THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ^- 0- BAKER lA''VV(.-fj B. 0. BAXER LAWYea '" ■ ", rev A-: BURNZ* PHONETIC STENOGRAPHY ARRANGED ON THE BASIS OF ISAAC PITMAN'S "PHONOGRAPHY" BY ELIZA BOARDMAN BURNZ A REVISION 15TH EDITION J 3 J i i > ■> BURNZ AND COMPANY. PUBLISHERS NEW YORK 1918 Copyright, 1918, By E. C. Burnz C 1 C c f c c C c ^ Ctt L<^LCCC Press of J. J. Little & Ives Co. 425-435 East 24th Street New York CO -I PREFACE Phonetic Stenography was first introduced to the public in 1872, under the title of "Phonic Shorthand", by Eliza Boardman Burnz, the publication being the result of "an earnest and long-cherished desire on the part of the author to see the beautiful and labor-saving art of steno-phonography in the possession of all who use the pen." Except in the particulars mentioned below, Mrs. Burnz laid no claim to originality, but acknowledged with pride and pleasure her indebtedness not alone to Isaac Pitman, the inventor of "Phonogra- phy", but also to the many other lovers and practitioners of the art who had written and pubhshed more or less respecting it. Mrs. ^ Burnz acknowledged her many obligations to a large number of able >" reporters in New York, and in various parts of America and Great •2 Britain, who had assisted her by friendly suggestions and given hci- 2 the results of their experience. "^ The special features of this work will be found to consist: First, in the distinctive use of a portion of the phonographic material common to all phonograpliies ; for instance, the initial vowel tick and the in-hook, which give to Phonetic Stenography the legibility of common script. Second, in the advantages of the book from a pedagogical point of view, because of the order and simplicity of its presentation of the principles of Phonetic Stenography — the sim- plest, most definite, and most regularly applied being first given — and also, because of the arrangement of the shorthand plates with key pages opposite, which greatly facilitates the comparison of the pupil's work. Through nearly half a century of use by law and lecture reporters, stenographers, and secretaries, this system of shorthand has proved its superiority for taking notes swiftly, accurately, and with unequaled legibility. The verdict of those who have emploj^ed stenographers using this system is, "Burnz writers can read their notes." iii 448570 IV The present edition has been thoroughly revised and enlarged. It is pubhshed in response to an increasing demand for instruction in the Burnz System, as well as because of the conviction of the editors that this logical and legible system should be presented to the pubhc with the improvements which years of classroom teach- ing and practical work have added to it. It is in the belief that the Burnz System is, more than any other, prepared to meet the varied requirements of modern stenographic work that the editors present to the public this edition of "Burnz' Phonetic Stenography". CONTENTS PART I chap. page — Catechism of Phonetic Spelling 9-10 — Introductory Chapter 11-12 — Consonant Alphabet 13 I. — Stem Consonants and Vowel Signs 14-17 II. — Words Having but One Consonant Sound — Position 18-23 — Sign-Words and Vowel Words 22-23 III. — Regular Final Adjuncts — N - hook, In - hook, AND ShUN-HOOKS — HALVING 24-27 — Simple Stem Signs 28-29 IV. — Final Circles and Loops 30-35 — Additional Word Signs 33 V. — Stenotypy — Combined Stems — Rules for Up- ward AND Downward R, L, and SH 36-39 VI. — Irregular Final Adjuncts — F-hook and Ter- hook — Lengthening — Past Tense 40-48 — Open Diphthong Signs 49 PART II VII. — Initial Circles and Loops — In-hook — Dots for "ing" and "con" 52-59 VIII. — Initial Hooks for R, L, W, and Y 60-65 IX. — Initial Vowel and Aspirate Ticks — Addition- al Word-Signs 66-69 X. — Special Vocalization — Special Rules for the Formation of Outlines 70 77 V VI CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE XI. — V-HOOK — Prefixes and Suffixes — Contrac- tions 78-85 XII. — Stenology or Naming Outlines, illustrated. 86-91 XIII. — Order of Principles — Special Forms 92 PART III XIV, — The Art op Phrasing 94-101 — Reading Lessons 102-117 — List of Word-signs 118 — Words Varied in Outline 119-126 — Vocabulary of Contractions and Speci^^l Forms 127-139 PART I 9 CATECHISM OF PHONETIC SPELLING A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THIS CATECHISM WILL GREATLY FACIUTATE THE STUDY OF PHONETIC SHORTHAND Q. WTiat is language? A. Any mode of communicating thought. Q. What arc tlie princii)al kinds of language used by man? A. Spoken language and written or printed language. Q. Of what are each of these composed? A. Of words. Q. Of what are spoken words composed? A. Of elementary sounds. Q. Of what are written or printed words made up? A. Of characters called letters. Q. What is orthography or common spelling? A. Naming the letters that compose a written or printed word. Q. What is phonetic spelling? A. Dividing a spoken word into its elementary sounds. Q. Name the letters in the words though, ache. A. T-h-o-u-g-h; a-c-h~e. Q. Speak the sounds in the words though, ache. A. th-o; a-k. Q. Of what are the words that we use in speaking composed? A. Of sounds made by the breath or voice. Q. Make a simple breath sound. A. h-h-h. Q. Make a simple voice sound? A. uh-uh-uh. Q. How are these simple breath and voice sounds made into the various sounds of speech? A. By the organs of speech in various positions. Q. What are the organs of speech? A. The lips, teeth, tongue, palate, and throat. Q. What are the two principal classes of sounds? A. Free and obstructed sounds. Q. Make some free sounds. A. a, aw, o, oo (long); I, &, u, 66 (short). Q. What name is given to the free voice sounds? A. Vowels. Q. What is the one free breath sound called? A. The aspirate, named Hay. Q. What are the obstructed sounds, whether breath or voice, called? A. Consonants. Q. How many breath sounds are there in the English language, including the aspirate? A. Nine. Q. How many obstructed voice sounds? A. Fifteen. 10 Q. How many consonant sounds in all? A. Twenty-four. Q. How many vowel sounds? A. Sixteen simple and four compound. Q. Name the eight long vowel sounds. A. e, as in feel; a, in fail; a, in fair; a, in far; u, in curl; au, in caught; 6, in pole; 55, in pool. Q. Name the eight short vowels. A. I, as in fill; 6, in fell; a, in fat; a, in fast; u, in cut; 6, in cot, 6, in cocoon; o6, in pull. Q. Name the four compound vowel sounds. A. i, as in time; oi, in toil; ow, in town; ew, in few. Q. Speak the sounds in the word be. A. b-e. Q. Which is the consonant element? A. b. Q. How do you know? A. Because the Hps come close together and stop the sound. Q. Do the organs of speech always come quite close together? A. No. Q. Give some consonants in which they do not. A. s, sh, r. Q. What is the vowel in Ma; in viay; in 7ne/ A., SLy Rj 6< Q. Why are these vowels? A. Because the mouth is more or less open and the voice passes freely. Q. How many consonants are there in the words obey; echo; away; Annie? A. One. b, in obey; k, in echo; w, in away; n, in Annie. Q. How many vowels in obey, and what are they? A. Two; 6 and a. Q. W^hich is the accented vowel? A. a. Q. How can you determine the accented vowel of a word? A. It is the one which can be emphasized strongly without changing the pronunciation of the word. Q. What does each character used in phonetic shorthand rep- resent? A. An elementary sound of the English language. ELEMENTS OF PHONETIC STENOGRAPHY INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER § 1. Spoken Language is the exi)ression of thought by the various sounds of the human voice combined into words. § 2. Phonetic Spelling is resolving the words of a language into their elementary sounds. § 3. Phonography is any kind of writing wherein each letter or character, or a combination of them, uniformly represents an ele- mentary sound. § 4. Stenography or Shorthand is any kind of abbreviated writing. § 5. The Sounds used in the formation of words are divided into obstructed or consonant sounds, and free or vowel sounds. The consonant sounds are of two kinds, breath and voice. § 0. In Phonetic Shorthand the consonants of the language are denoted by curved lines derived from the circle and by simple straight Unes. The obstructed breath sounds, represented by the capital letters of the words below the stems, are denoted by light lines, thus: \ I / _ V. ( ) J P ole T oe CH eer K ill F ear TH igh S eal SH all The obstructed voice sounds are mates of the above-named breath sounds, being formed by the organs of speech when in the same positions, but with the voice instead of the breath, and are repre- sented by the same phonographic signs, made heavy or shaded, thus: \ I / _ *- < ) J B owl D oe J eer G ame V eer TH y Z eal a Z ure 11 12 The remaining voiced consonants are represented some by light and some by heavy lines, the individuals of each pair bearing no relation in sound to each other. There is a second form for R, as heard in Rarey, which is a K elevated a few degrees at the right hand end. This is used chiefly when R is the first sound in the word, and when at the end of words that sound is followed by a vowel. The one free breath sound, or aspirate H, is classed with the con- sonants. The forms for these consonants are as follows : L et Y et ai R W ear M ay H ay si N si NG R ough § 7. The above characters, which are called stems, are the primary forms for the consonant sounds. The most frequently recurring consonants and combinations of consonants are represented by smaller secondary forms in the shape of circles, loops, and hooks, which are called adjuncts. § 8. The stem or stems that are required to represent the con- sonant sounds of a word, with the adjuncts, constitute what is called the outline. The outline is always written before the vowels are inserted, so as to give definiteness to the position of the vowels; placing the vowel signs is called vocahzing the outUne. § 9. The characters used to express the vowel sounds consist of dots, dashes, and small angles. § 10. Each phonographic character has usually two powers, a primary or sound power used in giving the full representation of single words, and a secondary or word power used in the abbreviated representation of single words, and in phrase writing. It is on the free application of this word power that reporters are largely depend- ent for their wonderful speed. The punctuation marks used in stenography are the same as those of common writing, except that the period is denoted by a small cross written on the Une, and the dash by a waved instead of a straight hne. FIRST PRACTICE After sharpening your pencil, form a tracing point at the other end, by trimming it like a pen point. Use this as a tracer, which will not mark the book, and with it go carefully over each stem many times, repeating the sound of it aloud. This practice will train the eye to observe and the hand to imitate the exact forms and sizes of the letters and outlines. 13 CONSONANT ALPHABET LETTEK 1 NAME PHONOGRAPH SOUND AS IN P pee \ p ole. B bee \ h owl. T tee I 06. D dee 1 d oe. CH chay / ch eer. J jay / 3 eer. K kay c ame. G gay g ame. F ef ^ /ear. V vee L t; eer. TH ith ( th igh. Th thee ( si ng. ASPIRATE OR FREE BREATH. H hay ^ h ave. 14 CHAPTER I STEM CONSONANTS AND VOWEL SIGNS Illustrated by Alphabet Plates Principle I. The horizontal stems are made from left to right, and the uprights and slopes downward with the exception of Lee and SHee, which are usually struck upward, and should always be thus written when uncombined with another stem. . Pronounce the 7iame and then the sound of each stem until both are familiar, at the same time tracing the characters lightly and slowly with a dry pen, or a wooden point made at the reverse end from the pencil point. Principle II. A vowel sign represents the same sound on either side of a stem; but if placed to the left of an upright or slope, or above a horizontal, it represents a vowel sound which is to be heard before that of the stem, while if placed to the right or below, it is to be heard after. Principle III. First or open vowel signs are written near the upper end of an upright or slope, and near the right end of a hori- zontal; second or mechal signs are written near the middle of a stem; and third or close vowel signs are placed near the lower end of an upright or slope and near the left hand of a horizontal. This principle need not be applied rigidly to the four compound vowel signs, because each has a distinctive form. condensed or six-vowel scale A vowel sign has no other name than its sound. The vowel sounds are denoted by dots, dashes, and small angles, written near the stem. Heavy dots and dashes denote the long vowel sounds, and light dots and dashes the short vowels. Pronounce the key-word opposite each vowel sign in the following scale, and then give the pure vowel sound designated by the italic letter in the word. SIMPLE VOWELS First Place cors Second " make Third " eat compound VOWELS First Place ...... fine V : > hoys how l Third " I (to) \ < heauty 3 The vowel signs should be made close to, but not touching the stems. A compounfl vowel sign may be united with the stem at the beginning or end according as its sound is to be heard before or after, whenever this can be done easily and plainly without raising the hand. The dash signs should preserve their directions as shown in the vowel scale, and be struck from left to right and downwards. 1 . carry all — i — on 1 • ; • men oivn — i : 1 up '2 • i . little do ■- i — good 3 15 GEOMETRICAL ARRANGExMENT OF CONSONANTS. UPRIGHTS. ((II ) ) iTH THee Tee Dee eS Zee SLOPES. eF Vee Pee Bee uR Way ^ ^ \ \ ^ ^ f r / / J/ J Lee Yay CHay Jay SHee ZHee HORIZONTALS. eM-- Kay— '^^^ Hay "^ ^^y iNG " Ree^^ VOWEL SIGNS placed to St 3m . 1st, or Open vow- \ I / ^^^'^~ / _y *>._^— els, near the top of Uprights and P-avv D-aw J-aw R-aw C-aw L aw SH-aw gN-aw Slopes, and near the right hand of |V /v ^-^ y ,v the Horizontals. ^^ — V^ / ^ — >s J F-le TH-y L-ie M-y S-igh SH-y N-igh R-ye 2d, or Medial, ^ |- /• ear the middle of ' ' near Stems. B-eau D-ough J-oe R-oe G-o L-ow H-oe SH-ow 3d, or Close, near the lower end of 3.^ D-0 Ch-ew R-ue C-o( L-ee M-e M-oo Uprights and Slopes, "" and near the left end t / \ 1 "~\ X of the Horizontals. Vj V« /. ^ ' i\ •/ -' F-ee TH-ee S-ee Sll-e kN-ee ea-R ea-Se e'e-N lb FULL OE EIGHT-VOWEL SCALE The same signs indicate the same sounds in both the six- and the eight-vowel scales, only that in the Condensed Six-Vowel Scale the signs for ah, d, o, and H represent both the long and the short sound of each pair. The key words contain the vowels which have been omitted from the six-vowel scale. 1st I 2d Purl I 3d I Cuba Pare -Omit To get the pure vowel or consonant soimd in a word, pronounce the word very slowly. That part which is uttered while any of the organs of speech are so much in contact as to nearly or quite obstruct the voice or breath is the consonant part of the word; that uttered when the organs of speech are more widely separated is the vowel part of it. In saying m-e, the Ups are first closed; then if an effort is made to say the word without opening the mouth, a humming sound is produced, which is the consonant m; when the lips part the voice issues as the vowel e. Pronounce m-ay, and the mouth opens wider when the vowel is sounded. Say h-ah! and the aperture is made still greater. The separation of the consonant and vowel elements by a hiatus constitutes phonetic spelling, or speUing by sound. Those vowels requiring but slight opening of the mouth to allow free passage of the voice are grouped and called third place, or close vowels; a wider opening gives the second, or medial group; those sounded with the widest aperture are first place, or open vowels. It is easiest, in going through either the six- or eight-vowel scale, to begin with the third place, ascending with the dot signs and descending with the dashes. When a vowel sign is written without a stem, place it with reference to the line of writing above, on, or below. A few words, as 7, a, awe, ah! oh! eh? are simply vowels, having no consonant element. These, and most vowels, when preceded by the aspirate, Hay, form other words; as high, he, who, etc. To secure the convenience of a stem form for the aspirate, so that any vowel may be denoted in connection with it, or the stem be used to denote a word of which the aspirate is a prominent part, Hay is classed with the consonants. In phonography, the vowels are paired in accordance with their sounds, and not as in the dictionaries and spelling books from the letter used to denote them. Those sounds are placed together in the phonographic vowel scale which are made with the organs of speech in hke position or nearly so. Tested in this way, what is usually called short i in fit, is found to be the real mate of long e in feet, and is therefore paired with it; short e in met is nearest in sound to long a in mate; short a in mat requires a wider opening of the mouth and is placed in the first group with the vowels in air. 17 far, and ask. So, also, the sound called short o, as in not, is found to be nearer to the broad a in fall than it is to long o in note, and it is therefore ranged in the first place with au. The natural vowel termed short u, heard in bun, but, etc., and wliich is lengthened before r in burst, stir, her, etc., bears no relation to the sound of o long, and therefore in the above scale, though its sign is written in the second place, the dash is struck in a different direction from that of 0. This natural vowel is usually heard as the sound of the a, at the end of proper names, as Victoria; though careful speakers give a more open sound — a short ah, as in Minneha-ha. The sounds of 00 in fool and u in full are simply the long and short of each other. It is necessary that the difference between the mated short and long sounds of the dot signs should be fully appreciated. Thua bit, short vowel — beet, long; bet, short — bait, long. Remember that what is usually called short a as in mat is in the first place — a light dot; while long a as in male, is in the second place — a heavy dot. That short e as in tnet is in the second place — a hght dot; but long e as in meet is in the third place — a heavy dot. WTiat is termed long i, in ice, is a compound sound, having a complex character to denote it, and is classed with the other close diphthongs, oi, ow and ew. Those who fail to appreciate any difference between the sound of a in bar and a in ivas, and of a in bar and o in on and not, may, in such words, use the perpendicular first place dash, where the vowel is denoted by a, and the horizontal where it is denoted by o, until the sounds are discriminated. Be careful to use the heavy dash in the second place for the vowel in more, door, oar, four, etc. Some persons pronounce, in this class of words, the same vowel that is heard in bought, nor, etc. This is incorrect; the full sound of long o should be given in oar, more, etc . 18 CHAPTER II WORDS HAVING BUT ONE CONSONANT SOUND Illustrated by Plates 3 and 4 Principle IV. When the vowel in a word is a first place or open sound, the stem representing the consonant element is written a Uttle above the line of writing, and the word is said to be in the first position. If the vowel is a second or medial, the stem rests on the line and occupies what is known as the second position. When the vowel is a third or close sound, the stem, if an upright or slope, is struck through the line, and if a horizontal, is made entirely below it; the word is then in the third position. In case there are two or more vowels, the accented vowel deter- mines the position of the stem. § 2. A consonant may have a vowel both before and after it; or two vowels before or two after; in either case the word will be of more than one syllable. Where two vowels occur on the same side of a stem, if both are full and quite distinct, it is best to write them separately with their proper signs, that one nearest to the stem which sounds nearest. See Ohio, Iowa, in Plate 3, second line from the bottom. A short or sUghtly sounding vowel may be indicated by a light tick attached to the sign for the accented or prominent vowel. This is easily done if the sign be a dash or compound. See doughy, dewy. Should the stronger vowel be a dot sign, elongate the dot into a dash in the direction in which the stem P is struck, and prefix or add a tick for the weaker vowel. See idea. The sign for each vowel may, however, be written separately and in its proper place. -^ § 3. The aspirate or breathing sound occurs only before vowel sounds and the sounds of W and Y. The stem Hay is usually substituted by a short, slanting stroke, called the Hay-tick, which is joined at a sharp angle to the beginning of any stem except Kay, Gay, and Ree. Whenever it is not conven- ient to use the Hay-tick, the vowel sign can be aspirated by placing a small dot beside it. ^ Rule 1. A word containing but one consonant sound must have that consonant represented by a stem sign. Exceptions to the rule are classed as word-signs. See plate 4, the, an, ivho, as, is. Proper names are designated by two small dashes under the out- lines, and emphatic words by a wave line. 19 DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING A WORD IN PHONETIC STENOGRAPHY F'irst, separate tho word into its elementary sounds, speaking each distinctly and separately; then write the atem which represents the consonant clement in its proper position, according as its vowel is a first, second, or tliird place vowel. I^astly, write the vowel sign or signs near the stem, before or after, in accordance with Principles 1, II, and III. Words that are pronounced alike, though differing in their com- mon spelling, are written ahke in phonography ; as, know, no. But words pronounced differently, though spelled ahke, are written differently, according to their sound; thus how, a ribbon, and how, to bend the body, are written with a different vowel sign. PRACTICE ON WORD-PLATES AND READING LESSONS Each line of a phonographic page that consists of single words, and each paragraph of a reading lesson, should be worked up sepa- rately in the following manner: 1st. Read the words of the Une or paragraph several times with the printed key. 2d. Read the same line without looking at the key until it can be read easily. 3d. Copy the phonograpliic forms of the Une very carefully five times, pronouncing each word before copying it. 4th. Make a test by writing the same words from the printed key in shorthand, without looking at the phonographic plate. 5th. Compare your writing with the plate, and correct errors. 20 Key to Plate 3 words having but one stem First Place. — At, ought, toy, add, odd, die, eyes, thigh, thy, thou, saw, sigh; Pa, paw, buy, boy, bough, fie, vie, vow, oil, or, our; ire, jaw, joy, all, law, isle, lie, shah, Shaw, ash, shy; rye, row, cow, my. Ma, mow, nigh, now. Second Place. — Eight, aid, day, ode, oath, they, though, us, say, so, pay; up, beau, oar, err, way, etch, edge, ale, lay, low, show; ache, oak, gay, roe, aim, hay, hoe, own, no or know. Third Place. — Eat, it, too or two, do, ooze, see, SYie, ease, pea, bee, if; few, view, ear, each, chew, Jew, eel, ill, lea, heu, we; me, mew, moo, coo, inn, knee, new or knew, key, rue. Two Syllables. — Ado, adieu, essay, obey, avow, away, allay, alley, allow, ashy, issue, easy; echo, ago, Anna, Annie, Ohio, Iowa, doughy, dewy, idea, Utah. Aspirate Tick and Dot. — Hope, hide, hoof, heavy, hall, hush, why, hymn, home, honey. Sentences for Writing after Plates 3 and 4 have been STUDIED The boy you see is Ray Low. He may say he has no home. I am to show it to you. It is high up on the hill. A day ago he hung up his hoe, and had an idea to go away to Ohio. Now he is here, and we see him each day in our alley. Do you see how happy and gay he is ? Directions and Places of Vowel Signs Sec chap. 2, Prill. II & III First or Open. Stem in First Place. Second or Medial Vowels. Stem in Second Place. 21 PLATE 3 Words having but One Consonant Sound. 3.\ 2 IX 3 -^' ;i; 3 2 / t I I I 3 2 7 i^j r__j__] r_:)...._.c (:.c j y \ \ \ \ \ ^ ^ ^ r";\ "^ '^^JL/LC C. ^ ^' Z Z. Z. Z •l.......±._ k -I -( i k \ )• )- \ \ Ns >. :h.„ :y / / 'c £ /^ J- Third or Close. Stem in Third Place. Two or more Syllables Aspirate tick, .1 ---I I. 1. ^ 1 h. ^ \. \^ t- ■^ ^-^ ;/ /. / .F ,f (7 e ^. 1. Ir i-.._A :^ ^ £ c c... z //. I.. V ^ \ 1 X ^. lU^ A \ \ i V 22 Plate 4 Sign Words and Vowel Words § 1. The small characters at the top of Plate 4 represent the words beside them. Each is in position according to the vowel of the word denoted. Strike the light tick for and upwards, but the heavy dashes downwards. The circle represents the sound of s or z. The horizontal half-circle denotes that of n, and the perpen- dicular that of / or v. § 2. The half-circle word-signs for on, of, in, if, should be turned in the direction indicated, unless, in phrasing, the opposite direction forms a better outline. § 3. The dot-sign for the article the, may be elongated into a slanting tick, and attached to the sign for and, and to the half-cir- cle word-signs. The may be expressed in the same way after a stem or final adjunct, whenever it makes a distinct angle in joining. The sign for and the is inverted to express of the. The word a is sometimes expressed by a perpendicular or horizontal tick joined to a following stem or hook. Simple Sentences I see you. I know I ought to know you, and I do know you now. See my new hoe. Th; inn is high up. Who has the key of the pew? See Joe Lee and his cow. The boy may tie the cow. The cow may eat the hay. How do you do? Oh, the sea in the bay is low. How is Eddie? I saw him on the way to you. He owes Joe the pay of a day. I know the way, and the boy may show it to you. Whose idea is it to allow Emma to go to Iowa? If we pay our way, you and I may go. May is at home, and I am happy to know it. He has his home on the hill. Who is in the hall? Ah, I see a bee. Go away, bee, to the hive. The dew is heavy. The air is dewy. It is a joy to row on the bay. 23 Key to Plate 4 Vowel Words — Word-Signs AT r .0 ..^_..^.-, the ■>— — - high - --« awe -■ — has , I « , a, an how awes his •o 1 , and _„..-_ ah ^.._/ owe, O " on .1 -.. and the , ^ you ^_:.,f. ._ owes , ' .._..of of the .. he ^ _ ,who Jn i »—__-, him _. whose „ ...Jf " V rf c V V I / V ••- i <■''■- '^-~ I- ^ <■■ 1--^ ). -^ '-« -<^ ^- > r- V i '^ .1 1 17 /.., ) >^ /s '. u : I z.s:i.. /- \ ' I- ' ^ ^ '" "^ ^ J- I _.....\ _ I...X .>._«r. 1 .. _._,.„.Z_ -_^._vf /^. -*^ ^ ji ^' ^ ^ I:, '^^ -v '^^ ;i- ^- I^_c.- ■!>: ■" '^^ "■'■•■■■■■ " " ""■"■' //. ..-.>^ .1..-- 1 .r_)-. o . ^_..«SN. _„ ^ ..X ■^■- -..-^.~ ,, — -'J — _.o...x— .\.;..~J;..-.''-..-...J"-~ - i„...):...__.L ■■^•■ ^ I ^ -, ^_J.__L", )- "^ *^ 30 CHAPTER IV REGULAR FINAL ADJUNCTS — CIRCLES AND LOOPS Illustrated by Plate 7 § 1. Circles and loops are always formed on the inside of the curved stems. Their place on the straight stems is on the upper side of horizontals, and on the right of uprights and slopes, unless the sound of n precedes their powers, in which case they are written on the same side as the N-hook. § 2. A small circle represents the sound of s or z. Lines 1, 2, 3. § 3. A large circle denotes the sounds of ss, sz, zs, or zz, combined in one syllable. The vowel between these sounds is usually indis- tinct and not denoted; but should it be accented, or even fully sounded, the vowel sign is placed within the circle. Line 4. § 4. A small loop represents the combined sounds st, with no intervening vowel. Line 5. § 5. A large loop is used to denote the sounds of sfr, the r being preceded by a vowel which is usually obscure, but which, if accented or fully sounded, should be written within the loop. Line 6. § 6. Back Circle : A small circle formed on the back, or other side of the stem from the circle or loop, expresses an additional sound of s or z, or the syllable ez. Line 7. § 7. The small circle and loop may also be added to half sized stems. The circle is much used to express the plural of nouns and the third person singular of verbs. Line 8. § 8. Only the small circle can be placed inside of a hook; it should be made somewhat oval to fit neatly into the hook. The large circle and the loops are affixed to stems only. Line 9. § 9. Either of the circles or loops, if formed on the left or n side of a straight stem, includes the sound of a preceding n; in such cases the N-hook need not be formed, but only the circle or loop be made on the n side. Lines 10, IL § 10. The halving principle for t or d is often combined with the final hooks and the small circle on curved stems, and with the circle on the left side of straight stems, for ns. In such combinations particular attention must be paid to the principle that the power (by which is meant the sound) of the halving, t or d, comes between the sounds n or sh'n and s; and also that the power of the circle is invariably the last power. Line 12. § 11. The In-hook is added after any circle or loop, by running the pen through the stem, or through a hook, and turning the In- hook on the other side. The accented vowel may be included in the In-hook. Lines 13, 14. 31 § 12. The termination composed of s, vowel, and the syllables tion, dan, and sion as in position, physician, decision, is expressed by the large circle and In-hook; the circle in this case expresses ssh, instead of s's or s'z. The vowel between the sounds of s and sh, need not be placed within the circle, since it is always the accented vowel of the word and will be denoted by the position of the outUne. Line 15. § 13. Derivative words are naturally written in the position of their root or primitive words, when the accented vowel of the latter is long and remains unchanged in sound. This is the case with causation and accusation at the end of Une 15. § 14. In vocahzing a stem having a final hook, circle, or loop, it is often necessary to put the vowel sign outside of the adjunct, and therefore at some distance from the stem. In reading it should be borne in mind, that the vowels belong to the stems, and sound immediately before or after them, according to the side of the stem on which they are placed. § 15. The final adjuncts all sound after the vowel sign, in the fol- lowing order: 1st, Hooks; 2d, Halving or Lengthening; 3d, Circles, or Loops; 4th, In-hook. § 16. It should be well apprehended that the outUnes of no words that end with a vowel sound can be terminated with an adjunct. 32 Key to Plate 7 Final Circles and Loops 1. s or z. Fuss, voice, nice, owns, knows or nose, shoes, lace, this, says, ways, airs, oars, use. 2. Cause, keys, case, goes, eggs, gas, race, rose, arose, arrows, accuse, erase. 3. Pause, pace or pays, puss, toys, eats, its, choice, cheese, base, bees, adds, dies, juice, phase, peas. 4. ss, sz, zz, etc. Phases, voices, hisses, loses, ceases or seizes, cases, races, recess, rises, basis, possess, doses or dozes. 5. St. Fast, must, lest, nest, ceased, waste, yeast, faced, coast, rest, wrist, best, just. 6. sfr. Faster, muster, master, Lester, Worcester, visitor, castor, restore, pastor, bestir, duster, poster, Chester. 7. Back s or z. Masters, restores, masts, lists, coasts, rests, posts, posters, bestirs, excesses, recesses. 8. ts. Mats, nets, wits, shuts, shouts, lights, arts, rats, ruts, cuts, coats, gets, goods, couldst. 9. ns, sh"ns. Fans, fashions, men's, nouns, notions, lanes, lotions, cautions, auctions, ruins, buttons. 10. ns, nss. Pains, dines, chance, Jones, dunce, dunces, bounce, bounces, dance, dances, canes, rains, runs. 11. nst, nsfr. Bounced, chanced, canst, against. Pace, pains, pets, paints, paces, paste, pastes, paster, punster, punsters. 12. nts, ndz. Mounts, minds, winds, finds, hunts, lands, lends, kinds, counts, rents, rounds, bounds, bends, attends, dents. 13. sn, sns. Poison, poisons, dozen, dozens, cousins, masons, moisten, arson, lesson, lessons, loosen, design. 14. stn, strn, n"sn. Boston, Weston, Dunstan, postern, western, cistern, Johnson, Benson, Munson, Hanson. 15. sshn. Physician, physicians, musicians, cessation, position, positions, possession, possessions, decisions, accession, causation, accusation. All, or, own, only, self, first, young, long, among, thing, next. J...,.v, Zr ° 33 PLATE 7 ..^ :i^ ^ ^ J /L ^. i :^...1^..3 ^ ...^. -"......AjA'A. d^ A...... A ^ ^ V^.L l ^'i: ^ \--^ ^ ^ ^ V *„k> ^,,_ ^ A ^ ^ J. ^L \. \ b,, '^ ^ ^ ->^ 1 2>- f^ ^ -== Zy \ / .^ ^ .^. ^. ^, ^.-^ ^ ^ ^- k ^ 4 ^j^. J' ::^ ^ -^ ^ :>S: .^ ^ ^ a *._2 ^ J. £,...f! 3.: :^: ^ ^ ^ „ ^ _, ^., ^....k ^ ^ , ^ ;^ /^ /^ i^. i^ ^ % 10. \ I ^' ^ J- i 1 s I i -_ /<^ ^ 9....^ ^ i:...^..\A ^. ^ \ ^ k ^ li ^.... o. 't '". "^ ^ C: I?. i^.. i^ ^. ^ ? V I t i.Xi k k ^ ^ :j.. "> (^ ^ ^ t iBt A......3..„ i' ^, 35 )f £. _..,v_ ^ .'r!.^. •> II I, II v. * II K ^ W V^- rr^ ^ "^ ^ ^ ^ ^--^ - , ., ...A... .Q iff...... ../...„ ; _ „ ., N„*!: ...,. s_ ^ ^ ^.. -7^ - J <~C) ~~m r ^ c i^ Jl ^ 3 \ — D * \.' «^ ^ ^ '^ ^ - ' y Y\ b ^ I '^ . t r : : - 1. „ V — - L r- ^_ ^ r \ I ~ // « V ^ _ 1. ' I ^ I C .0 i ^ ^v- ^ , c t ^ ^ X -^ -- ( "^' '^ r --■ ..15: L -1.., ■V Ac. r- y ^- .^,., "S. ^ 4 ^.. / \ ..,^... ■B A r . ^ A. i I i^ -■/^•• ^ ..^., ^- V ^ V •■^_' .:^'. V ^ (-.. :^..- .1. n \ ■P- (> » \jr J*. ^"^ 36 CHAPTER V STENOTYPY — COMBINED STEMS Illustrated by Plate 9 § 1. Stenotypt. The describing of shorthand characters and outlines by type letters is called stenotypy. It is of great use in illustrating phonographic textbooks and hterature. Capital Roman I letters are used to represent stems; small, or lower case letters, stand for adjuncts, and an inverted period shows where a vowel sign should be written. Obscure vowels are not generally denoted. Stems that are to be made upward are denoted by Itahc capitals; and. the In-hook, the 2d Shun-hook, and the Hay-tick, by a small j Itahc letter. I Examples. Fn denotes the stem F and the N-hook; Pshn, the / stem P and the Shun-hook; Kt, a K stem made half-length; Ktn, I the stem K, halved, with an In-hook; Rs, the stem Ree and small ' circle; L'ss, the stem L made upward, with the large circle, and the vowel sign written. Trace Une 1. § 2. The adjunctive signs enable the writer to express a large number of words of one, two, and even three syllables, having many consonant elements, with the use of but one stem, thereby greatly shortening their outhnes, and rendering the execution of the writing more rapid, and its appearance more beautiful and legible. But for the proper writing of many words of even one syllable, it is necessary to wTite two or more stem characters. In such cases, the stems must be written, one directly after the other without raising the pen or pencil from the paper, and each stem be made as before directed; namely, the horizontals from left to right, and all uprights and slopes downward, except Lee and Shee. These stems, also, are occasionally made downward when combined with other stems, according to rules which are given in Section 7. When struck downward, name them eL and iSH. § 3. The sounds of P, B, CH, J, K, Gay, and M, are always denoted by stems, as they have no adjunctive signs. § 4. When two straight stems, made in the same direction, follow each other, one being light and the other heax'y, let them blend at the joining without abruptness. Trace Unes 2 and 3. § 5. When the stem Ree is combined with another stem, it is not necessary that it should be inclined so nearly to the horizontal as when written alone, because the direction of the hand upward will distinguish it from CHay, which is always struck downward. Trace hne 4. § 6. The circles may be formed between stems to express s or s's. Between two straight stems which run in the same direction, turn the circle on the right or upper side, for if turned on the n side, the sound of n will be included. If the straight stems form i j an angle, the circle must always be turned on the outside, so as to ' keep the stems from curving; no sound of n is then implied. Line 5. . When the circle is made between a straight stem and a curve, the circle should come on the inside of the curve. Trace line 6. 37 When the circle is macle between two curves, write the circle inside the first, unless it is more convenient to make it inside the second. Trace line 7. The small loop is sometimes, though rarely, made between stems, because the pen Is not allowed to pass through the stem to which the loop is attached to be^in iuiother stem from the opposite side. A folkjwing stem is sometimes struck from the close of loop where it forms a right or acute angle with the preceding stem on which loop is formed. When a loop cannot be made, use the small circle and T stem. A stem may begin from the point of a final hook if, when rightly struck, it forms a good angle with the hook. Lines 8, 9. § 7. Position of Combined Stems. The first stem of a combi- nation is placed in position — that is above, on, through, or under the Une, as cUrected for single stems — according as the vowel, or accented vowel, of the word represented belongs to the first, second, or third group or class; the other stems following without regard to position. Lines 10 to 17. When two upright or slanting straight stems, in the first position, are struck in the same direction, let the second stem just touch the Une. Line 12, first and fifth words. § 8. Vocalizing Combined Stems. When one stem is combined with another, the vowel that comes between their sounds may have its vowel sign placed either after the first or before the second stem — to whichever the vowel seems most naturally to belong, and where it will most clearly express the desired sound; the hand, however, should go back as little as possible to vocahze. Line 10. A vowel in an angle will usually represent the same sound with reference to both stems. Line 11. But in .some combinations — as where the up-stroke is followed by a horizontal — it does not, and the vowel must be placed where it will be devoid of ambiguity. Line 11, last words. When, in a very acute angle, there is not room for a vowel sign, it may be written outside of the angle at its extreme point. Line 11, shod. § 9. Lee and Shee (upward direction) are used when either is the only stem in the word, whether an adjunct is attached or not. -Use Lee and Shee before another stem. These stems, Lee and Shee, when struck downward are called eL and iSH. When SH is followed by IM or R, or L by MP, eL and iSH (down- ward direction) should be used. Write eL in commencing words that begin with a vowel, when- ever the second stem is a horizontal, as elk. Write eL before NG when but one vowel sound intervenes, as in hing, feeling, etc. Line 13. LIse Lee and Shee, after another stem, whenever their sounds are followed by a vowel. Line 14. LTse eL and iSH as final stems, when no vowel follows their sounds. Line 15. § 10. A stem joined to another stem may have an adjunctive sign affixed to it; it may also be halved to add the sound of t or d if the combined stems make a well defined angle. But, usually, 448570 38 final Ree and Lee are halved for t only, unless they are hooked. Line 17. § IL Compound Words. The two parts of a compound word may be joined in writing; or if the outHnes do not unite well, they may be written near each other with two small dashes between. Rule 3. Words ending with a vowel sound should have the last co7isonant represented by a stem. Note. — The directions given for the use of the upward and downward forms of R, L and SH, are, more than any others, subject to exception on account of the paramount Law of Form, which compels all Rules to be sometimes waived, in order to secure plainly defined or compact outlines. It was with the view of securing easy and clear outlines, as well as of preventing the writing from going too far below the line, that the upstroke characters were devised. Key to Plate 9 Combined Stems 1. Fn, Pshn, Kt, Ktn, Rtn, Knt, R s, R ns, L ss, M st, D ns, D nstrs. 2. PK, DK, JK, GK, TT, TD, CH J, RR, F TH, TH TH, LL. 3. WW, N NG, VL, PL, PL, JL, DM, TM, YK, RM, KL. 4. FN, FR, FR, DR, TR, PR, FR, F CH, Mi?, M CH. 5. K sK,Rs R, CH s CH, T s T, P s P, P ns B, D s K, CH s P K, P s CH, fl s T, G s P. 6. T s F, P s L, P s L, J s M, K s M, P s R, T s L, P s NG, i? s M, N ss R. 7. ]\f s L, L s L, V s V, F s R, M s V, L s M, F s M, F s L, F s L. 8. V St i?, V s T J, D st N, T s M N, Pn NG, F nt NG, CHn J, L NG K, Bn T. 9. GnK, RnR, Rn K, Kn D, *S^ NG K, PshnL, Fshn L, F sshnL, K shnL. 10. Page, both, far, tire, power, chop, beak, fade, shadow, laid, neck, patch. 11. Laugh, catch, mouth, cap, notch, match, shock, like, rock, shod. 12. Pipe, pope, peep, to-day, tide, duty, cake, cook, gag, judge. 13. Lane, shows, limb, live, league, shake, shower, shame, lump, lung, element. 14. Pillow, daily, jolly, mellow, holy, following, Nelly, waylay, fishy. 15. Peel, toil, fail, feel, maul, fish, power, door, fire, lower, cower. 16. Merry, hurry, carry, narrow, cherry, sherry, tyro, weary. 17. Foreign, fellows, berries, Darien, admissions, diction, elephant, mallet, merit. Test Lesson Paul Terry, Jesse Pierce, and Bob Wesley arose by lamp light yesterday, leaving home early and coming all the way from HolUs, Maine, by air ship to see the Army and Navy football game on Murray Hill. When the shower came up they took refuge behind a pile of logs back of the old elm. A big hmb fell on them but it did not kill any one, though Jesse was badly hurt and they had to cut his home-made jacket with a pair of shears, which was really a shame. Polly gave him cooldes and sherry and kept saying, "Why shed so many tears! Pack up your worries in your old kit bag, and laugh, laugh, laugh!" .■^0 PLATE 9 L ^ -y^' ....^._..„^ ^... J *.. .z._.\u^ L L, .5, ^ \ \/:...>^ u u CL.2 .^...k_ ^ L/„....l^ _..L^ V^ -^ ) ^ .^..^^.....Xy^ [, \^ \^ L- ^...^^ ^ ..L....^.„:^ ^ A ._r::......V^. .^: \^. ^^^^2.... L...S^.. ^ 1^^. L>^. "^ ^^w f/ O^... '^.. ..._^^-r.,z7.J— :^ ^^ ^... .>^...^ ^.^^ < N^V^: ^ --■■> „.„^.,...-":i._3 z\.::i^n^Jz.^ri.-^^^A -= ==-/^ " ^ \ ^_i:.^ ^ ^^......^ ,3^.. ^-W' )^ V ^^- y-Vs ..rr^... .^... =^.... :^ k:. J.... kl ^_ y^ ^ 4k -^V^"- 40 CHAPTER VI IRREGULAR FINAL ADJUNCTS F OR V, D, THER, ETC. Illustrated by Plate 10 § 1. The adjunctive signs for the sounds of f or v, d, and the syllables ther, ter, or der, and ive are termed irregular because they are not attached uniformly to all stems, nor are they denoted in the same manner on all stems to which they are attached. § 2. F-HooK. The sound of f or v is added to that of straight stems by turning a small hook on the right side of upright or sloping stems and on the upper side of horizontals. A vowel sound always intervenes between the stem and the hook. Lines 1 and 2. § 3. The sounds of ft or vd are added to the sound of a straight stem consonant, by the F-hook and halving. Line 3, first part. § 4. IvE-HOOK. A small half circle turned in the direction of the stem TH may be used at the termination of half-sized stems to ex- press the added syllable ive. Line 3, last part. § 5. Ter-hook and Lengthening. A large final hook on the right or ripper side of straight stems denotes tlie final syllable ther. It is also used frequently for ter and occasionally for der. Line 4. The syllables ther, ter, and der are added to the sounds of curved stems by doubling the length of the curve. When written in the first place, the double length stems rest on the line; for the second place, they are made hatfway through the line; and for the third place, they extend two-thirds below. This accords with the positions of doubled straight stems. Plate 9, hne 12. But Lee and Shee, which are struck upward, start above the line for the first place, on the line for the second, below the line for the third. Lines 5 and 6. § 6. All stems, straight or curved, may be lengthened to add the syllables ther, ter, or der when those syllables are preceded by the sound of the N- or the F-hook. The syllable ture may be ex- pressed in the same manner as ter. See venture, jointure. Line 7, § 7. Er as an Affix. In order to preserve the form of a root word, the added syllable er is denoted by the stem uR added to the outline. Note. — When there are two or more ways of correctly denoting a word or syllable, that one .should be preferred which will give the most definite and suggestive outline. Attention should also be paid to securing any needed distinctioo between the outlines of two or more words of the same part of speech, written in the same position, which might conflict in reading when the outUnes are unvocalized. The best judgment, on these and other doubtful points, will come with practice and after the phonographic principles are fully mastered. § 8. The In-hook is used to denote the syllables in, en, etc., after any straight stem which is doubled for the purpose of repeating the sound of the stem, as in. bobbin. 41 After double length curved stems, the sound of the In-hook succeeds tlie sylialjU's thcr or ter, represented by thi; lenj^thening. The In-hook can be added to an N-, F-, or Ter-hook. ]>ine 8. § 9. The Past Tense. The outlines of verbs in the past tense ending in the sounds of t or st tcrnunate according to the rules for the regular final adjuncts t and st. Line 9. The use of the small loop is extended to words terminating with the sountls zd, except for caused and paused. When the outUne for the present tense ends with the st-loo]), as in boast, the form for the past tense should terminate with the small circle and half length T. Line 10. All outlines consisting of a single unhooked stem maj^ be halved to add the sound of t; but d should be expressed by a D stem. Line 11. Final ted or ded is usually expressed by a halved T or D. Line 12. Ed-tick. The syllable ed, designating the past tense, is often denoted by a small final horizontal or perpendicular tick which is joined to the present tense outline. This tick is added to form the past tense of word signs and contractions in order to preserve the form. The past tense is also denoted by the D stem, which occasionally has to be disjoined. The stems for the terminations ted, al, ly, eth, ness, etc., must also in some cases be disconnected from the preceding form so as to give a clear outline. Line 13. When the outline of a word consists of ynore than one stem, the last may be halved for either t or d, whether it has or has not a final hook. Lee and Ree, if without a final hook, are best halved for t only, as are also stems having a large final hook. Line 14. AH directions for the halving of a stem in combination are hmited by the necessary rule, that a combined stem cannot be halved unless its point of junction with the preceding or following stem is perceptible. When the stems blend, forming no angle, t or d must be represented by adding the full stem T or D. Use Ree instead of uR after K or G when r is to be followed by T or D, as in cnivard. See note, page 40. Use the Ed-tick only for the past tense. Line 15, last words. § 10. ^Vhen est is a distinct added syllable, it is best expressed after a hook, and when the form of the primitive outUne will allow, by the stem S half-size attached. After a full length stem without a final hook, the st-loop may be used and also in cases where St does not make a good joining, as after K and L. St may be struck up or down. Line 15. § 11. The outhnes of words ending in sit or sist are best terminated with the circle, small or large, and the stem T. Final t, preceded by a vowel, forming with it a syllable, as ate, ite, etc., must sometimes be written T stem. Use the stem when final t is preceded by two distinct vowels, as in poet. Line 17. 42 The termination of an outline with the f>iem T denotes a follotving vowel sound, except in the cases mentioned above and those covered by the rule in Sec. 10. Rule 4. Use the proper adjunct to express n, n, shn, t, nt, s or z, f or V, ther, and ive, wheii they are the final sounds or syllables in a word. Plate 10 Irregular Final Adjuncts, f, or v, etc. 1. f. Puff, tough, chaff, chief, beef, deaf, bufif, cuff, rough, reefs, puffs, coughs. 2. V. Pave, dive, give, arrive, dove, doves, paves, dives, achieve, arrives, caves, calves. 3. ft, vd, ive. Puffed, coughed, gifts, raft, rift; roved, arrived, achieved; active, motive, native, tentative. 4. ther, ter. Bother, gather, rather, patter, tutor, daughter, chatter, better, gaiters, bitters, daughters, writers. 5. Feather, father, weather, whether, Arthur, later, latter, shatter, shutters, shooters, oysters, Easter, voters. 6. Mothers, matters, heaters, nitre, theatre, fighter, fatter, neither. 7. Ponder, canter, thunder, tender, renders, rafters, venture, join- ture, painter, fainter, kinder, pointer. 8. Pippin, baboon, bobbin, deaden, cocoon, jejune; Lutheran, veteran, mandarin, nectarine. 9. t, St. Cut, wrote, shut, bought, made, got, past, best, amassed, guessed, laced. 10. zd. Raised, amazed, refused, aroused, caused, paused; boasted, rested, fasted, jested. 11. d. Bed, laid, tied, road; fed, died, bowed, allied, showed, listened, moistened. 12. ted, ded. Voted, noted, patted, acted, rented, jointed, shout- ed, counted, mended, fattened. 13. Feathered, shattered, widened, rendered, gathered, fashioned, ventured, weathered, imitated, patiently. 14. Jog, jogged, feel, felt, toiled, bold, killed, repined, load, loaded, hurried, followed. 15. Liked, looked, vacate, cooked, catacombs, coward, fired. 16. Elocutionist, faintest, tightest, kindest, roughest, laziest, mightiest, holiest, fattest, latest. 17. Faucet, visit, gusset, possessed, resist, exhaust, passionate, diet, poet, bayonet, denote. 43 i--.u\ k L.^ \,, t \, ^ J" ^ ^.. >v ^ ^:. 1; t ^ i / ^...^ .z,rv:^ 3-fi...vdy..i.j/e.i. >s)... PLATE 10 /. ^ ^ ^ ^.ztha-yten.. >! : i: .^ L r:..- .\> -P \5, ..... / L L... 7-- \\^ 1 =- /' ^ ^ i^^Zx ^.z:.A ^ ^ f.- t, St.i. ^ A - Ior^^* ^ ^ ■/\^. ^ ' ^i >^ ^ ^ /. - ^^ N... Uri.^ £1 1 y^ V^ I :^ ^ Ji .^ C^.. IZrted, dedi. ^ s^ .^ ZJ.. ^.. /. Z:S.. /ft. ^^ Z..A.^ ^1 k ^^ ^ ^,.. ^ ^ . ..^ I ^ ^. S (^......^M.. ^ a ^. _yi /6. 7?. ;^' ^ i 15 ,^^ 13^ ^t. -^ '^ a. '^. Vf ■ -Tf ^..^. ^.;^-.-.:i» ^ L^ A^ 4 44 THE PIED PIPER A long time ago, the little town of Hamelin was overrun with rats. They bit the babies in the houses and ate the bacon in the kitchens and took the cheeses from the wooden dishes. They also worried the cats and fought the dogs. At last the good folk went to the town hall to say to the Mayor that if he knew of no way to get rid of these pests he could not retain his office. Just then a tall fellow came to the door. He had felt shoes on his feet and around his neck was a red ribbon, at one end of which hung a huge pipe. He walked up to the Mayor, saying, "I am the Pied Piper. If you will give me a bag of money I will use my magic power to rid your town of rats." The Mayor was most willing to pay what he asked, so the follow- ing day the Piper, with his magic pipe, made merry music all over the towTi, and at once the rats came leaping out of the houses. Big rats, little rats, yellow and white, old and young, followed the Piper to a river in the valley, where all jumped madly in and were carried by the current to the ocean. The townsfolk were rejoiced, feeling they could now live in peace, and out of sheer joy they were ready to shower all they had upon the Piper, who hurried to the Mayor for his money. "You ask too much; here are ten pieces." At that the Piper left the Mayor's office in a rage, and when the women were busy he walked down the main road piping a lovely melody. This time all the boys ran merrily with the Piper until they came to the foot of a mountain. With a push from the Piper a door opened and all went in, and none of them ever came back to Hamelin town. . — ^ \.. 45 PLATE 11 The Pied Piper r s ':^.. Lz. ---b ,1 . v^. \. - Izi v-7^- i O... ~>A 7 -^ w- c \ :^• ■^ ) -^ V ^ ^'.'^>^ ^ ^ ■ / ^ =" L "y ' V-^ ' c ' ^■~: ^ ^ ..:^ 1. , 1^,.. ^^■^\' r = J' r c -2- ^• "^ .~i. A A -- '«■■' -T'^'^ ' -^ P% L \, k.„.^£r: I: V, ( „ :^X, ^ .TTT^srfV ^^- 9 ■■ -^^ ^■ 5 •; Z ; ^ : ■^, 72 : r, ^ L ^ -^ ^ A lii, : z^„^=d.. ^- ^^---^'^^'-^e- , v- V ' ^ 1.^^-^^: i^--±^-^ 1 4 46 THE FIRE HORSES Peter and Jeff were two fire horses. They could run the fastest of any in the fire-house, and all the men liked them. On Easter Day, when they were coming home over the roughest kind of road, Peter fell, cutting one of his legs. Captain Bennet rubbed it first with hot water, then with cotton dipped in an oil to deaden the pain, and, after a few puffs at his pipe, shook his head, saying it would be a long time before they could venture to take him out again. As the once active horse pondered over his fate, he was disposed to feel bitter about it. One night the next week, a little after midnight, the fire bell rang, and Harry, the new horse who had lately arrived, and Jeff, were hitched together, and off they cantered, leaving Peter alone. A thought he could not resist would come to Peter's mind and it possessed him. His lame leg ceased to bother him; he jumped up and down, then paused and listened to the noise of the hoofs in the distance, which came fainter and fainter to his ears. Then he kicked at the door until he was almost exhausted, when it burst open and off he ran faster than he had ever gone before. How worried Jeff must be to be so delayed! Whether Peter thought of this I cannot say; he only turned down past the tall elm in time to see Harry fall, which caused much excitement among the firemen who gathered around him. The Captain wondered whether thej^ could get to the disaster, when his eyes rested on Peter as he hurried on. The Chief gave a loud hurrah. "Peter, our veteran, has come to help us and he does not limp at all. We shall yet visit the fire. We should have failed but for our hero." 47 PLATE 12 V. -^■^ ^■■+----y^-~----^ ^ i- V^ LI ___,^^^_^,^__^____x, ^..„.i....i\.,....rx r L ^ ^ V^.: /ir.....,=£i.,. rlJ^. > ■<. ^ L =-^--f-V:f--^ — ^ 1, ^ r-r'- ±JL. r The Fire Horses ^_:L^....2i_..^.._...^..,.X-i....-_-^. ^ , Sf : ^ - ^ ^ O (/ " N 2i.__.( 2^.. .-;><. (~^t: _"rL-. \ _..! - -- (■ ■■ ^ • ' X :-^:k_ H -»-- - ii,_,..L.. -'^ 1 > A^, -\^ .Z^..... ■^- ^--k [■ "■" r 48 PLATE 13 u^v V i ^ I ^ ,4 V. « .1 _ — (. T^^ - '' * .7 \3^ -^- -- V" - I T >^"* -d , ^ >^ ' I ^ ^ ' ^ A, c. t-y — V' S I -^ A ' V' ^ '^ I (^ c- = V c V/ \..,.-^-: :vi / ^^. I .v^. ): m. ^ >. l-^-'^-^ K^l-^ ix I ) ^ A^:=f- _!> i^ ~ * -\ ..--..1....... ^ _ I _°\ h ,.:^^^. 7 :a..i fA o '■■^ IT P „ \^, ->^ -r-^~ ^ — ••= ^- ... X" .z„.^. ..) „.:„„-. 4d OPEN DIPHTHONG SIGNS Formed from the Six-Vowel Scale A Table for Reference The four close diphthongs, i, oi, ow, ew, united with a consonant, form one syllable; as hy, boy, noio, few. But there are many other double vowels which separate in pronunciation, forming separate syllables, and which are therefore termed open diphthongs. The signs for open diphthongs are tormed by prefixing or suflixing to the dash-vowel sign for the accented vowel (each of which has its own direction) a light tick for the unaccented one. Since a tick cannot be attached to a dot-sign, the signs of the dot series of vowels are elongated into ticks in the direction of the stem P, for the accented vowel of diphthong (position of the diphthong indicating quality of vowel), the rising or backward-struck tick therefrom indicating the unaccented vowel. The most usual second- ary or inferior vowel is i, as in it; but the added tick, may denote any other short vowel when i does not give the double vowel in the word, as in Noah, where o is the accented vowel denoted by the dash, and ah is expressed by the tick attached, the sign being the same as that in doughy. COMBINATION OF A LONG AND SHORT VOWEL vl being hurrahing chaos I "I J I /ago mediate hygiene carr^/all samng doughy domg foho COMBINATION OF TWO SHORT VOWELS 1 ^ J oi\ (close) Vri Bedowms ^1 / (close) hygeist VI i-i maniac oriental marrying idiot A ixxrious virtwe (close) A tick may be attached to either of the close diphthong signs to denote a preceding or following vowel, thus: 1 genii ^1 Honeoye diary buoyant trou^el ^1 dewy PART II 52 CHAPTER VII INITIAL ADJUNCTS — CIRCLES AND LOOPS; IN-HOOK; DOTS FOR INQ AND CON Illustrated by Plate 14 § 1. The small and large circle and small loop are used at the beginning of stems in the same manner as at the end, but with limited powers, the small circle representing s, and the small loop st only. The large loop for str is not used at the beginning of outlines. Both circles and loop are made on the same side of the stems as when they are used for final adjuncts; namely, on the right or upper side of straight stems and inside of curves. In reading, sound the circle or loop first, and then the other char- acter according to previous directions, remembering that the vowel always sounds immediately before or after the stem; that a final hook sounds before the halving or lengthening power, unless it be the In-hook, which is especially designed to follow the power of any adjunct; and that a final circle or loop sounds after both a final hook and the halving or lengthening power. § 2. The initial small circle is used to begin the outlines of words that commence with the sound of s. Lines 1, 2, 3. The stem S, and not the circle, is used to begin the outUne : (a) Whenever s is the only consonant in the word, as see, say; (b) When a word beginning with the sound of s is followed by a vowel and final s, or by the syllables er, ing, 'n or shun, as cease, sewer, sewing, scion, session; (c) When initial s is succeeded by two distinct vowels, as in suicide; (d) Whenever the word commences with a vowel before s, as ask, estate. Words composed of s and n, as sun, sign, soon, are written sN. When z is the first consonant sound, begin with the stem Z. Line 4. § 3. Initial Large Circle. When a word begins with the syl- lables s's or s'z followed by one or more consonants, begin the outline with a large circle; the sign for a strong or accented vowel may be placed within the circle. Line 5. § 4. Initial Small Loop. The outlines of words containing three or more consonant sounds, the first two being st immediately followed by a vowel, begin with the small loop attached to the stem representing the third consonant. Lines 6 and 7. When, however, the third consonant of a primitive word com- mencing with st is n or f not followed by a voxoel, begin the outline with sT and represent the final n or f by a book. Line 8, first part. 53 § 5. The combination str beginning a word, is denoted by turning the circle on the left side of T; the vowel sign then sounds after the r and not directly after the stem. Line 8, last part. § 6. The simple sound of r immediately succeeding the sound of any straujlU stem preceded by s as in sPray is represented by turning the circle on the left or under side of the stem, the vowel sound following the r. Line 9. § 7. The syllable er is added to any word whose outline begins with a circle or loop on a straight stem, by turning it on the left or under side of the stem. In tliis case a distinct vowel will always precede the stem. Line 9, last part. § 8. Initial In-hook. This hook consists of the upper or lower half of a small circle and is used in beginning the outlines of most words that commence with in, en, an, on, or un, as a separate syllable; also when the syllable contains a long vowel combined with n, as in only. If a single stem, except Lee and Ree, is preceded by the circle or In-hook, the past tense is often denoted by halving. Lines 10 and 11. § 9. The In-hook may precede the circles or small loop, beginning on the opposite side from the circle or loop. Line 12. § 10. A small upright tick prefixed to the stem N danotes that a vowel precedes that stem. The stem N, with a vowel tick, is used instead of the In-hook when it shortens or improves the outline; it is also used to make a distinction in the form of two words. The vowel tick takes the place of the regular vowel sign. The stem N is used instead of the hook, mostly, when several t or d sounds follow n, one of which can be expressed by halving the stem N. Line 13. § 11. The stem N doubled in length and preceded by the initial vowel tick is used to begin the forms of words that commence with inter, enter, intro, or under; the special prefix being determined after the latter part of the word is deciphered. When the outline of a word begins with double length N, the first stem that follows this prefix takes the position indicated by the accented vowel. § 12. Dots for Ing and Con. The termination ing is expressed by the stem NG, and ings by NGs, after full-length stems and whenever a clear outline results. But when a half-length stem does not form an angle with NG, or a hook would be obscured by its attachment, ing should be expressed by a dot at the extreme final point of the outline, and ings by a small circle. To avoid raising the hand to make the dot, NG may be made after a circle turned on the n-side of a straight stem. After a word-sign use the ing dot. The prefixes com, con or cog, are denoted by a dot at the extreme initial point of the outline. Where the m is doubled, as in commis- sion, the second m is often expressed in the outline. 54 Plate 14 Initial Circles and Loops, etc. 1. Soap, spy, Spain, seat, city, said, site, such, sage, scoff, sky, sorrow, sore. 2. Same, soon, sunny, sinister, sway, sour, song, slay or sleigh, sully, seven, slender. 3. Snatch, slight, slide, smoked, spied, sailed, sold, spice or spies, spicy, surrender. 4. Sew, says, sewing, sower, sizing, assigns, scions, science, saucy. Czar, zero. 5. Schism, society, suspender, suspicion, Caesar, Cicero, sustain, sustained, sustenance, sausage, suspense. 6. Step, stop, stood, stitch, stake, stem, still, store, story, star, starry, steer, sting. 7. Stepped, stitched, staked, start or starred, started, stored, storied, storm, stormed, stamp, stamped, stony. 8. Stain, stained, stand, standard, stint, stove. Stray, straight, stroke, stretch, strive, striven, stripped, street, straighten. 9. Sprain, sprout, scratch, scream, scrawl, scrape. Sober, stupor, suitor, cider, sister, succor. 10. Into, unto, indeed, Indian, indicate, indicted, endowed, infer, unveil, unkind, inhuman, engine. 11. Inlet, inlaid, only, infatuate, enough, unbound, inwrought, inroad, unload, unloaded, enjoyed. 12. Answer, answered, inserted, inscribed, instruction, unsyste- matic, instead, unseemly, institution, insufficient. 13. Honest, honesty, instant, incident, instance, antidote, intent or intend, intention, ancient, incision. 14. Interfere, entertain, interrupt, undertake, understand, under- stood, introduce. 15. Being, paying, petting, dying, dotting, roving, inserting, dancing, dozing, extensive. 16. Chancing, writings, meetings, beatings, weddings. Compare, compose, composite; content or contend, condition, conviction, confession. 17. Consolation, consult, consummation, consumption; cogno- men; commit, compensation, commission, commands, comments. w i).) n PLATE 11 , A \ \ i I :f 1 f t !l" !I3 ^....2^.. . , ^ ri...!::^ '^... c r" l C .-^.. ^ ^ ^ '^ n :,...^ \ \^..^ , )- > b i; ^-.Xi„.-^ II i^ y^ 'P < , h 1: ^..L^ L^ ^ ^^ %... t *^ !^ ::! T IL IZ. '- 1---^ , \ \ V ^ \ :i ^^ ^ 1. ..;^ ^ ^ \ "^ "" -^-A ^ ^ ^^.... ^ /_ ..Z^' !^, v^..... b--, '■■r 56 THE HONEST PEASANT In a lonely section of Sweden lived a woodcutter named Simeon, and his son, Simon. Few ever came that way; but one day a stern business man chanced to pass on his way to the sea, where he in- tended to board a steamer for Sicily. A sudden storm came up as he arrived at the hut, and the woodcutter insisted that he should spend the night with them. As he started off the next day, he wanted to pay for his night's lodging, but was steadily refused. "We are delighted to give what we can," said the woodcutter. The man went away happy to have found these kind-hearted woodsmen. But at the end of the day when he felt for his purse, it was gone. "Alas," said he, "I fear my good woodcutter has stolen my pos- sessions." Some months later he was for the second time in the same country and stopped at the same hut, but neither of the woods- men noticed who the man was until he spoke of the purse which he had lost. "Well," said the father, "come with me and I will show you your purse. My son found it about sixty rods from the house and buried it in a hole, where it still lies untouched." The man was indeed sorry he ever suspected these honest woodsmen. "Another time," thought he, "I shall suspend judgment indefinitely." TEST EXERCISE Such a sight was the town that day. Along the sunny meadows stretched solid rows of stone seats on which sat the spectators, silently waiting for the sage Sheriff and his stately dame to arrive and the entertainment to begin. At one side stood a tent of striped canvas, and a stake from which hung silk and satin streamers. Beside this was a shining target. The six stout shooters, whose ancestors were famous shots, were arriving; a knight soon came, then two yeomen, and last of all a strange man with stained skin and attired in a tattered scarlet suit. This caused a sudden stir and sensation, and some commotion, which was intensified when they saw a slight patch over the man's left eye. The Sheriff instructed his man-at-arms to scan the ten shooters. "Seest thou Robin Hood among them?" "Nay, Sire," he answered. "Then," interrupted the Sheriff, "he is a coward as well as a knave." Not a sound could one hear as each in turn took his stand and with slow, steady and sufficient aim let go his arrow. "A man can but strive to do his best," said Saul, as he chose from his sack a smooth arrow, inserting it deftly. Away it went about an inch from the center. It was a bold stroke,— only two struck the same ring. Then the one with the sober, serious, scratched face stepped from among his antagonists. He loosened his string and away went the arrow straight to the center, making an incision in the target. 57 PLATE 15 The Honest Peasant i, P- -, ^ r^. 1^ >^ "— ' :^i A :^ I- : °^„ V3 ^ ^ I ^ " ^ L ). ^-. — \~ ^ • ^^ e- • ^ ^^— ^ ° ^- ■t;.-.. ' ^ :f ' , ^ ^' ( ^^ 1 ^j::^ '^ w. I- ^ ? I N; "i; ^ ri. ■i ^ ^ t:,-^,^^ < ^- 1 1 1 -^ -> "^ s>:' ^-^ V- ^ ^ I " •) .-.:i ^......'.:n L ^ 1 1-, :>i..... V ^ V I * > '-^-x ■' V. ■ = -s_^ " so y. ^jCTn. ,.fr-y ( Z a~y !LJ^ T'- }■■ r ^ ^ ^ / ^ ' ^•'" i V,., ,:r-> ( .^^^ 1 ! .^... J: ^ i :^ ^ ^- ^ :=>..' ^ I- ■^ -^ I :f ^4^ r-^ v^. ^ ■^■■) ..^::z:^^-^ ^ » V-* ^-^- 58 Key to Plate 16 Sarah says Cissy Siddons seems satisfied now that she knows her oldest sister is alive and happy. Salome stayed on the stone steps last night until the stars shone in the sky. Suppose we step into Starin's store and ask to see Samuel Stevens. Cyrus Stetson said on Wednesday that he still held a position with the Starin firm. Susan Astor has a sore thumb. The hurt was caused by the sting of a wasp. Stella is a good sewer, but she accidentally struck her hand on a strip of wood and sprained it, so that her sewing is poor now. Susanna and Susanne say they intend to stitch on Sylvester's satin cuffs to-day. Ezra and Zechariah are stamping designs. I commend you for making no comment on the mishap. Six sudden storms this season have come in rapid succession and the cedars and spruces surrounding our snug hut in the center of the forest are kept white with the soft snow. Unless all signs fail, spring, with its swollen streams and spicy smells, will be delayed. Silas enjoys sliding, skating, and hunting, but likes swimming, fishing, and saihng in his slender skiff still better. 59 PLATE 16 ■--J s.*- >/: ..a... V-., -^^ '-■->- ^■■■-•f -"^-J--^ :i , _'°^ jL,...^ ^t "- ;^ ' , f -^ • ^- i -^ Vk^ ..» N 7 '".. „...J^ v-i-^>..^. .—..J). — 1. ,.=t._ i -.^ ! J. r,.^.^. U- ^ .'>^. [ ) ^-^ ^- i. i._V X.... k:^^ t, )• i. \ _......;.Jt.. o.//....— 1 / ^■P' -I 1. V. -d. ^^llenever a circle and R-hook occur between stems, the circle should be so turned that the hook also can be plainly shown, or the r indicated by turning the circle on the left or under side of the stem. Lines 11, 12, 13. § 10. The; In-hook may be prefixed to an initial hoolc* whenever it joins conveniently. Whenever the In-hook is prefixed to an initial hook it is turned in the same chrection as the hook which it precedes. It is turned to the left before the L-hook on Kay and Gay. The In-hook is not to be used before the R- or Way-hooks on Kay, Gay, or Ree; use instead the ticked N stem. Two successive ba(;kward initial hooks, that is, the In-hook before the L-hook, on P, B, T, D, J, should be avoided. In such cases also, the ticked N is preferable; thus write enable 'NBl. The Way-hook may often be omitted from the outline, and the sound of ^0 be unrepresented, or denoted by a minute half-circle in the vowel places. This half-circle may also be used to express w imtially before the stems T and D followed by a vowel. In outlines, where the stem B without an initial hook immediately follows M, as in ambition, make the M more curved than usual, and the B more slanting, so as to get an angle between them. 62 Key to Plate 17 Initial Hooks: r, 1, w and y 1. r. Pray, pry, price or prize, brew, brown, brains, tree, try, dray, draw, drew, cry, grain, agree, fry, three, throne. 2. r. Prayed, prate, bright, broad, priced, prized, pressed, praised, trust, trusted, tried or trite, crowd, grate, agreed, fright. 3. 1. Play, plow, blue, plain, blaze, please, blister, claw, close, glisten, fly, flee, flatter. 4. 1. Played, plate, bloat, bleed, plunder, blessed, pleasant, clawed, glad, glitter, flight, fled, fritter. 5. r. Upper, outer, odor, ochre, eager, utter, uttered, offer, offered, every, effort, author, oiler, usher. 6. 1. Apple, ably, idle, idled, agile, eagle, awful, oval, annals, easel; applause, apprise, apprised, approved. 7. Taper, table, double, noble or nobly, neighbor, teacher, feature, ample, employ, fable, viper. 8. Heifer, hovel, camel, final, funeral, manner, banner, pickle, moral. 9. w. Twist, twig, dwell, dwelling, quiver, quick, acquit, loqua- cious, acquisition, acquiesce. 10. yoo. Recuperative, evacuation, impugn, impunity, impudent, amputation, imbue, lugubrious. 11. Spry, straw, screw, saber, seeker, secret, cipher, suffer, sinner, sooner, soother, sever, cellar. 12. Supple, sable, saddle, settle, satchel, sickle, sorrel, socially, socialist, civilize, civilization, Cecil, uncivil, unsocial. 13. Squeeze, skewer, mastered, plastered, destroyed, disagree, discredit, Jasper, disclose, discipline. 14. Entry, untrue, intricate, include, included, inclination, increase, encroach, enable, until. 15. Infliction, inflame, inflate, unfold, unfolded, involuntary, inference, enforced, indulgence, telephone. 16. Entwine, untwist, untwisted, indwelling, intuition, indubi- table, inquiry, unequivocal, inducement, inquisitive. 17. Squash, squirrel, disquisition, inquisition, delinquent, dis- quietude, squalor, disinclination, widow. L. ( !■ >l ' T 63 PLATE 17 ^^■c ^ zx,.^ ^.,1.,"^ :^..Vv^Y 1 I ^•'■'^ -^- \.-^' '**■ \-. \.^ -^ ^-■-'^^ (J, ii.ij ?;-A- v^, V \ v,:,.,.'n .t'. 31 .^^ ^ Jl,_^j I :^.:^ ^,..!^.,.l C c ^ .3 .::x.v ' fc-^frr^rs- ,-N :.- Sr:^ > *-^ /^. /oyp a-.. ^k...L _,..,_._ I ^ i:.... °\ 1 '^.^ "^ /.. J\ 5^ .. ._I..i Z _. '^.^....d' ;^ ^ 5 ^...._^.... /5....._ /#_...!] "Tl 7L . -^-^ ^ \^~^^-4^ L.--.-4. = I -i^...^::^^ CI '^ \i2._Vrl 'A^ V y7 &.. - 4 \ ^ a, \ ^.-^^^_ 3, ^-.- / 1 64 A FABLE One clear, quiet summer day a cat and a fox, who were old friends, planned a trip and started off together, paying flying visits to the dwellings, cellars, and barns, picking up whatever they could glean and making off with the plunder. Ducklings for dinner and fresh cheese with scraps of veal for supper, made feasts fit for a queenT At twilight they concluded to have a social hour and amuse them- selves with fables and stories. Finally they spoke of the smart tricks they could play. "You think you are very bright and quick," said the fox, "but I am strong and brave and know twenty tricks." "Well, that is a great many," replied the cat. "I, for my part, know only one, but I would rather have that than a thousand of yours." Then the fox became uncivil and they began to disagree with each other, when the distant baying of bloodhounds broke in upon them. "Where are your twenty tricks now?" said the cat as he chmbed quite gracefully up the branch of a tall tree, watching the frightened animal fleeing over field and ditch, through hedges and brambles, turning and twisting; but it was not long before his enemies caught him. 65 PLATE 18 A Fable J..... _". „.ts:rN— . __3 c. — ss.j.... — .1: ^ ■I- V L,__N^.^.. ( i ^ ^_- LJkA ,.._k...J d ^--^ ( V '^...-..^■--^i- ' ^■t--^ .-^-^^^ Q^i^ V-.'-.^.. £-^- 66 CHAPTER IX INITIAL VOWEL AND ASPIRATE TICKS Illustrated by Plate 19 § 1. The initial vowel of a word instead of being represented by its own proper sign may be denoted by an upright or horizontal tick attached to the beginning of the first stem of a word, or to its initial hook. This tick forms a part of the outhne; the exact vowel it represents will usually be suggested by the context and the posi- tion of the stem to which it is joined. Write it upward before SH and N, down before Kay, Gay, and Ree. The initial vowel tick need not be written before uR or NG, because these stems are always preceded by a vowel. Always prefix the tick to Ree when it is used with an initial vowel immediately preceding, and generally, to Lee. The stem W, when initial, may be substituted by the initial tick before CH and SH. § 2. Use the aspirate tick before every stem except Kay, Gay, and Ree. The aspirate tick should aofk be used instead of the stem Hay before L, when 1 is not followed by a vowel. Use the stem Hay in the following: (a) When 1 is followed by a vowel sound; (b) Before a circle or an initial hook, except before Wr and Wl; (c) In writing words composed of H and n, t, s, st, zd, ter, or shun, in order that the final adjunct may be used. § 3. The compound vowel signs may be attached to the stems whenever a good junction can be made; ow may be inverted for joining. When the full sign, initially, does not unite easily, write the initial vowel tick. The compound vowels are often inserted in the outline. Whom may be WTitten with the word-sign for ivho attached to the stem M. § 4. Additional Word-signs. T on the line for what is excep- tional as to position. Zr for other is exceptional as to form ; Zr does not represent a word, and it is a better form for joining than THr. The same form in tlie tliird position is used for either. Write hNd for hand to avoid conflict with mind, when the vowels are omitted. The Hay-tick is omitted from had, have, happy, which thereby become word signs. In the reporting style of writing, few words are vocaHzed; even the initial vowel tick is not written, except where it must be retained to distinguish conflicting words, as each from which, any from no, etc. 67 Proper names, unrommon and technical words should always be written with the plainest forms, and be fully vocalized. Great care should be taken to have the first word of a sentence unmistakable. vMien two forms for a word are given in different lessons, either outhnc may be used. /y r^ i\ TEST EXERCISE Before 1800, some of the natives in a section of Louisiana were reduced to poverty by the failure of the crop of indigo, and were suffering for the necessaries and comforts of existence. A prominent man had long wanted to make sugar, and at this crisis determined to do so. He unfolded his secret plan to his neighbors, who tried to discourage him completely, but in spite of all entreaties he doubled his efforts and started to plant twenty acres of sugar cane. Many eager visitors came to his i)lantation all that summer, and when the grinding of the canes began, a great number of inquisitive people were present to witness the success of the effort. The crowd waited several minutes, breathless and with increasing interest, for the man who was heating the syrup to announce that it was quite ready. An involuntary stillness came over each one as they realized that it was a matter of utter ruin or of unquestioned pros- perity to them. In the midst of this impressive silence, suddenly the sugar-maker cried in stentorian tones and with an unequivocal manner, "It granulates!" Inside the barn, as well as outside, the interesting news flew. When the bystanders could no longer doubt the fact, they pressed around the able and efficient planter, almost embracing him. The next season he had a crop which sold for twelve thousand pieces of silver, quite a sum for that time. This enabled him to branch out in other fields of labor, and his estate soon produced fine fruits and vegetables, and each pleasant day wagons loaded with a splendid array of grapes, squashes, and other staple products were driven to the city, and the drivers were back at the plantation at half-past ten o'clock with the daily paper and anything else they were requested to bring. 68 Key to Plate 19 1. Eat, odd, each, edge or age, ago, off, any, ill, allow, element, error, orbit, airs, arise. 2. Another, essay, easy, assassin, oral, offer, annals, honor, whole, holder, held, hold, happen, head, half. 3. Hopper, hobble, whirl, hospital, holly, hen, house, haste, heat, Hessian, aisle, oil, owl, whom. 4. Committee, company, between, think, thank, change, charge, large, part, without, year, watch, wash, along, hand. 5. During, other, every or very, general, before, above, number, several, possible, together, question, world, account, began, because. 6 Blank Street, Trenton, New Jersey, April 12. Mr. Frank Weaver, Scouts' Camp Number Three, Pomfret, Conn. Dear Sir: Will you please answer the following questions in regard to the Boy Scouts' Camp Number Three: When does the camp open for the season? Wliat are the rates charged per week? Is the location of the camp pleasant, and the drinking water pure? Is the discipline strict at all times? What equipment is each one expected to bring? Could I be tutored in elementary J'rench during the summer? If you have a booklet containing any other information, will you kindly send it to me, and oblige Yours very truly, 09 PLATE 19 1.. 1 ' ;-^ •■^ ^ 3. V _ ^..Jl_^2.. :k..:rf....!^.z:...^n:^„^ i i. r — M^- ,...^....^....p..^..^^,.^....^..,.^....^^ ( / / / \ ■>! 7 ^ "^ \ \ " "■" "f "■■ .^ ) iL.V.,...\.....^A LA V •--j^.- ^ U- ^■^■v^^,^^- ?L '^ .£■-•- "... \ - l" * 1^ 1^- -^ -"^^^ = _*^ • i -1;=;--'-- )^ t t- ,?. •f -\ b- .- „.^... ..--^ ^..,. ^.. V 1 '^ .^.-... 70 / CHAPTER X SPECIAL VOCALIZATION Illustrated by Plate 20 § 1. The R- and L-hooks represent the sounds of r and 1 imme- diately following another consonant, accompanied by a vowel sign which sounds ajler the hook. But the R- and L-hooks may also be employed for the purpose of denoting r and 1 when a distinct vowel is heard between the sound of the stem and that of the hook, as in car. By this special use of the R- and L-hooks, we express a number of short words by one stem and a hook, instead of using two stems, and, by condensing the outlines of many longer words, greatly facilitate the reacUng and writing of them. For the representation of the accented or prominent vowel, which sounds between the stem and initial hook, a particular scheme of vowel signs is needed, which is explained in the next section. § 2. Special Vocalization. The dot vowel signs are substituted by minute circles which occupy the same places; written before the stem if the vowel is long, and after the stem if the vowel is short, but in either case sounding after the stem. The dash and compound vowel signs are struck through the stems in their own proper cUrections when it is practicable. If the direction of the stem is the same as that of the dash vowel sign, the horizontal dashes should be inclined a little downward at the right end, and the perpendicular dashes made slanting to the left. The natural vowel in heard and cur may usually be left undenoted. Whenever the writing of a dash or compound sign through the stem would interfere with a hook or circle, it should be written at the extreme end which is nearest to its proper place. In reading words specially vocahzed, sound the stem first, the vowel next, and the hook after both. Lines 1 to 4. § 3. Short Words. There is a hmit to the use of the R- and L-hooks and special vocalization for the expression of short ivords. A large proportion of monosyllables which end in r or 1 should terminate with the stems R or L. The following rules, and the words on Plate 14, hncs 1-8,' prac- tically cover the words of one syllable for the use of the R- and L-hooks when there is an intervening vowel. 1st. Use the R-hook when the sound of r, preceded by a single simple vowel, succeeds the sounds of the stems K, /^ SII, L, TH, TH, N, M, Y, or W. Lines 1 and 2. 2d. Use the L-hook when the sound of 1, preceded by a single vowel, follows the sounds of the stems Z, SH, L, R, or W. Lines 3 and 4. 71 Words containing three consonant sounds, beginning with s and ending with t must commence with the circle, and have the second consonant sign — the stem — halved for the addition of t. Line 4, last half. 3d. Use the initial hooks and special vocalization in wTiting the words on lines 5, G, 7, and 8; also in monosyllables ending in ch, as in perch; and in those ending in rk, as in dark. After F or L, the stems uR and K are used, as in fork, lark. When final r or 1 follows a vowel sound after qu, equal to kw, as in queer, cjuill, end the outline Wr or Wl. Note the words on the latter part of line 8 written with half- length stems. An outline composed of only one stem and an initial adjunct may be halved for d unless there is some other word of like outline and of the same part of speech ending with t which would confhct in reading, as seiit and send. A stem with a large initial hook should not be halved for d if the stem D will form an angle with it. Monosyllables and short words which terminate with r or 1 and are not included in the preceding Hsts, should terminate with the stem uR or L. Ver.'ie is written VRs to avoid conflict with phrase (Frs) should the vowel be omitted; force is written FRs for the same reason. Words having the vowel a sounding as in fair, in connection with a downward stem, should be written with uR, except their and wear. Whenever a doubt exists as to whether the initial hooks and special vocalization are applicable to a particular word, it is best to employ the two stems to express that word, provided the downward uR or L makes a good angle with the preceding stem; if it does not, as is the case with uR after Kay, Gay, iTH, THee, SHee, Yay, and with L after CHay, Jay, eS, Zee, use the hook in place of the stem. Still, there are special cases in which the stem, even though it joins awkwardly, is preferable, in order to insure accurate reading and freedom from conflict. The hooks should not be used for r and 1 if these sounds are preceded by two distinct vowels, as in cowai'd, jewel, etc. § 4. Dissyllables and Longer Words. In wTiting words of two or more syllables, which are represented by outlines consisting of more than one stem, the R- and L-hooks may be freely used with either their proper or special power; and in place of either uR or Ree, eL or Lee, whenever by their use a clearer or more compact outline can be obtained than by using the stem signs. Where a hook cannot be made plainly, the corresponding stem may be used, as in shiver. When the sounds si are final, as in vessel, they should be denoted by sL, or sL if the latter makes a better joining. The consonant r occurring after sk in the middle of a word, as in obscure, is represented by turning the circle on the under side of the k, instead of turning it on the outside of the angle. Line 9. 72 § 5. When r or 1 is the second consonant in a prefix or first syllable, it is usually expressed by its initial hook. The R-hook is omitted from words beginning with for, but retained in far and fore. The outlines of words ending in nary, 'iily or ingly may terminate with the stems N and NG, having the initial hook for r or 1; but more frequently the previous outline requires the stem Ree to denote the syllable ry. Lines 10, 11, 12. § 6. The final syllable der is usually best denoted by Dr instead of by the Ter-hook or doubling the length of the curve. Especially should der be expressed by Dr in special cases, where conflict might arise with words ending in ter or ther on account of those w^ords being of the same part of speech and written in the same position. Line 13. There is, however, an advantage in the use of the lengthening principle and Ter-hooks which should not be overlooked. They indicate invariably a final syllable ending with r; while Tr or Dr may be succeeded by a vowel. Phonographic wTiters avail them- selves of this fact to distinguish by outline words likely to conflict in reading; as center, written sNtr, and sentry, sNTr. Line 13. Long or difficult forms may be improved by the use of hooks and circles in the place of stems in the middle of outlines, since they break what would otherwise be a continuous stem outline, and, by giving definiteness to the forms, add greatly to the legibility of the writing. § 7. To indicate, as fax as possible, the presence or absence of a following vowel without writing its sign, it is advisable to use the N-hook for n in the middle as well as at the end of words, when that sound is not followed by a vowel, and to employ the stem form whenever a vowel does succeed the n sound. Whenever the above direction cannot be applied, the In-hook may be substituted for the N-hook. See the word French. In longer words the In- hook may take the place of the stem N. The general rule for writing final ns with the N-hook and circle, and nt by the N-hook on a half-length stem, is often disregarded where it is necessary to finish the foregoing part of the word with a circle or hook; and ant or ent, as well as net, is written Nt; and ance and ence, like ness, are written with Ns. The F-hook is used medially regardless of a following vowel when- ever the outline is made more distinct by its use. The syllable less is sometimes necessarily written Ls, and al with L. Line 14. § 8. For the purpose of further securing distinct and easy outlines, it is allowable to use Ree to represent the sound of r, when not followed by a vowel. Therefore use sR for words that begin with the syllable ser, unless the second stem is K, G, or M ; in the latter cases employ sR. This rule may be followed irrespective of the presence or absence of a following vowel. Also use SiR after Ks, as in exercise, or after another Ree, as in research. 73 Ree is also (Mnployed wlicn some distinction is needed between outlines, as in birlli, lili'Vll, which is thus distinguished from breuth, BrTII, and whenever the use of uR, or of the R-hook, would make an indefinite form, or extend the outline too far dov/nward, as in pursue, party, tardy. § 9. Words ending with the sounds of rr, rl, and Ir, have their terminations represented as follows: 1st. rr, with a single intermediate vowel, as in bearer, by Rr; with two intermediate vowels, as in barrier, hy' Rr or RR. 2d. rl, with no intermediate vowel, as in furl, by the R-hook attached to the stem sign of the previous consonant, followed by the stem L (line 7, last part); with an intermediate vowel, as in barrel, by R\; with two intermediate vowels, as in burial, by Rh. 3d. Ir, with one or more intermediate vowels, Lr; or Lit, if the former will not unite clearly. In some cases the 1 is denoted by a hook on the first stem. The terminations shr and shl may be struck up or down. Two intermediate vowels can be exjjressed by the appropriate compound vowel sign. Lines 16 and 17. 74 Plate 20 Special Vocalization 1. Care, car, cure, course, court, occur, rear, roar, sure, share, short, nor, more. Also mere, near, lure, leer, mourn. 2. Third, thirst, there, lore, learn, war, wart or ward, worst, work, warm, wear, word, worm, morn. 3. Assail, assailed, zeal, shell, shalt, shield, lull, real, rule, rail, roll, realm, relate, relative, relation. 4. Wall, weal, wheel, whale, wile or while (add initial vowel tick for "awhile"), wild, wool. Salt, consult, assault, assert, as- saulted, assorted, sort, sorted, concert, asylum. 5. Appear, perch, dark, dear, cheer, chirp, church, George, germ, call, cool, gulf, till, tell, Charles, built or build, far. Also farm, park, mark, marked, market — MrKT. 6. r'ore, fort, forth, false, fill, film, filch, verge, verb, verse, valve, nail, null, mill, milk. Also forge, lard. 7. Mile, quire, esquire, yore, yule or you'll, Yale, yield, girl, hurl, furl, marl, snarl. 8. Swell, squall, square, queer, quill. Toward, told, child, gold, secured, hard, heard, port, lord. 9. Debar, paltry, impart, divulge, degenerate, shiver, lever, level, vessel, axle, muscle, obscure. 10. Charter, delegate, darker, broader, agriculture, college, collegian, knowledge, sharpen, carbon, guardian, garden. 11. Furlong, fulfill, farmer, former, thermometer, prevent, release, relevant, reluctant, railroad, purchase. 12. Ordinary, provokingly, exceedingly, mercenary, dignitary, prefatory, secondary, actuary, votary. 13. Water, watery, order, ordered, letter, elder, later, older, farther, further, shelter, barter, betray. 14. Punch, punish, lunch, lineage, French, persons, presence, business, present, dependence, descendant, definite, useless. 15. Serve, servant, sergeant, certain, survey, circuit, sermon, breath, birth, tardy, research, ceremonial. 16. Bearer, horror, career, terror, terrier, merrier, pearl, peril, parallel, memorial, serial. 17. Ethereal, atrial, valor, color, cooler, dollar, gallery, collier, auxiliary. 75 PLATE 20 ..=e^....^_.^-.-^....^...^ ^,..Z_.:r:....^ LJ^::^.-rY....!:^^ ^- "^^ ^.5 <^ "^'c^ ^V^^ ^.<^f^^ ^ <^- L'^ \ xl l^^y^!^.^:^.. .../l.,r:^^4 Lt^ ^ '^ ^ ^ *> ^» I Lk.^.=^ ^ fi.,...-^..„.=:\ n c^u l^ V^ :^ :^ :^l.^: -> ..\^„ .^ y^/~3.. ^ 13.. J£.J IL.... n... L^....^X\^ \^- I^....L, L^. 76 SPARE MOMENTS A boy, poorly dressed, asked one morning to see the principal of a celebrated school. The servant glanced at his mean apparel, and, thinking he looked like a beggar more than anything else, was inclined to refuse his request. "Excuse me, but I should like to speak to Mr. Blank," requested the boy, persistently. "Well, he is in the library, if he must be disturbed." After conversing awhile with his early visitor, the principal laid aside the volume he had been studying and took up a Greek book and began to examine the newcomer, observing that every question he put forward the boy instantly answered. "Why, my boy," he exclaimed with surprise, "you answer extremely well! Where did you gather so much information?" "In my spare moments," replied the boy. He was a hard-working lad, yet he had almost fitted himself for college by simply improving his spare moments. Several years later he became known all the world over as the eminent geologist, Hugh Miller. It is said that Elihu Burritt, who was called "the learned black- smith," was in the habit, when an apprentice boy, of having a grammar of some foreign language fastened before him on the chimney of the forge, so that while engaged with his work he could incidentally get glimpses of his book. What account can you give of your spare moments? 77 PLATE 21 Spare INIoments i.,l,„.„.v.... Ul :l....!J^.....^, ..^ !Z! L^....2^ ' ■^ (: X -v. ••"^- "^ ..cu J I I O o v.. /-t \ ..L»-^ - ' ( ' tA,..J. ^v- •v "^ ' -y:.. u,. -A a _]^ ts-.— \ '■' ^ .., :^: ^ L_ ■> \' ^ ..^ ^ < ^ ^ ■r y J h H^-^ \ y^ \ "^ a,.r, ., 1 ..vrr^a.. ^ ^ V. "A ■^ r ^. ^: ..e^.... ..!_.. /7 ^ — k *i-^ T'-* ;\^ _2> l..:!\..-...'S,..,_ ■^ ••^■r \ — i z = ^ -^ \ -=-/- 78 CHAPTER XI THE V-HOOK — PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES — CONTRACTIONS Illustrated by Plate 22 § 1. The V-hook. This is a long pointed hook which is added to curved stems for the sound of / or v. It is not regularly employed for final / or v, as is the F-hook on straight stems, but is used chiefly as a suffix and in phrase writing. It should not be used with a half- length stem, nor in writing words which form the past tense with d, nor should the circle be added. Line 1. § 2. Prefixes. The initial dot sign for the prefixes com, con, and cog has been described. When these syllables occur in the middle of a word, they may be indicated by breaking the outfine, and writing that part which precedes the con close to or overlapping the remainder. A disjoined prefix should rest on the line if the stem is an upright or a slope, and above the line if it is horizontal. In thi.s class of words, as well as those having outHnes of more than two stems, strict position according to accent need not be observed, unless the stems are all horizontals. Words beginning with circum drop the cum. Words beginning with incon, or a similar prefix, begin with an In-hook curved like an N stem and the stem K, joined to the rest of the outline; the expression of m, n, or g being omitted except where the N-hook is desirable to break the outline. To denote inac, unac, etc., where a vowel precedes K, invert the In-hook. In some long words, all indication of con, com, or cum is omitted . Lines 2 and 3. The prefixes in, all, with, where, for, ever, over, and self, are denoted by their word-signs attached to the rest of the outUne, position being governed by the accent of the whole word, except that where must keep its place above the line, and self on the line; self must sometimes be written detached. Fore is expressed by Fr or FR; here by tick R through the line; 'retro by RR; ortho by TH initially ticked; hand by Hnd or hNd; magni-e-a by M disjoined, above the remainder of the outUne. The negatives ir, il, im, are denoted by the initial vowel tick upon the root word. Lines 4 and 5. 79 § 3. Suffixes. When they cannot be written in full, the follow- ing suffixes may be expressed by suitable stems or adjuncts: Ble or bly by B; ful or fully by F, or the F- or the V-hook; ever by V, or the F- or V-hook; soever by the circle and \': sh'l or sh'ly or ship by SH, up or down, it being sometimes disjoined for the latter suffix; ology by J. Denote in by the N-hook; on by the In-hook; of, F- or Ive-hook; fore, F or Fr; ward, Wd or Wrd; yard Rd; hand, Und or Nd; self and selves by the small and large circle; hood or head, by Hd or D; hearted, by RTd, or by Rt, or by hRt. The signs for the following suffixes should be detached from the preceding outline: Mnt for mental or mentality; Bs for bleness; Fs for fulness; Ls for lessness. Lines 6, 7, 8, 9. Ly and ry may be expressed by the L- and R-hooks instead of the stems L and R, whenever clearness of form is increased thereby. Where it seems necessary, a final vowel sign should be written. In writing long words, a close or open diphthong sign may be some- times used between stems, or at the end of the final stem, the angle turning in any convenient direction. When several straight stems in the same direction follow each other, as in dietetic, attitude, cachexy, a medial vowel tick or an aspirate tick, may be used to break the outline. Line 10. § 4. The stem Yay generally commences the outlines of word.s beginning with u or eu, but when Yay does not join well with a fol- lowing stem, the vowel sign for eu or the initial vowel tick may take its place, as in utensil, Utah. Medial u is commonly unrepre- sented unless the vowel sign is written. The syllable ion may be expressed by the In-hook, as pinion — Pnn. Either form of the Shun-hook may be used to secure an easy and distinct joining with a following stem. The second Shun-hook denotes ation or ition after a half-length or finalh'-hookcd stem, or after a lengthened curve. After a lengthened curve, the Ive-hook has the power of live, and the In-hook the sound of either n or "n. Line IL § 5. The outlines of words ending in ciation are best terminated with the double-sized circle and In-hook. Write association, SSHshn. After the Ster-loop, the In-hook denotes either n or shn. It is allowable to substitute a medial In-hook for the N-hook, when the latter does not produce a good outline. In some cases the sound of ng before K, is allowed to be represented by the N-hook, as bank — BnK. 80 The outlines of words ending in tention as retention, may terminate with TNshn, thus avoiding the two backward hooks which are less easily made. Line 12. The stem NG for ing, and NGs for ings, should be added to full outlines when practicable, rather than the final dot and the small detached circle; but the dot or circle should be used after a word- sign, contraction, or very brief outline. Words ending in the sounds of It, Id, rl, or rd, when followed by the sjdlables ed, eth, ness, ing, may have the half-length I or r, struck upward, so as to avoid raising the hand to add a disjoined character. In a few cases where the same consonant is repeated without a vowel between, both are represented, as in soul-less, wholly. In positive and negative forms of the same word, the In-hook or the initial vowel tick serves as a distinction. A circle added to a word or word-sign may express either the plural number or possessive case of a noun, the third person singular of a verb, or a derived adjective. Line 14. The R-hook and the small loop are used to add er and est to many words and word-signs. When the only distinction between an adjective and its derived adverb is the sound of final y, both may be represented by the same form. Denote the initial of a proper name by the sign which expresses the corresponding Roman letter, rather than by the character which denotes the real sound. Thus, write the stem T for the initial of Theodore, P for Philip, etc. Represent S by the stem S on the line, C by S through it, G by J through the line, and R by Ree. Use initially ticked CHay for H. Write A, heavy dot on the line, for Alfred, Arthur, or Augustus, and E, the dot below the line, for Emma, Ernest, or Eugene, as well as for Eli. Line 15. § 6. Contractions. Outlines of more than one consonant char- acter which do not represent all the consonant sounds in the word are called contractions. They are employed for frequently-recurring words, and where the full outline is very long or awkward, or where peculiar difficulty occurs in the representation of some consonant. Most contractions are made in accordance with certain rules. These should be applied with judgment, for the shortest form is not always the best. Legibility is a more essential quahty than brevity; and outlines should never be so contracted as to make it difficult for the writer to read his notes. Speed in writing is acquired by constant practice rather than by using the briefest possible outlines. 81 The following are the rules upon which contractions are usually made: 1st. The outlines of very long words are best contracted by leaving the latter part of the word unwritten. 2d. The signs for slightly sounding consonants may be omitted, as p in prompt, one s in misspell, t in postpone, g in angry, k in anxious, etc. 3d. The small circle may be substituted for the small looi) in the middle of a word, leaving the sound t unrepresented whenever an easier form will result. 4th. Long outlines may be shortened by the omission of an initial or me(hal K, or some other meihal stem that can be left out without impairing the legibility of the outline. Line 16. 5th. The outUnes of words of three or more syllables ending with r'ty or I'ty, may be shortened bj^ halving the final stem R or L, or any final stem having the L- or R-hook. 6th. The hook-signs are sometimes imperfectly formed or omitted in the middle of an outline when they cannot be made without extra trouble. 82 Plate 22 vee-hook: prefixes & strpFiXES, etc. 1. Life, leave, thief, theft, thrifty, fife or five, favorite, knave, knavery, sheaf, wove, woof, alive, elf, aloof. 2. Decompose, disconcert, recommend, reconciliation, unreconciled, recognized, misconstrue, misconception, non-conformist, circumvent. 3. Inconsolable, inconstant, uncomplaining, incognito, inaccu- racy, unaccountable, inconsiderate, inconceivable, circumlocution, circumference. 4. Inmate; almighty; withdraw; withheld, withhold; whereby, wherefore; forget, forlaidden; evermore; overflow; self-esteem. 5. Foreknow, forego; hereupon, herewith; retrograde; orthodox, handwriting, handmaid; magnetism; irreverent, eligible. G. Commendable, forcible; painful, handful, graceful, health^ fulness, cheerfulness; however, wherever, whichever, whoevei. whosoever, whatever, whenever. 7. Howsoever, whensoever, whencesoever, confidential, friendship, lordship, statesmanship; therein, within, herein; whereon, thereon; whereof, thereof. 8. Therefore, therefor, heretofore; upward, onward, heavenward vineyard; shorthand, longhand; thyself, ourselves, yourselves; manhood, brotherhood, boyhood. 9. Childhood, Godhead; hard-hearted, down-hearted, soft hearted; ornamental, detrimental; feebleness, nobleness; iruitful ness, carefulness, heedlessness. 10. Likely, weekly, positively, mockery, dowry, fuel, malaria, dietetic, cachexy, prohibit. n. European, statue, statute or statuette; union, auctioneer, stationary, repetition, temptation, foundation; alterative, nutritive; northern. 12. Negotiation, denunciation; illustration; ornament, atone- ment, ninety; bank, link; contention, retention. 13. Paying, hoping, dosing or dozing, advertising, partings, meetings, boarding; yielded, abruptness, platitude, lendeth, medi- tated, confidently. 14. Afforded, folding, boldness, melteth; wholly; unknown, unnatural, unnecessary; illegal; pirospers or prosperous. 15. Sharper, fairer, fuller; greatest, happiest; indisputable-bly, professional-ly, material-ty, oflicial-ly, exceptional-ly. 16. Preliminary, transcendental, jurisprudence; camped, mis- state, jun(!tion, postmaster, post office, industries or industrious, explanatory, satisfaction, remarkable. 17. Sensibility, fidelity, majority, liberty, adaptability; wintry, appointment, attainment, thenceforward, husbandman, Pennsyl- vania. 83 PLATE 22 D.....-V.<{a (c. .^..zv^.^ ^^' 4Al^4...(^ ^.rC c,..v 1 '■A.=:f:-^ -CX. :^-, I, . Vv^x.^v^nki^ L 7- j; Li/v, U'^^.Z!, 1 ^- a ^ Lj?....-/Xj2. /ft...\Z' ,kjr::^:=riN<^::^....^: /.s:.....?^. ^A^....-c^.....?>,.. v^-L,-<^. ^ u^^:^^\y\ 84 THE VALUE OF LITTLE THINGS While Benjamin Franklin was walking along Dock Street wharf in Philadelphia one morning, he stumbled over some strong wicker baskets in which roots had been brought from Holland. No eye but Franklin's, perhaps, would have observed the single green sprout on one of the willows. He carefully cut it away and planted it. From this exceedingly small sprig have grown most of the basket willows in the country. At another time, on an old worn-out broom, he saw a seed still clinging to its stem. This he planted, then that which was produced from it, and in two or three years he had a small crop of broom-corn. In less 'than half a century millions of brooms were made from the increased product of that one seed. Jefferson, when in Europe on public business, was continually forwarding to America plants and seeds. In Italy he noticed that the rice there was especially fine. He at once bought three bushels, but as he feared that his courier might not be permitted to take it over the mountains into France, Jefferson put what he could in his pockets. He never saw the remainder of his purchase, but from Paris he sent what he had brought with him to the Governor of South Carolina, who gave a dozen grains to each of several farmers. Sines that time South Carolina has estabUshed a reputation for producing the finest rice in the world. 85 PLATE 23 The Value of Little Things ^ // ....^ - « /#r> v^.. : L X-^ 1 -. V J ^ ; ..V ^-^ ,.X ^ \^.. ..^.. ^^ n ..i:^... : ^ V --y- h.. L :ry^... - ^ ^ w ) -? 'H ' .- i ^- C s ^- ^ - r-::v: ' ^ ^-^ ^ .f ;^'^ ^ ^" \ N^;^^s. ■^ ;£ r ^ ' ^ ' ^ \ ^^ J '--i. 'V^ ••*• » !6 A .....* s«<.. > \ \J— I ^ ^ ^• X N-*! 1 I ^^ I * -.-. / J =^ A ^;. 1 L k=,, < C-/— • ^ 2,..,\....\>..^.,.V\..\) \...A....V.\...\3. .\ .^. ^...\ ^...>^ \ ^ \ .^.\ ^.\.\..\..A..l...i..iAA.. ,^...io A:5 "s^ V^..^.. A^ . I LAo L ..k^. ...^ Aa ^ k.^ ApLL .sLP. 1 15^....^^..^,...%...:^ <£.. 1..°!: T "1..! li q.. °^ ^ /2:i.^ \^..^^ IZ .'fi— ^.. •^ ^ r ... L-^. ..(Irrir:.... JrTr3....lj=^. |j-— j /^...-.q L.. Z! t-r^ 1 .^ y^ /^.,..r^^ 1^ ^A : r^ J iZA.,/:......] ^. .' *V% ^..l,^=:^...r=rL^..).....L_%...\A^..!^. £.. 90 Des-Keshn — discussion, Des-eKrshn — discursion, Des-Kreshn — dese- cration, /2es-eKshn — resurrection, Des-ePshn — deception, Des-Peshn — dissipation. 13. Tick-Tee — commit or committee, tick-Les — alas or else, tick- Mens — immense, tick-Mes — amuse, tick-Dee — owed, tick-Met — emit, tick-Meshn-2d — omission, tick-D-ed — added, tick-Nel — annual, tick-Meter — immature or amateur, tick-Chay-Ment — achievement, M- Per-Ment — improvement, tick-Shee — issue. 14. heP — heap or hip, heM~ham, heCH — hatch, hay-tick-Er— hair or hire, hay-tick-Lee — hull, hay-tick-Tee — haughty, hay-tick- En — honey, heNG — hang,B.ent — hunt, Hens — hence, hePen — happen, heTHen — heathen, hay-tick-Net — hand, heSH — hash, hush. 15. Hent— bond. Bent-vocalized — baiid; Pent — pint, Pen-D — pou nd; Kres-Pent-Nes — correspondence, Kres-Pen-Dents — corre- spondents; Kret-Lee (disjoined) — accordingly, Gret-Lee — gradually, Ker-Dee-Lee — cordially; Ter-ZHer — treasure, Tres-Ree — treasury; Way-Kay-Dee — wicked, Way-Kay — weak; tick Leshn-lst — allusion, tick-Leshn — illusion. 16. Pres-Net — present, Pres-dot — pressing; Dee-Pent-Net — dependent, Dee-Pent-dot — depending; Gret-Ef — gratify, Em-Ret-Ef — mortify, Der-Jay-Ree — drudgery, Ter-Cher— treachery; Felter- iNG— faltering, Fel-Ter-dot— flattering- Per-Pes— propose, Pee-Ree- Pes — purpose, Per-Dee — proud (vocalized to distinguish from broad), Lee- vocalized — low. 17. Thee-Der-Lee — withdrawal, Em-Lee — mail, seM-Lee — small, Ker-Lee — cruel-\y ; Yes-Ree-Peshns — usurpations, eu-Tes-Lee — uten- sil, eu-Ef-En — euphony, Vee-N-eu — avenue, eu-Bee-Kay-Tee — ubi- quity. WHY THE EVERGREEN TREES NEVER LOSE THEIR LEAVES Winter was approaching and all of the birds had flown south except one little swallow with a broken wing, who made her way to the forest and asked for shelter until springtime. The Maple, with her scarlet coloring, replied that it had been her custom to assist only her acquaintances. An immense Hickory said he had no room, and that after his wants were provided for the remainder of his nuts were promised to others. The sturdy Oak could not spare a single acorn ; the Beech, with a degree of polite- ness, said she was extremely sorry but had only enough for herself; and the Willow did not care to talk with strangers. The wounded bird was discouraged, but a friendly Spruce Saw the whole situation in an instant and invited her to make a home on its warmest branch. Immediately a tall Pine said that he would gladly protect her. A beautiful Larch at once offered to share his mansion, a Juniper tree, some berries, and a Hemlock told her that among them all she would not starve. That night the cold North Wind came blustering furiously through the forest, eager to nip every leaf. "No!" said the Frost King, " all the trees that have been kind to a homeless swallow may keep their leaves." 91 PLATE 25 Why the Evergreen Trees Never Lose Their Leaves :..:> f^ l..,...l : V ! S. 1 -^ , \- . ^ ^^„..:^- t._^ -6- - ■ ( ^ ^ J. ■^ ^ I^. ..kca. ■^ ■-^ ^ I L^^-^ z:..^.^.- .(■ I ^ /-:, :5 \_ :i ' ^. Z^ V-X .....^ v_ O :^ ^ ^ w-^ - ' '^ ^ ^ '^ ^-^ V I r f : .'S ^.=^ : > ^ >Ar-/ >■. ^ ' ^ ^, • ^ 1 ^^ t^ .^r^.. ^y ^T> — T--A ■^ I.- „.* ^.. ■"*T ^ ^- ( i L ( \. \^ - ^-^■ - ^ ^- i -S- *- 1. In-hook. 7. 2. Circle or loop. 8. 3. Vowel. 9. 4. Stem. 10. 5. Initial hook. 11. 6. Vowel. 12. 92 CHAPTER XIII ORDER OF PRINCIPLES — SPECIAL FORMS Illustrated by Various Word-lists § 1. Order of Principles. The ease and correctness of a stu- dent's reading, as well as the facility and accuracy of the writing, will largely depend on a perfect understanding and ready appre- hension of the following order of reading the phonographic signs, wliich is never changed: Final hooks: N, 1st Shun, F, or V. Halving or lengthening. In, Ive, or 2d Shun-hook. Circle or loop. In-hook. Circle. No one outline will contain all these signs; but whether more or less are used, they must follow in the order above given. The outline for the word unscrew will contain the 1st, 2d, 4th, 5th and 6th. That for splints, the 2d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 10th. That for prisons, the 4th, 5th, 6th, 10th, 11th, and 12th. It is good practice for students thus to resolve complex outlines into their elementary principles until this order is well understood. In special vocalization, the vowel sign (No. 6) sounds between the stem and the initial hook. The 1st Shun-hook sounds after the lengthening. § 2. Special Forms. To secure distinct outlines, and .such as can be easily made, it is sometimes needful to waive the strict application of a rule. Although the rules of Phonetic Stenography should not be deviated from beyond the express permissions given, the outlines resulting from even a strict application of rules will often vary; and while short words usually have their forms definitely fixed by the rules, a large number of longer words have no particular form, either full or contracted, which is to be regarded as absolutely correct to the exclusion of all others. In selecting forms, attention should be paid, first, to dcfiniteness, second, to ease or facility, and third, to susceptibihty of contraction into an abbreviated outline that is capable of being made full by simple continuation, when it is desirable to increase the legibility of the notes. Vocalize un- common short words. PART III 94 CHAPTER XIV THE ART OF PHRASING Illustrated by Plates 34 and 35 Phrase-writing is the grouping or combining of word-forms in one outline. When judiciously used it is an aid in reading, distin- guishing the words so grouped as having a close grammatical relation without break or pause. The regular or usual phrase forms, in most cases, have distinctive outlines and therefore are readily recognized from single word-forms. Rule: TJie first word of a phrase must he written in its proper position, except that the signs for /, in, and, and how take the posi- tion of the word to which they are attached. Two or more words are united when their forms naturally run together, making a clear legible outline, and the words themselves are in close grammatical relation. See line 1. Phrasing not only imphes the joining of word-signs and full out- lines, but also the representation of a number of short and frequently recurring words by the circles, loops, hooks, halving, and lengthening in connection with the stem. In some special phrases the consonants of several successive words are represented as they would be if the phrase were but one word. In all phrase outhnes strict regard must be had to the order in which the various powers follow each other, as shown in Chapter XIII. The adjunctive signs are used to express words as follows: Tick and Half-circle Signs. The slanting tick for the may be attached finally to any stem or hook when the angle of junction can be made sufficiently acute. The tick signs for a and the may be used in the middle of a few phrase outlines where one will not make sense in the place of the other. The tick for a is not attached initially, except in a few fre- quently recurring phrases. Line 2. The straight tick made heavy denotes /, and may be used standing alone for /, if made perpendicular. The tick for / may be attached before a circle followed by a stem only in a few cases, lest it be mistaken for the In-hook. Line 3. The eu vowel-sign for you may be used instead of Yay before or after a stem, and turned cither way. Line 3. The ticks for all and who can be joined initially if kept in position. Line 4. The sign for of should be phrased only when its uprightness will jjlainly distinguish it. Line 4. The half-circle for on is joined only in a few phrases, because that for in accommodates itself to the position of the second word. Line 5. 95 Final Hooks. The N-hook has the word power of an, and, than, and been. The In-hook has the power of an, and, than, own, one, not; also done after be. Halving and the N-hook may be used to express not. It is well, however, to use a different outline for the full and contracted modes of speech. Write didn't — Dnt, wouldn't — Wnt, shouldn't — SHnt, couldn't — Knt; while the not when pronounced separately should be denoted by the In-hook, or by Nt. After a circle, write not, Nt. Lines 6, 7, 8, 9. The F-, Vee-, or Ive-hooks represent have or of; the latter being used after half-length and full-length stems. After a circle or hook of is represented by the \'ee stem. Lines 8 and 9. The Ter-hook may express their or there, and in a few special cases, other. The 1st Shun-hook has no word power, but the 2d Shun-hook is used for their when there is no other way of adding that word, as after ticks and half-length stems. Line 9. Halving and Lengthening. For the purpose of phrasing, anv stem or word-sign may be halved to add it or to, though to is usually indicated by proximity. The words of, on, in, if, may be phrased with it by writing the .stem signs for their consonant sounds half- length and prefixing the initial vowel tick. The halving principle may be used to express the when that word could not be omitted without its absence being detected, as for the sake of. The stems representing pronouns may be halved to add would or had. Line 10. The lengthening of a curved stem, or a straight stem finally hooked, adds their or there. In a very few instances it may denote other; but the facility with which Zr is joined, renders it unneces- sary to use the lengthening principle for other. The words that, let, yet, would, should, as well as on, of, in, if, when followed by their, are best denoted by doubling the length of the stem denoting their first consonant sound, omitting the representation of t or d, but retaining the initial tick if the word begins ivilh a vowel. Line 11. Circles and Loops. The small circle is used either initially or finallj^ to denote as', has, is or his; also us, where neither of the pre- cetUng words would make sense. Line 12. As, has, is, or his may be added to a word which begins or ends with a small circle by using the large circle instead, and be addend to words terminating with a loop by writing a small circle on the back of the stem. An added it or the is shown by changing a final circle into a small loop. There is added to words ending with the small circle, and occa- sionally with the small loop, by making the large loop instead of the circle. Lines 12, 13, 14. Circles and loops are also used independently of the stems to denote phrases. These characters stand for the consonant elements contained in the phrases, viz., s s, s t, s th r, which are the same 96 sounds denoted by the circles and loops when attached to stems, only that in the independent large loop, thr is substituted for tr. These phrase signs are always written above the line when the phrase beings with as or has, and below, if it begins with is or his. Line 15. t^^\ wv -> Initial Hooks. The R-hook has the power of or, our, or are. The L-hook has the power of all or will. Lines 16, 17, 18. The Way-hook has the power of we or way. The Yay-hook has the power of you. Lines 19 and 20. Change of Form. The usual or regular form of a word is some- times varied in order to phrase it more readily, or to form deriva- tives or compound words. For instance, school may be written sKl or sKL. Words beginning with the loop for st, are allowed to commence with sT. Or may be denoted by R, R, or the R-hook. Line 21. Omission of Words. Proximity, that is, the writing of words very near or overlapping each other, is used to denote the omission, of to or of the, as well as the syllables con or com. A small detached tick struck in the direction of Chay at the end of an outline indicates to the. In place of the dot for ing, represent ing-the by a detached tick struck in the direction of Pee. When to begins a line or sentence, it may be indicated by writing the next word entirely below the line, provided the outline begins with a full-length upright or inclined stem. Line 22. Write to before a word beginning with con or com, and express the C071, by proximity. From- in connection with to, as from, day to day, is often denoted by writing the repeated words close together. When a comparative adjective is repeated, the first outline may be abbreviated. Line 22. In some special cases, all expression of an unimportant word is dispensed with; and in others, the second word takes position instead of the first. Line 23. Figures are usually best for the expression of numbers. One, six, and seven should be written in shorthand to avoid conflict with which, those, and each. The ordinary figures may be used to denote both cardinal and ordinal numbers. For round hundreds, write the figure, followed by hNd; for thousands, add Til, or THsNd; for millions. Ml. When a word consists of vowels alone, it is necessary to use what is called the "nominal stcm,'^ in order to determine the proper sounds. This consists of a T stem cancelled by a short line through it. Exam])lc: the word "E-ah," the name of an Irish family. A foreign consonant may be ai:)i)r()ximatcly denoted by writing the character for the l^higlish sound which it most nearly resembles, and drawing a small waved line through or near the character. The nasal sounds of the French vowels may be denoted in the same way. Pauses, Quotations, etc. The reporter's jjcriod is a very long Rec. Two of these, or two short dash(>s, one under the other, denotes a paragraph. Shorter pauses cannot be well indicated wh(>n taking notes rapidly, but they must be inserted in the longhand transcrip- 97 tion according to the memory and judgment of the writer. It is well in reporting to leave a space, say half an inch, at every fall of the speaker's voice. A break in the sentence, or a sudden termina- tion which leaves the sense incomplete, may be inchcated by the stem G crossed by CH. If some word or words are missed in the note-taking, which are important to the sense and nmst be supphed in the transcription, the omission should be indicated by a large caret, and leaving more or less space. Interruptions, such as cheers, applautie, cries of go on! can be indicated by writing the word or words in shorthand and running the pencil around them in a circle or ellipse. (Quotations, or a passage requiring special attention, should be marked by a line down the margin to the left of the pa^e. Context. The shorthand writer often has to depend considerably on memory, on knowledge of the subject or case to which the notes refer, and on the context — that is, on the sense made by the connection of a doubtful word with the words which immediately precede or follow it — for correct and fluent reading of his notes. Therefore, to guard against illegibility, the excessive use of contracted forms should be avoided, and phrase writing should be employed with caution and judgment. In the ability to read contracted writing a difference will be found between individuals, depending upon the education, the mental constitution, as well as the thought and hand movement of the writer. It is, however, well understood anfl acknowledged by stenographic experts that swift writing de- pends much less on the brevity of the characters used, than on the quiclvness of thought and hand derived from daily practice- 98 Key to Plate 34 1. It will be, by the, shall have the, for which, with me, may have, we shall, so much, must be, must have, from this. 2. By such, with such, no such, under such, by that time, by the by, many a man, and they or and though, a long time ago. 3. And as a, and is the, I will, 1 am sorry, I enclose, I suppose it is, you have, you can give, would you, did you, are you, will you have the. 4. Will you please, all that, who is that, of all, of these, of his own, of our, of your, if your, of course, of this, of them. 5. In addition, in respect, in advance, in reply, on his own account, on account of, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary. 6. I cannot, can't be, could not, couldn't, did not, didn't, I do not, may not be, should not be done, shall be done, shall have been, are not, isn't. 7. Had been, had not, have been, haven't been, have not been, no one else, any one else, no less than, time and again, now and then. 8. Her own, were not, our own, in your own, in my own, in which, in each, each one, in connection with the, in excess of the, point of view. 9. Which have been, which have not, who have, would have, we have been, they have not, at their, to their, what their, each other, by their, but their, and there, rather than, better than. 10. Of it, in its, on its, with its, from its, as to the, is to the, for the sake of, for the most part, cause of it, they would have, it would, which wooild be done. 11. Of their own, if there, on their, in their own, upon their, then and there, have you been there, that there, some other, should their, would their. 12. This is, that which is, it is not, it is a, it is the, it is as or it is his, it is their own, what is it or what is the, what is their, at first, does not, let us, against us or against his, amongst their. 13. Was it or was the, was there, was not, as we, is your, as they or as though, as well as, as long as, as fast as, as great as, as good as, is not. 14. As soon as it or as soon as the, just as soon as possible, as such, such as has been, has been, has been there, as early as possible, as much as possible, as much more, as was, as near as you can. 15. As is or as his, is as or is his, his has or his is, as it or as the, is it or is the, has it as, as it is, is it as, as there, is there, as there is, is there as, as it has not been there, has there been. 16. By our own, at our own, which are of the, which are of it, care of it, one or two, one or more, one or the other, two or three, we are not, which are not, only one. 17. On our own account, in our own, in order that the, that on or about the, on or before the, not on all, not only, not in all, in all cases. 99 B. 0. B\KER VAi-Liiik: /...... 2... .5 A, PLATE 34 ^ L,,^^.-.f-i ::^ -^-. ^ L.'r. J ^ l^ ^_ 6. J L^ ^ s i. ^zS\ Z^ ■T-r^ r\ L (^ V -A, -A. ^ :jl. ^ f -■ y y 7 ir-T— o — p.., ^-/ -L ^-^-^ ^ t ^ ^ ^: ^ ^•■■^■■■^ ■^ i r "L ^-P ^ ^ '^' t / L i I b t ' ■> ■ L. -^ --^-^.- ^....^ ^ ^ -V ^ ^T^- ^ '^^■■- ^ - /* Q^. %-^...j^. aC Ny^..*'^'YAo ^ ^ }, «Y- /VbD /S,.. S> c O O 6 \v"'"" /4..J^. L../. /7,.. ^ ,..^ lr\ \ ^ i--^- 100 Key to Plate 35 18. At all, at all times, at length, by all means, at last, at least, on all, with all, they will proceed, for all that, we will go there. 19. It was, what was said, which was not, at once, where was that, what was it or what was the, what was there, that it was not as it was, by way of, are we responsible. 20. Are you sure, can you say, do you know, what you remember, which you recollect, had you not, had we not, which we allow, whether or not. 21. Public schools, training schools, stockholder, chairman of the executive committee, board of education, post mortem examina- tion, since that time, a large number of. 22. To be sure, part of the principles, date of the year, in reference to that, from day to day, from year to year, from hour to hour, from week to week. 23. Later and later, shorter and shorter, faster and faster, more and more, more or less, greater and greater, better and better, Act of Congress, House of Representatives. f 24. Under separate cover, as far as possible, over and over, day after day, later on, later than, inconsequence, in consideration, in such, numbers, in such a. 25. In relation, in every respect, in other words, in accordance, matter of fact, at the same time, at the rate of, at any rate. 26. Which has been, must have been, some time ago, from time to time, in an instant, for instance, for some reason, for some years. 27. Any other, any more than, far more, farther than, a great deal of, a good deal of, stronger than, real estate, railroad company. 28. Capital stock, preferred stock, common stock, income bonds, account current, district superintendent, district court, supreme court. 29. Bill of lading, per annum, free on board, free of charge. United States of America, United States Army, this city, this state, this is of the utmost importance. 30. County and city of New York, city and countj^ of New York, being duly sworn, testifies as follows, where do you reside, my very best recollection, yes sir, no sir. 31. Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Doctor, My dear Sir, My dear Madam, we shall be glad, we must request. 32. We have not heard, we enclose herewith, which we have received, we are sorry, we are in receipt of your letter, your letter received. (Sp. form for "your letter".) 33. Yours truly, j^ours very truly, I am very truly yours, I remain yours very truly, 1 remain very truly yours, considering the, deliver to the. 34. One per cent, three per cent, Monday evening, Monday morning, Friday afternoon, what is required, lowest possible cost, principal and interest. 2<>,..:rr: 2J, 22. 22.. 101 PLATE 35 [ "^ (>-..- c^ ^ ^4 1' 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ v^ ^ v^ -k- ^- 2^. 5p, v. : ^^ ^ ^ s "^ t:C^\.^ ^ y... 52...._ "IzX ' ■^' ' Vt;-n3-n=cTr^^^-^^ i-f 102 ADDRESS DEIJVERED BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT THE DEDICATION OF THE NATIONAL CEMETERY, NOVEMBER 19, 1863 Judge Usher, during p, lecture at Chicago, gave the history of this short and simple prose-poem which is immortal and has been compared to the Sermon on the Mount. He said: "The President was expected, of course, to say something on the occasion, though Everett was the orator of the day and would deliver the address. Mr. Lincoln was so hurried by business in Washington that he had no time to write out any notes. So, on the cars, he wrote the words of which Everett said: 'I would rather be the author of those twenty lines than to have all the fame my oration today will give me!' " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or to detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 103 PLATE 26 Gettysburg Address U_^ ' ^ r: :^ L. ^..._^._.,: (L. -7 ^ - ^> 1^ ^ h~ ^-I" '^■•-^ "■■ ^ V .^ ^ 1 ■•■^c' ___«^.., ).:_..).. c ^ ■ - \^......Z... 1 ^ L , ^ _ ^ ^ \. ••-^ -/V- I ^ ^^ ' X ' ^ 1- <,^ ^ / ^ t ^^ ^-^ ^ r^^ I • , 1 y "^ I \ ' 1 1- .-^ r c ^ " )• ..^ X j - >- ^— 1 1 •^ ^ ^ ^ -^-- t ^ t Z^ \. ) / ' ^ •^■ i "^ ^ Zs l: •T Z- I ; P^:^ A "^ Z b V\_/ ^ 7 ^ / U_^ ^ C, \ Z 1::;^ I- ) L^ ^ ^ ..z^^.. ..L... r ^ ^^ -^ ^ > '^ •■\ Jz r::^.... Kf J W ' ^ M Z...., V---V -2^; 104 Key to Plate 27 Washington, D. C, July 16th, 1898. Sir: The President of the United States sends to you and your brave army the profound thanks of the American people for the brilliant achievements at Santiago, resulting in the surrender of the city and all of the Spanish troops and territory under General Torol. Your splendid command has endured not only the hardships and sacrifices incident to campaign and battle, but in stress of heat and weather has triumphed over obstacles which would have overcome men less brave and determined. One and all have displayed the most conspicuous gallantry, and earned the gratitude of the nation. The hearts of the people turn with tender sympathy to the sick and wounded. May the Father of Mercies protect and comfort them. William McKinley. To General Shafter, Commanding Front, Near Santiago. My dear Miss Brown: It is with great pleasure and pride that I reappoint you Chairman on Finance, knowing that your work will go forward during the com- ing year on the same high plane and with the same zeal that marked it in the year just passed. Will you come to the Executive Board Meeting on the 16th, prepared to submit a tentative budget for the coming year's work of your department, if it entails any expenditure. May I take this opportunity of expressing my deep appreciation of your personal loyalty and helpfulness to me, as well as of your efficient service to the New York Section of the International Council of Women. Faithfully yours, President. V -i kdz......-_^. / : °iVo 105 PLATE 27 -^ HB,:-r:^ .^../6...,. 1 * a / ' 4 "^v^ ...A..:V:::A ^ ^..^ -^f - --- J - ^. z2_...: 1 ^<^ f^ X 1 : : _! -x 1 c \ : 1,^ :^ : I -^~-: ^y .C---.V- ^--^...A-... L..(,C>^^ / #.....*--—.>. _ Vi( ^ : :^ <- ' ^' u. y^ ... _.^. ^ '-^u ' h:\-\^-k: ..._{iL :i/:\_, c.^:^ ,y\^ _Nr.,-. 5/ 106 Key to Plate 28 Dear Sir: Our new "American History and Government" prepares pupils for good citizenship. History and government are developed together and therefore should be taught together. This new book for the seventh year welds these two subjects into a unit and places con- stantly before the student forcible ideas of sane and healthy patriot- ism. The causes and results and principal campaigns of the wars have been fully treated, but confusing details have been omitted. Na- tional development and industrial history are features of several chapters. All the subject matter is logically organized and the style is clear, definite, direct, and exceedingly interesting to children. It has been the aim of the authors to hold to the larger themes, to explain and emphasize the permanent and significant movements, and to omit the irrelevant unimportant, and disconnected happen- ings. Yours very truly, Dear Madam: The Permanent Census Board, consisting of the Mayor, the Police Commissioner, and the City Superintendent of Schools, has announced that all census cards must be sent in by February 1st. Please return the enclosed postal card stating whether or not your cards are ready; and if not, please give exact date when they will be, so that the United District Messenger Company may call for them as soon as possible. Very truly yours, 107 PLATE 28 "^ ■p^- : ^ ^ v.^ ^ k b : i _' k ^ -t ^- \:= " ^ F ^ ) ^ V- I .1 \.. t \ .^ ^ '^ ^ 1- ^V:^ f ^ '■■'-■* k- y^ ^- ^ ^ ^ 4 « 1--V-S- ^.-.-..= ^ --^ _ , U u -.1... ^ c ' / — ft- — ^^ ^ I ..\^.. ,..k>/--.. J^ 1^:^ . "Wtp- >1 ._&_£>...... F-^' -Yh \ l-^-^ -V- ,.€™«a... ..\£l._^..f. J-, .:::>... ^ ■^- .Nl 108 Key to Plate 29 Gotham Trust Company 12 Astor Place, New York City. Re Gotham Trust Company vs. Dodge Machine Company Gentlemen: In reply to your inquiry concerning the present standing of the note in the above entitled action, upon which there is due a balance of $6,000, we beg to advise you that a summons and complaint has been served upon this company and all of the endorsers of the note, and we are now in a position to enter judgment at once. After service of the papers, the note was reduced and since that time we have been in constant communication with Mr. Price, who has assumed responsibility for its payment and who has satisfied us that he will receive a payment of about .S2,000 very shortly, upon a contract for work completed in Princeton. We are using our very best efforts to procure immediate examination and approval of this work by the Building Department, so that the payment may be hurried. We have heard through responsible attorneys in Ridgewood that action was instituted against the Metropolitan Company, one of the endorsers of the note in the State of New Jersey, and attachment placed with the sheriff of Hudson County, so as to insure payment of any judgment which might be recovered against the Company out of certain equipment i,n New Jersey. This is more than ample to cover the indebtedness, and we can find a market for it in order to satisfy the note with interest. Yours very truly, 109 ,:: i:„v --„/ :,„..A, 1 rrr )?\ _^.L-.l..- r_-....- :l..^^y. — r._ Y- \ ^v - \^- o^...._ r\.. ^k- .'k, r::'^ - .."zz, _ 2 Li \ ^ / i- ■^ ^ f ^ T ^ ^ ^ ^ - ■■^^ : >..- ^ ^ >^ M -t^ / " < ^ .^ • ^ \ f- ■"^- —S \ \ ■ k V X , b^ ^ <^ i- I ..« -A K ^ 112 Key to Plate 31 Henry Warren, being duly sworn, testifies as follows: Direct examination by Mr. Hawkins. Q A Q A Q A Q Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q Do you reside in the City of New York? No, I reside in Brooklyn. Did you ever borrow $50,000 from Langdon & Church on the bark Oliver Cutts? No, sir, never. Did they ever give you any deed for her?^ There were some papers passed. Do you recall the circumstances in connection with the affair? Yes, sir. Mr. Landgon called on me and said they had a vessel they wanted to put under the British flag during the war, through me, as I was a British subject. I told them I had no objection whatever. Was it a mere matter of form? Yes, and I went at once to the consul's office and the thing was consummated. There was a mortgage given and a power of attorney. With the exception of the execution of the mort- gage, have you made any transfer of any interest in the vessel? Not at all. So far as you know it still remains in your name? Yes, so far as I know it does. What was said about it being a nominal thing? They told me I was to give them power to act as though they were the owners. What was the object of their transferring her to another flag? I do not know what their object was. Was it after the war was declared? Yes, sir. 113 PLATE 31 ■\^ V A. V- A. \ r -■"-v.- ...L,__.. ^ \ A k:;. 4 - J ( :_.)» ( ir_...:^.. ^. i ■ \ .. ... l'^- f ^ "> • ^^^ ^ < ^ - ^-t--- ._. __'^^_ f:-:-'..-^^ 5 h I >s - r V V a> -J I F <^ ^ • I .1 ( c ':^ („..^ C ( ^ ^ x -- i- ^ ^. 114 Key to Plate 32 Supreme Court, Kings County. Robert Murray, Jr. "1 against \ Robinson & Cox. j The parties to this action stipulate to admit upon the trial that the copies of the protest and survey and other papers annexed to the deposition of Captain Alexander Hadley be used in lieu of the origi- nals, and with like effect; also that the copy of the letter annexed hereto is a copy of the letter written by Captain Hadley to Langdon & Church from Sydney, August 3, 1916, referred to in his cross- examination, and may be read in evidence, as part of his cross- examination in lieu of and with the same effect as the originals. Also that the papers referred to in his letter of December 5, 1916, were on that day with the letter delivered to defendants by some one on behalf of plaintiff. Daniel Cleveland, Atlurney for Defendants. Hawkins & Cothren, Attorneys for Plaintiff. New York, April 8, 1918. 115 PLATE 32 f H t.- jt. -^^<^ vt ^ ^ ^- p/^ >!» /, .Ny O . i .. ,. *? . (... r ""i A t i <\ II i<^- r Cj.._^_..^ -^ -^•- ,..^... ■'-"-f '= h^-~-^^ \ ■■■>"■■"' "r.....;..J,._/f/.6 b -^r^ i _.....-r^,.. rt < -^ .1.. -r^ ^^^■^^::^ '-1 ^^.i^*^. -^ L^-L-o - ^ ■ ^^ tt f.^-^ *^ )i-^^ •-'^^ ^^^ ^ \ \ .-^^^ , i ^^ V,' I, IT \^ ' e ^ ~^' ^ ' 1 ' =-. \ '^ ^- \ "n "^--^ ^ — kt^cv l..0... ....^.. 3 » -^- „u „.> v» ...a^^o !> "\ " — ^~ _o_0 . „.. D. > ...7. \ - \ N - 1, P 1_,_, t— ". c -\-^- ■v^.^-.^-^ ^- <- •A- f i ^Sr. n , i_....L^J-rv ^.., .->-*... I L^ .^........„ 1 i =d / 'I- lis LIST OF WORD-SIGNS , • _ ^ a or an ,7] 3.^^ — ah ^ - aU — >s_^ . among and .^>. and the ._ ^. are o ._ as / awe awes because .\ before rrrrs begUn _ between „— , came 1 committee .1 .during .N»..^ ever f.rst for .... IS ...<5?... / — . from I «^ had ••"- has — long - of (-.. of the I ^■-~ 1 on or have '^ — ., other ^ he kC...„.H her ^ — P^. — hear •■- — -fejgh- ■•- - him •;;■ -. liis o I. how -v_ -I" over — ,r^ owe ^ - owes ___'>i ..J __ thing wash _._ watch _. weU were ._ win with ..— without .. what ..y. owmg .0...., own self - shall w_ the .a when _...^ where . / which __ who whose in ) ,...^^ , world them -^ you these — -y>^ — your 119 WORDS VARIED IN OUTLINE The following list illustrates the methods by which words having the same consonant elements may be varied in outline. These forms thoroughly mastered will greatly aid the student in the selection o'' forms for other words, cspecLally in providing for the differentiation often required in the writing of technical terms. abandoned -■>. acceptance adoration ..l^. abundant -^— acceptances ---X- duration — li- able compel abhor bear about apt absolute obsolete accept except expect ■>■■• .V. acceptation Z exception expectation acquired awkward accusation acquisition adapt adopt adaptation adoption addition v> edition -e^- t J -J- administrate ..^^j^^^^. demonstrate ..kr^.-. administration ..U^^,,^. demonstration .. Us,... affirm I form after for-their 120 agent gentlemen amiable humble appertain pertain apply belong (contr.) appraiser oppressor pursuer ...2... appropriation .••^.. divine ..r. considered construed 1 -I- daughter auditor doubter corporal --. deal corporeal deliver communi- cation negation debtor editor cost caused decease L, disease .s.. devote defeat -f- divide deviate A.. X" deviation — |— • devotion ...L*- cudgel cajole ~r" deceased diseased •t \ _. discussion ,«*rr>., dissection ... Jv-c - 122 dimension ..lr:jj»... effect .%.. emit condemna- tion ..Uss-^, vacate • •s- omit •••^^a** diminution '-l:z:;>f affect .H equable -^" desecration discretion elder older equitable ...<- ^ ^ holder extension (contr.) V divers .4 extenua- tion -t>- diverse ...jL. emission •v^*- omission • ••*^» ^^sa* exercise • •■" J^«a» distant "Y' exorcise - "r destined 4... embarrass :':rv... distinct •••Ja"' embrace ..r^. experience (contr,) ••\- impress ■>=^ exuberance '^^X^ display ••»<9**« disable -ir emigration -"^ expression ..-^... dispel x. immigra- tion expiration ' t- ~3, *• V 123 favored ..Vw... funeral .\^^^, grantee [.. favorite .5^.. funereal .\.,;^- guarantee „...J.. fault flight br.. garden guardian grantor .r^.. [, guarantor .^.. faulty flighty fierce furious 4 held gentle -f- genteel ■f" hold s- gentleman giant L ..Zl.. .s/T. idolator idolatry fiscal physical •^- get cut former God impatient ...•Ci... impassioned ^ impassionate ->-. independent (contr.) ..r^.. formal (ly; ^^CZy... guide - — '-- impending J^... influential .S>s1.. (contr.) unfinished .^V;^— 124 inevitable — -V-— enviable unavoid- able mission interested interstate .'^rrrrrX. machinery understood missionary leave live ...^.- minute \- intention ...^-^-P-- inattention -1«P.~ machine .^^..-^ 1 pattern ^TN.., patron .\i^. partner .^t^.. part-owner ^'S. per annum (contr.) premium (contr.) Persian Prussian V-. ■(^' minute, '^,^^^- P^^nsian minuet » •■V- invasion .^... noble innovation -j*-^.. notable ..^_ pertinent pertaining -V island land ».— patient passionate .„p.- pure •V- 125 preside proceed precede --^--- president -^N^-— precedent prominent _ permanent preeminent ■\ prediction protection production premise promise -S^-- probation prohibition \ — V prescribe ' \" (contr.) !»TTrTY. proscribe _\ provide «S» profit _ quite 1... quiet rally rely realize ...j^.. release refraction .reflection .^^.., register registry registrar ■^ renewed ruined resume reassume ..^-, Russian rushed seizin ....V... season —P-- secede ..>... suicide if secure ...... . screw secured screwed ..9^... sent .5i — 1... send .■■-) sheer ...^.... sure h situate-d seated ...U... I ■■}■■ 126 situation station tartar traitor 1 1" •-- trader ...P.... suited ..P.... sui steady, study staid •-^*' — "^ underestimate 1 ...K.- underrate stage stowage ^ ,,aliant violent . N^r. . separate ..V... support ..-g:-. valuation violation .!L... transmit .'^.... wage transmute ...k^-. urge train ~.. woman ^^^^ .T!\ women .J. ■-^ 127 CONTRACTIONS AND SPECIAL FORMS A Word-sign is a vowel or adjunctive sign, or a single stem which denotes a common word; as, a circle for is; M ioT from; Jn for general. The list of most frequently recurring word-signs will be found on page 118. A Special Form represents all the consonants in a given word in an exceptional way and indicates the best outline to represent it. A Contraction is an outline of more than one stem, not expressing all the consonants in the word it represents. Note that the following hst contains many outlines which are neither contractions nor special forms; they have been included because of their frequent use. The contractions and special forms in this list will serve as models for outlines to express other difficult words. -Vy^^ ability ",J^- acutely ..TT?:., accommo- .„-- adequate date-d arcom- -I--., ^^here pany-ed ^ accomplish- .1 ... adherent ment *^^^ according ..C-- adjacent (ly) accurate-ly ^A-— adjournment ,accustomed ..I administer U — v.4:p K..-_v!. advertise advertise- l J ment ....rN. advertised ^ advertiser '"-\-- advise-able advocate ..A-- aesthetic ,.i^ affidavit .^.- 4-.. acknowledge i administra- ^ , , knowledge "U^^Ep tion ">^- ahead acquain- i^_ advance :{}_ altitude tance a.tual (ly) ./„/ -^^-^^ .-CT. allowance I geous actuate-ed ..Vr.. advent .*^. along actively ,lte.«.s-:. adventure .T^.. always .7 alteration L/.. altogether •-"■"— C> amanuensis ^^^> — ^-- amanuenses ,.. ambiguity ambiguous .... amendment among »_ amongst J...t angel angelic '^^—^ anger angry angle _ analyze ^■^ — ^ annihilate announcement .rr^. annual (ly) .IV— ^_ anybody ^^ anything anywhere 128 apart (\ \_ appear \ " '\ appearance __Y_ _ appliance _V appliances ..:.^. applicable .. V-<.. apprehend "'^ — Arctic architecture architectural s> arrears \^ artificial^ ') ascertain M assailant ) ) assertion N' )"'" assert . irrrv.. assemble _ zy__ assignment V X assistance "'}i"j'~ assistants _ \/ \J^ associate association •__^_ astonish-ing astonishment astronomy astronomer . .Lj:^.. attention ..J attentive -A-r^ banker 5^_^_ bankrupt \_^ bankruptcy bank-stock baptism beautiful -^- \ became or become becomingly _rm_ because _>^ bedstead \j^ beforehand ° began, begun "—^"' begin ft believe \'"^"' believed ..\/n belittle 120 ■<■■ // ■<- J.I. -J- ■^ changeable ._.d_. commerce charge ^J commercial charged ...^. chargeable commiserate ,},, '^ common f'iil<^"'cn ■ commonly Christian .?r^.. commoner Christianity _}_ commonest circumscribe "^"Ao common- " place circumspec- f^— ^'~— ^ common- tion ' ** sense circumstance circum- "|^- committal stanced ' circum- communicate stantial '^~—^- claim communi- ''*-^--^^^^ cation client ^^ ^ connection 1 condition-ed Clergy _ : ^ conditional P ^ (ly) cO'tl concession 1> "~ collect conflict .„^-. commence _*■_ _ __. congress commence- ^~^^^ congressional ment commenda- / . ,. tion '■ " — conscientious 130 J_~*» consequence *H consequent- •<»^ ^ concentrate j continue j continual *t' (ly) contradict contradic- " i"'" tion ., correct corrupt-ness ,^ contravene ._ f countersign 7^7^. counten- anced cover cross-exami- nation TTTfy.. cross-exam- ined J ? danger - dangerous .v-..ljL. defendant defendants I ) deficient '\^'" (cy) • k'T-^. defiance .-^:,^. degree f deliver "P" delivered . . -f. . _ deliverance ..[.^. delivery A -'" direct direction .Jr:^.. direct-exam- ination -l> dirty -U -V- ...I... -I- disadvan- tage disaster democrat (ic) demonstrate --L---- division ..v.. discharge departure desideratum destruc- tive-ly describe description detain detail develop A.. discriminate . discriminV tion dishearten- ed distinctive distribute disturb disturbance 1 devote ...:... doctor differ (ent, I , , . ence) --T- doctrme differed " differences .Urrr^r^. domestic differs difficult (y) ..?.... downstairs difficulties ...,. dwarf efficient ..fS... either enforcement , England .. English . N_-<-.. enable .l..,1.. endeavor endeavored enlarge enhghten- ment enlighten-ing entire .t--. enthusiastic enumerate enumerated .-^^ . equal - . equals or '^^ equalize - --- r - equaUty 131 .-■y . equivalent —V- extreme ..(-.. especial (ly) eyesight ..J... essential fact ^ i establish , <• -r* -W-cstabhsh- -V- ^ ^ mcnt ..C^/TT. evident-ly .\/n.. facihtate-ed .\^. everywhere SJ^^. failure examine .Sc-., falsehood examination ..L familiar ..- y- exchange _v finger .._x> . expenditure ,S^^ financial o ©.experience . n "^""ti" experienced "Kc:-!^ iigure ...^.explicit .ts'-.tA-- fii'st J' Nj first place -^-^--explalTation -^^"^ first class ^..express ._W... first rate extension ^-"f fortunate (ly) extinguish frequent (ly) ""'*~y' " Qi "^ frequented A^.. extraordi- _.w^.. funda- "ary ' mental (ly) .}__ extrava- , ^ full or fully gant (ce) V/ 132 I future ^^^ gave ""*—-"* give given / / general j/..j/.. generals (ize) generality ..c/. generation Jl generali- zation .. ...v.. ■n- \ human J^ry.., humanity ..^,^tt^.. s.^... hunger (y) ----V hundred hundredth hygienic identical ilIusJ:rious illustrate-ed immaterial (ly) immortal (ly) immodest immediate (ly) impenetra- bility impenitent impending impetuous impetuosity important (ance) impossible inanimate incapable incompetent .S.— inconvenience . inconsiderate ..ll— . inconsiderable ..hSU. incessant _ j,___. incoming inequality individual individuality ..1.^™^^ indebtedness __y^, independent inflict _!\^-. influence ..Nx^ influential "\. "^- inhabitant ..J inhabiting ..yrTn-. inquiring .'l_-!!Tfl inquiringly V ^_ inquiry .._0... inspiration 133 \ inspire "'^^*'" inspirit J) _ _^ institute "r "•(►** instituted u Y^ intellect " r*' "" intellectual .^\jT.. intellectuality .s/..J.. intelligent intelligence ..^.- intelligible . interest interesting interior ._-.:_ intolerable introductory .}Sn>... investment \» investigation 'S. ">,— inure *'- little "0' ./../.. literature .. literary long ..r.. luxury manuscript manufacture-ei' manufacturer , manufactory mature meantime meanwhile middle ^L meditate-ed mechanical member memoranda memorandum 134 ^^\^ mental ../rs...ic. jnentahty ..J^,. measure ../t:^., mentioned cr>^^rr^^ mercantile y—^y^ merchant )„ mercy , merciful metropohs midnight million millionth .. ministerial or ^i;.^^.:-^ minstrel ,.yz-^>^. ministrations ministry minutes misrule ..IIlL miscall mistaken mistake mistook .^-rT>^ month mortal (ly) movements moreover Mrs. Mr. .rrts^. multiple (y) /^. multiphcation •■^^:^^>0_j» multitude-iriGUs -y^.' mutual (ly) natural (ly) .">r««<-,»,/ neglect .s-1-.^ never V 1 nevertheless new or knew v_^.. next ''^^ nonsense ^^—^ northeast ^^_^^,.^^nothing \ notwithstand- ing .;-=r^v<<^ nowhere 'Ny^ (>^ number numbered nutrition \ \ object — - ^'objected .jS..^— objection \ objectionable _\__ objector .^.. obligation V obscene _\^ obscure v obscuration _\^ observe _\''^V _ observer 185 _ \:;^ observation V^^ obstinate occurrence y ^ occasional X X opinion '"V" "V" opinions \ v. opportunity •"\""V opportunities organize ^-7Trf3^ organism „.//... original \ _ orthodox j<^tH> orthography ..iTTt. orthographic \ I orthographical (ly) V "Vi. pardon-ing — " pardoned \ ^V part partisan __j^^^, partnership v/J party \ ^^ party 1st part \_ party 2d part particular '<\ K/^" particularly particularity pecuhar pecuharity pecuniary penetrate penetration perpendicular- ity people -\— \* peopled tv perfect \ per cent philanthropy V- philosophy V.^^.^ phonographer V^ phonography V ^ l)hongraphic « phonic Nv''^" postal card ...\..^ pencil -N^.. puzzle ._^«_^-. personal ..^... plain dff "_^ _ pleasure ^ pliant \ \ possible (y) V~ possibility _ \ N> practice practiced ..-_-.. practices ^ practicable _ ^ — ._ practical \_^ practitioner -N... prefer \i^. preference _j\ principle (al-ly) _\v^. pretense J\/v.j:?^_ pretension ^,^^^__^_^ pretentious 136 ..X., prevalent -A -^.proficient (ey) _-}\.. profit-able ..\ provide public (sh) \ publication \ publisher ,\/\, pursue . V/rrf pursuance ..V^.. pursuit c — I „ qualification J^. qualify ------ quality ... Uf^ quandary quantum 1_ quantity quarter -_ question ..crr^. questionable . ,-^^^^ quotation J^.-t^ reality realization y^ y^ recollect-ed recollection ^ ^ refer (ence) "■ referred J^-Jt". reform ^ Vi reformation . re'"ormer regular (ly) regularity report y\\) reporter reportorial religion "W.. slovenliness signify f^ smaller significa tion somehow 138 .^vrr^.. sometimes V \. strong-ly /'Z suggestion ■ 7 strongest v:. suggestive ..arT>y somewhat ..>r^.„ stronger ..\^/|„ superiority ..^.\.. speak Y subject ^.D^..^^^^ \ special or spoke ^ bV\orn .-.\-. spoken ...\.. subjection -jsy^- s^vindle ,.\>.... specification ..V^^^.. submit-ted -.j^^^rrx. swindler . .% .. spendthrift "^^^r Ly> stock I technical L "7 exchange __J.. sound sufficient ..Urrv:^ temporal C % southeast ^ «Vo subordinate L^^^temporarih southeastern subordination " .r]5.. southwestern _V- V subscriber ...L... testify ..C.^jo^thern^^ \-^ subscription .J::^*^. testimony -S-;- spirituous "^-^^'^^^^gg .-a^. 3-quarters <=^_. stenographic or \^ substitute ^ thank stenograplier ->- Substitute thankful ^iistenography ..%^. Supreme ....y?. thankless court ....?.... state ..--... surprise ... thoughtless *L-* . stranire • /<- swiftly .{..^.. them -... tlicology Y suggested 139 -./.— the other ,_ thereat thereto thing / / think N ^<—— thinker C throughout ..rL... thwart-ed ...L.. together ...J... total ..!.... tolerable ...1... trade ..jTrrr.^.. transgrcssor transcribe transcription _|^_ trustworthy n 1 truthful "\j twelve ...L-Y... twelvemonth ^ upstairs ..^ unable jt^-. unacquainted ,.. unawares unanswered ..J... unassailable .. ,,. unequal ..V.J.. unfinished ...7)... uninspired --^-. unfurnished ..(;/-- unintelligible unpardonable .z^... uncertainty ./^__ uncommonly <^ unconscious __U.. United States .JL.. New York ^ uniform C unite "C~ unit .^ universe (al-ly) ./^— . uselessness -/^.^.. usual —/- unusual ..^... utility -Sr.^1. value valued ....... Washington ..-^... wealth -.^— . westward wharf ../TZ.^^.. willingly ...()... withal -■>v-;^^^ wisdom J wish _- witness ( j/A,. worth worthy yard ..(^-.. yesterday ^ year ■f-' - young ^ 4 youth " "vA youthful INDEX The numerals refer to pages. Adjunctive signs, advantage, 24, 36,72; orderof sounds, 31, 52; when not used, 31 ; Rule 4, 42. Alphabet, consonant, 13; geo- metrical arrangement, 15. Aspirate, stem, tick, or dot, 18, 66. c. Change of form, 96. Circles, final, 30; back circle, 30; small and large, followed by In-hook, 30, 31, 79; preceded by n, 30; used between stems, 36,61; initial, 52; on straight stems to include the sound of r, 52, 53, 61, 71; within initial hooks, 61. Combined stems, 36 ; vocalizing, 37; position, 37; circles be- tween, 36, 37 ; loop between, 37 ; Lee and Shee, 37; El and Ish, 37; SH followed by M or R, or L by MP, etc., 37; halving, 37, 41. Compound words, 38. Compound vowel signs, 14, 49, 66. Con, com, cog, initial, 53; mid- dle of word, 78. Condensed Six-Vowel Scale, 14. Consonants, alphabet, 13, 15; Rule 1, 18. Context, 97. Contractions, 80. Contractions and Special Forms, 127-139. D. D, expressed by stem, 41 ; excep- tional words halved for, 25; halving, 24,2-^5,30,37,41,71; combined wath other stems, 37, 41. ded, 41. Derivatives, 31. Diphthong signs, close, see vowel scale, 14; open, 18, 49. Directions for practice, 12, 19. Disjoined stems, 41; between stems, 78. Doubhng stems, 40. Ed-tick, 41. Eight- Vowel Scale, 16. Enter, initial syllable, 53. er, as an affix, 40, 53. est, distinct added syllable, 41. F. F-hook, 40; medial, 72. Figures expressed, 96. H. Halving stems, 24, 25, 30, 40, 41 ; special words halved for d, 25 ; halving of stems with ad- juncts, 25, 30, 40. Hay-stem, 18, 66. Hay-tick, 18, 66. Heavy Ree, 86. Hooks, final, 24, 40, 78; as word signs, 94, 95; initial, 60, 61. I. In-hook, final, 24, 30, 79; after half length stems, 25; after lengthened curves and repeat- ed straight stems, 41, 79 j ad- ded to other hooks, 41; initial, 53, 80; prefi.xed to another hook, 61; medial, 72, 79. 142 ing, final syllable, 53, 80. ingly, final syllable, 72. Initial circles, 52; loop, 52. Initial hooks, straight stems, 60, 61; curved stems, 60. Initial vowel tick, 53, 66, 94. Inter, intro, initial syllables, 53. Ish and Shee, 37. Ive-hook, 40, 79. L. Legal testimony, 112. Lengthened stems, 40. L-hook on straight and curved stems, 60. Loops, final, 30, 41; preceded by nt, 30; ster-loop followed by In-hook, 30, 79; small loop be- tween stems, 37 ; initial loop, 52; small loop between stens changed into circle, 37, 81. L stem, upward and downward, Principle I, 14. ly, and ry, expressed by hooks, 79. N. Names of outlines, 86. ng before K, 79. N-hook, 24. N stem initially ticked, 53, 61. Omission of consonants, 80, 81. Omis.sion of words, 96. Open diphthongs, 49. Order of principles, 92. Outline, written first, 12. Past tense, 41, Phonetic Spelling, 9, 10. Phrasing, Rule, 94; position of stems, 94; order of powers, 92, 94; adjunctive signs, 94, 95; tick and half-circle signs, 94; final hooks, halving and lengthening, 95; circles and loops, 95; initial hooks, 96. Position of, stems, 18; vowels, 14; combined stems, 37; dou- ble-length stems, 40. Prefixes 78. Principles, I, 14; II, 14; 111,14; IV, 18. Proper names, 18, 67, 80. Proximity, 96. Punctuation, 12, 96. R. Ree, halved for rity, 81. Ree, heavy, 86. Ree, special use, 41, 72, 73. R-hook, 60. R, special use, 72. Rule for R and Ree, 28. ry and ly expressed by hooks, 79. S. Shee and Ish, 37. Sh'n, preceded by sound of s, 31. Shun-hooks, 1st and 2d, 24; special uses of, 79, 80. Sign words, 2,3, 28, 33, 69, 118. Simple stem signs, 29. sit or sist, 41. Six-Vowel Scale, 14. Special Forms, 92, 127. Special Vocalization, 70; when not used, 70. S-stem, when halved, 24; initial use of, 52. Stems, direction for writing. Principle I, 14; position. Principle IV, 18. Stems, circle between, 36, 37; sound repeated, 37, 41 ; lengthened, 40, 41; disjoined, 41. Stenology, 86. StenotjTjy, 36. Suffixes, 79. T, final, 41; halving, 24, 25, 30, 37,41. ted, final, 41. Ter-hook, 40. tive, expressed by Ive-hook, 79. 143 U. Under, 53. V-hook, 78; limitations, 78; suffix, 78. Vowel ending, Rule 3, 38. Vowels, Scales, Six and Eight, 14, 16; classification, 16; signs, Principle II, 14; posi- tion, Principle III, 14; simple and compound, 14; accented vowel, Principle IV, 18. Vowel-tick, initial, 53, 66; me- dial, 79. W. W, before Shee and Chay, 66. W, expressed by half circle, 61. Waj'-hook, initial, 61. Word signs, dot, tick, 23, 28, 29, 33; hooks, 23, 33, 66; circle and half-circle, 23, 33; simple stem, 29, 66; List, 118. Words Varied in Outline, 119- 126. Y. Yay-hook, initial, 61. Yay stem, or compound vowel, 79. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-25m,-9,'47(A5618)444 AT LOS ANGELES UBRARY '^ Z56 B93 _BurrLZ.__=^- CILITY tA--*-^ .^f.ikki.^-^ 1918 Bumz' phonetic stenography } Mi \.iL^. ^t—mt-^-^^ / ,^rth^^. 7l.'5,-vA.--v'V- X- r 0. BMCER IAS. lfcX.A.> Z56 B93p 1918 ^.■.^j^."^. f %^^^