lilliliiiilllligiiiiliiiiis^^
 
 SELECT DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS; 
 
 CONSISTING Of 
 
 PLANS, ELEVATIONS, PERSPECTIVE VIEWS, 
 SECTIONS, AND DETAILS, 
 
 ov 
 
 CHURCHES, CHAPELS, SCHOOLS, ALMS-HOUSES, 
 GAS-WORKS, MARKETS, 
 
 AND OTHER BUILDINGS ERECTED FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES. 
 
 By S. H. brooks, Esq. 
 architect, 
 
 AUTHOR OF " DESIGNS FOR COTTAGE AND VILLA ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 THOMAS KELLY, PATERNOSTER ROW, 
 
 AND SOLO BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 MDCCCXLII.
 
 LONDON : 
 
 JOB?* BIDEB, PBINTE 
 
 14, Burtholomaw Close
 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 If there existed among the records of ancient literature and art, a single set 
 
 of Designs for Public Buildings, it would better illustrate the state of society 
 
 among the once glorious, but now extinct nations, than all that poets and 
 
 historians have written. Unfortunately, however, the art of printing was 
 
 unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the noble structures which 
 
 they raised for all time, as they fondly imagined, have fallen to dust or ruin, 
 
 I with the solitary exception of a few temples and triumphal arches. Natural 
 
 I causes and the ruthless hand of the despoiler have joined in the work of 
 
 "KI destruction, and the noblest efforts of ingenuity and art, — the pride of man in 
 
 \ his highest stage of civilization, — have disappeared, leaving no record of their 
 
 ' own beauty, and barely a notice of their former existence. 
 
 ^ But when we thus reflect upon the destruction of ancient architecture, and 
 
 mourn over the loss of so many noble specimens of art, we are apt to forget 
 
 Aj that, with them, we lose in a great measure the knowledge of the public 
 
 >) social habits and characters of the nations who erected them. It is true that 
 
 V\;^from the brief and incidental notices to be found in the pages of history, we 
 
 !^ may gather some information, but far more valuable would be an accurate 
 
 copy of the drawings from which one of each of the several classes of public 
 
 buildings was erected. 
 
 This consideration gives more than a passing interest to this volume, and 
 invests it with the character of a national undertaking. 
 
 > 
 
 .•5?'94'
 
 iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 If, however, this vcork had no other claim upon the attention of the present 
 age, it would in all probability want that public support which we are willing 
 to believe it will receive. Just in proportion to the intellectual strength and 
 cultivation of the human mind, is the desire to perpetuate the remembrance 
 of its existence. The same is true of nations; but although there is diffused 
 through society a desire to establish a character to be honoured and admired 
 by posterity, and not less to leave a record which shall make an irresistible 
 appeal and secure a posthumous fame ; it is rather sought in the bold and 
 striking objects of architectural design executed in enduring masonry, as it is 
 generally supposed to be, than in designs perpetuated by the art of the 
 engraver. The past history of mankind, however, plainly declares, that the 
 one mode is utterly insufficient for the purpose, and that few and frail as were 
 the records of the pen, they have outlived the numerous efforts to obtain 
 immortality by works executed in apparently more durable materials. 
 
 In every country which is advancing in civilization, the wants of the people 
 are daily increasing, new discoveries are made, and new buildings are required. 
 The higher the social state, the more men are thrown together, and instead 
 of acting individually they begin to act in concert, and the benefit of a number 
 is sought in the contributions of individuals. Large public buildings thus 
 l)ecome necessary, and the architect is called upon to meet tlie wishes and wants 
 of the community. The club-houses, libraries, and philosophical institutions 
 of the present day, are instances of the effects of combination. 
 
 These Select Designs for Public Buildings, therefore, have a present interest 
 to all who are engaged in the art of building, and in scarcely a less degree 
 will attract the attention of other classes of men in European countries and 
 settlements, where modern improvements and discoveries have been adopted. 
 As such, it is presented to the reader, with a full conviction that the public 
 will give it that degree of encouragement and support of which it may be 
 found W'orthy.
 
 A DESIGN FOR NATIONAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 The importance of education to all classes of society, to man iu every 
 rank and whatever may be his employment, was so little understood in this 
 country a few years since, that the majority of the people were profoundly 
 ignorant of all snl)jects not immediately connected with the trades or arts 
 by which they obtained subsistence, or accumulated wealth ; and they were 
 consequently either governed in their opinions by prejudice, or thoughtlessly 
 yielded themselves to the control of any better informed person who might 
 attempt to obtain the direction of their minds. With this ignorance, the 
 unhappy men were so satisfied, that every attempt to communicate knowledge 
 either to themselves or their children, was received with suspicion, or rejected 
 with contempt. All the vices of the human heart, but especially cruelty, 
 are the offspring of ignorance ; and hence it was that in those days, the very 
 sports of the people were characterised by a disregard of the lives and 
 comforts of others. 
 
 If it were necessary to prove the indissoluble connexion between ignorance, 
 cruelty, and vice, we might appeal to the mental" condition of the Romans in 
 the brightest periods of their history, and compare it with that of the 
 Athenians when surrounded by the noblest productions of the arts, and luxuri- 
 ating under the influence of the diversified knowledge diffused among them, 
 with the full appreciation of the most excellent efforts of the human mind. 
 
 The history of Rome fully attests that even in its brightest period, when its 
 poets, orators, and philosophers had raised it far above all comparison in 
 jjterature as well as in arms, the middle and lower classes, which formed the 
 bulk of the inhabitants, with the soldiers, wei"e grossly ignorant, and indulged 
 themselves with amusements which appealed to the lowest passions of the 
 human mind. Pugilistic combats, encounters with beasts, and spectacles of 
 blood, attracted the entire population of Rome to the amphitheatre. Nor will 
 it be forgotten by some of our readers that within the last fifty years the same 
 cruel amusements were indulged in England, and even denominated national 
 sports. Education, however, is inimical to cruelty ; and as the mind and morals 
 of the people have advanced, these exhibitions have ceased to attract, untU at 
 last they have fallen under the public condemnation, and are repressed by the 
 authority of the law. 
 
 B
 
 We shrink from an examination of human nature in the state of low 
 degradation to Avhich it may be reduced from a destitution of culture, but the 
 task would probal)ly be found useful although humiliating. To what cause 
 are we to attribute the barbarity and savage cruelty of the inhabitants of many 
 portions of our globe"? Without doubt, to the want of education. It is 
 ignorance that gives liberty to the exercise of all the malignant passions of 
 the human mind, and represses the activity of the nobler powers. 
 
 The nineteenth century introduced a new era in the history of Eui'ope, for 
 it was the one in which the importance of education as a national object was 
 admitted ; and although not yet practically adopted in all countries to 
 the extent that is required, its value is fully acknowledged. The circulation 
 of cheap books has been one means of advancing the education of the people, 
 and especially of that class of books which have led industrious and intelligent 
 working men to consider the principles upon which their various employments 
 are founded. 
 
 The man who in the exercise of his calling blindly follows the practice of 
 others, is intellectually but little better, and practically less useful, than a 
 machine. ^lan is noble in the exercise of his physical powers, but he is most 
 noble when he controls inanimate agents, and compels them to perform his 
 purposes. It is, indeed, as an intellectual being that he rises above all 
 other created existence ; but if the mind, the centre of his power, be left 
 uncultivated, the soil which would produce the fruits of virtue, will give life 
 and luxuriant growth to the Aveeds of immorality and vice. Cultivation, then, 
 or in other words, a suitable education, enables a man to exercise his calling 
 as an intellectual being, while habits of thought prevent him from becoming 
 a servile imitator or a laborious drudsje. 
 
 To insure the education of the people, it is necessary to provide for the 
 instruction of the young. Institutions and societies, which throw a glory 
 over the country, have been provided for these purposes by the state and 
 through the active exertions of ])hilanthropic men. 
 
 The National Schools of this country were founded upon tlie system of 
 education proposed by Dr. Bell and Mr. Lancaster. These schools are now 
 establi.shcd in almost every parish in England, and great have been the 
 benefits derived by llie children of the poor. Thousands have received in 
 fhem the elements of education ; and by the operation of the virtuous principles 
 there inculcated, have been made useful and valuable members of society. 
 Tlieir establishment was a great national boon, and the benefits which flow
 
 from them will give a healthy energy to society, increasing with years. Still 
 it is to be wished that those excellent institutions could be enlarged, and a 
 system of education be adapted to the entire population of the labouring 
 classes. 
 
 The British and Foreign School Society is also a valua])le auxiliary in the 
 education of the children of the poor. It maintains many extensive day 
 schools, which are conducted upon a system adopted by the Society, and 
 found to be well calculated for the instruction of the pupils. More than 
 fifty thousand children have been received into these schools since the esta- 
 blishment of the Society, and at the present time there are about one hundred 
 and fifty schools, containing about twenty-one thousand scholars, under the 
 inspection of the Central Connnittee. In addition to these, there are schools for 
 the education and training of those young persons who intend to become teachers. 
 
 We might refer to many other similar charitable institutions established for 
 the benefit of the children of the poor, and for those who labour under some 
 bodily infirmities. It is, however, for the important establishments just 
 named, that the architect will be most frequently called to exercise his art. 
 
 One or two practical remarks may be made for the guidance of those who 
 may have occasion to design for a national or any other free school. This 
 appears an exceedingly simple task, — an opinion to which we may probably 
 trace the frequent failure of architects in their attempts to erect suitable 
 structures. A school-house should have little, if any, exterior decoration — 
 architectural ornament is out of place; and the person who designs must 
 seek to please by simplicity of arrangement, light and shade, and proportion. 
 When we see a highly decorated and florid school-house, we cannot suppress 
 the thought that it is not only discreditable to the judgment of the 
 architect, but disgraceful to those unwise stewards, who thus distribute the 
 funds of private or public charity, and in fact lose sight of the immediate 
 purpose for which the edifice was erected. 
 
 With regard to the interior arrangements, there are but few considerations 
 which require notice, but they are indispensable. A good system of venti- 
 lation is necessary for the health and comfort of the children: the 
 manner in which this can be obtained we have shown in a detail drawing. 
 An entire separation of the boys and girls, and such an arrangement of the 
 apartments of the master and mistress as will enable them to have an 
 adequate general superintendence, are the other principal considerations.
 
 4 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 This is a perspective view of a design for national schools, with separate 
 apartments for the master and mistress. Simplicity is the main feature of 
 this design, and when it is considered that the building is intended for a 
 charitable purpose, the propriety of excluding all ornament will be apparent. 
 We have, however, endeavoured by an attention to proportion, to secure an 
 effect which may be pleasing, without conveying to the observer a false 
 impression of the object of the building. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a plan of half the ground floor, showing the boys' school or 
 class room, and the method of fitting it up; to which is added the ground 
 floor of the masters residence. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a plan of the first floor on the mistress' side of the house, and 
 the roof of the girls' school-room. 
 
 Plate III. Details. 
 
 Fiq. 1 is a section of a wrought metal roof, with a suitable ventilator, 
 which may cither be glazed and suspended on pivots so as to open by cords 
 in the usual manner; or the metal sash may be filled in wire gauze, which 
 would be found a more efficient mode of ventilation. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a plan of part of the ventilation to the same scale. 
 Fig. 3 is a plan of part of the same, to a larger scale. 
 Fig. 4 is a section of the head of the ventilator. 
 Fig. 5 is the sill of the same. 
 Fig. 6 is the external elevation of the ventilator. 
 
 Fiq. 7 is a section of part of the roof, and the internal elevation of the 
 ventilator. 
 
 Fig. 8 shows the foot and shoe of one of the principal rafters, the tension 
 rod, and other parts of the roof 
 Fig. 9 is a section of the same. 
 Fig. 10 is a section of the king-bolt.
 
 % 
 
 v^ft 
 
 %' 
 
 1^^ 
 
 vV
 
 ^ ..; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i 
 o 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 L_
 
 }>' 
 
 ' 
 
 1 " 
 
 " -ir 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 i| 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 _i 
 
 !i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1
 
 DESIGN FOR A PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTION. 
 
 The establishment of philosophical institutions in all the principal provincial 
 towns of this country, has been the most important of all the means which 
 have been adopted to disseminate useful knowledge, and create a desire for 
 iiitellectual improvement. They may l)e said to have had their origin in 
 a spirit of emulation ; for such were the effects produced by the estab- 
 lishment of similar institutions for mechanics, that the middle classes, who 
 have long felt an intellectual superiority over the higher, and have possessed 
 a wider range of useful information, fearing that they would be surpassed 
 in knowledge by the labourer and the artisan, found it necessary to obtain 
 for themselves and their children a more ready and efficacious means of useful 
 instruction. The system which had been so successful among the mechanics 
 was thought to be the most available, and new and elegant structures were 
 therefore raised in one town after another; and such has been their success, 
 that the knowledge which would a few years since have placed its possessor 
 above nearly all his friends and neighbours, is now scarcely sufficient to pass 
 him through society with credit. The importance of this system of public 
 instruction has been fully developed, and the mode in which it should be 
 carried out, so that it is the duty of the architect to provide every conve- 
 nience that can be desired. In our design we have endeavoured to show 
 how the necessary arrangements may be made, and we shall now proceed 
 to give some particulars, which may still further assist the architect in the 
 preparation of his designs. 
 
 In a philosophical institution one of the principal apartments must be a 
 theatre or lecture room, suitable for the delivery and hearing of a discourse. 
 It has been proved that no mode of communicating knowledge is so effective 
 as that of public lectures. There is a charm in the human voice, and when 
 this is aided by suitable intonation and gesture, all is done for the assistance 
 of the learner that art can afford. With a full conviction of this, the directors 
 of philosophical institutions are especially careful to provide a suitable lecture 
 room. In designing such an apartment, the architect must bear in mind that 
 the lecturer and the table before which he stands, must be seen from every 
 part of the theatre. To effect this indispensable object, the seats should be 
 raised one above the other, and with a sufficient pitch to enable every 
 person to see over the head of the individual who is sitting before him.
 
 n^ 
 
 6 
 
 The horse-shoe form is therefore preferred, and the lecturer's table being 
 placed at a lower level than any of the seats, every one commands a com- 
 plete view, and can distinctly see whatever may be placed upon it, to 
 illustrate the subject of discourse. In connexion with the form and 
 arrangement of the seats and the rostrum, the architect must study the 
 disposition of the lights, for upon this, not less than other particulars, the 
 exhibition of things or experiments must depend. 
 
 With ci suitable attention to these particulars, the comfort of the audience 
 will be secured, but it is not less important to provide for the lecturer. 
 The subjects most frequently brought before the attention of an audience 
 in a philosophical institution, are those connected with natural philosophy 
 and chemistry, which require illustration by experiment. Apartments 
 suitable for the preparation and performance of these experiments, previous 
 to their being brought before an audience, must therefore be provided. A 
 laboratory is the fii'st thing to be studied. This should be fitted with a 
 furnace and sand-bath, and provided with an adequate supply of pure fresh 
 water. In this, more than perhaps any other apartment, a good system of 
 ventilation is indispensable, for in chemical investigations, and in the pre- 
 paration of experiments, noxious vapours are often set free, and would, if 
 not rapidly carried away by a good circulation of air. be exceedingly detri- 
 mental to the manipulator. The laboratory should be near the lecture- 
 room, and yet so entirely separated from it that an audience cannot be, 
 under any circumstances, annoyed by the unpleasant or unwholesome atmo- 
 sphere Avith which it is frequently filled, or be startled with the detonations 
 or trivial accidents which are so common to the chemical student. 
 
 An instrument room is scarcely less necessary than a laboratory. It is 
 used as a store for various philosophical apparatus, and should be so far 
 from the laboratory that the metal-work used in construction, either as 
 necessary or for decoration, may not be injured by the vapours already 
 spoken of, as being frequently present in all places of chemical research. 
 As the instruments are all supposed to be necessary for lectures, this room 
 should be as near to the theatre as possible, so that they may be carried 
 from one to the other without the fear of injury, a suflicient degree of 
 care being exercised by the attendant. A lecturer's room should also be 
 provided adjoining the stage. This will not only be found convenient as a 
 retiring room, Ijut instruments and other things required for experiment or 
 exhibition, may be placed in it, before a lecture is commenced, and be
 
 brought to the operator as they are required. This is in some instances 
 peculiarly necessary, and especially for electrical apparatus, Avhich becomes 
 unfit for the exhibition of experiments when exposed to the vapour of the 
 atmosphere in a crowded room. 
 
 These are the principal arrangements required for the lecture department 
 in a philosophical institution, and of the others it is not necessary to make 
 any extended remarks. A museum for the preservation and exhibition ot 
 specimens of natural history, minerals, and fossils, is generally thought neces- 
 sary. This room should be lighted by a sky-light, as a more equal and 
 diffused light is thus secured; and the v/a\h are left free to receive a 
 continued series of glass cases. A news-room, and library, should be placed 
 in the front of the building, and be made as cheerful as possible. In many 
 of the most successful philosophical institutions of this country, the establish- 
 ment of classes for mutual instruction, or under the superintendence of a 
 competent master, has been found extremely beneficial, and rooms should 
 therefore be provided for this purpose. That which is employed for the 
 scientific classes, should be lighted by a sky-light, and a means should be 
 provided for darkening the room with a shutter, easily moved, for the per- 
 formance of experiments which can only be made effective when the light, in 
 greater or small proportions, is excluded; and the same remark applies to the 
 theatre. The architect will be easily able to provide suitable accommodation 
 for the resident librarian or keeper, according to the rank of the institution, 
 and his station in society. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Is the perspective view of a design for a philosophical institution, in the 
 Italian style of architecture. 
 
 Plate V. 
 Fig. 1 is a plan of the ground floor. The general entrance to the build- 
 ing is in the centre of the principal front, and is approached by four steps, 
 which give a suitable elevation to the building. The visitor first enters a 
 plain but convenient hall, which has a porter's room on one side, and a 
 waiting room on the other; and this leads into a broad passage, with a 
 libraiy on the left, and a reading room on the right. 'At the end of the 
 passage, is the landing of the principal staircase, from which the visitor may 
 ascend to the gallery, or enter the lower or ground floor of the theatre. As
 
 8 
 
 a ready means of approach, is of the greatest importance in all buildings 
 where a number of persons are brought together, a side entrance is provided, 
 which may be opened when the theatre is used. On one side of the 
 lecturer's stage, there is a small room, where apparatus may be placed 
 ready to be brought on the table when required ; on the other side is a 
 small lobby with a staircase to the basement. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a plan of the first floor. One part of this plan is occupied by 
 the gallery of the theatre, as already explained ; and at the opposite end, a 
 gallery for astronomical apparatus is provided, which may also be used for 
 the general purpose of instruction. From this room the observatory is 
 approached by a step-ladder. The remaining part of this floor may be used 
 for the apartments of the secretary and librarian, and a good committee 
 room may also be provided. 
 
 It has not been thought necessary to give a plan of the basement, for it 
 must be appropriated according to the particular wants of the institution. 
 Three staircases may be provided, one beneath the principal stairs, one from 
 the front waiting-room, and another from the lobby adjoining the lecturer's 
 stage. 
 
 Plate VI. Details. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a section of a portion of the roof, showing the foot of the principal 
 rafter, and the method of forming the gutter in the eaves. A. Principal 
 rafter. B. Cast metal shoe to receive the rafter. C. Stone planceer. 
 D. Gutter. E. Metal roll. F. Common rafter. G. Stone modillion. 
 H. Ceiling joist. I. Binder. J. Wall plate. K. Tie beam. L. Bracket 
 for cove. M. Plaster of cove and cornice. N. Cornice. O. Wall. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a section of part of the first floor. A. Wall. B. Iron girder. D. 
 Ceiling joist. E. Stone strong course. F. Wall plate. G. Cornice. H. Binder. 
 
 Fig. 3 is the elevation of one of the external angles of the building, showing 
 the quoins. B. B. reticulated stone rustic quoins. A. String course. C. Rustics. 
 
 Fig. 4. Cornice for observatory. Fiq. 5. Truss, or modillion for principal 
 cornice. Fig. 6. Profile of the same. Fig. 7. Embellishment under modillions. 
 Fig. 8. Cap of anta;. Fig. 9. Embellishment under string course. Fig. 10. 
 Mouldings of antae. Fig. 11. Base of antiu. Fig. 12. Truss for observatory. 
 Fig. 1.3. Profile of truss for observatory. Fig. 14. Ornamental tile for stopping 
 the rolls on the roof. Fig. 15. Upper moulding of observatory. Fig. 16. 
 Moulding of chimney-tops.
 
 J«J
 
 Mi 
 
 ;C.Al.i 'Ji r ti-
 
 FIG V 
 
 ^ m' -^ 
 
 yr ' ^ 
 
 
 Fi"- .vn.. -^r- 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 =t'' 
 
 
 FI> 
 
 XI. 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 1 . 
 
 ( 
 
 
 FiG.xn 
 
 t71 
 
 Fi&.xm, 
 
 X- 
 
 m\ 
 
 f
 
 A DESIGN FOR AN EPISCOPAL CHAPEL. 
 
 The efforts which are l)eing made in the present day to increase the 
 number of churches, and to provide religious services and instruction for the 
 great mass of the people, have perhaps been more sincere and more successful 
 than any similar efforts at former periods in the history of the Christian 
 church. The religious edifices which have been erected in our own day, in 
 this country, will at some fiiture period in the history of England be con- 
 sidered the evidences of an extraordinary religious zeal, and the age itself 
 will perhaps be distinguished by the historian as having possessed a great 
 degree of interest in the spiritual welfare of the people. Eor the moral 
 and religious character of the present age, these churches will speak to 
 future times in flattering suggestions, but they will give a different testimony 
 as to the state of the arts among us. The great majority of the churches 
 erected during the last ten years, are distinguished by an utter destitution 
 of architectural taste, meanness of design, a slavish imitation of the outline, 
 and a neglect of the ornaments of former styles. But there will fortunately 
 be found among the works of the age, other buildings of a more decided 
 and more pleasing design, which will perhaps rescue living architects from 
 the sweeping condemnation of some future historian of the arts. It cannot, 
 however, be denied that the churches which have been erected by the 
 Building Commissioners, not less than those which have been undertaken 
 by parishes and individuals, give a most unfavourable opinion of the archi- 
 tectural talent of the nineteenth century. It is now easy to discover a cause 
 for this, but those who may at some future period come to the same 
 conclusion as to the designs, will probably be content with the discovery 
 of some more evident reason, and condemn the architects themselves, as 
 a class of men disgracefully ignorant of the principles of their art. The 
 baldness which marks all the modern churches, the lopping off of all 
 the rich foliage of their several styles, which has left them as cold and 
 withered trunks, may be traced to the economy which has been necessary in 
 distributing inadequate funds. A want of ornament is not a common fault 
 among modem architects, nor indeed among architects of any age, especially 
 during those periods when the aris have been falling from the principles of 
 correct taste. In this respect, therefore, they may be considered as the 
 creatures of circumstance, and be unblameable. But it may, and will be 
 
 D
 
 10 
 
 asked, •why styles have been adopted -which could not be carried out. Take 
 from the Noi"man its zigzag, lozenge, billet, and other chai-acteristic mould- 
 ings, its open trifolia, and the tablet cornice of the tower, and you leave it 
 a thing without a name, offensive to the eye, and a disgrace to the taste of 
 its designer. Yet such is the Norman of the present day. Other styles 
 have in the same manner been stripped of their decorations for the sake of 
 economy, a fact which can only be accounted for by admitting that there is 
 a want of design, an incapability of adapting old styles, or of inventing those 
 suited to the new state of things. 
 
 The object for which churches are erected in this country at the present 
 time, is not that for which the old Gothic churches, which so excite our 
 admiration, were built. The worship of the fifteenth century, and the manner 
 in which it was performed, bear but little resemblance to that of the nine- 
 teenth. Pews are of modern invention, and arose witli the introduction of 
 pi'eaching as a principal object in all religious worship. At a former period 
 worship was an active service, but preaching is, as far as the hearers are 
 concerned, a passive act, if it can be so called, and requires from the 
 architect an attention to the comfort of the hearers. To give accommodation 
 to as large a number of persons as possible, is therefore always impressed 
 upon the architect as a thing to be mainly considered. By the introduction 
 of pewing, the expense of erecting a church has been increased, and a 
 less sum can be devoted to external and internal decoration, while at the 
 .same time convenience is more to be considered than effect. The modern 
 architect has therefore difficulties to contend with unknown to his prede- 
 cessors, and less opportunity of exercising his talent in design. Thus 
 far we may take upon ourselves the duty of an apologist, but no con- 
 sideration can justify the distortion of styles, the neglect of proportion, and 
 the want of design, which so much distinguish the productions of modern 
 church builders. 
 
 The design we have ventured to present to our readers is in tlie Roman 
 style, and is intended as an example of the application of classical archi- 
 tecture to the erection of a modern church. The prevailing taste is certainly 
 favourable to the use of Gothic architecture, in the erection of churches, and 
 we are convinced that no style is better suited for that purpose. The 
 associations connected with our own history, arc all adapted to raise this 
 l)eautiful mode of building in our estimation, and it possesses characters 
 essentially suited to religious structures. We have, therefore, adopted it in
 
 11 
 
 some of the designs which will be presented to our readers in subsequent 
 parts of this work. But the classical style is not unsuited to Christian 
 structures, and especially to those erected for the purpose of receiving the 
 worshippers who cannot find suitable accommodation in a parish church. 
 Should it be even admitted that the classical architecture is not so well 
 suited to religious structures as the Gothic, it will not be denied that it 
 is better to adopt it in its purity of proportions and simplicity of detail, than 
 to rob the Gothic of its characteristic ornaments, for the purpose of obtaining 
 a pointed arch, and a rude resemblance of the works of our forefathers in the 
 middle ages. 
 
 The architecture of the Greeks and Romans is associated in the minds 
 of all persons, with the pagan rites practised by those nations. The noblest 
 structures ever raised in that style, were dedicated to the false gods, who 
 hid from the perception of the most enlightened nations of antiquity the 
 knowledge of Him by whom all things were made, and in whom all things 
 exist. But still the classical architecture is not unconnected with a purer 
 faith, although in the period of its debasement, when rapidly hastening to 
 its fall. Upon the removal of the seat of government from Rome to 
 Byzantium, and the establishment of Christianity as a national faith, the 
 ancient capital, as well as every other portion of the empire, was spoiled of 
 many of its architectural riches, to provide materials for the construction of 
 Christian churches. We regret that many of the noblest works of an earlier 
 age should have been thus robbed of their ornament, — despoiled and 
 destroyed by the hand of fanaticism, — but it must not be forgotten that 
 the early Christians worshipped in churches built after the manner of the 
 Greeks and Romans, and even with the materials which they had prepared. 
 A modern church in the classical style, is not therefore destitute of pleasing 
 associations in the mind of the man who considers it only in reference ta 
 its sacred uses. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for an episcopal chapel, in the 
 Roman Ionic style, which, from the elegance of its outline and the simplicity 
 of its details, is well adapted for such a building. The chapel will hold 
 conveniently about one thousand persons. It may easily be extended or 
 diminished if thought necessary ; but should any builder attempt to do this
 
 12 
 
 for the purpose of adapting it to the use of a particular congregation, he 
 must be careful to retain the relative proportion of the parts, for if these be 
 changed, a Tvant of harmony will be immediately observable, which will 
 render the design grotesque and ridiculous. The chapel may be built either 
 with or without galleries ; but even if it should be thought desirable at the 
 time of erecting the building to omit galleries, they should be provided for, 
 so that they may be added without difficulty when required. 
 
 The construction of such a design as that we have here presented to 
 our readers, is so simple, that any person who is acquainted with the 
 ordinary principles of building, will have no difficulty in executing it. The 
 best mode, in most situations, will be to build the walls of good hard 
 bricks, facing them with grey stocks, of an uniform colour. The principal 
 cornice, frieze, pilasters, and other decorations, should, if possible, be formed 
 of stone; but when the architect or builder is limited by funds, he must 
 resort to the use of Roman or some other cement. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 This is a part of the ground plan, and shows the stairs to the galleries, 
 should they be introduced; the arrangement of the pews, the altar, vestry, 
 and robing-room. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 This plate unites the advantages of a transverse section and a perspective 
 view of the interior, looking towards the altar. The roof, as will be seen, 
 is one of easy construction, consisting of a queen post truss, bound by iron 
 ties in the usual manner. The church should be paved throughout with 
 stone, excepting only the pews, vestry, and robing-room. In the construction 
 of the coved ceiling, the experienced builder will find no difficulty.
 
 -4^
 
 VN "I- AJ, i A.K. 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 r 
 f 
 1 
 
 L 
 
 c 
 
 '^J 
 
 t -t- - r r f -r- - f- -T — t - -*-- t- 
 
 tr
 
 ^^^ 
 
 % 
 
 ,%^ 
 
 l;^
 
 DESIGN FOR A RAILWAY STATION. 
 
 Plates 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. 
 
 Of all the mechanical contrivances which have in our own day aided the pro- 
 gress of society, none are of greater importance than the establishment of railways, 
 and the introduction upon them of steam as a motive power. For the last 
 ten years, engineers and architects have expended their talents in the 
 improvement of these new lines of road, and so extensive have been the 
 works, that nearly all the most important commercial and manufacturing 
 towns, are thus united with the metropolis and with each other. The effects 
 of this diversion of the traffic from the old roads, and a rapid transit, are not 
 yet fully felt, but it is already evident that the commerce of the country has 
 been facilitated, and the intelligence and information of the people promoted. 
 It would be a useless task to attempt a statement of all the advantages 
 which are expected to flow from the formation of railways ; but they may 
 be comprised in the one result, that men are brought nearer to each other, 
 and by mutual co-operation advance the general good. It has always been 
 found injurious to a state, that its population should be scattered over a wide 
 district ; for, the more distant individuals are from each other, the more 
 dependent are they upon their own productions for the comforts of life ; and 
 the less rapid will be the progress of civilization. Distance, however, that is, 
 the mere question of space, loses all its importance in a political sense, when it 
 ceases to separate men by lengthened periods of time, and may even become 
 positively beneficial to society, by giving greater opportunities of discovering 
 and using those advantages of nature which are spread over the earth, and 
 not concentrated upon any particular spot ; as though a provision had been 
 madfe for the distribution of the human race, and a motive held out for the 
 continued dependence of every individual, upon the industry and thought of 
 all. But we shall not attempt to enlarge upon this subject, seducing as it 
 is to those who take an extensive view of the present relations and future 
 destinies of the several sections of the human race, and the means by which 
 the necessary comforts and desirable luxuries so richly provided by nature 
 are made available to man, in what country soever he may live. It must"^ 
 be admitted by all persons, that the railway is a means of bringing the 
 distinct families of men, and the individuals of each family, nearer to each 
 
 E
 
 14 
 
 other, and by communication to dispel prejudice, create respect and brotherly 
 feelinw. and thus to promote the cause of morality, religion, and truth. With 
 such an object in view, the resources of science cannot be foolishly expended, 
 and to diffuse the information must be a desirable if not a meritorious 
 employment. 
 
 Railways had been formed in connexion with the coal mines, many years 
 previous to their introduction for public traffic. The first attempt to make 
 a line of iron railroad was commenced between Liverpool and Manchester; 
 but when that line was opened in the year 1830, and locomotive engines, 
 for trial, were placed upon it, the engineers had no conception of the power 
 of the machines they had manufactured, nor of the ultimate extensive appli- 
 cation of them. A new era, in the commercial character of the country, was 
 opened, but its dawn was unperceived by those who were most watchful and 
 most anxious for the advent of a new system of intercourse, consistent with 
 the advance of the human mind. For a long period of time, the Liverpool 
 and Manchester railroad remained a solitary instance of what could be 
 attained by an indomitable spirit, guided by just principles of science; and 
 had no further effort been made, to facilitate the communication between 
 distant parts of this kingdom, the establishment of one railway, hoAvever 
 advantageous to a section of the country, would have been, to the nation at 
 large, comparatively useless. 
 
 The adoption of railways in this country, may therefore be said to have 
 commenced in May, 1833, with the Act of Parliament obtained for the 
 construction of the London and Birmingham line. The works for this great 
 national undertaking were in progress in the following June; and in July, 
 1837, twenty-four miles from the London terminus were opened to the 
 public. The country, from almost one end to the other, is hilly, or at least 
 undulating, so that the cuttings and embankments are considerable. It has 
 been stated, that 16,000,000 culnc yards of earth were removed in the 
 necessary cuttings, and of this nine-tenths were again employed in forming 
 the embankments. The widtli of the embankments, at the top, is thirty- 
 three feet, and the cuttings are the same at the bottom. The slopes on the 
 sides of the embankments, vary from three to one in height, to two to one, 
 and the greatest slope of the excavation is three to one in height, and 
 the least three-quarters to one. The width between the rails, forming each 
 line of way, for there arc two, upon one of which the carriages run to, and 
 upon the other from, Birmingham, is five feet, and a space of six feet is left
 
 15 
 
 between the lines. Two kinds of rails were used, the fish-bellied, or that 
 which is of an unequal depth, being greatest in the centre of each length, 
 and the parallel. The former were fifty pounds weight to the yard, the 
 latter in some parts of the line sixty-five, and in others seventy-five pounds. 
 The chairs, upon which the rails are supported, are i)laced at a distance 
 varying from three to four feet, and the rails are wedged to them with oak 
 keys. The chairs are fixed to blocks of stone, such as granite, Portland, and 
 Bramley Fall ; or to sleepers of oak and larch, the former being used in the 
 excavations, and on small embankments, the latter on the large embank- 
 ments. The stone blocks are two feet square, and generally one foot deep. 
 They are placed diagonally to the rails, and the chairs are attached to them 
 by spikes. The same plan is adopted with the sleepers, but as an iron 
 pin cannot be driven into the stones, they must be first drilled and plugged 
 ■with "Wood. These plugs or trenails, are six inches long, and holes are bored 
 in them to receive the spikes. The ballast, which forms the foundation, is 
 two feet in thickness, being ten inches beneath the stone blocks, and eighteen 
 inches beneath the sleepers. 
 
 In the construction of the Great Western Railway, a new system was 
 adopted, which for a time was the subject of much discussion. So strongly, 
 indeed, was Mr. Brunei, the engineer, opposed by some of the proprietors, 
 that other professional men were selected to report upon the propriety of his 
 plans. From the report of Mr. Wood, the author of a valuable work on 
 railway practice, we may extract a passage, which fully states the difference 
 between the construction of the Great Western and other lines of railway. 
 
 " The increase of gauge has been from four feet eight and a half inches, 
 to seven feet, and the prominent reasons assigned for such a departure from 
 the common width, is the attainment of a higher rate of speed — increased 
 lateral steadiness to the carriages and engines — a diminution of the friction 
 by the use of wheels of a large diameter — and a greater space afforded for 
 the works of the locomotive engines. 
 
 " The deviation from the ordinary mode of constructing the railway, has 
 been the substitution of continuous longitudinal timbers, Avith piling at 
 certain intervals, and cross transomes, with iron rails, of a particular form, 
 screwed down upon the longitudinal timbers. 
 
 " The additional width of gauge has increased the breadth of the entire 
 track of the railway, between the outside of the rails of the two lines 
 (including the breadth of the rails) from sixteen feet three inches, to twenty
 
 16 
 
 feet ten inches; consequently all the works connected with the formation of 
 the road will be increased to a certain extent, but not in proportion to the 
 above figures. The plan of continuous wooden timbers and piling also, 
 involves an additional cost beyond that of formmg railways according to the 
 ordinary method. 
 
 The reader would be interested by, and derive advantage from, a careful 
 perusal of Mr. Wood's report, which, although incorrect in some particulars, 
 IS highly creditable to him as an impartial and scientific production, and 
 forms a strong contrast with the report of Mr. Hawkshaw. 
 
 The various works which are required in the construction of a well- 
 appointed railway, may be classed under four general heads, each part of 
 the work being undertaken by different persons, although the whole is 
 ostensibly under the control of an individual who is called the engineer. 
 The first thing to be done, when a railway is to be constructed, is, to obtain 
 an accurate representation of the country, and this is effected by taking first 
 a horizontal, and then a vertical survey — the former process is called 
 surveying, the latter levelling. The engineer determines upon the direction 
 in which the railway is to be carried, and the survey is necessary to fix 
 with certainty the property required ; and the levels and survey for the 
 preparation of those plans and drawings necessary for the construction of 
 the subsequent works. The excavations and embankments, by which a level 
 and horizontal road is to be formed, are next undertaken. The road being 
 raised to the height required, the rails are laid; but while this is being 
 done, the various bridges, arches, and buildings, arc constructed ; and this 
 is the fourth division of the work. 
 
 These works, in connexion with the formation of the engines and carriages, 
 comprehend every variely of what is in the present day called engineering 
 practice. Why a distinction has been made between the professions of 
 architecture and civil engineering we are utterly at a loss to imagine, but 
 we are certain that the separation of the two professions, as they now exist, 
 was not only uncalled for, but is founded upon tlie presumptuous assumption 
 of superior knowledge on the part of the engineers. If engineering were 
 confined to the invention and construction of machinery, there would be a 
 propriety in the separation of the profession from architecture ; but now that 
 tin- engineer arrogates the possession of a sort of patent right to all works 
 requiring scientific information, we deny tlie propriety of that separation of 
 the professions in which it originated. If an engineer were to define the
 
 17 
 
 boundaries of architecture and civil-engineering, be would say that the 
 former embraced all that related to the decoration of structures, and the 
 latter all works in which mathematical and scientific skill are required ; and 
 thus he assumes that an engineer ought to be employed for the construction 
 of bridges, docks, and railways. The two former, however, have been 
 executed by the architect ages before the profession of engineering had an 
 existence; and he is now as capable of executing them as those who have 
 of late years had the direction of such works in this country. With these 
 opinions, we have introduced our design for a railway station, and the details 
 by which it is illustrated. 
 
 Dr. Larduer has given the following description of the formation of a 
 railway. 
 
 " All the great lines of railway which have been formed, or are in pro- 
 gress, not only through this kingdom but on the continent of Europe, are 
 constructed, with very trivial variations, upon one uniform principle. After 
 the ground has been levelled, and the bottoming properly prepared, stone 
 blocks, measuring eighteen inches to two feet square, and twelve inches deep, 
 are placed at intervals, varying from three to five feet from centre to centre, 
 according to the weight and strength of the rails intended to be used. On 
 the centre of the upper surface of the block is placed a cast iron chair, 
 having a cushion of prepared felt between it and the stone block, and pinned 
 down to the block by iron pins driven into wooden pegs, previously inserted 
 in holes driven into the stone. These chairs are the props which from point 
 to point support the rails, the stone block being the foundation of the chair. 
 The rail is manufactured by the process of rolling in lengths regulated 
 by the distance between the chairs. Thus, if the chairs be three feet apart, 
 the rails are manufactured in lengths of fifteen feet, five chairs supporting 
 each rail. If the chairs be five feet apart, then the rails of the same length 
 ■are supported by three chairs. The stone blocks are placed upon a firm bed 
 of broken stone, or other well consolidated matter, so that as little yielding 
 as possible shall take place between them, and that the rails shall maintain 
 their position with the utmost practical truth and accuracy. In those parts 
 of a line where a valley in low ground is crossed by an artificial mound 
 raised upon it, the earth of which the mound is formed requires a consi- 
 derable time to become consolidated. The use of these massive stone blocks 
 ■would be attended with many difficulties and much inconvenience on such 
 parts of the railway ; therefore, it has been customary to substitute temporary
 
 18 
 
 supports for the rails, by laying across the road rough beams of wood, 
 usually fonned of large timber, split through the middle, the flat side being 
 placed downward, at the same intervals as those at which stone blocks on 
 other parts of the line are used. To this timber the chairs which support 
 the rails are pinned." 
 
 In order to render our design for a railway station as useful as possible 
 to our readers, we have given two designs for arches, in one of which the 
 railway is supposed to pass over, and in the other under it. The skill 
 required in the construction of a railway, is chiefly in the erection of the 
 various archways and bridges. Many of them are of extremely simple 
 construction, but great difiiculties at other times present themselves ; and 
 to overcome them, all the ingenuity and knowledge of the engineer must be 
 brought into action. 
 
 The number of railways which have been constructed in this country, 
 have been the means of presenting to professional men all the imaginable 
 varieties of form and condition, so that the experience which has been 
 acquired is sufficient to meet the difficulties which are likely to arise in 
 any future undertakings. General rules have also been formed, which 
 will guide the architect or engineer under ordinary circumstances. 
 
 " The average dimensions of bridges over which the railway passes, and 
 placed at right angles to the rails, should be as follows: the breadth of the 
 abutments may be thirty feet four inches, so as to allow twenty-eight clear 
 feet for the width of the railway, deducting the two fourteen-inch parapet 
 walls. Should there be a plinth to those walls, the extreme breadth will 
 be increased to thirty feet eight inches. The batten, incline, or slope, of 
 the wing walls is in ordinary cases two inches in the foot, and water wing 
 walls three inches in the foot. 
 
 " The following is the average dimension of bridges under which a railway 
 passes. The height from the bottom of the cutting to the level of the 
 springing may be nine feet ; the thickness of the ballast upon which the 
 sleepers, ])locks, and rails, are laid, two feet four inches ; the height from 
 the springing to the soffit of the arch, ten feet; the parapet walls, fourteen 
 inches in thickness; the string-courses, or imposts, if stone, nine inches deep, 
 and two inclics in projection. The stone coping for parapet walls is usually 
 six inches in thickness, projects two inches, and is eighteen inches in Avidth. 
 One inch and a half is usually allowed for all chamfers, projections, and 
 plinths, except the parapet walls, which may have a projection of two
 
 19 
 
 inches. The arch should be thirty feet between the piers or abutments, 
 to admit of two lines of rails. All dimensions relating to the arch should 
 be taken on the square, the thickness of which is five courses, or one foot 
 ten inches and a half. The impost may be twelve inches in depth, and 
 project two inches." 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 Is a perspective view of a design for a railway terminus, or station, for 
 a large town. 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 Is the ground plan. In the front of the building there is a small 
 colonnade. The entrance to the offices is in the centre of the building, and 
 on the left-hand side there is a waiting room, and on the right an office 
 for the secretary. The whole of the other part of the central building is 
 appropriated as a pay office, and on each side convenient rooms are 
 provided for ladies, the directors, clerks, and servants, with staircases to 
 the rooms on the first floor, which would make a convenient residence for 
 the manager or secretary. On each side of the desk, in the pay office, 
 there is a door leading to a covered space, where passengers are protected 
 from the weather, both on coming in, and going out. 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 Is a transverse section of the covered space of the terminus, over the rails 
 and passages, looking towards the building. The windows at the back 
 of the pay office are here shown, and to obtain a sufficient light a consi- 
 derable part of the metal roof must be glazed, as exhibited on the ground 
 plan, as well as on this section. The eff'ect of a roof of this description 
 is very striking, when well executed. 
 
 Plate XIII. Details. 
 
 The details in this plate, are intended to exhibit the constiiiction of the 
 roofs, — that over the covered space, and that over the main building. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a section of the abutment of one of the metal rafters, with a 
 cast metal shoe, which is let into a stone wall-plate, bedded upon the wall.
 
 20 
 
 These shoes are connected together by the tension rod, the clips of which, 
 having a small screw or wedge, will at all times allow of the expansion and 
 contraction of the metal, which, although but small, in such a length should 
 not be neglected. 
 
 Fig. 2 shows the abutment of the ratters over the hollow iron columns, 
 and the section of the gutters and bearers. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows the clip of one of the upright rods. 
 
 Fig. 4. is the top of the same. 
 
 Fig. 5. is the top of the principal king-bolt. 
 
 Fig. 6. is the bottom of the same, with the strutt and tension rods 
 combined. 
 
 Fig. 7. shows the method of framing and fixing the roof over the prin- 
 cipal building. Instead of the tension rod we have here introduced a wooden 
 tie-beam, as it offers a better means of supporting the ceiling joists, and 
 is more economical for buildings of this description, than an iron truss. In 
 the section we have introduced a new method of framing a gutter for roofs 
 of this description. 
 
 Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section of a part of the roof, and will be readily 
 understood by those who are accustomed to working dravnngs. 
 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 Fig. 1 is the elevation of a bridge built of brick, over which the railway 
 is supposed to run. 
 
 Fig. 2 is the transverse section of a portion of the same. 
 Fig. 3 is a section of the wing-wall. 
 Fig. 4 is a portion of the same, the reverse way. 
 Fig. 5 is a half plan of the foundations. 
 
 Plate XV. 
 
 Fig. 1 is the half elevation of a bridge faced with stone, under which 
 the railway passes. 
 
 Fig. 2 is the half section of the same. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a section of part of the bridge, the reverse way. 
 
 Fig. 4 represents the foundations of the same.
 
 ^ t 
 
 
 r_ p- 
 
 1 
 
 n^ ^^ ^-l^ 
 
 :^=^ O [ 
 
 ^ — ~-^ ^ 'tT M ^'^ — 1 
 
 piJi 
 
 1 i 
 
 rj^Tjr 
 
 S3 r 
 
 rT^ 
 
 ^
 
 I II ' l 
 
 1 
 
 i i 
 
 ■Rt 
 
 U- 
 
 ii 
 
 M
 
 \ 
 
 .vJ 
 
 O) 
 
 "17 
 
 u
 
 > 1 — 
 
 ^fl 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 :rr 
 
 
 ■J^_ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 tJ 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 " 
 
 '-- 
 
 1 
 
 -fJ-
 
 4 
 
 ns-D-on o
 
 A DESIGN FOR ALMS-HOUSES. 
 Plates 16, 17, and 18. 
 
 The giving of alms is so strongly enforced in Holy Scripture, that the 
 duty has been made essential in almost all religious creeds ; for the inspired 
 volume has furnished all that is "lovely and of good report" in the faiths 
 of other times and other nations. IMohammed, especially, enjoins the 
 cultivation of alms-giving upon his followers, and among them there have 
 been exhibitions of the virtue, which are well worthy of imitation. Christians, 
 however, have not been slow to confess the importance of this exhibition of 
 charity, and the writers upon Christian morals often recommend it as one 
 of the most binding duties in their religious code. " The poor beggar," 
 says Swift, " hath a just demand of an alms from the rich man, who is 
 guilty of fraud, injustice, and oppression, if he does not afford relief according 
 to his aljility." 
 
 In the early ages of the church, alms-giving was practised to a much 
 greater extent than in the present day. The alms of the devout wei'e 
 formerly divided into four portions : one part was given to the bishops, 
 another to the priests, the third to the deacons and sub-deacons, and the 
 fourth to the poor and the repairing of churches. 
 
 Bede says, that even in his day the prelates considered the giving of alms 
 one of their more sacred duties. It was then, and had long before been, the 
 custom, to place an alms-dish upon the table at every meal, into which was 
 cai'ved some good portion of meat out of every dish brought to table, beside 
 the fragments left after the feast, " insomuch as in a hard time, a poor 
 prelate wanting victuals, hath caused his alms-dish, being silver, to be 
 divided amongst the poor, therewith to shift as they could till God should 
 send him better store." It is recorded of Robert Winchelsea, who was arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, about the year 1093, that it was his custom to give 
 on every Friday and Sunday a loaf of bread to every beggar that came to 
 his gate, beside his daily distribution of fragments and the contents of his 
 alms-dish ; and that in a time of scarcity, he did this to four or five thousand 
 persons, beside daily supplying the wants and necessities of the sick, to whom 
 he gave suitable drinks and clothing, as well as food. 
 
 Ethelwald sold in a time of famine, about the year 963, in the reign of
 
 22 
 
 Edgar, all the sacred vessels of the church, to feed the starving poor; and 
 the same was done in the year 1245, by the bishop of Norwich. From 
 these and numerous other instances of the kind, which might be easily 
 adduced, it will be evident that for some time after the estabhshment of 
 Christianity in this country, the clergy considered the poor to be especially 
 under their protection, and that it was their duty to provide for their 
 comfortable sustenance, as well as to administer to their spiritual wants. In 
 other countries the same practices were followed, and the poor became 
 dependent on the bounty of the church. 
 
 On especial occasions, kings were accustomed to give largely to the 
 poor, and the nobles not only feasted their retainers at their tables, but 
 distributed food to the indigent at their gates. The wealthy citizens of 
 London have always been conspicuous for their charity, and large quantities 
 of food and other necessaries of life have been from time to time distributed, 
 especially after their sumptuous public entertainments. It appears, however, 
 from the records of the city, that the expenses incurred by the mayor and 
 sheriffs in their feasts, at last required the restraint of the common council, 
 and an act was passed in the reign of Mary to retrench them. According 
 to this act, no mayor or sheriff was permitted to have on his table, at dinner 
 or supper, more than one course, and not on any occasion to exceed seven 
 dishes. This regulation does not, however, seem to have long restrained the 
 city authorities, nor did it for a moment interfere with their princely charity. 
 
 That the day for this indiscriminate alms-giving has passed, need not be 
 regretted. It was suited to the age in which it had existence, one of depend- 
 ence and servitude. The resources of the country were not then developed, 
 the advantages of independent industry were unknown, and ignorance reigned 
 with an undisputed power over the public mind. The love of liberty, and 
 efifoFts to obtain it, created a desire for knowledge, and gradually destroyed 
 the system of servitude, which gave birth to indiscrmiinate alms-giving. 
 The first result of this was the establishment of ahns-houses, which was a 
 great improvement upon former customs, for the objects of charity were 
 those who from age or disease were incapable of that honest independent 
 exertion upon which all men should trust for support. In the large 
 cities of this country, alms-houses were erected by wealthy companies or 
 individuals, and especially in London. It would be easy to trace the origin 
 of the various alms-houses connected with the city guilds, but it will be 
 sufficient to adduce one as an example of the whole, and we shall select
 
 23 
 
 that established by Whittington, whose good fortune, wealth, and bene- 
 volence, are even in the present day better known than perhaps any of 
 those worthies who are the proudest boast of the metropolis. 
 
 The alms-houses constituted only a small part of the foundation established 
 by Whittington. He founded, in fact, a college in Vintry Ward, with pro- 
 vision for a master, four fellows, masters of arts, clerks, conducts, chorists, 
 &c., and to this was joined " a house of alms for twelve poor folks, 
 successively for evermore to dwell, and to be sustained in the same house, 
 which house is situated and edified upon a certain soil that we bought 
 therefore, late in the parish of St. Michael." In addition to these twelve 
 persons, accommodation and provision was to be provided for another, to be 
 called the tutor. The lord mayor was made the overseer, and the craft 
 of Mercers the conservators for all 4|mes. The license for this foundation 
 was granted by Henry the Fourth, in the eleventh year of his reign, and 
 in the following year the mayor and commonalty granted a piece of ground 
 to build the college, which was confirmed by Henry the Sixth, in the 
 third year of his reign. The college, however, was suppressed by statute, 
 in the reign of Edward the Sixth, but the alms-houses were permitted to 
 remain. As it is not our intention to give a history of the Whittington 
 alms-houses, it will be sufficient to state that they are still in existence, 
 and that a neat building for the purpose has been recently erected at 
 Highgate. 
 
 The provisions to be made for the comfort of the inmates of an alms- 
 house are so evident, that it is almost unnecessary to make any remark 
 with a view to direct those who may have occasion to design such a 
 building. A separate residence, for every family or individual, is generally 
 considered necessary, but the several dwellings are so united as to form 
 but one building. Each of the houses should be provided with all 
 necessary conveniences, and this we consider most important for the comfort 
 of the aged, infirm, or diseased persons, who become pensioners. An ample 
 area for exercise and air, and a good ventilation in the dwellings, are also to 
 be regarded. A chapel is frequently required, and this gives the architect an 
 opportunity to improve his design, by a bold and appropriate central 
 structure. Should it be the intention to afford accommodation for religious 
 worship to a certain number of the puljlic in the alms-house chapel, it will 
 be desirable to provide such an entrance as Avill prevent any inconvenience 
 to the inmates of the charity. It is not however necessary to offer
 
 24 
 
 suggestions, which must arise in the mind of every person who under- 
 takes to design for such buildings ; a comfortable retreat for poverty from 
 the chilling world is easily provided by the architect, when he is directed 
 by the hand of charity. 
 
 Plate XVI. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for alms-houses calculated to receive 
 thirteen poor men and their wives, allowing two rooms for each family. Seven 
 families are accommodated on the ground and six on the first floor. In the 
 centre of the building, over the ground floor, provision is made for a small 
 chapel, or the same space may be appropriated as a board or committee room. 
 The dwarf terrace is of secondary importance, but should this design be 
 executed in an isolated situation, and in* suitable grounds, it would greatly add 
 to the appearance of the building, as well as the comfort of the inmates. 
 
 Plate XVII. 
 
 This represents the arrangement of the ground floor. A. A. are terraces, 
 at the back and front of the building. B. is the entrance hall, which leads 
 l)y passages to a staircase on each side, ascending to the chapel. C. C. are 
 living rooms. D. D. are sleeping-rooms. E. E. are yards, with privies, coal 
 sheds, and dust bins. Another arrangement might be made, if thought 
 desirable ; all the lower apartments might be kept as living-rooms, and 
 all above as bed-rooms. 
 
 Plate XVIII. 
 
 Fig. I shows the method of preparing and finishing the window-heads. 
 
 Fig. 2 shows the method of constructing the window-sill. 
 
 Fig. 3 is an elevation of the head of the window. 
 
 Fig. 4 is an elevation of the sill of the same. 
 
 Fig. 5 is a plan of one of the muUions. 
 
 Fig. 6 is a plan of one of the jambs. 
 
 Fig. 7 is a plan of one of the door jambs. 
 
 Fig. 8 is a section of the bottom of the door, showing the footings and 
 stone step. 
 
 Fig. 9 is the elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 10 is the elevation of the head of the door. 
 
 Fitf. n is the section of the same.
 
 ■**m-'.
 
 i...... :..i 
 
 'xnz 
 
 i I 
 
 ^ijJ 
 
 -A 
 
 n 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ■\ 
 
 \,J 
 
 p 
 
 I 
 
 s
 
 A DESIGN FOR A SESSION -HOUSE. 
 Plates 19, 20, and 21. 
 
 The attention of the government has been for the last few years directed 
 to the improvement of the discipline of prisons, and this consideration has 
 naturally led to the adoption of a better mode of constructing the buildings 
 themselves. Evidence has been, from time to time, taken upon this subject, 
 from men -who are acquainted with the usual routine of prison duties, and 
 the reports of committees have been published, from which the architect 
 may derive much useful and necessary information. To the architectural 
 hints which are distributed through the voluminous reports of the committees 
 of the House of Commons, we may especially direct the attention of our 
 readers ; but in them they will find little information concerning the 
 arrangement of Session-houses, separated from prison establishments ; and it 
 will therefore be desirable, that this opportunity of offering a few general 
 remarks on the subject, should not be neglected. 
 
 In arranging a plan for a Session-house, it must be borne in mind that the 
 Court is the principal building ; but to facilitate the transaction of business, and 
 to secure the convenience of those who may be engaged, a variety of smaller 
 rooms and apartments are required. The judges, the professional men, the 
 witnesses, and the accused, must have suitable retiring or waiting-rooms, that 
 the court may not be crowded with persons who have no interest or business 
 in the immediate proceedings. All these, however, must have a ready access 
 to the court, and this is best obtained by making it a central building, and 
 surrounding it with a passage, which can be entered from several parts. This 
 plan has been adopted in the design now submitted to our readers, and its 
 advantages are so numerous, that any deviation from it must be erroneous ; — 
 some of these we will endeavour to point out. 
 
 A freedom from interruption is of essential importance in a court of justice, 
 and this cannot be secured if the building be so erected as to face a street, 
 or any great thoroughfare. How much the noise of vehicles passing and 
 re-passing disturbs the proceedings, is well known in the city of London, and 
 many other places ; but if the court be made a central building, no such 
 disturbance can arise, for the rooms and passages between it and the street 
 prevent the noise from being heard. 
 
 H
 
 26 
 
 This plan also admits of forming separate entrances for the accused and the 
 accusers, — for those who are engaged in the administration of the law, and 
 for those who are merely spectators. It is advisable, where practicable, and 
 it is always so when the court-house is central, to form a communication between 
 the apartments appropriated to prisoners and the dock, or enclosure in which 
 they stand during trial. In our design, we have done this by a subterranean 
 passage. This altogether prevents the improper expression of public feeling 
 against those who have broken the law ; and who, even when punished by 
 it, are protected fi-om the undue assumption of its authority by the populace. 
 It would also, perhaps, be found desirable to have several apartments under 
 the control of the gaoler, so that he might separate those who were condemned 
 from those who were accused, and the acquitted from both. 
 
 One other advantage of having a court as a central building may be men- 
 tioned: it is the necessity which it involves of obtaining light from a dome 
 or lantern. Light thus admitted is more equal in intensity, and better diffused 
 over the building, than when admitted from windows at the side, and the 
 strong glare which so inconveniently falls upon individuals is avoided. 
 
 In the arrangement of the court itself, or in other words, in " fitting it up," 
 there are several considerations which must be borne in mind. The judge 
 must have a perfect view of every part of the building, not less of the gallery 
 appropriated to strangers, than of the prisoners' dock and the counsel's benches, 
 for it is by his authority that order is maintained, he being, in his official 
 character, the personification of the law, to which the accused and the accuser 
 alike appeal. The prisoner should be in a prominent situation, where he 
 can be seen by those who are to ascertain his guilt or innocence ; and equally 
 so the witness, whose veracity is to be determined by the same parties. Such 
 considerations as these will not fail to present themselves to the artist when 
 designing ; but a due attention to the construction of the building, with a 
 view to the transmission of sound, is often neglected. That the voice of a 
 speaker may be heard in e-very pari of the building, without ililliculty, is of 
 the utmost importance, and with a slight attention to the principles of acoustics, 
 this may be secured. Unfortunately, however, this subject is not sufficiently 
 understood, and we should not perhaps err in the statement, that it requires 
 a closer investigation tlian it has yet received.
 
 27 
 
 Plate XIX. 
 
 Is the geometrical elevation of a design for a Session-house in the Roman 
 Doric style of architecture. This building may be connected with a prison, 
 or not, according to the necessity of the case in which it is employed ; but 
 in preparing the plan, the author has provided every arrangement which would 
 be required in a building of the kind, supposing the prison to be disconnected. 
 A question may arise, as to the style of architecture to be adopted in such a 
 structure ; but, without attempting to determine which is most appropriate, we 
 may remark, that although an unornamented exterior is to be preTerred, — one 
 marked by extreme simplicity and sobriety, — there is no reason why the 
 principles of architectural taste should be neglected, for the mere purpose of 
 obtaining an unornamented design. In an isolated building, intended merely 
 for the examination of accused persons, and the discussion of legal questions, 
 there can be no reason why pleasing decoration should be rejected. Indeed, 
 there are many approved examples of the introduction of a simple style of 
 Gothic in such buildings. By reference, however, to the drawings, and espe- 
 cially to the ground plan, it will be easy to design a variety of elevations in 
 other styles, so as to suit the taste of all persons, and meet the general opinion 
 as to the character which should be borne by such a building. 
 
 In this design the court-house forms the centre of the building, and around 
 it are ranged the various offices required for the convenience of those who 
 are engaged on trials, and for the security of the accused. On the right of 
 the building, rooms are provided for the petit jury, magistrates, and clerk 
 of the peace. On the left, there are rooms for the grand jury, counsel, 
 and witnesses. The front wing is appropriated to the porter, surgeon, and 
 lock - up rooms ; and the opposite wing to the judges, attendants, and 
 housekeeper. The intermediate spaces are intended for yards and various 
 offices, which will be particularly mentioned in the description of the ground 
 plan. 
 
 The court is intended to be lighted from above, which is the only suitable 
 means of obtaining light for such buildings, while at the same time a sufficient 
 and appropriate ventilation may be easily provided. The light obtained from 
 above is less oppressive to the eye than that from windows in the side of the 
 building, while at the same time the adoption of that mode of illumination 
 enables the architect to obtain a convenient arrangement of rooms round the 
 court, as a central building. A passage, six feet wide, connects the various
 
 28 
 
 apartments Avith the court-house, and gives great facility of access from one 
 part of the building to another. 
 
 Plate XX. 
 
 Is a ground plan, showing the arrangement of all the rooms, and the mode 
 of fitting up the court-house. A. is the Court-house. 1. Judge's seat. 2. Clerk's 
 desk. 3. 3. AYitness boxes. 4. The dock. 5. Seats for counsel. 6. The spectators'" 
 gallery. 7. Grand jury box. 8. Petit jury box. 9. 9. Stairs leading to the 
 spectators' gallery. 
 
 L. L. L. L. Housekeeper's apartments. 
 
 M. Porter's room. 
 
 N. Porter's bed-room. 
 
 O. Lock-up room for males. 
 
 P. Lock-up room for females. 
 
 Q. Surgery. 
 
 R. Surgeon's room. 
 
 S. S. S. S. A passage round the court. 
 
 B. Petit jury room. 
 
 C. Magistrates' room. 
 
 D. Office for clerk of the peace. 
 
 E. Clerk's office. 
 
 F. Grand jury room. 
 
 G. Witnesses' room. 
 H. L Rooms for counsel. 
 J. Judge's retiring room. 
 K. Attendants' room. 
 
 Between the four principal parts of the building, which form radii, if we 
 may so speak, from the central building or court-house, there are a variety 
 of yards, rooms, and out-houses, which may be appropriated in the following 
 manner. 
 
 1. A yard. 2. A stable. 3. Corn and hay-house. 4. Dung and dust-house. 
 5. Chaise-house. 6. A yard. 7. The dead-house. 8. Fumigating-roora. 9. and 
 10. Water-closets and urinals. IL A yard. 12. A cell for male prisoners. 
 13. A cell for female prisoners, with stairs from each, leading to a subterranean 
 passage, which is connected with the prisoners' dock, in the centre of the 
 court. 14. A coal and wood-house. 15. A dust-hole. 16. A yard. 17. and 
 18. Cells similar to 12 and 13, which might be employed for prisoners who 
 have been found guilty. 19. Coal and wood-house. 20. Cleaning room. 
 21. Stairs to a basement, iu which the apparatus required for warming the 
 court and other rooms, might be conveniently erected. 
 
 Plate XXI. 
 
 Is a pl;in of the roof, showing the mode of framing and of completing it. 
 The plate is so drawn and described as to require no additional remarks.
 
 «<^ 
 
 fT. 
 
 ^-r
 
 Il^ l®-^^ 
 
 3^!^ 
 
 t 
 
 [k \ 
 
 1 
 
 /;■ 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 li 
 
 1 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 r 
 
 B / 
 
 r- r
 
 A DESIGN FOR A POLICE STATION. 
 
 Plates 22, 23, and 24. 
 
 None of the great changes which have in our own day been introduced, 
 for the better regulation of society and the prevention of crime, have been more 
 eflfective in their results than the establishment of a police force. The old system 
 of constables and night watchmen was found utterly inadequate for the preser- 
 vation of the peace in large towns. Crime was frightfully increasing in all 
 populous places, and that it should have l)een so is not now so much a matter 
 of surprise, as that the torrent of vice, which spreads the most devastating 
 violence where least restrained, should have been kept within any bounds. 
 It is, however, a painful task to turn over the records of ci'ime in the metro- 
 polis, before a sufficient superintending and preventive force was established. 
 Under the old system, punishment alone was the object, and, from a thousand 
 different causes, this W'as not secured in the majority of those cases in which 
 it was demanded by public justice. Of the watchmen, to whom the protection 
 of property was entrusted during the night, many were incapable from age ; 
 and many others, there is reason to fear, were more active in protecting the 
 thief than in preventing crime ; frequently sharing in the booty, and sheltering 
 the depredator. The entire system was essentially defective, and chiefly from 
 the want of sufficient superintendence. We cannot, perhaps, say that the 
 men were irresponsible, but there were certainly no means of ascertaining 
 whether they performed their duty. By some gross dereliction or neglect of 
 duty, or by a connivance accidentally exposed, the inefficiency or the absolute 
 crime of a watchman might be detected, but there was no officer to super. 
 intend; and although it was the interest of every householder to see that his 
 property was safely guarded, there were few, if any, who would take the 
 trouble to do so. Every one, however, admitted the necessity for the adoption 
 of a new system, and that necessity led to the formation of a police force, as 
 it is now constituted. 
 
 Before an architect can design a building suited to any establishment, it 
 is necessary that he should understand the nature of the establishment itself, 
 and the mode in which the business is to be performed. No apology, there- 
 fore, is necessary for introducing a few remarks upon the system of domestic 
 police, as now established in this country. 
 
 I
 
 30 
 
 The object of the poHce is to prevent and detect crime, by a constant 
 watchfulness over the actions of all classes in the public streets, and by 
 rendering assistance to those who may need it, whether in the streets or in 
 private dwellings. This is effected by a body of men called the police force, 
 which is so ordered that no part of the city or district over which it presides 
 is left for a moment without a watchman. A large district is divided into 
 sections, and in each section a sufficient number of men are constantly on duty, 
 both by day and by night. These divisions, or brigades, of the whole force, 
 are placed under the superintendence and orders of an officer, called the 
 inspector, who is responsible to a superior called the commissioner, to whom 
 is communicated all that may occur in each district. For each division of 
 the general force, or in other words, for each brigade, a station is required, 
 and for such a building our design is intended. In small towns, all the men 
 are under the control of one superintendent, and in such cases one station- 
 house is sufficient. 
 
 From these remarks on the nature of the police establishment, it will 
 appear, that, in its constitution and government, it is not unlike a military 
 force, and that its efficiency entirely depends upon the rigorous exercise of 
 that authority by which discipline is secured. To enforce a regularity in the 
 performance of duty, a convenient building is of more importance than may 
 at first be imagined. In preparing the design now presented to the public, 
 we have taken some pains to consult the opinions of persons who best know 
 what is required ; and having obtained their approbation, we publish it with 
 the mr e confidence. 
 
 There are two things to be secured by the erection of a police station — the 
 safe custody of those who, from having broken the peace, are amenable to the 
 law, and the convenience of those to whom is intrusted the power of taking and 
 detaining the persons of those who are guilty of the crime. When an individual 
 is taken into the station-house by a policieman, the inspector hears the charge 
 and records it. For this purpose a room must be provided, and in addition 
 to it a clerk's office is sometimes required. An inspector must therefore be 
 constantly on duty, l)y night as well as by day ; and as it is a part of his 
 duty to see that every man under his control is vigilant, the task he has to 
 jierform is attended with much bodily fatigue, so that the room ai)propriated 
 for his use should be made as convenient as possible. For the security of 
 prisoners, cells sliould be provided for each sex. 
 
 Tlie metropolitan police is, as already stated, under the management of
 
 31 
 
 commissioners, from -whom all orders and regulations proceed. The commis- 
 sioners, however, do not at present interfere with the domestic arrangements 
 of the various divisions, but leave the inspector of each brigade to propose 
 or sanction such as may appear most desirable. A uniform system would, 
 no doubt, be preferable, but this is at present almost impossible. No buildings 
 have yet been erected as station-houses, but such places as seemed most con- 
 venient, from their locality, have been rented, to give a temporary accommodation 
 to the men. A mess-room and a bed-room would, in all cases, be desirable ; 
 but few, if any, of the present stations enable the inspectors to appropriate 
 apartments for the convenience of the men. We have, however, looked forward 
 to the time when this admirable system will be made perfect, by the estab- 
 lishment of station-houses, and an uniform arrangement be adopted. In our 
 plan, we have attempted to give an idea of what a police station ought to be; 
 but at the same time we may observe, that it will admit of any alteration 
 required by the arrangements to be ultimately established by the commissioners. 
 
 Plate XXII. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Police Station. It is intended 
 that this edilice should be built of brick, with stone quoins, plinth, cornice, 
 and dressings to doors and windows. It is, however, a design Avhich may 
 be executed in any material, according to the productions of the locality in 
 which it may be erected. It is on a small scale, and woidd be suited for 
 any provincial town with a moderately extended population, or for a branch 
 station in a large and more densely inhabited district. By giving a perspective 
 view, we have been able to show the side elevation, and it will be seen that 
 we have there provided an entrance gate to the men's drilling ground. At the 
 angle of the yard there is a turi'et for a bell, which would be found extremely 
 useful for assembling the force, or directing the men to certain duties, upon 
 pre-arranged signals. 
 
 Plate XXIII. 
 
 Exhibits a ground plan for the design. The entrance is on the left-hand 
 side of the building, and the apartment which serves as a vestibule, is 
 appropriated as a waiting-room for policemen. The object is to have but 
 one doorway, so that persons entering or leaving the station may be seen by 
 the officers. It is true, there are two back entrances from the yard into the
 
 32 
 
 station-house, but these are supposed to be under the immediate inspection 
 of some person in the establishment, and to be closed to every one who is 
 not connected with the force. On passing through the policemen's wahing- 
 room, the visitor enters a passage which communicates with all the rooms in 
 the building. The first room on the right is an office for a clerk ; and the 
 next an inspector's room, in which he receives the charges made against the 
 persons committed to his custody. At the end of the passage is a large room, 
 suitable as a mess for the men, and adjoining it a washing-room. The clerk 
 and inspector's offices are merely separated by a partition, which is supposed 
 to have small sliding doors over the desk, to be opened when the clerk's 
 ser\'ices are required in taking a charge. The seat in the inspector's office 
 should be sufficiently wide to allow him to recline during the intervals of 
 duty. The mess-room should be fitted up with seats and lockers, or cupboards, 
 so that every man may have a place in which he can deposit food, wearing 
 apparel, or other articles. For the sake of security, each cupboard would be, 
 of course, provided with a lock and key. On the left-hand side of the passage, 
 opposite the policemen's waiting-room, there is a room for male prisoners, in 
 which they may be confined before the charge against them is given, and 
 from which they may be removed to the cells in the yard, should it be found 
 necessary to detain them. The women's waiting-room is separated from the 
 men's by a passage ; and as it would be desirable to remove those females 
 who are detained, a cell has been provided, which should be entirely under the 
 control of the inspector. In the drilling-yard there are the necessary offices 
 for the men, a stable for two horses, and a gig-house. At each end of the 
 drilling-yard there are entrance gates, sufficiently large for a carriage. The 
 drilling-yard may be conveniently covered with corrugated iron, and lighted 
 with three zinc lights and ventilators. The cells should be paved with stone, 
 and have strong arches over the top, with suitable ventilators, and lights in 
 each. 
 
 Plate XXIV. 
 
 Is the chamber plan, and consists of a day and night sleeping-room for the 
 men, and a sitting-room, bed-room, and kitchen, for the inspector. The other 
 portion of the plan .shows the covering over the yard, offices, and cells, Avith 
 the lights and ventilators. All the wards, cells, and other rooms, not fur- 
 nished with fire-places, are proposed to bo warmed with hot air, the apparatus 
 for which should be fixed in tlic basement.
 
 I«.. f. i"«''^
 
 i 
 
 BBB'STj^rfJa crrr— T
 
 
 M 
 
 ^' 
 
 'vTn^ ^ 
 
 // 
 
 -Y 
 
 a 
 
 ^S^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 D 
 
 m 
 
 m. 
 
 ^i 
 
 H
 
 A DESIGN FOR A MARKET. 
 
 Plates 25, 26, and 27. 
 
 In all towns, a public market for the sale of meat, poultry, and vegetables, 
 is considered so desirable, that in those places where a building is not erected, 
 the want of one may be traced more to the difhculty of obtaining the means, 
 than to an ignorance of, or an indifference to, the advantages to be obtained. 
 In many country towns, where it- has been found impossible to obtain imme- 
 diately the funds necessary for the erection of a market-house, some large 
 public square or area, of sufficient extent, is appropriated to the purpose, and 
 fitted up with temporary stalls for the use of salesmen on appointed market 
 days. The difficulties, however, which at one period may prevent the erection 
 of a market-house, are, in course of time, removed, an adequate sum is 
 raised, and a design is required. To aid those who may be engaged in such 
 an undertaking, and perhaps we may be allow^ed to say, those who are called 
 upon to prepare drawings for such a building, a design has been thought 
 worthy a place in this collection. 
 
 Before we attempt to describe the drawings, it may be desirable to oifer 
 one or two remarks upon what should be included in a market-house, and 
 in what manner it should be constructed. 
 
 It is impossible to establish any rule, as to the accommodation to be pro- 
 vided in a market, which shall be found apiilicable in all cases. In every place 
 it will perhaps be necessary to give accommodation to those who sell meat, 
 poultry, and vegetables; and in many, to those also who deal in fish. In 
 various localities, stalls will be required for the dealers in hardware, or even for 
 those who sell certain articles of clothing. It will be the duty of the architect 
 to ascertain for what purposes the market is required, and prepare his design 
 so as to accommodate all the persons who may have occasion to use it as 
 traders, and at the same time meet the wants of the public. Many agricul- 
 tural towns will require a convenient place connected with the market-house, 
 and yet shut out from any communication with other parts of the building, 
 for those who deal in agricultural produce. In our design we have intro- 
 duced a corn-market, which we have placed in the front entrance of the 
 Iniilding. The advantage of this situation is chiefly, that the main street, 
 in which that front is supposed to be built, will not be inconvenienced by 
 
 K
 
 34 
 
 the number of persons who may be supposed to attend the market; and 
 Avhatever dirt or rubbish may be accumulated, and must be, to a certain 
 extent, cannot obstruct the traffic, or in any other way become a nuisance. 
 These may appear trifling considerations, but upon such as these the convenient 
 use of a building will in all cases much depend. 
 
 As to the construction of a market-house, a few remarks will be sufficient. 
 The building should be distinguished by a great simplicity of design, and 
 its general character, as well as its actual state, should be that of strength 
 combined with convenience. Any expensive ornament in such a structure 
 would be not only out of place, but really offensive to the man of taste. 
 Compo is frequently, and much too frequently, employed in our buildings ; 
 and that which is to be avoided, where possible, in all structures, is parti- 
 cularly unfitted for one which is exposed to injury from the number of 
 . persons who frequent it, and the necessary liability to destruction. Compo has 
 been much used in our own day, partly because it enables the architect to 
 execute a design at a comparatively small cost, Init not less because it gives 
 the builder an opportunity of hiding the defects of his work. The period, 
 however, will come, when the public will limit its use ; for although it is 
 a good substitute for stone, it is liable to a comparatively rapid destruction. 
 In itself it may be as durable as many building stones, and even less liable 
 to decay from the action of the atmosphere ; but as it forms only an external 
 covering, and is but slightly connected with the substance over which it is 
 spread, a sudden blow, or a comparatively short period of time, separates 
 it from the brick-work. It is therefore always better, when durability is 
 sought, to construct a building of brick, and face it with clean grey stocks, 
 laid in a neat joint, with stone dressings, than to cover the whole building 
 with cement. But the architect must, we are well aware, in such things, 
 be guided by his employer, though he may generally exercise some influence 
 over the decision, by a representation of the relative advantages. 
 
 For the convenience of a public market, the passages must be wide, so 
 as to give an opportunity to those who purchase of passing freely from one 
 part to another, even when persons are standing round the several stalls. 
 Ventilation is of the utmost importance, not only for the preservation of 
 animal food, but also for the removal of those gases which are generated 
 by the decomposition of vegetable and other matter. Nor is it less important 
 to secure a sufiicient light.
 
 35 
 
 Plate XXV. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Markct-liousc. In erecting 
 a building of this kind, the choice of a suitable piece of ground is the first 
 consideration. A situation should always be chosen where the fronts can 
 be seen ; and it is of great advantage to separate the building from all 
 others, so that it may be approached from any side. A considerable area 
 in the principal front of our design is appropriated to a corn-market, which 
 is necessary in all towns of any importance in an agricultural district. The 
 remainder of the building is intended for butchers' shambles, and as a general 
 market for fish, vegetables, poultry, butter, eggs, and other commodities, 
 usually exhibited in such places for sale. The spaces between the pilasters 
 in the clere story are intended to be left open, to admit of a free and 
 perfect ventilation, which is of the first importance in such buildings. The 
 similar openings in the lower building may be filled with glass, perforated 
 zinc, or any other substance, as may best suit the convenience of those who 
 may occupy the stalls nearest to them. The roof is intended to be formed 
 of wrought iron, and to be covered with corrugated iron, zinc, or marine 
 metal. The walls may be built of brick, and the rustics run in cement ; 
 but if the locality yields a good building stone, that will of course be pre- 
 ferred. The floor may be either of stone or brick, laid with a proper fall 
 and channels for drainage. 
 
 Plate XXVI. 
 
 Is the ground plan. The principal entrance leads to the corn-market 
 only. On each side of the market there is a small room, one of which 
 will be found convenient as a store for the corn not sold on the market 
 day, and the other for packing away the loose stalls, and other moveable 
 articles, used in both markets. One or both of these may have an entrance 
 into the general market, as may be found most convenient. 
 
 From each side of the building there are entrances into the butchers' and 
 fish markets. The stalls for the butchers might be advantageously converted 
 into open shops, to each of which there would be one light, to be left open 
 or filled, according to the convenience of the occupier. In the centre of the 
 market, stalls may be erected for the sale of poultry, fruit, the products of
 
 36 
 
 the farm-yard, and other articles of general consumption. In the centre of 
 the fish stalls we have provided for a pump and a sink; and one might also 
 be fixed with advantage at the other end of the market, for the use of those 
 who occupy the stalls. 
 
 In executing this design, it is necessary that great attention be paid to 
 the provision of sufficient water, and the formation of a good drainage. To 
 these considerations the architect or builder, if mindful of his duty, will give 
 a minute consideration, before he commences the erection of the building. 
 For the want of this previous attention to the necessities of those who are 
 to occupy the buildings we design and erect, permanent inconvenience is 
 frequently felt, or large expenditures become necessary to correct the oversight. 
 
 Plate 27. Details. 
 
 Fig. 1 is half the transverse section of the market, taken on the line A B 
 on the plan, and shows the footings, drainage, and construction of the roof, 
 and the manner in which the whole may be lightly and securely erected. 
 The division of the stalls should be of wood, which will give to those who 
 occupy them an opportunity of fixing the rails and hooks, necessary for the 
 display of the several commodities they may have for sale. 
 
 Fig. 2 is half the transverse section taken through the centre, or upon 
 the line C D of the plan. In this drawing we have shown the mode of 
 framing the lantern-light. The two figures together form a complete section 
 of the building. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a section of the iron post and metal girder at «, to a large scale. 
 
 Fig. 4 is a section of the foot of the principal rafter at 13, showing the 
 method of forming the gutter in the stone cornice. 
 
 Fig. 5 is the interior elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. G shows the method of fixing the shoe and rafter on the cornice, 
 should it be tliought desirable to dispense with the gutter in the upper part 
 of the building ; but in the wings of the lower part it is indispensable. 
 
 Fig. 7 is the elevation of the ridge and principal king-l)olt. 
 
 Fig. 8 is a "transverse section of the same. 
 
 Fig. 9 is the elevation of Figure 3, showing the girder, iron post, &.c. 
 
 Fig. 10 is the elevation of the union of the king-bolt, and the tension 
 and strutt rods. 
 
 Fig. 11 is a section of the same.
 
 ^^^r^S;
 
 ^^..', ^
 
 i
 
 A DESIGN FOR BATHS. 
 
 In all eastern nations much attention has been given to the construction of 
 baths. Among the Greeks and Romans, bathing was considered indispensable to 
 health ; and by the latter people the Baths were erected in so costly a style that 
 the materials most valued in other buildings were in these rejected. Seneca says 
 that his countrymen were so passionately fond of bathing, and indulged in such 
 magnificence, that in their baths they scorned to place their feet upon anything but 
 precious stones; and Pliny says "even the women will have seats of solid silver." 
 The poet Statins also gives us some idea of the magnificence of the Roman baths 
 in his description of those of Etruscus, steward to the Emperor C^laudius. 
 
 ♦' There's nothing vulgar ; not the fairest brass 
 In all the glittering- structure finds a place. 
 From silver pipes the happy waters flow, 
 In silver cisterns are received below. 
 See where with noble pride the doubtful stream 
 Stands fixed in wonder on the shining brim, 
 Surveys its riches and admires its state, 
 Loth to be ravished from the glorious seat." 
 
 In those early ages of Grecian history called the heroic, described in the 
 poems of Homer, bathing was customary, not perhaps, as a daily exercise 
 or indulgence, as in later periods, but rather to strengthen, invigorate, or 
 refresh the body. Homer refers to this practice in several parts of his poems. 
 Telemachus and Pisistratus were bathed and anointed on their arrival at the 
 palace of Menelaus after their long and tedious journey. 
 
 \ 
 
 " From room to room, their eager view they bend. 
 Thence to the bath, a beauteous pile, descend ; 
 Where a bright damsel- train attend the guests 
 With liquid odours, and embroider'd vests." 
 
 Diomedes and Ulysses, after having at night spied the position of the 
 enemy's camp, bathed previous to their repast. 
 
 " Now from nocturnal sweat and sanguine stain, 
 They cleanse their bodies in the neighbouring main : 
 Then in the polished bath, refreshed from toil. 
 Their joints they supple with dissolving oil." 
 L 
 
 ;170447
 
 38 
 
 In both these passages the poet probably refers to hot-baths, which we 
 suppose to have been used only on especial occasions, although cold-bathing 
 in rivers and in the ocean was very common. Consistent with this opinion 
 is the relation of the poet that Andromache was preparing a bath for 
 Hector on his expected return when she heard of his death. 
 
 " Her fair-hair'd handmaids beat the brazen urn. 
 The bath preparing for her lord's return : 
 In vain, alas ! her lord returns no more ! 
 Unbath'd he lies, and bleeds along the shore ! " 
 
 But although bathing was frequently adopted by the ancient Greeks, 
 they had no baths, properly so called, but large basins or vessels called 
 aaa/iii/doi. Public baths were not introduced until a much later period, 
 for Athenaeus says that in his day " they were but lately come into use, 
 and that formerly no such places Avere allowed within the city." 
 
 We may close these few general remarks by a short extract from Dr. 
 Potter's description of the Baths of the Greeks. They commonly contained 
 the following rooms: — 
 
 " 1. AttoSvt^plop, wherein they put off their clothes. 
 
 2. Y-TTOKavaToi' or irvpLaTi'^pLov, a room most commonly round, and 
 provided with fire, so contrived that it should not smoke, for the benefit 
 of those who desired to sweat ; it was also termed Laconicum, from the 
 frequent use of this way of sweating in Laconia. 
 
 3. BaTTTKTTTfpi.oi', 3 hot bath. 
 
 4. Aovrpcov, a cold bath. 
 
 0. AXetTTTripioUi the room wherein they were anointed. 
 
 " After bathing they always anointed, cither to close tiie pores of the 
 body, which was especially necessary after the use of hot baths, or lest the 
 skin should become rough after the water was dried off it. 
 
 " The feet lieing most exposed to dust and filth, were oftener washed 
 and anointed than other parts of the body. Women were generally employed 
 to wash and auuint the feet l)oth in the heroical and later ages; it was 
 customary for tlicm to kiss the feet of those to whom Ihcy thought a more 
 than common respect was due ; thus the woman in the gospel kisses the 
 feet of our blessed Saviour while she anointed them. The same ceremony 
 was performed toward Pliilolean by his daughter, as he himself relates in 
 Aiistophanes." The riclier citizens had baths in their own houses, and 
 
 I
 
 39 
 
 constantly bathed proviuus to their repasts, and frequently after walking. 
 The public baths were the constant resort of other classes, and afforded a 
 convenient and comfortable asylum to the poorer sorts during the inclement 
 pericxls of the year. 
 
 During the last few years more attention has been paid in this country, 
 than at any former period, to the construction of baths. This has probaljly 
 arisen in a great measure from the custom which is prevalent among the 
 middle classes, of spending a few weeks of summer by the sea side. But 
 our baths are not constructed in the most commodious manner, nor is there 
 a sufficient attention to the wants of those by whom they arc employed. 
 
 I'he design which we have prepared is intended as a complete Ijathing 
 establishment, one in which hot and cold baths may be readily obtained. 
 The bathing, reading, and refreshment rooms, are all on the principal or 
 ground floor, and are severally lighted from above, the circular plunging bath 
 being covered with a metal dome, by means of which both light and 
 ventilation are obtained. The front portion of the building consists of a 
 plunging or swimming bath and the necessary apartments for the accommo- 
 dation of subscribers and visitors : the remaining portion is set apart for 
 private baths, Avhich are necessary not only for invalids, but for families who 
 have an objection to public bathing. 
 
 The basement may be appropriated to the use of the Bath-keeper and 
 attendants, and for the erection of cisterns, furnaces, and the apparatus by 
 which the building is heated. Until recently we had but little idea of the 
 temperature which the human body could conveniently Ijear, and a gradation 
 of temperature was never attempted. After leaving a hot bath, the room 
 itself being indifferently heated, the bather was compelled to expose himself 
 to a chilly atmosphere, and instead of finding himself invigorated and refreshed, 
 too frequently suffered pain and inconvenience from the sudden change. To 
 correct this is of the utmost importance, and it can only be done by the 
 introduction of a series of apartments appropriated to different purposes and 
 variously heated so as to prepare the bather for contact with the atmosphere, 
 which may easily be done with such a plan as that we have proposed. 
 
 Plate XXVllI. 
 Is a perspective view of a design for Baths.
 
 40 
 
 Plate XXIX. 
 
 Is the ground plan. The several apartments being represented by letters 
 of the alphabet, may be here explained. 
 
 A. The entrance hall. 
 
 B. Reading or conversation rooms. 
 
 C. Bath. 
 
 D. D. Dressing rooms. 
 
 L. Vestibule connected with the side 
 
 entrances. 
 M. M. Small private baths. 
 N. Domestic attending room for fa- 
 
 E. Refreshment room. mily baths 
 
 H. Vestibule or retiring-hall. 
 
 I. Colonnade. 
 
 J. Stairs to domestic apartments, 
 
 furnaces, &c. 
 K. K. Water closets, &c. 
 
 O. Waiting or refreshment rooms. 
 P. P. Private hot or cold plunging 
 
 baths. 
 Q. Passage leading from the private 
 
 entrance to the private baths. 
 
 Plate XXX. 
 
 Exhibits the construction of the dome which lights the principal plunging 
 bath, and is supposed to be constructed of wrought metal. 
 
 Fiff. 1 is the elevation of one half the dome. 
 
 Fifj. 2 is the section of the same. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a plan of a portion of the timbers for the same. 
 
 Fi(]. 4 is a plan of a portion of the brickwork' showing the windows 
 and iron ties. 
 
 Fig. 5 is a portion of the plan showing the metal bars, ties, &c. 
 
 Fig. 6 shows a portion of the dome in its finished state. 
 
 The construction of this dome is extremely simple, and the appearance 
 when finished would be light and elegant. It is proposed to glaze every 
 alternate space between the bars. The circular rods which receive the 
 circumference of the dome are fixed to the ribs by means of screws, which 
 secure the whole, and also allow for expansion and contraction. The lights 
 beneath the dome should be hung upon centres, and by this means sufficient 
 ventilation may be secured.

 
 v^ 
 
 u,
 
 'U 
 
 m 
 
 mi 
 
 I I I ■ i fa
 
 DESIGN FOR A CHURCH. 
 
 That rich and sumptuous style of architecture, which has been misnamed 
 Gothic, probably took its rise, and certainly was developed, in the erection 
 of the ecclesiastical buildings of Europe. How well it is adapted for this 
 purpose, when guided by the hand of a master, is sufficiently evident from 
 our own cathedrals. But there are still men who affect to despise the 
 style, as one which invades the established principles of art, and possesses 
 no claim upon the respect or admiration of a mind capable of appre- 
 ciating the beauty of outline, and regularity of structure, so remarkable in 
 the finest productions of Greece and Italy. Most pitiable is the mental 
 condition of that man, who can view the noble Gothic edifices of former 
 ages, and find in them nothing to admire, — such a man is utterly lost 
 to the appreciation of the solemn majesty of art, and the ever varying 
 influence of light and shade, which best exhibit the skill and taste of the 
 architect. Nothing, however, is easier, in the present day, than to find an 
 objection to the introduction of Gothic in ecclesiastical edifices ; for the desire 
 to increase the number of churches has so far exceeded the amount of funds 
 provided for that purpose, that necessity, rather than choice, has compelled 
 the erection of a great number of brick buildings, in which pointed arches 
 have been introduced, and this has been thought a sufficient reason for 
 designating them Gothic Churches. This misapplication of a misapplied 
 term may have produced in some minds a prejudice against the style, 
 extending even to its finest specimens. 
 
 It is not a question for. us to decide, whether places of worship should 
 be enriched by art, so as to produce an effect upon the mind of the 
 worshipper consistent with the devotional feelings which ought to be felt in 
 every address to Deity. We cannot, however, believe that the mind is so 
 habitually in a state of devotion, or that the feeling is so easily created, 
 as to permit us to divest ourselves of those external agencies Ijy which the 
 feelings are impressed. It is necessary that we should distinguish between that 
 which withdraws the mind, by its glare, from the great, the awful business 
 of public devotion, and that which impresses it with a feeling of solemnity, 
 and fits it to turn its thoughts upon itself, and upon sacred, though invisible, 
 realities. That external objects may have such an influence upon the mind 
 cannot be denied: and if art may be introduced to aid our enjoyments, in 
 
 iM
 
 42 
 
 the parlour, the drawing room, and the library, why should it be excluded 
 in the temple"? God himself, in a former age of the church, dictated 
 the construction and decoration of his own house ; and if that may be 
 considered as an example to us, under another dispensation, the introduction 
 of the arts in places of public worship is not displeasing to him. We are 
 told that the Christian system is purely spiritual : but although forms were 
 enjoined under a previous dispensation, they were but the circumstances of 
 religion, and the religion itself, which had regard to the same Being and 
 the same relationship between him and the human race, was no less 
 spiritual in its nature, than that under which we are living. If then, 
 external circumstances and decoi-ations calculated to impress the senses and 
 to act indirectly upon the mind by means of outward objects, which led the 
 worshipper to a solemnity of thought and feeling, could be adopted with the 
 sanction and even the injunction and command of God at one period in the 
 history of the church, it can scarcely be considered detrimental to worship 
 at another period, the Object of worship being in his own nature incapable 
 of change. We must, however, leave the question as to the propriety of 
 erecting richly decorated buildings for public worship, to the decision of 
 those who may have the control of the efforts wdiich are now being made 
 by individuals and societies to provide a more ample accommodation, especially 
 for the poorer classes. 
 
 If the funds provided for the erection of a church be insufficient to admit 
 the adoption of that style which is, by common consent, best adapted for the 
 purpose, some other must be chosen, as it is more desirable that an uuorna- 
 mented structure should be raised, than that the persons for whom it is 
 intended should be destitute of a place of public worship. Eut Avhen the 
 architect has but a small sum to expend, it is better that he should select 
 a style in which the simplicity of the details is consistent with the general 
 character of the architecture, than by a reduction of necessary ornament bring 
 the style itself to suit the expenditure. The early English, or first period 
 of Gothic, may in most cases be adapted to a limited expenditure without 
 a loss of those ornaments or characteristics by which it is distinguished in 
 the best specimens, and is therefore well adapted for modern churches. 
 
 The duties of the architect are not completed when he has prepared a 
 pleasing exterior elevation and graceful interior decoration for a church. 
 There are many minute, but most important considerations worthy of his 
 serious attention, upon which llic convenience of the building and its 
 
 I
 
 43 
 
 adaptation for the purposes of public worship depend. So essential have 
 these been considered by the Committee of the Metropolis Church Fund, 
 that they have thought it necessary to publish some conditions for the 
 guidance of architects who design for their approval, and we shall perhaps 
 best consult the advantage of our readers by inserting them in this place. 
 
 "The undermentioned drawings and papers must accompany all plans for 
 new churches or chapels, intended to be submitted to the consideration of 
 the Committee of the Metropolis Churches Fund, or the plans cannot be 
 received ; and architects are requested to attend to the suggestions contained 
 in the following paper: 
 
 1. Plans of the building at the different floors. 
 
 2. Elevations of the several fronts. 
 
 3. One longitudinal, and two transverse sections, showing the east and 
 west ends of the interior of the church. 
 
 All the above are to be drawn to a scale of one-eighth of an inch to 
 a foot, and in plain Indian ink. 
 
 4. A drawing showing the construction of the roof or roofs, drawn to a 
 scale of half an inch to the foot, with the scantlings of the different timbers 
 figured ; and provision must be made for the proper ventilation of the roof. 
 
 5. A drawing showing the construction of the galleries to the same scale, 
 the scantlings also figured ; and access must be provided to the l)ody of 
 the church from the galleries, for the convenience of those who attend the 
 Holy Communion. 
 
 6. A block plan to a small scale, showing the site, the approaches, the 
 cardinal points, and the drains. 
 
 7. A description of the nature of the site, as to the soil, and fitness for 
 foundations, and it should be stated whether there are any buildings Avhich 
 will obstruct the light. 
 
 8. A specification, made as full and explicit as possible. 
 
 9. A detailed estimate of the building, and the prices of the different 
 materials and workmanship described in the specification. 
 
 " In order to prevent, as much as possible, the delay which frequently 
 arises from the returning plans for alteration, or for further particulars, 
 architects are also desired to attend to the following suggestions : 
 
 1. The church or chapel, generally, to stand east and west. 
 
 2. The exterior of the building to be faced either with stone or brick, 
 and no cement to be used externally.
 
 44 
 
 3. Wherever the soil is of a doubtful character, concrete is to be used 
 in the foundations, in preference to any other material. The church floor 
 to be raised at least three steps above the ground line, and the pathway 
 to the church to rise one foot in twenty -five; and when the church is 
 placed in a burial ground, the building, if possible, to be placed on a 
 terrace two feet high. 
 
 4. The gutters, invariably, to be at least one foot wide, and the drips 
 never less than two inches. 
 
 5. The lead to gutters and flats to be eight pounds to the superficial foot. 
 
 6. The rain-water pipes to be always outside the building, and invariably 
 of cast iron. 
 
 7. The trusses of the roof never more than ten feet apart, and the tie- 
 beams to be always horizontal both to the roof and gallery timbers; and 
 the roof, in no instance, to rise less than one -fourth of the span. 
 
 8. The vestry, or robing room, to be, if possible, at the east end, and 
 always to have access to it from without. 
 
 9. The height under the galleries to be at least ten feet under the 
 brestsummer, the gallery fronts not to be executed in plaster, and the 
 gallery for the children to be so raised, that they may be seen by the 
 ofiiciating clergyman. The spaces between the galleries to be, in every case, 
 at least one-half of the entire width of the church, and in no case less 
 than twenty -four feet. 
 
 10. At least four common flues must be provided in all cases. 
 
 11. Two ventilators to be placed in every alternate window, one at the top, 
 and one at .the bottom ; provision also to be made for the ventilation of the 
 roof, and capacious apertures to be provided for the admission at pleasure 
 of a large quantity of air under the floor of the pews, and for its admission 
 into the church through the skii-ting. 
 
 12. If there are to lie vaults, the access to them must be from the outside 
 of the Ijuilding, and great care to be taken to prevent any passage of air 
 from the vaults into the church. 
 
 13. No square or double pews, and all pews and sittings to face the 
 Communion Table, and to be numbered, and the words " Free Seats" 
 written on each of the free benches. 
 
 14. The clergyman's pew, and sittings for the clergyman's servants, to be 
 provided on the ground floor. 
 
 I
 
 45 
 
 15. The least possible separation of pews and free sittings, in order to 
 intermix, as much as may be, the rich and poor of the congregation. 
 
 16. In order to provide accommodation for kneeling during public service, 
 the space in each pew and free seat must not be less than two feet eleven 
 inches from centre to centre, when the height does not exceed three feet 
 two inches from the floor of the pew ; nor less than three feet, if the 
 height be greater ; twenty inches to be allowed to each person. 
 
 17. The pew and free -seat framing to be the same, with the exception 
 of low doors for the pews, and to be not less than three feet two inches, 
 nor more than three feet eight inches high. 
 
 18. The backs of the seats to incline backwards about three inches. 
 The free sittings not to be provided with kneeling boards. 
 
 19. The pulpit and desk not to obscure the Communion Table, and to be 
 placed as near as possible to the east end of the church ; the angle formed 
 by the chancel to be preferred. 
 
 20. A space for a font to be always provided, in a position to be seen 
 by the congregation, and, if possible, at the west end, with accommodation 
 for the sponsors. 
 
 21. Entire absence of pews in the chancel. 
 
 22. The Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the Commandments, to be written 
 in a proper position at the east end of the church ; a Communion Table 
 to be provided, and as much space as possible about the rails for the 
 Communicants. 
 
 23. The middle of the church to be open from west to east, with cross- 
 benches for free sittings. 
 
 24. The cross-benches at both the east and west ends to be moveable 
 on slides or railways, to make room for Funerals at the west entrance, and 
 at the east end for the Communion. 
 
 25. The Committee will not permit any alteration to be made in plans, 
 nor will they defray any extra expense, unless previously sanctioned by them. 
 
 26. Architects are particularly desired to take care that an accurate account 
 is kept of the quantities of customable and exciseable articles used in the 
 building. 
 
 27. Tenders for the performance of works are not to be obtained till the 
 Architect has received written instructions from the Committee. 
 
 28. The advertisements for tenders for churches to be built from this 
 Fund, or for any other purpose, are to be headed " Metropolis Churches Fund." 
 
 N
 
 46 
 
 29. The contracts for enclosing the churches must be entered into at 
 the same time as the contract for building. 
 
 30. The architect must deposit in the office his plans of the church, 
 previous to his receiving his commission on the works. 
 
 31. Final payment will not be made to the contractor until her Majesty's 
 Commissioners for building New Churches have passed the declarations of 
 the materials used in the building. 
 
 32. No church bells to be provided in the contract. 
 
 33. The tenders for the church to be made out without any reference 
 to the drawback on the materials used." 
 
 These suggestions are worthy of the most careful consideration by all 
 persons who design for churches. They are the result of a long experience, 
 and are prepared by a body of men who have had a better opportunity 
 than any individual architect of observing the results of various plans, and 
 we might probably say, of numerous experiments. Taking these, in connexion 
 with our designs and details, the mode of church building will, it is hoped, 
 be sufficiently evident to enable the student to pursue his investigations 
 with advantage to himself, and at the same time guide those who may be 
 better acquainted with the general principles of the art of building. 
 
 Plate XXXI. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design in the Gothic style of architecture. 
 The church is intended to consist of a nave and two side aisles, but is 
 covered with a single roof: the span is considerable, but may be constructed 
 with ease by following the details given in a subsequent drawing. The 
 church is calculated to contain about fourteen hundred persons, of whom 
 eight hundred are accommodated in seats. 
 
 Plate XXXII. 
 
 One -half of the plan presented in this plate shows the ground floor, and 
 the other the galleries, with the method of pewing. There are three 
 entrances to the church ; one through the porch in the front, and one on 
 each side. In the space on each side of the tower the stairs to the galleries 
 are placed. On either side of the altar is a vestry and a robing room, 
 with an entrance into the church. The free seats in the centre aisle are 
 intended to be moveable, so as to give a free approach to the altar for
 
 47 
 
 funerals. The back seats in the gallery are free ; the front of the gallery 
 is intended for the organ and organist, and the Sunday or charity school 
 children. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. 
 
 Is a transverse section and perspective view, looking towards the altar, 
 showing the general appearance of the interior of the building, and the 
 construction. The pulpit is shown on one side of the church, and the 
 reading-desk on the other, in order that a better view may be obtained of 
 the altar from the body of the church, than can be procured by most of the 
 worshippers when they are fixed in the centre : and by elevating them a little 
 more than usual, the clergyman will be seen by every person who is present. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. 
 
 Is a transverse section, showing the porch, entrance, pewing,. and altar. 
 By comparing this with the preceding plate, the construction of the building 
 will be readily understood. The bell-turret is proposed to be built of stone, 
 and supported by metal girders from the principal walls. The two brick 
 octagon towers must also have iron angular ties from the walls above the roof. 
 
 Plate XXXV. Details. 
 
 Fig. 1 is the head of the iron for receiving the principal rafters of the roof. 
 
 Fig. 2 shows the cast iron abutment with a wrought iron clip that catches 
 the tie-beam, and can, by means of the bolt which goes through the cast iron 
 head, be screwed up to any truss or camber that may be required. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows the clip and shoe which receives the tie-beam upon the central 
 walls. (See the transverse section.) 
 
 Fig. 4, a section of the cast metal which comes under each tie-beam : this 
 is intended to be painted in imitation of oak. 
 
 Fig. 5 represents the clip, and shows the method of fastening that portion 
 of the roof which is over the aisles. 
 
 Fig. 6 is the nut by which the parts represented in figures 3 and 5 are 
 united together. 
 
 Fig. 7 is a sectional and perspective view of a part of the gallery floor, 
 showing the manner of finishing the front of the gallery, and the mode of 
 construction. 
 
 Fig. 8 is a sectional and perspective view of the pews on the ground floor.
 
 48 
 
 Fig. 9 represents the connexion of the wood or plaster-beams of the ceiling 
 with the iron ones under the tie-beams. 
 
 Fig. 10 shows the mode of finishing the jamb of the windows. 
 
 Fig. 11 is a mullion of tlie same. 
 
 Fig. 12 represents the mouldings and the mode of finishing the head of the 
 window. 
 
 Fig. 13 shows the sill and plinth mouldings. 
 
 Fig. 14 is the elevation of the corbies under the tie-beam. 
 
 Fig. 15 is a plan of one of the principal columns. 
 
 Fig. 16 is an elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 17 is a plan of one of the side pinnacles and buttress. 
 
 Fig. 18 is an elevation of the lower part of one of the side pinnacles, showing 
 the finishing upon the face of the buttress. 
 
 Fig. 19 is a section of the bottom part of the buttress. 
 
 Fig. 20 is a section of the top part of the buttress. 
 
 Fig. 21 is a section of the hand-rail for stairs. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. Details continued. 
 
 Fig. 1 is the head of one of the side windows, showing the method of 
 finding the centres for striking the same. 
 
 Fig. 2 is the bottom of the same window. The details of the several parts 
 are given in Plate 32. 
 
 Fig. 3 is the plan of one of the small octangular turrets at the entrance 
 porch, showing the method of finishing on the angle of the plinth. 
 
 Fig. 4 is an elevation of the bottom of the same. 
 
 Fig. 5 is an elevation of the toj) of the turret. 
 
 Fig. 6 is the profile of the plinth. 
 
 Fig. 7 is a section of the cornice for vestry and robing room. 
 
 Fig. 8 is the plan of one of the octangular pinnacles. 
 
 Fig. 9 is an elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 10 is an elevation of the parapet of the porch. 
 
 Fig. 11 is a section of the .same. 
 
 F,ig. 12 is an elevation of the head of the door. j 
 
 Fig. 13 is a plan of tlie door and frame. 
 
 Fig. 14 is a .section of llie door and frame. 
 
 Jig. 15 i.s an elevation of a portion of the door.
 
 1 
 
 L 
 
 SM.- ^u,. y 
 
 Va^J<^iW,"r-.L' 
 
 ^ 
 
 L^ 
 
 ri, /"-' 
 
 m — rir' 
 
 nr 
 
 r 
 
 
 1* ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 nCAN 
 
 -■. ^ 
 
 
 
 ' t 
 
 1-r -J- 
 
 ■ /\ . . !■ ' J !■ t r t 
 
 "X^ 
 
 I- '
 
 I 
 
 TZT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 '*.:1 
 
 
 .V- 
 
 
 fc^.^;^a
 
 <-i5-^RtW 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 i ' 
 
 
 
 
 ^— i 
 
 . .1, 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 — 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 t 

 
 >' 
 
 ^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^i 
 
 <>1^ 
 
 -n 
 
 -"-^ 
 
 N 
 
 ^ 
 
 Mi 
 
 r f T*z) 
 
 t
 
 J'J^T£ XXi 
 
 no 
 
 W 
 
 11 
 
 onnj 
 
 • ^^+^ 
 
 I I I 
 
 I I -4
 
 I 
 
 I
 
 A DESIGN FOR A CHAPEL. 
 
 The Christian doctrine maintained by the greater number of the protestant 
 dissenters of this country is in every respect the same as that received and 
 taught by the established church. Their separation from the national church 
 has arisen from a difference of opinion as to the form of government, and 
 the manner of conducting public worship. At the time when this separation 
 from the established church of the country was effected, the persons who 
 were the leaders in this schism, were exposed to much obloquy and 
 persecution, and being for the most part destitute of property, they were 
 compelled to adopt various expedients to effect their objects; and where they 
 ventured to erect places of worship they were distinguished by an utter 
 disregard to architectural taste. In examining these buildings, we are 
 almost led to the conclusion, that in this neglect of all that could please a 
 cultivated taste there was as much pride as principle; but when we consider 
 the unmerited scorn and opposition with which their conscientious objections 
 were met, we may find some excuse for them in the common, the universal 
 disposition of the human mind to fall into the error of extremes. 
 
 That the Dissenters have done much to produce that mental activity 
 ■which distinguishes our day, and to subdue the barbarity of which so large 
 a remnant continued to sway the minds of the rural population so late as 
 the middle of the last century, cannot be denied. But while they have 
 been active in the improvement of the general state of society, and in 
 creating, as instruments, a deeper regard to religious principle, though too 
 frequently mingled with feelings which throw a shade over their exertions, 
 they have themselves received an indirect benefit. The stern indifference, 
 we might say contempt, with which every approach to architectural taste 
 and decoration in their chapels was viewed by the founders of the several 
 branches of protestant dissent, has ceased to influence the minds of those 
 who in the present day adopt their opinions. They are now a large and 
 influential body of the community, possessing a good share of the wealth 
 and intelligence of the country, a people active in benevolence, and earnest 
 in the acquisition of knowledge. No longer under the ban of public 
 opinion, they begin to feel that while they live in their " ceiled houses," 
 the house of God should not be left destitute, and that its decoration is 
 at least allowable, if not a matter of duty, when the means can be obtained 
 from the congregations for whom it is to be erected.
 
 50 
 
 Plate XXXVII. 
 
 This is a perspective view of a design for a Chapel suited to the forms 
 of worship commonly employed by Protestant Dissenters. The Roman style 
 of architecture has been adopted, as that best suited to the character of 
 the building. It is erroneous to suppose, that the dissenters of the present 
 day, as a body, object to the introduction of any architectural ornament in 
 their places of worship ; for although they are of opinion that large sums 
 of money should not be expended in rich and elaborate decoration, they 
 approve of, and are anxious for, a chasteness arid elegance of design. The 
 early period of Gothic would not be considered inappropriate, but the more 
 decorated orders of the same style would be rejected, partly from a feeling 
 that the cost would exceed what ought to be spent upon any single 
 stmcture, and partly from the fear that such a building would tend to 
 withdraw the mind from the great object of religious worship. From many 
 remarks we have made in the course of this work it will be evident that 
 our sentiments are not thus moulded, but at the same time we cannot too 
 strongly insist upon the impropriety of erecting STich miserable designs as 
 are, from an erroneous opinion of the sentiments of the dissenters upon 
 this subject, frequently constructed as places of public worship. Simplicity 
 should be the prominent feature in such buildings ; and if taste be under 
 the control of this principle, the artist can scarcely err in the production 
 of a suitalile design. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to remark, that in the execution of our design, 
 it would be desirable to employ stone, if there be a suitable one in the 
 locality. If a good stone cannot be procured, the walls may be built 
 of brick, and the embellishments be executed in stone or in Roman cement. 
 
 The turret which has been introduced above the ridge in the centre of 
 the building may Ije omitted, if thought desirable ; but before this is 
 resolved upon, the builder should well consider the reasons which have 
 induced us to recommend its adoption. It is intended to facilitate the 
 ventilation of the building, and will be found a much more desirable 
 method of ellecting that object than the system now commonly adopted. 
 It acts as a shaft for the passage of the heated air. Upon the ceiling 
 of the chapel immediately ])elow it, an ornamental open rosette should be 
 introduced, and througli tliis the rarefied air will escape, — a greater draught, 
 to use a common phrase, being produced ])y the contraction of the chimney
 
 51 
 
 or shaft through which it has to pass. To secure still more perfectly the 
 ventilation of the building, some ornamental iron work may he fixed in 
 the cove of the ceiling, immediately over the interior cornice. To provide 
 for the ingress of a sufficient amount of cold air is not less important, 
 and this may be done by a suitable construction of the windows. The 
 sashes should be formed of cast metal, and one -half of each should be 
 hung on pivots so as to be opened and closed by means of rods and 
 springs introduced into the walls of the building, and easily worked by 
 the persons in attendance. 
 
 If this elevation should be considered too expensive for a situation in which 
 a dissenting chapel is required, it Avill be easy to reduce the cost and 
 retain the leading features, so as to meet the wishes of the contracting parties. 
 Thus, for instance, the pilasters and circular architraves may be omitted ; 
 the exterior face of the walls being carried up in plain brickwork. The 
 brackets and parapet walls may also be removed, leaving only the cornice 
 and a plain brick blocking course. Or if a still greater diminution of 
 expense should be required, dripping-eaves might be substituted on the sides 
 and over the back elevation. 
 
 It will not in all cases be possible to obtain an isolated site for such a 
 building, or one on which all the sides can be seen. A sufficient space for 
 the admission of light is however necessary in the erection of our design, so 
 far at least as its side elevations are concerned. If no light can be obtained 
 at the sides, it must be admitted by a lantern or dome ; and then a differently 
 constructed roof will be required. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. 
 
 Represents parts of the ground and gallery plans. 
 
 Fig. 1. Exhibits half the ground plan. The entrance from the street into 
 the body of the chapel is in the centre of the principal front, where a lobby 
 is provided, to prevent the confusion which would arise from a more 
 immediate connexion with a public thoroughfare. The stairs to the galleries 
 are on each side of the principal lobby, and the same stairs may be continued 
 to the school-rooms in the basement, on one or on both sides, as may be found 
 most convenient. We have shown that mode of pewing which seems most 
 appropriate to a place where public instruction is a principal object. 
 
 The arrangement of a chapel for the use of protestant dissenters differs 
 in several particulars from that of a church ; and to these it will be necessary
 
 52 
 
 to direct the attention of the reader, for we have frequently known architec- 
 tural draughtsmen to fall into serious errors from an ignorance of the difiference 
 in the mode of fitting these two classes of buildings. In the dissenting 
 chapel there is no altar, both the sacraments being administered in a large 
 square pew, in which the clerk's desk is usually fixed, as shown in our 
 drawings. A large vestry, for use in occasional services, is also essential in 
 all chapels which have not school -rooms attached. In our plan we have 
 shown a small one for the use of the minister, which is entered from the 
 side of the building. Should the school-rooms in the basement be rejected, 
 the vestry might extend the whole width of the building, or a small and 
 large vestry might be formed ; and if the latter were separated from the 
 chapel by a sliding partition, it might be made useful for public as well 
 as private services. These are the principal points of difference between 
 the episcopal and the dissenting chapel. Organs are occasionally but not 
 frequently introduced. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a part of the plan of the galleries, and being constructed in 
 the usual manner does not require any particular description. 
 
 A building erected according to these plans, would hold about eight hundred 
 persons, exclusive of the free and children's seats : but it will be easy to 
 employ the design for a chapel of any size, so as to accommodate a greater 
 or less number of persons as may be required. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. 
 
 This plate is a perspective view of the interior, and will give to the 
 architect or the builder all that he can possibly require for the construction 
 and finishing of every part. A person in any degree accustomed to architec- 
 tural drawing, will be able from this to prepare the details required by the 
 workmen. 
 
 Fiff. 1. is a transverse section and perspective view of one-half of the 
 building, showing the mode of construction. 
 
 Fifj. 2. is a transverse section and perspective view of one-half of the 
 building, showing the mode of finishing. In this part of the drawing the 
 ornamental rosettes or ventilators ai'e shown, as well as those in the cove 
 over the cornice.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .-- 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 1: 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 ' W-i-T' l| 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 !m| 
 
 
 
 ["„ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 i ; 
 
 i 
 
 : \ -— ; - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 , . i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 t 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -L. 
 
 
 
 jiisi:e 
 
 ! :l 
 
 ITjF. l.OilBT 
 
 P- 
 
 
 3CALE or FEET 
 
 i 1 ' i i ±^
 
 Fir. I 
 
 l.A'.V SECTION SHOWING CONSTRWCTION 
 
 FIG ir 
 
 FINISHINGS 
 
 N'T 
 
 l l'^J i^^A^''^,.. __,_ \ 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 Fi? 
 
 ■' -: :i .i .1 .1 
 
 / -,". 
 
 Mf 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^. 
 
 fT 
 
 
 ----- ■ 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 JIJI II II _, 
 
 
 
 -^
 
 DESIGN FOR A LIBRARY AND READING ROOMS. 
 
 The establishment of public libraries is not of recent date. At various 
 periods, and among different nations, libraries have been formed, which have 
 become the receptacles of all the intellectual riches of the age. To draw a 
 comparison between these and those of modern origin, however, is not an 
 easy task, as their characters are essentially different. The library of the 
 Roman patrician, was the repository of a few rolls, which were more or less, 
 faithful copies of the writings of some of the most talented men of his own 
 or a preceding age. The large public libraries, such as that of Alexandria, 
 differed in no respect from those of rich citizens, except in the number of 
 the manuscripts possessed. Of the great majority of these ancient works there 
 were but two or thi-ee perfect copies, while others were the original 
 productions of their authors, from which no copies had been made. At 
 such periods, not only the fame of authors, but the intellectual illumination 
 of mankind, rested on a more slender foundation than in the present age. 
 That unfortunate day which witnessed the destruction of the Alexandrian 
 library, erased from the records of time many names which would otherwise 
 have been held in perpetual remembrance ; and at the same time deprived all 
 subsequent races of mankind, of the proudest memorials of the intellectual 
 strength of their species. The invention of printing, and the consequent 
 multiplication of copies, present a formidable obstacle to the recurrence of 
 such an event. The productions of mind are no longer confined to the rich ; 
 nor can the accidental or wilful destruction of a public library, destroy the 
 records of the conquests of mind, whether in the bold efforts of imagination, 
 in the sober relations of history, or in the profound investigations of science. 
 All intellectual efforts have now become the property of man, whatever may 
 be the language he speaks, and on what locality soever he may reside. The 
 names of Shakspeare, Milton, Tasso, and Goethe, among the poets ; of 
 Newton, La Place, and Davy, among the philosophers, will be more securely 
 handed down to posterity in printed books, than if engraven on superb 
 monuments in every country of the globe. The efforts of their genius are 
 not confined to the present times, nor to the countries which gave them birth; 
 they belong to all times, all nations, and to every man. With them we can 
 now hold familiar and daily intercourse ; nor are we compelled for this 
 
 P
 
 54 
 
 privilege, to waste our substance, nor is the present enjoyment ever lessened 
 by the fear of some future deprivation. Great are the advantages in every 
 respect that we possess over the nations of antiquity, but above all we may 
 place the facility of obtaining education, and the acquisition of printed books. 
 
 The art of printing has necessarily increased research and the number of 
 authors. To obtain all that is published, is beyond the hope, and perhaps 
 the wish, of the most ardent lover of books; but there are few men in any 
 degree " given to reading," who do not wish to peruse many books which 
 they are unable to purchase. If a man has but one subject of study, which 
 is indeed a rare event, he must have an ample fortune to obtain all that is 
 published upon it, or to collect all the information acquired by others. Public 
 libraries are therefore desirable, and have been established in nearly all the 
 large towns of this country. By the combined exertions of many, works of 
 established reputation and of great cost, are purchased, and are open to the 
 use of all who may be connected with the institution. A design for a 
 building of such a character we have here presented to our readers; and 
 before we attempt to explain the plates, it may be desirable to make a few 
 general remarks. 
 
 A public library should consist of one large room in which books may be 
 kept, and it should, if possible, be lighted from the roof. The architect 
 must be careful to secure a general quietude of charactei', and for this puq)ose 
 an equally diffused light is essential, especially as the library itself is 
 frequently used for reading. Connected with the large room, there should be 
 some small apartments for study, which may have side windows. For these 
 a southern or western aspect is desirable. In a building of this description, 
 where persons are supposed to spend a portion of their time without bodily 
 exercise, and as such persons are generally of sedentary habits, an equable 
 temperature in the apartments occupied by them is of great importance. The 
 architect must, however, in every particular, study the comfort of the student 
 in the arrangement of all parts of his building ; and as he must have felt 
 the value of trifling arrangements when he was himself a sedentary student, 
 the provision for the comfort of others may be safely left iu his hands. 
 
 Plate XL. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Library and Reading 
 Rooms in the Grecian Ionic style of architecture, which from its simplicity 
 and elegance is admirably ada])tc(l for such a Iniilding.
 
 55 
 
 Plate XLI. 
 
 Is the principal plan for the design, which may he easily explained 
 by reference to the letters by which the several apartments are distinguished. 
 A is the entrance hall. B the porter's room. C an office, or servants' 
 waiting room. Eoth these rooms are connected with a passage which leads 
 by a staircase to the basement. At the end of the entrance hall there 
 are a few steps to a landing, D, and from this two flights of steps rise, 
 one on either side. E and F are rooms appropriated to the use of the 
 secretary or librarian, and those on the same level over B and C may be 
 given to the assistant, or otherwise employed as may be found necessary. 
 G is the library, with its appropriate fittings. a is the table, h h h are 
 bookcases. On each side of the library there are three rooms, H H H, 
 which may be used as reading rooms, and will also be found useful to 
 keep rare or expensive books. In each of these a table, a, is placed for 
 the convenience of those persons who may employ them as studies. The 
 rooms I I may be appropriated to newspapers and periodicals. J J are 
 urinals and water closets. K is a back entrance, with a staircase leading 
 to the library, and also to the basement. The reading rooms are lighted 
 by windows at the side, as shown in the plan. The library should be 
 lighted by side windows above the bookcases, and also from the roof, 
 which should be formed of cast metal. This may be done so as to give 
 a very imposing and beautiful effect. Tie-beams of an elliptical form should 
 be introduced about five feet apart, and every alternate compartment, divided 
 into panels, should be glazed. The height of the room, from the floor to 
 the cornice, should be thirty - five feet, and the smaller rooms about thirteen 
 feet. The dimensions of the several parts may, however, be taken from 
 the drawings. 
 
 The basement should not be less than nine feet in height when finished, 
 and may be divided into various rooms for the use of the establishment, 
 as may be found most convenient. Provision must at the same time be 
 made for the apparatus employed to warm and ventilate the building. 
 This subject requires the especial consideration of the architect, many of 
 the modes now in use having been *proved, by the fires which have 
 happened in various parts of the country, exceedingly unsafe.
 
 56 
 
 Plate XLII. Details. 
 
 Fig. 1. This is one -half of the transverse section of the roof, to a 
 large scale, showing the foot of one of the cast metal elliptical ribs, with 
 the light. The builder will readily perceive from this drawing, the mode 
 of attaching the girder to a shoe, and of fixing the shoe to a stone wall 
 plate. The same drawing shows the side windows, spoken of in our 
 description of the plans as being introduced above the bookcases. 
 
 Fig. 2, is a section, one- eighth of the full size of the cast metal 
 elliptical rib, with the slide light, on one side ; and the timbering for the 
 marine metal, or zinc covering, on the other. These ribs should be cast 
 hollow from the under side of the bearers, and may be intersected by 
 wood or plaster transoms, so as to form the panels in alternate spaces 
 between the cast metal elliptical ribs which have not the lights. The 
 slide lights may be opened and closed by means of rods and cranks hidden 
 within the walls, and will form an admirable means of ventilating the 
 building. 
 
 Fig. 3, is the profile of a cornice intended to be used over the wing 
 windows. 
 
 Fig. 4, is the profile of the architrave for the same, and for the upper 
 side windows. 
 
 Fig. 5, is the profile of other cornices. 
 
 Fig. 6, is the astragal for the upper cornice. 
 
 Fig. 7, is the transverse section of the wing buildings, and the sill of 
 the side wnndows to the library. The mode of framing the roof will be 
 readily understood, and in construction will be found extremely simple. 
 
 Fig. 8, is a section of a portion of the principal floor, which is supported 
 by metal girders. 
 
 Fig. 9, is a section of the footings.
 
 M' 
 
 f ■ i^s'!*
 
 f 
 
 n 
 
 '•
 
 
 ' 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 "% 
 
 ■. R 
 
 " 
 
 -|J 
 
 ^1 
 
 J 
 
 i I M i ■ : I i 
 
 
 ^c ■ ■- 
 
 H 
 
 '■'\ 
 
 % 
 
 , 1 1:,:= 
 
 ti 
 
 V ''^ 
 
 ' , " I I ' ■ I ■
 
 FIG V 
 
 fe i \\y c^^ 
 
 J 
 
 FIG. VI 
 
 p I J 
 
 t 
 
 i T C V 1 ! : 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 " ^^" "^ZJlj 
 
 iL-i-,^ 
 
 r r 
 
 ■ • \ '. 
 
 
 

 
 I 
 
 ;
 
 A DESIGN FOR AN HOTEL. 
 
 Great improvements have been made in the construction of hotels 
 during the last few years. Tlie best houses of this kind now possess all 
 the comforts and elegances of private residences ; and there is, perhaps, 
 no class of buildings in which the architect has a better opportunity of 
 exhibiting his taste, judgment, and knowledge. But before he can commence 
 the preparation of a design, he must fully understand the object of the 
 Iniilding, the class of persons for whom it is intended, and the character 
 of the town or locality in which it is to be erected. The design which 
 we have prepared is intended for a market town with a considerable 
 population, one in which there is sufficient wealth to support occasional 
 assemblies, and such a public traffic as to offer the expectation of visitors 
 requiring private apartments and family comforts. 
 
 Those persons who have not visited the continent, and especially the 
 northern countries, can have no idea of the superiority of accommodation 
 given to travellers in this country above all others. Even in the most 
 distant and least frequented parts of England, comforts are to be found, 
 which are at least sufficient for the casual visitor ; and in towns of any 
 importance he will find all that he can wish. This is saying much, but 
 not too much, for the hotels and taverns of this country ; especially when 
 it is considered, that in all our social and domestic arrangements we are 
 habituated to the refinements, and almost the excess of personal and relative 
 comfort. The public has demanded this accommodation, and it has been 
 readily supplied by the aid of those arrangements which are provided by 
 the architect. Great care, however, is required in designing for an hotel, 
 and especially with a view to secure sufficient light and ventilation, which 
 is not always an easy matter, as a large space is usually covered by such 
 buildings. But this difficulty is met by the necessity of introducing some 
 large rooms for puljlic purposes, in which it is desirable to give light and 
 ventilation from the roof 
 
 Plate XLIII. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Commercial and Family 
 Hotel. From this design it will be perceived that an admirable effect may be 
 produced by a suitable aiTangement of the piers, but of course much will 
 
 Q
 
 58 
 
 depend upon the care which is taken in gauging and rubbing the arches. 
 The mode of building here adopted will also be found an economical one, for 
 the piers being made to project four and a half inches, a less thickness of 
 brickwork between them causes a considerable saving of material in a 
 building of any extent. 
 
 Plate XLIV. 
 
 Is a plan of the principal or ground floor. The entrance to an hotel 
 is most conveniently placed in the centre of the principal front, and an 
 ample hall should be provided, as shown in the drawing. On the left- 
 hand side of the hall is a commercial room, intended chiefly for the use 
 of travellers ; and on the right-hand side a coffee room for general purposes. 
 Immediately fronting the entrance are the bar and bar - parlours, which 
 are surrounded by a passage, and lighted from above by glazed zinc 
 sashes. A sufficient light will thus be given to the bar and bar- 
 parlours, as well as a free ventilation to the entire body of the 
 building. Immediately behind the commercial and coffee rooms are the 
 staircases leading to the basement floor, and also to the upper stories of 
 the house, which should be appropriated as private sitting and bed-rooms. 
 It would, perhaps, be found of advantage, that one of these staircases 
 should be used exclusively by the servants and other members of the 
 establishment, and only one staircase be formed to the basement, which 
 should be on the same side. The left-hand side of the building may be 
 appropriated to some large rooms for public assemblies. The larger room 
 may be fitted up with a moveable rostrum or orchestra, the access to 
 Avhich should be from a door over the passage which surrounds the bar. 
 To make this room available for smaller parties, or for general purposes, 
 it may be divided by a portable or folding partition. Adjoining the assembly 
 room is a card or supper room, and at the same end of the l)uikling, on 
 the opposite side, is a dining room. The advantages to be obtained from 
 this situation are numerous, and point it out as a desirable arrangement. 
 It will he observed, that the plan is so formed, that there is a passage 
 way through the entire Imilding, and an entrance from the back as well 
 as the principal front. The dining room would be found exceedingly 
 convenient for market dinners, and general use on periodical occasions; 
 but it is also available when large parties or assemblies are held, requiring 
 the use of both the large rooms for amusements, as it might then be
 
 59 
 
 converted into a supper or refreshment room. Adjoining the card and 
 supper rooms there arc private rooms, on one side intended for the use 
 of hvdies, and on the other for gentlemen, with water closets attached. 
 Entrances to these rooms are provided from every side, so that the one 
 which may he most convenient for the occasion can be opened, and the 
 others closed. On the right-hand side of the bar there is a smoking room, 
 and adjoining it two parlours. The builder will do well to be careful in 
 ventilating the smoking room, which is of great importance to the general 
 comfort of the house. At the end of each of the side passages there are 
 a small yard, water closet, and urinal, the latter being supplied with water 
 from cisterns above. 
 
 The height of this floor should be, throughout, fifteen feet, except the 
 room for public meetings or assemblies, which should not be less than 
 twenty feet high, to secure a good proportion and proper ventilation. Over 
 this room there should be a mazzineere story, to be divided into small 
 bed rooms. 
 
 It has not been thought necessary to give a plan for the basement 
 story, as it is in a great measure fixed by the ground plan, and may be 
 divided and appropriated as shall be found most convenient for the purposes 
 of the hotel. The architect or builder will of course provide kitchens, 
 sculleries, apartments for warming apparatus, cellars, water closets, and all 
 other conveniences required for the domestic arrangements of a large 
 establishment. The height of this floor should be nine feet six inches. 
 
 In the arrangement of the first floor it will be desirable to appropriate 
 that part over the hall, commercial room, and coffee room, and also that 
 part over the card and dining rooms at the back of the house, if the 
 situation of the building will admit, into suites of apartments for the use of 
 families. The sides may be appropriated for bed rooms. The height of 
 this floor should be ten feet. 
 
 The upper or attic story can be divided into eight or ten good bed rooms, 
 the number being regulated by the size that shall be considered most 
 desirable, a passage being formed in the centre, and the rooms arranged on 
 each side. This .story is intended to be eight feet six inches high, which 
 will be sufficient for such rooms. 
 
 The roofs of these buildings may be constructed of either wrought or 
 cast metal, and covered with slate. All the sky -lights, and particularly 
 that round the passage, should be constructed of zinc or light wrought metal.
 
 60 
 
 Plate XLV. 
 
 Fig. 1 is the elevation of half the principal entrance, showing the 
 balcony and a part of the first floor windows. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a portion of the section of the same, showing the construction 
 and the method of finishing the inner and outer doors. A is a stone 
 cornice and architrave. B, timber lintel. F, framing and panelling of 
 soflit. C, flooring boards of first or principal story. a, the floor joists. 
 D, the shutters. E, the balustrade over the cornice. G, the external 
 door, folded back on the side jamb, prepared to receive it. This door 
 should be framed from two-inch oak, with double or single panels. H H, 
 one and a half inch folding mahogany sash doors, hung upon centres. 
 I, the stone landing, which should be three inches lower than the top step, 
 to allow of the opening of the door over the mats. L is a cavity, or 
 cutting, the whole length of the stone, to carry off" the surface water. K K, 
 stone steps to the entrance. M, principal wall. N, cross walls. 
 
 Fig. 3 represents one-half the ground plan. A is the outer door. 
 H, the inner sash door. B, the stone mullion for cantaliver. C, stone step. 
 
 Fig. 4 is a plan showing the projection upon the first floor. 
 
 A few remarks on the mode of construction will perhaps be expected, 
 but these need not be many. The plinth, base and caps of the pilasters, 
 the cantalivers, window sills, and all embellishments, should be executed 
 in stone. The face of the building may be either in coarse brickwork, to 
 be covered with cement, or it may be finished with picked stocks, tuck 
 pointed, which should ])o preferred, as most durable, and as giving a bold 
 relief to the stone ornaments. The floor line of the ground story is 
 intended to be two feet six inches above the ground line, and this will 
 l)ring the windows of the basement within a foot of the level of the 
 pavement. The area may be enclosed by iron railing round the wall, or 
 with iron horizontal gratings, flush with the pavement. If the latter plan 
 be adopted, an inclined area to each window will be desirable, but care 
 must be taken that the falls are so constructed as to carry off the 
 surface water without difticulty.
 
 n r 
 
 fe] 
 
 
 r— ~! 
 
 r 
 
 1: 
 
 PASSAGE 
 
 n L f ROOM 
 
 .J — ' — -rm 
 
 -^-^ ! [2.. 
 
 n 
 
 '^ 
 
 [' 'VU 
 
 r 
 
 o; 
 
 I i I ' ; I I I i-rl- 
 
 .IflOKS A!>'~ '
 
 SCALE OF FEL
 
 \
 
 A DESIGN FOR A GAS- HOUSE. 
 
 Many of the scientific discoveries of the present day have been distinguished 
 by their adaptation to the wants of society. The gas obtained from coal was 
 long known before any proposal was made to use it as a means of artificial 
 illumination. It may appear strange to the well-informed reader, that an 
 application most obvious and desirable should have been so long undiscovered ; 
 but all inventions which are really valuable to the public have been in the same 
 manner delayed, and we are always surprised that things so evident should not 
 have been made known before. Since about the year 1814, gas lighting has 
 been generally adopted, so that there is not now any town of importance in 
 this country without its gas works. Since its introduction many important 
 improvements have been made in the machinery employed for its production, 
 and it has been extracted fi-om oil, tar, resin, and other substances as well as 
 coal. In our Design we have endeavoured to represent the gas works in 
 the most improved state to which they have been brought by modern science ; 
 but to prepare the reader for the study of the subject, a few general remarks 
 seem to be necessary. 
 
 A number of cast-iron vessels called retorts, generally of a cylindrical or 
 oval shape, are set in a brick furnace, in such a manner as to secure the 
 application of heat in the most ready and economical manner. Supposing 
 them to be thus fixed and the fire to be lighted, they are raised to a red 
 heat, and then about half filled with coal, after which the mouths of the 
 retorts are closed and carefully luted, generally with clay. In a short time the 
 decomposition of the coal commences, and those parts which are vaporized are 
 conducted by bent tubes, called the dip pipes, into a large horizontal cast-iron 
 tube called the hydraulic main. The dip pipes are brought into the hydraulic 
 main, so called because it is half full of water, in such a manner that the 
 gas must pass through the liquid, by which a portion of the vapour of tar 
 and ammonia are condensed. The gas rises to the upper part of the hydraulic 
 main, and is conveyed by another pipe to the condenser, which is made of 
 various forms and materials according to the opinion or fancy of the engineer. 
 In passing through the condenser, the gas is so much cooled that the vapour 
 of tar and ammonia which still remains mixed with the gas is condensed, and 
 the products pass into the tar cistern. It may be here necessary to point out 
 
 R
 
 62 
 
 the distinction between a vapour and a gas. They are both elastic fluids, 
 but while one permanently retains its form, the other is easily condensed into 
 a liquid. Water may be converted by heat into a vapour, but immediately 
 the steam, that is, the aqueous vapour, is exposed to the common temperature 
 of the atmosphere, it is condensed and becomes water again. Now this is the 
 characteristic of all vapours, — they may be brought into a liquid state by 
 cold. No degree of cold can condense a gas ; it is a permanently elastic fluid 
 under all the common conditions of the atmosphere. It is true, that by the 
 aid of enormous pressure, some of the gases have been condensed by chemists, 
 but others have resisted all the efforts which have been made to convert them 
 into liquids. The gas which is sought for by the manufacturer as a means of 
 illumination, is that which is called carburetted hydrogen, but in the distillation 
 of coal some others are thrown off, especially the sulphuretted hydrogen and 
 carbonic acid gas. As no degree of cold can condense these, the passage 
 through water has no effect upon them, and other means must be adopted to 
 separate them from the carburetted hydrogen with which they are mixed. For 
 this purpose the gas is conveyed from the condenser into a vessel called the 
 purifier, which contains lime or lime-water. This substance has a strong 
 affinity for sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gas, and in consequence 
 a chemical union takes place between them. When gas was first introduced 
 many objections w^ere urged against its use, and among these the unpleasant 
 and unwholesome atmosphere produced by its combustion, and the discolorization 
 of all bright metallic surface, were not the least. The purification of the gas, or 
 in other words, the separation of those substances with which it is mixed, but not 
 required for combustion, has corrected these evils, so that it is now, in reference 
 to health and cleanliness, as well as intensity and economy, the best means of 
 artificial illumination. Fi'om the purifier, the gas is conducted into the gas- 
 holder or gasometer, from which it is conveyed to any place where it may be 
 required for use. 
 
 Since the introduction of coal gas, works have been erected in almost every 
 large town in the principal countries of Europe, either by companies or private 
 speculators. The inventions for the improvement of the several parts have been 
 almost as numerous as the works which have been established ; and to examine 
 and describe these, would require a greater space than we can devote to the 
 subject, and would, moreover, have a doubtful value, did our limits offer the 
 temptation of making such an attempt. A short history, however, of this 
 important invention will be interesting to every reader.
 
 63 
 
 Dr. Clayton appears to have been the first person who ascertained that in 
 the dry distillation of coal, an inflammable gaseons fluid was evolved. This 
 discovery was published in 1739, in the Transactions of the Royal Society. 
 Some time after, Ur. Hales made experiments on pit coal, and discovered that 
 •when it was distilled in closed vessels, nearly one-third of the weight was 
 lost by the escape of inflammable vapour. In 1767,' Dr. Watson, Bishop of 
 Llandafi', performed some other experiments, but he does not appear to have 
 made any attempt to employ the gas. In 1792, Mr. Murdoch, of lledruth, in 
 Cornwall, commenced a series of experiments upon the quantity and quality of 
 the gases contained in coal, peat, wood, and other substances, and during 
 his investigations he appears to have originated the idea, that by confining 
 the coal gas in suitable vessels and tubes, it might be employed as an 
 economical substitute for lamps and candles. With this opinion, he 
 commenced his experiments by the generation, in iron retorts, of coal gas, 
 which being conducted by tinned iron and copper tubes to a distance of 
 seventy feet, he was able to ignite either at . the termination, or at any 
 intermediate point. Having ascertained that the gas might be conducted to 
 a considerable distance from the vessel in which it was made, he directed his 
 attention to the size and forms of the apertures for the purpose of ascertaining 
 which would be most suitable for the combustion of the gas, and produce the 
 greatest amount of light. It was at this time that the cock-spur, bat-wing, 
 and argand burners, which are now most commonly employed, were introduced. 
 These and other experiments established the fact, that gas might be employed 
 as an artificial light, but Mr. Murdoch was prevented for some time by other 
 engagements from taking the necessary means for its introduction. In 1798, 
 however, he constructed an apparatus for lighting the works of Messrs. Boulton 
 and Watt, at Soho. In 1803 and 1804, public exhibitions of gas lighting 
 were made at the Lyceum Theatre, and proposals were issued for lighting 
 the public streets. An experiment was in fact made in Pall Mall, but was 
 supposed to have failed, and the plan was abandoned. In consequence^ of 
 this the general introduction of gas-lighting Avas delayed until the year 1813, 
 •when the Chartered Gas Company erected their works in Peter Street, 
 Westminster. Soon after this, the invention, or as it might be more properly 
 called the discovery, attracted almost universal attention ; great improvements 
 were made in the manufacture, so as to secure economy and cleanliness, and 
 one town after another adopted it as the best means of artificial illumination. 
 It is now not only employed in the public streets, and in shops and ware-
 
 64 
 
 houses, but also in the dwellings of all classes, and it is done without injury 
 to the richest articles of furniture, if sufficient care be taken in its manufacture 
 and application. 
 
 Gas is also frequently used for the illumination of public clocks. The 
 application of it for this purpose was first made at Glasgow. In that city 
 there is a clock with two faces, supported by a projecting bracket, and 
 surmounted by a carved phoenix. The jets are placed above the clock, and 
 the light is reflected from mirrors, fixed on the under side of the wings of 
 the phoenix. To light the burner without the trouble of ascending to a 
 considerable height, a pipe, in addition to that which supplies the gas for 
 consumption, is laid on to the bui'uer, with a stop-cock at its junction with 
 the main. This tube or flash-pipe, as it is called, is perforated through its 
 whole length with numerous small holes. When the stop-cocks are opened, 
 the gas flows through both the pipes, and of course, issues from the holes 
 in the flash-pipe. As soon as a light is brought into contact with either 
 of these, the flame rises through the whole length, and ignites the gas issuing 
 from the illuminating jet. 
 
 We may now close these preliminary observations with a few remarks on 
 the nature of those gases which are given off during the distillation of coal. 
 The gas is, as already stated, hydrogen, but intermixed with other gaseous 
 or vaporous matters. To distinguish between these, and to separate those 
 which are either incombustible, or produce during combustion, an unhealthy 
 atmosphere, is of the greatest importance. 
 
 Hydrogen gas is obtained for the purposes of experiment by pouring 
 sulphuric acid, diluted with five or six times its weight of water, upon iron 
 filings ; or by acting in the same manner upon zinc Avith sulphuric acid, 
 diluted with about eight parts of water. Hydrogen gas is readily detected 
 by its odour, which is very disagreeable. Animals cannot breathe it, and a 
 flame is extinguished when plunged into a vessel containing it, although it 
 is inflammable when ignited in the atmosj)here. 
 
 Carburetted hydrogen, sometimes called heavy inflamnuiblc air, is obtained 
 by purifying coal gas. It burns with a yellow flame, and gives out a more 
 intense light than hydrogen. 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen has an extremely fetid snicU, resembling that of putrid 
 eggs. It is an impurity in coal gas, and is so deleterious to animal life, that 
 a bird exposed lo an atmosphere which contained only one part of the gas to 
 fifteen hundred of atmospheric air, died instantly. This fact will be suflicient
 
 65 
 
 to prove the importance of purifying coal-gas, for it cannot otherwise be burned 
 without producing an atmosphere which is extremely unhealthy. 
 
 The advantages which have been gained by the introduction of coal-gas, 
 are more numerous than can be imagined from a superficial view. If we 
 had only obtained a strong and pleasant artificial light, and avoided the 
 labour, inconvenience, and expense, which attended every previous method 
 of lighting, its introduction would have been of great importance. But the 
 subject may be placed on a much higher ground, when viewed in relation 
 to the improvements which have been recently observed in the social and 
 moral condition of society. The lighting of the public streets has given an 
 efficiency to police establishments ; and if it has not diminished vice, has 
 made its exhibitions less frequent, and given a security to property which 
 was not before enjoyed. * 
 
 Among the advantages derived from the common introduction of gas, safety 
 is not the least. There are persons, even in the present day, who continue 
 to indulge prejudice, although evidence most conclusive has been long opposed 
 to their fears. Gas is evidently a less dangerous artificial light than either 
 lamps or candles, for there is no possibility of sparks being thrown out, and 
 igniting the inflammable substances which may happen to be near. If there 
 be not an almost wilful neglect, an accident from the use of gas is impossible ; 
 nor can it indeed occur at any time without an escape. The coal gas when 
 ignited at a jet, burns with a steady flame ; but when intermixed with 
 atmospheric air, it becomes an explosive compound of a most dangerous 
 character. Accidents which occur from this cause, are therefore, of a serious 
 nature ; and we, consequently, sometimes hear of buildings being almost 
 destroyed. Many instances might, if necessary, be mentioned, but they are 
 already too well known to our readers. If, however, they be severally traced 
 to their origin, they will all be found to arise from some degree of culpable 
 ignorance or neglect. Gas cannot escape without being known by its 
 unpleasant smell ; and should a light be introduced into a room containing 
 a mixed and deleterious atmosphere, an explosion will probably be the result. 
 
 These general remarks will prepare the reader for the examination of the 
 drawings, and enable him to understand the use and propriety of the several 
 parts of the works which we have introduced in detail.
 
 66 
 
 Plate XLVI. 
 
 Is the entrauce elevation of a design for Gas Works, calculated to supply 
 a town containing from seven to eight thousand inhabitants. In designing 
 and constructing buildings for the manufacture of gas, it is of the greatest 
 importance that the most simple as well, as efficient principles should be 
 adopted, for upon this will depend not only the economy Avith which the 
 gas is produced, but also its purity and abundance. 
 
 The central building in the design or principal elevation, is the retort house ; 
 and the low buildings which range with it in the same front, are coal and 
 coke sheds. Between this main building and the Ijoundary wall, there is a 
 large yard, as shown upon the ground plan, bounded on each side by 
 necessaiy offi.ces and a dwelling-house for the engineer ; and these being 
 brought out to range with the boundary wall, give a neat, finished, and 
 handsome appearance to the design. 
 
 Plate XLVII. 
 
 Is the ground plan. There are three entrances to the liuilding ; one 
 in the centre, by a pair of large folding gates, for carts, horses, and large 
 materials or machinery used in the works, and one on each side for 
 workmen and visitors. These severally conduct us into a large yard, and 
 on the right is the residence of the engineer or manager, and on the left 
 an office, waiting-room, and board-room. In the centre of the principal 
 building is the retort-house, and on each side a shed, one of which is for 
 coal and the other for coke. At the back of the retort house, or rather 
 of the coke shed, is the pan of one gasometer, supposed to be in use. 
 The dotted circles mark the situations where other gasometers may be 
 suspended if required. From the hydraulic main the gas is conveyed into 
 the condensing cistern A. B is a cistern for the reception of the coal 
 tar and ammonia liquor. From the cistern A the gas is conveyed by pipes, 
 shown by the dotted lines, into the purifying house C. D D are the 
 purifying boxes. E is the gauge, or gas meter. By another line of pipes 
 the gas is conveyed into the gasometer, or into the main which communicates 
 with the town or Iniilding to be lighted. It will be here necessary to 
 remark that the gasometer is only a reservoir, and serves no other purpose 
 than tliat it enaljles the manufacturer to produce the iluid l)ofore it is 
 absolutely required for use, but in the event of an accident the gas may 
 be turned at once into the main without going into the reservoir at all,
 
 67 
 
 though it must be at the same time remembered that it will then be 
 under no pressure but that of the fluid itself, which must consequently be 
 supplied in great abundance. The well near the gasometer contains the 
 principal valve; and the dotted line from it, which is carried out of the 
 yard, shows the direction of the main. The sheds on each side of the 
 back yard will be found useful, not only for containing lime, but also 
 various articles of machinery, pipes, and other things, and a workshop for 
 the gas fitter is absolutely necessary. 
 
 Plate XLVIII. 
 
 Is a section and elevation. The retort house is shown longitudinally in 
 section; the engineer's residence and the offices are represented in section 
 transversely. The coal and coke sheds are shown in elevation. The 
 windows of the store rooms, lime houses, and coal and coke sheds, may be 
 of perforated zinc. 
 
 Plate XLIX. 
 
 In this plate a transverse section of the retort house is shown, and the 
 elevation of the manager's residence. The gasometer is also represented, 
 
 and the mode of suspending it. All our readers are aware that it works 
 
 in a tank containing water, in which it rises or falls according to the 
 
 quantity of gas contained. This excavation should be made perfectly 
 
 water-tight, unless there be such springs in the ground as will constantly 
 
 supply at all seasons of the year a sufficient amount of water. 
 
 Plate L. 
 
 In this plate the construction of the retorts and the mode of fitting 
 them are shown. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is the elevation of the furnace, retorts, &c., in the retort house. 
 A A is the hydraulic main. B B are the dip pipes. C C two retorts 
 with the doors open. D D D three retorts with the doors closed. 
 E the furnace door. F a stone or brick floor. G the ash-hole. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the transverse section of the furnace and retorts as fixed in 
 the oven, or in other words, it represents the appearance, supposing the 
 front masonry to be removed. G is the ash-hole, which is bounded on 
 each of the sides by a nine- inch wall. The intermediate space between 
 these and the adjoining walls is filled Avith sand, which is used for the 
 purpose of retaining the heat, it being a bad conductor of caloric. E is
 
 68 
 
 the furnace. The retorts are supported, as will be seen in the drawing 
 at n a, upon four -inch arches with metal supports. b is the outlet for 
 the smoke, which is carried round the arch, and takes three returns. S is 
 a stone covering, and the interval between it and the oven is filled with 
 sand, for the pui'pose already explained. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is a longitudinal section of the fiimace, retorts, flue, &c. 
 G is the ash-hole. E the furnace. C the retorts, one of which is shown 
 in section. B the dip pipe. A the hydraulic main. D the pipe leading 
 to the condenser. This method of building the ovens, of fixing the retorts, 
 and of constructing the flues, the author has adopted in many places, and 
 can speak with certainty when he recommends the plan to others. He 
 has no doubt in saying that the builder Avill find it highly advantageous 
 to adopt the hints which have been here offered to him on these important 
 subjects. 
 
 Plate LI. Details. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a perspective sketch of the condensing box, which is 
 generally made of wood, but may be constructed of any other suitable 
 material. . The arrows show the circulation of the gas after leaving the 
 hydraulic main, from one compartment to another, the object being to pass 
 it through as great an extent of fluid as possible, so as to secure the 
 condensation of all those substances which are thrown off in a state of 
 vapour with the gas. The tar, ammonia, and other impurities thus 
 condensed, are drawn off by the syphon A. 
 
 Fiff. 2 is a perspective sketch of the purifying box. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a section of the same, shoAving the perforated shelves, over 
 each of which dry lime is spread to the depth of about three inches. 
 
 Fiff. 4 is the plan of one of the shelves. 
 
 Fiff. 5 is the plan of tlie top of the box, which should be kept down 
 in the water to the rim l)y a regulated pressure weight. 
 
 Fig. 6 is a perspective sketch of a portion of one of the retorts, showing 
 the method of attaching the mouth-piece and fastening the door. 
 
 Fig. 7 is a sketch of the furnace door. 
 
 Fig. 8 is the crank Ijy which it is lifted in and out of gear. 
 
 Fig. 9 is a section of the wrought metal roof and ventilator, which is 
 drawn to scale, and will not, therefore, require any description.
 
 >v„ 
 
 ■fc 
 
 
 "HEBP''!. Vs!!>Sii;: ^ :^i.:j)S!..*.. s,,.ri~r
 
 ^m
 
 'n- 
 
 Pi 

 
 -ilk 
 
 :^=fl 
 
 KJ 
 
 n 
 
 -■■vmiaata^ - 

 
 4 
 
 /^ijf ■f
 
 DESIGN OF A MARKET-HOUSE FOR A SMALL TOWN. 
 
 We liave already given a design for a market-house, but it was only 
 suited for a town with a large population. As it is our principal object in 
 this book to meet the public wants of communities, whether congregated in 
 large or small numbers, it is desirable that we should furnish a design 
 of less extent, and of more limited expense. No public building is 
 of so much importance as a market, whether considered as a matter of 
 convenience or of cleanliness. Small towns, also, are generally found in 
 agricultural districts, and a suitable place is required for the periodical 
 meetings of farmers, and the sale of their produce. The design we have 
 here presented to our readers, has been prepared with a view to their 
 accommodation, as well as the easy application of the building to generally 
 useful purposes. 
 
 Markets, (which when held periodically at comparatively long intervals of 
 time, were called fairs,) are of great antiquity, in this and in many 
 other European countries. At a period when the principles of commerce 
 were beginning to be understood, but when the trader did not possess the 
 convenient modes of selling or buying he now enjoys, markets were 
 indispensable. The country less thickly populated, and the means of 
 communication less easy, it became necessary to establish periodical meetings 
 for trade, and the market crosses still existing in some of our ancient 
 provincial towns, are memorials of the times to which we refer. These 
 markets, or fairs, were also sometimes established by the noble or powerful 
 for the purposes of personal gain, or to enrich the ecclesiastics, and depress 
 the merchants, who were gaining great wealth by their trades. In the 
 time of Henry III., the citizens of London were looked on with great 
 jealousy by the Court, and every means was adopted to impoverish them. 
 They are tauntingly described as " calling themselves barons on account of 
 their wealth ;" and to diminish their gains and to enrich the abbot ol 
 Westminster, an annual fair was granted to him, to be held at Westminster 
 at St. Edward's tide for fifteen days ; " and to the end that the same 
 should be more haunted with all manner of people, he (Henry) commanded 
 by proclamation that all other fairs, as Elie, and such like, holden in that 
 season, should not be kept, nor that any wares should be shewed within 
 
 T
 
 70 
 
 the citie of London, either in shop or without ; but that such as would 
 sell should come for that time unto Westminster." As the liberties of the 
 subject were extended, commerce was freed from the shackles by which it 
 had been restrained, and the market being found an insufficient accommo- 
 dation to the merchant, was left for occupation to those who deal in 
 agricultural produce, and provision. 
 
 Plate LII. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Market-house, suitable for 
 a small town. The market is intended to be held on the ground-floor, and 
 over it is a large room which may be used as a court for magistrates, an 
 exchange room, a place of assembly, or any purpose requiring a large space. 
 At the same time, arrangements may be easily made for its division into 
 a number of rooms by temporary partitions. One of the wing buildings may 
 be used in part for an engine-house, and the other part for a police station 
 or watch-house. The other wing building may be fitted up with stalls for 
 a market, or otherwise appropriated as may be found most useful for the 
 town. It is scarcely necessary to remark, that although we have endeavoured 
 to give the most convenient arrangement for the several buildings we have 
 designed, it is not to be expected that they will in all cases be found the 
 most appropriate for the towns in which it is proposed to erect them. The 
 architect or builder must, therefore, so modify them as to meet the wants 
 of the locality. 
 
 Plate LIII. 
 
 Fig. 1, is the ground plan of the building. The central part is left 
 open as a market for corn or any other produce. Adjoining it on one side, 
 are the police and engine stations. The principal entrance to these, is at 
 the end of the building, leading into a long and wide passage, in which two 
 or more engines may be kept. To this part of the wing, there is also an 
 entrance from the rooms appropriated to the engineers or fire brigade, and 
 those occupied by the police. If a larger police establishment be required 
 than is provided for in this arrangement, that which is shown in the other 
 wing, will be found convenient. The principal entrance here, is at the end 
 of the building, and leads into a hall, having a cell for prisoners on each
 
 71 
 
 side. These cells should be fitted up with benches and a water closet. At 
 the end of the entrance hall, is the door into a passage adjoining the 
 inspector's office. The partition in the passage enclosing the inspector's 
 office, should have a sliding sash ; beneath ■which is fixed a desk, where the 
 person sits who takes the charge. The other fittings for the office must 
 consist of benches and closets. The two side entrfinces lead into passages, in 
 which are fixed the stairs to the room on the first floor, and to the water 
 closets and urinals. 
 
 If apartments should not be required for an engine and station house, the 
 wings may be divided into separate stalls for the sale of articles of common 
 consumption. Should this plan be adopted, it will be desirable to have 
 portable stalls, so that the convenience of different persons renting them 
 may be secured ; and the space be rendered available for other purposes when 
 no market is held. 
 
 In the middle of the market-house there should be a pump and cistern, 
 for the use of persons who require water for their business, and also to 
 insure the cleanliness of the building. If vaults should be introduced, and 
 they are very desirable for the purpose of depositing the stalls and other 
 moveable articles, they should be entered from doors in the floor of the 
 market-house, or from the wings, if those parts of the building should be 
 used for any purposes that admit of this arrangement. 
 
 Fig. 2 is another arrangement of a ground plan for the same building, 
 in which the wings are appropriated for the use of the market, fitted up 
 with stalls in different manners. In one of these we have shown the 
 mode of obtaining convenient water closets and urinals, and also a 
 staircase to the upper rooms. The passage through the building should 
 be retained if possible, as it gives a readiness of access to every part, as 
 each division will probably be appropriated to different kinds of merchandise. 
 
 Plate LIV. 
 
 Fig. 1 exhibits one-half of the large or exchange room, on the first floor, 
 and one of the wings. The plan of the wing is intended to represent 
 the mode in which it may be fitted up for use when the large room is 
 used for public assemblies. We have supposed the room to be built for 
 stalls, as shown in Fig. 2, Plate LXII., the stalls themselves being temporary
 
 72 
 
 erections. Upon the removal of these, a portable boarded platform may be 
 put down, and the several apartments made by moveable partitions. 
 
 Fig. 2 exhibits the mode of constructing the roof, and of finishing it. 
 The roof may be covered with slates, zinc, or marine metal, as may be 
 most convenient. The wing buildings, it will be observed, are intended to 
 be lighted from above, which will be found in every respect the most 
 convenient mode. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a transverse section of one-half of the central building, showing 
 the exchange room, market, and vaults. 
 
 Fig. 4 is a transverse section of one-half of the wing buildings. 
 
 In both these sectional drawings the mode of construction is fully shown, 
 and also the style of finishing the exchange room. The turrets at each 
 end of the building are not merely intended as ornaments, but serve the 
 general purposes of ventilation, or one may be used as a chimney for tha 
 exchange room, if a fire be considered desirable. 
 
 Fig. 5 is a section of the base of the pilasters, to a large scale. 
 
 Fig. 6 is the section of the cap of the pilasters. 
 
 Fig. 7 is the cornice of the exchange room. 
 
 Fig. 8 is the cornice of the wing buildings. 
 
 Fig. 9 is the cornice over the door heads. 
 
 Fig. 10 is the cornice of the principal building. 
 
 It is proposed to construct this building of bricks, and to execute the 
 cornices, caps and bases of pilasters, and other ornamental parts, of stone. 
 Should it be found impossible to obtain stone, they may be run in cement 
 upon properly i)reparcd brickwork. The rustic work, at the end of the 
 Ijuilding, and the ornament aljove it, should also be of stone. The piers 
 or pilasters supporting the fronts of the exchange room should be eighteen 
 inches thick, and the brickwork above fourteen inches. The wing buildings 
 should 1)6 fourteen inches thick in the piers, and nine inches in the panels. 
 The market -house is intended to be sixteen feet high, and the exchange 
 room twenty-two feet under the cove. The vaults under the principal 
 building should be eight feet high to the springing.
 
 m- 
 
 f . 1^9^- 
 
 r"— >
 
 I I i I <--< I i I-
 
 r:c 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 
 IK 
 
 i[ 
 
 il ROOF \ 
 
 iiiSil 
 
 >. XCHAM'G E ROOM 
 
 LAUr. ING 
 
 F1 
 
 -iOMAa StELLT 1842
 
 A DESIGN FOR A COUNTRY CHURCH. 
 
 Many excellent designs for Gothic churches on a large scale have been at 
 various times published by architects, but we are not aware that much attention 
 has been paid to the preparation of those suited for small rural parishes- 
 In such situations, the architect should, in the first place, endeavour 
 to suit his design to the limited sum to be expended, and to confine the 
 size of the building to the absolute or expected wants of the locality ; and 
 in the next place, he should endeavour to secure a propriety in his design, 
 suiting it to the scenery of the place in which it is to be erected. All persons 
 seem to agree in the choice of Gothic, as the best style of architecture for 
 a village church ; and it is easy, we think, to discover the origin of this 
 almost universal selection of the pointed architecture. There is a great 
 harmony between the form and general characteristics of Gothic, and the 
 scenes which every where meet the eye in the quiet retirement of a country 
 village. But there is a still stronger motive for the adoption of the style, 
 although less evident ; it is the pleasing associations which may be 
 acting in the mind, without even the knowledge of the individual. The 
 rude peasant who has not, perhaps, even thought of the difference 
 between the forms of the church in which he on every succeeding 
 Sunday performs his accustomed worship, and the barn in which he on 
 every other day labours for the subsistence of his family, is not an 
 unprejudiced observer ; for the sight of a church similar to that which 
 in youth he called his own, or to that in which he now hears the 
 words of truth, brings to his mind many scenes over which he delights 
 to linger. To the man of education, there are other associations, 
 besides those of a personal character, and which are connected with the 
 warmest feelings of our nature. He reverts to the state of society when 
 such buildings were first erected, the history, so far as it is known, of those 
 who invented or improved the style, and a thousand historical facts and 
 subjects of interest crowd upon his recollection. It is true, that similar 
 associations may be called up by buildings in other styles of architecture, 
 and yet how unlike! The thoughts of former greatness may be present in 
 the mind, and the imagination may re-animate past scenes, but there will 
 still be wanting that bond of union which is given by locality. They 
 
 u
 
 74 
 
 were our ancestors who erected the building, who administered the sacraments, 
 and performed the services, or who worshipped within its walls. Generation 
 after generation appeared and decayed ; habits, mannei's, and even the very 
 face of nature, changed, but still the sacred pile remains a silent reprover 
 of the vanities of life, stUl upholding on its pinnacles and spire the sacred 
 emblem of eternal mercy. These are the associations which to the serious 
 and reflecting mind of an Englishman, give an interest to Gothic architecture 
 as the style best suited for ecclesiastical buildings. 
 
 Plate LV. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Country Church in the early 
 English style, or in other words, the earliest period of Gothic architecture ; 
 and it is better adapted for such a purpose than any other style, on account 
 of the simplicity of its details, and the appropriate neatness of its ornaments. 
 
 The lancet arch, which is one of the leading features of the early Gothic, 
 made its appearance in England about the year 1135, towards the close of 
 the reign of Stephen. Previous to this period the Norman architecture was 
 in common use for ecclesiastical structures, and there is but little doubt 
 that we are indebted to the Normans for this liehter and more elegant 
 style, as well as that which bears their name. It is quite certain, we think, 
 that the lancet arch was employed in Normandy as early as the year 1080, 
 and in 1150 had completely superseded the round arch and its appropriate 
 ornaments. We may, therefore, conclude that a period of about seventy 
 years was occupied in bringing the style to perfection ; and it would be 
 interesting, were all or many of the buildings erected during that period of 
 transition in existence, to trace the progressive advance of the art from the 
 heavy and grand outline of the semi-circular arch, with its double and 
 treble chevron, its festooned, crenelated, and billet, or, at a still later 
 period, its beak and cat's -head mouldings, to the light and more elegant 
 lancet style, with the trefoil head, bas-reliefs, and other sculptured enrichments. 
 
 The windows of the first period of Gothic architecture were narrow, long, 
 and sharply pointed ; and Ijoth on the exterior and interior were decorated 
 with light shafts. Architectural writers generally refer to the window in 
 the great transept of York Cathedral, which is fifty feet in height, and eight 
 in width, as one of the finest, as well as the largest specimens in England.
 
 75 
 
 The window in the south transept of Beverley Minster, and in the Chapter 
 House at Oxford, may also he mentioned as fine examples. 
 
 Almost immediately after the introduction of the lancet arch, the trefoil, 
 formed hy a circle and two half circles, was adopted. " I have ohserved," 
 says Mr. Dallaway, " no instance more perfect than in the Gallery of Ely, 
 and that of the elder Lady Chapel in Bristol Cathedral, erected not later 
 than 1170. The trefoil soon hecame much expanded, and the open 
 quai'terfoils, spreading into many halves or lesser portions of circles, were 
 introduced, which terminated in hosses or flowers. These were either applied 
 to the walls, more frequently in chapter houses, or to door cases deeply 
 recessed, and each may be seen to great advantage in Lichfield Cathedral." 
 
 The style we have adopted in our design is stripped of all ornament, with 
 a view to the saving of expense; and it will, we think, be evident, that 
 great neatness and propriety may be secured in Gothic architecture without 
 a large expenditure. 
 
 The spire is a very characteristic feature of a Gothic church. It was 
 never used in the Norman buildings, and the steeple itself was so low 
 that even in the latest examples it did not rise to a height of more than 
 one square above the roof When the pointed style was introduced, the 
 tower was raised and a spire was added. It was at first made quite 
 plain, but was afterwards more or less decorated as the ornamental work 
 was increased. 
 
 Plate LVI. 
 
 This is the ground plan. On each side of the altar a small room is 
 provided, one of which may be employed for a robing room, and one for 
 general purposes. There are three entrances to the church, one in the 
 principal or western front, and one on each side. At the western end 
 seats are provided, for charity or Sunday-school children, and these may 
 be raised one above the other, so as to bring them into the view of the 
 clergyman and congregation. An organ may, if required, be introduced 
 in the tower, and the circular staircase leading to the belfry can be used 
 by the organist, or it would be easy to construct another and more 
 convenient entrance. The body of the church is fitted up with pews, 
 but it is probable that this arrangement may not be found altogether suitable, 
 and may be altered to suit the convenience of the parish for whose use the 
 building is erected.
 
 76 
 
 Plate LVII. 
 
 Is partly a section, and partly an elevation, taken upon the line A B. 
 One-half of the drawing is a section, and so clearly exhibits the construction 
 of the building, that it is hardly necessary to make any remarks upon it. 
 A concrete foundation has been introduced, but this may be omitted if found 
 to be unnecessary. The walls being low need not be of great thickness, and 
 the footings may be arranged in proportion. The roofs are simple in 
 construction, but we would recommend to the builder the adoption of the 
 method * we have shown of forming a ceiling, which can be done at a 
 comparatively trifling cost, and will be very appropriate to a small structure 
 such as that we have presented to his notice. 
 
 The next part of this plate exhibits the construction of the steeple and 
 spire, with a suitable clock floor and belfi-y. It is proposed to build the 
 spire of wood, and the manner in which this can be done is shown 
 in the elevation ; but to assist the reader still further, we have given plans 
 of two different parts. 
 
 Fig. I. Is a plan of the tower at C. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a plan of the tower at D. 
 
 In connexion with the section of the tower and spire we have given an 
 elevation of part of the western front, and the side elevation of the porch 
 on the southern side. Details suited for every part of this elevation 
 may be collected from various parts of this book, and our work on Villa 
 Architecture. 
 
 In speaking of the materials of which this building may be formed, should 
 our design be carried into execution, we can only repeat what we have 
 already stated in reference to other structures. If a suitable building stone 
 cannot be procured at a moderate cost, we recommend the use of hard 
 grey stocks of a uniform colour; for roman cement, especially in large 
 masses, should be avoided as much as possible. The dressings to the 
 doors and windows, and the other moulded or ornamental parts, should be 
 of slone. The church may thus be constructed at a small cost, and will 
 be in every respect better than one covered with cement, a substance 
 which is subject to great injury from frost and other atmospheric changes.
 
 I 
 
 f
 
 m 
 
 u 
 
 ■ ~'-^. 
 
 , 
 
 .1 
 
 : : 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 l-^ — • ,1 . -^ 
 
 « f- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 |£^ 
 
 Zl ! 
 
 \k>. 
 
 
 SCALE OF TEET
 
 PLAN AT I- 
 
 f 
 
 =^ ^ ^ o 
 
 K 
 
 
 [o 
 
 1 
 
 i t I I I ■ I I I I.I
 
 A DESIGN FOR A MUSIC HALL OR PUBLIC ROOMS. 
 
 There are many towns in this country which, although inhabited by some 
 families of distinction in weaUh or education, requiring all the modern 
 improvements for the enjoyment of public amusements as well as for the 
 pursuit of intellectual and benevolent objects, are unable to support the 
 establishments which in more populous places are considered necessary for 
 the several objects. Assembly rooms, literary institutions, news rooms, 
 music and temperance halls, may be found as distinct buildings in 
 large towns, but in the smaller it is necessary to secure the advantages 
 required by each and all the popular institutions of the day, hi one. The 
 design which we here present to the reader is intended for this purpose, 
 and will, we think, be found suitable, from the character of the elevations,. 
 and the convenience of its arrangements. 
 
 Our design has been prepared chiefly with a view to musical perform- 
 ances. The English public have not long been acquainted with a means 
 of securing occasional concerts and oratorios, and have consequently had 
 but few opportunities of enjoying in public, the most delightful of all 
 recreations — that of listening to good music. Foreigners have from this 
 cause imagined that the British are not a musical people, and have invented 
 many theories to account for the assumed fact. Some have thought that 
 our climate is too cold and changeable, some that we are too much 
 engaged in the accumulation of wealth, to find time for a pursuit which 
 is not profitable in the commercial acceptation of the word. But those 
 who imagine that we are as a nation destitute of the soul of music, are 
 ignorant of our social constitution. The British nation is essentially 
 domestic, and to know its character and habits the stranger must mix in 
 the family circles of the middle classes; and if once admitted there, he 
 will find a more correct appreciation of harmony and the works of genius 
 than can be attributed to those who only find a similar enjoyment in 
 public assemblies, amidst the glare and glitter of equipage and external 
 circumstance. The public performance of music, however, is desirable, and 
 buildings are in various large towns erected for the purpose; and could such 
 buildings as that we have designed, useful for a variety of purposes, be 
 erected in places of comparatively small population, the pleasure might be 
 extended to the people in general. 
 
 X
 
 78 
 
 Throughout this work we have adopted the plan of representing our 
 designs in perspective, as giving the best possible view of the building 
 as an entire structure. Those persons who are at all acquainted with 
 architectural drawings, will be able from these to prepare the elevations. 
 To assist him, however, in doing this, we have entered fully in the letter- 
 press upon a description of the mode in which the Ijuilding should be 
 constructed, and the height of the several floors. This will be of great 
 assistance to the draftsman, and ena])le him to prepare the elevations and 
 sections which the nature of this work prevents us from giving, and which, 
 indeed, cannot be considered necessary. The building which we have here 
 presented to our readers, is one which a person at all acquainted with the 
 art of construction, can have no difhculty in executing ; but still a few 
 remarks from us seem to be indispensably necessary. 
 
 t 
 
 Plate LVIII. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for Public Rooms or a Music-Hail 
 in the Roman-Ionic style of architecture. We need hardly remark that in 
 the execution of this, or any other of our designs, the character of the 
 l)uilding, when completed, will depend upon the adoption of suitable 
 proportions and details. These may of course be easily supplied by any 
 person who has carefully studied the classical styles of architecture. For 
 want of this necessary attention to detail, many designs, in themselves 
 appropriate and even elegant, appear, when executed, ill-formed and abortive 
 conceptions, and entail disgrace upon the persons who have been concerned 
 in their production. 
 
 The roof of this building may be executed in cast metal, and the 
 ventilator, which is seen in the perspective view, should be constructed 
 of the same material. The columns, cornices, plinth, and all other 
 embellishments, should be formed of stone if possible; but if this cannot be 
 obtained, the builder will be compelled to use some kind of cement ; but 
 all cements should be avoided if a natural stone can be procured. The 
 ready modes of communication between nearly all parts of the kingdom, 
 will now, it is hoped, considerably reduce the price of building-stones, so 
 that in any town a suitable material will bo easily obtained; and this will 
 be no unimportant advantage to the art of building, for although some 
 cements form a good substitute for stone, none of them can be compared
 
 79 
 
 in durability. The ceiling of the great hall is intended to be coved and 
 formed into panels. Above the cornice, in the moulding of each panel, 
 there should be openings to give the rarefied air a passage into the 
 ventilator, through an inclined trough or tube, which may be inserted 
 between the principals or bearers of the roof. 
 
 Plate LIX. 
 
 This is the ground plan of the building. Suppose a visitor to approach 
 the building at the principal front, he will enter a hall sufficiently spacious 
 for a building of the size, having on the left a porter's room, and on the 
 right an office for a clerk or secretary. Ascending three steps at the 
 end of the hall, he will come into a passage, which will, on either hand, 
 lead him into a passage separating the principal and central room from 
 those in the wings ; but in the same front passage there are, on each 
 side, stairs to the gallery of the large room or hall, between which 
 there should be a handsome doorway. If these arrangements be made 
 with appropriate taste, they will give an exceedingly pleasing appearance to 
 the entrance : they are shown generally on the plan, but may be modified 
 in construction according to the wish of the builder or proprietor. The 
 central room or hall may be made available for many purposes. By the 
 introduction of moveable seats it will serve as a music hall, and for this 
 purpose, an orchestra should be erected, to which there should be stairs 
 in the hall adjoining the back entrance. For a ball room, bazaar, dining 
 room, or almost any other public purpose, it is equally applicable. As this 
 is the principal room in the Ijuilding, and is constructed to receive a 
 number of jiersons, there should be a ready access to it from every side. 
 This we have provided ; for there are not only the back and front 
 entrances, but others are introduced at the sides, which would be found 
 convenient as allowing persons to leave the building without interfering 
 with those who might be entering by the front and principal door. The 
 entrances on the sides are intended to be lighted from above. The door 
 on the left hand is connected with a refreshment room and ladies' retiring 
 room ; that on the right with a lecturer's or committee room, and a card 
 room. In connexion Avith these, there are sufficient water closets and other 
 convenient arrangements.
 
 80 
 
 The stairs in both the front and back halls are continued into the 
 basement. 
 
 The halls, passages, urinals, and some, if not all of the water-closets, 
 should be paved with stone. All the rooms on this floor should be 
 warmed and ventilated with hot air, and they should therefore be severally 
 provided with suitable ventilators. The height of the smaller rooms should 
 be eleven feet, and that of the hall forty feet. The gallery and orchestra 
 should be elevated about fifteen feet above the floor of the room in which 
 they are placed. 
 
 Plate LX. 
 
 On this plate we have exhibited two plans, one of half the basement, 
 the other of half the upper portion of the hall and the rooms on the 
 same level. 
 
 Fig. 1, is a half plan of the basement. In the left wing there are a 
 kitchen, scullery, and larder; and in the right, living rooms for the domestics 
 of the establishment. 
 
 The centre of the building should be appropriated to the warming and 
 ventilating apparatus ; gas works, if necessary, and the indispensable cellars 
 and stores required for articles of common use. All the necessary water- 
 closets for the domestics are introduced under the stairs. This floor should 
 be paved with stone, and the height should be nine feet. It is hardly 
 necessary to say that the drainage should be carefully provided for, in the 
 arrangements for such a building. 
 
 Fig. 2, exhibits half the plan of the gallery or chamber story, with 
 the flats, showing the position of the lights on the wing buildings. From 
 the landing on this floor we enter the gallery, or the bed rooms appropriated 
 for the attendants and servants of the establishment. Should it, however, 
 be thought desirable, the necessary bed rooms might be formed in the 
 basement, and a library, or any other room, be introduced on this floor. 
 
 The flats of the wing buildings may be covered with either slate, lead, 
 marine metal, or zinc, according to the wish of the proprietors, or the 
 extent of the funds within which the architect may feel himself bound to 
 keep the outlay.
 
 I 
 
 I
 
 ^^
 
 I'L.ITI. 
 
 -t; I M I I . 
 
 / 5
 
 DESIGN FOR AN EXCHANGE. 
 
 In proportion as the commercial interests of a country are extended, the 
 modes of perfonning the business are varied, so as to facilitate the interchange 
 of property. In all commercial engagements, the parties concerned have one 
 and the same object, personal advantage — gain. The pursuit of this object 
 is calculated, at all times, to cramp the benevolent emotions of the human 
 mind, and to create a selfishness of heart, extremely repulsive to the observer, 
 and injurious to the moral character of the trader himself. When trade was 
 more confined in its objects, and its pursuit was esteemed a reproach, the 
 concentration of the feelings upon self was more marked, than now that it 
 has a greater scope, and is able to confer the highest distinctions upon the 
 successftd. The merchant, manufacturer, or mechanic, is no longer the 
 isolated being that he was a few centuries past, but is in some degree 
 dependent upon the co-operation of others, which has no small influence in 
 opening the sensibilities, and preventing the growth of that reserve and false 
 show of poverty, by which in former ages, the merchant endeavoured to 
 protect himself from the oppressions and robberies of the nobility. 
 
 The Exchange is to the merchant of the present day, what the fair was to 
 his predecessor two or three centuries ago; and in comparing the past and 
 the present, the merchant himself is not the least remarkable object. Our 
 forefathers stood in a noisy promiscuous assemblage, endeavouring to make 
 their sales by overstrained descriptions of the articles they had placed on 
 their stalls, and by low art and cunning attracted the eye of those who 
 seemed in any degree to require the merchandise they had for sale. Towards 
 the poorer classes they exhibited a spirit of over-reaching, which might be 
 called dishonesty ; and towards the rich, a pitiful subjection of which the 
 poorest shop-keepers of our own day would be ashamed. In danger of exactions 
 from the court, and of insolence from the nobility, they were content to assume 
 poverty, ignorance, and a mean, cowardly spirit, to protect their wealth, which 
 was the only thing worthy of their pursuit. See the merchant now nego- 
 tiating upon the Exchange, not only the produce of nations, but also fixing, 
 with the independence of a man who is doing rather than receiving a favour, 
 the terms upon which he will make loans for their support. Instead of 
 being the subject of exaction, he becomes the exactor, and stipulates.
 
 82 
 
 ■with a feeling nearly approaching to indifiference, the only terms upon which 
 he will consent to prop the falling resources of a government, or protect 
 a nation from the invasion of its foes. The contrast is a singular one, but 
 it is one which history gives us full authority to draw, that wealth has 
 assumed a pre-eminence over every other distinction, for all others can be 
 purchased by it. Not only do the poor reverence it, but the nobles pay 
 it homage; and court, rather than avoid the company of those who have 
 no other claim upon their regard. The establishment of the Exchange has 
 tended to produce, with the freedom of our institutions, a great improvement 
 in the character of our merchants, and has consequently aided them in gaining 
 their present station in society. To the Exchange, negotiations of almost all 
 kinds are brought, and by the assemblage of many individuals, engaged in 
 diflferent branches of trade, persons may be found who will purchase or sell 
 any article according to the wish of those who have to dispose or buy. 
 By this means time is saved, and the merchant is left, after the usual hours 
 of business, free from all commercial engagements ; so that by a successfiil 
 business, which makes a comparatively small demand upon his time, he 
 becomes possessed of that wealth which can alone purchase the elegances 
 and luxuries of life. 
 
 Plate LXI. 
 
 This is a perspective view of a design for an Exchange, suited for a small 
 commercial town, in the Ionic style of architecture. The dome, which is 
 always expensive in erection, and rarely pleasing, except when of great 
 magnitude, is in this design rejected; and the most desirable features retained 
 by a circular erection, which would, it is believed, have an elegant appearance 
 in construction. The entire building is simple in its outline, but would have 
 a bold appearance, care being taken to secure the proper proportions, and it 
 could be built at a comparatively small expense. 
 
 It is proposed in the erection of this design, to adopt a novel mode of 
 lighting and ventilating. Looking at the circular erection from the interior, 
 it would present a flat or coved ceiling, instead of the concave of a dome, 
 if no object intervened between the summit of the lantern and the eye of the 
 spectator. But it is proposed to introduce immediately above the part where 
 the circular work commences, a horizontal metal light, as shown in Fig. 3, 
 of Plate LXI 1 1., with a glazed circle in the centre, of about six feet in
 
 83 
 
 diameter. This circle may be glazed in the same manner as the other 
 portion of the light; but must be so hung, that by means of cranks fixed 
 to a self-regulating thermometer, it may open and shut according to the tem- 
 perature of the room. It may, if thought desirable, be glazed with coloured 
 glass; and if one rather larger, and hung in the opposite direction, be fixed 
 above it, a beautiful play of lights would be produced. The fixed lights should, 
 in this case, be glazed with stained glass in any ornamental design, consistent 
 with the general character of the architecture of the building. 
 
 Round the upper portion of the lantern or circular erection, windows are 
 introduced. To every other one of these, a metal rod is attached, which 
 connects it with the ventilator ; and by the means of cranks, the windows 
 are made to open or shut as may l)e required. It is almost unnecessary to 
 remark, that in the application of this mode of ventilation, all the acting 
 parts must be of metal. 
 
 This building should be constructed of stone; but if the locality does 
 not furnish one suited for the puqiose at a moderate cost, uniformly-coloured 
 grey stocks, or, still better, Suffolk bricks may be used for the plain surfaces 
 of the walls, and the decorations be carved in stone. No rule, however, 
 can be given, as we have frequently remarked, to guide the builder in the 
 choice of materials ; — it is a subject upon which he must exercise his own 
 judgment, and upon which he from a knowledge of the locality can give 
 a better opinion than any other person. 
 
 Plate LXII. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a half plan of the basement floor, the several parts of which 
 are distinguished by letters. A, The stairs leading from the ground or 
 principal floor to the basement. B, Urinals under the stairs. C C, A transverse 
 passage, connecting all the rooms on the side of the building in which it 
 is introduced ; while those on the other side are intended to be united by 
 a similar passage, a communication being foraied from one to the other. 
 D D, The porter or housekeeper's room. E, A room for general purposes, 
 and would perhaps be conveniently appropriated as a store. F F F F, Water 
 closets. G G, Rooms for hot-air apparatus, coals, &c. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a half plan of the ground or principal story. H H, The principal 
 Exchange room. J, A retiring room for private business. K, The porter's 
 room. L, Stairs leading to the basement, with water closets and urinals beneath.
 
 84 
 
 Plate LXIII. 
 
 Fig. 1. This is a section of the circular erection above the roof, introduced 
 in this design in place of a dome, exhibiting the windows, ventilators, 
 connecting rods, and mode of finishing. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a half plan at the base of the circular work, taken on the line 
 marked A on the section, and shows the timber or iron-work which supports 
 the superstructure. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a half plan above the ventilator on the line B. 
 
 Fig. 4 is a half plan on the line C, and exhibits the principal support 
 of the horizontal light and ventilator, which is suspended from it, in order 
 that the shadows may not interfere with the effects of the lights. 
 
 Fig. 5 is a half plan on the hue D, showing the application of the rods 
 to the windows, which are intended to act with the ventilators by the suitable 
 application of cranks. 
 
 Fig. 6 is a half plan on the line E, showing the timbering of the roof. 
 
 Fig. 7 is a half plan showing the covering and finishing of the roof 
 
 Fig. 8 is a section of the bars and rollers of the lights and ventilators. A, is 
 the light ; B, the ventilator ; C C C, stained or painted glass. 
 
 Fig. 9 is the elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 10 is a section of the bar of the light. 
 
 Fig. 11 is the elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 12 is a section of the head of the window and truss, with the cast 
 metal light. 
 
 Fig. 13 is the elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 14 is a section of the cill, and the bottom of the cast metal light. 
 
 Fig. 15 is the elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 16 is the moulding round the base of the circle. 
 
 Fig. 17 is the cornice round the top of the circle.
 
 yVO I litVbl- ■■■LAN 
 
 I I I I I £
 
 s 
 
 ^* 
 
 c 
 
 LE 
 
 
 
 
 1- \ G 
 
 >:i 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 =e= 
 
 ,-^^^_., ,, 
 
 -t —
 
 DESIGN FOR A THEATRE. 
 
 The Drama has always been a favourite amusement among those people 
 in any degree aclvanced in civilisation ; and the erection of Theatres has 
 therefore been an object of peculiar attention. Among the ruins of ancient 
 cities, the theatres are, with the temples, the most prominent objects. Even 
 in Petra, the long-lost capital of Edom, upon which the prophetic denuncia- 
 tion has been so signally fulfilled, the ruins of a theatre remain to this day. 
 " In the bosom of the mountain," says Mr. Stephens, " hewn out of the solid 
 rock, is a large theatre, circular in form, the pillars in front fallen, and con- 
 taining thirty-three rows of seats, capable of containing more than three 
 thousand persons. Above the corridor was a range of doors opening to the 
 chambers in the rocks, the seats of the princes and wealthiest inhabitants 
 of Petra, and not unlike a row of private boxes in a modern theatre." This 
 was no doubt constructed when Petra had become the capital of a Roman 
 province, although the city itself was in existence long before the formation 
 of the Roman nation, and may even be traced back to Esau, "the father 
 of Edom." 
 
 It is not an improbable supposition that the dramatic style of writing 
 preceded all others. It is the style which most nearly resembles the ordinary 
 method of communicating instruction by the voice — that of conversation. The 
 oldest poems known to modern scholars are all full of dialogue ; and many 
 of them, even when of a didactic character, are thrown entirely into the 
 conversational form. The book of Job, and many of the poems of the northern 
 bards, are thus composed ; and Homer and other poets might also be men- 
 tioned. The recitation of these poems constituted, in all probability, the first 
 kind of dramatic representation. In its origin simple, and but little aided 
 by art, it was still calculated to please ; and by holding up nature to the 
 view of the spectator, it became a favourite mode of communicating know- 
 ledge, and of exhibiting historical facts or the imaginations of poetry. When 
 cities were established, places for the exhibition of dramatic compositions were 
 erected ; and among all nations the theatres became the places of common and 
 constant resort. In eastern climes, and in countries of warmer temperature, 
 and more equable atmosphere than our own, the theatres were built without 
 roofs, of which we have a specimen in the ruins of the Coliseum at Rome. 
 
 z
 
 86 
 
 In modem times, great changes have been made in the character and repre- 
 sentations of dramatic writings ; but they are still perused and listened to 
 with the same interest as was felt by the Greeks and the Romans, when 
 they crowded to the open theatres, which offered to all classes and every 
 individual a never-tiring amusement. 
 
 That the character of dramatic writings has been much improved since 
 the fifteenth and sixteenth century, cannot be doubted ; but the alteration 
 in the form of the theatre must*not be spoken of with the same commenda- 
 tion. The boxes and galleries of a modern theatre may be adapted to keep 
 up those distinctions necessary in such a state of society as that in which 
 we live, and to meet the resources of those who frequent such places of 
 amusement ; but the effect is much less striking, and the convenience of 
 the audience is less consulted, than in the theatres of the ancients, which 
 were so formed that one seat rose above the other in succession, giving to 
 every individual a perfect view of the stage, and yet admitting that separation 
 of classes which was as necessary then as in the present day. In our design 
 we have retained the form and arrangement usually given to such buikhngs, 
 for prejudice is in such cases too powerful to be controlled by a feeling of 
 expedience. 
 
 Plate LXIV. 
 
 This is the elevation of a design for a small theatre, suited for a provincial 
 town. The Ionic style has been adopted, as it is at once elegant and at- 
 tractive, affording a pleasing outline, and yet giving a stability of character 
 absolutely required in all buildings intended for public purposes, and espe- 
 cially for those which are to contain a large number of persons. To 
 determine the best mode of erecting the design, without knowing the locality, 
 is impossible ; for that which would be desirable in one situation, could not 
 be adopted in another, without a great unnecessary expenditure. When a good 
 stone can be procured at a reasonable cost, it should always be preferred ; 
 but in the majority of places this cannot be obtained on the spot, and the 
 carriage from a distance becomes a serious item in the expense. The most 
 available mode of construction, therefore, in most situations, will be to build of 
 lirick, facing witli an uniformly- coloured grey stock; Init in this case, the 
 piers, columns, pilasters, cornices, the dressings of windows, and other orna- 
 mental work, should be executed in stone, or some durable cement.
 
 87 
 
 Plate LXV. 
 
 Is the ground-plan of the building. In the front of the principal elevation 
 there is a covered entrance, frequently, but improperly, called a piazza. This 
 portion of the building gives boldness by the projection ; and forms the 
 basis for the columns, and the pediment they carry. The three central doors 
 under the piazza lead into the lobby, A, intended for the use of those only 
 ■vvho are going to or from the boxes, and as a waiting place for servants. 
 From this the visitor passes, ascending three stairs, into an inner lobby, B, 
 at the end of which is the staircase leading immediately to the boxes; 
 and on each side there are desks (1, 1,) for the money-takers. On the left 
 hand of the principal staircase, there is an entrance into the inner pit 
 lobby, c. The passage D D is under the principal staircase, and may be 
 approached from either of the inner lobbies, f, or e, by a descending stair- 
 case, introduced for the purpose of giving a sufficient head-vpay. By this 
 arrangement a person may pass from the gallery to the pit, or from the pit 
 to the boxes, by taking the proper tickets from the money-clerks in 2 or 3 
 box. The pit entrance is from the lobby, C, down the stairs, F. The 
 gallery entrance is from E, and G is the staircase. At each side of this 
 end of the pit, are the urinals (4, 4,) and the water-closets (5, 5.) H is a 
 refreshment-room for the use of persons in the pit. J J is the pit. 
 
 The other end of the plan shows the arrangements under the stage and 
 orchestra. A is the green room. B, ladies' dressing-room. C, gentlemen's 
 dressing-room. D D, private dressing-rooms. E E, stairs leading to the 
 stage and stage doors. The urinals (1, 1,) and water-closets (2, 2,) are 
 readily distinguished. 
 
 This plan has been prepared with the intention of facilitating the arrange- 
 ments generally adopted in the best-conducted theatres. In so small a plan 
 it cannot be expected that all the convenient and spacious accommodations of 
 a large theatre will be secured ; but as far as possible they have been 
 adopted ; and it is believed that they would be sufficient, if the plan should 
 be carried out without any alteration, for all the purposes of a provincial 
 audience, and be fully satisfactory to the manager and the public. 
 
 Plate LXVI. 
 
 This is a plan of the saloon, boxes, and stage. A is the landing of the 
 principal staircase, shown on the preceding plan. Here the staircase divides,
 
 88 
 
 turning to the right and left. The side landings, B B, form the commu- 
 nication Avith the boxes, retiring-rooms, and saloon. C is the ladies' retiring- 
 room, Tvith a w'ater-closet, and having a communication with the ante-room, D, 
 which may be used as a cloak-room if thought desirable. E is the saloon, in 
 which is a table for the sale of refreshments. F is the gentlemen's retiring- 
 room, with vrater-closets and urinals attached. The ante-room, F, may be 
 used as a cloak-room, in the same manner as the room D, on the opposite 
 side. Water-closets and urinals are also provided from the aisle which 
 surrounds the boxes. In the arrangement of the retiring and ante-rooms 
 we have considered it necessary to form a ready communication from one 
 to the other, which in some cases may be desirable, but that communication 
 can be as readily closed. G G are the boxes, and H H the stage-boxes. 
 I I are small iron circular stairs, communicating from the stage to the stage 
 boxes. J the stage. K K the slides for the stage wings. L L are stair- 
 cases from the apartments beneath the stage, and may be continued to the 
 workshops and painting-rooms in the roof. 
 
 Plate LXVII. 
 
 This is the transverse section of the theatre, looking towards the stage, 
 one-half showing the construction, and the other the finished building. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a half section, showing the construction. In this drawing, the 
 smaller timbers are in many parts omitted, in order to exhibit the con- 
 struction generally more distinctly than could otherwise have been done, 
 and to prevent confusion. The panels at the top of the ceiling, as well 
 as the ventilator in the roof, are intended to be filled Avitli a fine wire 
 gauze, to secure a perfect ventilation, which is, in all piiblic buildings, one 
 of the most important considerations. 
 
 Fig. 2 is a half section, showing the style of finishing the interior, but 
 this may be altered in any way that is suggested by the proprietor, or to 
 please the taste of the designer. Beneath the pit, and between the concrete 
 foundations, cold air may be admitted through tubes and ventilators, but in 
 the mode of ventilation the architect can follow any system which he thinks 
 best adapted for the purpose.
 
 r 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 { 
 
 1 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 — 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T I T 
 
 S E 
 
 A T 3 
 
 a: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 •'• ' ' ■' -i 
 
 / 
 
 3; , , , e 
 
 AISLE
 
 DESIGN FOR A BAZAAR. 
 
 The present ceutui-y has been characterised by a constant desire for 
 noveltj', -which has been amply met by the stirring commercial enterprise 
 and energy of the middle classes. This very desire for something new, has, 
 in all probability, had its birth from the large capital and intelligence of 
 a crowded population. The present condition of England will bear no 
 comparison with that of any other country, but it is worthy of remark that 
 exceeds every other in enterprise and industry as much as in population. The 
 very number of the individuals who are seeking subsistence from their skill, 
 intelligence, or capital, causes a competition, which, when confined withiil 
 its legitimate bounds, produces a healthy excitement to the energies of 
 individuals, and is beneficial to the public at large. New expedients, 
 inventions, and discoveries, are constantly advancing society ; novel and 
 expeditious modes of transacting business are adopted, the intellect of the 
 trader is quickened, and the consumer derives the benefit resulting from 
 his activity and energy. When the population of a country is small, the 
 trade is confined to a few persons, who are more anxious for large profits 
 than extensive sales, the prices to the consumer are consequently higher than 
 they should be ; and this evil is increased by the independence of the trader 
 and the wants of the purchaser. There is rarely any activity in business 
 without competition, and without activity in individuals there can be no 
 mercantile prosperity for a nation. 
 
 The evil in this country is that at certain periods, and under circum- 
 stances which may and do occasionally arise, the industry and capital of the 
 country exceed the demand at home and the opportunities of sale abroad ; 
 and at such periods public distress is experienced. But the cause of this 
 is to be sought in the artificial restrictions which governments attempt to 
 throw around the industry of mankind, and the productiveness of nature, 
 rather than in any necessary disorder, occasionally arising to a natural 
 system • of trading, and an interchange between nations of their surplus 
 intellect and labour, or the united production of the mental and physical 
 energy in the manufactured goods. Industry, above all other qualities of 
 mind, must be allowed to walk unshackled, and in the path of its own 
 choosing, and especially when, as in this country, it may lead the indi- 
 
 2a
 
 90 
 
 vidual to the highest positions in society, surround him with the luxuries 
 of -wealth, and crown him with the artiiicial distinctions of rank. When 
 its onward course is unopposed, its effects upon society are in the highest 
 degree beneficial ; but when impediments are thrown in its way it turns 
 into by-roads, and in evading or avoiding the stumbling-blocks created by 
 governments, adopts expedients as greatly injurious to the public welfare and 
 public morals. 
 
 We have been led into these general remarks by the subject of our 
 present design — the Bazaar. There was a time when the man engaged in 
 general traffic and the sale of miscellaneous articles of general use, took 
 his station in fairs and places of common resort, in a stall or booth, travelling 
 from place to place in a van, and calling the attention of the public, by 
 successively offering different articles for sale, at prices which he affirmed 
 to be cheap beyond all comparison. By these empirical means, he succeeded 
 in obtaining purchasers, and in this rude manner obtained a precarious 
 living. The bazaar of the present day, is like the common hawker's car, 
 a migratory shop ; but, in every other respect, differs from it, for as in the 
 one there was the extreme of indifference to comfort and respectability, so 
 in the other there is a regard to all that by its splendour can attract the 
 eye and recommend the articles exposed for sale. The bazaar is one of 
 those expedients adopted by the modern trader, in consequence of compe- 
 tition, and recommends itself to the public by its novelty and elegance. 
 
 In the construction of a bazaar, or at least of one which is established 
 for fashionable seasons, it is sometimes of importance that it should be 
 removable from one situation to another. In the accompanying design we 
 have shown how this may be effected ; and in other cases it will be easy for 
 the builder to make such arrangements, when desiral)le, as shall enable the 
 proprietor to remove his establishment at pleasure. 
 
 C Plate LXVIII. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is the perspective view of a design for a Bazaar, which may be 
 made either stationary or moveable. On the plan it is octagon, and may 
 have one or more entrances, as shall be most convenient for the purposes of 
 those who occupy it. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a quarter plan, showing the external foundation of brickwork 
 and the stones which receive the metal uprights.
 
 91 
 
 Fig. 3. Is a quarter plan, showing the position of the uprights with their 
 ties, and bearers for the tloors. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is a quarter plan, showing the method of placing the joists on the 
 iron-work.' The boarding may be laid down in compartments, or in the 
 usual mode, as most convenient. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is a ground plan, showing the manner of dividing the stalls and 
 of arranging the interior generally. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is a quarter plan, showing the construction of the upper or tirst 
 floor, on which the accommodation may be similar to that on the ground floor. 
 
 Fig. 7. Is a quarter plan of the naked flooring. 
 
 Fig. 8. Shows the arrangement of the aisles and stalls on the first floor, 
 and the landing from the central staircase. 
 
 Fig. 9. Shows the mode of finishing the roof. The best mode would be 
 to cover the roof with corrugated iron, which may be fixed to the cast metal 
 by means of screws. The staircase and centre of the building are lighted by 
 a lantern, which, together with the side windows, will give abundant light to 
 every part. 
 
 The building is designed to contain about seventy stalls, which should be 
 on an average, six feet square. In a permanent erection, water-closets, 
 warming apparatus, and other conveniences, would be required, and might be 
 provided in a central basement, to which access might be given by the same 
 staircase W'hich leads to the first floor. 
 
 Plate LXIX. — Details. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is a plan of one of the stone supports, showing the manner in 
 which the iron uprights are bolted to it. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is an elevation of the same stone, Avith one of the uprights and 
 a portion of the corrugated iron on each side. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is a section taken between the metal uprights, and showing the 
 method of fixing the bottom iron on the external brick foundation. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is a plan of one of the doors. 
 
 F'ig. 5. Is an elevation of the door with a portion of the corrugated iron 
 on one side. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is a section of the door, with the steps and the mode of carrying 
 them.
 
 Fig. 
 
 9. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 10. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 11. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 12. 
 
 92 
 
 Fig. 7. Is a plan of the upper part of a metal upright, with the iron 
 ties and wood joists, and the manner in which they are connected together. 
 Fig. 8. Is a section of the same, on the line A B oi Jig. 7. 
 
 Is a section through the same, on the line C D of fig. 7. 
 Is the external elevation of a part of the upright. 
 Is an elevation of the cap of the upright. 
 Is a half section of the same. 
 Fig. 13. Is a half plan of the central staircase, showing the method of 
 fixing it on the brickwork, and of connecting it with the iron ties for the 
 support of the joists. 
 
 Fig. 14. Is a section of the same. 
 
 Fig. 15. Is a section of the ties. 
 
 Fig. 16. Is a section of the roof 
 
 Fig. 17. Is a section of the moulding for the upper part of the lantern. 
 
 Fig. 18. Is a section of the rail for the stairs. 
 
 Fig. 19. Is a section of the cap for the upper portion of the uprights. 
 
 It may perhaps, be worthy of remark, that the kind of bazaar contemplated 
 in this design, is the one in which the stalls are let imder specified conditions, 
 to different parties dealing in various articles. In such an establishment, the 
 building generally belongs to an individual or company, who have no interest 
 in tlie trading, but make a profit simply as landlords. This is perhaps, the 
 best mode of conducting such an establishment, as the competition which, 
 within limits we have considered so desira])le, is secured by the individual 
 interests of all parties, and the public obtains that attention to its wants, 
 which invariably secures a counter-benefit to the tradesman. Our design, 
 however, is equally applicable for the use of a person who intends to become 
 the salesman as well as the landlord; and by decreasing the number of 
 stalls, a smaller number of assistants would be found sufficient to conduct 
 the business.
 
 F 1 G 
 
 I" I G . XVT': 
 
 £L_2d 
 
 I I I I I I t I —I- 
 
 I I I I 
 
 LONDON:!:^
 
 A DESIGN FOR STABLES. 
 
 To obtain appropriate designs for the erection of stables, is almost as 
 important as to secure the arrangements required for the residence of men. 
 The horse is of greater value than any other animal, to the majority of 
 mankind, being almost as indispensable to them in their works of necessity, 
 as in administering to their comforts and luxuries ; and is therefore always 
 attended with a solicitude far exceeding that which is shown to any other of 
 the brute creation. It is not the Arab, or wandering half-civilized man only, 
 that esteems his horse as his companion, sharing his fatigues and his 
 pleasures, delighting with him in the joyous exultations of nature, breathing 
 with him the refreshing and invigorating air of morning and evening, and 
 reposing with him under the shade of the forest, and by the margin of the 
 stream, during the burning hours of noon ; but the man of education and 
 refinement participates in his feelings, and indulges the same sensibilities 
 towards this noble animal. In his laborious occupations, in the sports of the 
 field, in the hazards of war, the horse has a share, and at the same time 
 alleviates his fatigue and danger. With an attachment to man almost enthu- 
 siastic, prodigal of his strength, and with an almost exhaustless energy of 
 spirit, it dies in his service rather than shrink from the labour it is urged 
 to perform. In return for these services, man makes provision for the horse, 
 — suited to its habits — in no degree inferior to his own. By those who 
 employ horses, whether for business or amusement, the erection of stables is 
 a matter of great importance, and in their opinion will take precedence of 
 even their own dwellings. After a day's labour on the road or in the field, 
 the traveller or the sportsman first considers the animal that has carried him ; 
 and though exhausted by fatigue, neglects his own comfort until he has pro- 
 vided for his horse. Great attention having been from these causes paid to 
 the construction of stables, a design will not be unacceptable to our readers. 
 In it we have attempted to show the manner in which arrangements may be 
 made for a number of horses and carriages, with rooms for the stable- 
 keepers or grooms, and all the conveniences required for such an establish- 
 ment. In the mode of construction some peculiarities are required, and these 
 we have attempted to point out, as they are of general application, suited to 
 those of small as well as large dimensions. 
 
 2 B
 
 94 
 
 To those who have not been much interested in horses, and who have not 
 lieen engaged in designing for stables, one or two general remarks, which 
 are simply presented to the reader as hints, may be found useful. They are 
 only intended to draw his attention to those subjects which he must well 
 consider in his designs, and they may be said to point out the objects of 
 study, rather than direct the student. 
 
 In external appearance, a stable should be simple and without ornament. 
 We have seen buildings of this 'description most foolishly decorated, to 
 resemble and even to outvie the residence to which they have been attached. 
 But every building should be so designed that its exterior elevation may 
 point out the object for which it was erected. A building is not to be 
 considered in itself, or abstractedly, but in reference to the object for which 
 it was built. A design which is highly decorous and even elegantly adapted 
 for one purpose, may be for another as improper and grotesque. The careful 
 architect will therefore first study the object, and to that appropriate his 
 design. 
 
 The interior arrangements require much consideration. The stables are 
 first to be provided with as many stalls for horses as are or may be required. 
 In connexion with the stables there must be coach-houses, rooms for the 
 grooms and stable-men, corn and hay-lofts, dung-pits, and other conveniences, 
 according as they may be required by the circumstances of the case. The 
 stables should be paved with bricks laid edge-ways ; and great attention 
 must be paid to the drainage, that the horses may stand dry. A supply of 
 cold water is also indispensable; and in the best-arranged .stables, hot baths 
 are provided. This is an invaluable addition to a stable, and can easily be 
 introduced when desired. The construction of a furnace and boiler with a 
 means of letting the water into and out of the bath, need not be explained. 
 We cannot too strongly insist upon the advantage to be gained from having 
 horse-baths in connexion with stables, wherever arrangements can be made 
 for their introduction. They are not only useful when a horse is suffering 
 from epidemics, but also when brought home, fatigued and exhausted, from 
 the work of the day. In the stables at Cuml)erland Lodge, in Windsor 
 Great Park, connected with the establishment of the Master of the Euck- 
 hounds, one was built a few years since, and has been found invaluable. 
 Indeed it must always be considered, that the horse, being l)rought into a 
 domesticated, and consequently artificial state, requires a mode of treatment 
 not altogether unlike that adopted for man himself This is the rule, and
 
 95 
 
 the exceptions result from the difference between the constitutions and physical 
 peculiarities of the two animals. 
 
 Hitherto there has been too great an indi (Terence to cleanliness in the 
 stables of this country ; and the stable-keeper has acted as though he 
 thought the accumulation of filth was advantageous to the health of the 
 animals he is employed to attend. This foolish practice is now in a great 
 measure corrected, and more attention is paid to cleanliness and ventilation. 
 In various parts of this work we have suggested plans for the ventilation 
 of buildings, some one of which ought to be adopted in every stable. A 
 self-regulating ventilator is to be preferred, as this desirable and indispensable 
 object is then permanently secured ; and the evils arising from the negligence 
 or indifference of servants are avoided. Whatever other arrangements may 
 be dispensed with, the ventilation must not be disregarded : it is essential 
 to the health of the horse, and at the same time it prevents the annoyance 
 frequently arising from the erection of stables near a dwelling-house. 
 
 Plate LXX. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is an elevation of a coach-house and stables. Great inconvenience 
 is experienced in the dwelling-houses of the higher classes of society from 
 the modern practice of building the stables so near as to be offensive to both 
 the sight and the smell. Hence it is that in the country attempts are made 
 to hide these necessary buildings by planting trees before them. In the 
 design we have offered to the public, all the business of the stable may be 
 conducted within the walls of the building, which would rather form an 
 ornamental object, than be in any degree displeasing. The stables, coach- 
 house, harness, and coachman's rooms, are all included in the same building. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the gi'ound-plan. A, is the entrance. B, an area, which is 
 groined, as shown by the dotted lines. C C, are stables, each of which will 
 hold seven horses. D D, are the stalls. E E, mangers. F F, harness-rooms. 
 G G, stairs to the rooms above. H, the coach-house. 
 
 Plate LXXI. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is the plan of the upper-floor. A A, staircases. B B, the land- 
 ings. C C, rooms for the coachman and groom. D D, corn and hay-lofts. 
 E E, trap-doors. F F, step-ladders, descending to the galleries, G G, which
 
 96 
 
 are over the stables, and are found convenient for placing hay in the racks. 
 H H, circular openings over each rack. 1 1, semicircular openings for light 
 and ventilation. L, roof over coach-house. K, flat over entrance. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the elevation of the principal or entrance gates. They are 
 intended to be of cast metal, lined with one-and-a-quarter-inch boards, as 
 explained in the description of the detail drawings. 
 
 Plate LXXII.— Details. 
 
 Fig. 1. Shows the method of applying the one-and-a-quarter-inch boards 
 to the metal gates. A, the board. B, the metal. C, the method of matching 
 inside the gates. D, the bottom style of the gate. E, the method of fixing 
 the steel pivots into the stone for the gate to revolve on: this plan is much 
 preferable to hinges. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is an elevation of a portion of the gates. A, the wood-linings. 
 B, the boss of the pivot. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is a section of the top part of the gate. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is an elevation of the same. 
 
 Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Show other methods of fixing the upper pivot. 
 
 Fig. 8. Is a section of a part of a wooden gate, framed in the usual 
 manner, with a method of working it on a centre. A, the door. B, 
 the pivot. 
 
 Fig. 9. Is an elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 10. Is a plan of the same. B, the gate. C C, the iron shoe. D, 
 the pivot. A, the iron jamb.
 
 2 
 
 
 ^-\ wwVk 
 
 It Iff \m\mi\mr 
 
 AfV--^^^*- .' ' '■.' '-K-jf > 
 
 sm;j
 
 SCALt Of FEET
 
 ri^ii. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 C 
 
 / / 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 ' ■■ ) 
 
 ) '' 
 
 \ V 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 — x
 
 DESIGN FOR A HOSPITAL. 
 
 If there be one circumstance more than another of which an Englishman 
 may be allowed to boast as peculiarly distinguishing his native country, it is 
 the number aud variety of the public charities. Pauperism is, in fact, justly 
 discouraged; but, at the same time, the wretched aud diseased victims of 
 want are not left to perish in the streets without assistance. These insti- 
 tutions, however, arc not sufficiently numerous, and the efficiency of many 
 of them is too much restricted by the provisions thrown around them, to 
 meet cases of imposture which may occur. The really deserving, or at 
 least, the really needing object of charity, is thus sometimes refused, and 
 suffers the extreme of want and wretchedness, because the superintendents 
 of public institutions wish to prevent the impositions which may occur, or 
 because the hearts of the paid distributors of charity are hardened, by 
 constant intercourse with want in all its multifarious phases. Such imper- 
 fections, however, must necessarily attend every human institution, and is 
 rather an argument in favour of their increase, than of their inefficiency. 
 
 But of all public charities, none have a greater claim upon our support 
 than hospitals, which are for the most part, founded upon the broadest 
 principles of benevolence, and receive any patient who may be presented, 
 without regard to the narrow distinction of parochial residence, age, sex, or 
 country. In every county, and in almost every large town in this kingdom, 
 these invaluable institutions have now been formed ; and their active 
 operation has tended to relieve distress under the most trying circumstances 
 in which humanity can be placed. Our book would therefore have been 
 singularly defective, if a design for a hospital had not been found among 
 the public buildings. 
 
 In the erection of a hospital two things are especially important, — a 
 convenient arrangement of the apartments required for the several purposes, 
 and a sufficient ventilation. The external appearance should be simple and 
 without ornament, or at least, with no other ornament than is suited to 
 the purpose for which the building is erected. The internal finishings should 
 be in the simplest style, and be adopted with a view to cleanliness, which 
 in such a structure, is indispensable for the restoration of the patients to 
 health, and for the comfort of all persons who have the management of 
 
 2 c
 
 98 
 
 the institution, or the superintendence of the wards. In the arrangement 
 of the rooms, care must be taken to separate the patients according to the 
 nature of the diseases under which they suffer, and to give separate 
 entrances. By attention to this suggestion, much inconvenience may be 
 avoided, and the repose of the patients, so important as an assistant to 
 medical agents, will be better secured. Ventilation, which cannot be 
 neglected in any structure, and especially one where a number of individuals 
 reside, becomes of momentous importance when those individuals are suffering 
 from disease. Other circumstances of detail and convenience will suggest 
 themselves to the mind of the architect. 
 
 Plate LXXIII. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Hospital in the classical 
 style of architecture, and is such an one as would perhaps be found suitable 
 for a large manufacturing town, or for a county. It is proposed to divide 
 the building into two departments, one of which shall be appropriated for 
 the use of male patients, and the other for females. 
 
 As the basement story is not shown on the plan, it may be necessary to 
 remark that it is intended to contain the washing and ventilating apparatus; 
 the kitchen and the offices attached to it, dining rooms, and all other 
 apartments required for the use of the servants of the establishment. 
 Arrangements may also be very properly made for hot and cold baths. 
 This story should be ten feet in height. The entire building is intended 
 to be surrounded by an area seven feet in width, to which there is access 
 from each side and at the back of the building. In the erection of the 
 building a union of brick and stone will probably be found the most 
 available materials; the latter being used for the quoins, cornices, pilasters, 
 copings, and all ornamental parts. 
 
 Plate LXXIV. 
 
 Fig. 1. A half-plan of the ground floor. In a work of this description 
 it is impossil)le to give all the drawings in full, required for construction, 
 as the plates are necessarily limited. We have therefore in this and the 
 following plate been compelled to introduce two plans upon one, and two 
 sections upon the other. F///. 1 of the plan now under consideration
 
 99 
 
 exhibits that half of the ground floor which constitutes the men's side of 
 the hospital. A, is the entrance or principal passage. B, the porter's 
 room. C, the porter's bedroom. D, the hall or gallery. E, the doctor's 
 dispensing room. F, the doctor's private room. G G, the principal stair- 
 cases. H, the physician's room. I, waiting room for out-door patients. 
 K, the accident ward, a, the nurse's room, h b, urinals and water closets. 
 L L, passages. M, the theatre for operations. N, the operator's room. 
 O 0, rooms for pupils. Q, a back staircase to the first-floor rooms, 
 c c, urinals and water closets. The passages throughout the building ought 
 not to be less than six feet in width, not only to give ample accommodation, 
 but to secure a sufficient circulation of air. The height of the rooms 
 should be fifteen feet. A system of ventilation may easily be arranged 
 through the ceilings, and between the joists, into the external atmosphere ; 
 and as the centre of the building is open, and the passages long, a good 
 current of air will be produced, and a perfect ventilation, the importance 
 of which cannot be over-rated, will be secured. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the half-plan of the first floor on the women's side. 1, is 
 the principal staircase. 2, the gallery. 3, Board or committee room. 
 4 and 5, retiring rooms. 6 6, nurses' rooms. 7, the large or principal 
 ward. 8, washing closet. 9 9, water closets. 10, nurse's room. On 
 the other half of the plan similar wards and nurses' rooms are to be 
 provided; and also apartments for the resident surgeon or keeper, a 
 consulting room, and a ward for children. 
 
 The second floor may be divided into wards for fevers, and contagious disorders 
 of all kinds, which may be effectually separated from every other part of the 
 establishment. On the same floor, but without any communication, bed-rooms 
 may be provided for the domestics of the establishment. 
 
 The hall and theatre must be lighted from above ; and as there is a conside- 
 rable open space in the halls, from the basement to the top of the building, 
 and as the windows upon the principal staircases are large and opposite each 
 other, a complete ventilation will be the result. 
 
 Plate LXXV. 
 
 Fiff. 1 . Is a half section through the stairs and gallery, taken upon the line 
 A, shown on the ground plan, and fully exhibits the construction of the 
 building.
 
 100 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a half section taken through the theatre, passages, women's 
 ward and kitchen. The modes of lighting the theatre, and of ventilating the 
 building, are shown on this drawing. 
 
 Plate LXXVI. — Details. 
 
 Fiq. 1. Is a portion of the plan of the principal stairs, which should be 
 constructed in the most simple and substantial manner, with an easy ascent. 
 A six-inch rise and twelve-inch tread, will be found convenient. All decoration 
 should be avoided. The bearing on the wall is shown in this plan. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the front elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is the side elevation, showing the hand-rail and balusters. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is a section of the hand-rail with the baluster attached. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is a section of the iron girders to a small scale, intended to be used 
 for the support of the stone landings of the staircases. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is a portion of the plan for the lights over the hall or gallery. 
 
 Fig. 7. Is a section and inside elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 8. Is a plan of one the stanchions and lights to a large scale. 
 These lights are intended to be suspended on pivots. A. The sash frame. 
 B B. Styles of the sashes, which are suspended on pivots, and are made to 
 open and close by means of a self-acting ventilator, fixed in the roof of the 
 lantern-light, and acting by cranks attached to a thermometer. 
 
 Fig. 9. The cap of the pilasters and antee. 
 
 Fig. 10. Base of the same. 
 
 Fig. 11. Section of the principal cornice. 
 
 Fig. 12. Section of the cornice of attic. 
 
 Fig. 13. Cap of pilaster of the same. 
 
 Fig. 14. Section of the coping on the side-wing over the brickwork. 
 
 Fig. 15. Cap to the circular pedestals at the steps to the front entrance. 
 
 Fig. 17. Cornice round the theatre. 
 
 Fig. 18. The cap of the iron columns round the gallery.

 
 VI
 
 i 
 
 f m i f ifiif- 
 
 SCAI.E OF FEET. 
 
 t V t 
 
 ^ 
 
 LONDON, THOMAS 1CEIXT.184Z.
 
 i\[-m: icc 
 
 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 
 
 HOMAS Kt
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 IP\ 
 
 ^ — Ui — 
 
 =^J 
 
 -rrr 
 
 -T-T rr- 
 
 H H
 
 DESIGN FOR A SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 
 
 The suspension bridge is admirably adapted for a variety of situations in 
 wbicb a bridge of ordinary construction cannot be employed, being recommended 
 by its lightness, elegance, and cheapness. This l)eautiful construction may be 
 said to have had its type in the rude rope bridges formed in many places by 
 the peasantry to facilitate the intercourse betvFeen mountainous districts, over 
 chasms and torrents ; of which several interesting examples have been given 
 by modern travellers. The suspension bridge, hovrever, is a much more 
 elaborate, though apparently an equally simple construction; and from its first 
 introduction to the present period, it has received much attention from scientific 
 architects and engineers. The finest structure in this country is the Menai 
 bridge, erected from the drawings of Mr. Telford, and in no instance was the 
 skill and ingenuity of that great man better exhibited, although from the 
 accidents which have occurred, it is evident that the principle adopted was 
 not perfect. 
 
 We need scarcely remark, that a suspension bridge is a platform suspended 
 from a chain or rope, supported at each end by piers, and falling into a curve 
 between those two points. It is, in fact, a reversion of the common principle 
 of bridge building, the arch being inverted, and formed of a flexible material, 
 instead of one that is rigid and immovable. The curve usually adopted for 
 the chain, is that denominated the catenary, which is the position of equilib- 
 rium in a rope or chain suspended freely between two points, and formed by 
 its own weight. As the security and stability of the bridge must in a great 
 measure depend upon the adoption of a proper curve for the chain, it is of 
 the greatest importance that a suitable one should be employed. Mr. Dredge, 
 a gentleman who has paid considerable attention to the subject, doubts the 
 propriety of the catenary, and it will not be unadvisable to state his objections 
 from a paper, which, though published anonymously, is supposed to be from 
 his pen. 
 
 " The position of perfect equilibrium is, from the very nature of the case, 
 the position of perfect instability ; because that which is in equilibrio, is under 
 the government of no one controlling force. It is true, that as all matter 
 gravitates, there must be two forces in order to sustain the position of equi- 
 librium, and those forces must be exactly equal, and exerted opposite to each 
 
 2 D
 
 102 
 
 other, in the direction of the same right line, and consequently in the same 
 right line with each other. Let us apply this general principle to a chain in 
 the form of a catenary, and making part of a suspension bridge. The one 
 force is the weight or gravitation of the chain acting in a straight line to the 
 centre of the earth, or as it may be taken at any part of the catenary acting 
 in a plain coincident with this straight line, and extending the whole length 
 of the ordinate of the chain. The opposing force, which just balances this 
 in the case of the catenary, is the tension or power of resistance of the 
 chains, the different parts being resolved into a resultant, which is directly 
 opposite to the direction of gravitation, and counteracts it ; and it is perfectly 
 evident from what has been stated, that although these two forces produce the 
 state of equilibrium by their opposite action, the substance is no more under 
 the control of one of them, than it is under the control of the other ; there- 
 fore the least force applied in a direction different from these, will produce 
 motion in the body, or piece of matter." 
 
 Such is the principle of the catenary, the curve in which the chain is usually 
 fixed, and the very equilibrium which it gives is, according to Mr. Dredge, a 
 source of destruction, and his reasoning is worthy of the most careful con- 
 sideration. Suppose now, that by the action of the wind, or any other force, 
 the catenary is pressed on one side, and because it is in equilibrio, the least 
 force will bend it a little way in this direction. By this means, the position 
 of the line of gravitation is shifted by a small angle, whose vertex is in the 
 centre of gravity of the earth. This is a vibration in one way, and the line 
 of tension which has been bent from its true position, re-acts, acquires some 
 momentum in re-acting, and the catenary completes its oscillation by a little 
 advance toward the side upon which it is taken by the wind. But the oscilla- 
 tions arc not perfect ones, extending to equal distances on both sides of the 
 perpendicular, as is the case with the oscillations of a pendulum. The wind 
 meets and resists the returning catenary, making the vibrations to windward 
 much smaller than those to leeward; and if the wind is strong, and the 
 catenary of great length and freely exposed, the whole vibrations where the 
 gust tells, are to the leeward of the plane of equilibrium. This produces a 
 sort of struggle between the different parts of the chain, as well as between 
 the force of the wind, and the tendency to vibrate to windward ; and the result 
 consists of some very curious and complicated motions, such as the ser])ent- 
 like twining of the chain if nothing is suspended to it, and undulations in 
 whatever may be so suspended. If bracing, brace chains, or any other con-
 
 103 
 
 trivances are introduced to steady that which is suspended — the roadway of a 
 suspension bridge, for instance, the result is a greater contortion of the parts ; 
 and if the chains are of great length and strength, and the wind violent, the 
 fracture of the suspending rods, and disruption of the roadway, must be the 
 consequence. 
 
 To correct these evils, it is proposed that the curve should not be so deep 
 as the catenary, for as we rise above that curve, the tension becomes greater 
 than the gravitation. For the mode in which this is carried into execution, 
 the lessening of the chains towards the centre, and the appropriation of the 
 weights upon the roadway, we must refer the reader to the works of Mr. 
 Dredge. 
 
 The general construction of a suspension bridge is sufficiently shown upon 
 the accompanying drawings, to make it unnecessary to do more than describe 
 the several parts in our usual manner. 
 
 Plate LXXVII. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a suspension bridge supposed 
 to have a span of sixty feet. The suspension rods are supposed to be about 
 one inch and three eighths in diameter, and are fastened together by bolts 
 and clips, of a construction which will allow for the ordinary expansion and 
 contraction. The foundations of the piers in our design, are piled, and upon 
 the piles we have shown two tiers of oak plank crossing each other. Upon 
 the planks, York landing is supposed to be bedded, and from this the super- 
 structure rises as shown in the elevation and section. 
 
 In the section is shown the construction for holding and winding the chains, 
 and as these support every other part of the bridge, great strength is required. 
 It is also important, that in the place where the chains are attached, 
 there should be an excavation which should be arched over, either in one or 
 two arches, so that there may be an easy access at any time to the attach- 
 ments. The approach to this part may be by a door under the arch in the 
 side of the pier, either by a ladder or circular stairs. 
 
 It may be desirable to remark that in the drawings we have supposed the 
 foundations to be bad, and to require piling, in order to show how this difficulty 
 is to be met when it happens in practice. The embankments we have sup- 
 posed to be good, as our design is only intended to illustrate the mode of
 
 104 
 
 constructing a suspension bridge, and not to explain the formation of earth 
 work, which must vary considerably according to circumstances. 
 
 Of the design itself, little can be said — it is simple and massive, giving 
 an idea of strength and durability. The suspension bridge is at all times, 
 more or less apparently destitute of these qualities, and it is therefore the 
 more necessary to obtain, as far as possible, a design in which they 
 shall be the prominent features. In all bridges, viaducts, and works 
 of the same character, simplicity of design must be studied, and broad sur- 
 faces should be retained in preference to a minuteness of detail, which, 
 diminishes the appearance of strength. We have a great objection to 
 the ornamenting of the piers and abutments of such structures, with columns 
 and other architectural ornaments ; for they are utterly out of place, and are 
 introduced for the mere purpose of display, and diminish, rather than add 
 to the strength of the structure. 
 
 Plate LXXYIII.— Details. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is a half plan showing a part of the bridge and the timbers 
 necessary to secure the chains of suspension. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the half plan taken above the parapet, showing the finishings. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is a half section showing the piles, the foundation and the con- 
 struction of the superstructure, a «, are the piles, and they are driven close 
 together, as shown by the dotted lines on the plan, and then covered with two 
 tiers of oak plank, sis inches in thickness. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is an elevation of the pier, and a section of the roadway. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is a plan of the clips for securing and uniting the rods of 
 suspension. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is the elevation of the clip. 
 
 Fig. 7. Is the side elevation or section of the same. It will be easily 
 perceived, that by this mode of connecting the suspension rods, the contrac- 
 tion and expansion of the rods are provided for. 
 
 Fig. 8. This is a section of the clips attached to the vertical rods, and 
 secure the iron bearers a a, which run the whole length of the bridge, and 
 support the roadway. 
 
 Fig. 9. Is the elevation of the same clip as it would appear externally. 
 
 All these details arc drawn to a scale of three quarters of an inch to a foot. 
 
 Fig. 10. Is a design for the cast iron palisading on each side of the bridge.
 
 : 
 
 <
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 h ^'L H° 
 
 
 1
 
 I 
 
 i
 
 DESIGN FOR A MAUSOLEUM. 
 
 Among all nations great attention has been paid to the burial of the dead, 
 and it was considered an act of impiety to neglect those funeral rites which 
 custom had sanctioned. If we turn to the earliest periods in the history of 
 man, we find that this regard for the remains of the deceased, dictated in 
 many instances an expensive, and always a careful disposal of the bodies of 
 the dead ; for in countries occupied by nations and tribes which have long 
 ceased to exist, and of which we have no accurate written record, — whether 
 in a state of barbarism or civilization, — an enduring evidence of their habits and 
 customs is found in the sepulchral remains. Some nations have burned their 
 dead, and deposited the ashes in urns; and from the style of art displayed in 
 the construction of those vessels, and the character of the memorials by which 
 their situation is pointed out, the antiquary is often able to gather much 
 valuable information as to the general condition of the people whose mortal 
 remains they contain. By other nations, simple inhumation has been practised, 
 and with the Ijody of the deceased, were frequently buried the arms he used, 
 and the things in which he most delighted. The discovery of these, imme- 
 diately informs us of the social condition of the people at the period when 
 the burial took place, and they become, in the hands of the antiquary, 
 invaluable commentaries upon the hints and conjectures of the ancient his- 
 torians. Did the limits of this essay permit, many instances of the value of 
 sepulchral remains in illustrating history, might be mentioned ; but we will 
 take two examples, the one from Egypt, the other from our own country. 
 
 The ancient sepulchral remains of Egypt, are of the most expensive and 
 gigantic character. Tombs excavated in rocks, and vast pyramidal structures, 
 are the resting places of the monarchs and nobles of ancient Egypt. The forma- 
 tion of these, and the paintings with which they are decorated, clearly point out 
 a people in an advanced stage of civilization, possessing many of the refine- 
 ments of luxury, but still as evidently destitute of that social relation of the 
 varied ranks in society which mark the highest degree of national refinement- 
 History is no inconsiderable assistance in our attempt to discover the condition 
 of this people, and as we stand gazing with wonder and delight upon the 
 massive piles, a painful imagination of the servitude and hard bondage of the 
 multitudes who raised the gigantic structure, is forced upon our minds. 
 
 The Egyptians, we know, were in precisely that state which might be 
 
 2e
 
 106 
 
 conjectured from their monumental remains, without regard to history. Not 
 only did the Israelites serve under them in the capacity of slaves, but the 
 mass of the people themselves suffered under task-masters so rigorous, that 
 their condition was slavery in all but the name. The arts, however, were 
 encouraged, and had consequently advanced to a higher state than among many 
 other contemporary nations. History is therefore, in this instance, confirmed 
 and illustrated by what remains of their sepulchres, and by the study of both 
 a tolerably correct picture may be drawn of their national habits and peculi- 
 arities of custom. 
 
 The accounts which have been left us of the Celtic tribes that first occupied 
 the isles of Britain, are extremely meagre, and considering the national 
 character and relative conditions of the historians, must be received with 
 caution, if not with distrust. Scarcely any of their works remain, except a 
 few massive stones supposed to be connected with their worship, and the 
 mounds of earth piled over the bodies of the dead. Upon opening these, 
 however, urns of various styles of workmanship, containing the ashes of the 
 human body, and some ornaments and weapons, are found, which evidently 
 point out the rude, half-civilized condition of the people ; but at the same 
 time indisputably prove, by the improvement in art so evident on comparing 
 different specimens, that they were in a state of intellectual and social advance- 
 ment, long before the Romans, by the conquest of the island, introduced 
 their arts and customs. 
 
 This regard for the decent disposal of the bodies of the dead, may be 
 traced to a universal acknowledgment of the immortality of the soul, and a 
 belief in a future state. These all-important principles, which are so con- 
 servative in their influence upon social order, were but partially understood; 
 for until the establishment of Christianity, they were seen by a defective 
 vision, and appeared in a distorted form. By the new dispensation they are 
 brought more fully into view, and are more accurately perceived, and in 
 connexion with tlio great doctrine of the resurrection, invest even the broken 
 relic of our mortality, lifeless and destructible as it is rendered by the hand 
 of death, with an interest far greater than was ever imagined by heathen 
 philosophy, or taught by the patriarchal code. The mausoleum is, therefore, 
 to the Christian, emphatically the i)lace of hope, the vantage ground from 
 which he views the future, and upon which he may well record the conquest 
 he will gain over death, in the re-assumption of a body as incorruptible in 
 its nature, as it will be glorious in its attributes.
 
 107 
 Plate LXXIX. 
 
 This is the perspective view of a design for a Mausoleum in the Tudor 
 style of architecture. Compared with the architecture of the various cemeteries 
 near London and other large towns in this country, it will appear an unor- 
 uamental and very modest structure. It is, however, one which in its general 
 characteristics is suited to the purpose for which it is to be employed. In 
 its external features, it may convey a notion of its uses, and in the interior it 
 would have that solemnity of appearance, and adjustment of lights, harmonizing 
 with the feelings of those who entered it for the purpose of performing the 
 last solemn duties to those with whom they had on earth parted for ever. 
 
 In endeavouring to establish a cemetery, the first thing is to select a 
 suitable piece of ground of a rectangular shape. Some attention must l)e 
 paid to the character of the soil ; it should be one quite impervious to 
 water, and in itself dry. A good system of surface-draining will then be 
 required to make it in every respect suitable for a burying-ground. Such 
 a piece of ground being enclosed by a wall, a portion may be appropriated 
 for graves, and a portion for vaults. Suitable buildings will also be required 
 for the performance of religious services. The building we have designed 
 is raised upon a terrace, and is approached by a flight of steps. Elevation 
 is thus given to the structure, and an imposing appearance, frequently lost by 
 allowing a building to rise too evidently out of the ground. Upon entering 
 the mausoleum, there may be supposed to be, on the right, a flight 
 of stairs leading to the catacombs, intended for the undertaker's assistants 
 and others engaged in the burial, and one on the left for the mourners. 
 Immediately facing the entrance there is a platform or bier on which the 
 coffin is placed, and this may be lowered by machinery. The importance 
 of some such arrangement those only can appreciate who have had, when 
 watching the progress of some beloved friend to his last home, their feelings 
 harrowed by the manner in which the coffin has been from necessity or 
 carelessness tilted upon the head or side. Men, whose trade it is to bury 
 the dead, and who grow rich by the impositions they can make upon the 
 pocket when the heart is broken and the ordinary feelings of prudence and 
 carefulness are asleep, are so accustomed io scenes of heart-rending grief, 
 and to the sad spectacle of mortality, that they have but little sympathy with 
 the broken-hearted distress they so often witness ; and the only safety of the 
 public against a display of their indifference is to lessen their opportunities 
 of wounding the feelings of those whom they attend in the solemn rites of burial.
 
 lOS 
 
 The pulpit and reading desk are placed behind the bier, having on the 
 right a robing room, and on the left a room for secular and general 
 purposes, each with a door leading to the grounds at the back of the 
 building. On each side of the middle aisle there are seats for the congre- 
 gation, and immediately over the entrance an organ loft and singing gallery 
 may be provided. A bell may be fixed in the turret of the gable end 
 over the principal entrance. 
 
 Plate LXXX. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is the transverse section of one-half the building, showing the 
 construction of the vaults and the chapel. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a transverse section of one-half the building, showing the 
 style of finishing. 
 
 We may in the explanation of this plate first draw the attention of 
 the reader to an arrangement in the basement, in the centre of the building, 
 at A. This is a shaft for the introduction of air, derived from an inclined 
 external tunne with which it is supposed to be connected. Over the 
 vertical shaft is placed a self-regulating ventilator. By this arrangement 
 a sufficient current of air is made to circulate through the vaults and 
 catacombs. B is a moveable stage upon which the coffin is lowered from 
 the chapel into the vaults. C C are the catacombs. D D the doors at 
 the end of the building. E the door into the catacombs under the terrace. 
 
 Upon the ground floor the seats are shown at A. B is the clerk's desk. 
 C the pulpit. U the robing or clerk's room. E a horizontal ornamental 
 ventilator placed immediately under the lantern light. F, lights in the 
 lantern to be fitted in with finely perforated zinc or gauze wire. 
 
 Plate LXXXI. — Details. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is a half-plan showing the roof in a finished state, Avith the 
 gutters, parapets, buttresses, and lantern light. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a half-plan showing the timbers of the roof, and the metal 
 bearers which support the lantern light. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is a hall-phin of the lantern light in a finished state. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is a half-plan of the same showing the construction. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is the principal moulding. 
 
 Fig. fi. Is the saddle back, or coping for gable ends, &c. 
 
 Fig. 7. Is the principal plinth mouUHng. 
 
 Fig. 8. Is the moulding of plinth and pier of terrace.
 
 /
 
 h I C. I ■.■
 
 f 
 
 r'
 
 DESIGN FOR A WORKHOUSE. 
 
 It is not the business of the author in such a work as this, to discuss 
 the merits or faults of the Poor-law Act, and any such attempt would justly 
 meet with not only the disapproval, but the censure of the reader. In our 
 own time, a large number of workhouses have unfortunately been required, 
 and architects have been desired to provide plans for their erection. Whether 
 the system which rendered such structures necessary, be in itself wise, or 
 whether it presses heavily and unjustly on the poor, we do not stop to inquire ; 
 every man must have formed his own opinion upon the subject, and with 
 that it is not either necessary or proper we should interfere. The architect 
 must provide such buildings as are required, without disputing as to the pro- 
 priety of their erection. It is not, however, improper that we should state 
 what class of building should be constructed, and what provision ought to be 
 made for the inmates. To these subjects our remarks will be strictly 
 confined. 
 
 All buildings, whether for the residence of the nobleman, or the parish 
 pauper, should be so constructed as to give the greatest possible amount of 
 comfort, consistent with the circumstances of those persons who are to occupy 
 them. This is, without doubt, the fiuidamental principle in architectural 
 design, which cannot, under any circumstances, be invaded, without entirely 
 destroying the object of architecture as a useful art. In the erection of work- 
 houses, however, this principle seems to have been very commonly forgotten, 
 or purposely evaded; for they more resemble buildings constructed to receive 
 those who have rendered themselves unfit for society by crime, and who 
 have to receive the punishment enforced by the violated law, than those 
 whose poverty is their only fault — who, after struggling in vain with misfortune 
 and want, seek the refuge which the laws of the country have provided 
 for those who need such succour and protection. Judging from the appearance 
 of the majority of the houses erected under the powers of the Poor Law 
 Act, it would seem as if their architects had provided buildings as repulsive 
 as possible in their external appearance, and as inconvenient in their internal 
 arrangements. The windows are few in number, and raised above that height 
 in which they become useful to the inmates for the view they offer of the 
 smiling country, and the activie life of those who find subsistence in culti- 
 
 2 F
 
 110 
 
 rating, or pleasure in viewing it. The heavens are the only object visible [in 
 these prison-like buildings, and the view of that is so much abridged, one 
 might imagine the sun and bright sky were not made to bless the eye, 
 and cheer the heart of the parish pauper. All architectural design has been 
 at the same time abandoned in these wretched structures, so that the very 
 sight of them hangs heavily on the heart, and banishes from the mind the 
 delightful thoughts of liberty and repose, otherwise so inseparably connected 
 with a beautiful country as England. 
 
 In internal arrangements, these buildings are equally defective, from the 
 restrictions which they so evidently impose, and the want of attention to the 
 comforts of the inmates. 
 
 A house of refuge for the poor should, on the other hand, be cheerful 
 and pleasant in its external character, and should impress those who view it 
 with an idea of comfort and retirement. He is but little acquainted with the 
 varying conditions of human life, who does not know that no prudential fore- 
 thought, — no exercise of .skill and industry, can protect him from poverty; 
 and when the heart is so bowed down with adversity as to seek from the 
 state that subsistence which he is unable by personal exertion to gain, the relief 
 required should be given, not grudgingly, but with a liberal and cheerful hand. 
 Arrangements should be made to relieve the minds of the poor from their 
 sorrows, and to lighten, rather than increase, the recollection of dependence 
 which cannot be altogether removed from a well-constituted mind, whatever 
 may have been the individual's former rank in society. In one word, then, all 
 that is necessary for the poor when supporting themselves by their own labour, 
 ought to be provided for those who are compelled to demand support in the 
 poor-house. 
 
 Plate LXXXII. 
 
 This plate is a bird's-eye perspective view of a design for a workhouse, 
 taken from an angle of the building. It is simple and inexpensive in design, 
 as all such structures should be, and at the same time possesses every arrange- 
 ment for the comfort of the inmates, that can be required. 
 
 In all buildings intended for the reception of a number of persons, the 
 residence of the superintendent, master, or keeper, should be so constructed, 
 that he may at all times have the immediate inspection of every part of the 
 establishment. By the plan we have adopted, this is secured, for the resi-
 
 Ill 
 
 dences of the master and mistress are placed in the centre, and are made of 
 an octagonal form, each side looking into one of the yards, so that by a 
 removal from one room to another, or from one part to another, the whole 
 of the establishment comes under his view. The necessity of some such 
 arrangement will be at once perceived by every reader, but its value can only 
 be known by those who have had an opportunity of observing the difficulties 
 to be overcome in maintaining order Avithout severity, in an establishment 
 where large numbers of persons are congregated, and living together. Misfor- 
 tune claims a delicacy of relief from every heart alive to the common sym- 
 pathies of our nature ; nor can we believe that any person would be induced 
 to treat the inmates of our poor-houses in any other manner, if they were 
 the refuge of the indigent alone. But with them there are always many 
 indolent and vicious, who can only be controlled by a more rigorous discipline 
 than would be necessary to regulate the conduct of those who had simply 
 sought refuge from adversity ; and one of the greatest safeguards against the 
 necessity for those rigorous measures, is a constant superintendence. 
 
 Plate LXXXIII. 
 
 This is the principal or ground plan. A is the front entrance. B the Com- 
 missioners' or board-room. C, the retiring-room. D, the clerk's room. E, wait- 
 ing-rooms. F F, urinals or water-closets. Gr, passage to matron and master's 
 apartments. H H. a vestibule or passage around the central building, and 
 communicating with all the wards. I, day ward for males. K K, the porters' 
 or overseers' rooms. 1 1, tables. 2 2, seats. L, ward for females, with rooms, 
 M M, for those who have the superintendence. N, is a room for casual 
 inmates. 0, boys' ward. P, a ward for old married persons. Q, girls' ward. 
 R, the chapel. S S, workshops for women. T, workshop for girls. U U, 
 store rooms, intended for the use of the overseers. V, boys' workshops. 
 WW, men's workshops. XX, store rooms. Y, the master's apartments. Z, 
 the matron's apartments, a a a a, stairs leading to the basement and first floors. 
 The basement under the central building and principal wings, is intended to 
 be appropriated for kitchens and offices, wash-house and laundry, offices for 
 coal, wood, dust, and the various store rooms required for the housekeeper, and 
 for culinary purposes.
 
 112 
 
 Plate LXXXIV. 
 
 This is the chamber, or fii-st-floor plan. The central building A A, is 
 appropriated to the use of the master and mistress. B, is the passage leading 
 to the several wards. C, the men's bed-room, an, beds. D, closets with 
 necessary sinks and other conveniences. E, women's wards, e e, beds. F, 
 closets with sinks, &c. Gr G, bed-rooms for married persons ; or should, this 
 be refused by the arrangements of the guardians, the rooms might be appro- 
 priated as a sick ward for persons suffering fi"oni contagious disorders. I, sick 
 ward. K, nurses' rooms, a, bed. b, bath. L, surgeon's room. M, surgery. 
 N N, stairs. The roofs over the outhouses are shown on this plan. 
 
 Plate LXXXV.— Details. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is a section of a portion of the roof over the wing buildings. 
 
 Fiff. 2. Is an elevation of the same, taken inside. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is an elevation of the gutter stanchions. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is a section of the floor over the wing buildings. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is an elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is a section of a portion of the ground floor. 
 
 Fig. 7. Is a longitudinal section of the same. 
 
 Fig. 8. Is a section of the foundation and footings. 
 
 Fig. 9. An elevation of the same. 
 
 Fig. 10. Shows the mode of constructing the floor of the central building. 
 
 Fig. 11. Is the same, with the joists. 
 
 Fig. 12. Shows the mode of fixing the ceiling joists. 
 
 Fig. 13. Exhilnts the construction of the roof 
 
 Fig. 14. Is a half section of the floor and roof 
 
 Fig. 15. Is a half elevation of the central building, showing the finishings 
 
 to a larger scale.
 
 
 4 -ate: ... 
 
 \ f
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 ■^^ \ 
 
 /
 
 i 
 
 f
 
 r-n-rTrr ~ 
 
 V 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ir:rTT| 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 /Y 
 
 
 
 /; 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 -— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 s. 

 
 t 
 
 I
 
 DESIGN FOR A GRANARY. 
 
 Among the early eastern nations it was probably the custom to establish 
 large public storehouses for corn, from Avhich the inhabitants were able to 
 obtain a supply of food during times of scarcity. Individuals were then, more 
 than even in the present day, improvident ; and it became necessary, in 
 countries where xmproductive seasons were not uncommon, that the govern- 
 ment should make some provision against the terrible effects of famine. The 
 limited intercourse between nations, the ignorance of the principles of foreign 
 trade, the want of large vessels fitted for merchandise, and many other 
 causes, united to prevent the possibility of much foreign assistance under 
 such trying catastrophes ; in addition to which causes, the jealousy existing 
 between rival states, and the wai's so frequently resulting therefrom, would 
 too frequently have prompted an invasion, rather than a supply from the 
 people to whose sympathy the application was made. Governments were, 
 under these circumstances, compelled to provide stores of food for the 
 consumption of its dependent population, to meet the possibility of the 
 public want. 
 
 In the book Genesis two instances are mentioned of famine, and one of 
 these gives us an interesting view of the provisions made in Egypt to 
 meet the wants of the people in a time of scarcity. The first instance is 
 that when Abram visited the country. " And Abram journeyed, going on 
 still toward the south. And there was a famine in the land: and Abram 
 went down into Egypt to sojourn there ; for the famine was grievous in 
 the land." The subsequent history details the manner in which he was 
 treated by Pharaoh and his princes, and his subsequent dismissal, from 
 having falsely represented Sarai his wife as his sister. This incidental 
 notice of the Egyptians in the history of Abram, gives us a favourable 
 view of their hospitality, and their regard for the marriage contract ; and 
 it also proves that at an early period Egypt was a great country, produc- 
 tive in itself, and possessing public regulations by which the evils of 
 famine were mitigated or avoided. 
 
 But there is a much more detailed account of the provisions made for 
 a time of famine, in the inimitably pathetic history of Joseph. " And 
 when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh 
 
 2 G
 
 114 
 
 for bread : and Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians, Go unto Joseph ; what 
 he saith to you, do. And the famine -was over all the face of the earth. 
 And Joseph opened "11 the storehouses, and sold unto the Egyptians : and 
 the famine waxed sore in the land of Egypt. And all countries came into 
 Egypt to Joseph to buy corn ; because that the famine was so sore in 
 all lands." At first the Egyptians came to the storehouses and bought 
 corn, but "when money failed in the land of Egypt, and in the land of 
 Canaan, all the Egyptians came to Joseph, and said, Give us bread: why 
 .should we die in thy presence'? for the money faileth. And Joseph said, 
 Give your cattle ; and I will give you for your cattle, if money fail. And 
 they brought their cattle unto Joseph ; and Joseph gave them bread in 
 exchange for horses, and for the flocks, and for the cattle of the herds, 
 and for the asses: and he fed them with bread for all their cattle that 
 year. When that year was ended, they came unto him the second year, 
 and said unto him : We will not hide it from our lord, how that our 
 money is spent : my lord also hath our herds of cattle, there is not ought 
 left in the sight of my lord but our bodies and our lands : wherefore shall 
 we die before thine eyes, both we and our land'? Buy us and our land 
 for bread, and we and our land will be servants unto Pharaoh ; and give 
 us seed, that we may live, and not die, that the land be not desolate. And 
 Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh ; for the Egyptians sold 
 every man his field, because the famine prevailed over them: so the land 
 became Pharaoh's." In all these arrangements we perceive evidences of 
 wisdom, such as few statesmen have exhibited under signally trying 
 circumstances. The cattle being bought by Pharaoh were fed and preserved ; 
 the people were supported, though at the loss of all they possessed ; but 
 the master-stroke of policy was in the return of the land to its original 
 proprietors, under the condition that one-fifth of the produce should come 
 to the public granary to meet any future similar exigency. " Then Joseph 
 said unto the people. Behold, I have bought you this day and your land 
 for Pharaoh ; lo, here is seed for you, and ye shall sow the land. And 
 it shall come to pass in the increase, that ye shall give the fifth part 
 unto Pharaoh, and four parts shall be your own for seed of the field, 
 and for your food, and for them of your households, and for food for your 
 little ones. And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto 
 this day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the 
 priests only, which became not Pharaoh's."
 
 115 
 
 The commerce of this country, and the altered condition of nations, render 
 it unnecessary that large government storehouses for corn should be erected ; 
 hut the changes already made in the laws regulating the importation of 
 corn will probably lead to the formation of such buildings by private 
 merchants and speculators, so that a design for a granary seemed an 
 appropriate subject to appear among the public buildings of this country. 
 Under this impression it has been introduced; and the architect will, it is 
 hoped, obtain from our design some hints which will guide him in the 
 arrangement and construction of such a building. 
 
 Plate LXXXVI. 
 
 The upper portion of this plate consists of a design for a public or 
 private Granary. It is proposed to be of an octangular form, so as to 
 admit of division into several bays or compartments, which may be 
 appropriated to different descriptions of corn, access being provided to each, 
 both externally and internally, with a suitable threshing-floor in the centre. 
 By adopting this arrangement, eight separate compartments are obtained, each 
 of which will receive a large quantity of corn. External doors are 
 provided to each division, so that corn may be brought in or carried out 
 without entering any other portion of the building. It has also been 
 thought necessary that there should be a passage through the granary ; 
 and the central space being an octagon of thirty feet in diameter, it will 
 contain three carts or waggons which may load or unload at the same 
 time, and this would be of great convenience in wet weather, or at other 
 periods when it may be desirable that the removal should be under shelter, 
 and not in the open air. A threshing-floor is provided over this space, and 
 is lighted and ventilated from above; the openings shown in the section 
 being filled with perforated zinc, will admit a sufficient light and ventilation, 
 and be a perfect protection from the entrance of birds and insects. 
 
 The doors upon each side of the principal front, as shown in the elevation, 
 form different stages, and are indispensable. They may be opened and 
 closed by means of cords working from the interior, and the upper or 
 lower may be used as shall be most convenient.
 
 116 
 
 Fig. 1. Is a quarter - plan, showing one bay finished and ready for the 
 reception of corn. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a quarter - plan of the foundations, showing the construction. 
 
 Fiq. 3. Is a portion of the threshing - floor, which should be formed of 
 white deal six inches in thickness, and dowelled. To prevent the entrance 
 of vermin, and to form a solid foundation, it should be laid on a bed of 
 concrete at least three feet thick. 
 
 Fig. 4. This is a section of a portion of the floor, showing the dowel 
 and pinning. 
 
 Plate LXXXVII. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is a plan of the timbers for the room over the ground floor. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the same with the common rafters introduced. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is a plan of the roof in its finished state. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is a section of the roof, showing the truss complete. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is an elevation of one of the gable ends. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is a section taken through the centre of the building. It may 
 be here observed that the spaces on each side of the gates communicate 
 with their respective bays or compai'tments, the floors of which are constructed 
 with brick arches springing from iron bearers raised about three feet above 
 the top of the concrete. 
 
 Fig. 7. Shows the construction of the arches and iron springers to a 
 larger scale. 
 
 Fig. 8. Is a plan of the centre of the doors.
 
 F 1 &. ni 
 
 TBIIUAS KELLY
 
 I
 
 DESIGN FOR A PUBLIC ARCHWAY. 
 
 The introduction of railways into this country, has greatly aided the 
 progress of the art of building, in all its varied departments. In the 
 formation of an entirely new system of roads throughout the country, and 
 in making these, as nearly as possible, horizontal, many difficulties must 
 have presented themselves, which could only be overcome by new inventions 
 and untried modes of practical work. When a man has a choice of means 
 he will generally accommodate his work to his knowledge, and rather 
 than voluntarily undergo great mental fatigue in the invention of a new 
 mode, and take some risk in the execution of his plans, he will make 
 such deviations from the original intention, as will enable him to adopt 
 the systems already proved by experience ; thereby saving himself the fatigue 
 of thought, and the risk of failure. In railway work this could not be done. 
 The line of road being once selected, there was scarcely a possibility of 
 changing its course ; and as unexpected difficulties arose, it became imperative 
 on the engineer to meet, rather than to avoid them — to surmount the 
 impediment, rather than to go round it. This necessity for strong mental 
 activity has put to the test the powers of the engineer, and has often 
 been to him a source of great perplexity ; but the advantages to the art 
 of building have been great in proportion. Time has already tested the 
 value of many of these inventions, and fixed upon them the stamp of her 
 approbation — while others in which defects were observed, have been so 
 modified as to correct the faults of the first design. 
 
 It would be easy to point out numerous instances of the improvements 
 in the art of building generally, resulting from railway practice ; but in 
 none has this been more productive of advantage than in arch - building. 
 There have been on various lines of railway numerous failures ; but these 
 have tended to establish truth and to detect the sources of error. Modes 
 of practice have been adopted, and facilities of execution have been obtained, 
 •which had not been before discovered, and were^ scarcely anticipated — difficulties 
 once considered insurmountable have been met without fear, and forms before 
 unknown have become common. 
 
 If we turn to the past history of building and architecture, and compare 
 the knowledge of any one period with that possessed by experienced 
 persons in the present day, we cannot fail to be struck with the superiority 
 
 2 11
 
 118 
 
 of their architecture, and the deficiencies of their knowledge of building. 
 The Greeks, ■ivith whom no modern nation, although possessing all the 
 advantages to be derived from the works of preceding generations, can be 
 compared in taste, possessed a competent knowledge of the mode of 
 constructing walls and of bonding the work together; for their buildings 
 have stood the test of time, and have descended to our own day with 
 scarcely any other injury than that produced by the hand of the barbarian 
 and the fanatic. Yet the Greeks were unacquainted with the principles 
 of the arch — it is a form not to be seen in any of their works. The 
 very style they adopted would not even admit of its introduction in a 
 conspicuous part of their buildings ; and so singular has this deficiency 
 appeared to many writers, that the inapplicability of the arch to their style 
 has been used to account for the absence of that principle in all their 
 structures, and to remove the supposition of their ignorance. But, on the 
 other hand, it must be admitted that there are numerous opportunities of 
 introducing the arch with advantage where it would greatly facilitate the 
 builder without interfering with the style ; and these opportunities would 
 not have been lost if the Greeks had possessed a knowledge of the 
 properties of the arch. We must therefore conclude that they were ignorant 
 of its construction. 
 
 The Romans must be considered as the inventors of the arch ; and they 
 introduced it with great effect in their triumphal gates, and in many other of 
 their public structures. These must have appeared at the time of their 
 erection surprising results of science, as well as superb specimens of art ; 
 but compared with many of the structures of the present day, they lose all 
 their importance as practical works, although they retain their superiority 
 as elegant designs. Could we imagine, that at some far distant period, 
 England would meet with the fate of the Roman empire, we might speculate 
 upon the feelings that would be produced in the mind of some curious 
 stranger by the ruins of our railways. Traversing the country from one 
 place to another, he would here and there meet with a solitary arch, or 
 portions of tlie viaducts, rarely distinguished for architectural taste, but as 
 works of construction almost perfect. These he would find distinguished by 
 all imaginable varieties of character, and in every form into which they 
 could possibly 1)0 thrown— some spreading out over enormous spans — others 
 towering to great heights — some formed at right angles to what he imagines 
 to have been tlie roadway, and others of that peculiar construction called
 
 119 , 
 
 skew-arches. But why should we imagine such a catastrophe, for the 
 purpose of producing such an event, as the inspection of a civilized stranger 
 after an interval of ages of desolation"? Let the student now take a careful 
 examination of our works in their perfect state, and he will find abundant 
 reason to be satisfied with the progress that has been made in scientific 
 building. 
 
 It is not the intention of the author, in the accompanying drawings, to 
 describe all the forms of the arch which may be adopted, but rather to 
 point out one or two of the most simple, such as are frequently required 
 in practice. For this purpose he has presented the reader with a design 
 for a public archway, and has added to it a few details, which will, it is 
 anticipated, be found very useful to those for whom the Designs for Public 
 Buildings are chiefly intended. 
 
 Plate LXXXVIII. 
 
 Fiq. 1. This is a design for an Archway proposed to be erected upon 
 the intersection of two cross-roads, and is suitable for a turnpike or 
 railroad, or for a gentleman's grounds. It would be easy to adapt it to a 
 railway crossing over roads, by the removal of the dome. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is the plan. 
 
 Plate LXXXIX. 
 
 Fiff. 1. This is the plan supposed to be accurately taken when the 
 buUding has been carried as high as the springing. A is a semicircle, and 
 the radius may be divided into a number of equal parts, from which 
 perpendicular lines, a h, are erected, touching the curve. Continue these 
 perpendicular lines to the diagonal line, B, and from the point d erect 
 lines perpendicular to the line B, and of the same length as the lines a b, 
 with which they are severally connected : — thus the line c d is to be of 
 the same length as a b, c d' as a b'. By connecting all the points c c c , 
 a curve will be produced, which is called the curve of the angle-rib.
 
 , 120 
 
 Fig. 2. Is an elevation of the semi-ribs, or centering for the semi-circular 
 arch, which is shown in plan at 6 6 in Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is an elevation of the angle-ribs. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is a half-plan, showing the ribs. ccc are termed jack-ribs, and 
 are segments of circles. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is a half-plan, showing the boarding. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is the principal cornice to a large scale. 
 
 Fig. 7. Is the string-course to the dome. 
 
 Fig. 8. Is the cap of the antag. 
 
 Fig. 9. Is the base of the antge. 
 
 Fig. 10. Is the impost moulding. 
 
 Fig. 11. Is a section of the rustic. 
 
 Plate XC. 
 
 Fig. 1. Is a semi-circular arch of brickwork. 
 
 Fig. 2. Is a semi-circular arch of stone. In this and in the previous 
 arch, all the joints are in lines, which, if produced, will meet in the centre 
 a, as shown by the dotted lines. 
 
 Fig. 3. Is an elliptical arch in brickwork. 
 
 Fig. 4. Is an elliptical arch in stone. In arches of this form the 
 lines of the joints, if produced, would fall on the centres of the respective 
 curves. 
 
 Fig. 5. Is an arch, the segment of a circle, in brickwork. 
 
 Fig. 6. Is an arch of the same form in stone. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 LondoD I 1. Rider, Printer, U, Bartbolomcw Clou-.
 
 J ^..-rrf: LX.iX 
 
 
 ■> y 
 
 < -. 
 
 ' I i 
 
 zz^ 
 
 ; oi:DOj:-';TrowA;' KUAt ^>}'K'..
 
 F 1 ; '/u 
 
 VIII 
 
 c 
 
 ? I G XI 
 
 .•1 BROOKS. AP-C
 
 4 
 
 I
 
 >>. 
 
 
 jr^ r-r 
 
 
 -U t\ - 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 / ^"'**-^ / 
 
 ^^1 
 
 T"
 
 <■ -s. 
 
 2^29 li
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped oelow 
 
 REC'D LU-URt 
 
 
 l9Tf 
 
 ^^^nj-pui 
 
 MAY 2 2 
 
 980 
 
 NON-RENEWABLE 
 
 APR 15 992 
 DUE 2 WKS FROM O^TE RECEIVED 
 
 -fii-W.*U(2*9:' 
 
 P^^
 
 >ii|iiiiiiiuiii|niliii|n|l 
 
 3 1158 00272 8078 
 
 iir inUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 ■■■■ill 
 D 001 070 603 4
 
 ■■■,ii..'i;:^i^';s';!'.:ii^J!ii!il;<'!»i' 
 
 ii