
 
 <Xx
 
 16 

 
 OUR COUNTRY'S FLOWERS 
 
 AND HOW TO KNOW THEM; 
 
 BEING \ COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE FLOWERS AND FERNS OF BRITAIN. 
 
 W. J. GORDON. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THE 
 
 REV. GEORGE HENSLOW, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S, 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY JOHN ALLEN, 
 
 WITH OVER ONE THOUSAND EXAMPLES IN COLOUR AND OUTLINE 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 DAY & SON (25 YEARS LITHOGRAPHERS TO THE QUEEN), 
 
 2 1 A, BERNERS STREET, W. 
 SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, & Co., LIMITED. 
 
 \\W\\
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE present work fulfils well the object embraced in the 
 title. It is not the first attempt to place before our 
 contemporaries an easy method of ascertaining the botanical 
 name of any species of British wild flowers ; but others have 
 been mostly of a briefer character and supplied but little else 
 than the name of the plant. One need hardly observe that 
 whoever cares to know the botanical name of a wild flower 
 should make a point of knowing a great deal more about it, in 
 fact everything he can ; and one feature of importance in this 
 little work is the description of the " Natural Orders " or 
 " Families" (pp. 35 and 82, et seq.}. For every beginner should 
 make a point of studying thoroughly some types, such as are 
 figured in the plates, of as many families as possible ; and at 
 the same time make himself familiar with their order of sequence 
 according to the Natural System of Classification, which Mr. 
 GORDON has followed. 
 
 It is unfortunately the case, with which teachers are only too 
 familiar, that beginners are apt to rest contented with the name 
 of a plant only. Such can never become botanists; and 
 although the present work does not profess to grant more than 
 " a nodding acquaintance with the wild flowers we meet with " 
 (p. 1 6) ; yet the author encourages the beginner to advance 
 further. This he must do with the aid of a " Flora " such as 
 Hooker's " Student's Flora of the British Isles. 
 
 *~>r\r\r\t-\ M ^
 
 IV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 One must not look for more than the author proposes to give. 
 Consequently, when the student has become familiar with the 
 structure or morphological details of flowers by which they may 
 be distinguished, he must proceed to the task of unravelling 
 the mystery of their forms; and that is the methods of 
 fertilization, which afford the clue to the various structures ; as. 
 all flowers are adapted either to Self-fertilization, Wind-fertilization r 
 or Insect-fertilization. The literature on this branch of botanical 
 knowledge is very extensive ; and the reader will, no doubt, find 
 access to such works as Darwin's Fertilization of Orchids, Forms 
 of Flowers, c., as well as H. Miiller's Fertilization of Flowers, 
 and the present writer's Origin of Floral Structures by Insect 
 and other Agencies. The study of this branch of physiology will 
 be found to add very materially to the interest of the student, as 
 it is always desirable, if possible, to know the " why " and the 
 " wherefore " of any facts with which we may be familiar. 
 
 To explain this a little more fully, we may take, for example, 
 the family Ranunculacese, the first in classification and with which 
 the beginner will probably be first acquainted. A Buttercup has 
 a flower with the petals widely spreading ; so that it has been 
 observed to be visited by more than sixty species of insects. 
 Hence the pistils of the flowers on any plant can be easily 
 fertilized by the pollen derived from those of another plant. It 
 is thus adapted to insects and can be " crossed." It may 
 consequently be called an insect-fertilized flower. 
 
 As, however, the stigmas are mature simultaneously with the 
 anthers of at least some of its stamens, it can easily be self- 
 fertilized in the absence of insect visitors. 
 
 On the other hand the Aconite with its great hooded sepal 
 has only two petals, and these are connected with honey-secreting 
 " nectaries " concealed within the hood. Consequently it is by 
 no means so easy of access, and only a few kinds of humble-bee 
 can properly extract the honey and " pollinate " the flower at the 
 same time. Moreover, as the stigma is late in maturing, it does
 
 INTRODUCTION. V 
 
 not readily, even if it be at all able to, set seed on its own 
 account, that is by self-fertilization. 
 
 As an example of complete self-fertilization we may take the 
 Celery-leaved Ranunculus or J?. sceleratus. This species has 
 minute blossoms, easily overlooked by insects. It seeds abun- 
 dantly and is widely dispersed. 
 
 When we compare the rarity or commonness of plants for 
 setting seed is the only use of flowers to plants the rule is 
 that self- and wind-fertilized plants are by far the most abundant 
 and wide-spread, while those which have become so modified 
 that the flowers actually exclude all but a few kinds of insects, 
 are greatly restricted in their distribution. 
 
 The above is but a sample, as a hint to the beginner to see 
 what a wide field of observation is before him if he will but 
 persevere and follow it out ; for cceteris paribus, every family 
 furnishes material for similar observations. 
 
 In conclusion I can but hope the present work will prove as 
 useful as it ought to be, and help the beginner over the initial 
 but often troublesome stage of finding out the name of a plant 
 and where to locate it in the Vegetable Kingdom. Having done 
 this his real work begins, and that is to study his plant in all its 
 stages till he can find out nothing new about it.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 i LOCAL NAMES . . i 
 
 ii. CLASSIFICATION 16 
 
 in. TABULAR SCHEME 31 
 
 iv. NATURAL ORDERS 35 
 
 v. EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION 46 
 
 vi. GLOSSARY 55 
 
 vn. CONTENTS OF COLOURED PLATES 61 
 
 vn. DERIVATION OF GENERIC NAMES 61 
 
 vni. COLOURED PLATES ... So 
 
 ix. INDEX TO THE ORDERS 82 
 
 x. INDEX TO THE GENERA 9 
 
 XL INDEX TO THE SPECIES 133
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 LOCAL NAMES, 
 
 X this list are the ordinary English names of our 
 country's flowers. Against them are set the 
 names under which the flowers are described in this 
 book, which were given them to allow of their 
 identification by the educated people of all nations, 
 and which are just as easy to remember, and in 
 most cases no more difficult to pronounce than the 
 others. The identification of plants by their local 
 names alone is almost impossible, for in the first 
 place the nomenclature is not systematic, and gives no hint as to 
 grouping, and in the second place, as will be seen from this list, in 
 many cases very different plants have the same name, and in other 
 cases many different names are borne by the same plant. 
 
 5*3 
 
 Aaron's Beard, 
 
 Hypericum calycimm. 
 
 Aaron's Rod, 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Abele, 
 
 Populus alba. 
 Absinth, 
 
 Artemisia absinthium. 
 
 Ache Weed, 
 >gopodium podagraria. 
 
 Aconite, 
 
 Aconitum napellus. 
 Adam and Eve, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Adam's Flannel, 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Adder Spit, 
 
 Pteris aquilina. 
 
 Adderwort, 
 
 Polygonum bistorta. 
 
 Adder's Fern, 
 
 Polypodium vulgare. 
 
 Adder's Flower, 
 
 Lychnis diurna. 
 
 Adder's Grass, 
 
 Orchis mascula. 
 
 Adder's Meat, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Adder's Tongue, 
 
 Ophioglossum \ulgatura. 
 
 -Agleaf, 
 
 Verbascum thapsu*. ' 
 
 Agrimony, 
 
 Agrimonia eupatoria, 
 Agworm, 
 
 Stellaria holostea. 
 Alder, 
 
 Alnus glutinosa. 
 
 Alder Buckthorn, 
 
 Rhamnus frangula. 
 
 Ale-hoof, 
 
 Nepeta glechoma. 
 
 Alexanders, 
 
 Smyrnium olusatrum. 
 
 Alkanet, 
 Anchusa officinalis. 
 
 Allbone, 
 
 Stellaria holostea. 
 AllgOOd, 
 
 Chenopodium bonus-henri- 
 cus. 
 
 Allheal, 
 
 Prunella vulgaris. 
 
 Allseed, 
 
 Radiola millegrana. 
 
 Alsike, 
 
 Trifolium hybridum. 
 Alysson, 
 
 Alyssum maritimum. 
 
 Amaranth, 
 
 Amaranthus blitum. 
 B 
 
 Amber, 
 
 Hypericum perforatum. 
 
 American Cress, 
 
 Barbarea praecox. 
 
 Andurion, 
 
 Eupatorium cannabinum. 
 Angle-berry, 
 
 Lathyrus pratensis. 
 
 Apple, 
 
 Pyrus malus. 
 
 Apple Mint, 
 
 Mentha rotundifolia. 
 
 Apple Pie, 
 
 Epilobium hirsutum. 
 Arbute, 
 
 Arbutus unedo. 
 
 Archangel, 
 
 Lamium galeobdolon, L. a!- 
 bum.or Stachys sylvatica. 
 
 Argemone, 
 
 Potentilla anserina. 
 
 Argentine, 
 
 Potentilla anserina or Ono- 
 pordum acanthium. 
 
 Am, 
 
 Sambunis nigra. 
 Arrowgrass, 
 Triglochin (the genus). 
 
 Arrowhead, 
 
 Sagittaria sagittifclu.
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Arrowroot, 
 
 Bear's Foot, 
 
 Bindweed, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Helleborus foetidus. 
 
 Convolvulus sepiuffl. 
 
 Asarabacca, 
 
 Bedwen, 
 
 Birch, 
 
 Asarum europaeum. 
 
 Betula alba. 
 
 Betula alba. 
 
 Ash, 
 
 Bedstraw, 
 
 Bird Briar, 
 
 Fraxinus excelsior. 
 
 Galium mollugo. 
 
 Rosa canina. 
 
 Avens, 
 
 Beebread, 
 
 Bird Cherry, 
 
 Geum (the genus). 
 
 Trifolium pratense. 
 
 Prunus padus. 
 
 Averil, 
 
 Bee Orchis, 
 
 Bird Eagles, 
 
 Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. 
 
 Ophrys apifera. 
 
 Crataegus oxyacantha. 
 
 Awl wort, 
 
 Beech, 
 
 Bird Grass, 
 
 Subularia aquatica. 
 
 Fagus sylvatica. 
 
 Poa trivialis. 
 
 Azalea, 
 
 Beech-fern, 
 
 Bird's Eye, 
 
 Loiseleuria procumbens. 
 
 Polypodium phegopteris. 
 
 Primula farinosa. 
 
 Baccobolts, 
 
 Bee's-nest, 
 
 Daucus carota. 
 
 Bird's Eyes, 
 
 Veronica chamaedrys. 
 
 Typha latifolia. 
 
 Beet, 
 
 Bird's Foot, 
 
 Baconweed, 
 
 Beta maritima. 
 
 Lotus corniculatus. 
 
 Chenopodium album. 
 
 Baldmoney, 
 
 Beggar's Basket, 
 
 Pulmonaria officinalis. 
 
 Bird's Nest, 
 
 Daucus carota or Mono- 
 
 Meum athamanticum. 
 
 -Beggar's Blanket, 
 
 tropa hypopitys. 
 
 Balewort, 
 
 Papaver somniferum. 
 Balm 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Beggar's Buttons, 
 
 Birthwort, 
 
 Aristolochia clematitis. 
 
 Melissa officinalis. 
 
 Balsam, 
 
 Arctium lappa. 
 
 Beggar's Needle, 
 
 Bishopswort, 
 
 Stachys betonica. 
 
 Impatiens noli-me-tangere. 
 
 Band Plant, 
 
 Vinca major. 
 
 Baneberry, 
 
 Actaea spicata. 
 
 Scandix pecten-veneris. 
 Bell-bind, 
 Convolvulus sepium. 
 Bell-bottle, 
 Hyacinthus non-scriptus. 
 
 Bistort, 
 
 Polygonum bistorta. 
 
 Bitter Cress, 
 
 Cardamine (the genus). 
 
 Bittersweet, 
 
 Solanum dulcamara or 
 
 Banewort, 
 
 Atropa belladonna. 
 
 Belleisle, 
 Barbarea praecox. 
 
 Spiraea ulmaria. 
 
 Bitter Vetch, 
 
 Barber's Brush, 
 
 Dipsacus sylvestris. 
 
 Barberry, 
 
 Berberis vulgaris. 
 
 Bell-flower, 
 
 Campanula (the genus). 
 
 Bell Heather, 
 
 Erica tetralix. 
 
 Orobus (the genus). 
 
 Blackberry, 
 
 Rubus fruticosus. 
 
 Black Bryony, 
 
 Barley, 
 
 Hordeum (the genus). 
 
 Bell Rose, 
 
 Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. 
 
 Tamus communis. 
 
 Black Cap, 
 
 Barnabas, 
 
 Bell ware, 
 
 Typha latifolia. 
 
 Centaurea solstitialis. 
 
 Zostera Miarina. 
 
 Black Grass, 
 
 Barrenwort, 
 
 Epimedium r.igrum. 
 
 Ben, 
 
 Silene inflata or Senecio 
 
 Alopecurus agrestis, 
 
 Black Heart, 
 
 Base Broom, 
 
 jacobaca. 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillus. 
 
 Genista tinctoria. 
 
 Base Rocket, 
 
 Beimels, 
 Phragmites communis. 
 
 Black Heath, 
 
 Erica cinerea. 
 
 Reseda luteola. 
 
 Bennet, 
 
 
 Basil, 
 
 Geum urbanum. 
 
 Black Hellebore, 
 
 Cakimintha clinopodium. 
 
 Bent Grass, 
 
 Astrantia major. 
 
 Basil Thyme, 
 
 Agrostis vulgaris or Aira 
 
 Black Horehound, 
 
 Calamintha acinos. 
 
 flexuosa. 
 
 Ballota nigra. 
 
 Beak Bush, 
 
 Betony, 
 
 Blackthorn, 
 
 Rhyncospora (the genus). 
 
 Stachys betonica. 
 
 Prunus spinosa. 
 
 Beaked Parsley, 
 
 Anthriscus vulgaris. 
 
 Betony (St. Paul's), 
 
 Veronica serpyllifolia. 
 
 Blackwort, 
 
 Symphytum officinale. 
 
 Beam, 
 
 Bifoil, 
 
 Bladder Campion, 
 
 Pyrus aria. 
 
 Listera ovata. 
 
 Silene inflata. 
 
 Bearberry, 
 
 Bigold, 
 
 Bladder Fern, 
 
 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. 
 
 Chrysanthemum segetum. 
 
 Cystopteris (the genus) 
 
 Beard Grass, 
 
 Bilberry, 
 
 Bladderwort, 
 
 Polypogon (the genus). 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillus. 
 
 Ut ricularia (the genus).
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Blaeberry, 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillu?. 
 
 Boor's Mustard, 
 
 Thlaspi arvense. 
 
 - Blanket, 
 
 Borage, 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Borago (the genus). 
 
 Bleeding Heart, 
 
 Cheiranthus cheiri. 
 
 Bottle Brush, 
 
 Equisetum (the genus), or 
 
 Bleeding Willow, 
 
 Orchis mono. 
 
 Hippuris (the genus). 
 
 Bouncing Bet, 
 
 Blewart, 
 
 Saponaria officinalis. 
 
 Veronica chamaedry-. 
 
 Box, 
 
 Blind Nettle, 
 
 Buxus sempervirens. 
 
 Lamium (the genus). 
 
 Bracken, 
 
 Blinks, 
 
 Pteris aquilina. 
 
 Montia fontana. 
 
 Brake, 
 
 Elite, 
 
 Pteris aquilina. 
 
 Suaeda maritima. 
 
 Bramble, 
 
 Bloodroot, 
 
 Potentilla tormentilla. 
 
 Rubus (the genus). 
 Brandy Bottle, 
 
 Blooming Sally, 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium. 
 
 Brandy Mint, 
 
 Mentha piperita. 
 
 Blowball, 
 
 Brassock 
 
 Taraxacum officinale. 
 
 Sinapis arvensis. 
 
 Blue-ball, 
 
 Scabiosa succisa. 
 
 Bread and Milk, 
 Cardamine pratensis. 
 
 Blue Bell, 
 
 in_ln. 
 
 Hyacinthus non-scriptus. 
 
 Blue Bonnet, 
 
 Centaurea cyanus. 
 
 Briar, 
 Rosa (the genus). 
 Bride's Laces, 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea. 
 
 Blue Eyes, 
 
 
 Veronica chamaedrys. 
 
 Bride wort, 
 
 Blue Kiss, 
 
 Spiraea ulmaria. 
 
 Scabiosa succisa. 
 
 Bright Meadow, 
 
 Blue Money, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Anemone pulsatilla. 
 
 Bristle Fern, 
 
 Blue Weed, 
 
 Trichomanes radicans. 
 
 Echium vulgare. 
 
 Brome Grass, 
 
 Blush Wort, 
 
 Bromus (the genus). 
 
 Erythra;a (the genus). 
 
 Brooklime, 
 
 Boar Thistle, 
 
 Veronica beccabunga. 
 
 Carduus lanceolatus or C. 
 
 Brookweed, 
 
 arvensis. 
 
 Samolus valerandi. 
 
 Bog Asphodel, 
 
 Broom, 
 
 Narthecium ossifragum. 
 
 Sarothamnus (the genus). 
 
 Bog Myrtle, 
 
 Myrica gale. 
 
 Broomrape, 
 
 Orobanche (the genus). 
 
 Bog Nut, 
 Menyanthes trifoliata. 
 
 Bog Rhubarb, 
 
 Petasites vulgaris. 
 
 Brotherwort, 
 
 Thymus serpyllum. 
 
 Bryony, 
 Bryonia dioica or Tamus 
 
 Bog Rush, 
 
 communis. 
 
 Schotnus nigricans. 
 
 Buckbean, 
 
 Bog Strawberry, 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata. 
 
 Comarum palustre. 
 
 Buckler Fern, 
 
 Bog Violet, 
 
 Lastraea (the genus). 
 
 Pinguicula vulgaris. 
 
 Buckrams, 
 
 Bolts, 
 
 Allium ursinum. 
 
 Trollius europaeus. 
 
 Buck's horn, 
 
 Bone Set, 
 
 Coronopus (the genus). 
 
 Symphytum officinale. 
 
 Buckthorn, 
 
 Boodle, 
 
 Rhamnus catharticus, or 
 
 Chrysanthemum segetum. 
 
 Prunus spinosa. 
 
 B 2 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 Polygonum dumetorum. 
 Bugle, 
 
 Ajugareptans. 
 Bugloss, 
 
 Echium vulgare, or 
 Lycopsis arvensis 
 
 Bullace, 
 
 Prunus insititia. 
 
 Bull Daisy, 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucan- 
 
 themum. 
 Bullock's Eye, 
 
 Sempervivum tectorum. 
 Bulrush, 
 Typha latifolia or Scirpus 
 
 (the genus). 
 Burdock, 
 
 Arctium lappa. 
 
 Bur Marigold, 
 
 Bidens (the genus). 
 Burnet, 
 
 Sanguisorba officinalis. 
 
 Burnet Rose, 
 
 Rosa spinosissima. 
 Burnet Saxifrage, 
 
 Pimpinella saxifraga. 
 
 Bur Reed, 
 
 Sparganiutn ramosum. 
 Bur Weed, 
 
 Galium aparine. 
 
 Butcher's Broom, 
 
 Ruscus aculeatus. 
 
 Butter and Eggs, 
 
 Linaria vulgaris. 
 
 Butter Bur, 
 
 Petasites vulgaris. 
 Buttercup, 
 
 Ranunculus (the genus). 
 
 Butterfly Orchis, 
 
 Habenaria bifolia. 
 
 Butter Root, 
 
 Pinguicula vulgaris. 
 
 Butter-wort, 
 
 Pinguicula (the genus). 
 
 Button Hole, 
 
 Scolopendrium vulgare. 
 
 Buttons, 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare. 
 
 Cabbage, 
 
 Brassica oleracea. 
 
 Cadweed, 
 
 Heracleum sphondylium. 
 
 Calamint, 
 
 Calamintha (the genus). 
 Cammock, 
 Ononis arvensis. 
 
 Camomile, 
 
 Anthemis (the genus), or 
 Matricaria (the genus). 
 
 Campion, 
 
 Lychnis (the genus), or 
 Siiene (the genus).
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Canary Grass, 
 
 Chequer Lily, 
 
 Cord Grass, 
 
 Phalaris canariensis. 
 
 Fritillaria meleagris. 
 
 Spartina stricta. 
 
 Candlemas Bells, 
 
 Chequer Tree, 
 
 Coriander, 
 
 Galanthus nivalis. 
 
 Pyrus torminalis. 
 
 Coriandrum sativum. 
 
 Candle Bush, 
 
 Cherry, 
 
 Corncockle, 
 
 Juncus communis. 
 
 Prunus cerasus. 
 
 Lychnis githago. 
 
 - Candle Wick, 
 
 Chervil, 
 
 Corn Crowfoot, 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Chaerophyllum bulbosum, 
 
 Ranunculus arvensis. 
 
 Candy Tuft, 
 
 or Tordylium maximum. 
 
 Cornflower, 
 
 Iberis (the genus). 
 
 Chicory, 
 
 Centaurea cyanus. 
 
 Cane Apple, 
 
 Cichorium intybus. 
 
 Corn Marigold, 
 
 Arbutus unedo. 
 
 Chickweed, 
 
 Chrysanthemum segetum. 
 
 Canker, 
 
 Rosa canina, Papaver 
 rhoeas, or Senecio 
 
 Stellaria media. 
 Chives, 
 Allium schoenoprasum. 
 
 Corn Poppy, 
 
 Papaver rhoeas. 
 
 jacobaea. 
 
 Canterbury Bell, 
 
 Churchbroom, 
 
 Dipsacus sylvestris. 
 
 Corn Salad, 
 
 Valerianella (the genus). 
 
 Campanula trachelium. 
 
 Cicely, 
 
 Corn Spurrey, 
 
 Caper Spurge, 
 
 Myrrhis odorata. 
 
 Spergula arvensis. 
 
 Euphorbia lathyris. 
 
 Cinquefoil, 
 
 Corn Thistle, 
 
 Capillaire, 
 
 Potentilla reptans. 
 
 Carduus arvensis. 
 
 Adiantum capillus-veneris. 
 
 Clary, 
 
 Cornel, 
 
 Caraway, 
 
 Salvia pratensis. 
 
 Cornus sanguinea. 
 
 Carum carui. 
 
 Cleavers, 
 
 Cornish Heath, 
 
 Care, 
 
 Galium aparine. 
 
 Erica vagans. 
 
 Pyrus aucuparia. 
 
 Cliff Bose, 
 
 Corpse Plant, 
 
 Carl Hemp, 
 
 Armeria maritima. 
 
 Monotropa uniflora. 
 
 Cannabis sativa. 
 
 Clithe, 
 
 Cotton Grass, 
 
 Carlin Heather, 
 
 Arctium lappa. 
 
 Eriophorum (the genus). 
 
 Erica cinerea. 
 
 Cloudberry, 
 
 Cotton Thistle. 
 
 Carline Thistle, 
 
 Rubus chamaemorus. 
 
 Onopordum acanthium. 
 
 Carlina vulgaris. 
 
 Carrot, 
 
 Daucus carota. 
 
 Clove Pink, 
 
 Dianthus caryophyllus. 
 
 Clover, 
 
 Cotton Weed, 
 
 Gnaphalium (the genus), or 
 Diotis maritima. 
 
 Catchfly, 
 
 Trifolium (the genus). 
 
 Couch Grass, 
 
 Silene (the genus). 
 
 Clown's Mustard, 
 
 Triticum repens. 
 
 Catchweed, 
 
 Iberis amara. 
 
 Cowbane, 
 
 Asperugo procumbens. 
 
 Catwood, 
 
 Euonymus europasus. 
 
 Catwhin, 
 
 Genista anglica. 
 
 Cat's Ear, 
 
 Hypochoeris (the genus). 
 Cat's Foot, 
 Nepeta glechoma. 
 
 Club Moss, 
 Lycopodium (the genus) 
 Club Bush, 
 Scirpus (the genus). 
 
 Cock's Comb, 
 
 Rhinanthus crista-galli. 
 Cock's Foot, 
 Dactylis glomerata. 
 
 Codlings and Cream, 
 
 Epilobium hirsutum. 
 
 Cicuta virosa. 
 
 Cowbell, 
 
 Silene inflata. 
 
 Cowberry, 
 
 Vaccinium vitis-idsea. 
 
 Cow Parsley, 
 
 Anthriscus sylvestris. 
 
 Cow Parsnip, 
 
 Heracleum (the genus). 
 
 Cat's Tail Grass, 
 
 Colewort, 
 
 Cowslip, 
 
 Phleum pratense. 
 
 Brassica oleracea. 
 
 Primula veris. 
 
 Celandine, 
 
 Coltsfoot, 
 
 Cow Vetch, 
 
 Chelidonium majus, or 
 
 Tussilago farfara. 
 
 Vicia cracca. 
 
 Ranunculus ficaria. 
 
 Columbine, 
 
 Cow Wheat, 
 
 Celery, 
 
 Apium graveolens. 
 
 Aquilegia vulgaris. 
 
 Comfrey, 
 
 Melampyrum (the gcTllts). 
 
 Crab, 
 
 Centaury, 
 
 Symphytum officinale. 
 
 Pyrus malus. 
 
 Erythraa centaurium or 
 Centaurea cyanus. 
 
 Cool-tankard, 
 
 Borago ofRcinalis. 
 
 Crakeberry, 
 
 Empetrum nigrum. 
 
 Chaffweed, 
 
 Centunculus minimus. 
 
 Coral Boot, 
 
 Corallorhiza (the genus). 
 
 Cranberry, 
 
 Vaccinium oxycoccos. 
 
 Charlock, 
 
 Sinapis arvensis. 
 
 Coral Wort, 
 
 Dentaria bulbifera. 
 
 Crane's-bill, 
 
 Geranium (the genus).
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Creeping Crowfoot, 
 
 Dirty Dick, 
 
 Ranunculus repens. 
 
 Chenopodium album. 
 
 Cross-wort, 
 
 Dittander, 
 
 Galium cruciatum. 
 
 Lepidium latifolium. 
 
 Crowberry, 
 
 Dock, 
 
 Empetrum nigrum. 
 
 Rumex (the genus). 
 
 Crowfoot, 
 
 Dodder, 
 
 Ranunculus (the genus). 
 
 Cuscuta (the genus). 
 
 Crowfoot Anemone, 
 
 Dog Rose, 
 
 Anemone ranunculoides. 
 
 Rosa canina. 
 
 Crow Garlic, 
 
 Dog Thistle, 
 
 Allium vineale. 
 
 Carduus arvensis. 
 
 Crow's Foot, 
 
 Dogwood, 
 
 Lotus corniculatus. 
 
 Cornus sanguinea. 
 
 Cuckoo Flower, 
 
 Cardamine pratensis, 
 Orchis mascula, or Hya- 
 cinthus non-scriptus. 
 
 Dog's Mercury, 
 
 Mercurialis perennis. 
 
 Dog's Parsley, 
 
 Cuckoo Grass, 
 
 /Ethusa cynapium. 
 
 Luzula campestris. 
 
 Dog's Tail Grass, 
 
 Cuckoo Pint, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Cynosurus cristatus. 
 Dog's Tongue, 
 
 Cudweed, 
 
 Cynoglossum officinale. 
 
 Gnaphalium (the genus). 
 
 Currant, 
 
 Dog's Tooth Grass, 
 
 Cynodon dactylon. 
 
 Ribes (the genus). 
 
 Dove's Foot, 
 
 Cursed Crowfoot, 
 
 Geranium molle. 
 
 Ranunculus sceleratus. 
 
 Down Thistle, 
 
 Cushion Pink, 
 
 Onopordum acanthi um. 
 
 Armeria maritima. 
 
 Drooping Avens, 
 
 Cut Finger, 
 
 Geum rivale. 
 
 Vinca major. 
 
 Drooping Tulip, 
 
 Cut Grass, 
 
 Fritillaria meleagris. 
 
 Leersia oryzoides. 
 
 Drop-wort, 
 
 Cyphel, 
 
 CEnanthe crocata. 
 
 Cherleria sedoides. 
 
 Duck Weed, 
 
 Daffodil, 
 
 Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. 
 Daisy, 
 
 Bellis perennis. 
 
 Dame's Violet, 
 
 Hesperis matronalls. 
 
 Lemna (the genus). 
 
 Dutch Clover, 
 Trifolium repens. 
 Dwale, 
 
 Atropa belladonna. 
 
 Dyer's Greenweed, 
 
 Dandelion, 
 
 Taraxacum officinale. 
 
 Genista tinctoria. 
 
 Dyer's Rocket, 
 
 Dane's Flower, 
 
 Reseda luteola. 
 
 Anemone pulsatilla. 
 
 Earthnut, 
 
 Darnel, 
 
 Bunium flexuosum. 
 
 Lolium temulentum. 
 
 Earth Smoke, 
 
 Darning Needle, 
 
 Fumaria officinalis. 
 
 Scandix pecten-veneris. 
 
 Easter Flower, 
 
 Dart Grass, 
 
 Anemone pulsatilla. 
 
 Holcus mollis. 
 
 Eglantine, 
 
 Deadly Nightshade, 
 
 Rosa rubiginosa. 
 
 Atropa belladonna. 
 Dead Nettle, 
 
 Eggs and Bacon, 
 
 Linaria vulgaris, or Lotus 
 
 Lamium (the genus). 
 
 corniculatus. 
 
 Deptford Pink, 
 
 Elder, 
 
 Dianthus armeria. 
 
 Sambucus nigra. 
 
 Devil's Bit, 
 
 Elecampane, 
 
 Scabiosa succisa. 
 
 Inula helenium. 
 
 Dewberry, 
 
 Rubus caciius. 
 
 Eleven o'clock Lady, 
 
 Ornithogalum umbellatum. 
 
 Elm, 
 
 Ulmus (the genus). 
 
 Enchanter's Nightshade, 
 
 Circaea lutctiana. 
 Erriff, 
 
 Galiura aparine. 
 
 Eryngo, 
 
 Eryngium (the genus). 
 Espibawn, 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucan- 
 
 themum. 
 Euphrasy, 
 
 Euphrasia officinalis. 
 
 Evening Primrose, 
 
 (Enothera (the genus). 
 
 Everlasting, 
 
 Antennaria dioicum, or 
 Gnaphalium (the genus). 
 
 Everlasting Pea, 
 
 Lathyrus latifolia. 
 
 Eyebright, 
 
 Euphrasia officinalis. 
 
 Fair Maids of February, 
 
 Galanthus nivalis. 
 
 Fair Maids of France, 
 
 Achillea ptarmica. 
 
 Fair Maids of Kent, 
 
 Ranunculus aconitifolius. 
 
 Fairy Fingers, 
 
 Digitalis purpurea. 
 
 Fat Hen, 
 
 Chenopodium album. 
 
 Feather Foil, 
 
 Hottonia palustris. 
 
 Feather Grass, 
 
 Stipa pennata. 
 
 Felon Herb, 
 
 Artemisia vulgaris. 
 
 Felon-wort, 
 
 Solanum dulcamara. 
 Fenberry, 
 
 Vaccinium oxycoccos. 
 Fennel, 
 
 Fceniculum vulgare. 
 Fenugrec, 
 
 Trigonella ornithopo- 
 dioides. 
 
 Ferns, 
 
 Filices (the order). 
 Fescue Grass, 
 
 Festuca (the genus). 
 
 Feverfew, 
 
 Matricaria parthenium. 
 
 Fever-wort, 
 
 Erythrasa centaurium. 
 Fiddle Dock, 
 Rumex pulcher. 
 
 Field Madder, 
 
 Sherardia arvensis. 
 
 Fig-wort, 
 
 Scrophularia (the genus), or 
 Ranunculus noanu.
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Filmy Fern, 
 
 Friar's Cap, 
 
 Golden Rod, 
 
 Hymenophyllum (the 
 
 Aconitum CEpellus. 
 
 Solidago virgaurea. 
 
 genus). 
 
 Friar's Crown, 
 
 Golden Tuft, 
 
 Fingers and Thumbs, 
 
 Carduus eriophorus. 
 
 Alyssum saxatile. 
 
 Lotus corniculatus. 
 
 Fritillary, 
 
 Goldilocks, 
 
 Fiorin Grass, 
 
 Fritillaria meleagris. 
 
 Ranunculus auricomus, or 
 
 Agrostis alba. 
 
 Frog-bit, 
 
 Chrysocoma linosyris. 
 
 Fir, 
 
 Hydrocharis morsus ranae. 
 
 Goldings, 
 
 Pinus sylvestris. 
 
 Fuller's Herb, 
 
 Chrysanthemum segetum. 
 
 Fire Weed, 
 
 Saponaria officinalis. 
 
 Good King Henry, 
 
 Plantago media. 
 
 Fume-wort, 
 
 Chenopodium bonus 
 
 Fir Rape, 
 
 Monotropa hypopitys. 
 
 Five Leaf, 
 
 Potentilla reptans. 
 
 Flag, 
 
 Corydalis (the genus). 
 
 Fumitory, 
 
 Fumaria (the genus). 
 
 Furze, 
 
 Ulex (the genus). 
 
 henricus. 
 Gooseberry, 
 
 Ribes grossularia. 
 
 Gooseberry Pie, 
 
 Epilobium hirsutum. 
 
 Iris (the genus). 
 
 f*nl A 
 
 Goosebill, 
 
 Flannel, 
 
 Gale, 
 
 Myrica gale. 
 
 Galium aparine. 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Flax, 
 
 Linum usitatissimum. 
 
 Flax Seed, 
 
 Galingale, 
 
 Cyperus longus. 
 Gang Flower, 
 
 Polygala vulgaris. 
 
 Goosecorn, 
 
 Juncus squarrosus. 
 
 Goosefoot, 
 
 Chenopodium (the genus). 
 
 Radiola millegrana. 
 
 Garden-gate, 
 
 Goosegray, 
 
 Flax Weed, 
 
 Viola tricolor. 
 
 Potentilla anserina. 
 
 Linaria vulgaris. 
 
 Garlic, 
 
 Goose Tongue, 
 
 Flea Bane, 
 
 Allium (the genus). 
 
 Achillea ptannica. 
 
 Erigeron (the genus). 
 
 Garlic Sage, 
 
 Gorse, 
 
 Flea-wort, 
 
 Teucrium scorodonia. 
 
 Ulex (the genus). 
 
 Cineraria (the genus). 
 
 Gatten, 
 
 Gout Ivy, 
 
 Fleur de lis, 
 
 Euonymus europasus, or 
 
 Ajuga chamaepitys. 
 
 Iris (the genus). 
 
 Cornus sanguinea. 
 
 Goutweed, 
 
 Flixweed, 
 
 Gean, 
 
 jEgopodium podagraria. 
 
 Sisymbrium sophia. 
 
 Prunus avium. 
 
 Gowan, 
 
 Float Grass, 
 
 Gentian, 
 
 Bellis perennis, or any of 
 
 Glyceria Sultans. 
 
 Gentiana (the genus) . 
 
 the yellow Ranunculi. 
 
 Flower de Luce, 
 
 Germander, 
 
 Grace of God, 
 
 Iris (the genus). 
 
 Teucrium chamaedrys. 
 
 Hypericum calycinum. 
 
 Flowering Rush, 
 
 Butomus umbellatus. 
 
 Germander Speedwell, 
 
 Veronica chamxdrys. 
 
 Grasses, 
 
 Gramineae (the order). 
 
 Fluellin, 
 
 Linaria elatine. 
 
 Gethsemane, 
 
 Orchis mascula. 
 
 Grass of Parnassus, 
 
 Parnassia palustris. 
 
 Fly Orchis, 
 
 Ophrys muscifera. 
 
 GUI, 
 
 Nepeta glechoma. 
 
 Greeds, 
 
 Potamogeton (the genus). 
 
 Fool's Parsley, 
 
 ^Ethusa cynapium 
 
 Gillyflower, 
 
 Dianthus caryophyllus, 
 
 Green Man, 
 
 Aceras anthropophora. 
 
 Fool's Watercress, 
 
 Matthiola incana, or Cheir- 
 
 Green Sauce, 
 
 Helosciadium nodiflorum. 
 
 anthus cheiri. 
 
 Rumex acetosella. 
 
 Forget-me-not, 
 
 Gipsy-wort, 
 
 Grim the CoUier, 
 
 Myosotis (the genus). 
 
 Lycopus europaeus. 
 
 Hieracium aurantiacum. 
 
 Four-leaved Grass, 
 
 Paris quadrifolia. 
 
 Gladwyn, 
 
 Iris foetidissima. 
 
 Gromwell, 
 
 Lithospermum (the genus). 
 
 Fowl Grass, 
 
 Glass-wort, 
 
 Ground-weU, 
 
 Poa trivialis. 
 
 Salicornia herbacea. 
 
 Veronica officinalis. 
 
 Foxglove, 
 
 Globe Flower, 
 
 Ground Ivy, 
 
 Digitalis purpurea. 
 
 Trollius (the genus). 
 
 Nepeta glechoma. 
 
 Foxtail, 
 
 Goatsbeard, 
 
 Ground Pine, 
 
 Alopecurus pratensis. 
 
 Tragopogon pratensis. 
 
 Ajuga chamsepitys. 
 
 Fragrant Orchis, 
 
 Gold Dust, 
 
 Groundsel, 
 
 Gymnadenia conopsea. 
 
 Sedum acre. 
 
 Senecio (the genus). 
 
 French Willow, 
 
 Gold of Pleasure, 
 
 Guelder Rose, 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium. 
 
 Camelina sativa. 
 
 Viburnum opulus.
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Guimauve, 
 
 Hedge Hyssop, 
 
 Hind Heal, 
 
 Althaea officinalis. 
 
 Scutellaria minor. 
 
 Chenopodium botryoides 
 
 Guinea Hen, 
 
 Hedge Mustard, 
 
 and Teucrium scorodonia. 
 
 Fritillaria meleagris. 
 
 Hair BeU, 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale. 
 
 Hedge Parsley, 
 
 Torilis anthriscus. 
 
 Hip Wort, 
 
 Cotyledon umbilicus. 
 Hoary Mullein, 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia. 
 
 Hallelujah, 
 
 Oxalis acetosella. 
 
 Hedge Vine, 
 
 Clematis vitalba. 
 
 Verbascum pulverulentum 
 
 Hog Cherry, 
 
 Prunus padus. 
 
 Hammer Sedge, 
 
 Cyperus hirta. 
 
 Hellebore, 
 
 Helleborus (the genus). 
 
 Hog Nut, 
 Bunium flexuosum. 
 
 Hard Fern, 
 
 Blechnum boreale. 
 
 Helleborine, 
 
 Epipactis (the genus) or 
 Cephalanthera (the 
 
 Hog's Fennel, 
 
 Peucedanum officinale. 
 
 Hardock, 
 
 genus). 
 
 Hog Weed, 
 
 Arctium lappa. 
 
 Hemlock, 
 
 Heracleum sphondylium. 
 
 Hare Bell, 
 
 Conium maculatum. 
 
 Hole Wort, 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia. 
 
 Hare's Beard, 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Hare's Ear, 
 
 Bupleurum rotundifolium. 
 
 Hemp Agrimony, 
 
 Eupatorium cannabinum. 
 
 Hemp Nettle, 
 
 Galeopsis tetrahit. 
 TTAnVia YI A 
 
 Corydalis tuberosa, or 
 Adoxa moschatellina. 
 
 HoUy, 
 Ilex aquifolium. 
 
 HoUy Fern, 
 
 Hare's Eye, 
 
 Lychnis diurna. 
 
 Hare's Tail, 
 
 Lagurus ovatus. 
 
 ncii ucuic, 
 Hyoscyamus niger. 
 
 Henbit, 
 
 Lamium amplexicaule, or 
 Veronica hederifolia. 
 
 Polystichum lonchitis. 
 Holy Ghost, 
 Angelica sylvestris. 
 Holy G rass, 
 
 Hare Thistle, 
 
 Hen Plant, 
 
 Hierochloe borealis. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus. 
 
 Plantago lanceolata. 
 
 Holy Hay, 
 
 Harlock, 
 
 Hen's Foot, 
 
 Medicago saliva. 
 
 Arclium lappa. 
 
 Caucalis daucoides. 
 
 Holy Herb, 
 
 Harriff, 
 
 Galium aparine. 
 
 Herb Bennet, 
 
 Geum urbanum, Conium 
 
 Verbena officinalis. 
 
 Holy Rope, 
 
 Hart's Tongue, 
 
 maculatum, or Valeriana 
 
 Eupatorium cannabinum. 
 
 Scolopendrium vulgare. 
 
 officinalis. 
 
 Holy Rose, 
 
 Hartwort, 
 
 Tordylium maximum. 
 
 Herb Carpenter, 
 
 Prunella vulgaris. 
 
 Andromeda polifolia. 
 
 Home Wort, 
 
 Hassocks, 
 
 Carex paniculata. 
 
 Herb Christopher, 
 
 Actaea spicata, or Osmunda 
 
 Sempervivum tectorum. 
 
 Hone Wort, 
 
 Hautboy, 
 
 regal is. 
 
 Trinia vulgaris. 
 
 Fragaria elatior. 
 
 Hawkbit, 
 
 Leontodon (the genus). 
 
 Herb Gerard, 
 
 jEgopodium podagraria. 
 
 Honeysuckle, 
 
 Lonicera periclymenum. 
 
 Hawkweed, 
 
 Herb Margaret, 
 
 Honey Wort, 
 
 Hieracium (the genus). 
 
 Bellis perennis. 
 
 Sison amomum. 
 
 Hawksbeard, 
 
 Herb Paris, 
 
 Hood Wort, 
 
 Crepis (the genus). 
 
 Paris quadrifolia. 
 
 Scutellaria (the genus). 
 
 Hawthorn, 
 
 Herb Peter, 
 
 Hooded Grass, 
 
 Crataegus oxyacantha. 
 
 Primula veris. 
 
 Bromus mollis. 
 
 Hay Maids, 
 
 Herb Robert, 
 
 Hoofs, 
 
 Nepeta glechoma. 
 
 Geranium robertianum. 
 
 Tussilago farfara. 
 
 Hazel, 
 
 Herb Trinity, 
 
 Hookheal 
 
 Corylus avellana. 
 
 Viola tricolor. 
 
 Prunella vulgaris. 
 
 Headache, 
 
 Herb Twopence, 
 
 _ 
 
 Papaver rhoeas. 
 
 Lysimachia nummularia. 
 
 Humulus lupulus. 
 
 Heartsease, 
 
 Viola tricolor. 
 
 Heath, 
 
 Heron's BUI, 
 
 Erodium (the genus). 
 
 Herringbone Fern, 
 
 Hop Clover, 
 Trifolium procumbens, or 
 Medicago lupulina. 
 
 Erica (the genus). 
 
 Elechnum boreale. 
 
 Hopes, 
 
 Heather, 
 
 -High Taper, 
 
 Matthiola incana. 
 
 Calluna (the genus). 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Horehound, 
 
 Hedgehog, 
 
 Hindberry, 
 
 Ballota nigra, or Mam 
 
 Ranunculus arvcnsis. 
 
 Rubus idacus. 
 
 bium vulgare.
 
 8 
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Hornbeam, 
 
 Carpinus betulus. 
 
 Hornwort, 
 
 Ceratophyllum demersum. 
 
 Horned Pondweed, 
 
 Zannichellia (the genus). 
 
 Horned Poppy, 
 
 Glaucium luteum. 
 Horned Rampion, 
 
 Phyteuma (the genus). 
 
 Horsebane, 
 
 CEnanthe phellandrium. 
 Horse Elder, 
 Inula helenium. 
 
 Horse Mint, 
 
 Mentha sylvestris. 
 
 Horse Parsley, 
 
 Smyrnium olusatrum. 
 
 Horse Radish, 
 
 Cochlearia armoracia. 
 
 Horse Shoe Vetch, 
 
 Hippocrepis comosa. 
 
 Horsetail, 
 Equisetum (the genus). 
 
 Horse Thyme, 
 
 Calamintha clinopodium. 
 
 Horse Tongue, 
 
 Scolopendrium vulgare. 
 Hound's Berry, 
 
 Cornus sanguinea. 
 
 Hound's Tongue, 
 
 Cynoglossum officinalis. 
 
 Houseleek, 
 
 Sempervivum (the genus). 
 
 Hove, 
 
 Nepeta glechoma, 
 
 Huckleberry, 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillus. 
 
 Hulver, 
 
 Ilex aquifolium. 
 
 Hundredfold, 
 
 Galium verum. 
 
 Hunger Weed, 
 
 Ranunculus acris. 
 
 Hurtleberry, 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillus. 
 Hurts, 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillus. 
 
 Hurt Sickle, 
 
 Centaurea cyanus. 
 Hyacinth, 
 Hyacinthus nonscriptus. 
 
 Imbreke, 
 
 Sempervivum tectorum. 
 
 Indian Eye, 
 
 Dianthus plumarius. 
 Indian Moss, 
 
 Saxifraga hypnoides. 
 
 Iron Grass, 
 
 Polygonum aviculare. 
 
 Iron Head, 
 
 Centaurea nigra. 
 Ivy, 
 
 Hedera helix. 
 Ivy-wort, 
 
 Linaria cymbalaria. 
 
 Jack by the Hedge, 
 
 Sisymbrium alliaria. 
 
 Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, 
 
 Ornithogalum umbellatum, 
 or Tragopogon pratensis. 
 
 Jack of the Buttery, 
 
 Sedum acre. 
 
 Jacob's Ladder, 
 
 Polemonium coeruleum. 
 
 Jacoby, 
 
 Senecio jacobaea. 
 
 Jerusalem Cowslip, 
 
 Pulmouaria officinalis. 
 
 Jerusalem Oak, 
 
 Teucrium botryoides. 
 
 Jerusalem Star, 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolius. 
 
 Jew's Myrtle, 
 
 Ruscus aculeatus. 
 
 Joint Vetch, 
 
 Arthrolobium (the genus). 
 
 Joseph's Flower, 
 
 Tragopogon pratensis. 
 
 Juniper, 
 
 Juniperus communis. 
 
 Juno's Tears, 
 
 Verbena officinalis. 
 
 Jupiter's Beard, 
 
 Sempervivum tectorum. 
 
 Jur Nut, 
 
 Bunium flexuosum. 
 
 Kale, 
 
 Brassica oleracea. 
 Kecks, 
 jEthusa cynapium. 
 
 Kemps, 
 
 Plantago media. 
 
 Kendal Green, 
 
 Genista tinctoria. 
 
 Kentish Balsam, 
 
 Mercurialis perennis. 
 
 Kettle Dock, 
 
 Rumex obtusifolius. 
 
 Kidney Vetch, 
 
 Anthyllis vulneraria. 
 
 Kidney Wort, 
 
 Cotyledon umbilicus. 
 Kingcup, 
 
 Ranunculis acris. 
 
 King Fern, 
 
 O-smunda regalis. 
 
 King's Clover, 
 
 Melilotus officinalis. 
 
 Kinnikinnick, 
 
 Arctostaphylos uva ursi. 
 
 Knapweed, 
 
 Centaurea nigra. 
 
 Knapwell, 
 
 Scleranthus annuus. 
 
 Knawel, 
 
 Scleranthus (the genus). 
 Knee Holly, 
 
 Ruscus aculeatus. 
 Knipper Nut, 
 
 Vicia orobus. 
 
 Knob Sedge, 
 
 Sparganium ramosum. 
 
 Knot Berry, 
 
 Rubus chamtcmorus. 
 Knot Grass, 
 Illecebrum (the genus). 
 
 Lady Fern, 
 
 Athyrium lilix-foemina. 
 
 Lady of the Meadow, 
 
 Spiraea ulmaria. 
 
 Lady's Bower, 
 
 Clematis vitalla. 
 
 Lady's Finger, 
 
 Anthyllis vulneraria. 
 
 Lady's Glove, 
 
 Inula conyza. 
 
 Lady's Hair, 
 
 Briza media. 
 
 Lady's Mantle, 
 
 Alchemilla vulgaris. 
 
 Lady's Nightcap, 
 
 Convolvulus sepium. 
 
 Lady's Pincushion, 
 
 Armeria maritima. 
 
 Lady's Seal, 
 
 Tamus communis. 
 
 Lady's Slipper, 
 
 Cypripedium (the genus). 
 
 Lady's Smock, 
 
 Cardamine pratensis. 
 
 Lady's Thimble, 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia. 
 Lady's Thistle, 
 
 Carduus marianus. 
 
 Lady's Thumb, 
 
 Polygonum persicaria. 
 
 Lady's Tresses, 
 
 Spiranthes (the genus). 
 
 Lake Weed, 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper. 
 
 Lamb-in-a-Pulpit, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Lamb's Cress, 
 
 Cardamine hirsuta. 
 
 Lamb's Ear, 
 
 Stachys germanica. 
 
 Lamb's Lettuce, 
 
 Valerianella olitoria- 
 
 Lamb's Toe, 
 
 Lotus corniculatus.
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Lamb's Tongue, 
 
 Plantago media. 
 
 Lamp Flower, 
 
 Lychnis (the genus). 
 
 Land Whin, 
 
 Ononis arvensis. 
 
 Larkspur, 
 
 Delphinium (the genus). 
 
 Lavender Thrift, 
 
 Statice limonium. 
 
 Leek, 
 
 Allium ampeloprasum. 
 
 Lent Lily, 
 
 Narcissus pseu Jo-narcissus. 
 
 Leopard's Bane, 
 
 Doronicum (the genus) or 
 Paris quadrifolia. 
 
 Lettuce, 
 
 Lactuca (the genus). 
 
 Lily, 
 
 Lilium (the genus). 
 
 Lily of the Mountain, 
 
 Polygonatum multillorum. 
 
 Lily of the Valley, 
 
 Convallaria majalis. 
 
 Lily Grass, 
 
 Butomus umbellatus. 
 Lime, 
 
 Tilia europaea. 
 Lime-wort, 
 
 Lychnis viscaria. 
 Linden, 
 
 Tilia europaea. 
 
 Ling, 
 
 Calluna vulgaris. 
 
 Ling Berry, 
 
 Empetrum nigrum, or 
 Vaccinium vitis-idaea. 
 
 Lion's Foot, 
 
 Alchemilla vulgaris. 
 
 Lion's Mouth, 
 
 Linaria vulgaris, or 
 Antirrhinum (the genus). 
 
 Lion's Snap, 
 
 Lamium amplexicaule. 
 
 Lion's Tooth, 
 
 Leontodon, (the genus). 
 
 Liquorice, 
 
 Astragalus glyciphyllos. 
 Lithy, 
 
 Viburnum lantana. 
 
 Livelong, 
 
 Sedum telephium. 
 
 Lizard, 
 
 Orchis hircina. 
 
 Lob Grass, 
 
 Bromus molli;. 
 
 Loddon lily, 
 
 Leucojum aestivum. 
 
 Lode-wort, 
 
 Ranunculus aquatilis. 
 
 Logger-heads, 
 
 Centaurea (the genus). 
 
 London Pride, 
 
 Saxifraga umbrosa. 
 
 London Rocket, 
 
 Sisymbrium irio. 
 
 Long Purple, 
 
 Orchis mascula. 
 
 Loosestrife, 
 
 Lysimachia (the genus) or 
 Lythrum salicaria. 
 
 Lords and Ladies, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 Lot, 
 
 Pyrus aria. 
 Louse-wort, 
 
 Pedicularis (the yenus). 
 
 Lovage, 
 
 Ligusticum scoticum. 
 
 Loye-in-Idleness, 
 
 Viola tricolor. 
 
 Loveman, 
 
 Galium aparine. 
 
 Lucerne, 
 
 Medicago saliva. 
 
 Lucken Gowan, 
 
 Trollius europaeus. 
 Lunary, 
 
 Botrychium lunaria. 
 
 Lung-wort, 
 
 Pulmonaria (the genus). 
 
 Lyme Grass, 
 
 Elymus arenarius. 
 
 Mackerel Mint, 
 
 Mentha viridis. 
 
 Madder, 
 
 Rubia (the genus) or 
 Sherardia (the genus). 
 
 Mad-wort, 
 
 Asperugo procumbens, or 
 Alyssum (the genus). 
 
 Maidenhair, 
 
 Adiantum capillus veneris, 
 Asplenium trichomanes, 
 or Narthecium ossi- 
 fragum. 
 
 Maid of the Meadow, 
 
 Spiraea ulmaria. 
 
 Maiden Pink, 
 
 Dianthus deltoides. 
 Maiden's Honesty, 
 
 Clematis vitalba. 
 
 Maid's Hair, 
 
 Galium verum. 
 
 Male Fern, 
 
 Lastraea filix mas. 
 Mallow, 
 
 Malva (the genus). Althaea 
 (the genus), or Lavatera 
 arborea. 
 
 Mandrake, 
 
 Bryonia dioica. 
 
 Manna Grass, 
 
 Glyceria fluitans. 
 Man Orchis, 
 Aceras anthropophora. 
 
 Maple, 
 
 Acer (the genus). 
 Mare's Tail, 
 Hippuris (the genus). 
 
 Marguerite, 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucan- 
 
 themum. 
 Marigold, 
 Chrysanthemum segetum. 
 
 Marjoram, 
 
 Origanum (the genus). 
 Marram, 
 
 Ammophila arundinacea. 
 Marsh Beetle, 
 
 Typha latifolia. 
 Marsh Cinquefoil, 
 
 Comarum palustre. 
 
 Marsh Elder, 
 
 Viburnum opulus. 
 Marsh Fern, 
 
 Lastraea thelypteris. 
 Marsh Mallow, 
 
 Althaea (the genus). 
 
 Marsh Marigold, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Marsh Parsley, 
 
 Apium graveolens. 
 
 Marsh Pennywort, 
 
 Hydrocotyle vulgaris. 
 
 Marsh Trefoil, 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata. 
 
 Mary Bud, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Mary's Gold, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Mastel Tree, 
 
 Acer campestre. 
 
 Master-wort, 
 
 Peucedanum ostruthium. 
 
 Matfellon, 
 
 Centaurea nigra, or C. 
 
 scabiosa. 
 
 Mat Grass, 
 
 Nardus stricta. 
 
 Mathes, 
 
 Anthemis cotula. 
 
 Maudlin Wort, 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucan- 
 themum. 
 
 Mawseed, 
 
 Papaver somniferum. 
 
 May, 
 
 Crataegus oxyacantha. 
 
 Mayblobs, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Mayflower, 
 
 Cardamine pratensis.
 
 10 
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 v Maylily, 
 
 Milk Grass, 
 
 Convallaria majalis. 
 
 Valerianella olitoria. 
 
 Mayweed, 
 
 Milk Thistle, 
 
 Anthemis cotula. 
 
 Carduus marianus. 
 
 Mazard, 
 
 Milk Vetch, 
 
 Prunus avium. 
 
 Astragalus (the genus). 
 
 Meadow Bright, 
 
 Milk Weed, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Peucedanum palustre, 
 
 Meadow Cress, 
 
 Cardamine pratensis. 
 
 Sonchus olereaceus, or 
 Polygala (the genus). 
 
 Meadow Grass, 
 
 Poa (the genus), or 
 Schlerochloa (the genus). 
 
 Milk Wort, 
 
 Polygala (the genus). 
 
 Miller's Star, 
 
 Meadow Nut, 
 
 Stellaria holostea. 
 
 Comarum palustre. 
 
 Millet Grass, 
 
 Meadow Parsnip, 
 
 Milium (the genus). 
 
 1 Heracleum sphondylium. 
 
 Mint, 
 
 Meadow Pink, 
 
 Mentha (the genus) . 
 
 1 Lychnis flos-cuculi. 
 
 Mistletoe, 
 
 Meadow Rocket, 
 
 Orchis latifolia. 
 
 Viscum album. 
 
 Mithridate Mustard, 
 
 Meadow Rout, 
 
 Thlaspi arvense. 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Mitre flower, 
 
 Meadow Rue. 
 
 Cyclamen (the genus). 
 
 Thalictrum (the genus). 
 
 Modesty, 
 
 Meadow Saffron, 
 
 Colchicum autumnale. 
 
 Bupleurum rotundifolium. 
 
 Moneywort, 
 
 Meadow Saxifrage, 
 
 Silaus pratensis. 
 
 Lysimachia nummularia. 
 
 Monkey Flower, 
 
 Meadow Sweet, 
 
 Mimulus (the genus). 
 
 Spiraea ulmaria. 
 
 Monkshood, 
 
 'Mealy Tree, 
 
 J Viburnum lantana. 
 
 Aconitum napellus. 
 
 Monk's Rhubarb, 
 
 Medick, 
 
 Rumex alpinus. 
 
 Medicago (the genus) . 
 
 Monox, 
 
 Medlar, 
 
 Empetrum nigrum. 
 
 Mespilus (the genus). 
 
 Moon Daisy, 
 
 Melic Grass, 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucan- 
 
 Melica (the genus). 
 
 themum. 
 
 Melilot, 
 
 Moonwort, 
 
 Melilotus (the genus), or 
 
 Botrychium lunaria. 
 
 Medicago lupulina. 
 
 Moorberry, 
 
 Mercury, 
 
 Vaccinium oxycoccos. 
 
 Mercurialis perennis. 
 
 Moor Grass, 
 
 Mew, 
 
 Sesleria ccerulea. 
 
 Meum athamanticum. 
 
 Moor Heath, 
 
 Mezereon, 
 
 Erica vagans. 
 
 Daphne mezereum. 
 
 Moor Myrtle, 
 
 Michaelmas Daisy, 
 
 Myrica gale. 
 
 Aster tripolium. 
 
 Moor Whin, 
 
 Midsummer Daisy, 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucan- 
 
 Genista anglica. 
 
 Moorwort, 
 
 themum. 
 
 Andromeda polifolia. 
 
 Midsummer Men, 
 
 Morel, 
 
 Sedum telephium. 
 
 Atropa belladonna. 
 
 Mignonette, 
 
 Mortal, 
 
 Reseda luteola. 
 
 Solanum dulcamara 
 
 Milfoil, 
 
 Moschatel, 
 
 Achillea (the genus). 
 
 Adoxa moschatellina. 
 
 Milk Gowan, 
 
 Moss Campion, 
 
 Taraxacum officinale. 
 
 Silene acaulis 
 
 Moss Rush, 
 
 Juncus squarrosus 
 
 Mossy-red-shanks, 
 
 Tillsea muscosa. 
 Moth Mullein, 
 
 Verbascum blattaria. 
 
 Mother of Thousands, 
 
 Linaria cymbalaria. 
 
 Mother of Thyme, 
 
 Thymus serpyllum. 
 
 Mother of Wheat, 
 
 Veronica hedenefolia. 
 
 Mother's Heart, 
 
 Capsella bursa pastoris. 
 
 Motherwort, 
 
 Leonurus cardiaca. 
 
 Mountain Anemone, 
 
 Anemone apennina. 
 
 Mountain Ash, 
 
 Pyrus aucuparia. 
 
 Mountain Fern, 
 
 Lastrsea oreopteris. 
 
 Mountain Sage, 
 
 Teucrium scorodonia. 
 
 Mountain Sorrel, 
 
 Oxyria reniformis. ". 
 
 Mourning Widow, 
 
 Geranium phaeum. 
 
 Mouse Ear, 
 
 Hieracium pilosella, Ceras- 
 tium (the genus), or 
 Myosotis (the genus). 
 
 Mouse tail, 
 
 Myosurus minimus. 
 
 Muckweed, 
 
 Chenopodium album. 
 
 Mudwort, 
 
 Limosella aquatica. 
 Mugget, 
 
 Convallaria majalis. 
 Mugwort, 
 
 Galium cruciatum, or Arte- 
 misia vulgaris. 
 
 Mullein, 
 
 Verbascum (the genus). 
 
 Mullet, 
 
 Inula dysenterica. 
 
 Munshock, 
 
 Vaccinium vitis-idaea. 
 Musk Mallow, 
 
 Malva moschata. 
 
 Musk Orchis, 
 
 Herminium monorchis, 
 
 Musk Thistle, 
 
 Carduus nutans 
 
 Mustard, 
 
 Sinapis (the genus). 
 
 Mutton Chops, 
 
 Galium aparine. 
 
 Myrrh, 
 
 Myrrhis odorata.
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Myrtle Flag, 
 
 Ofbit, 
 
 Acorus calamus 
 
 Scabiosa succisa. 
 
 Myrtle Spurge, 
 
 Old Man's Beard, 
 
 Euphorbia lathyris. 
 
 Clematis vitalba. 
 
 
 Old Woman, 
 
 Nailwort, 
 
 Artemisia absinthium. 
 
 Draba verna. 
 
 One Berry, 
 
 Naked Ladies, 
 
 Paris quadrifolia. 
 
 Colchicum autumnale. 
 
 Orache, 
 
 Nap at Noon, 
 
 Tragopogon pratensis. 
 
 Atriplex (the genus). 
 
 Orpine, 
 
 Naughty Man's Cherry, 
 
 Sedum telephium. 
 
 Atropa belladonna. 
 
 Osier, 
 
 Navelwort, 
 
 Salix viminalis. 
 
 Cotyledon umbilicus. 
 
 Osterick, 
 
 Navew, 
 
 Polygonum bistorta. 
 
 Brassica campestris. 
 
 Oxberry, 
 
 Needle Chervil, 
 
 Tamus communis. 
 
 Scandix pecten veneris. 
 
 Ox-eye, 
 
 Needle Whin, 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucan- 
 
 Genista anglica. 
 
 themum. 
 
 Neele, 
 
 Ox-heel, 
 
 Lolium temulentum. 
 
 Helleborus fcetidus. 
 
 Nettle, 
 
 Ox-lip, 
 
 Urtica (the genus). 
 
 Primula elatior. 
 
 Nightingale, 
 
 Geranium robertianum. 
 
 Ox-tongue, 
 
 Helminthia echioides. 
 
 Nightshade, 
 
 
 Solanum (the genus), also 
 
 Padelion, 
 
 Atropa belladonna. 
 
 Alchemilla vulgaris. 
 
 Ninety Knot, 
 
 Paigle, 
 
 Polygonum aviculare. 
 
 Primula veris. 
 
 Nipplewort, 
 
 Lapsana (the genus) or 
 
 Palm, 
 
 Salix caprea. 
 
 Arnoseris (the genus). 
 
 Pansy, 
 
 Nit Grass, 
 
 Viola tricolor. 
 
 Gastridium lendigerum. 
 
 Parsley, 
 
 None so Pretty, 
 
 Petroselinum (the genus). 
 
 Saxifraga umbrosa. 
 
 Parsley Fern, 
 
 Nonsuch, 
 
 Allosorus crispus. 
 
 Medicago lupulina. 
 
 Parsley Piert, 
 
 Noontide, 
 
 Alchemilla arvensis. 
 
 Tragopogon pratense. 
 
 Parsnip, 
 
 Noops, 
 
 Pastinaca (the genus). 
 
 Rubus chamaemorus. 
 
 Pasque Rower, 
 
 Nose Bleed, 
 
 Anemone pulsatilla. 
 
 Achillea millefolium. 
 
 Passerage, 
 
 Nottingham Catchfly, 
 
 Lepidium oampestre. 
 
 Silene nutans. 
 
 Pear, 
 
 Nutbush, 
 
 Pyrus communis. 
 
 Corylus avellana. 
 
 Pearlwort, 
 
 
 Sagina (the genus). 
 
 Oak. 
 
 Pellitory of the Wall, 
 
 Quercus (the genus). 
 
 Parietaria (the genus). 
 
 Oak of Paradise, 
 
 Penny Cress, 
 
 Chenopodium botryoides. 
 
 Thlaspi arvense. 
 
 Oak Fern, 
 
 Penny Rot, 
 
 Polypodium dryopteris. 
 
 Hydrocotyle vulgaris. 
 
 Oat, 
 
 Penny Royal 
 
 Avena (the genus). 
 
 Mentha pulegium. 
 
 Penny-wort, 
 
 Linaria cymbalaria. 
 
 Peppermint. 
 
 Mentha piperita. 
 
 Pepperwort, 
 
 Lepidium latifolium. 
 
 Periwinkle, 
 
 Vinca (the genus). 
 
 Pestilence Weed, 
 
 Petasites vulgaris. 
 
 Pettigrew, 
 
 Ruscus aculeatus. 
 
 Petty Whin, 
 
 Genista anglica. 
 Pheasant's Eye, 
 
 Adonis autumnalis. 
 Picotee, 
 
 Dianthus caryophyllus. 
 
 Pigeon's Foot, 
 
 Geranium columbinum. 
 
 Pig Nut, 
 Bunium flexuosum. 
 
 Pilewort, 
 
 Ranunculus ficaria. 
 
 Pillwort, 
 
 Pilularia globulifera. 
 
 Pimpernel, 
 
 Anagallis arvensis, Pimpi- 
 nella saxifraga, Poterium 
 sanguisorba or Prunella 
 vulgaris. 
 
 Pine Sap, 
 
 Monotropa hypopitys. 
 
 Pink, 
 
 Dianthus (the genus). 
 
 Pink Weed, 
 
 Polygonum aviculare. 
 
 Pipe-wort, 
 
 Eriocaulon septangulare. 
 
 Plague Flower, 
 
 Petasites vulgaris. 
 
 Plantain, 
 
 Plantago (the genus). 
 
 Ploughman's Spikenard, 
 
 Inula conyza. 
 
 Polypody, 
 
 Polypodiiyn (the genus). 
 
 Pondweed, 
 
 Potamogeton (the genus). 
 
 Pondwort, 
 
 Stratiotes aloides. . 
 
 Poor Man's Parmacetie, 
 
 Capsella bursa-pastoris. 
 
 Poor Man's Rhubarb, 
 
 Thalictrum flavum. 
 
 Poor Man's Weather- 
 glass, 
 
 Anagallis arvensis. 
 
 Poplar, 
 
 Populus (the genus). 
 
 Poppy, 
 
 Papaver (the genus).
 
 12 
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Portland Arrowroot, 
 
 Red Rot, 
 
 Saint Patrick's Cabbage, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Drosera rotundifolia. 
 
 Saxifraga umbrosa. 
 
 Prattling Parnell, 
 
 Red Shanks, 
 
 Saint Peter's Wort, 
 
 Saxifraga geum. 
 
 Polygonum persicaria. 
 
 Crithmum maritimum, 
 
 Pricket, 
 
 Sedum acre. 
 
 Reed, 
 
 Arundo (the genus). 
 
 Primula veris, or Hyperi- 
 cum quadrangulum, 
 
 Sallow 
 
 Prickwood, 
 
 Reed Mace, 
 
 Salix (the genus). 
 
 Cornus sangumea, or 
 Euonymus europaeus. 
 
 Typha latifolia. 
 
 Sallow Thorn, 
 
 Priest's Crown, 
 
 Rest Harrow, 
 
 Hippophae rhamnoides. 
 
 Taraxacum ofScinale. 
 
 Ononis (the genus). 
 
 Salsify, 
 
 Primrose, 
 
 Rib Grass, 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolius. 
 
 Primula acaulis. 
 
 Plantago lanceolata. 
 
 Saltwort, 
 
 Privet, 
 
 Roast Beef, 
 
 Giaux maritima. 
 
 Ligustrum (the genus). 
 
 Iris foetidissima. 
 
 Samphire, 
 
 Procession Flower, 
 
 Rocambole, 
 
 Crithmum maritimum. 
 
 Polygala vulgaris. 
 
 Allium scorodoprasum. 
 
 Sandwort, 
 
 Purification Flower, 
 
 Galanthus nivalis. 
 
 Rock Brake, 
 
 Allosorus crispus. 
 
 Arenaria (the genus). 
 
 Sanguinary, 
 
 Purslane, 
 
 Rock Cress, 
 
 Achillea millefolium. 
 
 Portulaca (the genus). 
 
 Arabis (the genus). 
 
 Sanicle, 
 
 
 Rocket, 
 
 Sanicula europsa. 
 
 Quaking Grass, 
 
 Reseda lutea, Sisymbrium 
 
 Saucealone, 
 
 Briza media. 
 
 irio, Cakile maritima, or 
 
 Erysimum alliaria. 
 
 Queen of the Meadow, 
 
 Diplotaxis tenuifolia. 
 
 Satin Flower, 
 
 Spiraea salicifolia, or S. 
 
 Rockrose, 
 
 Stellaria holostea. 
 
 uhnaria. 
 
 Cistus (the genus). 
 
 Saw-wort, 
 
 Quicken, 
 
 Rogation Flower, 
 
 Serratula (the genus). 
 
 Pyrus aucuparia. 
 
 Polygala vulgaris. 
 
 Saxifrage, 
 
 Quill Wort, 
 
 Rose, 
 
 Saxifraga (the genus). 
 
 Isoetes (the genus). 
 
 Rosa (the genus). 
 
 Scabious 
 
 Radish, 
 
 Raphanus (the genus). 
 Ragged Robin, 
 Lychnis floscuculi. 
 
 Ragwort, 
 
 Senecio (the genus). 
 
 Rampe, 
 
 Rosebay, 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium. 
 Rose Elder, 
 Viburnum opulus. 
 
 Rowan, 
 
 Pyrus aucuparia. 
 
 Rupture-wort, 
 
 Herniaria glabra. 
 
 Scabiosa (the genus). 
 
 Scotch Asphodel, 
 
 Tofieldia palustris. 
 
 Scotch Fir, 
 
 Pinus sylvestris. 
 
 Scotch Thistle, 
 Onopordum acanthium. 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Rush, 
 
 Scurvy Grass, 
 
 Rampion, 
 
 Juncus (the genus). 
 
 Cochlearia (the genus). 
 
 Campanula rapunculus, or 
 Phyteuma (the genus). 
 
 Rye Grass, 
 
 Loliuin (the genus). 
 
 Sea Beet, 
 
 Beta maritima. 
 
 Ram's Horns, 
 
 
 Sea Elite, 
 
 Orchis mascula. 
 
 
 Suaeda maritima. 
 
 Ramsons, 
 
 Allium ursinum. 
 
 Sage, 
 
 Salvia (the genus). 
 Sainfoin. 
 
 Sea Buckthorn, 
 
 Hippophae rhamnoides. 
 
 Rape, 
 
 Brassica napus. 
 Raspberry, 
 
 Onobrychis saliva. 
 Saint Anthony's Nut, 
 Bunium flexuosum. 
 
 Sea Hay, 
 
 Zostera marina. 
 
 Sea Heath, 
 
 Rubus idaeus. 
 Rattle Box, 
 Rhinanthus cristagalli. 
 
 Red Legs, 
 
 Saint Barbara's Cress, 
 
 Barbarea vulgaris. 
 Saint Barnaby's Thistle, 
 Centaurea solstitialis. 
 
 Frankenia lasvis. 
 
 Sea Holly, 
 
 Eryngium maritimum. 
 
 Sea Kale, 
 
 Polygonum bistorta. 
 
 Red Maithes, 
 
 Adonis autumnalis. 
 
 Red Morocco, 
 
 Adonis autumnalis. 
 
 Saint Dabeoc's Heath, 
 
 Menziesia polifolia. 
 
 Saint James's Wort, 
 
 Capsella bursa pastoris, or 
 Senecio jacobaea. 
 
 Crambe maritima. 
 
 Sea Lavender, 
 
 Statice limonium. 
 
 Sea Pink, 
 
 Armeria maritima. 
 
 Red Rattle, 
 
 Pedicularis sylvatica. 
 
 Saint John's Wort, 
 
 Hypericum (the genus). 
 
 Sea Poppy, 
 
 Glaucium luteum.
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Sea Purslane, 
 
 Sneeze Wort, 
 
 Star of Bethlehem, 
 
 Obione (the genus). 
 
 Achill'a plvrtnica. 
 
 Ornithogalum umbellatum. 
 
 Sea Rocket, 
 
 Snowball, 
 
 Star of Jerusalem, 
 
 Cakile maritima. 
 
 Viburnum opuius. 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolius. 
 
 Seave, 
 
 Snowdrop, 
 
 Star of the Earth, 
 
 Juncus (the genus). 
 
 Galanthus nivalis. 
 
 Plantago coronopus. 
 
 Sedge, 
 
 Snowflake, 
 
 Star of the Sea, 
 
 Carex (the genus). 
 
 Leucojum (the genus). 
 
 Aster tripolium. 
 
 Self-heal, 
 
 Soapwort, 
 
 Star Thistle, 
 
 Prunella vulgaris. 
 
 Saponaria (the genus). 
 
 Centaurea calcitrapa 
 
 Service Tree, 
 
 Soldier Orchis, 
 
 Star-wort, 
 
 Pyrus torminalis. 
 
 Orchis militaris. 
 
 Callitriche (the genus). 
 
 Setter Wort, 
 
 Helleborus feetidus. 
 
 Solomon's Seal. 
 
 Polygonatum (the genus). 
 
 Sticklewort, 
 
 Agrimonia eupatoria. 
 
 Shamrock, 
 
 Oxalis acetosella. .Medicago 
 lupulina, or Trifolium 
 
 Sorrel, 
 
 Oxalis (the genus), Rumex 
 acetosella, or Oxyria reni- 
 formis. 
 
 Stitchwort, 
 
 Stellaria (the genus). 
 Stonecrop, 
 
 Shamrock, Four-leaved, 
 
 Trifolium repens var. pur- 
 pureum. 
 
 Southernwood, 
 
 Artemisia campestris. 
 
 Sowbane, 
 
 Sedum (the genus). 
 Stork's Bill, 
 Erodium (the genus). 
 
 Share Wort, 
 
 Chenopodium rubrum. 
 
 Strapwort, 
 
 Aster tripolium. 
 
 Sow Thistle, 
 
 Corrigiola littoralis. 
 
 Sheep's Bane, 
 
 Hydrocotyle vulgaris. 
 
 Sonchus (the genus), or 
 Mulgedium alpmuin. 
 
 Strawberry, 
 
 Fragaria vesca. 
 
 Sheep's Bit, 
 
 Jasione (the genus). 
 
 Sparrow Tongue, 
 
 Polygonum aviculare. 
 
 Strawberry Tree, 
 
 Arbutus unedo. 
 
 Sheep's Sorrel, 
 Rumex acetosella. 
 
 Spearwort, 
 
 Ranunculus lingua, or R. 
 
 Succory, 
 
 Cichorium intybus. 
 
 Shepherd's Club, 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Shepherd's Cress, 
 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis. 
 
 Shepherd's Needle, 
 
 Scandix pecten veneris. 
 
 Shepherd's Purse, 
 
 Capsella bursa pastoris. 
 
 Shepherd's Rod, 
 
 Dipsacus (the genus). 
 
 Shore Weed, 
 
 Littorella lacustris. 
 
 flammula. 
 
 Speedwell, 
 
 Veronica (the genus). 
 Spider Orchis, 
 
 Orchis aranifera. 
 
 Spignel, 
 Meum athamanticum. 
 Spindle Tree, 
 Euonymus europzus. 
 Spleenwort, 
 
 Asplenium (the genus). 
 
 Sulphur Weed, 
 
 Peucedanum officinale. 
 
 Sulphur Wort, 
 
 O2nanthe silaifolia. 
 
 Sundew, 
 
 Dtx>sera (the genus). 
 
 Sunrose, 
 
 Helianthemum (the genus). 
 
 Sweetbriar, 
 
 Rosa rubiginosa. 
 Sweet Flag, 
 
 Silver Weed, 
 
 Potentilla anserina. 
 
 Spoonwort, 
 Cochlearia (the genus). 
 
 Acorus calamus. 
 
 Swine's Cress, 
 
 Simson, 
 Senecio vulgaris. 
 
 Skull Cap, 
 
 Scutellaria (the genus). 
 
 Sloe, 
 
 Prunus spinosa. 
 
 Spurge, 
 
 Euphorbia (the genus). 
 Spurge Laurel, 
 
 Daphne laureola. 
 
 Spurrey, 
 
 Spergula (the genus). 
 
 Coronopus (the genus). 
 
 Sword Lily, 
 Gladiolus (the genus). 
 
 Sycamore, 
 
 Acer pseudoplatanus. 
 
 Syndaw, 
 
 Smallage, 
 Apium graveolens. 
 
 Squill, 
 Scilla (the genus). 
 
 Alchemilla vulgaris. 
 
 Small Reed, 
 
 Squinancy Wort, 
 
 Tamarisk, 
 
 Calamagrostis (the genus). 
 
 Asperula cvnanchica. 
 
 Tamarix anglica. 
 
 Smoke Wood, 
 
 Squirrel Tail Grass, 
 
 Tansy, 
 
 Clematis vitalba. 
 
 Hordeum maritimum. 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare. 
 
 Snake's Head, 
 
 Staggerwort, 
 
 Tare, 
 
 Fritillaria meleagris. 
 
 Senecio jacobaea. 
 
 Vicia hirsuta. 
 
 Snakeweed, 
 
 Stanmarch, 
 
 Tassel Grass, 
 
 Polygonum bistorta. 
 
 Smyrnium olusatrum. 
 
 Ruppia maritima. 
 
 Snapdragon, 
 
 Star Fruit, 
 
 Teasel, 
 
 Antirrhinum (the genus). 
 
 Actinocarpus damasonium. 
 
 Dipsacus (the genus).
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Thistle, 
 
 Carduus (the genus), Cen- 
 taurea (the genus), Son- 
 
 Valerian, 
 
 Valeriana (the genus), or 
 Centranthus ruber. 
 
 Weasel Snout, 
 
 Lamium galeobdolon. 
 
 Welsh Poppy, 
 
 chus (the genus), Carlina 
 
 Velvet Leaf, 
 
 Meconopsis cambricfl. 
 
 Slhe genus), or Onopor- 
 um (the genus). 
 
 Thorough Wax, 
 
 Bupleurum rotundifolium. 
 
 Lavatera arborea. 
 
 Venus Comb, 
 
 Scandix pecten veneris. 
 
 Vervain, 
 
 Wheat Grass, 
 
 Triticum caninum. 
 
 Whin, 
 Ulex (the genus), or Genista 
 
 Thrift, 
 
 Verbena officinalis. 
 
 (the genus). 
 
 Armeria maritima. 
 
 Vetch, 
 
 Whip Tongue, 
 
 Throatwort, 
 
 Campanula latifolia. 
 
 Vicia (the genus). 
 
 Vetchling, 
 
 Galium mollugo. 
 
 Whitebeam, 
 
 Thyme, 
 
 Lathyrus (the genus). 
 
 Pyrus aria. 
 
 Thymus serpyllum. 
 
 Violet, 
 
 White Bottle, 
 
 Timothy, 
 
 Viola (the genus). 
 
 Silene inflata. 
 
 Phleum (the genus). 
 
 Viper's Bugloss, 
 
 White Thorn, 
 
 Tine Tare, 
 
 Echium vulgare. 
 
 Cratsegus oxyacantha. 
 
 Vicia hirsuta. 
 
 Virgin's Bower, 
 
 Whitlow Grass, 
 
 Toadflax, 
 
 Clematis vitalba. 
 
 Draba (the genus). 
 
 Linaria (the genus). 
 
 
 Whorl Grass, 
 
 Toad Pipe, 
 
 Equisetum (the genus). 
 
 Wagwant, 
 
 Briza media. 
 
 Catabrosa aquatica. 
 
 Whortleberry, 
 
 Toothwort, 
 
 Lathrea squamosa. 
 
 Wake Robin, 
 
 Arum maculatum. 
 
 Vaccinium (the genus). 
 Wild William, 
 
 -Torch, 
 
 Verbascum thapsus. 
 
 Wallflower, 
 
 Cheiranthus cheiri. 
 
 Lychnis flos-cuculi. 
 Willow, 
 
 Tormentil, 
 
 Potentilla tormentilla. 
 
 Touch-me-not, 
 
 Impatiens noli-me-tangere. 
 
 Tower Mustard, 
 
 Turritis (the genus). 
 
 Wall Pepper, 
 
 Sedum acre. 
 
 Wall Rue, 
 
 Asplenium ruta-muraria. 
 
 Wart Cress, 
 
 Coronopus (the genus). 
 
 Salix (the genus). 
 
 Willow Herb, 
 
 Epilobium (the genus). 
 
 Willow Thorn, 
 
 Hippophae rhamnoides. 
 
 Willow Weed, 
 
 Toywort, 
 
 Capsella bursa pasteris. 
 
 Traveller's Joy, 
 
 Clematis vitalba. 
 
 Treacle Mustard, 
 
 Erysimum (the genus). 
 
 Tree Mallow, 
 
 Lavatera arborea. 
 
 Trefoil, 
 
 Trifolium (the genus). 
 
 Water Blob, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Water Caltrops, 
 
 Caltha palustris. 
 
 Water Can, 
 
 Nuphar lutea. 
 
 Water Cress, 
 
 Nasturtium officinale. 
 
 Water Crowfoot, 
 
 Ranunculus aquatilis. 
 
 Lythrum salicaria. 
 
 Wimberry, 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillus. 
 
 Wind Flower, 
 
 Anemone (the genus). 
 
 Winter Aconite, 
 
 Eranthis hyemalis. 
 
 Winter Cress, 
 
 Barbarea prsecox. 
 
 Tripoly, 
 
 Aster tripolium, 
 
 Troll Flower, 
 
 Trollius europaeus. 
 
 Water Lily, 
 
 Nymphza (the genus), or 
 Nuphar (the genus). 
 
 Water Parsnip, 
 
 Winter Green, 
 
 Pyrola (the genus) or Tri- 
 entalis europsea. 
 
 Witch's Thimble, 
 
 Silene maritima 
 
 
 Slum la.tifolium. 
 
 
 Truelove, 
 
 Paris quadrifolia. 
 
 Water Plantain, 
 
 Woad, 
 
 Isatis tinctoria. 
 
 
 Alism*x ptantciiio. 
 
 
 Tulip, 
 
 Tulipa sylvestris. 
 
 Water Soldier, 
 
 Stmtiotes nloidcs. 
 
 Woad Waxen, 
 
 Genista tinctoria. 
 
 Turnip, 
 
 Brassica rapa. 
 
 Tutsan, 
 
 Hypericum androsa:mum. 
 
 Tway Blade, 
 
 Listera ovata. 
 
 Water Violet 
 
 Hottonia palustris. 
 
 Waterwort, 
 
 Elatine (the genus). 
 
 Way Bennet, 
 
 Wolfs Bane, 
 
 Aconitum napellus. 
 
 Woodbine, 
 
 Lonicera periclymenum, 
 Solanum dulcamara, or 
 Convolvulus sepium. 
 
 Twopenny Grass, 
 
 Lysimachia nummularia. 
 
 Hordeum murinum. 
 
 Wayfaring Tree, 
 
 Viburnum lantana. 
 
 Wood Crowfoot, 
 
 Ranunculus auricomus, or 
 Anemone nemorosa. 
 
 Upstart, 
 
 Waythorn, 
 
 Wood Lily, 
 
 Colchicum autumnale. 
 
 Rhamnus catharticus. 
 
 Convallaria majalis.
 
 LOCAL NAMES. 
 
 Woodruff, 
 
 Asperula odorata. 
 
 Wood Rush, 
 
 Luzula (the genus). 
 
 Wood Sorrel, 
 
 Oxalis (the genus). 
 
 Wood Vine, 
 
 Clematis vitalba. 
 
 Woody Nightshade, 
 
 Solanum dulcamara. 
 
 Wormseed, 
 
 Erysimum cheiranthoides. 
 
 Wormwood, 
 
 Artemisia (the genus). 
 
 Woundwort, 
 
 Yellow Rattle, 
 
 Stachys germanica, or 
 
 Rhinanthus cristagalli. 
 
 Anthyllis vulneraria. 
 
 Yellow Wort, 
 
 Wrack, 
 
 Chlora perfoliata. 
 
 Zostera marina. 
 
 Yevering Bells, 
 
 WychElm, 
 
 Pyrola secunda. 
 
 Ulmus montana. 
 
 Yew, 
 
 
 Taxus baccata. 
 
 Yarr, 
 
 Yorkshire Fog 
 
 Spergula arvensis. 
 
 Holcus lanatus. 
 
 Yarrow, 
 
 Achillea millefolium. 
 
 Yorkshire Sanicle 
 
 Pinguicula vulgaris. 
 
 Yellow Cress, 
 
 Zigzag Clover, 
 
 Nasturtium palustre; 
 
 Trifolium medium 
 
 515-
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION, 
 
 W ] 
 
 rE wish to have a nodding acquaintance 
 with the wild flowers we meet with, to be 
 improved into intimacy if we think fit. Not a 
 wish to be ashamed of, surely ! How many of 
 us are there who would find the world more 
 interesting if we only knew the names of the 
 flowers of the field, and the stars of the sky, and 
 gave a thought to the things around us ? How 
 many but let us to work, and moralise after- 
 wards. 
 
 Here is a plant dug up by the ditcher and 
 thrown on the footpath. What is its name ? The 
 plant is common enough, but we have never 
 troubled to ascertain how it is distinguished from 
 its fellows. Let us do so now. Here it is, root 
 and all. Let us describe it not too technically, 
 but just technically enough. 
 
 There is first its fibrous root. From the root 
 521 rises the stem. The stem is slender, and is 
 lightly clothed with hairs. It is simple ; had it been branched at all 
 it would have been compound ; had the branches been two in number 
 and fairly equal in length, it would have been forked. It is perpen- 
 dicular or erect. Had it been horizontal when it left the root and then 
 turned upward it would have been ascending ; had it trailed along the 
 ground it would have been prostrate ; had it sent out roots from its 
 joints as it trailed it would have been creeping, 
 
 From the stem spring the leaf-stalks or petioles, and these bear the 
 deeply divided leaves. Had the leaves been directly joined on to the 
 stem they would have been sessile. Deeply cut as the leaves are, they 
 are not quite split into separate leaflets, and so they are simple ; had 
 they been completely separated they would have been compound, and 
 then if they had three leaflets on a stalk they would be ternate, if five 
 leaflets quinate, if more than S.VQ pinnate or feather-like. The divisions 
 of the simple leaf are termed lobes, and the lobes here are uneven in 
 number. There is one at the point and one or two or three on each 
 side. When the lobes are narrow, and five or more in number, the 
 leaf is palmate ; when they are cut back equally down the midrib it is 
 pinnatifid. The petiole is attached to the base of the leaf. Had the 
 attachment been at its centre the leaf would have been peltate or 
 buckler- shaped ; had the stem passed through it the leaf would 
 have been perfoliate ; had each pair of leaves been united at their 
 bases they would have been connate. The edge of the leaf is toothed 
 or jagged ; had its outline been unbroken it would have been entire. 
 From the stem there also springs the flower stalk or peduncle, and th 
 peduncle in this case is smooth and cylindrical.
 
 CLASSIFICATION. IJ 
 
 The blossom consists of three rings. First we have a ring of small 
 green leaves. These are the sepals, five in number ; the ring they 
 form is the calyx or cup. The next ring is the bright yellow one of 
 five delicate leaves. These are the petals, and the ring is called the 
 corolla or little crown. Each petal tapers to a point ; the broad part 
 is the limb, the pointed part the claw. At the claw or base is a small 
 scale covering the nectary, and in the nectary is a drop of honey. 
 The petals are separate one from the other. Had they been united 
 the broad part would have coalesced into the border, the claws into 
 the tube. Having stripped off calyx and corolla, which together form 
 the perianth, we come to the flower proper the essential parts, or 
 reproductive organs. First we have a ring of hair-like filaments 
 springing from a centre cushion and each bearing its anther. Had 
 there been no filament the anthers would have been sessile. These 
 anthers contain the yellow fertilizing dust called pollen. In the centre 
 we have the female portion of the flower, \hepistilorovary, consisting 
 of several carpels or unripe fruitlets. Each carpel contains a single 
 ovule, and will eventually develope into fruit when the pollen has 
 been deposited upon it. Here are the remains of another bloom, one 
 that has done its work, in which the ovary has been impregnated, the 
 fruit has ripened, and the soft single-seeded carpel has become a hard, 
 beaked, achene. 
 
 To what order does this plant belong ? 
 
 But what is an "order"? An order is a group of genera, as a 
 "genus" is a group of species. What is a "species"? Species is 
 the collective term for a group of individuals possessing similar 
 characters which remain constant so long as the conditions of 
 existence remain unchanged. 
 
 It was Linnaeus to whom we owe the modern system of nomen- 
 clature, in which every species has a particular name compounded of 
 a substantive and an adjective, whereof the former indicates the 
 genus and the latter the species. In his day Latin was the general 
 language of science ; in Latin his names were given ; and in Latin it 
 is best they should remain until the English tongue has become 
 universal, or the same plant is known by the same name in all 
 English-speaking lands. In order to avoid a difficulty in distinguish- 
 ing between generic and specific names, we have throughout in this 
 book spelt the specific names without a capital letter. For the 
 employment of the capital in proper adjectives there never was an 
 excuse, the practice having been gradually adopted in ignorance of 
 classical usages ; but in the case of the few genitives we are fully 
 aware that the convenience of the student is our only defence. 
 
 By systematic botanists the characters of the genera are chiefly 
 based on the forms of the flowers and fruit, while the characters of the 
 species are furnished by all parts of the plant. But as our object is 
 not a complete treatise on botany dealing with all the genera of the 
 two hundred and odd orders into which the flowering plants of the 
 world are divided, but merely to help the ordinary wayfarer to 
 recognise his native flowers, without leading him away from the 
 beaten track, we have confined ourselves to a series of diagnoses in 
 which we have chosen whatever portion of the plant affords the 
 readiest means of identification; and we have used stems, leaves 
 
 c
 
 1 8 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 flowers and fruit indiscriminately, so long as they are sufficient to 
 clearly distinguish between either species and species, genus and 
 genus, or even order and order. 
 
 For the proper identification of a plant it is important that it should 
 be in flower and fruit in fact, that it should be complete in all its 
 parts ; and as all plants have not the convenient habit of being in full 
 leafage and in flower and fruit all at the same time, it would be 
 necessary that several specimens should be procured in different 
 stages of growth, were not some such general characters as are herein 
 given ordinarily enough for determination. It will be noted, however, 
 that it is with our country's flowers, and not our country's plants, that 
 we profess to deal ; and that, after all, is the natural way, as the only 
 true basis of classification in the organic world must be the organs of 
 reproduction. 
 
 A few of the Linnsean descriptive terms, referring to these organs, 
 may here be recalled to the reader's recollection. When the stamens 
 and pistils are combined in the same flower, the flower is said to be 
 perfect; when they are in different flowers on the same plant, the 
 plant is said to be monoecious j when they are in different flowers on 
 different plants, the plant is said to be diceciotts. When the stamens 
 and pistil are united in a column, the flower is gynandrous; when 
 the stamens are united by their anthers, the anthers are said to be 
 syngenesious ; when they are united by the filaments in more than 
 two bundles, they are polyadelphous j when they are united in two 
 bundles, they are diadelphous; when they are united in a single bundle, 
 they are monadelphous ; when they are of different lengths, with 
 four long and two short, they are tetradynamous ; when there are two 
 long and two short, they are didynamous. It was chiefly by the stamens 
 that Linnaeus sorted out the plants, and although his system is now 
 obsolete, the stamens are still of prime importance in the classifica- 
 tion of genera. But in species, as we have said, all parts of the plant 
 can be drawn upon for characteristics. 
 
 Specific names are generally adjectives ; generic names are in- 
 variably substantives ; while in the names of the natural orders we 
 again revert to the adjectival form. Take the Rosa canina for 
 instance : in canina we have the adjective agreeing in gender with 
 the substantive, and out of the substantive we form the adjective 
 Rosacece, the substantive Planttz being understood, the intention 
 being to describe the order as containing the Rosaceous Plants. 
 
 The orders are, in general botany, grouped into Sub-cohorts, 
 Cohorts, Sub-classes, and Classes ; but with us this elaborate grouping 
 can be simplified, in words if not in fact, and we can content our- 
 selves with stepping direct from Orders to Classes, and thence to 
 Divisions. 
 
 The- Vegetable Kingdom then, is divided into plants that flower, 
 and plants that do not flower, but reproduce themselves by means of 
 spores. 
 
 Any given plant must consequently be either 
 
 Phanerogam Greek, phaneros, evident ; from the mode of re- 
 production being unconcealed, or, 
 
 Cryptogam Greek, cruptos, hidden ; from the mode of pro- 
 duction being concealed.
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 19 
 
 If our plant be a Cryptogam, it may be either a Cormophyte, that 
 is one provided with stems, leaves and roots, or their morphological 
 equivalents, or it may not. If it is not so provided, it may be either 
 one of the Algae, the Fungi, or the Protophytes the three classes of 
 the Thallophyta, as such cryptogamic plants are called as have a 
 mere thallus with no special ascending or descending axis, and no 
 contrast of axis and appendages but to have included these classes 
 in our book would have made it too large and unwieldy. And for 
 the same reason we have not included the Mosses and Liverworts 
 which form the second class of the Cormophytes, with the first class 
 of which we begin our identifications. 
 
 This first class is the Vascularia. To it belong four orders, those of 
 the Ferns, the Lycopods, the Pillworts, and the Horsetails. These 
 are so few that we can dismiss them at once after a very casual 
 glance. 
 
 1. Filices the Ferns leafy plants of varied structure with the 
 fructification of seeds or sporules which are included in cap- 
 sules, thecas or sporangia. These are either naked or covered 
 with a membrane, and are generally collected into clusters on 
 the edge or underside of the leaves. 
 
 2. Lycopodiaceae the Club Mosses leafy plants with the fructifi- 
 
 cation in the axils of the leaves or in the bracts of a cone. 
 
 3. Marsileaces: the Pillworts plants with slender circinate leaves, 
 with the spores in globular masses, and invested by hardened 
 mucilage. 
 
 4. EquisetaceiE the Horsetails herbaceous plants with jointed, 
 furrowed, hollow stems, and whorls of scale-like leaves at the 
 joints. 
 
 These four orders are so unlike in their British representatives 
 that the distinction between them is easy. And we can profitably 
 devote the rest of our space to the consideration of our flowering 
 plants such as our specimen. 
 
 If our plant is not a Cryptogam, it must be a Phanerogam. Now, 
 the Phanerogams are divided into two classes : 
 
 1. Dicotyledons (plants with two seed leaves). 
 
 2. Monocotyledons (plants with one seed leaf) all Cryptogamous 
 plants being necessarily Acotyledonous. 
 
 This division of plants in accordance with the number of seed 
 leaves is, like all classifications, purely arbitrary. It should never be 
 forgotten that classification is but an aid to memory, and that 
 " natural groups have nuclei but no outlines." Man classifies not 
 Nature. Man has his " kingdoms," and " divisions," and " classes," 
 and " orders," and " species," not Nature. Nature has no pigeon- 
 holes ; her works stand side by side, each growing out of the other, 
 each overlapping the other ; and hard and fast lines and gaps and 
 slips exist only in man's ignorance. 
 
 In nearly all systems of classification there are inevitable over- 
 lappings. Even among such a broad group as the Dicotyledons, we 
 shall find a few plants with no cotyledons at all, or with one cotyledon, 
 or with more than two cotyledons ; and so with the other distinctive 
 marks of the class. The statement is disheartening, but it is as well 
 
 C 2
 
 20 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 to make it at the outset to avoid misconception. Practically, there 
 is no trouble in sorting out flowering plants into their proper class ; 
 for the sorting is done not on any one character, but on the pre- 
 ponderance of many characters which are held to be more or less 
 distinctive. 
 
 It is essential, then, that we give the full definition of our two great 
 classes ; and we cannot do better than quote them from Henfrey. 
 
 Class I. Dicotyledones Flowering Plants, with stems (when 
 woody) having pith and bark separated by a compact layer of wood, 
 which, in perennial plants, receives annual additions on the outside, 
 beneath the bark ; leaves with the ribs mostly distributed in a netted 
 pattern and generally diminishing in size as they branch ; parts of 
 the floral circles mostly five or four, or some multiple of those 
 numbers, rarely three ; embryo with a pair of cotyledons, and a 
 radicle or primary stem, from the apex of which is developed the 
 primary or tap root. 
 
 Class II. Monocotyledones Flowering Plants, with stems in 
 which the woody bundles are isolated and diffused through a paren- 
 chyma in which there is no distinction of pith and bar]c, the indi- 
 vidual woody bundles rarely being developed further after the fall 
 of the leaves to which they belong ; the leaves (very commonly 
 sheathing at the base) generally with a number of nearly parallel, 
 straight or curved ribs, or with similar ribs given off from a mid-rib ; 
 the cross veins suddenly smaller, occasionally netted-veined ; the 
 flowers generally with three organs in each whorl ; the floral envelopes 
 often all petaloid, or all green or scale-like, rarely with a green calyx 
 and coloured corolla ; seed with an embryo with one cotyledon only. 
 
 After due consideration of these carefully-worded definitions of the 
 two great classes, we can resume the identification of our British 
 plant. 
 
 If it be a Monocotyledon, it can be assigned either to 
 
 1. Petaloidae plants with a perianth ; or, 
 
 2. Glumiferae plants without a perianth, but with glumes. 
 If it be one of the Glumiferas, it must belong either to 
 
 1. Cyperacese the galingale or sedge order having solid stems 
 often angular, and frequently without joints, and leaves with 
 entire sheaths ; or, 
 
 2. Gramineae the grass order having jointed hollow stems and 
 leaves with split sheaths. 
 
 There is no need for further detail. If it cannot be assigned to 
 one of these orders, it must be a petaloid. 
 
 Of the petaloidae there are fifteen orders represented in Britain. 
 
 Of these five have the ovary inferior, that is below the base of the 
 outer flower circle or perianth, and the rest have it above that base. 
 The five have also the ovary adherent to the perianth tube, while 
 the ten have it free. The five are : 
 
 Orchidaceae the orchids. 
 
 Iridacere the flags. 
 
 Amaryllidaceae the daffodils. 
 
 Hydrocharidaceas the frog bits. 
 
 Dioscoreaceas the black bryony. 
 
 The last we can deal with at once. It is impossible to mistake its 
 one representative. It is a climbing plant. It has netted-veined,
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 21 
 
 bronzed leaves, alternate, broad, heartshaped and stalked. The 
 flowers are small and have bracts, and the stamens and pistils are in 
 separate flowers. The order has but one British genus, and that 
 genus has but one species, the well-known black bryony. 
 
 The four are not so easily dismissed. Their leaves are all parallel 
 veined like those of the bulk of the plants among the Monocotyledons, 
 and they all, as we have seen, have the ovary inferior. Let us take 
 the last first. 
 
 Hydrocharidaceas. Water plants with the leaves floating or sub- 
 merged, radical, that is, at the base of the flowering stem, and will, 
 serrated margins. Flowers conspicuous and unisexual, and with a 
 spathe. Stamens 3 or 6 free from the style. 
 
 We have three left, all with bi-sexual flowers. 
 
 Orchidaceae. Stamens three, two of which are abortive, so that 
 with one exception (Cypripedium) the British genera have but one 
 perfect anther. Stamens and style united. 
 
 Iridaceae. Stamens three, none of them abortive. Stamens free 
 from style. 
 
 Amaryllidaceae. Stamens six, free from style. 
 
 These three orders are distinguishable by the stamens alone. 
 There 'are other differences, of course, but we need not give them here. 
 
 We have now to deal with the petaloids having the ovary above the 
 base of the perianth. Of these there are incur country the repre- 
 sentatives of ten orders, of which this is the usual arrangement : 
 
 Liliaceae of which the lily is the type. 
 Triiriareae the herb paris. 
 
 Melanthaceae the saffron. 
 
 Alismaceae the water plantain. 
 \ Naiadaceae the pond weed. 
 
 Lemnaceoe the duckweed. 
 
 Araceae the lords-and-ladies. 
 
 Typhaceaa the reed-mace (more popularly called the bulrush, a 
 name transferred to it from another p lant,) 
 
 Restiaceae the pipe wort. 
 
 Jiincaceas the rush.. . . 
 
 Four of these we can sort out at once as having their leaves more 
 or less obscurely net-Veined. These are 
 
 Trilliaceoe. Lemnaceae. 
 
 Alismaceae. Araceae. 
 
 The Trilliaceae are represented by but one genus and one species 
 in our flora. The plant is unmistakable. It is Paris quadrifolia. 
 Its flowers are terminal and solitary, and just below them is a whorl 
 of four ovate leaves. The Alismaceae have a perianth ; the other two 
 orders have none, but one is not likely to be mistaken for the other. 
 The Lemnaceae are small, stemless, free, floating plants with flowers in 
 the axils of the leaves or at the edge of the frond. The Araceae are not 
 floating plants : their leaves sheathe at the baseband their flowers are 
 on a spadix enclosed in a leafy sheath. No one would mistake a 
 duckweed for an acorus or an arum. Our ten are thus reduced to 
 
 Liliacex. 
 
 Melanthacese. 
 
 Naiadacea? 
 
 Typhaceae. 
 Restiaceae. 
 Juncaceae.
 
 22 CLASSIFICATION 
 
 The Restiaceae have but one representative, the water plant 
 Erioeaulon septangularc. Though the seven angles may not be very 
 clear, the plant is distinct enough, with its compact scaly head of 
 flowers split up by bracts, and its stem with sheaths slit in the side, 
 without referring to see if the colourless perianth is in two, three, four, 
 five, or six parts, with the two or three stamens adherent to its inner 
 segments. 
 
 The Juncacece, too, are almost sufficiently familiar. The narrow 
 small round leaves of the rush are known to every child who can 
 identify the order without appealing to the scarious, six-parted 
 perianth, the six or three stamens, and the three stigmas that are 
 sometimes reduced to one. 
 
 The points in which the other four differ are as follows : 
 
 Typhaceae Perianth wanting ; stamens many. 
 
 Naiadaceae Perianth of three or four scales or wanting ; stamens 
 four. 
 
 Melanthacese Perianth in six. Stamens six. Anthers extrorse, 
 that is, opening outwards. Fruit septicidal. 
 
 Liliaceae Perianth in six. Stamens six. Anthers introrse, that 
 is, opening inwards. Fruit loculicidal, that is to say, dehiscence 
 takes place through the dorsal sutures so as to open the carpel 
 cavity from behind ; whereas, had it been " septicidal," it would have 
 taken place through the septa so as to isolate the previously com- 
 bined carpels. 
 
 We have no more monocotyledonous orders to deal with. Our 
 plant is neither a glumifer nor a petaloid ; it must belong to one of 
 the eighty-one orders that represent the dicotyledons in Britain. 
 
 We can treat these conveniently under three divisions : 
 
 1. Polypetalse, in which both calyx and corolla are generally 
 present, and the corolla consists of distinct petals. 
 
 2. Monopetalae, in which both calyx and corolla are generally 
 present, and the corolla consists of united petals. 
 
 3. Incompletas, in which either the calyx, or the corolla, or both are 
 absent. 
 
 Let us take the Incompletae first. Of these there are two obvious 
 divisions 
 
 1. Plants with both floral envelopes absent; 
 
 2. Plants with only one of the floral envelopes absent ; 
 And the first of these can be again obviously divided into 
 
 1. Plants with their flowers in catkins ; 
 
 2. Plants with their flowers not in catkins. 
 Of these latter there are four orders 
 
 1. Empetraeeae represented only by the crowberry. 
 
 2. Euphorbiaceae represented by the spurges, the box, and the 
 
 mercury. 
 
 3. Urticaceae represented by the stinging nettle, the pellitory, 
 
 and the hop. 
 
 4. Ulmaceje represented by the elm. 
 
 The Ulmaceae are separable at once. To say nothing of their 
 being the only trees of the group, they have the only perfect flowers, 
 that is, the stamens and pistils are found tog-ether. Again, the fruit 
 is a samara, that is, it is winged. The stamens are always five. In
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 23 
 
 Urticaceas the stamens may be four or five, and the flower is either 
 moncecious, dioecious, or polygamous. In Ulmaceae the ovary is two 
 celled ; in Urticaceae it is single celled, and the fruit is not a 
 samara. 
 
 The EuphorbiacejE are herbs with milky stems, with the anthers 
 and pistils in different flowers on different plants, and often having 
 the flowers wrapped in an involucre. The Empetraceae have but one 
 genus in Britain and one species, which is a small shrub with ever- 
 green alternate leaves, bearing dioecious flowers with three stamens. 
 In fact, the stamens alone will distinguish the four orders. 
 
 Empetraceae have three stamens. 
 
 Euphorbiacese have either one stamen or more than eight. 
 
 Urticaceae have four or five stamens. 
 
 Ulmaceae have four, five, six, seven, or eight, but oftenest five. 
 
 From this point of view, the only difficulty is with the last two 
 orders, but the elm tree is never likely to be mistaken for a dusty 
 stinging-nettle, a clinging wall pellitory, or the bold climbing hop. 
 
 There are five orders having their flowers in catkins. 
 
 Cupuliferae the oak, beech, hornbeam, and hazel. 
 
 Betulaceae the alder and the birch. 
 
 Salicaceae the poplar and the willow. 
 
 Myricaceae the bog myrtle. 
 
 Coniferae the fir, the juniper and the yew. 
 
 Of these the Coniferae are at once distinguishable by their having 
 the male flowers in deciduous catkins, and the female flowers in 
 cones. It is the Conifers which bridge the gap between the flowering 
 plants and the ferns. 
 
 The Myricaceae have but one genus and one species, and this is a 
 small aromatic shrub, with inconspicuous flowers, having from four 
 to eight stamens. The Betulaceae have from one to four stamens ; 
 the Cupuliferae have from five to twenty stamens ; the Salicacese 
 have from two to thirty stamens, but have no perianth. To summarise 
 
 Cupuliferae fruit in a cup (the acorn, for instance) ; perianth, five or 
 six-lobed ; stamens five to twenty. 
 
 Betulaceae fruit not in a cup ; perianth in four or none ; stamens, 
 four ; fruit two seeded. 
 
 Salicaceae fruit not in a cup ; perianth, none ; stamens, two to 
 thirty ; fruit many seeded. 
 
 Myricaceae fruit a drupe ; perianth, none ; stamens, four to eight. 
 
 We have now to take up the plants that have only one of the 
 floral envelopes absent. Of these there are seven orders, two of 
 which have the ovary inferior, the remainder having it superior. 
 Those with the ovary inferior need not detain us long. They are 
 
 1. Santalaceae, which have less than six stamens. 
 
 2. Aristolochiaceae, which have six or more stamens. 
 The others are 
 
 Amaranthaceae. 
 Chenopodiaceas. 
 
 Eleagnaceae. 
 Thymelaceae. 
 
 Polygonaceee. 
 
 Amaranthaceas are represented by one species, which has an 
 unjointed stem, and very tiny flowers in axillary clusters. Eleag- 
 nacex are also represented by only one species, which has peculiarly
 
 24 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 silvery scales and leaves, and no stipules. The male flowers of this 
 order are in catkins, and it would be placed among the Amentiferce 
 were it not for its other characteristics, which ally it closely with the 
 present group. It is, however, so unmistakable, that it matters very 
 little where it is placed ; it is the only plant in the flora with silvery 
 scales and leaves. Thymelaceae have bi-sexual flowers and eight 
 stamens, the leaves not being stipuled, and the perianth being 
 quickly deciduous. The two chief orders of the group are Cheno- 
 podiaceas, with jointed stems and no stipules to the leaves, and 
 Polygonaceae, having stems as though with a series of knees, with 
 large sheathing stipules to the leaves. The state of affairs is thus : 
 
 1. Amaranthaceae no joints, no stipules. 
 
 2. Chenopodiaceae joints, no stipules. 
 
 3. Polygonaceae joints, large stipules. 
 
 4. Eleagnaceae the silvery scales. 
 
 5. Thymelaceas the deciduous perianth. 
 
 We have now run through the Incomplete, and the way is clear 
 for our attack on the great class in which both calyx and corolla are 
 generally present. 
 
 And first for the Monopetalae, in which the corolla consists of 
 inseparate petals. 
 
 These can be divided at the outset into 
 
 1. Flov/ers with the ovary inferior. 
 
 2. Flowers with the ovary superior. 
 And the latter can be divided into 
 
 1. Flowers with the stamens on the corolla. 
 
 2. Flowers with the stamens free from corolla. 
 
 The latter has its only representative in the Ericaceae or Heath tribe. 
 The Monopetalous flowers having a superior ovary and stamens on 
 the corolla can be divided into 
 
 1. Those having the corolla regular. 
 
 2. Those having the corolla irregular. 
 
 The Monopetalous orders with irregular corollas are : 
 
 1. Scrophulariaceae such as the foxglove. 
 
 2. Orobanchaceae such as the broom rape. 
 
 3. Lentibulariaceae such as the bladderwort. 
 
 4. Verbenaceae such as the vervain. 
 
 5. Labiatae such as the dead nettle. 
 
 6. Plantaginaceae such as the plantain. 
 
 The Orobanchaceae are distinguishable at once as being scaly, 
 leafless root-parasites with brownish flowers, in which are four 
 stamens, two longer than the rest. 
 
 The Lentibulariaceas are also unmistakable. They have but two 
 stamens, and the corolla is two-lipped ; a combination not found in 
 any other order. They are small marsh herbs, with the leaves radical 
 and undivided, or else compound and bearing bladders. The 
 Verbenaceae have but one representative, the vervain, which is an 
 erect square-stemmed plant, having opposite three-toothed leaves, a 
 tubular calyx, a tubular two-lipped corolla, on which are two long and 
 two short stamens, the flowers being in long spikes. 
 
 Our six orders are thus reduced to three. 
 
 1. Scrophulariaceae. 3. Plantaginaceae. 
 
 2. Labiatae.
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 25 
 
 The last of these are herbaceous plants of humble growth, with 
 undeveloped stems and tufts of ribbed leaves spreading more or less 
 on the ground. There are four stamens which are very long, alternate 
 with the segments of the corolla, and having very lightly attached 
 anthers, and the tubular corolla is very thin, dry and membraneous. 
 
 The Labiatae have square stems and opposite aromatic leaves. 
 The flowers are in whorls or cymes. The calyx is tubular and bila- 
 biate, or in five; the corolla is generally bilabiate. The stamens are 
 two or four, half being longer than the others. The carpels are 
 united into a four-celled ovary, with the style rising between the 
 lobes. 
 
 The Scrophulariaceae contain all the monopetalous flowers with 
 superior ovaries and irregular corollas that do not belong to our five 
 other orders. The main difference between the plants of this order 
 and the Labiates being the absence of the square stem, the two-celled 
 ovary as against the four-lobed one, the terminal style as against the 
 basilar one, and the flowers not being in whorls or cymes. 
 
 Our next concern is with the monopetalous plants having a superior 
 ovary, stamens on the corolla, and regular flowers. There are ten 
 orders that can be so grouped. Two of these have the stamens 
 opposite the corolla lobes. 
 
 1. Primulaceae the primrose tribe. 
 
 2. Plumbaginaceas the thrift tribe. 
 
 The latter of these has a tubular, thin, dry, membraneous calyx, 
 sufficiently distinguishing it from the other orders of the group. 
 
 We have thus eight orders left in which the stamens are alternate 
 with the corolla lobes. These we can divide into halves, one half 
 having opposite leaves, and the other alternate leaves. Those with 
 opposite leaves are 
 
 1. Aquifoliaceae the holly. 
 
 2. Oleaceas the privet and the ash. 
 
 3. Apocynaceae the periwinkle. 
 
 4. Gentianaceas the gentian. 
 
 The holly is the only representative of the Aquifoliaceae we have. 
 Its spiny leaves and scarlet berries are too well known for us to need 
 to linger over its four or five stamens, and its four or five cleft calyx. 
 
 The periwinkles, major and minor, are the only representatives we 
 have of the Apocynaceae. They have five stamens, and the corolla 
 and calyx are in four or five, generally five, and shaped like a pen- 
 tagon with bisected sides. 
 
 The Oleaceas are represented by the privet shrub and the ash tree, 
 each having two stamens in their flowers, though the four-cleft 
 corolla and calyx may not exist. These two stamens are a sufficient 
 distinction for our purpose. 
 
 The Gentianaceae are smooth herbs with a bitter juice and strongly- 
 ribbed sessile leaves, having calyx, corolla, and stamens all from four 
 to ten, and a capsular fruit. 
 
 The last four orders of our arbitrary grouping have alternate 
 leaves : 
 
 1. Polemoniaceae represented by the Jacob's ladder, 
 
 2. Convolvulaceae the waywind. 
 
 3. Solanaceac the nightshade. 
 
 4. Boraginaceas the borage.
 
 26 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 The Convolvulaceae are distinguishable at once by their calyx of five 
 imbricated sepals. The Polemoniaceas have but one representative, 
 the purplish blue Jacob's ladder, a bold regular flower in fives with a 
 three-celled ovary. The Boraginaceas are also in fives, but the ovary 
 is four-celled. The Solanaceas are also in fives, though the stamens 
 number occasionally but four, and the ovary is two-celled. In 
 Solanaceae the flowers are in axillary cymes ; in Boraginaceae they 
 are in spikes ; in Polemonium they are in a panicle. Polemonium, 
 too, has pinnate leaves. 
 
 A spike is when the flowers are sessile along a single undivided 
 stem. When the flowers are borne on pedicels along such an un- 
 branched rachis, they are said to be in a raceme. When the stem is 
 branched and bears two or more flowers, they are said to be in a 
 'panicle. When several flowers are gathered into a compact cluster, 
 they are said to be capitate; when the branches or pedicels appear 
 to start from the same point and are nearly of the same length, the 
 flowers are said to be in an umbel ' j when the lower branches are 
 much longer than the upper, so that although starting from different 
 points, they all attain the same level, and the flowers are in a flat 
 head, the flowers are said to be in a corymb. When the flower head 
 is branched, and the flowers open from within outwards in a widening 
 ring, the inflorescence is called a cyme. The inflorescence of a plant 
 is the arrangement of its flowering branches and the flowers upon 
 them ; its cestivation is the arrangement of the sepals or petals in 
 the bud ; its vernation is the arrangement of its leaves in the bud. 
 
 But we need not overburden ourselves with definitions. We have 
 now the Monopetalous flowers with inferior ovaries. Of these there 
 are seven orders, five of them having the stamens on the corolla, and 
 two having the stamens free of the corolla and on the ovary. These 
 two we will deal with first. They are : 
 
 1. Campanulaceae the bell flowers. 
 
 2. Vacciniaceae the whortleberries. 
 
 The first have only five stamens ; the last have eight, nine, or ten 
 stamens, a simple, but for our purposes quite adequate, distinction. 
 We are thus left with the five orders having stamens on the corolla. 
 They are : 
 
 1. Caprifoliaceae such as the honeysuckle. 
 
 2. Rubiaceae such as the madder. 
 
 3. Valerianacea2 such as the valerian. 
 
 4. Dipsaceae such as the teasel. 
 
 5. Composita? such as the dandelion. 
 
 In this country the Rubiaceae are represented by herbaceous 
 plants with square stems and whorled leaves, and that distinguishes 
 them at a glance. Of the four orders left, three have four or five 
 stamens ; the fourth, Valerianaceae, have either one or three stamens, 
 and that sufficiently separates them from the rest. 
 
 The Caprifoliaceae have four or five stamens alternate with the 
 corolla lobes, and the calyx is in four or five, attached to the ovary 
 and having bracts. Their fruit is a berry. They are represented in 
 this country by the elder, the guelder rose, the wayfaring tree, the 
 honeysuckle, and the Linnaea, the characteristics of which will be 
 found fully given in our index of genera.
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 27 
 
 We are thus left with the Dipsaceae and the Composite. The 
 Dipsaceae have the calyx in four enclosed in an involucel, the 
 corolla in four, with the limb oblique, four stamens on the corolla, 
 free anthers, and inferior ovary with one pendulous ovule. The 
 Compositse have the calyx wanting, or with a membraneous or pappose 
 limb, the corolla funnel-shaped, ligulate or bilabiate, nearly always 
 five stamens, connate anthers, and inferior ovary with one erect ovule. 
 
 We have now found that our plant belongs neither to the acoty- 
 ledons, the monocotyledons, the incompletae nor the monopetalae. 
 It must therefore belong to the Polypetalae, the most extensive sub- 
 division of the Dicotyledons. This great subdivision comprising all 
 Dicotyledonous plants with free, separate petals, can be split con- 
 veniently enough in two groups. 
 
 1. Those having hypogynous stamens. 
 
 2. Those having perigynous or epigynous stamens. 
 And the latter can be further divided into 
 
 1. Those with the ovary superior. 
 
 2. Those with the ovary inferior. 
 
 The latter of which can be still further grouped 
 
 1. Those having four petals or less. 
 
 2. Those having five petals or more. 
 
 3. Those having four or five petals. 
 
 The first of these need not detain us long. There are only three 
 orders in the group : one being the Haloragaceae, in which there are 
 no petals at all, and which consist of aquatic herbs like the marestail, 
 &c., in which the leaves are in whorls ; another, the Loranthaceae 
 comprising only the parasitic mistletoe in which the leaves are 
 opposite and fleshy, and the fruit a pulpy white berry ; and the other 
 the important willow-herb order, Onagraceas, in which the calyx is in 
 two or four, tubular, adnate to the ovary and valvate in bud ; the 
 petals are two or four, twisted in aestivation, and the stamens are 
 perigynous and number two, four, or eight. 
 The orders in the group having always five petals are : 
 
 J. Cucurbitaceae, represented in this country by the white bryony, 
 a climbing herb, with alternate palmate leaves, tendrils, 
 greenish flowers, parts in five, and red berries. 
 
 2. Araliacse, represented amongst us by the climbing ivy, and 
 
 the green cubical flowered moschatel. 
 
 3. Umbelliferse, the great order whose umbelled flowers and 
 simple or deeply divided sheathing leaves are so unmistakable, 
 however embarrassing may be its detail in genera and 
 species. 
 
 There are two orders, having sometimes four, and sometimes five 
 petals. These are Grossulariaceae and Cornaceae. In Grossu- 
 lariaceae the leaves are rough, lobed and alternate ; in the other 
 order they are simple, ovate and opposite. Grossulariaceae are 
 represented with us by the one genus Ribes, of which the black 
 and red currants are the most appreciated species. Cornaceae also 
 have but ona genus, Cornus, the dogwood common in our hedges, 
 and the detailed description of which we can very well reserve till we 
 deal with genera and species. In no way are they likely to be 
 mistaken for the marestail, the mistletoe, the willow herb, the white
 
 28" CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 bryony, or the ivy, and any doubt that may arise between the Cornacae 
 and Umbelliferas will be set at rest at once by a look at the leaves 
 
 The polypetalous orders with stamens arranged round or on a 
 superior ovary are 
 
 1. Celastraceae such as the spindle tree. 
 
 2. Rhamnaceae such as the buckthorn. 
 
 3. Leguminosae such as the furze. 
 
 4. Rosaceae such as the rose. 
 
 5. Lythracese such as the purple loose-strife. 
 
 6. Tamariscaceas such as the tamarisk. 
 
 7. Portulaceae such as the blinks. 
 
 8. Illecebraceas such as the strapwort. 
 
 9. Scleranthaceas such as the knawel. 
 10. Crassulaceae such as the stone-crop. 
 
 ir. Saxifragaceae such as the London pride. 
 
 The Leguminosae are distinguishable at once by their papilionaceous 
 corollas. The Rosaceae need no lengthened notice ; their characteristics 
 are so well marked alternate leaves with a stipule on each side of the 
 petiole base, calyx four or five lobed, free or adherent to ovary, petals 
 five, equal, stamens many and curved inwards in aestivation, and fruit 
 never a legume. Obvious enough, too, are the tamarisks. There is but 
 one of them in this country, a straggling coniferous-looking shrub 
 with twiggy branches and scale-like leaves, and flowers small and 
 regular, in lateral spikes, and having all their parts in four or five. 
 Portulaceae;, too, with their single representative, the miserable little 
 blinks, can hardly stop the way, as fortunately the two sepals only 
 mark them off from the rest; and Illecebraceas with their sessile 
 leaves, .and Scleranthaceas with their connate leaves, are also 
 sufficiently recognisable. 
 We. are thus left with 
 
 Celastraceas stamens four or five, alternate with petals. 
 Rhaninaceab stamens four or five, opposite petals. 
 Lythraceae stamens three or six or twelve, leaves opposite or 
 whorled.. 
 
 Crassulaceae stamens three to twenty ; thick, fleshy leaves ; flowers 
 symmetrical. 
 
 . Saxifragaceae stamens five or ten ; styles two, diverging ; flowers 
 unsymmetrical. 
 
 And now our road is clear for noting the distinctions by which the 
 orders can most easily be sorted out among such of the polypetalous 
 plants as have their stamens rising from beneath the ovary. 
 
 It will simplify matters to consider five of these orders by themselves. 
 . I. Caryophyllaceae a well marked order, mostly with stems tumid 
 at the joints ; leaves at the joints entire and opposite, flowers 
 regular, sepals four or five, distinct or connected in a tube, 
 petals four or five, clawed, stamens four, five, eight or ten ; 
 anthers opening longitudinally, capsule opening at the top 
 with teeth. The commonest plants of the order are the stitch- 
 worts, pinks, and campions. 
 
 2. Aceraceas an order with only one genus,' and that of only two 
 species, one of which is the maple tree, and the other the 
 sycamore tree, sufficient descriptions of which will be found in 
 the index. The stamens number from five to twelve,
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 29 
 
 3. Droseraceae an order with but one genus, having the, three 
 sundews as its representatives. Its .stamens are either five 
 or ten but further description can be postponed for our 
 index. 
 
 4. Elatinaceae an order with only one genus, which is repre- 
 sented by the two waterworks, and for which see the index to 
 the genera. Its stamens may be either three, five, six or ten. 
 
 5. Ranunculaceae for the one genus Myosurus, for which see the 
 index to genera. 
 
 These caryophylls, and acers, the little insectivorous sundew, the 
 tiny water herb, and the eccentric mousetail, are so unlike each other, 
 and so unlike all the other orders we have left to us, that their sorting 
 out in this way will embarrass no one. 
 
 We have, then, eighteen orders left. ^We can group them most 
 easily into those having BXW *h* teliJFamens and those having less 
 than ten stamens, the four orders we* have just parted with being 
 those in which the number of the stamens would overlap and render 
 such grouping impossible. 
 
 Polypetalous plants, with stamens hypogynous and less than ten: 
 
 1. Berberidaceae three, four, or six stamens; a spiny shrub, the 
 spines being in threes. 
 
 2. Fumariaceae six stamens in two bundles ; slender herbs, with 
 brittle stems. 
 
 3. Cruciferae six stamens, two shorter than the rest ; herbs with 
 alternate leaves. 
 
 4. Violaceas five stamens, the connective produced above the 
 
 anther cells. 
 
 5. Polygalaceae eight stamens in two bundles ; small herbs, with 
 
 irregular flowers. 
 
 6. Frankeniaceae four, five, or six stamens ; a low branched 
 herb with opposite leaves and red flowers. 
 
 7. Linacese four or five stamens, alternate with petals, with 
 
 small teeth between them ; flowers blue or white. 
 
 8. Balsaminaceas five stamens ; a succulent herb, with axillary 
 yellow flowers. 
 
 Here at a glance we have just enough to enable us to place a plant 
 in its proper order, and the other detail we can reserve for our alpha- 
 betical list. 
 
 Our next group will be Polypetalous plants, with stamens hypo- 
 gynous and atnra thnn ten. or-wxore. 
 
 1. Ranunculacece stamens, twelve or more. 
 
 2. Nymph aeaceae stamens many, partially petaloid. 
 
 3. Papaveraceas stamens many. 
 
 4. Resedaceae stamens, ten or more. 
 
 5. Cistaceae stamens many. 
 
 6. Malvaceae stamens many, united into a tube. 
 
 7- Tiliaceae stamens many. etiivt. 
 
 8. Hypericaceae stamens many, united into three or four tundles. 
 
 9. Geraniaceae stamens ten. 
 
 10. Oxalidaceae stamens ten, five longer than the others. 
 Here Nymphaeaceae, the water lily order, Malvaceae, the mallow 
 order, Hypericaceae, the St. John's wort order, and Oxalidaceae, the 
 wood sorrel order, are at once distinguishable from the rest and from
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 each other. The Resedaceae, the mignonette order, is represented 
 by only one genus, Reseda, which is not likely to be assigned to the 
 Geraniacese, as it has neither the habit, the swollen stem, the clawed 
 petals, nor the beaked fruit, as noted in our index to the genera. 
 Our many-stamened orders are thus reduced to 
 
 1. Ranunculaceae. 
 
 2. Papaveraceae. 
 
 3. Cistaceae. 
 
 4. Tiliaceas. 
 
 Now Tiliaceas has but one genus amongst us, and that is Tilia, to 
 which belong the three species of lime tree. Its leaves are lop- 
 sided, alternate and stipulate; its flowers are regular and greenish; 
 its sepals are four or five, and deciduous ; its petals are four or five ; 
 and, generally speaking, it would be like the Malvaceae, if the 
 stamens were united as in that order. 
 
 Cistaceae has but one genus amongst us, and that is Helianthemum 
 the rock rose, which is a shrubby herb, never over a foot high, and 
 bearing a white or yellow flower, having five sepals, two smaller than 
 the rest and three twisted in the bud, and five petals crumpled and 
 twisted in the bud the contrary way to the sepals. The rock rose, in 
 fact, is not likely to be mistaken for a lime tree. 
 
 Papaveraceae is the poppy order. It consists of herbs with white 
 or coloured milky juice, leaves alternate, simple, or lobed, and 
 without stipules ; flowers regular, fugacious, and usually crumpled 
 in aestivation and nodding in bud ; sepals two, or very occasionally 
 three, disappearing early ; petals four, rarely five or six ; and a 
 capsular fruit. 
 
 We have but one order left, the Ranunculaceae. It comprises land 
 and water herbs and a climbing shrub, all having colourless, acrid 
 juice. Its leaves are generally deeply divided and nearly always 
 alternate, and occasionally they have dilated sheathing petioles. Its 
 flowers are regular or irregular, and of all colours. Its sepals are 
 three, five or six, green or petaloid ; its petals are five or more, free 
 and often irregular ; its stamens are (with the exception of Myosurus) 
 twelve or more, and hypogynous, as we have seen ; and its anthers are 
 adnate and mostly reversed. 
 
 To the Ranunculaceae our plant belongs. But before we proceed 
 further with its identification it is desirable that we should give in 
 tabular form the classification we have adopted, and which, let it be 
 clearly understood, is only entirely applicable to our country's 
 flowers. 
 
 3*3.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 TABULAR SCHEME, 
 
 T)HANEROGAMS, or Flowering Plants. 
 -- Cryptogams, or Flowerless Plants. 
 CRYPTOGAMS 
 Equisetacece jointed stems ; scale-like leaves in 
 
 a whorl. 
 Marsileacea spores in globular mass at leaf 
 
 base. 
 Lycopodiacece fructification axillary or in cone 
 
 bracts. 
 Filices. 
 PHANEROGAMS 
 
 1. Monocotyledones. 
 
 2. Dicotyledones. 
 MONOCOTYLEDONES 
 
 1. Petaloidas. 
 
 2. Glumiferas. 
 GLUMIFER/E. 
 
 Cyperacea solid stem ; sheaths entire. 
 Grantinece hollow stem ; sheaths split. 
 
 PETALOIDvE. 
 
 1. Ovary superior. 
 
 2. Ovary inferior. 
 Ovary inferior 
 
 Orchidacea stamens three, one or two abortive. 
 Iridacece stamens three, all perfect. 
 Amaryllidacet? stamens six. 
 Hydrocharidacece water plants, leaves radical. 
 Dioscoreacea climber ; alternate, cordate leaves. 
 Ovary superior 
 
 r. Leaves netted veined. 
 2. Leaves parallel veined. 
 Leaves netted veined 
 
 Trilliacetz leaves in fours. 
 
 Alismacea: perianth six ; stamens six. 
 
 Lemnacece floating plants ; no perianth. 
 
 Aracece no perianth ; flowers on spadix in sheath. 
 Leaves parallel veined 
 
 Liliacecs stamens six ; anthers introrse, 
 
 Melantfiacece stamens six ; anthers extrorse. 
 
 Naiadacea stamens four. 
 
 Typhacece no perianth. 
 
 Restiacece stamens two or three. 
 
 Juncacece round leaves.
 
 32 TABULAR SCHEME. 
 
 DlCOTYLEDONES 
 
 1. Incomplete. 
 
 2. Monopetalas. 
 
 3. Polypetalae. 
 INCOMPLETE. 
 
 1. Both envelopes absent. 
 
 2. Only one envelope absent. 
 
 Both envelopes absent. 
 
 1. Flowers not in catkins. 
 
 2. Flowers in catkins. 
 Flowers not in catkins 
 
 Empetracea stamens three. 
 Euphorbiacea stamens one, or more than eight. 
 Urticacece stamens four or five. 
 Ulmacece trees ; flowers perfect. 
 Flowers in catkins 
 
 CupulifercE stamens five or more ; fruit in a cup. 
 Betulacece stamens four ; fruit two-seeded. 
 Salicacece stamens two to thirty ; fruit many seeded. 
 Myricacece stamens two to eight ; fruit a drupe. 
 Coniferce. 
 One floral envelope absent. 
 
 1. Ovary inferior. 
 
 2. Ovary superior. 
 Ovary inferior 
 
 Santalacea stamens less than six. 
 Aristolochiacea stamens six or more. 
 Ovary superior 
 
 Amaranthacea: stem not jointed ; stamens three to five. 
 ChenopodiacecE stem jointed, no stipules. 
 Pofygonacece stem jointed, sheathing stipules. 
 Eleagnacece silvery scales. 
 Thymelacece stem not jointed ; stamens eight. 
 MONOPETAL^E. 
 
 1. Ovary superior. 
 
 2. Ovary inferior. 
 Ovary superior 
 
 1. Stamens free from corolla. 
 
 2. Stamens on corolla. 
 Stamens free from corolla 
 
 EricacetE. 
 Stamens on corolla. 
 
 1. Corolla irregular. 
 
 2. Corolla regular. 
 Corolla irregular 
 
 Orobanchacecz leafless root parasites. 
 Lentibulariacetz marsh plants ; two stamens. 
 Plantaginacetz stamens four, very long. 
 Verbenacece leaves with three teeth. 
 Labiate square stem ; basilar style. 
 Scrophulariacece.
 
 TABULAR SCHEME, S3 
 
 (continued). 
 Corolla regular 
 
 1 . Stamens opposite corolla lobes. 
 
 2. Stamens alternate with corolla lobeS. 
 Stamens opposite corolla lobes 
 
 PlumbaginacecE membraneous calyx. 
 Primulacecc. 
 Stamens alternate with corolla lobes. 
 
 1. Opposite leaves. 
 
 2. Alternate leaves. 
 Opposite leaves 
 
 AquifoliacecE spiny leaves; axillary flowers. 
 Oleacece stamens two. 
 Apocynacece pentagonal corolla. 
 Genttanacece. 
 Alternate leaves 
 PolemoniacecE flowers in panicle. 
 Comiolvulacece five imbricated sepals. 
 Solanacece flowers in axillary cymes. 
 Boraginacece. 
 Ovary inferior 
 
 1. Stamens free of corolla. 
 
 2. Stamens on corolla. 
 Stamens free of corolla 
 
 Campanulacece five stamens. 
 Vacciniacetz eight, nine, or ten stamens. 
 Stamens on corolla 
 
 CaprifoliacecE fruit a berry. 
 
 Rubiacetz square stems, whorled leaves. 
 
 Valerianacetz one or three stamens. 
 
 Dipsacea involucel. 
 
 Composites. 
 
 POLYPETAL^:. 
 
 1. Stamens not hypogynous. 
 
 2. Stamens hypogynous. 
 Stamens not hypogynous. 
 
 1. Ovary inferior. 
 
 2. Ovary superior. 
 Ovary inferior 
 
 1. With four petals or less. 
 
 2. With five petals or more. 
 
 3. With four or five petals. 
 With four petals or less 
 
 Haloragacece no petals. 
 
 Loranthacea fleshy leaves. 
 
 Onagracece. 
 With five petals or more 
 
 Cucurbitacea climber, with tendrils. 
 
 Umbellifera leaves simple, or compound and alter- 
 nate. 
 
 Araliacea leaves smooth, lobed, and alternate. 
 With four or five petals 
 
 GrossulariacecE \zavts rough, lobed, and alternate. 
 
 Cornacetz leaves smooth, ovate, and opposite. 
 D
 
 34 TABULAR SCHEME. 
 
 POLYPETAL/E (continued). 
 Ovary superior 
 
 Celastracefs stamens four or five, alternate with petals. 
 Rhamnacetz stamens four or five, opposite petals. 
 Legummosce papilionaceous corolla. 
 Lythracece stamens three, six, or twelve ; style filiform. 
 Tamariscacea scale-like leaves. 
 Portulacece two sepals. 
 IllecebracecE sessile leaves. 
 ScleranthacecE connate leaves. 
 
 Crassulacece thick fleshy leaves ; flowers symmetrical. 
 Saxifragacea styles two, diverging ; flowers unsym- 
 
 metrical. 
 Rosacece. 
 Stamens hypogynous. 
 
 1. Stamens over or under ten. 
 
 2. Stamens less than ten. 
 
 3. Stamens mre ttiaa ten, or wore. 
 Stamens over or under ten 
 
 Caryophyllacea jointed stems, opposite leaves. 
 
 Aceracece trees ; fruit a samara. 
 
 Droseracea marsh herbs ; glandular leaves. 
 
 Elatinaceoe water herbs ; spathulate leaves. 
 
 Ranunculacece in respect of the one genus Myosurus, which 
 
 usually has but five stamens. 
 Stamens less than ten 
 
 Berberidacece three, four, or six stamens ; spines in threes. 
 Fumariacece six stamens, in two bundles. 
 Cruciferce stamens four long, two short. 
 Violacetz five stamens, connective above the anther cells, 
 Polygalacece eight stamens in two bundles. 
 Frankeniacecf four, five, or six stamens ; flowers red. 
 Linacece four or five stamens ; flowers blue or white. 
 Balsaminacea five stamens ; flowers yellow. 
 Stamens nwre=tfaan ten-tJT-more. 
 
 NymphaacecB water plants ; stamens petaloid. 
 
 Malvacea stamens united into tube. or r ltre 
 
 HypericacecE stamens in three or four A bundles. 
 
 Oxalidacece stamens five long, and five short. 
 
 Resedacecz stamens on glandular irregular disk, petals 
 
 lacerated. 
 
 GeraniacecB stamens ten ; long-beaked fruit. 
 Tiliacecz trees ; leaves with stipules. 
 Cistacea sepals five, three twisted in bud, two small or 
 
 wanting. 
 Papaveracea sepals two or three, caducous ; flowers 
 
 crumpled in bud. 
 Ranunculacea.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS, 
 
 THE preceding classification being designed 
 solely as a ready means of identifying the 
 flowers, takes but little note of the relationship of 
 the different orders. For purposes of comparison 
 and reference, it is necessary that the usual 
 arrangement should be given ; and the examples 
 on our coloured plates are grouped accordingly : 
 
 1. Phanerogamia (flowering plants). 
 
 2. Cryptogamia (flowerless plants). 
 PHANEROGAMIA 
 
 1. Dicotyledones (Exogens). 
 
 2. Monocotyledones (Endogens). 
 Dico^iedones 
 
 1. Polypetalav 
 
 2. Monopetalas. 
 
 3. Incompletas. 
 POLYPETAUE 
 
 Stamens hypogynous. 
 
 Stamens perigynous or epigynous. 
 STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS 
 
 Ranunculacea. Sepals three, five, or six, green or petaloid ; petals 
 five or more, free, and often irregular; stamens 12 or more, except 
 in AfyosuruSy which has but five ; anthers adnate, and mostly 
 reversed ; fruit of distinct carpels or single-seeded achenes. 
 Herbs, and a climbing shrub, with colourless acrid juice ; leaves 
 generally divided and alternate, and often with dilated sheathing 
 petioles. 
 
 Berberidacece. Sepals three, four, or six in a double row, bracteated 
 and deciduous ; petals three, four, or six, free, glandular at the 
 base ; stamens three, four, or six ; fruit, a berry. Spiny shrubs, 
 the spines being in threes ; leaves alternate, compound, exstipu- 
 late, and ciliated on the serratures ; flowers pendulous. 
 
 NymphcsacecE. Sepals four, five, or six, partially petaloid, passing 
 into numerous petals and stamens, imbricated in several rows, 
 and placed on a fleshy disk surrounding a many-celled, many- 
 seeded ovary. Aquatic herbs; with cordate or peltate floating 
 leaves, and showy, solitary flowers. 
 
 Papaveracea. Sepals two, occasionally three, deciduous ; petals four, 
 rarely five or six ; stamens many and free ; fruit capsular or pod- 
 shaped, with parietal placentas. Herbs ; with white or coloured 
 milky juice; leaves alternate, simple or lobed, and exstipulate; 
 flowers regular, fugacious, and usually crumpled and nodding in bud. 
 D 2
 
 36 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS (continued). 
 
 Fumariacea. Sepals two, deciduous ; petals four, parallel, one or 
 two swollen at the base ; stamens six, in two bundles, opposite to 
 the outer petals; ovary single-celled with two opposite parietal 
 placentas. Slender herbs ; with brittle stems and watery juice; 
 leaves alternate, divided, and exstipulate; flowers irregular and 
 in racemes. 
 
 Cruciferce. Sepals four, deciduous; petals four, stalked, cruciform; 
 stamens six, four longer than the rest ; fruit, a pouch or pod. 
 Herbs with not unwholesome pungent watery juice; leaves alter- 
 nate and without stipules ; flowers regular, beginning in corymbs 
 and becoming racemose. 
 
 Resedacea. Sepals four, five or six, persistent; petals four, five or 
 six, irregular, lacerated; stamens ten or more, on a glandular, 
 irregular disk; ovary three-lobed, single-celled. Leaves alternate, 
 without stipules; flowers oblique and greenish. 
 
 Cistacetz. Sepals five, two smaller than the rest and three twisted 
 in the bud; petals five, crumpled and twisted in the bud the con- 
 trary way to the sepals; stamens many and free; ovary tripartite 
 and single-celled. Herbaceous plants or shrubs; with entire leaves 
 and regular flowers. 
 
 Violacece. Sepals five, persistent and imbricate; petals five, unequal, 
 with the lower one spurred at the base; stamens five, with the 
 connective produced above the anther cells; ovary tripartite and 
 single-celled. Leaves alternate and with stipules; flowers irregular 
 and axillary. 
 
 Droseracea. Sepals five, imbricate and persistent ; petals five ; 
 stamens five or ten, free; ovary single-celled. Marsh herbs; 
 radical leaves with glandular capitate hairs ; flowers regular. 
 
 Polygalacea. Sepals five, the two inner petaloid; petals three, four, 
 or five, one longer than the rest; stamens eight, in two bundles; 
 capsule two-celled. Herbs ; with simple alternate leaves without 
 stipules; flowers irregular. 
 
 Frankeniacece. Sepals four, five, or six, combined into a] furrowed 
 tube; petals four, five, or six, clawed; stamens four, five, or six, 
 free, alternating with petals; ovary single-celled, with two or four 
 valves. Low, branched herb; leaves opposite, without stipules, 
 but with a membraneous sheathing base. Flowers red, small, 
 axillary. 
 
 Elatinacece. Sepals three to five ; petals three to five, sessile 
 stamens three to five, or six to ten, free; capsule three to five- 
 valved. Small marsh herbs; leaves in a whorl, spathulate, and 
 with stipules. 
 
 Caryophyllacea. Sepals four or five, distinct or connected in a 
 tube; petals four or five, clawed; stamens as many as or double 
 the number of petals ; anthers opening longitudinally ; capsule 
 opening at the top with teeth. Herbs; generally with stems tumid 
 at the joints; leaves entire and opposite; flowers regular. 
 
 Linacece. Sepals four or five, persistent, imbricate in bud ; petals 
 four or five, fugacious, twisted in bud, and clawed ; stamens four 
 or five, alternate with petals, with small teeth between them; 
 capsule three, four, or five-celled. Herbs; with entire leaves, 
 having no stipules.
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 37 
 
 STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS (continued}. 
 
 Malvacecs. Sepals five, valvate in bud; petals five, twisted in bud; 
 stamens many, twisted into a tube adherent to the claws of the 
 petals ; ovary, many-celled. Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alter- 
 nate with stipules, and generally covered with soft down; flowers 
 regular and axillary. 
 
 TiliacecE. Sepals four or five, valvate in bud, deciduous ; petals 
 four or five, often with a depression at the base; stamens many, 
 not united as in Malvaceae. Leaves unequal sided, alternate, and 
 with stipules ; flowers regular and inconspicuous, springing from 
 a lanceolate leafy bract. 
 
 Hypericacea. Sepals four or five, persistent, imbricate, and often 
 dotted ; petals four or five, twisted in bud and often dotted ; 
 stamens many and united into three or five bundles ; capsule 
 three, four, or five-celled. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves generally 
 opposite, without stipules and marked with pellucid dots ; 
 flowers yellow. 
 
 Aceracece. Sepals four to nine ; petals four to nine, imbricate in 
 bud ; stamens five to twelve on a disk ; carpels two ; fruit, a 
 samara. Trees ; leaves simple, generally lobed, opposite and 
 without stipules ; flowers green and small. 
 
 Geraniacece. Sepals five, imbricate in bud ; petals five, clawed, 
 and twisted in bud ; stamens ten ; carpels five, elastic, com- 
 bined into a pistil with five cells and a long beak. Herbs ; with 
 swollen stem joints ; leaves lobed and stipuled, opposite, or 
 alternate and then opposite the peduncles. 
 
 Balsaminacea:. Sepals five, irregular, deciduous, imbricate in bud, 
 one of them spurred ; petals four, irregular, united in pairs : 
 stamens five, filaments more or less united at the end ; cap- 
 sule bursting elastically. Succulent herbs ; leaves without 
 stipules, simple and alternate ; flowers axillary and yellow. 
 
 Oxalidacetz. Sepals five, imbricate in bud ; petals five, often 
 coherent at the base, twisted in bud ; stamens ten, five opposite 
 the petals and longer than the rest ; carpels united into a pistil 
 with five polyspermous cells ; fruit bursting el&stically. Small herbs; 
 leaves mostly trifoliate, acid, and sensitive ; flowers axillary. 
 
 STAMENS PERIGYNOUS OR EPIGYNOUS. 
 
 Celastracece. Calyx four or five cleft, imbricate in bud ; petals four 
 or five, inserted into the margin of a hypogynous fleshy disk : 
 stamens four or five, alternate with the petals ; seed with bright 
 orange- coloured arillus. Shrubs or trees ; leaves simple and 
 mostly opposite ; flowers in axillary cymes. 
 
 Rhamnacecz. Calyx four or five cleft, valvate in bud ; petals four 
 or five on the top of the calyx tube, and alternate with its 
 lobes ; stamens four or five, opposite the petals ; ovary 
 superior, three-celled, seeds solitary and erect. Shrubs with 
 simple and usually alternate leaves ; flowers small and greenish. 
 
 Leguminosa. Calyx four or five cleft ; petals five, irregular, 
 springing from the bottom of the calyx ; stamens ten ; carpel 
 solitary, superior, ripening into a legume. Herbs or shrubs ; 
 mostly with ternate or pinnate leaves, alternate and stipuled, 
 with or without tendrils ; flowers papilionaceous,
 
 38 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 STAMENS PERIGYNOUS OR EPIGYNOUS (continued). 
 Rosacece. Calyx four or five-lobed, free, or adherent with ovary ; 
 petals five, equal ; stamens varying in number, generally being 
 more than twelve, and curving inwards in bud ; ovary superior 
 and double-celled ; fruit various, but never a legume. Shrubs 
 or herbs ; leaves alternate with a stipule on each side of the base 
 of the petiole. 
 
 Onagracece. Calyx in two or four, tubular, adnate with the ovary 
 and valvate in bud ; petals two or four, twisted in bud ; stamens 
 two, four, or eight ; ovary inferior, one to four - celled, many 
 seeded ; fruit, a berry or capsule. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves 
 entire; frequently opposite and never dotted ; flowers regular and 
 showy. 
 
 Haloragacece. Calyx in three or four, adnate with ovary ; petals 
 generally wanting ; stamens one, two, four, or eight ; ovary 
 inferior and one to four-celled ; seeds solitary, pendulous, and 
 perispermic. Aquatic herbs ; leaves often whorled ; flowers 
 very small. 
 
 Lythracece. Calyx in three, often with intermediate teeth ; petals 
 three or six, crumpled in bud ; stamens six or twelve ; ovary 
 superior. Herbs ; generally with opposite entire leaves and 
 without stipules ; flowers regular. 
 
 Tamariscacece. Calyx in four or five ; petals four or five, rising 
 from the base of the calyx ; stamens four, five, eight or ten ; 
 ovary superior. Shrubs ; with twiggy branches and scale-like 
 leaves ; flowers in lateral spikes, small and regular. 
 Cucurbitacecs. Calyx five-cleft, the tube adnate with the ovary ; 
 petals five, often with netted veins ; stamens five, more or less 
 cohering ; ovary inferior ; fruit fleshy ; seeds flat in an arillus. 
 Succulent climbing plants ; leaves with tendrils in the place of 
 stipules ; flowers in axillary racemes. 
 
 Pcrtulacea. Sepals two, rarely three or five, coherent at base, 
 imbricate in bud ; petals five, inserted into the base of the calyx; 
 stamens of uncertain number, generally three or five ; ovary 
 superior and single-celled. Succulent herbs ; with opposite leaves. 
 Illecebracece. Sepals four or five ; petals four or five, or wanting ; 
 stamens five or less ; ovary superior. Branching herbs ; 
 leaves entire and sessile ; flowers small. 
 
 Sderanthacea. Calyx in four or five ; petals wanting ; stamens 
 ten or less ; ovary superior. Tufted herbs ; with opposite, 
 connate leaves and axillary flowers. 
 
 Grossulariacece. Calyx four or five-cleft growing from top of ovary; 
 petals four or five, at the mouth of the calyx throat ; stamens 
 four or five, alternate with petals ; ovary inferior ; fruit, a 
 pulpy berry. Shrubs; often spiny; leaves rough, lobed and 
 alternate ; flowers small and greenish. 
 
 Crassulacece. Sepals three to twenty, united at the base ; petals 
 three to twenty, inserted at the base of the sepals ; stamens 
 three to twenty, or twice as many as petals; carpels three to 
 twenty, superior, opposite the petals, and many-seeded. Succulent 
 herbs ; leaves thick, fleshy and without stipules ; flowers sym- 
 metrical.
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 39 
 
 STAMENS PERIGYNOUS OR EPIGYNOUS (continued?). 
 
 SaxifragacecE. Petals four or five, or wanting ; stamens five or 
 ten, distinct ; ovary superior ; carpels united into a pistil, with 
 two many-seeded cells, and two diverging styles. Small herbs ; 
 mostly mountainous ; flowers regular but not symmetrical. 
 
 Araliacea. Calyx three or five-cleft, half inferior ; petals five or 
 ten, occasionally wanting ; stamens as many or twice as many 
 as the petals Irom the margin of an epigynous disk ; ovary 
 inferior, with two or more cells having a style to each ; fruit 
 fleshy and dry, of several single-seeded cells. Climbing shrubs 
 or low herbs ; with alternate lobed leaves and green flowers. 
 
 Cornacea. Calyx in four or five attached to the ovary ; petals 
 four or five, broad at the base ; stamens four or five, inserted 
 with the petals ; ovary inferior ; style filiform ; stigma simple ; 
 fruit, a drupe, with a two-celled nut. Herbs or trees ; with 
 opposite ovate leaves ; flowers small, in heads or umbels. 
 
 UmbellifercE. Calyx in five, teeth minute or often wanting ; petals 
 five, often unequal ; stamens five, epigynous, alternate with the 
 petals and springing with them from a thick fleshy disk at the 
 base of the two styles ; seeds one in each of the two carpels, 
 adherent, pendulous and albuminous. Herbs ; generally with 
 fistular stems, leaves alternate, without stipules, deeply divided 
 and sheathing at the base ; flowers in umbels and mostly white. 
 
 LorantJiacece. Calyx adnate with the inferior ovary ; petals four, 
 stamens four, epiphyllous, stamens and pistils often in different 
 plants ; fruit, a pulpy berry. Parasitic shrubs ; with entire 
 opposite fleshy leaves without stipules. 
 
 MONOPETALJE 
 
 Ovary inferior. 
 
 Ovary superior. 
 OVARY INFERIOR 
 
 Caprifoliacea. Calyx in four or five, attached to the ovary and 
 having bracts ; corolla four or five-cleft ; stamens four or five 
 on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes ; ovary three, four, 
 or five-celled ; fruit, not a drupe. Shrubs or herbs ; with opposite 
 leaves, generally without stipules. 
 
 Rubiacecz. Calyx and corolla each in four or five ; stamens four 
 or five on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes ; ovary 
 two-celled, with solitary erect ovules and two styles. Herbaceous 
 plants (in this country) with square stems and whorled leaves. 
 
 Valerianacea. Calyx in five, with one limb becoming membranous 
 or pappose ; corolla five ; stamens three, on the corolla ; 
 carpels solitary, with one pendulous ovule. Herbs ; generally 
 aromatic, with opposite leaves and without stipules. 
 
 Dtpsacece. Calyx in four, enclosed in an involucel ; corolla in four 
 with the limb oblique ; stamens four on the corolla ; anthers 
 free ; carpel solitary, with one pendulous ovule. Herbs ; leaves 
 opposite or whorled ; flowers in heads. 
 
 Composites. Calyx wanting, or with a membranous or pappose limb ; 
 corolla funnel-shaped, ligulate, or bilabiate, or wanting ; stamens 
 five on the corolla ; anthers united into a tube round the style ; 
 ovary with one erect ovule. Herbs or shrubs ; flowers in a dense 
 head on a common receptacle surrounded by an involucre.
 
 40 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 OVARY INFERIOR (continued}. 
 
 Campanulaceiz. Calyx in five, lobes persistent ; corolla in five ; 
 stamens five, on the ovary ; filaments broad and valvate at base ; 
 ovary two to eight-celled ; style thick and hairy. Herbs ; with 
 entire alternate leaves without stipules. 
 
 Vacciniacece. Calyx in four or five ; corolla in four or five ; stamens 
 eight or ten, on the four or five-celled ovary ; fruit a berry. 
 Shrubs with alternate leaves ; flowers solitary and regular. 
 OVARY SUPERIOR 
 
 Ericacece. Calyx in four or five ; corolla in four or five ; stamens 
 eight or ten, free from corolla ; ovary on a disk with four or 
 more cells. Shrubs ; leaves mostly rigid, evergreen, and without 
 stipules. 
 
 AquifoliacecE. Calyx in four or six, lobes imbricated ; corolla four 
 or six imbricated in bud ; stamens four or six, on the corolla, and 
 alternate with the lobes ; fruit a fleshy berry. Evergreen trees 
 or shrubs ; leaves simple, prickly, and without stipules ; flowers 
 axillary. l1a 
 
 Oleacece. Calyx in four, sometimes wanting ; corolla A four, itt 
 valvate in bud, sometimes wanting ; stamens two, on the corolla ; 
 ovary without hypogynous disk ; fruit a berry or key. Trees or 
 shrubs ; leaves simple or compound, opposite and without 
 stipules. 
 
 Apocynacece Calyx in five ; corolla in five, twisted in the bud ; 
 stamens five, on the corolla ; stigma shaped like an hour glass; 
 fruit of two follicles. Shrubs ; often with milky juice ; leaves 
 entire, opposite and without stipules ; flowers purple and penta- 
 gonal. 
 
 Gentianacea. Calyx four to ten-lobed ; corolla four to ten-lobed ; 
 stamens on the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; ovary single 
 or double celled ; fruit a capsule or berry. Smooth herbs ; 
 leaves entire, sessile, ribbed, generally opposite and without 
 stipules. 
 
 Polemoniacecz. Calyx in five ; corolla in five ; stamens five on the 
 corolla ; fruit a three-celled capsule, three-valved, with the 
 valves separating from the axis. Herbs ; leaves generally pinnate 
 and alternate. 
 
 Convolvulacece. Calyx of five sepals imbricated in two rows, 
 corolla in four or five with limb plaited ; stamens four or five, on 
 the corolla ; carpels united into a two or three-celled few-seeded 
 pistil, with erect ovules. Herbs ; generally twining ; leaves or 
 scales alternate. 
 
 Solanacea:. Calyx in four or five ; corolla in five ; stamens five, on 
 the corolla and alternate with its segments ; carpels united into 
 a two-celled many-seeded pistil. Herbs ; with colourless juice ; 
 leaves alternate, and without stipules ; flowers often extra axillary. 
 
 Scrophulariacecz. Calyx in four or five ; corolla in fouroj^five, 
 imbricated in bud, and irregular ; stamens two or four^rarely 
 equal, generally two longer than the others ; fruit a capsule. 
 Leaves generally opposite, but irregular ; flowers irregular. 
 
 Orobanchacece. Calyx in four or five ; corolla in four or five, 
 gaping ; stamens four, two long and two short ; ovary single* 
 celled. Leafless root parasites with brownish flowers,
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 41 
 
 OVARY SUPERIOR (continued]. 
 
 Verbenacea. Calyx tubular ; corolla tubular and trifid ; stamens 
 on the corolla, two long and two short ; ovary four-celled ; fruit 
 a capsule of four nutlets. Stem square ; leaves opposite, and 
 three-toothed. 
 
 Labiates. Calyx tubular, bilabiate or in five ; corolla monopetalous, 
 hypogynous and generally bilabiate ; stamens two or four, on the 
 corolla, half longer than the rest ; carpels united into a four- 
 celled ovary, with the style rising between the lobes. Herbs with 
 square stems ; leaves generally opposite and aromatic ; flowers 
 irregular and in whorls or cymes. 
 
 Boraginacea:. Calyx in five ; corolla in five, regular, imbricated 
 in bud ; stamens five on the corolla, and alternate with its 
 segments ; carpels united into a four-lobed ovary ; fruit of four 
 nutlets. Herbs; with rough alternate leaves, and flowers in 
 spikes. 
 
 Lentibulariacea. Calyx in four or five ; corolla in four or five, or 
 two-lipped with a spur ; stamens two, on the corolla ; ovary 
 single-celled; fruit a many-seeded capsule. Small marsh 
 herbs ; leaves radical and undivided, or compound and bearing 
 bladders. 
 
 PrimulacecB Calyx in four to seven ; corolla in four to seven ; 
 stamens four to seven, on the corolla, and opposite its segments ; 
 ovary unilocular, with a free central placenta bearing numerous 
 ovules, each with two coats ; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 
 Leaves simple, opposite, or alternate ; flowers regular. 
 
 Plumbaginacea. Calyx tubular, in five, membranous; corolla in 
 five, regular ; stamens, five, on the corolla ; styles five ; stigmas 
 five ; ovary single-celled, single-seeded. Shrubby herbs ; leaves 
 radical or alternate. 
 
 Plantaginacetz. Calyx in four; corolla, very thin, in four; stamens, 
 four, on corolla, and elongated; carpel solitary, with a single 
 stigma. Herbs ; with undeveloped stems, leaves radical, spread- 
 ing, and entire, and spikes of small greenish flowers. 
 
 INCOMPLETE 
 Plants wanting corolla. 
 Plants wanting both corolla and calyx. 
 PLANTS WANTING COROLLA 
 
 Amaranthacea. Perianth in three or five, often with bracts; 
 flowers unisexual; stamens three to five, hypogynous, and 
 opposite the perianth segments ; anthers often unilocular ; ovary 
 superior; single or double celled; styles one, or wanting; fruit 
 indehiscent. Weedy herbs ; stems not jointed ; leaves without 
 stipules. 
 
 Chenopodiacece. Perianth in five, imbricate in bud, free, deeply cleft, 
 generally without bracts ; flowers often unisexual ; stamens one, 
 two or five, generally five, rising from the base of the perianth 
 and opposite the segments ; anthers two-celled ; ovary superior ; 
 style divided and rarely simple ; fruit indehiscent, enclosed in 
 the perianth, which often becomes fleshy. Weedy herbs with 
 jointed stems ; leaves generally small and without stipules
 
 42 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 PLANTS WANTING COROLLA (continued). 
 
 Polygonacece. Perianth in five, free, divided, the segments often 
 in a double row ; flowers mostly bisexual ; stamens five to eight ; 
 ovary superior, with two or more styles or sessile stigmas ; fruit, 
 a flattened or triangular nut usually enclosed in the sepals. 
 Herbs with swollen joints in the stem ; leaves alternate, with 
 sheathing stipules. 
 
 Eleagnacece. Male flowers in catkins ; perianth in three or four ; 
 stamens four to eight, inserted on the throat ; ovary superior ; 
 fruit crustaceous. Shrubs ; with silvery scales entire leaves, 
 alternate and without stipules. 
 
 Thymelacetz. Perianth free, tubular, and in four or five; stamens 
 eight, inserted upon the tube ; anthers two-celled, opening longi- 
 tudinally; ovary superior and single-celled, with one pendulous 
 ovule; style one; stigma one, undivided; fruit fleshy and in- 
 dehiscent. Shrubs ; with entire leaves and no stipules. 
 
 Santalacece. Perianth in three or five, valvate in bud and adnate 
 with ovary ; stamens three or five, opposite to the perianth seg- 
 ments; ovary inferior, single-celled, with one or more ovules 
 pendulous from near the top of a free central placenta. Leaves 
 entire, alternate, and without stipules. 
 
 Aristolochiacetz. Perianth in three, tubular, often with a dilated 
 limb, free, and adnate with ovary; stamens six to twelve, 
 epigynous; ovary inferior, three to six-celled, with numerous 
 ovules ; style simple ; stigma rayed ; fruit, a six-locular capsule 
 or berry. Climbing shrubs or low herbs ; with alternate leaves, 
 and the wood without concentric zones. 
 
 PLANTS WANTING BOTH COROLLA AND CALYX 
 
 EmpetracecE. Perianth of four to six hypogynous scales in two 
 rows; stamens two or three, alternate with the inner row of 
 scales; ovary free, on a fleshy disk. Low, shrubby, dioecious 
 evergreens, heath-like in aspect, with alternate leaves. 
 
 Euphorbiacece. Perianth three or four-lobed, or wanting ; stamens 
 one, or more than eight ; capsules bursting elastically. Dioecious 
 herbs with milky stems and entire leaves ; flowers often in an 
 involucre. 
 
 Urticacece. Perianth four or five, or wanting, regular, free from 
 the ovary; stamens four or five, hypogynous and uncoiling 
 elastically; ovary free, single-celled. Unisexual herbs; leaves 
 with stipules, often stinging and sometimes milky. 
 
 UlmacecE. Perianth in three to eight parts, generally in five; 
 segments imbricate in bud; stamens five, opposite segments 
 of perianth, and inserted into its base ; anthers two-celled ; 
 ovary free ; stigmas two, distinct and elongated. Leaves 
 scabious, lop-sided, distichous and stipuled ; flowers perfect ; fruit 
 winged. 
 
 Cttpuliferce. Perianth in five or six; stamens five to twenty, 
 inserted into the base of the scales on a membranous perianth. 
 Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, often with straight 
 veins from mid-rib to margin ; flowers in catkins ; fruit in a 
 cup.
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 43 
 
 PLANTS WANTING BOTH COROLLA AND CALYX (continued). 
 
 Betulacecs. Perianth in four or wanting; stamens four, opposite 
 each division of the perianth ; filaments very short and distinct ; 
 style none ; stigmas two, threadlike ; fruit small, double seeded, 
 indehiscent. Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate and simple, often 
 with veins running straight from mid- rib to margin; flowers in 
 catkins ; fruit not in a cup. 
 
 Salicacece. Perianth none ; stamens two to thirty ; style one or 
 none; stigmas two, entire or cleft; fruit leathery and many- 
 seeded. Trees ; leaves alternate and simple ; flowers in catkins ; 
 fruit not in a cup. 
 
 Myricacece. Perianth none ; stamens two to eight ; anthers two or 
 four-celled, opening longitudinally; ovary free and single-celled. 
 Aromatic shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers in catkins ; fruit a 
 drupe. 
 
 ConifercB. Male flowers in catkins ; female flowers in cones. Trees 
 or shrubs ; leaves with parallel veins, linear, rigid, and evergreen. 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 1. Petaloidae. 
 
 2. Glumiferse. 
 PETALOIDAE. 
 
 Ovary inferior. 
 Ovary superior. 
 
 Ovary inferior 
 
 Orchidacece. Perianth of six segments in two rows, and 
 irregular in shape ; stamens three, one or two of which 
 are generally abortive ; stamens and style united ; ovary 
 single - celled and adnate with the perianth tube. 
 Herbaceous plants with knob-like roots ; leaves with 
 parallel veins. 
 
 Iridacece. Perianth in six, convolute in bud in two circles ; 
 stamens three, superposed to the outer segments of the 
 perianth ; style one ; stigmas three, often petaloid ; 
 ovary three-celled, adnate with the perianth tube; fruit 
 capsular, three-valved. Leaves parallel-veined and usually 
 equitant in two ranks ; flowers spathaceous. 
 
 Amaryllidacece. Perianth in six ; stamens six, inserted at the 
 base of the perianth segments ; anthers opening inwards ; 
 ovary three-celled, adnate with perianth tube ; fruit cap- 
 sular and three-valved. Scape-bearing herbs with bulbous 
 roots ; leaves flat, fleshy, parallel-veined, and all radical. 
 
 Hydrocharidacece. Perianth in six, three herbaceous and 
 three petaloid, the latter occasionally wanting; stamens 
 three or six, free from style ; ovary adnate to perianth ; 
 ovary one, three, or six-celled; fruit a berry. Water 
 plants ; leaves floating or submerged, radical and with 
 serrated margins. 
 
 DioscoreacecE. Perianth in six ; stamens six from the base 
 of the perianth ; stamens and pistils in separate flowers ; 
 style deeply trifid; ovary three - celled, adnate with 
 perianth tube; fruit a berry. Climbing plants ; leaves 
 netted-veined, cordate, stalked, and alternate ; flowers 
 small, bracteated, and in racemes.
 
 44 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 PETALOIDJE (continued], 
 Ovary superior 
 
 Liliacetz. Perianth of six parts in two circles; stamens 
 six ; anthers opening inwards ; fruit loculicidal ; ovary 
 free from perianth. Leaves parallel-veined, narrow, 
 sheathing, and never articulated with the stem. 
 
 Trilliacecz. Perianth in six or ten, in two rows, the outer 
 herbaceous, the inner filiform ; stamens six or ten ; fruit 
 a berry. Leaves ovate, with netted veins, and whorled. 
 
 Melanthacece. Perianth in six, or tubular by cohesion of the 
 segment claws ; stamens six ; anthers opening outwards ; 
 fruit septicidal ; ovary free from perianth. Herbs ; 
 occasionally with bulbous roots ; leaves linear, parallel- 
 veined, and sheathing at the base. 
 
 Alismacece. Perianth in six; stamens six; ovary free from 
 perianth; fruit of many carpels. Water plants with 
 broad netted-veined, radical leaves. 
 
 NaiadacecE. Perianth of three or four scales or wanting; 
 stamens four ; fruit of four carpels or less. Immersed 
 aquatic plants with jointed stems, parallel-veined leaves, 
 and sheathing stipules. 
 
 Lemnacece. Perianth wanting ; stamens one or two. Small, 
 stemless, free floating plants ; with cellular netted-veined 
 leaves and axillary flowers. 
 
 Aracece. Perianth wanting ; stamens indefinite ; seeds 
 pulpy. Leaves sheathing at the base, convolute in 
 aestivation and often with branching veins ; flowers on a 
 spadix, enclosed in a leafy sheath. 
 
 Typhacece. Perianth wanting ; stamens many ; seed solitary 
 and pendulous. Marsh herbs ; stems without nodes ; 
 leaves sessile, parallel-veined, and ensiform; flowers in 
 dense conspicuous heads. 
 
 RestiacecE. Perianth in two or six ; stamens two or three, 
 adherent to the inner perianth segments ; ovule solitary 
 and pendulous. Aquatic herbs ; stems generally with 
 sheaths split at the side ; leaves parallel-veined, but 
 generally imperfect ; flowers separated by bracts. 
 
 JuncacecB. Perianth in six, scarious ; stamens three or six ; 
 stigmas three, sometimes one. Rushes with parallel- 
 veined, round leaves, or leafless. 
 
 GLUMIFER^:. 
 
 Cyperacea;. Stamens one to twelve. Solid stems often angular 
 and frequently without joints ; leaves with entire sheaths. 
 Graminece. Stamens one to six, generally three. Hollow 
 stems, jointed and sometimes branched ; leaves with 
 split sheaths. 
 CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 Cormophyta. 
 Thallophyta. 
 CORMOPHYTA. 
 
 1. Vascularia. 
 
 2. Muscineae.
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 45 
 
 VASCULARIA. 
 
 Filices. Leafy plants of varied structure ; fructification 
 consisting of seeds or sporules, included in capsules, 
 thecae or sporangia, either naked or covered with a 
 membrane, and generally gathered in clusters on the 
 edge or back of the leaves. 
 
 Lycopodiacece. Leafy plants ; fructification sessile in the 
 axils of leaves or in the bracts of a cone. 
 
 Marsileacetz. Plants rooting in moist earth ; slender cir- 
 cinate leaves ; sori bisexual ; spores in globular masses 
 at the leaf bases, invested by hardened mucilage. 
 
 Equisetacetz. Herbaceous plants with jointed, furrowed, 
 hollow stems, and whorls of scale-like leaves at the 
 joints ; spores on metamorphosed leaf-bearing stems. 
 
 MUSCINEy<E. 
 
 The mosses and liverworts. 
 THALLOPHYTA. 
 
 The Algae, Fungi, and Protophytes not included in the scheme 
 of this book.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION, 
 
 W ] 
 
 rE traced our plant through the 
 orders till we identified it as one 
 of the Ranunculaceas, and a reference to the 
 " Index to the Orders " will confirm us in our 
 opinion. But to what genus of the Ranun- 
 culaceas does it belong? We refer to the 
 "Index to the Genera," and find that it 
 cannot but be one of the genus Ranunculus. 
 But to what species of Ranunculus does it 
 belong ? We refer to the " Index to the 
 Species." 
 
 We have seen that it has a smooth round 
 flower stalk and a spreading calyx. There is 
 only one Ranunculus that answers to this 
 description, and our plant is therefore R. acris l 
 the kingcup, buttercup, or upright crowfoot. 
 But let us sort out the order Ranunculaceas, and see on what 
 small differences its divisions depend. 
 
 Had the beak of our plant's achene been just half as long as the 
 rest of the carpel, and the stem of the plant had the hairs pressed 
 close to it, we should have called it the variety R. rectus. Had the 
 stem been densely hairy at the base, the achene beak shorter, and 
 the segments of the lower leaves overlapping, the plant would have 
 been the variety R. vulgatus. Had the segments of the root-leaves 
 not overlapped, and had the points of the carpel disappeared when 
 ripe, the plant would be R. steveni. The creeping or meadow crow- 
 foot, R, repens, is not unlike R. acrisj but instead of standing bolt 
 upright, it has a creeping stem, the leaves are smaller, triangular in 
 outline, and split into three, and, above all, the flower-stalk is 
 furrowed. The bulbous buttercup, R. bulbosus, has also a channelled 
 flower-stalk ; it is a much hairier plant than R. repens, and has its 
 stem thickened out at the base into a bulb or corm-like process which 
 is peculiar to it : its leaves are of a particularly lively green, and the 
 flowers are generally of a richer colour than those of R. acrh or 
 R. repens; it also differs from these in having a much thicker stem, 
 and a very important particular its sepals, instead of following the 
 rise of the petals, curve away from them and point downwards ; in 
 this respect it is similar to R. hirstitus, the hairy crowfoot, which it 
 somewhat resembles in general appearance, the points in which the 
 hairy crowfoot differs from it being the absence of the bulb, the paler 
 yellow of the flowers, the rounded as against the bi-lobed shape of 
 the petals, and the rough as against the smooth achenes. Another of 
 the buttercups having smooth achenes and divided leaves is 
 R. auricomus, the wood crowfoot, sweet-wood crowfoot, or goldilocks,
 
 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION. 47 
 
 whose smooth-leaved tufts form such prominent patches in our wood- 
 lands and thickets. In R. auricomus we have the petals frequently 
 unequal in size and occasionally wanting altogether; its radical leaves 
 have long stalks and are kidney or fan-shaped, and are cut into 
 threes, while the leaves farther up the stem have no stalk to speak of, 
 and are gashed deeply down into almost linear segments. The last 
 of the buttercups with smooth achenes is R. sceleratus, the celery- 
 leaved or cursed crowfoot, which is as common with us as it is with 
 the Asiatics and Americans, and which seems sadly in want of some 
 one to say a good word for it. This, the largest but one of the 
 family, is too well known to need full description, its oblong-headed 
 fruits being plentifully conspicuous in almost every ditch in our 
 island, while its shiny green celery-shaped leaves, its hollow furrowed 
 branched stem, at times as thick as a man's finger, and the long 
 petals of its quarter-inch flowers, whose sepals turn slightly back and 
 so bring the green centre well into prominence, have been gathered 
 by every one of us, to be thrown away again immediately. The 
 small-flowered crowfoot, R. parviflorus, has a very weak hairy stem, 
 and the leaves are three-lobed and nearly round; the blooms are 
 very tiny ; it grows principally in corn-fields like R. arvensis, the 
 corn crowfoot, which is very like it, but has its leaves deeply cut into 
 narrow segments, has very prickly carpels, known to the children as 
 " hedgehogs," and has a bloom of either very pale yellow or very deep 
 orange. 
 
 All these buttercups have divided leaves, but there are a great 
 many plants that belong to the same genus which have entire leaves, 
 and yet could hardly be taken for anything else than ranunculi. Of 
 these are the two spearworts, the lesser and the greater, R. flammula 
 and R. lingua. R. lingua is the largest buttercup we have, and with 
 its long lance-shaped, saw edged, almost parallel-veined sessile leaves 
 clasping the stout hollow stem, makes a brave show in the marshy 
 ground. Its flowers of deep bright glowing yellow, about an inch in 
 diameter, grow in a loose cluster, known as a panicle. The lesser 
 spearwort has narrower leaves, toothed like those of R. lingua, but 
 not so deeply ; at times, indeed, the denticulation is very faint. The 
 higher the leaves the narrower and smoother they get ; they are 
 quite silky, and, unlike those of R. lingua, are slightly stalked. The 
 carpels of the lesser spearwort are pitted and pointed ; those of the 
 greater spearwort are short, broad, and flat, and have a sword-shaped 
 beak. R. flamimda rarely exceeds a foot in height ; R. lingua may 
 reach four feet. The only difference between R. fammula and 
 J?. reptans is that in the latter the leaves are much narrower, almost 
 hair-like, in fact; and while R. flammula does not root at the stem- 
 joints, R. reptans does. In the adder's tongue crowfoot, R. ophio- 
 glossifolius, we have a short, sturdy plant, with insignificant flowers, 
 heart-shaped leaves at its base, and tongue-shaped leaves higher up 
 the stem. 
 
 In R. ficaria, the lesser celandine, celandine crowfoot, pilewort, or 
 figwort, we have another buttercup with heart-shaped leaves, but 
 differing in many respects from those of which we have been speaking. It 
 blooms a month or two earlier than the others, and its flowers have 
 from eight to twelve petals, and are of a bright metallic-looking 
 3'ellow ; it has only three sepals, and the stalk is only one-flowered ;
 
 48 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION 1 . 
 
 it is of low growth, and rarely has more than half a dozen blossoms, 
 which shine out like stars against its glossy dark green and frequently 
 black-spotted leaves; its roots are knobbed and fig-shaped; when 
 the leaves do not overlap at its base, the plant is sometimes called 
 R. divergensj when they do overlap, it is known as R.incumbens. It 
 is only during the last few years that R. faaria, R. divergens, and 
 R. incumbens have been classified as ranunculi. 
 
 From the land we must now take to the water, for there are water 
 ranunculi as well as land ones, and the commonest aquatic plants we 
 have will, on examination, be found to resemble those we have been 
 describing. There is one important difference easy to remember 
 the land crowfoots are all yellow, the water crowfoots all white. It is 
 very difficult to accurately determine these water crowfoots unless we 
 are satisfied to call them all R. aquatilis. The distinctions depend 
 almost entirely on the shape of th;e leaves, and their shape varies with 
 the condition of the water and tl work they have to do. There are 
 two kinds of these leaves the floating and the submerged, and the 
 latter are in different stages of thread-like subdivision. The flowers 
 grow each on a stalk, are five-petalled and white, and the petals have 
 no scale at the base. If the flowers are about three-quarters of an 
 inch in diameter, and the plant has both kinds of leaves, and the 
 submerged leaves collapse into a pencil when taken from the water, 
 the plant, if found in a pond, will be R. heterophyllus, the mallow- 
 leaved crowfoot ; if found in a stream, it will be R. pseudo-fluitans. 
 Should the under leaves not collapse, and the carpels be blunt, the 
 plant will be either R. peltatus or R. floribundusj R. peltatus if the 
 upper leaves are clover-shaped, and the flower is sweet scented; 
 R. floribundus if the clover-like leaf is toothed. Should the carpels 
 be narrow the plant will be R. baudotii, if the stamens are shorter 
 than the pistil ; R. con/usus, if the pistil is shorter than the stamens. 
 These four varieties will be found in ponds or ditches. In a swiftly- 
 flowing stream there will be found two varieties with no floating 
 leaves at all. One of these, R. fluitans, the real river or floating 
 water crowfoot, has its submerged leaves narrowly wedge-shaped, 
 and divided into long rigid, almost parallel segments ; its flower-stalks 
 are much shorter than the leaves. The other is R. bachii, and it has 
 a very slender stem, much shorter leaves, and much longer flower- 
 stalks. All the large-flowered water crowfoots must belong to one of 
 these six groups; but the collector need not sorrow much if, like 
 other people, he is unable to say which. 
 
 There are three small-flowered white ranunculi which have no floating 
 leaves. One of these,^?. drouetii, collapses when taken from the water, 
 while the other two spread. R. drouetii has wedge-shaped leaves some- 
 thing like those of the maidenhair fern, and each wedge has four teeth 
 along its base. The two non-collapsing varieties are R. tricophyllus 
 and R. circinatus, the water-fennel or hairy-leaved water crowfoot, 
 and the rigid-leaved water crowfoot. The leaves of 7?. tircinatus spread 
 out in one plane like a fan, often grow at right angles to the stem, 
 and may run up to an inch in diameter ; the leaves of the water-fennel 
 spread out all round like a broom and grow in threes and twos. 
 
 Some of these water crowfoots have no submerged leaves. R. tri- 
 partitus has leaves of the R. drouetii shape, but having three wedges 
 all above water, whereas R. drouetii has but one, and- that below
 
 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION 49 
 
 water. Next we have the mud crowfoot, ft. lenorntandi a well- 
 known ditch plant, with large almost round alternate leaves, heart 
 shaped at the base, and edged with brown which never floats but 
 creeps in the mud ; and then we reach the last of the white ranunculi, 
 the ivy-leaved crowfoot, R. hederaceus, which has rounded broad-lobed 
 leaves much like those of R. lenormandi, only they are opposite 
 instead of alternate, and it has a smaller bloom. We have thus 
 exhausted the genus Ranunculus, and the plants described have all 
 these common characteristics. The flowers, either yellow or white, 
 have generally five sepals and five petals each with a thickened hollow 
 spot at the base. The carpels are contained in an oblong or globular 
 head ; the stamens are always numerous. 
 
 Myosurus minimus, the little mouse-tail, belongs to a different 
 genus, and, unlike every other plant in the tribe, has only five stamens. 
 Its pale greenish-yellow flowers have five sepals and five petals with 
 small linear tubular claws which grow round an elongated spike of 
 carpels rising from the centre like a little green tail. But for its 
 insignificance, the mouse-tail would long ago have had an order of 
 its own. 
 
 A plant resembling a buttercup in everything but colour is the 
 pheasant's eye, red maithes, red morocco, flos adonis, or Adonis 
 aiitumnalis. It has scarlet petals varying from five to ten in number, 
 hollow and black at the base, and having no nectary. The sepals 
 are pink, and when in the bud are imbricate, or overlap like roofing 
 tiles, and the leaves are much divided and grow on a furrowed stem. 
 
 Up to the present we have found in our flowers both sepals and 
 petals ; but there are a great many plants belonging to this tribe 
 which have no petals. The corolla is abortive and absent, but in its 
 stead is a brilliantly-coloured calyx. This is very apparent with 
 Caltha palustris, the marsh marigold, Mary's gold, water blob, mary- 
 bud, water caltrops, or meadow rout. At first sight it looks like a 
 fine, rich, handsome yellow buttercup, and so it is. But it is a butter- 
 cup without petals. The corolla is not there, and the five or six 
 leaves which form the coloured envelope are those of the calyx. This 
 bright flower can rarely be mistaken, as it glows like a golden star 
 in its marshy home, relieved by its background of dark, kidney-shaped 
 leaves. The sepals in C. palustris overlap slightly, in C. guerangerii 
 they stand apart ; the flower, too, is slightly smaller. C. vulgaris 
 differs from C. guerangerii in having a larger flower, sometimes two 
 inches across, and short beaks to its carpels. C. minor bears the 
 smallest of these blossoms. It has only one flower on a stem, and 
 the sepals are oval and open so as not to touch. Like C. vulgaris it 
 has carpels with a very short beak. All these marigolds have upright 
 stems, that of C. minor being the weakest ; but in C. radicans we 
 have one with a creeping stem rooting at the joints. Its sepals gape 
 very much, and its leaves form a much more obtuse angle than those 
 of the rest, and are toothed. 
 
 Another flower in which the corolla is absent is the anemone 
 of which there are four species. The yellow or crowfoot anemone, 
 Anemone ranunculoides, with its five elliptic sepals, is at first sight 
 not unlike the marigold, but close up underneath the flower there 
 will be seen a collar or involucre of three deeply-cut leaves. The 
 peduncle or flower-stalk will be seen to taper downwards, so that its 
 
 E
 
 50 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION. 
 
 greatest girth is at this involucre. The commonest of the anemones 
 is the wood anemone or wind flower, A. nemorosa, one of the freshest 
 and fairest of our spring blossoms. It differs from A. ranunculoides 
 in having six sepals beautifully smooth. The flower is about an inch 
 and a quarter across, white, and daintily tinged with pink, and it 
 droops some distance above the involucre. The deeply-gashed 
 leaves are wedge-like in form, and of a dark green. A. apennina, the 
 mountain anemone, is a bright blue star-shaped flower with yellow 
 anthers and a green centre, sometimes having as many as twelve 
 sepals. The pasqne flower anemone or Easter flower, A. pulsatilla, 
 is much more delicately made. It has six silky purple sepals, which 
 open out fully only in the sun. Its leaves are not so much branched 
 as those of its sisters. The rootstock of A. pulsatilla is thick and 
 woody, that of A. nemorosa quite black and horizontal, and of the 
 four anemones, A. nemorosa, has the darkest coloured leaves. They 
 all have the three-leaved involucre, the tapering stem, short stamens, 
 and many carpels. 
 
 The meadow rues are all small. Like caltha and anemone, they 
 have no petals, but they are yellowish in bloom, have all yellow roots 
 and give a yellow dye. The brightest of them is Thalictrum alpinum, 
 che poor man's rhubarb or alpine meadow rue,. which is rarely above 
 six inches high. The sepals in all themeaHow rues_are very narrow, 
 and either four or five in number, and they overlap each other so that the 
 bloom is cup-shaped. The stem is simple, green, and bare. T. minus, 
 the lesser meadow rue, has a leafy zigzag stem bent at every node. 
 The flowers of T. alpinum grow in a cluster on an unbranched 
 peduncle, or in a raceme, as it is called. In T. minus they grow in a 
 loose, irregular panicle ; in other words, the flower-stalk is branched. 
 
 There are several varieties of T, minus. T, maritimum and T. 
 montanum, the sea and mountain meadow rues, have their stem 
 leaves confined to the upper part. The stem of T. maritimum is 
 purple and the flower of an orange hue. The flowers of T. montanum 
 are purplish and much larger than those of T. maritimum, and its 
 leaves are a glaucous green. The other varieties have the leaves at 
 the base of the stem. A large variety, almost a purely North of 
 England one, which may reach five feet in height, and has very large 
 leaflets and a leafy panicle, is T. flexuosum. Koch's meadow rue, 
 7. kochii a lake district variety, has the leafy stem, but the flowers 
 are very straggling, and the leaves are small and very like dark green 
 shamrocks. The stone meadow rue, 71 saxatile, is a sturdier plant 
 with smaller, slenderer, lighter green leaves and an angled stem. 
 The common meadow rue, T.flavum, has a more creeping rootstock 
 and a deeply-furrowed stem, sturdy, erect, and well branched, 
 frequently attaining four feet in height. The leaves are large and of 
 a deep green, and the flowers are in a compact panicle. In T. sphcero- 
 carpum, so called because of its globular achenes, the panicle of 
 bloom is more contracted. In T. riparium, which has ovoid achenes, 
 the panicle is very loose, while T. morisonii has oblong achenes, and 
 a panicle made up of small bundles of flowers. All the typical 
 meadow rues are yellow, but T, minus and its varieties are very 
 greenish in tint and frequently darken into reds and purples, while 
 T.fiavum and its varieties are much paler, and often lighten into 
 pinks and creams. The stamens are always brilliantly yellow.
 
 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION. $1 
 
 We now reach the last petalless crowfoot, and it may be rather start- 
 ling to find that this is none other than the climbing clematis. Unlike 
 the rest of the tribe it has a woody stem, and, like Ranunculus hedera- 
 ceus alone, it has opposite leaves, but in all other particulars it has the 
 true characteristics. It is the only climbing crowfoot, and has a genus 
 to itself. Clematis vitalba, the travellers joy, old man's beard, virgin's 
 bower, smoke wood, wood-vine, is hardly likely to be mistaken for any 
 other plant, its leaves going off at right angles to the stem, which will 
 sometimes be yards in length and as thick as a man's wrist. Its small, 
 many-stamened, starlikeflowers of greenish white springing from the 
 leaf junctions or axils, and the delicate bunches of down formed by 
 the long feathery tails which terminate the carpels are to be found on 
 every hedge and in nearly every woodland on a limestone soil. 
 
 Let us now go back to the marsh marigold, whose flower consisted, 
 as we saw, of five bright yellow sepals. Let those five sepals curl up 
 over the missing five petals, which you can increase to any number 
 up to fifteen, and make as short and as narrow as you please, and you 
 have the globular ranunculus, the Trollius europ&us or globe flower, 
 the leaves of which are divided into three or tour segments, and in 
 shape resemble those of thalictrum. Let the sepals be but five in 
 number, smaller and flatter, and drop off as the flower ages, and 
 add a leafy involucre like a little boy's frill, and you have the early- 
 blooming winter aconite, Eranthis hyemalis, whose glossy, long- 
 stalked radical leaves are frequently found in our gardens. Let the 
 five sepals be green or purple and remain throughout, and let the 
 small petals be either eight, nine, or ten, and tubular and two-lipped, 
 and you have one of the hellebores. Helleborus viridis, the green 
 hellebore, has its green calyx well open, and the radical leaves well 
 divided into lance-shaped segments ; H. fcetidus, the stinking helle- 
 bore or bear's-foot, has its purple calyx convergent, and the leaves 
 but slightly nicked into the paw-shape, from which it takes its trivial 
 name. The leaves, too, of H. Jcetidus are evergreen, those of H. 
 viridis are deciduous, that is, fall off during the winter. 
 
 The well-known white herb-christopher, or baneberry, Actcea spicata, 
 is very like thalictrum in habit. It can easily be identified by its 
 triangular stems and the elder-shaped leaves after which it is called. 
 Its sepals and petals are generally four each in number, but the 
 sepals may vary from three to five, and the petals may range up to 
 ten. The calyx disappearing very early in the flower's life, the plant 
 is usually recognised by its corolla or its black oval berries. Another 
 of the group not far removed from actasa is the pceony, Pceonia 
 corallina, which usually has the five sepals, five petals, and five 
 carpels, and whose bright red blooms, four inches across, with their 
 pistils covered with whitish wool and ringed with yellow stamens, are 
 seen in such profusion and guarded so jealously in Steep-Holme 
 Island in the Bristol Channel, but which we have not included in 
 our lists, owing to the doubt that exists as to its being a native. 
 
 And now we come to a flower which differs from all other British 
 flowers, and once seen can never be mistaken. This is the columbine, 
 Aquilegia vulgaris, whose five petals, each curved back into a graceful 
 spur, look like five tiny turtle-doves just settling round a vase. Purple, 
 pink, or white, it is the gem of many a thicket in May or June. It is a 
 true ranunculus sepals five, petals five, carpels five, and stamens many. 
 
 E 2
 
 52 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION. 
 
 Hitherto we have been dealing with flowers that are regular, that is, 
 have their sepals or petals of equal length ; but before we end with 
 the plants of which the crowfoot is the type, we have two to deal with, 
 two whose flowers are irregular or lop-sided. The first of these is the 
 larkspur, Delphinium afaa's, which has five blue sepals, two of which 
 are produced backwards into a spur as long as the rest of the flower, 
 and four petals, two of which are united on the under side into an inner 
 spur which is open along its upper edge. The other is Aconitum 
 napellus,\hQ monkshood, aconite, or wolfsbane, which, instead of having 
 its sepals and petals spurred, has them helmet-shaped or hooded. 
 
 In appearance the wolfsbane differs more than any flower we have 
 yet dealt with from our typical buttercup, and it will perhaps be as 
 well to take it to pieces, as we did the crowfoot, to discover the 
 resemblance. In the buttercup we had the calyx of five separate 
 sepals, and the corolla of five golden petals circling round the stamens 
 and the pistil. Pulling off the outer envelope of the wolfsbane, we find 
 that the dark blue, queerly-shaped sepals are still five in number. The 
 upper one is the big cowl, the monk's hood ; on each side of it come 
 two broad, flat, straight ears, and below them are the two other sepals, 
 small and narrow. When the sepals are off we shall find the much- 
 modified petals ; two of them are sure to be there, but the other three 
 will probably be modified out of existence. The two horns with the 
 honey cup at the bottom are the petals. The stamens are there in 
 their proper abundance, the carpels are there, but only three of them. 
 The aconite is cross-fertilized, and like all the rest of the cross- 
 fertilized flowers the development of its shape is due to the fact that 
 each accidental peculiarity ensuring easier fertilization by its special 
 insect visitor has been perpetuated and accentuated. In all the 
 flowers we have passed in review we can trace the same influence. 
 " The simplest kinds," says Mr. Grant Allen in his admirable paper 
 on the monkshood, " are round, yellow, and many-carpelled, like the 
 buttercups. These three species which display their sepals largely 
 have dwarfed petals, like hellebore and globe flower, or have lost them 
 altogether like marsh marigold, which trusts entirely for colour display 
 to its big golden calyx. The still higher anemones have the sepals 
 white, red, or blue ; and the very advanced columbine has all the 
 petals spurred, and developed into nectaries like those of monkshood. 
 But columbine still keeps to single terminal flowers, so that here the 
 five petals remain regular and circularly symmetrical, though the 
 carpels are reduced to five. Fancy a number of such columbine 
 flowers crowded together on a spike, however, and you can readily 
 picture to yourself by rough analogy the origin of monkshood. The 
 sepals would now become the most conspicuous part ; the two upper 
 petals would alone be useful in insuring fertilization, and the lower 
 ones would soon shrivel away from pure disuse. The development of 
 the hood and the lengthening of the upper petals would easily follow 
 by insect selection. It is a significant fact that our only other spiked 
 buttercup, the larkspur, has equally irregular and bilateral flowers, 
 though its honey is concealed in a long spur formed by the petals, 
 and accessible to but one English insect, the humble bee." 
 
 And now to sum up. We have been dealing in this chapter with 
 the great natural order of the Ranunculaceas. We have rapidly sur- 
 veyed all the plants by which that order is represented in our British
 
 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION. 53 
 
 flora. We have seen that, with one exception, they none of them have 
 less than a dozen stamens, that they generally have five or more petals, 
 and five or more sepals, that their fruit consists of many distinct 
 carpels or single-seeded achenes, and that with two exceptions they 
 have regular flowers. Those two exceptions are each represented by 
 a minor division, family, or genus, and we have shown how one of 
 them differs from the other, the genus delphinium being distinguished 
 by its irregular spur, the genus aconitum by its irregular hood. We 
 have found the order represented by twelve genera other than these, 
 all with regular blooms ; and we have seen how clematis, thalictrum, 
 anemone, and caltha have no petals, while the others have. We have 
 distinguished the tailed and climbing clematis from the tailless thalic- 
 trum, and the bare and brilliant caltha from the involucred anemone. 
 The eight remaining genera, in which the flower appears in its com- 
 plete form with calyx and corolla, have also been briefly contrasted. 
 We have dealt in detail with the type genus ranunculus in both its 
 land and water developments. We have compared the scarlet adonis 
 with the brown-tailed myosurus, the globes of trollius with the frilled 
 chalices of eranthis, the insect-trapping helleborus with the dove-like 
 aquilegia, the woolly-centred paeonia with the berried actasa. Where 
 these genera have been divided into species, we have dealt with those 
 species, and where the species have been subdivided into varieties, 
 we have dealt with those varieties in order to show that of species 
 making there need be no end if the mania meets with encouragement. 
 But in our lists we have taken no notice of mere varieties, and have 
 included only such species as are generally recognised as natives of 
 Britain. 
 
 There is no need for us to go through order after order in the same 
 detail as we have done in the case of the Ranunculacere. A reference 
 first to the tabular system of orders, then to the index of genera, and 
 then to the index of species, will enable the student to name any plant 
 in our island flora.
 
 54 EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFICATION. 
 
 One other example will suffice. To what order does this plant 
 belong ? There are only two within the bounds of possibility. 
 One of these is Dipsacea, the other Composite; but the absence 
 of a calyx and the presence of the four stamens instead 
 of five, to say nothing of other characteristics, at once give the 
 verdict in favour of the Composites. What genus then of the 
 Composite is here represented ? Let us turn to the index. Here 
 Division D at once puts us on the track. " Florets all tubular, the 
 style thickened below its branches as in the thistle." Division D is 
 divided into plants with smooth leaves, and plants with spiny leaves ; 
 and as our plant has most unmistakably spiny leaves, we look for its 
 genus in the second series of our D. division. In this there are only 
 three genera, Carduus, Carlina, and Onopordum. In Carlina we 
 read the inner row of bracts is chaffy and straw-coloured, which is 
 certainly not the case in our plant. It is, therefore, either a Carduus 
 or an Onopordumj but the fruit of Carduus is flat, while that of the 
 plant we have has four ribs, so that we are evidently dealing with 
 Onopordum, and our identification is confirmed by the erect branched 
 stem, the spinous wings and the leaves woolly on both sides. Our 
 plant is obviously, Onopordum acanthiumjfa& Scotch or cotton thistle.
 
 55- 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 PHE following dictionary of terms contains 
 J- many more than those used in this 
 book, so that it may prove of value to 
 students desirous of advancing beyond the 
 mere "nodding acquaintance" stage of our 
 country's flowers. 
 
 Abrupt suddenly terminating. Abruptly pinnate pinnate without a terminal leaflet. 
 
 Acaulescent seemingly without a stem. Accessory extra or additional. 
 
 Accrescent increasing in size after flowering. Accumbent lying against. 
 
 Acerose rather acicular. Acetabuliform saucer-shaped. 
 
 Achene a dry, single-seeded fruit, with a separable pericarp. 
 
 Achlamydeous without calyx and corolla. Acicular needle-shaped. 
 
 Acotyledonous without seed leaves. Acrogenous growing from the apex. 
 
 Aculeate prickly. Aculeolate rather prickly. 
 
 Acuminate with a tapering point. Adnate adherent to from the first. 
 
 Adpressod touching but not united. Adventitious growing in an unusual position. 
 
 Estivation arrangement of the flower when in the bud. 
 
 Ala the wing petal of a papilionaceous flower. 
 
 Alate winged, as in the fruit of acer. Albescent whitish. 
 
 Albumen the food stored up with the embryo. Alburnum young, or sap, wood. 
 
 Alternate standing over the intervals between the pair beneath. 
 
 Alveolate honeycombed. Amentiferous bearing catkins. 
 
 Amplexicaul embracing the stem. Ampullaceous distended like a bottle. 
 
 Anastomosing forming a net- work. 
 
 Ancipital double-edged. Andraecium the whole of the stamens. 
 
 Androgynous having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster. 
 
 Androphore a column of united stamens. 
 
 Angiospermous having the seeds formed in an ovary. 
 
 Annual coming into life and blooming and dying all in the year. 
 
 Annular in a ring shape. Anterior external. 
 
 Anther the head of the stamen. Antrorse growing upwards or forwards. 
 
 ApetalOUS without petals. Aphyllous without foliage. 
 
 Apocarpous having the pistils separate. Apophysis any irregular enlargement. 
 
 Apothecia the peltate disks on the surface of lichens. Appressed closely squeezed. 
 
 Apterous wingless. Arachnoid liks a cobwb. 
 
 Arborescent like a tree. Arcuate^bent like a bow. 
 
 Arillus an extra coat on the seed due to the expansion of the placenta after the ovule 
 
 is fertilised. 
 
 AriState furnished with bristles. Articulated jointed. 
 AurtCUlate with ear-shaped appendages. Awn a bristle. 
 Axil the angle made by the upper side of the leaf with the stem. '
 
 56 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Axillary growing in the axil. Axis the root and stem together. 
 
 Baccate like a berry. Barbate bearded. 
 
 Basal belonging to the base. Beak a long narrow tip. 
 
 Blcarinate double keeled. Bidentate having two teeth. 
 
 Biennial coming into life one year and blooming and dying the next. 
 
 Bifid cleft in two. Bifoliate having two leaflets. 
 
 Bijugate having two pairs of leaflets. Bilabiate having two lips. 
 
 Bilamellate having two plates. BilOCTllar having two cells. 
 
 Bipinnate doubly pinnate. Bipinnatifid doubly pinnatifid. 
 
 Brachlate having the opposite branches at right angles. 
 
 Bract the leaf or scale from the axil of which the flower bud grows. 
 
 Bractlet an intermediate leaf between the bract and the calyx. 
 
 Bulb a leaf-bud with fleshy scales from the under surface of which roots grow down. 
 
 Bulbil an axillary bulb produced by some of the lilies. 
 
 Bullate like a bladder. 
 
 Caducous falling very early. Csespitose growing in tufts. 
 
 Calcarate having a spur. Calceolate shaped like a slipper. 
 
 Callosity a thickened spot. Calyptra the hood of a moss capsule. 
 
 Calyx the outer whorl of the floral envelopes. 
 
 Cambium the layer of mucilage between the wood and the bark. 
 
 Campanulate shaped like a bell. 
 
 Campylospermous having the seed curved at the edges. 
 
 Canaliculate channelled. Cancellate like lattice work. 
 
 Canescent hoary. Capillary like hair. 
 
 Capitate having a globular head. 
 
 Capitulum a group of flowers on a nearly flat receptacle. Capreolate tendrilled. 
 
 Capsule a dry seed vessel opening by valves or pores. Carina a keel. 
 
 Carpel the modified leaves forming the pistil. 
 
 Carpophore an extension of the thalamus forming the stalk of the fruit or pistil within 
 
 the flower. 
 
 Caruncle an excrescence at the scar of a seed. 
 Catkin a scaly deciduous spike of flowers. Caudate tailed. 
 Caudex an upright rootstock. Caulescent having a stem. 
 Caulicle a small stem. Cernuous nodding. 
 
 Chalaza the point of union in the ovule betwen the base of the nucleus and the integuments 
 Channelled grooved. Chlorophyll the green colouring matter of the plant. 
 Ciliate having the margin fringed with hairs. Cinereous the colour of ashes. 
 Circinate rolled up like a crosier. Cirrhose like a tendril. 
 Clathrate like lattice work. Clavate club-shaped. 
 
 Claw the narrow base of a petal. Clypeate buckler-shaped. 
 Coalescent growing together. Cochleate coiled like a snail shell. 
 Cffilopermous having the seed hollowed on the inner face. 
 Collum the point of junction between stem and root. 
 
 Columella the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are attached. 
 Column the united stamens, or the stamens and pistils united into one mass. 
 Comose tufted. Commissure the junction line between the carpels. 
 Compound leaf a leaf divided down to the mid-rib into leaflets. 
 
 Compressed flattened on opposite sides. Conduplicate folded in half lengthwise, 
 Confluent grown together. Conjugate coupled. 
 Connate joined together from the first. 
 
 Connective the part of the anther uniting its lobes. Connivent converging. 
 Convolute rolled up lengthwise. Cordate heart-shaped. 
 Coriaceous leathery. Conn an expansion of the base of the stem. 
 Corneous horny. Corolla the inner whorl of floral envelopes. 
 Cortex the bark. 
 
 Corymb having the pedi*els so arranged that the flowers are all on the same level. 
 Cotyledon the first leaf of the embryo. Craterifonn shaped like a goblet. 
 Crenate having the edge cut into rounded teeth. 
 Cruciform in the form of a cross. Crustaceous hard and brittle, 
 Cryptogam a flowcrless plant. Cucuilate hood-shaped.
 
 GLOSSARY. 57 
 
 Culm the stem of a grass or sedge. Cuneate wedge-shaped. 
 
 Cupule a small cup. Cuspidate sharply pointed. 
 
 Cuticle the external pellicle of the skin of plants. 
 
 Cyme a corymb with the blossoms from terminal buds. 
 
 Deciduous falling off. Decompound much divided. 
 
 Decumbent lying on the ground at the base. 
 
 Decurrent prolonged on the stem so as to form a border. 
 
 Decussate arranged in pairs alternately crossing. 
 
 Dehiscence the manner in which a pod, or anther, sheds its contents. 
 
 Dentate toothed. Denticulate having very small teeth. 
 
 Depressed flattened vertically. Dextrorse turned to the right hand. 
 
 Diadelphous united in two groups. Diandrous having two stamens. 
 
 Diagnosis a brief distinguishing description. Diaphanous translucent. 
 
 Dichlamydeous having both calyx and corolla. 
 
 Dichotomous having two forks. 
 
 Diclinous having the stamens in one flower and the pistils in another. 
 
 Dicotyledonous having two seed leaves. 
 
 Didynamous having four stamens in two pairs, with one pair shorter than the other. 
 
 Digitate having the leaflets all on the top of the stalk. 
 
 Digynous with two pistils. 
 
 Dioecious having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers, and on different plants. 
 
 Drupe a fruit with a stone in it. Duramen the heart wood. 
 
 Ebracteate having no bracts. Echinate prickly. 
 
 Edentate toothless. Emarginate notched at the summit. 
 
 Emersed raised out of the water. Endocarp the inner layer of the fruit. 
 
 Endogens the monocotyledons. Endosperm the albumen of a seed. 
 
 Endostome the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule. 
 
 Ensiform sword-shaped. Epicarp the outermost layer of a fruit. 
 
 Epigynous upon the ovary. EpipetalOUS upon the petals. 
 
 Epiphyllous upon a leaf. Epiphyte a plant growing on another, but not nourished by it 
 
 Equitant embracing at the base. Etiolated blanched by excluding the light. 
 
 Ezogens the dicotyledons. Zxserted protruding. 
 
 Exstipulate having no stipules. Extrorse turned outwards away from the centre. 
 
 Falcate shaped like a scythe. Fascicle a close bundle. 
 
 Fastigiate close, parallel, and upright. Filament the stalk of the stamen. 
 
 Fistular hollow and cylindrical. Floret one of the flowers in a compound flower. 
 
 Follicle a simple pod opening down the inner suture. 
 
 Frond the leaf of a fern, or the stem and leaf of a duckweed. 
 
 Fructification the manner of fruiting. Fugacious soon falling away. 
 
 Funiculus the foot of the seed or podosperm. Fusiform spindle shaped. 
 
 Glabrous smooth. Glaucous pale greenish blue. 
 
 Globose nearly spherical. Glume the floral covering of a grass. 
 
 Gymnosperms the cone-bearing plants. 
 
 GynandJOUS having the stamens borne on the pistil. 
 
 Gynaecium the pistils taken together. 
 
 Gynophore the stalk raising the pistil above the stamens. 
 
 Habitat the locality in which a plant grows in its wild state. 
 
 Hemicarp one of the carpels of an umbellifer. HemitropOUS amphitropous. 
 
 Herbaceous not woody. Hermaphrodite having stamens and pistils in the same flower 
 
 Heterogamous bearing different sorts of flowers. 
 
 Heterorhizal germinating from any part of the surface. 
 
 Hilum the point of union of the funiculus with the ovule. Hirsute with stiffish hairs. 
 
 Hispid bristly. Hoary with greyish white down. Homogeneous all of one kind. 
 
 Homomorphous all of one shape. Homotropous curved one way. 
 
 Hypocrateriform salver shaped. Hypogynous inserted beneath the pistil. 
 
 Imbricate overlapping, like the tiles of a roof. 
 
 Immarginate without a rim. Immersed growing under water. 
 
 Incised cut deeply and irregularly. Incumbent leaning upon. 
 
 Incurved curving inwards. Indefinite too numerous to count easily. 
 
 Jn^ehiscent not splitting or bursting. Indigenous growing wild in the country,
 
 58 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Induplicate with the edges turned inwards. 
 
 Indusium the membranous scale enclosing the thecae of ferns. Inflated bladdery. 
 
 Inflexed bent inwards Inflorescence the manner in which the flowers are arranged. 
 
 Infundibular funnel shaped. Interruptedly pinnate with smaller leaflets between 
 
 Introrse facing inwards. Involucel a small involucre. [the larger. 
 
 Involucre the whorl of bracts. Involute rolled inwards from the edges. 
 
 Irregular not uniform in general form. 
 
 Jagged irregularly cut at the margin. Jointed separable into pieces. 
 
 Keel the lower petals of a papilionaceous corolla ; a projecting ridge. 
 
 Kernel the seed of a nut. Key a winged fruit. 
 
 Knobbed with a globular head. 
 
 Labellum the odd petal in the Orchidacece. 
 
 Labiate lipped. Laciniate cut into deep narrow lobes. 
 
 Lactescent with milky juice. Lacunose full of holes. 
 
 Lsevigate smooth as if polished. Lamina the expanded part of a petal. 
 
 Lanceolate oblong, narrow, and tapering towards each end. 
 
 Leaflets the divisions of a compound leaf. 
 
 Legume a long dry seed vessel with two valves. 
 
 Lenticular flatly convex on both sides. Ligneous woody. 
 
 Limb the expanded part of the corolla Linear narrow and flat, with parallel margins. 
 
 Lobe the rounded segment of a leaf. 
 
 Loculicidal splitting down the middle of the back of the cell. 
 
 Locusta the spikelet of the grasses. Loment a pod separating into joints transversely. 
 
 Lunate crescent-shaped. Lyrate lyre-shaped. 
 
 Maculate spotted. Marcescent withering without falling oft". 
 
 Medullary rays the silver grain of wood. 
 
 Mericarp one of the carpels of the fruit of umbellifers. 
 
 Mesocarp the middle layer of the pericarp. 
 
 Mesophlseum the middle bark. Micropyle the closed orifice of the seed. 
 
 Monadelphous having the stamens united by their filaments into one group. 
 
 MonandTOUS having only one stamen. 
 
 Moniliform cylindrical, but contracted at intervals. 
 
 Monochlamydeous having either a calyx or corolla, but not both. 
 
 Monocotyledonous having a single seed leaf. 
 
 Monoecious when the same plant bears both male and female flowers. 
 
 Monogynous having only one pistil or style. 
 
 Monopetalous having the corolla undivided into petals. 
 
 MonosepalOUS having the calyx undivided into sepals. 
 
 Monospermous single-seeded. Mucronate with a short point. 
 
 Murioate covered with short and hard points. 
 
 Nectary the part of the flower where honey is found. 
 
 Nervation the pattern of the leaf veins. Nerve the rib or vein of a leaf. 
 
 Netted branched and interlacing. Nodose with knobs. 
 
 Normal according to rule. Nut a seed covered with a hard shell which does not burst. 
 
 Oblong three or four times as long as broad, and with rounded ends. 
 
 Obovate broad end upwards. Obtuse rounded at the end. 
 
 ObVOlute when the margins of one leaf in the bud alternately overlap those of the 
 opposite one. 
 
 Ochreate having stipules in the form of sheaths. OchrolBUCOUS cream coloured. 
 
 Operculate having a lid. Opposite in pairs on opposite sides of the stem. 
 
 Ovule the seed in its early stage. 
 
 Palea the inner husk of a grass. Palmate having oblong segments extending to the'middle. 
 
 Panduriform fiddle-shaped. Panicle a. compound raceme. 
 
 Papilionaceous shaped like a butterfly, as the corollas of the Leg-umittosoe. 
 
 Pappus the tuft of down on the seeds of Composite. 
 
 Parenchyma the soft cellular tissue of plants. Pectinate like the teeth of a comb. 
 
 Pedate like a bird's foot. Pedicel the stalk of each particular flower. 
 
 Peduncle the stalk either of the flower or the cluster. 
 
 Peltate shap'ed like a shield with the stalk in the centre. 
 
 Pendulous hanging. Pentamerous having its parts in fives.
 
 GLOSSARY. 59 
 
 Pepo a fruit like a cucumber. Perennial lasting from year to year. 
 
 PerfOliate with the stem running through the leaves. 
 
 Perianth the floral envelopes when it is not easy to distinguish between them. 
 
 Pericarp the envelope of the seeds. Pericline the green base of the thistle bloom. 
 
 Perigone the perianth. 
 
 Perigynous when the stamens and the petals are borne on the calyx. 
 
 Perispenn the albumen of a seed. Persistent remaining till the fruit is ripe. 
 
 Personate bilabiate with a. palate in the throat of the corolla. 
 
 Petal a corolla leaf. Petiole the stalk of the leaf. 
 
 Phanerogamous bearing flowers and producing seeds. 
 
 Phyllode a leaf wherein the blade is a dilated petiole. 
 
 Phyllotaxis the arrangement of leaves on the stem. 
 
 Pinnate when the leaflets grow along only one stalk. 
 
 Pinnatifid lobed after the manner of a pinnate leaf. 
 
 Pistil the seed-bearing part of the flower. 
 
 Placenta the part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached. 
 
 Plicate plaited. 
 
 Podosperm the prolongation by which the seed is attached to the placenta. 
 
 Pollen the fertilising powder shed by the anther. 
 
 Polyadelphous having the stamens in several bundles. 
 
 Polygamous having some perfect and some separated flowers on the same or different 
 
 plants. 
 
 PolypetaloUS having separate petals. PolysepalOUS having separate sepals. 
 Polyspennous many seeded. Pome a fleshy fruit like the apple. 
 Praemorse bitten off. Procumbent trailing on the ground. 
 Proliferous where a new branch or flower cluster grows from another 
 Prostrate lying on the ground. Punctate dotted. 
 Putamen the stone of a drupe or shell of a nut. 
 Quadrangular flat and four-cornered. 
 Raceme a flower cluster in which the pedicels are of equal length. 
 
 Rachis the stem of the plant. Radical apparently growing from the root. 
 
 Radicle the stem part of the embryo. 
 
 Raphe the process uniting the base of the nucleus with the base of the ovule. 
 
 Ray the marginal flowers of a head of bloom. 
 
 Receptacle the support of a head of flowers. Recurved curved outwards. 
 
 Renifonn kidney shaped. Replum the frame of pod. 
 
 Reticulated resembling net-work. Rhizome the rootstock. 
 
 Ringent having the lips separated and the upper one arched. Rotate wheel-shaped. 
 
 Runcinate coarsely toothed, or pinnatifid with the teeth pointed downwards. 
 
 Sagittate arrow-headed. Samara a winged fruit 
 
 Sap the juice of a plant. Scabrous rough to the touch. 
 
 Scalarifonn like a ladder. Scandent climbing. 
 
 Scape a flower stalk rising from the root. Scarious thin, dry, and membranous. 
 
 ScorpiOid circinate at the end. Scrobiculate pitted. 
 
 Seminal relating to the seed. Septicidal splitting through the partitions. 
 
 Septum a partition. Serotinous happening late in the season. 
 
 Sessile stalkless. Setaceous like a bristle. 
 
 Setose bristly. Silicle a pouch or short pod. 
 
 Silique a long pod. Sinistrorse turned to the left. 
 
 Sinuate wavy. Soboliferous bearing shoots from near the ground. 
 
 Sori the groups of capsules on a fern frond. Spadix a fleshy spike of flowers. 
 
 Spathe a bract surrounding an inflorescence. 
 
 Spathulate circular at the end and tapering towards the base. 
 
 Spicate in the form of a spike. 
 
 Spike a raceme in which the flowers are without stalks. 
 
 Spikelet the inflorescence of grasses. Spiny thorny. 
 
 Sporangia the spore cases of ferns. Spores the representatives of seeds in ferns. 
 
 Spur a projecting appendage to a flower. Squamate scaly. 
 
 Squarrose widely spreading. Stamen the male organ of the flower. 
 
 Standard the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla. Stigma the top of the style.
 
 60 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Stipule an appendage at the base of a leaf. Stolon a trailing shoot. 
 
 Strobile a catkin hardened and enlarged. 
 
 Style the part of the pistil which bears the stigma. Suberose like cork. 
 
 Subulate shaped like an awl. Surculose producing suckers. 
 
 Suture the line of junction of contiguous parts. 
 
 Symmetrical having the number of parts all equal. 
 
 Syncarpous having several carpels united into one. 
 
 Syngenesious having the stamens united by their anthers. 
 
 Tail an appendage to the seed. Tap root a stout tapering root. 
 
 Tegmen the inner coat of the seed. Tendril a thread-like organ used for climbing. 
 
 Terete long and round but not necessarily cylindrical. 
 
 Terminal borne at the end Ternate in threes. 
 
 Tetradynamous having six stamens, two being shorter than the rest 
 
 Tetragonal four angled. Tetrandrous having four stamens. 
 
 Thalamus the growing point of the pistil. 
 
 Thecae the spore cases of ferns, the sporangia. 
 
 Thyrsus a compact panicle in which the pedicels are short and hick. 
 
 Tomentose woolly. Torus the receptacle of the flower, the thalamus. 
 
 Triadelpnous having the stamens united into three bundles. 
 
 Trichotomous forked in threes. Tricuspidate with three points. 
 
 Trifid cleft in three. Trifoliate with leaves in threes. 
 
 Trilocular with the pistil or pod having three cells. 
 
 TriCBCiOUS having hree sets of flowers on the same or different plants. 
 
 Triquetrous bayonet pointed. Truncate cut off sharp at the top. 
 
 Trunk the main stem. 
 
 Tuber a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch with buds on the sides. 
 
 Tubercle a small excrescence. Tumid bulging. 
 
 Turbinate spherical and depressed. Turgid bloated. 
 
 Umbel having the pedicels of equal length and starting from a common centre. 
 
 Umbilicate depressed in the centre. Umbonate having a rounded projection. 
 
 Unarmed having no thorns. Uncinate hooked. 
 
 Undivided having no segments. Undulate -wavy. 
 
 Unguiculate clawed. Unilocular having one cell. 
 
 Unilateral inclining all one way. Unisexual having stamens or pistils only. 
 
 Urceolate urn-shaped. Utricle a dry indehiscent fruit with an inflated pericarp. 
 
 Vaginate having a sheath. Valvate opening by valves. 
 
 Veins the framework cf leaves. Veinlets the smaller veins. 
 
 Velate having a veil. Velutinous velvety. 
 
 Venation the arrangement of the veins in the leaf. 
 
 Ventral the side facing the centre of the flower. 
 
 Vermicular worm-shaped. Vernicose looking as if varnished. 
 
 Vernicose warty. Versatile attached at one point only. 
 
 Vertex the apex. Verticil a whorl. 
 
 Vesicle a small bladder. Vexillum the upper petal of a papilionaceous flower. 
 
 Villose having shaggy hairs. Viscous having a sticky surface. 
 
 Vitta the oil tube in the fruit of the umbellifers. 
 
 Warty covered with hard prominences. Wavy alternately concave and convex. 
 
 Wedge-shaped broad at the end and tapering towards the base. 
 
 Wheel-Shaped having a short tube and expanded limb 
 
 Whorl a ring encircling a stem. Wing a membranous appendage. 
 
 Wings the side petals of a papilionaceous plant.
 
 CONTENTS OF THE 
 COLOURED PLATES 
 
 And derivations of the Generic Names. 
 
 I 
 
 N this List the plants are numbered 
 in the rotation now generally adopted 
 by field botanists. The book contains a 
 
 \\ / figure of all the genera admitted to be 
 
 Yv. // 519 native to our country, including the grasses, 
 
 ferns, and lycopods. 
 To the scientific and local names the derivation of each generic 
 name has been added, as in the majority of instances that name refers 
 to some characteristic peculiarity of the plant, or the plant's histon 
 In cases where etymologists differ, the derivation given is that most 
 likely to be of use as an aid to memory. 
 
 PLATE I 
 
 Ranunculacese. 
 
 1 CLEMATIS VITALBA Traveller's Joy 
 
 (Greek clema, the shoot of a vine, which the branches resemble). 
 
 2 THALICTRUM ALPINUM Alpine Meadow Rue 
 
 (Greek thallo, to be green). 
 
 3 ANEMONE NEMOROSA Wind Flower. 
 
 (Greek anetnos, the wind). 
 
 4 ADONIS AUTUMNALIS Pheasant's Eye 
 
 (the Greek Adonis, by whose blood it was stained) 
 
 5 MYOSURUS MINIMUS Mousetail 
 
 (Greek muos, a mouse, and aura, a tail). 
 
 6 RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS Water Crowfoot 
 
 (Latin ranunculus, a small frog). 
 
 7 RANUNCULUS FICARIA Pilewort 
 
 3 CALTHA PALUSTRIS Marsh Marigold 
 
 (Greek calathos, a cup, in allusion to the shape). 
 9 TROLLIUS EUROPJEUS Globe Flower 
 
 (Old German troll, a globe). 
 
 10 ERANTHIS HYEMALIS-Winter Aconite 
 
 (Greek erao, to love, and ant/ios, a flower, so few blooming with it). 
 
 11 HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS Hellebore 
 
 (Greek elein, to injure, and bora, food). 
 
 12 AQUILEGIA VULGARIS-Columbine 
 
 (Latin aguila, an eagle, from the claws of the nectaries) 
 
 13 DELPHINIUM AJACIS Larkspur 
 
 (Latin delphinus, a dolphin, from the shape of the upper sepal). 
 
 14 ACONITUM NAPELLUS Monkshood 
 
 (Greek aeon, a dart, the weapon that was smeared with its poison). 
 
 15 ACTvEA SPICATA Baneberry 
 
 (Greek akte, the elder, which it resembles in the leaf).
 
 62 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I (continued). 
 
 Berberidacese. 
 
 16 BERBERIS VULGARIS Barberry 
 
 (Arabic name for the plant). 
 
 Nymphseaceae. 
 
 17 NYMPH^A ALBA Water Lily 
 
 (Greek nnmphaia, a water nymph). 
 
 18 NUPHAR LUTEA Yellow Water Lily 
 
 (Arabic naufur, the name of the plant). 
 
 PLATE II 
 
 Papaveracese. 
 
 19 PAPAVER RHjEAS Poppy 
 
 (Celtic, and Modern English,/fl/,with which it was administered to promote sleep), 
 eo MECONOPSIS CAMBRICA Welsh Poppy 
 
 (Greek -mecon, a poppy, and opsis, like). 
 
 21 CHELIDONIUM MAJUS Celandine 
 
 (Greek chelidon, a swallow, from its flowering when that bird arrives). 
 
 22 GLAUCIUM LUTEUM Yellow Poppy 
 
 (Greek glances, the sea, from the colour of its leaves and its growing near the shore) . 
 
 Fumariaceae. 
 
 23 FUMARIA OFFICINALIS Fumitory 
 
 (Latin fumus, smoke, from its smell). 
 
 24 CORYDALIS CLAVICULATA Corydalis' 
 
 (Greek corudalis, the plant now called fumitory). 
 
 Cruciferse. 
 
 25 CAKILE MARITIMA Sea Rocket 
 
 (the Arabic name of the plant). 
 
 26 CRAMBE MARITIMA Kale 
 
 (Greek crambe, the cabbage). 
 
 27 CORONOPUS RUELLII Wart Cress 
 
 (Latin name of the plant or of one something like it). 
 
 28 ISATIS TINCTORIA Woad 
 
 (Greek name of the plant). 
 
 29 THLASPI ARVENSE Penny Cress 
 
 (Greek Mao, to flatten, from the shape of its seeds). 
 
 30 CAPSELLA BURSAPASTORIS Shepherd's Purse 
 
 (Latin capsella, a little box, from the shape of its seeds). 
 
 31 HUTCHINSIA PETR/EA Hutchinsia 
 
 (named afier Miss Hutchins, a botanist). 
 
 32 TEESDALIA NUDICAULIS Teesdalia 
 
 (named after Teesdale, the botanist). 
 
 33 IBERIS AMARA Candy Tuft 
 
 (Latin Iberia, Spain, where the genus is common). 
 
 34 LEPIDIUM LATI FOLIUM Pepperwort 
 
 (Greek, lefts, a scale, from the shape of its seed-vessels). 
 
 35 COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS Scurvy Grass 
 
 (Latin cochlear, a spoon, from the shape of its leaves). 
 
 PLATE III 
 
 36 SUBULARIA AQUATICA Water Awlwort 
 
 (Latin subula, an awl, from the shape of its leaves). 
 
 37 DRABA VERNA Whitlow Grass 
 
 (Greek drabe, acrid, from the taste of its leaves). 
 
 38 CAMELINA SATIVA Gold of Pleasure 
 
 (Greek chamai, dwarf, and linan, flax). 
 
 39 KONIGA MARITIMA Sea-side Koniga 
 
 (named after Mr. Kor.ig, of the British Museum). 
 
 40 ALYSSUM CALYCINUM Madwort 
 
 (Latin a, without, and lytta, dog-madness, from its medicinal qualities). 
 
 41 DENTARIA BULBIFERA Coral Wort 
 
 (Latin dens, a tooth, from the shape of the root scales).
 
 PLATE 2
 
 PLATE 3
 
 PLATE
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 63 
 
 PLATE III (continued). 
 
 42 CARDAMINE PRATENSIS Cuckoo Flower 
 
 (Greek kardia, the heart, and damao, to fortify, from its medicinal properties). 
 
 43 ARABIS HIRSUTA Hairy Rock Cress 
 
 (named from the genus being common in Arabia). 
 
 44 BARBAREA VULGARIS Winter Cress 
 
 (named after St. Barbara, to whom it was dedicated). 
 
 45 NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE Water Cress 
 
 (Latin nasus, a nose, and torfus, twisted, from the unpleasant pungancy of the 
 more aged specimens). 
 
 46 SISYMBRIUM SOPHIA Thale Cress 
 
 (Greek name of a plant resembling it). 
 
 47 ERYSIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES-Treacle Mustard 
 (Greek erito, to cure, from its medicinal qualities). 
 
 48 CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI Wallflower 
 
 (Greek ckeir, the hand, and anthos, a flower, from its use in nosegays). 
 
 49 MATTHIOLA INCANA- Stock 
 
 (named after Matthioli, the Italian botanist). 
 
 50 HESPERIS MATRONALIS Dame's Violet 
 
 (Greek hesperos, the evening, when its fragrance is sweetest). 
 
 51 BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS Navew 
 
 (Celtic bresic, a pottage made of the plant). 
 
 52 SINAPIS ARVENSIS Charlock 
 
 (Greek sinapi, the mustard plant). 
 
 53 DIPLOTAXIS TENUIFOLIA Wall Rocket 
 
 (Greek diplos, double, and taxis, a row, from the arrangement of the seeds). 
 
 54 RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM Wild Radish 
 
 (Greek ra, quickly, and phainontai, to appear, from its rapid growth). 
 
 Resedacese. 
 
 55 RESEDA LUTEOLA Dyer's Rocket 
 
 (Latin reseda, to soothe, from its medicinal qualities). 
 
 Cistacese. 
 
 56 HELIANTHEMUM VULGARE Rock Rose 
 
 (Greek helios, the sun, and antlios, a flower). 
 
 Violacese. 
 
 57 VIOLA ODORATA Violet 
 
 (the Latin name for the same or a similar flower). 
 
 Droseracese. 
 
 58 DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA Round-leaved Sundew 
 
 (Greek drosos, dew, from its exudations). 
 
 Polygalacese. 
 
 59 POLYGALA VULGARIS Milkwort 
 
 (Greek polu, much, nndg~ala, milk, from its juice). 
 
 Frankeniacese. 
 
 60 FRANKENIA L^EVIS-Sea Heath 
 
 (named after Franken the botanist). 
 
 Elatinacese. 
 
 61 ELATINE HEXANDRA Waterwort 
 
 (the Greek name of a plant not in the least like it). 
 
 PLATE Y 
 
 Caryophyllacese. 
 
 62 DIANTHUS ARMERIA Deplford Pink 
 
 (Greek Dies, Jupiter, and anthos, a flower). 
 
 63 SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS Soapwort 
 
 (Latin sapo, soap, from its juice being used as a detergent). 
 
 64 SILENE MARITIMA Sea Campion 
 
 (Greek sialon, saliva, from the viscid exudations). 
 
 65 LYCHNIS FLOS CUCULI Ragged Robin 
 
 (Greek l-uchnos, a lamp, from the down on the leaves being used as wicks).
 
 64 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE V (continued). 
 
 66 MCENCHIA ERECTA Erect Mcenchia 
 
 (named after Monch, the botanist). 
 
 67 SAGINA PROCUMBENS Pearlwort 
 
 (Latin sagina, fatness, or fattening food). 
 
 68 SPERGULA ARVENSIS Spurrey 
 
 (Latin spargo, to scatter, from its ejection of its seeds). 
 
 69 HONCKENYA PEPLOIDES Sea Purslane 
 
 (named after Honckeny, the botanist). 
 
 70 SPERGULARIA RUBRA Field Spurrey 
 
 (Signifies resembling the spergula, which see). 
 
 71 ARENARIA SERPYLLI FOLIA Sandwort 
 
 (Latin arena, sand, in which it grows). 
 
 72 HOLOSTEUM UMBELLATUM Jagged Chickweed 
 
 (Greek holds, all, and osteon, bone which it is not). 
 
 73 STELLARIA HOLOSTEA Stitchwort 
 
 (Latin stella, a star, which its flower resembles). 
 
 74 CERASTIUM ARVENSE Chickweed 
 
 (Greek keras, a horn, from the long curved capsules) ' 
 
 75 CHERLERIA SEDOIDES Cyphel 
 
 (named after Cherler, the botanist). 
 
 PLATE VI 
 
 Linacese. 
 
 76 LINUM USITATISSIMUM Flax 
 
 (Greek linon, or Celtic lin, the name of the plant). 
 
 77 RADIOLA MILLEGRANA Flax Seed 
 
 (Latin radius, from the segments of the calyx). 
 
 Malvaceae. 
 
 7 8 MALVA SYLVESTRIS Mallow 
 
 (Greek malache, soft, from its downy leaves). 
 
 79 ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS Marsh Mallow 
 
 (Greek altho, to cure, from its medicinal qualities). 
 
 80 LAVATERA ARBOREA Tree Mallow 
 
 (named not after the physiognomist, but after some friends of Tournefort's). 
 
 Tiliacese. 
 
 81 TILTA INTERMEDIA Lime 
 
 (Greek pteleia, the elm, whose leaves its somewhat resemble). 
 
 Hypericacese. 
 
 82 HYPERICUM PERFORATUM Hundred Holes 
 
 (Greek hypericon, the name of the same plant). 
 
 Aceracese. 
 
 83 ACER CAMPESTRE Maple 
 
 (Latin acer, sharp, the wood being used for spears). 
 
 Geraniacese. 
 
 84 GERANIUM PRATENSE Meadow Crane's Bill 
 
 (Greek geranos, the crane, whose beak its fruit resembles). 
 
 85 ERODIUM CICUTARIUM Hemlock Stork's Bill 
 
 (Greek erodios, the heron, whose beak its fruit resembles). 
 
 Balsaminacese. 
 
 86 IMPATIENS NOLI-ME-TANGERE Balsam 
 
 (Latin impatiens, hasty, from the capsule valves opening at the least touch). 
 
 Oxalidacese. 
 
 87 OXALIS ACETOSELLA Wood Sorrel 
 
 (Greek oxus, acid, from the acidity of the leaves). 
 
 Celastraceaa. 
 
 88 EUONYMUS EUROP^US Spindle Tree 
 
 (Greek Euonyme, the mother of the fairies, from the poisonous nature of the fruil). 
 
 89 RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS Buckthorn 
 
 (Greek rhamnos, a branch, from its many branches).
 
 
 

 
 PLATE 6
 
 PLATE 8
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 6$ 
 
 PLATE VII 
 
 Lcguminosss. 
 
 90 SAROTHAMNUS SCOPARIUS Broom 
 
 (Greek for "a shrub to sweep with "). 
 
 91 ULEX EUROPJEUS- Furze 
 
 (Celtic title, all, and ec, a prickle). 
 
 92 GENISTA TINCTORIA Woad Waxen 
 
 (Celtic fen, a shrub). 
 
 93 ONONIS ARVENS1S Restharrow 
 
 (Greek onos, an ass) . 
 
 94 ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA Kidney Vetch 
 
 (Greek antkos, a flower, and ioulos, a beard, from the calyx down). 
 
 95 MEDICAGO MACULATA Spotted Medick 
 
 (Greek tnedike, from a plant introduced into Greece by the Medes). 
 
 96 MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS Melilot 
 
 (Latin tnel, honey, and lotus, another plant of the same order). 
 
 97 TRIGONELLA ORNITHOPODIOIDES Fenugreek 
 
 (Greek treis, three, and gonia, angles, from the shape of the corolla). 
 
 98 TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE Purple Clover 
 
 (Latin tres, three, and folia, a leaf, from the shape of the leaves). 
 
 99 LOTUS CORNICULATUS Bird's-foot Trefoil 
 
 (Greek lotos, the name of a similar plant). 
 
 100 ASTRAGALUS GLYCYPHYLLOS Milk Vetch 
 
 (Greek astragalos, one of the heel bones, whose shape the root resemble ). 
 
 101 OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS Oxytropis 
 
 (Greek p.rus, sharp, and tropis, a keel, from the shape of the bloom). - 
 
 102 ORNITHOPUS PERPUSILLUS Bird's Foot 
 
 (Greek arm's, a bird, and/oj, a foot, from the shape of the seed vessel). 
 
 103 ARTHROLOBIUM EBRACTEATUM Joint Vetch 
 
 (Greek arthros, a joint, and lobos, a pod, from the shape of the seed vessel). 
 
 104 HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA Horseshoe Vetch 
 
 (Greek hippos, a horse, and crefis, a shoe, from the pattern of the pod). 
 
 105 ONOBRYCHIS SATIVA Sainfoin 
 
 (Greek onos, an ass, and brnchon, to bray, from that animal braying to get at it). 
 
 106 VICIA CRACCA Tufted Vetch 
 
 (Latin name for the same plant, probably derived from vtcies, meaning twenty-fuld). 
 
 107 LATHYRUS PRATENSIS Meadow Vetch 
 
 (Greek lathuris, the name of the same plant). 
 
 PLATE VIII 
 
 Rosacese. 
 
 108 PRUNUS SPINOSA Blackthorn 
 
 (Greek proune, a plum). 
 
 109 SPIRAEA ULM ARIA Meadow-sweet 
 
 (Greek speireia, the same plant), 
 no GEUM URBANUM Herb Bennet 
 
 (Greek geuo, to give a pleasant flavour, from its aromatic rootsX 
 tn DRYAS OCTOPETALA Mountain Crocus 
 
 (Greek drus, the oak, which it resembles in the leaf). 
 
 112 SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS Sibbaldia 
 
 (named after Sibbald, a Scotch botanist). 
 
 113 POTENTILLA REPTANS Cinquefoil 
 
 (Latin potcns, powerful, from its reputed medicinal properties). 
 
 114 COMARUM PALUSTRE Marsh Cinquefoil 
 
 (Greek komaros, the arbutus, which it resembles in the fruit). 
 
 115 FRAGARIA VESCA Strawberry 
 
 (Latin frag rans , on account of its fragrant scent). 
 
 116 RUBUS FRUTICOSUS Blackberry 
 
 (Celtic reub, to tear, on account of its thorns). 
 
 117 ROSA RUBIGINOSA Sweetbriar 
 
 (Celtic rhos, red). 
 
 118 AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA-Agrimony 
 
 (Greek arfttrtotte, a plant said to cure catar.-.ct). 
 F
 
 66 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATE9. 
 
 PLATE VIII (continued). 
 
 119 SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS Burnet 
 
 (Latin sanguis, blood, and sorbes, to take up, it being a styptic). 
 
 120 POTERIUM SANGUISORBA Salad Burnet 
 
 (Latin poterium, a drinking-cup, from its use in cooling drinks). 
 
 121 ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS Lady's Mantle 
 
 (named from its reputation in alchemy). 
 
 122 MESPILUS GERMANICA Medlar 
 
 (old Greek name for the medlar). 
 
 123 CRAT^EGUS OXYACANTHA Hawthorn 
 
 (Greek cratos, strength, from the hardness of the wood). 
 
 124 COTONEASTER VULGARIS Cotoneaster 
 
 (Greek hodonion, the quince). 
 
 125 PYRUS MALUS Crab 
 
 (Gaelic penr, a pear). 
 
 PLATE IX 
 
 Onagraeese. 
 
 126 EPILOBIUM A NGUSTI FOLIUM Rosebay Willowherb 
 
 (Greek epi, upon, and lobos, a pod, from the flower being on the top of the pod). 
 
 127 CENOTHERA BIENNIS Evening Primrose 
 
 (Greek oinos, wine, and thera, catching, from the vinous flavour of the root). 
 
 128 ISNARDIA PALUSTRIS Isnardia 
 
 (named from Isnard, the botanist). 
 
 129 CIRC^EA LUTETIAN A Enchanter's Nightshade 
 
 (named from Circe, the enchantress). 
 
 Haloragucese. 
 
 130 HIPPURIS VULGARIS Marestail 
 
 (Greek hippos, a horse, and oura, a tail). 
 
 131 MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM Water Milfoil 
 
 (Greek tnurios, a myriad, and phullon, a leaQ. 
 
 132 CALLITRICHE VERNA Water Harwort 
 
 (Greek hallos, beautiful, and trichos, hair, from the slender stems). 
 
 133 CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM Hornwort 
 
 (Greek keras, a horn, and phullon, a leaf). 
 
 Lythraceae. 
 
 134 LYTHRUM SALICARIA Loosestrife 
 
 (Greek luthron, blood, from the colour of the flowers). 
 
 135 PEPLIS PORTULA Water Purslane 
 
 (Greek peplion, the old name of a somewhat similar plant). 
 
 Tamariscacese. 
 
 136 TAMARIX ANGLICA Tamarisk 
 
 (from Tamaris, the Spanish river where the plant is common). 
 
 CucurbitaceaR. 
 
 137 BRYONIA DIOICA Black Bryony 
 
 (Greek bnton, to sprout, from its rapid growth). 
 
 PLATE X 
 
 Portulace. 
 
 138 MONTlA FONTANA Water Blinks 
 
 (named after Monti, the botanist). 
 
 Illecebracese. 
 
 139 ILLECEBRUM VERTICILLATUM Knot Grass 
 
 (Latin illecebra, an attraction). 
 r 4 o CORRIGIOLA LITTORALIS Strapwort 
 
 Latin corrigia, a strap). 
 41 HERNIAR A GLABR A Rupture Wort 
 
 (named from its medicinal virtues in hernia). 
 
 142 POLYCARPON TETRAFHYI.LUM Allseed 
 
 (Greek polus, many, and karpos, fruit). 
 Kcleranthacese. 
 
 143 SCLERANTHUS ANNUA Knawcl 
 
 (Greek skltros, hard, and anthos, a flower).
 
 PLATE 10
 
 - PLATK 
 
 -nr. -v 

 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 67 
 
 PLATE X (continued). 
 
 Grossulariacese. 
 
 144 KIBES NIGRUM Black Currant 
 
 (Arabic name for a plant erroneously supposed to be the gooseberry). 
 
 Crassulacese. 
 
 145 TILL^EA MUSCOSA Tilbca 
 
 (named after Tilli, an Italian botanist). 
 
 146 SEDUM ACRE Stonecrop 
 
 (Latin sedeo, to sit, from fhc way the plailt grows). 
 
 147 SEMPERVIVl'M TKCTOKUM Houseleck 
 
 (Latin semper, always, and viva, to live, from the plant's vitality). 
 
 148 COTYLEDON UMBILICUS Pennywort 
 
 (Greek kotulc, a cup, from the shape of the leaves). 
 
 Saxifragaceso. 
 
 149 SAXIFRAGA UMBROSA London Pride 
 
 (Latin, signifying rock-breaker, from the plant rooting in crevices). 
 
 150 CHRYSOSPLENIUM ALTERNIFOLIUM Golden Saxifrage 
 
 (Greek citruses, gold, and splen, the spleen " the physic lor the sp'.ee^ "). 
 
 151 PARNASSIA PALUbTRIS Parnassus Grass 
 
 (from Mount Parnassus, where the plant is common). 
 
 PLATE XI 
 
 Araliacese. 
 
 152 ADOXA MOSCHATELLINA Moschatel 
 
 (Greek a, without, and doxa, glory). 
 
 153 HEDERA HELIX Ivy 
 
 (Greek hedra, a seat, from the plant's growth on walls, etc.). 
 
 Cornacese. 
 
 154 CORNUS SANGUINEA Dogwood 
 
 (Latin name, from the horny nature of the wood). 
 
 Umbellifers. 
 
 155 HYDROCOTYLE VULOAR1S White Rot 
 
 (Greek kudor, water, and kotule, a cup, from the shape of the leaf). 
 
 156 SANICULA EUROP-A Sanicle 
 
 (Latin sane, to heal, from its medicinal properties). 
 
 157 ASTRANTIA MAJOR Astrantia 
 
 (Latin aster, a star, from the shape of the flowers). 
 
 158 ERYNGIUM CAMPESTRE Sea Holly 
 
 (old Latin name of the plant). 
 
 159 CONIUM MACULATUM Hemlock 
 
 (Greek koneion, the old name of the plant). 
 
 160 PHYSOSPERMUM CORNUBIENSE Bladder Seed 
 
 (Greek pktisa, a bladder, and spcntta, a seed). 
 
 161 SMYRNIUM OLUSATRUM Alexanders 
 
 (Greek smurnia, myrrh, from the fragrant juice). 
 
 162 CICUTA VI ROSA Cowbane 
 
 (Latin cicuta, the spaces between the joints of a reed, from the stem). 
 
 163 APIUM GRAVEOLENS Celery 
 
 (Celtic apon, water). 
 
 164 PETROSELINUM SEGETUM Corn Parsley 
 
 (Greek petres, a stone, from its growth in stony places). 
 
 165 TRINIA VULGARIS Hone Wort 
 
 (named after Trinius, a Russian botanist). 
 
 166 HELObCIADIUM NODIFLORUM Marsh Wort 
 
 (Greek htlos, a marsh, and skiadion, an umbel). 
 
 167 SISON AMOMUM Stone Parsley 
 
 (Celtic sizttn, a running stream). 
 
 168 ^GOPODIUM PODAGRARIA Gout Weed 
 
 (Greek aigos, a Roat, and pans, a foot, from the shape of the laVisl 
 
 169 CARUM CARUI Caraway 
 
 (Gaelic caroh, a ship, from the shape of the fruit). 
 
 F 2
 
 68 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XII 
 
 770 BUNIUM FLEXUOSUM Earthnut 
 
 (Greek bounos, a. hill, the plant rarely growing in valleys). 
 
 171 PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA Burnet Saxifrage 
 
 (said to be a childish mispronunciation of bipinnula, from the shape of the leaves) 
 
 172 SIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Narrow Water Parsnip 
 
 (Celtic siw, water). 
 
 173 BUPLEURUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM Hare's Ear 
 
 (Greek bous, an ox, and pleuron, the side, from the leaves). 
 
 174 OZNANTHE CROCATA Water Dropwort 
 
 (Greek oinis, wine, and anthos, a flower, from the vinous smell of the leaves). 
 
 175 JETHUSA CYNAPIUM Fool's Parsley 
 
 (Greek aitho, to bum, from the acridity of the plant). 
 , 7 6 FCENICULUM VULGARE Fennel 
 
 (Latin ftznum, hay, from the hay-like smell of the leaves). 
 
 177 SESELI LIBANOTIS Meadow Saxifrage 
 
 (supposed to be the old Greek name of the plant). 
 
 178 LIGUSTICUM SCOTICUM Lovage 
 
 (from Liguria, where the plant is cultivated). 
 
 179 SILAUS PRATENSIS Pepper Saxifrage 
 
 (old Latin name of the plant). 
 
 180 MEUM ATHAMANTICUM Spignel 
 
 (Greek meion, smaller, from the leaves). 
 
 181 CRITHMUM MARITIMUM Samphire 
 
 (Greek krithe, barley, from the resemblance of the fruit to a barley-corn). 
 
 182 ANGELICA SYLVESTRIS Angelica 
 
 (named in gratitude for its medicinal properties being combined with an agreeable 
 flavour). 
 
 183 PEUCEDANUM OFFICINALE Hogs' Fennel 
 
 (Greek peuke, a pine tree, and davos, a gift, from the resinous substance it exudes). 
 
 184 PASTINACA SATIVA- Parsnip 
 
 (Latin pasius, food). 
 
 185 HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM Hogweed 
 
 (named after Hercules, who discovered it was good food for the pigs). 
 
 186 TORDYLIUM MAXIMUM Hart wort 
 
 (from the old Greek name of a similar plant). 
 
 187 DAUCUS CAROTA Carrot 
 
 (from the old Greek name of the plant). 
 
 PLATE XIII 
 
 188 CAUCALIS DAUCOIDES- Bur Parsley 
 
 (Greek keo, to lie along, and kaulos, a stem, from its trailing stem). 
 
 189 TORILIS ANTHRISCUS Hedge Parsley 
 
 (Greek toreo, to emboss, from the shape of the fruit). 
 
 190 SCANDIX PECTEN VENERIS Shepherd's Needle 
 
 (Greek name for a similar plant). 
 
 191 ANTHRISCUS SYLVESTRIS Beaked Parsley 
 
 (the old Greek name). 
 
 192 CH^EROPHYLLUM TEMULENTUM- Chervil 
 
 (Greek chairo, to rejoice, and phnllon, a leaf, from the fragrance of its leaves). 
 
 193 MYRRHIS ODORATA Cicely 
 
 (Greek murrha, myrrh, from the fragrance of the leaves). 
 
 194 CORIANDRUM SATIVUM Coriander 
 
 (Latin koris, a bug, from the fragrance of the leaves). 
 
 Lorantliaceae. 
 
 195 VISCUM ALBUM Mistletoe 
 
 (Latin viscus, clammy, from the stickiness of the berries). 
 
 Caprifoliacese. 
 
 19 6 SAMBUCUS NIGRA Elder 
 
 (Greek sambukc, a musical instrument made of the wod). 
 
 197 VIBURNUM OPULUS-Guelder Rosw 
 
 (the old Latin name of the plant).

 
 PLATE 13
 
 PL A: 
 
 
 
 
 li%l 
 
 223 
 
 217 
 
 209 
 
 * 
 
 V*x' 
 
 210 
 
 218
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 69 
 
 PLATE XIII (continued). 
 
 198 LONICERA PERICLYMENUM Honeysuckle 
 
 (named after Lonicer, a German botanist). 
 
 199 LINN/EA BOREALIS Linnaea 
 
 (named by Linnaeus after himself as the smallest unnamed plant he could 
 find). (See Cover.) 
 
 Rubiacese. 
 
 200 RUBIA PEREGRINA Madder 
 
 (Latin rubus, red, from the colour of its dye). 
 
 201 GALIUM APARINE Goose Grass 
 
 (Greek gala, milk, which it was formerly used to curdle). 
 702 SHERARDIA ARVENSIS Field Madder 
 
 (named after Sherard of Eltham, the botanist). 
 
 203 ASPERULA ODORATA Woodruff 
 
 (Latin aspcr, rough, after the roughness of some of the species). 
 
 Valerianacea. 
 
 204 CENTRANTHUS RUBER Spur Valerian 
 
 (Greek kentron, a spur, and antlios, a flower). 
 
 205 VALERIANA DIO 1C A Valerian 
 
 (Latin zialeo, to be powerful, from its medicinal effects). 
 
 206 VALERIA'NELLA OLITORIA Lamb's Lettuce 
 
 (the diminutive of Valerian). 
 
 PLATE XIY 
 
 Dipsacese. 
 
 207 D1PSACUS SYLVESTR IS Teasel 
 
 (Greek dipsao, to thirst, from the water in the upper leaves). 
 '208 SCABIOSA SUCCISA Scabious 
 
 (Latin scabies, the leprosy, which the plant was supposed to cure). 
 
 209 KNAUTIA ARVENSIS Knautia 
 
 (named after the botanist Knaut). 
 
 Composite. 
 
 210 TRAGOPOGON PRATENSIS Goat's Beard 
 
 (Greek tragos, a. goat, anA. pogon, a beard, from its hairy fruit). 
 
 211 HELMINTHIA. ECHIOIDES Ox Tongue 
 
 (Greek hclnrintkion, a worm, from the shape of the fruit). 
 
 212 PICRIS HIERACIOIDES Picris 
 
 (Greek pikros, bitter, from the plant's acridity). 
 
 213 LEONTODON HISPIDA Hawkbit 
 
 (Greek leon, a. lion, and odous, a tooth, from the shape of the leaf marjirs). 
 
 214 HYPOCHCERIS RADICATA Cit's Ear 
 
 (Greek for " fit for hogs," by whom it is eaten). 
 
 215 LACTUCA MURALIS Lettuce 
 
 (Latin, lac, milk, from the juice). 
 
 216 SONCHUS OLERACEUS Sow Thistle 
 
 (derived frpm the Greek for hollow, in allusion to the stem). 
 
 217 MULGEDIUM ALPINUM Blue Sow Thistle 
 
 (Latin mulgco, to milk, from the juice). 
 
 218 CREPIS VIRENS-Hawk's Beard 
 
 (Greek krcpis, a sandal, from the shape of ite leaves), 
 atg HIERACIUM PILOSELLA Hawkweed 
 
 (Greek hierax, a hawk, it being said to be eaten by hawks). 
 ?2o BORKHAUSIA TAR AXI FOLIA Borkhausia 
 
 (named after Borkhausen, the botanist). 
 
 221 TARAXACUM OFFICINALE Dandelion 
 
 (Greek tarasso, to change, from its effect on the blood). 
 
 222 ARNOSERIS PUSILLA Nipplewort 
 
 (Greek amos, a lamb, and seris, chicory, the plant being sometimes called !.. i:\Vs 
 lettuce). 
 
 223 LAPSANA COMMUNIS Nipplewort 
 
 (the old Greek name given to ..he plant on account of its purging qualities)- 
 
 224 CICHORIUM INTYBUS Chicory 
 
 (the chikawriyeh of the Arabs, by whom it is eaten as a vegetable).
 
 7O CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XV 
 
 335 ARCTIUM LAPPA Burdock 
 
 (Grek arktos, a bear, from the rough coat of its involucres). 
 236 GAJJSSUREA ALPINA Saussurea 
 
 (named' after the two Saussures who were botanists). 
 
 227 SERRATULA TINCTORIA Saw Wort 
 
 (Latin serrula, a little saw, from the toothed leaf margins). 
 
 228 CARDUUS NUTANS Thistle 
 
 (Celtic card, a prickly tool for wool combing). 
 
 229 ONOPORDUM ACANTHI VM Scotch Thistle (See page 33). 
 
 (the old Greek name). 
 
 230 CARLINA VULGARIS-Carline Thistle 
 
 (so called from its having been used by Charles the Great as a remedy for the 
 plague). 
 
 231 CENTAUREA CYANUS Corn Bluebottle 
 
 (so called from its having been used by Chiron to cure the wound he had received 
 from Hercules). 
 
 232 BIDENS TRI PARTITA Bur Marigold 
 
 (Latin bis twice, and dens, a tooth, from the structure of the fruit . 
 
 233 EUPATORIUM CANNABINUM Hemp Agrimony 
 
 (named after Eupator, otherwise Mithridates of Poatus, who introduced the plant 
 into medicine). 
 
 234 CHRYSOCOMA LINOSYRIS Goldilocks 
 
 (Greek ckrusos, gold ; and koine, the hair). 
 
 235 DIOTIS MARITIMA Cotton Weed 
 
 (Greek dis, two, and ous, an ear, from the appendages to the fruit). 
 
 236 TANACETUM VULGARE Tansy 
 
 (Greek atiianattm, everlasting). 
 
 237 ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM Wormwood 
 
 (the old name of the plant, which was dedicated to Diana). 
 938 ANTENNARIA DIOICUM Everlasting 
 
 (so named from the pappus hairs resembling the antenna; of insects). 
 
 239 GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM Cudweed 
 
 (Greek gna.pha.lon, soft down, such as that with which the leaves are covered). 
 
 240 FILAGO GERMANICA Filago 
 
 (Latin filvtn, a thread, from the hairs with which the plant is covered). 
 
 241 PETASITES VULGARIS Butter Bur 
 
 (Greek petasos, a sunshade, from the size of the leaves). 
 
 242 TUSSILAGO FARFARA Coltsfoot 
 
 (Greek tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a remedy) . 
 
 PLATE XVI 
 
 243 ERIGERON ACRIS Flea Bane 
 
 (Greek eri, early, and geron, an old man, from the grey seed down). 
 
 244 ASTER TRIPOLIUM Michaelmas Daisy 
 
 (Latin aster, a stem, from the shape of the flowers). 
 
 245 SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA Golden Rod 
 
 (Latin solidare, to unite, from the surgical uses of the plant). 
 
 246 SENEOIO VULGARIS Groundsel 
 
 (Latin senex, an old man, in allusion to the colour of the down). 
 
 247 CINERARIA PALUSTRIS Fleawort 
 
 (Latin cineres, cinders, in allusion to the dusty down). 
 
 248 DORONICUM PARDALIANCHES Leopard's Bane 
 
 (Latinised form of the Arabic name of the plant). 
 
 249 INULA HELENIUM Elecampane 
 
 (name, by contraction, from Helen, from whose tears the plant sprang). 
 
 250 BELLIS PERENNIS Daisy 
 
 (Latin bellus, pretty). 
 
 251 CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM Oxeye 
 
 (Greek for "the golden flower," from its colours). 
 259 MATRICARIA INODORA Feverfew 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 253 ANTHEMIS NOBILIS Chamomile 
 
 (Greek anthos, a flower, as being the flower worth notice).
 
 PLATE 15
 
 PLATE 16
 
 PLATE 17
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. Jl 
 
 PLATE "X.\ I (continued). 
 
 954 ACHILLEA PTARMICA Sneeze Wort 
 
 (named after Achilles, who is said to have used it as a styptic). 
 =55 GALIXSOGA PARVIKLORA Galinsoga 
 
 (Peruvian name, the plant being common in Peru). 
 
 Campanulaceae. 
 
 256 CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA Hairbell 
 
 (Latin campanula, a little bell, from the shape of the corolla). 
 
 257 PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE Rampion 
 
 (Greek phttttuma, the plant, as being one worth special notice). 
 
 258 J . \SIOXE MONTANA Sheeps Bit 
 
 (Greek name for a plant somewhat similar to this one). 
 359 LOBELIA DORTM AN XA Water Lobelia 
 (named after Lobel, the botanist). 
 
 PLATE XVII 
 
 Vacclniacese. 
 
 260 VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS Whortleberry 
 (a corruption of vaccinitr, berries). 
 
 Ericaceae. 
 
 t6i ERICA TETRALIX Cross Heath 
 
 (Greek ereiko, to break, from its use in calculus). 
 
 262 CALLUNA VULGARIS Heather 
 
 (Greek kallttno, to cleanse, from its use as a broom). 
 
 263 MENZIESIA CCERULEA Menziesia 
 
 (named after Menzies, the botanist). 
 364 LOISELEURIA PROCUMBENS Trailing Azalea 
 
 (named after Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, the botanist). 
 265 ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA Andromeda 
 
 (named after Andromeda, in allusion to the dreary spoU in which it grows). 
 
 366 ARBUTUS UNEDO Strawberry Tree 
 
 (the old Latin name of the plant). 
 
 367 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI Bearberry 
 
 (the Greek rendering of the English name). 
 868 PYROLA MEDIA Winter Green 
 
 (named from the resemblance of its leaves to those of a pear). 
 
 269 MONOTROPA HYPOPITYS Fir Rape 
 
 (Greek manos, one, and trcj>9 t to turn, from the flowers turuinj all on; way). 
 Aquifoliaceae. 
 
 270 ILEX AQUIFOLIUM Holly 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 Oleaceas. 
 
 271 LIGUSTRUM VULGARE Privet 
 
 (Latin ligo, to bind, from the use made of its twigs). 
 
 272 FRAXIXUS EXCELSIOR Ash 
 
 (Latin fraitgo, to split, from the ease with which its wood can be split). 
 
 Apocynacese. 
 
 273 VINCA MINOR-Periwinkle 
 
 (Latin vincio, to bind, from its Jong trailing twigs). 
 
 Centianaceae. 
 
 274 GEN 1 lANA CAMPESTRIS Field Gentian 
 
 (from Gentius, the Illyrian King, who introduced it into medicine). 
 
 275 CICENDIA FILIFORMIS C.ntianella 
 
 (Greek kikinnos, curly hair). 
 
 276 ERYTHR.A CENTAURIUM Centaury 
 
 (Greek tnithros, red, from the general colour of its flowers). 
 
 277 CHLORA PERFOLIATA Yellow Wort 
 
 (Greek chloros, yellowish green, from the colour of its flowers). 
 
 278 VILLARSIA. NYMPHVEOIDES Villarsia 
 
 (named after Villars, the botanist). 
 379 MEXVAXTHES TRIFOLIATA Buckbean 
 
 (Greek ttten, n month, and anthos, a flow er, from the duration of the blsom).
 
 72 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XVIII 
 
 Polemoniaceae. 
 
 280 POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM Jacob's Ladder 
 
 (Greek polcmos, a. war, from the war between the two kings who each claimed to 
 have discovered the plant). 
 
 Convolvulacese. 
 
 281 CONVOLVULUS SOLDANELLA Bindweed 
 
 (Latin convolve, to entwine). 
 
 282 CUSCUTA EPITHYMUM Small Dodder 
 
 (Arabic kechottt, the name of the plant). 
 
 Solanacese. 
 
 283 HYOSCYAMUS NIGER Henbane 
 
 Greek hus, a. hog, and kuatnos, a bean). 
 
 284 SOLANUM DULCAMARA Bittersweet 
 
 (Latin solamen, comfort, from its medicinal properties). 
 
 285 ATROPA BELLADONNA Nightshade 
 
 (named after Atropos, the Fate, on account of its poisonous propertie.'). 
 
 Scrophulariacese. 
 
 286 VERBASCUM THAPSUS Mullein 
 
 (corruption of barbascum, bearded, in allusion to its foliage). 
 
 287 VERONICA CHAM^EDRYS Germander Speedwell 
 
 (after St. Veronica's handkerchief, the floweis u^'.n^ failed lo have the same 
 impression). 
 
 288 BARTSIA ODONTITES Red Bartsia 
 
 (named after Bartsch, the botanist). 
 
 289 EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS Eyebright 
 
 (Greek for joy, in allusion to its medicinal properties). 
 
 290 RHINANTHUS CRISTA-GALLI Yellow Rattle 
 
 (Greek rhin, the nose, from the beaked upper lip of the corolla). 
 
 291 MELAMPYRUM PRATENSE Cow Wheat 
 
 (Greek mclas, black, and puros, wheat, from the shape of its seeds). 
 
 292 PEDICULARIS PALUSTRIS Marsh Red Rattle 
 
 (named from the sheep disease it was supposed to cause). 
 
 293 SCROPHULARIA AQUATICA Figwort 
 
 (named from the disease it was supposed to cureX 
 
 294 DIGITALIS PURPUREA Foxglove 
 
 (named from the finger-like form of its flowers). 
 395 ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS -Snapdragon 
 
 (Greek for a mask, in allusion to the form of the flowers). 
 
 296 LINARIA REPENS Toad Flax 
 
 (named after the flax which its leaves somewhat resemble). 
 
 297 LIMOSELLA AQUATICA Mud Wort 
 
 (Latin lintus, mud, from the places where it grows). 
 
 298 SIBTHORP1A EUROPjEA-Money Wort 
 
 (named after Sibthorpe, the botanist). 
 =99 MIMULUS LUTEUS Mimulus 
 
 (Latin mimus, a juggler, from the shape of the seeds). 
 
 PLATE XIX 
 
 Orobanchacese. 
 
 300 OROBANCHE RAPUM Broom Rape 
 
 (Greek orobos, a vetch, and ancha, to strangle). 
 
 301 LATHR^EA SQUAMARIA Toothwort 
 
 (Greek for concealed, in allusion to the mode of growth). 
 
 Verbenacese, 
 
 302 VERBENA OFFICINALIS-Vervain 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 Labiatse. 
 
 303 SALVIA VERBENACA-Clary 
 
 (Latin salvio, to heal, from its medicinal properties). 
 
 304 LYCOPUS EURpP^EUS-Gipsywort 
 
 (Greek for wolf's paw, in allusion to the shape of the leaves). 
 
 305 MENTHA VIRIDIS-Spear Mint 
 
 (Greek mintha, the old name of the plant).
 
 PLATE 18.
 
 PLAT
 
 PLATE
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 73 
 
 PLATE XIX (continued). 
 
 306 THYMUS SERPYLLUM-Thyme 
 
 (Greek thuntos, strength, from its medicinal properties). 
 
 307 ORIGANUM VULGARE Marjoram 
 
 (Greek for "the joy of the hills," where the plant usually grows). 
 
 308 CALAMINTHA OFFICINALIS Calamint 
 
 (Greek kalos, good, and mintha, mint) . 
 
 309 MELISSA OFFICINALIS Balm 
 
 (Greek tnetissa, a bee, from its honey). 
 
 310 MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM Bastard Balm 
 
 (Greek meli, honey). 
 
 311 TEUCRIUM SCORODONIA Germander 
 
 (from Teucer, the Trojan, who first used it in medicine). 
 
 312 AJUGA REPTANS Bugle 
 
 (the old Latin name of the plant). 
 
 313 BALLOTA NIGRA Horehound 
 
 (Greek ballote, to reject, on account of its objectionable fragrance). 
 
 314 LEONURUS CARDIACA Motherwort 
 
 (Greek for a " lion's tail," which the plant somewhat resembles). 
 
 315 LAMIUM GALEOBEWLON Archangel 
 
 (Greek laimos, the throat, from the :>hupe of the flowers). 
 
 PLATE XX 
 
 31 6 G\LEOPSIS TETRAHIT Hemp-nettle 
 
 (Greek for "weasel snout," which the flowers resemble). 
 
 317 STACHYS SYLYATICA Woundwort 
 
 (Greek for "a spike," in allusion to the inflorescence). 
 
 318 NEPETA GLECHOMA Ground-Ivy 
 
 (Latin nef>a, a scorpion, whose bite the plant was said to cure). 
 
 319 MARRUBIUM YULGARE White Horehound 
 
 (Hebrew marrob, A bitter juice). 
 
 320 PRUNELLA VULGARIS Self-heal 
 
 (a corruption Qibruiiella, which means the quinsy-wort). 
 
 321 SCUTELLARIA MAJOR Skull Cap 
 
 (Latin sctttella, a little dish). 
 
 Boraginaceae. 
 
 322 MYOSOTIS ALPESTRIS Forget-me-not 
 
 (Greek for " mouse-ear "). 
 
 323 LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE Cromwell 
 
 (Greek lithos, a stone, and sperma, a seed ; the translation of Celtic graun, a seed, 
 and mill, a stone). 
 
 324 MERTENSIA MARITIMA Smooth Cromwell 
 
 (named after Mertens, the botanist). 
 
 325 SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE Comfrcy 
 
 (Greek sumphuo, to unite, from its medicinal qualitie>). 
 
 326 BORAGO OFFICINALIS Borage 
 
 (Celtic borrach, a noble person). 
 
 327 LYCOPSIS ARVENIS Bugloss 
 
 (Greek for " wolfs face," from the resemblance of the flower to a wolfs head). 
 
 328 ANCHUSA SEMPERVIRENS Alkanct 
 
 (the old Greek name). 
 32? ASPERUGO PROCUMBENS Madwort 
 
 (Latin asper, for " rough," in allusion to the foliage). 
 
 330 CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE Hound's Tongue 
 
 (Greek for its English name). 
 
 331 PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS Lungwort 
 
 (Latin for its English name'. 
 
 332 ECHIUM VULGARE Viper's Bugloss 
 
 (Greek tchit, a viper, whose bite it was said to cure),
 
 74 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XXI 
 
 Lentibulariacese. 
 
 333 PINGUICULA LUSITANICA Butterwort 
 
 (Latin pittguis, fat, from its greasy leaves). 
 
 334 UTRICULARIA VULGARIS Bladdcrwort 
 
 (Latin utriculus, a little bladder). 
 
 Primulacese. 
 
 335 PRIMULA VULGARIS Primrose 
 
 (Latin primus, first, from its early flowering). 
 
 336 CYCLAMEN HEDERIFOLIUM Sowbread 
 
 (Greek kuklos, a circle, from its bloom). 
 
 337 TRIENTALIS EUROPjEA Chickweed 
 
 (Latin for the third part of a foot, which is the plant's height). 
 
 338 HOTTONIA PALUSTRIS Water Violet 
 
 (named after Hotton, the botanist). 
 
 339 LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA Loosestrife 
 
 (Greek for the English name) . 
 
 340 ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS Pimpernel 
 
 (Greek, agctllo, to adorn). 
 
 341 CENTUNCULUS MINIMUS Chaffweed 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 342 SAMOLUS VALE RAND I Brook weed 
 
 (named from the island of Samos, where it is common). 
 
 343 GLAUX MARITIMA Sea Milkwort 
 
 (Greek glankos, sea-green). 
 
 Plumbaginaceae. 
 
 344 ARMERIA MARITIMA Thrift 
 
 (the Latin name for the Sweet William). 
 
 345 STATICE LIMONIUM Sea Lavender 
 
 (Greek for to stop, in allusion to its medicinal properties). 
 Plantaginacese. 
 
 346 PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA Plantain 
 
 (Latin flanta, a plant). 
 
 347 LITTORELLA LACUSTRIS Shoreweed 
 
 (so called from' its place of growth). 
 
 PLATE XXII 
 
 Amaranthacese. 
 
 348 AMARANTHUS BLITUM Amaranth 
 
 (Greek for ''unfading"). 
 
 Chenopodiacese. 
 
 349 CHENOPODIUM BONUS HENRICUS Good King Henry 
 
 (Greek chen, a goose, andfous, a foot). 
 
 350 OBIONE PORTULACOIDES Shrubby Sea Purslane 
 
 (old Greek name of the plant). 
 
 351 ATRIPLEX PATULA Orache 
 
 (Greek a, not, and trephein, to nourish). 
 
 352 BETA MARITIMA Sea Beet 
 
 (Latin beta, derived from the Celtic for " food "). 
 
 353 SALSOLA KALI Saltwort 
 
 (Latin sal, salt). 
 
 354 SU.EDA MARITIMA Sea Elite 
 
 (Arabic for "a plant yielding soda "). 
 
 355 SALICORNIA HERB ACE A Glass-wort 
 
 (Latin sal, salt, and cornus, a horn). 
 
 Polygonacese. 
 
 356 POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS Climbing Persicaria 
 
 (Greek for "many-jointed," in allusion to the stem). 
 
 357 RUMEX ACETOSA-Sorrel 
 
 (the old Latin name of the sorrel). 
 
 358 OXYRIA RENIFORMIS Mountain Sorrel 
 
 (Greek oxiis, sharp, from its acid flavour).
 
 I LATE 21.
 
 35
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 75 
 
 PLATE XXII ( 
 
 Eleagnaceae. 
 
 359 HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES Sallow Thorn 
 
 (Greek upo, under, and fhao, to shine, from the under-surfaces of the leaves). 
 
 Thymelaceae. 
 
 360 DAPHNE LAUREOLA Spur-e Laurel 
 
 (named after Daphne, who wax changed into a different sort of laurel). 
 
 Santalaceae. 
 
 361 THESIUM HUMIFUSUM Bastard Toadflax 
 
 (named after the plant forming the crown of reward in the Thesian games). 
 Aristolochiaceae. 
 
 362 ASARUM EUROPIUM Asarabacca 
 
 (Greek a, not, and stira, a wreath, because the plant was never introduced into 
 garlands). 
 
 363 ARISTOLOCHIA CLEMATITIS-Birthwort 
 
 (the old Greek name of the plant). 
 
 Empetracese. 
 
 364 EMPKTRUM NIGRUM Crowberry 
 
 (Greek en, in, and/f/nrs, stone, from the plant growing in stony places). 
 
 PLATE XXIII 
 
 Euphorbiaceao. 
 
 365 EUPHORBIA AMYGDALOIDES Wood Spurge 
 
 (named after Euphorbus, who introduced the plant into medicine). 
 
 366 BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS Box 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 367 MERCURIALIS PERENNIS Dog's Mercury 
 
 (named after Mercury, who is said to have discovered the plant's virtues). 
 
 Urticacese. 
 
 368 URTICA DIO I CA Nettle 
 
 (Latin vro, to burn, from the stinging cells). 
 
 369 PARIETARIA OFFICINALIS Pellitory 
 
 (Latin paries, a wall, on which the plant generally grows). 
 
 370 HUMULUS LUPULUS Hop 
 
 (Latin humus, mould): 
 
 Ulmaceae. 
 
 371 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS Elm 
 
 (Latinisation of the old English " elm ''). 
 
 Cupuliferse 
 
 372 QUERCUS ROBUR Oak 
 
 (Celtic guer, beautiful, and cues, a tree). 
 
 373 FAGUS SYLVATICA Beech 
 
 (Greek phago, to eat, from the edible nature of the nuts). 
 
 374 CARPINUS BETULUS-Hornbeam 
 
 (Celtic f.tr, wood, and//*, a head, the wood being used for ox yokes) 
 
 375 CORYLUS AVELLANA-Hazcl 
 
 (Greek torus, a cap, from the involucre on the nuts). 
 
 Bctulaceae. 
 
 376 ALNUS (il.UTINOSA Alder 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 377 BETULA ALBA- Birch 
 
 (Celtic bet*, the name of the same tree). 
 
 Salicacese. 
 
 378 POPULUS ALBA White Poplar 
 
 (Greek paipallo, to shake, as its leaves do easily in the wind). 
 
 379 SALIX VIMINALIS-Osier 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 Myricacese. 
 
 380 MYRICA GALE Sweet Gale 
 
 (the old Latin name for the tamarisk).
 
 76 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XXIY 
 
 Orchidacese. 
 
 381 GOODYERA REPENS Goodyera 
 
 (named after Goodyer, the botanist). 
 
 382 SPIRANTHES jESTIVALIS -Lady's Tresses 
 
 (Greek for " the spiral flower "). 
 
 383 NEOTTIA NIDUS AVIS-Bird's Nest 
 
 (Greek equivalent of the English name). 
 
 384 LISTERA OVATA Twayblade 
 
 (named after Lister, the botanist). 
 
 385 EPIPACTIS LATIFOLIA Helleborine 
 
 (Greek name for one of the hellebores). 
 
 386 CEPHALANTHERA GRANDI FLORA White Helleborine 
 
 (Greek kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower) . 
 
 387 EPIPOGUM GMELINI 
 
 (Greek for " beard upwards," from the labellum being turned up). 
 
 388 CORALLORH1ZA INNATA Coral Root 
 
 (Greek equivalent of the English name). 
 
 389 ORCHIS MASCULA Early Purple Orchis 
 
 (Greek name, from the shape of the root). 
 
 390 GYMNADENIA CONOPSEA 
 
 (Greek for the " naked glands" of the pollinia stalks). 
 
 391 HABENARIA CHLORANTHA Butterfly Orchis 
 
 (Latin habena, a strap, in allusion to the long spur). 
 
 392 ACERAS ANTHROPOPHORA Man Orchis 
 
 (Greek a without, and kerns, a horn, from the absence of the spur). 
 
 393 NEOTINEA INTACTA 
 
 (Greek neo, new, and tinea, the old name of the plant which was changed as being 
 that of a genus of moths). 
 
 394 HERMINIUM MONORCHIS -Musk Orchis 
 
 (from the Greek for the foot of a bed-post, in allusion to the shape of the root). 
 
 395 OPHRYS APIFERA Bee Orchis 
 
 (Greek opkrus, the eyebrow, which the plant was used to blacken). 
 
 396 MALAXIS PALUDOSA Bog Orchis 
 
 (Greek for "softening," in allusion to the tender growth). 
 
 397 LIPARIS LOESELII 
 
 (Greek liparos, fatty, from the leaves). 
 
 398 CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS^Lady's Slipper 
 
 (Greek Kttpris, Venus, and podion, a slipper). 
 
 PLATE XXY 
 
 Coniferse. 
 
 399 PINUS SYLVESTRIS Scotch Fir 
 
 (Celtic pin, a mountain top). 
 
 400 JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS-Juniper 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 401 TAXUS BACCATA Yew 
 
 (Greek taxes, a bow). 
 
 Iridacese. 
 
 402 IRIS FCET1DISSIMA Gladdon 
 
 (Greek for " the rainbow "). 
 
 403 GLADIOLUS COMMUNIS Gladiolus 
 
 (Latin gladius, a sword, from the shape of the leaves). 
 
 404 SISYRINCHIUM ANCEPS 
 
 (Greek for " the snout of a pig"). 
 
 405 TRICHONEMA COLUMNS 
 
 (Greek trichos, a hair, and nema, a filament). 
 
 406 CROCUS VERNUS Crocus 
 
 (Greek kroke, a thread, from the dried stigmas sold as saffron). 
 Amaryllidacese. 
 
 407 NARCISSUS PSEUDO-NARCISSUS Daffodil 
 
 (Greek narke, stupor, from the effect of the smell of the bloom)
 
 PLATE 24 
 
 381 
 
 $96
 
 PLATE 96
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 77 
 
 PLATE XXV (continutd). 
 
 408 GALANTHUS 
 
 (Greek for " the milk-white flower"). 
 
 409 LEUCOTUM JESTIVUM-Snowflake 
 
 (Greek Iciikos, white, and ion, a violet). 
 
 Liliace*. 
 
 410 LILIUM MARTAGON Purple Lily 
 
 (Celtic //, whiteness). 
 
 411 TULIPA SYLVESTRIS Tulip 
 
 (Persian tolibttn, a turban). 
 
 412 FRITILLARIA MELEAGRIS Fritillary 
 
 (Latin fritillus, a dice box). 
 
 413 ALLIUM URSINUM Ramsor.s 
 
 (Celtic all, pungent). 
 
 414 GAGFA LUTEA 
 
 (named after Gage, the botanist). 
 
 415 ORNITHOGALUM PYRENAICUM-Star of Bethlehem 
 
 (Greek for " bird's milk," probably the "dove's dung" of Samaria). 
 
 PLATE XXYI 
 
 4 t6 SCILLA VERNA-Squill 
 
 (Arabic asgyl, the name of the plant). 
 
 417 HYACINTHUS NONSCRIPTUS Blue Bell 
 
 (the name of the boy fro n whose blood Apollo made the flower). 
 
 418 MUSCARI RACEMOSUM Grape Hyacinth 
 
 (named from its musk-like fragrance). 
 
 419 LLOYDIA SEROTINA 
 
 (named after Llhwyd, who first found it in Britain) 
 
 420 SIMETHIS BICOLOR 
 
 (named after the Sicilian nymph). 
 
 421 ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS-Asparagus 
 
 (the old Greek name, meaning "the tearer," from the spikes with which some of 
 the species are armed). 
 
 422 RUSCUS ACULEATUS Butcher's Broom 
 
 (formerly bruscus, from the Celtic bruskeUn, the box -holly). 
 
 423 MAIANTHEMUM BIFOLIUM May Liry 
 
 (Latin equivalent of the English name). 
 
 424 CONVALLARIA MAJALIS Lily of the Valley 
 
 (Latin canvallis, a valley). 
 
 425 POLYGON" ATUM MULTIFLORUM Solomon's Seal 
 
 (Greek for " many knees," in allusion to the stem). 
 
 Trilliaceae. 
 
 426 PARIS QUADRI FOLIA Herb Paris 
 
 (Latin par, equal, on account of its equal leaves). 
 
 Dioscoreacese. 
 
 427 TAMUS CO^IMUNIS Black Bryony 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 Melanthacese. 
 
 428 COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE Meadow Saffron 
 
 (from Colchis, where it grew abundantly). 
 
 429 TOFIELDIA PALUSTRIS Scotch Asphodel 
 
 (named after Tofield, the botanist). 
 
 Hydrocharidaceae. 
 
 43 HYDROCHARIS MORSUS-RAN^ Frogbit 
 
 (Greek hudor, water, and charts, elegance). 
 
 431 ELODEA CANADENSIS Water Thyme 
 
 (Greek elodes, growing in a marsh). 
 
 432 STRATIOTES ALOIDES Water Soldier 
 
 (Greek for " a soldier ").
 
 78 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XXVII 
 
 Alismacese. 
 
 433 ALISMA PLANTAGO Water Plantain 
 
 (Celtic alts, water). 
 
 434 ACTINOCARPUS DAMASONIUM Star Fririt 
 
 (equivalent of the English name) . 
 
 435 SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA Arrow Head 
 
 (Latin sagitta, an arrow, the shape of the leaves). 
 
 436 BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS Flowering Rush 
 
 (Greek bous, an ox, and temno, to cut, from the effect of the leaves on the mouths of 
 cattle). 
 
 437 TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE Marsh Arrowgrass 
 
 (Greek for " three points," being those of the capsules). 
 
 438 SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS 
 
 (named after the Scheuchzers, who were Swiss botanists). 
 
 Naiadaceae. 
 
 439 POTAMOGETON DENSUS Pond Weed 
 
 (Greek potawios, a river, and '/>, a neighbour). 
 
 440 RUPPIA MARITIMA Tassel Pond Weed 
 
 (named after Ruppius, a botanist). 
 
 441 ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS Horned Pond Weed 
 
 (named after Zannichelli, a botanist). 
 
 442 ZOSTERA MARINA Grass Wrack 
 
 (Greek zoster, a riband, from the leaves). 
 
 443 NAIAS FLEXILIS 
 
 (Lathrfbr " a water nymph " ). 
 
 Lemnacese. 
 
 444 LEMNA MINOR Duckweed 
 
 (Greek letnna, derived from Upis, a scale). 
 
 445 WOLFFIA ARRHIZA 
 
 (named after Wolff, the botanist). 
 
 Araceae. 
 
 446 ARUM MACULATUM Lords and Ladies 
 
 (Greek aron, the same plant). 
 
 447 ACORUS CALAMUS Sweet Flag 
 
 (Greek a, out ; and kore, the pupil of the eye, from the use of the plant in medicine). 
 
 Typhaceae. 
 
 448 SPARGANIUM-RAMOSUM Bur Reed 
 
 (Greek sparganon, a little band, like its leaves). 
 
 449 TYPHA LATI FOLIA Bulrush 
 
 (Greek tuphos, a marsh). 
 
 Restiaoeae. 
 
 450 ERIOCAULON SEPTANGULARE Pipe Wort 
 
 (Greek erion, wool ; and kaulos, the stem). 
 
 PLATE XXVIII 
 
 451 NARTHECIUM OSSIFRAGUM-Bog Asphodel 
 
 (Greek narthes, a rod). 
 
 452 JUNCUS COMMUN1S Rush 
 
 (Latin jungo, to join, from the stems being used 3s' wrappings). 
 
 453 LUZULA PILOSA Hairy Wood Rush 
 
 (Italian Ittzsiola, a glowworm, from the flowers glittering with dew in the moonlight). 
 
 Cyperaceae. 
 
 454 CYPERUS LONGUS Sweet Cj-perus 
 
 (Greek kuprios, copper, from the colour of the flowers). 
 
 455 CLADIUM MARISCUS Twig-rush 
 
 (Greek kladios, a branch, from its many flowering branches). 
 
 456 SCHCENUS NIGRICANS Bog Rush 
 
 (Greek schoiuos, a cord, from the stem being made into ropes). 
 
 457 RBYNCOSPORA ALBA Beak Rush 
 
 (Greek for " beaked seed ").

 
 PLATE 28.
 
 PLATE 29,
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 79 
 
 PLATE XXVIII (continue<l). 
 
 458 BLYSMUS COMPRESSUS 
 
 (Greek blusmos, a spring, from the plant's habitat). 
 
 459 SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS Club Rush 
 
 (old Latin name for " the rush without a knot "). 
 
 460 ISOLEPIS SETACEA Mud Rush 
 
 (Greek for " equal scales," in allusion to the inflorescence). 
 
 461 ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS Spike Rush 
 
 (Greek for "the delight of the marsh "). 
 
 462 ERIOPHORUM ALPINUM Cotton Grass 
 
 (Greek erion, wool, anAphero, to bear). 
 
 463 KOBRESIA CARICINA 
 
 (named after Kobres, " a patron of botany "). 
 
 464 CAREX PAN ICULATA Sedge 
 
 (Greek keiro, to cut with the angled stems). 
 
 PLATE XXIX 
 
 Graminese. 
 
 465 LEERSIA ORYZOIDES Cut Grass 
 
 (named after Leers, the botanist). 
 
 466 SPARTINA STRICTA Cord Grass 
 
 (Greek sfartine, a rope). 
 
 467 CYNODON DACTYLON Dog's Tooth Grass 
 
 (Greek equivalent of English name). 
 
 468 DIGITARIA HUMIFUSA -Finger Grass 
 
 (Latin digitus, a finger). 
 PANICUM CRUSGALLI Panic Grass 
 
 (Latin panii, bread, the seeds having formerly been used for flour). 
 
 469 SETARIA VIRIDIS Bristle Grass 
 
 (Latin seta, a bristle). 
 
 470 PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA Canary Grass 
 
 (Greek phalos, shining, from the seeds). 
 
 471 ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM Vernal Gras-s 
 
 (Greek, " the yellow flower," from the colour of the bloom). 
 
 472 HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS Holy Grass 
 
 (Greek for " the sacred grass," owing to its dedication to the Virgin and its use for 
 strewing in churches). 
 
 473 PHLEUM PRATENSE Cat's Tail Grass 
 
 (Greek phleos, old name of the bulrush, which the plant somewhat resembles). 
 
 474 ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS Fox-tail Grass 
 
 (Greek equivalent of English name). 
 
 475 KNAPPIA AGROSTIDEA 
 
 (named after Knapp, he botanist). 
 GASTRIDIUM LENDIGERUM 
 
 (Greek gastridion, the little swelling, which is seen at the base of the spikclet). 
 
 476 POLYPOGON LITTORALIS-Beard Grass 
 
 (Greek for " many-bearded "). 
 
 PLATE XXX 
 
 477 MIUUM EFFUSUM-Millet Grass 
 
 (Latin millia, thousands, from the seeds). 
 APERA SPICA VENTI Bent Grass 
 (Latin apcrio, to open). 
 
 478 AGROSTIS CANINA Bent Grass 
 
 (Greek agros, a field). 
 
 479 AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA Marram 
 
 (Greek, "a lover of sand," from its habitat). 
 
 480 ARUNDO PHRAGMITES Reed 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 481 CALAMAGROSTIS LANCEOLATA Small Reed 
 
 (Greek for " the field reed ").
 
 80 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XXX (continued). 
 
 482 SESLERIA CCERU LEA Moor Grass 
 
 (named after Sesler, a botanist). 
 
 483 AIRA FLEXUOSA Hair Grass 
 
 (the Grek name of Lolium, facetiously misapplied). 
 LAGURUS OVATUS Hare's Tail Grass 
 (Greek equivalent of English name). 
 
 484 AVENA PRATENSIS Oat Grass * 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 485 ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM False Oat Grass 
 
 (Greek arrkm, a male, and at her, an awn). 
 
 486 HOLCUS LANATUS-Soft Grass 
 
 (the old Latin name, said to mean '' hardy on a wall"). 
 
 487 TRIODIA DECUMBENS Heath Grass 
 
 (Greek tret's, three, and odouj, a tooth). 
 488. KOELERIA CRISTATA 
 
 (named after Koeler, the botanist). 
 
 PLATE XXXI 
 
 489 MELICA UNIFLORA Melic Grass 
 
 (Latin mel, honey, from the flavour of the stem). 
 
 490 MOLINIA CCERULEA Purple Melic 
 
 (named after a Chilian botanist). 
 
 491 CATABROSA AQUATICA Whorl Grass 
 
 (Greek catabrosis, a gnawing, from the bitten end of the glumes} 
 
 492 GLYCERIA AQUATICA Meadow Grass 
 
 (Greek glykercs, sweet). 
 
 SCHLEROCHLOA MARITI MA Meadow Grass 
 (Greek for " hard grass"). 
 
 493 POA PRATENSIS Meadow Grass 
 
 (Greek fra, a pasturage). 
 
 494 BRIZA MEDIA Quaking Grass 
 
 (Greek britho, to droop). 
 
 495 CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS Dog's Tail Grass 
 
 (Greek equivalent of English name). 
 
 496 DACTYLIS GLOMERATA Cock's Foot 
 
 (Greek daktulos, a finger). 
 
 497 FESTUCA OVINA Fescue Grass ' 
 
 (Latin festuca, the shoot of a tree). 
 
 498 BROMUS ERECTUS Brome Grass 
 
 (Greek bronta, food). 
 
 499 BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM-False Brome 
 
 (Greek "short-footed," from the spikelet). 
 
 PLATE XXXII 
 
 500 TRITICUM CANINUM- Bearded Wheat 
 
 (Latin tritunt, ground into flour). 
 
 501 LOLIUM PERENNE Rye Grass 
 
 (old Latin name). 
 
 502 ELYMUS ARENARIUS Lyme Grass 
 
 (from Elyma, the Greek town, where the plant is common). 
 
 503 HORDEUM PR ATENSE Barley 
 
 (the old Latin name). 
 
 504 NARDUS STRICTA Mat Grass 
 
 (Greek nardos, a sweet-smelling substance). 
 
 505 LEPTURUS FILIFORMIS Hard Grass 
 
 (Greok leptos, slender, and aunt, a tail).
 
 PI, ATE 32
 
 PLATE 33.
 
 CONTENTS OF THE COLOURED PLATES. Si 
 
 Lycopodiaceae. 
 
 526 LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM-Club Moss. 
 
 (Greek, " a wolf s foot," in allusion to the branches). 
 
 527 SELAGINELLA SELAGINOIDES Selaghiella 
 
 (diminutive of selago, the Latin for the hedge-hyssop). 
 328 ISOETES LACUSTRIS Quillwort 
 
 (Greek isos, alike, etjs, the year, that is, "evergreen "). 
 
 Marsileaceae. 
 
 529 PILULARIA GLOBULIFERA Pillwort 
 
 (Latin pilula., a little pill). 
 
 Equisetaceaa. 
 
 530 EQUISETUM UMBROSUM Horse Tail 
 
 (Latin eyuiis, a horse, and seta, a bristle). 
 
 PLATE XXXIII 
 
 Filices. 
 
 506 PSEUDATHYRIUM ALPESTRE 
 
 (Greek " the false athyrium" for which see below). 
 
 507 SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE-Hart's Tongue 
 
 (from scalopcndra, the centipede). 
 
 508 BLECHNUM BOREALE Hard Fern 
 
 (Greek blcchnon, a fern). 
 
 509 OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM- Adder's Tongua 
 
 (Greek Equivalent of English name). 
 
 LIST OF FERNS 
 
 {used as embellishments on the pages indicated). 
 
 510 CETERACH OFFICINARUM Scale Fern, p. 132. 
 
 (Arabic chetlteraJe). 
 
 511 GYMNOGRAMMA LEPTOPHYLLA-Gymnogram, p. 8. 
 
 (Greek " naked writing," from the sori). 
 
 512 WOODSIA HYPERBO RE A \Voodsia, p. 46. 
 
 (named after Woods, the botanist). 
 
 513 POLYPODIUM VULGARE Polypody, p. 30. 
 
 (Greek " many footed," from the segments of the fronds). 
 
 514 ALLOSORUS CRISPUS Parsley Fern, p. 89. 
 
 (Greek alias, various, and sorm). 
 
 515 CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS Bladder Fern, p. 15. 
 
 (Greek kiistis, a bladder, and pleris, a fern). 
 
 516 POLYSTICHUM LONCHITIS Holly Frn, p. 55. 
 
 (Greek polus, many, and stickts, a row). 
 
 517 LASTRjEA FILIX-MAS Male Fern, p. 45. 
 
 (named after De Lastre, the botanist). 
 
 518 ATHYRFUM FILIX-FCEMINA Lady Fem, p. 54. 
 
 (Greek a, not, and tktireos, a shield, it n ot having a shield-like indusium). 
 
 519 ASPLENIUM ADIANTUM NIGRUM Black Spleenwort, p. Cr. 
 
 (Greek a, not, and splen, spleen, from the medicinal properties). 
 
 520 PTERIS AQUILINA The Brake, p. 88. 
 
 (Greek for "a fern "). 
 
 S 2t ADIANTUM CAPILLUS VENERIS Maidenhair, p. 16. 
 (Greek adiantes, dry, from its habitat). 
 
 522 TRICHOMANES RADICANS Bristle Fem, p. i. 
 
 (the old Greek name). 
 
 523 HYMENOPHYLLUM TUNBRIDGENSE Filmy Fern, p. 35. 
 
 (Greek "a membranous leaf "). 
 
 524 OSMUNDA REGALIS Royal Fern, p. 131. 
 
 (named from Osmund, who hid his wife and child under its fronds). 
 
 525 BOTRYCHIUM LUNARIA Moonwort, p. 31. 
 
 (Greek botrus, a bunch of grapes, from the branched clusters of capsules). 
 G
 
 INDEX I. 
 
 THE ORDERS, 
 
 IN this list the particulars given are such as 
 are generally sufficient to distinguish the 
 orders as found in Britain from each other, and no 
 more, the object being to make the descriptions as 
 brief as possible. The next index shows how the 
 genera of each order are distinguishable, and the 
 third index is devoted to the distinctions between 
 species and species. In some orders there is but one 
 genus ; in some cases that genus has but one species, 
 and then the diagrams in the next index will enable the student to 
 identify the flowers at once. In all cases the diagrams should be 
 referred to. 
 
 Aquifoliacea, Plate xvii. 
 evergreen trees or shrubs leaves simple, 
 prickly, and without stipules ; flowers 
 axillary ; calyx in four or six, lobes imbri- 
 cated ; corolla four or six, imbricate in 
 bud ; stamens four or six, on the corolla, 
 and alternate with the lobes ; ovary 
 superior ; fruit a fleshy berry. 
 
 Aracese, Plate xxvii. 
 herbs leaves sheathing at the base, con- 
 volute ineestivation, and often with branch- 
 ing veins ; flowers on a spadix, enclosed in 
 a leafy sheath ; monocotyledon ; perianth 
 wanting ; stamens indefinite ; seeds pulpy. 
 
 Araliace, Plate xi. 
 
 climbing shrubs or low herbs with alternate 
 lobed leaves and green flowers ; calyx 
 three or five chft, half inferior; petals 
 five or ten, occasionally wanting : stamens 
 as many or twice as many as the petals, 
 from the margin of an epigynous disk ; 
 ovary inferior, with two or more cells ; 
 styles as many as the cells ; fruit fleshy or 
 dry, of several single-seeded cells. 
 
 Aristolochiaceae, Plate xxii. 
 
 climbing shrubs or low herbs leaves alter- 
 nate ; wood whhout concentric zones ; 
 perianth in three, tubular, often with a 
 dilated limb, free and adnate with ovary ; 
 stamens six to twelve, epigynous ; ovary 
 inferior, three to six-celled, with numerous 
 valves ; style simple ; stigma rayed ; 
 fruit a six-locular capsule or berry. 
 
 Balsaminacese, Plate vi. 
 
 succulent herbs leaves without stipules, 
 simple and alternate ; flowers axillary and 
 yellow ; sepals, five, irregular, deciduous, 
 unbricate in aestivation, one of them 
 
 Aceraceaj, Plate vi. 
 trees leaves simple, generally lobed, 
 opposite, and without stipules ; flowers 
 green and small ; sepals four to nine ; 
 petals four to nine, imbricate iu bud ; 
 ttamens five to twelve on a disk, 
 hypogynous ; carpels two ; fruit a samara. 
 
 Alismacese, Plate xxvii. 
 
 water plants leaves broad, net veined, an,d 
 radical ; monocotyledon ; perianth six ; 
 stamens six ; ovary superior and free from 
 perianth ; fruit of many carpels. 
 
 Amaranthacess, Plate xxii. 
 weedy herbs stems not jointed ; leaves 
 without stipules ; perianth three to five 
 leaved, often with bracts ; flowers uni- 
 sexual; stamens three to five, hypogynous, 
 and opposite the perianth segments ; 
 anthers often unilocular; ovary superior, 
 single or double celled ; styles one or 
 wanting ; fruit indehiscent. 
 
 AmaryllidaceaB, Plate xxv. 
 
 herbs bulbous and scape-bearing ; leaves 
 flat, fleshy, indistinctly nerved, and all 
 radical ; flowers large and generally bright; 
 monocotyledon ; perianth six-parted ; sta- 
 mens six, inserted at the bottom of the 
 perianth segments ; anthers opening 
 inwards ; ovary inferior and adnate with 
 the perianth tube. 
 
 Apocynacese, Plate xvii. 
 
 shrubs often with milky juicp ; leaves en- 
 tire, opposite and without stipules ; flowers 
 purple and pentagonal J calyx in five ; 
 corolla in five, twisted in bud ; stamens 
 five, on the corolla ; stigma shaped liiis 
 an hour-glass ; fruit two follicles.
 
 INDEX TO THE ORDERS. 
 
 BALSAMIXACEA, Plate vi. (cent.). 
 
 spurred ; petals four, irregular, united in 
 pairs ; stamens five, hypogynous, filaments 
 more or less united at the end ; capsule 
 bursting with elastic valves. 
 
 Berberidacese, Plate i. 
 
 spiny shrubs the spines being in threes ; 
 leaves alternate, compound, exstipulate, 
 and ciliated on the serratures ; flowers 
 pendulous ; sepals three, four, or six, in a 
 double row, bracteated and decidutxis ; 
 petals three, four, or six, free, glandular 
 at the base ; stamens three, four, or six, 
 hypogynous. 
 
 Betulaceae, Plate xxiii. 
 
 trees or shrubs leaves alternate and simple, 
 often with the ribs running straight 
 from the mid-rib to the margin ; flowers 
 in catkins ; perianth in four or none ; 
 stamens four, opposite each division of 
 the perianth ; filaments very short and 
 distinct ; style none ; stigmas two, thread- 
 like ; fruit small, double-seeded, inde-. 
 hiscent, and not enclosed in a cup. 
 
 Boraginaceze, Plate x\-. 
 herbs with rough alternate leaves and 
 flowers in spikes ; calyx in five ; corolla in 
 live, regular, imbricate in bud ; stamens 
 fire, on the corolla, and alternate with its 
 segments ; carpels united into a superior 
 four-lobed ovary ; fruit of four nutlets. 
 
 Campanulacea, Plate xiii. 
 
 herbs leaves entire, alternate, and without 
 stipules ; calyx in five, lobes persistent ; 
 corolla in five ; stamens five, on the ovary; 
 filaments broad and valvate at the base ; 
 ovary inferior, two to eight-celled ; style 
 thick and hairy. 
 
 Caprifoliaceffl, Plate xiii. 
 shrubs or herbs leaves opposite, and gener- 
 ally without stipules ; calyx in four or 
 five, attached to the ovary and having 
 bracts : corclla monopetalous, four or five- 
 cleft ; stamens four or five, on the corolla, 
 and alternate with its lobes ; ovary in- 
 ferior, three, four, or five-celled ; fruit not 
 a drupe. 
 
 Caryophyllaeese, Plate v. 
 
 herbs mostly with stems tumid at the 
 joints ; leaves entire and opposite; flowers 
 regular, and white or red ; sepals four or 
 five, distinct or connected in a tube ; 
 petals four or five, clawed ; stamens as 
 many as, or double the number of petals, 
 hypogynous ; anthers opening longi- 
 tudinally ; capsule opening at the top 
 with teeth. 
 
 Celafltracea, Plate vi. 
 
 shrubs or trees leaves simple and mostly 
 opposite ; flowers in axillary cymes ; calyx 
 four or five-cleft, imbricate in .-estivation; 
 petals four or five, inserted into the margin 
 of a hypogynous fleshy disk ; stamens 
 four or five, alternate with the petals, 
 pcrigynous ; seed with bright orange- 
 coloured arillus. 
 
 Chenopodiacese, Plate xxii. 
 
 weedy herbs with jointed stems ; leaves 
 generally alternate and without stipules : 
 flowers small and inconspicuous ; perianth 
 five, imbricate in the bud, free, deeply 
 cleft, generally without bracts ; flowers 
 often unisexual ; stamens one, two, or fire, 
 generally five, rising from the base of the 
 perianth and opposite the segments ; 
 anthers two-celled ; ovary superior ; style 
 divided, rarely simple ; fruit indehiscent, 
 enclosed in the perianth, which often be- 
 comes fleshy. 
 
 Cistacese, Plate iv. 
 herbaceous plants or shrubs with entire 
 leaves ; flowers regular ; sepals five, two 
 smaller than the rest, and three twisted in 
 zstivatipn ; petals five, crumpled and 
 twisted in zstivation the contrary way to 
 the sepals ; stamens many, free, and 
 hypogynous ; ovary tripartite and single- 
 celled. 
 
 Composite, Plates xiv., xv., xvi. 
 herbs or shrubs flowers in a dense head on 
 a common receptacle, surrounded by an 
 involucre ; calyx wanting, or with a mem- 
 Dranous or pappose limb ; corolla funnel- 
 shaped, ligulate or bilabiate, or wanting ; 
 stamens five on the corolla ; anthers united 
 into a tube round the style ; ovary inferior, 
 with one erect ovule. 
 
 Coniferae, Plate xxv. 
 trees or shrubs leaves linear, rigid, and 
 evergreen, with parallel veins ; male 
 flowers in a catkin, female flowers in a 
 cone ; ovary in the cones like a scale ; 
 ovules naked. 
 
 Convolvulacese, Plate xviii. 
 
 herbs generally twining, leaves or scales 
 alternate ; calyx of five sepals imbricate 
 in two rows: corolla in four or five with 
 the limb plaited ; stamens four or five on 
 the corolla ; carpels united into a superior 
 two or three-celled, few seeded, pistil, with 
 erect ovules ; embryo curved ; cotyledons 
 plaited. 
 
 Cornacese, Plate xi. 
 herbs or trees leaves ovate and opposite ; 
 flowers small, growing in heads or umbels ; 
 calyx in four or five, attached to the ovary ; 
 petals four or five, broad at the base ; sta- 
 mens four or five, inserted with the petals; 
 ovary inferior ; style filiform ; stigma 
 simple ; fruit a drupe with a two-celled nut. 
 
 Crassulacese, Plate x. 
 
 succulent herbs leaves thick and fleshy, and 
 without stipules ; flowers symmetrical ; 
 sepals three to twenty, united at the base ; 
 petals three to twenty, inserted at the basa 
 of _the calyx ; stamens three to twenty, or 
 twice as many as petals : perigynous ; car- 
 pels three to twenty, superior, opposite the 
 petals, and many-seeded. 
 
 Crucifere, Plates ii., iii. 
 herbs with not unwholesome pungent watery 
 juice- leaves alternate, and without sti- 
 pules ; flowers regular, beginning i n 
 corymbs and becoming racemose; sepals 
 four, deciduous ; petals four, stalked, cru- 
 ciform ; stamens six, four longer than the 
 rest, hypogynou* ; fruit a pouch, or pod. 
 
 C 2
 
 INDEX TO THE ORDERS. 
 
 Cucurbitacesa, Plate ix. 
 
 succulent climbing plants leaves with ten- 
 drils in the place of stipules ; flowers in 
 axillary racemes ; calyx five-cleft, the tube 
 adnate with the ovary ; petals five, 
 often with reticulated veins ; stamens five, 
 more or less cohering ; seeds flat, in an 
 arillus. 
 
 Cupuliferae, Plate xxiii. 
 trees or shrubs leaves alternate, simple, 
 often, with veins straight from mid-rib to 
 margin ; flowers in catkins ; fruit in a 
 cup ; perianth five or six-lobed ; stamens 
 five to twenty, inserted into the base of 
 scales, or of a membranous perianth. 
 
 Cyperacesa, Plate xxviii. 
 
 the sedges leaves with entire sheaths, solid 
 stems, often angular, and frequently with- 
 out joints ; monocotyledon ; flowers glu- 
 maceous ; stamens one to twelve, definite, 
 and hypogynous. 
 
 Dioscoreacese, Plate xxvi. 
 climbing plants leaves broad, netted- 
 veined, alternate, and stalked ; flowers in 
 racemes, and small and bracteated ; mono- 
 cotyledon ; perianth six-parted ; stamens 
 six, from the base of the perianth ; stamens 
 and pistils in separate flowers ; style deeply 
 trifid ; ovary inferior and adnate with the 
 perianth tube. 
 
 Dipsaceaa, Plate xiv. 
 
 herbs leaves opposite or whorled ; flowers 
 in heads ; calyx in four, enclosed in an 
 invplucel ; corolla four, with the limb 
 oblique ; stamens four, on the corolla ; 
 anthers free ; carpel solitary, inferior, with 
 
 one pendulous ovule. 
 
 Droseracese, Plate iv. 
 marsh herbs radical leaves with glandular 
 capitate hair &; flowers regular ; sepals 
 five, imbricat eand persistent ; petals five ; 
 stamens five or ten, free, and hypogynous ; 
 ovary single-celled. 
 
 Elatinacese, Plate iv. 
 
 small marsh herbs leaves in a whorl, spathu- 
 late, and with stipules ; flowers small and 
 axillary ; sepals three to five ; petals three 
 to five, sessile ; stamens three to five, or 
 six to ten, free, and hypogynous. 
 
 Eleagnacen, Plate xxii. 
 
 shrubs with silvery scales leaves entire, 
 alternate, and without stipules ; male 
 flowers in catkins ; perianth of male flower 
 in three or four ; stamens four to eight, 
 inserted on the throat ; ovary supenor ; 
 fruit crustaceous. 
 
 Empetracese, Plate xxii. 
 
 low shrubby evergreens heath-like in 
 aspect ; leaves alternate ; stamens and 
 pistils in separate flowers and on different 
 plants ; flowers inconspicuous ; no calyx ; 
 no corolla ; perianth of four to six 
 hypogynous scales in two rows ; stamens 
 two or three, alternate with the inner row 
 of scales ; ovary free on a fleshy disk. 
 
 Equisetacese, Plate xxxii. 
 herbaceous plants with jointed, furrowed 
 hollow stems and whorls of scale-like 
 leaves at the joints ; spores on metamor- 
 phosed leaf- bearing stems ; acotyledon. 
 
 Ericaceae, Plate xvii. 
 
 low shrubs leaves mostly rigid, evergteen, 
 and without stipules ; calyx in four or five; 
 corolla in four or five ; stamens eijjht or 
 ten, free from corolla ; ovary in a disk, 
 with four or more cells. 
 
 Euphorbiaceae, Plate xxiii. 
 
 herbs with milky stems ; leaves entire ; 
 anthers and pistils in different flowers and 
 on different plants; flowers often in an 
 involucre; perianth three or four-Iobed or 
 wanting ; stamens one, or more than eight ; 
 capsules bursting elastically. 
 
 Filices, Plate xxxiii. 
 
 leafy plants of varied structure, fructifica- 
 tion consisting of seeds or sporules in- 
 cluded in capsules ; thecae or sporangia 
 either naked or covered with a membrane, 
 and generally collected into clusters on the 
 edge or under side of the leaves ; acotyle- 
 don. 
 
 Frankeniacese, Plate iv. 
 
 low-branched herb leaves opposite, without 
 stipules, but with a membranous sheathing 
 base ; flowers red, small, and axillary ; 
 sepals four, five, or six, combined into a 
 furrowed tube ; petals four, five, or six, 
 clawed ; stamens four, five, or six, free, 
 hypogynous, alternating with petals ; 
 ovary single-celled, with two or four 
 valves. 
 
 Fumariacese, Plate ii. 
 
 slender herbs with brittle stems and watery 
 juice; leaves alternate, divided and exstipu- 
 late ; flowers irregular and in racemes ; 
 sepals two, deciduous ; petals four, 
 parallel, one or two swollen at the base ; 
 stamens six, in two bundles, opposite to 
 the outer petals, hypogynous ; ovary 
 single-celled, with two opposite parietal 
 placentas. 
 
 Gentianacese, Plate xvii. 
 smooth herbs leaves entire, sessile, ribbed, 
 generally opposite, and without stipules ; 
 calyx four to ten-lobed ; corolla four 
 to ten-lobed ; stamens on the corolla, 
 and alternate with its lobes ; ovary 
 superior, single or double celled ; fruit a 
 capsule or berry. 
 
 Geraniacese, Plate vi. 
 herbs with swollen stem joints ; leaves 
 lobed and stipuled, opposite or alternate, 
 and then opposite the peduncles ; sepals 
 five, imbricated in estivation ; petals, 
 five-clawed, and twisted in .estivation ; 
 stamens twice as many as petals : carpels 
 five, elastic, combined into a pistil with 
 five cc^* and a long beak.
 
 INDEX TO THE ORDERS. 
 
 s 
 
 Gramineae, Plates xxix., xxx., xxxi., 
 
 xxxii. 
 
 the grasses leaves with split sheaths ; 
 hollow stems, jointed, sometimes branched; 
 monocotyledon ; flowers glumaceous ; 
 stamens hypogynous, one to six, but 
 usually three. 
 
 Grossulariaceae, Plate x. 
 
 shrubs often spiny ; leaves rough, lobed and 
 alternate ; flowers small and greenish ; 
 calyx four or five-cleft, growing from top 
 of ovary ; petals four or five at the mouth 
 of the calyx tube ; stamens four or five, 
 alternate with petals, perigynous ; ovary 
 inferior ; fruit a pulpy berry. 
 
 Haloragacese, Plate ix. 
 
 aquatic herbs leaves often whorled; flowers 
 very small ; calyx in three or four parts, 
 adnate with ovary ; petals generally want- 
 ing ; stamens one, two, four, or eight, 
 perigynous ; ovary inferior and one to 
 four-celled ; seeds solitary, pendulous and 
 perispermic. 
 
 Hydrocharidaceae, Plate xxvi. 
 
 water plants leaves floating or submerged, 
 radical, and with serrated margins ; con- 
 spicuous flowers ; monocotyledon ; flowers 
 unisexual, perfect or imperfect, with a 
 spathe ; perianth in six segments, three 
 herbaceous and three petaloid, the latter 
 occasionally wanting ; stamens three or 
 six ; free from style ; ovary inferior and 
 adpate to perianth. 
 
 Hypericaceae, Plate vi. 
 
 herbs or shrubs leaves mostly opposite, 
 without stipules, and marked with pellucid 
 dots ; flowers yellow ; sepals four or five, 
 persistent, imbricate, and often dotted ; 
 petals four or five twisted in aestivation, 
 and often dotted ; stamens hypogynous, 
 many, and united into three or five 
 bundles ; capsule three, four, or five-celled. 
 
 niecebracese, Plate x. 
 
 branching herbs leaves entire and sessile ; 
 flowers small ; sepals four or five ; petals 
 four or five, or wanting ; stamens five or 
 less, perigynous ; ovary superior. 
 
 Iridaceae, Plate xx\ . 
 
 herbs leaves usually eqnitant and in two 
 ranks ; flowers spathaceous and handsome; 
 monocotyledon ; perianth six-parted, con- 
 volute in the bud in two circles : stamens 
 three, superposed to the outer segments 
 of the perianth ; style one ; stigmas three, 
 often petaloid ; ovary inferior and adnate 
 with the tube of the perianth. 
 
 Juncacese, Plate xxviii. 
 
 the rushes leaves parallel-veined, narrow, 
 small, and round occasionally wanting ; 
 flowers small, brown and scarious ; mono- 
 cotyledon ; perianth six-parted ; stamens 
 six or three ; stigmas three, sometimes one. 
 
 Labiatse, Plate xix. 
 
 herbs with square stems leaves generally 
 opposite and aromatic ; flowers irregular 
 and in whorls or cynrcs ; calyx tubular, 
 bilabiate, or in five ; corolla monopetalous, 
 
 LABIATE, Plate xix. (cont.). 
 
 hypogynous, and generally bilabiate ; sta- 
 mens on the corolla, two or four, half- 
 longer than the rest ; carpels united into a 
 superior four-celled ovary, with the style 
 rising between : he lobes. 
 
 LegTiminosse, Plate vii. 
 
 herbs or shru'i,- leaves mostly ternate or 
 pinnate, alternate and stipuled, with or 
 without tendrils ; flowers papilionaceous : 
 calyx four or five - cleft : petals five, 
 irregular, springing from the bottom of 
 the calyx ; stamens 10, perigynous ; carpel 
 solitary, superior, ripening into a legume. 
 
 Lemnaceae, Plate xxvii. 
 
 small, stemless, free, floating plants, with 
 cellular netted-veined leaves, and axillary 
 flowers ; monocotyledon ; perianth want- 
 ing stamens one or two. 
 
 Lentibulariacese, Plate xxi. 
 small marsh herbs leaves radical and 
 undivided, or compound and bearing 
 bladders ; calyx in four or five ; corolla 
 in four or five, or two-lipped with a spur ; 
 stamens two on the corofla ; ovary single- 
 celled and superior ; fruit a many-seeded 
 capsule. 
 
 Liliaceae, Plate xxv. 
 
 herbt leaves parallel veined, narrow, 
 sheathing, and never articulated with the 
 stem ; flowers generally large ; mono- 
 cotyledon ; perianth of six parts, in two 
 circles ; stamens six ; anthers opening 
 inwards ; fruit loculicidal ; ovary superior 
 and free from the perianth. 
 
 Linaceae, Plate vi. 
 
 herbs leaves entire and without stipules ; 
 sepals four or five, persistent, imbricated 
 in aestivation ; petals four or five, fugacious, 
 twisted in aestivation, and clawed ; stamens 
 four or five, hypogynous, alternate with 
 petals, with small teeth between them ; 
 capsule three, four, or five-celled. 
 
 Loranthaceae, Plate xdii. 
 
 parasitical shrubs leaves entire, opposite, 
 fleshy, and without stipules ; calyx adnate 
 with the inferior ovary ; petals four ; 
 stamens four, epiphyllous ; stamens and 
 pistils often in different plants ; fruit a 
 pulpy berry. 
 
 Lycopodiaceae, Plate xxxii. 
 
 leafy plants ; fructification sessile in the 
 axils of leaves or in the bracts of a cone ; 
 acotyledon. 
 
 Lythraceae, Plate ix. 
 
 herbs leaves usually opposite, entire, and 
 without stipules ; flowers regular ; calyx 
 cleft in three, often with intermediate 
 teeth ; petals three or six, crumpled in 
 aestivation ; stamens six or twelve, 
 perigynous ; ovary superior. 
 
 Malvaceae, Plate vi. 
 
 herbs, shrubs, or trees leaves alternate 
 with stipules, and generally covered with 
 solt down ; flowers regular and axillary ; 
 sepals five, valvate in aestivation ; petals 
 five, twisted in zstivation ; stamens many, 
 united into a tube adherent to the claws 
 of the petals ; ovary many-celled.
 
 86 
 
 INDEX TO THE ORDERS. 
 
 Marsileaceas, Plate xxxii. 
 plants rooting in moist earth ; slender 
 circinate leaves ; sori bisexual ; spores in 
 globular masses invested by hardened 
 mucilage ; acotyledon. 
 
 Melanthacess, Platr ..xvi. 
 herbs occasionally w:;t. bulbous roots; 
 leaves linear, sheathing at the base, and 
 with parallel nerves ; monocotyledon ; 
 perianth in six parts.or tubular by cohesion 
 of the segment claws ; stamens six ; 
 anthers extrorse ; fruit septicidal ; ovary 
 superior, and free from perianth. 
 
 Myricaceae, Plate xxiii. 
 aromatic shrubs leaves alternate ; flowers 
 in catkins, small and green ; no perianth ; 
 stamens two to eight ; anthers two or four- 
 celled, opening longitudinally ; ovary free 
 and single-celled ; fruit drupaceous. 
 
 Naiadacese, Plate xxvii. 
 
 immersed aquatic plants with jointed stems 
 and parallel-veined leaves, sheathing sti- 
 
 nles ; flowers inconspicuous ; monocoty- 
 on ; perianth of three or four scales, or 
 wanting ; stamens four ; ovary superior ; 
 fruit of one to four carpels. 
 
 Nymphseacese, Plate i. 
 
 aquatic herbs with cordate or peltate float- 
 ing leaves, and showy solitary flowers ; 
 sepals four, five, or six, partially petaloid, 
 pissing into numerous petals, and stamens 
 imbricated in several rows, and placed on 
 a fleshy disk surrounding a many-celled 
 and many seeded ovary. 
 
 Oleaceae, Plate xvii. 
 trees or shr/ubs leaves simple or compound, 
 opposite, and without stipules ; calyx in 
 four, sometimes wanting ; corolla in four, 
 valvate in bud, sometimes waning ; sta- 
 mens two on the corolla ; ovary without 
 hypogynous disk ; fruit a berry or key. 
 
 Onagraceae, Plate ix. 
 
 herbs or shrubs leaves entire, and frequently 
 opposite and not dotted ; flowers regular 
 and showy ; calyx in two or four, tubular, 
 adnate with ovary, and valvate in asstiva- 
 tion ; petals two or four, twisted in 
 aestivation ; stamens_ two, four, or eight, 
 perigynous ; ovary inferior, one to four- 
 celled, many-seeded ; fruit a berry or 
 capsule. 
 
 Orchidaceae, Plate xxiv. 
 
 herbaceous plants, with knob-like roots 
 flowers usually handsome, in spikes or 
 racemes ; monocotyledon ; perianth of six 
 segments, in two rows, and irregular in 
 shape ; stamens three, two of which are 
 generally abortive, so that, with one 
 exception, the British genera have but one 
 perfect anther : stamens and style united ; 
 ovary one - celled, inferior, and adnate 
 with the tube of the perianth. 
 
 Orobanchacese, Plate xix. 
 
 leafless root parasites, with brownish flowers 
 calyx in four or five ; corolla in four or 
 five gaping ; stamens four, two king and 
 two short ; ovary one-celled. 
 
 Oxalldacese, Plate vi. 
 
 small herbs leaves mostly trifoliate, acrid, 
 and sensitive ; flowers axillary ; sepals 
 five, imbricate in aestivation ; petals five, 
 often coherent at the base, twisted in 
 aestivation ; stamens ten, five opposite the 
 petals and longer than the rest ; hypogy- 
 nous; carpels united into a pistil, with 
 five polyspermous cells ; fruit bursting 
 elastically. 
 
 Papaveracero, Plate ii. 
 
 herbs with white or coloured milky juice 
 leaves alternate, simple or lobed, and ex- 
 stipulate ; flowers regular, fugacepus, and 
 usually crumpled and nodding in bud ; 
 sepals two, occasionally three, deciduous ; 
 petals four, rarely five or six ; stamens 
 many, free, and hypogynous ; fruit 
 capsular or pod-shaped. 
 
 Plantaginaoese, Plate xxi. 
 
 herbs with undeveloped stems leaves 
 radical, spreading, and entire ; flowers 
 in spikes, sometimes monoecious ; calyx 
 in four ; corolla very thin in four ; sta- 
 mens four on corolla and elongated ; 
 carpel solitary, superior, with a single 
 stigma. 
 
 Plumbaginacese, Plate xxi. 
 
 shrubby herbs leaves radical or alternate ; 
 calyx in five, tubular and membranous ; 
 corolla in five, regular ; stamens five, on 
 the corolla ; styles five ; stigmas five ; 
 carpel solitary and superior. 
 
 Polemoniacese, Plate xviii. 
 
 herbs leaves generally pinnate and alter- 
 nate ; calyx in five ; corolla in five ; 
 stamens five, on the corolla ; ovary 
 superior ; fruit a capsule, three-celled, 
 three-valved, with the valves separating 
 from the axis. 
 
 Polygalacese, Plate iv. 
 
 herbs leaves simple, alternate, and without 
 stipules ; flowers irregular ; sepals five, 
 the two inner petaloid ; petals three, four, 
 or five one longer than the rest ; stamens 
 eight, in two bundles, hypogynous ; cap- 
 sule two-celled. 
 
 Polygonacese, Plate xxii. 
 
 herbs with swollen joints in the stem leaves 
 alternate with sheathing stipules; perianth 
 in five, free, divided, the segments often in 
 a double row ; flowers mostly bisexual ; 
 stamens five to eight ; ovary superior, 
 with two or more styles or sessile stigmas ; 
 fruit a flattened or triangular nut, usually 
 enclosed in the sepals. 
 
 Portulaceae, Plate x. 
 
 succulent herbs leaves opposite ; sepals 
 two, rarely three or five, coherent at 
 base, imbricated in aestivation ; petals five, 
 inserted into the base of the calyx ; sta- 
 mens of uncertain number, generally three 
 or five, perigynous; ovary superior, single- 
 celled. 
 
 Primulaceas, Plate xxi. 
 
 herbs leaves simple, opposite, or alternate ; 
 flowers regular ; calyx in four to seven ; 
 corolla in four to seven ; stamens in four 
 to seven, on corolla, and opposite its
 
 INDEX TO THE ORDERS. 
 
 PRIMULACE^S, Plate xxi (cant.'). 
 
 segments ; ovary unilocular, with a free 
 central placenta, bearing numerous 
 ovules, each with two coats ; fruit a 
 many-seeded capsule. 
 
 Eanunculaceae, Plate i. 
 herbs, or a climbing shrub, with colourless, 
 acrid juice leaves generally deeply 
 divided, and nearly always alternate ; 
 occasionally with dilated sheathing 
 petioles ; flowers regular or irregular ; 
 sepals three, five, or six, green or 
 petaloid ; petals five or more, free and 
 often irregular ; stamens twelve or more 
 (except in Myostirus, which has five), 
 hypogynous ; anthers adnate and mostly 
 reversed. 
 
 Besedacese, Plate iv. 
 
 herbs leaves alternate, without stipules ; 
 flowers oblique and greenish ; sepals four, 
 five, or six, narrow, persistent ; petals 
 four, five, or six, regular, lacerated ; 
 stamens ten or more, hypogynous, on a 
 glandular, irregular disk ; ovary three- 
 lobed, single-celled. 
 
 Restiacese, Plate xxvii. 
 
 aquatic herbs leaves generally imperfect ; 
 stems generally with sheaths slit in the 
 side ; flowers separated by bracts ; mono- 
 cotyledon ; perianth two to six-parted ; 
 stamens two or three, adherent to the 
 inner perianth segments ; ovule solitary 
 and pendulous. 
 
 Rhamnacese, Plate vi. 
 
 shrubs leaves simple and usually alternate ; 
 flowers small and greenish ; calyx four or 
 five-cleft, valvate in activation ; petals 
 four or five, on the top of the calyx tube 
 and alternate with its lobes ; stamens four 
 or five, opposite the petals, perigynpus ; 
 ovary superior, three-celled ; seeds solitary 
 and erect. 
 
 Rosacese, Plate viii. 
 shrubs or herbs leaves alternate, with a 
 stipule on each side of the base of the 
 petiole ; calyx four or five-lobed, free or 
 adherent with the ovary ; petals five, 
 equal ; stamens vary in number, generally 
 more than twelve, perigynous, and curved 
 inwards in aestivation ; ovary superior, 
 two-celled ; fruit various, but never a 
 legume. 
 
 Rubiaoeae, Plate xiii. 
 
 herbs, shrubs, or trees in this country 
 herbaceous plants ; with square stems and 
 leaves in whorls calyx and corolla each 
 in four or five ; stamens four or five on the 
 corolla, between its divisions ; ovary in- 
 ferior, two-celled, with solitary erect ovules 
 and two styles. 
 
 Salicacese, Plate xxiii. 
 
 trees leaves simple and alternate : flowers 
 in catkins ; perianth none ; stamens two 
 to thirty ; style one or none ; stigmas 
 two, entire or cleft ; fruit leathery, many- 
 seeded, and not in a cup. 
 
 Santalacese, Plate xxii. 
 
 trace, shrubs, or herbaceous plants leaves 
 entire, alternate, and without stipules ; 
 perianth in three or five, valvate in bud, 
 and adnate with ovary ; stamens three or 
 fire, opposite to the perianth segments; 
 ovary inferior, single-celled, with one to 
 four ovules pendulous from near the top of 
 a free central placenta. 
 
 Saxifragacese, Plate x. 
 
 herbs, small, and mostly mountainous 
 flowers unsymmetrical ; calyx in four or 
 five, often a tube wholly or lit part adnate 
 with the ovary ; petals four or five or 
 wanting ; stamens five or ten, distinct and 
 perigynous; ovary superior; carpels- united 
 uito a pistil with two many-seeded cells 
 and two diverging styles. 
 
 Scleranthace, Plate x. 
 
 tufted herbs leaves opposite and connate : 
 flowers axillary ; calyx in four or five ; 
 petals wanting ; stamens ten or less, peri- 
 gynous ; ovary superior. 
 
 Scrophulariacea, Plate xviii. 
 
 herbs leaves generally opposite but irregu- 
 lar ; flowers irregular ; calyx in four or 
 five ; corolla in four or five, imbricated in 
 bud and irregular ; stamens 2 or 4, or else 5, 
 rarely equal, generally two longer than 
 the others ; ovary superior ; fruit a 
 capsule. 
 
 Solanacea, Plate xviii. 
 herbs with colourless j uice ; leaves alternate 
 and without stipules ; flowers often efctra 
 axillary ; calyx in four or five ; corolla in 
 five ; stamens fire, on the corolla, and 
 alternate with its segments ; carpels 
 united into a superior twe-celled many- 
 seeded pistil. 
 
 Tamariscaces, Plate ix. 
 
 shrubs with twiggy branches and scale-like 
 leaves ; flowers in lateral spikes, small and 
 regular ; calyx in four or five ; petals four 
 or five, rising from the base of the calyx ; 
 stamens four, five, eight, or ten, perigy- 
 nous ; ovary superior. 
 
 T&ymelacese, Plate xxiL 
 
 shrubs- -leaves entire and without stipules ; 
 perianth free, tubuUr, and in four or fire; 
 stamens eight, inserted upon the tube ; 
 anthers two-celled, opening longitudinally; 
 ovary superior, one-celled, with one 
 pendulous ovule : style one ; stigma one, 
 undivided ; fruit fleshy and indehiscent. 
 
 TiliacesB, Plate vi. 
 
 trees leaves lop-sided, alternate, and with 
 stipules ; flowers regular and inconspicu- 
 ous, springing from a lanceolate leafy 
 bract ; sepals four or five, valvate in 
 aestivation, deciduous : petals four or five, 
 often with a depression at the base; 
 stamens many, hypogynous, not united as 
 in Malracese. 
 Trilliaceffl, Plate xxvi, 
 
 herbs leave whorled, ovate, and with 
 netted veins ; flowers terminal and solitary; 
 monocotyledon ; perianth six or ten, in 
 two rows, outer herbaceous, inner filiform; 
 stamens si.\ or ten ; ovary superior.
 
 INDEX TO THE ORDERS. 
 
 Typhacese, r*late xxvii. 
 
 marsh herbs stems without nodes ; leaves 
 sessile, parallel - nerved, and ensiform ; 
 flowers in dense conspicuous heads ; 
 monocotyledon ; perianth wanting ; 
 stamens many ; seed solitary and pendu- 
 lous. 
 
 Ulmacese, Plate xxiii. 
 
 trees leases scabious, lop-sided, distichous, 
 and stipuled ; flowers perfect ; fruit 
 winged ; perianth in three to eight parts, 
 generally five, segments imbricated in 
 bud ; stamens five, opposite segments of 
 perianth and inserted Into its base; anthers 
 two-celled ; ovary free ; stigmas two, 
 distinct and elongated. 
 
 Umbelliferse, Plates xii. , xiii. 
 herbs, generally with fistular stems leaves 
 alternate, without stipules, deeply divided, 
 and sheathing at the base ; flowers regular, 
 in umbels, and mostly white ; calyx in five, 
 teeth minute or often wanting ; petals five, 
 often unequal ; stamens five, epigynous, 
 alternate with the petals, and springing 
 with them from a thick fleshy disk at the 
 base of the two styles ; seeds one in each 
 of the two carpels, adherent, pendulous, 
 and albuminous. 
 
 Urticaoese, Plate xxiii. 
 
 herbs leaves with stipules, often stinging, 
 and sometimes milky ; flowers monoecious, 
 dioecious, or polygamous; perianth four 
 
 URTICACE.C, Plate xxiii (cant.). 
 
 or five, regular, free from the ovary, of 
 absent ; stamens four or five, hypogynous, 
 and uncoiling elastically ; ovary free, 
 single-celled. 
 
 Vacciniacese, Plate xvii. 
 
 shrubs leaves alternate ; flowers solitary 
 and regular ; calyx in four or five ; corolla 
 in four or five ; stamens eight or ten, on 
 the inferior ovary ; fruit a beiry. 
 
 Valerianacese, Plate xiii. 
 
 herbs, generally aromatic leaves opposite 
 and without stipules ; calyx five, with one 
 limb becoming membranous or pappose ; 
 corolla five, monopetalous ; stamens three, 
 on the corolla ; carpels solitary, inferior, 
 with one pendulous ovule. 
 
 Verbenaceae, Plate xix. 
 
 herbs leaves opposite and three-toothed ; 
 calyx tubular ; corolla tubular and bifid ; 
 stamens on the corolla, two long and two 
 short ; ovary four-celled and superior ; 
 fruit a capsule of four nutlets. 
 
 Violaceae, Plate iv. 
 herbs leaves alternate and with stipules; 
 flowers irregular and axillary ; sepals five, 
 persistent and imbricate ; petals five, un- 
 equal, with the lower one spurred at the 
 base ; stamens five, hypogynous, with 
 the connective produced above the anther 
 cells ; ovary tripartite and single-celled. 
 
 520
 
 INDEX II. 
 
 THE GENERA, 
 
 IN this List only such particulars are given 
 as are needed to distinguish one genus 
 from another. In the illustrations the dis- 
 tinctive marks of each genus are given in 
 diagrammatic form. For the characteristics 
 of the orders reference must be made to the 
 preceding index ; the characteristics of the 
 species arc given in the index that follows. 
 
 A CERA CE/E. Plate vi. 
 Acer, 
 
 stpals, four to nine ; petals, 
 four to nine ; stamens, five 
 to twelve, generally eight, 
 on a ring bentath theovary ; 
 ovary bilobed, and fruit a 
 samai a (the maple and 
 sycamore). 
 
 ALISMACE&. 
 Plate, xxvi:. 
 Actinocarpus, 
 
 flat leaves, large flowers, car- 
 inec 
 it). 
 
 Alisma, 
 
 pels joined at base (the 
 star fruit x 
 
 flat leaves, large flowers, car- 
 pels free and many (the 
 water plantain). 
 
 ALISMACEAL. 
 
 Butomus, 
 
 leaves on a sharply triangular 
 stem ; flowers red (the 
 flowering rush). 
 
 Sagittaria, 
 
 arrow-shaped leaves, carp e ' s 
 free, stamens many (the 
 arrowhead). 
 
 Scheuchzeria, 
 
 linear leaves ; bent segments 
 of the perianth. 
 
 ALISMACE.E. 
 Triglochin, 
 
 linear leaves ; erect segments 
 of the perianth (the arrow 
 grass). 
 
 AMARANTHA CEsE. 
 Plate xx ii. 
 
 Amaranthus, 
 
 flowers green, very small, and 
 unisexual ; stamens from 
 three to five ; perianth three 
 to five. 
 
 A MAR YLLIDA CE^ 
 Plate xxv. 
 
 Galantlms, 
 
 perianth of unequal segments 
 and without a crown (the 
 snowdrop).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 A MAR YLLIDA CEsE. 
 Leucojnm, 
 
 periantn of equal segments, 
 and without a crown (the 
 snowflake). 
 
 Narcissus, 
 
 a crown in the perianth (the 
 daffodil). 
 
 APOCYNACE^E. 
 
 Plate xvii. 
 Vinca, 
 
 calyx, five ; corolla, five, and 
 twisted in bud; anthers, two- 
 celled ; ovary superior;leaves 
 opposite, entire ; purple 
 flowers, with the angles of 
 a pentagon (the peri- 
 winkle). 
 
 AQVIFOLIACE&. 
 
 Plate xvii. 
 Hex, 
 
 sepals, four to six, imbricated 
 in bud ; stamens, four to five, 
 alternating with lobes of 
 corolla; fruit, a scarlet berry; 
 spiny evergreen leaves 
 (the holly). 
 
 ARACEJE. Plate f^\\. 
 Acorus, 
 
 leaf-like scape, much longer 
 than the spadix ; a tall 
 water plant, with fragrant 
 sword-shaped leaves (the 
 sweet-flag). 
 
 Arum, 
 
 leaves spear-shaped or tri- 
 angular (the lords and 
 ladies). 
 
 ARALIACE&. 
 Plate xi. 
 Adoxa, 
 
 herbaceous stem ; monopeta- 
 lous corolla ; cubical head 
 of five flowers (the mos- 
 chatel). 
 
 Hedera, 
 
 woody stem ; five petals ; 
 plant, a climber (the ivy?. 
 
 ARIS r rOLOCHIA- 
 Plate xxii. 
 
 Aristolocliia, 
 
 perianth tubular, curved, with 
 mouth dilated on one side ; 
 flowers in groups ; six sta- 
 mens ; a creeping plant 
 (the birthwort). 
 
 Asarum, 
 
 perianth bell-shaped ; twelve 
 stamens ; flowers solitary ; 
 plant with two large shining 
 leaves only (the asara- 
 bacca). 
 
 BALSAMINA CE^E. 
 
 Plateji. 
 Impatiens, 
 
 sepals, three, two nearly cir- 
 cular, one horn-like ; petals, 
 five ; stamens, five, with 
 short filaments all in a ring 
 enclosing ovary ; capsule 
 valves elastic ; alternate 
 leaves (the balsam)
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 BERBER ID A CEsE. 
 
 Plate i. 
 Berberis, 
 
 petals, six ; sepals, in a double 
 row, six ; stamens, six ; an- 
 thers open by top valves 
 and turn upwards (the 
 barberry)- 
 
 BETULACEsE. 
 Plate xxiii. 
 Alnus, 
 
 stamens, four ; male catkins 
 much longer than the 
 others ; fruit without wings 
 (the alder). 
 
 Betula, 
 
 stamens, eight at least ; fruit 
 with w ings (the birch). 
 
 BORAGINACE&. 
 Plate xx. 
 
 Division A 
 
 having scales in the throat 
 of the corolla. 
 
 Division B 
 
 having no scales in the throat 
 of the corolla. 
 
 Division A 
 
 Series i.. having nuts affixed 
 to the base of the style. 
 
 Series ii., having nuts 
 affixed to a disk, with a 
 space surrounded by a 
 tumid ring ?.t the base. 
 
 BORAGINACE&. 
 Division A. 
 
 Series I. 
 Asperugo, 
 
 calyx five-cleft and flattened, 
 with alternate smaller teeth 
 (the madwort). 
 
 Cynoglossum, 
 
 calyx, with five deep equal 
 cuts (the hound's tongue). 
 
 Series 77. 
 
 Anchusa, 
 
 stamens included ; funnel- 
 shaped corolla, with a 
 straight tube j a bract under 
 each flower -(the alkanet). 
 
 Borago, 
 
 segments of calyx very deep ; 
 corolla wheel-shaped, with 
 short lube ; stamens ex- 
 serted, forming a cone 
 (the borage). 
 
 BORAGINACEsE* 
 Lycopsis, 
 
 funnel-shaped corolla, with a 
 curved tube (the bugloss). 
 
 Myosotis, 
 
 salver-shaped corolla, con- 
 torted in the bud ; racemes 
 without bracts (the forget- 
 me-not). 
 
 Symphytum, 
 
 cylindrical bell-shaped cor 
 olla, closed by a high cone 
 of awl-like scales (the 
 comfrey). 
 
 Division B. 
 Echium 
 
 de -ply-cut irregular corolla 
 ;the viper's bugloss).
 
 1U illli U&INJLKA. 
 
 BORAGINACE&. 
 
 Litliosp annum, 
 
 regular corolla, sometimes 
 with five tiny scales in 
 throat ; calyx divided to 
 the base ; stamens in- 
 cluded ; stony seeds ; 
 flowers either yellow, white, 
 or blue (the gromwell). 
 
 Mertensia, 
 
 regular corolla ; stamens pro- 
 truded (the smooth grom- 
 well). 
 
 Pulmonaria, 
 
 regular corolla ; calyx tubu- 
 lar, the lobes not reaching 
 to the middle ; stamens 
 included ; flowers either 
 purple or pink (the lung- 
 wort). 
 
 CAMPANULA CE^E. 
 
 Plate xvi. 
 Division A 
 having the corolla irregular. 
 
 Lobelia, 
 
 corolla tube slit on one side ; 
 t'le anthers syngenesious. 
 
 CAMPANULA CE&. 
 
 Division B 
 having the ccrolla regular. 
 
 Campanula, 
 
 bell-shaped corolla (the bill 
 flower). 
 
 Jasione, 
 
 wheel-shaped corolla, with 
 the anthers cohering at 
 their base ; small flowers 
 (the sheep's scabions). 
 
 Phyteuma, 
 
 wheel-shaped corolla, with 
 the anthers free at their 
 base (the rampion). 
 
 CA PRIFOLIACEAL. 
 Plate xiii. 
 
 Linncra, 
 
 a single stigma ; four sta- 
 mens ; and a regular 
 corolla ; two flowers on 
 the stalk (the very small 
 plant so modestly chosen 
 by Linnaeus to bear his 
 name). 
 
 CAPRIFOLIA CEsE. 
 Loniccra, 
 
 a single stigma ; five stamens : 
 and nn irregular corolla 
 (the honeysuckle). 
 
 Sambucus, 
 
 three stigmas ; five stamens 
 wheel-shaped corolla ; pin- 
 nate leaves (the elder). 
 
 Viburnum, 
 
 three stigmas ; five sta- 
 mens ; funnel - shaped 
 corolla ; simple leaves 
 (the guelder rose). 
 
 CARYOPHYL- 
 LACE&. Platt\. ' 
 
 Division A 
 
 having ten stamens, and 
 the sepals connected into 
 a tube. 
 
 Division B 
 having less than ten sta- 
 mens, and the sepals not 
 connected into a tube. 
 
 Division B 
 
 Series i., with stipules to 
 leaves. 
 
 Series ii., without stipules.
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 93 
 
 CARYOPHYL. 
 
 LAC EM. 
 Division A. 
 Diantbus, 
 
 styles, two ; calyx with bracts 
 at base (the pink). 
 
 Lychnis, 
 
 style:, five (the campionjl 
 
 Saponaria, 
 
 styles, two ; calyx without 
 bracts (the soapwort). 
 
 Silene, 
 
 styles, three or four (the 
 catchfly). 
 
 Division B. 
 
 Series I. 
 Spergula, 
 
 Jtyles, five (the spurrey). 
 
 CARYOPHYL- 
 LACE.E. 
 
 Sperg-ularia, 
 
 styles, three (the seaside 
 spurrey). 
 
 Series II. 
 Arenaria, 
 
 petals, five ; entire or slightly 
 emarginate ; stamens, ten 
 or less ; styles, three ; 
 flowers all perfect (the 
 sandwort). 
 
 Csrastiun, 
 
 petals, bifid ; stamens, ten or 
 less ; styles, four or five 
 (the mouse-ear chickweed). 
 
 Cherleria, 
 
 petals, entire, but frequent! 
 absent ; stamens, ten : 
 styles, three (the cyphel). 
 
 CARYOPHYLm 
 LACE.E. 
 
 Holcstcum, 
 
 petals toothed ; stamens, fivt 
 or less ; styles, three (ihe 
 jagged chickweed). 
 
 Honckenya, 
 
 petals, five, entire ; stamens, 
 ten or less ; styles, two or 
 three ; flowers never per- 
 fect (the sea purslane). 
 
 Moenchia, 
 
 petals, four ; sepals, four ; 
 stamens, four; styles, three. 
 
 Sagina, 
 
 stamens, ten or less ; petals, 
 five or less, and shorter 
 than the srpals : styles, 
 four or five (the pearl- 
 wort). 
 
 Stellaria, 
 
 petals, bifid ; stamens, ten ; 
 styles, thre: (the stitch- 
 wo:t).
 
 94 
 
 CELASTRACESE. 
 Plate vi. 
 
 Euonymus, 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 petals, four ; stamens, four ; 
 capsule, three to five angled ; 
 seeds coated with fleshy 
 scarlet arillus ; branches 
 angular ; turk very green 
 (the spindle tree). 
 
 CHENOPODIA CEJE. 
 Plate xxii. 
 
 Division A 
 dioecious plants with per- 
 fect flowers. 
 
 Division B 
 unisexual plants with im- 
 perfect flowers. 
 
 Beta, 
 
 perianth five-cleft ; stamens, 
 five ; stigmas, two ; fruit 
 adhering to perianth; leaves 
 flat (the beet). 
 
 Chenopodium, 
 
 fruit not adhering to perianth; 
 leaves flat (the goose- 
 foot). 
 
 Salicornia, 
 
 Jointed stem, without leaves 
 (the glasswort). 
 
 CHENOPODIA CEJE. 
 
 COMPOSITE, 
 
 Salsola, 
 
 Plates xiv., xv., xvi. 
 
 W^r 
 
 Division A 
 
 TVS, )i/r 
 
 florets all ligulate and per- 
 
 V\ Ujl 
 
 fect (as in the dandelion). 
 
 \^c^ 
 
 Division B 
 
 '^-CJx 
 
 florets of the disk all tubu- 
 
 leaves cylindrical and spinous 
 (the saltwort). 
 
 Suseda, 
 
 lar ; florets of the ray often 
 ligulate, and of a different 
 colour to those of the disk 
 (as in the daisy). 
 
 f(jg\ 
 
 Division C 
 
 1 \kz)J 
 
 florets of the disk all tubu- 
 
 ^-s^ 
 
 lr ; florets of the ray often 
 
 /fn v?Vil 
 
 ligulate, and of the same 
 
 \v7~Qtf\n 
 
 colour as those of the disk 
 
 \_gyj 
 
 (as in the coltsfoot). 
 
 leaves semi - cylindrical and 
 
 Division D 
 
 not spinous (the sea-blite). 
 
 florets all tubular : the 
 
 Division B. 
 
 style thickened below its 
 
 Atriplex, 
 
 branches (as in the thistle). 
 
 -^ 
 
 Division A 
 
 r\7\ 
 
 Series i., without a pappu?. 
 
 (1 V / 
 
 Series ii., with a pappus 
 
 X. \X 
 
 like a crown of many 
 
 /T\ /TV\ r 
 
 broad scales. 
 
 vTcuJ? 
 
 Series iii., with a feathery 
 
 \\r 1/7 
 
 pappus and a scaly recep- 
 
 \X.. 'y' 
 
 tacle. 
 
 x>^ 
 
 Series iv., with a feathery 
 
 fruit not adhering to perianth 
 
 pappus and receptacle 
 
 (the orache). 
 
 without scales. 
 
 Obione, 
 
 Series v., with a hairy 
 
 
 pappus. 
 
 C^ ' n - 
 
 Series vi., with the hairs 
 
 "jjl 
 
 of the pappus bristly 
 
 ($$$ 
 
 and turning brown. 
 
 tf-^J 
 
 Division B 
 
 ^\uk^ 
 
 Series i., without a pappus. 
 
 xc^7 
 
 Series ii., with a pappus. 
 
 fruit adhering to perianth 
 
 Division C 
 
 (the sea purslane). 
 
 Series i., without a pappus. 
 
 CISTACEJE. 
 
 Series ii., pappus not fea- 
 
 Plate iv. 
 
 Helianthemum, 
 
 thery. 
 Series iii., pappus feathery ; 
 flowers preceding leaves. 
 
 ^. 
 
 Series iv., pappus feathery ; 
 
 r\ \v 
 
 flowers appearing after 
 
 1 \ u 
 
 the leaves ; stems leafy ; 
 
 \ . y 
 
 heads radiant. 
 
 W^"~^N<!JA. 
 
 Series v., pappus feathery ; 
 
 ]/^ > ~^^ \\ D 
 
 flowers appearing after 
 
 vw 
 
 the leaves ; stems leafy ; 
 
 sepals, five, the two outer 
 
 heads discoid. 
 
 small or wanting ; petals, 
 five, deciduous ; stamens 
 
 Division D 
 
 numerous ; capsule with 
 three valves (the rock 
 rose) . 
 
 Series i., smooth leaves. 
 Series ii., spiny leaves.
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 95 
 
 COMPOSITE 
 Division A. 
 
 Series I. 
 Lapsana, 
 
 heads eight to twelve-flowered 
 (the swine's cress). 
 
 Series, II. 
 
 Aruoscris, 
 
 involucre in one row ; yellow 
 terminal flowers (the 
 nipple wort). 
 
 Cichorium, 
 
 involucre in two rows ; blue 
 axillary flowers (the 
 chicory). 
 
 Series IIL 
 Hypochseris, 
 
 pappus in two rotfs, the outer 
 short and bristly, the inner 
 long and feathery (the 
 cat s ear). 
 
 COM POSIT. 
 
 Series IV. 
 HelmintMa, 
 
 in volucre simple ; bracts leafy 
 (the ox tongue). 
 
 Leontodon, 
 
 involucre imbricate (the 
 hawkbit). 
 
 Picris, 
 
 involucre simple ; bracts 
 linear. 
 
 Tragopogon, 
 
 involucre simple ; pappus in- 
 terwoven in the ray (the 
 goatsbeard) 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 
 Series V. 
 Eorkhausia, 
 
 fruit beaked and round ; leafy 
 stem. 
 
 Crepis, 
 
 fruit not beaked but round 
 (the hawksbeard). 
 
 Lactuca, 
 
 fruit beaked and compressed ; 
 leaves pinnatitid ; flowers 
 blue (the lettuce). 
 
 Sonchus, 
 
 fruit not beaked but com- 
 pressed (the yellow sow- 
 thistle).
 
 9 6 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 Taraxacum, 
 
 fruit beaked and suddenly 
 contracted ; stem leafless 
 (the dandelion). 
 
 Series VI. 
 Hieracium, 
 
 yellow flowers (tV hawk 
 weed). 
 
 Mulgedium, 
 
 blue flowers (the blue sow 
 thistle). 
 
 Division B. 
 Series L 
 
 Anthemis, 
 
 scaly receptacle (the camo- 
 mile). 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 Bellis, 
 
 receptacle conical and naked : 
 involucre of two rows of 
 equal obtuse scales (the 
 daisy). 
 
 Chrysanthemum, 
 
 receptacle flat, or convex, and 
 naked ; fruit rounded ; in- 
 volucre hemispherical 
 (the ox-eye, the yellovr 
 species of which has both 
 sets of florets of the same 
 colour). 
 
 Matricaria, 
 
 
 
 receptacle conical or convex, 
 and naked ; fruit angular ; 
 involucre nearly flat (the 
 feverfew). 
 
 Series II. 
 Aster, 
 
 one row of ray florets (the 
 michaelmas 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 Erigeron, 
 
 many rows of ray flcre' 
 (the flea bane). 
 
 Division C. 
 
 Series I. 
 Achillea, 
 
 receptacle scaly; h<ads ra 
 diant (the yarrow). 
 
 Artemisia, 
 
 receptacle not scaly ; heae\ 
 discoidal (the wormwood). 
 
 Diotis, 
 
 two ears in the fruit ; recep- 
 tacle scaly ; heads discoidal 
 (the cotton weed).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 Tanacetum, 
 
 receptacle not scaly ; fruit 
 angular with a broad epi- 
 gynous disk crowned with 
 a slight membranous bor- 
 der (the tansy). 
 
 Series II. 
 Bidens, 
 
 pappus of five or fewer stiff 
 bristles (the bur-mari- 
 gold). 
 
 Galinsoga, 
 
 pappus of broad hairy sca!s. 
 
 Series III. 
 Petasites, 
 
 
 flowers in heads ; leaves rad- 
 ical (the butter-bur). 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 
 Tussilago, 
 
 flowers solitary ; leaves radi- 
 cal (the coltsfoot). 
 
 Series IV. 
 Cineraria, 
 
 involucre of one row of equal 
 scales (the fleawort). 
 
 Doronicum, 
 
 involucre of two or three rcws 
 of equal scales (the 
 leopard's bane). 
 
 Inula, 
 
 COMPOSITE 
 Senecio, 
 
 involucre imbricated and in 
 many rows ; anthers with 
 bristles at the base (the 
 elecampane). 
 H 
 
 involucre in one row with 
 several small scales at the 
 base (the groundsel). 
 
 Solidago, 
 
 imbricated involucre, but an- 
 thers without bristles (the 
 golden rod) 
 
 Series V. 
 
 An term aria, 
 
 pappus clavate (the ever- 
 lasting). 
 
 Chrysocoma, 
 
 bracts herbaceous ; linear 
 leaves (the goldilocks).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 Eupatorium, 
 
 reddish-purple flowers (the 
 hemp agrimony). 
 
 Filago, 
 
 hard, dry bracts, intermixing 
 with the outer florets ; coni- 
 cal receptacle. 
 
 Gnaphalium, 
 
 hard dry bracts ; flat recep- 
 tacle (the cudweed). 
 
 looked point- to the bracts- 
 (tha burdock). 
 
 COMPOSITE: 
 
 Centaurea, 
 
 hookless bract., ; pappus 
 shorter than the fruit 
 (the knapweed). 
 
 Sauasurea, 
 
 hookless bracts ; pappus 
 longer than the fruit ; an- 
 thers with bristles at their 
 base. 
 
 Serratula, 
 
 hookless bracts; pappus 
 longer than the fruit; an- 
 thers without bristles (the 
 saw wort). 
 
 Series 77. 
 Carduus, 
 
 bracts all spinous ; fruit com- 
 pressed [the thistle). 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 Carliua, 
 
 outer row of bracts spinous : 
 inner row chaffy and straw- 
 coloured, and spreadinglike 
 a ray (the carline thistle). 
 
 Onopordum, 
 
 bracts all spinous ; fruil 
 with four ribs (the Scotch 
 thistle). 
 
 CONIFERS. 
 
 Plate xxv. 
 Juniperus, 
 
 fruit, a green berry, contain- 
 ing three seeds ; leaves, 
 three in a whorl (the 
 juniper bush). 
 
 Pinus, 
 
 fruit, a woody cone, contain- 
 ing many _ seeds ; leaves 
 fasciated in pairs th< 
 Scotch fir tree). 
 
 Taxus, 
 
 fruit, a pink berry, containing 
 one seed ; leaves in twc 
 ranks (the yew).
 
 CONVOL VULA CE^E. 
 
 Plate xviii. 
 Convolvulus, 
 
 trumpet-shaped corolla, with 
 five plaits and five lobes ; 
 arrow-shaped leaves (the 
 way wind). 
 
 Cuscuta, 
 
 a parasite without leaves 
 (the dodder). 
 
 CORNACE&. 
 Plate xi. 
 Cornus, 
 
 petals, four, inserted into the 
 top of the calyx ; sepals, 
 four, attached to the ovary ; 
 stamens, four, inserted with 
 the petals ; ovary, two- 
 celled ; fruit, a berry-like 
 drupe (the dogwood). 
 
 CRASSULACEJE. 
 
 Plate x. 
 Cotyledon, 
 
 petals, five, united at the 
 base ; stamens, ten (the 
 pennywort). 
 
 IINUKX MO Hit, UEMtKA. 99 
 
 CRASSULACE.-E. 
 
 CRUCIFER&. 
 
 Sedum, 
 
 Division A. 
 
 
 Series I. 
 
 
 Isatis, TV. . 
 
 '/T~) 
 
 V'V\ V 
 
 &^ 
 
 VU 
 
 petals, five or less, not united 
 at the base : stamens, ten 
 or more (the stonecrop). 
 
 poach flat, and three time* as 
 long as it is broad (the 
 woad). 
 
 Sempervivum, 
 
 Series II. 
 Cakile, 
 
 petals, ten or more ; stamens, 
 many (the house leek). 
 
 Tillsa, 
 
 upper joint of pouch sword- 
 shaped and deciduous 
 (the sea rocket). 
 
 
 Coronopus, 
 
 petals, three or four ; stamens, 
 three or four. 
 
 CRUCIFER^E. 
 Plates ii., iii. 
 
 pouch wrinkled and broader 
 than its length, and notched 
 at ends (the wart cress). 
 
 Crambe, 
 
 Division A 
 
 C5y fiat 
 
 with fruit as a silicic or 
 pouch. 
 
 (w 
 
 Division B 
 with fruit as a siiiquc or 
 pod. 
 
 V Vr 
 
 Division A 
 Series i., pouch single- 
 jointed. 
 Series ii., pouch double- 
 jointed. 
 Series iii., pouch bi-valved 
 and laterally compressed. 
 Series iv., pouch bi-valved 
 and dorsally compressed. 
 Series v., pouch bi-valved, 
 and more or less ovate. 
 
 upper joint of pouch globose ; 
 lower joint seedless (the 
 sea kale). 
 
 Series III, 
 CapseUa, 
 
 \I) 
 
 Division B 
 Series i., pod jointed. 
 Series ii , pod with beaks. 
 Series iii., pod without 
 beaks or joints. 
 
 v * | " 
 
 i > 
 
 triangular pouch, valves 
 keeled but not winged ; 
 seedi, many (the shep- 
 herd's purse). 
 
 H 2 

 
 100 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 CRUCIFER&. 
 
 HutcMnsia, 
 
 elliptical pouch, valves keeled 
 but not winged ; seeds, only 
 two. 
 
 Iberis, 
 
 globose pouch with notches ; 
 valves winged ; cells single- 
 seeded (the candy tuft). 
 
 Lepidium, 
 
 ovate pouch ; valves keeled ; 
 cells single-seeded (the 
 pepperwort). 
 
 Teesdalia, 
 
 roundish pouch, notched, with 
 valves keeled below and 
 winged above; cells two- 
 seeded. 
 
 TMaspi, 
 
 valves winged at the back ; 
 cells many-seeded (the 
 pinny cress). 
 
 CRUCIFER&. 
 
 Series IV, 
 Alyssum, 
 
 cells two or more seeded ; 
 flowers yellow (the mad- 
 wort) . 
 
 Koniga, 
 
 cells single-seeded ; flowers 
 white. 
 
 Series V. 
 Camelina, 
 
 valves single - nerved and 
 inflated ; cells many-seeded 
 (the gold of pleasure). 
 
 Cochlearia, 
 
 valves very convex and 
 veined, and cells many- 
 seeded ; leaves spoon- 
 shaped (the scurvy grass). 
 
 Draba, 
 
 valves slightly convex, and 
 cells many-seeded in two 
 rows (the whitlow grass). 
 
 CRUCIFERM. 
 
 Subularia, 
 
 valves boat-shaped ; cells four- 
 seeded (the awl wort). 
 
 Division B. 
 Series I, 
 Raphanus, 
 
 sepals erect ; fruit without 
 valves or dissepiment ; 
 sin^le-sesded joints (the 
 radish). 
 
 Series II. 
 Brassica, 
 
 sepals erect ; seeds in a single 
 row, globose (the cabbage 
 
 Diplotaxis, 
 
 sepals spreading ; pod com- 
 pressed ; seeds in two raws 
 (the rocket.)
 
 TO THE GKNtKA. 
 
 101 
 
 CRUCIFER&. 
 
 Sinapis, 
 
 iepals spreading ; seeds in a 
 single row (the mustard). 
 
 Series III. 
 Arabis, 
 
 compressed linear pod, with 
 flat valves, having one or 
 more veins ;the rock cress). 
 
 four-angled pod ; valves with 
 a prominent rib ; flower:, 
 yellow (the winter cress). 
 
 Cardamine, 
 
 compressed linear pod and 
 flat valves without vein> 
 {the cuckoo flower). 
 
 Cb.eirantb.us. 
 
 two sejMls bulging at the 
 base ; flattened pod, valves, 
 with a prominent nerve 
 (the wall flower). 
 
 CRVGIFS&AL 
 
 Dentaria, 
 
 compressed lanceolate taper- 
 inn pod, with flat nerveless 
 valves (the coral wort). 
 
 Erysimum, 
 
 Ct-r-4 
 
 four-sided pod, with keeled 
 valves ; flowers white (the 
 treacle mustard). 
 
 Hesperis, 
 
 four-sided pod, with nerved 
 valves ; stigma bilobed, the 
 lobes erect, elliptical and 
 obtuse ; flowers lilac (the 
 dame's violet). 
 
 Matthiola, 
 
 rounded linear pod : stigma 
 gibbous or horned at back 
 (the stock). 
 
 Nasturtium, 
 
 short linear pod : convex 
 nerveless valves ; seeds in 
 two irregular rows (the 
 water cressX 
 
 CRUCIFER&. 
 Sisymbrium, 
 
 rounded hexagonal linear pod, 
 with convex veined valves ; 
 seeds not striated (the 
 hedge mustard). 
 
 CUCURBIT A CEJE. 
 
 Plate ix. 
 Bryonia, 
 
 calyx, five ; corolla, five : 
 stamens, five, in three 
 bundles; trifid style ; fruii 
 a globose trilocular red 
 berry (the white bryony). 
 
 CUPULIFERAL. 
 Plate xxiii. 
 
 Division I 
 
 barren flowers 'in a globose 
 catkin. 
 
 Division II 
 
 barren flowers in a long 
 catkin. 
 
 Division I 
 Fag-us, 
 
 fertile flowers, two together 
 within a four lobed invo- 
 lucre ; stigmas, three ; nuts 
 three cornred (the beech).
 
 102 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 CUPULIFER& 
 Division II 
 
 Carpinus, 
 
 fertile flowers in a loose cat- 
 kin ; stigmas, two (the 
 hornbeam). 
 
 Corylus, 
 
 stigmas, two, bright crimson ; 
 male catkins long and pen- 
 dulous (the hazel). 
 
 Qxiercus, 
 
 stigmas, three ; fruit, an acorn 
 (the oak). 
 
 CYPERACEsE. 
 Plate xxviii. 
 
 Division I 
 
 Imperfect flowers. 
 Division II 
 
 Perfect flowers; glumes in 
 two ranks. 
 
 Division III 
 Perfect flowers ; imbricated 
 glumes. 
 
 Division I 
 Sarex, 
 
 YPERACEsE. 
 
 Kobresia. 
 
 fruit not in the perigone. 
 
 Division II 
 Cyperus, 
 
 sp'.kelets double ranked ; 
 glumes of one valve.numer- 
 ous and nearly all with 
 flowers (the galingale). 
 
 Schcenus, 
 
 spikelets double ranked 
 glumes six, seven, eight 
 or nine : the lower ones 
 small and empty (the bog 
 rush). 
 
 Division III. 
 
 Blysmus, 
 
 fruit in the perigone (the 
 sedge). 
 
 bristles within the glume ; 
 alternate spikelets. 
 
 CYPERACE&. 
 Cladium, 
 
 no bristles; lower glumes 
 empty (the twig rush). 
 
 Eleocharis, 
 
 bristles within the glume ; one 
 terminal spikelet (th 
 spike rush). 
 
 Eriophorum, 
 
 bristles, six or less, longer 
 than the glume (the cot- 
 ton grass). 
 
 IsoleplB, 
 
 no bristles ; lower glumes ss 
 full as the upper (the mud 
 rush).
 
 IXDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 CYPERACEM. 
 
 Rbyijjcospora, 
 
 bristles within the jjlume ; 
 spikelets in an ovate head 
 (the beak rush). 
 
 Scirpus, 
 
 bristles, six, within the glume ; 
 lateral, fascicled spikelets 
 (the club rush). 
 
 DIOSCOREA CE&. 
 
 Plate xxvi. 
 Tamus, 
 
 perianth bell-shaped ; limb in 
 six parts ; six stamens ; 
 dioecious ; female with 
 perianth adherent to ovary 
 and persistent (the black 
 bryony). 
 
 DIPSACEJE; 
 
 Plate xiv. 
 Dipsacus, 
 
 receptacle with rigid scales ; 
 fruit with four sides and 
 eight depressions (the 
 teasel). 
 
 DIPSACEsE. 
 Knautia, 
 
 receptacle hairy, without 
 scales ; fruit with four sides 
 and four depressions ; mora 
 than seven bristles on calyx 
 limb. 
 
 Scabiosa, 
 
 receptacle scaly ; fruit cylin- 
 drical (the scabious). 
 
 DROSERACE^E. 
 
 Plate iv. 
 Drosera, 
 
 calyx, fiva ; petals, five ; 
 stamens five ; styles three, 
 four, or five ; glandular 
 leaves ; insectivorous plant 
 (the sundew). 
 
 ELATINACEJE. 
 
 Plate iv. 
 Elatine, 
 
 calyx, petals, styles, and 
 capsules, each three or four; 
 stamens, three or four, or 
 six or eight ; small aquatic 
 plant (the watenvort). 
 
 ELEAGNACE^E. 
 
 Plate xxii. 
 Hippophae, 
 
 dioecious ; perianth of two 
 leaves adhering by their 
 points : perigone tubular 
 and cloven at the summit-" 
 (the sea buckthorn). 
 
 EMPETRA CEsE. 
 
 Plate xxii. 
 Einpetrum, 
 
 dioecious; calyx, three-parted; 
 petals, three ; stamens, 
 three ; stigma with six or 
 nine rays (the crowberry). 
 
 EQUISETACEsE. 
 
 Plate xxxii. 
 Equisetum, 
 
 leafless branched plants, with 
 striated fistular stem (the 
 horsetail). 
 
 ERICACE&. 
 
 Plat? xvii. 
 Division A 
 
 with fleshy fruits. 
 Division B 
 
 with dry fruits. 
 
 Division A. 
 Arbutus, 
 
 disk hypogynous ; cells 
 many-seeded (the itraw- 
 berry tree).
 
 IO4 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 ERICACEAE. 
 
 Arctostapliylos, 
 
 disk hypogynous ; cells, 
 single-seeded (the bear 
 berry). 
 
 Division B. 
 Andromeda, 
 
 corolla, ovate and deciduous ; 
 stamens, ten ; flowers, 
 pink ; leaves lanceolate. 
 
 Calluna, 
 
 corolla, persistent ; calyx, 
 double ; leaves opposite 
 (the heather). 
 
 Erica, 
 
 corolla persistent : calyx 
 simple (the heath). 
 
 Loiseleuria, 
 
 a, bell-shaped and de- 
 ciduous ; stamens, five : 
 leaves very small and 
 opposite (the azalea). 
 
 ERICACEAE. 
 
 Menziesia, 
 
 corolla, swollen and decidu- 
 ous ; leaves white under- 
 neath ; stamens, ten. 
 
 Monotropa, 
 
 calyx coloured ; corolla of 
 four or five petals, each 
 with a hooded nectariferous 
 base ; flowers turned all 
 oneway: a leafless parasitic 
 plant (the bird's-nest). 
 
 Pyrola, 
 
 calyx green ; style, five- 
 lobed ; leaves pear-shaped 
 and almost radical (the 
 winter green). 
 
 E UP HO RBI A CESE. 
 
 Plate xxiii. 
 Buxus, 
 
 stamen?, four ; an evergreen 
 shrub (the box). 
 
 E UPHORBIA CEJE. 
 Euphorbia, 
 
 stamens, many ; 
 closed in calyx 
 (the spurge 
 
 Mercurialis, 
 
 pistils en- 
 like bracts 
 
 stamens, nine to twelve ; peri- 
 anth three -parted (the 
 dog's mercury). 
 
 FILICES. Plate xxxiii. 
 
 Division A 
 the sori on spikes. 
 
 Division B 
 
 sori on the back, without 
 
 indusium. 
 
 Division C 
 
 sori on the back, with in- 
 dusium. 
 
 Division D 
 
 sori at margin, covered 
 by an elongated part of the 
 frond. 
 
 Division E 
 
 sori at margin, terminating 
 a vein. 
 
 Division C 
 
 Series i., sori nearly cir- 
 cular. 
 
 Scrits ii., sori oblong or 
 linear.
 
 FILICES. 
 
 Division A, 
 BotrycMum, 
 
 leaves entire ; vernation 
 straight ; spikes in panicles 
 (the moon wort). 
 
 Ophioglossum, 
 
 leaves entire ; vernation 
 straight ; spikes simple 
 (the adder's tongue). 
 
 Osmunda, 
 
 leaves bipinnate ; vernation 
 circinate ; branched spike 
 terminating the frond (the 
 royal fern). 
 
 Division B. 
 Ceteracb, 
 
 sori elongate ; the whole 
 back of the frond covered 
 with chaffy scales (the 
 scale fern). 
 
 Gymnogramma, 
 
 tori linear. 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 FILICES. 
 Polypodium, 
 
 105 
 
 sori circular (the poly- 
 pody). 
 
 Division C. 
 Series I. 
 Cystopteris, 
 
 indusium like a small blad- 
 der attached by its broad 
 hooded base, and turning 
 back at the point (the 
 bladder fern). 
 
 Lastrsea, 
 
 L 
 
 indusium reniform, attached 
 by the sinus ; veins distinct 
 after leaving the mid-rib 
 (the male fern). 
 
 Polystichum, 
 
 indusium circular, attached 
 by its centre ; veins distinct 
 after leaving the mid-rib 
 (the shield fern). 
 
 FILICES. 
 Pseudathyrium, 
 
 indusium crescent - shaped, 
 attached across the vein 
 by their inner edge. 
 
 Woodsia, 
 
 indusium underneath the sori 
 
 Series II. 
 
 Asplenium, 
 
 sori single, lying in the 
 direction of the veins ; in- 
 dusium unfnnged (the 
 spleenwort). 
 
 Athyrium, 
 
 sori single, often curve_d, 
 'y' n f? in short lines ; in- 
 diiMum fringed (the lady 
 fern). 
 
 Scolopendrium, 
 
 sori double, confluent along 
 their whole length ; simple 
 fronds (the hart's tongue)
 
 io6 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA 
 
 FILICES. 
 
 Division D. 
 Adiantum, 
 
 ng or roundish ; 
 fronds all similar ; veins 
 dichotomous (the maiden- 
 hair). 
 
 Allosorus, 
 
 two kinds of fronds ; fronds 
 bipinnate or tripinnate and 
 triangular and soft (the 
 parsley fern). 
 
 Blechnum^ 
 
 two kinds of fronds ; fronds 
 pinnate and lanceolate, and 
 somewhat rigid (the hard 
 fern). 
 
 Pteris, 
 
 sori continuous round the 
 margin (tbe bracken). 
 
 FILICES. 
 
 Division E. 
 Hymenophylluin, 
 
 pellucid fronds ; two - valved 
 covering to sori (the film 
 fern). 
 
 Tricliomanes, 
 
 cup-shaped covering to sori 
 (the bristle fern). 
 
 FRANKENIA CEJE. 
 
 Plate iv. 
 Frankenia, 
 
 style three-fid ; stigma on 
 in-ner side of oblong lobes ; 
 leaves revolute at margin 
 (the sea heath) . 
 
 FUMARIACE&. 
 
 Plate ii. 
 Corydalis, 
 
 fruit long and many-seeded 
 crested seeds. 
 
 FUMARIACE&, 
 
 Fumaria, 
 
 fruit round and single-seeded : 
 seeds without a crest (th 
 fumitory). 
 
 GENTIAN A CEJL. 
 
 Plate xvii. 
 Division A 
 with alternate leaves. 
 
 Division B 
 with opposite leaves. 
 
 Division A. 
 
 Menyantlies, 
 
 corolla funnel - shaped and 
 white ; leaves ternate (the 
 buckbean). 
 
 Villarsia, 
 
 corolla wheel shaped and 
 yellow ; leaves heart 
 shaped and floating, and 
 wavy at the edges. 
 
 Division B, 
 Chlora, 
 
 calyx eight -cleft ; corolla 
 wheel - shaped ; stamens, 
 eight : leaves glaucous and 
 perfoliate (the yellow 
 wort).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 107 
 
 GENTIAN A CE&. 
 Cicendia, 
 
 corolla bell-shaped ; stamens, 
 four ; stigma undivided. 
 
 Erythraea, 
 
 corolla funnel - shaped and 
 rose - coloured ; stamens, 
 five ; anthers twisted ; stig- 
 mas, two (the centaury). 
 
 Gcntiana, 
 
 corolla salvrr-shaped ; style 
 persistent (the gentian). 
 
 GERANIACEsE. 
 
 Plate vi. 
 Erodium, 
 
 Btamens, ten, five of which 
 are shorter than the rest 
 and have no anthers ; fruit 
 with a smooth recurved 
 awn (the stork's bill). 
 
 Geranium, 
 
 stamens, ten, five of which 
 are shorter than the rest, 
 but all have anthers ; fruit 
 with a bearded spiral awn 
 (the crane's bill). 
 
 GRAMINE&. 
 
 Plates xxix. , xxx. 
 Division A 
 
 sessile spikelets in a com- 
 pound spike. 
 
 Division B 
 
 sessile spikelets in a simple 
 spike. 
 
 Division C 
 stalked spikelets, with one 
 perfect floret. 
 
 Division D 
 stalked spikelets, with one 
 perfect floret, and the others 
 rudimentary. 
 
 Division E 
 
 stalked spikelets, with two 
 or more perfect florets. 
 
 Division A 
 Series i., spikes upright. 
 Series ii., spike spreading. 
 
 Division B 
 Series i., spikelets solitary. 
 Series ii. ,spikelets in groups. 
 
 Division C 
 Series i. , spikelets in a spike. 
 Series ii., spikelets in a 
 panicle. 
 
 Division D 
 Series i., spikelets in a 
 
 spike. 
 Series ii., spikelets in a 
 
 panicle. 
 
 Division E 
 Series i., florets awned. 
 Series ii., florets not awned. 
 
 Division A. 
 
 Series I. 
 Spartina, 
 
 glumes unequal, the upper 
 long and acuminate : styles 
 
 ng an acumnae : styes 
 nited half way up (the 
 
 cord grass). 
 
 GRAMI&EM. 
 
 Series II. 
 Cynodon, 
 
 glumes equal (the dog's- 
 tooth grass). 
 
 Digitaria, 
 
 glumes unequal : no bristles 
 at base of spikelets (the 
 finger grass). 
 
 Panicum, 
 
 glumes unequal : bristles at 
 base of spikelets (the 
 panic grass). 
 
 Division B. 
 Series I. 
 Brachypodium, 
 
 spikelets broadside to rachis ; 
 glumes unequal (the false 
 brome) . 
 
 Knappia, 
 spikelets unilateral 
 single flowered. 
 
 Lepturus, 
 
 and 
 
 spikelets bi-lateral and single 
 flowered (the hard
 
 loS 
 
 INDEX TO iHL ULNtKA. 
 
 GRAMINE& 
 
 Lolium, 
 
 spikelets edgeways to rachis 
 and many - flowered (the 
 rye grass). 
 
 Nardus, 
 
 spikelets in a two-rowed spike; 
 no glumes (the mat grass). 
 
 Triticum, 
 
 spikelets broadside to rachis ; 
 glumes equal (the wheat 
 grass). 
 
 Series II, 
 Elymus, 
 
 spikelets with two or more 
 flowers (the lyme grass). 
 
 GRAMINE&. 
 Hor-leum, 
 
 spikelets with single flowers 
 (the barley). 
 
 Division C. 
 
 Series I. 
 Alopecurus, 
 
 awns to paleae (the fox 
 tail). 
 
 Phleum, 
 
 no awns to 
 cat's tail). 
 
 Series II. 
 Agrostis, 
 
 ese (the 
 
 larger glumes below ; no 
 awns to outer paleae (the 
 bent grass). 
 
 GRAMINE-1'.. 
 Apera, 
 
 larger glumes above ; awns 
 to outer paleae. 
 
 Calamagrostis, 
 
 g'umes equal ; paleae with 
 silk'"- hairs (the small 
 reed). 
 
 Castridium, 
 
 glumes acute, united and 
 swollen at the base (the 
 nit grass). 
 
 Leersia, 
 
 no glumes (the cut grass). 
 
 Milium, 
 
 glumes equal ; paleas UB- 
 awned (the millet).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 ICQ 
 
 GRAMIXE&. 
 Polypogon, 
 
 glumes emarginate with a 
 long slender awn (the 
 beard grass). 
 
 Division D. 
 
 Series I. 
 Ammopliila, 
 
 spike cylindrical and uninter- 
 rupted (the marram). 
 
 Lagurus, 
 
 spike ovate ; outer palea bifid 
 and long a wned ( the hare's 
 tail). 
 
 Phalaris, 
 
 spike ovate ; glumes equal 
 and keeled (the canary 
 grass). 
 
 Setaria, 
 
 spike cylindrical and inter- 
 rupted below (the bristle 
 grass). 
 
 GRAM/NEsE. 
 
 Series If. 
 Anthoxbuam, 
 
 stamens, two ; glumes unequal 
 (the vernal grass). 
 
 Arrfcenatlieruin, 
 
 upper floret perfect and 
 awned ; lower floret barren 
 and awned (the false oat). 
 
 Hierochloe, 
 
 upper floret perfect and un- 
 arwrwd ; two lower ones 
 with stamens only aad un- 
 awned (the holy grass). 
 
 Holcus, 
 
 upper floret with stamens 
 only and awned ; lower 
 floret perfect and awned 
 (the soft grass). 
 
 Division E. 
 Series 7. 
 Aira, 
 
 lower palea bifid ; awn geni- 
 culate (the hair grass). 
 
 GRA.MINE.'E. 
 Arundo, 
 
 lower palez entire ; fruit free 
 of palez ; spikelets hairy 
 (the reed). 
 
 Avena, 
 
 lower palez bifid ; awn 
 twisted (the oat) 
 
 Bromus, 
 
 lower palez bifid ; awa 
 straight (the brome). 
 
 Dactylis, 
 
 ower palez entire : spikelets 
 crowded (the cock's fool).
 
 1 10 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 GRAM Iff EM. 
 
 Festuca, 
 
 lower pales entire ; fruit 
 adherent to palea (the 
 fescue). 
 
 Koeleria, 
 
 lower paleae entire ; fruit free 
 of paleae ; spikelets in in- 
 terrupted spike. 
 
 Series //. 
 Briza, 
 
 spikelets without apparent 
 
 involucre ; fruit adherent 
 
 to palea (the quaking 
 grass). 
 
 Catabrosa, 
 
 glumes and outer paleae eroso- 
 truncate (the whorl grass). 
 
 Cynosurus, 
 
 spikelets with a pectinate 
 bract at base (the dog's 
 tail). 
 
 GRAMINE& 
 
 Glyceria, 
 
 glumes obtuse and unequal; 
 lower paleae obtuse (the 
 meadow grass). 
 
 Melica, 
 
 glumes equal ; spikelets of 
 two perfect florets and a 
 club-like rudiment (the 
 melic). 
 
 Molinia, 
 
 glumes unequal, not veined, 
 and shorter than the lanceo- 
 late spikelet. 
 
 Poa, 
 
 glumes acute and unequal ; 
 outer palea compressed 
 and keeled (the meadow 
 grass). 
 
 Sclerochloa, 
 glumes acute and unequal ; 
 outer paleae cylindrical 
 belowi 
 
 GRAMINE&. 
 Seslerla, 
 
 spikelets with a ciliate bract 
 at base (the moor grass). 
 
 Triodia, 
 
 glumes acute and unequal ; 
 lower palea emarginate, 
 with an intermediate tooth 
 (the heath grass). 
 
 GROSSULARIA CE& 
 
 Plate x. 
 Ribes, 
 
 0. 
 
 calyx five-cleft ; petals and 
 stamens inserted at the 
 mouth of the tube ; berry 
 many-seeded, crowned with 
 the persistent calyx (the 
 currant). 
 
 HAL OR A GA CE&. 
 Plate ix. 
 
 Callitriche, 
 
 one stamen ; opposite leave 
 (the water star wort).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 JIALORAC.ACE.i:. 
 Ceratophyllum, 
 
 sessile anthers, twelve and 
 more in number ; leaves 
 forked and in a whorl 
 (the horn wort). 
 
 Hippuris, 
 
 on* stamen ; whorled un- 
 divided leaves (the mare's 
 tai ). 
 
 Myriophyllum, 
 
 stamens, eight ; leaves in a 
 whorl and divided into 
 setaceous segments (the 
 water milfoil). 
 
 HYDROCHARIDA - 
 CEsE. Plate XINI. 
 Elodea, 
 
 \ 
 
 leaves submerged, linear in 
 shape (the water thyme). 
 
 Hydrocharis, 
 
 floating; reniform leaves (the 
 frojjbit). 
 
 HYDROCHARIDA- 
 C^E. 
 
 Stratiotes, 
 
 leaves submerged, rigid, and 
 sword-shaped (the water 
 soldier). 
 
 HYPERICACEAL. 
 
 Plate vi. 
 Hypericum, 
 
 calyx, five ; petals, five ; sta- 
 mens many and in groups ; 
 styles, three or five (the 
 St. John's wort). 
 
 ILLECEBRA CEsE. 
 
 Plate x. 
 Corrigiola, 
 
 alternafe Iea\es (the strap 
 wort). 
 
 Kerniaria, 
 
 filiform petals ; one-seeded 
 capsule ; opposite leave*. 
 
 ILLECEBRACEsE 
 niecebrum, 
 
 no petals ; one-seeded cap- 
 sule ; opposite leaves (the 
 Knot grass). 
 
 Polycarpon, 
 
 many-seeded capsule : oppo- 
 site leaves, in fours below 
 (the allseed). 
 
 IRIDACE&. 
 
 Plate xxv. 
 
 Division A 
 
 having perianth of unequal 
 segments. 
 
 Division B 
 
 having perianth of equal 
 segments. 
 
 perianth six-cleft, its alternate 
 segments turned back ; stig- 
 ma petaloid and covering 
 the stamens ; flowers purpl* 
 or yellow (the flag).
 
 112 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 I RID ACE M. 
 Gladiolus, 
 
 flowers crimson (the corn 
 flag). 
 
 Division B 
 Crocus, 
 
 perianth funnel - shiped an 1 
 with a long tube. 
 
 Sisyrinchium, 
 
 perianth with 
 flowers blue. 
 
 Trichcnema, 
 
 short tube 
 
 perianth with short tube ; 
 scape single - flowered ; a 
 very small plant. 
 
 JUKCACE^E. 
 
 Plate xxviii. 
 Juncus, 
 
 perianth glumaceous, six- 
 leaved ; filaments glabrous; 
 capsule three-celled and 
 many-seeded (the rush). 
 
 Luzula, 
 
 perianth glumaceous, six- 
 leaved ; filaments glabrous ; 
 capsule single-celled, with 
 three seeds at the base 
 (the wood rush). 
 
 Narthecium, 
 
 perianth coloured yellow ; 
 filaments woolly ; capsule 
 three - celled (the bog 
 asphodel). 
 
 LABI ATM. 
 Plate xix. 
 
 Division A 
 having two stamens. 
 
 Division B 
 
 having four stamens di- 
 vergent, and nearly all of 
 equal length. 
 
 Division C 
 
 having four stamens, two 
 longer than the others, and 
 the upper lip of corolla very 
 short or absent. 
 
 Division D 
 having four stamens, two 
 longer than the others, and 
 the upper lip of corolla 
 longer than the stamens. 
 
 LABI A 7>. 
 
 Division D 
 Series i., calyx with two 
 
 lips. 
 Series ii., calyx with five 
 
 teeth. 
 Series iii., calyx with ten 
 
 teeth. 
 
 Division A 
 Lycopus, 
 
 calyx with five teeth -(the 
 gipsy wort). 
 
 Sal via, 
 
 c ilyx with two lips (the 
 sage). 
 
 Division B 
 
 Mentlia, 
 
 corolla with four or five clefts : 
 calyx five - cleft, almoft 
 STiooth in the throat--(tle 
 mint). 
 
 Origanum, 
 
 corolla with two lips ; calyx 
 five-cleft ; flowers inter* 
 mixed with bracts in a 
 terminal panicle (the 
 marjoram).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 LAB I AT. F. 
 Thymus, 
 
 corolla with two lips ; flowers 
 in terminal heads (the 
 thyme). 
 
 Division C. 
 AJuga, 
 
 upper lip of corolla very 
 ^hort, and entire or but 
 slightly notched ; corolla 
 bell-shaped (the bugle). 
 
 Teucrium, 
 
 upper lip of corolla deeply 
 bifid : corolla tubular (the 
 germander). 
 
 Division D. 
 
 Series /. 
 Calamintha, 
 
 (pices of stamens connivent 
 under upper lip of corolla ; 
 tube straight, thirteen - 
 nerved, and hairy inside 
 at the top (the basil 
 thyme). 
 
 LABI AT. K. 
 Melissa, 
 
 stamens connivent ; upper lip 
 of corolla concave ; tube 
 curved (the balm). 
 
 M3l ttiS, 
 
 stamens parallel ; upper lip of 
 corolla flat (the bastard 
 balm). 
 
 Prunella. 
 
 >tamens parallel ; upper lip of 
 corolla flat, angular, and 
 trifid; filaments toothed be- 
 low the anther (the self- 
 heal). 
 
 Scutellaria, 
 
 stamens parallel ; upcer lip of 
 eorolla concave and uncut, 
 and with a scale on the back 
 (the skull cap). 
 
 Series If, 
 Ballota, 
 
 ten - ribbed, funnel - 
 shaped, with ovate teeth ; 
 lower stamens longest (the 
 horehound). 
 
 T 
 
 sha 
 
 LABIATE. 
 Galeopsis, 
 
 calyx bell-shaped ; lower sta- 
 mens longest ; lower lip of 
 corolla with three lobes and 
 two teeth on its upper side 
 (the hemp nettle). 
 
 Lamium, 
 
 i-nlyx bell-shaped ; lower 
 stamens longest ; lower lip 
 of corolla without lobes, 
 but with one or two small 
 teeth on each side (the 
 dead-nettle). 
 
 Leonurus, 
 
 calyx tubular ; lower stamens 
 longest ; lower lip of corolK 
 without teeth, the uppei lip 
 \voolly (the mother wort). 
 
 Nepeta, 
 
 calyx tubular, with fiftetn 
 parallel ribs ; upper stamens 
 longest (the ground ivy).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 LABIATSE 
 
 Stachys, 
 
 calyx bell-shaped, with nar- 
 row teeth ; lower stamens 
 longest; upper lip of corolla 
 concave, lower lip of three 
 unequal lobes, of which the 
 lateral ones are reflexed 
 (the betony). 
 
 Series III. 
 Marrubium, 
 
 calyx, with ten recurved teeth ; 
 lower stamens longest (the 
 white horehound). 
 
 LEGUMINOSJE. 
 
 Plate vii. 
 
 Division A 
 
 having nine stamens in a 
 group, and one solitary. 
 
 Division B 
 
 having the ten stamens in 
 one group. 
 
 Division A 
 
 Series i., leaves of three 
 leaflets. 
 
 Series ii., pinnate leaves 
 without terminal leaflet. 
 
 Series iii., pinnate leaves 
 with terminal leaflet. 
 
 Division B 
 
 S tries 5., leaves of three 
 leaflets or simple. 
 
 Stries ii., pinnate leaves. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^E 
 Division A. 
 
 Series /. 
 Lotus, 
 
 flowers in an umbel ; calyx 
 teeth equal : keel ascending 
 with a narrowed point; pod 
 straight and many-seeded 
 (the bird's foot trefoil). 
 
 Medicago, 
 
 flowers in a short raceme ; 
 calyx teeth nearly equal ; 
 keel obtuse ; pod spiral or 
 falcate, and many-seeded 
 (the medick). 
 
 Melilotus, 
 
 flowers in a long raceme ; 
 calyx teeth nearly equal ; 
 keel obtuse ; pod long and 
 nearly straight, and having 
 four seeds or less. 
 
 Trifolium, 
 
 flowers in heads ; calyx teeth 
 unequal; keel obtuse; pod 
 short and straight, and 
 having four seeds or less 
 (the clover). 
 
 Trigonella, 
 
 flowers in a short raceme ; 
 pofl long and curved, and 
 having five or more seeds 
 (the fenugreek). 
 
 LEGL'MINOS.-E 
 
 Series II. 
 Lathyrus, 
 
 style dilated upwards, flat on 
 the upper side, and hairy 
 beneath the stigma (the 
 vetchling). 
 
 Vicia, 
 
 ^^^^fTrx 
 
 style filiform, and hairy all 
 over (the vetch). 
 
 Series III. 
 Arthrolobium. 
 
 flowers in an umbel and with- 
 out a pinnate leaf at the 
 apex ; pod compressed and 
 many -jointed (the joint 
 vetch). 
 
 Astragalus, 
 
 keel obtuse ; pod two-c;lled 
 with the lower suture in- 
 flexed (the milk vetch). 
 
 Hippocrepis. 
 
 flowers in an umbel ; pod of 
 many crescent-shaped joints 
 (the horse-sho* vetch).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 LEGUMINOS.4L. 
 Onobrychis, 
 
 I LEGUMIHOSJE. 
 
 Ononis, 
 
 flowers in a raceme ; pod 
 flat, with only one joint 
 (the sainfoin). 
 
 Omitbopus, 
 
 flowers in an umbel ; pod 
 curved and many-jointed 
 (the bird's foot). 
 
 Oxytropus, 
 
 keel pointed; pod two-celled, 
 with the upper surface in- 
 flexed. 
 
 Division B. 
 Series I, 
 Genista 
 
 calyx with two lips, the upper 
 bifid, the lower trifid ; lower 
 leares simple (the green 
 weed). 
 
 calyx with five clefts (the 
 rest harrow). 
 
 Sarothamnus, 
 
 calyx with two lips, the 
 upper bifid, the lower tfifid; 
 lower leaves ternate (the 
 broom). 
 
 Ulez, 
 
 calyx with two lips, with two 
 minute bracts at the base 
 (the furze). 
 
 Series II. 
 Anthyllis, 
 
 calyx with five clefts; keel 
 without a beak (the ladies' 
 finger) 
 
 LEMNACE&. 
 
 Plate xxvii. 
 Lemna 
 
 water plant; frond with 
 fine hair-like roots (the 
 duckweed). 
 
 I 2 
 
 LEMNACE&. 
 Wolffla, 
 
 a water plant; frond with no 
 roots. 
 
 LENTIBULAR1- 
 ACEJE. Plate. 
 
 Pinguicula, 
 
 calyx with upper lip three j 
 cleft, lower lip two cleft- 
 leaves entire (the butter- 
 wort). 
 
 Utricularia, 
 
 calyx of two equal sepals ; 
 leaves multifid ; a water 
 plant (the bladderwort). 
 
 LILIACE&. 
 
 Plate xxv: 
 Division A 
 with fleshy fruits. 
 
 Division B 
 with dry fruits. 
 
 Division A 
 
 Serifs i., with a simple 
 
 stem. 
 Serits ii., with a branched 
 
 stem. 
 
 Division B 
 
 Seriet i., with a leaflet 
 scape. 
 
 Sm'tt ii., with a leafy sum.
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 LI LI ACE &. 
 Division A. 
 Series 7. 
 Convallaria, 
 
 perianth bell-shaped ; stem 
 leafless (the lily of the 
 valley). 
 
 Maianthemum, 
 
 perianth spreading, divided 
 to the base ; stem with two 
 leaves (the may lily). 
 
 Polygonatum, 
 
 flowers axillary ; ?tem with 
 more than two leaves (the 
 Solomon's seal). 
 
 Seri:s. II. 
 
 flowers axillary ; stem erect 
 and herbaceous ; leaves 
 setaceous (the asparagus). 
 
 LILIACE&. 
 Ruscus, 
 
 flowers very small and ap- 
 parently borne on centre 
 of leaves ; stem shrubby ; 
 leaves with spines (the 
 butcher's broom). 
 
 Division B, 
 
 Series 7. 
 Allium, 
 
 flowers in terminal umbel en- 
 closed in a spathe of one or 
 two leaves (the garlic). 
 
 Gagea, 
 
 yellow flowers, sometimes in 
 a corymb, sometimes in an 
 umbel. 
 
 Hyacinthus, 
 
 segments of perianth cohering 
 at base and reflexed at the 
 tips (the blue bell). 
 
 LILIACEM* 
 
 Musaari, 
 
 perianth with six teeth ; seg- 
 ments cohering at base and 
 contracting at the tirs 
 (the grape hyacinth). 
 
 Ornithogalum, 
 
 leaves of the perianth distinct ; 
 flowers in a raceme and al- 
 ways white or yellow (the 
 star of Bethlehem). 
 
 Scilla, 
 
 leaves of perianth distinct ; 
 flowers in a raceme, and 
 never white or yellow 
 (the squill). 
 
 SimetMs, 
 
 leaves of perianth distinct 5 
 flowers white inside and 
 purple outside. 
 
 Series 77. 
 Fritillaria, 
 
 flowers chequered, solitary 
 and drooping (the fritil-
 
 LTLIACE.E. 
 Lilium, 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 LINACE.'E. 
 Radiola, 
 
 117 
 
 flowers purple, in a panicle, 
 and drooping (the marta- 
 gon lily). 
 
 Lloydia, 
 
 Bowers white, with pink 
 lines inside ; leaves semi- 
 cj-lindrical. 
 
 Tulipa, 
 
 flowers yellow (the tulip). 
 LINAGES. Plate vi. 
 
 T.iniim 
 
 petals, five : sepals, five ; sta- 
 mens, five (the flax). 
 
 petals, four ; sepals, four ; sta 
 mens, four- (the flax seed). 
 
 L ORANTHA CE^E. 
 
 Plate xiii. 
 Viscum, 
 
 petals, four, fleshy and united 
 at the base ; leaves opposite; 
 a _ parasitic plant (the 
 mistletoe). 
 
 LYCOPODIACE&. 
 
 Plate xxxii. 
 Isoetes, 
 
 no stem ; filiform leaves 
 (the quill wort). 
 
 Lycopodium, 
 
 long stem; capsules ail two- 
 valved (the club moss). 
 
 LYCOPODIACE.E. 
 Selaginella, 
 
 long stem ; capsules two- 
 valved and three-valved. 
 
 LYTHRACEsE. 
 
 Plate ix. 
 Lythrum, 
 
 calyx tubular ; style filiform 
 (the purple loosestrife). 
 
 Peplis 
 
 V 
 
 calyx bell-shaped ; style very 
 short (the water purslane). 
 
 MALVACE&. 
 
 Plate vi. 
 Althaea. 
 
 involucre of five or more 'obes 
 (the marsh mallcm).
 
 Ji8 
 
 INbEX. TO THE GENERA. 
 
 MALVACEAE, 
 
 Lavatera, 
 
 involucre of three lobes (the 
 tree mallow). 
 
 Malva. 
 
 involucre of three distinct 
 leaves (the mallow). 
 
 MARSILEACE^E. 
 Plate xxxii. 
 
 Pilularia, 
 
 tpore clusters globose, hard 
 and solitary, flowerless plant 
 (the pill- wort). 
 
 MELA NTH A CEJE. 
 
 Plate xxvi. 
 Colchicum. 
 
 scape leafless (the meadow 
 ffron). 
 
 MEL A NTH A CE.-E. 
 Tofeldia. 
 
 scape leafy (the Scottish 
 asphodel). 
 
 MYRICACEsE. 
 Plate xxiii. 
 
 Myrica 
 
 catkins sessile and erect ; fruit 
 drupaceous ; leaves frag- 
 rant (the sweet gale). 
 
 NAIADACEsE. 
 Plate xxvii. 
 
 Naias, 
 
 imperfect flowers, axillary and 
 solitary ; stigmas, two or 
 four. 
 
 Fotamogeton, 
 
 flowers perfect ; four segments 
 to perianth (the pond- 
 weed). 
 
 Ruppia, 
 
 flowers perfect, no perianth 
 (the tassel pond- weed). 
 
 NAIADACE&. 
 
 Zannichellia, 
 
 imperfect flowers ; one stigma 
 (the horned pond-weed). 
 
 Zostera, 
 
 imperfect flowers; flower* in 
 a long sheathing portion of 
 the leaf (the grass-wrack). 
 
 NYMPH ALA GE^E. 
 
 Plate i. 
 Nupfcar, 
 
 sepals five or six ; flowers 
 yellow (the yellow water 
 lily). 
 
 Nyrnphsea, 
 
 sepals four; flowers white 
 (the white water lily). 
 
 OLEACE^E. 
 
 Plate xvii, 
 Fraxinus, 
 
 fruit a pendulous key ; lewes 
 pinnate (the ash tree).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 OLEACE.-E. 
 
 Ligustrum, 
 
 fruit a fleshy berry ; simple 
 leaves (the privet shrub). 
 
 ONAGRACEsE. 
 
 Plate \\. 
 Circaea, 
 
 two stamens (the enchantei 
 nightshade). 
 
 (Enothera, 
 
 eigh t stamens, seeds not beard - 
 ed (the evening primrose). 
 
 Epilobium, 
 
 eight stamens ; seeds bearded; 
 (the willow herb). 
 
 ONAGRACE.E. 
 
 Isnardia, 
 
 four stamens. 
 
 ORCHIDACEsE. 
 Plate xxiv. 
 
 Division A 
 without any leaves, except 
 short scales. 
 
 Division B 
 with leaves. 
 
 Division B 
 Series i., lip spurred. 
 Series ii., lip without spur, 
 
 and hanging. 
 
 Series jii., lip unspurred, 
 and erect or spreading. 
 
 Division A. 
 Corallorhiza, 
 
 u/. 
 
 no spur ; lip entire, and not 
 so long as the sepals (the 
 coral root). 
 
 Epipogum, 
 
 inflated spur underneath lip ; 
 flowers few, large, and pale 
 yellow; stem without leaves. 
 
 Neotinea, 
 
 small spur ; a plate in front 
 of the glands of the pollen 
 masses ; flowers pink or 
 purplish. 
 
 ORCHIDACE& 
 Neottia, 
 
 no spur ; lip bi-lobed and 
 longer than the sepals : 
 long column ; flowers 
 greyish brown (the bird's- 
 nest). 
 
 Division B. 
 
 Series I. 
 Cypripedium, 
 
 anthers, two ; flowers very 
 large ; lip slipper shaped 
 and over an inch long 
 (the lady's slipper). 
 
 Gymnadenia, 
 
 pol ten glands without a pouch ; 
 flowers rose-coloured. 
 
 Habenaria, 
 
 stigma not prolonged between 
 anther ceils ; (lowers white 
 (the butterfly orchis).
 
 120 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 ORCHWACE&. 
 Orchis, 
 
 si^ma prolonged between 
 anther cells ; pollen glands 
 with a pouch. 
 
 Series II, 
 Aceras, 
 
 flowers without stalk ; lobes 
 of the lip linear (the man 
 orchis). 
 
 Listera, 
 
 flowers with stalk ; stem with 
 two opposite broad leaves 
 (the tway blade). 
 
 Ophrys, 
 
 flower without stalk; lobes 
 of lip oblong ; sepals spread- 
 ing (the insect orchis). 
 
 Series III. 
 Cephalanthera, 
 
 flowers without stalk, and 
 erect ; twisted ovary. 
 
 ORCHIDACE&. 
 Epipactis, 
 
 flowers with stalk and droop- 
 ing. 
 
 Goodyera, 
 
 flowers without stalk and 
 drooping, and all round the 
 spike. 
 
 Henninium., 
 
 flowers without stalk and 
 drooping, and on one side 
 of a straight spike. 
 
 Liparis, 
 
 flowers with stalk and erect ; 
 lip inferior. 
 
 Malaxis, 
 
 flowers with stalk and erect ; 
 lip superior. 
 
 ORCHIDACE&. 
 
 Spirant/lies, 
 
 flowers without stalk and 
 drooping, and on one side 
 of a spiral spike. 
 
 OROBANCHA CE.f.. 
 
 Plate xix. 
 Lathraea, 
 
 calyx with four broad short 
 teeth or lobes (the tooth- 
 wort). 
 
 Orobanche, 
 
 calyx deeply divided into two 
 or four pointed sepals (the 
 broom rape)-. 
 
 OXALIDACEsE. 
 
 Plate vi. 
 Oxalis, 
 
 stamens, ten ; styles, five ; 
 short and scarcely united 
 at the base - (trie wood 
 sorrel) . 
 
 PAPAVERACE^. 
 
 Plate ii. 
 Ch .lidoniurr, 
 
 -> 
 
 frj'.t linear, sin?1e-celle 1; 
 seeds crested -(the celan. 
 dira).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 121 
 
 PAPAVERACE&. 
 
 Glaucium. 
 
 fruit linear, double-celled ; 
 seeds not crested ; glaucous 
 foliage (the horned 
 poppy). 
 
 Meconopsis, 
 
 fruit oblong ; stigma, five or 
 six-rayed, and on a short 
 bnt distinct style (the 
 Welsh poppy). 
 
 Papaver, 
 
 fruit ovate, stigma radiating 
 and on a sessile flat disk 
 (the poppy). 
 
 PL ANT A GIN A CE^. 
 
 Plate xxi. 
 Littorella, 
 
 flowers unisexual, solitary or 
 two together, the males 
 stalked, the females sessile 
 (the shore-weed). 
 
 flowers hermaphrodite and 
 in terminal heads or spikes 
 (the plantain). 
 
 PL i \MBA GIN A CEAL. 
 Plate xxi. 
 
 Armeria, 
 
 flowers in globular heads 
 (the thrift) 
 
 Statice, 
 
 flowers in terminal panicles 
 or spikes (the sea laven- 
 der). 
 
 POLEMON1ACE.7:. 
 
 Plate xviii. 
 Polemonium, 
 
 corolla wheel-shaped ; tube 
 very short ; calyx five- 
 lobed; leaves pinnate (the 
 Jacob's ladder). 
 
 POLYGALACE.K. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 Polygala, 
 
 sepals five, two inner large 
 and wing shaped ; stamens 
 eight, in groups of four 
 (the milk- wort). 
 
 POLYGONACEAL. 
 
 Plate xxii. 
 Oxyria, 
 
 perianth of four segments 
 (the mountain sorrel). 
 
 Polygonum, 
 
 perianth of five segments ; 
 ro*t with a double twist 
 (the bistort). 
 
 Rumer, 
 
 perianth of six segments 
 (the dock). 
 
 PORTULACEsE. 
 
 Plate x. 
 Montia, 
 
 corolla five-parted, with three 
 segments smaller than the 
 others, and split down one 
 side (the blinks). 
 
 rRIMULACEAL. 
 Plate xxi. 
 
 Division A 
 leaves all radical. 
 
 Division B 
 leaves alternate. 
 
 Division C 
 leaves opposite. 
 
 Division D 
 leaves pectinate.
 
 122 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 PRIMULACE&. 
 
 Division A. 
 Cyclamen, 
 
 tube of corolla nearly globu- 
 lar; limb reflexed (the 
 sow-bread). 
 
 Primula, 
 
 tube of corolla cylindrical; 
 lobes spreading (the prim- 
 rose). 
 
 Division B, 
 Samolus, 
 
 all leaves alternate ; capsule 
 half inferior, opening with 
 hve valves (the brook- 
 weed). 
 
 Trientalis, 
 
 a terminal whorl of leaves ; 
 calyx with seven lobes 
 (the trientale). 
 
 Division C. 
 
 Anagallis, 
 
 stamens, five; capsule openin 
 transversely ; flowers, "^ta 
 or scarlet (the pimperne:). 
 
 PRIMULA CE.-E. 
 Centunculus, 
 
 stamens four (the chaff- 
 weed). 
 
 Olaux, 
 
 stamens, five; no corolla- 
 (the sea milkwort) . 
 
 LysimacMa, 
 
 stamens, five ; capsule opening 
 at the top ; flowers yellow 
 (the loosestrife). 
 
 Division D. 
 Hottonia, 
 
 a water plant; leaves all sub- 
 merged (the water violet). 
 
 RANUNCULA CE&. 
 Plate i. 
 
 Division A 
 regular flowers. 
 
 Division B 
 regular flowers, but no 
 corolla. 
 
 Division C 
 irregular flowers. 
 
 RANUNCULA Cs. 
 
 Division A, 
 Actsea, 
 
 petals, four ; sepals, four'; 
 introrse anthers ; stamens 
 rising from a glandular 
 disk; leaves like elder 
 leaves (the herb-Chris- 
 topher). 
 
 Adonis, 
 
 petals, five to ten.; sepals, five, 
 andpetaloid; flowers scarlet 
 (the.pheasant's eye). 
 
 Aquilegia, 
 
 spurred petals (the colum- 
 bine). 
 
 Eranthis, 
 
 petals, five, tubular ; sepals, 
 five, deciduous; leafy in- 
 volucre (the winter 
 aconite). 
 
 Helleborus, 
 
 petals, eight or ten, tubular ; 
 sepals, five, persistent-* 
 (the hellebore);
 
 INDEX TO THi; LitNKRA. 
 
 RAWUNCULA CE.Z. 
 Myosurus, 
 
 petals, five ; sepals, five ; sta- 
 mens five ; flowers spicate 
 and very small (the mouse- 
 tail). 
 
 Ranunculus, 
 
 petals, five, with a little scale 
 or thickened hollow spot at 
 the base ; sepals, five ; car- 
 pels, single seeded (th 
 buttercup). 
 
 NoCE. Ranunculus ficaria 
 . has a small rootstock bear- 
 i ing annually a number of 
 tubers (the pilewort). 
 
 Trolliur, 
 
 sepals, five or many ; petals, 
 from five to fifteen, small, 
 flat and linear (the globe 
 flower). 
 
 Division B, 
 Anemone, 
 
 involucre of three large 
 
 deeply-cut leaves some 
 
 distance down the flower 
 ttalk. 
 
 RANUNCULA CEsE. 
 Caltna, 
 
 sepals, five, bright yellow 
 (the marsh marigold). 
 
 Clematis, 
 
 sepals, four to six ; a climbing 
 plant, with leaf-stalks serv- 
 ing as tendrils (the travel- 
 ler's joy). 
 
 Thalictrum, 
 
 sepals, four or five, and im- 
 bricated in aestivation ; sta- 
 mens longer than the sepals 
 (the meadoY/ rue). 
 
 Division C. 
 
 Aconituru, 
 
 upper sepals hooded : carpels 
 grouped (the monkshood). 
 
 Delphinium, 
 
 00 
 
 upper sepals spurred ; carpels 
 . solitary {the 'arkspur). 
 
 RESEDACE.K 
 
 Plate iv. 
 Reseda, 
 
 sepals, four to six ; petals, 
 four to six, small, narrow, 
 and generally divided-Kthc 
 mignonette). 
 
 RESTIACE&. 
 Plate xxvii. 
 
 Eriocaulon, 
 
 perianth of four or six seg- 
 ments, inner ones united ; 
 flowers minute and in 
 globular head (the pipe 
 wort). 
 
 RHAMNACE&. 
 Plate vi. 
 
 Rhamnus, 
 
 calyx with four or five teeth ; 
 petals, none, or very small ; 
 1'ruit, a small berry (the 
 buckthorn). 
 
 ROSACEsE. 
 
 Plate viii. 
 
 Division A 
 having no petals. 
 
 Division B 
 fruit, a solitary' drupe. 
 
 Division C 
 fruit, a group of follicles. 
 
 Division D 
 fruit of small dry or succu- 
 lent nuts. 
 
 Division E 
 fruit, a pome.
 
 124 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 ROSACE&. 
 
 Division D 
 Series i., nuts inserted on a 
 
 dry, fleshy, or succulen 
 
 receptacle. 
 Series ii., nuts enclosed ii 
 
 the fleshy tube of thi 
 
 calyx. 
 
 Division A. 
 
 Alchemilla, 
 
 stamens, one to four ; calyx 
 eight - parted ; style from 
 near the base of the nut 
 (the lady's mantle). 
 
 Poterium, 
 
 stamens, many; calyx, four- 
 cleft ; nuts, two or three 
 in the dry tube of the 
 calyx (the burnet). 
 
 Sanguisorba, 
 
 stamens, four ; calyx, four- 
 cleft ; nuts, two in the dry 
 tube of the calyx (the 
 great burnet). 
 
 Division B, 
 Prunus, 
 
 petals, five; calyx, five- 
 cleft and deciduous ; styles, 
 one to five ; mit of the 
 drupe smooth or slightly 
 seamed (the plum) 
 
 ROSACES. 
 Division C. 
 
 Spirsea, 
 
 calyx, five-cleft ; stamens 
 many; fruit on the calyx 
 tube (the meadow-sweet). 
 
 Division D. 
 
 Series I. 
 Agrimonia, 
 
 calyx, five, armed with hooked 
 bristles; petals, five; sta- 
 mens, fifteen; nuts, two, 
 in the dry tube of the 
 calyx (the agrimony). 
 
 Comarum 
 
 flowers purple; calyx, ten- 
 cleft in two rows; petals, 
 five ; receptacle large, 
 fleshy, and spongy (the 
 marsh cinquefoil). 
 
 Dryas, 
 
 calyx, eight to ten-cleft in one 
 row ; petals, eight or ten ; 
 nuts tipped with hairy 
 styles, straight at the end 
 (the mountain aven-). 
 
 ROSACEAZ. 
 Fragaria, 
 
 calyx, ten-cleft in two rows; 
 petals, five ; receptacle 
 large, succulent, and having 
 the nuts sunk in it (the 
 strawberry). 
 
 Geum, 
 
 calyx, ten-cleft in two rows ; 
 petals, five ; nuts tipped 
 with jointed styles hooked 
 at the end (the avens). 
 
 Potentilla, 
 
 calyx ten-cleft in two rows; 
 petals, four or five; stamens 
 many; seeds without bristles 
 on a flatfish dry receptacle 
 (the cinqiiefoil). 
 
 Rubuv, 
 
 calyx five-cleft ; petals, five ; 
 stamens, many ; styles, 
 many ; fruit, succulent dru- 
 paceous, on a conical spongy 
 receptacle (the black- 
 berry)-.
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 125 
 
 ROSACE.-E. 
 Sibbaldia, 
 
 calyx ten-cleft in two rows ; 
 petals, five, and small ; sta- 
 mens, five ; frui* on a dry 
 receptacle. 
 
 Series IL 
 
 Rosa, 
 
 A. 
 
 calyx urn-shaped, contracted 
 at the mouth and ultimately 
 fleshy ; petals, four or five ; 
 stamens many; styles many 
 (the dog rose). 
 
 Division E, 
 Cotoneaster, 
 
 ca'yx, five; petals, five; styles, 
 two to five ; fruit not 
 cohering at the centre. 
 
 Cratsegns, 
 
 calyx segments acute ; fruit 
 oval, hiding upper end of 
 the bony carpels (the 
 hawthorn). 
 
 ROSACES. 
 
 Mespilus, 
 
 calyx segments leafy ; fruit 
 turbinate, and exposing 
 upper end of the bony 
 carpels (the medlar). 
 
 Pyrus, 
 
 calyx, five ; petals, five ; 
 styles, two to five ; fruit 
 with five cartilaginous 
 double-seeded cells (the 
 apple). 
 
 RUBIACE&. 
 
 PI die xiii. 
 Asperula, 
 
 corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit 
 dry, double lobed, double 
 seeded, and not crowned 
 with the limb of the calyx 
 (the woodruff). 
 
 Galhim, 
 
 no calyx ; corolla wheel- 
 shaped, with four teeth ; 
 fruit dry, not crowned with 
 the calyx (the bedstraw). 
 
 RUBIACESE. 
 Rubia, 
 
 no calyx ; corolla wheel- 
 shaped, with five teeth; 
 fruit fleshy ; flowers yellow 
 (the madder). 
 
 Sherardia, 
 
 no calyx ; corolla bell-shaped, 
 with six teeth ; fruit 
 crowned with the calyx ; 
 flowers lilac (the field 
 madder). 
 
 SALIC AC E^E. 
 
 Plate xxiii. 
 Populus, 
 
 catkins with jagged scale' 
 stamens, eight or more 
 (the poplar). 
 
 Saliz, 
 
 catkins with entire imbricated 
 scales ; stamens, five or less 
 (the willow).
 
 126 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 SANTALACEsE. 
 
 Plate xxii. 
 Thosium, 
 
 perianth funnel-shaped and 
 five-cleft; stamens, five 
 (the bastard toad flax). 
 
 SAXIFRA GA CEJE. 
 Plate x. 
 
 Chrysosplenium. 
 
 BO petals ; calyx four-cleft ; 
 stamens, eight ; capsule 
 single - celled, with two 
 beaks (the golden saxi- 
 frage) 
 
 Parnassia, 
 
 five petals, each with a short 
 claw ; stamens, five, with 
 five fringed scales inter- 
 posed; stigmas four (the 
 grass of Parnassus). 
 
 Saxifraga, 
 
 petals, five ; stamens, ten ; 
 capsule double-celled, open- 
 ing between the beaks. 
 
 SCLERANTHA CEJK. 
 Plate x. 
 
 Scleranthus, 
 
 perianth five-cleft, contracted 
 at mouth ; stamens, ten or 
 five, inserted in the mouth 
 of the calyx (the knawel). 
 
 SCROPHULARI- 
 ACE^E. 
 
 Plate xviii. 
 
 Division A 
 having two stamens, and 
 corolla, four or five-cleft. 
 
 Division B 
 having four stamens, two 
 long and two short and 
 calyx four-cleft. 
 
 Division C 
 having four or five stamens, 
 and calyx five-cleft. 
 
 Division A, 
 Veronica, 
 
 corolla wheel -shaped, lower 
 lobe the longest ; capsules 
 compressed and double- 
 celled (the speedwell). 
 
 Division B. 
 Bartsia, 
 
 corolla tubular a^d ringent, 
 upper lip not flattened, and 
 entire. 
 
 SCROPHULARI- 
 
 ACEsE. 
 Euphrasia, 
 
 corolla tubular and two- 
 lipped, upper lip flattened 
 and bifid -(the eyebright). j 
 
 Melampyrum, 
 
 calyx tubular and toothed ; 
 corolla ringent, upper lip 
 flattened, with reflexed mar- 
 gins (the cow-wheat). 
 
 Rhinantfcus, 
 
 calyx inflated, teeth small; 
 corolla ringent, and upper 
 lip flattened ; seeds with 
 an orbicular margin (the 
 yellow rattle). 
 
 Division C. 
 Antirrhinum, 
 
 corolla personate ; gibbous at 
 the base ; no distinct spur 
 (the snapdragon).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 127 
 
 SCROPHULARI- 
 ACE.-K. 
 
 Digitalis, 
 
 corolla bell - shaped and 
 oblique ; leaves alternate 
 (the foxgiove). 
 
 Limosella, 
 
 corolla bell -shaped and equal 
 and five - cleft ; flowers 
 white (the mud wort). 
 
 Linaria, 
 
 corolla personate and spurred, 
 with a prominent palate 
 closing; the mouth (the 
 toad flax). 
 
 Mimulus, 
 
 corolla ringent ; upper lip 
 with reflexed sides; leaves 
 opposite. 
 
 SCROPHULARI- 
 
 ACE/F. 
 Pedicularis, 
 
 calyx inflated and five-toothed ; 
 corolla ringent ; upper lip 
 compressed laterally; lower 
 plane three-lobed ; capsule* 
 obtuse (the red rattle). 
 
 Scrophularia, 
 
 1 corolla globose, with five un- 
 equal lobes (the fig wort). 
 
 Sibtliorpia, 
 
 corolla wheel - shaped and 
 irregularly five-cleft ; leaves 
 orbicular and alternate 
 (the money wort). 
 
 Verbaacum, 
 
 corolla wheel - shaped ; sta- 
 mens, five (the mullein). 
 
 SOLANACE/E. 
 
 Plate xviii. 
 Atropa, 
 
 corolla bell-shaped ; anthers 
 do not open by pores ; fruit 
 globose (the deadly night- 
 shade). 
 
 SOLAXACE.E. 
 Hyoscyamus, 
 
 corolla funnel-shaped, with 
 five unequal lobes ; anthers 
 burst longitudinally ; cap- 
 sule opening transversely 
 by a convex lid (the hen- 
 bane). 
 
 Solanum, 
 
 corolla wheel-shaped ; anthers 
 connivent, opening by two 
 apical pores (the night- 
 shade). 
 
 TA MA RISC 'A CE&. 
 
 Plate ix. 
 Tamarix, 
 
 calyx, four or five parted ; 
 petals, four or five; stamens 
 four or five, or eight or ten, 
 on a hypogynous ring : 
 styles three ; stigmas fea- 
 thery (the tamarisk). 
 
 THYMELACE&. 
 
 Plate xxii. 
 Daphne, 
 
 perianth four-cleft ; stamens, 
 eight, inserted in two rows ; 
 berry fleshy (the meze- 
 reonX
 
 128 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA, 
 
 TILIACEM. 
 
 Plate vi. 
 Tilia, 
 
 sepals, fiVe ; petals, five ; sta- 
 mens, many ; ovary, five- 
 celled (the lime tree). 
 
 TRILLIACE&. 
 Plate xxvi. 
 Paris, 
 
 perianth in two whorls ; outer 
 herbaceous, inner coloured ; 
 leaves, four, in a whorl 
 (the herb Paris). 
 
 TYPHACE&. 
 
 Plate xxvii. 
 Sparganium, 
 
 flowers in glotulir h'ads 
 (the bur weed), 
 
 Typha, 
 
 ULMACE.K. 
 
 Plate xxiii. 
 Ulmus, 
 
 flowers in dense cylindrical 
 spikes (the bu'rash). 
 
 flower perfect ; perianth bell- 
 shaped and persistent, four 
 or five-cleft ; stamens, five ; 
 styles, two (the elm). 
 
 UMBELLIFERA?. 
 Plates xi, xii, xiii. 
 
 Division A 
 
 simple or irregular umbels. 
 Division B 
 
 compound umbels. 
 Division B 
 
 S tries I., fruit prickly. 
 
 Series ii., fruit beaked. 
 
 Series iii., fruit not prickly 
 or beaked, but flattened 
 and united by their faces. 
 
 Series iv., fruit not prickly 
 or beaked, but flattened 
 and united by the narrow 
 edge. 
 
 Serifs v., fruit neither flat- 
 tened nor prickly nor 
 beaked. 
 
 Division A, 
 
 Astrantia, 
 
 calyx_ of five leafy teeth; 
 fruit 'vit.h five plicate- 
 dentate ridges; involucral 
 bracts large and coloured; 
 palmate leaves. 
 
 Ejyngium, 
 
 spiny palmate leaves (the 
 eryngo). 
 
 UMBELLIFER.-E, 
 Hydrocotyle, 
 
 peltate leaves ; creeping stem 
 (the pennywort). 
 
 Sanicula, 
 
 flowers in panicled tufts ; the 
 outer without stamens ; the 
 inner without pistils ; 
 leaves palmate ; fruit round 
 and prickly (the sanicle). 
 
 Division B. 
 Series 1. 
 
 Caucalis, 
 
 fruit with hooked bristles ; 
 compound leaves (the 
 bur parsley). 
 
 Daucas, 
 
 fruit with prominent ridges ; 
 compressed leaves ; bracts 
 pinnatifid (the carrot).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 129 
 
 UMBELLIFER&. 
 Torilis, 
 
 fruit with straight fcrisiJes; 
 compound leaves (the 
 hedge parsley). 
 
 Series II. 
 Antliriscus, 
 
 beak slender, shorter than the 
 fruit (the beaked parsley). 
 
 Cliserophyllum. 
 
 beak very short ; carpels 
 obtusely ribbed ; vitUe single 
 (the chenril). 
 
 Myrr&is, 
 
 beak very short ; carpels 
 
 acutely ribbed ; no vittae 
 (the cicely). 
 
 Scandir, 
 
 beak long ; carpels with five 
 blunt ridges (the shep- 
 herd's needle). 
 
 UMBELLIFER&. 
 
 Series III. 
 Angelica, 
 
 fruit with three sharp ridges 
 at the back of each carpel, 
 and two at the sides ; fruit 
 dorsally compressed ; lat- 
 eral wings separate. 
 
 Heracleum, 
 
 V 
 
 petals obcordate with an in- 
 flexed point, outer ones 
 radiant ; fruit with even 
 w ings ; lower leaves pinnate, 
 upper leaves lobed (the 
 cow-parsnip). 
 
 Pastinaca, 
 
 petals entire and acute; fruit 
 with even wings ; flowers 
 small and yellow (the 
 parsnip). 
 
 Peucedamun, 
 
 petals obcordate ; fruit with a 
 thin flat margin, lateral 
 ridges at the base of the 
 vi:us; lower leaves of 
 three large three-lobed seg- 
 ment* with equal stalks 
 (ihc hog's fennel^. 
 K 
 
 UMBELL1FERJL. 
 Tordylium, 
 
 fruit with a thick wrinkled 
 margin ; lower leaves pin- 
 nate ; upper leaves pinnati- 
 fid (the hart wort). 
 
 Series IV. 
 .ffigopodium, 
 
 fruit oblong, with five filiform 
 ridges ; interstices without 
 vittae ; no involucres (the 
 gout weed). 
 
 Apium, 
 
 fruit ovate, with five prominent 
 ridges ; vittae solitary ; um- 
 bels mostly lateral and ses- 
 sile (the celery) 
 
 Bunium, 
 
 petals emarginate ; fruit ob- 
 long, crowned with the 
 conical base of the erect 
 styles ; vittas. manv : leaves 
 compound (the earth nut).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 UMBELLIFER^E. \ UMBELLIFERJL. 
 
 Bupleurum, 
 
 leaves simple, linear or ovate 
 (the hare's ear). 
 
 Carom, 
 
 petals emarginate ; fruit 
 oblong ; base of style 
 depressed ; vittae solitary ; 
 leaves compound (the 
 caraway). 
 
 Ccniuni, 
 
 petals emarginate ; fruit ovatei 
 glabrous, with five promi- 
 nent wavy ridges ; no 
 vittae ; leaves compound 
 (the hemlock). 
 
 Cicuta, 
 
 calyx of five leafy teeth ; 
 petals obcordate, with an 
 inflexed point ; fruit with 
 obscure ridges ; vittse soli- 
 tary (the cow bane). 
 
 Helosciadium, 
 
 fruit egg-shaped ; interstices 
 with single vitta: (the 
 marsh wort). 
 
 Petroselinum, 
 
 petals entire ; bracts, many ; 
 flowers yellow ; fruit egg- 
 shaped ; single vittas ; com- 
 pound leaves (the parsley). 
 
 Physospermum, 
 
 fruit of two bladder-like lobes, 
 with five filiform slender 
 equal ridges, the lateral 
 within the margin ; solitary 
 vittas ; compound leaves 
 (the bladder seed). 
 
 Pimpinella, 
 
 no involucra! bracts; fruit 
 oblong, crowned with the 
 swollen base of the reflexed 
 styles ; pinnate leaves, up- 
 per ones occasionally pin- 
 natifid (the burnet saxi- 
 frage). 
 
 Sison, 
 
 petals emarginate ; fruit egg- 
 shaped with blunt ridges ; 
 clavata vittae ; leaves pin- 
 nate, upper ones very nar- 
 row [the stone parsley). 
 
 UMBELLIFER^E. 
 Slum,, 
 
 leaves all pinnate (the water 
 parsnip). 
 
 fruit orbicular, with three 
 prominent ridges ; vittae 
 many {the alexanders). 
 
 Trinia, 
 
 flowers dioecious ; petals yel- 
 low ; leaflets linear ; fruit 
 with five ridges with a single 
 vitta beneath each of them 
 (the honewort) 
 
 Series V. 
 
 JEtlmsa, 
 
 petals obcordate _with an 
 acute inflexed point ; fruit 
 globose, with five - keeled 
 ridges crowned with the 
 reflexed styles ; single vittse 
 (the fool's parsley). 
 
 Coriandrum. 
 
 outer petals radiant and bifid) 
 fruit globular, wiih ob;cure 
 ridges ; no vittae (the 
 coriander).
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 UMBELLIFER&. 
 Crithmum, 
 
 petals elliptical, entire, and 
 involute ; fruit with tri- 
 angular sharp ridges, and 
 said to resemble barley ; 
 leaves compound and fleshy 
 (the samphire). 
 
 Pceniculum, 
 
 petnts entire, roundish, with a 
 broad obtuse indexed lobe ; 
 fruit oblong, with five 
 bluntly-keeled ridges; style 
 short ; single vitts ; very 
 finely - cut leaves (the 
 fennel) 
 
 tigusticum, 
 
 petals ovate, acutely emargin- 
 ate, with an inflexed lobe 
 and a short claw ; fruit 
 elliptical, with five winged 
 ridges; numerous vitta; 
 (the lovage). 
 
 Meum, 
 
 petals entire, elliptical, acute 
 at both ends, with an in- 
 curved point (the spignel). 
 
 CEnanthe, 
 
 fruit sessile, egg-shaped, with 
 long erect styles ; unbels 
 of ten to twenty rays (the 
 water dropwort). 
 
 UMBELLIFER&. 
 Seseli, 
 
 umbels of more than twenty 
 rays; fruit hairy, with thick 
 ribs and long reflexed styles 
 (the meadow saxifrage). 
 
 Silaus, 
 
 petals yllow, appendaged at 
 the base (the pepper 
 saxifrage). 
 
 URTICACE&. 
 Plate xxiii. 
 Humulus, 
 
 stamens five ; flowers diaci- 
 ous ; males in loose panicles 
 in the upper axils; females 
 in catkins with ovate scales; 
 stigmas two, long and 
 linear ; opposite leaves ; a 
 tall climbing plant (the 
 hop). 
 
 Farietaria, 
 
 stamens four ; flowers poly- 
 gamous, surrounded by an 
 involucre, and in axillary 
 clusters ; leaves alternate ; 
 hairs simple (the wall 
 pellitory). 
 
 K 2 
 
 URTICACEsE. 
 Urtica, ,*& 
 
 \ 
 
 stamens four ; flowers monoe- 
 cious or dioecious ; males 
 in loose racemes, with peri- 
 anth four-parted ; females 
 in capitate racemes, with 
 perianth two-parted; stigma 
 sessile ; opposite leaves ; 
 stinging hairs (the sting- 
 ing nettle). 
 
 VACCINIACE/E. 
 
 Plate xvii. 
 Vaccinium, 
 
 disk epigynous; leaves al- 
 ternate (the whortleberry). 
 
 VALERIANACE&. 
 
 Plate xiii. 
 Centrantlms, 
 
 one stamen ; corolla fiva- 
 lobed, and having a spur 
 (the spur valerian). 
 
 Valerian a, 
 
 threestamens; co rol'a gibbous, 
 swollen but not spurred ; 
 fruit single-celled, with 
 feathery pappu'. (the vale- 
 rian).
 
 132 
 
 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 
 
 VALERIAN A CE&. 
 
 ValerianeLLa, 
 
 three stamens ; fruit three- 
 celled, crowned with the 
 erect irregularly - toothed 
 limb of the calyx (the 
 corn salad). 
 
 VERBENACE&. 
 
 Plate xix. 
 Verbena, 
 
 calyx five-cleft ; corolla tubu- 
 lar, irregular, five-lobed, and 
 slightly two-lipped; stamens 
 four or two included in the 
 tube (the vervain). 
 
 VIOLACE&. 
 
 Plate iv. 
 Viola, 
 
 sepals five, extended at the 
 base ; petals five, unequal, 
 the lower one extended into 
 a hollow spur behind ; sta- 
 mens five, filaments very 
 short and broad (the 
 violet). 
 
 510
 
 INDEX III. 
 
 THE SPECIES, 
 
 TN this list only such particulars are given as 
 -* are needed to distinguish one species from 
 
 another. For the characteristics of the genera 
 
 reference must be made to the preceding index. 
 
 The species chosen for illustration in the coloured 
 
 plates are shown by the asterisks. 
 
 5-4 
 
 Acer. Plate vi. 83. 
 "campestre the maple tree, flowers erect, 
 pseudoplatanus the sycamore, flowers 
 
 droop. 
 
 Aceras, Plate xxiv. 395. 
 *anthropophora greenish yellow, with 
 
 purple margin. 
 AcMUea, Plate xvi. 254. 
 
 millefolium pinkish, leaves woolly and 
 
 bipinnatifid. 
 
 *ptarmica white, leaves smooth and lanceo- 
 late. 
 Aconitum, Plate i. 14. 
 
 *napellus deep blue, hooded, erect stem. 
 Acorus, Plate xxvii. 447. 
 calamus sword-shaped leaves. 
 Actaaa, Plate i. 15. 
 
 *spicata white, flowers in long raceme. 
 Actinocarpus, Plate xxvii. 434. 
 damasonium white with yellow spots, long 
 stalked oval leaves. 
 
 Adiantum, Page 16, 521. 
 
 *capillus veneris clusters marginal, wedge- 
 shaped pinnules. 
 Adonis, Plate i. 4. 
 
 *autumnalis crimson, decompound leaves. 
 
 Adoxa, Plate xi. 152. 
 *moschatellina yellowish, five flowers in 
 
 a cubical head. 
 
 JEgopodium, Plate xi. 168. 
 podagraria white, grooved hollow stem, 
 
 ovate leaflets, 
 -ffithusa, Plate xii. 175. 
 
 "cynapium white, stem branched and leafy. 
 Agrimonia, Plate viii. 118. 
 eupatoria yellow, lower spines spreading 
 
 fruit furrowed. 
 
 Agrostis, Plate xxix. 478. 
 alba awnless paleae, rough sheaths. 
 *canina awned palea^, smooth sheaths, 
 setacea awned palea;, rough sheaths, 
 vulgaris awnless paleae, smooth sheaths. 
 
 Aira, Plate xxx. 483. 
 
 alpina lower pales truncated, panicle close, 
 cacspitosa lower palea: truncated, panicle 
 
 spreading. 
 
 canescens lower paleae entire, hairy leaves, 
 caryophyllea lower palea; bifid, sheaths 
 
 rough. 
 *flexuosa lower palex truncated, panicle 
 
 wavy, 
 praecox lower pales bifid, sheaths smooth, 
 
 Ajuga, Plate xix. 312. 
 
 chamaepitys yellow, solitary, axillaiy 
 
 flowers. 
 
 pyramidalis purple, hairy foliage, 
 "reptans purple, smooth foliage. 
 
 Alchemilla, Plate viii. 121. 
 
 alpina yellowish green, radical leaves 
 
 digitate, flowers in spikes, 
 arvensis yellowish green, palmate leaves, 
 
 flowers axillary. 
 
 *vulgaris yellowish green, leaves reniform, 
 flowers in clusters. 
 
 Alisma, Plate xxvii. 433. 
 
 natans white spotted with yellow, floating 
 
 stems. 
 
 *plantagc ylilac, broad ribbed radical leaves, 
 ranunculoides rose, narrow radical leaves. 
 
 Allium, Plate xxv. 413. 
 
 ampeloprasum purplish, keeled leaves, 
 round sheaths. 
 
 oleraceum brownish, fleshy leaves, grooved 
 above, ribbed beneath. 
 
 schcenoprasum pink, hollow leaves, umbels 
 without bulbs, leafless stems. 
 
 scorodoprasum purplish, flat leaves, two- 
 edged sheaths. 
 
 spha;rocephalum rose, hollow leaves, um- 
 bels without bulbs, 
 ursinum white, leaves all radical. 
 
 vineale pink, hollow leaves, umbels with 
 bulbs. 
 
 Allosorus, Page 89, 514. 
 'crispus oblong marginal clusters, barren 
 fronds, tripinnaltfid.
 
 134 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Alnus, Plate xxiii. 376. 
 glutinosa roundish leaves, green on both 
 sides. 
 
 Alopecurus, Plate xxix. 474. 
 
 agrestis stem erect and rough. 
 
 alpinus ovate glumes, awn same length as 
 
 paleae. 
 
 bulbosus awn half as long again as paleae. 
 fulvus awn longer than paleae, attached at 
 
 centre, 
 geniculatus awn longer than paleae, 
 
 attached at base. 
 *pratensis awn twice as long as paleae. 
 
 Althaea, Plate vi. 79. 
 
 hirsuta purple, bristly foliage, solitary 
 
 flowers, 
 officinalis rose downy foliage, cymose 
 
 flowers. 
 
 Alyssum, Plate iii. 40. 
 *calycinum yellow, stellate hairs on stem, 
 pouch compressed. 
 
 Amaranthus, Plate xxii. 348. 
 
 *blitum green, flowers trifid and triandrous. 
 
 Ammophila, Plate xxx. 479. 
 
 *arundinacea long stiff glaucous leaves. 
 
 Anagallis, Plate xxi. 340. 
 
 *arvensis scarlet, sessile leaves. 
 
 tenella pink, stalked leaves. 
 
 Anchusa, Plate xx. 328. 
 
 officinalis purple, lanceolate leaves, 
 sempervirens blue, oval leaves. 
 
 Andromeda, Plate xvii. 265. 
 polifolia pink, ovate corolla, slender stem, 
 glaucous leaves. 
 
 Anemone, Plate i. 3, 
 
 ppennina blue, triternate leaves. 
 *nemorosa white, ternate leaves, 
 pulsatilla purple, bipinnate leaves. 
 Angelica, Plate xii. 182. 
 "sylvestris white.furrowed stem, oval leaflets. 
 
 Antennaria, Plate xv. 238. 
 
 'Mioicum pink, involucre white and satiny, 
 margaritaceum white, erect shrubby stem. 
 
 Anthemis, Plate xvi. 253. 
 
 arvensis white, stem erect, foliage hoary, 
 cotula white, stem erect and branched, 
 
 foetid. 
 *nobilis white, stem prostrate, aromatic. 
 
 Anthoxanthum, Plate xxix. 471. 
 
 *odoratum flowers longer than awns. 
 
 Anthriscus, Plate xiii. 191. 
 
 cerefolium white, sessile lateral umbels, 
 ''sylvestris white, stalked terminal umbels, 
 vulgans white, stalked lateral umbels. 
 
 Anthyllis, Plate vii. 94. 
 *vulneraria various, flowers in heads, 
 glaucous pinnate leaves. 
 
 Antirrhinum, Plate xviii. 295. 
 
 "majus purple or white, sepals shorter than 
 
 corolla, 
 orontium pink, sepals longer than corolla. 
 
 Apera, Plate xxix. 
 *spica venli panicle spread, with slender 
 branches. 
 
 Apium, Plate xi. 163. 
 *graveolens greenish, furrowed stem, radical 
 leaves round. 
 
 Aquilegia, Plate i. 12. 
 
 vulgaris purple, petals spurred. 
 
 Arabis, Plate iii. 43. 
 
 ciliata white, stem unbranched, pods erect. 
 *hirsuta white, hairy leaves, pods adpressed. 
 perfoliata yellowish, stem leaves auricled. 
 petraea white, smooth leaves, pods spread- 
 ing. 
 
 stricta white, lyrate leaves, pods erect, 
 turrita yellow, pods recurved with thick 
 margin. 
 
 Arbutus, Plate xvii. 266. 
 "unedo white, tree, with flaky reddish- 
 brown bark, stiff leaves. 
 
 Arctium, Plate xv. 225. 
 *lappa purple, large heart-shaped leaves. 
 
 Arctpstaphylos, Plate xvii. 267. 
 
 alpina- white, leaves wrinkled and toothed. 
 *uva-ursi pink, leaves smooth and entire. 
 
 Arenaria, Plate v. 71. 
 
 norvegica white fleshy leaves, prostrate 
 stem. 
 
 rubella white, tufted stem, three-veined 
 
 leaves. 
 
 *serpyllifolia white, pointed, egg-shaped 
 leaves. 
 
 tenuifolia white, erect stem, awl-shaped 
 leaves. 
 
 trinervis white, hairy diffuse stem, long- 
 stalked flowers. 
 
 uliginosa white, tufted stem, veinles? leaves 
 
 verna white, large flowers, tufted stem, 
 three-veined leaves. 
 
 Aristolochia, Plate xxii. 363. 
 
 *clematitis yellow, large smooth heart- 
 shaped leaves. 
 
 Armeria, Plate xxi. 344. 
 
 *maritima pink or white, leaves linear and 
 single-nerved. 
 
 Arnoseris, Plate xiv. 222. 
 
 *pusilla yellow, stem leafless, leaves blunt 
 and toothed. 
 
 Arrhenatherum, Plate xxx. 
 
 *avenaceum simple panicle, rough flat 
 leaves. 
 
 Artemisia, Plate xv. 237. 
 
 "absinthium yellow, leaves all silky, heads 
 
 hemispherical, 
 campestris yellow, leaves silky beneath 
 
 bipinnatifid. 
 
 mantima rose, leaves woolly, pinnatifid. 
 vulgaris golden, leaves woolly, green above 
 
 and white beneath. 
 
 Arthrolobium, Plate vii. 103. 
 
 *ebracteatum yellow, crimson veined flowers, 
 
 Arum, Plate xxvii. 446. 
 
 italicum leaves triangular with diverging 
 
 lobes. 
 *maculatum leaves arrow-shaped. 
 
 Arundo, Plate xxx. 480. 
 phragmites large spreading purple panicle.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 135 
 
 Asarum, Plate xxii. 362. 
 
 *europeum green, leaves in pairs, single 
 drooping flowers in axils. 
 
 Asparagus, Plate x.xvi. 421. 
 'officinal is cream, erect, branched stem, 
 axillary flowers. 
 
 Asperugo, Plate xx. 329. 
 
 *procumbens purple, prostrate prickly stem. 
 Asperula, Plate xiii. 203. 
 
 cynanchica pink, leaves in fours. 
 *odorata white, leaves in 6, 7, or 3. 
 Asplenium, Page 61, 519. 
 *adiantum nigrum triangular fronds, wedge- 
 shaped pinnules. 
 
 germanicum pinnx alternate, wedge-shaped, 
 lanceolatum scaly, no wing, 
 marinum wing along the rachis. 
 ruta-muraria wedge-shaped pinnae, lobed 
 
 at apex. 
 
 septentrionale fronds split into three teeth, 
 trichomanes black stalk, frond pinnate, 
 viride green stalk, frond pinnate. 
 Aster, Plate xvi. 244. 
 *tripolium purple with yellow disk, leaves 
 
 fleshy. 
 Astragalus, Plate vii. 100. 
 
 alpinus white, hairy ascending stem. 
 *glycyphyllos primrose, smooth zigzag stem. 
 
 hypoglottis purple, hairy prostrate stem. 
 Astrantia, Plate xi. 157. 
 ''major pinkish, coloured bracts, palmate 
 leaves. 
 
 Athyrium, Page 54, 518. 
 
 *filix foemina fronds flaccid, single linear 
 dorsal clusters, bipinnatifid. 
 
 Atrlplex, Plate xxii. 351. 
 arenarin green, yellow stem, 
 babingtonii green .striped, stem procum- 
 bent, clusters axillary, 
 hastate green, triangular hastate leaves. 
 Uttoralis green, leaves all entire. 
 *patula green, leaves with two lobes from 
 
 wedge-shaped base. 
 Atropa, Plate xviii. 285. 
 "belladonna purple, large ovate leaves, large 
 
 black berries. 
 Avena, Plate xxx. 484. 
 
 fatua inner glumes six-ribbed, spikelets 
 
 three-flowered, 
 flavescens inner glumes three-ribbed, 
 
 radical leaves hairy, panicle branched. 
 *pratensis inner glumes three-ribbed, radical 
 
 leaves smooth, 
 pubescens inner glumes three-ribbed, 
 
 radical leaves hairy, panicle simple, 
 stri^osa inner glumes six-ribbed, spikelets 
 
 two-flowered. 
 
 Ballota, Plate xix. 313. 
 "ingra purple, wrinkled leaves, w.horled 
 tlowers. 
 
 Barfoarea, Plate iii. 44. 
 
 pr.tcox yellow, narrow leaves, long pod. 
 'vulgaris yellow, pod thicker than pedicel. 
 Bartsia, Plate xviii. 288. 
 alpina blue, flowers in a spike, 
 odontites red, flowers in a one-sided 
 
 raceme. 
 *viscosa yellow, flowers axillary. 
 
 Bellis, Plate xvi. 250. 
 *perennis white, stem single floweret!. 
 
 Berberis, Plate i. 16. 
 vulgaris pale yellow, branches with triple 
 spines. 
 
 Beta, Plate xxii. 352. 
 *maritima green, many prostrate stems from 
 crown of root. 
 
 Betula, Plate xxiii. 377. 
 *alba fruit with broad wings, 
 nana fruit with narrow wings. 
 
 Bidens, Plate xv. 232. 
 cernua yellowish brown, leaves undivided, 
 "tripartita yellowish brown, leaves cut into 
 threes. 
 
 Blechnum, Plate xxxiii. 508. 
 *boreale fertile and barren fronds, clusters 
 marginal and continuous. 
 
 Blysmus, Plate xxviii. 458. 
 *compressus triangular stem, 
 rufus round stem. 
 
 Borago, Plate xx. 326. 
 "oflicinalis blue, very bristly, oval leaves. 
 
 Borkhausia, Plate xiv. 220. 
 foetida yellow, round stem. 
 *taraxifoha yellow, angled stem 
 
 Botrychium, Page 31, 525. 
 lunaria frond solitary with fan-shaped 
 pinnae. 
 
 Brachypodium, Plate xxxi. 499. 
 
 pinnatum panicle erect. 
 *sylvaticum panicle drooping. 
 
 Brassica, Plate iv. 51. 
 
 *campestris yellow, stem leaves cord 
 napus yellow, leaves all smooth, 
 cleracea yellow, stem leaves oblong and 
 
 waved, 
 rapa yellow, lower leaves rough. 
 
 Briza, Plate xxxi. 494. 
 "media five flowered spikelets, oval, 
 minor seven flowered spikelets, triangular. 
 
 Bromus, Plate xxxi. 498. 
 arvensis long awn, panicle drooping, lower 
 
 glume three to five-nerved, 
 asper short awn, panicle drooping. 
 *erectus short awn, panicle erect, 
 madritensis long awn, panicle erect, lower 
 
 glume one-nerved. 
 
 mollis longawn, panicle erect and branched, 
 racemosus long awn, panicle erect, and 
 
 simple, 
 secalinus long awn, panicle spreading, 
 
 lower glume three nerved, 
 squarrosus long awn, panicle drooping, 
 
 lower glume nine-nerved, 
 sterilis long awn, panicle drooping, lower 
 
 glume one-nerved. 
 
 Bryonia, Plate ix. 137. 
 *dioica greenish, climbing stem, palmate 
 leaves. 
 
 Eunium, Plate xii. 170. 
 ilexuosum white, slender stem leafless at 
 base. 
 
 ate.
 
 136 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Bupleumm, Plate xii. 173. 
 
 aristatum yellow, sharp-pointed bracts, 
 falcatum yellow, elliptical long-stalked 
 
 leaves, 
 rotundifolium yellow.yellowish oval bracts, 
 
 perfoliate leaves, 
 tenuissimum yellow, awl-shaped bracts. 
 
 Butomus, Plate xxvii. 436, 
 *umbellatus rose, leaves radical, linear, 
 ensiform and twisted at point. 
 
 Bums, Plate xxiii. 366. 
 *sempervirens cream, shining oblong leaves. 
 
 Cakile, Plate ii. 25. 
 
 *maritima purple, zigzag branches. 
 
 Calamagrostis, Plate xxx. 481. 
 
 epigejos erect, close panicle, hairs longer 
 
 than paleae. 
 
 *Ianceolata loose panicle, 
 stricta erect close panicle, hairs shorter than 
 
 paleae. 
 
 Calamintha, Plate xix. 308. 
 
 acinos purple, whorls five or six flowered, 
 clinopodmm purple, straggling stem, 
 
 leaves egg-shaped and stalked, 
 nepeta purple, prominent hairs on calyx 
 
 mouth. 
 *officinalis purple, erect stem, hairs on 
 
 calyx mouth included. 
 Callitriclie, Plate ix. 132. 
 
 autumnalis no bracts, fruit-lobes winged. 
 *verna falcate bracts, fruit-lobes keeled. 
 
 Calluna, Plate xvii. 262. 
 
 *vulgaris pale rose, leaves in four rows. 
 Caltha, Plate i. 8. 
 *palustris yellow, imbricate sepals, 
 radicans yellow, stem rooting at joints, 
 vulgaris yellow, stem not rooting. 
 
 Camelina, Plate iii. 38. 
 *sativa yellow, stem leaves arrow-shaped. 
 Campanula, Plate xvi. 256. 
 
 glomerata dark blue, angled stem, flowers 
 
 in clusters, 
 hederacea pale blue, thread-like stem, 
 
 leaves toothed, 
 hybrida purple, rough wiry stem, waved 
 
 leaves, sessile flowers, 
 latifolia deep blue, tall furrowed leafy 
 
 stem, hairy flowers, 
 patula blue, rough angled stem, flowers in 
 
 loose panicles, 
 persicifolia blue, large flowers, round stem, 
 
 smooth leaves, 
 rapunculus pale blue, tall, angled stem, 
 
 small flowers, 
 rapunculoides pale purple, creeping stem, 
 
 flowers on one side. 
 *rotundifolia light blue, smooth slender 
 
 stem, radical leaves reniform. 
 trachelium blue, rough angled stem, lower 
 
 leaves cordate. 
 
 Capsella, Plate ii. 30. 
 *bursa pastoris white, triangular heart- 
 shaped pods. 
 
 Cardamine, Plate iii. 42. 
 
 amara white, anthers lilac, 
 hirsuta white, four stamens, 
 impatiens white, fringed stipules. 
 *pratensis pale lilac, anthers yellow. 
 
 Carduus, Plate xv. 228. 
 
 acaulis purple, no stem, or very short one, 
 
 smooth leaves, 
 arvensis purple, stem not winged, creeping 
 
 rootstock. 
 
 crispus purple, heads clustered and round, 
 eriophorus lilac, stem not winged, heads 
 
 large and cottony, 
 heterophyllus pink, heads large and soli- 
 
 tary, stem branched and cottony, 
 lanceolatus purple, winged stem, ovate 
 
 cottony involucre, 
 marianus purple, large flowers, leaves 
 
 white veined. 
 *nutans purple, heads solitary and drooping, 
 
 bracts cottony. 
 
 palustris purple, winged stem, 
 pratensis purple, leaves waved at edge, 
 
 cobwebbed terminal heads, 
 tenuiflorus lilac, heads clustered and 
 
 cylindrical, 
 tuberosus purple, leaves sessile, stem 
 
 without wing or prickles. 
 
 Carex, Plate xxviii. 464. 
 
 acuta two or three barren spikelets, leaf 
 
 margin revolute, fruit ribbed, 
 ampullacea three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 stout and drooping, fruit inflated, leaves 
 
 grooved, 
 aquatilis terminal spikelets barren, leaf 
 
 margin involute, fruit not veined, 
 arenaria simple alternate spikelets on in- 
 terrupted spike, 
 atrata stalked terminal spikelets with 
 
 barren and fertile flowers, 
 axillaris nearly sessile spikelets, barren at 
 
 base, long bracteas, flat leaves, 
 binervis two green ribs on outer surface of 
 
 smooth ovate fruit. 
 capillaris three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 drooping, bracts without sheaths. 
 clandestina three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 erect, bracts sheathing, fruit hairy, leaves 
 
 involute, 
 curta six whitish elliptical spikelets barren 
 
 at base, 
 depauperata beak of large globular fruit 
 
 long and bifid, 
 digitata three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 erect, bract sheathing, fruit hairy, leaves 
 
 revolute. 
 
 dioica dioecious, two stigmas, 
 distans solitary barren spikelets, erect 
 
 fertile spikelets, upper stalks in bract 
 
 sheath, 
 divisa simple alternate spikelets in crowded 
 
 head with leafy bract, 
 divulsa simple alternate distant spikes 
 
 barren at top, tufted root, 
 elongata many oblong spikelets barren at 
 
 base, no bracts. 
 
 extensa solitary barren spikelets, erect fer- 
 tile spikelets, convolute leaves, 
 filiformis solitary barren spikelet, stalked 
 
 fertile spikelets, grooved slender leaves, 
 flava solitary barren spikelets, erect fertile 
 
 spikelets, long, leafy, sheathing bracts. _ 
 fulva solitary barren spikelets, erect fertile 
 
 spikelets, upper stalks beyond bract 
 
 sheath, 
 hirta solitary barren spikelets, sessile fertile 
 
 spikelets, flat hairy leaves, 
 incurva capitate compound spikelet, barren 
 
 at top.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 137 
 
 CAREX, Plate xxviii. (c<mf.\ 
 
 laevigata beak of streaked ovate fruit, long, 
 
 bifid, and rough edged, 
 limosa three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 drooping, bracts auricled. 
 moiitana three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 sessile, bracts small, fruit hairy, 
 muricata oval spike of compact alternate 
 
 simple spikelets, barren at top. 
 ovahs six alternate ovate spikelets, barren 
 
 at base, 
 pallescens three stigmas, fertile spikes 
 
 erect, glabrous fruit. 
 
 paludosa five stigmas, three fertile spike- 
 lets stout and erect, fruit not inflated. 
 *paniculata spikelet thrice compound, barren 
 
 at top. 
 paradoxa long panicled spikelet, barren at 
 
 top, stem with convex sides, 
 pauciflora three stigmas, solitary spikelet 
 
 top flowers barren, 
 pendula three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 long stalked and drooping, bracts sheath- 
 _ing. 
 ptlulifera three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 round and sessile, bracts awl-shaped, 
 praecox three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 sessile, bracts clasping, fruit hairy, 
 pseudocyperus three stigmas, fertile spike- 
 lets, stout and drooping, fruit not inflated, 
 pulicaris two stigmas, solitary spikelet, top 
 
 barren, 
 punctata pellucid spots on ovate, tumid 
 
 fruit, 
 rariflora three stigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 drooping, bracts with sheaths. 
 remota nearly sessile spikelets, barren at 
 
 base, long bracts, grooved leaves. 
 T gida one barren spikelet, leaf margin 
 
 revolute, fruit not ribbed, 
 riparia three stigmas, pointed and erect, 
 
 fertile spikelets, fruit not inflated, convex 
 
 on both sides, 
 rupestris three stigmas, solitary spikelet, 
 
 top barren, 
 saxatilis two stigmas, fertile spikelets stout 
 
 and drooping, 
 .stellulata three or four roundish spikelets, 
 
 barren at base, 
 -stricta one barren spikelet, leaf margin 
 
 revolute, fruit veined, 
 strigosa barren spikelets solitary, fertile, 
 
 dropping and slender, fruit smooth, 
 jsylvatica barren spikelets solitary, fertile 
 
 drooping and filiform, fruit smooth, 
 tcretiuscula compact panicled spike, barren 
 
 at top, stem with convex sides, 
 tomentosa three siigmas, fertile spikelets 
 
 stalked, bracts leaf-like, fruit downy, 
 vahlii sessile terminal spikelets with barren 
 
 and fertile flowers, 
 vesicaria three stigmas, fertile spikelets, 
 
 stout and drooping, fruit inflated, leaves 
 
 flat, 
 vulgaris terminal spikelets barren, leaf 
 
 margin involute, fruit veined, 
 vulpina dense panicled spike, barren at 
 
 top, stem with hollow bides. 
 
 Carlina, Plate xv. 230. 
 "vulgaris red, inner bracts petal-like, and 
 straw coloured. 
 
 Carpinus, Plate xxiii. 374. 
 *betulus oval, doubly toothed leaves. 
 
 Carum, Plate xi. 169. 
 
 bulbp castanum white, tuberous root. 
 *carui white, fusiform root, 
 verticillatum white, fascicled root. 
 
 Catabrosa, Plate xxx. 491. 
 
 *aquatica pyramidal panicle, whorled 
 branches. 
 
 Caucalis, Plate xiii. 188. 
 
 Maucoides white, furrowed stem, joints 
 
 hairy, 
 latifolia pink, rough stem, pinnate leaves. 
 
 Centaurea, Plate xv. 231. 
 calcitrapa rose, spinous involucre, heads 
 
 lateral. 
 
 *cyanus blue, outer bracts deeply toothed, 
 nigra purple, outer bracts fringed with 
 
 bristles, 
 scabiosa purple, pinnatifid leaves, bracts 
 
 dcwny. 
 solstitialis yellow, spinous involucre, heads 
 
 terminal. 
 
 Centranthus, Plate xiii. 204. 
 
 *ruber red, spurred corolla. 
 
 Centunculus, Plate xxi. 341. 
 
 "minimus pink, alternate egg-shaped leaves. 
 Cephalanthera, Plate xxiv. 389. 
 
 ensifolia white, lanceolate leaves. 
 *grandiflora cream, ovate leaves. 
 
 rubra rose, lanceolate leaves. 
 
 Cerastium, Plate v. 74. 
 
 alpinum white, white silky leaves, 
 aquaticum white, large heart-shaped 
 
 leaves. 
 *arvense white, petals twice as long as 
 
 sepals, 
 glomeratum white, sepals longer than 
 
 petals, narrow bluish leaves, 
 latifplium white, yellowish downy leaves, 
 semidecandrum white, five stamens, 
 tetrandrum white, four stamens, 
 triviale white, sepals longer than petals, 
 
 ovate leaves. 
 
 Ceratophyllum, Plate ix. 133. 
 
 *dem<:rsum dark green leaves, 
 submersum pale green leaves. 
 
 Ceterach, Page 132, 510. 
 'ofiicinarum pinna; covered at back with 
 chaffy scales. 
 
 Chaerophylluin, Plate xiii. 192 
 
 temulentum white, stem with swollen joints 
 
 and spotted hairs. 
 
 Cheirantlms, Plate iv. 48. 
 *cheiri yellow, rib on each valve of pod, 
 
 shrubby stem. 
 Chelidonium, Plate ii. 21. 
 
 *majus yellow, flowers in long umbels. 
 dienopodium, Plate xxii. 349. 
 album green, leaves mealy below 
 'bonus henricus green, leaves triangular. 
 
 hastate, entire, 
 botryoides green, prostrate stem, triangular 
 
 leaves. 
 
 filicifolium green, leaves glaucous below, 
 glnucum green, prostrate stem, toothed 
 
 leaves mealy below, 
 hybrid um green, leaves cordate, green 
 
 below. 
 
 murale green, leaves ovate, unequal, 
 toothed, green below.
 
 138 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 CHENOPODIUM, Plate xxii. (font.). 
 
 olidum green, stalked entire, foetid mealy 
 leaves. 
 
 polyspermum green, leaves oval and un- 
 divided. 
 
 rubrum green, erect stem, rhomboidal 
 leaves, upright seeds. 
 
 urbicum green, leaves triangular, green 
 below. 
 
 Cherleria, Plate v. 75. 
 
 sedoides greenish, tufted stem, crowded 
 narrow leaves. 
 
 Chlora, Plate xvii. 277. 
 *perfoliata yellow, stem round and erect, 
 glaucous, connate leaves. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, Plate xvi. 251. 
 
 'leucanthemum white, lower leaves stalked, 
 segetum yellow, leaves clasping stem. 
 
 Ohrysocoma, Plate xv. 234. 
 
 *linosyris yellow, very leafy stem, leaves 
 smooth and linear. 
 
 Chrysosplenium, Plate x. 150. 
 
 *alternifolium yellow, alternate leaves, long 
 
 stalks. 
 
 oppositifolium yellow, opposite leaves, 
 short stalks. 
 
 Cicendia, Plate xvii. 275. 
 *filiformis yellow, slender forked stem. 
 
 Cicfcorium, Plate xiv. 224. 
 *intybus blue, tough stem, upper leaves 
 amplexicaul. 
 
 Cicuta, Plate xi. 162. 
 *virosa white, furrowed stem, radical leaves 
 pinnate. 
 
 Cineraria, Plate xvi. 247. 
 
 campestris yellow, simple stem. 
 *palustris yellow, branched stem. 
 
 Circsea, Plate ix. 129. 
 
 alpina pinkish, leaves heart-shaped and 
 
 shining. 
 
 *lutetiana pinkish, leaves egg-shaped and 
 downy. 
 
 Cladium, Plate xxviii. 454. 
 *mariscus leafy stem, leaf edges rough. 
 
 Clematis, Plate i. i. 
 *vitalba greenish white, climber, leaves at 
 right angles. 
 
 Cochlearia, Plate ii. 35. 
 anglica white, radical leaves ovate, 
 armoracia white, radical leaves oblong, 
 
 long-stalked. 
 *officinalis white, radical leaves cordate. 
 
 Colchicum, Plate xxvi. 428. 
 
 *autumnale purple, leaves vernal, flowers 
 autumnal. 
 
 Comarum, Plate viii. 114. 
 *palustre purple, erect, herbaceous bog 
 plant. 
 
 Conium, Plate xi. 159. 
 *maculatum white, purple spots on stem. 
 
 Convallaria, Plate xxvi. 424. 
 "majalis white, two leaves, radical. 
 
 Convolvulus, Plate xviii. 281. 
 arvensis pink, dwarf, climbing stem, 
 
 flowers in twos and threes, 
 sepium white, long climbing stem, solitary 
 
 flowers on square stalks. 
 
 *soldanella lilac, prostrate stem, kidney- 
 shaped leaves. 
 
 Corallorhiza, Plate xxiv. 391. 
 
 *innata yellowish, thick fleshy fibrous root. 
 
 Coriandrum, Plate xiii. 194. 
 
 *sativum pinkish, deltoid bipinnate leaves 
 
 Cornus, Plate xi. 154. 
 
 'sanguinea white, no involucre, 
 suecica purplish, petaloid involucre. 
 
 Coronopus, Plate ii. 27. 
 didyma white, dense racemes, notched 
 
 pouch. 
 *ruellii white, lax racemes, crested pouch. 
 
 Corrigiola, Plate x. 140. 
 'littoral is white, strap-shaped leaves on 
 spreading stems. 
 
 Corydalis, Plate ii. 24. 
 
 *claviculata white, climbing stem, 
 lutea yellow, erect branched stem, 
 solida purple, erect unbranched stem. 
 
 Corylus, Plate xxiii. 375. 
 *avellana round doubly-toothed leaves. 
 
 Cotoneaster, Plate viii. 124. 
 vulgaris rose, leaves roundish, round at 
 base, downy. 
 
 Cotyledon, Plate x. 148. 
 
 'umbilicus yellowish green, crenate peltate 
 leaves. 
 
 Crambe, Plate ii. 26. 
 
 *maritima white, broad glaucous leaves. 
 
 Cratsegus, Plate viii. 123. 
 *oxyacantha white, flowers in corymbs, 
 pedicel and calyx smooth. 
 
 Crepis, Plate xiv. 218. 
 biennis yellow, upper leaves lanceolate and 
 
 sessile, 
 paludosa yellow, upper leaves oval and 
 
 amplexicaul. 
 succisifolia yellow, upper leaves oblong 
 
 and half amplexicaul. 
 
 *virens yellow, upper leaves linear and 
 sagittate at base. 
 
 Crithmum, Plate xii. 181. 
 *maritimum white, glaucous fleshy leaflets. 
 
 Crocus, Plate xxv. 406. 
 
 nudiflorus purple, autumn flowering. 
 *vernus violet, spring flowering. 
 
 Cuscuta, Plate xviii. 282. 
 epilinum pink, parasite on flax. 
 *epithymum yellow, parasite, reddish calyx, 
 europaea pink, parasite on nettles and 
 
 thistles, 
 trifolii pink, parasite on clover. 
 
 Cyclamen, Plate xxi. 336. 
 
 *hederifolium pink, leaves heart-shaped and 
 spotted. 
 
 Cynodon, Plate xxix. 467. 
 *dactylon purplish spikes, leaves downy 
 beneath.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Cynoglossum, Plate xx. 330. 
 ^montanum reddish purple, smooth leaves, 
 omcinale reddish purple, downy leaves. 
 
 Cynosurus, Plate xx.xi. 495. 
 *cristatus elongated, unilateral spike, 
 echinatus dense spike. 
 
 Cyperus, Plate xxviii. 453. 
 fuscus spikelets in erect umbels. 
 *longus spikelets in small round heads. 
 
 Cypripedium, Plate xxiv. 401. 
 
 'calceolus sepals and petals brown, lip 
 yellow with dark veins. 
 
 Cystopteris, Page 15, 515. 
 *fragilis fronds bipinnatifid. 
 montana fronds tripinnatifid. 
 
 Dactylis, Plate xxxi. 496. 
 glomerata wide-branched panicle with 
 crowded clusters. 
 
 Daphne, Plate xxii. 360. 
 
 *laureola reddish, flowers axil lary in racemes, 
 mezereum purplish, sessile flowers in 
 threes. 
 
 Daucus, Plate xii. 187. 
 carota white, central flower reddish purple. 
 
 Delphinium, Plate i. 13. 
 
 *ajacis blue, upper flowers spurred,branched 
 stem. 
 
 Dentaria, Plate iii. 41. 
 
 "bulbifera lilac, upper leaves with bulbs. 
 
 Dianthus, Plate v. 62. 
 
 ..: nieria rose, flowers in cluster, rough 
 stem. 
 
 ossius pink, solitary flowers, rough-edged 
 leaves. 
 
 caryophyllus pink, solitary flowers, smooth- 
 edged leaves. 
 
 deltoides pink spotted, solitary flowers, 
 much branched stem. 
 
 plumarius pink, solitary flowers, leaves one- 
 nerved. 
 
 prolifer rose, flowers in cluster, smooth 
 stem. 
 
 Digitalis, Plate xviii. 294. 
 *purpurea reddish purple bells, downy 
 veiny leaves. 
 
 Digitaria, Plate xxix. 468. 
 *humifusa spikelets in pairs. 
 
 Diotis, Plate xv. 235. 
 maritima yellow, cottony leafy stem, 
 flowers small. 
 
 Diplotaxis, Plate iv. 53. 
 
 muralis yellow, leafless stem, lyrate leaves. 
 *tenuitolia yellow, leafy stem, lanceolate 
 leaves. 
 
 Dipsacus, Plate xiv. 207. 
 pilosus white, stalked leaves. 
 *syl\ tstris purple, sessile leaves. 
 
 Doronicum, Plate xvi. 248. 
 *parda!ianches yellow, stem leaves with 
 
 clasping auricles, 
 plantagineum yellow, stem leaves sessile. 
 
 139 
 
 Draba, Plate iii. 37 . 
 aizoides yellow, leafless stalk, 
 incann white, leafy stalk, toothed leave?, 
 muralis white, branched stalk, cordate 
 
 leaves, 
 rupestris white, leafless stalk, lanceolate 
 
 leaves, 
 verna white, leafless stalk, toothed leaves. 
 
 Drosera, Plate iv. 5 s. 
 
 anglica white, smooth stalk, oblong leaves 
 intermedia white, smooth stalk spathulate 
 
 leaves. 
 *rotundifolia white, hairy stalk 
 
 Dryas, Plate viii. m. 
 'octopetala white, woclly leaves, eieht 
 petals. 
 
 Echium, Plate xx. 332. 
 'vulgare rose and blue, rough tongue-shaped 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Elatine, Plate iv. 61. 
 
 "hexnndra pink, six stamens, stalked 
 
 flowers. 
 
 hydropiper pink, eight stamens, sessile 
 flowers. 
 
 Eleocharis, Plate xxviii. 461. 
 
 acicularis square stem, leafless sheaths, 
 catspitosa round stem, subulate leaves 
 
 below sheath. 
 
 multicaulis round stem, obliquely trun- 
 cated sheaths, six bristles. 
 *palustris round stem, four bristles, 
 pauciflora round, striated tutted stem. 
 
 Elodea, Plate xxvi. 431. 
 "canadensis purplish, linear leaves, three or 
 four in a whorl. 
 
 Elymus, Plate xxxii. 502. 
 'arenarius stout erect panicle, glaucous. 
 
 Empetrum, Plate xxii. 364. 
 
 *nigrum purple, leaf margins meeting at 
 back, 
 
 Epilpbium, Plate ix. 126. 
 alpinum rose, prostrate stem, 
 alsinifolium purple, tufted stem. 
 *angustifolium crimson, stem round, erect, 
 
 lanceolate leaves, 
 hirsutum rose, stem round, branched- 
 
 leaves clasping, 
 lanceolatum pink, squarish stem, leaves 
 
 irregularly toothed, 
 montanum rose, slender simple stem, leaf 
 
 edges downy, 
 palustre rose, smooth round stem, leaves 
 
 wedged at base, 
 parviflorum rose, smooth woolly stem, 
 
 sessile leaves. 
 roseum rose, squarish stem, leaves 
 
 narrowed and acute at both ends, 
 tetragonum rose, square stem, strap-shaped 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Epipactis, Plate xxiv. 388. 
 *latifolia purplish, ovate leaves, 
 palustris white, lanceolate leaves. 
 
 Epipogum, Plate xxiv. 390. 
 *^melini yellow, streaked with white 
 leafless.
 
 140 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Equisetum, Plate xxxii. 530. 
 
 arvense barren stem with fifteen striae or 
 
 less, 
 hyemale glaucous and rough, both stems 
 
 with fifteen to twenty striae, 
 limosum smooth, both stems with fifteen to 
 
 twenty striae. 
 
 maximum barren stem with thirty striae. 
 palustre both stems with ten deep grooves, 
 
 or less. 
 
 sylvaticum branches compound, 
 trachyodon rough, both stems with from 
 
 eight to twelve striae. 
 
 *umbrosum barren stem with twenty striae. 
 variegatum sheaths green below, black 
 
 above. 
 'Eranthis, Plate i. 10. 
 
 "hyemalis yellow, leafy involucre. 
 
 Erica, Plate xvii. 261. 
 
 ciliaris crimson, ovate leaves in fours, 
 
 flowers large, 
 cinerea crimson, leaves in threes, anthers 
 
 within bell. 
 *tetralix pale pink, lanceolate leaves in 
 
 fours. 
 
 vagans pale purple, linear leaves in three, 
 four, and five, anthers protruding. 
 
 Erigeron, Plate xvi. 243. 
 *acris blue with yellow centre, stem leafy 
 
 and branched, 
 alpinus lilac with yellow centre, stem one 
 
 or two headed, 
 canadensis primrose, stem leafy and 
 
 branched. 
 
 Eriocaulon, Plate xxvii. 450. 
 'septangulare leaves smooth and awl- 
 shaped. 
 
 Eriophorum, Plate xxviii. 462. 
 *alpinum triangular stem, few flowered 
 
 spikelet. 
 
 gracile slender stem, lateral spikelets. 
 polystachyon rigid stem, lateral spikelets. 
 vaginatum triangular stem, many flowered 
 spikelets. 
 
 Erodium, Plate vi. 85. 
 'cicutarium rose, many flowered peduncle, 
 maritimum pink, one or two flowered 
 
 peduncle, 
 moschatum pink, ovate stipules. 
 
 Eryngium, Plate xi. 158. 
 
 *campestre blue, upper leaves amplexicaul. 
 maritimum blue, upper leaves palmate. 
 
 Erysimum, Plate iii. 47. 
 'cheiranthoides white, leaves hairy and 
 
 lanceolate. 
 
 orientale - cream, leaves smooth and am- 
 plexicaul. 
 Erythrsea, Plate xvii. 276. 
 
 'centaurium rose, erect square stem 
 
 branched at top. 
 latifolia rose, stem in three branches, 
 
 flowers in dense tufts, 
 littoralis rose, simple stem, flowers in 
 
 corymb, 
 pulchella pink, flowers terminal and 
 
 axillary. 
 
 Euonymus, Plate vi. 88. 
 *europa:us greenish, flowers in umbel, seed- 
 vessels pink. 
 
 Eupatorium, Plate xv. 233. 
 
 "cannabinum lilac, red stem, opposite 
 leaves. 
 
 Euphorbia, Plate xxiii. 365. 
 amygdaloides yellow, leaves hairy beneath, 
 
 bracts united, 
 coralloides yellow, stem hairy, leaves 
 
 toothed, bracts hairy, 
 cyparissias yellow, leaves linear and entire, 
 
 bracts blunt, 
 esula yellow, leaves toothed and broad, 
 
 heart-shaped bracts. 
 
 exigua yellow, leaves linear, bracts pointed, 
 hehoscopia yellow, smooth capsule, netted 
 
 seeds. 
 
 lathyris purple, opposite leaves, 
 paralias yellow, shrubby stem, imbricated 
 
 glaucous leaves, 
 peplis yellow, stipuled leaves, 
 peplus-yellow, broad stalked leaves, rou^h 
 
 keel to capsules. 
 
 pilosa yellow, plant downy, blunt leaves, 
 platyphylla-yellow, waned capsule, smooth 
 
 olive seeds, 
 portlandica yellow, leaves glaucous, tinged 
 
 with red. 
 
 Euphrasia, Plate xviii. 289. 
 
 officinalis variegated, leaves sessile, ovate 
 and serrate. 
 
 Fagus, Plate xxiii. 373 . 
 
 *sylvatica leaves oval and smooth. 
 
 Festuca, Plate xxxi. 497. 
 elatior much branched panicle, spikelets 
 
 five to ten flowers, 
 gigantea long arms, spikelets of three to 
 
 six flowers, 
 myurus lower plume distinct, radical leaves 
 
 narrow. 
 
 *ovina glaucous, arms shorter than flowers, 
 pratensis linear spikelets of five to ten 
 
 flowers. 
 
 sylvatica flowers awnless. 
 uniglumis lower plumes obsolete, radical 
 
 leaves narrow. 
 
 Filago, Plate xv. 240. 
 gallica yellow, erect stem, leaves longer 
 
 than flowers. 
 
 *germanica orange, stem proliferous at top. 
 minima dark yellow, branched stem, leaves 
 shorter than flowers. 
 
 Fceniculum, Plate xii. 176. 
 *vulgare yellow, hair-like leaves. 
 
 Fragaria, Plate viii. 115. 
 
 elatior white, hairs of pedicel spread. 
 *vesca white, hairs of pedicel adpressed. 
 
 Frankenia, Plate iv. 60. 
 *laevis pink, style trifid, leaves rolled at 
 edges. 
 
 Fraxinus, Plate xvii. 272. 
 'excelsior the ash tree, pinnate leaves with 
 occasionally an odd leaflet. 
 
 Fritillaria, Plate xxv. 412. 
 *meleagris purple chequered, solitary droop- 
 ing flower.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 141 
 
 Fumaria, Plate ii. 23. 
 
 capreolata pink or purple, climbing stem, 
 micrantha pale purple, diffuse stem, round 
 
 sepals. 
 *officinalis pale purple, stem erect and 
 
 branched, 
 tenuisecta pale purple, diffuse stem, linear 
 
 sepals. 
 
 Gagea, Plate xxv. 4:4. 
 *lutea yellow, angled stem, flowers in 
 umbels. 
 
 Galanthus. Plate xxv. 408. 
 nivalis white, solitary drooping flowers. 
 
 Galeopsis, Plate xx. 316. 
 
 ladanum pink, upper lip of corolla notched, 
 ochroleuca yellow, stem straight, not 
 
 thickened at joints. 
 *tetrahit variegated, stem thickened at 
 
 joints. 
 
 versicolor yellow with purple spots, corolla 
 longer than calyx. 
 
 Galinsoga, Plate xvi. 255. 
 parviflora yellow, blunt, egg-shaped leaves. 
 
 Galium, Plate xiii. 201. 
 anglicum white, six leaves with prickles 
 
 pointing forward. 
 *aparine white, six, seven, or eight keeled 
 
 leaves with reflexed prickles, 
 boreale white, four smooth leaves, fruit 
 
 with hooked bristles. 
 
 cruciatum yellow, four oval hairy leaves, 
 erectum white, six, seven, or eight glaucous 
 
 leaves. 
 molluso white, eight leaves, stem thick at 
 
 joint?, 
 palustre white, rough straggling stem with 
 
 reflexed bristles, leaves, four, five, or six. 
 saxatile white, six leaves, smooth prostrate 
 
 stem, 
 sylvestre white, six, seven, or eight narrow 
 
 ciliated leaves on straggling stem, 
 tricorne white, flowers in threes, leaves, 
 
 six, seven, or eight. 
 
 uliginosum white, slender stem with re- 
 flexed bristles, leaves, six, seven, or eight, 
 verum yellow, eight leaves linear and 
 
 rough. 
 
 Gastridium, Plate xxix. 
 *lendigerum large dense panicle. 
 
 Genista, Plate vii. 92. 
 anglica yellow, spinous stem, solitary 
 
 flowers. 
 
 pilosa yellow, woody stem, hairy pods. 
 *tinctoria yellow, smooth stem, smooth 
 pods. 
 
 Gentiana, Plate xvii. 274. 
 
 amarella purple, fringed throat to five- 
 cleft calyx. 
 
 *campestris purple, four-cleft corolla and 
 calyx. 
 
 nivalis blue, branched stem, oval leaves. 
 
 pneumonanthe blue, erect stem, linear 
 leaves. 
 
 verna blue, tufted, single-flowered stem. 
 
 Geranium, Plate vi. 84. 
 columbinum rose, long-stalked flowers, 
 
 petals entire, 
 dissectum red, leaves in five tripartite. 
 
 segments, 
 lucidum rose, stem and leaves red, glossy 
 
 and smooth, 
 molle purplish rose, downy foliage, 
 
 wrinkled capsule, 
 phacum dark brownish purple, wavedl 
 
 petals. 
 *pratense purplish blue with white veins, 
 
 notched petals. 
 
 pusillum rose, keeled capsule, smooth seed, 
 pyrenaicum reddish purple, straggling; 
 
 stem, petals deeply cut. 
 
 robertianum pink, leaves three-cut or five- 
 cut, petals entire, 
 rotundifolium pink, keeled capsule, dotted 
 
 seed, 
 sanguineum crimson, only one flower on 
 
 stalk, 
 sylvaticum indigo with purple veins, 
 
 notched petals. 
 
 Geum, Plate viii. 1 10. 
 
 rivale yellow, drooping flowers, awn 
 
 hairy, 
 'urbanum yellow, erect flowers, awns rigid. 
 
 Gladiolus, Plate xxv. 403. 
 
 'communis crimson, flowers unilateral. 
 Glaucium, Plate ii. 22. 
 *luteum yellow, glaucous stem. 
 violaceum violet, scabrous leaves. 
 
 Glaux, Plate xxi. 343. 
 'maritima pink, flower sessile, blunt seg- 
 ments, no petals. 
 
 Glyceria, Plate xxx. 492. 
 
 aquatica panicle much branched, 
 fluitans panicle slightly branched. 
 
 Gnaphalium, Plate xv. 239. 
 luteo-album primrose, herbaceous simple 
 
 stem. 
 
 supinum brown, woolly simple stem, 
 sylvaticum brown, woolly tufted stem, 
 uliginosum yellow, woolly branching stem. 
 
 Goodyera, Plate xxiv. 384. 
 *repens cream, netted oval leaves 
 
 Gymnadenia, Plate xxiv. 393. 
 *conopsea rose, long flexible spur, fragrant 
 flowers. 
 
 Gymnogramma, Page 82, 511. 
 
 *leptophylla fronds bipinnatifid. 
 
 Habenaria, Plate xxiv. 394. 
 
 albida white, three-lobed lip. 
 *bifolia white, two leaves only, long spur, 
 viridis greenish, lip brownish, short spur. 
 
 Hedera, Plate xi. 153. 
 "helix greenish, flowers in umbel, climbing 
 woody stem. 
 
 Helianthemum, Plate iv. ^6. 
 
 canum yellow, leaves without stipules, 
 guttatum yellow, erect stem, 
 polifolium white, leaves stipulate, 
 'vulgare yellow, leaves stipulate. 
 
 Helleborus, Plate i. n, 
 
 frptidus green, calyx erect. 
 *viridis green, calyx spread.
 
 142 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Eelminthia, Plate xiv. 211. 
 
 *echioides yellow, coarse prickly stem, 
 heart-shaped bracts. 
 
 Helosciadium, Plate xi. 166. 
 
 inundatum white, lower leaves filiform. 
 *nodiflorum white, pinnate leaves. 
 
 Heracleum, Plate xii. 185. 
 *sphondylium white, rough, irregular 
 leaves. 
 
 Herminium, Plate xxiv. 397. 
 *monorchis green, slender spike, long centre 
 lip. 
 
 Herniaria, Plate x. 141. 
 
 *glabra green, flowers in tufts in the leaf 
 axils. 
 
 Hesperis, Plate iv. 50. 
 *matronalis violet, leaves toothed, rectangu- 
 lar pods. 
 
 Hieracium, Plate xiv. 219. 
 
 (All yellow.) 
 acutifolium hairy-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, stem branched from base, 
 aggregatum smooth-tipped florets, dark 
 
 green foliage, woolly stem, 
 alpinum florets hairy, radical leaf rosette, 
 
 hairy stem, 
 anglicum hairy-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, one stem leaf, 
 argenteum smooth-tipped florets, hollow 
 
 stem, very glaucous foliage, 
 aurantiacum running scions, leafless stem, 
 boreale no radical eaves, livid style, black 
 
 involucre, 
 cxsium smooth-tipped florets, style livid, 
 
 foliage, dull green, 
 calenduliflorum florets hairy, radical leaf 
 
 rosette, leaves ovate spathulate. 
 chrysanthum hairy-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, subulate stem leaves, 
 corymbosum leaves narrow, none radical, 
 
 very leafy stem, scaly peduncle, 
 crocatum leaves narrow, none radical, 
 
 very leafy stem, peduncle not scaly. 
 ximium florets hairy, radical leaf rosette, 
 
 woolly stem, 
 globosum hairy-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, glaucous stem, 
 gothicums mooth-tipped florets, dark green 
 
 foliage, leafy stem, 
 gracilentum hairy-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, stem leaves large, 
 holosericeum florets hairy, radical leaf 
 
 rosette, silky stem, 
 iricum smooth-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, leafy stem, glaucous, 
 lingulatum hairy-tipped florets, denticulate 
 
 short-stalked radical leaves in rosette, 
 melanocephalum florets hairy, radical leaf 
 
 rosette, dark green stem, 
 murorum smooth-tipped florets, style livid, 
 
 foliage light green, 
 nigrescens hairy-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, brown styles, 
 nitidum smooth-tipped florets, dark green 
 
 foliage, smooth stem, 
 obtusifolium smooth tipped florets, style 
 
 livid, foliage yellowish, 
 pallidum smooth-tipped florets, solid stem, 
 
 very glaucous foliage, 
 pilosella running scions, leafless stem. 
 
 HIERACIUM, Plate xiv. (cant.). 
 prenanthoides no radical leaves, leaves all 
 
 amplexicaul. 
 senescens hairy-tipped florets, leaves in 
 
 rosette, bud tipped with white down, 
 strictum no radical leaves, leafy stem, style 
 
 with dark hairs, 
 tridentatum no radical leaves, stem leaves 
 
 three-nerved, 
 umbellatum no radical leaves, leafy stem, 
 
 heads in umbel, 
 vulgatum smooth-tipped florets, leafy stem 
 
 purplish foliage. 
 
 HierocMoe, Plate xxix. 472. 
 
 *borealis brown, oval spike. 
 
 Hippocrepis, Plate vii. 104. 
 *comosa yellow, umbelliferous flowers, 
 smooth prostrate stem. 
 
 Hippophae, Plate xxii. 359. 
 Miamnoides green, thorny stem, silvery 
 linear leaves. 
 
 Hippuris, Plate ix. 130. 
 "vulgaris green, leaves six to twelve in a 
 whorl with a hard point. 
 
 HolCUS, Plate xxx. 486. 
 *lanatus awn included and smooth, 
 mollis awn exserted and rough. 
 
 Holosteum, Plate v. 72. 
 *umbellatum white, stem hairy, and viscid 
 between upper joints. 
 
 Honckenya, Plate v. 69. 
 *peploides white, fleshy ovate leaves. 
 
 Hordeum, Plate xxxii. 503. 
 
 maritimum lateral flowers imperfect, 
 glumes rough. 
 
 murinum lateral flowers imperfect, glumes 
 
 of middle flowers narrow. 
 *pratense perennial, lateral flowers imper- 
 fect. 
 
 sylvaticum lateral flowers perfect, middle 
 barren. 
 
 Hottonia, Plate xxi. 338. 
 'palustris pale pink, pectinate leaves 
 crowded and submerged. 
 
 Humulus, Plate xxiii. 370. 
 *lupulus green, climbing stem, rough 
 opposite leaves. 
 
 Hutchinsia, Plate ii. 31. 
 *petraea white, small pinnate leaves. 
 
 Hyacinthus, Plate xxvi. 417. 
 
 *nonscriptus blue, long channelled leaves. 
 
 Hydrocharis, Plate xxvi. 430. 
 
 *morsus ranae white, reniform leaves. 
 
 Hydrocotyle, Plate xi. 155. 
 
 *vulgaris white, smooth peltate leaves. 
 
 Hymenopbyllum, Page 35, 523. 
 
 *tunbridgense pinnae spreading, 
 wilsoni pinnae deflexed. 
 
 Hyoscyamus, Plate xviii. 283. 
 niger creamy with purple veins, large hairy 
 sinuate leaves.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 143 
 
 Hypericum, Plate vi. 82. 
 
 androsjemum yellow, five sets of stamens, 
 
 five styles, 
 calycinum yellow, five sets of stamens 
 
 three styles, 
 elodes yellow, prostrate stem, hoary 
 
 foliage, resinous odour, 
 hirsutum yellow, round erect hairy stem, 
 humifusum yellow, trailing stem, dotted 
 
 leaves, 
 linarii folium yellow, erect stem, leaf 
 
 margins revolute. 
 montanum yellow, sepals with black 
 
 glands, 
 "perforatum yellow, upright two-edged 
 
 stem, dotted leaves, 
 pulchrum yellow, round erect smooth stem, 
 
 cordate leaves, 
 quadrangulum yellow, erect four-angled 
 
 stem, dotted leaves. 
 Hypochaeris, Plate xiv. 214. 
 
 glabra yellow, small flowers, smooth leaves. 
 *maculata orange, rough spotted leaves, 
 radiata yellow, bristly leaves, all from root. 
 
 Iberis, Plate ii. 03. 
 
 *amara white, spiked flowers. 
 Ilex, Plate xvii. 270. 
 
 aquifolium greenish white, spiny erer- 
 green leaves. 
 
 Ulecebrum, Plate x. 139. 
 
 *verticillatum white, sepals thick with soft 
 points. 
 
 Impatiens, Plate vi. 86. 
 
 fulva yellow, pointed leaves, notched spur. 
 *noli-me-tangere yellow, blunt leaves, entire 
 spur. 
 
 Inula, Plate xvi. 249. 
 
 conyza yellow, involucre scales, rolled 
 
 back. 
 
 crithmoides yellow, fleshy pointed leaves, 
 dysenterica yellow, woolly stem, hoary 
 
 arrow-shaped leaves, 
 "helenium yellow, large heads, large 
 
 wrinkled leaves, 
 pulicaria yellow, leaves lanceolate and 
 
 crimped, 
 salicina white, upper leaves sessile. 
 
 Iris, Plate xxv. 402. 
 *foetidissima purple, angled stem, 
 pseudacorus yellow, round stem. 
 
 Isatis, Plate ii. 28. 
 tinctoria yellow, upper leaves sagittate. 
 
 Isnardia, Plate ix. 128. 
 
 palustris green, flowers very small, opposite 
 
 leaves. 
 Isoetes, Plate xxxii. 528. 
 
 hystrix a land plant, hair-like leaves. 
 *lacustris a water plant, awl-shaped leaves. 
 
 Isolepis, Plate xxviii. 460. 
 fluitans branched floating stem, 
 holoschocnus round stem, grooved leaves, 
 savii sessile spikes, lower bracts short, 
 setacea- sessile spikes lower bracts very 
 long. 
 
 Jasione, Plate xvi. 258. 
 *mon tana blue, leaves oblong, blunt and 
 hairy. 
 
 Juncus, Plate xxviii. 452. 
 acutus no leaves, flowers clustered, rigid 
 
 stem, 
 balticus no leaves, flowers not clustered, 
 
 rigid stem, 
 biglumis scattered grooved stems, leaves 
 
 not grooved. 
 
 bufonius slender stem forked, 
 castaneus stem, with two grooved leaves. 
 *communis no leaves, flowers not clustered, 
 
 soft stem, 
 compressus tufted stem with one leaf in the 
 
 middle. 
 filiform!* no leaves, flowers not clustered, 
 
 hair-like stem, 
 glaucus no leaves, flowers not clustered, 
 
 rigid glaucous stem. 
 
 lamprocarpus stem and leaves compressed, 
 obtusifolius stem and leaves smooth, 
 squarrosus rigid radical leaves, 
 tnfidus stem with a flat leaf, three-flowered 
 
 terminal panicle. 
 
 triglumis tufted round stem, leaves grooved, 
 uliginosus stem slender, leaves grooved. 
 
 Juniperus, Plate xxv. 382. 
 
 'communis leaves linear, three in a whorl. 
 
 Knappia, Plate xxix. 475. 
 *agrostidea short rough leaves, sessile 
 spikelets. 
 
 Knautia, Plate xiv. 209. 
 *arvensis-;-lilac, root leaves entire, upper 
 pinnatifid. 
 
 Eobresia, Plate xxviii. 463. 
 caricina tufted stem, wiry grooved leaves. 
 
 Koeleria, Plate xxx. 488. 
 *cristata lower paleae acute with short awn. 
 
 Koniga, Plate iii. 39. 
 *maritima white, procumbent stem. 
 
 Lactuca, Plate xiv. 215. 
 muralis yellow, leaves lyrate, pinnatifid, 
 
 and smooth, 
 saligna primrose, leaves halbert-shaped 
 
 and smooth, 
 scariola yellow, leaves erect, sinuate and 
 
 prickly. 
 
 virosa yellow, leaves horizontal, toothed, 
 prickly. 
 
 Lagurus, Plate xxx. 
 ovatus soft ovate spikelets, outer palea 
 bifid. 
 
 Lamium, Plate xix. 315. 
 
 album white, corolla tube curved, 
 amplexicaule pink, corolla tube straight, 
 galeobdolon yellow, lower corolla lobes 
 
 equal. 
 
 inctsum purple, corolla shorter than calyx, 
 maculatum purple, leaves spotted with 
 
 white, 
 purpureum purple, corolla longer than 
 
 calyx. 
 
 Lapsana, Plate xiv. 223. 
 communis yellow, leaves heart-shaped at 
 base.
 
 144 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Lastrsea, Page 45, 817. 
 
 aemula stem with pale jagged scales, 
 
 crisped pinnules, 
 cristata long stout stem, sori on upper part 
 
 of frond, 
 dilatata dark green, with dark brown 
 
 centre. 
 
 *filix mas lower pinnae shorter than upper, 
 oreppteris pinnae decreasing from centre, 
 rigida stalk with chaffy scales, 
 spinulosa pale green with feeble spines, 
 thelypteris lower pinnae not shorter than 
 
 upper. 
 
 Latlirasa, Plate xix. 301. 
 
 *squani3ria brownish purple, lip of corolla 
 cleft in three. 
 
 Lathyrus, Plate vii. 107. 
 
 aphaca yellow, tendrils and no leaves, 
 hirsutus blue, flowers in pairs, hairy pods, 
 macrorhizus purple, no tendrils, simple 
 
 stem, 
 maritimus purple, tendrils, angled stem, 
 
 oval leaflets. 
 
 niger purple, no tendrils, branched stem, 
 nissolia crimson, no tendrils, grass-like 
 
 leaves, 
 palustris purple, tendrils, winged stem, 
 
 narrow leaflets. 
 *pratensis yellow, many flowers large 
 
 arrow-shaped stipules, 
 sylvestris purple, winged stem, ensiform 
 
 leaflets, 
 tuberosus crimson, large half-arrow-shaped 
 
 stipules. 
 
 Lavatera, Plate vi. So. 
 
 *arborea pxirple, tall woody stem, septangu- 
 lar leaves. 
 
 Leersia, Plate xxix. 465. 
 *oryzoides leaves glaucous, broad, and 
 
 rough. 
 Lemna, Plate xxvii. <\\/\. 
 
 gibba fronds tumid below. 
 *minor fronds compressed, 
 polyrhiza broad oval fronds, 
 trisulca thin lanceolate fronds. 
 
 Leontodon, Plate xiv. 213. 
 autumnalis yellow, smooth leaves, branched 
 
 scapes, 
 hirtus yellow, hairy lanceolate leaves, 
 
 single-flowered scape. 
 
 "hispidus yellow, hairy runcinate leaves, 
 single-flowered scape. 
 
 Leonurus, Plate xix. 314. 
 *cardiaca light purple, leaves deeply five- 
 cleft. 
 Lepidium, Plate ii. 34. 
 
 campestre white, anthers yellow, 
 draba white, cordate pod, leaves entire. 
 *latifolium white, oval pod, broad leaves. 
 
 toothed. 
 
 ruderale white, only two stamens, 
 smithii white, anthers violet. 
 
 Lepturus, Plate xxxi. 505. 
 *filiformis glumes joined at base. 
 
 Leucpjum, Plate xxv. 409. 
 *3estivum greenish white, stem many 
 
 flowered. 
 
 vernum greenish white, stem one or two 
 flowered. 
 
 Ligusticum, Plate xii. 178. 
 
 *scoticum pinkish, reddish stem, dark green 
 leaves. 
 
 Ligustrum, Plate xvii. 271. 
 *vulgare white, smooth opposite entire oval 
 leaves. 
 
 LUium, Plate xxv. 410. 
 
 *martagon purple, leaves whorled. 
 Limosella, Plate xviii. 297. 
 
 aquatica pinkish, smooth long-stalked 
 leaves. 
 
 Linaria, Plate xviii. 296. 
 
 cymbalaria blue, five-lobed leaves, 
 elatine yellow, straight spur, 
 minor yellow, axillary flowers. 
 *repens lilac and yellow, whorled leaves, 
 spuria yellow and purple, curved spur, 
 vulgaris yellow, crowded linear leaves. 
 
 Linnsea, Cover. 199. 
 *borealis pink, creeping stem, two flowers 
 on stalk. 
 
 Linum, Plate vi. 76. 
 angustifolium pale blue, sepals three- 
 ribbed. 
 
 catharticum white, opposite leaves, 
 perenne blue, sepals five-ribbed. 
 *usitatissimum blue, solitary stem. 
 
 Liparis, Plate xxiv. 400. 
 *loeselii yellowish, triangular stem. 
 
 Listera, Plate xxiv. 387. 
 
 cordata brownish, short smooth stem, 
 
 cordate leaves. 
 
 *ovata yellowish, tall hairy stem, ovate 
 leaves. 
 
 Lithospermum, Plate xx. 323. 
 
 arvense greenish white, wrinkled nuts. 
 *oflficinale pale yellow, polished nuts, 
 purpureo-caeruleum blue, prostrate stem. 
 
 Littorella, Plate xxi. 347. 
 *lacustris white, radical channelled linear 
 leaves. 
 
 Lloydia, Plate xxvi. 419. 
 *serotina white, semi-cylindrical leaves, 
 
 Lobelia, Plate xvi. 259. 
 
 *dortmanna light blue, cylindrical leaves, 
 urens light purple, erect leafy stem. 
 
 Loiseleuria, Plate xvii. 264. 
 
 *procumbens pink, opposite revolute leaves. 
 Lolium, Plate xxxii. 501. 
 *perenne awnless. 
 temulentum long awns. 
 
 Lonicera, Plate xiii. 198. 
 
 caprifolium red and yellow, upper leaves 
 
 connate and perfoliate. 
 *periclymenum red and yellow, all leaves 
 
 distinct, fruit red. 
 xylosteum pale yellow, stem erect, flowers 
 
 in pairs. 
 
 Lotus, Plate vii. 99. 
 angustissimus yellow, prostrate stem, 
 
 leaves hairy, 
 corniculatus yellow, prostrate stem, loaves 
 
 smooth. 
 
 major yellow, erect, weak tubular stem, 
 narrow leaves.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 ILuzula, Plate xxviii. 453. 
 
 arcuata flowers in few clusters on droop- 
 ing peduncle. 
 
 cnmpestris panicle of rounded terminal 
 spikes. 
 
 forsteri single-flowered stalk, very narrow 
 
 leaves. 
 
 *pilosa single-flowered stalk, little branched 
 panicle. 
 
 spicata densely-flowered drooping spike. 
 
 sjj'lvatica long three-flowered peduncle. 
 
 lychnis, Plate v. 65. 
 
 alpina pink, smooth stem, flowers in 
 
 dense corymbs. 
 
 diurna rose, hairy stem, dioecious. 
 *flos-cuculi pink, petals deeply cut into 
 
 fours. 
 
 githago purple, petals not cleft, 
 vespertina white, hairy stem, dioecious, 
 viscaria pink, viscid stem, notched petals. 
 
 Xycopodium, Plate xxxii. 526. 
 
 alpinum leaves in four rows and keeled, 
 annotinum leaves scattered. 
 "*clavatum stalked spikes, 
 inundatum stem very short, leaves curved 
 
 upwards, 
 selago stem erect and forked leaves in 
 
 eight rows. 
 
 Xycopsis, Plate xx. 327. 
 *arvensis blue, bristly lanceolate leaves. 
 
 Xycopus, Plate xix. 304. 
 *europaeus white, flowers in dense whorls. 
 
 lysimacllia, Plate xxi. 339. 
 
 nemorum yellow, prostrate stem, filaments 
 
 distinct. 
 
 ""nummularia yellow, prostrate stem, fila- 
 ments connected at base, 
 thyrsifolia yellow, erect stem, flowers in 
 
 axillary racemes. 
 
 vulgaris yellow, erect stem, flowers in 
 panicles. 
 
 Xythrum, Plate ix. 134. 
 
 hysiopifolia pink, alternate leaves. 
 *salicaria purple, opposite leaves. 
 
 Maianthemum, Plate xxvi. 423. 
 
 *bifolium green, two leaves, alternate. 
 
 Malaxis, Plate xxiv. 399. 
 
 'paludosa green, leaves with terminal bulbs. 
 
 Malva, Plate vi. 78. 
 moschata rose, erect stem, hairy fruit, 
 rotundifolia pale lilac, heart-shaped leaves, 
 
 prostrate stem. 
 *sylvestris purple, erect stem, wrinkled fruit. 
 
 Marrubium, Plate xx. 319. 
 *vulgare white, white woolly wrinkled 
 
 leavrs. 
 
 Matricaria, Plate xvi. 252. 
 
 chamomilla white, leaves bipinnatifid. 
 *inodora white, leaves pinnatind. 
 parthenium white, leaves pinnate. 
 
 MattMola, Plate iv. 49. 
 *incana lilac, pod cylindrical, 
 sinuata purple, pod compressed. 
 
 Meconopsis, Plate ii. 20. 
 *cambrica yellow, long-stalked leaves. 
 
 Medicago, Plate vii. 95. 
 
 denticulata yellow, prostrate stem, bristly 
 
 pods, cordate leaves, 
 falcatn yellow, prostrate stem, smooth 
 
 sickle pods, 
 lupulina yellow, smooth black kidney 
 
 shaped pods, 
 "maculata yellow, prostrate stem, spiral 
 
 bristly pods, spotted leaves, 
 minima yellow, globular pod with short 
 
 straight spines, 
 sativa purple, erect stem, smooth twisted 
 
 pods. 
 
 Melampyrum, Plate xviii. 291. 
 
 arvense purple, bracts rose-coloured, 
 cristatum yellow, floivers in four-sided 
 
 spikes, 
 'pratense yellow, flowers axillary and green 
 
 bracts, 
 sylvaticum yellow, corolla twice as long as 
 
 calyx. 
 
 Melica, Plate xxx. 489. 
 
 nutans spikelets drooping, two perfect 
 
 flowers. 
 
 *uniflora spikelets erect, one perfect flower. 
 Melilotus, Plate vii. 96. 
 alba white, keel and wings shorter than 
 
 standard, 
 arvensis yellow, keel shorter than other 
 
 petals. 
 *ofhcinalis yellow, petals all equal. 
 
 Melissa, Plate xix. 309. 
 'ofiicinalis white, flowers in whorls, ovate 
 serrated leaves. 
 
 Melittis, Plate xix. 310. 
 *ine!issophyllum white with pink spots, 
 large corolla. 
 
 Mentha, Plate xix. 305. 
 
 aquatica lilac, hairy, stalked leaves, spikes 
 
 axillary and terminal, 
 arvensis lilac, calyx throat naked, teeth 
 
 triangular, flowers in axillary whorls, 
 piperita lilac, smooth foliage, stalked 
 
 leaves, 
 pulegium' purple, prostrate stem, calyx 
 
 throat hairy. 
 
 rotundifolia lilac, round sessile leaves, 
 sativa - lilac, caJyx throat naked, teeth 
 
 lanceolate, flowers in axillary whorls, 
 sylvestris lilac, sessile silky leaves, spike 
 
 continuous, 
 viridis lilac, sessile smooth leaves, spike 
 
 interrupted. 
 
 Menyanthes, Plate xvii. 279. 
 
 *trifoliata pinkish, largt: ternate wavy 
 leaves. 
 
 Menziesia, Plate xvii. 263. 
 coerulea purple, finely-toothed linear 
 leaves. 
 
 Mercurialis, Plate xxiii. 367. 
 
 annua green unbranched stem, hairy 
 
 leaves. 
 
 perennis green, branched stem, smooth 
 leaves. 
 
 Mertensia, Plate xx. 324. 
 
 *maritima blue, glaucous fleshy leaves. 
 Mespilus, Plate viii. 122. 
 *germariica white, thorny, lanceolale leavss 
 downy beneath. 
 L,
 
 146 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Meum, Plate xii. 180. 
 *athamanticum yellowish, capillary leaflets. 
 
 Milium, Plate xxix. 477. 
 *effusum branches whorled, awnless palex. 
 
 Mimulus, Plate xviii. 299. 
 *luteus yellow, coarsely-toothed oblong 
 leaves. 
 
 Mcenchia, Plate v. 66. 
 *eregta white, pointed white-tipped sepals. 
 
 Molinia, Plate xxx. 490. 
 *ccerulea long narrow purple panicle. 
 
 Monotropa, Plate xvii. 269. 
 *hypopitis brownish yellow, only a leafless 
 succulent stalk. 
 
 Montia, Plate x. 138. 
 *fontana white leaves opposite, corolla tube 
 split in front. 
 
 Mulgedium, Plate xiv. 217. 
 
 *alpinum blue, furrowed stem, lyie-shaped 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Muscari, Plate xxxi. 418. 
 *racemosum blue, flaccid keeled leaves. 
 
 Myosotis, Plate xx. 322. 
 
 *alpestris blue, pointed leaves, large flowers, 
 
 calyx hairs spreading, 
 arvensis blue, small flowers, calyx hairs 
 
 spreading, 
 caespitosa blue, calyx just shorter than 
 
 corolla, its hairs straight, 
 collina blue, diminutive, one small flower 
 
 in axil of top leaf, 
 palustris blue, calyx divided to a third, its 
 
 hairs straight, 
 repens blue, calyx divided to a half, its 
 
 hairs straight, 
 sylvatica blue, blunt leaves, large flowers, 
 
 calyx hairs spreading, 
 versicolor blue or yellow, diminutive 
 
 cluster of small flowers on top of leafless 
 
 stalk. 
 Myosurus, Plate i. 5. 
 
 *minimus yellowish green, slender spike. 
 
 Myrica, Plate xxiii. 380. 
 *gale green, toothed spatulate leaves. 
 
 Myriophyllum, Plate ix. 131. 
 
 alternifolium white, leaves three in a 
 
 whorl, flowers in a leafless spike. 
 *spicatum white, leaves four in a whorl, 
 
 flowers in a leafless spike, 
 verticillatum white, leaves five in a whorl, 
 flowers in axillary whorl. 
 
 MyrrMs, Plate xiii. 193. 
 *odorata white, downy whitish thrice- 
 pinnate leaves. 
 
 Naias, Plate xxvii. 443. 
 *flexilis narrow leaves opposite or three in 
 a whorl. 
 
 Narcissus, Plate xxv. 407. 
 
 biflorus straw, keeled leaves, 
 pseudonarcissus yellow, flat leaves. 
 
 Nardus, Plate xxxii. 504. 
 *stricta sessile unilateral spikelets. 
 
 Narthecium, Plate xxxiii. 451. 
 
 *ossifragum yellow, leaves ribbed and rigid. 
 
 Nasturtium, Plate iii. 45. 
 
 amphibium yellow, tall plant, narrow 
 
 leaves, small pods, 
 "offkinale white, leaves roundish and 
 
 toothed. 
 
 palustre yellow, leaves unequally cut. 
 sylvestre yellow, leaves pinnate, lanceolate, 
 
 creeping root. 
 
 Neotinea, Plate xxiv. 396. 
 
 *intacta pink, spotted leaves, three-lobed 
 lip. 
 
 Neottia, Plate xxiv. 386. 
 *nidus avis pink, brown scaled stem. 
 
 Nepeta, Plate xx. 318. 
 
 cutaria white, erect stem, heart-shaped 
 
 leaves. 
 
 *glechoma blue, procumbent stern, reniform 
 leaves. 
 
 Nupbar, Plate i. 18. 
 *lutea yellow, rays of stigma over fifteen, 
 pumila yellow, rays of stigma under ten. 
 
 Nymphsea, Plate i. 17. 
 
 *alba white, cordate leaves. 
 
 Obione, Plate xxii. 350. 
 
 pedunculata green, wavy herbaceous stem. 
 *portulacoides green, leaves silvery white. 
 
 (Enanthe, Plate xii. 174. 
 *crocata white, leaflets stalked and wedge- 
 shaped. 
 
 fistulosa white, stoloniferous root, tubular 
 leaves. 
 
 fluviatilis white, floating stem. 
 
 lachenalii white, grows in salt water only, 
 lower leaves blunt. 
 
 phellandrium white, finely-split leaves, 
 segments diverging. 
 
 pimpinelloides white, flowers in round 
 heads. 
 
 silaifolia white, grows in fresh water only, 
 all leaves acute. 
 
 (Enothera, Plate ix. 127. 
 
 *biennis yellow, capsules rounded four- 
 toothed tapering upwards. 
 
 Onobrycbis, Plate vii. 105. 
 
 *sativa variegated crimson, strong erect 
 stem, racemose. 
 
 Ononis, Plate vii. 93. 
 *arvensis rose, prostrate hairy stem, pods 
 
 erect. 
 
 reclinata rose, hairy stem, pods reflexed. 
 spinosa rose, spinous stem, pod erect. 
 
 Onopordum, Page 53, 
 
 acanthium purple, branched stem, spinous 
 wings. 
 
 Opbioglossum, Plate xxxiii. 509. 
 *vulgatum oval frond, club-shaped spike. 
 
 Oplirys, Plate xxiv. 398. 
 *apifera sepals purplish white, lip brown 
 
 and yellow, 
 aranifera sepals and petals green, lip 
 
 brown with yellow streaks, 
 muscifera sepals green, lip brownish with 
 square blue spot.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 147 
 
 Orchis, Plate xxiv. 392. 
 
 fusca purple, four-lobed lip, ovate hood, 
 hircina white, conical spur, middle lobe long 
 
 twisted, 
 latifolia purple, tubers palmate, hollow 
 
 stem, 
 laxitiora purple, tubers two, bracts with 
 
 more than two veins, 
 maculata purple, tubers palmate, solid 
 
 stem, spotted leaves, 
 "mascula purple, bracts one-veined, outer 
 
 sepals bent upwards, 
 militaris purple, lip with red spots on white 
 
 centre, slate helmet. 
 
 morip purple, with green v^ins, bracts one- 
 veined. 
 pyramidalis rose, hair-like spur, three-lip 
 
 lobes equal, 
 simia lip white, lobes long and crimson, 
 
 sepals white. 
 ustulata white, with purple spots, bracts 
 
 one-veined. 
 
 Origanum, Plate xix. 307. 
 *vulgare purple, egg-shaped downy leaves. 
 
 Ornithogalum, PLite xxv. 415. 
 
 nutans white, flowers drooping. 
 *pyrenaicum white, flowers erect, racemose, 
 umbellatum white, flowers erect, corym- 
 bose. 
 
 Ornithopus, Plate vii. 102. 
 *perpusillus pink, white-veined flowers. 
 
 Orobanche, Plate xix. 300. 
 
 coerulea blue, parasite on Achillea mille- 
 
 folium. 
 caryophyllacea white, parasite on Galium 
 
 mollugo. 
 clatior white, parasite on Centaurea 
 
 saxbiosa. 
 
 minor white, parasite on Trifolium. 
 *rapum white, parasite on Ulex and Saro- 
 
 thamnus. 
 rubra -red, parasite on Thymus serpyllum. 
 
 Osmunda, Page 133, 524. 
 
 'recalls leaves fertile at top, pinnae oblong 
 
 ovate. 
 
 Oxalis, Plate vi. 87. 
 acetosella white, one flower on peduncle, 
 corniculata yellow, two flowers on pedun- 
 cle, 
 stricta yellow, many flowers on peduncle. 
 
 Oxyria, Plate xxii. 358. 
 reniformis reddish, long-stalked kidney- 
 shaped leaves. 
 
 Oxytropis, Plate vii. 101. 
 *campestris yellow, prostrate stem. 
 uralensis purple, no stem 
 
 Panieum, Plate xxix. 
 *crus?alli unilateral flowers, spreading 
 spike. 
 
 IPapaver, Plate ii. 19. 
 
 argemone rose, club-shaped hispid fruit, 
 dubium scarlet, hairs pressed against stalk, 
 
 smooth oblong fruit, 
 hybridum crimson, fruit hispid, round and 
 
 furrowed. 
 *rha;as scarlet, smooth round fruit, stalk 
 
 hairs spreading 
 somuiferum white, smooth round fruit. 
 
 Parietaria, Plate xxiii. 369. 
 
 officinalis green, three-nerved leaves, hairy 
 flowers in axils. 
 
 Paris, Plate xxvi. 426. 
 
 quadrifolia white, four leaves at tcp of 
 stem. 
 
 Parnassia, Plate x. 151. 
 
 palustris white, radical leaves heart-shaped 
 and long-stalked. 
 
 Pastinaca, Plate xii. 184. 
 'sativa yellow, ovate leaves, downy under- 
 side. 
 
 Pedicularis, Plate xviii. 292. 
 *palustris crimson, hairy calyx, 
 sylvatica pink, smouth calyx. 
 
 Peplis, Plate ix. 135. 
 *postula purple, opposite obovate stalked 
 leaves. 
 
 Petasites, Plate xx. 211. 
 
 vulgaris lilac, large heart-shaped leaves. 
 Petroselinum, Plate xi. 164. 
 sativum yellowish, leaves bipinnatifid. 
 
 'segetum white, leaves pinnate. 
 
 Peucedanum, Plate xii. 183. 
 
 *officinale yellow, large umbels, few bracts 
 ostruthium white, leaflets ovate, serrate, 
 
 biternate. 
 
 palustre white, many bracts, leaflets piana- 
 tilid. 
 
 Phalaris, Plate xxix. 470. 
 *arundmacea glume without keel, 
 canariensis glume with keel. 
 
 Phleum, Plate xxix. 473. 
 
 alpinum awn as long as truncate glume, 
 arenarium glume with pointed ends and 
 
 fringed, 
 boehmeri glume acute at each end, 
 
 panicle cylindrical. 
 *pratense awn shorter than truncate glume. 
 
 Physospermum, Plate xi. 160. 
 'cornubiense white, long-stalked umbels. 
 
 Phyteuma, Plate xvi. 257. 
 
 *orbiculare blue, round heads of flowers, 
 spicatum yellow, spiked oblong heads of 
 flowers. 
 
 Picris, Plate xiv. 212. 
 *hieracioides yellow, rough slender bristly 
 stem. 
 
 Pilularia, Plate xxxii. 529. 
 'globulifera rhizome slender, leaves filiform. 
 
 Pimpinella, Plate xii. 171. 
 mamia white, leaves all pinnate. 
 *saxifraga white, upper leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 Pinguicula, Plate xxi. 333. 
 
 alpina yellow, short conical spur shorter 
 
 than corolla. 
 *lusitanica pale yellow, cylindrical spur, 
 
 downy stem, 
 vulgaris violet, awl-shaped spur, equal to 
 
 veinless corolla. 
 
 Pinus, Plate xxv. 381. 
 *ylvestris cones stalked, leaves in pairs.
 
 148 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Plantago. Plate xxi. 546. 
 
 coronopus green, pinnatifid leaves, hairy 
 
 scape. 
 *lanceolata green, lanceolate five-ribbed 
 
 leaves, 
 major green, broad egg-shaped leaves, long 
 
 grooved stalks. 
 
 maritima green, fleshy linear leaves, 
 media green, ovate, sessile, short-stalked 
 
 leaves. 
 Poa, Plate xxx. 493. 
 
 alpina fibrous root, smooth round stem, 
 annua annual root, ovate spikelets five- 
 flowered, 
 bulbosa fibrous root, smooth stem swollen 
 
 at base. 
 
 compressa creeping root, compressed stem. 
 laxa fibrous root, smooth compressed stem, 
 nemoralis fibrous root, stem and leaves 
 
 smooth. 
 
 *pratensis creeping root, smooth stem, 
 trivialis fibrous root, leaves and stem rough. 
 
 ro'.emonium, Plate xviii. 280. 
 *cosruleum blue, angular stem, pinnate 
 leaves. 
 
 Polycarpon, Plate x. 142. 
 *tetraphyllum--greenish white, lower leaves 
 four in whorl. 
 
 Polygala, Plate iv. 59. 
 
 calcarea various, branched stem. 
 *vulgaris various, woody stem. 
 
 Polygonatum, Plate xxvi. 425. 
 
 *multiflorum white, round stem, leaves 
 
 facing, 
 officinale white, angular stem, leaves 
 
 facing, 
 verticillatum green, angular stem, whorled 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Polygonum, Plate xxii. 356. 
 
 amphibium pink, branched stem, stalked 
 
 lanceolate leaves, 
 aviculare various, prostrate stem, flat 
 
 leaves. 
 
 bistorta salmon, simple stem, ovate leaves, 
 'convolvulus green, angular climbing stem, 
 dumetorum green, round climbing stem, 
 hydropiper pink, branching stem, spikes 
 
 drooping. 
 
 lapathifolium pink, branched stem un- 
 spotted oval leaves, 
 maritimum various, prostrate stem, fleshy 
 
 glaucous leaves. 
 
 minus pink, branched prostrate stem, 
 mite pink, branched erect, no glands on 
 
 perianth, 
 persicaria rose, branched stem, spotted 
 
 lanceolate leaves, 
 raii various, prostrate stem, not longer 
 
 than perianth, 
 viviparum flesh, simple stem, lanceolate 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Polypodium, Page 30, 513. 
 
 calcareum frond sub-ternate. 
 dryopteris frond ternate. 
 phegopteris lowest pinnae deflexed. 
 *vulgare pinnae lanceolate. 
 
 Polypogon, Plate xxix. 476. 
 *littoralis glumes pointed, equal to awns, 
 jnonspeliensis glumes blunt, half length of 
 awns 
 
 Polystichum, Page 55; 516. 
 *aculeatum fronds bipinnatifid. 
 lonchitis fronds pinnate. 
 
 Populus, Plate xxiii. 378. 
 *alba round leaves, cottony beneath, 
 canescens wavy-toothed round leavesj, 
 
 cottony beneath. 
 
 nigra triangular leaves, smooth beneath, 
 tremula round pointed leaves, smooth 
 
 beneath. 
 Potamogeton, Plate xxvii. 439. 
 
 compressus five-veined leaves all sub- 
 merged, free stipules. 
 
 crispus wavy leaves all submerged, free- 
 stipules, flat stem. 
 *densus leaves opposite, all submerged. 
 
 filiformis leaves all submerged, adnate.- 
 stipules, grooved leaves. 
 
 gramineus three-veined leaves, all sub- 
 merged, free stipules, winged stem. 
 
 heterophyllus sessile submerged leaves,, 
 oval floating leaves. 
 
 lucens stout stem, stalked leaves all sub- 
 merged, winged stipules. 
 
 natans leaves all oval, stalked, and 
 coriaceous. 
 
 pectinatus leaves all submerged, adnate: 
 stipules, grooved stem. 
 
 perfoliatus amplexicaul, leaves all sub- 
 merged, round stout stem. 
 
 plantagineus all leaves membranous and 
 netted. 
 
 polygonifolius submerged, leaves stalked 
 and membranous. 
 
 prailongus leaves hollow at tip, all sub- 
 merged. 
 
 pusillus three-veined leaves all submerged, 
 free stipules, round stem. 
 
 rufescens leaves ruddy and many-nerved. 
 
 trichioides single-veined leaves all sub- 
 merged, free stipules. 
 
 Potentilla, Plate viii. 113. 
 
 alpestris orange, erect stem, ovate stipules. 
 
 anserina yellow, pinnate leaves, creeping: 
 stem. 
 
 argentea yellow, digitate leaves white 
 beneath. 
 
 fragiarastrum white, digitate leaves, pros- 
 trate stem. 
 
 fruticosa yellow, pinnate leaves, shrubby- 
 stem. 
 
 *reptans yellow, prostrate stem, quinate 
 leaves, five petals. 
 
 rupestris white, pinnate leaves, erect stem. 
 
 tormentilla yellow, prostrate stem, ternate- 
 leaves, four petals. 
 
 verna yellow, prostrate stem, quinate- 
 
 leaves, stipules linear. 
 Poterium, Plate viii. 120. 
 *sanguisorba purple, quadrangle fruit. 
 
 muricatum purple, four-winged, pitted,, 
 denticulate fruit. 
 
 Primula, Plate xxi. 334. 
 
 elatior straw, wrinkled leaves, erect flowers. 
 
 in umbel, 
 farinosa lilac, leaves mealy beneath, calyx 
 
 teeth linear, 
 scotica violet, leaves mealy beneath, calyx 
 
 teeth ovate, 
 veris -yellow, wrinkled leaves, drooping 
 
 flowers in umbel, 
 "vulgaris primrose, wrinkled leaves, flowers 
 
 solitary.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 149 
 
 Prunella, Plate xx. 320. 
 
 vulgaris purplish blue, head with two 
 leaves at base. 
 
 Prunus, Plate viii. 108. 
 
 avium white flowers in umbels, drooping, 
 cerasus white, flowers in umbels, erect, 
 domestica white, flowers solitary, leaf-ribs 
 
 downy. 
 
 insititia white, flowers solitary, drooping, 
 padus white, flowers in raceme, leaves 
 
 smooth, 
 spinosa white, flowers solitary, erect, very 
 
 thorny. 
 
 Pseudathyrium, Plate xxxiii. 506. 
 
 *alpestre pinnules sharply toothed. 
 
 Pteris, Page 88, 520. 
 *aquilina marginal sori. 
 
 Pulmonaria, Plate xx. 331. 
 
 *angustifolia pink, lanceolate leaves, 
 oflicinalis purple, spotted cordate leaves. 
 
 Pyrola, Plate xvii. 268. 
 "media white, spiral triangular flower stalk. 
 minor rose, square flower stalk, flowers in 
 
 slender cluster, 
 rotundifolia white, straight triangular 
 
 flower stalk, 
 secunda white, flowers drooping in dense 
 
 cluster all one way. 
 uniflora white, large fragrant solitary 
 
 flower. 
 
 Pyrus, Plate viii. 125. 
 
 aria white, leaves white felted beneath. 
 
 aucuparia white, flowers in corymb, pin- 
 nate leaves. 
 
 communis white, flowers in corymb, 
 
 elliptic serrate leaves. 
 
 mains pink, flowers in umbel, leaves ovate, 
 acute, serrate. 
 
 torminalis white, leaf-lobes triangular, 
 lower ones spreading. 
 
 Quercus, Plate xxiii. 372. 
 robur the oak tree, leaves sinuate and 
 lobed. 
 
 Radiola, Plate vi. 77. 
 *millegrana white, very small plant, forked 
 stem. 
 
 Ranunculus, Plate i. 6, 7. 
 acris yellow, round smooth stalk, 
 aquatilis white, floating leaves trind, others 
 
 capilliform. 
 arvensis pale yellow, spreading calyx, large 
 
 carpels, prickly achenes. 
 auricomus yellow, lower leaves reniform 
 
 upper leaves divided, unfurrowed stalk, 
 bulhosus yellow, reflexed calyx, furrowed 
 
 stem. 
 
 *fic.ma yellow, cordate leaves, 
 flammula yellow, decumbent stem, ovate 
 
 leaves, 
 hederaceus white reniform leaves broad at 
 
 base. 
 
 hir.sutus yellow, erect hairy stem, 
 lenormandi white, reniform leaves narrow 
 
 at base. 
 
 lingua yellow, large flowers, sessile lanceo- 
 late leaves. 
 
 RANI-NCI-I-VS, Plate i. (cont.~). 
 ophioglossifolius yellow, erect stem, ovate 
 
 leaves. 
 
 parviflorus yellow, decumbent hairy stem, 
 repens yellow, furrowed stalk, creeping, 
 
 stem. 
 sceleratus pale yellow, hairy reflexed calyx. 
 
 Raphanus, Plate iv. 54. 
 
 maritimus yellow, lyrate bristly leaves, 
 'raphanistrum whitish yellow, root leaves, 
 interruptedly lyrate. 
 
 Reseda, Plate iv. 55. 
 
 lutea yellow, sepals and petals six. 
 "luteola yellow, sepals and petals four, 
 suffruticulosa white, sepals and petals five. 
 
 Rhamnus, Plate vi. 89. 
 *catharticus yellowish, branches spinous 
 frangula white, flowers five-cleft. 
 
 Rhinanthus, Plate xviii. 290. 
 
 "cristagalli yellow, green bracts, 
 major yellow, yellow bracts. 
 
 Rhyncospora, Plate xxviiL 457. 
 alba white, two stamens, 
 fusca brown, three stamens. 
 
 Ribes, Plate x. 144. 
 alpinum green, glabrous calyx, flowers 
 
 erect, 
 grossularia green, thorny stem, small 
 
 bracts. 
 
 nigrum green, downy calyx, flowers droop- 
 ing and downy. 
 
 rubrum green, smooth calyx, flowers droop- 
 ing and smooth. 
 
 Rosa, Plate viii. 117. 
 
 arvensis white, scentless flowers, trailing 
 stem, fruit subglobose with convex disc. 
 
 canina pink, smooth leaves hooked 
 prickles, sepals reflexed after fall of corolla. 
 
 inodora rose, doubly serrate downy leaves, 
 hooked prickles, sepals closely pinnate. 
 
 involuta pink, hairy doubly serrate leaves, 
 round fruit, no disc, prickles passing into 
 aciculi. 
 
 micrantha pale rose, doubly serrate downy- 
 leaves, uniform hooked prickles, hairy- 
 stalk. 
 
 mollis rose, shoots erect, glandulose leaves, 
 straight prickles, ovate leaves, slightly 
 pinnate sepals. 
 
 rubiginosa rose, hairy leaves, fragrant 
 round at base, prickles mixed, fruit pear- 
 shaped, disc small. 
 
 sajpium rose, hairy leaves, acute at bas->. 
 prickles mixed, long lax branches, stalk 
 naked, styles hairy. 
 
 spinosissima pink, erect, bent shoots, 
 crowded prickles simple sepals, leaves 
 smooth, fruit black, round and erect. 
 
 systyla pale pink, shoots erect, bent, 
 prickles equal and hooked, fruit, ovate 
 with large disc. 
 
 tomentosa rose, shoots arched, downy 
 elliptic leaves, straight prickles, sepals 
 copiously pinnate. 
 
 Rubia, Plate xiii. 200. 
 peiegrina yellow, leaves rough and in 
 whjrls.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Kubus, Plate viii. 116. 
 
 caesius white, round prostrate stem, prickles 
 
 unequal, branches glaucous, fruit downy. 
 chama:morus white, large, solitary erect 
 
 herbaceous stem without prickles. 
 *fruticosus white, arched angular prickly 
 
 stem, branches not glaucous, fruit not downy 
 idaeus white, erect round very prickly stem, 
 saxatilis greenish, small, axillary herba- 
 ceous rooting stem, few prickles. 
 Eumex, Plate xxii. 357. 
 *acetosa reddish, flowers dioecious,' outer 
 
 sepals reflexed. 
 acetosella reddish, flowers dioecious, outer 
 
 sepals ascending, 
 alpinus green, furrowed stalk, 
 aquaticus green, no tubercles on perianth, 
 
 lower leaves wavy and cordate, 
 conglomeratus green, inner sepal entire, 
 
 ovate lanceolate leaves, 
 crispus green, inner sepal entire, lanceolate 
 
 leaves, 
 hydrolapathum green, inner sepal entire, 
 
 leaves tapering into stalk, 
 maritimus green, inner sepal toothed, 
 
 narrow leaves, whorls crowded, 
 nemorosus green, inner sepal entire, lower 
 
 leaves cordate, 
 obtusifolius green, inner sepal toothed, 
 
 broad blunt leaves, 
 palustris green, inner sepal toothed, narrow 
 
 leaves, whorls distant, 
 pratensis green, inner sepal toothed, broad 
 
 pointed leaves. 
 
 pulcher green, prostrate stem, fiddle- 
 shaped leaves. 
 Ruppia, Plate xxvii. 440. 
 
 *maritima green, flowers on a spadix. 
 Euscus, Plate xxvi. 422. 
 "aculeatus white, branched rigid stem. 
 
 Sagina, Plate v. 67. 
 
 apetala white, four stamens, bristle- pointed 
 
 leaves. 
 
 ciliata white, four stamens, plant pubes- 
 cent, 
 maritima white, four stamens, blunt fleshy 
 
 leaves. 
 
 flivalis white, ten stamens, erect stem, 
 nodosa white, ten stamens, opposite leaves 
 
 in knots. 
 *procumbens white, four stamens, smooth 
 
 prostrate stem. 
 
 saxatilis white, ten stamens, smooth pros- 
 trate stem, 
 subulata white, ten stamens, awl-shaped 
 
 leaves. 
 Sagittaria, Plate xxvii. 435. 
 
 "sagittifolia white, leaves arrow-shaped. 
 Salicornia, Plate xxii. 355. 
 *herbacea green, erect jointed stem, 
 radicans green, prostrate jointed stem. 
 Salix, Plate xxiii. 379. 
 alba two stamens, silky leaves, 
 arbuscula smooth leaves veiny above, 
 
 glaucous below, leafy peduncle, 
 aurita leaves obovate and wrinkled, stipules 
 
 large and stalked, 
 caprea leaves ovate with downy midrib, 
 
 thick blunt catkin. 
 
 frp.sjilis two stamens, smooth leaves, 
 herbacea small plant > prostrate stem, round 
 hairy leaves. 
 
 SALIX, Plate xxiii. (cant.). 
 
 Janata broad oval woolly leaves, silky 
 
 yellow catkins, 
 lapponum pointed scales with long white 
 
 hairs. 
 
 nigricans thin leaves, dotted beneath, 
 myrsinites catkins at end of terminal 
 
 shoot 
 pentandra stamens five or more, leaves 
 
 fragrant, 
 phylicifolia smooth oval leaves, dark green 
 
 above, glaucous beneath, 
 purpurea ovate stigma, one anther, 
 repens small oblong leaves with recurved 
 
 margins. 
 
 reticulata leaves netted, glaucous beneath, 
 triandra three stamen*, leaves glaucous 
 
 beneath. 
 *viminalis leaves linear, silky beneath, 
 
 anthers turning yellow. 
 
 Salsola, Plate xxii. 353. 
 *kali green, prostrate stem, spiny leaves. 
 
 Salvla, Plate xix. 303. 
 
 pratensis blue, corolla longer than calyx. 
 *verbenacea purple, corolla same length as 
 calyx. 
 
 Sambucus, Plate xiii. 196. 
 ebulus purplish, cymes with three clefts, 
 
 leafy stipules. 
 
 *nigra white, cymes with five branches, no 
 stipules. 
 
 Samolus, Plate xxi. 342. 
 *valerandi white, crowned corolla. 
 
 Sanguisorba, Plate viii. 119. 
 
 *officinalis purple, leaflets thirteen, spikes 
 ovate oblong. 
 
 Sanicula, Plate xi. 156. 
 *europsea reddish white, flowers small and 
 sessile. 
 
 Saponaria, Plate v. 63. 
 
 otlicinalis pink, calyx bladder-like. 
 
 Sarothamnus, Plate vii. 90. 
 'scoparius yellow, green angular stem, silky 
 ternate leaves. 
 
 Saussurea, Plate xv. 226. 
 
 'alpina light purple, lanceolate cottony 
 leaves. 
 
 Saxifraga, Plate x. 149. 
 
 aizoides yellow with red spots, stem leafy, 
 csespitosa white, tufted leaves, obtusely 
 
 lobed. 
 
 cernua white, bulbs in the leaf axils, 
 granulata white, root leaves kidney-shaped, 
 hirculis yellow, solitary flowers, entire 
 
 leaves, 
 hypnoides white, leaves cleft, lobes bristle, 
 
 pointed. 
 
 nivalis white.crowded flowers, leaves ovate, 
 oppositifolia purple, tufted stem, 
 rivularis white, procumbent stem, lobed 
 
 palmate leaves, 
 stellaris white with yellow spots, leaves 
 
 coarsely-toothed, 
 tridactylites white, leaves wedge-shaped, 
 
 lant hairy. 
 *umbrosa white with pink spots, leaves with 
 
 flat petiole.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Scabiosa Plate xiv. 208. 
 
 columbaria lilac, five-cleft corolla, pinnati- 
 
 fld leaves. 
 
 *succisa blue, four - deft corolla, entire 
 leaves. 
 
 Scandix, Plate xiii. 190. 
 *pecten-veneris white, long-beaked seed 
 
 Scheuchzeria, Plate xxvii. 438. 
 *palustris green, alternate semicylindrical 
 leaves. 
 
 SchlerocMoa, Plate xxx. 
 
 distans three-veined glumes, tufted root, 
 
 long branched panicle, 
 loliacea one-veined glumes, racemose 
 
 panicle. 
 *maritima three-veined glumes, creeping 
 
 root, 
 procumbens three-veined glumes, tufted 
 
 root, compact panicle, 
 rigida one - veined glumes, compound 
 
 panicle. 
 
 Schcenus, Plate xxviii. 456. 
 *nigricans round terminal head of spikelets, 
 
 Scilla, Plate xxvi. 416. 
 
 autumnalis dark blue with green line. 
 *verna blue, channelled leaves. 
 
 Scirpus, Plate xxviii. 459. 
 *lacustris smooth leafless stem, 
 maritimus triangular leafless stem. 
 sylvaticus leafy stem, glumes entire, 
 triqueter leafy stem, glumes bifid. 
 
 Scleranthus, Plate x. 143. 
 
 *annuus green, erect tangled stems, 
 perennis green, simple prostrate stem. 
 
 Scolopendrium, Plate xxxiii. 507. 
 
 *vulgare strap-shaped frond. 
 
 Scrophularia, Plate xviii. 293. 
 
 'aquatica purple, blunt leaves, 
 nodosa purple, pointed leaves, 
 scorodoma purple, downy wrinkled leaves, 
 vernalis yellow, winged stem. 
 
 Scutellaria, Plate xx. 321. 
 
 galericulata blue, oblong leaves, 
 minor pink, ovate leaves. 
 
 Sedum, Plate x. 146. 
 
 ^acre yellow, blunt egc-shaped leaves, 
 album white, alternate leaves, erect 
 
 flowering stem, 
 anglicum white, alternate leaves, stem 
 
 ascending, pointed petals, 
 dasyphyllum pink, opposite I^ves, stem 
 
 procumbent, 
 forsterianum yellow, leaves acute and not 
 
 glaucous. 
 
 reflexum yellow, subulate leaves, 
 rhodiola yellow, flowers four-parted, 
 rupestre yellow, leaves acute and glaucous, 
 sexangulare yellow, blunt linear leaves, 
 telephium purple, oval serrate leaves, 
 villosum rose, purple streaks, hairy leaves, 
 
 hairy stem and panicle. 
 
 Selaglnella, Plate xxxii. 527. 
 
 selaginoides spikes on short erect branches. 
 
 Sempervivum, Plate x. 147. 
 *tectorum purple, leaves in a rosette. 
 
 Senecio, Plate xvi. 246. 
 
 aquaticus yellow, root leaves only entire, 
 crucifolius yellow, cottony stem, leaves 
 
 downy beneath, 
 jacobatu yellow, smooth stem, purple at the 
 
 base, 
 paludosus yellow, stem straight and 
 
 hollow, leaves entire, 
 sarracenicus yellow, stem straight and 
 
 solid, leaves entire, 
 squalidus bright yellow, large flowers, 
 
 smooth pinn.itilid leaves. 
 sylvaticus yellow, leaves pinnatind and 
 
 toothed, ray florets revolute. 
 viscosus yellow, foliage viscid and hairy, 
 
 ray florets revolute. 
 *vulgaris yellow, foliage smooth, no ray 
 
 florets. 
 
 Serratula, Plate xv. 227. 
 *tinctoria purple, deeply cut toothed leaves. 
 
 Seseli, Plate xii. 177. 
 
 *libar.otb white, leaves hairy and sessile, 
 thick-ribbed fruit, 
 
 Sesleria, Plate xxx. 482. 
 *coerulea tufted bluish stem, leaves with a 
 rough point. 
 
 Setaria, Plate xxix. 469. 
 
 "verticillata involucre bristles bent back. 
 viridis involucre bristles truct. 
 
 Sherardia, Plate xiii. 202. 
 *arvensis lilac, pointed leaves in four, five, 
 or six. 
 
 Sibbaldia, Plate viii. 112. 
 
 procumbens yellow, wedge-shaped, three- 
 toothed leaflets. 
 
 Sibthorpia, Plate xviii. 298. 
 *europsea pink, small flowers, thread-like 
 stems. 
 
 Silaus, Plate xii. 179. 
 pratensis yellowish, opposite lanceolate 
 leaves. 
 
 Silene, Plate v. 64. 
 
 acaulis pink, stem much branched, leaves 
 
 fringed, 
 anglica white, flowers alternate plant 
 
 hairy . 
 
 conica rose, fruit conical with thirty ridges, 
 inflati white, calyx inflated, petals well 
 
 cleft. 
 *maritima white, calyx inflated, petals, 
 
 slightly cleft, 
 ncctillo.a pink, fruit oblong with tea 
 
 ridges. 
 
 nutans white, branches three-forked, 
 otites yellow, opposite tufted branches. 
 
 SimetMs, Plate xxvi. 420. 
 
 *bicolor purple, leaves bent back. 
 Sinapis, Plate iv. 52. 
 
 alba yellow, leaves all lyrate. 
 *arvensis yellow, leaves lyrate and ovate. 
 
 incana yellow, leaves lanceolate. 
 
 nigra yellow, four-angled pods. 
 
 Sison, Plate xi. 167. 
 *amomum white, wiry stem, upper leaflets
 
 152 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Sisymbrium, Plate iii. 46. 
 
 alliaria white, leaves large, stalked and 
 
 cordate. 
 
 irio yellow, smooth stem, 
 officinaley-yellow, hairy stem, 
 polyceratium yellow, prostrate stem, 
 "sophia yellow, leaves twice plnnatitid. 
 thalianum white, leaves small and lanceo- 
 late. 
 Sisyrinchium, Plate xxv. 404. 
 
 *anceps blue, flowers in umbels. 
 
 ,Sium, Plate xii. 172. 
 *angustifolium white, umbels opposite the 
 
 leaves, 
 latifolium white, umbels terminal. 
 
 Smyrnium, Plate xi. 161. 
 
 olusatrum greenish, radical leaves with 
 sheathing petioles. 
 
 Solanum, Plate xviii. 284. 
 
 "dulcamara purple, red berries. 
 
 nigrum white, black berries. 
 
 Solidago, Plate xvi. 245. 
 *virgaurea yellow, angular stem, lanceolate 
 leaves. 
 
 Sonchus, Plate xiv. 216. 
 
 arvensis yellow, simple stem, hairy in- 
 volucre, 
 
 asper yellow, auricles of leaves rounded. 
 *oleraceus pale yellow, branched stem, 
 smooth involucre. 
 
 palustris yellow, six feet high, lower leaves 
 runcinate, upper sagittate. 
 
 Sparganium, Plate xxvii. 448. 
 
 natans leaves flat and floating, 
 "ramosum leaves erect with flat sides, 
 simplex leaves erect with hollow sides. 
 
 Spartina, Plate xxix. 466. 
 alternifolia spikes shorter than leaves. 
 v stricta spikes longer than leaves. 
 
 Spergula, Plate v. 68. 
 *arvensis white, leaves whorled. 
 
 Spergularia, Plate v. 70. 
 
 marina white, leaves blunt, 
 "rubra red, leaves pointed. 
 
 'Spiraea, Plate viii. 109. 
 
 filipendula cream, flowers not fragrant, 
 
 leaflets cut. 
 saUcifolia pink, shrubby stem, leaves 
 
 simple. 
 *ulmaria cream, flowers fragrant, leaflets 
 
 entire. 
 
 Spiranthes, Plate xxiv. 385. 
 
 *jcstivalis white, flowers in one rank, spike 
 
 lax. 
 
 autumnalis flowers in one rank, spike 
 dense. 
 
 Stachys, Plate xx. 317. 
 
 arvensis light purple, prostrate stem, 
 
 whorls of six flowers. 
 
 "betonica light purple, sessile leaves beneath 
 divisions of the spike. 
 
 germanica purple, silky foliage, lower 
 leaves wrinkled. 
 
 palustris dark purple, hollow stem, heart- 
 shaped leaves, flowers on whorl. 
 
 sylvatica purpfe, solid stem, leaves heart- 
 shaped pointed and stalked. 
 
 Statice, Plate xxi. 345. 
 
 binervosa purple, scape branched below 
 
 middle. 
 
 caspia purple, scape branched from base. 
 *limonium purple, scape branched above 
 middle. 
 
 Stellaria, Plate v. 73. 
 
 cerastoides white, oblong leaves, hairy line 
 down stem. 
 
 glauca white, erect angled smooth stem, 
 serrate leaves. 
 
 graminea white, nearly erect stem, deeply 
 
 cut petals. 
 
 *holostea white, erect angled rough stem, 
 fringed leaves. 
 
 media white, ovate leaves, hairy line down 
 stem. 
 
 nemprum white, heart-shaped leaves. 
 
 ulieinosa white, diffuse stem, ovate hard- 
 tipped leaves. 
 
 Stratiotes, Plate xxvi. 432. 
 "aloides white, sword-shaped, toothed 
 leaves. 
 
 Subularia Plate iii. 36. 
 *aquatica white, awl-shaped leaves. 
 
 Suseda, Plate xxii. 354. 
 fruticosa green, obtuse leaves. 
 *maritima green, pointed leaves. 
 
 Symphytum, Plate xx. 325. 
 
 "officinale cream, winged stem, upper leaves 
 
 lanceolate, 
 tuberosum cream, upper leaves elliptical. 
 
 Tamarix, Plate k. 136. 
 
 "anglica pinkish, small acute glabrous 
 leaves. 
 
 Tamus, Plate xxvi. 427. 
 *communis yellowish, netted heart-shaped 
 leaves. 
 
 Tanacetum, Plate xv. 236. 
 
 *vulgare yellow, bipinnatifid serrate leaves. 
 
 Taraxacuzn, Plate xiv. 221. 
 
 *officinale yellow, leaves all from root, teeth 
 pointing backwards. 
 
 Taxus, Plate xxv. 383. 
 *baccata leaves crowded, flowers sessile and 
 axillary. 
 
 Teesdalia, Plate ii. 32. 
 
 "nudicaulis white, lyrate leaves. 
 
 Teucrium, Plate xix. 311. 
 botrys pink, pinnatind leaves, 
 chamxdrys pink, leaves wedge-shaped at 
 
 base. 
 
 scordium purple, sessile oblong leaves. 
 *scorodonia <;ream, stalked wrinkled cordate 
 leaves. 
 
 Thalictmm, Plate i. 2. 
 
 *alpinum yellow, naked stem, 
 flavum pale yellow, furrowed stem, 
 minus greenish yellow, leafy stem. 
 
 Thesium, Plate xxii. 361. 
 *hum.iftisunj white, narrow single-nerved 
 leaves.
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 153 
 
 Thlaspi, Plate ii. 29. 
 
 alpestre pinkish white, pouch cordate, 
 
 leaves arrow-shaped. 
 *arvense greenish white, pouch round, 
 
 leaves arrow-shaped, 
 perfolintum white, pouch cordate, leaves 
 
 cordate. 
 
 Thymus, Plate xix. 306. 
 cham.'edrys purple, ascending stem, ovate 
 
 leaves, 
 serpyllum purple, prostrate stem, oblong 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Tilia, Plate vi. 81. 
 grandiflora green, tree, leaves downy 
 
 underneath. 
 
 "intermedia green, tree, leaves smooth 
 underneath. 
 
 Tillffla, Plate x. 145. 
 *muscosa white tipped with red, small pro- 
 cumbent stem, oblong opposite leaves. 
 
 Tofleldia, Plate xxvi. 429. 
 *palustris pale green, flowers in ovate 
 
 spikes. 
 
 Tordylium, Plate xii. 186. 
 'maximum pinkish, stem with reflexed 
 hairs. 
 
 Torilis, Plate xiii. 189. 
 *anthriscus white, stem erect, involucre of 
 
 many leaves 
 infesta white, stem branching, involucre of 
 
 one leaf, 
 nodosa pinkish, prostrate stem. 
 
 Tragopogon, Plate xiv. 210. 
 
 pratensis yellow, (lower stalk slightly 
 
 thickened. 
 
 porrifolius purple, flower stalk much 
 thickened. 
 
 Tridiomanes, Page i, 522. 
 
 'radicans cup-shaped indusia, smooth 
 triangular fronds. 
 
 Trichonema, Plate xxv. 405. 
 
 "columns: purple, leaves furrowed. 
 Trientalis, Plate xxi. 337. 
 europsea white, leaves all at top of stem. 
 
 Trifolium, Plate vii. 98. 
 
 arvense pink, branched stem, calyx tube 
 
 hairy, small corolla, round head, 
 bocconi white, erect stem, calyx tube hairy, 
 
 small flowers, round head, 
 fragiferum rose, creeping stem, calyx tube 
 
 smooth, head long, 
 fjliforme yellow, hair-like stem, calyx tube 
 
 smooth, flowers six or less, 
 glomeratum purple, prostrate stem, calyx 
 
 throat smooth, round head, 
 incarnatum orange, erect stem, calyx 
 
 throat hairy, teeth equal, head round, 
 maritimum pink, rigid stem, calyx tube 
 
 hairy, teeth lanceolate, ovate head, 
 medium purple, zigzag stem, calyx throat 
 
 hairy, 
 minus yellow, stem rigid, calyx tube 
 
 smooth, flowers ten to twenty in a head, 
 ochroleucum cream, erect stem, calyx 
 
 throat hairy, ovate head, 
 pratense red, erect stem, calyx hairy, 
 
 stipules ovate, 
 procumbens yellow, large many-flowered 
 
 head, calyx tube smooth. 
 
 TRIFOLIUM, Plate vii. (cant.). 
 
 repens white, creeping stem, rootin? at the 
 
 nodes, calyx tube smooth, round head, 
 scabrum white, prostrate stem, calyx tube 
 
 hairy, ovate head, 
 stellatum crimson, prostrate stem, calyx 
 
 hairy, teeth stellate, 
 striatum rose, prostrate stem, calyx tube 
 
 very hairy, ovate head, 
 strictum rose, ascending stem, calyx tube 
 
 smooth, round head, 
 subterraneum crimson, underground stem, 
 
 calyx tube smooth, head hairy, flowers few. 
 suffocatum white, underground stem, calyx 
 
 tube smooth, compact head. 
 
 Trig-lochin, Plate xxvii. 437. 
 
 maritimum green, fruit oval and six-celled. 
 *palustre green, frui angular and three- 
 celled. 
 
 Trigonella, Plato vii. 97. 
 *ornithopodioides pinkish white, calyx ha'.t 
 
 as long as pod. 
 
 Trinia, Plate \i 165. 
 *vulgari yellow, dioecious, leaves glaucous 
 
 and filiform. 
 
 Triodia, Plate xxx. 487. 
 *decumbens spikelets few, panicle racemose. 
 Triticum, Plate xxxi. 500. 
 *caninum long awns, 
 junceum awnless. 
 repens short awns. 
 Trollius, Plate i. 9. 
 
 *europxus yellow, flowers globular. 
 Tulipa, Plate xxv. 411. 
 *sylvestris yellow, single-flowered, glabrous 
 stem. 
 
 Tussilago, Plate xv. 242. 
 'farfara yellow, angular leaves, downy 
 beneath. 
 
 Typha, Plate xxvi 449. 
 
 angustifolia leaves flat, spikes contiguous. 
 *latifolia leaves groo\ed below, spikes se- 
 parate. 
 
 Ulex, Plate vii. 91. 
 *europaeus yellow, wings longer than keel, 
 nanus yellow, wings shorter than keel. 
 
 Ulmus, Plate xxiii. 371. 
 *campestris seed in centre of samara. 
 
 montana seed above centre of samara. 
 Urtica, Plate xxiii. 368. 
 *dioica green, leaves heart-shaped at base. 
 pilulifera green, flowers in globular heads, 
 urens green, oval leaves.unbranched spikes. 
 
 Utricularia, Plate xxi. 333. 
 
 intermedia yellow, bladders on the leafless 
 
 branches, 
 minor straw, bladders on the smooth 
 
 leaves. 
 *vulgaris yellow, bladders smal on the 
 
 hairy leaves. 
 
 Vaccinium, Plate xvii. 260. 
 myrtillus purple, leaves deciduous,serrated, 
 
 erect, angled stem. 
 
 oxycoccos rose, leaves evergreen, thread- 
 like stem, 
 uliginosum salmon, leaves deciduous entire, 
 
 round stem, 
 vitis-idza salmon, leaves evergreen and 
 
 dotted beneath. 
 
 M
 
 154 
 
 INDEX TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 Valeriana, Plate xiii. 205. 
 *dioica pink, stem leaves pinnatifid. 
 officinalis pink, all leaves pinnate. 
 pyrenaica salmon, large cordate leaves. 
 
 Valerianella, Plate xiii. 206. 
 auricula light blue, flowers in a lax cyme, 
 carinata lilac, flowers in a dense cyme, 
 dentata buff, leaves long narrow and much 
 
 toothed. 
 
 "oleitoria light blue, leaves long narrow and 
 slightly toothed. 
 
 Verbascum, Plate xviii. 286. 
 
 blattaria yellow, smooth decurrent leaves, 
 filament hairs purple. 
 
 lychnitis white, angular stem, filament 
 hairs white. 
 
 nigrum yellow, leaves smooth above, fila- 
 ment hairs purple. 
 
 pulverulentum yellow, smooth stem, leaves 
 mealy, filament white. 
 
 *hapsus yellow, leaves woolly and decur- 
 
 rent, filament white. 
 
 virgatum yellow, leaves hairy and decur- 
 rent, filament purple. 
 
 Verbena, Plate xix. 302. 
 
 *officinalis lilac, four-angled stem, opposite 
 leaves. 
 
 Veronica, Plate xviii. 287. 
 
 agrestis blue and white, solitary axillary 
 
 flowers, 
 alpina dark blue, terminal racemes, stem 
 
 erect. 
 
 anagallis pale blue, axillary racemes, lan- 
 ceolate leaves. 
 
 arvensis pale blue, spicate flowers, heart- 
 shaped leaves, 
 beccabunga blue or pink, axillary racemes, 
 
 ovate leaves, 
 buxbaumii blue, large solitary axillary 
 
 flowers, 
 "chama^drys blue, axillary racemes, stem 
 
 hairy on alternate sides, 
 hederifolia lilac, solitary axillary flowers. 
 montana pale blue, axillary racemes, stem 
 
 hairy all round. 
 
 officinalis blue, axillary alternate racemes, 
 polita blue, very small solitary axillary 
 
 flowers, 
 saxatilis blue, terminal racemes, woody 
 
 stem. 
 
 scutellata salmon, axillary racemes, 
 serpyllifolia white, terminal racemes, spike 
 
 many flowered. 
 
 spicata blue, tube of corolla very long, 
 triphyllos dark blue,spreading stem,dceply- 
 
 fingered leaves, 
 verna blue, spicate flowers, pinnatifid 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Viburnum, Plate xiii. 197. 
 
 lantana white, leaves heart-shaped and 
 
 downy beneath. 
 
 *opulus white, leaves cut into three lobes 
 and smooth. 
 
 Vicia, Plate vii. 106. 
 
 bithynica purple with white wings, rough 
 
 pods. 
 *cracca dark blue, many flowers on stalk, 
 
 tendrils. 
 
 hirsuta bluish white, few flowers on stalk, 
 lathyroides purple, hairy stem, smooth 
 
 pods. 
 
 lutea yellow, tufted stem, hairy pods, 
 orobus purplish white, many flowers on 
 
 stalk, no tendrils, 
 sativa purplish red, trailing stem, spotted 
 
 stipules, 
 sepium purple, climbing stem, few flowers, 
 
 smooth pods, 
 sylvatica white, blue veins, many flowers 
 
 on stalk, crescent stipulus. 
 tetrasperma light blue, few flowers, smooth 
 
 four-seeded pods. 
 
 Villarsia, Plate xvii. 278. 
 "nymphseoides yellow, fringed flowers, 
 round floating leaves. 
 
 Vinca, Plate xvii. 273. 
 
 major purple, leaf edges ciliate. 
 *minor purple, leaf edges smooth. 
 
 Viola, Plate iv. 57. 
 
 canina blue with purple lines, stem, 
 
 furrowed and leafy, 
 curtisii blue and yellow, stem angular and 
 
 rough, 
 hirta greyish blue, creeping stem, leaves 
 
 and stalk hairy. 
 
 lutea yellow, stem branched at base. 
 *odorata purple to white, creeping stem, 
 
 bracts upper end of stalk, 
 palustris pale blue, creeping stem, leaves 
 
 smooth, 
 tricolor purple and yellow, stem angular 
 
 and branched. 
 
 Viscum, Plate xiii. 195. 
 *album green, grows on trees, green 
 branched stem. 
 
 Wolffla, Plate xxvii. 445. 
 "arrhiza fronds minute, oblong. 
 
 Woodsia, Page 46, 512. 
 
 *hyperborea ovate pinna?. 
 
 ilvensis oblong pinna;. 
 
 Zannichellia, Plate xxvii. 441, 
 
 'palustris opposite filiform leaves. 
 
 Zostera, Plate xxvii. 442. 
 
 *marina long linear leaves, spadix many 
 
 flowered. 
 nana linear leaves, spadix few flowered. 
 
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