UC-NRLF
SB Eb7 201
mm
m
mmm
'VfcflllM.2 L> i. 5 > ! /-A
J-\^-:<>.AV?A?.S-VV,
s$M!MJ$i
I BERKELEY
MKPARY
ikVERSITY OP
1 The Mllflfririp; Works, hitherto published by Mr James
Gordon, are now Published by OLIVEE & BOYD,
Edinburgh ; Simpkin, Marshall, & Co,, London,
%* A specimen copy of any Book will be, sent POST-FREE on receipt of the
retail price in postage stamps.
EXHIBITION MEDAL.
A Prize Medal was awarded to Mr GORDON by the Jurors
of the International Exhibition of 1862, "far the merit of his
impor'an" Educational Works."
POETICAL READING BOOK, with Aids for Gram-
matical Analysis, Paraphrase, and Criticism; and an Appendix on
English Versification. By J. D. MORELL, A.M., LL.D., Author
of Grammar of the English Language, etc., and W. IHNE, Ph.D.
Second Edition. 2s. 6d. Containing
THE DESERTED VILLAGE.
THE TASK (Book I.)
PARADISE LosT(Books I.& V.)
THE MERCHANT OF VENICE.
THK PRISONER OF CHILLON.
THE FIELD OF WATERLOO.
MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS.
SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. By JAMES CLYDE, LL.D., one of
the Classical Masters of the Edinburgh Acndemy. With special
Chapters on Mathematical and Physical Geography, and Techno-
logical Appendix. Seventh Edition. 4s.
" We have been struck with the ability and value of this work,
which is a great advance upon previous Geographic Manuals. . .
Almost for the first time, we have here met with a School Geog-
raphy that is quite a readable book, one that, being intended
for advanced pupils, is well adapted to make them study the subject
with a degree of interest they have never yet felt in it
Students preparing for the recently instituted University and Civil
Service examinations will find this their best guide." Athenaeum.
DR CLYDE'S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. Eighth
Edition. ls..6<L^f''
%* In the Elementary Geography (intended for less advanced
Pupils), it has been efideavoured to reproduce that life-like group-
ing of facts geographical portraiture, as it may be called which
has been remarked with approbation in the School Geography.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. By
WM. LAWSON, Training College, Durham. 2d Edition, Revised. 3s.
PART I. Outlines of Mathematical and Physical Geography.
II. Physical, Political, and Commercial Geography of the British
Islands. III. Physical, Political, and Commercial Geography of
the British Colonies.
BOOKKEEPING, for the Class-Room and Counting-
HOUSE, by DOUBLE and SINGLE ENTRY, with Appendix on Com-
mercial Forms. By JOHN MACLEAN, Edinburgh Academy, and
Church of Scotland Training College. Fourth Edition. 2s. 6d.
KEY, 4s. Ruled Books, 2s. 6d. per Set.
Mr Gordon's Books, now issued by Oliver
CORKRAN'S CONCISE HISTORY OF ENGLAND IN
EPOCHS. With Maps and Genealogical and Chronological Tables.
Fourth Edition. 2s. 6d.
*** A very full CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE has been added to this
work, which forms also a TABLE OF CONTENTS.
ENGLISH COMPOSITION for the Use of Schools. By
ROBERT ARMSTRONG, Madras College, St Andrews; and THOMAS
ARMSTRONG, Heriot Foundation School, Edinburgh. Part I. Four-
teenth Edition. Is. 6d. Part II. Fifth Edition. 2s. Both Parts
in one, 3s. KEY, 2s.
ARMSTRONG'S ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY for the Use
of Schools. 2s.
ARMSTRONG'S ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY for JUNIOR
CLASSES. 4d.
ENGLISH COMPOSITION IN PROSE AND VERSE,
brtsed on GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS. By W. SCOTT DALOLEISH,
M.A., Vice-Principal of Grange House School, Edinburgh. Second
Edition. 2s. 6d. KEY, 2s. 6d.
" The treatise is evidently, for the purposes of elementary in-
struction, at once the most practical and the most scientific expo-
sition that we have yet had." Professor Craik
" Full of clear explanation, well chosen examples, and serviceable
hints and directions.'' Athenaeum.
"The most rational and useful looking book on the subject that
we have seen." The Header.
WORDSWORTH'S EXCURSION. Book I. The Wan-
derer. With Notes to aid in Analysis and Paraphrasing. By Rev.
H. G. RORINSON, Canon of York, Principal of the Diocesan Training
College, York. 8d.
SCHOOL SONGS. By T. M. HUNTER, Director to the
Association for the Revival of Sacred Mtasic in Scotland. With
Preface by James Currie, M.A.. Principal oj.the Church of Scotland
Training College, Edinburgh, and Authof of "the Elements of
Musical Analysis," etc.
PART I. SCHOOL SONGS FOR JUNIOR CLASSES, containing 60 Songs,
principally set for two voices. 4d.
PART II. SCHOOL SONGS FOR ADVANCED CLASSES, containing 44
Songs, principally set for three voices. 6d.
HUNTER'S ELEMENTS OF VOCAL MUSIC on the
Original Sol-fa System. 6d.
SCHOOL PSALMODY. Containing 58 pieces, arranged
for three voices, 4d.
OBJECT-LESSON CARDS ON THE VEGETABLE
KINGDOM. Set of Twenty in a Box. 1, Is.
*#* The objects themselves are affixed to the Cards on which the
Lessons are printed, showing the uses of the Objects.
GRAMMAR
ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
GRAMMAR
ITALIAN LANGUAGE,
JOSEPH KA.MPINI,
Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland; Teacher of the Italian
Language and Literature in the Naval and Military Academy, the
Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, the Scottish Institution for
Young Ladies, the Edinburgh Institution for Languages, &c.
EDINBURGH :
OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT,
LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.
Price Two Shillings and Sixpence.
A KEY TO MR RAMPINI'S ITALIAN GRAMMAR
IS PUBLISHED, PRICE 2s.
PRINTED BF OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH.
TO HER GRACE
CHAELOTTE ANN,
of Buccletul) aub (atjeeitsbern),
&c. &c.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GRACE,
HAVING already experienced so much kindness and
consideration whilst engaged in the Instruction of Junior
Members of the noble Family of Buccleuch in the Italian
Language, I have to offer additional acknowledgments for
your Grace's kindness in permitting me to send forth to the
world, under the distinguished patronage of your name, a
Grammar of my native tongue written in the English Lan-
guage. This Work is therefore now presented with the
sincere and grateful respect
Of your Grace's
Faithful and obedient Servant,
J. RAMPINI.
EDINBURGH. March 1852.
PEEFACE.
THIS Grammar has been written principally for the use of students
in this country who learn the Italian Language as a branch of educa-
tion. At the same time, those who wish to extend their knowledge
will be better able to do so after having made themselves thoroughly
acquainted with a short treatise of this kind, than if they had com-
menced with a more complicated work. The Author's experience
has convinced him that long courses of Grammar are often under-
taken, but seldom completed. The beginner is unable to distinguish
the essential parts from those which are of secondary importance and
may therefore be taken up with advantage at an after-period. No
doubt this inconvenience may be obviated to a certain extent by
typographical distinctions and directions, or by the judgment of the
teacher ; but it is better to keep what is unnecessary at first out of
sight. To learn a little well will enable the pupil to learn more
afterwards : to learn a great deal imperfectly is an impediment to all
future progress. In the language of Whately, " It is better to un-
derstand even a little, that it is possible to accomplish, than to make
splendid professions, which can only lead to disappointment." Early
Lessons on Reasoning. Much useful information may be conveyed,
and with little effort on the part of the pupil, by the observations of
an able preceptor. To render this Work a really good Hand-look, to
be thoroughly learned and continually referred to, all observations
not absolutely necessary have been omitted. Many Grammars are
made up of mere verbiage. The Author having observed that pupils
often employ technical words without understanding them, a more
simple mode of expression has been used, though with reluctance,
which may present fewer learned words, but is fitted to impart clearer
ideas. And here again Whately's words may be quoted : " Even in
the common mechanical arts, something of a technical language is
found needful for those who are learning or exercising them. It would
be a very great inconvenience, even to a common carpenter, not to
have a precise, well-understood name for each of the several operations
he performs, such as chiselling, sawing, planing, &c., and for the
several tools [or instruments] he works with. And if we had not
such words as Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, &c.,
employed in an exactly defined sense, and also fixed rules for conduct-
vin PKEFACE.
ing these and other arithmetical processes, it would be a tedious and
uncertain work, to go through even such simple calculations as a child
very soon learns to perform with perfect ease. And after all, there
would be a fresh difficulty in making other persons understand clearly
the correctness of the calculations made.
u You are to observe, however, tliat technical language and rules, if
you would make them really useful, must be not only distinctly under-
stood, but also learnt, and remembered as familiarly as the Alphabet ;
and employed constantly, and with scrupulous exactness. Otherwise,
technical language ivill prove an encumbrance instead of an advantage;
just as a suit of clothes would be, if, instead of putting them on and
wearing them, you were to carry them about in your hand."
The best way to acquire a foreign language is to compare it closely
with our own. The Author regrets that the brevity and simplicity,
which he thought of vital importance in a first book on Grammar,
prevented his paying sufficient attention to this. The rules them-
selves are very few ; and the difficulties and character of a language
arise from its numerous peculiarities and idiomatical expressions,
which cannot be reduced to general rules, but must each be studied
by itself. The English and Italian resemble each other in both
being very idiomatical. In writing an elementary Grammar, the
chief difficulty lies in being able judiciously to draw a line between
those idioms and peculiarities that should be taught at first, and such
as may be safely deferred.
The General Rules of Grammar have been separated from the
Practical Rules of the Italian, in the belief that the latter would be
better learned by themselves. As to the General Principles, the
Author has perused the principal works on the subject, and has not
found one, not excepting Becker, superior in fulness, precision, clear-
ness, and simplicity, to the Principes de Grammaire Generale, by
A. J. Silvestre de Sacy, the celebrated Oriental scholar ; and he is
persuaded that a great benefit would be conferred on teachers and
students were the work translated and adapted to the English lan-
guage. What is said on this subject has been chiefly taken from it.
Being unwilling to obtrude his own views, the Author has allowed
some definitions to remain which appear to him to be erroneous. He
considers the Adjective to be as important and necessary a word as
either the Noun or the Verb, and as different from either as they are
from each other. In the infancy of Language among uncivilized
tribes, what first attracts notice are objects, the different qualities of
tfiem, and motion or action: hence arise Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.
" The stone is hard" seems a more natural expression than " the
stone has hardness," which supposes abstraction, and consequently
PREFACE. IX
requires a considerable development of the reasoning faculty. All
the other words might, for the sake of simplicity, be conveniently
arranged under the denomination of Particles, not being sufficiently
important, like the other three, to require a separate classification.
These are, Articles, Pronouns, Prepositions, Adverbs, and Conjunc-
tions ; excluding the Interjection, which is a mere expression of
feeling. Of these words the Conjunction only seems to be absolutely
necessary in order to connect the other three. The place of the Pre-
position may be supplied by Cases. The Adverb performs the office
of an Adjective, and is often an Adjective : it expresses the qualities
of actions, as the adjective does of objects : e. g. he runs fast. Articles
are Adjectives ; Pronouns either Nouns or Adjectives.
What is said on Moods and Tenses is necessarily brief. To have
treated them more fully would have drawn too largely on the time
and attention of the pupil ; who, though anxious to acquire a know-
ledge of the Italian Language, may not be prepared to enter upon the
study of General Grammar. The Author's object in introducing this
subject at all was, to render the student as much as possible indepen-
dent of other books, either by imparting new information or refresh-
ing his memory. With the same view are given in Part II., which
treats of Pronunciation and the Writing of Italian, a number of Rules
which by some may be considered as unnecessary. Owing to a very
general deficiency, however, in these important branches of knowledge
among young students, it was not deemed advisable to exclude any-
thing that might tend to ensure accuracy. The Rules for Pronun-
ciation have been minutely given, after a comparison of the English
with the Italian sounds, and the explanations of Dr Latham, in his
Elements of English Grammar, have been closely followed.
Part III., extending to 59 pages, contains the Practical Rules of
the language. It should be read attentively, and any difficulties that
occur should be marked, and an explanation requested from the
teacher. It will be of advantage to commit the more important of
the Rules to memory ; and the student should constantly refer to this
Part, both in reading and writing. Such an ever-recurring reference
will have the effect of familiarizing him with the Rules. But a more
effective method is to learn through examples. Every rule should be
preceded by an example, and every example expressed in colloquial
language. The examples, which would be the student's Phrase Book,
should not only be learnt thoroughly, but repeated very frequently
and systematically. A few minutes bestowed regularly at a fixed
time every day on the repetition of such phrases, would greatly facil-
itate the acquisition of the language. When he afterwards learns a
rule, he will readily be able to give the example which refers to it ;
X PREFACE.
also to remember it easily, and apply it. For example : the Italian
for "give me your hand," is "datemi la mano." The student who
has systematically repeated this short and easy phrase, with many
others, will have no greater difficulty in saying to an Italian "datemi
la mano," than in saying to an Englishman "give me your hand."
When he takes up his Grammar, he learns that
1. To give is translated by dare.
2. The second person plural of the present indicative of the verbs
in are, has ate for its termination (d-afe-mi).
3. Tome or me is translated by mi.
4. Mi is affixed to a verb in the imperative.
5. The definite article for the feminine is la.
6. Mano (hand) is the only noun ending in o which is feminine.
7. The possessive pronoun is seldom used in Italian when the clear-
ness of the sense renders it unnecessary.
After a pupil is familiar with an example, he cannot have any diffi-
culty in remembering the rules connected with it. It is important
that the same example (or examples) should always be given for the
same rule. When he afterwards translates from Italian into English,
or, which is much better,* from English into Italian, he should be made
to prove the correctness of what he speaks or writes. Supposing
that he has to translate "show me your hand," if he has seen in some
phrase that to show is mostrare, he would say mostratemi la mano,
giving as a proof " datemi la mano," and the phrase in which mostrare
is found. He could make no mistake, as he has only correct proofs to
give ; he could not say il mano, as he had no example for it. A strict
adherence to this system from the beginning would soon prove that
it was not more difficult, while it is far more efficient, than others
usually pursued. The necessity of proving ensures accuracy the
repetition, facility the constant comparison of what is new with
what has been previously learnt, a habit of thinking.
As almost every master has his own peculiar views in teaching, and
as the present Work is intended to be one of general use, and not to
suit any particular system, it has been thought unnecessary to increase
its size by the addition of such phrases ; but the Author contemplates
their publication in such a form as will admit of their being bound
along with the Grammar.
Part IV. containing the Verbs, and Part V. the Exercises, are
reprinted from the Author's translation of Biagioli's Grammar.
* The first exercise enables him to understand the language ; the second
to understand and to use it.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
P*ge
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR .3
PART II.
PRONUNCIATION AND WRITING OF THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
Sounds 15
Vowel Sounds 16
Mute Sounds 16
Liquid Sounds 17
Compound Sounds 17
Diphthongs and Triphthongs 17
Letters 17
Observations on the Pronunciation of the Italian 18
Directions for the Pronunciation of the e and o 1.19
Accent ; 20
Quantity 21
Directions for acquiring a good Pronunciation of the Italian 21
Syllables, and the Eules for arranging them 23
Apostrophe 24
Contraction 25
Use of Capital Letters 26
Punctuation v 26
Tones .*. 26
Pauses 26
Emphasis 27
The Dash 27
xii CONTENTS.
Page
Euphony 27
Exercises on Pronunciation Table of the most remarkable Sounds
in the Italian Language 28
List of words that have a different meaning according as their ac-
cented e or o is pronounced closely or openly 30
List of Words in which the z has the sound of ds 32
On the Accent 33
Exercise in Italian Poetry 34
PART III.
PRINCIPAL RULES OP THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
Gender 45
Number 46
Article 48
Case 50
Personal Pronouns 51
Pronominal Particles 53
Adjectives 56
Comparatives and Superlatives 58
Augmentatives and Diminutives 61
Numerals 63
Pronouns 65
General Observations on the Italian Pronouns 68
Possessive Pronouns 72
Demonstrative Pronouns 74
Indefinite Pronouns 75
Prepositions 79
Adverbs 86
Moods and Tenses 90
Regular and Irregular Tenses 94
Peculiarities in the Use of the Verbs 100
PAET IV.
ON THE ITALIAN VERBS 109
Regular Verbs Ill
Irregular Verbs 114
Defective Verbs 121
List of Verbs conjugated like Unire 123
CONTENTS. Xlll
PART V.
EXERCISES.
Page
On the Articles 133
On the Personal Pronouns 136
On, &c 138
On the Adjectives 141
On the Comparatives and Superlatives 144
On the Augmentatives and Diminutives 147
On the Numbers 149
On the Pronouns 152
On the Relative Pronouns 155
On the Possessive Pronouns 158
On the Demonstrative Pronouns 161
On the Words tutto and ogni 163
On the Prepositions 166
On the Adverbs 169
On the Conjunctions 171
On the Use of the Auxiliary Verbs 174
On the Irregular Verbs 177
On the Present Participle 180
On the Past Participle 183
On the Moods ...186
THE INTERJECTIONS 189
PART I.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR.
ITALIAN G1AMMAIL
PART I.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR.
1. LANGUAGE is the expression of our ideas, and their
various relations.
2. An idea expressed by words is called a PROPOSITION.
3. Every PROPOSITION is the enunciation of a judgment ;
as, " ink is black."
4. Every proposition has three elements or parts, called
the SUBJECT, the PREDICATE, and the COPULA.
5. The Subject is the person or thing which forms the
subject of our discourse.
6. The Predicate is the assertion made concerning any
subject.
7. The Copula is that part of a proposition which con-
nects the subject and predicate.
8. The copula is always the verb to be, which is
called the SUBSTANTIVE VERB.
9. If the verb to be stand by itself, the proposition is
called AFFIRMATIVE ; if it be accompanied by the word
not, it is NEGATIVE.
10. The copula and predicate may be expressed by a
single word.
11. All verbs, except the verb to be, express both the
A
4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR.
copula and the predicate ; as, " man lives," which is the
same as "man is living."
12. The Predicate is also called the Attribute. All
verbs that express both the copula and predicate may be
called ATTRIBUTIVE VERBS, to distinguish them from the
verb to be, which is called the substantive verb.
13. The subject is either simple or compound.
14. The simple subject indicates but one thing; as,
"ink" in the proposition, "ink is black."
15. The compound subject indicates several things, the
nature of which is determined by ideas independent of
each other ; as, " peaches and apricots are good."
16. The simple subject is either complex or incomplex.
17. The simple incomplex subject indicates a thing, the
nature of which is determined by a single idea; as, " ink
is black."
18. The simple complex subject indicates a thing, the
nature of which is determined by several ideas ; as,
"peaches, which are ripe, are excellent."
19. The predicate is divided like the subject into simple
and compound, and the simple predicate into complex and
incomplex.
20. NOUNS are words which express persons or things in
a determinate manner by recalling the idea of their nature.
21. Nouns are either proper, common, or abstract.
22. Proper nouns designate persons and things in such
a manner that the designation is only applicable to one
individual, person, or thing.
23. Common nouns designate persons and things in
manner common to all individuals of the same species.
24. Abstract nouns express a manner of existence
abstracted as it were from the person or things to which
it belongs ; as, " virtue, goodness."
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR. 5
25. The number of particular ideas comprehended in
a common or abstract noun forms the comprehension of
the noun.
26. The number of individuals or classes comprehended
in the signification of a common or abstract noun forms
the extension of the noun.
27. The greater the comprehension of a noun the
smaller is its extension.
28. ARTICLES are words which serve to determine the
extension of nouns.
29. A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun.
30. The person that speaks is called the First Person ;
the person spoken to, the Second Person ; and the person
spoken of, the Third Person. There are different pro-
nouns for each of these persons.
31. An ADJECTIVE is a word added to a noun to ex-
press a quality of it.
32. Adjectives may be divided into two classes accord-
ing as they express either a quality or a circumstance ;
as, "a good book, every book."
33. Numerals are properly adjectives which express a
circumstance.
34. We are often obliged to join several words to
express completely the idea of the thing of which we
speak. Such words are said to be related or connected
together.
35. The relation or connexion between words may be
indicated in three different ways ; 1st, By the position
of the words ; 2d, By a change in their terminations ;
3d, By a separate word placed between the words con-
nected together. This word is called a PREPOSITION.
36. Sometimes the natural position of words being
changed, the sense alone enables us to distinguish their
b GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR.
proper meaning. In Italian such inversions are very
common.
37. ADVERBS are words which unite the meaning of a
preposition and a noun.
38. Adverbs serve to express the circumstances which
accompany an action ; such as, time, place, manner.
39. As several words are connected together in a pro-
position, so various propositions have relations with each
other that require to be expressed.
40. CONJUNCTIONS are words that connect propositions
and words together.
41. INTERJECTIONS are cries of pain, joy, wonder, &c.,
and which escape us at the moment of sudden excitement.
42. Words are often used in different ways ; thus, an
adjective is often used as a noun, or an adverb ; a pre-
position as a conjunction, &c.
43. There are also words which it is not always easy
to say to what class they belong ; yes, no, not, are among
such words.
44. Two or three words are often joined together so
as to form but one word.
45. Words may also belong at the same time to two
different classes ; who^ for example, seems to be partly an
adjective and partly a conjunction. Such words might
be called with propriety Conjunctive Adjectives. They
generally go under the name of Relative pronouns.
46. Possessive pronouns are adjectives.
47. Demonstrative pronouns are articles.
48. What are called Distributive pronouns are adjectives.
49. The Indefinite pronouns are nouns.
50. As the introduction of new technical terms is not
desirable, it is the more important that the true nature of
words should be understood.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR. 7
51. "Words are divided into two classes according as
they undergo a change in their form or termination or
do not. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, articles, and verbs
belong to the first class, namely, that which undergoes
modification. Conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, and
interjections to the second, or that which undergoes no
modification.
52. In almost all languages nouns undergo a change
either in their form or in their termination, by which we
know whether the nouns are applied to one or more in-
dividuals. These different forms or terminations are
called Number.
53. The distinction of number is observed also with
the articles, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs.
54. All bodies in nature are divided into three classes ;
the first embraces all those bodies in which there is no
distinction of sex, as in minerals, or in which the distinc-
tion of sex is unnoticed, as in the Vegetable Kingdom ;
such bodies are called Neuter. All other bodies are divided
according to their sex into Masculine or Feminine.
55. In some languages, as in English, the division of
nouns into masculine, feminine, and neuter is correct ; in
others, as in Italian, it is a mere conventional division
founded upon the termination of the noun. Thus, Donna,
woman, when it takes the termination one, becomes
masculine.
56. Augmentatives and diminutives are terminations
added to nouns, and sometimes to adjectives and verbs,
to express an idea of smallness or large size, beauty or
ugliness, affection, esteem, contempt, &c.
57. A noun may be connected or related to a noun,
a verb, or an adjective, as stated before. The relation
may be determined by the position of the word, a preposi-
8 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR.
tion or a change of termination, as in Latin. This change
is called a Case.
58. To decline a noun, an adjective, or a pronoun, is
to repeat all the different changes of termination of
which it is capable.
59. Adjectives express quality the different degrees
of these qualities being known only by comparison, we
call in grammar degrees of comparison, the various ways
by which these differences are marked.
60. There are commonly reckoned three degrees of
comparison: the Positive, the Comparative, and the
Superlative.
61. The positive state expresses the quality of an object
without any increase or diminution;; as, "good, wise, great."
62. The comparative degree increases or lessens the
positive in signification; as, "wiser, greater, less wise."
63. The superlative degree increases or lessens the
positive to the highest or lowest degree; as, "wisest,
greatest, least wise."
64. There is another superlative, which may be called
the superlative of eminence ; as, " very eloquent," to dis-
tinguish it from the other superlative.
65. The degrees of comparison may be determined :
1st, By adverbs, as more, less; 2d, By terminations,
as stronger ; 3d, As, in Italian, by the use of an article
before the adverb ; thus, piu forte, stronger ; il piu forte,
the strongest
66. Tenses are forms which a verb takes to indicate
the circumstances of time.
67. Tenses are indefinite when they express the exis-
tence of a subject and its relation with a predicate,
without indicating any time; and definite when they
determine a period past, present, or future.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR. 9
68. Tenses are also absolute when they indicate a re-
lation with the time in which we speak, and relative
when besides this relation they express another relation
with an event either past or future.
69. Past and future tenses are proximate when they
indicate a time near the moment in which we speak, and
remote when they indicate a distant time,
70. Relative tenses are either anterior, simultaneous, or
posterior, according as they indicate a time past, present,
or future, in reference to an event past or future.
71. It is very important that these different distinc-
tions should be well understood by the student, as it is
very difficult without a clear notion of them to state the
different rules of a particular language in regard to them.
72. Sometimes a definite tense is used to express an
indefinite time. " Do you like bread ?" does not mean
do you like bread just now; but " do you like bread at
all times, in general ? " The sense alone here marks the
distinction.
73. Tenses are therefore ; 1st, Either definite or in-
definite; 2d, Absolute or relative; 3d, Past, present, or
future; 4th, Proximate or remote; 5th, Anterior, simul-
taneous, or posterior.
74. Propositions may be divided into three classes
according as they express doubts, judgments, or desires.
75. Verbs often take different forms, by which we
know the nature of the propositions. These forms are
called Moods.
76. The principal moods in every language are, the
Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive.
77. Different moods often adopt the same form ; thus,
the Subjunctive in English signifies doubt, condition,
motive, wish, apprehension, and supposition.
10 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR.
78. All verbs, except the substantive verb, express
either an action or a quality.
79. Verbs are of three kinds : Active, Passive, and Neuter.
80. When the action expressed by the verb is done
by the subject, the verb is said to be active.
81. When the action expressed by the verb is suffered
by the subject ; as, " I am loved/' the verb is said to
be passive.
82. The neuter verbs express a quality, or a state of
being ; as, "I stay, I sit."
83. The Voice of the verb is that particular form which
the verb takes sometimes to indicate whether the verb is
active, passive, or neuter.*
84. The passive verbs are not necessary. They serve,
however, 1st, To avoid the expression of the subject
when it is not known, or we prefer not to mention it ;
2d, Even when the subject is used, it lays the stress and
fixes the attention upon the object; 3d, It introduces
variety in the discourse.
85. The union of all the forms which a verb can take
to indicate the voices, tenses, moods, numbers, and
persons, is called Conjugation ; and to repeat all these
forms is to conjugate a verb.
86. Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
87. Transitive verbs are those which are or may be
joined to an accusative ; as, " I read a book."
88. Intrans itive verbs are those which are never joined
to an accusative.-}-
* Though neuter verbs have no distinctive voice, they might
have it.
j* The beginner will avoid every difficulty in distinguishing tran-
sitive from intransitive verbs, by considering whether the two
accusatives, " some person " or " some thing," may be joined to a verb.
If they do, the verb is transitive; if they do not, it is intransitive.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR. 11
89. Reflective verbs express an action done by the
subject upon itself; as, " You deceive yourself."
90. Impersonal verbs are those which are only used
in the third person.
91. Defective verbs are used only in certain tenses
and persons.
92. Verbs are regular when they follow a general
standard irregular when they deviate from it.
PART II.
PRONUNCIATION AND WHITING OF THE
ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
PAET II.
PRONUNCIATION AND WRITING OF THE
ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
SOUNDS.
1. The elementary Sounds of the Italian language
are twenty- seven ; of these twenty-one are single, and
six compound.
2. The simple elementary sounds are as follows :
1. The sound of the letter a in padre, father.
2. e in mele, apples.
3. e in mele* honey.
4. i in cibo, food.
6. o in voto, vow
6. o in v6to 9 empty.
7. u in prudenza, prudence.
These seven sounds are vowel sounds. (In English the
vowel sounds are twelve.)
8. The sound of the letter p in pane, bread.
9. b in bocca, mouth.
10. /in fame, hunger.
11. v in vino, wine.
12. t in terra, earth.
13. d in duro, hard.
* The circumflex accent is not used in Italian. It is adopted oc-
casionally in this Grammar to mark the open sound of the e and o,
to assist the pupil.
16 SOUNDS.
14. The sound of the letter c in cuore, heart.
15. g in gomito, elbow.
16. s in sonno, sleep.
17. s in rosa, rose.
These ten sounds are called mute sounds.
18. The sound of the letter / in lingua.
19. m in muro, wall.
20. n in naso, nose.
21. r in rete, net.
These four sounds are called liquid sounds.
22. The sound of the letters see, sci, in scena, scene ; sciu-
gatojo, towel.
23. gli in giglio, lily.
24. #n in cigna, strap.
25. c in cena, supper ; cima, summit.
26. g in gemma, gem ; ginocchio, knee.
27. # in zucchero, sugar.
These last six sounds are called compound sounds. The
first three can only he represented by joining two conso-
nants. The c seems to combine the sound of t, and g of d
with another sound which could not be expressed by itself.
The sound of % in zucchero is a combination of t and s ;
and in mezzo, of d and s.
3. Sounds of the Italian language as they are found
in English words.
VOWEL SOUNDS.
1. a as in father. 5. o close, as in no.
2. e close, as in paint. 6. o open, as in not.
3. e open, as in met. 7. u as in prudence.
4. i as in fee.
MUTE SOUNDS.
1. js as in pain. 6. d as in dart.
2. 6 as in bone. 7. c as in cant.
3. /as in/ee. 8. g as in #0.
4. v as in voice. 9. s as the first in season.
5. 2 as in tone. 10. 5 as the second in season.
LETTERS. 17
LIQUID SOUNDS.
1. I in lent. 3. n in nose.
2. m in mouth. 4. r in rent.
COMPOUND SOUNDS.
1. see as sh in shame. 6. ci as ch in cheese.
2. sci as $/t in $Ae. 7. ge as # in #ew.
3. gli as # in brilliant. 8. </i as # in gin.
4. (jrn as first n in onion. 9. # as to in Switzerland.
5. ce as c& in chain. 10. # as ete in Windsor.
DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS.
4. A Diphthong is a compound sound formed by
uniting two vowels together ; such as piano (floor).
5. There are also Triphthongs, or three vowels pro-
nounced by a single impulse of the voice ; as miei (my).
LETTERS.
6. Sounds are capable of being expressed in writing
by signs. These signs are seen by the eye, whilst sounds
are heard by the ear.
1. Figures, like , c, /, &c., .which represent sounds,
are called letters.
8. The figures of the letters are as follows :
Five vowels a, e, i, o, u.
Nine mutes p 9 b, f, v, t, d, c, g, s.
One silent h.
Four liquid /, m, n, r.
Two compound, or letters having a double sound j and z*
The letter q is called by some Italian grammarians half
a letter (mezza lettera), as it can only be pronounced with
the letter u. Its sound is the same as in English ; as,
qualitcL, quality ; questions, question ; requisite, requisite ;
quoziente, quotient.
* The c and g being pronounced either as mutes or compound
consonants, have been placed among the mutes only. J"is the same
as ii ; thus we may write tempj or tempii, temples. At the begin-
ning of a word and when between vowels it is the same as .
18 PKONUNCIATION.
9. The number of the letters is twenty-two.
10. The order of the letters is as follows :
a, b, c, d, e, /, g, h, i, j, /, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, z.
11. The order of the letters is called the Alphabet,
because in the Greek language the names of the two first
letters were alpha and beta respectively ; that is, alpha
was the name of the letter which we call a, and beta of b.
12. The names of the letters are as follow :
a, bi, ci, di, e, effe, gi, acca, i, i lungo, elle, emme, enne,
o, pi, cu } erre, esse, ti, u, vi, tseta or dseta*
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PKONUNCIATION OF THE ITALIAN.
13. The spelling of the Italian follows exactly the
pronunciation, with very few exceptions. It does not
do so in the majority of English words.
14. Every letter is pronounced except A, which is used
as a sign in writing in the three following cases.
15. (I.) The h is used in ZTo, I have ; Hai, Thou
hast ; Ha, He has ; Hanno, They have ; to distinguish
(in writing only) these words from o, or ; ai } to thee ;
a, to ; annO) year.
16. (II.) It is used after c and g when e or i follow,
to give to these letters a hard sound, which otherwise
would be soft. (See section 18.)
17. (III.) The h is used after the vowels in interjections,
as ah ! eh I ih I oh ! uh ! to prolong and sustain the sound
of the vowel.
18. The consonants c (ch) and g are always pronounced
hard, except when followed by e or i. Remember ceci,
chick-pease ; gengive, the gums.
* The % is not only a compound, but also a double letter like e
and o ; that is, it represents two different sounds ; it has therefore
two different names. The same might be said of e and o.
PRONUNCIATION. 19
19. The syllables see and sci are pronounced as sh in
shame and she. Hem. scelta, choice ; scienza, science.
20. The syllable gli is pronounced as the II in brilliant,
except in negligente, negligent, and Anglia^ a poetical word
for Inghilterra, England.
21. The two letters gn are pronounced somewhat like
the first n in the word onion (cipolla).
22. The consonant s between two vowels is pronounced
as the second s in season (stagione), and like the first s
in all other cases.*
23. When a word beginning with an s, followed by a
vowel, is joined to a word ending with a vowel, the sound
of the s is not changed.
24. The consonant z is generally pronounced like to.
25. The two vowels e and o are sometimes pronounced
open and sometimes close. In the greater number of
cases, no certain rule can be given to determine the pro-
nunciation of these letters. The Italians themselves do
not always agree on this point. The following directions
should, however, be attended to.
DIRECTIONS FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE 6 AND 0.
26. (I.) The difference between the two vowels is only
marked distinctly on the accented vowels.
27. (II.) An accented o at the end of a word is always
open.
28. (III.) o preceded by u is always open.
29. (IV.) The Pupil should notice the pronunciation
* The s is pronounced like the second s in season before b, d, r, v ;
as, sbiadato, faded ; sdentato, toothless ; sregolato, unruly ; svista,
oversight. In cosa, thing, and cosi, thus, the s is like the first s in
season.
20 ACCENT.
of the common termination of words ; thus, if ore in dolore
(pain) is close, it will be close also in furore (fury), sa-
por e (taste).
30. (V.) As the close sound is perhaps more common
than the open, it will be safer for the Pupil to use it in
preference in all doubtful words.
ACCENT.
31. In pronouncing a word formed of many syllables,
the voice is heard more distinctly upon one than on the
other. This raising of the voice is called an Accent. The
mark ( x ) that indicates it is called accent also. It is
only used, however, when the accented vowel is the last
letter of a word.
32. The accent is generally placed on the last syllable
but one. It is also found
1. On the last syllable.
2. On the last syllable but two.
3. On the last syllable but three.
33. Words having the accent on the last syllable but
one are called parole piane, smooth or regular ; words
having their accent on the last syllable are called tronche^
broken, or having the final syllable cut off ; and, lastly,
words having the accent either on the last syllable but
two, or on the last syllable but three, are called sdruc-
ciole (sliding), and bisdrucciole*
* The Italians, being accustomed to end all their words with an
unaccented vowel, consider all those having at the end an accented
vowel as having their last vowel cut off. Poetical lines ending
with such a word have always a syllable less than the others.
21
QUANTITY.
34. Quantity is the measure of time in pronouncing
a syllable. A syllable is considered as long or short.
35. In Italian, accented vowels are long, and all others
short.
36. A long syllable generally requires double the time
of a short one in pronouncing.
DIRECTIONS FOR ACQUIRING A GOOD PRONUNCIATION OF
THE ITALIAN.
37. The difficulty in an Englishman's acquiring a good
Italian pronunciation does not consist in his learning new
sounds, for all Italian sounds are found in the English
language, except perhaps the sounds gli in egli, and gn
in signorej but in his having to pronounce the Italian
sounds in a different manner from what he is accustomed
to do in his own language.
38. The final letter of a syllable is naturally pronounced
more strongly than the others. In Italian it is generally
a vowel;* in English a consonant. The English will there-
fore find it difficult to mark well the sound of the vowel,
not being accustomed to do so.
39. As noticed above (32), the Italians place their
accent generally on the last syllable but one ; the English
generally on the last syllable, and principally on account
of their numerous monosyllables. The latter will there-
fore naturally, unless they pay great attention, or have
heard or spoken Italian for a considerable time, place the
accent on the last syllable.
* The words that end with a consonant are : in, in ; con, with ;
per, for ; */, the ; sur, upon ; un, a. All others end with a vowel.
B
22 SYLLABLES,
40. The Italians have only one sound for the letter a 7
as in father (padre). The English have four : 1. The
long, as in pale (pallido) ; 2. The short, as in fat (grasso)
3. The middle, as in arm (braccio) ; 4. The broad, as in
all (tutto). It is not difficult to avoid the first or long,
and the fourth or broad sound ; but the second or short
sound, as in. fat, is very frequently given to the Italian a
in all syllables in which such a sound would be heard in
English r as/aMo (fact), mat-to (mad), cat-two (bad), &c.
41. The Italian language has only seven vowel sounds,
the English twelve the transition from the a to the u is
less marked therefore in the latter. The student should
be very careful to pronounce well the e and the i r so as
not to confound the two sounds.
42. When two or more words are read together, which
is very frequently the case, the pronunciation is exactly
the same as when reading one word, and the accent is
then heard only on the last. Conjunctions and preposi-
tions are generally read with the words that follow ;,
articles and adjectives with their nouns, adverbs with
their verbs, &c.
43. All vowels may be said to have three sounds, ac-
cording to the manner in which they are pronounced :
1. The principal or common sound, as a in amico (friend) ;
2. A prolonged sound when h follows the vowels, as in the
interjections ah! eh ! oh! 3. A forcible sound, as in dalla
(from the), bella (beautiful), stella (star). This sound is
heard when the vowel is followed by a double consonant,
and when a monosyllable ending with a vowel or a word
ending with an accent is followed by a consonant, and the
two words are pronounced together, as Dite questo a me f
(Do you say this to me ?) pronounce a me as amme.
44. It may be noticed also, that e and o have three
SYLLABLES. 23
different sounds of their own, being pronounced either
close or open (see section 25) when accented, and having
a middle sound when not.
SYLLABLES, AND THE RULES FOR ARRANGING THEM.
45. The elementary sounds, in their smallest com-
bination, produce a syllable ; syllables properly combined
produce a word.
46. A syllable is a sound, either simple or compounded,
pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and con-
stituting a word or part of a word, as a (to), a-mi-co
(friend).
47. Spelling is the art of rightly dividing words into
their syllables, or of expressing a word by its proper let-
ters. The following are the general rules for the division
of words into syllables.
48. (I.) A single consonant between two vowels must
be joined to the latter syllable, as^o-re (flower).
49. (II.) Two or three consonants proper to begin a
word must not be separated, as co-sta-re (to cost), di-
strug-gere (to destroy).
50. (III.) When two or more consonants which are
not proper to begin a word meet between two vowels,
such of them as can begin a word belong to the latter,
the rest to the former syllable, as com-ple-to (complete),
tut-to (all).
51. (IV.) Two vowels not being a diphthong must be
divided into separate syllables, as Di-o (God).
52. We may mention here, that a line should never
end with a word contracted, as gran for grande (great),
or having an apostrophe, as delV (of the).
24
APOSTROPHE.
53. The Apostrophe shows that a vowel is cut off
either at the end or at the beginning of a word.
54. The two vowels i and u seldom suffer elision before
a word beginning with a vowel.
55. When the apostrophe is found at the end of a
word, before a consonant at the beginning of the next
word, it always stands for the vowel i.
56. Words which terminate in ce, ci, ge, and gi, suffer
elision only before the vowels e and /, to preserve the soft
sound of these syllables.
57. Gli is elided only when followed by z, otherwise
it would lose its natural sound, and be pronounced hard.
58. If il be preceded by a vowel, we may drop the ,
as tutto 'I mondo for tutto il mondo (all the world).
59. No accented vowels suffer elision, because the ac^
cent supposes the elision already made.
60. Elisions, though frequent in poetry, should rather
be avoided in prose. They represent a rapid manner of
pronunciation, by which words are joined together, and
they should be used only where the connexion between
words is close, as that of the article lo with its noun
in I'amore (the love), &c.
61. Obscurity should always be avoided if possible.
The elision consequently does not take place in the plural
articles, to distinguish them from the .singular. We write
and pronounce Tanima (the soul) in the singular, and le
anime (the souls) in the plural.
25
CONTRACTION.
62. By Contraction is meant the suppression of a vowel
or syllable at the end of a word, followed by another be-
ginning with a consonant.
63. All words ending in e or 0, after 7, m, w, r, may
drop the final vowel before a word beginning with a single
consonant. Thus vuol for vuole, he wishes ; siam for siamo,
we are ; the adjectives chiaro (clear), raro (rare), nero
(black), oscuro (obscure), and a few others, being excepted.
64. When two words come together, the latter begin-
ning with s followed by a consonant, the contraction
very rarely takes place. Thus we must write, uomo stu-
pido, sono stupefatto, and not uom stupido, &c.
65. The adverb or a and its compounds are the only
words ending in a that admit of contraction.
66. The final syllable of the adjectives santo, grande,
quetto, bello, &c., may be dropped, unless the succeeding
word begin with s and another consonant. In the plural
we may drop the ZZ, and write either lei or be', quei or
gue', as the harmony of the sentence may require. Be-
fore words beginning with a vowel, or s and another con-
sonant, we should write quegli, begli. These rules do
not apply if the adjective be placed after the noun it
qualifies.
67. The following are a few of the words which un-
dergo the greatest alteration : vo 1 for voglio, I wish ; me 1
for mezzo, middle, or for meglio, better ; e 1 for eglij he; ma'
for mail, bad ; qua' for quali, which ; re' for rege, king ;
te* for tieni) take hold ; amaro, amar, for amdrano, &c.
26
USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS.
68. It is proper to begin with a capital
1. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, note,
or any other piece of writing.
2. The first word after a period ; and if the two sen-
tences are totally independent, after a note of interrogation
or exclamation.
3. The appellations of the Deity.
4. Proper names.
5. Adjectives derived from proper nouns if used as
nouns ; as, the French, I Francesi.
6. Other words may begin with capitals when they
are remarkably emphatical.
PUNCTUATION.
69. Punctuation is the art of dividing a written compo-
sition into sentences, or parts of sentences, by points or
stops, for the purpose of marking the different pauses
which the sense and an accurate pronunciation require.
70. The comma represents the shortest pause ; the semi-
colon, a pause double that of the comma ; the colon,
double that of the semicolon : and the period, double that
of the colon.
i TONES.
71. Tones differ both from emphasis and pauses; con-
sisting in the modulation of the voice, the notes or
variations of sound which we employ in the expression of
our sentiments.
PAUSES.
72. Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are a
total cessation of the voice during a perceptible, and, in
many cases, a measurable space of time.
EMPHASIS.
73. By emphasis is meant a strong and full sound, by
which we distinguish a word or words on which we wish
to lay particular stress, and to show how they affect the
rest of the sentence. Sometimes these words must be
distinguished by a particular tone of voice as well as by
an emphatic enunciation.
THE DASH,
74. Where a significant pause is required, a dash is
used in Italian as in English; but where a sentence
breaks off abruptly, the Italians use points of suspension ;
thus, ....
EUPHONY.
75. For the sake of producing a combination of letters
agreeable to the ear, the two following rules should be
observed :
1. Where a word ending with a consonant is succeeded by
another beginning with an s followed by a consonant,* an *
is prefixed to it ; as, Siamo in Iscozia (We are in Scotland).
Scozia, for the sake of euphony, is here changed into
2. Z> is added to the preposition a, and to the conjunc-
tions e and o followed by a vowel, whenever it facilitates
the pronunciation.
* Words beginning with $ followed by a consonant sometimes
take the i also at the beginning of a sentence ; thus, V Iscozia e un
belpaese (Scotland is a beautiful country).
f The * followed by a consonant at the beginning of words is
called .s wipwra*
28
EXEECISES ON PBONUNCIATIOK
EXERCISE I.
TABLE OP THE MOST REMARKABLE SOUNDS IN THE ITALIAN
LANGUAGE.
Examples.
casa, a house.
coda, a tail.
c6ma,ihe hair (in poetry).
cura, care.
cena, supper.
Cesare, Caesar.
cibo, food.
cherubino, cherub.
cheppia, shad.
chimera, chimera.
ciabattino, cobbler.
ciecamente, blindly.
cielo, heaven.
cioccolata, chocolate.
ciottolo, flint.
ciurma, boat's crew.
scemo, silly.
scempio, simple.
scimunito, stupid.
sciagura, misfortune.
scioglieva, I loosed.
sciolto, loosed.
sciupare, to waste.
schiavo, slave.
schierato, arranged for
schiera, troop. [battle.
schiomare,to pluck out the
schioppo, gun. [hairs.
Italian Sounds.
Value in English.
00,
cart,
co close,
colon,
co open,
cot,
cu,
cuckoo,
ce close,
Chichester^
ce open,
chest,
ci,
Chichester,
che close,
cape,
che open,
kettle,
chi,
chimerical,
cia,
charm,
cie close,
chain,
tie open,
check,
do close,
chose,
cio open,
chocolate,
ciu,
choose,
see close,
shame,
see open,
share,
sot,
she,
scia,
shard,
scio close,
shown,
scio open,
short,
sciu,
shoe,
schia,
ske-ah,
schie close,
ske-a (a in paint).
*c^^e open,
ske-e (e in met),
schio close,
ske-o (0 in no),
schio open,
ske-o ( o in not),
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION,
29
Italian Sounds. Value in English.
Examples.
schiu, ske-u (u in prudence), schiuma, foam.
ga, garden,
gara, strife.
ge close, regent,
generoso, generous.
ge open, jest,
genere, kind.
giy gi n ?
<jriro, turn.
ghe close, game,
ghermire, to seize.
ghe open, get,
gheppiOj kestrel.
ghi, gild,
ghiaccio, ice.
gia, jaunt,
giarda, mockery.
</zo close, joke,
giova, it is useful.
gio open, joy,
giostrcij tilting-match.
<^M, jurist,
giudice, judge.
gli, million,
egliy he.
gle open, neglect,
negletto, neglected.
gna, onion,
gnao, mewing of a cat.
gne close, do.
regnerd, he will reign.
gne open, do.
vegnente, coming (in poetry).
gni, do.
regni, kingdoms.
gno close, do.
gnomone, gnomon.
#no open, do.
gnocco, an Italian dish.
go close, go,
gold, throat.
#0 open, got,
gora, channel.
gu 9 good,
gufo y owl.
fe, yell,
jeri y yesterday.
In the following words the u should be pronounced dis-
tinctly, and not left out as in English :
Guardia, guard. Guerire, to cure.
Guerra (open), war. Guercio, squinting.
Guiderdone, reward (in poetry). Guastare, to spoil.
Guardare, to look. Guida, guide.
30
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
EXERCISE IT.
LIST OF WORDS THAT HAVE A DIFFERENT MEANING AC-
CORDING AS THEIR ACCENTED 6 OR IS PRONOUNCED
closely OR openly.
E dose.
Accetta, axe.
Affetto, I slice.
Bei, thou drinkest.
Cera, wax.
Colletto, hillock.
Corresse, that he might run.
Greta, chalk.
Dessi, themselves.
Desti, thou gavest.
Detti, dette, said.
E, and.
Esca, tinder, bait.
Fello, he did it.
Fero, they did.
Feste, you did.
Lega, he binds.
Legge, law.
Lessi, lesse, boiled.
Letto, bed.
Mele, apples.
Messe, masses.
Mezzo, too ripe, rotten.
Pera, pear.
Pesca, fishing.
Pesco, Ifish.
Peste, pounded.
Sete, thirst.
(poet.)
(poet.)
Temi, thou fear est.
E open.
Accetta, agreeable, he accepts.
Affetto, affection, I affect.
Bei, belli, beautiful.
Cera or eiera, aspect.
Colletto, collected.
Corresse, he corrected.
Creta, Oreta.
Dessi, he owes to himself.
Desti, thou awakest.
Detti, dette, /, he gave.
E, he is.
Esca, let him go out, &c.
Fello,/e/on.
Fero, fierce.
Feste, feasts.
Lega, a league.
Legge, he reads.
Lessi, lesse, /, he read.
Letto, read.
Mele or miele, honey.
Messe, harvest, reaping.
Mezzo, middle.
Pera, let him perish, &c.
Pesca, peach.
Pesco, peach tree.
Peste, plague.
Sete, you are. (poet.)
Tema, theme.
Temi, themes.
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
31
Veggia,thatlmaysee. (poet.) Veggia, cask.
Veglio, veglia, / watch, he Veglio, veglia, old. (poet.)
watches.
Vena, vene, vein, veins. Vena, vene, oats.
Venti, twenty. Venti, winds.
close.
Accorre, he runs to.
Accorsi; accorse, /, he ran to.
Apporti, to guess or impute to
thee.
Botte, tub.
Cola, he strains.
Colto, cultivated.
Corre, he runs.
Corso, run, or a course.
Corsi, / run.
Corti, courts.
Costa, it costs.
Fora, it pierces.
Foro, hole.
Fosse, that he might be.
Indotto, induced.
Loto, mud.
Noce, nut.
Ora, hour or now.
Orno, / adorn.
Porci, to place us.
Porsi, to place oneself.
Pose, he put.
Posi, I put.
Posta, placed.
Ricorre, he has recourse to.
Riposi, / replaced. *
Rocca, distaff.
Rodi, thou gnawest.
Rosa, gnawed.
open.
Accorre, to receive.
Accorsi, accorse, /, heperceived.
Apporti, thou bringest.
Botte, blows.
Cola, that he may honour (poet.)
Colto, gathered.
Corrc, to gather.
Corso, Corsican.
Corsi, infin., to gather for one-
self, Corsicans.
Corti, to gather for thyself.
Costa, coast.
Fora, it would be. (poet.)
Foro, bar, forum.
Fosse, ditches.
Indotto, ignorant.
Loto, a plant, Lotus.
Noce or nuoce, it hurts.
Or a, zephyr, he prays, (poet.)
Orno, the ash.
Porci, pigs.
Porsi, / handed.
Pose, pauses.
Posi, that he may rest.
Posta, post, station.
Ricorre, to gather.
Riposi, that he may rest.
Rocca, fortress.
Rodi, Rhodes.
Rosa, rose.
32
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION*
Rozza, rude.
Scola, it drains.
Scopo, / sweep.
Scorsi, / overrun.
Scorta, he abridges.
Scorti, ihou dbridgest.
Scorto, / abridge.
Sole, sun, alone.
Sollo, mellow.
Solo, sola, alone.
Sono, / am.
Sonne, I am of it.
Sorte, raised, risen.
Stolto, foolish.
Tocco, touch, I touch.
Tomo, I tumble.
Torre, tower.
Torsi, stumps or trunks.
Torta, tart.
Torvi, fierce.
Tosco, Tuscan.
Volgo, mob.
Volto, face.
Voto, vow.
Rozza, old horse.
Scola or scuola, school.
Scopo, aim.
Scorsi, I perceived.
Scoria, guide, perceived, he escorts.
Scorti, perceived, thou escortest.
Scorto, perceived, I escort.
Sole for suole, he uses, (poet.)
Sollo, / know it.
Solo, sola, or suolo, suola, soil,
Sono or suono, sound. [sole.
Sonne, I know of it.
Sorte, lot.
Stolto or distolto, diverted.
To ceo, morsel.
Tomo, volume.
Torre, to take.
Torsi, / twisted, or to take from
oneself.
Torta, twisted.
Torvi, to take from you.
Tosco, poison.
Volgo, / turn.
Volto, turned.
Voto, empty.
EXERCISE III.
A LIST OF WORDS IN WHICH THE Z HAS THE SOUND OF ds.
Zafferano, saffron.
Zajfiro, sapphire.
Zdino, a wallet.
Zanzara, a gnat.
Zeffiro, zephyr.
Zelo, zeal.
Zenzero, ginger.
Zerbino, a dandy.
Zero, a cipher, nought.
Zibibbo, raisins.
Magazzino, a warehouse.
Mezzo, half.
Azzurro, blue.
Gazzetta, a newspaper.
Bizzarro, whimsical.
Dozzina, dozen.
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
33
Orizonte, horizon.
Gazza, a magpie.
Rozzo, rough.
Battezzare, baptize.
Caratterizzare, characterize.
Dirozzare, to smooth.
Dimezzare, to halve.
Ldzzaro, Lazarus.
EXERCISE IV.
ON THE
ACCENT.
Parole Trouche.
Parole Piane.
Parole Sdrucciole.
Parole Bisdruc-
ciole.
Capita,
CapMo,
Capita,
Cdpitano,
He arrived by
Understood.
I arrive by
They arrive by
chance.
chance.
chance.
Perdonb,
Perdbno,
Perdono,
Dttegliclo,
He pardoned.
I pardon.
They lose.
Tell it to him.
Predicb,
Predico,
Predico,
Predicano,
He preached.
I foretell.
I preach.
They preach,
SchiavitUy
Capitdno,
Bisbetico,
Mandategliene,
Slavery.
Captain.
Whimsical.
Send him some.
Esercitb,
Esercitdre,
EserciiOj
Battetevela,
He exercised.
To exercise.
Army.
Save yourself.
Sinceritd,
Tenere,
Tenere,
Ordinano,
Sincerity.
To hold.
Tender, f. pi.
They order.
Imperocche,
Ancbra,
Ancora,
Godidmocela,
Because.
Again.
Anchor.
Let us enjoy
ourselves.
Gonsentiy
Consenti,
Consentono,
Intbrbidano,
He consented.
Consent.
They consent.
They trouble.
Magnanimitd,
IncrudeTire,
Fulmine,
Fuggitevme,
Magnanimity.
To become
Thunderbolt.
Fly.
cruel.
Cercherb,
Ingdnno,
Riscdldano,
Fulminano,
I shall seek.
Deceit.
They warm.
They dart
thunderbolts.
Schiaccerd,
Campdna,
Avolo,
Dttemelo,
He will crush.
Bell.
Grandfather.
Tell it to me.
34 EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
EXERCISE V.
The student who wishes to acquire a good pronun-
ciation should commit to memory a few lines of poetry,
by the frequent repetition of which he will acquire more
facility than by the mere reading of many pages. This
exercise of course would be unsuitable when he has no
master to direct and correct him. I have selected for
this purpose the celebrated passage of Dante in which
he relates the death of Count Ugolino. The words in
italics are either poetical or antiquated. I have added
in foot-notes the words which should be used in con-
versation. The introduction, the literal translation, and
the explanatory notes, are taken from Mr Carlyle's ex-
cellent translation of the Inferno.
INTRODUCTION.
Count Ugolino de' Gherardeschi, was chief of the Guelphs in Pisa,
and Archbishop Ruggieri degli Ubaldini, of the Ghibellines. In
the year 1284, Pisa was the only city of Tuscany that adhered to
the Ghibelline party ; and Ugolino himself was of a Ghibelline fam-
ily, but quite unscrupulous, and eager for power. In that same
year, after the disastrous sea-fight with the Genoese, on Sunday,
6th August, in which the Pisans lost many of their galleys, and had
16,000 of their best men killed or taken prisoners, "the Florentines
(in September) formed a league with the Lucchese, Sienese, &c.
together with the Genoese, to make war on Pisa : the Florentines
and other Tuscans by land, and the Genoese by sea." Ugolino,
who had fled from the battle before it was fully decided, now by
bribery and other unfair means induced the Florentines to with-
draw secretly from the league ; and by their aid " expelled the Ghi-
bellines from Pisa, and made himself master of it with the
Guelphs." Vill. vii. 92, 98. See also Annal. Genuens. p. 587;
Cronica di Pisa, in Tartin. Supp. Rer. Ital. t. i. p. 564.
Again, in July 1288, when three parties were competing for the
mastery in Pisa, viz. Nino de' Visconti, Judge of Gallura, with
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION. 35
certain Guelphs ; Ugolino, with the rest of the Guelphs ; and, in
opposition to both, " Archbishop Ruggieri degli Ubaldini, with the
Lanfranchi, and Gualandi, and Sismondi and other Ghibelline
houses : the said Count Ugolino, in order to make himself master,
united with the Archbishop and his party, and betrayed Judge
Nino, not considering that he was his own grandson, son of his own
daughter ; and they arranged that he should be expelled from Pisa
with his followers, or seized in person. Nino hearing this, and not
finding himself able to make defence, left the city and went to
Calci, his castle ; and leagued with the Florentines and Lucchese,
to make war on the Pisans. The Count, before Nino was gone, in
order the better to conceal his treachery, when every thing was ar-
ranged for the expulsion of the Judge, went out of Pisa to a manor
of his called Settimo. As soon as he was informed of Nino's depar-
ture, he returned to Pisa with great joy, and was made Lord of the
city amid great rejoicing and festivity. But his lordliness was of
brief duration. Fortune turned against him, as it pleased God,
because of his treacheries and sins ; for with truth it was said he
had caused Anselmo da Capraia, his sister's son, to be poisoned,
out of envy and fear, lest Anselmo, who was much esteemed in Pisa,
might take his place The force of the Guelphs being thus
impaired, the Archbishop took means to betray Count Ugolino, and
caused him to be suddenly attacked in his palace by the fury of the
people, telling them that he had betrayed Pisa, and given up their
Castles to the Florentines and Lucchese ; and the people having
come upon him without any defence, he surrendered. And in this
assault a son and a grandson of Count Ugolino's were killed ;
and he himself taken, with two of his sons and-three (or two? as
below) of his grandchildren, sons of his son, and put in prison."
nil. vii. 121.
" In the following March, the Pisans, who had imprisoned Count
Ugolino with two of his sons, and two sons of his son Count Guelfo
(as we have mentioned above), in a tower on the Piazza degli An-
ziani, caused the door of that tower to be locked up, the keys to be
thrown into the Arno, and all food withheld from the said prisoners,
who died of hunger in a few days. But the Count had previously
kept demanding penitence with loud cries, and yet they permitted
no friar or priest to confess him. All the five, when dead, were
dragged together from the tower and meanly interred ; and from
thenceforward the said prison was called the Tower of Famine, and
always will be. For this cruelty the Pisans throughout the whole
world, wherever it became known, were greatly blamed; not so
36 EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
much for the Count himself, who by reason of his crimes and treach-
ery was perhaps worthy of such a death, but for his sons and grand-
sons who were young boys and innocent, ch? erano giovani garzoni
e innocenti" Vill. yii. 128.
For further details see Cronica di Pisa, in Murat. Rer. Ital. t. xv.
p. 979, &c. ; Annales Genuen. ibid. t. vi. p. 608, &c.; Fragm. Hist.
Pis. ibid. t. xxiv. p. 648, &c. ; and the other Cron. di Pisa, in Tartin.
Supplem. Rer. Ital. jfc. j. p. 564, &c.
LA bocca sollevo dal fiero pasto
Quel peccator, forbendola a' 1 capelli
Del capo ch' egli avea 2 diretro 3 guasto.
Poi comincio : Tu vuoi ch' io rinnovelli*
Disperato dolor,, che il cor 5 mi preme,
Gia pur pensando,^n'a 6 ch' io nefavelli. 7
Ma se le mie parole esser den' 8 seme,
Che frutti infamia al traditor ch' io rodo,
Parlare e lagrimar vedrai insieine.
Io non so chi tu sie, 9 ne per che modo
Venuto sei quaggiu ; ma Fiorentino
Mi sembri veramente, quand' io t' oda.
Tu del w saper ch' io fui il Conte Ugolino,
E questi 1' Arcivescovo Ruggieri :
Or ti diro perch' io son tal vicino.
Che per 1' effetto de' suoi mal u pensieri,
Fidandomi di lui, io fossi preso
'Eposcia 12 morto 13 dir non e mestieri. u
Pero quel che non puoi avere inteso,
Cioe, come la morte mia fu cruda,
Udirai ; e saprai se m' ha offeso.
Breve pertugio 15 dentro dalla muda, 1( *
La qual per me ha il titol della fame,
E in che 17 conviene ancor ch' altri si chiuda,
1 ai. 6 prima. 10 devi. 34 necessario.
2 ayeva. 7 parli. u cattivi. 15 buco.
3 di dietro. 8 devono, 12 dopo. 16 oscura pri^ione.
4 rinnuovi. 9 sei. 13 ucciso. 1? cui.
5 cuore.
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION. 37
M' avea mostrato per lo snoforame 1
Piu lune gia, quand* io feci il mal 2 sonno,
Che del future mi squarcio il velame. 3
Questi pareva a me maestro e donnof
Cacciando il lupo e i lupicini al monte,
Per che 5 i Pisan veder Lucca non ponno?
Con cagne magre, stud'tose 7 e conte, 8
Gualandi con Sismondi, e con Lanfranchi
S' avea messi dinanzi dalla fronte.
In picciol corso mi pareano stanchi
Lo 9 padre e i figli, e con T agute w scane 11
Mi parea lor veder fender li u nanchi.
Quando fui desto innanzi la dimane, 13
Pianger senti' fra '1 sonno i miei figliuoli,
Ch' erano meco, e dimandar del pane.
Ben sei crudel, se tu gia non ti duoli,
Pensando cio ch' il mio cor u s' annunziava :
E se non piangi, di che pianger suoli ?
Gia oran d.esti, e 1' ora s' appressava
Che il cibo ne soleva essere addotto, 15
E per suo 16 sogno ciascun dubitava,
Ed io sentii chiavar 1 ^ 1' uscio di sotto
All' orribile torre : ond' io guardai
Nel viso a' mieifigliuoi 18 senzafar motto. 19
Io non piangeva, si dentro impietrai :
Piangevan elli ; 20 e Anselmuccio mio
Disse : Tu guardi si ! Padre, che hai ?
Pero non lagrimai, ne rispos' io
Tutto quel giorno, ne la notto appresso,
Infin che 1* altro Sol nel mondo uscio? 1
Come un poco di raggio si fu messo
Nel doloroso carcere, ed io scorsi
Per quattro visi il mio aspetto stesso,
1 apertura. 7 sollecite, ar- 12 i. 17 chiudere a chiave.
2 cattivo. denti. 13 il giorno. 18 figliuoli.
3 velo. 8 destre. 14 cuore. 19 parlare.
4 sigiiore. 9 il. 15 portato. 20 eglino.
5 cui. 10 acute. 16 il suo. 21 usci.
6 possono. a denti.
G
38 EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
Ambo 1 le mani per dolor mi morsi ;
E quei? pensando ch' io ilfessi 3 per voglia
Di manicarf di subito levorsi?
E disser : Padre, assai cifia 6 men doglia?
Se tu mangi di noi : tu ne vestisti
Queste misere carni, e tu le spoglia.
Quetaimi 8 allor, per non farli piu tristi :
Quel di, e 1' altro stemmo tutti muti :
Ahi dura terra, perch e non t' apristi ?
Poscia 9 che fummo al quarto di venuti,
Gaddo mi si gitto disteso a* piedi,
Dicendo : Padre mio, che 10 non m' aiuti ?
Quivi mori ; e come tu mi vedi,
Vid' io cascar li tre ad uno ad uno,
Tra il quinto di e il sesto, ond* io mi diedi
Gia cieco a brancolar sovra 11 ciascuno ;
E tre di li chiamai, poi ch' ei l ' 2 fur 13 morti :
Poscia, 1 * piu che il dolor, pote il digiuno.
Quand' ebbe detto cio, con gli occhi torti
Riprese il teschio misero co' denti,
Che/wro 15 all' osso, come d r un can, forti.
Ahi Pisa, vituperio delle genti
Del bel paese la dove il si suona ;
Poi che i vicini a te punir son lenti,
Muovasi la Capraia e la Gorgona,
E faccian siepe ad Arno in su la foce,
Si ch' egli 16 annieghi in te ogni persona.
Che se il Conte Ugolino aveva voce }7
D' aver tradita te delle castella
Non dovei }9 tu ifyliuoi 20 porre a tal croce.
Innocenti facea 1' eta novella,
Novella Tebe t Uguccione e il Brigata,
E gli altri duo 21 che il canto suso^ 2 appella. 23
1 tutte e due.
7 dolore.
13 furono.
Iff castelli.
2 quelli.
8 mi calmaL
14 poi.
19 dove vi.
3 facessi.
9 poi.
15 furono.
20 figliuoli.
4 mangiar.
10 perche.
16 egli is an ex-
21 due.
5 si levarono.
11 sopra.
pletive.
22 di sopra.
6 sara.
12 eglino.
J * nome.
23 nomina.
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION. 39
TRANSLATION.
From the fell repast that sinner raised his mouth, wiping
it upon the hair of the head he had laid waste behind. Then
he began : " Thou wiliest that I renew desperate. grief, which
wrings my heart, even at the very thought, before I tell
thereof. But if my words are to be a seed, that may bear
fruit of infamy to the traitor whom I gnaw, thou shalt see
me speak and weep at the same time. I know not who
thou mayst be, nor by what mode thou hast come down
here ; but, when I hear thee, in truth thou seemest to me a
Florentine. Thou hast to know that I was Count Ugolino,
and this the Archbishop Ruggieri : now I will tell thee why
I am such a neighbour to him. That by the effect of his ill
devices I, confiding in him, was taken and thereafter put to
death, it is not necessary to say : but that which thou canst
not have learnt, that is, how cruel was my death, thou shalt
hear and know if he has offended me.
" A narrow hole within the mew, which from me has the
title of Famine, and in which others yet must be shut up,
had through its opening already shown me several moons, 1
when I slept the evil sleep that rent for me the curtain of
the future. This man seemed to me lord and master, chasing
the wolf and his whelps, upon the mountain 2 for which the
Pisans cannot see Lucca. With hounds meagre, keen, and
dexterous, he had put in front of him Gualandi with Sismondi,
and with Lanfranchi. 3 After a short course, the father and
his sons seemed to me weary ; and methought I saw their
flanks torn by the sharp teeth. When I awoke before the
dawn, I heard my sons who were with me, weeping amid
their sleep, and asking for bread. Thou art right cruel, if
thou dost not grieve already at the thought of what my
heart foreboded ; and if thou weepest not, at what art thou
1 From July to March.
2 Monte St Giuliano, between Pisa and Lucca, which are some
twelve miles apart.
3 Ruggieri, Lord and Master of the chase ; the Ghibelline nobles,
leaders of the keen hounds or populace ; Ugolino, the father Wolf
with sons.
40 EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
used to weep \ They were now awake, and the hour ap-
proaching at which our food used to be brought us, and each
was anxious from his dream, and below I heard the outlet
of the horrible tower locked up : whereat I looked into the
faces of my sons, without uttering a word. I did not weep :
so stony grew I within. They wept ; and my little Anselm
said : c Thou lookest so ! Father, what ails thee 1 9 But I
shed no tear, nor answered all that day, nor the next night,
till another sun came forth upon the world. When a small
ray was sent into the doleful prison, and I discerned in their
four faces the aspect of my own, I bit on both my hands for
grief ; and they, thinking that I did it from desire of eating,
of a sudden rose up and said : f Father, it will give us much
less pain, if thou wilt eat of us : thou didst put upon us this
miserable flesh, and do thou strip it off.' Then I calmed
myself, in order not to make them more unhappy. That
day and the next we all were mute. Ah, hard earth ! why
didst thou not open I When we had come to the fourth
day, Gaddo threw himself stretched out at my feet, saying ;
'My father! why don't you help me I 9 There he died; and
even as thou seest me, saw I the three fall one by one, be-
tween the fifth day and the sixth, whence I betook me,
already blind, to groping over each ; and for three days
called them, after they were dead. Then fasting had more
power than grief." 1
When he had spoken this, with eyes distorted he seized
the miserable skull again with his teeth, which as a dog's
were strong upon the bone. Ah, Pisa ! scandal to the people
of the beauteous land where " Si " is heard ! 2 Since thy
1 So that Ugolino died on the ninth day : and the old Pisan com-
mentator, Buti, says the tower was opened after eight days, " dopo
li otto giorni" Many volumes have been written about verse 75.
Does the piu pote (" was more powerful ") indicate only that hunger
killed Ugolino? Or that fasting overcame his senses, and made
him die eating as his poor children had invited \ The words admit
of either meaning.
2 Italy, where S\ is the word for yes. Dante (Vulg. Eloq. i. 8)
gives Jo or ja as characteristic of the Germans, Saxons, &c. ; Oc
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION. 41
neighbours are slow to punish thee, let the Capraia and Gor-
gona 1 move, and hedge up the Arno at its mouth, that it
may drown in thee every living soul. For if Count Ugolino
had the fame of having betrayed thee in thy castles, thou
oughtest not to have put his sons into such torture. Their
youthful age, thou modern Thebes ! made innocent Uguc-
cione and Brigata, and the other two whom my song above
has named. 2
of the " Spaniards " (the Langue d'Oc, used at the Court of Castile ;
as well as in Provence, to part of which it gave name) ; Oil or oui
of the French, and St of the Italians.
1 Small islands, not far from the mouth of the Arno.
2 Troya in his Veltro Allegorico (Flor. 1826, p. 28, &c.) asserts, in
opposition to Villani and other contemporary historians, that Ugo-
lino's sons and grandsons were not innocent, the Archbishop not
guilty, &c. ; but the Veltro still seems much more like a romance
than a piece of sober history. One is led to suspect speedy proofs
of many hazardous assertions in it. Such books darken every part
of the subjects on which they treat, and are inexcusable among
serious men.
PART II],
PRINCIPAL RULES OF THE ITALIAN
LANGUAGE.
PAKT III.
PRINCIPAL RULES OF THE ITALIAN
LANGUAGE.
GENDER.
1. There is no neuter gender in Italian. All nouns are
either masculine or feminine.
2. All nouns are feminine except those that end in o,
me, re, nte.
3. Nouns ending in a are feminine. The exceptions are
a few nouns derived from the Greek, the most common
of which are
Clima, climate.
Diadema, diadem.
Plan eta, planet.
Poeta, poet.
Programma, programme.
Sistema, system.
Stratagemma, stratagem.
Tema, theme.
Poema, poem.
4. All nouns ending in o are masculine except mano
(hand).
5. Nouns ending in e may be either masculine or
feminine. No certain rule can be given on the subject.
Nouns ending in me, re, nte, are generally masculine.
6. Nouns ending in / and u are few, and they are gen-
erally feminine. Dl and its compounds are masculine,
as Lunedi (Monday), Martedl (Tuesday). Peru and
Corfu are also masculine.
7. The names of fruit-trees are masculine, and of the
46 , NUMBER.
fruit, feminine, except fico (fig), porno (apple), arancia
(orange), cedro (cedar). These names are applied both to
the tree and the fruit.
8. Some words have two terminations in the singular ;
as, cavaliere or cavaliero (a knight), barbiere or barbiero
(a barber), straniere or straniero (a stranger), sentiere or
sentiero (a path). Cavaliere, barbiere, straniero, and sen-
tiero, are more used. Both terminations are masculine.
NUMBER.
9. Feminine nouns ending in a change for the plural
the a into e. All other nouns change the last vowel
into i.
1 0. Nouns ending with io drop the o for the plural if
the i is not accented.
11. Some nouns ending in io in the singular have for
their plural ii or j. This is seldom done now, except
for the sake of distinguishing one noun from another.
Thus, tempio (atemple), becomes tempii or tempj in the
plural, to distinguish it from the plural of tempo (time),
which would otherwise be the same.
12. Dissyllables ending in co and #o change them into
chi and ghi] except porco (pig), Greco (Greek), mago
(magician).
13. Some words, as mendico (a beggar), may be written
either with an h in the plural or without it (mendichi or
mendici}.
14. Words of more than two syllables, ending in co
and go, preceded by a consonant, have their plurals in chi
and ghi; as, albergo (inn), alberghi (inns).
15. Nouns ending in ca and ga change these termina-
tions into che and ghe in the plural.
NUMBER. 47
16. Nouns ending in ie have no variation in their
plural ; as, specie (species), requie (rest), superficie (sur-
face), barbarie ( cruelty \progenie (progeny) serie (series),
effigie (effigy).
17. Nouns accented on the last vowel do not change.
18. The few nouns that end in i do not change.
19. The plural of Dio (God) is Dei; of ubmo (man),
ubmini; of bue (ox), buoi.
20. Collective nouns, such as popolo (people), esercito
(army), assembled (assembly), are generally used in the
singular.
21. The masculine nouns migliajo (a thousand), cen-
tinajo (a hundred), uovo (an egg), miglio (a mile), pajo (a
pair), staio (a bushel), mbggio (a sort of measure), have
for their plural migliaia, centinaja, nova, miglia, paja, staja,
mbggia. All these plurals are feminine.
22. The following nouns have two plurals ; the first,
regular and masculine, ending in i the second, irregular
and feminine, ending in a :
Anello, ring.
Braccio, arm.
CalcagiiOy heel.
Castillo, castle.
CigliOy eyelid.
Corno, horn.
Dito, finger.
FilOy thread.
FondamentOy foundation.
FruttOy fruit.
Fuso, spindle.
Gesto, gesture.
Ginocchio, knee.
Gomito, elbow.
Grido, cry.
Labbro, lip.
Legno, wood.
Lenzuolo, sheet.
Membro 9 member.
Muro 9 wall.
6sso 9 bone.
Porno, apple.
Quadrello, arrow, (poet.)
Eiso, laughter.
SaccOy sad.
Strido, scream, (poet.)
23. The feminine plural is used in preference. Coma
means horns ; cbrni is the plural of cbrno (horn), a musi-
48 ARTICLE.
cal instrument ; lefrutta means the dessert ; gesta means
deeds ; gomiti is the plural of gomito, a sort of measure ;
legna means firewood ; membri means members of an as-
sembly ; membra, limbs ; muri means walls, but mura is
used only for the walls of a town.
ARTICLE.
24. The definite article for the feminine is la (plural
te).
25. The definite articles for the masculine are lo (plural
gli], and il (plural ).
26. Lo is placed before a vowel, or an s followed by a
consonant.
27. Before z we may use either il or lo.
28. La and lo take an apostrophe before a word be-
ginning with a vowel. In the plural the elision is avoided
unless the two vowels are the same.
29. Gli never takes an apostrophe except when fol-
lowed by i.
30. Di (of), a (to), da (from), in (in), con (with), su
(on), are joined to the articles when followed by them,
so as to form one word.
31. Di, in, and con, when they are joined to the ar-
ticles, are changed into de, ne, and co.
32. The prepositions con and su are joined to il and ,
but may be joined or not to the other articles.
33. 11 is joined to the prepositions by adding I to them ;
thus, del, al, dal, nel, col, sul.
34. Lo, la, and le, when joined to the prepositions,
double the I ; thus, dello, della, delle ; allo, alia, alle, &c.
35. / and gli are joined to the prepositions without
any change.
ARTICLE. 49
36. Per is sometimes joined to 7, as pel mezzo (through
the middle). This combination is not much used in con-
versation.
37. Per is sometimes followed by lo. We say, per lo
piu (for the most), per lo meno (at least).
38. Signore and signora are preceded by an article,
except when addressing a person by these words.
39. Infinitives of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, when
used as substantives, take an article.
40. An article is often placed before the names of cele-
brated persons ; as, il Tasso, la Jenny Lind. It is used
also before familiar names in the feminine ; as, la Ca~
terina.
41. Dei is preceded by gli.
42. Some is translated by di with an article where
quantity is expressed. When we speak of number, alcuni
or alcune is used. Datemi del pane (Give me some bread),
Datemi alcuni libri (Give me some books). Di with an
article meaning some may be called the Partitive article.
43. II is sometimes used to make the following words
emphatical. Thus to denote a particular Friday, as,
I was arrested on Friday the 13th of October, we say,
Fui arrestato il Venerdl 13 Ottobre.
44. The definitive article is used instead of on in
phrases like this : He comes on Tuesdays and Fridays
(Viene il Martedl ed il Venerdl). But I shall come on
Tuesday is translated by Verro VenerdL
45. The English say, The father and sons ; the Ital-
ians, 11 padre ed ifigli.
46. The indefinite article un, a, or an, is ued before a
word that does not begin with an s followed by a con-
sonant.
47. A is not translated before hundred and thousand
50 ARTICLE.
if cento and milk are used. He had a hundred soldiers
(Aveva cento soldati). We may say, however, Un centinajo
di soldati, un migliajo di navi. The reason is, that cento
and mille are adjectives, and centinajo and migliajo nouns.
48. The English make use of a or an before nouns of
measure or weight, but the Italians use the definite ar-
ticle. He sells wine at two shillings a bottle ( Vende il
vino due scellini la bottiglia) ; I have bought corn for six
pauls a bushel (Ho comprato il grano a sei paoli lo
staio).
49. When speaking of time, a is translated by the de-
finite article. I pay two guineas a- week (Pago due
ghinee la settimana). We may say also per settimana.
50. The indefinite article is not expressed in Italian
after the verb to be, and before a noun denoting country,
profession, or dignity. He is an Irishman (e Irlandese) ;
You will be an advocate (sarete avvocato) ; He is a min-
ister of state (e ministro di stato).
51. A is suppressed before the title of a book. An
English Grammar (Grammatica Inglese).
52. In exclamatory sentences the a is not translated.
What a fine picture ! (Che bel quadro!)
CASE.
53. In order to understand the rules on the personal
pronouns, it will be useful to explain the names of the
Latin Cases. See Part I. section 57.
54. The Cases in Latin were six, and were called
Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and
Ablative.
55. The noun which formed the subject of the propo-
sition was called the Nominative.
CASE. 51
56. The noun which expressed the object of the action
of a transitive verb was called the Accusative.
57. When we speak to any person, we often use some
words, as, Sir, my sister, &c., for the name of a person
or of his rank, &c., to call his attention to us. Such
nouns were said to be in the Vocative case.
58. The other three cases the Genitive, Dative , and
Ablative expressed the same relation as the preposition
di (of), a (to), da (from), do in Italian. These preposi-
tions are therefore called Segnacasi, prepositions marking
cases.
59. The nominative case is called in Italian Caso retto,
to distinguish it from the other cases called Casi obliqui.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
60. The personal pronouns are, Egli for the masculine,
Ella for the feminine. Their plurals are, Eglino and
Elleno.
61. There is also another personal pronoun, Esso for
the masculine, and Essa for the feminine. Their plurals
are, Essi and Esse.
62. Egli and Ella are used for persons only ; Esso
and Essa are used both for persons and things.
63. Egli and Eglino are used in the nominative only ;
in the other cases we use lui for the singular, and loro
for the plural.
64. In the same way, Ella and Elleno are the nomi-
natives, and Lei and Loro are the other cases.
65. Esso, Essa, Essi, and Esse, are the same in all
cases.
66. After Essere (to be), and Parere (to appear), desso,
52 PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
dessi, &c., are used instead of esso, essi, &c., for the sake
of euphony.
67. The reflective pronoun is se ; it has no nominative,
and is the same whether it be masculine or feminine,
singular or plural.
68. Egli is often an expletive, Egli e vero che, &c.
It is true that. We may say also, E vero che, &c.
69. The pronouns in the nominative are often omitted
before a verb. We may say either lo pranzero alle sette
(I shall dine at seven), or simply Pranzero alle sette.
When the omission creates an obscurity it should be
avoided.
70. It is I, It is you, &c., are translated by Sono io,
Sei tu, &c.
71. Con me, con te, con se (with me, with thee, with
him or with her), may be expressed by meco, teco, seco.
72. If I were he, If I were she, are translated by S'io
fossi lui, S'io fossi lei. Happy is he, Happy am I, by
Lui beato, mefelice.
73. All the pronouns become emphatical when coming
after the verb. Parlero io means I shall speak myself.
74. I stood before him is translated by Io stava dinanzi
a lui, but also by Io gll stava dinanzi. (See Sect. 35.)
75. Esso is an expletive affixed to lungo (along), sovra
(upon) ; lunghesso il flume ; sovresso il ponte. These ex-
pressions are poetical. We meet also in classical writers
con esso lui, con esso voi; but we should avoid these ex-
pressions in conversation. General rule : Prefer sim-
plicity when you can.
76. In addressing any person in Italian, the third per-
son feminine is used for strangers as a mark of respect.
77. The use of the third person feminine in addressing
a person was introduced from the custom, once very fre-
PRONOMINAL PARTICLES. 53
quent, of using Vostra Signoria or Vossignoria (often writ-
ten V. S.)j meaning your lordship. This expression is
seldom heard now, but the pronoun in the third person
feminine seems to imply it.
78. Voi (you) is used towards inferiors, and also as
showing a certain degree of familiarity between equals.
79. Tu (thou) is used between intimate friends or
relations, and is the mark not only of equality but of the
greatest familiarity.
80. Voi is also used as a mark of great respect in ad-
dressing sovereigns; and Tu, like Thou in English, is
used as a mark of the highest respect in addressing the
Deity.
81. Loro without a preposition is used instead of a
loro before a verb.
PRONOMINAL PARTICLES.
82. The words mi, d, ti, vi, si, lo, la, gli, le, ne, which
are used often instead of the pronouns, may be called
PRONOMINAL PARTICLES. It is of the utmost importance
that the proper use and signification of these particles
should be thoroughly understood.
TABLE OF THE PRONOMINAL PARTICLES.
1. Mi, to me, me. ! 6. Lo, him, it.
2. Ci, to us, us, in it, to it, | 7. Gli, to him, to it, them.
in them, to them.
3. Ti 9 to thee, thee.
4. Vi, to you, you, in it, to
it, in them, to them.
5. Si, to himself, himself, to
themselves, themselves.*)
8. La, her.
9. Le, to her, them.
10. Ne, of or from him, her,
it, them.
' Si is used for both genders and. numbers.
54 PKONOMINAL PARTICLES.
RULES ON THE PRONOMINAL PARTICLES.
83. I. The pronominal particles are either pronouns
under a different form, or pronouns joined to a preposi-
tion.
84. II. The pronominal particles are always placed
before the verb, unless they are affixed to it. The pro-
nouns that correspond to them are generally placed after
the verb.
85. III. The pronominal particles are used in prefer-
ence, the pronouns only when emphasis is required.
lo vi amo (I love you) ; lo amo voi come voi amate me
(I love you as you love me) ; Mi date un libro (You give
me a book) ; Date un libro a me? (Is it to me that you
give a book ?)
86. IV. The pronominal particles are affixed to the
verb in the infinitive, present and past participle, and the
imperative, except when the imperative is negative, or
in the third person singular or plural.
87. V. The last vowel of the infinitive is always cut
off when a pronominal particle is affixed to it ; and when
the infinitive ends, like condurre (to conduct), with an r
before the last syllable, the latter is cut off entirely.
Voglio condurvi io (I wish to conduct you myself).
88. VI. The pronominal particles are also affixed to
the interjection ecco (behold) ; eccomi (behold me, or
here I am).
89. VII. When ci and vi are used with mi, ti, or si,
they come after them.
90. VIII. Mi, ti, ci, vi, si, are changed into me, te, cc,
ve, se, when used with lo, gli, la, le, ne ; and the two
words are joined together, Egli melo da.
PRONOMINAL PARTICLES. 55
91. IX. Gil loses the g when affixed to mi, ci, ti, vi,
si, or gli meaning themselves.
92. X. Gli is changed into glie, and prefixed to ?o, ft,
Za, Ze, ne, when these particles are used with it.
93. XI. Gil, before Zo, ft, Za, le, ne, means not only to
him, but also to her. Glieli da means he gives them to
him, and he gives them to her.
94. XII. Li is sometimes used for gli, and often when
we speak of the days of the month, ft due, ft tre, &c. (the
second, the third), &c.
95. XIII. Lo (him or it) and non (not) may be joined
and form nol. I do not deny it, is translated either by lo
non lo nego, or lo nol nego.
96. XIV. II is sometimes used as a pronominal par-
ticle, and instead of lo. I saluted him is translated by
il salutai, or lo salutai. Lo, however, is more commonly
used, and is more agreeable to the ear.
97. XV. It is a general rule, that when to a mono-
syllable, or to a word accented on the last vowel, is
affixed a termination or a word beginning with a con-
sonant, this consonant should be doubled. Thus, if to
dd (give) is joined mi (to me), we say dammi, and not
dami.
98. XVI. So is very often translated by lo (it) ; I
think so (lo credo) ; do so (fatelo), &e.
99. XVII. Ne signifies also a noi and noi (to us and
us). Ne danno molte cose (they give to us many things).
100. XVIII. Gli never doubles the g when affixed
to a verb. We say dirotti* (I shall say to thee), but
dirogli (I shall say to him).
101. XIX. Si before an active verb often gives to it
* The pronominal particles are sometimes affixed to other parts
of the verb besides those mentioned in Section 86.
D
56 PRONOMINAL PARTICLES.
a passive signification. Come si chiama means not only
how does he call himself, but also how is he called.
102. XX. Si sometimes seems to have the signifi-
cation of an indefinite nominative, equivalent to the
English one, man, they. Come si chiama may thus be
translated by How do they call him. At home, one does
as one pleases (a casa, si fa quel che si vuole) * People
may say what they like (si pud dire quel che si vuole).
103. XXI. Sometimes an entire sentence forms the
subject of the proposition when si is used. Si dice che
verrd la regina ad Edimburgo (it is said that the queen
will come to Edinburgh). Here the nominative of si
dice is che verra la regina ad Edimburgo.
104. XXII. When the verb is reflective, si cannot be
used as an indefinite nominative, but, as in English,
we may use uno (one), noi (we), &c., as Una si lusinga in-
vano (one flatters himself in vain), or Noi ci lusinghiamo
in vano (we flatter ourselves in vain), or Si lusingano
invano (they flatter themselves in vain).
105. The possessive pronoun is often translated by the
pronominal particles, when we speak of any thing referred
principally or belonging to the person spoken of. I have
hurt my finger is translated by Mi sono fatto male al
dito.
ADJECTIVES.
106. Adjectives end either in o or in e. Those that
end in o are masculine, the o being changed into a for the
feminine. Those that end in e are both masculine and
feminine.
* As the student must accustom himself to remember the open
sound of e and o, the circumflex accent hitherto used to distinguish
it will now be seldom used. When preceded by u 9 o is always
open, and therefore need not be marked.
ADJECTIVES. 57
107. Adjectives follow the same rules as nouns for the
plural. The plural of a is e ; o and e take i.
108. Tanto and cotanto (so much), quanta (how much),
troppo (too much), altrettanto (as much), molto (much),
poco (little), being adjectives, are changed into a for the
feminine, as tanta, quanta. Their plural is tanti, tante ;
quanti, quante, &c.
109. Piu, meno, assai (more, less, and many), are un-
changeable in their termination.
110. A little, in the phrase give me a little wine, being
a substantive, and signifying a small quantity of, is trans-
lated by un poco di. Datemi un poco di vino (give me
a little wine).
111. The adjective alquanto may be used instead of
un poco di] as, datemi alquanto vino, or un poco di
vino.
112. Cosifatto is the same as tale (such). Non dite
cosifatte cose (do not say such things).
113. Parecchio in the singular means such or similar,
in the plural it means several. Ho parecchi libri (I have
several books) ; Come avete potuto fare una cosa parec-
chia (how could you do such a thing ?)
114. Piu may be used instead of parecchi and parec-
chie. Ho piu libri, ho piu case (I have several books, I
have several houses).
115. Mezzo (half) agrees with a substantive when
placed before it, but assumes the meaning of the sub-
stantive meta when placed after it. Una mezza bot
tiglia (half a bottle) ; Una bottiglia e mezzo (a bottle and
a half).
116. Bello (beautiful), quello (that), santo (saint), lose
the last syllable before masculine nouns beginning with
a consonant, except it be an s followed by a consonant.
58 ADJECTIVES.
117. Bel and quel become bei and quei, or be' and que' 7
in the plural. San has only santi for the plural.
118. Grande is changed into gran before nouns both
masculine and feminine, if they do not begin with a vowel,
or s followed by a consonant.
119. Buono loses the o before masculine nouns, ex-
cept they begin with s followed by a consonant.
120. Adjectives expressing figure, form, colour, taste,
or derived from the name of a nation or from a verb,
generally follow the noun. Una tavola rotonda (a round
table) ; un vestito nero (a black dress), &e.
121. It is often desirable to place the adjective after
the noun when the former is composed of a greater num-
ber of syllables, as, un libro eccellentissimo ; also when
two or more adjectives qualify the noun ; but in such cases
we must be guided entirely by the rules of euphony.
122. Benedetto is sometimes an expression of impa-
tience. If a man keep us waiting, we say in Italian,
Quel benedetto uomo non viene (literally, that blessed
man does not come).
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES.
123. When in comparisons of equality the first term
of the comparison is indicated by the word cost or si (so),
the second term is always indicated by the word come (as).
Siete cost buona or si buona come bella ; you are so (as)
good as you are beautiful.
124. Tanto is always followed by quanto. Avete tanto
danaro quanto ilfratel vostro (you have as much money
as your brother).
125. Tale (such) is always followed by quale (as).
Tali dobbiamo essere quali vogliamo comparire (we
ought to be such as we wish to appear).
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. 59
126. Cost, tanto, and tale, may be understood, and we
may say, Siete buona come bella ; Avete danaro quanto
il fratel vostro ; Dobbiamo essere quali vogliamo com-
parire.
127. Tanto, quanto, tale, quale, are used as adjectives
when followed by a substantive. Ho tanti servitori quanti
ne avete voi (I have as many servants as you).
128. More... than, less... than, are translated by piu
...di, meno...di, if the comparison is between substan-
tives, personal pronouns, or two infinitives ; and by piu
...che, meno... che, in all other cases. Sono piu grande
di voi (I am taller than you are) ; E piu prudente che
ddtto (he is more prudent than learned).
129. Than followed by a verb not in the infinitive
mood is rendered by che non. Essi lianno meno danaro
che non credete (they have less money than you think).
130. When the comparison is between verbs, we may
say piu che (more than), or piu di quello che ; meno che
non, or meno di quello che non. Spende piu che non
guadagna, or Spende piu di quello che guadagna (he
spends more than he gains).
131. The following words are comparatives derived
from the Latin :
1. Maggiore, greater.
2. Minors, less.
3. Peggiore, worse.
4. Migliore, better.
5. Meglio, better, (adv.)
6. PeggiOy worse, (adv.)
132. It must be observed that migliore and peggiore
are adjectives ; meglio and peggio adverbs.
133. The superlative absolute is formed by adding
issimo to the adjective. Ell 1 era bellissima (she was most
beautiful) ; or by placing molto before it, EW eya molto
Leila.
60 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES.
134. Sciocco and sciocca (foolish) make the superlative
schioccherello and scidccherella. The h is here added to
the terminations erello and erella, to preserve the hard
sound of the a in sciocco and sciocca.
135. The superlative absolute may become an adverb ;
thus from grandissimo we may form grandissimamente.
136. A superlative absolute may be expressed by
placing tutto before the adjective, or by the repetition of
the adjective : E tutto chiuso, or e chiuso chiuso (it is all
shut up). This last form is rather familiar.
137. The superlative of relation is indicated by placing-
an article before piu and meno : il piu forte di tutti gli
uomini.
138. The following superlatives are derived from the
Latin :
1. Ottimo, best.
2. Pessimo, worst.
0. Minima, least.
4. InfimOy lowest.
5. Supremo, highest.
6. Acerrimo, most harsh or
cruel,
7. Celeberrimo, most famous.
139. The definite article before a comparative is not
translated into Italian. The more difficult a thing is, the
more honourable it is (piu una cosa e difficile piu essa
e onorevole).
140. Sometimes tanto e quanta are placed before piu
and meno. Tanto piu uno e ignorante, tanto piu cgli e
pronto nel giudicare (the more ignorant a man is, the
more ready he is to judge). The tanto , like the article
the in English, serves to give force to the sentence.
141. Come and quanto may be changed into al pari
di (equally). Lo conosco al pari di voi (I know him as
well as you do).
61
AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES.
142. Augmentatives and diminutives are words whose
signification is modified by the addition of one or more
syllables.
143. The termination one added to a word conveys
the idea of greatness. All feminine nouns that receive
this termination become masculine. Example : La tavola
(the table) ; II tavolone (the large table).
144. Feminine adjectives do not change their gender
when one is affixed to them. She is very silly, is trans-
lated by Ella e una scioccona.
145. The termination ino, which adds to the noun the
idea of little, sometimes renders it masculine. Thus from
tavola (table) we form tavolino (small table).
146. The termination accio expresses contempt ; as,
omaccio (a contemptible man) ; donnaccia (a contemptible
woman).
147. Uomo (man) always loses the vowel u when any
termination is affixed to it.
148. The terminations azzo and astro, like accio,
express contempt, but are less used : Popolazzo (mob) ;
giovanastro (a despicable youth).
149. Otto means rather, as grassotto (rather fat).
150. The termination ino expresses not only littleness,
but a certain affection towards the object ; etto conveys
the same idea, but it may also mark contempt. Exam-
ples : FanduIUno, fanciulletto (little child).
151. The termination uzzo (omuzzo, little man, dwarf)
expresses littleness, the effect of extraordinary leanness
in a person of very small stature.
152. Erello (vecckieretto, little old man) may indicate
62 AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES.
smallness alone, and also levity and want of dignity
in the object so qualified ; as when we speak of a vain
and affected man (vanarello) ; of a foolish girl (pazzarelld),
&c.
153. Icciuola (omicciuolOj worthless little man) may
denote physical defect in size, and the little importance
of the individual or object to which it is attributed.
154. Icdattolo and icciatto (omicciattolo omicciatto,
contemptible man) expresses a very great degree of con-
tempt.
155. Some words are susceptible of one termination
rather than another.
156. Adjectives and some adverbs can be thus modi-
fied : caro (dear), carino, carina ; bello (fine), bettino,
lellina ; and bene (well), benino, benone.
157. There are double augmentatives and diminu-
tives : ladro (thief), ladrone (great thief), ladronacdo
(great ugly thief) ; cosa (thing), cosetta (little thing),
cosettina (very little thing).
158. Each termination expresses a different idea or
shade. There is a variation of meaning, which we can
learn only by experience and practice, in the changes of
which some words are susceptible; as, vecchio, vecchie-
rellino, vecchiettino, vecchietto, vecchierello, vecchiotto, vec-
chiuzzo.
159. The use of augmentatives and diminutives is
most frequently admitted in the familiar style.
63
NUMERALS.
160. The numeral adjectives are divided
into Cardinal
and Ordinal.
CARDINAL NUMBERS.
Uno,
one.
Didass'tte,
seventeen.
Due,
two.
Didotto,
eighteen.
Tre,
three.
Didannove,
nineteen.
Quattro,
four.
Venti,
twenty.
Cinque,
five.
Ventuno,
twenty-one.
S&,
six.
Trenta,
thirty.
Sette,
seven.
Quaranta,
forty.
otto,
eight.
Cinquanta,
fifty.
N6ve,
nine.
Sessanta,
sixty.
Died,
ten.
Stftanta,
seventy.
Undid,
eleven.
Ottanta,
eighty.
Dddid,
twelve.
Novanta,
ninety.
Tredid,
thirteen.
Cento,
hundred.
Quattordid,
Qutndid,
fourteen,
fifteen.
Due cento, )
Dugento, j
two hundred.
Sedici,
sixteen.
Milk,
thousand.
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
Primo,
first.
Dedmo sesto,
sixteenth.
Secondo,
second.
Dedmo settimo,
seventeenth.
Terzo,
third.
Dedmo ottavo,
eighteenth.
Quarto,
fourth.
Dedmo nono,
nineteenth.
Quinto,
fifth.
Ventesimo,
twentieth.
Sesto,
Settimo,
sixth,
seventh.
Ventesimo primo,
vigesimo primo,
Uwenty-first.
Ottavo,
eighth.
Trentesimo,
thirtieth.
Nona,
ninth.
Quarantesimo,
fortieth.
Dedmo,
tenth.
Cinquantesimo,
fiftieth.
Undedmo, de-~
>- eleventh
Sessantesimo,
sixtieth.
dmo primo,
Settantesimo,
seventieth.
Duodecimo, de- *
>- twelfth.
Ottantesimo,
eightieth.
dmo secondo,
Novantesimo,
ninetieth.
Dedmo terzo,
thirteenth.
Centesimo,
hundredth.
Dedmo quarto,
fourteenth.
Millesimo,
thousandth.
Dedmo quinto,
fifteenth.
64 NUMERALS.
161. Mille has the plural mila.
162. We cannot say in Italian, undid cento, dodici
cento, &c. ; but mille e cento, mille e due cento, &c.
163. The ordinal number placed after the name of so-
vereigns to indicate the order of succession has no article
before it as in English ; Leone decimo (Leo the Tenth).
164. After 21, 31, 41, 51, &c., the substantive qual-
ified by these numbers is singular ; Vent' un franco, trent 1
un franco, &c. It seems in such cases that the plurality
of twenty is unnoticed, and that the substantive is made
to agree with the singular number uno.
165. In multiplication we may say quattro volte quattro
fanno sedici, or quattro via quattro sedici (four times four
make sixteen).
166. Li is used very frequently instead of the article
gli before the cardinal number indicating the day of the
month; Partiremo li died (we shall set out on the tenth).
Observe that on is not translated into Italian.
167. Both is translated by tutti due, or tutti e due, as
I wish them both (li voglio tutti e due), when it is re-
ferred to two nouns, but by e . . . e when referred to two
sentences ; I shall go there both to-morrow and next
day (vi andro e domani e Valtro).
168. By twos, by threes, by fours, are translated by
a due, a tre, a quattro. Two by two, three by three (a
due a due, a tre a tre).
169. The adjective same is often elegantly translated
by uno (one). All lead to the same end (tutti tirano ad
unfine).
170. When we speak of the hour of the day, we say
e la una (it is one o'clock), scno le due (it is two o'clock),
sono le tre (it is three o'clock), &c.
171. It is immaterial whether the substantive be placed
NUMERALS. 65
after or before the Cardinal number ; as, anni venti cinque,
or venti cinque anni (twenty-five years).
172. We cannot say two and thirty, three and thirty,
&c. ; but only thirty-two, thirty-three (trenta due, trenta
tre), &c.
173. In early times, the Italians began to count
the hours from one sunset to another. One o'clock was
the first hour after the setting of the sun, and the twenty-
fourth hour the one immediately before. It is still cus-
tomary in some parts of Italy to say, le ventitre, le venti-
quattro, as a convenient way to express one or two hours
before dusk.
174. Una decina, una dozzina, una quindicina, una
rentina, una trentina, una quarantina, un centinajo, un
migliajo, are collective substantives derived from the nu-
merical adjectives.
175; This day week, this day fortnight, are translated
by 6ggi a otto, oggi a quindici.
176. Per uno means for each person. II pranzo ci
e costato cinque franchi per uno (the dinner cost us five
francs a-piece).
177. In speaking of the different centuries of our liter-
ature, the thirteenth century is called il dugento, the four-
teenth il trecento, the fifteenth il quattrocento, and so on.
178. And is not used in notation, as in the following
and similar phrases : In the year one thousand eight
hundred and fifty-one (neW anno rnille ottocento cinquan-
tuno).
PRONOUNS.
179. The definition generally given of a pronoun is
correct, namely, that it is a word used instead of a
noun ; but the application of this definition is confined to
66 PRONOUNS.
the class of Personal pronouns. These have already been
spoken of.
180. There are two other kinds of pronouns, viz.
Relative and the Adjective pronouns, which are, properly
speaking, either adjectives or articles , though some of
them are nouns.
181. Relative pronouns are such as relate in general
to some word or phrase going before, thence called the
Antecedent They are, who, which, and what. Example :
u The man is happy who lives virtuously" (Vuomo il
quote vive virtuosamente e felice)*
182. What is a kind of compound relative, including
both the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to
that which: as, u This is what I wanted," that is to say,
" the thing which I wanted." It is translated in Italian
by Quel che or do che, or la cosa die ; Questo e QUEL CHE
voglio, or cib CHE voglio ; or Questa e la COSA CHE voglio.
183. Who is applied to persons, which to things and
irrational animals. This distinction is not found in the
Italian language.
184. That as a relative is often used to prevent the
too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied
to both persons and things, and is translated by Che.
He that acts wisely, &c. (colui CHE agisce saviamente).
185. Who, which, and what, are called Interrogatives
when they are used in asking questions, and are trans-
lated respectively by chi, quale, and che.
186. The word that is sometimes a relative, sometimes
* The relative pronouns may be called Conjunctive Adjectives,
as they fulfil the office of a conjunction in joining one proposition
to another, and in a certain manner make the proposition which
follows them equivalent to an adjective, as when we say, the king
who is just (il re che e giusto), which is the same as the just king
(il re giitsto).
PRONOUNS. 67
a conjunction, and sometimes a demonstrative pronoun.
When it is a demonstrative pronoun, it is translated by
quetto*
187. The adjective pronouns are subdivided into four
kinds : namely, possessive, distributive, demonstrative, and
indefinite.
188. The possessive pronouns are those which relate
to possession or property. In English they are seven in
number : my, thy, his, her, our, your, their. In Italian
there are only six : mio, tuo, suo, nostro, vostro, loro.
189. The possessive pronouns, being adjectives, agree
in gender and number with the substantive ; but mio, tuo,
and suo, are irregular in their masculine plural, which is
miei, tuoi, suoi.
190. Loro is unchangeable, being alike in the mas-
culine and feminine, singular and plural.
191. The distributive pronouns are those which, taken
separately, denote the persons or things that make up a
number. They are, each (ciascuno), every (ogni), either
(1'uno o Taltro).
192. The demonstrative pronouns are those which point
out precisely the subjects to which they relate : in Eng-
lish there are two, this and that. This refers to the nearer
person or thing, that to the more distant.-j-
* The student will observe that the word that is a relative pro-
noun when it can be turned into who or which, a demonstrative
pronoun when it is immediately followed by a noun to which it
refers or is joined, and a conjunction in all other cases.
t The demonstrative pronouns perform the same office as the
article, namely, they limit the extension of the noun ; as, / like
books, I like this book, I like the look. In the first example, I mean
books in general; in the second and third, one particular book.
Hence the correct denomination of these words should be that of
demonstrative articles.
68 PRONOUNS.
193. This is translated by questo, and that by quello.
But when the person or thing is near, or belongs or re-
fers to the person spoken to, cotesto is used; as, What
coat is that which you have on ? (che abito e COTESTO
che avete inddsso f) What words are these that you say ?
(che parole sono COTESTE che dite ?)
194. The indefinite pronouns are those which express
subjects in an indefinite or general manner; as, some
(qualche), other (altro), any (alcuno), one (uno), all (tut-
to\ &c. These are either adjectives or nouns.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ITALIAN PRONOUNS.
195. Che after a semicolon, colon, or period, always
means because. It is sometimes accented when used in
this manner : Placati : CHE altrimenti, &c. (be appeased :
because otherwise).
196. Che is used in some exclamatory expressions
with the imperative, and seems to add force to such sen-
tences : Che benedetta sia Vora (blessed be the hour) ; che
sifaccia (let it be done). The verb voglio (I wish) is un-
derstood before such phrases.
197. Non che is elegantly used instead of non solo (not
only). Petrarch says, Spero trovar pietd, NON CHE per-
dono (I hope to find pity, not pardon only).
198. Che as a conjunction may be understood : Voglio
mi diciate (I wish that you would tell me).
199. Che is used as a substantive, and means which
thing ; II che non e vero (which thing is not true).*
200. The books you bought, should be translated by
/ libri che compraste. A most important rule in render-
* Alcun die is the same as alcuna cosa (something).
PRONOUNS. 69
ing English into Italian is to supply all the words under-
stood in English, unless we know that such words may
also be omitted in the Italian.
201. Che used with non means but or only. Non hanno
che un libro (they have but one book).
202. Che is used for since. E molto tempo che son
qui (I have been here a long time).
203. Che means so that. Chi lo legherd CUE non si
sciolga ? (who will tie him so that he may not release
himself?)
204. Che may be used for affinche (in order to).
Guardava d'intorno dove si potesse porre CHE non si
bagnasse (he looked round where he might place him-
self in order that he might not become wet).
205. Non ho CHE fare means I have nothing to do.
206. Che che means whatever. Che che avvenga (what-
ever may happen).
207. Lest is translated by che non. Do not give him
so much money lest he abuse it (non gli date tanto danaro
CHE NON ne abusi).
208. Che is used with piu and meno. Piu che (more
than) ; meno che (less than). (See Section 128).
209. Che is often used as an expletive after an inter-
jection; Ahi! CHE sono per duto (Alas! I am lost).
210. In exclamatory sentences, What a man! what a
woman! the indefinite article a is omitted. What a
man ! (che uomo !) what a woman ! (che donna /)
211. What? in interrogative sentences is translated
by che ? or che cosa ? (what thing ?) or cosa alone. Che
dite ? or che cosa dite 1 or cosa dite ? (what do you say ?)
212. Che is used for quel che (that which or what);
Non so che dite (I do not know what you say).
70 PRONOUNS.
CHI.
213. Chi is always singular. It means,
1 . Who is the person that ?
2. The person who.
3. Some persons.
1. Chiparlaf (who speaks?)
2. Chi lo dice ha ragione (he who says so is right).
3. In questo mondo chi piange e chi ride (in this world
some weep and some laugh).
GUI.
214. Speaking of persons, cui is used in the genitive,
dative, or ablative case more commonly than che.
L'uomo DI cui parlate (the man of whom you speak).
Speaking of things, che may be used in all cases.
215. Cui should always be used for che when the latter
might create obscurity. The man whom my father loved,
is better translated by I'uomo cuiamava mio padre than by
Vuomo che, &c. Owing to the nominative coming so fre-
quently after the verb in Italian, the second example might
be understood to signify The man who loved my father.
216. Cui is sometimes used between the article and
its substantive, and then means di cui ; as, // cui valore
(the valour of whom, or whose valour).
217. Quale means come in comparison, and is followed
by tale. Dante says, QUALE ijioretti dal notturno gelo
chinati e chiusi, poiche il sol gl'imbianca, si drizzan tutti
aperti in loro stelo ; TAL mi fec'io di mia virtute stanca.
(As flowerets, by the nightly chilness bended down and
closed, erect themselves all open on their stems when the
sun whitens them, thus I did with my fainting courage).
Dr Cartyle's Translation.
218. Quale means whoever, whatever, or whichsoever.
PRONOUNS, 71
Qual dl lassu discende (whoever descends from above) ;
Qual si sia la cagione (whatever may be the cai^se) ;
Qual volete di questi due libri f (which of these two books
do you wish ?)
219. Quale in the above signification is often joined to
32 sia or si voglia, as qualsisia or qualsivoglia ; plural,
qualsisiano and qualsivogliano.
220. Quale is used in the singular in the sense of some
persons. Quale se ne ando in campagna, e qual quci e
qual Id (Some persons went into the country, and some
here and some there).
221. Quale is used as well as che in expressions of
doubt. Non so qual cosa, or che, mi tenga dot, &c. (I do
not know what keeps me from, &c.)
222. Quale is used in the same way in interjections.
Quale amore, qual ricchezza, qual parentela ! or Che
amore, che richezza, die parentela ! (What love, what
wealth, what parentage!)
223. Tale e quale means " exactly such."
224. Cotale is the same as tale (such). How can you
say such a thing? (Come potete dire una tal cosa, or una
cotal cosa ?)
225. I. Onde means " of whom or which." L'uomo
onde si parla (the man of whom one speaks).
226. II. Onde expresses also the things with which.
Conviene che mi guadagni con fatica ONDE vivo ONDE
vesto (I must gain with difficulty the means by which
I live and dress).
227. III. Onde means " so that." Comincia apiovere
ONDE e meglio che torni a casa (It begins to rain, so that
I had better return home).
228. IV. Onde has also the signification of in thai
72 PRONOUNS.
place, whither : La ONDE io vado non c'e (it is not in the
place, to which I am going).
229. Y. Onde and donde mean whence. Non so ONDE
or DONDE veniate (I do not know whence you come).*
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
230. The possessive pronouns are,
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Masculine and Feminine. Masculine and Feminine.
Mio, mia, my, mine. Miei, mie, my, mine.
Tuo, tua, thy, thine. Tuoi, tue, thy, thine.
Suo, sua, his, her. Suoi, sue, his, her.
Nostro, nostra, our. Nostri, nostre, our.
Vostro, vostra, your. Vostri, vostre, your.
Loro, their. Loro, their.
231. The possessive pronoun agrees with the thing
possessed, and not with the possessor. Mary sold her
ring (Maria ha venduto il suo anello).
232. The possessive pronoun is preceded by an article
when agreeing with a substantive expressed or under-
stood. II mio panno (my cloth) ; Questo panno e IL MIO
(this cloth is mine).
233. It must be observed that there is a difference be-
tween questo panno e mio, and questo panno e il mio, cor-
responding to the difference between this cloth is mine and
this is my cloth.
234. The article is omitted before possessive pronouns
agreeing with a substantive expressing relationship or
* It will be observed that this word has very different significa-
tions^ according to which it forms a different part of speech. It has
been thought more convenient to state all that was essential to be
known about such words when they first occur, than to introduce
the observations under various heads.
PRONOUNS. 73
dignity, but never if a word comes between them, or
if the possessive pronouns are in the plural or before
loro.
Ecco miofratello (here is my brother).
Ecco il mio carofratello (here is my dear brother).
Ecco il lorofratello (here is their brother).
Ecco i mieifratelli (here are my brothers).
235. Though mio before fratello has no article, as in
the first of the above examples, the article may be used
to add force, and we may sometimes say emphatically
ecco IL miofratello.
236. Some familiar expressions for relations, such as
mamma and its diminutives, require an article before the
possessive. La mia mamma (my mamma) ; La mia sorel-
lina (my little sister).
237. They are sisters of mine, they are friends of his,
should be translated by sono mie sorelle, sono suoi amid;
but these are my sisters, these are my friends, are trans-
lated by queste sono le mie sorelle, questi sono i miei amid.
238. When the meaning of what we say is perfectly
clear, the possessive is often omitted. E partito colla
moglie, coi figli, e con tutta la famiglia (He went away
with his wife, his children, and all his family).
239. The possessive pronouns are used also as sub-
stantives. The sense supplies the meaning. Ha per-
duto il suo (he has lost his fortune) ; rivedro i miei (I
shall again see my relations) ; // capitano si ritirb co' suoi
(the captain retired with his men).
240. The personal noun in the dative is very often
substituted for the possessive pronoun. Thus, instead of
saying he is Hot my father (egli non e MIO padre), the
Italians prefer saying egli non MI e padre. This is par-
ticularly the case in speaking of the various parts of
74 PRONOUNS.
the body or of dress. Eccovi il fazzotetto (here is your
handkerchief) ; Se lo pose sulle ginocchia (he put it upon
his knees).
241. It is immaterial whether we say un mio amico (a
friend of mine), or uno del miei amid (one of my friends).
242. Sometimes we use the personal pronoun instead
of the possessive, to prevent obscurity : as^ Caesar loves
his brother and his sons (Cesare ama suo fratello ed i
figli DI LUI).
243. When own is added to the possessive pronoun,
it may be omitted, or translated by proprio. She wrote
that letter with her own hand (Scrisse quella lettera di
suopugno, or disuo PROPRIO pugno, or dipnftpRiopugno).
244. One's own is translated by .proprio when used
generally. To confess one's own sins is a mark, &c. (11
confessare i PR6PRI peccati e segno, &c.)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
245. The Italians have three demonstrative pronouns ;
questo (this), quello (that), and cotesto, the meaning of
which cannot be expressed by a single word in English.
It is used when we speak of any person or thing refer-
ring, belonging, or near to the person spoken to. Cotesto
vestito vi va bene (that coat fits you well) ; Che parole sono
coteste? (what words are those of yours?)
246. Questo is often employed as an expletive with
oggi (to-day). Thus we say oggi or quest' oggi non esco
(I do not go out to-day).
247. Mane and mattina (morning), sera (evening),
notte (night), are joined to questa, and form the adverbs
stamanej st'amattina^ stasera, stanotte.
PRONOUNS. 7 5
248. Codesto, codesti, may be used instead of cotesto,
cotesti.
249. From cotesto we have derived the adverbs costa
and costij meaning the place where the person addressed
is.
250. Costl is used for a definite spot ; costa is a more
general expression. This distinction is also found be-
tween qui and qua (here), II and Id (there).
251. In questo, in questa, in quello, in quella, mean
on this or on that time or occasion. Tempo is under-
stood with questo and quello, and ora with questa and
quella. In quella arrivarono due soldati (at that mo-
ment two soldiers arrived).
252. Costui, costei, costoro, mean this man, this
woman ; these men, these women. Colui, colei, coloro,
mean that man, that woman ; those men, those women.
253. Questi, cotesti, and qucgli, signify this or that
man, and are used only in the nominative singular.
Questi and quegli correspond to costui and colui ; Cotesti,
like cotesto, applied to an individual near the person
spoken to.
254. do has the same signification as questa, cotesta,
or quella cosa. Che vuol dir do ? (what does this
mean ?)
255. From do are derived doe (this is), ciocche (that
which), acciocclie (in order that), &c.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
OGNI, QUALUNQUE, CHIUNQUE, CIASCUNO, CI ASCII ED UNO.
256. Ogni signifies every, and is iised for the singu-
lar of both genders. The plural may be expressed by
76 PRONOUNS.
tutti i or tutte le. Ogni giorno, ogni notte ; or tutti i
giorni or tutte le notti.
257. From ogni we form ognuno (every one), and
ognora (always). Ognora is rather poetical.
258. Every other day, every third day, every fort-
night, are rendered by ogni due giorni, ogni tre giorni,
ogni quindici giorni.
259. Qualunque persona is the same as ogni persona
che (every person that).
260. Chiunque is the same as qualunque uomo, or
ogni uomo che (every man that, or whoever).
261. Ciascuno and ciascheduno are the same as ognuno
(every one). The feminine is ciascuna, ciascheduna.
262. Each is translated by per uno in such phrases as
this : He gives each of us two apples (ci da due mele
per uno).
ALCUNO, QUALCHE, NESSUNO, NIUNO, VERUNO, NIENTE.
263. Alcuno signifies some, any. Avete alcuna diffi-
coltd ? (have you some or any difficulty?) Give me
'some books (datemi alcuni libri) ; I see some ladies
(vedo alcune signore).
264. The partitive article del, dei, delta, delle, &c.,
should be used for some when, instead of number, we
speak of quantity. (See Section 42). Give me some
sugar (datemi del zuccliero}.
265. Alcuno with non after it is the same as nessuno*
Alcuno non vifu, or nessuno vifu (there was no one).
266. Qualche may be substituted for alcuno, but it
is always singular. Give me some apples (datemi alcune
mele, or qualche mela).
267. Nessuno, niuno, and veruno, signify no and no
one, being either adjectives or substantives. No one
PRONOUNS. 77
knows it (nessuno, niuno, or veruno lo so) ; Nothing is
certain (nessuna cosa e certa).
268. When nessuno, niuno, veruno, and niente (nothing)
follow a verb, non (not) is always placed before it. Non
ho niente (I have nothing).
269. Nessuno, niuno, veruno, may signify alcwuo.
Piu veloce che nessun cavallo (swifter than any horse).
270. Niente and nulla are sometimes used for some-
thing. Se 20 possofar nulla per voi, commandatemi (if I
can do any thing for you, command me).
271. Niente and nulla may sometimes be expressed by
che. Chi e innocente non ha niente da temere ; or Chi e
innocente non ha che temere (he who is innocent has no-
thing to fear).
272. Nullo means null or void, and is then an adjec-
tive. Those laws were rendered null (quelle leggi furono
rese NULLE).
TUTTO.
273. Tutto (all) as a substantive, is generally without
an article. Tutto e finito (all is over) . // may be used for
greater emphasis.
274. Tutto che and con tutto che signify although.
275. All of us is translated by noi tutti or tutti noi.
276. Con tutto do, tuttavia, con tutto questo, signify
nevertheless. Al tutto, del tutto, at tutto e per tutto (en-
tirely) ; Per tutto, da per tutto (every where) ; Tutt'
altro (in a quite different manner) ; Tutt' or a (always) j
E tutt' uno (it is all one, the same).
277. Tutto quanto is more emphatical than tutto. Oggi
vi aspetto tutti quanti (to-day I expect you all) ; Tremava
tutta quanta (she trembled all over).
78 PRONOUNS.
ALTRO, ALTBUI.
278. Altro means any thing else; Avete altrof (have
you any thing else ?)
279. Non e altro che means nothing else; Non fa
alfro che cica j are (she does nothing else but chatter).
280. Altro is often used for much more. C'e altro !
(there is a great deal more !)
281. Per altro is used for however. Per altro e molto
avaro (however, he is very avaricious).
282. Otherwise is sometimes translated by altro. That
cannot be otherwise than useful to you (Non pud esservi
a'tro che utile).
283. Dotto quanto qualunque altro (as learned as any
other). Uomo (man) is understood after altro.
284. We say Chi altri? (who besides?) Nessun altro
(no one else).
285. Altri sometimes signifies some men. Altri cangia
il pelo prirna che i costumi ; some men change their hair
(become old) sooner than their customs. Altri is sin-
gular.
286. Altri in the plural is often an expletive. Noi
altri, voi altri, quelli altri (we, you y those). These ex-
pressions are very frequent.
287. Words derived from altro, altri:
1. Altramente, altramenti, altrimenti (otherwise).
2. Altresi (also).
3. Altretale or altrettale (the same).
4. Altrettanto (as much).
5. Altronde (from another part).
6. A trove (elsewhere).
288. Altrui is used in every case except the nominative
instead of altri. Pemoso piu d'altrui che di se (more
PRONOUNS.
79
anxious about others than about himself) ; Uccide altrui
(he kills others).
289. L 'altrui cose is the same as the cose degli altri
(the things of others). L* altrui is also a substantive,
meaning the property of others.
290. Altrui is used by itself instead of of others. Beato
Vuomo die impara a spese altrui (happy is the man who
learns at the expense of others).
PREPOSITIONS.
291. Prepositions, with the cases they govern.*
Accanto
Allato
Addosso
A fronte
A guisa
A modo
Anzi
Appetto
Appie
Appresso
A vanti
Circa
Contra
Contro
Dentro
Dietro
Dila
Di qua
Discosto
Dopo
Eccetto
Entro
Near by, at the side of, about Dat. Gen.
On, upon one's back, about, at Dat.
Opposite, over against Dat. Gen,
Like Gen.
Before
Opposite, in comparison with
At the foot
With, near, by, next
Before, in the presence of
About, concerning
Against, over against
Within
Behind
On that side )
On this side f
Far
After
Except, but
Within, in
Ace.
Dat, Gen.
Gen.
Ace. Gen. Dat.
Dat.Acc.Abl.
Ace. Dat. Gen.
Gen. Act. Dat.
Dat. Ace.
Dat.Acc.G.Abl.
Abl.
Abl. Dat.
Ace. Gen. Dat.
Ace.
Ace. Dat.
* The case first specified is the one most generally in use.
80
PREPOSITIONS.
Fino, Sino
Fra, Tra
Fuori
Fuorche
In mezzo
Infuori
Intorno
Lunghesso \ A1
T y > Along,
Till, until, as far as, to Dat. Ace*
Within,between,besides, among Ace.
Beside, besides, out, outside Gen. Ace.
Except Ace.
In the middle Dat. Gen. Act.
Except, but, excepted Abl.
About, round about Dat.
Ace.
Ace.
Dat. Ace.
Gen.
Dat. Gen. Ace.
Dat.
Ace. Dat.
Dat.
Ace.
Ace.
Ace. Gen.
Ace. Gen. Dat.
Acc.Gen.D.Abl.
Ace.
Ace. Gen.
Dat. Gen.
T
Lungo
Mediante
Oltre, oltra
Prima
Presso
quanta In
quanta
Rasente
Rimp'tto
Dinmpctto j
Salvo Except, but, save
Secondo According to
Senza Without
Sopra, sovra On, upon, by
Sotto Under
Su, Su per Upon, on
Verso Towards, to
Vicino Near
Through, by means of, for
Beyond, besides
Before
Near, almost
Asi
Close to
Over against, opposite
292. Infuori is placed after the case it governs : as,
Da voi infuori (except you).
293. Salvo and vicino may be declined. Examples :
Perdemmo tutto salvo, or salva, la vita (we lost every
thing but life).
PREPOSITIONS. 81
294. Di (of) is the sign of the genitive. It expresses
principally possession and derivation. H nome di Maria
(Mary's name) ; Ilfiglio di Carlo (Charles' son).
295. When the preposition is a mere sign to indicate
relation between other words, and without any distinct
meaning attached to it, di should be used. Temo DI
perdere (I fear to lose).
296. With after an adjective or participle is translated
by di. Armed with swords (armati DI spado).
297. Di is often used with an adjective, forming an
adverb. Di subito or subitqmente (suddenly) ; di certo
(certainly) ; di soverchio (excessively) ; di nascosto (se-
cretly).
298. Di tempo in tempo means from time to time. Di
venti in trenta anni (from twenty to thirty years).
299. Di is often an expletive ; as,
Dir DI si (to say yes).
Dir DI no (to say no).
Credo DI si (I think so).
Credo DI no (I think not).
Prima DI voi (before you).
Dopo DI voi (after you).
Andar Difuori (to go outside).
Andar DI dentro (to go within).
Andar DI sopra (to go above).
Andar DI sotto (to go below).
Andar DI su (to go up stairs).
Andar DI giu (to go down stairs).
300. Di su, di giu, &c., may become nouns with an
article before them. II di su (the upper part) ; II di giu
(the lower part).
82 PREPOSITIONS.
301. We say often quel Hrbante DI Cdlandrino (that
rogue Calandrini) ; Quello sciocco di Giovanni (that
foolish man, John), &c.
302. Di has often the sense of the partitive article.
Give me some of that wine (dammi DI quel vino}*
303. Various English prepositions are sometimes trans-
lated by di.
304. I. In. He is the greatest man in London (e il
piu grand' uomo di Londrd).
305. II. As, or in regard to. Gid vecchio d'anni, ma
giovanissimo di senno (already old as to years, but very
young as to wisdom).
306. III. For. Pianse di dolcezza (she wept for joy).
307. IV. From. Divenuto principe di richissimo ne-
goziante (from being a very rich merchant having become
a prince).
308. V. From (da). Silevo di capo la corona (he took
the crown from his head) ; Parti di Palermo (he departed
from Palermo).
309. VI. About. Parleremo di questo (we shall speak
about this).
310. VII. To. She is sister to Lord D. ; which is
the way to London? (E sorella DI Lord D.; quale e la
strada DI Londra ?}
311. VIII. During. Andar DI giorno (to go during
the day).
A.
312. A is used exactly as the two English prepositions
tOj at, and shows the point to which an action is directed.
* Un poco (a little) is always understood before a partitive ar-
ticle. Dammi DI quel vino, dammi DEL zucchero,\s used for the sake
of brevity, instead of dammi UN POCO DI quel vino, dammi UN POCO DEL
zucchero (give me a little of that wine, a small quantity of sugar).
PREPOSITIONS. 83
Andiamo a pranzo (let us go to dinner). Look at me
(guardate a me). A is followed by d before a vowel.
Andiamo ad Anversa (let us go to Antwerp).
313. A is often used instead of con (with], as, rimase A
occhi bassi, A bocca aperta (he remained with his eyes
cast down, with his mouth open) ; Parlor e a stento (to
speak with difficulty).
314. I am going home is translated by vado A CAS A ;
he is not at home (non IN CASA).
315. To take k /row every one is translated by togliere
A ciascuno.
316. Observe the translation of in by a in such phrases
as, If you come to the theatre you will find me in the first
tier (Se venite al teatro mi troverete al primo or dine ;) I
reside in London (dimoro A Londra).
317. In English, a noun may be qualified by another
noun prefixed to it, in the same manner as by an adjec-
tive. In Italian, the qualifying noun preceded by a (to),
di (of), or da (from), is placed after the noun qualified.
1. A windmill; un molino a vento (a mill moved by
the wind).
2. A gold ring ; an anello d'oro (material).
3. A bedroom ; camera DA letto (use).
DA (from or by].
318. This preposition, besides the signification of from
or by, has several others, some of which could with diffi-
culty be expressed by other words. The student should
make himself thoroughly acquainted with the following
examples, which illustrate the various uses of this pre-
position, and commit them to memory.
319. I. Z)& before (<mm&*). L'hovedutospessopassare
da casa mia (I saw him often pass before my house).
84 PREPOSITIONS.
320. II. Da = (about) circa; Uscirono da dodici sol-
dati (there came out about twelve soldiers).
321. III. Da= (since). Da quel tempo sono sempre stato
disgraziato (since that time I have always been unhappy).
322. IV. Da = becoming, fit for (conveniente, appro-
priate a}. Sono gioje DA donne (these are jewels for
women) ; Non sono cose DA lui (these are not things fit
for him).
323. V. Da, before a town, means born in. E da
Firenze (he was born in Florence). Speaking of countries
di is used ; e di Toscana (he was born in Tuscany).
324. VI. Da followed by a means between. Voglio
parlargli DA SOLO A SOLO (I wish to speak to him pri-
vately, i. e. between ourselves] . We say also a quattro occhi.
325. VII. Da = to (a), or at the house of (a casa).
Venite da me (come to me, or to my house}.
326. VIII. Z>a = as, come. Ti giuro, DA galantuomo
(I swear to you as an honest man).
327. IX. Da = to be used for. Andiamo nella sola
DA mangiare, nella camera DA letto (let us go into the
dining-room, into the bedroom).
328. X. Da = something for. Datemi da mangiare
(give me something to eat, or for eating) ; Datemi da
scrivere (give me something for writing, or writing ma-
terials).
329. XI. Da = through, (per], PasseremovA Milano
(we shall pass through Milan).
330. XII. Da = having, or who has. In this case
the article is always affixed to it. Uuomo dal nero vestito
(the man who has the black dress). This construction,
however, is borrowed from the Greek, and is little used
except in poetry. We should rather say vestito di nero
(dressed in black).
PREPOSITIONS. 85
331. XIII. Da = towards, on. Andate DA quella
parte (go on that side).
332. XIV. Da often serves to form adverbial ex-
pressions. Dite davvero f (do you speak seriously f)
333. XY. Da also forms a kind of adjective when
followed by the noun bene. Un uomo da bene or dabbene
is the same as un buon uomo.
334. XVI. Da may signify alone. Vi andrb da me
(I shall go there alone].
335. XVII. By is translated by da in all cases in
which it does not signify by the means of. It is then
translated by con.
836. Per means not only for, but also through. Sono
andato vagandoper lo mondo sette anni (I went wandering
through the w r orld seven years).
337. Per means during (durante). Vi starb per un
mese (I will stay there during a month).
338. To, meaning in order to, is translated by per.
I came to speak to you (sono venuto PER parlarvi].
339. Per is often followed by lo instead of il. Per lo
mondo (through the world).
340. Per giorno, per uomo, signify every day, for
every man. Bevo un bicchiere di vino PER GIORNO (I
drink a glass of wine a-day or each day) Ho dato due
scudi PER UOMO (I have given two crowns to every man).
A testa is the same as per uomo.
341. Per tempo means early. Other adverbs are
formed with per, as per accidente (accidentally, &c.)
342. Per grande che fosse, per quanto faccia, signify
however great he might be, whatever he might do.
343. Per mare e per terra means by sea and by land ;
86 PREPOSITIONS.
Per Dio, for the sake of God ; Essere per affbgare means
to be near, on the point of being drowned ; Nonfa per te
(it is not becoming, it is not for thee).
344. In is the same as in English. Sometimes it in
used for su. Mettetevi il cappello IN capo (put your hat
on your head). The preposition into is wanting in Italian.
II Tamigi mettefoce, or sbocca, IN mare (the Thames flows
INTO the sea).
su.
345. Su means sometimes towards, near (verso, mcino].
Sulfar del giorno (towards or near the break of day).
FRA Or TRA.
346. Fra or tra (between). Fra poco, fra un ora,
signify in a little, in an hour ; fra not (among ourselves).
347. We meet sometimes fra and tra joined to the
articles, as tral, among the.
ADVERBS.
348. Adverbs may be formed from all adjectives, by
adding the substantive mente to them. Vi parlo CHIARA-
MENTE (I speak to you clearly].
349. The substantive mente is feminine. The adjective
must agree with it. If it ends in o, it is changed into a
(cMaramente) ; if in e, it is not changed. Scrive elegante-
mente (he writes elegantly]. If in le or re, the e is cut
off. Fedelmente (faithfully; ) superiormente (in a superior
manner).
350. Many adjectives are used as adverbs without anv
change. Vi parlo chiaro (I speak to you clearly]. There
is no rule for pointing out those that may be so used,
87
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS.
351. Pure (yet) is often used after an imperative to
express concession. Posso andarmene? andate PURE.
(may I go? you may go).
352. Pure sometimes means also. Verrete voi PURE
(you will come also].
353. Neppure (ne pure) means not even. Neppure
una volta (not even once).
354. Pure means also solamente (only). Gid pur pen-
sandoj &c. (already in thinking only, &c.)
355. Pure is joined to other words. Neppure (not
even) ; eppure (and yet) ; oppure (or yet) ; purche (pro-
vided, &c.)
356. Pur troppo means " but too much so." E pur
troppo vero (it is but too true).
357. Pure is often an expletive. Ed e pur vero!
(and it is indeed true !)
358. Vie or via are used before piit and meno instead
of molto or assai. E vie piu bella, or via piu bella di voi
(she is much more beautiful than you).
359. Assai means either enough or much. The stu-
dent should rather use alibastanza for enough, and molto
for much.
360. Or ora means, like "just now' 7 in English, either
a very short time before or after the present moment.
Verrb or ora, L'ho veduto or ora (I shall come just now,
I have seen him.. just now].
361. Di Id means in the next room. C'e di Id ilsarto
(the tailor is in the next room) ; Chi e di Id f (who is
there ?) Al di Id means beyond ; E riuscito al di Id delle
sue speranze (he succeeded beyond his hopes). '
362. Time, meaning the repetition of any action, is
88 ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS.
rendered by volta, not tempo. Once, twice, three times
(una volta, due volte, tre volte].
363. Ago is translated either \>yfa, which is unchange-
able, or by essere, which agrees with the noun. A year
ago, two years ago, three years ago (e un anno, sono due
anni, or due anni sono, sono tre anni, or tre anni sono ; and
also un anno fa, due anni fa, tre anni fa, &c.)
364. Ci and Vi are employed for here and there when
the place spoken of has been previously mentioned ; but
strictly speaking they still preserve their original signi-
fication of in it, to it, in them, to them.
365. Non che means not only ; anzi means nay, on the
contrary. Mica , punto p gid are used to give more force
to a negation : Non credo mica, non credo punto, non
credo gid (I do not believe indeed).
366. Gid gid is more forcible than gid alone. E gid
gid mezzo finito (it is already half finished). From gid
we derive giacche (since). Forseforse is used as gid gid,
as more expressive than forse ; so also punto punto and
a few other words.
367. Old signifies already or formerly; it is some-
times an expletive ; it may also stand for of course.
L'ho Gi&fatto (I have done it already).
Ebbi GIA un amico (I had formerly a friend).
Non e GIA un codardo (he is not certainly a coward).
Lof arete? GIA (will you do it? Of course).
368. How is translated by quanto when there is an
exclamation. How cruel he was ! (quanto erafiero!)
369. Then is differently translated according to its
different meanings.
1. At that time (Allora).
2. Afterwards (Poi).
3. Therefore (Quindi).
ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS. 89
370. Rather may be translated by anzi die no. They
are rather beautiful (sono belle ANZI CHE NO).
371. Quando and ove are used for se with a verb in
the subjunctive mood. Quando vogliate, ove vogliate (if
you wished).
372. Quando, quand'anche, quando ancora, quando
pure, benche, sebbene, quantunque. All mean although,
and require the verb in the subjunctive mood.
373. Perche has various significations.
1. Perche andate via ? (why do you go away ?)
2. Perche ho voglia di andar via (because I wish to go
away).
3. Non vi ho dato il danaro perche lo spendiate subito
(I did not give you the money in order that you should
spend it immediately).
4. Non lasciavamo d'andare, perche parlasse (we did
not cease to go, though he spoke). This use of perche
is not so common as the others.
5. La finestra era molto alta da terra, perche come la
donna cadde subitamente morl (the window was very high
from the ground, so that when the woman fell she died
suddenly).
374. Perche as a substantive signifies the reason.
Ditemi il perche (tell me the reason).
375. Nothing but is translated by se non, altro che, or
altra cosa che. My master does nothing but scold (il
mio maestro non fa ALTRO CHE sgridare).
90
MOODS AND TENSES.
376. The passive verbs in Italian, as in English, are
always expressed by the verb essere (to be), followed by
the past participle of the active verbs. Amare (to love),
essere amato (to be loved).
377. The principal moods are the Infinitive, Indicative,
Conditional, Imperative, and Subjunctive.
378. The following tenses have particular terminations
by which they are easily known : *
1. Present indicative.
2. Past imperfect indicative.
3. Past perfect indicative.
4. Future indicative.
5. Future conditional.
6. Present imperative.
7. Present subjunctive.
8. Past imperfect.
379. The past imperfect indicates a past action in an
imperfect manner ; that is, without stating precisely the
point or time of its cessation. This is done in two ways :
1. Without any reference to another past action. When
I was a boy I was (or used to be) thought very clever
(quando ero ragazzo ero stimato molto ingegnoso). 2.
Showing its continuation after the cessation of another
action. When she came into my room, I was reading
(quando entrb nella mia camera io leggeva, or stava leg-
gendo). My action of reading might have continued after
the other action of entering the room was finished.
380. The use of the imperfect is very difficult to Eng-
lish students, both in the study of French and Italian.
The French and the Italians have acquired such a facility
in distinguishing the perfect and imperfect tenses, that
* For the sake of brevity, the future of the conditional will be
called Conditional, and the present of the imperative the Imperative.
MOODS AND TENSES. 91
even without thinking they are sure to be correct. The
English student can only hope to succeed by great atten-
tion and long practice. The following practical rules
may be useful to him : 1. Use rather the perfect than
the imperfect when you are uncertain. 2. Never use
the imperfect unless you can express the past tense in
English by " I used to," " I was." I used to be thought (ero
stimato] ; I was reading (to leggeva, or stava leggendo].
381. The Italians give to the past imperfect the name
of Pendente, from pendere (to hang, to be in suspense).
382. When an action is considered as entirely past, it
may have finished either lately, or for some time, or for
a time not specified. When the action has taken place
lately, the tense is called Past determinate, and is ex-
pressed by the present of the compound tenses. Sono
stato al teatro ed ho veduto V opera nuova (I went lately
to the theatre and have seen (saw) the new opera).
383. When the action has happened for some time, or
for a time not specified, the past is called Undeterminate.
lofui in Parigi e vi conobbi molti valenti uomini (I was in
Paris and knew there many worthy men). The preterite
expresses such an action.
384. There are two other past tenses which denote an
action PAST FOR A LONG TIME, and differing from each
other in the same way as the imperfect does from the
perfect. The first is called Trapassato Imperfetto, and
the second, Trapassato Perfetto. Trapassato means past
for a long time. Example of the first : lo aveva veduto
in Milano, &c. (I had seen in Milan, &c.) ; second, Come
to ebbi udito ilfatto I (as I had heard the fact).
385. The future tense is either imperfect or perfect.
The imperfect merely expresses the future in a general
way. Amero (I shall love). The second future, the per-
92 MOODS AND TENSES.
feet, expresses the future action in a more certain manne
as, Avro amato (I shall have loved). This future is
in reference to another action. Quando tornerb in Italia,
sard gia invecchiato (when I shall return to Italy, I shall
have already grown old).
386. The imperative has two tenses, the present and
the future. Present, va su (go up) ; future, prenderai
domani il mio cappello e lo porterai dal cappelliere (to-
morrow you will take my hat, and you will carry it to the
hatmaker). A third tense of the imperative expresses an
action which we wished to be finished (past) at a certain
time. Domani abbiate imparata quella lezione (to-morrow
you must have learnt that lesson).
387. It may be noticed here, that when the imperative
is negative, and in the. second person singular, the infini-
tive is used instead of the usual form. Non batter e quel
fanciullo (do not strike that child). Here there is an
ellipsis of devi. Non devi battere, &c. (you ought not to
strike, &c.)
388. The optative mood expresses desire. It is used
either absolutely or conditionally. Example of the first :
Fossa questo fanciullo amare lo studio (may this child
love study). Of the second : OA, sefossi da tanto vedresti
cosafarei (oh, if I were able, you would see what I would
do). In both these examples, the optative mood is in
the present tense.
389. The future and past tenses of the optative mood
have the same division in the optative as in the indicative
mood. Example of a future imperfect, Dio voglia die io
ami ; of a future perfect, Dio voglia che io abbia ad
amare (God grant that I may love ; God grant that /
may have to love}.
390. The forms of the optative and subjunctive are the
MOODS AND TENSES. 93
same in Italian. It must be noticed, however, that the
future of one mood has the same form as the present of
the other. Dio voglia che to ami (God grant that I may
love), here ami is future. Benche io ami (though I may
love), here ami is present.
391. The terminations of the present perfect in the
optative become in the subjunctive those of the past im-
perfect. Example : Dio volesse che io amassi (would to
God that I might love) ; Benche io amassi (though I
might have loved).
392. The infinitive mood can have no tense, yet
Italian tenses may be expressed by this mood in a general
way. Ex. : Amare (to love), avere amato (past) ; avere
ad amare (future imperfect) ; avere avuto ad amare (fu-
ture perfect). Essere per amare (to be on the point of
loving) ; Essere stato per amare (to have been on the
point) ; Essere amato, avere ad essere amato, &c. (to be
loved, that shall be loved, &c.)
393. The participle is either past or present. The
present participle is called also Gerondio (gerund).*
394. We have only two future participles ; futuro (that
shall be), and VENTURO (that shall come). Old writers
had more.
* From the present participle or gerund we form an adjective by
changing do into te. Amare , amando, amante (to love), loving (par-
ticiple), loving (adjective). Amante is also a noun (lover). Gram-
marians call this adjective present participle, and the present
participle is called only gerund.
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR TENSES.
395. All verbs end either in are, ere, or ire, in the
infinitive. If a verb like condurre (to conduct), ends in
a different way, it is contracted from the regular infinitive.
Condurre is contracted from conducere.
396. Some verbs have an i before the termination of
the infinitive, to give to the c or g that precedes a soft
sound. This i is not necessary if the termination of the
tense begin with e or i. Mangiare (to eat), makes
mangi-o, mang-i, mangi-a.
397. Fare (to do), dire (to say), and bere (to drink),
are constructed from facere, dicere, and bevere. Facere
and dicere are not used ; bevere is more used than bere,
which is rather poetical.
398. When an infinitive is contracted, the future and
conditional are generally formed from it. Thus, the fu-
ture of condurre is condurro, condurrai, &c. ; the condi-
tional, condurrei, condurresti, &c.
399. Of the eight tenses of the Italian verbs, four are
regular and four irregular.
400. The regular tenses are the imperfect and the/w-
ture of the indicative, the conditional, and the imperfect
subjunctive.
401. The irregular are the three present tenses, indi-
cative, imperative, and subjunctive, and the past perfect
or preterite. The past participle is often irregular also.
402. The most important conjugation is the second,
or that of the verbs ending in ere* Credere should be
* All verbs are divided into three conjugations, called 1st, 2d,
and 3d, not according to their importance, but because in the al-
phabet the order of vowels is a, e, and i.
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR TENSES. 95
studied as the model verb, or the verb to which all
others should be compared.
403. All those terminations in which the greatest
number of verbs agree, or are the same, are regular. All
others are irregular.
404. Credere (to believe) is regular in all its parts
except the past participle. As the past participle of
am-are is am-ato, of sent-ire sent-ito, the past participle
of cred-ere should be cred-eto. It is not so, but cred-uto.
405. As in all tenses the third person plural is formed
by adding either no or ro to the third person singular,
the formation of the third person plural of the present
indicative from the first, as, cred-o (I believe), cred-o-no
(they believe), may be considered irregular.
406. The first person of the imperfect indicative is
either cred-evA or cred-evo. The first form is preferred
by the best writers ; the second by the inhabitants of
Tuscany, whose spoken language Manzoni has followed
in his " Promessi Sposi."*
407. It is a peculiarity of regular verbs that the root
is invariable, the terminations only being changed. Thus,
am in amare, cred in credere, sent in sentire, is found in
every person. Irregular verbs sometimes have the root
and the terminations blended together, so that the in-
finitive could not be known from them. Thus the pre-
terite of correre (to run) is corsi; the present of (were is
ho, &c.
* It is fortunate for the student of the Italian language that
he has such an excellent guide as the " Promessi Sposi," a work
which cannot be too highly recommended. It combines genius and
a high tone of morality with all the interest of one of the best novels,
and is written in a style of the greatest purity.
96 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR TENSES.
408. The present of the Verb cred-ere is
\Cred-o.
Cred-i.
Cred-e.
Cred-iamo.
Cred-ete.
^Cred-o-no.
409. The present of the Imperative is
Cred-iamo.
Cre-dL
-j- Cred-a.
Cred-ete.
j- Cred-a-no.
410. The present of the Subjunctive is
Che cred-iamo.
Che cred-iate.
\-Che cred-ano.
Che
Che -^cred-a.
Che -\-cred-a.
RULES FOB THE PRESENT.
411. I. The first person plural (iamo) is invariable in
all the Italian verbs.
412. II. The second person plural is always ete in the
indicative and imperative ; and in the subjunctive mood
it is formed from the first plural by changing mo into te.
Che cred-iamo, che cred-iate.
413. III. In the auxiliary verbs, essere (to be), avere
(to have), and sapere (to know), which is conjugated like
avere, the second person plural of the imperative is like
the second person plural of the subjunctive.
414. IV. The second person singular in the present,
ae well as in all other tenses, ends always in i. In the
present subjunctive, however, it may either end in i, or
be like the first and third.
415. V. The third person plural of the present indica-
tive is formed by adding no to the first person singular.
416. VI. The third person singular of the imperative
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR TENSES. 97
is formed from the first person singular of the present
indicative : from credo we form credA.
417. VII. The three persons singular of the present
of the subjunctive are like the third person singular of
the imperative.
418. VIII. The third person plural of the imperative
and of the subjunctive are alike, and are formed by add-
ing no to the third person singular : creda, creda-no, die
creda, che creda-no.
RULES FOB THE PRETERITE.
419. The preterite of credere is either regular or irre-
gular.
Regular.
ei emmo.
esti este.
e erono.
Irregular.
etti emmo.
esti este.
ette ettero.
420. All irregular preterites are alike. One person
being known, the other two irregular persons are known
also. The difference is this :
The first always end in i.
The second is formed from the first, by changing i into e.
The third plural is formed from the third singular, by
adding ro to it.
421. Though the first person of every irregular pre-
terite always ends in i, the rest of the termination, or ra-
ther of the person, is different in the various irregular
verbs.
422. The terminations etti, ette, ettero, are irregular
because they differ from each other like all irregular ter-
minations of the preterite ; but they are regular because
they belong to all regular verbs in ere, and to them alone,
excepting the preterite of dare (to give) and stare (to re-
main).
98 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR TENSES.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
423. I. There are some verbs in which the first per-
son singular of the indicative may be used as a past par-
ticiple. Thus, instead of lo ho guastato (I have spoiled),
we may say lo ho guasto, from guasto (I spoil). Prac-
tice only can teach in what verbs this may be done.
424. II. In the verbs ending in care or gare like cer-
care (to seek), negare (to deny), the c and g before the
termination are always pronounced hard. An h must
therefore be added before the terminations if they begin
with e or i. lo cerco, tu cherchi, &c. (I seek, thou seekest,
&c.) ; lo nego, tu neghi, &c. (I deny, thou deniest, &c).
425. III. In the verb sentire the past participle is
irregular. Cantare makes cantAndo ; credere, credvndo ;
but sentire makes sentEndo, not sentmdo. In all other
parts it is regular like credere.
426. IV. Except the present indicative of credere and
sentire, the third person plural is formed from the third
person singular by adding to it either ro, no, or both.
427. V. The third person plural of the imperfect in-
dicative, future imperative, and present subjunctive, ends
in no.
428. VI. The third person singular of the future being
accented, the third person plural ends in anno credera
crederanno.
429. VII. The third person plural of the conditional
and of the imperfect subjunctive ends in ro.
430. VIII. The third person plural of the preterite ends
in ro-no crede, crede ro-no.
431. IX. The future and conditional of the verbs in
are are irregular ; it is not cantA.ro cantArai, but cantsro
cantErai.
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR TENSES. 99.
432. X. The third person singular of the indicative in
am-are is am-A; in cred-ere, cred-E- and in sent-ire,
sent-E.
433. XI. The third person singular of the preterite in
the three conjugations is thus cant-o, cred-E, sent-E.
434. XII. The imperative singular in credere and sen-
tire has for terminations i in the second person, and a in
the third. In cantare, on the contrary, a is the termi-
nation of the second, and i of the third.
435. XIII. The compound tenses of all the verbs are
formed by adding their past participle to either avere or
essere.
436. XIV. Transitive verbs form their compound tenses
with the transitive verb avere ; intransitives, with the
intransitive essere.
437. XV. All verbs conjugated with avere may also
be conjugated with essere ; but then the verb becomes
passive. lo ho battuto (I have struck) ; lo sono battuto
(I am struck).
438. XVI. After essere the past participle always
agrees with the nominative ; noi siamo andati in Italia
(we went to Italy). After avere it almost always agrees
with the accusative ; noi abbiamo scritta una lettera.
439. XVII. A correct distinction would be to make
the past participle invariable after avere , unless it is
properly an adjective. Ho avuezzo Vanima alle pene,
would signify, I have accustomed my mind to sufferings,
and Ho avvezzA Vanima alle pene, I have my mind ac-
customed to sufferings ; but this distinction is seldom
used by the best writers, and the preceding rule is gen-
erally followed.
100
PECULIAEITIES IN THE USE OF THE TERBS.
440. I. As, in the sense of because, is very frequently
used in English. " I cannot see him, as I am engaged/'
The proper translation of " as I am " is essendo (being).
Non posso vederlo essendo impegnato.
441. II. The present participle in English followed
by a past participle is omitted in Italian. " Having seen
every thing, he went away " (veduta ogni cosa, se ne andd).
442. III. In English both the present participle and
the infinitive may be used as substantives. In Italian the
infinitive only can be a substantive. " Reading is useful,"
or " it is useful to read " (il leggere e utile).
443. IV. The present participle is sometimes changed
into the infinitive with the preposition a before. " One is
never wrong in being silent, or to be silent " (tacendo non
si folia maij or a tacere non si f alia mai.
444. V. A present participle preceded by a preposition
is a substantive, and can only be translated by the infi-
nitive. " Without looking at me " (senza guardarmi).
445. VI. It is easy to distinguish a present participle
used as a verb from a present participle used as a sub-
stantive. When it has the meaning of the verb, it may
be put in the same tense as the preceding verb. " She
laughs crying, or she laughs and she cries at the same
time." The perfect participle only can be used in such
a case ; ride piangendo.
446. VII. u Go and see him," signifies go in order to see
him. The Italian for this and similar expressions is
andate A vederlo. " Come and walk with me" (venite A
passeggiare con me).
447. VIII. Verbs expressing an action of the mind,
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OP THE VERBS. 101
and dire (to say), generally govern the subjunctive. " I
do not believe he will come," " tell him to come " (non
credo clie venga, ditegli che venga).
448. IX. Verbs expressing fear or doubt are often
accompanied by non (not) as an expletive. Temo che
non faccia molti errori (I fear he may commit many mis-
takes).
449. X. The prepositions a or da come often between
avere and an infinitive. Ho A sperare, or ho DA sperare.
The assertion is stronger when da is used. The first ex-
ample means only " I may hope ;" the second, " I have
reason, or strong reasons, to hope."
450. XI. After essere a is placed between an adjective
and an infinitive, and da between a noun and an infinitive.
E bella a riguardare, e uomo da temere (she is beautiful
to look at, he is a man to be feared). Da temere has
here the passive signification as da essere temuto.
451. XII. The student must be cautious not to use
English idioms (anglicismi) in speaking or writing Ita-
lian. / am going to speak is an idiom, as the word to go
is not used in its literal meaning. The translation is Ora
parlero.
452. XIII. Venire (to come) is used, and not andare
(to go), when we say that we are going to the house of
the persons to whom we speak or write. Verro da voi
(I shall go to your house).
453. XIV. Venire is also used idiomatically instead
of essere. Mi venne detto j instead of Mi fu detto (I was
told).
454. XV. To express the continuation of an action for
a certain time, an active verb is used in the present par-
ticiple either with stare or andare. Sta leggendo (he is
reading) ; Va passeggiando (he is walking). The verb
102 PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VERBS.
expressing an action that requires a change of place takes
andare ; and verbs expressing an action that can happen
without change of place, stare.
455. XVI. The phrases dategli da mangiare, dategli
da here, dategli da scrivere, c., signify Give him what
is necessary for eating, drinking, writing, &c.
456. XVII. It is I, it is you, it is he, it is we, &c.,
are translated by 8ono io, sei tu r e desso, siamo noi, &c.
457. XVIII. This book belongs to Peter, should be
translated by Questo libro e di Pietro, better than literally
Questo libro appartiene a Pietro.
458. XIX. It belongs to you to do it, or it is for you
to do it, or it is your turn to do it, are rendered thus, A
voi tocca, or a voi sta ilfarlo, or di farlo, or afarlo.
459. XX. Stare or essere per fare una cosa, signify
" to be on the point of doing a thing/'
460. XXI. Darsi is sometimes used for accadere or
essere. Si danno casi (accidents sometimes happen) ; Pud
darsi (it may be).
461. XXII. Volere is often used for " to be necessary."
Ci vuolfortuna (fortune is necessary).
462. XXIII. There is no verb in Italian to translate
literally to like. " Do you like apples," must be rendered
by, "Do apples please you?" (m piacciono le mele?)
463. XXIV. To want is rendered by mancare when it
means "to be wanting," and by aver bisogno when it means
" to have need of." Mi mancano due libri (two books are
wanting to me) ; Ho lisogno di due libri (I require, I have
need of two books).
464. XXV. To be hungry, to be thirsty, to be right,
to be wrong, are rendered by aver fame, aver sete, aver
ragione, aver torto.
465. XXVI. I think 50, I did so, I hope so, are ren-
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VERBS. 103
dered by LO credo, ilhofatto, lo spero. We say also credo
DI si, credo DI no ; (I think so, I think not).
466. XXVII. Fidarsi (to trust), is followed by di.
Non mifido di voi (I do not trust you).
467. XXVIII. "To play upon an instrument," is
translated by suonare ; and "to play, to amuse oneself,"
by giuocare.
468. XXIX. " I must go, I must read," are rendered by
bisogna die or devo, bisogna che vada or devo andare, &c.
469. XXX. " I cannot help it," is translated by non
pOSSO FARE A MENO.
470. XXXI. The nominative is elegantly placed after
the verb, but more so in books than in conversation.
"Many thought," &c. (Credevano molti, &c.)
471. XXXII. Per essere means sometimes " if it is."
" A jest, if it is made at an improper time, may become an
offence" (una burla per essere detta fuori di tempo, pub
diventare una offesa).
472. XXXIII. Egli la mandb pregando is the same
as Egli la mandb a pregare (he sent to beg her).
473. XXXIV. Collo studiare simpara, s'annego in
traversare un fiume (by studying one learns, he was
drowned in crossing a river). Observe, con expresses
the means by which a thing is done, in the manner, the
time of an action.
474. XXXV. Andare may be used for essere ; thus,
Andate cauti nel giudicare (be cautious in judging).
475. XXXVI. Andare is used for essere in such sen-
tences as these : " He is subject to the gout" (VA soggetto
alia podagra).
476. XXXVII. Parlato che ebbe is better and more
elegant than quando ebbe parlato, or dopo che ebbe parlato
(when he had spoken, or after he had spoken).
G
104 PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VERBS.
477. XXXVIII. "I heard him singing, 11 should be
translated by Vho sentito CANTARE.
478. XXXIX. " If he thinks that it is necessary for
him to go there, I cannot help it." The literal transla-
tion is, se crede die sia necessario per lui di andarvi, non
so che farci ; but Italian writers would prefer saying,
se crede ESSERE NECESSARIO (to be necessary), &c., a con-
struction imitated from the Latin.
479. XL. When a verb is followed by a subjunctive
which governs a pronominal particle, the latter may either
be joined to the infinitive or placed before the first verb.
" I do not wish to see him," may be translated by non lo
voglio vedere, or nol voglio vedere, or non voglio vederlo.
480. XLI. Where of two verbs the student is uncer-
tain to which he ought to apply the pronominal particle,
it will be safer to apply it to the first.
481. XLII. Lasciare takes no preposition when it
means u to allow." "Allow me to speak" (lasciatemi par-
lare). It takes di when it means to cease. " She did not
leave off laughing all that day" (non lascib diridere tutto
quel giorno].
482. XLIII. Some of the verbs that govern an infinitive
without a preposition are, dovere (to be incumbent), fare
(to do), potere (to be able), bisognare (to need), volere
(to be willing), vedere (to see), udire (to hear), sentire
(to feel), mirare (to behold), guardare (to look), ascoltare
(to listen), intendere (to understand), &c.
483. XLIV. Verrb, verrai, verrd, &c., is the future
of venire (to come), not of vedere (to see).
484. XLV. Accostare means "to approach," not "to
accost."
485. XLVI. Though sortire is used even by Italians
instead of uscire (go out), it should be avoided. Sortire
means to draw out, or to come out by lot or chance.
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VERBS. 105
486. XL VII. " Will you have" is translated by volete.
" Will you have a knife?" (volete un coltetto ?)
487. XL VIII. A preposition in Italian is always fol-
lowed by an infinitive, never by a present participle.
" I am afraid of losing" (temo DI PERDERE).
488. XLIX. Verbs having a preposition prefixed to
them, as addurre (to convey), congratularsi (to congratu-
late), incorrere (to run into), frammettersi (to interpose),
are generally followed by the same preposition. Mi con-
gratulo con voi (I congratulate you).
489. L. Pensare (to think), followed by a noun or
pronoun, takes after it the preposition a. "I think of her "
(penso a lei)] when followed by an infinitive it takes di.
u I think of going there " (penso di andarvi).
490. LI. " To think " is very frequently used in Eng-
lish, but sometimes it may be entirely omitted in Italian,
as the phrase may be perfectly clear without it.
491. LII. "To think" is only translated by pensare
when used in its literal meaning ; when it means " to be-
lieve," we should employ credere.
492. LIII. It will be better in many cases not to
translate "to think" by credere, but by sperare (to hope),
or temere (to fear), according as the sense may suggest.
493. LIV. " See that man holding a knife " should be
translated by vedete quell 1 uomo CHE TIENE un coltello,
and not TENENDO un coltello.
494. LV. The imperfect of the verbs in ere and ire
often lose the v in poetry, as credea, credeano ; sentia,
sentiano; instead of credeva, credevano; sentiva, sentivano.
495. LVI. The conditional of amerebbe, crederebbe,
sentirebbe, is changed in poetry into ameria, crederia,
sentiria.
PART IV.
ON THE ITALIAN VERBS.
PAST IV.
ON THE ITALIAN VERBS.
Conjugation of the verbs Essere, to be ; Avere, to bave.
INFINITIVE.
Essere, to be. Avere, to have.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
Essendo, being. Avendo, having.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Oy been. Avuto, had.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
Sono, I am.
Ho, I have.
SW,
Hai,
E,
Ha,
Siamo,
Abbiamo,
Siete,
Avete,
SonOy
Hanno 9
IMPERFECT.
Era, I was.
Aveva, I had.
Eri,
Avevi,
Era,
Aveva,
Eravamo,
Avevamo,
Eravate,
Avevate,
Erano,
Avevano f
110 VERBS.
Fui, I was. Ebbi 9 I had.
Fostiy Avesti,
Fu. Ebbe,
Fummo, Avemmo,
Foste, Aveste,
Furono, Ebbero 9
FUTURE.
Sarb, I shall or will be. Avrb, I shall or will have,
Sarai, Avrai,
Sard, Avrd,
Saremo, Avremo,
Sarete, Avrete,
Saranno, Avranno,
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
Sarei, I should or would be. Avrei, I should or would have.
Saresti, Avresti,
Sarebbe, Avrebbe,
Saremmo, Avremmo,
Sareste, Avreste,
Sarebbero, Avrebbero,
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sii, be. Abbi, have.
Sia, Abbia,
SiamOy Abbiamo,
State, Abbiate,
Siano> Abbiano,
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Che sia, that I may be. Che dbbia, that I may have.
Che sia, Che dbbia or abbi,
Che *m, Che dbbia,
Che siamo, Che abbiamo,
Che siate, Che abbiate,
Che siano> Che dbbiano >
VERBS.
Ill
IMPERFECT.
Chefossi, that I might be.
Chefossi,
Chefosse,
Chefbssimo,
Chefoste,
Chefbssero,
Che avessi y that I might have.
Che avessi,
Che avesse,
Che avessimo,
Che aveste,
Che avessero,
Compounds of the verb Essere. Compounds of the verb Avere.
Essere stato, to have been. Es-
sendo stato, having been, &c.
Sono stato, &c., I have been,
&c. Era stato, &c., I had
been, &c. Fui stato, &c., I
had been, &c. Saro stato 9
&c., I shall or will have
been, &c. Sarei stato, &c.,
I might have been, &c. Sii
stato, &c., have been, &c.
Che sia stato, &c., that I may
have been, &c. Che fossi
stato, &c., that I might have
been, &c.
Avere avuto, to have had. A -
vendo avuto, having had.
Ho avuto, &c., I have had,
&c. Avera avuto, &c., I
had had, &c. Ehbi avuto,
&c., I had liad, &c. Avro
avuto, &c., I shall or will
have had, &c. Avrei avuto,
&c., I might have had, &c.
Abbi avuto, &c. 5 have had,
&c. Che dbbia avuto, &c.,
that I may have had, &c.
Che avesti avuto, &c., that
I might have had^ &c.
CONJUGATIONS.
OF REGULAR VERBS.
Cantare,
to sinff.
INFINITIVE.
Credere,
to believe.
Sentire,
to feel.
Cantando,
singing.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
Credendo,
believing.
Sentendo,
feeling.
112
VERBS.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Cantato,
CredutOy
Sentito,
snng.
believed.
felt.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
Canto,
Credo,
Sento,
I sing.
I believe.
I feel.
Canti,
Credi,
Senti,
Ganta,
Crede,
Sente,
Cantiamo,
Crediamo,
SentiamOy
Gantate,
CredetCj
Sentite,
Gdntano,
Credono,
Sentono,
IMPERFECT.
Cantava, I sung or
Credeva y I believed
Sentiva, I felt or
was singing.
or was believing.
was feeling.
Cantavi,
Credevi,
Sentivi,
Cantava,
Credeva,
Sentiva,
Cantavamo,
CredevamOy
Sentivamo,
Cantavate,
Credevate,
Sentivate,
Cantdvano,
Gredevano,
Sentivano,
PERFECT.
Cantai,
Credei,
Sentii,
I sung.
I believed.
I felt.
Cantasti,
Credesti,
Sentisti,
Canto,
Grede,
Senti,
Cantammo,
Credemmo,
SentimntOy
Gantaste,
Gredeste,
Sentiste,
CantdronOy
Crederono,
Sentirono,
FUTURE.
Cantero,
Crederb,
Sentirb,
I shall sing.
I shall believe.
I shall feel.
Canterai,
Grederai,
Sentirai,
Cantera,
Credera
Sentird,
Canteremo,
Crederemo,
Sentiremo,
Canterete,
Crederete,
Sentirete,
Ganteranno,
Crederanno,
SentirannOy
VERBS.
113
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
Canterei,
Crederei,
Sentirei,
I should sing.
I should believe.
I should feel.
Oanteresti,
Crederesti,
Sentiresti,
Canterebbe,
Crederebbe,
Sentirebbe,
Canteremmo,
Crederemmo,
Sentiremmo,
Cantereste,
Credereste,
Sentireste,
Canterebbero,
Crederebbero,
Sentirebbero,
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Canta, sing.
Credi 9 believe.
Senti, feel.
Canti,
Creda,
Senta,
Cantiamo,
Crediamo,
Sentiamo,
Cantate,
Credete,
Sentite,
Cdntino,
Credano,
Sentano,
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
Che canti, that I
Che creda, that I
Che senta, that I
may sing.
may believe.
may feel.
Che canti,
Che creda,
Che senta,
Che canti,
Che creda,
Che senta,
Che cantiamo,
Che crediamo,
Che sentiamo,
Che cantiate,
Che crediate,
Che sentiate.
Che cdntino,
Che credano,
Che sentano,
IMPERFECT.
Che cantassi,
Che credessi,
Che sentissi,
that I sung.
that I believed.
that I felt.
Che cantassi,
Che credessi,
Che sentissi,
Che cantasse,
Che credesse,
Che sentisse,
Che cantdssimo,
Che credessimo,
Che sentlssimoy
Che cantaste,
Che credeste,
Che sentiste,
Che cantdssero,
Che credesserOy
Che sentissero,
114 IRREGULAR VERBS.
COMPOUNDS OF THESE VERBS.
Avere cantato, creduto, sentito, to have sung, believed, felt.
Ho cantato, creduto, sentito, I have sung, believed, felt, &c.
All the other tenses are composed in the same manner.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
These are four only : Andare, dare, fare, stare.
Andare, to go. Andando, going. Andato, gone.
Vo or vado, 1 go ; vai, va, andiamo, andate, vanno. Andava,
I was going, &c. Andai, I went, &c. Andrb, I shall go, &c.
Andrei, I should go, &c. Va, go,, vada, andiamo, andate,
vddano. Che vada, that I may go, &c. Che andassi, that I
might go, &c.
Dare, to give. Dando, giving. Dato, given.
Do, I give ; dai, da, diamo., date, danno. Dava, I was giving,
&c. Diede or detti, I gave ; desti, diede or dette, demmo, deste,
diedero or dettero. Darb, I shall give, &c. Darei, I should
give, &c. Dd 9 give ; dia, diamo, date, diano. Che dia, that
I may give, &c. Che dessi, that I might give, &c.
Fare, to do. Facendo, doing. Fatto, done.
Fo, I do ; fai, fa, facciamo, fate, fanno. Faceva, I was
doing, &c. Fed, I did; facesti,fece,facemmo,faceste,fecero.
Faro, I shall do, &c. Farei, I should do, &c. Fa, do ;
fdccia, facciamo, fate, fdcciano. Che faccia, that I may do,
&c. Chefacessi, that I might do, &c.
Stare, to stand. Stando, standing. Stato, stood.
^
Sto, I stand ; stai, sta^mamo, state, stanno. Stava. Stetti,
I stood ; stesti, stette, stemmo, steste, stettero. Staro. Starei.
Sta, stia, stiamo, state, stidno. Che stia. Che stessi.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
115
SECOND CONJUGATION.
Here are two classes of verbs, those which have the accent
on the antepenultimate, and those on the penultimate vowel.
The first have only the perfect and past participle irreg-
ular, and sometimes only the one j 1 whilst the others have
various irregularities, except persuader e and solere, which
have only these irregular forms, persuasi, persuaso, sblito.
VERBS OF THE FIRST CLASS.
Tor
cere.
to twist.
tor
si
torto.
Ucci
dere,
to kill.
ucci
si
ucciso. 2
Ace or
gere,
to perceive.
ace or
si
accorto. 3
Fri
ggere,
to fry.
fri
ssi
fritto.
Co
gliere,
to gather.
CO
Isi
colto.
Distin
guere,
to distinguish.
distin
si
distinto.
M
ettere,
to put.
m
isi
messo. 4
Pr
emere,
to press.
pr
essi
presso.
Espr
imere,
to express.
espr
essi
espresso. 5
Acce
ndere,
to kindle.
acce
si
acceso. 6
Ass
olvere,
to absolve.
ass
olsi
assolto. 7
Corr
bmpere,
to corrupt.
corr
uppi
corrotto.
Cor
rere,
to run.
cor
si
corso.
Ceno
scere,
to know.
cono
bbi
conosciuto.
Discu
tere,
to discuss.
discu
ssi
discusso.
Pres
umere.
to presume.
pres
unsi
presunto.
C
ubcere,
to cook.
c
ossi
cltto*
Perc
ubtere,
to strike.
perc
ossi
percosso.
Comm
ubvere,
to shake.
comm
ossi
commosso.
Vi
vere,
to live.
vi
ssi
vissuto.
Nascere, to be born, makes ndcqui, nato ; and piovere, to
rain, piovve.
1 These verbs and their compounds are excepted : Battere,
capere, credere, emjnere, esiffere,fendere,fremere, gemere, mietere,
mescere, pascere, pendere, perdere, prescmdere, ricevere, resistere,
riflettere, ripetere, scernere, solvere, spandere, splendere, spremere,
strtdere, succombere, suggere, fondere, vendere.
2 Cedere : cessi or cedetti ; cesso or ceduto.
3 Dirigere: essi, etto. Esigere : jjjtfatto. Ginger e : nsi, into.
Negligere : essi, etto.
4 Flettere: flessi,fiesso. 5 Espellere : ulsi, ulso.
6 Fondere : fusi,fuso.
7 Also assoluto. Sphere : ei etti ; uto. Invdlvero, invdlto.
8 Nucocere : ndcqui, nociuto.
116 IRREGULAR VERBS.
VERBS OP THE SECOND CLASS. 1
r
I. Condurre for Conducere, to lead.
Pres. part. Gonducendo, leading.
Past part. Condotto, led.
Conduco, I lead. Conduceva, I was leading. Condussi, I
led. Condurrb, I shall lead. Condurrei, I should lead. Con-
dud, lead, conduca, &c. * Che conducessi, that I might lead.
II. Severe, or contracted, Bere, to drink.
This verb is regular, except that we may say bevo or beo ;
beveva or beeva, &c. Of the three forms of the perfect the
first is in greatest use : bevvi, bevei, or bevetti.
lll.Cadere, to fall.
* * * Caddi, I fell. Caderb or cadrb, I shall fall. Caderei
or cadrei, I should fall. * * *
IV. Chiedere, to ask.
Past part. Chiesto, asked.
Chiedo or chieggo, I ask, &c. ; chiedono or chieggono, they
ask. * Chiesi) I asked. * * Chieda or chiegga, let him ask ;
chiedano or chieggano, let them ask.
V. Dire, for Dicer e, to say.
Pres. part. Dicendo, saying.
Past part. Detto, said.
Di'co, I say ; rfici (or di') dice, diciamo, dite, dtcono. Diceva,
I was saying. Dissi, I said. Dirb, I shall say. Direi, I
1 The irregular forms alone are given.
The second person singular in the Subjunctive has two forms : che
credo, or credi.
The asterisk (*) denotes the regular tenses, or those which the
pupil should form according to the above rules.
IRREGULAR VERBS. 117
should say. Di\ say ; dica, c. * Che dicessi, that I might
say.
VI. Dolere (si), to complain.
* Mi dolgo or doglio, I complain ; ti duoli, si duole, ci do-
gliamo, vi dolete, &c. * Mi dolsi, I complained. Mi dorrb,
I shall complain. Mi dorrei, I should complain. Dubliti,
complain ; dolgasi or dogliasi, &c. *
VII. Dovere, to owe.
Debbo or deggio, I owe ; dei, dee, or debbe, dobbiamo, c. * *
Dovrb, I shall owe. Dovrei, I should owe. Che debba, that
I may owe, &c. ; dobbiamo 9 dobbiate, debbano. *
VIII. Nuocere, to hurt.
Part. pres. Nocendo, hurting.
Part, past, Nociuto, hurt.
Nuoco or noccio, I hurt ; nuoci, nuoce, nocciamo, nocete, &c.
Noceva, I was hurting. Nocqui, I hurt. Nocerb, I shall hurt.
Nocerei, I should hurt. Nuoci, hurt ; nubccia or noccia, &c.
IX. Parere, to appear.
Past part. Paruto or parso, appeared.
Paio, I appear ; pari, pare, paiamo, parete, pdiono. Parvi,
I appeared. Parrb, I shall appear. Parrel, I should appear.
Pari, appear ; paia, paiano, parete, paiano.
X. Piacere, to please.
Past part. Piaciuto, pleased.
Pidccio, I please ; piaci, &c. Piacqui, I pleased. * Piaci,
please ; piaccia, &c. * * So also the verb Giacere.
118 IRREGULAR VERBS.
XI. Porre for Ponere, to put.
Part, present, Ponendo, putting.
Part, past, Posto, put.
Pongo, I put ; poni, pone, poniamo, ponete, pbngono. Po-
neva, I was putting. Posi,Iput. Porrb, I shall put. Porrei,
I should put. Poni, put ; ponga, &c. '
Xll.Potere, to be able.
Posso, I can ; puoi, pub, possiamo, potete, possono. *
Potrdy I shall be able. Potrei, I should be able. Che possa,
that I might be able, &c.
XIII. Rimanere, to stay.
Past part. Rimaso or rimasto, stayed.
Rimango, I stay ; rimani, rimane, &c. * Rimasi, I stayed.
Rimarrb, I shall stay. Rimarrei, I should stay. Rimani,
stay ; rimanga, &c.
XIV. Sapere, to know.
So, I know ; sat, sa, sappiamo, sapete, sanno. Seppi, I
knew. Saprb, I shall know. Saprei, I should know. Sappi,
know ; sappia, sappiamo, sappiate, sappiano, &c.
XV. Scegliere or Seer re, to choose.
Past part, scelto, chosen.
Scelgo or sceglio, I choose. ' : " Scelsi, I chose. ' * Scegli,
choose ; scelga or sceglia, &c.
XVI.Sedere, to sit.
^ierfi or seggo, I sit ; siedi, siede, sediamo or seggiamo, sedete,
&c. * * * * fecft, sit ; 6-zeofa or segga, &c.
IRREGULAR VERBS. 119
XVII. Svellere, to tear away.
Past part. Svelto, torn away.
Svelyo or svello, I tear ; svelli, svelte or sveglie, &c. * Svelsi,
I tore. * * * Svelli, tear ; svella or svelga, &c. * *
XVIII. Tacere, to be silent.
Past part. Taciuto, silent.
Tdcio, I am silent ; taci, &c. * Tdcqui, I was silent. :;
Taci, be silent ; taccia, &c.
XIX. Tenure, to hold.
Tengo, I hold ; ft'eni, It eae, &c. * Tenni, I held. Terro, I
shall hold. Terrei, I should hold. Tieni, hold ; tenga, &c.
XX. Togliere or Torre, to take away.
Past part. To/fo, taken away.
Toglio or %o, I take away ; togli, toglie, &c. Tolsi, I
took away. Togliero or ^orro, I shall take away. Toglierei or
torrei, I should take away. Togli, take away ; toglia or ^o/^ra ?
&c.
XXI. Traere or Trarre, to draw.
Part, present, Traendo, drawing.
Part, past, Tratto, drawn.
Traggo, I draw ; ^rai, ^rae, traiamo, or traggiamo, &c. '
Trassi 9 1 drew. Trarrb, I shall draw. Trarrei, I should draw.
7>a*, draw ; tragga, &c.
XXII. Valere, to be worth.
Fa/^o or vaglio, I am worth ; t?a/i, va/e, vagliamo, &c. *
J "afe i, I was worth. Farro, I shall be worth. Farm, I should
be worth. Fa/i, be worth ; t?a/gra or vdglia, &c.
120 IREEGULAR VERBS.
XXIII. Vedere, to see.
Vedo or veggo or veggio, I see, &c. ; vediamo OTveggiamo, &c. *
Vidi 9 1 saw. Vedrb, I shall see. Vedrei, I should see. Vedi,
see ; verfa or vegga or veggia, &c.
XXIV. Volere, to be willing.
Voglio or vo', I am willing ; vwoi, vwo/e or vuo 9 , vogliamo,
volete, vogliono. * Volli, I was willing. Vorrb, I shall be
willing. Form, I should be willing. Che voglia, that I may
be willing.
IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
All these verbs are conjugated like Unire, which is
irregular only in the present of the Indicative, Imperative,
and Subjunctive, except the first and second persons plural.
Pres. Ind. Unisco, unisci, unisce, unlscono, I unite,
&c.
Imperat. Uriisci, unisca, uniscano.
Subj. Che unisca,) unisca or unischi, unisca, uni-
scano.
The verb Apparire has the two forms, apparisce or appare,
appariscono or appaiono ; so also have Aprire, Coprire, and
Scoprire, as aprii, and apersi, &c.
Some of these verbs in the present Indicative, Impera-
tive, or Subjunctive, have two forms ; thus, Ablorrire
makes dbborrisco or abbdrro, &c. Their use can be learned
only by practice.
The following verbs of this conjugation have some
peculiar irregularities.
I. Morire, to die.
Past part. Morto, dead.
Muoio, I die ; muori, muore, moiamo, morite, mubiono. *
IRREGULAR VERBS. 121
Morrb, I shall die. Morrei, I should die. Muori, die ; muoia,
&c.
II. Salire, to ascend.
Salgo, I ascend, &c. ; sagliamo, &c. * * * g a i^
ascend ; saiga, sagliamo, &c.
III. Seguire, to follow.
Seguo or sieguo, I follow ; segui or siegui, segue or siegue,
&c. * >f Segui, follow ; segua,&c. Che segua or siegua,
that I may follow ; seguano.
IV. Udire, to hear.
Oc?o, I hear; odi, ode, &c. * * * * Cdi, hear; 6da,&c.
V. Uscire, to go out.
Z&co, I go out ; esci, esce, &c. * * * * Esci, go out ;
esca, &c.
VI. Venire, to come.
Vengo, I come ; w'ern, rferie, &c. * Venni, I came. Verrb,
I shall come. Verrei, I should come. Vieni, come ; venga,
let him come, &c.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
I. Inf. 6re>e, to go. Past part. <2e7o, gone.
Pres. ind. Gite, you go
Imp erf. Giva or gia, givi, giva or ^rza ; giva mo, givate, givano,
or giano.
Perfect. Gisti, gi or gto; gimmo, giste, girono.
Future. Giro, gird; giremo, girete, giranno,
Condit. Girei, I should go, &c.
Imperat. Gite, go, &c.
Imperf. subj. Gissi 9 that I might go, &c.
H
122 DEFECTIVE VERBS.
II. Inf. Ire, to go. Past part. Ito, gone.
Pres. Ite, you go.
Imperf. Iva, he was going ; ivano, they were going.
Fut. Iremo, we shall go ; irete, iranno.
Imperat. Ite, go.
III. Riedere, to return.
Pres. Riedi, thou returnest ; riede, he returns.
Imperat. Riedano, let them return.
IV. Olire, to smell good.
Imperf. Oliva, olivi, oliva, &c., olivano.
V. Calere, to care for, or mind.
Past part. Caluto, cared for.
Pres. Mi cale, I care for.
Imperf. Mi caleva, I was caring for.
Perf. Mi calse, I cared for, &c.
VI. Solere, to be wont, to be accustomed.
Part. pres. Solendo, being accustomed.
Past part. Solito, accustomed.
Pres. Soylio, suoli or suo 9 , suole ; sogliamo, solete, sogliono.
Comp. perf. Fui solito, I had been accustomed, &c.
Imperf. Soleva, I was accustomed.
Pres. subj. Che sbglia, that I may be accustomed, &c.
Imp. subj. Che solessi, that I might be accustomed, c.
123
LIST OF VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE Unire*
Abbellire, to embellish.
abbonire, to render good.
dbbronzire, to become dark.
abbrostire, to toast.
abbrostolire, to toast.
abbruttire, to become ugly.
abolire, to abolish.
accalorire, to heat.
acco/orire, to colour.
accudire, to attend.
acetire, to become sour.
addolcire, to sweeten.
aderire, to adhere.
affievolire, to weaken.
affortire, to strengthen.
affralire, to become frail.
aggentilire, to become noble
or gentle.
aggradire, to please or be
pleased.
aggrandire, to become great.
agguerrire, to become war-
like or fit for war.
alleggerire, to lighten.
allenire, to soften, to allay.
allcstire, to get ready.
amarire, to embitter.
ambire, to aspire.
ammanire, to get ready.
ammansire, to tame.
ammattire, to go distracted.
ammollire, to mollify.
ammonire, to admonish.
ammorbidire, to soften.
ammortire, to quench.
ammutire, to become dumb.
ammutolire, to become dumb.
anneghittire, to grow lazy.
annerire, to blacken.
annichilire, to annihilate.
appassire, to wither.
appetire, to covet.
appiccinire, to diminish.
appigrire, to become lazy.
arricchire, to grow rich.
arrossire, to blush, become
red.
arrostire, to roast.
arrozzire, to make rough.
arruginire, to grow rusty.
asserire, to assert.
assordire, to deafen.
assortire, to sort.
assoggettire, to subject.
atterrire, to frighten.
attribuire 9 to attribute.
attristire, to grieve.
attutire, to blunt.
avvilirCy to vilify.
avvizzire, to fade away.
bandire, to proclaim.
blandire, to flatter.
* The student before using any verbs in ir<? should consult this
table to see if they be not conjugated like unire.
124
LIST OF VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE unlre.
brandire, to brandish.
brunire, to burnish.
candire, to preserve, as in
conserves.
chiarire, to clear up.
circuire, to go round.
color ire, to colour.
colpire, to strike.
concepire, to conceive.
condire, to season.
conferire, to confer.
construire, to construct.
contribuire, to contribute.
contrire, to make penitent.
costituire, to constitute.
costruire, to construct.
custodire, to guard.
deferire, to defer.
definire, to define.
demolire, to demolish.
differire, to defer.
diffinire, to define.
digerire, to digest.
disasprire, to allay.
diseppellire, to unbury.
ditfavorire, to be against one.
disfinire, to cease.
disfornire, to unfurnish.
disghiottire, to sob.
disgradire, to slight.
disimpedire y not to hinder.
dispartire, to part.
disruvidire, to smooth.
distribuire, to distribute.
disubbidire, to disobey.
disvigorire, to weaken.
disunire, to disunite.
erudire, to instruct
esaurire, to exhaust.
eribire, to exhibit.
esinanire, to annihilate.
espedire, to dispatch.
fallire, to fail.
fastidire, to loathe.
favorire, to favour.
finire, to finish.
fiorire, to flower.
fluire, to flow.
fornire, to furnish.
garantire, to warrant.
gestire, to gesticulate.
ghermire, to lay hold of.
gioire, to rejoice.
gradire, to accept with plea-
sure.
grancire, to hook.
granire, to seed.
gremh'e,to seize with violence.
grugnire, to grunt.
guaire, to wail.
gualcire, to handle.
guarire, to recover one's
health.
guarnire, to trim.
illardire, to lard.
illanguidire, to languish.
illiquidire, to turn liquid.
imbaldanzire, to embolden.
imbaldire, to embolden.
imbandire, to get a great din-
ner ready.
imbarberire, to grow cruel.
ijnbarbogire, to dote through
old age.
imbastardire, to degenerate.
imbastire, to baste.
LIST OF VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE Wlire.
125
imbellire, to embellish.
imbestialire, to grow mad or
cruel.
imbianchire, to whiten.
imbiondire, to grow fair.
imbizzarrire, to fall into a
violent passion.
imbolsire, to grow pursy.
imbonire, to appease.
imbottire, to quilt.
imbozzacchire, not to thrive.
imbricconire, to grow knavish.
imbrunire, to grow brown.
imbruschire, to grow sour.
imbruttire, to become ugly.
immagrire, to become lean.
immalvagire, to become
wicked.
immarcire, to rot.
impadronire, to become mas-
ter of.
impallidire, to turn pale.
impaurire, to frighten.
impazientire, to be impatient.
impedire, to hinder.
impervertire, to prevent.
impiccolire, to become small.
impigrire, to become lazy.
impoltronire, to become lazy.
imporrire, to rotten.
impostemirej to posthumate.
impoverire, to grow poor.
improsperire, to grow pros-
perous.
imputridire, to putrefy.
inacerbire, to grow cruel.
inacetire, to grow sour.
inacutire, to make sharp.
inalidire, to become dry.
inanimire, to encourage.
inaridire, to dry or become
dry.
inasinire, to become stupid,
like an ass.
inasprire, to exasperate.
inavarire, to become a miser.
incagnire, to become surly,
like a dog.
i?icallire 9 to grow callous.
incalvire, to become bald.
incanutire, to become white,
to grow old.
incaparbire, to be obstinate.
incapocchire, to cover with
a hood.
incaponire, to become stub-
born.
incapriccire, to become de-
sirous of any thing.
incatarrarire, to catch a cold.
incatorzolire, spoil by a blast.
incattivire, to become wicked.
incenerire, to reduce to ashes.
incerconire, to turn sour as
wine does.
inciprignire, to grow angry.
incicilire, to grow civil.
incollorire, to colour.
incrudelire, to become cruel.
incrudire, to irritate.
indebolire, to weaken.
indolcire, to sweeten.
indolentire, to benumb.
indolenzire, to benumb.
indrudire, to become a lover.
infarcire, to stuff.
126
LIST OF VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE
infastidire, to trouble.
infellonire, to grow cruel.
infemminire, to become ef-
feminate.
inferire, to infer.
inferocire, to become fierce.
infervorire, to animate.
infiacchire, to weaken.
infievolire, to weaken.
infingardire, to grow lazy.
infollire, to grow mad.
irifortire, to strengthen.
infmcidire> to rot.
infralire, to become weak.
infrigidire, to become cold.
ingagliardire, to strengthen.
ingelosire, to become jealous.
ingentilire, to become noble.
ingerir&i to meddle.
ingiallire, to become yellow.
ingiovanire, to become young.
ingrandire, to increase.
immalinconire, to grow mel-
ancholy.
immarcire, to putrefy.
innacerbire, to exasperate.
innagrestire, to become sour.
innanimire, to animate.
innaridire, to dry.
innasprire, to exasperate.
innuzzolire, to awake an ea-
gerness.
innorgoglire, to become proud
of any thing.
inorridire, to tremble with
horror.
inquisire, to accuse.
irretire, to catch with a net.
irrigidire, to grow stiff.
irruginire, to rust.
insalvatichire, to become wild
or savage.
insanire, to grow mad.
inschiavire, to enslave.
inserire, to insert.
insignire, to decorate.
insignorire, to become mas-
ter of.
insipidire, to become insipid.
insolentire, to become insolent.
insollire, to become soft.
insordire, to become deaf.
insospettire 9 to become sus-
picious.
insozzire, to dirty.
isterilire, to become barren.
istituire t to institute.
instruire, to instruct.
instupidire, to be surprised.
insuperbire, to become proud.
intenebrire y to become dark.
intenerire, to move often.
?i #f e/? 26??>e, to grow lu ke war m .
intimidire, to intimidate.
intimorire, to frighten.
intirizzire, to grow stiff with
cold.
intisichire, to become con-
sumptive.
intorbidire, to grow muddy.
intormentire, to benumb.
intorpidire, to become sad.
intristire, to become dull.
invaghire, to charm.
invanire, to become vain.
inveire, to inveigh.
LIST OF VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE UHITC. 127
invelenire,to become irritated.
inverminire, to grow full of
worms.
invigorire, to invigorate.
invilire, to dishearten.
invincidire, to grow soft.
inviperire, to rage.
inviscidire, to become viscid.
invizzire, to wither.
inumidire, to moisten.
involpire, to grow crafty.
inuzzolire, to awake a desire
of any thing.
inzotichire, to become rude.
irretire, to catch with a net.
irricchire, to become rich.
irrigidire, to become stiff.
irritrosire, to become shy.
irruginire, to become rusty.
istituire, to institute.
i&truire, to instruct.
largire, to give liberally.
lenire, to soften.
nitrire, to neigh.
obbedire, to obey.
0/z>e, to smell.
ostruire, to obstruct.
patire, to vilify again.
pattuire, to suffer.
piatire, to bargain.
polire, to plead.
poltrire, to polish.
preferire, to be idle.
presagire, to prefer.
preterire, to presage.
proferire, to prefer.
progredire, to utter.
proibire, to progress.
rabbellire, to prohibit.
rabbonire, to beautify again.
raddolcire, to pacify again.
raggentilire, to sweeten again.
rammollire, to make noble
again.
rammorbidire, to soften again.
rapire, to soften again.
rattepidire, to snatch away.
ravvilire, to cool again.
ravvincidire, to become soft
again.
redarguire, to argue against.
referire, to refer.
restituire, to restore.
r ever ire, to revere.
riabbcllire, to embellish again.
riagire, to react.
riarricchire, to enrich again.
ribadire, to rivet.
ribandire,.to banish again.
richiarire, to clear again.
ricolorire, to colour again.
riconcepire, to conceive again.
ricondire, to season again.
ricostituire, to constitute
again.
riferire, to refer again.
rifiorire, to flourish again.
rinfronssire, to bring forth
new leaves.
ringentilire, to become noble
again.
ringioire, to rejoice.
ringiovanire,to become young
again.
ringiovialire, to become j o vial
again.
128
LIST OF VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE
ringrandire, to become great
or large again.
rinsavire, to become wise
again.
rinserenire, to become severe
again.
rinsignorire, to become mas-
ter again.
rintenerire,to be moved again.
rintiepidire, to become cool
again.
rinverzire, to become green
again.
rinvigorire, to invigorate
again.
rinvilirej to vilify again.
ripulire, to clean again.
risarcire, to make good any
loss.
risbaldire, to rejoice.
risquittire, to adjust again
the feathers to a bird.
ristecchire, to dry up.
ristituire y to restore.
ritribuire, to retribute.
ritrosire, to become shy.
riunire, to unite again.
sbaldanzire, to lose courage.
fsbalordire, to be astonished
or to astonish.
sbandire, to banish.
xbigottire, to despond.
sbizzarrire, to satisfy our
whims.
scalfire, to scarify.
scarnire, to love flesh.
scaturire, to spring.
schermire, to parry.
schernire, to ridicule.
schiarire, to clear.
schiattire, to yelp.
schiencire, to avoid.
sciapidire, to become insipid.
scipidire, to become insipid.
scipire, to become insipid.
scolorire, to discolour.
semenzire, to grow up in
seed.
seppellire, to bury.
sfavorire, to disfavour.
sfornire, to unfurnish.
sgarire, to get the better in
a dispute.
sghermire, to let loose.
sgomentire, to discourage.
sgradire, to displease.
smaltire, to digest.
smarrire, to lose.
sminuire, to diminish.
smunire, to- reinstate in an
office.
soptVe, to quiet.
sostituire, to substitute.
spaurire, to frighten.
spervertire, to pervert.
spessire, to thicken.
srugginire, to clean from rust.
stabilire, to establish.
starnutire, to sneeze.
statuire, to resolve.
stecchire, to become dry.
sterilire, to become barren.
stizzire, to be angry.
stordire, to stun.
stormire, to make a noise.
stramortire, to swoon.
LIST OF VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE
129
stremenzire, to reduce with
difficulty.
stupidire, to wonder.
stupire, to wonder.
svanire, to vanish.
svelenire, to lose one's ferocity
svilire, to become vile.
supplire, to supply.
tradire, to betray.
traferire, to wound.
tramortire, to swoon.
trasferire, to transfer.
trasgredire, to transgress.
trasricchire, to become very
rich.
vagire, to cry as infants.
ubbidire, to obey.
usucapire, to acquire the pro-
perty of any thing by the
right of use.
PART V,
EXERCISES.
PAKT V.
EXERCISES.
EXERCISE I.f
ON THE ARTICLES.
1. / have always been curious to learn new things.
sono aempre stato cimoso[295j] intender nitova cosa.
2. || Gold, pearls, and rich dresses, showed truly
oro 9 per la, ricco vestimento mostrdvan veramente
that she was a lady of distinction.
che donna * grand* affare.
3. Remove from the your mind this sad thought of
Levdtevi da [26] animo questo tristo pensiero *
death.
morte.
2
4. / have a very great fear of the illusions of the magic
i Ho grandissima paura [26] inganno [26] magica
art.
arte.
5. These wicked witches sometimes are birds, sometimes
Questa malvagie strega[I5~] ora uccello,
dogs, and a little after mice and flies.
cane, poco poi topo mosca [15].
6. His limbs were torn by (the) wild beasts.
Le sue membra^ straziate da [24] fiera [9].
f The pupil must form for himself the plural of the nouns, whose
singular alone is given. He should also learn to conjugate the re-
gular verbs from the infinitives given in the text.
J The numbers within brackets refer to the sections of the Third
Part.
|| The definite article should always be placed before a noun in
the nominative case.
1" Membra is plural.
The English words in italics are not to be translated.
Words under which a dash ( ) is placed must be rendered into
Italian either by the help of a dictionary or by what the pupil has
already learnt.
The words or phrases under which an asterisk (*) is placed show
the application of the rules.
134 EXERCISES.
7. What dost tliou want I Thou hast servants, thou hast
Che ti manca ? fannglio,
maids, thou hast gowns of silk of every colour, rings, and
serva, vesta * seta ogni colore, audio
chains of gold, in fact (alt) that which thou desirest.
catena in fine cib che vuoi.
8. The Egyptians wishing to represent a man of deep
Egizio volere figurare un uomo * alti
thought, and given up to the contemplation of (the)
pensieri volto [34] contemplazione *
2 i
heavenly things, formed an elephant with the trunk turned
cosa celaste fecevano elefante [33] grugno rivolto
upwards ; and wishing to signify (the) prudence in the
in su ; significar prudenza [34]
things of the world, they made a serpent.
[33] mondo, "\figurare un serpente.
9. It is the nature of man to have compassion of (on)
Umano cosa e aver compassione [35] di
the afflicted.
afflitto.
10. Sorrow is placed at the extremity of (the) pleasure.
Dolore occupare estrcmitd * [33] piacere.
11. The sick were abandoned by (the) neighbours,
infermo abbandonare da [35] vicino,
by (the) relations, and by (the) friends.
da [35] parente 9 da [35] amico.
12. On the top of this little mountain was a palace with
Sul colmo quella montagnetta un palazzo con
a fine and large court-yard in the middle, with small fields
bella gran corte [33] mezzo pratello
2 i
around, and with wonderful gardens with wells of w r ater
intorno, maraviglioso giardino pozzo acqua
exceedingly fresh, and with cellars full of very precious wine.
freachissima, volta plena vino preziosissimo.
^ ^ The Italian words are a complete translation here, and in all
similar cases, of all the English words above them which have no
mark under.
THE ARTICLES. 135
13. J have the corn in the granary, and the horse in
grano * granaio cavallo
the stable.
* stalla.
31 2
14. Most (of the) men have (the) pleasure for their aim.
I piu * uomo\ * per fine.
15. (The sole) obedience to (the) magistrates governs
[106] obbedienza * magistrate regge
the world.
mondo.
16. He builds castles in the air.
Fa castello in aria.
2 i
17. The beauty of the person is really a vain thing.
bellezza corporate veramente vana cosa.
18. The weakness of the body is very often a proof
* debolezza * corpo le piu, volte argomento
of the strength of the mind.
forza spirito.
19. Abstinence is the mother of health.
Astinenza madre sanita.
20. The abundance of (the) dishes corrupts the body
larghezza * vivanda corrbmpere
and the soul.
anima.
21. God and truth will fight for me.
Iddio prendere Varme
22. They died not as men but as beasts.
23. The countenance is the mirror of the soul, and the
faccia [26] specchio *
eyes declare the secrets of the heart.
occhio [10] mostrare segreto * cuore.
f The plural of uomo is uomini.
Infinitives having this sign should be put in the imperfect in-
dicative.
136 EXERCISES.
24. The study of Dante excites the heart to (the) virtue.
studio di Dante accendere
2 3 1
25. It is the property of a great and good mind not
Questo e prbprio grande e buono dnimo *
to seek for the reward of (the) benefits, hut to seek to
[39] cercare frutto * benefizio, ma [39]
confer them.
di farli.
EXERCISE II.
ON THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
1. /thank you for your offer.
ringraziare [85] delta vostra offerta.
2. I assure you that I will not depart (myself) from
promettere [85] partire *
the truth.
veritd.
3. Let us quit (the) jokes ; tell me, I beg of you,
Lasciamo andar cidncia; cftfe[86] pregarevene[Q5^
who you are, and where you live.
chi , dove state a casa.
4. Thou shalt not ruin thyself alone, but me with thee.
ruinare [85] sola, ma[%o~\con
2 i
5. I do not understand their language, and / do not care
intendere illoro parlar, curare
(myself) about it.
[90] ne.
6. Tell me the cause for which thou art so angry.
D\ [97] cagione per che sz in cbllera.
7. Is it to me that thou hast given the gown with the other
A me hai data altra
things I
cosa?
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 137
2 1
8. You will not restore it to me.
volete renders [90]
9. I am not anxious (of) to know thee.
non mi euro di conoscere [87].
10. It is the first time that you have seen me.
prima volta che vedere
11. Command me freely in all your necessities.
Comandate[BG'] liberamente tutta la vostraoccorrenza.
12. / parted from you very discontented, and lamenting
Partire da voi motto scontento, dolere[8G~]
(myself) also my fate.
ancora della mia surte.
13. / give thee (the) permission to do it.
Dare * licenza ne.
14. Do to me that which thou desirest.
Fare [97] quel che vuoi.
15. Thou canst believe thyself one of us.
Puoi credere uno
16. You ought to please (to) everyone, although few please
dovete piacere ognuno, sebben pochi piacciano
(to) you.
* [85]
17. Beware (yourselves) (from the) of flatterers.
Guardare * adulatore.
18. Let us see that as you know how to conquer (the)
Fare * vedere come sapere vincere *
others, so you know how to conquer yourself.
altro, cost [85] medesimo.
19. Believe what pleases you (you please), as for me 7 say
Credere che piacere, io per me dico
it for good.
per bene.
138 EXERCISES.
20. / tell you that I am not acquainted with you, and /
Dico conoscere
know not who you are.
so chi siate.
21. If you loved me as I love you, you would not re-
Se amaste * com 9 re-
fuse it me.
gare [424] *
22. Help me, I pray you (of it).
Aiutare * * pregare ne.
23. / come (for) to entreat you, (in order) that you would
Vengo per pregare * affinche mode-
restrain yourself in the passion that transports you.
rare passione che trasportare.
24. Here I am, what do you command me ?
[88]* [211] comandare ?
EXERCISE IH.f
ON ST, &c.
1. In compensation of (for} so troublesome an affair, they
Per guiderdone cost faticosa faccenda [102]
2 i
never give more than the worth of six crowns.
mai J dare piu che valore sei scudi.
2. One can only lose.
[102] pub se non perdere.
3. What are they doing \ Where are they going !
Che [102] Dove * va
4. / wish to go and see what they do there.
Vbglio andare a vedere quel che [102] [364]
t For the rules on si, &c., see pronominal particles, pages 54 & 55.
$ When a negative follows the verb, the word non is always placed
before the verb.
ON THE USE OF SI AND SE. 139
5. It is here that we have made the acquisition of the
Qui acquisto
picture which is sent you.
quadro [101] mandare *
6. Men do not talk of any thing (men talk of nothing) but
* parlare d'altro che
of peace.
2 i
7. They have spoken so much of you, that all the hill
[102] 4 parlare tanto tutto poggio
re-echoed with it.
risonare ne.
3 12 456
8. There the birds are heard to sing, there the hills and
Quivi uccello[IQl~]6donocantare ) [3G4:~] collina
7812 3
the meadows are seen blooming, and the fields full of
pianura veggono verdeggiare, campo pieno
corn to wave not otherwise than (like) the sea.
biada ondeggiare mare.
9. Passions, said Galen, are like the stones which
passione, dice Galeno, * sasso che
from the top of a mountain roll towards the foot ;
* sommo rotolare allo ingiu ;
as soon as a man has taken a direction towards evil, he is no
come uno preso la corsa
more able to stop himself.
piu pub fermare *
10. Throughout (all the) life, one should learn to live
In tutta [1^2] debbe imparare
and to die.
morire.
11. We unlearn with difficulty that which we have
[102] disimparare malagevolmente quel che
learned in our tender years.
la eta tenera.
140 EXERCISES.
12. We should keep our promise.
* dee osservare la promessa.
345 2 1
13. One can refuse thee nothing.
pud disdire niente.
14. They do them no injustice if they are treated (so)
fa loro alcuna ingiuria se trattare si
as they have treated the others.
come essi hanno trattato * altro.
15. There is no crime so hidden which is not discovered
Non v* e reita si nascosta * scuopra
and which is not known. Let the smallest cracks beclosed,
* sappia. Chiudansi minima fessura,
let every light be taken away, the evil which thou doest at the
tolgasi ogni lume,
first crowing of the cock is known before daylight by the
primo cantar gallo sapere prima del d\ da
nearest publicans.
pi u prossimo taverniere.
16. What can one say more 2
Che pub '" dire piu ?
32 1
17. They work at it day and night.
* lavorare * di notte.
18. They cannot deny it.
* * negare *
19. What would people say of you if you did it \
Che [102] direbbe se ilfaceste ?
2 i
20. When an impossibility is asked, it is lawful
Quando cosa impossibile domandare, licito
to refuse it.
* la disdire.
21 . They are called geese.
[101] chiamare paper a.
ADJECTIVES. 141
341 2
22. Many more of them were sung.
Piu altre [82] cantare.
2 3
23. It is not three days since the words and the music
Non sono tre giorno che * parola suono
i
were composed.
fecero.
2 i
24. We should not (have) fear (of) that which is not yet
[102] vuole * paura quel che ancora
arrived.
intervenuto.
25. It is a thing which has never been seen.
una cosa [101 niai veduta.
EXERCISE IV.
THE ADJECTIVES.
1. Hear what she did in presence of many persons.
Udire quelch* fece cospetto molto persona.
2 i
2. Thinkest thou that I ought to suffer so great an
Pensare ch 9 iodebba patire tanto [108]
affront *
villania ?
3. He gave me so many blows, that he was near
Dare tanto bastonata, che fu presso
killing me.
che per ammazzare
2 i
4. Seest thou not with how much arrogance and
Vedere con [108] arroganza
pride she behaves towards us ?
superbia portarsi con
142 EXERCISES.
5. If thou hast a little patience, I will show thee
Se avrai * * * pazienza fare vedere
all.
tutto.
6. It is not surprising that we hear so much noise.
Non e maravlglia che sentire romore.
7. How many times have I not told you to do it in
volta non detto chefacciatea
this manner I
modo suo?
8. You give him too many caresses.
fare gli carezza.
9. Pray, have a little patience and let me finish.
Di grazia 9 [110]* *pazienssa 9 lasciare * finire.
10. / have been greeted on your part many times, and
salutare da parte vostra
by many of your friends.
da * [332] vostro amico.
11. I make little account of it.
Fare * stima [82].
1 2. They had little hope in peace.
* speranza la pace.
13. A good conscience is always tranquil.
La coscienza buono sempre sicuro.
14. Glory makes many envious.
Gloria fare * invidioso.
15. Slanderers are hateful to God and to men.
Detrattore odioso
16. She is beautiful, rich, good, and witty.
bello, ricco, savio, spiritoso.
17. He found there a respectable woman, very aged.
Trovare quivi uno buono molto^ attempato.
t Molto followed by an adjective is always an adverb, and is
therefore unchangeable in its termination.
ADJECTIVES. 145
2 1
18. I see in your bright eyes a sweet calm which
Vedere nei vostri lucente bechio dolce serenitd che
ought to he an image of that which the blessed enjoy in
debbe immagine quella che beato godere
(the) heaven.
cielo.
21 234
19. She had (the) lively eyes, (the) a fair and calm
vivace candido sereno
21 21
forehead, (the) rosy cheeks, (the) a ruddy mouth, and
di rose gudncia, vermiglio
(the) teeth white as ivory.
bianco [107] come avorio.
20. Oh ! how many times / laugh at it to myself.
fiata risi ne fra stesso.
2
21 . In the midst of that field was a fountain of very white
mezzo delqualprato fonte bianchzssimo
i 2
marble, and with extraordinary carved work.
marmOy maraviglioso intaglio.
22. If thou desirest to avenge thyself, be silent, and thou
vuoi vendicare tarn, hai
givest a mortal wound to thine enemy.
dato piaga mortale al nemico.
23. Your sister is polite, good, and also generous as you.
Vostrosorella cortese,buono, cosl liber ale come
2 i
24. Do you prefer the flaxen hair of Lauretta, or the
Pidccionvi piu biondo capello -
black of Lisetta !
nero -
25. Poor girl, who has beaten you I
Povero figliuola, chi dare
144
EXERCISE V.
ON THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES.
1. In good faith, if thou dost not change, I shall burn
Inbuonafe, se mutare verso, bruciar
thee alive.
viva viva [136].
2. There is not a woman in the world who is happier than
NOM che siafelice [128]
she.
lei.
3. This time I have been more cunning than thee.
Questa io n 9 ho saputopiu [128]
4. Now J deny it more than ever.
Ora lonegare [128] mai.
5. 7 wish to be able to love thee as much as thou lovest me.
Vorrei potere amar * [124] *
6. / went immediately to visit him, and he gave (made) me
subito a visitarlo,
a very agreeable reception.
lieta [133] accoglienza.
7. He could not do any thing which deserved more
Potere cosa che meritasse [109]
blame, and less excuse ; and the excuses which he makes
bidsimo, [109] sense; che allegare
are more unworthy than the fact itself.
brutto [128] stesso.
8. / will do willingly as much as you set me.
volentieri [124] * imponete
9. 1 have never wished for any thing so much as to study
desiderare cosaalcuna * [39^studiare
two years in my own manner.
due anno a mio modo.
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. 145
10. If it were so, I should fear greatly for your safety,
Secib fosse dubitare forte delta vostra salute,
and so much the more as the relapse would be much more
* ricaduta
dangerous than the malady itself.
pericoloso malattia stesso.
2 i
11. The splendour of beauty is more fugitive than are (not)
splendors bellezza fuggevole * D29]
the flowers, which appear in the spring.
fiore, ch' appdiono a primavera.
12. Learning makes (the) men better.
Dottrinafare [132].
13. What (thing) is sweeter than this law ! To abstain
Quale soave * questolegge? Astenersi
from (the) wickedness, to wish/or what is good (the good), not
malvagitd volere bene
to wish for (the) evil, (not) to hate no one, not to be willing
odiare nessuno, volere
(to be unwilling) to do to others that which you would not
fare altro quello ch 9 uno
wish for yourself.
vorrebbe a se.
14. It is more difficult to know how to be silent, than
malagevole * saper tacere,
how to speak well.
parlare
2
15. Nothing charms (the) man so much as (the) faithful
Niunacosa dilettare *
3 1
and sweet friendship.
amistd.
16. It is easier to reply to abuse than not to reply to
agevole ingiurie * rispbndere
it.
146 EXEKCISES.
17. The love of the money increases as much as
amore danaro crescere
the money increases.
1 8. Who is more exalted than he w r ho despises (the)
Chi eccellente * coluiche disprezzare
money I
2 i
19. Hidden pleasures are worth as much as (the)
Nascoso diletto vdgliono
treasures buried in the earth.
tesoro occultato sotto
20. The tie of (the) friendship binds much more than
legame amicizia stringere
that of blood or of (the) relationship.
q ue l parentado.
21. Is it not a degradation of a son to wish to raise a
un abbassare ilfiglmolo voler alzare
(the) slave almost higher than him I Certainly it is.
schiavo quasi su * lui ? Certo che St.
3 12
22. We bear (the) hatred more easily than the
Si sostiene bdio
society of the wicked and (of the) foolish.
compagnia * reo matto.
2 i
23. The wicked man does more evil than the brute.
rio fa * bestia.
24. Perhaps he did not love me so much as he declared.
Forse amare cost * mostrare.
25. Who is he that can know it better than I ?
Chi quegli lo conosca
26. The woman, so feeble asshe was, could not save herself.
__ [I23]debole * potere fuggire.
147
EXERCISE VI.
ON THE AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES.
1. He has a nasty livid colour, and is so thin that one
un[\4&~\ color e livido, simagroche
2 i
can only see his skin and (his) bones.
se non gli vedere la osso.
3 4
2. Why do you sell these little fish so dear !
Perche venders questo (etto) pesce si caro ?
3. She was a charming young girl of the age of
' f unaleggiadra (etto) gibvane d'eta
fifteen years.
anno.
2 i
4. The other was a little child, who was not yet
altro * un (ino) fanciullo, che aveva ancora
a year (old).
5. She is naturally very agreeable.
Ella naturalmente piacevolina.
6. For how long shall we endure this vile animal ?
Insino a quanta sosterremo questo * animate?
7. Be still, foolish chatterer! what nonsense thou art say ing
Sta cheto y accio cicala ! che pazzia did tu.
8. / am well persuaded (myself) that this is a little
avvisto che costei una(erello)
foolish girl.
sciocca.^
9. What sweet little words did she say to me !
Che dolce (ino] parola disse
t The diminutive of sciocca is schioccherella.
148 EXERCISES.
10. I am determined to ridicule this great fool.
deliberare dar la bdia a questo (one] sciocco.
11. They see here a frightful comet ; hut it does not
vedere qui una accio cometa; ma non
appear to me that it can signify any thing of consequence.
pare che possa significar cosa momento.
2 I
12. They found nothing else to eat, save a few
trovare non altro da mangiare, che alcuna
2 i
wild little apples.
salvatico (uzzo) mela.
13. He went away near to the little tower.
Sene andb vicino a (icello) torre.
14. (Not) having but one small chamber, and one single
Non che (etta) camera,
little bed, / cannot lodge you.
(icello) ktto, posso alloggiare
15. This great dunce wishes me to learn (the)
Questo (one) [143] pecora vuol *fare conoscere
things, as if I was born yesterday.
come s' iofossi nata ieri.
16. Thou hast so fascinated me by thy sparkling
in modo abbagliare co' tuoi sfavillante
little eyes, that / am become thy slave.
(etto) bcchio, che sonofatto tuo schiavo.
17. A good little fellow was gardener of their
Un buono (icciolo) uomo ortolano del loro
garden. [147]
giardino.
18. When he opens his great eyes, he appears
Quando spalancare quegli * occhio pare
(like) one possessed.
uno spiritato.
AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES. 149
19. He drew from one pocket a little letter, and gave
Si trasse unatasca una (ino) letter a rese
it me on your part.
da vostra parte.
20. This place was on a little hill.
II detto luogo sopra una (etta) montagna.
21. She went to a little country-house near there.
andarsene (etta) villa vicino ivi
22. My child, thouartnow old enough, it is
Figliuol mio, se 9 oggimaigrande (icello), egli
right that thou shouldst "begin thyself to see the state
benfatto incominei medesimo vedere
of thy affairs.
de' tuoifatti.
23. She saw on the shore a little fishing - boat,
Vide alia riva una (icello) nave dipescatori,
without oars and without sail.
senza remo vela.
24. I shall consider thee as a great fool.
avere peruno (one) sciocco.
25. He slept in a poor little hed.
Dormire pbvero (icciuolo) letto.
EXERCISE VII.
ON THE NUMBERS.
1. Return in three or four hours.
Tornarefra or a.
2. He has given me a pretty gown, a chain which ought
vesta, che dee
to cost (must have cost} forty crowns, a ruhy which is worth
valere scudo, che vale
150 EXERCISES.
ten (of them), and a wreath which ought to be worth
ne, che valere
(is worth) as much.
altrettanto.
3. I have written (wrote) to him from Paris the 1 5th of
scritto gli * Parigi[16&]
(the) last month.
4. Three times three make nine.
[362] fan
5. The first odd number is (the) three ; the first even
cqffo pari
number is (the) two.
6. The city (inhabitants) of Florence were the (one) same
- - [169]
people with the Romans.
pbpelo co 9 Romani.
7. / give you two thousand florins of gold (gold florins)
_____ [161] fiorino
for it.
ne.
8. They have seated themselves all five on the grass,
posti a sedere sopra
near (to) the fountain.
presso a fontana.
9. She scattered all the walnuts in the hall, then she
Fare versare noce per sala, poi
made them pick them up one by one.
gliele ricogliere * [168]
2 i
10. They made in the burial-grounds very large trenches,
* cimitero grandefossa,
2 i
in (the) which the dead were put by hundreds.
quale morto mettere [168] centindia.
NUMBERS. 151
11. None of them had exceeded twenty-eight years, nor
loro passato il ventottesimo anno, ne
was less than eighteen.
era minor .
12. He held firmly with (the) his two hands the edges
Tenere forte orlo
of the chest.
13. The first punishment of (the) crime is to have
pena delitto
committed it ; the second, always to fear ; the third, the
commesso temere;
disgrace ; the fourth, to lose the sight of God.
infdmia; perdere il veder Dio.
14. When Jupiter created the first men, he made them
Quando Giove creare egli li
with four legs and two heads.
, gamba testa.
15. William the Second, king of Sicily, had two children,
Guglielmo [163] Sicilia, figliuolo,
the one called Roger, the other called Constance.
chiamare Ruggieri, Costanza.
16. Let the ladies take each other by the hand two and
donna tengano per
two.
17. If he gives you two hundred francs for each, you
Se uno,
ought to be more than satisfied.
dovere contento.
18. He loved them all three alike.
amare parimente.
19. I shall live with him as a wife ought to live with
Dimorare lui mbglie dee
her husband.
152 EXERCISES.
20. The other is a stone, which we (other) lapidaries
pietra, lapiddrio
call heliotrope.
appellare elitrbpia*
21. Although I have not a thousand (florins), I had a
Perche abbia mille
good hundred, and even two hundred to give you.
ben anche * da dare
22. He had a brother of (the) age of twenty-five years.
fratello d'eta
23. Bet five thousand florins of gold against a thousand.
Metier e fiorino oro contra a
24. 7 shall depart the tenth of this month.
Partire * questo
25. Walk four and four.
Andare [168]
EXERCISE VIII.
ON THE PRONOUNS.
1. /should have recognised him another time at a distance ;
conbscere altra voltada lungi;
however, / stopped then a little time in doubt, thinking if
pure stare un pezzo sopra di me, pensare se
it were he himself.
fosse * [66]
2. This, my sister, is my beloved
[253] * diletto.
3. Lucy, take the bag of this gentleman, and lock
Lucia, pigliare valigia [245] serrare
it in that little chamber.
[245] * camera.
PRONOUNS. 1 53
4. My host desires that I be (wishes me to be) with him,
* ospite vuole seco 9
and I have promised it to him.
[92]
5. He no more appears himself.
pare [66]
6. When have you known this man ?
Dove [252]
7. Have pity on her who dies for your sake.
pitta di [252] muore per vostra cagione.
8. / do not give her to him.
dare * [92]
9. If you wish to know it, I will tell it you.
Se volere sapere * dirb [90]
10. This man is not whom he appeared to be.
[253] [213] parere
11. / love her exceedingly, and / am beloved by her.
[85] sommamente,
12. /do not wish to importune you any more.
vbglio importunare [87] altrimenti.
13. Let us go to meet them.
incontro a [83]
3 1 2
14. What shall we do with this man, said one to the other.
[211] farem di [252] dicevaVuno
15. Nobody would desire to live without friends, although
vorrebbe vwere amico, anche
possessing all (the) other advantages.
avendo bene.
16. Am I not as handsome as she I
[123] * *
17. You cannot refuse it to him.
potere negare * [92]
154 EXERCISES.
18. If / was her, I would not do it.
Se /cww[72] /are [84]
19. You have deserved it as well as he.
meritare [123] * *
20. The wicked are never pleased with themselves.
reo mai godere di se stessi.
21. The bird called cuckoo sounds always its own name,
uccellodetto cuculo cantare [243]
but one does not listen to it with pleasure, and it is abused
* ode * volentieri, beffare
by the other birds : such is he who praises himself.
da cosi colui lodare se stesso.
22. The mouth of him who tells lies kills the soul.
bocca colui [181] mente uccidere
23. This (woman) said that Emily was (is) not handsome,
[252] diceva Emilia
and I said that she was.
diceva di si.
24. This woman, hearing that, said, Well, how shall
[252] * udire disse, Or bene,
we act \
fare?
25. That (woman) merits thy love as much as every
[252] meritare [232] * qualtinque
other (woman) who pleases thee more
[181] pidcque mai.
155
EXERCISE IX.
ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
2 1
1. Who will believe that he says probable things! (i.e. what
[185] credere che dica verisimile
is probable).
2. What is it I hear !
[185] sentire?
2 i
3. Of what dost thou complain ? What dost thou want ?
[185] rammaricare? * ti manca?
Speak.
Parlare.
4. Some had been bitten by a dog, others wounded by a
[213] morso da * ferire da
stone ; these had received a blow in one place, those in
sasso; chi riccvere luogo, chi
another.
5. Here is the man by whom we are abused.
Ecco da [214] bejfare.
6. The scholar who, at the beginning of the night, had hidden
scolare che, in sulfur della notte, nascoso
himself near to the tower, felt compassion for this woman.
pressoa sentire compassione
7. What horse have you ever seen without a head !
[185] cavallo vedeste mai
8. What do we here I
* facciam
9. No w is arrived the time when thou canst have hisfriendship.
Ora venire che puoi *
K
156 EXERCISES.
2 1
10. The man who knows virtue least fears the less (of)
* conbscere temere
to do wrong.
errare.
11. The man who perceives not (the) dangers runs
non iscorge scbrrere
2
fearlessly everywhere ; and the man who can lose
baldanzosamente pub perdere
i
nothing is almost always at play.
quasi sempre giuoco.
12. "We have no other aim than the usefulness of our
fine utilitd
disciples.
2 i
33. Human life is a market ; some sell, others
_ _ mercato; [213] * *
huy ; some do one thing, some another ; some weary
comprare; * * affaticare
themselves here, others vex themselves there. What does
qua, affannare [185] fa
the philosopher 1 He looks on and examines.
Osservare sta a vedere.
14. Madman ! What is (the) sleep if not the image of
Stolto! [185] _ _
(the) death 1
15. Plato says that the words should he as the
Platone dice deono secondo
things of which one speaks.
[214]- -
16. What thing is more wondrous and (more) beautiful
[211] maravigRoso bello
than (the) truth I
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 157
17. You do not know the danger in which you are.
conbscere [214] "~~
18. To what would that serve you \ (Of what use would
[185] servire
that be to you ?)
19. Oh! my dear friend, what words are those which thou
Deh! dnima, * [245]
sayest ?
d\?
20. What was the cause for which you were angry with
* cagione [214] turbarsi
him \
lui?
21 . What is this thing which you have made me eat \
* questa che fatta mangiare?
22. You did that which a disloyal and wicked knight
fare quello disleale malvagio cavalier
should do.
23. Who could answer to thy wise words !
[185] sapere rispbndere * [232] sdvio parola?
24. I shall reveal to thee as to a father that which
palesare come * [255]
/ have always concealed from every one.
celare a tutti.
158
EXERCISE X.
ON THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
2 1
1. Thou hast made more account of a momentary pleasure
conto momentaneo
than of thy house and of thy children.
* * [232] cam * [232] figliuolo.
2. I went to the house of Laura (Laura's house) with
a casa di Laura
two of my servants.
* famiglio.
3. Tell me your name.
Dite * nome,
4. Will you that I (do you wish me to) tell you my
Volere che dica
opinion.
opinione.
6. If my sad fate has decreed that she shall not be to
Se * trista sorte disposto ch 9 ella sia
me, it is however better that my friend have her.
mia 9 egli e pur che Vdbbia.
6. My nephew is entirely yours (at your service).
* nipote tulto
7. She is and always will be the queen of my soul.
Ella signora *
8. / have sent to call him by one of my servants.
mandarea chiamare per * [24:l^servitore.
9. / have heard say that the house is no more (longer)
sentire dire che
vours.
[233]
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 159
10. Shall we not deserve the affection of our children,
meritare affetto *
for whom we do not hesitate to expose ourselves to death 1
per > dubitare mcttere * morte?
11. In all the time of his life (during his lifetime) he had
spazio *
but one (only) child.
altrocheun figliulo.
12. A certain Momus, not being able in other things (re-
Un certo Momo potere
spects) to find fault with the beautiful Venus, blamed
colpare Venere 9 biusimare
one of her sandals.
* pianella.
13. You have increased my desire and my courage.
accresciuta la vbglia mia Vanimo mio.
3 1
14. Do you know ifAehas taken my advice in good
2 Saperese dbbia pigliare * configlio per bene
or in bad part 1
per male?
15. When she saw her son, she ran affectionately to
Come vide * corse affettuosamente ad
embrace him.
abbracciarlo.
16. Let the horse be yours and the woman mine.
* donna *
17. Your husband, how does he call himself ! ( What is
chiamare -
your husband's name ?
2
18. / have shown you my misery and my grief, do your
mostrare * * dolor e, ilpiacer
3 1
pleasure of (with) me.
vostro
160 EXERCISES.
19. Let me do it, for certainly I will arrange
Lasciare fare a me,che fermamente acconciare
your business and mine.
* fatti
20. You ought to know that my father left me a rich
dovete sapere * lasciare ricco
man.
uomo.
21. 7 had formerly one of my neighbours, who, with the
__ gia vicino, al
greatest injustice in the world, did nothing else but beat
maggior torto del mondo altro che battere
his wife.
la mbglie.
22. If thou hast not that intention which thy words
Se quello animo * parola
declare, feed me not with vain hopes.
dimostrare, pdscere [387] di vano speranza.
23. These things are (belong*) to me, and I do not sell
Le cosa mie, venders
them.
24. / know that you have honoured my mother, and
So che onorata *
assisted my unfortunate father.
aiutare * miser o
25. One of my neighbours (fern.) has told me that this
detto che questo
house belongs to you.
*
161
EXERCISE XI.
ON THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
1. What means this?
Che vuol dire do ? J
2. At that moment when I was listening what|| that could
In quello che ascollare quelche potesse
be, the house suddenly became filled with constables.
aduntratto empirsi di birro.
2 1
3. Cease these useless tears, and think on your safety
Lasciare [245] pensare alia salute
and (to) mine.
4. You do not know these rascals.
conbscere ribaldo.
5. Go and put off these clothes.
a cavarvi * panni.
6. What is this parcel which you have under the arm ?
Che fardello wtto?
7. Have you need of me in this affair I
bisogno faccenda ?
8. Hast thou at last finished this dialogue without
ancor finire * ruyionamento senza
conclusion \
conclusione ?
9. You will have at last that which you desire.
infine quel desid&rare.
J Cio means this or that thing.
|) What, meaning that which, should be translated by quel che.
162 EXERCISES.
10. / know that you are not her whom I desired.
Conbscere che quella che
11. At the moment, as I was going to seal this letter,
In quello, che era per sigillar *
/ received yours of the 20th current.
ho ricevuta * del corrente.
12. Where have you been this morning 1
Dove [247]
13. To-night it will he cooler, and thou wilt sleep better.
fare fresco, dormire
14. /should not have known what to do, if you had not
sapere che cosa se foste ^
come at that moment.
venire in quella [251].
15. Pray, do us this pleasure.
Di grazia, * piacere.
16. / tell .you that this (thing) does not belong to you.
dico che
17. At this moment your brother arrived with his wife.
In quella * giunse la mbglie.
18. Thou wilt lay up this distaff which I leave here.
riporre rocca ch* io lasciare qui.
19. /went to Rome to see all those famous antiquities.
Andare Roma per vedere * antichitd.
20. Why are you come out so early this morning !
Perche uscire si per tempo
21. /received your second letter, at the moment when I
Avere * in quella ch 9 io
was going out.
era per uscire.
22. He complains of that woman, and murmurs against
lamentarsi - - mormorare contro
her.
a lei.
THE WORDS TUTTO AND OGNI. 163
23. Give me this book or that, it is immaterial.
Dare * * * tan? e.
24. The ladies will remain in this garden, and we will go
donna restare *
into that thicket.
* boschetto.
25. May this traitor he taken.
traditore preso.
EXERCISE XII.
ON THE WORDS TUTTO AND OGNI.
1. There was no one in the house but this
Non era altra persona casa che quella
girl.
fanciulla.
2. Thou must be some fool.
debbi [266] sciocco.
3. 7 will give him all the caresses that I can.
Fare gli carezza che potrb.
4. If you wish that I should write something to you, give
Se volere che scrwere
me a subject to write to you.
* materia da *
2 i
5. All men naturally desire knowledge.
Tutti\ gli uomini naturalmente desiderare sapere.
6. When / arrived here there was no one.
Quando arrivare qui c'era [268]
7. Nobody is more unfortunate than he.
misero * lui.
t Tutto is followed by an article.
164 EXERCISES.
8. He has more likeness to (with) the vilest animal,
somigtianza vile
whatever it may be, than to (with) a man.
[219]
9. There is nothing in the world that can please him.
Non e . che possa piacergli.
10. He has features formed in such a manner that one
un volto fatto a un modo che *
can trace there neither shame, nor fear, nor any other passion
conbscere '' ne vergogna, paura - affetto
whatever.
11. No force can hend him.
[267]/or#a pub piegare lo.
12. No neighbour had (any} care of the other.
cura
13. This shows nothing.
Questo montare
14. It agrees with no man to do that which nature
Conviene a * fare quello che
refuses him.
negare gli.
? *
15. Every place is the country of the wise man.
* savio
16. He who follows every road, whatever it may be, never
Colui che tiene * via,
reaches (to) any place.
perviene
17. Take good care that no person touches my things.
Guardare bene che toccare le cose mie.
18. Allmenfeel naturally the desire of (the) knowledge,
sentire desiderio scienza,
THE WORDS TUTTO AND OGNI. 165
because it is the ultimate perfection of our soul, and
perch 9 essa ultimo, perfezione dell' anima nostra,
it is in it that is placed our final happiness.
in essa sta F ultima nostra felicitd.
19. God leaves not any evil unpunished, although it be
- lasciare impunito, sebbene
not punished when one (man) desires it.
punito quando desiderare *
20. The young man listened attentively, and answered
giovinetto ascolture diligentemente, rispose
that he would do nothing.
che ne volea
21. Each one entreated his father for himself.
[257] pregare il se.
22. Every mother was the nurse of her children.
bdlia dei suoi fyliuolo.
3 2 1
23. Some were of a more cruel opinion.
[268] crudele sentimento.
24. Every man of whatever age made rejoicings, and
[256] di qualunque eta fare * festa,
in like manner the ladies, by singing songs of love.
similmente donne, can tare verso amore.
25. Nobody better than you knows the truth of that
* sa vero quello
which they say.
[102] dire.
166
EXERCISE XIII.
ON THE PREPOSITIONS.
1. I went from home about the beginning of the night.
Uscire di casa quasi in sulfarsi sera.
2. It appeared properly a robber's station.
Parere prbprio ladro * stanza [322].
3. She did things beyond belief.
* da non credere.
4. "What hast thou against me since this morning \
con [321]
5. He is a man fit for nothing he is stupidity itself.
dappocagine stessa.
6. If my return is not in ten days, it will not take place
* ritornosara [346] avrdluogo
for some time.
per un pezzo.
7. They are men of a dull understanding.
grosso ingegno.
8. We have had so many blows that for many less an ass
* bussa assai
would go from hence to Rome.
- [318]
9. He who desires not to be loved by you is not a man.
10. She had been brought up from her infancy in continual
* allevare
fatigues.
PREPOSITIONS. 167
11. Many maladies cure themselves without the help
* guariscono da se opera
of (the) doctors.
medico.
12. / will lead you to her, and / am sure that she will
condurre [325] certo conb-
recognise you.
scere
13. / swear to you as an honest man that / have not seen
[326] vedere
it.
14. He has given orders to one of his servants to give you
comandare *
(something) to eat.
[328] * _
15. Whatever power she have she can not injure me.
[342] potere nubcere
16. Stand still, for the love of God.
State cheto, [336]
17. (The) gratitude, among the other virtues, is extremely
gratitudine, * sommamente
praiseworthy.
* lodare.
18. Diogenes the cynic used to say that the money of the
Dibgene cinico diceva danari
2 i
covetous was like (to the) wild figs which grow on
avaro somigliante salvutico fico stare
the topsof the mountainsand cannot be reached by honest men,
su cbgliere *
and are the food of the ravens and of the rooks.
_, pasto corvo - - cornacchione*
168 EXERCISES.
19. He who puts off an undertaking is like the villager who,
differire villano
wishing to pass a river, waits till it cease to flow, and the
volere aspettareche scorra tutto,
stream runs and shall run on always.
cbrrere
2 i
20. What does reason demand at the (hands of) man !
addomandare
2 3 1
a very easy thing : to live according to nature.
facile * *
21. Dante teaches us that the path of virtue is difficult
insegnare malegevole
at the beginning, then easy, and at last very agreeable.
nel principle, poi agevole, molto dilettevok.
22. Genius becomes enfeebled, if we do not recruit it
ingegno infievolisee, * * ristorare *
2 i
by (a) constant study.
con continue
23. We must begin to learn from infancy.
Bisogna imparare wfino da fanciullo.
24. Among all the vices, we must first resist
si conviene in prima contrastare
gluttony.
gola.
25. By beauty, we direct the mind to contemplation ;
* dirizzare animo
2 i
and by contemplation to the love of heavenly things :
* desidtrio del cielo
thus it (viz. beauty) is sent among us as a specimen and
onde mandare per
2 i
(as) a pledge of heavenly things.
arra *
169
EXERCISE XIV.
ON THE ADVERBS.
1. You know now how the things go on.
Sapereora passare.
43 12
2. How powerful is the force of love !
[368] poderoso sono forze
3. We purchase a favour very dearly, when we ask for
assai caro, * domandare
it even a single time (once only).
* pur
4. He has advised me faith fully.
consigliare fedek [349],
2 i
5. I remember and shall always remember yon, because
Ricordarsi di voi,
you deserve it.
valere
6. Let us begin joyfully (to) this enterprise.
Metier si lieto
7. Mad, no ; but in love, yes.
Pazzo, innamorato,
8. Now it is time to prove your fidelity.
* provare * fede.
2 i
9. It is the property of a great soul to despise deeply
prbprio grande animo * sprezzare alto
injuries and insults.
offesa.
10. Now is arrived the time when you can obtain his
venuto che potere avere
friendship which you have so much desired.
desiderare.
170 EXERCISES.
11. /have rented a little villa near to this (place).
preso afitto * di qui.
12. If thou art unwilling to do me this favour, at least
non volere almeno
bring me a glass of water.
far venire
2 1
13. The "bright day being come, and the tempest being
venuto, essendosi
a little calmed, the woman raised her head.
alquanto acchetare, alzare **
14. Since you cannot go elsewhere, I will lodge you
Poiche altrove albergare
willingly (for) this night.
15. He began to make an appearance of extending
Cominciare sembiante distendere
one of his fingers, and afterwards the hand, and then the arm.
appresso poi
16. I found myself exactly opposite (to) the door of the
trovare appunto dirimpetto a uscio
chamber whence the lady should come out.
donde donna dovere uscire.
17. He ran a thousand times in the day, now to the
Correre ora
window, now to the door, and now into the court (for)
corte *
to see this woman.
[252]
18. / saw you rise and seat yourself there
vedere levare porre a sedere
where you are.
dove
10. He began to look at him steadfastly.
Cominciare riguardare Jisso [350],
ADVERBS. 171
20. When it will be agreeable to you, you can freely
a grado vi potrete libero
depart.
partire.
21. /shall lament in vain for having lost my youth.
Dolersi di perduta * giovanezza*
22. They began to say, who is there \
Cominciare
23. My father, you are now old and you can
oggimai vecchio potere
with difficulty support fatigue.
male [350] durar fatica.
24. What are you doing yonder !
laggiu?
25. 7 will tell a thing incredible, perhaps, but true.
Dire non credibile, forse,
EXERCISE XV.
ON THE CONJUNCTIONS.
1. If you reach Rome, you will have no more
arriverete sino a
doubt about it.
ne
2. He could not deny it, even though he would.
potrebbe [372]
3. If at the beginning of an undertaking men thought (to)
principio
/the end they would never do anything.
* niente.
4. If I had known it, I should not have asked it of thee.
[371] * sapere domandare
L
172 EXERCISES.
5. If thou art wise, thou wilt be less curious to know
saraisdvio, curioso cercare
the affairs of others.
6. If you come here, you shall be made welcome and
venire accarezzare
assisted by each.
7. Although she did not please me, and although she did not
# *
appear to me beautiful, I wished (to have) her, to
mi par ere [338]
enrage you.
far arrabbiare
8. If the desire (of it) came over me, / would have
* * m i darebbe
the courage to do it.
il cuore
9. My love will (not) end but with my death.
* finire se non per
10. If you go away, your mother will be very grieved at it.
par tire, * dolenteassai ne.
11. Although he wished i7, he would not and he could not
sapere
tell it again.
12. Since it pleases you thus, I will do it.
Poiche piacere
13. Thus we may conclude that every thing is submitted
Sicche * pub * sia suggetta
to his power.
* potenza.
CONJUNCTIONS. 173
1 4. If thou answerest not to insults, thou wilt inflict a
rispbndere ingiuria, fare
2 i
mortal wound on him who has offended thee.
piaga a colui offeso
15. Man could not imagine that our blessedness, in con-
L'uomopotere immaginarsi * beatitudine,nel con-
templating God, will be eternal and without any suspicion of
templar sospetto
satiety, if he did not see that the contemplation of the charms of
sa#ea[37lt] * * dellavaghezza
2 121
virtue is an incomprehensible pleasure, an ineffable delight,
incomprensibile ineffaUlebeatitudine
an attraction which, when it ends, he would wish to begin again,
dolcezza finire,
a contentment such that man forgets himself.
contento se ne dimentica se medesimo.
2 i
16. How beautiful she is how charming (she is) how
[368] * V ag a
graceful (she is) !
grazioso !
17. Although I should love thee (not] for no other cause,
thy life is dear to me that / may live.
* caro acciocche
18. His comrades dared not help him ; on the contrary, they
* compagno ardire anzi,
cried out together with the others that he ought to be killed.
gridare fosse morto.
1 9. If you had come earlier, you could have dined withus.
a miglior or a avreste
20. To do that which you demand me, I wait only
Afarquetto domandare nonaspettarealtro
for time.
che
*)- A past tense after se, ove, quando, is also translated by the im-
perfect subjunctive.
174 EXERCISES.
21. Sir, the cranes have (not) but one leg.
Siynor, gru se non gamba.
22. Certainly if I denied that, / should deny the truth.
Certo, * cid, negare [424] vero.
23. In order that the high-horn girl should not fall into
Acciocche gentil gibvane venisse a
2 i
the hands of a worthless man, we should believe that God,
mano vile * dee Iddio,
in his kindness, permitted that which happened.
per * benignita, permettesse quello avvenire.
24. If you had resisted (yourself) vigorously, all this
* opporsi vigoroso,
would not have happened.
avveniva.
25. Before (that) thou killest me, tell me in what I have
Anzi uccidere *
offended thee.
EXERCISE XVI.
ON THE USE OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.
1. There was not a single man who did not laugh
[364] * ismascellasse
immoderately.
dalle risa.
2. Have I then to (must I) suffer all the time (days) of
[369]* stentare
my life !
la
3. What is there of novelty 2
AUXILIARY VERBS. 175
4. / have to speak to you about an affair of importance.
[&49~]parlare * per cosa che importa.
5. What is there ! (i. e. What is the matter ?) What do
* *
you command ?
commandare ?
6. These are things (this is enough) to make one mad.
* impazzare.
7. Who is there \ It is I.
* [456]
8. Are you so little employed, that you trouble yourself
tanto occupare, diate impdccio
with the affairs of others ?
delle facenda altrui ?
2 1
9. Here is a certain rural tranquillity that one finds
* * villereccio quiete
(we find) not in many other places.
* * luogo.
10. If it belonged to me, / would make him see his own
Se stesse [458] fare ravvedere
fault in spite of himself.
suo malgrado.
11. The house which, two years ago, belonged (was) to my
* * [363] di
sister, belongs (is) to me at present.
mia oggi.
12. I refrained from writing to you through fear of
Mi tenere per temenza
being troublesome to you.
essere molesto *
13. These are things to make fools believe (Fools
[450] * * dar merlotti ai ad intendere.
only would believe such things).
176 EXERCISES.
14. In all (the) things, the mean is to be praised, and
mezzo * lodare,
the extremes to be blamed.
estremitd * biasimare.
15. Henceforth it is for me to speak, and / will do it
Oramai toccare [458]
willingly.
16. There are some (of them) of all shapes.
* * ne ognifatta.
1 7. You are (the) thoughtless if you have not understood
gli smemorati se inteso
it.
18. Our conversations have been too long.
* ragionamento * * lungo.
19. Now you know that which is to do (what is to be
Or a condscere *
done), and that which is to follow.
* seguitare.
20. These fruits are better to look at than (good) to
* riguardare
eat.
mangiare.
21. Is it you, my father, who calls me \
* chiamare
22. Yes, it is I ; come down quickly.
SI * vien giu tosto.
23. It is for our master to reward us, and not for us
Toccare * * premiare *
to reward him.
* *
IRREGULAR VERBS. 177
24. If I had known that it belonged to me to do it
Se avessi saputo toccare
2 1
I would have done it already.
gid.
25. Having learned to whom it belonged, / would not
udire * chi volli
accept it.
accettare
EXERCISE XVII.
ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
1. / am a merchant, and I go carrying here and there
mercante * portare di qua e di la
2 i
Sicilian honey and cheese.
Siciliano cacio.
2. Take the glass and give me something to drink.
Pigliare biechiere [32&]bere.
3. If you do (the) wrong, it will be for you to lament it.
f arete male, toccare pidngere
4. Upon my word, I wish to make him find that which he
Allafe, vbglio
is seeking.
andar cercando.
5. Why do you seek for that which you will perhaps
Perche x forse
never find \
non mai trovare ?
6. All flee that which we seek to flee.
andar fuggendo cercare di
7. Shall we suffer that an ignorant man play the philo-
Patire noi fare filbso-
sopher \
fo?
178 EXERCISES.
8. It is for me to tell the last story of those of
Toccare raccontare novella
to-day.
oggi.
9. I wished to go to your house (to call on you) to wish
Vokre * da voi a dar-
you a pleasant journey, but it was not possible.
vi il buon
10. Shall we stay here without doing any thing !
Stare niente?
11. There are already eight years that / give him his
** _ _ _ da
food. (/ have already supported him eight years),
mangiare.
12. He goes looking for his friend.
*
13. / promise you to go and see you in three or four
promettere * [446] * fra
days.
14. Give me something to buy the dinner.
comprare
15. What shall we do at supper if our friends come !
da cena se gli vengono ?
16. / shall not be able to call on you, but I shall call,
potrb venire da * andare
without fail, on your brother.
senza fallo y da
17. /was going to your house to ask (to you) dinner
* * per da desinare.
(from you).
IRREGULAR VERBS. 179
18. He was walking through the fields gathering some
per campo cbgliere
fragrant plants, and found this pretty little jewel.
odortfere trovare (-two) gioiello.
19. Since you have done that which I (had) told you, /
Poiche detto
will give you something to buy you a pretty gown.
da vcste.
20. I wish to go and spend some weeks at my little
Volere a fare * (-etta)
country house.
villa.
21. Irresolute of him-self, he went wandering here and there
Incerto se medesimo, vagare or qua or Id
through Tuscany.
per Toscana.
22. What shall I go seeking through the world \ That
cercare [339] lo Quel
which / love and that which / desire is with me.
desiderare meco.
23. Some go here, and others there, fleeing that which we
Chi * qua, - /a, fuggire
desire to flee.
cercare di
24. / shall go and dine with you and with your party.
a desinar * compagnia.
25. He went dancing and singing so gaily, (that he almost
> saltare tanto lieto,
jumped out of his sldn) that he could not contain himself
capere
in his skin.
il cuoio.
180
EXERCISE XVIII.
ON THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
1. He thinks to have caused (in) me great fear in telling
Credere fare
me that he would not let me enter his house.
* in cam sua.
2. Men err in speaking in many different ways.
' peccare * * in modo.
3. She said then almost laughing You are too cruel with
Dire quasi ridere
me.
4. Oiten, in looking for one thing, we find another (of them)
* cercare *
which is not less valuable.
caro.
5. He gave force to his words hy weeping, (by) crying,
Aiutare le * piangere, gridare,
2 3 1
and (by) striking his breast and his face with his hands.
darsi nel petto e nel viso delle mani.
6. Plato, in exhorting Diony sius to remember some of his
Platone * esortare Dioriisio ricordarsi
precepts, told him, in one of his letters, that the best way
disse modo
of calling them to mind was not to write them.
rammentarsi
7. Cicero, seeing that his brother, who was small of
Cicerone, vedere * piccolo di
stature, had girded on a long sword, said : who has tied my
statura, cinto
brother to that sword I
PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 181
8. In coming before me the first time, he acted the deaf
Nelvenirmi dinanzi fece
and the fool.
smemorato.
9. There will be no one, who in seeing us, will not make
* #
way, and (will not) let us pass.
luogo, andare.
10. Here, in this gentle current of air, we shall spend this
Qui, a ventolino passare
hot part of the day more agreeably than in walking
caldaparte piacevole * passeggiare
through the garden.
per
11. I never have so much pleasure' as / have in praising
* ho * lodare
the ladies.
donna.
12. Pardon me, if / vex you sometimes by asking
vi tolgo il capo * domandare
you questions.
13. / despaired on seeing myself watched by those who
disperarsi * guardare *
were near to us.
intorno a
14. In looking around he saw nothing, but clouds and
* guardare dattorno [375] nuvolo
2 i
15. Judging to have seen enough, he proposed to return
Parendogli proporre tornare
to Paris.
182 EXERCISES.
16. The good woman, hearing that, had pity on him.
_ udire gliene venne pietd.
17. / wish thee to wait for me a year without remarrying,
_[447] [444]
beginning from this day when 7 set out.
cominciare * che mi parto.
18. He hoped for pardon by making presents to the
* Sperare [473] donare
most influential people,
piu grosso.
19. Do not make a show of being astonished, nor lose
* vista maravigliare, ne perder
time in denying it.
tempo *
20. After supper they amused themselves in singing and
Dopo cena trastullare [473] cantare
in dancing in the usual manner.
* ballare a usato modo.
21. These doing one thing, and those another, the time
Chi fare *
passing away, the hour of supper, scarcely expected,
fuggirsi, or a appena aspettare,
arrived.
soppravenire*
22. Become all red with shame, almost weeping, and
Divenire vermtgliodi vergogna, quasi piangere,
2 i
trembling all over, in broken words, she began to express
tremante conparola rotto, cominciare dire
herself thus.
23. The young girl, weeping, answered that she had lost
giovane, * rispondere smarrita
her companions in the forest.
* compagnia selva.
PAST PARTICIPLE. 183
24. He consumed, in looking for them, all the rest
Consumare, * cercare rimanente
of that morning.
mattina.
25. Thou injurest me, in thinking perhaps to serve me.
offendere [445] credere forse giovare
EXERCISE XIX.
ON THE PAST PARTICIPLE.
1. Having given me luncheon, dinner, and supper, he lodged
[441] da merendare 9
me like a prince.
2 i
2. Seeing the lonely place, they robbed him.
Vedere rubare
3. All the places around were covered with bones.
d'intorno coperto [296] ossame.
4. Each star has already disappeared from the east.
era fuggire
5. This noble lady having departed from this world, all
gentil donna diparfitasi
the city remained almost bereaved and despoiled of all its
- rimanere vedovo spogliare *
nobility.
6. When you shall have read, and re-read this letter,
burn it.
bruciare
184 EXERCISES.
7. He who has betrayed his benefactor, can do that which
tradire il pub
he desires without feeling the least remorse.
vuole [444] averne minima
8. / am ashamed of it, even to my soul.
sono arrossito * sino neW
9. The answer which you have sent me by my brother,
mandare
has not yet arrived. s
e comparire [438],
10. He wishes to die as he has lived.
- e vivuto.
11. She had so much grace in smiling, that if she had
* ridere, avesse
always smiled, she would have always pleased.
sarebbe piaciuta.
12. She began to say the words given her by the scholar.
13. She had remained a long time in Sicily with the father
Era dimorare
of this young man.
gibvane.
14. Let not the men be vexed, we (women) are
nan V abbiano per male,
more compassionate than they.
pietoso
15. The women having got to the window, began to cry,
thieves ! thieves !
alladro! alladro!
16. The affection of his son inthralled him so, that he
affezione il strinse tanto, <
paid no attention to the trick played by his servant.
pose mente ingannofare * il servo.
PAST PARTICIPLE. 185
17. If it had pleased (to the) God, death would have been
fossepiacere era
more agreeahle to me than to live longer.
- a grado * piu vivere.
18. The nurses of the infants tell them when they weep
bdlia fanciutto
there is King Richard, because he was feared like death.
perciocche temere
19. When they had heard this, there was no need of any
Come bisognb piu
thing else.
avanti.
20. My father, I do not believe it necessary that I tell
Padre mio, [4471 bisognare racoon-
you the history of my misfortune, for I am sure that you
tare istbria * sciagura, che certa
have heard it.
udire
21. My eyes, deprived of their mirth, gave to my heart
Gli privare * allegrezza, dare * cuore
a sad subject of lamentation.
noioso cagione dolersi.
22. They were all crowned with oak-leaves.
Esso inghirlandare fronde di quercia.
23. I am certain that they are come as far as this
certo venire infino a questo luogo
without meeting with any opposition.
trovare alcuno resistenza.
24. Having saluted them with a smiling countenance, she
Salutare viso tteto,
made known to them their engagement.
fe manifesto, * disposizione.
25. The Virtues having departed from below (this earth},
dipartirsi di quaggiu
have left wretched mortals in the dregs of the vices.
abbandonati vivente feccia vizio.
186 EXERCISES.
26. A great part of the night being already past, all
Buonapezza notte gid passare, -
went to rest.
a riposarsi.
EXERCISE XX.
ON THE MOODS.
1. He trembled like a leaf, and knew not where he was.
Tremare verga, [447] dove
2. 7 think that it is necessary to write to him all that
Giudicare * quelche
passes.
3. Weep not, my child, and be quiet.
[387] sta zittino.
4. 7 have sent to him to say, by my servant, that he
mandare * la serva,
should come andt speak to me about a business of importance.
per cosa cheimporta.
2
5. I have just received a letter that I expected six months
aspettare
1
ago.
da.
6. Listen to me 7 am going to tell you frankly what 7
Udire [451] * franco
think of you.
7. 7 think that thou art in love.
[491] * innamorato.
J- When and between two verbs means in order to, it is translated
by a, and the second verb is always in the infinitive.
MOODS. 187
8. God grant that this be so.
volere
9. / do not wish that this may frighten you (this to
spaventare
frighten you).
10. / think that the best way to recruit yourself is to
migliormodo riavere *
live in the country.
villa.
11. /do not know where he is going.
dove
12. Do not make a show of being astonished, and lose no
[387] vista maravigliarsi,
words in denying this act.
le negare il fatto.
13. If there is any thing in this life which calms the mind,
amid the troubles and storms of this world, / think that
angoscia -
it is study.
14. It appears to me that those who remove friendship
parere tdgliere
2 i
from this life, remove the sun from the world.
* * *
15. When she saw that he was gone, she began to think
Come vide
what she ought to do.
#
16. After that, having conducted the noblemen to the
Appresso menare in
garden, she asked them politely who they were.
* cortese fossero.
M
188 , EXERCISES.
17. It appears to me that they have good reason.
* molta ragione.
2 1
18. She avoids me as if I were some strange thing.
fuggire * qualche strano
19. Attend well to what I am going to tell you.
Attenclere bene [451].
20. Fear not that you will ever be blamed for this.
Dubitar di questo ti seguire mai biasimo.
21. /do not know what wrong it would be to do it.
sapere che mat si * fare
22. We should be very contented that you went to pass
ci contenteremmo molto andare a stare
some time in Paris.
nlquanto a
23. 1 desired very much for many days to know who
desiderare sommo piu giorno saper chi
he was.
24. I pray (you) that you may not be so foolish as
pregare voi non smte sdocco che
to wish to expose yourself to so great danger.
vogliale voi sottopporre si grave per\colo.
25. Not to lose time, / wish to go and begin.
[338] perdcr tempo, volere andare cominciare*
189
THE INTERJECTIONS.
All! ah! |
Ahi ! oh ! > expression of pain, misfortune, of horror.
Ahime ! alas ! J
Deh! ah! entreat in gly.
Eh ! eh ! complaint or inquiry.
Oh ! or Oh, oh ! of surprise and astonishment.
Oi! orOhi! oh! of pain and suffering.
Oibb ! fie ! contempt or disapproval.
Oime ! ohime ! alas ! of one in pain, &c.
Buono ! good ! in approval.
Bravo ! brava ! approval. The Italians employ the word
as an adjective, and say of a man, bravo, bravissimo; of a
woman brava, bravissima. The English use bravo indis-
criminately.
Guai ! wo is me !
Old ! holla ! hark ye !
Su ! up ! get up !
Orsu ! come !
Via I begone !
Animo! cheer up !
Zitto! hist ! silence ! used as an adjective.
Printed by Oliver & Boyd,
Tweeddale Court, High Street, Edinburgh,
EXHIBITION MEDAL LIST.
EDUCATIONAL WOKKS
PUBLISHED BY
OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., LONDON.
This List is confined to the Works exhibited by Oliver and
Boyd, for the merit of which a Medal has been awarded by
Her Majesty's Commissioners of the International Exhibition
of 1862.
ENGLISH READING, GRAMMAR, ETC. *. d.
CONNON'S System of English Grammar 2 6
DEMAUS' Selections from Paradise Lost, with Notes 1 6
Analysis of Sentences Reduced to 3
Ewmo's Principles of Elocution, improved by Calvert 3 6
FULTON'S Edition of Johnson's Dictionary 1 6
LENNIE'S Child's A, B, C, Part I. l^d. Part II 3
Child's Ladder 10
Principles of English Grammar [The Key, 3s. 6d.] 1 6
M'CuLLOCH's First Reading-Book 1J
Second Reading-Book 3
Third Reading-Book 10
Fourth Reading-Book & Synopsis of Spelling 1 6
Series of Lessons in Prose and Verse 2
Course of Reading in Science and Literature 3
Manual of English Grammar 1 6
Prefixes and Affixes of the English Language 2
MILLEN'S Initiatory English Grammar 1
REID'S Rudiments of English Grammar 6
Rudiments of English Composition [The Key, 3s. 6d.] 2
Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language 6 6
SESSIONAL SCHOOL Etymological Guide 2 6
Old Testament Biography 6
New Testament Biography 6
SPALDING'S (Professor) History of English Literature 3 6
WHITE'S System of English Grammar 1 6
MATHEMATICS, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, ETC.
INGRAM'S Mathematics, by Trotter [The Key, 3s. 6d.], reduced to... 4 6
Mensuration, by Trotter 2
INGRAM & TROTTER'S Euclid's Plane Geometry and Trigonometry. 1 6
LEES' Catechism of Natural Philosophy, Parts I. & II., each 9
NICOL'S Introductory Book of the Sciences 1 6
Oliver and Boyd's Exhibition Medal List,
GEOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY. *. d>
EDINBURGH ACADEMY Modern Geography, improved 2 6
EWING'S Geography, with Astronomy and Physical Geography 4 6
with 14 Maps 6
MURPHY'S Bible Atlas, 24 Maps, coloured, with Hist. Descriptions 1 6
REID'S Rudiments of Modern Geography (Map), Is. ; with 5 Maps.. 1 3
Abridgment of Ditto 6
Outlines of Sacred Geography, with Map of Palestine 6
Introductory Atlas of Mod. Geography, 10 Maps, revised... 2 6
School Atlas of Modern Geography, 16 Maps, revised. 5
REID'S (Hugo) Elements of Astronomy 3
Physical Geography, with Astronomy (Phys. Chart). 1
STEWART'S Modern Geography, with Physical Geog. & Astronomy. 3 6
WHITE'S Abstract of General Geography, Is.; with 4 Maps 1 3
System of Modern Geography, 2s. 6d.; with 4 Maps 2 9
HISTORY.
SIMPSON'S History of Scotland, with Map 3 6
Goldsmith's History of England, with Map 3 6
Goldsmith's Rome, with Map 3 6
Goldsmith's Greece, with Map 3 6
TYTLER'S Elements of General History, continued to 1862, with
2 Maps, Frontispiece, etc 3 6
WATTS' Scripture History, with Notice by Dr Tweedie 2
WHITE'S History of England for Junior Classes 1 6
History of Scotland for Junior Classes 1 6
History of Scotland for Senior Classes 3 6
History of Great Britain and Ireland, continued to 1862,
with Map, reduced to 3
History of France, with Map 3 6
Sacred History 1 6
Outlines of the History of Rome 1 6
Outlines of Universal History 2
Elements of Universal History, continued to 1862, 7s.; or
in 3 Parts, each 2 6
WRITING, ARITHMETIC, AND BOOK-KEEPING.
HUTTON'S Arithmetic & Book-Keeping, by S. & D. Entry, by Trotter 2 6
Book-keeping, by S. & D. Entry, by Trotter, separately 2
Two Ruled Writing Books for Ditto: Single Entry 1 6
Double Entry 1 6
INGRAM'S Principles of Arithmetic, Improved Edition [Key, 2s. 6d.] 1
MELROSE'S Arithmetic, by Ingram and Trotter [The Key, 3s. 6d.]... 1 6
SCOTT'S Writing Copy Books, with Engraved Headings, in a progres-
sive Series of 20 numbers: Post Paper each 4
Copy Lines, 30 Sorts each 4
Oliver and Boyd's Exhibition Medal List,
Writing, Arithmetic, and Boo'a-keeping continued. 5. d.
SMITH'S Practical Arithmetic for Junior Classes [Answers, 6d.] 6
Practical Arithmetic for Senior Classes [Answers, 6d.] 2
STEWART'S First Lessons in Arithmetic [Answers, 6d.] 6
Practical Arithmetic [The Key, 3s. 6d.] 1 6
TROTTER'S Arithmetic for Junior Classes [The Key, 6d.] 6
Arithmetic for Advanced Classes [The Key, 6d.] 6
Complete System of Arithmetic [The Key, 4s. 6d.] 3
LATIN AND GREEK.
CICERO'S Orationes Selectae, by Professor Ferguson 1 6
Cato Major, Laelius, &c., by Professor Ferguson 1 6
De Offlciis, by Professor Ferguson 1 6
DYMOCK'S Sallust, with Notes, and Index, reduced to 2
Caesar, with Notes, Index, and Map of Gaul 4
EDINBURGH ACADEMY CLASS-BOOKS:
Rudiments of the Latin Language 2
Latin Delectus, with Vocabulary 3
Rudiments of the Greek Language 3 6
Greek Extracts, with Vocabulary and Index 3 6
Ciceronis Opera Selecta, published at 4s. 6d., reduced to 3
FERGUSON'S (Professor) Grammatical Exercises, with Notes and
Vocabulary [The Key, 2s.] 2
Introductory Latin Delectus, with Vocabulary 2
Ovid's Metamorphoses, with Notes and Index 2 6
GREEK GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES, with Vocabulary, by J.Fergusson,
M.D. [The Key, 3s. 6d.] 3 6
GREEK TESTAMENT, Griesbach's Readings, by Duncan, reduced to.. 3 6
HOMER'S ILIAD, by Veitch, from Bekker's Text, & Index, reduced.. 3 6
Books I., VI., XX., and XXIV., with a copious
Vocabulary, by J. Fergusson, M.D 3 6
HUNTER'S Ruddiman's Latin Rudiments 1 6
Sallust, with Notes, reduced to 1 6
Virgil, with Critical Notes, reduced to 2 6
Horace, with various Readings, reduced to 2
Livy's History, Books XXI. to XXV., with Notes 4
M'DOWALL'S Caesar, with Vocabulary, Notes, Map, and Memoir.... 3
MACGO WAN'S First Latin Lessons, by Dr Halle, with Vocabulary.. 2
Second Latin Lessons, with Vocabulary 3
MAIR'S Introduction to Latin Syntax, by Stewart, with Vocabulary 3
NEILSOX'S Eutropius and Aurelius Victor, with Vocabulary, etc.... 2
STEWART'S Cornelius Nepos, with Notes, Index, and Vocabulary... 3
XENOPHON'S Anabasis, Books I. and II., with a copious Vocabu-
lary, by James Fergusson, M.D 2 6
OLYMPUS AND ITS INHABITANTS : a Narrative Sketch of the Classical
Mythology, by Agnes Smith. Edited by J. Carmichael, M.A.... 3 6
Oliver and Boyd's Exhibition Medal List,
FRENCH AND ITALIAN. *. d.
CARON'S First French Class Book [The Key, Is.] 1
First French Reading-Book, with Vocabulary 1
French Grammar, with Exercises [The Key, 2s.] 2
CHAMBAUD'S Fables Choisies, by Scot & Wells^yith Vocabulary... 2
FRENCH TESTAMENT, Ostervald's Protestant Version 1 6
GIBSON'S Le Petit Fablier, with copious Vocabulary 1 6
HALLARD'S French Grammar, with Exercises [The Key, 4s.] 4
RAMPINI'S Italian Grammar (Italian and English} [The Key, 2s.].... 3 6
SuRENNE'sNew French Dialogues 2
French Manual and Traveller's Companion 3 6
French and English Dictionary, Cheaper Edition 3 6
Pronouncing French and English Dictionary, New
Edition, revised and reduced in price 7 6
Fenelon's Telemaque, 2 vols, each Is.; or bound together 2 6
...., Moliere's L'Avare, stiff wrapper (bound, Is. 6d.) 1
Moliere's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (bound, Is. 6d.)... 1
Moliere's Le Misanthrope and Le Mariage Force, 1 vol.
stiff wrapper (bound, Is. 6d.) 1
Voltaire's Histoirede Charles XII, printed cover (bd. 1/6) 1
Voltaire's Russie sous Pierre le Grand, 2 vols, stiff wrap-
per, each Is.; or bound together 2 6
Voltaire's La Henriade, printed cover (bound, Is. 6d.)... 1
SYNOPTICAL TABLES of the French Language 1 6
New Works since the award of the Medal.
GRAHAM'S Genealogical and Historical Diagrams 4 6
M'DOWALL'S Virgil: with Vocabulary, Notes, and Memoir 3
LESSONS from Dr M'Culloch's First Reading-Book, large type, for
hanging on the wall, 10 sheets, Is. ; or mounted on Roller 1 8
KEY to Smith's Practical Arithmetic for Senior Classes 4
MASSIE'S Latin Prose Composition: The Construction of Clauses,
with Illustrations from Cicero and Ca3sar. With Vocabulary and
Index Verborum. Now ready 3 6
SWING'S General Atlas of Modern Geography, 29 Maps, revised.... 7 6
WHITE'S School Atlas of Modern Geography, 24 Maps, revised 6
Elementary Atlas of Modern Geography, 10 Maps, revised 2 6
The following are also now published by Oliver and Boyd:
CHRISTISON'S Easy Grammar of the French Language [Key, 8d.]... 1 4
Recueil cle Fables et Contes Choises, with Vocabulary 1 4
Fleury's Histoire de France, with Translations of the
more difficult and idiomatic passages 2 6
MELVILLE'S Lectiones Selectee, for Beginners ; with Vocabulary... 1 6
RAE'S First Lessons in English Grammar 6
*** A detailed Catalogue will le forwarded POST FREE on application
to Oliver and Boyd ; and a specimen copy of any Book will likewise be sent
POST FREE on receipt of the retail price in postage stamps.
14 DAY USE
RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED
LOAN DEPT.
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or
on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
MA
NEW EDITIONS.
FRENCH READING INSTRUCTOR. By G.
SURENNE, Author of "Pronouncing French and English
Dictionary." 5th Edit., Reduced to 2s. 6d. 399 pages.
%* This forms a complete course of French Reading in Prose
and Poetry, from easy lessons to those adapted for advanced
pupils. With Vocabulary to the early lessons, Historical and
Geographical Vocabulary, and a Key to French Pronunciation.
HOW TO TRAIN YOUNG EYES and EARS,
A Manual of Object Lessons for Parents and Teachers.
By MARY ANN Ross, Mistress of the Church of Scot-
land Normal Infant School, Edinburgh. Is. 6d.
The Museum. " The lessons are arranged with great clear-
ness, and are worked out in their details with a skill which
shows the mind and hand of an experienced teacher."
Home and Colonial Society's Educational Paper. " Full of
well-chosen and varied matter."
GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES ON THE
MOODS, TENSES, AND SYNTAX OF ATTIC
GREEK. With a Vocabulary containing the meaning
of every Word in the Text. 3d Edition. On the plan
of Professor Ferguson's Latin " Grammatical Exer-
cises." By Dr FERGUSSON. 12mo, 3s. 6d.
%* This work is intended to follow the Greek Rudiments.
PUPIL'S DAILY REGISTER OF MARKS.
Space for 52 Weeks. 2d. Constructed so as to furnish
information required by Government.
SCHOOL REGISTER OF ATTENDANCE,
ABSENCE, AND FEES. Arranged on a New and
Improved Plan, and adapted to the provisions of the
Revised Code, by MORRIS F. MYRON, Parochial School-
master of Clyne. Intended for use in Boys', Girls',
or Mixed Schools. Second Edition*, improved. Is.
Each folio will serve 50 pupils for a Quarter.
Edinburgh : OLIVER AND BOY">.
London : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND Co.
QHTTAAT. A -Km
. o
1 m
jo
JO
CO
Well that Ends Well".
4. Merchant of Venice. Two
Gentlemen of Verona. Comedy
of Errors. Timon of Athens.
GULLIVER'S TRAVELS. 8d.; or in 2 Parts, 4d. each, viz.:-
1. Travels in Lilliput. | 2. Travels in Brobdingnag.
Twelfth Night.
2. A Midsummer Night's
Dream. A Winter's Tale.
King Lear. Hamlet.