gaming table. Degraded 
 senators were there, and beggarly knights, and tribunes 
 cashiered rather than rich in cash. Yet were they inter- 
 spersed with a few good men of whom the criminal couldn't 
 rid himself by the exercise of the challenge. These sat sad 
 and sorrowful among companions so unlike themselves, and 
 were sorely troubled by their close contact with such villains.' 
 
 Maculosi\ There is some doubt whether this word is to 
 be taken in a general sense of men of tarnished reputation 
 (infamiae viaculis conspersi, Tac. Ann. Xin. 33, Hist. I. 7), 
 or as referring definitely to the nota or macula censoria (cf. 
 Suet. lul. 41). The latter is more forcible and indeed 
 necessary, if, as I am inclined to believe, each of the adjec- 
 tives represents some formal sentence of disgrace. 
 
 Nudi] ' Beggared,' ' threadbare in money and reputation,' 
 is the usual explanation ; but, on the principle mentioned
 
 NOTES. 91 
 
 above, I believe it refers definitely to the loss of their ring 
 the bitterest disgrace with which an eques could be visited. 
 
 Aerati. . .aerarit] Tribuni aerarii sunt or dints plebeii (or. 
 pro Plane, v.) et per eos militibus pecunia stipendiorum nutne- 
 rabatur, ut est auctor Festus. Ern. In accordance with the 
 above Muretus has proposed a rearrangement of the passage, 
 which is certainly ingenious : Tribuni non tain aerarii, ut ap- 
 pellantur, quam aerati. ' Tribunes not so much paymasters 
 as receivers of pay? But this premature suggestion of bribery 
 is quite foreign to the tone of the narrative, and it is to the 
 "antecedents of the jurymen rather than to their conduct on 
 this occasion that the sarcasms evidently refer. Rejecting 
 therefore any explanation which would find a direct allusion 
 to bribery in the passage I should understand it somewhat 
 in the sense of maculosi above. Cf. Cluent. 43 in aerarios 
 referri, i.e. in ultimam classem, cut ascripti suffragio carebant, 
 et tantum aera tributi loco pendebant. erat autem haec nota 
 censoria, quam plebi quidem in primis, sed interdum tamen 
 etiam senatoribus et equitibus inurebant. Ern. 
 
 4 Consilium} fun's peritorum qui praetori assidebant, 
 Matth., but the words which follow prove conclusively that 
 the judges themselves are meant. 
 
 Primis postulationibus~\ ' As each point was submitted to 
 the bench on the first hearing:' a very similar process to the 
 Greek dvaKpuns. Originally postulatio meant no more than 
 to ask the praetor's leave for permission to lodge the suit : 
 but it had been extended to include all the details upon 
 which the contending parties might require information 
 before the actual trial of the suit commenced. 
 
 Triiimphavif] 'In a word Hortensius was in ecstacies 
 at his own foresight.' 
 
 Ex acclamatione~\ The order is audisse ex acclamations, 
 ' I think the uproar must have been loud enough to tell you,' 
 and for the hyperbola compare the precisely similar expres- 
 sion usque istim exauditos in Ep. 14. 4. It has been 
 strangely enough proposed to contort the sentence into the 
 following form : credo te audisse quae consurrectio facta sit 
 ex acclamatione, ' how the jury rose as one man on hearing 
 the outcry raised by the partisans of Clodius.' It may be 
 noticed in passing that acclamatio in Cicero always denotes 
 disapprobation: differing in this from the similar compound 
 adniurmurare, which is likewise used in a favourable sense. 
 Cf. in Pis. xiv. 31. On the subject of advocatus it is scarcely 
 necessary to warn even schoolboys against translating it 'an 
 advocate' or 'counsel.' It is really no more than a friend, 
 
 p. c. 8
 
 92 NOTES. 
 
 called in by either party to watch the case, and, if need be, 
 to give evidence in his favour. 
 
 Honorificentior\ ' More complimentary.' Tut cives, i. e. 
 Athenienses. As a matter of fact they were not the fellow- 
 citizens of Atticus, as he had declined the offer of their fran- 
 chise, because by receiving it he would have lost his position 
 as a citizen of Rome. Cf. quum ex nostro iure duanirn 
 civitatum nemo esse possit. [Cic. pro Caec. xxxiv. 100.] 
 
 Xenocratem~\ of Chalcedon, a pupil of Plato and the fellow- 
 student of Aristotle. The story to which he alludes is told by 
 Diog. Laert. (IV. 7), and is repeated by Cicero in the or. pro 
 Balbo, cap. v. 12, though on that occasion he gives the cir- 
 cumstances only without mentioning the name. 
 
 Tabulas] 'That occasion on which a Roman jury declined 
 to inspect the account-books of Metellus, when as usual they 
 were being carried round for inspection : far greater, I repeat, 
 was the compliment in my own case.' The circumstance 
 occurred during the trial of Metellus for peculation, and is 
 mentioned again in the or. pro Balbo, cap. v. n. 
 
 5] 'And so by the expressions of the jurymen, for I was 
 hailed by them as the saviour of my country, the defendant 
 was crushed, and with him fell all his supporters, while at my 
 house the day after I was met by as great a concourse as 
 that by which I was escorted home at the close of my con- 
 sulship. Our immaculate Areopagites protested that they 
 could not make their way to court except under the protec- 
 tion of a guard. It was referred to the bench. One voice 
 alone was raised against the appointment of a guard. So 
 the question was laid before the Senate, and the guard voted 
 in most impressive and complimentary terms : the judges 
 praised to the skies : the details entrusted to the magistrates : 
 no one thought it possible that the fellow would shew him- 
 self in court.' 
 
 Convent/] The addition of postridie and venturos leaves 
 no doubt as to the meaning of this passage. Otherwise 
 'rallied round me' to accompany me home is the translation 
 which the context would rather suggest. 
 
 Abiens consulatii\ The occasion is thus referred to in the 
 or. in Pis., quo quidem tempore is metis domum fuit e foro 
 reditus, ut nemo, nisi qui mecum esset, ci-vium esse in numero 
 uideretur. 
 
 Refertur ad consiliuni\ See note on 4. The quotation 
 which follows is from Horn. //. n. 112, 113. 
 
 Calvum] M. Licinius Crassus is meant, as a comparison
 
 NOTES. 93 
 
 with Ep. 14. 3 sufficiently proves. That his character was 
 in accordance with the act we may gather from Cic. de off. 
 I. 109, and the following passage from Sail. Cat. 48, ne 
 Crassus more suo sitscepto malorum patrocinio rent pnblicam 
 conturbaret. The only attempt to explain the title 'Cal- 
 vus, one of the Nanneian set' is offered by Manutius, who 
 suggests that he may have bought the estates of Nanneius 
 (one of those who suffered in the proscriptions of Sulla, cf. 
 Q. Cic. de pet. cons. 2) under the feigned name of Calvus, or 
 by the agency of a procurator of that name. Or again it is 
 possible that in the word calvus there may be an allusion to 
 his personal appearance, just as in the first satire of Persius 
 the same adjective is descriptive of Nero. As an example 
 of reckless emendation the reading proposed by Boot is 
 unrivalled : nosti Calvum, f^mrivcuov ilium laudatorem meum. 
 Intercessif\ Cf. ad Att. VI. I. 5 intercessisse se pro Us mag- 
 nam pecuniam, and again Phil. II. 45 sestertium sexagies se 
 pro te intercessisse dicebat. ' In two days by the aid of a 
 single slave fetched from a training school the business was 
 done : he had seen the judges : promised, guaranteed, and 
 paid the bribe.' 
 
 lam vero~\ 'To crown it all,' in reference to the mercedis 
 cuimilo (auctuarium, tVi'/wTpoj/). 
 
 Summo discessu bonoruni\ 'And so, in a court full of 
 slaves, where every good man was conspicuous by his ab- 
 sence, five-and-twenty of the judges were yet so resolute in 
 the hour of danger as to prefer death to the desertion of their 
 post. Thirty-one there were with whom hunger carried the 
 day against honour. Catulus, on encountering one of the 
 latter, said: What did you want guards for? Was it for 
 fear of being robbed of the wages of your shame f 
 
 Perdere omnia] is explained by Manutius and others to 
 mean the ruin of the state rather than of their own reputa- 
 tion. I am inclined myself to understand it in the latter 
 sense, 'preferred loss of life to the loss of all that makes life 
 endurable.' 
 
 Catulus'} The story is told by Plutarch in his life of 
 Cicero, cap. XXix. 
 
 6] ' You have received, in as few words as I can give it, 
 an account of the trial, and the cause of the acquittal. In 
 your next question you ask what is the present position of 
 the Republic and of myself. Let me tell you that the State 
 which you believed to be secured by my care, and I by the 
 care of the gods, and which did appear to be established 
 on a firm basis by the union of all the well-disposed, and by 
 the vigorous measures of my Consulate, has, unless some 
 
 82
 
 94 NOTES. 
 
 god looks down on us with mercy, already slipped from our 
 hands by this one judgment if that can be called a judg- 
 ment, when thirty men, the most frivolous and abandoned of 
 the Roman people, violate for a paltry bribe every right 
 human and divine ; when a Thalna, a Plautus, a Spongia, 
 and other refuse like these, maintain that a deed was not 
 committed which all men, aye and the very brutes them- 
 selves, know to a certainty was committed. But yet for your 
 consolation let me tell you, that, although the state has 
 received this heavy blow, still villainy is not so wantonly 
 triumphant in the hour of victory as the vicious had antici- 
 pated. For they thought that if religion, chastity, the honour 
 of the judges, and the authority of the Senate, could be over- 
 turned, then recklessness and lust might openly revenge 
 themselves on the good among us, for the pain my austere 
 administration had inflicted on the bad.' Meriv. 
 
 Elapsum de manibus'} He uses the same expression of a 
 trial in the de orat. II. 50. 202 nihil unquam -vidi, quod tarn 
 e manibus elaberetur, quam mihi turn, est elapsa ilia causa. 
 
 Thalnam et Plautum et Spongiani\ Contemptuous names 
 adopted for the occasion from the lowest class of slaves. 
 The derivations to which Casaubon would refer each of 
 these words are, excepting as regards Spongia, very far- 
 fetched. It is surely enough to suppose that in many cases, 
 though by no means in all, the name of a slave had reference 
 to his occupation. Thus Spongia is almost precisely identi- 
 cal with Peniculus, the name of the parasite who plays so 
 important a part in the Menaechmi: and again in Propertius 
 we have the line Delidaeque meae Latris cut nomen ab usu 
 est (v. 7. 75). But to attempt to find a special allusion of 
 the same kind in so common a word as Plautus is surely 
 somewhat fanciful. 
 
 Quisquilias] <rvp$eroy, the sweepings of a stable. He 
 uses the same word of the same class in his speech pro 
 Sestio, in which he calls Numerius, Serranus and Aelius 
 'quisquiliae seditionis Clodianae.' 
 
 7 Doloris quern. ..inusserai\ a favourite phrase with our 
 author ; cf. or. in Verr. II. I. 44 cur hunc dolorem cincri eius 
 atque ossibus inussisti? and again or. pro Mil. xxxvi. nul- 
 lum mihi tantum dolorem inuretis; and again Phil. XI. 15. 
 38 tertio generi.. .cupio quam acerbissimum dolorem inurere. 
 
 8 Ab aliis legi A reading which Klotz has introduced 
 into his text, and to which Madvig (ad fin. p. 29) gives a 
 qualified approval. For aliis legi cf. ad Att. xvi. 13 a. \. 
 For the sentiment Matth. compares ad div. xv. 21. 5 aliter
 
 NOTES. 95 
 
 enim scribimus quod eos solos quibus mittimus, aliter quod 
 multos lecturos putamus. 
 
 Recreavf] 'It was I who gave fresh courage to the good 
 who were cast down by reassuring them and rousing them 
 to action ; while by attacking and worrying these venal 
 jurymen I shut the mouths of all who gloried in his 
 triumph. To Piso the consul I allowed no resting-place for 
 the sole of his foot. He had been promised Syria, but I 
 took it from him. In a word, I restored the Senate to its 
 ancient vigour, revived the despairing, and annihilated Clo- 
 dius to his face in the Senate by a continuous and most 
 dignified harangue, no less than by a passage of arms, of 
 which I may treat you to a few tit bits, for the rest can have 
 neither pith nor point apart from the heat of the action which 
 you Greeks call aycoj/.' 
 
 Nulla in re consistere~\ A metaphor from an army which is 
 driven from place to place by the enemy, with no time al- 
 lowed it to organize a resistance. Cf. patria Turnum con- 
 sistere terra. [Verg. Aen. X. 75.] 
 
 Desponsam~\ Cf. de prov. cons. XV. 37 where the irregular 
 desponsio is contrasted with the more formal decretum. Mr 
 Watson also notices the fact, that to avoid favouritism it was 
 usual to assign the provinces to the consuls of each year 
 before their election took place. Syria and Macedonia were 
 the most desirable of the consular provinces, and were be- 
 stowed as marks of special favour. For instance, the former 
 was promised to Gabinius by Clodius when they made their 
 guilty compact to secure the banishment of Cicero. 
 
 Oratione perpetud\ Xeis (lpop.evrj. It is often used of a 
 set speech as opposed to a railing-match like the one which 
 follows. Vid. Drakenb. ad Liu. IV. 6. i. 
 
 9 De summa republicd\ ' The interests of the State.' That 
 summa rcspublica, and not summa reipublicae, is the proper 
 form of the phrase is well argued by Zumpt, ad Verr. L. 
 II. 28. 
 
 Divinitus'] 'by inspiration.' The distinction drawn by 
 Casaubon between divine and divinitus : Qui ait se aliquid 
 divine fecisse tribuit sibi laudem : qui dicit divinitus se 
 aliquid egisse laudem deo tribuit non sibi: is unquestionably 
 a real one, nor is it disproved by the passages quoted by 
 Schiitz from the de orat. II. 2, II. 45, or by another to which 
 Boot refers in the Ep. ad Att. II. 21. 6 Pompeius loquitur 
 divinitus, where it may fairly be rendered ' Pompeius talks 
 like one inspired? 
 
 Lentuluni\ P. Lentulus Sura, the accomplice of Catiline. 
 He had been twice tried for peculation. [Plut. Cic. XVll].
 
 96 NOTES. 
 
 Sis Catilinam\ Manutius has a long note in proof that 
 Catiline was acquitted in three prosecutions: (i) for the 
 seduction of Fabia, a vestal virgin, (2) for the murder of 
 Gratidianus, (3) for malversation in his province. For the 
 omission of the first in the present instance he accounts by 
 the fact that Fabia was the sister of Terentia, and that Cicero 
 had always maintained her innocence of the crime. It would 
 be absurd therefore to refer to the prosecution as evidence of 
 Catiline's guilt. 
 
 Immissuiri\ immittere is the Greek tfycvai, 'to slip dogs 
 from a leash.' Cf. Verg. Georg. III. 351. 
 
 Exsilio privare] Cf. fragm. or. in toga cand. IV. p. 942 
 (Orell. ed.) ad aliquod severius indicium ac mains suppliciian 
 reservari, and also a remarkable chapter in the or. pro 
 Caecina, where it is again mentioned as the more lenient of 
 two alternatives (or. pro Caec. xxxiv. 100). 
 
 10 Pulchellus puer\ 'My pretty boy gets up and taunts 
 me with having been at Baiae. A lie, I answer, but what if 
 it were true ? no worse than for you to say you had been 
 present at a mystery. 'What,' he continued, 'should a man 
 of Arpinum know of hot baths ?' Said I, Tell that tale to your 
 protector, who had a strong fancy for the waters of Arpinum. 
 (You know the stories afloat about the baths of Marius.) 'How 
 long,' he asks, 'shall we stand the airs of this great man?' 
 What ! you to talk of a great man, when your great man said 
 nothing about you ! (for in his mind's eye he had made short 
 work of the property of his brother-in-law Rex). ' You have 
 bought,' he said, ' a princely mansion.' Yes : but not the 
 judges. 'Your evidence on oath,' said he, 'received no credit.' 
 Indeed it did, was my reply, at least, from five-and- twenty 
 of the judges: the remaining thirty one, seeing they were 
 paid in advance, would clearly give you none. By the shouts 
 which arose he was crushed, silenced and confounded.' 
 
 Pulchellus puer\ Cf. ad Aft. II. I. 4. For a repetition of 
 this sarcasm on his family name we may compare a frag- 
 ment of the speech against Clodius and Curio (v. ed. Nobbe), 
 sed, credo, postquam speculum tibi adlatum est, longe te a 
 pule/iris abesse sensisti. 
 
 Ad Baias fuisse~\ A sign of luxury and effeminacy, as it 
 implies the use of the hot bath. Cf. or. in Clod, ct Cur. iv. 
 sqq., which furnishes a running comment on the passage 
 before us. Primum homo durns ac prisons invectus est in 
 eos qui mense Aprili apud Baias essent et aquis calidis 
 uterentur. quid cum hoc homine nobis tarn tristi et severo ? 
 
 Falsitni\ Schiitz rewrites the passage in this form : sal-
 
 NOTES. 97 
 
 sum, sed tarn id quidem huic simile est, inquam, the weak- 
 ness of which it is surely needless to demonstrate. 
 
 Sed tamen quid hoc?] Why Boot should regard these 
 words as either a gloss or an epistolary comment on the 
 taunt of Clodius, I am at a loss to conceive. They are at 
 any rate forcible enough as a part of Cicero's reply. 
 
 In operto fuisse\ Cf. Par ad. IV. 32 si in opertum Bonae 
 Deae accessisses. The subject is obscure, but, as the allusion 
 is plain, it is of little real importance whether we supply te, 
 . which I think makes the retort more forcible : or me, with 
 Boot and others. Or again it may be more general still : 'It's 
 no worse than saying one has been in an out-of-the-way 
 place.' 
 
 Ho mini A rpinati\ i.e. agresti ac rustico {in Clod, et Cur. 
 ibid.). For the taunt implied in aquis calidis, compare the 
 well-known discussion in the Clouds of Aristophanes, 1045 sqq. 
 
 Narra patrono tuo\ Cf. narra apud novercam, Plaut. 
 Pseud. I. 3. 80. 
 
 Marianas} Matth., marinas Schiitz and others, a read- 
 ing which we may unhesitatingly reject, as it rests on little 
 authority and alludes to a doubtful story, which, if true, can 
 have no possible connection with the matter in hand. It 
 seems equally clear that we must understand aquas and not 
 aedes with the adjective Marianas: as, even supposing the 
 latter word could in any case be supplied, it would be next 
 to impossible to do so in the present instance where we have 
 another subject mentioned in such close proximity. We may 
 infer therefore that the allusion is to some spring or baths in the 
 neighbourhood of Arpinum : and the taunt may be simply 
 aimed at the devotion shewn by Clodius to the interests of 
 Marius. But a sarcasm of this kind is not forcible enough 
 to suit the occasion, and it is far more probable that by the 
 word patronus some person is meant with whom Clodius was 
 on the same terms as those which existed between the 
 younger Curio and Antonius (Phil. II. 18). It has been sug- 
 gested that the elder Curio may be the person in question, 
 but, although he had warmly supported the cause of Clodius, 
 his character and reputation render it most improbable that 
 he should have been made the subject of a taunt, the import 
 of which can scarcely be mistaken. On the other hand, every- 
 thing points to the younger Curio as the patronus of the text, 
 e.g. his well-known character and the fact that notably on 
 one occasion he acted as the champion of Clodius (duce 
 filiola Curionis, Ep. 14. 5), while his father is known to have 
 purchased a house in the neighbourhood of Arpinum which 
 had originally been in the possession of Marius.
 
 9 3 NOTES. 
 
 One other theory is worthy of notice if only from the fact 
 that it is countenanced by Schiitz, viz. that by patronus the 
 sister of Clodius is meant, and that her discreditable par- 
 tiality for Cicero is the subject of the allusion, Arpinates aquas 
 concupivit. Against this interpretation we must place the 
 unusual use of the word patronus, the apparent want of force 
 in the addition of Marianas, and the general tone of the 
 fragmentary speech against Clodius and Curio. 
 
 Regem feremus] So again we have regnum Ciceronis in 
 the or.^pro Sull. vn. 21. 
 
 Rex] Q. Marcius Rex, the husband of Clodius' sister, 
 Terentia, who had died and left him nothing. For spe devo- 
 ra-uerat cf. or. pro dom. XXIII. 60, and the following from 
 or. in Verr. II. I. 51 iste qui iam spe atque opinione prae- 
 dam illam devorasset. 
 
 Domuiri\ A 'mansion,' which is the regular sense of the 
 word in Martial. It would have been natural to refer this 
 to Cicero's house on the Palatine, noticed in Ep. 13. 6. 
 However, in the speech already quoted against Clodius and 
 Curio, Cicero implies that a house at Baiae is meant and 
 represents himself as commenting thus : is me dixit aedifi- 
 care: ubi nihil habeo, ibifuisse. 
 
 Potes, inquam, dicere, ' indices emisti?' 1 } The reading of 
 Schiitz, with the exception that he omits the interrogative and 
 introduces the negative before potes. 'Yes : but can you say 
 I bought the judges?' Putes, inquam, dicere is the other 
 reading, which is understood by Boot in the sense of simile 
 est quasi dicas above, and by the other editors as equivalent 
 to facile quispiam putet. But the taunt in either case 
 becomes less direct and loses in consequence much of its 
 force. Emisse for emisti suggests itself as a possible emen- 
 dation. 'Yes, and you can say you bought the judges.' 
 
 1 1 Missus est sanguis] ' I have been bled for unpopu- 
 larity without feeling the smart,' or, in other words, 'The fever 
 of jealousy under which I was labouring has been reduced 
 by bloodletting.' The same idea is found in the speech of 
 Appius (Liv. III. 54) dandus invidiae est sanguis, in Cic. ad 
 Att. VI. i. 2, and or. pro Sest. 38 setisit suum sanguinem 
 quaeri ad restinguendam mvidiam facinoris Clodiaiii. 
 
 In passing we may call attention to the self-complacency 
 with which Cicero dwells upon the increase of his own popu- 
 larity at the expense of a blow which he admits to have been 
 well-nigh ruinous to the best interests of the State. 
 
 Atque etiam hoc magis} These words are generally un- 
 derstood as an amplification of sine do lore : but it is, I think, 
 preferable to regard the passage missus est sanguis invidiae
 
 NOTES. 99 
 
 sine dolore as parenthetical, and the words in question as 
 a continuation of the sentence videri nostrum testimonium 
 non valuisse. We have then the second clause introduced 
 in a natural way by the phrase accedit quod, etc. 
 
 Rent manifestani\ Boot suggests that reum manifestum 
 ilium is the true reading, and supports it by the parallel 
 passage from or. pro Mil. 87 pecunia se a iudidbus palam 
 redemerat. There is certainly something very unusual, though 
 at the same time not inexplicable, in the phrase rent re- 
 dimere a iudidbus: moreover, res and reus are repeatedly 
 confounded in the MSS. Cf. Drakenb. ad Liv. xiv. 37. 8. 
 
 Contionalis hirudo aerarit\ Cf. ad Quint, fr. 1 1. 3. 4 con- 
 tionario illo populo. ' Add to which that mob-loving leech 
 of the treasury, a wretched and half-starved rabble, have 
 an idea that I am dearly loved by Pompeius the Great' The 
 words hirudo aerarii account for the increase of his own 
 popularity in consequence of this belief, as it was on Pom- 
 peius that their chief hopes of largess depended. 
 
 Comissatores coniurationis\ ' Our jovial crew of con- 
 spirators' (cf. in Cat. II. 5. 10), a translation which I much 
 prefer to the more elaborate explanation of Gronovius : qui 
 inter vinum de coniuratione egerunt, ' those young friends of 
 ours who play at conspiracy over their cups :' a sense which 
 he illustrates from Curt. VII. 4, Bessus circumferri merum 
 largius iussit, debellaturus super mensam Alexandrum. 
 
 Ludis et gladiatoribus~\ 'And so at the plays and gladia- 
 torial shows we won golden favours without the accom- 
 paniment of a single hiss.' The word tmuntpavta is used 
 technically of voting, and in the more general sense is not 
 confined to marks of favour, as in the passage before us. 
 
 For pastorida fistula, ' shepherds' music,' cf. Plat, de 
 leg. III. 700 C, 01) crvpiy TJV ov8e rivts apovcroi /Soai TrXj^our. 
 
 12] 'At present we are looking forward anxiously to the 
 elections, in the prospect of which my friend Pompeius is, in 
 spite of all opposition, bringing the son of Aulus to the fore.' 
 By Auli filium, as in Ep. I. I, Lucius Afranius is meant, 
 whose election was secured by Pompeius. For the sarcasm 
 implied by the omission of his name vid. note on the former 
 passage. Casaubon however suggests that it may have been 
 omitted in imitation of the Greek construction o 'Apurrwi/os, or 
 else to avoid identification, should the letter be intercepted. 
 
 In quae\ Boot, as usual, would omit altogether this ex- 
 planatory clause, in quae modo asellus onustus aura posse/ 
 ascendere, as derogatory to the intelligence of Atticus. 
 
 For the allusion to Philip, cf. Plut. apoph. reg. VIII. p. 96, 
 and Hor. od. ill. 16. That the same agency was employed
 
 loo NOTES. 
 
 by Pompeius is noticed in his life by Plutarch, ch. 44 ; and 
 again in Ep. ad Att. 1 1. 3. I, et Epicratem snspicor, ut 
 scr/^ts, lascivum fuisse, i.e. 'was free with his money.' 
 
 Dotcrionis histrionis similis~\ al. deterioris. When all is 
 said, the allusion in these words is still only imperfectly 
 solved. The reading deterioris (which it is attempted to ex- 
 plain by vv. 67. sqq. of the Prologue to the Amphitryon of 
 Plautus) is now rejected by the best editors, who in the 
 word Doterio a dispenser of bribes see a parallel drawn 
 between the consul Piso (facie magis qitam facetiis ridi- 
 culus) and the actors Aristodemus and Neoptolemus, of 
 whom Philip made frequent use in administrating his affairs. 
 
 Domitid\ L. D. Ahenobarbus, the brother-in-law of Cato. 
 
 Apud magistrates] ' The first that a commission of en- 
 quiry shall be held before the proper authorities : the other 
 that any person at whose house bribery agents are enter- 
 tained shall be held guilty of a state offence :' the object of 
 this double measure being the punishment of those who were 
 implicated in the acquittal of Clodius, and the suppression of 
 bribery at elections. Cf. ep. 1 8. 3 facto senatus consulto de 
 ambitit, de iudiciis : nulla lex perlata. There is scarcely a 
 doubt that this is the proper text and interpretation of the 
 passage, for habitarent is the MS reading, while en ins modi 
 would be a natural and easy corruption of the more un- 
 usual phrase cuius domi. In addition to this, the consul 
 had been active in procuring the acquittal of Clodius. Ut 
 apud magistrates inquiri liceret has been usually understood 
 as follows: 'that it shall be allowable to search the houses 
 of magistrates :' but the objection to this interpretation is 
 twofold, (i) that it makes the two clauses almost identical, 
 and (ii) that the measure in question is afterwards referred 
 to thus : ut de Us qui ob indicandum pecuniam accepissent, 
 quaereretur (ad Att. I. 17. 8). For adversus rempnblicam 
 (esse or facere\ cf. ad Att. II. 24. 3 contra rempublicam esse 
 facturum. The other explanations are as follows : 
 
 (i) That cuius modi is to be taken as equivalent to quos- 
 cunque: 'that, if they harboured agents of whatever kind, it 
 should be regarded as a State offence.' 
 
 (ii) To leave out alter um, on the ground that what fol- 
 lows is only a clause of the same decree : ' that a commis- 
 sion should be held before the magistrates to determine what 
 sort of agents they held to be prejudicial to the State.' 
 
 But in this case there is no regular sequence to unutn, 
 while the words in consulem facta remain pointless and un- 
 explained. Add to which haberent adversus rempublicam is, 
 to say the least, a most questionable phrase. 
 
 Divisores] ' Bribery agents,' to be carefully distinguished
 
 NOTES. 10 1 
 
 from a class of the same name who were legally authorised 
 to distribute certain funds among the tribes, and to whom 
 reference is made in Ep. 18. 4 tribulis enim tuus est, et 
 Sextus pater eius numos vobis dividere solebat. That largesses 
 of this kind were occasionally supplied by the State itself is 
 clear from the phrase contiotialis hirudo aerarii in 1 1. 
 
 13 Contra legent Aeliani] An emendation which I have 
 ventured to introduce into the text on my own authority, as 
 the Medicean MS, on which we are mainly dependent for the 
 - text of the letters, is a comparatively late one, in which the 
 contraction of contra into contr. or con might not unreason- 
 ably be expected to occur. Qui magistratum sitnul cum 
 lege Aelia iniit is the usual reading, which has been rejected 
 as hopeless by Ernesti, Schiitz and Matthiae, all of whom 
 omit the words cum lege Aelia from their text. Nor is it 
 difficult to see that the fault, whatever it is, lies with the 
 words simul cum, which, as they at present stand, are Latin 
 for nothing certainly not for salva lege Aelia (Gronov.), or 
 for tribunatum inivit servatis auspiciis ex lege Aelia (Manut), 
 while their juxtaposition with the ablative lege is against our 
 separating them thus : qut, sitnul cum iniit magistratum lege 
 Aelia, solutus est Aelia et Fufia. Moreover it is scarcely 
 possible that Lurco can have been elected to office otherwise 
 than by a direct breach of the Aelian law, if we compare the 
 sarcasm 'bono auspicio claudus' with the first clause of the 
 law in question, tit auspicato omnia fierent in comitiis. As 
 the next step, we may fairly assume that such a breach of the 
 law would be alluded to by Cicero in a passage like the pre- 
 sent, and I have therefore little hesitation in obtaining this 
 sense by the slight alteration of cum into con (contra). By 
 removing the word C2im, the difficulty of separating simul 
 from the ablatives which follow is removed with it, while a 
 most forcible rendering is secured for the passage, ' Elected 
 in defiance of the law and then formally released from its ob- 
 ligations.' In respect to the relative qui, we may either omit 
 it as an interpolation consequent on the corruption of the rest 
 of the sentence, or, if it is to be retained, supply the verb est, 
 which I have introduced in brackets. In either case, simul 
 will be equivalent to simul cum, a poetic usage which is not 
 uncommon in Cicero. 
 
 [The above note was already in type when I received the 
 following kind communication from Mr Munro. the late Pro- 
 fessor of Latin : " The Medicean reading is insimul cum, not 
 simul cum, of which the following is a simple and perhaps 
 not unsatisfactory correction : qui magistratum insimulatum 
 lege Aelia iniit, ' who entered upon a magistracy impeached 
 by the Lex Aelia,' etc."]
 
 102 NOTES. 
 
 Aelia et Fufid\ The clauses of the Lex Aelia were three 
 in number : 
 
 (i) Ut auspicato omnia fierent in comitiis. 
 
 (ii) Ut obnuntiatione facta dirimantur comitia. 
 
 (iii) Ut liberum esset intercedere, quibus intercedendi 
 
 ius erat. 
 The single clause of the Lex Fiifia ran thus : 
 
 Ne fastis diebus cum populo ageretur. 
 Casaubon enlarges upon the origin and import of these laws, 
 the main object of which was to check the increasing power 
 of the plebs. It was consequently with a bad precedent, 
 though a good object, that they were relaxed for the purpose 
 of passing a bribery law a precedent which was afterwards 
 pleaded by Clodius, Vatinius and others, when in later days 
 they defied them and at last procured their abrogation. Cf. 
 pro Sest. XV. 33, post red. in Sen. V. 1 1 . 
 
 Comitid\ i. e. for the election of the consuls. They were 
 postponed to allow of the passing of the bribery law. 
 
 Claudus\ Malum auspicium erat quod legem daudus 
 ferret (Ern.), in illustration of which Mr Watson instances 
 the apprehension which was felt at Sparta concerning the 
 succession of Agesilaus (Pint. Ages. 3). By bono auspicio 
 Cicero implies that no veto was put upon the measure, though, 
 as a matter of fact, it never became law. Cf. Ep. 18. 3. 
 
 Novi est\ 'The law in question contains the following 
 novelty, that whoever promises a largess to the tribes without 
 paying it shall be held excused, while, if he has once paid it, 
 he shall be bound throughout his lifetime to pay 3000 sesterces 
 per annum to each of the tribes. My remark was that Clodius 
 had lived in the observance of this law, since he was for ever 
 promising money and never paying it.' 
 
 Pronunciarit~\ ' Held out hopes of a largess' (cf. or. pro 
 Plane, xviil. 45, pro Cluent. XXtX. 78): a less decided word 
 than promittere, and for that reason used in the present in- 
 stance, where, as Casaubon remarks, promittere would imply 
 a defiance of the law. 
 
 Si non dederif} Because, unless he had once paid it, there 
 was no legal proof that the money had been promised. But 
 there was probably another and more important reason in the 
 fact that the sudden intermission of such a largess would 
 have been liable to produce a serious disturbance among the 
 lower classes. 
 
 Tiv} ' My consulship or deification (as Curio used 
 to call it in days of yore) will, if this fellow be elected, sink to
 
 NOTES. 
 
 103 
 
 the level of a farce. So we must e'en take it stoically as you 
 do, and not care a straw for the consulships we were so 
 proud of.' 
 
 Curio] dictitare solebat videri sibi eos, qui cattstdatum 
 essent adept i, paene deos essefactos et dits pares. Casaub. 
 
 Hie'] Auli films, i. e. Lucius Afranius. 
 
 Fabulam mimum] 'A play, that is a farce,' like tpj; 
 KipKos and the phrases so common in Homer. This reading 
 ,and interpretation, which is accepted by Matthiae and Schiitz, 
 is certainly preferable to most of the others which have been 
 proposed in its place, e. g. fama (al. fabula] imum, ' will be 
 nowhere in popular estimation ;' or again, famam mimum, 
 ' will be but a farcical reputation.' The possible alternative 
 is fabam mitnum, which is retained by some of the best 
 editors, including Orelli, and is understood as a reference to 
 the child's game noticed in Tac. Ann. XIII. 1 5, and Hor. Ep. 
 I. 59 at pueri ludentes, Rex eris, aiunt, Si recte facias. As a 
 parallel passage we may compare the following from Seneca 
 (de morte Claud, cap. 9), olim magna res erat Deum fieri: 
 tarn fama minimam fecit: etiam pessimi quique illam af- 
 fectant. Fabam manium, a conjecture which has arisen from 
 the word dirodeaxris above, and which is approved of by Boot, 
 seems to me intolerable. 
 
 Non flocci facteon] The phra.se facet facere appears again 
 in Ep. ad Att. xni. 50. 3. 
 
 14] ' In reference to your statement that you have given 
 up the idea of visiting Asia. I may say for myself that I would 
 rather you had gone, for I am afraid it may cause you 
 some inconvenience in a matter affecting your interests.' The 
 words ista re may refer either to the disappointment and an- 
 noyance of Quintus at the abandonment of the proposed 
 visit, or (2) to the loss which his administration would suffer 
 from the absence of such a friend, or (3) to some private 
 affairs which required the presence of Atticus in Asia. The 
 last suggestion is the most probable from a comparison 
 with cuiusmodi istae res sint (I. 14. 7), and other similar pas- 
 sages, especially as the change in question was made at the 
 instance of Cicero, though, to judge from the next letter, he 
 was reluctant to acknowledge the fact. 
 
 15 Epigrammatis~\ The Greek firiypannacriv. For the 
 subject and character of these, cf. Corn. Nep. Att. 18, where 
 they are described as inscriptions intended for insertion under 
 the statues of certain distinguished Romans, which had been
 
 io 4 NOTES. 
 
 placed by Atticus in his Amaltheum in Epirus. The passage 
 in question serves also to fix the meaning of the verb ponere, 
 which otherwise might have been understood of literary com- 
 position, as in ponere luciim artifices (Pers. sat. I. 70). There 
 is much vanity and little courtesy in Cicero's acknowledgment 
 of the compliment 
 
 Chilius\ Cf. Ep. I. 9. 2, from which I should prefer to 
 take reliquerit in its literal sense, ' has left me." Matthiae, 
 however, understands it to mean ' has neglected my praises.' 
 For Archias and his poem in praise of Cicero's consulship 
 cf. the argument of the or. pro Archia, delivered in the 
 year 692. 
 
 Lucullis] i.e. in honour of Lucius and Marcus Lucullus 
 on the subject of the Mithridatic war (or. pro Arch. IX. 21). 
 And I am much afraid that, having completed his poem on 
 the Luculli, he has now got his eye on a Caecilian drama.' 
 By Caecilianant he means Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus 
 and his son Pius, while in the word fabulam there is an allu- 
 sion to the plays of the comic poet Caecilius. 
 
 16 Antonio~\ In reference, no doubt, to his proposed visit 
 to Asia, and to the letter of advice which Cicero had sent to 
 Antonius on the subject of his Macedonian debts. Cf. Ep. I. 
 
 13-1- 
 
 Manlio'} Titus Manlius. He was engaged in business at 
 Thespiae. Cf. Ep. ad div. XHL 22. i, but the reading itself 
 varies between Manlio and Mallio. 
 
 Cui darein\ ' Because I could not find a trustworthy 
 messenger, and, what is more, wasn't sure of your address. 
 However, I have paid you out now.' 
 
 Valde te vindicavi\ ' I have taken my revenge,' i.e. for 
 your reproaches on my laziness in Ep. 5. 3, 6. i, and else- 
 where. This allusion to the unusual length of the present 
 letter is precisely what we should have expected, and how so 
 admirable a reading can have been displaced in favour of 
 valde te venditavi, ' I have been loud in your praise,' I am at 
 a loss to imagine. The long passage which has intervened 
 since the mention of Antonius is alone fatal to the introduc- 
 tion of venditavi. Vale, which appears in several editions 
 instead of valde, is abrupt and out of place. 
 
 1 8] 'I want you to write me word what your Amal- 
 theum is like, how decorated and how laid out : also to send 
 me any poems or legends you have on the subject of Amalthea. 
 I have a fancy for making one at Arpinum. I shall be send- 
 ing you shortly some writings of mine, but at present have 
 nothing in a finished state.'
 
 NOTES. 105 
 
 In Arpinati~\ Cf. Ep. II. i. u, Amalthea mea te exspectat 
 et indiget tui, 
 
 LETTER XVII. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] I 4 The difference "which had 
 arisen between Quintus and Atticus. 5 7 His own rela- 
 tions with Atticus. 8, 9 The state of affairs at Rome, and 
 the estrangement of the knights from the Senate. 10 His 
 own policy and his friendship with Pompeius. 1 1 The 
 forthcoming cotisular election, and the expected arrival of 
 Atticus. 
 
 I Varietas voluntatis~\ The precise cause of the dispute 
 is unknown. We might have been led to ascribe it to the 
 refusal of Atticus to accompany him to his province except 
 for the words post sortitionem provinciae ( i), which shew 
 that the grievance was one of longer standing, though it was 
 clearly aggravated by the refusal in question ( 7). Another 
 natural supposition would have been that it arose out of the 
 troubles which already existed between Quintus and his wife 
 Pomponia. But here again we are met with the words nam 
 sic intelligo, ut nihil a domesticis vulneris factum sit, illud 
 quidem, quod erat, eos certe sanare potuisse: which imply 
 that, though her conduct widened the breach between them, 
 it was still not the primary cause of the quarrel. 
 
 Saudumque esse eius animum] ' That his feelings had 
 been wounded and his mind beset with fancies.' The word 
 esse is omitted in the best MS, and might well be spared. 
 On the other hand, to leave out et with Schiitz and Nobbe, 
 who read the sentence thus, sauciumque eius animum inse- 
 disse quasdam odiosas s^tspiciones, is to introduce a construc- 
 tion most unusual in Cicero. 
 
 2 Mollis~\ ' susceptible.' Cf. ad Att. III. 9. I, in which 
 he uses the words mollissimo animo to describe the character 
 of Quintus, ' a man of a very sensitive disposition.' 
 
 3 Non parcam tuis~\ The sister of Atticus in particular, 
 to whom he had already referred in the word domesticis. 
 
 4 Ecquid tantum causae sit} ' Whether there is in them 
 any adequate reason for your annoyance.' 
 
 Agilitatem~\ ' This vivacity, if I may use the term, and 
 susceptibility of temperament, are as a rule indicative of 
 goodness.' The above seems to me a far more natural 
 arrangement of the words than to join naturae plerumque 
 donitatis, ' is usually of the nature of goodness,' as the pas- 
 sage is commonly interpreted.
 
 ic6 NOTES. 
 
 5] ' One part of your letter was quite uncalled for, 
 wherein you detail the opportunities of advancement either 
 at home or abroad, which you have allowed to escape you 
 both on other occasions and during the time of my consul- 
 ship. For I know full well the nobleness and greatness of 
 your disposition, nor, to the best of my belief, has there ever 
 been a discrepancy between us excepting as regards the 
 choice of a profession, when a feeling of ambition led me to 
 the pursuit of office, while you were induced by other and 
 more praiseworthy motives to prefer an honourable repose. 
 More by token in that true glory, which is the reward of 
 integrity, energy and a strict adherence to principle, I re- 
 gard you as standing higher than the rest of us, myself 
 included, while in affectionate devotion to my interests, next 
 to the affection of my brother and my family, the first place 
 I give to you.' 
 
 Aliis temporibiis\ This and similar allusions make it evi- 
 dent that, in spite of the words mallem ut ires in the former 
 letter, it was in obedience to the wishes of Cicero, expressed 
 or unexpressed, that Atticus had declined the post. 
 
 Voluntalem institutae mtae\ 17 TOW j3iov Trpoaipea-is. 
 
 Quum...discessi~\ 'second only to.' Cf. Ep. ad div. I. 
 9. 1 8, and again VI. 12. 2 Caesaris familiares. . .qmwi ab illo 
 disccsserint me habent proximum. 
 
 Primas tibi deferd\ sub. partes. 
 
 6 Sermonis communicatio\ ' That interchange of thought 
 which used to be so pleasant between you and me.' 
 
 7] The passage which follows destroys all the value of 
 the foregoing as a natural expression of feeling : shewing as 
 it does that it was merely an official statement necessitated 
 by the request of Atticus, who wished that his motives, so 
 scantily acknowledged by Cicero, should no longer be mis- 
 construed by the world at large. This much at all events is 
 plain from the context, and it does not reflect much credit 
 on Cicero, that he was anxious to have Atticus near at hand 
 in the troubles which he saw were approaching, and had 
 accordingly discountenanced his visit to Asia, leaving Atticus 
 the while to bear the brunt of Quintus' displeasure and the 
 charge of inconsistency with the Roman public. 
 
 Verecundia} ' Has been repeatedly prevented by a natural 
 bashfulness on both sides.' 
 
 Incommoditate\ ' And in all the discomfort which has been 
 caused you by the estrangement and irritation of his feelings 
 there is yet this one advantage, that myself and your other 
 friends have at last received evidence in your own hand-
 
 NOTES. 107 
 
 writing of your reasons for declining the province, and shall 
 believe in consequence that your refusal to accompany him 
 was due to no want of harmony and agreement between you, 
 but to a deliberate decision on the part of yourself alone. 
 So the ties which have been broken will one day be made 
 good, while our own, which have been so scrupulously 
 guarded, will retain their sanctity as before.' 
 
 Discidio\ dissidio al. ; but cf. Madv. in Exc. II. ad Cic. de 
 fin. p. 812. 
 
 8] ' My lot here is cast in a weak, unhappy and unstable 
 commonwealth. For you must have heard, 1 think, that my 
 friends the knights have almost broken themselves off from 
 the Senate, their first serious grievance being this, that a 
 proposition was carried by a decree of the house for a com- 
 mission of inquiry on those who had given a verdict for 
 money. 
 
 'As ill-luck would have it, I was not present when the 
 decree was passed, so, on finding that the displeasure of the 
 equestrian order was great, though they did not give expres- 
 sion to it, I took the Senate to task with wonderful dignity, I 
 flatter myself, and, considering the topic was rather a deli- 
 cate one, my speech was very impressive and eloquent. 
 
 'Now listen to another caprice of the knights, well-nigh 
 intolerable : however I not only tolerated it, but, what is 
 more, made the best of it. The knights, who farmed the 
 taxes of Asia on lease from the censors, laid a complaint 
 before the house that, carried away by their eagerness, they 
 had taken the contract at too high a rate : they requested 
 accordingly that it might be cancelled. I was their leading 
 counsel, or rather, I should say their junior: for it was 
 Crassus who urged them to hazard the demand. The mat- 
 ter was calculated to excite jealousy, the request was dis- 
 creditable and argued a want of consideration. There was 
 the greatest danger that, if they obtained none of their de- 
 mands, they would come to an open rupture with the Senate. 
 In this matter too I was of the greatest assistance to them, 
 and secured them a hearing before a crowded and conciliatory 
 audience, while on the ist and 2nd of December I made a 
 long speech myself on the respect due to the orders and the 
 advantages of harmony. Not that the matter is ended yet : 
 but the consent of the Seriate is secured, for Metellus the 
 consul elect was the only speaker on the other side. Nay 
 I am wrong : our hero Cato had intended to oppose it, but 
 owing to the shortness of the day his turn did not come. 
 So you see that, true to my purpose and principles, I am 
 maintaining to the best of my power the harmony I have 
 cemented. Yet in spite of all this (for you know I am trust- 
 
 P. C. 9
 
 io8 NOTES. 
 
 ing to a reed), I have paved away, and a safe one too I hope, 
 by which to retain my influence. I cannot tell you down- 
 right what it is in a letter : however I will throw you out a 
 gentle hint of my meaning. I am on the best possible terms 
 with Pompeius. I know what your comment will be. I will 
 use caution where caution is necessary, and on a future occa- 
 sion I will write to you at greater length about my plans for 
 the government of the State.' 
 
 Ob iudicandum\ i. e. in the Clodian trial. Boot raises an 
 objection to this construction, and proposes to read ob rent 
 itidicandam. But there is really no analogy whatever between 
 the phrase ob dicendum (for ob ius dicenduiii), which is 
 rightly quoted as faulty in Quint, inst. or. v. 10. 87, and the 
 one we are at present considering. The word iudicare is 
 complete in itself, while in the other phrase ins is manifestly 
 required to make the meaning intelligible. It is true how- 
 ever that in reverting to the subject in a later letter (n. i. 8) 
 Cicero uses the full phrase. 
 
 Pecuniam accepissent~\ The word pecuniam is not essen- 
 tial, and is omitted by Matthiae on the strength of a similar 
 passage in the or. pro Cluent. 103. 
 
 In causa non verecunda\ The gentlest of terms for a most 
 disgraceful transaction, and, as the Senate was in this case 
 on the side of justice, Cicero's conduct is the more inexcus- 
 able. In a subsequent letter (Ep. II. i. 8) he condemns it 
 himself in somewhat stronget terms: quid verius quam in 
 iudicium venire qui ob rent iudicandam pecuniam acceperit ? 
 censuit hoc Cato : adsensit senatus...quid impudentius pub- 
 licanis renuntiantibus f We are glad to find from the same 
 passage that Cicero failed to carry his point. 
 
 9 Asiant] Asiae publicani. Boot objects to the phrase 
 (which is however the regular one) on the ground that Asia- 
 nus can only mean a 'native of Asia.' Accordingly in Juv. 
 sat. vil. 13, he explains equites Asiani as servi ex Asia oriun- 
 dt, gut mamtmissi ordini equestri adscripti stint, and in the 
 present instance has even admitted into his 1 text Asiam qui 
 d'e r.ensoribus conduxerunt. 
 
 Induceretur\ = $iaypa<l>(iv, to obliterate the writing by 
 drawing the thick end of the stilus across the wax. 
 
 Aded] i.e. 'princeps vel potiiis secnndus,' 33 Boot under- 
 stands it, a sense of adeo which, though rare, is not un- 
 exampled in Cicero. In a former edition I had suggested 
 the following rendering, as more in accordance with the usual 
 force of the word: 'I was their senior and junior counsel in 
 one, senior if you take into account the service I did them, 
 junior if you regard the fact that I didn't originate the plea.'
 
 NOTES. 109 
 
 Erat dicturus~\ Against the proposition, as we find from 
 Ep. II. i. 8, restitit et pervicit Cato. The indulgence they 
 claimed was afterwards granted to them by Caesar during 
 his consulship. 
 
 10 Conglutinatam concordiant\ Cf. or. in Pis. III. 7 : if a 
 est a me consiilatus peractus..,ut multitudinem cum princi- 
 pibus, equestrem ordinem cum senatu coniunxerim. 
 
 1 1 Cum eo coire~\ The best commentary on the text is 
 the following passage from Suetonius (Jul. 19) : e duobus 
 consulatus competitor ibus, L. Lucceio M. que Bibulo, \Caesar\ 
 ' Lucceium sibi adiunxit : pactus ut is, quoniam inferior 
 gratia esset pecuniaque polleret, numos de suo communi 
 nomine per centurias pronunciaret. qua cognita re opti- 
 mates, quos metus ceperat, nihil non ausurum eum in summo 
 magistratu concordi ac consentiente collega, auctores Bibulo 
 fuerunt tantumdem pollicendi : ac plerique pecunias contu- 
 lerunt, ne Catone quidem abnuente earn largitionem e re 
 publica fieri. 
 
 Per Arrium~\ Cf. 11.5.2: de istis rebus exspecto tuas 
 litteras : quid Arrius narret, quo animo se destitutum feral, 
 and again II. 7. 2, iam vcro Arrius consulatum sibi ereptum 
 /remit. 
 
 Coniungt\ \. e. per coitionem. This is better than to take 
 the words per C. Pisonem as signifying that he would use 
 the agency of Piso to settle the differences which are known 
 to have existed between himself and Caesar. (Cf. de bell, 
 civ. ill.) 
 
 Modeste rogo~\ 'I ask you respectfully for what I desire 
 above measure.' The reading moleste is less forcible, and 
 moreover a very unusual phrase. 
 
 LETTER XVIII. 
 
 Epitome of Contents.] i His need of a friend in the absence 
 of his brother and Atticus. 2 His domestic troubles and 
 the unhappy state of the republic since the Clodian verdict. 
 3 The estrangement of the equites from the Senate and the 
 prevailing anarchy. 4 The proposed adoption of Publius 
 Clodius into the plebeian order. 5 The character cf 
 Metellus and Afranius. 6 The Agrarian measure cf 
 Flavius. The policy of Pompeius, of Crassus, and 7 of 
 Cato. 8 His eager anticipation of a visit from Atticus. 
 
 i Scito deesse} This being a purely formal phrase (cf. Ep. 
 ill. i) the word scito may be omitted in translation : 'I feel 
 the want of nothing so much.' Of eum in the sense of talent 
 we have already had repeated examples. Cf. Ep. 10. 6: me 
 
 92
 
 no NOTES. 
 
 autem eum et offendes erga te et audits, etc. As regards the 
 distinction between quicum and quocum, we may gather 
 from a comparison of the passages in which they occur that 
 quocum is the definite and quicum the more general word. 
 For instance, in Ep. ad div. iv. i. i, xn. 18. 2, and Lael. vi. 
 22, where, as in the case before us, no particular object is 
 specified, we find that quicum is the acknowledged reading. 
 
 Colloquar\ quum loquar Klotz, a reading which gives a 
 finish and completeness to the construction, but for that very 
 reason detracts something from the ease and simplicity of the 
 language. 
 
 d<eXe'<rraTo?] 'most guileless, open-hearted of brothers. 
 It is used literally of a path which is smooth and unencum- 
 bered with stones (a and </>fXXoy), and the positive adverb 
 occurs in Ep. ad Att. VI. I. 8, tu sceleste suspicaris, ego 
 u(j>\us scripsi. In Ep. II. 25. i he refers to the lines Aticra 
 Kov8tv vyies dXXa irav 7rpi Qpovovvres to denote the opposite 
 character. 
 
 En tellus.'"} ' See what a world is mine !' I have adopted 
 the reading of Matt'hiae, with the slight alteration of me 
 tellus! into \tnet\ en tellus! which is required to make the 
 passage translate. 
 
 Metellus non homo sed etc. is the more commonly re- 
 ceived reading, but, in addition to the extravagance of the 
 metaphor, exception has been taken to the introduction of 
 Metellus, on the ground that his friendship with Cicero 
 was not strong enough to justify the mention of him in 
 such close connection with Quintus and Atticus. The 
 latter argument cannot, I think, be pressed in the face of 
 such passages as 5 of the present letter and 4 of the next ; 
 but the former objection has always appeared to me in- 
 superable, more especially as the quotation from the Phi- 
 loctetes of Accius is clearly no description of character, but 
 rather of Cicero's own isolation in the world of politics. [Cf. 
 Ov. Her. X. 18.] The following had occurred to me as a 
 possible emendation : et amantissimus mei Metellus. Non 
 homo etc., if we can suppose Metellus to have already left 
 Rome for the suppression of the insurrection in Gaul. But it 
 is perhaps safer to think that we may have lost the word or 
 words which would have given to the quotation its connection 
 with what precedes, and I have therefore preferred to print 
 the sentence as above rather than to omit the words me 
 tellus altogether, or to explain the quotation which follows as 
 descriptive of the character of Quintus a character with 
 which they have nothing in common. 
 
 It remains to notice the ingenious but (I fear) too elaborate
 
 .NOTES. in 
 
 emendation of Schiitz: et amantissimus met, et illius nunc 
 domus est littus atque aer et solitudo mera. 
 
 Mellito Cicerone] who was now four years old. 
 
 Ambitiosae~\ ' For those political and counterfeit friendships 
 make a certain dash in the eyes of the world, but confer 
 withal no home enjoyment.' 
 
 Tempore matutino] So Martial, Ep. IV. 8, prima salu- 
 tantes atque altera continet hora, and ad div. IX. 20. 3. 
 
 Aures nactus tuas] e Of which, methinks, if I could once 
 get you to listen, I would unburden myself in the course of a 
 single stroll.' For ambulationis cf. Ep. ad. div. 1 1. 12. 2, cum 
 una mehercule ambulati^^ncula atque uno sermone nostro 
 o nines fructus provinciae non confero. 
 
 2 Aculeos omnes et scrupulos} l The thorns and stones 
 which beset the path of my family life I will hide from you, 
 and indeed I do not care to entrust a letter on such subjects 
 to a stranger. Not that they are so very painful for I would 
 not have you alarm yourself but still they rankle and op- 
 press me, and I have no loving friend to lay them by his 
 counsel and advice.' He can scarcely be alluding, as some 
 have supposed, to the disagreements between himself and 
 Terentia, which finally ended in her divorce : for, if this were 
 so, the previous sentence, tantum requietis habeam quantum 
 cum uxore consumitur, would be worse than a common-place. 
 
 Et vohmtas etiam~\ I have adopted the very ingenious 
 emendation of Schiitz, with the addition of the word etiant 
 which he omits. This is a closer adherence to the MSS than 
 the equally ingenious suggestion of Orelli, tamen earn iam 
 ipsa medicina deficit, ' though I am with it heart and soul it is 
 now past all cure.' Either of the above readings, even if it 
 does not represent the precise words of Cicero, has at any 
 rate a better right to stand in place of them than the unin- 
 telligible sentence which Nobbe and the other editors sanc- 
 tion, apparently without a doubt of its authenticity. It 
 is just possible however that the passage might be made 
 translatable by reading voluntate instead of vohmtas, 'not- 
 withstanding by deliberate choice it (sc. respublicd) declines 
 the needful remedy.' This suggests itself to me as a less 
 violent alteration than to reject voluntas altogether (with 
 Boot and others) as a gloss on animus, who read the sen- 
 tence thus : in republica vero, quamquam animus est prae- 
 sens, tamen etiam atque etiam ipsa medicinam refugit. 
 
 Fabulae Clodianae} ' The case of the Clodian scandal.' 
 By understanding fabula in this sense rather than that of a 
 'stage-play' we can explain causam in its usual legal signifi-
 
 ii2 NOTES. 
 
 cation, and at the same time avoid the confusion of meta- 
 phors upon which Orelli comments thus : exspectabas potius 
 scenam. 
 
 3 Adflictd\ ' The republic has received its death-blow, 
 thanks to a venal and debauched tribunal. Now observe 
 the consequences!' 
 
 Suspiritit\ Suspiratu al., but, though found in Ovid 
 (Met. xiv. 129), the form is apparently not Ciceronian. 
 
 Deambittt\ Cf. I. 16. 13. 
 
 De iudiciis] Cf. I. 17. 8. It is scarcely consistent or 
 honest of Cicero to complain that these measures had not 
 become law, when he had himself opposed them might and 
 main, as he tells us in the previous letter (in causa non 
 verecunda admodum gravis et copiosus fui\ 
 
 Exagitatus~\ l The Senate is angry and the knights are 
 estranged from it. Thus has this year (693) beheld the 
 overthrow of two pillars of the State, which my exertions had 
 set up ; the Senate has lost its dignity, and the harmony of 
 the two orders is destroyed.' Meriv. The importance of 
 this passage cannot be over-estimated in forming a judgment 
 of Cicero's character. It records the death-blow of the coali- 
 tion for which he had been scheming, and from this point 
 in consequence his hopes were more than ever centred in 
 himself. 
 
 Instat hie nunc \ille] annus] 'We have now upon us a 
 memorable year.' It is surprising to find that no editor has 
 suggested the omission of the word /'//<?, the presence of which 
 in the MSS is so easily accounted for by the corresponding 
 passage three lines above. The adjective egregius is against 
 our taking it as equivalent to talis, which is the only available 
 sense if it is to be retained in its present position. 
 
 Sacra iuventatis\ luventatis aedem vovit M. Livins 
 Salinator a. 547, locavit idem censor a. 550, dedicavit C. 
 Licinius Lucullus a. 563, et tune primum ludi facti sunt. 
 Boot. Memmius so well-known in connection with the 
 poems of Lucretius and Catullus was curule aedile at the 
 time, and therefore under other circumstances would have 
 presided at the ceremonies. 
 
 Ille pastor\ 'The legendary Paris.' 
 
 Agamemnoneni\ Lucius Lucullus, the brother of the 
 former. He had conducted the campaign against Mithri- 
 dates. The allusion in the text is obscure, and three sug- 
 gestions have been made to explain it: (i) that he had been 
 tha prosecutor in a charge against L. Lucullus ; (ii) that in his
 
 NOTES. 113 
 
 capacity of tribunus plebis he had refused to sanction his 
 triumph on his return from the East; or (iii) 'quia eius 
 uxorem pariter stupravit.' Ern. 
 
 4 Numos vobis dividere] On the subject of these 
 divisores cf. note on Ep. I. 16. 12. I prefer to understand 
 it of an authorised largess rather than of an illegal distri- 
 bution in which Atticus had been interested. 
 
 Traducit\ ' Wants to transfer.' This process of adoption 
 was called adrogatto, and the object of it was to qualify 
 Clodius for the tribunate and enable him in this capacity to 
 oppose the measures of Cicero. It should by rights have 
 taken place before the comitia curiata, and the proposal to 
 bring it instead before the comitia tributa, or general as- 
 sembly of the people, was no doubt the result of a secret 
 arrangement between Clodius and Herennius. The person 
 into whose family Clodius was nominally adopted is men- 
 tioned in cap. 13 of the or. pro dom. as one Fonteius. The 
 adoption was favoured by Caesar, and indeed carried at last 
 by his agency. (Cf. Suet. //. 20.) For an account of the 
 whole transaction and its influence on the future of Cicero, 
 cf. Merivale, p. 106 ff. 
 
 Accept] ' I gave him my customary welcome in the 
 senate, but never saw anything more stolid than the fellow.' 
 For this use of accipere, cf. Tusc. IV. 36. 78, quo le modo ac- 
 cepissew, nisi iratus essem. 
 
 5] ' Metellus is a grand consul and quite devoted to 
 your humble servant : but he has impaired his influence by 
 regarding the bill in question as purely a matter of form. 
 As for the son of Aulus great heavens ! what a dastardly 
 and spiritless soldier it is ! how deservedly he has met his 
 fate, which is to lend his ears to the abuse of Palicanus. 
 We have from Flavius the scheme of an Agrarian law, ill- 
 considered in its details and nearly identical with the Plotian. 
 But all this while there is no statesman, no nor the ghost of 
 one among us. Pompeius my friend for such he is and I wish 
 you to know it who had in him the making of one, now 
 maintains in silence the dignity of his triumphal robe. From 
 Crassus never a word to give offence. What the rest are you 
 know by this time such fools that they think they can sacri- 
 fice the State and yet save their fishponds. One man, and 
 but one, there is to protect the republic, and that rather by 
 his firmness and honesty than by any talent or tact : Cato 
 I mean, who for the last two months has been keeping those 
 wretched taxgatherers, once his devoted admirers, on the 
 rack of expectation, and will not allow them to get an an- 
 swer from the Senate. In consequence we are compelled to
 
 H4 NOTES. 
 
 postpone all measures till a reply has been given to them, 
 and so I suppose even the reception of the deputies will be 
 put off for the present. You see by this how trouble-tost I 
 am, and, if from what I say you can supply what I suppress, 
 come and see me at last, and, although I may not be inviting 
 you to pleasant quarters, shew notwithstanding that you prize 
 my affection so highly as to wish to enjoy it even at the cost 
 of these discomforts. For to prevent your being registered 
 by proxy I will have a special notice made and posted 
 up throughout the town. Remember also that to return 
 your name amongst the last is too highly suggestive of the 
 shop ! ' 
 
 Diets causa] = o(Tias evaca, 'for appearance sake,' (cf. Plin. 
 28. 2), diets being in all probability connected with the Greek 
 diKT), which is common enough in the Latinized form of dica, 
 e.g. sexcentas scribito iam mihi dicas, nil do (Ten Phorm. 
 IV. 3. 63). 
 
 Habel...pro)nulg.~\ Notwithstanding Orelli's able vindica- 
 tion of the text, the passage, both as regards the Latinity 
 and the interpretation, is still far from satisfactory. The 
 most obvious objection to the received explanation is that it 
 requires a stronger word than habet (vop.i(i) to make it 
 effective, even if we understand the verb habere in the 
 stronger and less usual sense of 'recognises,' 'entertains.' 
 This difficulty however might be easily surmounted by read- 
 ing perhibet- for habet. But the emphatic position of habet 
 seems to shew that it represents a stronger idea than the 
 one suggested, and I should myself prefer to translate pro- 
 mulgatum habet as = promulgavit, ' by formally proposing 
 the bill in question about Clodius.' However we may ex- 
 plain the passage, it is at all events clear that any counte- 
 nance Metellus may have given to the bill was given under 
 a misunderstanding of its aim and object, for, when con- 
 vinced of its real character, he opposed it in every possible 
 way, and, when Clodius at a later date was a candidate 
 for the tribunate, he objected to him on the ground that his 
 adoption had been illegal. I have reserved for final notice 
 an emendation of the passage which is accepted by Schiitz : 
 quod habere dicit causam promulgation illud idem de Clodio, 
 the objections to which are (i) the order of the words, and 
 (2) the use of promulgatum as a substantive, of which I can 
 find no other example in Cicero. In addition to which I 
 can discover no adequate grounds for his rejection of the 
 phrase diets causa, which is, on the contrary, a favourite one 
 with our author. Cf. Verr. II. IV. 24, and or. pro. Mur. 12. 
 
 Illud guide m] Illud idem vulg., a reading with which I 
 have long been dissatisfied, and of which, as I venture to
 
 NOTES. 115 
 
 think, the alteration of idem into quidem is an easy and 
 effective correction. 
 
 Miles\ The word is peculiarly suitable to Afranius, who, 
 as I have already noticed, had been one of the lieutenants 
 of Pompeius in Asia. It is strange that, not content with 
 miles, Muretus should have proposed so weak a word as 
 millies in its place. 
 
 Palicano] M. Lollius Palicanus (cf. I. i. i), a tribune of 
 the people, of such infamous character that, when he was 
 a candidate for the consulship in A. u. C. 687, the consul 
 Piso declared that, in case of his election, he should decline 
 to return him (Val. Max. ill. 8. 3). 
 
 Os...pracbeai\ Cf. Liv. IV. ^praebere ad contumeliam os, 
 and Tac. hist. ill. 3. i,praeberi ora contumeliis. 
 
 6 Agrarid\ This proposition, which had for its object 
 the partition of lands among the soldiers of Pompeius, never 
 became law. Cf. Dio Cass. xxxvil. p. 52. 
 
 Plotia] The date and particulars of this measure are 
 unknown. Like the present, it was clearly a tribunician 
 scheme. 
 
 Togulam illam pictam\ Notice the disparaging diminu- 
 tive. The full details of his triumphal entry are given in 
 Veil. Pat. u. 40; and Dio Cass. xxxvil. 21. 
 
 Caeteros] In particular Lucullus, Q. Hortensius and L. 
 Philippus. Cf. has piscinarios, Ep. 19. 6, and u. i. 7, nostri 
 autem principes digito se caelum putant attingere, si mulli 
 barbati in piscinis sint qui ad manum accedant. 
 
 7 Legationes\ See the note on Ep. 14. 5, and cf. Ep. 
 ad div. I. 4. i. The tactics of Cato on this occasion are 
 alluded to as follows in the or. pro Plane. XIV. 34, quunt 
 senatus impediretur quominus, id quod hostibus semper erat 
 tribuium, responsum equitibus Romanis reddcretur. 
 
 8 Quae scripsimus (tanta)'] It is of course impossible 
 that the word tanta can retain its present position, although 
 Boot justifies it as an attraction : while Matthiae now rejects 
 as an interpolation the parenthesis tanta es perspicacitate, 
 which appears in most of the editions. In place of tanta he 
 proposes cuncta: but the omission of the former word is 
 really all that is required, which may possibly have crept 
 into its present place from the juxtaposition in some MS of 
 the word tanti which occurs below. 
 
 Ne absens censeare] We find from Gellius that, in a 
 speech delivered by P. Scipio Africanus during his censor-
 
 n6 NOTES. 
 
 ship in the year 612, he condemns the practice as irregular 
 and contrary to precedent. At the present time, however, 
 the custom had become habitual, though the question re- 
 mains open whether the names of absentees were given in 
 through the provincial magistrate or collected (as Bekker 
 maintains) by a special agent (procurator}. 
 
 Sub lustruin\ i. e. ' at the close of the proceedings.' Cf. 
 Liv. I. 44, Servius Tullius, censu perfecto . . . instructum exer- 
 citum omnem suovetauribtis lustravit : idque conditum lus- 
 trum appellatum, quia is censendo Jinis factus est. 
 
 Germani negociatoris] has been usually understood as a 
 complimentary term for a 'true man of business,' a sense 
 which the words will undoubtedly bear. But from the 
 passage which follows, it is clear that Cicero wishes to 
 hasten his friend's arrival, rather than to suggest a particu- 
 lar time for his coming, and it is therefore far more forcible 
 to take the words germani negociatoris in the disparaging 
 sense in which I see they are understood by Manutius, 
 Schiitz and Matthiae. The allusion is, in all probability, to 
 the preoccupations of a man of business : though there is 
 much to be said in favour of the more elaborate explanation 
 suggested by Bekker : negociatores, ne plus minusve qiiam 
 haberent in censu profiler entur, quod aut ret suae aut fidei 
 noceret, sub lustrum demum censorem adibant. atqui turpe 
 erat Attico, equiti Romano, negociatoris morem sequi. 
 
 LETTER XIX. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] i His own occupations. 2 The 
 disturbances in Gaul and the measures taken to repress them. 
 3 The compliments paid by the Senate to Pompeius and 
 himself. 4 The Agrarian measure of Flavius. 5 The 
 schemes of Clodius. 6 His own policy. 7 His relations 
 with Pompeius, and 8 with the different parties in the State. 
 9 The decree concerning S icy on. 10 The account of his 
 consulship in Latin and Greek. 1 1 The relations between 
 Quintus and Atticus, and conclusion. 
 
 i Crebrior] Cf. or. pro Plane, xxxiv. 83, hoc frequenter 
 in me congessisti saneque in eo creber fuisti. 
 
 Absque argumento ac sent.'] ' without a plot and purpose.' 
 I have adopted the reading of Schiitz, as it is quite impossi- 
 ble to believe that Cicero wrote either nullain a me sino epis- 
 tolam ad te sine argumento pervenire as Boot edits the pas- 
 sage, or nullam a me epistolam ad te sino sine argumento 
 pervenire as it appears in the edition of Matthiae : while the 
 phrase absque sententia^ which the former quotes from Quin-
 
 NOTES. 117 
 
 tilian (ins/, or. vn. 2. 44), is in itself a sufficient justification 
 of the text. 
 
 A manti patrtant] ' a patriotic citizen like yourself.' 
 
 2 Gallici belli versatur me/us] Gallici versantur metus 
 (as Boot reads from a single MS), or Gallici versantur 
 motus, are both of them preferable in form to the reading of 
 the text : but the former is too bold to be admitted except on 
 the strength of a parallel passage, while the addition of the 
 words in republica are against our accepting the latter. 
 
 Fratres nostri] The Aedui in return for their services had 
 received this title as a compliment from the Senate. Cf. Caes. 
 de bell. Gall. I. 31, and Ep. ad div. VII. 10. 3. 
 
 Sequani permale pugnarunt 1 ' have made very bad 
 hands at fighting.' But the word JSequani is probably an 
 interpolation, while Helvetii on the other hand, which is 
 omitted in the MSS, has been supplied from the context. 
 Indeed the passage as a whole is indubitably corrupt, nor is 
 it to be remedied by the emendation devised by Boot : pug- 
 nam nuper malam pugnarunt. 
 
 Provinciani] i.e. Gallia Narbonensis (cf. Caes. de bell. 
 Gall. I. 7). 
 
 Sortirentttr\ ' that the two Gauls should be reserved for 
 the consuls, troops levied, furloughs recalled, and ambassa- 
 dors sent with full powers to treat with the states of Gaul, 
 and to prevent, if possible, their coalition with the Helvetii. 
 The ambassadors chosen are Metellus and Flaccus, and to 
 spoil the porridge Lentulus.' 
 
 Vacationes ne valerent\ This distinguishes the occasion 
 in question from an ordinary tumultus, when such exemp- 
 tions were not recalled (cf. Phil. Vlll. 3). 
 
 Legati\ Embassies with full powers consisted usually of 
 three individuals one of consular, one of praetorian, and the 
 third of senatorial rank. 
 
 TO eVt rfj (f>a.Kf) fjivpov] A proverb used to denote fruitless 
 labour a costly sauce over a poor material. For the pun 
 on the word lens (<bai<fj) compare the well-known guttam 
 adspergit /tuic Bulbo in the Cluentian speech. 
 
 Lentulus\ Cn. Cornelius Lentulus is meant, who was 
 consul in the year 68 1. 
 
 3 Mea sors~\ In reference to the choice of the deputies, 
 which was made either by lot, as on the present occasion, or 
 else by suffrage (Tac. Hist. IV.). 
 
 tTri<f>a>vrifj.aTa] ' For why should I court the praises of 
 foreigners, when they grow in such plenty at home ?'
 
 n8 NOTES. 
 
 4] ' Our home affairs are in this condition. The Agra- 
 rian scheme of Flavius is being eagerly pressed at the in- 
 stigation of Pompeius ; but it has nothing in it to recom- 
 mend it except its patron. From this measure, in obedience 
 to the wishes of the meeting, I proceeded to remove all the 
 clauses which infringed on private interests : for instance, I 
 released from its operation all the land which had been State 
 property so far back as the consulship of Mucius and Cal- 
 purnius : I ratified the ownership of the Sullan occupants : 
 re-established the title of those persons at Volaterrae and 
 Arretium, whose lands Sulla had confiscated but retained in 
 his hands. One scheme only I did not reject, which had for 
 its object the purthase of lands with the foreign revenue 
 which should accrue in the next five years from the new 
 imposts. To the whob of this Agrarian measure the Senate 
 is mightily opposed in the belief that the aim of its pro- 
 moters is the extension of the power of Pompeius. He on 
 his part has applied himself in good earnest to the task of 
 passing the law. My share in the matter was to secure the 
 interests of private landholders, by which I won the heartfelt 
 gratitude of the proprietors (for as you know I draw my 
 followers from that well-to-do class), while at the same time 
 I satisfied Pompeius and the people, as it was my wish to do, 
 by the proposed purchase-scheme, in the careful ordering of 
 which I saw a plan for draining the city of its scum, and for 
 colonizing the waste lands of Italy.' 
 
 Agraria lex\ The same as that mentioned in 6 of the 
 former letter. It had for its object the distribution of land 
 among the soldiers of Pompeius. The auctor legis was 
 usually some person of rank and influence, who undertook 
 to recommend it to the people. 
 
 Habebaf} habet Schiitz, on the ground that the epistolary 
 tense is only used of conditions which may be altered during 
 the transmission of the letter. 
 
 P. Mucio L. Calpurnio consulibus\ A. U. C. 621. 
 
 Volaterr. et Arret.] Their claims were advocated by Cicero 
 in the speeches against Rullus, and sanctioned by Caesar 
 during his first consulship in the year 695. (Cf. Ep. ad. diii. 
 XIII. 4. 4.) 
 
 Novis vectigalibus\ He alludes to the new sources of 
 revenue which had been opened up by the victories of Pom- 
 peius in the East. The subject supplies him with a constant 
 fund of jokes, e.g. II. 16. 2, nunc vero, Sampsicerame, quid 
 dices? vectigal te nobis in monte Antilibano constituisse, 
 agri Campani abstulisse. 
 
 Agrariorum] Certainly not equivalent to agripetarum t
 
 NOTES. 119 
 
 the party who from interested motives were in favour of the 
 Agrarian law, and to whose claims as a rule Cicero was alto- 
 gether opposed. On the contrary, they are alluded to in the 
 sentence which follows : populo autem et Potnpeio satisfacie- 
 bam: while the use of the word confirmabam in the earlier 
 part of the narrative shews that by agrariorum he means the 
 present wealthy proprietors, whose landed interests made 
 them strong opponents of any revolutionary scheme. 
 
 Sentinam urbis exhl\ The Greek avr\ov ttpyeiv. Boot 
 illustrates the expression by a precisely similar passage in 
 the or. contr. Rull. 1 1. 26. 70, where, in answer to the remark 
 of Rullus, urbanam plebetn nimiitm in republica posse, ex- 
 hauriemiam esse, Cicero replies : hoc enitn -verbo est usus, 
 quasi de aliqua sentina...loqueretur. 
 
 Bello~\ The disturbance in Gaul of which he has spoken 
 above. 
 
 Ille alter} ' Afranius is such a fool that he doesn't even 
 know the value of his purchase,' i.e. the consulship. Cf. Ep. 
 z6. 12. In Ter. Eun. IV. 4. 23 we find the same phrase, eo 
 rediges me, /, quid emerim, nesciam. 
 
 5 Nequam atque egentem~\ 'A mean and beggarly 
 fellow.' The expression is used again of Hilarus in I. 12. 2. 
 
 6 Nonarum illarum DecJ\ Cf. or. pro Flac. XL. 102. O 
 nonae illae Decentb. quae me consule fuistis ! quern ego diem 
 vere natalem huius urbis ant certe salutarem appellare 
 possum. 
 
 Beatos] 'Rich,' 'well-to-do,' as in Ep. I. 14. i beatis nan. 
 grata. 
 
 For pisdnarios see the note on 6 of the previous letter. 
 
 7 Adiudicarif\ One of these occasions is referred to by 
 Cicero in the de off. I. 22. 78 mihi quidetn eerie vir abundans 
 bellicis laudibus Ctt. Pompdus multis aitdientibtts hoc tribuit, 
 lit diceret frustra se triumphum tertium deportaturumfuisse, 
 nisi meo in rempublicatn beneficio, ubi triumpharet, esset 
 habiturus. 
 
 Illae res'] ' The exploits in question were not done in a 
 corner so as to need evidence, nor were they so questionable 
 as to require praise.' 
 
 8 luventutis] Clodius and his friends. His bearing 
 towards Clodius on this and another occasion (Ep. II. I. 5 
 itaque tarn familiariter cum ipso caviller ac iocor) is thus 
 noticed by Abeken: 'He behaved with more deference than 
 was consistent with his own convictions towards Crassus,
 
 120 NOTES. 
 
 Antonius, and at one time even towards Clodius.' (Meriv. 
 p. 60.) 
 
 Aspcrutti] ' In a word I have indulged in no severities, 
 but yet in no lax measures to curry favour. On the contrary, 
 my whole policy is so ordered that I shew myself firm in the 
 interests of the State, while in my private relations I am com- 
 pelled by the weakness of the good, the malice of the ill- 
 disposed, and the hatred of the vicious to use a certain care 
 and caution ; and, while I form these new ties, I allow the 
 crafty Sicilian of yore to whisper in my ears ever his old 
 refrain : Be wary and mistrustful: the sinews of the soul 
 are these. 
 
 Ita tameri\ A condensed expression for atgue, licet ilia 
 faciam, ita tamenfacio ut etc. 
 
 Siculus] EpicharmuS, though born at Cos, passed the 
 greater portion of his life in Sicily. In the Tusc. disp. I. 8. 15 
 he is spoken of as acutus nee insuhus homo ut Siculus. In 
 the present passage Schiitz, Matthiae and the best editors 
 omit the proper name as the addition of a later hand. 
 
 Cantilenani\ Cf. cantilenam eandem earn, ' ever the same 
 old song' (Ter. Phorm. ill. 2. 10). This verse from Epichar- 
 mus is also referred to by Quintus Cicero in his pamphlet de 
 pet. cons. cap. 10 sobrius esto, atque 'E^t^ap/mov illud teneto, 
 nervos atque aftus esse sapientiae non temere credere. 
 
 9] ' You are for ever writing to nie about that matter of 
 yours, for which I cannot now suggest a remedy. For the 
 decree in question was passed with the entire consent of the 
 more demonstrative members, though none of our party gave it 
 their sanction. When you complain that I witnessed the draft 
 of the bill, you might by referring to if have gathered that it 
 was a different matter that was then before the house, and 
 that the clause in question was an uncalled-for addition, for 
 which the younger Servilius is to blame, who voted last ; but 
 no amendment can now be made. More by token the indig- 
 nation meetings, which at the outset were thronged, have for 
 a long time been discontinued. If, in spite of it, your bland- 
 ishments can succeed in squeezing anything out of the Sicy- 
 onians, I should like you to let me know. I send you an ac- 
 count of my consulship in Greek. If you find anything in it 
 which strikes one of your name and family as wanting in Greek 
 scholarship, I wont make the excuse which Lucullus made 
 to you, if I remember right, at Panhormus in the case of 
 his history that he had introduced a few barbarisms and 
 solecisms at intervals to prove more conclusively that the 
 whole was the work of a Roman. Anything of the kind that 
 may appear in my treatise will be an unintentional slip. The
 
 NOTES. 121 
 
 Latin version that is, if I ever complete it shall be for- 
 warded to you. You may look out for a third in verse, that 
 I may omit no possible means of self-laudation. Now don't 
 say, Your trumpeter's not dead: for, if there is anything in the 
 history of the world that more deserves my praise, all praise 
 to it : all blame to me for not praising it in preference. 
 Though, look you, what I write is no mere panegyric, but 
 sober matter of fact. My brother Quintus is at pains to clear 
 himself by a letter, and assures me that he has never spoken 
 disparagingly of you to anyone. But we must sift the matter 
 when we meet with all possible pains and care : only do come 
 and see me at last. Our friend Cossinius who takes this letter 
 appears to me to be a capital fellow, and a steady one to boot. 
 Add to which he believes in you firmly, and is, in a word, pre- 
 cisely what your letter gave me to understand.' 
 
 9 De tuo aittem negocio~\ The decree relative to Sicyon, 
 on the subject of which cf. Ep. 13. I and the note on the 
 passage. The special object of the decree in question is 
 nowhere mentioned by Cicero. Ernesti considers that it was 
 simply a refusal on the part of the Senate to interfere between 
 an individual and the members of a free state an explana- 
 tion which is certainly in accordance with the words which 
 follow : tu si tuts blanditiis tamen a Sicyoniis numulorum 
 aliquid expresseris, uelim me facias certiorem. On the other 
 hand, Schiitz and Matthiae are of opinion that the object of 
 the decree was to exempt the Sicyonians, in part at any rate, 
 from the burden of taxation. A careful consideration of the 
 passages in which the subject is mentioned, more especially 
 of 4 of the ensuing letter, has induced me to accept the 
 latter as in all probability the correct view. 
 
 Summa pedariorum voluntate\ For summa Ernesti sug- 
 gests sola, but his objections to the received reading are 
 scarcely satisfactory. In the Journal of Philology (New 
 Series, vol. IV. no. 7, p. 113) will be found an admirable 
 article by Mr D. B. Munro on the subject of the pedarii, in 
 which he conclusively refutes the theory that they could vote 
 but not speak in the assembly. The discessio (he says) was 
 no equivalent to the modern division, but (as in Ep. ad Att. 
 I. 20. 4) an incident in the middle of the debate, which was 
 no more a legal vote than the cries of ' Agreed' in the English 
 House of Commons, though the practical effect might be the 
 same in both cases. It was in fact, or might be made, a 
 running division, spread over the whole debate, and sensitive 
 to every turn in the scale of opinion : adopted usually perhaps 
 by the pedant, i.e. senators who were too far down in the list 
 to have an opportunity of speaking, but also by senators who 
 had already spoken. He notices that in Liv. xxxvn. 34 these
 
 122 NOTES. 
 
 two ways of giving a silent vote are mentioned as alternatives : 
 out verbo assent ire aut pe dibits in sententiam ire. 
 
 Nostrnm~\ i.e. senators who had held curule magistracies. 
 These were ranked in the following order : censorii, consu- 
 lares, praetorii, aedilitii, tribunicii, quacstorii, after which 
 came those who had held no magistracy. The princcps 
 senatus was as a rule the eldest person who had held the 
 censorship. 
 
 Auctoritate} In the same way praescriptio, auctoritates 
 praescriptae are the signatures by which the leading senators 
 attested the draught of a decree. Cf. ad di-v. vin. 8. 5. The 
 phrase esse ad scribenduin appears again in Ep. ad div. 
 XII. 29. 2 consulibus illis nunquam fuit ad scribenduin. 
 
 P. Servilio filio\ who on this and similar occasions fol- 
 lowed the lead of Cato. Cf. II. I. 10 quod Sicyonii te laetfunf, 
 Catoni et eius aemulatori attribuis Servilio. The word filius 
 is added to distinguish him from his father P. Servilius 
 Isauricus, who was still living. 
 
 Conventtts] These were not necessarily confined to sena- 
 tors, as Schiitz and Matthiae have imagined, but were 
 irregular meetings held by the interested parties outside the 
 walls of the Senate-house. 
 
 IQ Hoinini Atticd\ Cf. arriKcuVfpa (Ep. 13. 5) and puto 
 te Latinis meis delectari, huic autem Graeco Graecum invi- 
 dere (Ep. 20. 6). 
 
 De suis historiis~\ On the subject of the Marsian cam- 
 paign (Plut. Luc. cap. I.). The word o-oXot/ca is equivalent to 
 barbara, and is referred to the corrupt dialect of the Athenian 
 colonists who settled at Soli in Cilicia. 
 
 TIP Trarep' mi^crei ;] The proverb is given in full by Plutarch 
 in his Lift; of A rains, ch. X. ris Trnrep' aif^crei ft /zj) /ca/coSat- 
 p.ov(s vloi ; and he appends the following comment : TOVS d<f> 
 airrtov ovStvbs dlovs uirras, vTroftvo^vovs 8f 7rpoyova>v TIVO>V 
 dperais KOI 7rXeo/a^oi^raj tv rois (K(iva>v tnaivois \>TT o rijs 
 Trapoifj-ias eTri(rrop.it(r6ai. There is some difficulty, however, in 
 determining its application in the present instance. It may 
 mean : ' If praise of near relations is to be discouraged, much 
 more by consequence the praise of self an explanation 
 which suits the context well, and for which we have a near 
 equivalent in English. Ernesti, on the other hand, would 
 explain it thus : ' To praise your past life is, by comparison, 
 to disparage your present.' 
 
 ii Cossinius} Lucius Cossinius (Ep. 20. 6, II. i. i). He 
 is mentioned again in Ep. ad div. xin. 23. i.
 
 NOTES. 123 
 
 LETTER XX. 
 
 Epitome of Contents] I On the subject of their cor- 
 respondence and the relations between Quintus and Atticus. 
 2 His own position in the State and a justification of his 
 friendship with Pompeius. 3 His present and future 
 policy. 4 The decree relating to Sicyon. 5 His opinion 
 of the consuls. 6 His literary work. 7 The addition 
 made to his library by the kindness of Paetus. A request to 
 . Atticus to hasten the time of his visit. 
 
 i e Pompeiano~\ The neighbourhood of Pompeii was rich 
 in villas. Thus, in addition to the one owned by Cicero, 
 mention is made in the letters of one which had belonged to 
 Marius (ad div. vil. 3), and another in the occupation ot 
 Pansa (ad Att. V. 3. i). 
 
 Iudicium\ Cf. Ep. 17. 5 mihi enim perspecta est in- 
 genuitas et magnitude animi tut. 
 
 A nobis atque nostris~] Schiitz is inclined to regard the 
 words nobis atque as an interpolation, on the ground that in 
 no other passage does Cicero impute blame to himself for the 
 disagreement which had arisen between his brother and 
 Atticus. But throughout the earlier portion of the I7th 
 letter his tone, if not actually self-accusing, is still so strongly 
 apologetic that we can easily see he was not altogether satis- 
 fied with his own part in the matter. 
 
 Moderatissimum fuisse~\ ' That you have shewn such for- 
 bearance.' 
 
 2] 'Of the commonwealth you take a far-sighted and 
 patriotic view, and your ideas are in harmony with my own : 
 for I must not abandon my dignified position, nor yet trust 
 myself unprotected within the enemy's camp : while the friend 
 you mention is destitute alike of honour and dignity, mean 
 and time-serving in everything.' 
 
 Intra alterius praesidid\ Schiitz compares the following 
 passage in a subsequent letter : neque enim eos solos arbitra- 
 baimir capi, q^l^ in armatorum mamis incidissent, sed eos 
 nihilo minus, qui regionibus exclusi intra praesidia atque 
 intra arma aliena venissent. 
 
 Nihil amplum, nihil excelsuni\ This criticism of Pom- 
 peius is almost identical with that contained in an earlier 
 letter (Ep. 13. 4). 
 
 Ad tranquillitatem meorum temp.} ' To ensure my peace 
 of life.' That this was in reality his chief motive for forming 
 the alliance may, in addition to other passages, be inferred 
 
 P. C. IO
 
 124 NOTES. 
 
 from Ep. 9 of the following book : si vero, quae de me pacta 
 sunt, ea non servantur, in coelo sum ut sciat hie noster Hiero- 
 solymarius traductor ad plebem quam bonani meis putissimis 
 orationibus gratiam retulerit, quarum exspecta divinam 
 
 Cum aliqua levitate] ' Now if my conduct in this respect 
 had involved a sacrifice of principle, no object in my idea 
 would have been worth the cost. As it is, I have so managed 
 matters throughout that I have lost no caste by being found 
 in harmony with him, while he has gained much by his 
 recognition of me. For the rest, I have laid my plans for 
 the present and the future so as not to risk the imputation 
 that my past achievements were the result of chance.' 
 
 The allusion in probatis may be illustrated by a passage 
 in Ep. 14. 2 mihigue, ut adsedit, [Pompeius] dixit se putare 
 satis ab se etiam de istis (al. istius) rebus esse responsum. 
 
 3 Meos bonos vires] i.e. the optimates, as in Ep. 13. 3 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 It has been less correctly explained of the wealthy land- 
 owners who are mentioned in Ep. 19. 4 as is noster exercitus, 
 hominum, ut tute sets, locupletium, but the words hanc iram 
 optimatuin which follow are conclusive in favour of the former 
 view. 
 
 27rd/>rai>] ?Aax?, ravrav Ko'oyzei (IV. 6. 2), proverbial of one 
 who has entered on a great inheritance which it becomes him 
 to administer with credit. 
 
 Post Catuli mortein\ His character is thus described in 
 the or. pro Sestio (cap. 47) : quern neque periculi tempestas 
 neque honoris aura potuit unquam de suo cursu vttae out 
 spe out metu dimovere. 
 
 Rhinton\ A poet of Tarentum, who cultivated a species of 
 burlesque tragedy. 
 
 Piscinarii nostri ] Cf. I. 18. 8. ' The jealousy with which 
 I am regarded by our friends the fish-ponders I will either 
 describe to you in a future letter or reserve till our next 
 meeting. From my place in the Senate nothing shall ever 
 tear me, either because it is my duty, or my interest, or be- 
 cause I am by no means indifferent to the esteem of that 
 assembly. In your dealings with Sicyon, as I have already 
 hinted, you have not much to look for from the Senate. For 
 there is no one at present to make a formal complaint. So, 
 if you wait for that, you will have to wait. Fight your battle 
 by some other means, if any are forthcoming. At the time 
 when the decree was passed, too little heed was given to the
 
 NOTES. 125 
 
 interests involved, and a rush was made by the body of the 
 house in favour of the motion. The time has not yet come 
 for cancelling the decree, for, as I say, there are none to 
 make a formal complaint, while it satisfies the malice of 
 some, the sense of justice in others. Your friend Metellus 
 makes a glorious consul. I have only one fault to find with 
 him, that he is not sufficiently delighted at the news of peace 
 in Gaul. He had, I suppose, set his heart on a triumph. 
 Given moderation on this one point, all else in him is perfect. 
 Afranius, on the contrary, plays so poor a part, that his 
 consulship is no consulship at all but a stain on the repu- 
 tation of our Great Pompeius.' 
 
 4 Iani\ 'Any longer' is the translation accepted by 
 Schiitz, who refers it to the discontinuance of the indignation 
 meetings mentioned in 9 of the previous letter. But surely 
 the succeeding comments, quare, si id exspectas, longum 
 cst, and, more especially, inducendi senatus consulti matu- 
 ritas nondum est, are decisive in favour of the rendering 
 ' at present : as yet.' 
 
 Pedarit\ Cf. 9 of the last letter, and for inducendi cf. I. 
 17. 9 ut induceretur locatio postulaverunt. 
 
 5 Magni nostri imdmiov] Cf. I. 16. 12. This same 
 Afranius is mentioned by Dio Cassius (xxxvil. 49) as a good 
 dancer but a bad statesman. He was defeated by Caesar in 
 the civil war in Spain U. C. 705. For the word vnuirutv, a 
 ' bruise on the face,' compare the well-known use of the verb 
 vTrcoTTiafeii/ in the New Testament (Ep. ad Corinth. I. 9. 27). 
 
 6 Eum librum\ ' The copy in question.' For retardantur 
 cf. II. 1.2 quamquam ad me rescripsit iam Rhodo Posidonius, 
 se, nostrum illud \mo^.vr\\ia. quum legeret, quod ego ad eum ut 
 ornatius de iisdem rebus scriberet miseram, non modo non 
 exdtatutn esse ad scribendum, sed etiam plane perterritum. 
 Quid quaeris ? conturbavi Graecam nationem. 
 
 7 L. Papirius Paetus] An Epicurean, to whom many of 
 the letters are addressed, e.g. ad div. IX. 16. His brother, 
 Servius Claudius, had died in Greece, probably in Epirus, 
 where he had left the books in question. 
 
 Per legent Cinciani] Legem Cinciam flagifant* qua ca-ve- 
 tur antiquitus ne quis ob causam orandam pecuniam do- 
 numve accipiat (Tac. Ann. XI. 5). It was proposed by the 
 tribune M. Cincius Alimentus, and passed in the consulship 
 of Cornelius Cethegus and Sempronius Tuditanus, A. U. C. 
 550. 'As your friend Cincius tells me I may accept them 
 
 IO 2
 
 126 NOTES. 
 
 notwithstanding the law which rejoices in his name, I said 
 I would gladly do so if he would arrange for their con- 
 veyance. Now, as you love me and as you know I love 
 you, set your friends, your clients, your guests, and even 
 your freedmen and slaves to work to see that no scrap of 
 them be lost.'
 
 INDEX OF WORDS 
 
 TRANSLATED OR EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES. 
 
 ab = ex parte, 48 
 abhorrere a, 123 
 abiurare, 64 
 absque argumento, 1 16 
 abundare, 59 
 accipere, 113 
 
 pecuniam ob, 108 
 acclamatio, 91 
 aculeus, in 
 Acutilius, 58, 60, 63 
 adeo, 108 
 adesse contra, 51 
 adfectus, 61 
 adfinis, 60 
 
 adflicta res publica, its 
 adiudicare, 119 
 adiungere, 84 
 adlegatio, 69 
 admurmuro, 76 
 adpellare, 64, 68 
 adrogatio, 113 
 adsentiens, 124 
 adsiduus, 68 
 adventitia pecunia, 118 
 advocatus, 91 
 Aedui, 117 
 
 Aelia et Fufia, 101, 102 
 aerarii...aerati, 91 
 Agamemnon, 112 
 ager publicus, 118 
 agere ad populum, 70, 72 
 
 cum aliquo, 51, 77 
 
 agilitas, 105 
 Agraria lex, 115, 118 
 agrarii, 118 
 agripetae, 119 
 alienari, 107, 112 
 
 aliquando, 114 
 
 aliquid sermonis, 73 
 
 aliter accidere, 55 
 
 altercatio, 95 
 
 alterius praesidia, 123 
 
 Amalthea, 75 
 
 amans patriam, 117 
 
 ambitio, 53 
 
 ambitiosa, in 
 
 ambulatio, in 
 
 amplecti, 79 
 
 amplissimi homines, 53 
 
 ancoris sublatis, 74 
 
 annus egregius, 112 
 
 antiquare, 79 
 
 Antonius, C, 46, 70, 71, 76, 104 
 
 aperte tecte, 84 
 
 apud, 63, 75, 100, 120 
 
 Aquilius, 47 
 
 arbitrium, 68 
 
 arcae confidere, 65 
 Archias, 104 
 Areopagitae, 92 
 Argiletum, 87 
 Aristarchus, 83 
 Arpinas homo, 97 
 Arpinatia praedia, 62, 105 
 Arretini, 118 
 Arrius, 109 
 articulorum dolor, 62 
 Asia, 88, 103 
 Asiani, 108 
 asperum, 120 
 atriolum, 67 
 Atticus homo, 122 
 auctor legis, 118 
 auctoritas, 89, 93, 107, 123 
 
 103
 
 128 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Auli films, 47, 99, 113, 125 
 aures nactus, 1 1 1 
 auspicio bono, 102 
 Autronius, L. 80 
 Axius, 70, 72 
 
 Baiae, 96 
 barbatuli, 85 
 beati, 81, 119 
 bellus, 53 
 beneficium, 76 
 bona venire, 51 
 bonae partes, 77 
 boni viri, 79, 124 
 bonitas, 105 
 
 Caecilius, 51, 70, 72 
 
 Caesar, L. I. 48 
 
 Caesonius, 47 
 
 Caieta, 57, 59 
 
 Calenus, Q. Fufius, 82, 89 
 
 Calvus, 92 
 
 candidatorium munus, 50 
 
 cantilena, 120 
 
 Catilina, L. Sergius, 47, 54, 96 
 
 Cato, 85, 107, 115 
 
 Catulus, Q. Lut 77, 93, 124 
 
 cavillator, 77 
 
 causa, in 
 
 non verecunda, 108 
 
 causam sustinere, 53 
 censeri absens, 114, 115 
 centesimae, 70, 72 
 Ceramicus, 66 
 certus, 48 
 Chilius, 65, 72, 104 
 Cicero, fil. 1 1 1 
 
 , Luc. Tull. 60 
 
 Cincia lex, 125 
 
 Cincius, L. 46, 63 
 
 Circus Flaminius, 82 
 
 clamores, 84 
 
 claudus, 1 02 
 
 Clodius, P. 55, 73, 113, 123 
 
 cognoscere, 52 
 
 comis, 79 
 
 comissatores, 99 
 
 comitia mea, 67 
 
 commentarium, 120 
 
 committere ut, 62 
 
 communicatio, 1 06 
 
 comperisse omnia, 86 
 
 competitor, 50 
 
 concidere, 86 
 
 concordiam disiungere, 1 1 2 
 
 concursare, 85 
 
 concursus, 89 
 
 conducere de, 107 
 
 conglutinata concordia, 107, 109 
 
 coniectura provider!, 45 
 
 coniungi, 109 
 
 consentaneum, 124 
 
 conservare, 59 
 
 considere, 90 
 
 Considius, 70, 72 
 
 consilium, 82 
 
 consistere, 95 
 
 constantiam praestare, 120 
 
 consulere tempori, 53 
 
 contendere, 61 
 
 contra gratiam, 113 
 
 controversia, 63 
 
 conturbatus, 74 
 
 convenire ad, 92 
 
 conventus, 122 
 
 convicium, 85 
 
 copiosus, 107 
 
 Cornelius, 70 
 
 Cornificius, Q. 46, 78 
 
 Cornutus, C. 87 
 
 Cossinius, L. 122 
 
 Crassus, M. Lie. 59, 92 
 
 crebrior, 116 
 
 curator, 49 
 
 Curio, C. 86, 97 
 
 , C. Scrib. 85, 97, 103 
 
 Curius, 49 
 custos, 73 
 
 de in comp. 65 
 debere se alicui, 46 
 decidere, 63 
 defensor, 77 
 degustare, 95 
 deliciae, 107 
 demitigari, 79 
 dependere, 65 
 designati, 70 
 despondere, 57, 67, 95 
 devorare spe, 98 
 dicacitas, 77 
 dicis causa, 113, 114 
 diem dare, 68 
 dignitas, 76
 
 INDEX. 
 
 129 
 
 discedere a, 106 
 
 discessit, 62 
 
 discessus, 93 
 
 disputare amanter, 123 
 
 dissensio ac discidium, 107 
 
 dissolutum, 120 
 
 dissuasor, 85 
 
 distineor, 81 
 
 divinitus, 95 
 
 divisores, 100, 113 
 
 dodrans, 87 
 
 dolo malo, 51 
 
 dolorem inurere, 94 
 
 Domitius, L. 52, 100 
 
 domum reduci, 92 
 
 domus, 98 
 
 Doterio, 100 
 
 dubiae res, 1 19 
 
 dum, with past tense, 90 
 
 ecquid tantum causae, 105 
 
 egestas, 89 
 
 elabi e manibus, 94 
 
 elaborare, 61 
 
 elegantiae, 64 
 
 en tellus ! 1 10 
 
 Epicurean School, 56 
 
 epigrammata, 103 
 
 Epirotica, 62 
 
 esse ad scribendum, 112 
 
 exaedificata, 62 
 
 exagitatus, 112 
 
 excogitare, 89 
 
 excurrere, 50 
 
 exedrae, 64 
 
 exerceri, 70 
 
 exercitus noster, 118 
 
 exhaurire, in, 119 
 
 existimatio, 48 
 
 summa, 53 
 
 populi, 59 
 
 expiari, 107 
 explicate, 108 
 exponere, 57 
 exprimere aliquid, 120 
 exsilium, 96 
 
 fabula Caeciliana, 104 
 Clodiana, 1 1 1 
 
 mimus, 103 
 
 facies... facetiae, 77 
 facultates, 81, 106 
 
 falsum, 96 
 Favonius, 86 
 fautores, 95 
 fieri pro populo, 78 
 Figulus, C. M. 54 
 riliolus, 54 
 nrmamenta, 112 
 firmus, 48 
 
 fistula pastoricia, 99 
 Fonteius, 113 
 forensis, 60 
 Flavius, 118 
 flocci facteon, 103 
 fortuito gerere, 124 
 Crater = patruelis, 60 
 fraudari, 51 
 frequentari, 118 
 frigere, 81 
 frontem ferire, 46 
 fructus, 60, in 
 Frugi, C. Piso, 57 
 fucosae amicitiae, 1 1 1 
 fucus, 45 
 
 Galba, P. S. 45 
 Gallia, 50, 125 
 Gallicum bellum, 73 
 germanus, 117 
 gratiam inire, 83 
 gratus, 64, 8l 
 grex Catilinae, 85 
 gymnasium, 54 
 
 hendiadys : instances, 60, 74 
 Herennius, 101, 113 
 Hermathena, 53 
 Henneraclae, 66 
 Hilarus, 72 
 hirudo contionalis, 99 
 historiae, 122 
 hoc, 72 
 
 honorum studium, 106 
 Hortensius, 85, 89 
 humanitas, 60, 75 
 humaniter ferre, 54 
 
 iam, 74, 125 
 
 nunc, 64 
 
 vero, 93 
 
 Idaeus pastor, in 
 idem, 69, 85 
 idoneus, 104
 
 I 3 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 immittere, 96 
 immutari, 68, 120 
 impetrare nihil, 107 
 implicari amicitiis, 120 
 imprudens, 120 
 in buccam venire, 74 
 in officio manere, 56 
 inanis, 81 
 includere, 80 
 incommoditas, 106 
 incumbere ad, 118 
 induci, 108, 125 
 infirmus, 90 
 informare, 50 
 ingemere, 46 
 iniquitates, 70 
 inquiri apud, 100 
 insidere, 105, in 
 insigne, 59 
 instaurare, 78 
 insusurrare, 120 
 intercedere, 90, 93 
 intercessio, 58 
 intermortui, 85 
 interpres, 73 
 is = talis, 59, 109 
 istim, 84 
 ita...ut, 46, 1 20 
 iucundus, 64, 81 
 indicium constupratum,. 111 
 iudicum inopia, 89 
 iurare morbum, 47 
 luventatis sacra, 112 
 iuventus delicata, 119 
 
 lacessitus, 75 
 laedere, 86 
 lanista, 90 
 Latinae, 56 
 laudatio, 119 
 lector, 74 
 legati 50, 117 
 legationes, 86, 115 
 lentius, nihil, 70, 113 
 Lentulus, 65 
 
 , Cn. Corn. 117 
 
 levitas, 124 
 liber, 80 
 
 liberare agrum, 118 
 libertinus, 73 
 locatio, 107 
 loci esse, 63 
 
 Lucceius, L. 57, 64, 68 
 Lucullus, L. L. 51, 86, 104, 112 
 
 , M. 104, 112 
 
 ludus talarius, 90 
 
 gladiatorius, 93 
 
 Lurco, M. Auf. 101 
 Lyceum, 64 
 Lycurgei, 79 
 
 Macer, C. Lie. 58 
 maculosus, 90 
 magister, 52 
 Magnus noster, 99, 125 
 mancipio, 51 
 mandare, 67 
 Manlius, T. 104 
 manus ilia, 51 
 Marianae, 97 
 maturitas, 52 
 matutinum tempus, 1 1 1 
 maxima, 82 
 mederi, 120 
 
 medicinam refugere, 1 1 1 
 Megarica signa, 65 
 mellitus, in 
 mendose fuisse, 80 
 mentionem facere, 96, 98 
 meridie non lucere, 47 
 Messala, M. Val. 87 
 Metellus, Q. 80, 92, 125 
 minus commode fieri, 103 
 mire quam, 70 
 missus est sanguis, 98 
 moderatissimus, 123 
 modeste, 109 
 mollis, 105 
 morosus, 77 
 Mucia, 73 
 munusculum, 64 
 
 Nanneiani, 93 
 nefas, 78 
 negare, 46 
 negociator, 116 
 negocium, 72, 8 1 
 nequam, 72, 119 
 nescire quid emerit, 1 1 9 
 nihil absoluti, 104 
 
 agere cum, 77 
 
 esse, 119 
 
 nobiles, 50 
 
 Nonae Decemb. 119
 
 INDEX. 
 
 nostri equites, 107 
 nota et testificata, 106 
 nudus, 90 
 numarii iudices, 95 
 numos dividere, 113 
 numum movere, 70 
 nuncium remittere, 78 
 
 obducere, 49 
 
 obfirmatus, 69 
 
 obire comitia, 58 
 
 obiurgare senatum, 107 
 
 observare, 52 
 
 obtinere religionem, 107 
 
 offendere, 68 
 
 omittere provinciam, 107 
 
 operae, 79 
 
 operam dare, 78 
 
 operto, in, 97 
 
 oratio perpetua, 95 
 
 ornare, 107 
 
 ornatissime, 83 
 
 os praebere, 115 
 
 pacificator Allobrogum, 76 
 Paetus, L. Pap. 125 
 Palicanus, M. Loll. 48, 115 
 Panhormi, 120 
 Paris, 112 
 patronus, 92, 97 
 pecuniam cogere, 73 
 pedarii, 121, 125 
 Peducaeus, 58, 6 1 
 pellectio, 75 
 Pentelicus, 64 
 percrebrescit, 46 
 perdere omnia, 93 
 perhibere, 53 
 perhonorificus, 77 
 permittere, with dat. 67 
 permolestus, 1 1 1 
 perstringere, 84 
 perversus, 86 
 petitio, 45 
 petiturire, 88 
 Philadelphus, 70 
 Philippus, loo 
 piscinae, 113 
 piscinarii, 115, no, 124 
 Piso, C. C. 50, 76, 86, 95 
 
 , M. 77, 87, 89 
 
 Plancius, Cn. 73 
 
 Plautus, 94 
 
 Plotialex, 115 
 
 plumbeo gladio, 90 
 
 Pompeia, 78 
 
 Pompeianum, 123 
 
 Pompeius, 70, 73, 79 
 
 Pomponia, 60 
 
 pontes, 85 
 
 Pontius, L. 52 
 
 populare, 118,120, 123 
 
 portorium circumsectionis, 76 
 
 possessiones, 118 
 
 postulatio, 91 
 
 potestas, 69 
 
 praepropera, 46 
 
 praestare manum, 5 1 
 
 prensare, 45 
 
 primas deferre, 106 
 
 princeps, 107 
 
 pro populo fieri, 74 
 
 testimonio, 89 
 
 vectura solvere, 56 
 
 procurator, 58, 63 
 producere, 82 
 proeliari, 88 
 profici, with dat. 46 
 prolixa, 50 
 promulgare, 113, 114 
 pronunciare, 102 
 provincia, 117 
 proxime, with ace. 83 
 Pseudo-Cato, 87 
 publicani, 113 
 publicare, 118 
 pulchellus puer, 96 
 purgare se, 121 
 putealia, 67 
 putidum, 8 1 
 
 quaestus, 73 
 quicum...quocum, no 
 quin, 107 
 
 imo, 77 
 
 Quintus frater, 58 
 
 quisquiliae, 94 
 
 quod infectum est, 78 
 
 Rabirius, C. 62 
 raptim currere, 125 
 ratio, 106, 107 
 ratiocinator, 73 
 rationibus conducere, 48
 
 I 3 2 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 recidere in annum, 48 
 recolligi, 61 
 referre acceptum, 83 
 refrigescere, 50 
 regnum iudiciale, 47 
 reiecti, 58, 114 
 reiectio iudicum, 90 
 reiicere rationem, 118 
 relevare, 75 
 religio, 79, 107 
 relinquere, 104 
 requiescere, in 
 reservare, 67 
 respicere, 94 
 respondere, 92 
 restituere, 66 
 retardari, 125 
 
 retinere in possessione, 1 1 8 
 revisere, 114 
 Rex, Q. Marc. 98 
 rhetorum, 75 
 Rhinton, 124 
 rogationem ferre, 79, 85 
 promulgare, 82 
 
 sal, 75, 
 salus, 86 
 Sallustius, 57, 68 
 satis dare, 63 
 
 facere, 52, 118 
 
 Satrius, 51, 52 
 Saufeius, L. 56 
 Scipio, P. 52 
 scito, 109 
 scrupulus, in 
 secundus, 107 
 secus dicitur, 121 
 Selicius, 70 
 sentina urbis, 119 
 Sequani, 117 
 senno, 60 
 
 Servilius, P. fil. 122 
 servuia, 74 
 Siculus ille, 120 
 Sicyon, 76, 121, 124 
 sigillata, 67 
 significatio parva, 108 
 Silanus, D. I. 48 
 simul = simul ac, roi 
 solitude, in, 118 
 sonitus, 84 
 sors mea, 117 
 
 sortiri, 117 
 splendor forensis, 1 1 1 
 Spongia, 94 
 sponsor, 64, 68 
 status dignitatis, 123 
 sub lustrum, 116 
 subesse, 66 
 subodiosum, 61 
 subtilius, 80 
 subvenitur rei, 107 
 succedi, 70 
 
 summa res publica, 95 
 summissum, 123 
 Sura, P. Lentulus, 95 
 suspiritus, 112 
 
 tabellae, 86 
 
 tabellarius, 70, in 
 
 tabulae, 92 
 
 Tadius, 62 
 
 tarn en, 90 
 
 tanti putare, 69 
 
 tectorium, 67 
 
 temeritas, 107 
 
 teneo, 61 
 
 tense, epistolary, 46, 104, 118 
 
 Terentia, 70, 71 
 
 terrae films, 79 
 
 testimonium, 119 
 
 Thalna, 94 
 
 Thermus, Min. 48, 54 
 
 togula picta, 115 
 
 traducere, 113 
 
 tranquillitas temporum, 123 
 
 Tres Tabernae, 74 
 
 triumphare, 91, 125 
 
 trudere, 99 
 
 Tulliola, 57 
 
 tutela legitima, 62 
 
 typus, 67 
 
 unus, 45, 53 
 urbanae res, 118 
 urbanus = civilian, 50 
 usus=usu capio, 62 
 uti ad invidiam, 89 
 
 senatu, 107 
 
 uti rogas, 85 
 
 vacationes, 117 
 
 vafer, 120 
 
 valcle vindicare, 104
 
 INDEX. 133 
 
 Valerius, P. 73 vilitas, 85 
 
 varietas voluntatis, 105 vindemiolae, 67 
 
 vectigalia nova, 1 1 8 vituperor, 121 
 
 venditare, 88 Volaterrani, 118 
 
 venustas, 95 voluntas ac iudicium, 107 
 
 verecundia, 106 institutae vitae, 106 
 
 verumtamen = 5 > ovv, 66 perspecta, 107 
 
 vexare, 113 secunda, 118 
 
 via Flaminia, 49 voluntates, 50 
 via munitur, 108 
 
 vici et prata, 59 Xenocrates, 93 
 
 victircis caesis, 75 xysti, 64
 
 INDEX OF GREEK WORDS AND PHRASES 
 IN THE NOTES. 
 
 dyairdfav, 79 
 dyuv, 95 
 
 V, 48 
 
 iov, 104 
 t, 70 
 vayvuer-qs, 74 
 53 
 
 s, 107. 
 j, 87 
 , 85 
 
 ., 8O, 122 
 
 ci0eX^<rraros, HO 
 
 , 82 
 ii5r]s, 65 
 
 d, 121 
 
 45 
 
 77 
 
 (vfTTfpwfpevffdfirjv, 84 
 (vOvfi-fl/MTa, 84 
 tVei oi>x Jepijibv, ic.T.X. 53 
 tiriffrj/Mifftai, 99 
 f-m<t>uv(iiJ.a.Ta., 117 
 I'crirere fOi' /not, K. r.X. Q2 
 Eu/ioXiri5wv irdrpia, 66 
 
 a/jiira.!, 84 
 
 \riKv6oi, 83 
 
 KOI 
 
 eM, 66 
 
 s, 82 
 
 iraltiv fj^TUtra, 46 
 
 irav/iyvpts, 82 
 
 iravroir)* dperrjs, K.T.\. 88 
 
 trapp-riala., 95 
 
 TroXtTt/cci, rd, 79 
 
 TToXtrt/cdj ctvi;/) ou5' oca/?, 113 
 
 irp65po/ju>t, 70 
 
 (nereis, 70 
 'Lirdpra.v ^Xaxfs, 124 
 
 Taiiro/j.aTov TJ/J.WV, 72 
 Tei;(c/)ty, 70, 72 
 rt's TTCLT^P' alv-fjaei, K.T.\. I 
 TO firi -r% <pa.K-fj fivpov, 117 
 ToiroGeffla, 104 
 
 s, 84 
 viriLiriov, 125 
 vffTfpov Trporepov, 89 
 
 , 88 
 , 80 
 103 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY c. j. CLAV & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
 
 July 1889. 
 
 A. CLASSIFIED LIST 
 
 OF 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BT 
 
 GEORGE BELL & SONS. 
 
 Cambridge Calendar. Published Annually (August). Qs. 6d. 
 
 Student's Guide to the University of Cambridge. 6s, 6d. 
 
 Oxford : Its Life and Schools. 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Schoolmaster's Calendar. Published Annually (December). Is. 
 
 BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA. 
 
 A Series of Greek and Latin Authors, with English Notes, edited by 
 
 eminent Scholars. 8vo. 
 
 %* The Works with an asterisk (*) prefixed can only b had in the Sets of 26 Volt. 
 .ffischylus. By P. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 8s. 
 Cicero's Orations. By G. Long, M.A. 4 vols. 32s. 
 Demosthenes. By R. Whiston, M.A. 2 vols. 10s. 
 Euripides. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 3 vols. 24*. 
 Homer. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. The Iliad, 2 vols. 14s. 
 Herodotus. By Kev. J. W. Blakesley, B.D. 2 vols. 12i. 
 Hesiod. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 5s. 
 Horace. By Kev. A. J. Macleans, M.A. 8. 
 Juvenal and Persius. By Rev. A. J. Macleane, M.A. 6*. 
 Plato. By W. H. Thompson, D.D. 2 vols. 5. each. 
 Sophocles. Vol. I. By Rev. F. H. Blaydes, M.A. 8*. 
 
 Vol. H. F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 6s. 
 
 * Tacitus: The Annals. By the Rev. P. Frost. 8*. 
 Terence. By E. St. J. Parry, M.A. 8. 
 
 Virgil. By J. Conington, M.A. Revise! by Professor H.Nettie ship. 
 3 vols. 10s. 6(J. each. 
 
 An Atlas of Classical Geography ; 24 Maps with colomed Out- 
 lines. Imp. 8vo. 6s.
 
 GRAMMAR-SCHOOL CLASSICS. 
 
 A Series of Greek and Latin Authors, with English Notes. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. 
 Caesar : De Bello Gallioo. By George Long, M.A. -is. 
 
 Books L-m. For Junior Classes. By G. Long, M.A. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Books IV. and V. 1*. 6d. Books VI. and VII. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius. Selected Poems. "With Life. 
 By Rev. A. H. Wratislaw. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Cicero: De Senectute, De Amicitia, and Select Epistles. By 
 George Long, M.A. 3s. 
 
 Cornelius Nepos. By Rev. J. F. Macmichael. 2*. 
 
 Homer: Iliad. Books I.-XTL By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 4s. 6d. Also in 2 parts, '2s. Gel. each. 
 
 Horace. With Life. By A. J. Macleane, M.A. 3s. 6d. In 
 
 2 parts, 2s. each. 
 
 Juvenal : Sixteen Satires. By H. Prior, M.A. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Martial : Select Epigrams. With Life. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 4s. 6d. 
 
 Ovid: the Fasti. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 3*. 6d. Books L 
 and II. Is. 6d. Books III. and IV. Is. 6d. 
 
 Salluat: Catilina and Jugurtha. With Life. By G. Long, M.A. 
 and J. G. Frazer. 3s. 6d., or separately, 2s. each. 
 
 Tacitus : Germania and Agricola. By Bev. P. Frost. 2. 6d. 
 
 Virgil: Bucolics, Georgics, and 2Eneid, Books I.-IV. Abridged 
 from Professor Conington's Edition. 4s. 6d. ^Encid, Books V.-XII. 4s. 6d. 
 Also in 9 separate Volumes, as follows, Is. 6d. each : Bucolics Georgiep, 
 I. and II. Geonries, III. and IV. .SIneid, I. and II ^neid, III. and 
 IV. .Eneid, V. and VI. Eueid, VII. and VIII. ^neid, IX. and X. 
 .Eneid, XI. and XII. 
 
 Xenophon: The Anabasis. With Life. By Eev. J.F. Macmichael. 
 3s. 6d. Also in 4 separate volumes, 1*. 6J. each : Book I. (with Life, 
 Introduction, Itinerary, and Three Maps) Books II. and III. IV. and V. 
 VI. and VII. 
 
 The Cyropjedia. By G. M. Gorham, M.A. 3*. 6d. Books 
 
 I. and II. Is. 6<Z. Books V. and VI. Is. 6d. 
 Memorabilia. By Percival Frost, M.A. 3*. 
 
 A Gramniar-School Atlas of Classical Geography, containing 
 Ten selected Maps. Imperial 8vo. 3s. 
 
 Uniform with the Serie*. 
 
 The New Testament, in Greek. With English Notes, &o. By 
 Rev. J. F. Macmichael. 4s. Cd. In parts, sewed, 6<i. each.
 
 Educational Works. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE GREEK AND LATIN TEXTS. 
 
 By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 2*. 
 Csesar : De Bello Gallico. By G. Long, M.A. 1$. 6d. 
 Cicero : De Seneotute et De Amicitia, et Epistolae Selects. 
 
 By G. Long, M.A. Is. 6d. 
 
 Giceronis Orationes. In Verrem. By G. Long, M.A. 2*. 6d. 
 
 Euripides. By F. A. Paloy, M.A., LL.D. 3 vols. 2*. each. 
 
 Herodotus. By J. G. Blakesley, B.D. 2 vole. 6. 
 
 Homeri Hias. I.-XU. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Horatius. By A. J. Macleane, M.A. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Juvenal et Persius. By A. J. Macleane, M.A. 1. Gd. 
 
 Lucretius. By H. A. J. Munro, M.A. 2*. 
 
 Sallusti Crispi Catilina et Jugurtha. By G. Long, M.A. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Sophocles. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Terenti ComoBdiaB. By W. Wagner, PhJX 2s. 
 
 Thucydides. By J. G. Donaldson, D.D. 2 vols. 4. 
 
 Virgilius. By J. Conington, M.A. 2*. 
 
 Xenophontis Expeditio Cyri. By J. F. Macmichael, B.A. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Novum Testamentum Grsece. By F. H. Scrivener, M.A., D.C.L. 
 4*. 6d. An edition -with wide margin for notes, half bound, 12s. EDITIO 
 MAJOR, with additional Readings and References. 7s. 6eL See page 14. 
 
 Catullus. A Revised Text, with Introduction by Dr. J. P. 
 Postgate. 16mo. . [In the press. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE TEXTS WITH NOTES. 
 
 A Selection of the most usually read of the Greek and Latin .Authors, Annotated for 
 Schools. Edited by well-known Classical Scholars. Fcap. 8vo. Is. 6d. each, 
 with exceptions. 
 
 ' Dr. Paley's vast learning and keen appreciation of the difficulties of 
 beginners make his school editions as valuable as they are popular. In 
 many respects he sets a brilliant example to younger scholars.' Athenaeum. 
 
 ' We hold in high value these handy Cambridge texts with Notes.' 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 .ffisehylus. Prometheus Vinctus. Septem contra Thebas. Aga- 
 memnon. Perste. Eumenides. Choephoroe. By F. A. Paley, M. A., LL.D. 
 
 Euripiaes. Alcestis. Medea. Hippolytus. Hecuba. Bacchse. 
 Ion. 2s. Orestes. Phoenissse. Troades. Hercules Furens. Andro- 
 mache. Iphigenia in Tauris. Supplices. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 Homer. Iliad. Book I. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 1. 
 
 Sophocles. (Edipns Tyrannus. CEdipus Coloneus. Antigone. 
 Electra Ajax. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 Xenophon. Anabasis. In 6 vols. By J. E. Melhuish, M.A., 
 Assistant Classical Master at St. Paul'c School. 
 
 - Hellenics, Book II. By L. D. Dowdall, M.A., B.D. 2. 
 
 - Hellenics. Book I. By L. D. Dowdall, M.A., B.D. 
 
 [In th press. 
 
 Cicero. De Senectute, De Amicitia, and Episiolae Select*. By 
 
 G. Long, M.A. 
 Ovid. Fasti. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. In 3 vols., 2 books 
 
 in each. 2s. each vol.
 
 George Bell and Sons' 
 
 Ovid. Selections. Amores, Tristia, Heroides, Metamorphoses- 
 
 By A. J. Macleane, M.A. 
 Terence. Andria. Hauton Timorumenos. Phormio. Adelphoe. 
 
 By Professor Wagner, Ph.D. 
 
 Virgil. Professor Conington's edition, abridged in 12 vols. 
 Others in preparation. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOL SERIES. 
 
 A Series of Classical Texts, annotated by well-knovm Scholars. Cr. 8vo. 
 Aristophanes. The Peace. By F. A. Paley, M.A..LL.D. 4s. &d. 
 
 The Acharnians. By F. A. Paley, M.A,, LL.D. 4s. Qd. 
 
 The Frogs. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Cicero. The Letters to Atticus. Bk. I. By A. Pretor, M.A. 4s. 6d. 
 Demosthenes de Falsa Legatione. By E. Shilleto, M.A. 6s. 
 
 The Law of Leptines. By B. W. Beatson, M.A. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Livy. Book XXI. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Maps, 
 by the Rev. L. D. Bowdall, M.A., B.D. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Book XXII. Edited, &c., by Eev. L. D. Dowdall, M.A., 
 
 B.D. 3i. 6d. 
 
 Plato. The Apology of Socrates and Crito. By W. Wagner, Ph.D. 
 10th Edition. 3s. 6d. Cheap Edition, limp cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Phffido. 9th Edition. By W. Wagner, Ph.D. 6s. 6d. 
 
 The Protagoras. 4th Edition. By W. Wayte, M.A. 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Euthyphro. 3rd Edition. By G. H. Wells, M.A. 3s. 
 
 The Euthydenms. By G. H. Wells, M.A. 4s. 
 
 The Bepublic. Books I. & H. By G. H. Wells, M.A. 3rd 
 
 Edition. 5s. 6d. 
 
 Plautus. The Aulularia. By W. Wagner, Ph.D. 3rd Edition. 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Trinummus. By W.Wagner, Ph.D. 3rd Edition. 4.6d. 
 
 The Menaechmei. By W. Wagner, Ph.D. 2nd Edit. 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Mostellaria. By Prof. E. A. Sonnenschein. 5s. 
 
 The Budens. Edited by Prof. E. A. Sonnenschein. 
 
 S, the press. 
 
 Sophocles. The Trachiniae. By A. Pretor, M.A. 
 Sophocles. The Oedipus Tyrannus. By B. H. Kennedy, D.D. 5s. 
 Terence. By W. Wagner, Ph.D. 2nd Edition. 7. 6d. 
 Theocritus. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 2nd Edition. 4s. 6d. 
 Thucydides. Book VI. By T. W. Dougan, M.A., Fellow of St. 
 John's College, Cambridge. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Othr in preparation. 
 
 CRITICAL AND ANNOTATED EDITIONS. 
 
 Aristophanis Comoadise. By H. A. Holden, LL.D. 8vo. 2 vols. 
 
 Notes, Illnstratious, and Maps. 23s. 6d. Plays sold separately. 
 Caesar's Seventh Campaign in Gaul, B.C. 52. By Eev. W. C. 
 
 Compton, M. A., Assistant Master, Uppingham School. Crown 8ro. 4.
 
 Educational Works. 
 
 Calpurnius Siculua. By C. H. Keene, M.A. Crown 8vo. 6. 
 Corpus Poetarum Latinorum. Edited by Walker. 1 vol. 8vo. 18s. 
 Horace. Quinti Horatii Flacci Opera. By H. A. J. Munro, M.A. 
 
 Large 8vo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Livy. The first five Books. By J. Prendeville. 12mo. roan, 5. 
 
 Or Books I.-III. 3s. 6d. IV. and V. 3s. 6d. Or the five Books in separate 
 
 vols. Is. 6d. each. 
 Lucan. The Pharsalia. By C. E. Haskins, M.A., and W. E. 
 
 Heitland, M.A. Demy 8vo. 14s. 
 Lucretius. With Commentary by H. A. J. Munro. 4th Edition. 
 
 Vols. I. and II. Introduction, Text, and Notes. 18s. Vol. III. Trans. 
 
 lation. 6s. 
 Ovid. P. OvidiiNasonisHeroidesXIV. By A. Palmer, M.A. 8vo.6. 
 
 P. Ovidii Nasonis Ars Amatoria et Amores. By the Eev. 
 
 H. Williams, M.A. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Metamorphoses. Book XIII. By Chas. Haines Keene, M.A. 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 Epistolarnm ex Ponto Liber Primus. ByC.H.Keene.M. A. 3*. 
 
 Propertius. Sex Aurelii Propertii Carmina. By F. A, Paley, M.A., 
 
 LL.D. 8vo. Cloth, 5s. 
 
 Sex Propertii Elegiarum. Libri IV. Eecensuit A. Palmer, 
 
 Collegii Sacrosanctaa et Indiyidnse Trinitatis juxta Dnblinom Socius. 
 Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Sophocles. The Oedipus Tyrannus. By B. H. Kennedy, D.D. 
 
 Crown 8vo. 8s. 
 Thuoydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. By Richard 
 
 Shilleto, M.A. Book I. 8vo. 6s. 6d. Book II. 8vo. 5s. 6d. 
 
 LOWER FORM SERIES. 
 
 With Notes and Vocabularies. 
 Eclogae Latinae ; or, First Latin Beading-Book, with English Notes 
 
 and a Dictionary. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A. New Edition. Fcap. 
 
 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 Latin Vocabularies for Repetition. By A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. 
 
 2nd Edition, revised. Feap. 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 Easy Latin Passages for Unseen Translation. By A. M. M. 
 
 Stedman, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 Virgil's .aiJneid. Book I. Abridged from Conington's Edition by 
 
 Rev. J. G. Sheppard, D.C.L. With Vocabulary by W. F. R. Shilleto. 
 
 Is. 6d. [Now ready. 
 
 Caesar de Bello Galileo. Books I. and II. With Notes by George 
 
 Long, M.A., and Vocabulary by W. F. R. Shilleto. Is. 6d. each. 
 
 [Book III. in tTie prest. 
 
 Tales for Latin Prose Composition. With Notes and Vocabu- 
 lary. By G. H. Wells, M.A. 2s. 
 Materials for Latin Prose Composition. By the late Eev. P. 
 
 Frost, M.A. >~ew Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. Key (for Tutors only), 4. 
 A Latin Verse-Boo^. An Introductory Work on Hexameters and 
 
 Pentameters. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 2s. Key (for Tutors only), 5s. 
 Analecta Graeea Minora, with Introductory Sentences, English 
 
 Notes, and a Dictionary. By the late Rev. P. Frost, M.A. New Edition. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. 2*. 
 Greek Testament Selections. 2nd Edition, enlarged, with Notes 
 
 and Vocabulary. By A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
 
 George Sell and Sons' 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK CLASS-BOOKS. 
 
 (See also Loiter Form Scn'es.) 
 
 Faciliora. An Elementary Latin Book on a new principle. By 
 
 the Rev. J. L. Sealer, M.A. 2s. 6<J. 
 First Latin Lessons. By A. M. M. Stedman . Is. 
 
 Easy Latin Exercises, for Use with the Kevised Latin Primer 
 and Shorter Latin Primer. By A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. (Issued with the 
 consent of the late Dr. Kennedy.) Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Miscellaneous Latin Exercises. By A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 
 A Latin Primer. By Kev. A. C. Clapin, M.A. Is. 
 
 Auxilia Latina. A Series of Progressive Latin Exercises. By 
 M. J.B.Baddeley.M.A. Fcap.Svo. Parti. Accidence. 3rd Edition, revised. 
 2s. Part II. 4th Edition, revised. 2s. Key to Part II. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Scala Latina. Elementary Latin Exercises. By Rev. J. W. 
 Davis, M.A. New Edition, with Vocabulary. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Passages for Translation into Latin Prose. By Prof. H. Nettle- 
 ship, M.A. 3s. Key (for Tutors only), 4s. 6d. 
 
 Latin Prose Lessons. By Prof. Church, M.A. 9th Edition. 
 Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Analytical Latin Exercises. By C. P. Mason, B.A. 4th Edit. 
 Part I., Is. 6d. Part II., 2s. 6d. 
 
 BY T. COLLINS, M.A., HEAD MASTEB OF THE LATIN SCHOOL, 
 
 NEWPORT, SALOP. 
 
 Latin Exercises and Grammar Papers. 6th Edit. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. Gd. 
 Unseen Papers in Latin Prose and Verse. With Examination 
 
 Questions. 4th Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 in Greek Prose and Verse. With Examination Questions. 
 
 3rd Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 
 
 Easy Translations from Nepos. Caesar, Cicero, Livy, &c., for 
 Retranslation into Latin. With Notes. 2s. 
 
 Scala Grseca : a Series of Elementary Greek Exercises. By Bev. J. W. 
 
 Davis, M.A., and B. W. Baddeley, M.A. 3rd Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Greek Verse Composition. By G. Preston, M.A. 5th Edition. 
 
 Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Greek Particles and their Combinations according to Attic Usage. 
 
 A Short Treatise. By F. A. Paley, M.A., LL.D. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Rudiments of Attic Construction and Idiom. By the Rev. 
 W. C. Compton, M.A., Assistant Master at Uppingham School. 3s. 
 
 BY A. M. M. STEDMAN, M.A., WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 Latin Examination Papers in Grammar and Idiom. Crown 
 
 8vo. 2s. 6d. Key (for Tutors and Private Students only) , 6*. 
 
 Greek Examination Papers in Grammar and Idiom. 2s. Grf. 
 BY THE BEV. P. FBOST, M.A., ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Materials for Greek Prose Composition. New Edit. Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 2s. 6d. Key (for Tutors only), 5s. 
 Florilegium Poetioum. Elegiac Extracts from Ovid and Tibullue. 
 
 New Edition. With Notes. Fcap. 8vo. 2s.
 
 Educational Works. 
 
 Anthologia Grseca. A Selection of Choice Greek Poetry, with Notes. 
 
 By F. St. John Thackeray. 4f h and Cheaper Edition. 16mo. 4s. 6d. 
 Anthologia Latins. A Selection of Choice Latin Poetry, from 
 
 Nsevins to Boethius, with Notes. By Rev. F. St. John Thackeray. Revised 
 
 and Cheaper Edition. 16mo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 BY H. A. HOLDEN, LL.D. 
 
 Follorum Silvnla. Part I. Passages for Translation into Latin 
 Elegiac and Heroic Verse. 10th Edition. Post Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Part II. Select Passages for Translation into Latin Lyric 
 
 and Comic Iambic Verse. 3rd Edition. Post 8vp. 5*. 
 
 Folia Silvulffi. sive Eclogae Poetarnm Anglicomm in Latinum et 
 GrsBcnm conversse. Svo. Vol. II. 4. 6d. 
 
 Follorum Centuries. Select Passages for Translation into Latin 
 and Greek Prose. 10th Edition. Post Svo. 8s. 
 
 TRANSLATIONS, SELECTIONS, &c. 
 
 ** Many of the following books are well adapted for School Prizes. 
 JSsohylus. Translated into English Prose by F. A. Paley, M.A., 
 
 LL.D. 2nd Edition. Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Translated into English Verse by Anna Swanwick. 4th 
 
 Edition. Post Svo. 5s. 
 
 Horace. The Odes and Carmen Saeculare. In English Verse by 
 
 J. Conington, M.A. 10th edition. Fcap. Svo. 5s. 6d. 
 
 The Satires and Epistles. In English Verse by J. Coning- 
 ton, M.A. 7th edition. 6s. 6d, 
 
 Odes. Englished and Imitated by various hands. Is. &d. 
 
 Plato. Gorgias. Translated by E. M. Cope, M.A. Svo. 2nd Ed. Is. 
 
 Philebus. Trans, by F. A. Paley, M. A., LL.D. Sm. Svo. 4s. 
 
 Theaetetus. Trans, by F. A. Paley, M. A., LL.D. Srn.Svo. 4*. 
 
 Analysis and Index of the Dialogues. By Dr. Day. PostSvo. 5s. 
 
 Sophocles. (Edipus Tyrannus. By Dr. Kennedy. Is. 
 
 - The Dramas of. Rendered into English Verse by Sir 
 George Young, Bart., M.A. Svo. 12*. 6d. 
 
 Theocritus. In English Verse, by C. 8. Calverley, M.A. New 
 
 Edition, revised. Crown Svo. 7s. 64. 
 Translations into English and Latin. By C. S. Calverley, M.A. 
 
 Post Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 Translations into English, Latin, and Greek. By B. C. Jebb, M.A., 
 
 H. Jack;on, Litt.D., and W. E. Currey, M.A. Second Edition. 8s. 
 Extracts for Translation. By B. C. Jebb, M.A., H. Jackson, 
 
 Litt.D., and W. E. Currey, M.A. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Between Whiles. Translations by Bev. B. H. Kennedy, D.D. 
 2nd Edition, revised. Crown Svo. 5*. 
 
 Sabrinae Corolla in Hortulis Regiae Scholae Salopiensis 
 
 Contexuernnt Tres Viri Floribus Legendis. Fourth Edition, thoroughly 
 Revised and Rearranged. With many new Pieces and an Introduction. 
 
 [Beady immeaiafd!/. 
 
 REFERENCE VOLUMES. 
 
 A Latin Grammar. By Albert Harkness. Post Svo. 6*. 
 
 By T. H. Key, M.A. 6th Thousand. Post Svo. 8. 
 
 A Short Latin Grammar for Schools. By T. H. Key, M.A. 
 
 F.R.8. 16th Edition. Post Svo. 3s. 6d.
 
 George Bell and Sons' 
 
 A Guide to the Choice of Classical Books. By J. B. Mayor, M.A. 
 
 3rd Edition, with a Supplementary List. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. Supple- 
 mentary List separately, Is. 6d. 
 
 The Theatre of the Greeks. By J. W. Donaldson, D.D. 8th 
 Edition. Post 8vo. St. 
 
 Keightley's Mythology of Greece and Italy. 4th Edition. 5, 
 
 CLASSICAL TABLES. 
 
 Latin Accidence. By the Bev. P. Frost, M.A. 1. 
 
 Latin Versification. Is. 
 
 Notabilia Qusedam ; or the Principal Tenses of most of the 
 Irregular Greek Verbs and Elementary Greek, Latin, and French Con- 
 struction. New Edition. Is. 
 
 Richmond Rules for the Ovidian Distich, <fec. By J. Tate, M.A. Is. 
 
 The Principles of Latin Syntax. 1*. 
 
 Greek Verbs. A Catalogue of "Verbs, Irregular and Defective. By 
 
 J. 8. Baird, T.C.D. 8th Edition. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Greek Accents (Notes on). By A. Barry, D.D. New Edition. 1*. 
 Homeric Dialect. Its Leading Forms and Peculiarities. By J. S. 
 
 Baird, T.C.D. Kew Edition, by W. G. Rutherford, LL.D. Is. 
 Greek Accidence. By the Bev. P. Frost, M.A. New Edition. 1. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE MATHEMATICAL SERIES. 
 
 Arithmetic for Schools. By C. Pendlebury, M.A. 3rd Edition, 
 revised and stereotyped, with or without answers, 4s. 6d. Or in two 
 parts, 2s. (id. each. 
 
 EXAMPLES (nearly 8000), without answers, in a separate vol. 3s. 
 In use at St. Paul's, Winchester, Charterhouse, Merchant Taylors', 
 Christ's Hospital, and Manchester Grammar, and at many other 
 Schools and Colleges. 
 Algebra. Choice and Chance. By W. A. Whitworth, M.A. 4th 
 
 Edition. 6s. 
 
 Euclid. Books I. -VI. and part of Books XI. and XII. By H. 
 Deighton. 4s. 6d. Key (for Tutors only), 5s. Books I. and II., 2s. 
 
 Euclid. Exercises on Euclid and in Modern Geometry. By 
 J. McDowell, M.A. 3rd Edition. 6s. 
 
 Trigonometry. Plane. By Rev. T.Vyvyan.M.A. 3rd Edit. 3s. &d. 
 
 Geometrical Conic Sections. By H. G. Willis, M.A. Man- 
 chester Grammar School. 5s. 
 
 Conies. The Elementary Geometry of. 5th Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. By C. Taylor, D.D. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Solid Geometry. By W. S. Aldis, M.A. 4th Edit, revised. 6*. 
 
 Geometrical Optics. By W. S. Aldis, M.A. 3rd Edition. 4s. 
 
 Rigid Dynamics. By W. S. Aldis, M.A 4s. 
 
 Elementary Dynamics. By W.Garnett,M.A.,D.C.L. 5th Ed. 6s. 
 
 Dynamics. A Treatise on. By W. H. Besant, D.Sc., F.E.S. Is. 6d. 
 
 Heat. An Elementary Treatise. By W. Garnett, M.A., D.C.L. 4th 
 Edition. 4s. 
 
 Elementary Physics. Examples in. By W. Gallatly, M.A. 4s. 
 Hydromechanics. By W. H. Besant, D.Sc., F.B. S. 4th Edition. 
 
 Part I. Hydrostatics. 5s. 
 Mathematical Examples. By J. M. Dyer, M.A., Eton College, 
 
 and B. Prowde Smith, M.A., Cheltenham College. 6s. 
 Mechanics. Problems in Elementary. By W. Walton, M.A. 6s.
 
 Educational Works. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL AND COLLEGE 
 TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 A Seriet of Elementary Treatises for the use of Student*. 
 Arithmetic. By Rev. C. Elsee, M. A. Fcap. 8vo. 13th Edit. 3i. 
 - By A. Wrigley, M.A. 3s. Qd. 
 
 ^ A Progressive Coarse of Examples. With Answers. By 
 J. Watson, M.A. 7th Edition, revised. By W. P. Goudie, B.A. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Algebra. By the Rev. C. Elsee, M.A. 7th Edit. 4*. 
 
 - Progressive Course of Examples. By Rev. W. F. 
 M'Michael, M.A.,and R. Prowde Smith, M.A. 4th Edition. 3s. 6d. With 
 Answers. 48. 6d. 
 
 Plane Astronomy, An Introduction to. By P. T. Main, M.A. 
 
 5th Edition. 4s. 
 Conic Sections treated Geometrically. By W. H. Besant, D.Sc. 
 
 6th Edition, 4s. 6d. Solution to the Examples. 4s. 
 
 - Enunciations and Figures Separately. Is. 6d. 
 
 Statics, Elementary. By Rev. H. Goodwin, D.D. 2nd Edit. 3s. 
 Hydrostatics, Elementary. By W.H. Besant, D.Sc. 13th Edit. 4s. 
 Mensuration, An Elementary Treatise on. By B.T.Moore, M.A. 3*.6c/. 
 
 NewtoD s Principia, The First Three Sections of, with an Appen- 
 dix j and the Ninth and Eleventh Sections. By J. H. Evans, M.A. 5th 
 Edition, by P. T. Main, M.A. 4s. 
 
 Analytical Geometry for Schools. By T. G. Vyvyan. 5th Edit. 4s. Qd. 
 
 Greek Testament, Companion to the. By A. C. Barrett, M.A. 
 
 5th Edition, revised. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 
 Book of Common Prayer, An Historical and Explanatory Treatise 
 
 on the. By W. G. Humphry, B.D. 6th Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 Music. Text-book of. By Professor H. C. Banister. 14th Edition, 
 
 revised. 5s. 
 
 - - Concise History of. By Rev. H. G. Bonavia Hunt, 
 
 Mus. Doc. Dublin. 9th Edition revised. 3s. 6d. 
 
 ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA. 
 
 See al<o the two foregoing Serie*. 
 
 Arithmetic. Examination Papers in. Consisting of 140 papers, 
 each containing 7 questions. 357 more difficult problems follow. A col- 
 lection of recent Public Examination Papers are appended. By C. 
 Pendlebnry, M.A. 2s. 6d. Key, 5. 
 
 Graduated Exercises in Addition (Simple and Compound). By 
 W. 8. Beard, C. S. Dept. Rochester Mathematical School. In. 
 For Candidate/! for Commercial Certificates and Civil Seroice Exams. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 Book-keeping Papers, set at various Public Examinations. 
 Collected and Written by J. T. Medhurst, Lecturer on Book-keo^iug m 
 the City of Londou College. 3s. 
 
 A 2
 
 10 George Bell and Sons' 
 
 GEOMETRY AND EUCLID. 
 
 Euclid. Books I.-VI. and part of XI. and XII. A New Trans- 
 lation. By H. Deighton. Books I. and II. separately, 2s. (See p. 8.) 
 
 The Definitions of, with Explanations and Exercifes, 
 
 and an Appendix of Exercises on the First Book. By R. Webb, 11. A. 
 Crown 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 
 Book I. With Notes and Exercises for the use of Pre- 
 paratory Schools, &c. By Braithwaite Arnett, M.A. 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 The First Two Books explained to Beginners. By C. P. 
 
 Mason, B.A. 2nd Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Enunciations and Figures to Euclid's Elements. By Rev. 
 
 J. Brasse, D.D. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. Is. Without the Figures, 6d. 
 
 Exercises on Euclid and in Modern Geometry. By J. McDowell, 
 
 B.A. Crown 8vo. 3rd Edition revised. 6s. 
 
 Geometrical Conic Sections. By H. G. Willis, M.A. (See p. 8.) 
 Geometrical Conic Sections. By W. H. Besant, D.Sc. (See p. 9.) 
 Elementary Geometry of Conies. By C. Taylor, D.D. (See p. 8.) 
 An Introduction to Ancient and Modern Geometry of Conies. 
 
 By C. Taylor, D.D., Master of St. John's Coll, Camb. 8vo. 15s. 
 Solutions of Geometrical Problems, proposed at St. John'a 
 College from 1830 to 1846. By T. Gaskin, M.A. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY. 
 
 Trigonometry, Introduction to Plane. By Eev. T. G. Vyvyan, 
 
 Charterhouse. 3rd Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 An Elementary Treatise on Mensuration. By B. T. Moore, 
 
 M.A. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Trigonometry, Examination Papers in. By G. H. Ward, M.A., 
 Assistant Master at St. Paul's School. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 
 AND DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS. 
 
 An Introduction to Analytical Plane Geometry. By W. P. 
 
 Tnrnbull, M.A. 8vo. 12s. 
 Problems on the Principles of Plane Co-ordinate Geometry. 
 
 By W. Walton, M.A. 8vo. 16s. 
 Trilinear Co-ordinates, and Modern Analytical Geometry of 
 
 Two Dimensions. By W. A. Whitworth, M.A. 8vo. 16s. 
 
 An Elementary Treatise on Solid Geometry. By W. S. Aldis, 
 
 M.A. 4th Edition revised. Cr. 8vo. 6s. 
 Elliptic Functions. Elementary Treatise on. By A. Cayley. D.Sc. 
 
 Professor of Pure Mathematics at Cambridge University. Demy 8vo. 15*.
 
 Educational Work*. 11 
 
 MECHANICS & NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Statics, Elementary. By H. Goodwin, D.D. Fcap. Svo. 2nd 
 
 Edition. 3s. 
 Dynamics, A Treatise on Elementary. By W. Garnett, M.A., 
 
 D.C.L. 5th Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 Dynamics. Rigid. By W. S. Aldis, M.A. 4*. 
 Dynamics. A Treatise on. By W. H. Besant, D.Sc.,F.E.S. 7*. 6d. 
 
 Elementary Mechanics, Problems in. By W. Walton, M.A. New 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 Theoretical Mechanics, Problems in. By W. Walton, M.A. 3rd 
 
 Edition. Demy 8vo. 16s. 
 Hydrostatics. By W.H. Besant, D.Sc. Fcap. Svo. 13th Edition, it. 
 
 Hydromechanics, A Treatise on. By W. H. Besant, D.Sc., F.R.8. 
 
 Svo. 4th Edition, revised. Part I. Hydrostatics. 5s. 
 Hydrodynamics, A Treatise on. Vol. L 10*. 6d. ; VoL IL 12s. 6d. 
 
 A. B. Basset, M.A. 
 Optics, Geometrical. By W. S. Aldis, M.A. Crown Svo. 3rd 
 
 Edition, is. 
 
 Double Refraction, A Chapter on Fresnel's Theory of. By W. S. 
 
 Aldis, M.A. Svo. 2s. 
 Heat An Elementary Treatise on. By W. Garnett, M.A. , D.C.L. 
 
 Crown Svo. 4th Edition. 4s. 
 Elementary Physics By W. Gallatly, M.A., Asst. Examr. at 
 
 London University. 4*. 
 
 Newton 8 Principia, The First Three Sections of, with an Appen- 
 dix ; and the Ninth and Eleventh Sections. By J. H. Evans, M.A. 5th 
 
 Edition. Edited by P. T. Main, M.A. 4*. 
 Astronomy, An Introduction to Plane. By P. T. Main, M.A. 
 
 Fcap. Svo. cloth, 5th Edition. 4s. 
 
 Practical and Spherical. By R. Main, M.A. 8vo. 14*. 
 
 Mathematical Examples. Pure and Mixed. By J. M. Dyer, M. A. , 
 
 and R. Prowde Smith, M.A. 6s. 
 
 Pure Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, A Compendium of 
 Facts and Formula in. Bv G. R. Smalley. 2nd Edition, revised bj 
 J. McDowell, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Elementary Mathematical Formulae. By the Rev. T. W. Open- 
 
 shaw, M.A. Is. 6d. 
 
 Elementary Course of Mathematics. By H. Goodwin, D.D. 
 
 6th Edition. Svo. 16s. 
 
 Problems and Examples, adapted to the ' Elementary Course of 
 
 Mathematics.' 3rd Edition. Svo. 5s. 
 Solutions of Goodwin's Collection of Problems and Examples. 
 
 By W. W. Hutt, M.A. 3rd Edition, revised and enlarged. Svo. 9*. 
 A Collection of Examples and Problems in Arithmetic, 
 
 Algebra, Geometry, Logarithms, Trigonometry, Conic Sections, Mechanics, 
 
 Ac . with Answers. By Rev. A. Wrigley. 20th Thousand. 8s. 6d. 
 
 KBT. !&> 6d 
 Science Examination Papers. Part I. Ico-panic Chemistry. By 
 
 R. E. Steel, M.A., F.C.S., Bradford Grammar School. Crown Svo. 2*. 60.
 
 12 George Bell and 
 
 TECHNOLOGICAL HANDBOOKS. 
 
 Edited by H. TBUEMAN WOOD, Secretary of the Society of Arts. 
 Dyeing and Tissue Printing. By W. Crookes, F.R.S. 5s. 
 
 Glass Manufacture. By Henry Chance, M.A.; H. J. Powell, B.A.; 
 
 and H. G. Harris. 3. 6d. 
 Cotton Spinning. Bv Richard Marsden, of Manchester. 3rd 
 
 Edition, revised. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Chemistry of Coal-Tar Colours. By Prof. Benedikt, and Dr. 
 Knecht of Bradford Technical College. 2nd Edition, enlarged, t*. 6d. 
 
 Woollen and Worsted Cloth Manufacture, hy Roberts Beau- 
 mont, Assistant Lecturer at Yorkshire College, Leeds. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Cotton Weaving. By R. Marsden. [In the prf*s. 
 
 Colour in Woven Design. By Roberts Beaumont. [In the pre-ix. 
 
 Bookbinding. By Zaehnsdorf. [Preparing. 
 
 Others in preparation. 
 
 HISTORY, TOPOGRAPHY, &c. 
 
 Borne and the Campagna. By R. Burn, M.A. With 85 En- 
 gravings and 26 Map* and Plans. With Appendix. 4to. 21s. 
 
 Old Rome. A Handbook for Travellers. By R. Burn, M.A. 
 With Maps and Plans. Demy 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Modern Europe. By Dr. T. H. Dyer. 2nd Edition, revised and 
 continued. 5 vols. Demy 8vo. 21. 12s. 6d. 
 
 The History of the Kings of Rome. By Dr. T. H. Dyer. 8vo. 16*. 
 
 The History of Pompeii : its Buildings and Antiquities, by 
 T. H. Dyer. 3rd Edition, brought down to 1874. Post 8vo. 7. 6d. 
 
 The City of Rome : its History and Monuments. 2nd Edition, 
 revised by T. H. Dyer. 5s. 
 
 Ancient Athens: its History, Topography, and Remains. liy 
 T. H. Dyer. Super-royal 8vo. Cloth. 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Decline of the Roman Republic. By G. Long. 5 vols. 
 
 8vo. 5s. each. 
 Historical Maps of England. By C. H. Pearson. Folio. 3rd 
 
 Edition revised. 31s. 6<i. 
 
 History of England, 1800-46. By Harriet Martinean, with now 
 and copious Index. 5 vols. 3s. 6d. each. 
 
 A Practical Synopsis of English History. By A. Bowes. 9th 
 Edition, revised. 8vo. Is. 
 
 Lives of the Queens of England, By A. Strickland. Libra' y 
 Edition, 8 vols. 7s. 6d. each, "haatmr Edition. >1 V n.-h A^n<k" .1 
 Edition. 1 vol. 6s. fid. Mary Queen of Sscuts, 2 vols. 5s. euuu. Tudor and 
 Stuart Princesses, 5s.
 
 Educational Works. 13 
 
 Eglnhard's Life of Karl the Great (Charlemagne). Translated, 
 
 with Notes, by W. Glaister, M.A., B.G.L. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Elements of General History. By Prof. Tytler. New 
 Edition, brought down to 1874. Small Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 History and Geography Examination Papers. Compiled by 
 C. H. Spence, M.A., Clifton College. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 PHILOLOGY. 
 
 WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LAN- 
 GUAGE. With Dr. Mahn's Etymology. 1 vol. 1628 pages, 3000 Illus- 
 trations. 21s. ; half calf, 30s. ; calf or hslf rnssia, 31s. 6d. ; russia, 21. 
 With Appendices and 70 additional pages of Illustrations, 1919 pages, 
 31s. 6d. ; half calf, 21. ; calf or half russia, 21. 2s. ; russia, 21. 10s. 
 ' THE BEST PRACTICAL ENGLISH DICTIONARY EXTANT.' Quarterly Reviw), 1873. 
 Prospectuses, with specimen pages, post free on application. 
 
 Richardson's Philological Dictionary of the English Language. 
 Combining Explanation with Etymology, and copiously illustrated by 
 Quotations from the best Authonties. With a Supplement. 2 vols. 4to. 
 41. 14s. 6d. Supplement separately. 4to. 12s. 
 
 Brief History of the English Language. By Prof. James Hadley, 
 LL.D., Yale College. Fcap. 8vo. Is. 
 
 The Elements of the English Language. By E. Adams, Ph.D. 
 
 21st Edition. Post 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 Philological Essays. By T. H. Key, M.A., F.B.S. 8vo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Synonyms and Antonyms of the English Language. By Arch- 
 deacon Smith. 2nd Edition. Post 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Synonyms Discriminated. By Archdeacon Smith. Demy 870. 
 2nd Edition revised. 14s. 
 
 Bible English. Chapters on Words and Phrases in the Bible and 
 Prayer Book. By Rev. T. L. O. Davies. 5s. 
 
 The Queen's English. A Manual of Idiom and Usage. By the 
 late Dean Alford. 6th Edition. Fcap. 8vo. Is. sewed. Is. 6d. cloth. 
 
 A History of English Rhythms. By Edwin Guest, M.A., D.C.L. 
 LL.D. New Edition, by Professor W. W. Skeat. Demy 8vo. 18*. 
 
 Elements of Comparative Grammar and Philology. For Use 
 
 in Schools. By A. C. Price, M.A., Assistant Master at Leeds Grammar 
 
 School. Crown 8vo. 2. 6d. 
 Questions for Examination in English Literature. By Prof. 
 
 W. W. Skeat. 2nd Edition, revised. 2s. 6d. 
 A. Syriao Grammar. By G. Phillips, D.D. 3rd Edition, enlarged. 
 
 8vo. 7s. 6d.
 
 14 George Bell and Sons' 
 
 DIVINITY, MORAL PHILOSOPHY, &c. 
 
 BY THE BET. F. H. SCRIVENER, A.M., LL.D., D.C.L. 
 
 Novum Testamentum Grace. Editio major. Being an enlarged 
 Edition, containing the Reading^ of Westcott and Hort, and those adopted 
 by the Revisers, &c. 7s. 6d. For other Editions see page 3. 
 
 A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. 
 
 With Forty Facsimiles from Ancient Manuscripts. 3rd Edition. 8vo. 18s. 
 
 Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament. For English 
 Readers. Crown 8ro. 6s. 
 
 Codex Bezaa Cantabrigiensis. 4to. 26s. 
 
 The New Testament for English Readers. By the late H. Alford, 
 D.D. VoL I. Part I. 3rd Edit. 12s. Vol. I. Part II. 2nd Edit. 10s. 6d. 
 Vol. II. Part I. 2nd Edit. 16s. Vol. II. Part II. 2nd Edit. 16s. 
 
 The Greek Testament. By the late H. Alford, D.D. Vol. I. 7th 
 
 Edit. 11. 8s. Vol. II. 8th Edit. 11. 4s. Vol. III. 10th Edit. \8x. Vol. IV. 
 Part I. 5th Edit. 18s. Vol. IV. Part II. 10th Edit. 14s. Vol. IV. 11. 12s. 
 
 Companion to the Greek Testament. By A. C. Barrett, M.A. 
 5th Edition, revised. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 
 
 The Book of Psalms. A New Translation, with Introductions, Ac. 
 By the Very Rev. J. J. Stewart Perowne, D.D. 8vo. Vol. I. 6th Edition, 
 18*. Vol. II. 6th Edit. 16s. 
 
 Abridged for Schools. 6th Edition. Crown 8vo. 10*. Gd. 
 
 History of the Articles of Religion. By C. H. Hardwick. 3rd 
 Edition. Post 8 vo. 5s. 
 
 History of the Creeds. By J. B. Lumby, DD. 3rd Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Pearson on the Creed. Carefully printed from an early edition. 
 With Analysis and Index by E. Walford, M.A. Post 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Liturgies and Offices of the Church, for the Use of English 
 Headers, in Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer. By the Rev. 
 Edward Bnrbidge, M.A. Crown 8vo. 9s. 
 
 An Historical and Explanatory Treatise on the Book of 
 
 Common Prayer By Rev. W. G. Humphry, B.D. 6th Edition, enlarged. 
 Small Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ; Cheap Edition, Is. 
 
 A Commentary on the Gospels, Epistles, and Acts of the 
 Apostles. By Rev. W. Denton, A.M. New Edition. 7 vols. 8vo. 9s. each. 
 
 Notes on the Catechism. By Bt. Bev. Bishop Barry. 8th Edit 
 Fcap. 2s. 
 
 The Winton Church Catechist. Questions and Answers on the 
 Teaching of the Church Catechism. By the late Rev. J. 8. B. MonseU, 
 LL.D. 4th Edition. Cloth, 3s. ; or in Four Parts, sewed. 
 
 The Church Teacher's Manual of Christian Instruction. By 
 
 Rev. M. F. Sadler. 38th Thousand. 2s. 6d.
 
 Educational Works. 15 
 
 FOREIGN CLASSICS. 
 
 A. Series for use in Schools, with English Notes, grammatical and 
 explanatory, and renderings of difficult idiomatic expressions. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. 
 Schiller's Wallenateln. By Dr. A. Buchheim. 5th Edit. 5s. 
 
 Or the Lager and Piccolomini, 2s. 6d. Wallenstein's Tod, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Maid of Orleans. By Dr. W. Wagner. 2nd Edit. 1*. 6J. 
 
 Maria Stuart. By V. Kastner. 2nd Edition. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea. By E. Bell, M.A., and 
 
 E. Wolfel. Is. 6d. 
 German Ballads, from Uhland, Goetlie, and Schiller. By C. L. 
 
 Bielefeld. 3rd Edition. Is. 6d. 
 
 Charles XII., par Voltaire. By L. Direy. 7th Edition. Is. 6d. 
 
 Aventures de Telemaque, par Fenelon. By G. J. Delille. 4th 
 
 Edition. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Select Fables of La Fontaine. By F.E. A.Gasc. 18th Edit. 1. 6<I. 
 Piociola, by X. B. Saintine. By Dr. Dubuc. 15th Thousand. 1. 6d. 
 Lamartine's Le Tailleur de Pierres de Saint-Point. By 
 
 J. Bo'ielle, 4th Thousand. Fcap. 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 
 Italian Primer. By Eev. A. C. Clapin, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. 1*. 
 
 FRENCH CLASS-BOOKS. 
 
 French Grammar for Public Schools. By Bey. A. G. Clapin, M.A. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. 12th Edition, revised. 2s. 6d. 
 
 French Primer. By Rev. A. C. Clapin, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. 8th Ed. 1*. 
 Primer of French Philology. By Rev. A. C. Clapin. Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 4th Edit. Is. 
 
 Le Nouveau Tresor; or, French Student's Companion. By 
 
 'M. E. 8. 18th Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1. 6d. 
 French Examination Papers in Miscellaneous Grammar and 
 
 Idioms. Compiled by A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. 4th Edition. Crown 
 
 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 Key to the above. By G. A. Schrumpf, Univ. of France. Crown 
 
 8vo. 5s. (For Teachers or Private Students only.) 
 Manual of French Prosody. By Arthur Gosset, M.A. Crown 
 
 8vo. 3s. 
 
 Lexicon of Conversational French. By A. Holloway. 2nd 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. 4. 
 
 PROF. A. BARRERE'S FRENCH COURSE. 
 
 Elements of French Grammar and First Steps in Idiom. 
 
 Crown 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Precis of Comparative French Grammar. 2nd Edition. Crown 
 
 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 Junior Graduated French Course. Crown 8vo. 1*. 6d.
 
 16 George Bell and Sons' 
 
 F. E. A. GASC'S FRENCH COURSE. 
 First Frenoh Book. Fcap. 8vo. 98th Thousand. 1*. 
 Second French Book. 47th Thousand. Fcap. 8vo. 1*. 6d. 
 Key to First and Second French Books. 5th Edit. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 French Fables for Beginners, in Prose, with Index. 16th Thousand. 
 
 12mo. Is. 6d. 
 
 Select Fables of La Fontaine. 18th Thousand. Fcap.Svo. It.&d. 
 Histoires Amusantes et Instructives. With Notes. 16th Thou- 
 sand. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Practical Guide to Modern French Conversation. 17th Thou- 
 sand. Fcap. 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 French Poetry for the Young. With Notes. 5th Edition. Fcap. 
 
 8vo. 2g. 
 
 Materials for French Prose Composition; or, Selections from 
 the best English Prose Writers. 19th Thoua. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. Key, 6s. 
 
 Prosateurs Contemporains. With Notes. 10th Edition, re- 
 vised. 12mo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Le Petit Compagnon ; a French Talk-Book for Little Children. 
 
 12th Thousand. 16mo. Is 6d. 
 
 An Improved Modern Pocket Dictionary of the French and 
 
 English Languages. 45th Thousand. 16mo. 2s. 6d. 
 Modern French-English and English-French Dictionary. 4th 
 
 Edition, revised, with new supplements. 10s. 6d. 
 
 The ABC Tourist's French Interpreter of all Immediate 
 Wants. By F. E. A. Gasc. Is. 
 
 MODERN FRENCH AUTHORS. 
 Edited, with Introductions and Notes, by JAMES BOIELLE, Senior 
 
 French Master at Dulwich College. 
 
 Daudet's La Belle Nivernaise. 2s. &d. For Beginners. 
 Hugo's Bug Jargal. 3s. For Advanced Students. 
 
 GOMBERT'S FRENCH DRAMA. 
 
 Being a Selection of the best Tragedies and Comedies of Moliere, 
 Racine, Corneille, and Voltaire. With Arguments and Notes by A. 
 Gombert. New Edition, revised by F. E. A. Gasc. Fcap. 8vo. Is. each ; 
 
 sewed, 6d. CONTENTS. 
 
 MOLIERE : Le Misanthrope. L'Avare. Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. Le 
 Tartuife. Le Malade Imaginaire. Les Femmes Savantes. Les Fourberiea 
 de Scapin. Les Precieuses Ridicules. L'Ecole des Femmes. L'Ecole des 
 Maria. Le Meclecin malgr^ Lui. 
 
 RACINE : Phedre. Esther. Athalie. Iphige"nie. Les Plaideurs. La 
 Thfbalde ; on, Les Freres Ennemis. Andromaque. Britannicus. 
 
 P. CORNEILLE : Le Cid. Horace. Cinna. Polyeucte. 
 
 VOLTAIRE : Zaire. 
 
 GERMAN CLASS-BOOKS. 
 
 A Concise German Grammar. By Frz. Lange, Ph.D., Professor 
 R.M.A. Woolwich. In three Parts. Part I. Elementary. 2s. Part II. 
 Intermediate. Is. 6d. Now ready. Part III. Advanced. In the press. 
 
 Materials for German Prose Composition. By Dr. Buchheim. 
 12th Edition, thoroughly revised. Fcap. 4s. 6d. Key, Parts I. and II., 3s. 
 Parts III. and IV., 4s.
 
 Educational Works. 17 
 
 German Conversation Grammar. By I. Sydow. 2nd Edition. 
 
 Book I. Etymology. 2s. 6d. Book II. Syntax. Is. 6d. 
 
 Wortfolge, or Rules and Exercises on the Order of Words in 
 
 German Sentences. By Dr. F. Stock. Is. 6d. 
 A German Grammar for Public Schools. By the Rev. A. C. 
 
 Clapin and F. Holl Mttller. 5th Edition. Fcap. 2s. 6d. 
 A German Primer, with Exercises. By Rev. A. C. Clapin. Is. 
 Kotzebue's Der Gefangene. With Notes by Dr. W. Stromberg. Is. 
 German Examination Papers in Grammar and Idiom. By 
 
 E. J. Morich. 2s. 6d. Key for Tutors only, 5s. 
 
 German Examination Course. By Prof. F. Lange, Ph.D. 
 
 Elementary, 2s. Intermediate, 2s. Advanced, Is. 6d. 
 German Progressive Course. By Prof. F. Lange. Elementary 
 
 Reader, Is. 6d. Intermediate and Advanced (in the press). 
 
 MODERN GERMAN SCHOOL CLASSICS. 
 
 Small Crown 8vo. 
 
 Key's Fabeln Fiir Kinder. Edited by Prof. F. Lange, Ph.D. Is. 6d. 
 Benedix's Dr. Wespe. Edited by F. Lange, Ph.D. 2s. 6d. 
 Hoffman's Meister Martin, der Kiifner. By Prof. F. Lange, Ph.D. 
 
 Is. 6d. 
 
 Heyse's Hans Lange. By A. A. Macdonell, M.A., Ph.D. 2s. 
 Auerbach's Auf Wache, and Roquette's Der Gefrorene Kuss. 
 By A. A. Macdonell, M.A. 2s. 
 
 Moser s Der Bibliothekar. By Prof. F. Lange, Ph.D. 2s. 
 Ebers' Eine Frage. By F. Storr, B.A. 2s. 
 Freytag's Die Journalisten. By Prof. F. Lange, Ph.D. 2s. 6d. 
 Gutzkow's Zopf und Schwert. By Prof. F. Lange, Ph.D. 2s. 
 German Epic Tales. Edited by Karl Neuhaus, Ph.D. 2s. 6d. 
 Humoresken. Novelletten der besten deutschen Humoristen der 
 Gegenwart. Edited by A. A. Macdonell, M.A. Oxon. Authorised Edition. 
 [In preparation. 
 
 ENGLISH CLASS-BOOKS. 
 
 Comparative Grammar and Philology. By A. C. Price, M.A., 
 Assistant Master at Leeds Grammar School. 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Elements of the English Language. By E. Adams, Ph.D. 
 
 21st Edition. Post 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Rudiments of English Grammar and Analysis. By 
 
 E. Adams, Ph.D. 16th Thousand. Fcap. 8vo. Is. 
 A Concise System of Parsing. By L. E. Adams, B.A. Is. 6d. 
 General Knowledge Examination Papers. Compiled ly 
 
 A. M. M. Stedman, M.A. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Examples for Grammatical Analysis (Verse and Prose). Se- 
 lected, &c., by F. Edwards. New edition. Cloth, Is. 
 
 Notes on Shakespeare's Plays. By T. Duff Barnett, B.A. 
 Midsummer Night's Dream, Is.; Julius Caesar, la. ; Henry V., is.; 
 Tempest, Is. ; Macbeth, Is. j Merchant of Venice, Is. ; Hambt, 1*.
 
 18 George Bell and Sons' 
 
 By C. P. MASON, Fellow of Univ. Coll. London. 
 First Notions of Grammar for Young Learners. Foap. 8vo. 
 
 41st to 46th Thousand. Cloth. 9<L 
 First Steps in English Grammar for Junior Classes. Deir.y 
 
 18mo. 44th Thousand. Is. 
 
 Out-lines of English Grammar for the Use of Junior Classes. 
 
 71st to 76th Thousand. Crown 8vo. 2s. 
 English Grammar, including the Principles of Grammatical 
 
 Analysis. 30th Edition. 125th to 130th Thousand. Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. 
 Practice and Help in the Analysis of Sentences. i2x. 
 A Shorter English Grammar, with copious Exercises. 31th 
 
 to 38th Thousand. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 English Grammar Practice, being the Exercises separately. 1, 
 
 Code Standard Grammars. Parts I. and II., 2d. each. Parts IH, 
 IV., and V., 3d. each. __ 
 
 Notes of Lessons, their Preparation, &c. By Jos< Rickard, 
 Park Lane Board School, Leeds, and A. H. Taylo-r, Rodley Board 
 School, Leeds. 2nd Edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 A Syllabic System of Teaching to Read, combining the advan- 
 tages of the ' Phonic ' and the ' Look-and-Say * Systems. Crown 8vo. Is. 
 
 Practical Hints on Teaching. By Eev. J. Menet, M.A. 6th Edit, 
 revised. Crown 8vo. paper, 2s. 
 
 How to Earn the Merit Grant. A Manual of School Manage- 
 ment. By H. Major, B.A., B.Sc. Part I. (3rd Edit.) Infant School, 3s. 
 Part II. (2nd Edit, revised), 4s. Complete, 6s. 
 
 Test Lessons in Dictation. 4th Edition. Paper cover, Is. 6<2. 
 
 Drawing Copies. By P. H. Delamotte. Oblong 8vo. 12*. Sold 
 also in parts at Is. each. 
 
 Poetry for the Schoolroom. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1. 6<J. 
 
 The Botanist's Pocket-Book. With a copious Index. By W. R. 
 Hayward. 6th Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. cloth limp. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Experimental Chemistry, founded on the Work of Dr. Stockhardt. 
 By 0. W. Heaton. Post 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Lectures on Musical Analysis. Sonata-form, Fugue, <fec. By 
 Prof. H. C. Banister. 2nd Edition, revised. 7s. 6d. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. By M. J. BARKINGTON WARD, M.A. 
 With Illustrations. 
 
 The Map and the Compass. A Reading -Book of Geography. 
 
 For Standard I. New Edition, revised. 8d. cloth. 
 The Round World. A Reading-Book of Geography. For 
 
 Standard II. lOd. 
 About England. A Reading Book of Geography for Standard 
 
 III. [In the ,-t.-s. 
 
 The Child's Geography. For the Use of Schools and for Home 
 
 Tuition. 6d. 
 
 The Child's Geography of England. With Introductory Exer- 
 ' cises on the British Isles and Empire, with Questions. 2s. 6d. Without 
 Questions, 2s. . 
 
 Geography Examination Papers. (See History and Geography 
 
 Papers, p. 12.)
 
 Educational Works. 
 
 19 
 
 Helps' Course of Poetry, for Schools. A New Selection from 
 the English Foots, carefully compiled and adapted to the several standards 
 by E. A. Helps, one of H.M. Inspectors of Schools. 
 
 Book I. Infants and Standards I. and II. 134 pp. small 8vo. 9d. 
 Book II. Standards III. and IV. 224 pp. crown 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 Book III. Standards V., VI., and VII. 352 pp. post 8vo. 2s. 
 Or in PARTS. Infants, 2d. ; Standard I., 2d. ; Standard II., 2<L 
 Standard III., 4d. 
 
 Picture Sehool-Bcoks. In Simple Language, with numerous 
 
 Illustrations. Ruyal 16mo. 
 
 The Infant's Primer. 3<I. School Primer. 6d. School Reader. By J. 
 Tilleard. Is. Poetry Book for Schools. Is. The Life of Joseph. Is. The 
 Scripture Parables. By the Rev. J. E. Clarke. Is. The Scripture Miracles. 
 By the Rev. J. E. Clarke. Is. The New Testament History. By the Rev. 
 J. G. Wood, M.A. Is. The Old Testament History. By the Rev. J. G. 
 Wood, M.A. Is. The Story of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Is. The Life 
 of Martin Luther. By Sarah Crompton. Is. 
 
 BOOKS FOR YOUNG READERS. 
 
 A Series of Reading Books designed to facilitate the acquisition ofthepower 
 of Reading by very young Children. ln\\ vols. limp cloth, 6d. each. 
 
 Those with an asterisk have a Frontispiece or other Illustrations. 
 *The Old Boathouse. Bell and Fan; or, A Cold Dip. 
 
 *Tot and the Cat. A Bit of Cake. The Jay. The 
 Black Hen's Nest. Tom and Ned. Mrs. Bee. 
 
 * The Cat and the Hen. Sam and his Dog Redleg. 
 
 Bob and Tom Lee. A Wreck. 
 
 * The New-born Lamb. The Rosewood Box. Poor 
 
 Fan. Sheep Dog. 
 
 *The Two Parrots. A Tale of the Jubilee. By M. E. 
 Wintle. 9 Illustrations. 
 
 *The Story of Three Monkeys. 
 
 * Story of a Cat. Told by Herself. 
 
 The Blind Boy. The Mute Girl. A New Tale of 
 
 Babes in a Wood. 
 
 Suitable 
 
 for 
 Infant*. 
 
 The Dey and the Knight. The New Bank Note. 
 
 The Royal Visit. A King's Walk on a Winter's Day. 
 
 * Queen Bee and Busy Bee. 
 'Gull's Crag. 
 
 * A First Book of Geography. By the Kev. C. A. Johns. 
 
 Illustrated. Double size, Is. 
 
 Syllabic Spelling. By C. Barton. In Two Parts. Infants, 3d. 
 
 (Standard I., 3d. 
 
 for 
 
 Standards 
 J. * II.
 
 20 George Bell and Sons' Educational Works. 
 
 BELL'S READING-BOOKS. 
 
 FOB SCHOOLS AND PAROCHIAL LIBRARIES. 
 Now Ready. PostSvo. Strongly bound in cloth, Is. each. 
 *Life of Columbus. 
 *arimm's German Tales. (Selected.) 
 *Andersen's Danish Tales. Illustrated. (Selected.) 
 
 Great Englishmen. Short Lives for Young Children. 
 
 Great Englishwomen. Short Lives of. 
 
 Great Scotsmen. Short Lives of. 
 *Masterman Ready. ByCapt. Marryat. Illus. (Abgd.) 
 *Poor Jack. By Capt. Marryat, E.N. (Abridged.) 
 
 *Scott's Talisman. (Abridged.) 
 
 *Friends in Fur and Feathers. By Gwynfryn. 
 
 *Dickens's Little Nell. Abridged from the ' The Old 
 
 Curiosity Shop.' 
 ""Poor Jack. By Captain Marryat, E.N. Abgd. 
 
 Parables from Nature. (Selected.) By Mrs. Gatty. 
 
 Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. (Selected.) 
 
 Edgeworth's Tales. (A Selection.) 
 
 * Gulliver's Travels. (Abridged.) 
 *Robinson Crusoe. Illustrated. 
 
 * Arabian Nights. (A Selection Kewritten.) 
 
 Suitable 
 
 for 
 
 Standards 
 III. &1V. 
 
 Standards 
 IF. * V. 
 
 *The Vicar of Wakefleld. 
 
 *Settlers in Canada. By Capt. Marryat. (Abridged.) 
 
 Marie : Glimpses of Life in France. By A. R. Ellis. 
 
 Poetry for Boys. Selected by D. Munro. 
 *Southey's Life of Nelson. (Abridged.) 
 *Life of the Duke of Wellington, with Maps and Plans. 
 
 *Sir Roger de Coverley and other Essays from the 
 
 Spectator. 
 Tales of the Coast. By J. Runciman. 
 
 * These Volumes are Illustrated. J 
 
 \ 
 
 Standard* 
 
 V. VI. & 
 
 VII. 
 
 Uniform with the Series, in limp cloth, Gd. each. 
 
 Shakespeare's Plays. Kemble's Reading Edition. With Ex- 
 planatory Notes for School Use. 
 
 JULIUS CAESAR. THE MERCHANT OF VENICE. KING JOHN. 
 HENRY THE FIFTH. MACBETH. AS YOU LIKE IT. 
 
 Londo.i: GEORGE B2LL & SONS, York Street, Covent <Garden.
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed.
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000156173 7