GIFT OF 
 Prof. Max Radin 
 
/ 
 
GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BENGALI LANGUAGE 
 
 BE A MES 
 
HENRY FROWDE 
 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE 
 AMEN CORNER, E.G. 
 
GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BENGALI LANGUAGE 
 
 and 
 
 JOHN BEAMES 
 il 
 
 BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE, FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA 
 
 AUTHOR OF ' A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN 
 
 ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA,' ETC. 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 1891 
 
 \_All rights reserved} 
 
fycforb 
 
 PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THE excellent grammar of the Bengali language written 
 many years ago by SHAMA CHAEAN SAKKAK being now out of 
 print, and a practical grammar appearing to be required, I 
 have compiled the present work, based on that of Sarkar, with 
 the assistance of BABU PKIYANATH BHATTACHARYYA, of Cal- 
 cutta, who has, at my request, consulted several eminent 
 Pandits on all doubtful and difficult points. I have especially 
 aimed at making the work useful to those who desire to 
 understand the spoken language of Bengal. The existing 
 grammars deal almost exclusively with the literary language, 
 which, as Bengali has during the present century been enriched 
 by copious resuscitation of Sanskrit terms, is often unin- 
 telligible to the mass of the population. Those works do not 
 therefore adequately prepare the European student for com- 
 munication with the lower and middle classes, with whom, 
 whether as administrator, merchant, or planter, his business 
 principally lies. It is hoped that the present work may supply 
 this omission, while at the same time not neglecting the refine- 
 ments of the higher style. 
 
 JOHN BEAMES. 
 October, 1891. 
 
 Ml 21382 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER I. THE ALPHABET 1 
 
 i. The Character 1 
 
 2. Pronunciation: A. Vowels 5 
 
 B. Consonants ...... 7 
 
 APPENDIX: i. Sandhi or Euphonic Permutation of Letters . 10 
 
 2. Samasa or Composition 12 
 
 CHAPTER II. THE NOUN 15 
 
 3. The Substantive . 15 
 
 4. The Adjective 25 
 
 5. The Numerals : A. Cardinals 26 
 
 B. Ordinals 28 
 
 CHAPTER III. THE PRONOUN 31 
 
 6. Personal Pronouns 31 
 
 7. Other Pronouns 34 
 
 CHAPTER IV. THE VERB 38 
 
 8. Conjugation 38 
 
 9. Remarks on the Verb in General 47 
 
 $ 10. Remarks on the Defective and Auxiliary Verbs . . 52 
 
 ii. Compound Verbs ........ 55 
 
 CHAPTER V. THE PARTICLES 59 
 
 12. Adverbs 59 
 
 13. Prepositions . . . 62 
 
 14. Conjunctions 65 
 
 15. Interjections 65 
 
 INDEX .67 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE ALPHABET. 
 
 1. THE CHARACTER. 
 
 THE Bengali language is written in a character allied to, but 
 distinct from, the DevanagarT, in which Sanskrit and some of the 
 modern vernaculars are written. The Bengali letters are derived 
 directly from the older character known as Kutila, which is found 
 in inscriptions as late as the eleventh century of our era, and which 
 in its turn is a development of the still older Gupta character, which 
 again carries us back to the forms used in the ancient inscriptions 
 of Asoka in the third century B.C. The gradual modifications by 
 which the Kutila alphabet has been changed into the modern Ben- 
 gali can be traced with considerable clearness in inscriptions later 
 than the eleventh century which have been discovered in many parts 
 of Bengal. 
 
 The order and number of the vowels and consonants are the same 
 in Bengali as in the other Aryan languages of India. 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 ^T a ^n a 
 
 3. i n i ^le^ai 
 
 % u %ii ^o^au 
 
 ^ ri t? ri 
 
 & Iri Irl 
 
 ^ ang 
 
BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 ?F ka 
 
 *t kha 
 
 ft ga 
 
 ^T gha s 
 
 8 figa (gnua). 
 
 Gutturals. 
 
 F cha 
 1? ta 
 
 "^ chha 
 ^ tha 
 
 *f ja 
 
 ^ da 
 
 ^ jha 
 TJ dha 
 
 & nja (gnia). 
 1 na. 
 
 Palatals. 
 Cerebrals. 
 
 ^5 ta 
 
 t tha 
 
 ? da 
 
 5C dha ' 
 
 T na. 
 
 Dentals. 
 
 *T pa 
 
 *P pha 
 
 ^T ba 
 
 ^ bha ' 
 
 T ma. 
 
 Labials. 
 
 *T ya 
 
 <T ra 
 
 T la 
 
 ^ va. 
 
 
 Semivowels. 
 
 "*t s'a 
 
 *T sha 
 
 T sa 
 
 ^ ha. 
 
 
 Sibilants. 
 
 Although for the sake of completeness the vowel signs 1? n, b Iri, 
 and hi are included in the list of characters, they are not used 
 at all in ordinary Bengali. They are, however, required in tran- 
 scribing Sanskrit grammatical works into the Bengali character, and 
 in Sanskrit grammars written for the use of Bengali students. 
 
 The forms of the vowels given above are the initials, and are used 
 only at the beginning of a word ; when subjoined to a consonant 
 they take the following forms : 
 
 a (not expressed) 
 i f i't 
 
 at 
 e C 
 o (t 
 
 ai 
 au 
 
 I 
 
 Thus ^ ka, *t| kha, frt gi, *ft ghl, chu, ^ chhu, ^F jri, (*t jhe, 
 C^ tai, C^l tho, C^ dau. 
 
 In the following cases the combination of consonant and vowel 
 gives rise to peculiar forms : 
 
 r with . u is written 
 
 g with ^ u is written 
 
 (occa- 
 sionally). 
 
 When one consonant follows another with no vowel between, the 
 two are, as in Devanagarl, combined into one compound letter. In 
 most cases the elements of the compound are easily distinguishable, 
 
THE CHARACTER. 3 
 
 as in ^sva, IF kla, ?T mna ; but there are some in which the elements 
 are so altered as to be with difficulty recognised. The most com- 
 monly met with are the following : 
 
 i. Nasals preceding other consonants (called in Bengali Anka- 
 phala) : 
 
 n with ?F ka makes "^ nka. 
 n,,'ttga ^ nga. 
 n F cha ,, 33 ncha. 
 n , ^5 da ^ nda. 
 
 n with Q tha makes " ntha. 
 
 dha ,, W ndha. 
 
 m 
 
 ,, ^ pa 
 
 m , ma 
 
 2. Sibilants preceding other consonants (called Aska-phala): 
 
 ^T s with ^t tha makes ^ stha. 
 ^ sh ,, T? ta shta. 
 3 sh 1 no ,, ^ shna. 
 
 3. Miscellaneous : 
 
 w t with v ta makes ^5 tta. 
 ^ t ^5 ta 1? tta. 
 
 \K / ^j tJict, *M" i~tli9, 
 
 Jf rf ,, *C rfAa ,, ^ ddha. 
 
 ^ k ^5 ta ,, ^ kta. 
 
 "G^j <&na W jna (pronounced gya). 
 
 ^g T dha R gdha. 
 
 ~3 b 5f o'Aa ,, ^ bdha. 
 
 ^ h T no "3^ hna. 
 
 ^ A ,, f ma ,, 1f hma. 
 
 ^ /c ^ sha ^ ksha (pronounced khya). 
 
 The letter *T ya when joined to a previous consonant takes the 
 form J or /, as W or ^/ kya. 
 
 The letter <T ra when joined to a following consonant takes the 
 form ', as ^<i? arka, <?*! karmma. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 When joined to a preceding consonant it is written^, as ^T sra. 
 The following forms are peculiar : 
 
 <3j kra, 3f tra, ^ ttra, 5f ntra, <3f ndra, ISf stra. 
 
 Some compound consonants followed by the vowels ^ u and ^ ii 
 take slightly altered forms: 
 
 <5 bhru, <f* shru, ^ dru, Hn dru, "3 ntu, W stu. 
 
 As in Sanskrit, the short vowel ^T when it follows a consonant 
 is not expressed, but is held to be inherent in every consonant unless 
 its absence is specially indicated ; for instance, 3? is ka, not Jc. When 
 the absence of ^Thas to be noted the mark ^(called in Bengali hasanta) 
 is used ; thus, ^ fc, as shown in the above list of compound con- 
 sonants. ^3 with hasanta is expressed by the character ^ , as in ; 3lT <? - 
 tlbot, ^T^^Tt? chomotkar. 
 
 The sign *, called chandrabindu (i.e. moon and drop), indicates 
 that a nasal sound is to be given to the vowel over which it stands, 
 as "PTTf chand, *ffff panch. 
 
 & to be distinguished from the preceding, is called tshwara (or 
 deity), and is placed before the name of a person to indicate that 
 he is dead, as & <l|^t><23 'the late Ramachandra,' or ' Ramachandra 
 deceased.' 
 
 The characters for the numerals are these 
 
 < i^vD8fc^ < iVJ < 
 12 345 6 7 8 9 
 
 The leading feature in Indian arithmetic being the division by 
 four, the signs for fractions are adapted thereto. The rupee is 
 divided into 4X 4=16 parts, called ana, which are thus designated 
 (units of all kinds are also thus divided) : 
 
 1 ana or -fV ^ 5 anas V 9 anas "\V 13 anas V 
 
 2 anas d 6 anas V loanas IV 14 anas ^ 
 
 3 anas & 7 anas 1^ nanas 11^ 15 anas ^ 
 
 4 anas or -5- 1 8 anas or ? YP 12 anas or 4- tt 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 5 
 
 When a word is repeated, as frequently happens in Bengali, it 
 is customary to write it only once and to put a numeral after it to 
 show how many times it is to be uttered. Thus for C*T (*T is written 
 C*T ^, for <Jt^ <5(^i is written <^ ^, for ^1 & ^1 is written ^1 0. 
 The word | meaning ' prosperity ' is prefixed to names of persons 
 as a mark of respect, and has in modern times come to be used with- 
 out any particular meaning in signatures. Thus a man whose name 
 is Rama Chandra signs himself Sri Rama Chandra. In other cases it 
 is repeated as much as five times, written <1| &, before names of 
 deities, kings, and spiritual preceptors. 
 
 2. PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 A. Vowels. 
 
 T is pronounced in Sanskrit and in nearly all the modern Indian 
 languages as a short dull sound similar to the u in English sun, but, 
 or to the a in woman. In Bengali, however, it has a sound very 
 nearly the same as the short o in English not, rock, top. Thus ^<si 
 onol, 3?3tT kothon. In some words the sound is softer and longer 
 than the o of not, thus in << bon the o is pronounced so that the 
 word sounds almost like English bone. The exact pronunciation of 
 such words is very difficult to learn, and can only be acquired by 
 listening to native speakers. For practical purposes the short o of 
 not may be generally adopted. 
 
 As a general rule the ^T is silent at the end of a word except in 
 poetry. Strictly speaking this should be indicated by using hasanta, 
 but this mark is never used except in a few Sanskrit words, or in 
 marking some unusual pronunciation. Thus GH is jon, not jono; 
 so also ^tl kan, Tt^T bagh, *ft^ pith, TfT? ghat. ^ is also silent 
 at the end of a syllable, as in ?crr*fT kals'l, *llJ<H ghatkl. 
 
 It is pronounced very lightly at the end of words terminating 
 in compound consonants, as ""faf s'obdo, ^5 bhodro, "W?f bhogno; 
 
6 BENGALI GEAMMAK. 
 
 also in words where anuswara \ or visarga o precede a consonant, 
 as '?'\'*f bongsho, "^o^ duhkho. Such words are pure Sanskrit, and 
 in them the vowel partakes more of the short a sound than the o. 
 
 It is pronounced in adjectives, as ^>TT bhalo, C^W chhoto, T\5 
 boro. The final vowel in these cases is all that is left of the Prakrit 
 termination in long 6. 
 
 So also in some parts of the verb; as in the imperative ^F<T koro, 
 cholo ; (here also it represents an earlier long 6) ; the preterite 
 dhorilo, the future <?I<1< koribo, the conditional <?l<^ korito, 
 jaito. 
 
 Also in past participles borrowed from Sanskrit, as ^5 krito, 
 |^> dhrito ; and as a general rule in all Sanskrit words which have not 
 become thoroughly naturalized in Bengali. 
 
 ^T| is a in 'father.' When followed by ^ it is in some very com- 
 mon words softened to &\ e in ordinary colloquial usage. Thus for 
 <ft^5 'to eat,' *ft^T3 'to find,' are heard C*HT5 'khete,' C^fiTS 
 'pete.' In less common words this contraction does not take place, 
 thus for $tt^3 'to sing' one could not say (tf&5. The words in 
 which this contraction occurs can only be learnt by practice. 
 
 ^ is i in 'pin.' 
 
 "5( is I in 'machine.' 
 
 ^ is u in 'put.' 
 
 ^ is u in 'brute,' 'rule.' 
 
 < SN, which only occurs in Sanskrit words, differs in no way in 
 pronunciation from F? ri. 
 
 "$, *>>, and 8 are not used. 
 
 ^1 is properly the long a in English 'lane,' mate,' or the ey' 
 in ' they.' In a few words of very frequent occurrence it has a short 
 harsh sound like the a in English 'back,' thus <$*$, Clf*t sound some- 
 thing like 'ack,' 'dackho,' so C*teT sounds like 'gallo' when it means 
 he went,' but like 'gay-lo' when it means to swallow.' This harsh 
 pronunciation is only noticeable in a few familiar words which must 
 be learnt by practice. In the great majority of words the long open 
 sound of 'lane,' 'mate' is heard. 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 7 
 
 ^ is nearly the English oy in 'boy,' 'oyster,' but a little fuller 
 and deeper. Thus '^N? is oikyo. 
 
 ^ is the long o in 'lone,' 'note.' 
 
 ^ is ow in 'how.' It is generally transliterated by an, as in 
 German 'haus 1 .' 
 
 ^Ts is the Sanskrit anuswara. Whatever may have been its sound 
 in that language (a question much debated), in Bengali it is always 
 and unmistakeably a strong ng, as ^rs"*t ongso, ^^S<l1 \ sutrang. 
 
 ^8 is the Sanskrit visarga, and is only found in Sanskrit words. 
 It is pronounced by the Bengalis as a short sharp aspiration, the 
 vowel preceding it being uttered with an effort. It must be heard 
 to be understood. 
 
 B. Consonants. 
 
 Only a few of the consonants require notice. The rest are pro- 
 nounced precisely as in the other Indian languages, and are sufficiently 
 explained by the English characters given against each. 
 
 $, the nasal of the guttural class, is in modern Bengali only used 
 in composition with other gutturals, but down to the close of the 
 last century it is occasionally found alone in poetry. In composition 
 it does not differ in sound from \ anuswara. 
 
 *33, the nasal of the palatal class, like "5, should properly be used 
 only in conjunction with other palatals. It is, however, found alone 
 in the same way, and down to the same date, as ^S. 
 
 "^ in Eastern Bengal is often sounded like s, thus 6^*i 'six' 
 sounds like soy,' *(l8> a fish,' like 'maso.' So deeply rooted is 
 this pronunciation in the popular mind in those parts that words 
 which should be spelt with a T are erroneously written with ^ 
 (especially foreign words), thus ^S^I^cH for ' Musulman.' This pro- 
 nunciation, however, is condemned by correct speakers, and is not 
 heard in other parts of the country. 
 
 1 Many of these sounds might be better explained by reference to French, 
 Italian, and German words, but it has been thought advisable to confine 
 the illustrations to English as far as possible. 
 
8 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 ^5 at the beginning of a word is the usual cerebral d, a sound 
 closely resembling the English d, but a little harsher. Native writers 
 use it to represent the English d, thus ' deputy ' is written O^^JtW. 
 The English t is also represented by the cerebral w, .as is shown in 
 the above instance. In Bengali words it is d at the beginning of 
 a word, as ^feT dal. It has this sound also when compounded with 
 other letters, as ^3t^T chandal, the name of a low caste. When 
 standing alone in the middle of a word it has the sound of a harsh 
 cerebral r, a sound which must be heard to be understood, as ^5 
 boro. When it has this sound a dot or small circle is placed be- 
 neath the letter. When the nasal which forms the first element in 
 a compound is written (as is often the case), as anuswara, the 1 is 
 pronounced as r and has a dot under it, thus side by side with the San- 
 skrit form ^^T^T there is also the form l>j^il, pronounced chanral. 
 
 T> is like "*& aspirated; at the beginning of a word or in a com- 
 pound it sounds dh, as FfcT dhal, WlTU dardhyo. In the middle of 
 a word and not compounded it sounds as a harsh rh, as *Tfib strhe. 
 In this case it also has a dot under it. 
 
 *T at the beginning of a word sounds as j, thus ^l^G^a jaite, 
 ^Tf*f jan ; so also in Sanskrit words with a preposition, or other prefix, 
 as l^K^S* ni-jukto, ^C^l^T a-jogyo. In the middle of a word it is 
 y, as <?I<l^l1 koriya, but when doubled the first sounds as j, the 
 second as y, thus WfW nyajyo, ^1"9T karjyo. In the latter example 
 the *T is doubled, according to the Sanskrit rule, because preceded 
 by r. When it sounds as y it has a dot under it. 
 
 When ^ is followed in the same word by ^Tl, a "?T is inserted, 
 which though not pronounced has the effect of giving to the o a 
 sound nearly the same as the English w. Thus <Tt x 3'3l sounds kha- 
 wa, ^?TT| ho-wa. This compound character ^^ is also used to 
 express the j (v, w) of Persian and Arabic words, as ^"^TTnTeT 
 wasil, ; 5cT'-STrf<r,jJ^J talwar; and the w in English words, as 
 ' ward,' ^1*1 1 'will,' CH^I^^T ' railway.' Many Bengalis find a great 
 difficulty in pronouncing w, and some never succeed in pronouncing 
 it at all. 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 9 
 
 ^ representing 6 (Sanskrit ^"), and ^ representing v (Sanskrit ^) 
 are not distinguished in Bengali. It takes a Bengali boy many 
 years of training before he can pronounce the English v, and many 
 never attain to it. Both as initial and medial ^ is in Bengali 
 always b, thus Sanskrit fl!| varna is in Bengali ^*i borno; Sanskrit 
 ^^T bala is <<*! bol. Some Bengali writers have conceived the 
 erroneous idea that the European c corresponds to their ^ bh, thus 
 they transliterate T^l sobha, ' an assembly,' as shova, which is 
 absurd. 
 
 *f and ^T are both pronounced sh (as in shova ' above). The 
 same takes place with the Arabic letters ^ and ^jo, thus _x-i^I, 
 ' an office ' is pronounced not Sarrishta, as it should be, but Sher- 
 ista, exactly reversing the correct sound of the two Arabic sibilants. 
 So also i^ ^>.Lo sahib, 'a gentleman/ is very commonly pronounced 
 Shaheb. 
 
 It is also necessary to notice some peculiarities in the pronun- 
 ciation of compound consonants. 
 
 ^, i.e. ^ + *T, is not pronounced ksh as it should be (except by 
 some very accurate speakers in Sanskrit words), but khy, thus '"Pl^S 
 not kshati, but khyati (or rather khgti, as to which see below under 
 *0. When not initial, and when compounded with another con- 
 sonant it sounds as kkh, thus nSft not Lakshml, but LakkhT. 
 *T*Ft pokkhi, t^ chokkhu. 
 
 'Sa, i. e. W + <33, is pronounced gy, as ^l^s] agya, or, with a 
 slightly nasal sound, as angya. 
 
 1 when the last member of a compound of which *T is the first 
 takes the sound of T?, as f>*$ sounds Krishto, l<.te Bishtu. 
 
 * Ws. 
 
 ^ when the last member of a compound is not pronounced, but 
 the first member is pronounced with emphasis as though doubled 
 and with a slight nasal twang ; thus '^T? < 1 not smoron, but 
 shsh oron (the little m above the line is meant to mark the 
 nasal sound), ^f^T not podmo, but podd m o. This sound must be 
 heard to be understood. 
 
 ^T when the last member of a compound is pronounced very 
 
10 BENGALI GRAMMAK. 
 
 - 
 
 faintly as y, and in some cases has the effect of doubling the 
 first member, thus C^rf^TxSl sounds like jog-gyata, TftjT like bak- 
 kya. 
 
 When ^T is compounded with "^ in the Sanskrit preposition fa, 
 which before a vowel becomes ~3J, it sounds in ordinary conversation 
 like bS or bT with a very short obscure e or i sound, thus <^1<1 
 sounds beb'har, F bikti, "3T^5 bftit. 
 
 ^[ when the last member of a compound is silent, but doubles 
 the preceding member; as <aT<Ti ddara, ^*vf^ Ishshor. This does 
 not, however, take place in those Sanskrit words which have not 
 been completely naturalized. The same may be said of T and ^T, 
 which in purely Sanskrit words would be pronounced in the San- 
 skrit manner. Thus *ftT, when it means the great eastern branch 
 of the Ganges, is pronounced poddo with a slightly nasal tone 
 floating about it; but when it means 'a lotus' it would be pro- 
 nounced podmo or more correctly padma. 
 
 After <T and T, as in ^(.^, I^sd (two very common words), 
 ^ is heard ; thus purbbe, kimba. 
 
 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER I. 
 
 i. Sandhi or Euphonic Permutation of Letters. 
 
 The euphonic changes known as Sandhi or junction belong strictly to 
 Sanskrit grammar, and are not in any way observed in Bengali or in any 
 other modern Indian language. In recent times, however, the scanty 
 peasant dialect of Bengal has been elevated to the rank of a literary lan- 
 guage by the resuscitation on a very extensive scale of Sanskrit words, and, 
 as among the words thus imported into the language there are many com- 
 pound words in the formation of which the rules of Sandhi have been 
 followed, some knowledge of these rules is almost indispensable to a proper 
 comprehension of Bengali works. Inasmuch, however, as Sandhi is only 
 of use to a student of Bengali in so far as it affects the structure of com- 
 
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER I. 11 
 
 pound words, the following slight sketch will be confined to that branch of 
 the subject. 
 
 I. THE SANDHI OP VOWELS. When a word ending in a vowel is followed 
 by a word beginning with a vowel and the two words are compounded into 
 one, the two vowels which thus come into contact are blended into one 
 according to the following system. 
 
 Vowels are divided into simple, Guna, and Vriddhi. 
 The simple vowels are short a, i, u. 
 
 long a, i, u. Each long vowel is regarded as 
 consisting of two short ones ; thus a + a = a, i + i = I, u + u = u. 
 
 The Guna vowels are created by prefixing a to i and u ; this is called 
 the first raising ; thus a + i = e ; a + u = o. 
 a + I = e; a + u = o. 
 
 The Vriddhi vowels are made by prefixing yet another a ; this is the 
 second raising ; thus a + a + i = ai ; a + a + u= au. 
 
 The vowel a itself has no first raising, as a + a would be only a, but a 
 is considered by grammarians as the second raising of a. 
 
 When two simple vowels meet, they blend into their corresponding long 
 vowel, thus 
 
 a + a = a ; as mura ari = murari, a name of Krishna. 
 a + a = a ; as kshudha artta = kshudhartta, suffering from hunger. 
 a + a = a ; as rama agamana = rainagainana, the coming of Rama. 
 a + a = a ; as vartta avagata = varttavagata, informed of the matter. 
 So also with i and u, of each of which only two examples need be given, 
 i + 1 = I ; as gin Ida = giri8"a, mountain lord. 
 1+1 = 1; as mahi isa = mahi^a, lord of the earth. 
 u + u = u; as bhanu udaya = bhanudaya, sunrise. 
 u + u = u ; as bhu uttama = bhuttama, the best land. 
 When a or a are followed by any other simple vowel, they blend into 
 the corresponding Guna vowel, thus 
 
 a + I = e ; as parama isvara = paramesVara, the supreme Lord. 
 a + u = o ; as dama udara = damodara, a name of Krishna (' rope- 
 belly,' from a legend). 
 
 If followed by a Guna or Vriddhi vowel a and a blend with it into the 
 corresponding Vriddhi vowel, thus 
 
 a + e = ai ; as brahma eka = brahmaika, the sole .Brahm. 
 a + o = au ; as krishna ojas = krishnaujas, the vigour of Krishna. 
 If a simple vowel, except a and a, is followed by a dissimilar vowel it is 
 hardened into its corresponding semivowel, viz. i to y, and u to v, thus 
 i + a = ya ; as ati anta = atyanta, excessive. 
 u + a = va ; as badhu anana = badhvanana, womin-faced. 
 
12 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 Lastly, if e and o are followed by any vowel except a they change to ay 
 and av respectively, thus 
 
 e + i = ayi ; as sakhe iha = sakhayiha, friend, here ! 
 
 o + u = avu ; as sambho uttama = sambhavuttama, O Sambhu, best ! 
 Similarly ai and au are changed to ay and av respectively. 
 
 II. THE SANDHI OF CONSONANTS. Consonants are divided : (i) accord- 
 ing to the organs of speech by which they are uttered, as gutturals, palatals, 
 etc. ; (2) according to their quality, as surds, sonants, etc. In the alphabet 
 given on page 2, the first two columns of consonants are surds, unaspirated 
 and aspirated ; the next two columns are sonants, unaspirated and aspirated. 
 The sibilants are surds, the vowels, semivowels, and h are sonants. In the 
 Sandhi of consonants, changes of two kinds take place: (i) change of organ ; 
 (2) change of quality. 
 
 Change of organ takes place only in the case of dentals at the end of a 
 word followed by a word beginning with a palatal or cerebral. The dentals 
 are assimilated to the following palatal or cerebral, thus 
 t + ch = chch ; tat cha = tachcha, and that. 
 t + j = jj ; tat jayate = tajjayate, that is born. 
 t + 1 = tt ; tat tika = tattika, a commentary on that. 
 Change of quality affects all consonants. When a word ending in a surd 
 is followed by a word beginning with a sonant, the surd is assimilated to 
 the sonant, thus 
 
 k + g = gg ; dik gaja = diggaja, an elephant which supports one corner 
 
 of the earth. 
 
 k + 1 = gi ; vak Isvara = vagWvara, lord of speech. 
 p + d = bd; ap da = abda, a cloud (water-giver). 
 t + v = dv ; tat vishaya = tadvishaya, that affair. 
 
 When the second word begins with a nasal, the final surd is changed into 
 the nasal of its own organ, thus 
 
 k + m = ngm ; vak maya = vangmaya, wordy. 
 t + n = nn ; jagat natha = jagannatha, lord of the world. 
 There are many other changes of consonants under the operation of 
 euphonic laws in Sanskrit, but the above are the only ones that have any 
 practical importance for the student of Bengali. 
 
 2. Samasa or Composition. 
 
 The practice of compounding words is extremely common in Sanskrit, 
 and as large quantities of such compound words have been introduced into 
 Bengali, it is necessary to give a slight sketch of the general rules of com- 
 
APPENDIX TO CHAPTEE I. 13 
 
 position. The form of the compound word is determined by Sandhi, its 
 meaning and the order of its constituent elements by Samasa. 
 
 Native grammarians distinguish the following six kinds of compounds : 
 
 1. DVANDVA. Two or more words are combined into one word, and the 
 signs of the cases of the plural are appended, thus 
 
 Nominative : atmiya-bandhn-ra, relations and friends. 
 
 Genitive: jnat^-kutumbS-der, of caste and family. 
 
 Accusative : mata-pita-digke, mother and father. 
 Such a compound may be also used in the singular, as jriati kutumbo. 
 
 When one of the elements of the compound is omitted or understood, the 
 word is considered a dvandva, as in Durjodhanera, the Durjodhans, i.e. 
 Durjodhan and his followers. 
 
 2. KAKMADHARAYA. An adjective and a substantive combine together 
 into one word, thus 
 
 nila + utpala = nilotpala, a blue lotus. 
 
 sat + chit + ananda = sachchidananda, Brahma (existence, thought, and 
 
 jy)- 
 
 3. DVIGU. A numeral and a substantive combine into one word. The 
 principle of the dvigu compound has been extended to words other than 
 pure Sanskrit, such as Persian and modern Bengali, thus 
 
 chari + rasta = chaurasta, a place where four roads meet. 
 tri + m6h5na = temohona, a place where three rivers meet 2 . 
 Pure Sanskrit is 
 
 tri + bhuvana = tribhuvana, the three worlds (heaven, earth, and keif). 
 
 4. TATPURUSHA. Two substantives are combined together, the former 
 being governed by the latter. This is the commonest form of compound, 
 and is very frequent in other Aryan languages. The former element of 
 the compound may stand for any case of the noun ; thus in English land- 
 lord is lord of land, steam engine is engine worked by steam, and so on ; thus 
 
 Genitive: raja-purusha = king's man. 
 
 Instrumental : hasta-krita = made by hand. 
 
 Dative : brahmana-datavya = an offering to Brahmans. 
 
 Ablative: pada-chyuta = fallen from rank. 
 
 ,, sagarotthita = raised from the sea. 
 
 Locative : grama-sthita = situated in a village. 
 Numerous tatpurusha compounds have been made and are daily made 
 
 1 Pronounced gyati. 
 
 a These two words and several others of the same kind are probably 
 borrowed from Hindustani. 
 
14 BENGALI GEAMMAR. 
 
 from modern and even from foreign words. The Bengali language allows 
 itself, in this respect, as much freedom as English. Examples are kamar- 
 dokan, a 'blacksmith' 1 s shop ; musalman-pSra, a hamlet inhabited by Musul- 
 mans; biya-pagala, mad upon marriage; faringhi-tola, the European 
 quarter. 
 
 5. AVYAYIBHAVA. An indeclinable particle is combined with a substan- 
 tive, thus prati-din, daily ; yatha-sakti, according to (ones) power. It is 
 not much used in Bengali. 
 
 6. BAHUVRIHI. Two or more words are compounded, the last member 
 taking an adjectival or participial sense, such as in English ' broad-bosomed,' 
 ' deep-bowered.' Compounds of this class are formed both from Sanskrit 
 and from modern Bengali words ; thus padina-lochana, lotus-eyed ; maha- 
 matij having great wisdom ; chandra-badana, moon-faced. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE NOUN. 
 
 3. THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 THE substantive has two numbers, singular and plural ; but, 
 as in the other languages of the group, there is much laxity in 
 the use of the two numbers, the forms of the singular, especially 
 in the nominative case, being often used for the plural, leaving 
 the sense to be inferred from the context. 
 
 The grammarians, following the example of Sanskrit, have 
 established eight cases, distinguished by different terminations. 
 Of these, some are worn-down relics of the old inflectional case- 
 endings of Prakrit, while others are what in European languages 
 would be called prepositions. As, however, in the Indian languages 
 they are placed after, instead of before the noun, they may be 
 more appropriately termed postpositions. The number of these 
 postpositions, that is, of words which may be used in that sense, 
 being very large, the number of cases might be indefinitely mul- 
 tiplied by considering each postposition as forming a separate case. 
 For the sake of simplicity, however, it will be better to adhere to 
 the old established number of eight cases, and to explain the force 
 and application of the various postpositions separately. 
 
 There is only one declension, the same terminations being used 
 for all nouns. The slight modifications which occur in some cases 
 of nouns ending in a vowel 1 are merely matters of euphony, and 
 
 1 Nouns ending in short a (5) are considered as ending in a consonant, 
 because the final vowel is not pronounced. 
 
16 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 do not amount to separate declensions. The terminations, which, 
 except in the nominative, are the same for both numbers, are the 
 following: 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nominative <4<T|, ?1 
 
 Accusative C^ 
 
 Dative C^, C? 
 
 Instrumental 
 
 Ablative 
 
 Genitive 
 
 Locative 
 
 Vocative 
 
 In nouns ending with a vowel, the initial ^ of the termina- 
 tions of the instrumental, genitive, and locative singulars is elided, 
 thus pita, 'father,' gen. pita-r; guru, teacher,' gen. guru-r; stii, 
 ' woman,' gen. strl-r. So also the nom. plur., as pita-ra, guru-ra, 
 stri-ra. 
 
 Although the terminations given above are the regular, normal 
 forms, yet they cannot be used indiscriminately. Some, in fact, 
 are in the present day hardly used at all, and others only under 
 certain restrictions. The question of the proper terminations to be 
 used in each instance is one of the special refinements of this 
 language, and requires careful study. 
 
 Two considerations must always be borne in mind: 
 
 First; that all nouns in the language are for purposes of de- 
 clension divided into three classes, denoting respectively 
 
 1. Human beings (vyakti-vachak). 
 
 2. Living beings other than human (anyapram-vachak). 
 
 3. Inanimate objects (apram-vachak). 
 
 Second ; that some forms and terminations are appropriate to 
 the literary or classical style, others to the colloquial or vulgar 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 17 
 
 style. In respect of this second point there are many gradations 
 which can only be learnt by practice. Some terminations are very 
 high flown, and only used by the most Sanskritizing class of 
 writers ; others, though used in ordinary literature, are held to be 
 too formal for conversation even among educated persons ; a third 
 class again, though not used in writing, may be employed in polite 
 society ; while a fourth class (comprising generally the older and 
 more genuine forms) is now considered vulgar and confined to the 
 speech of the lower orders. For convenience of classification these 
 gradations will be described as High, Literary, Colloquial, and 
 Vulgar respectively. 
 
 i. In the accusative and dative the termination (^ is used 
 always for human beings, it is frequently omitted in the case of 
 other living beings, and always omitted in that of inanimate objects. 
 Thus the accusative and dative of *t-3jH 'a son' is *t~35Hc<?; of 
 ^4 'a dog' it is either 4-^<l<.? or ^f>"4; of 5tT?F 'a tree' it is 
 always $t1^. 
 
 ii. In the dative ($ is archaic and poetical only. With in- 
 animate objects the dative takes the terminations <\ and <3T5 of 
 the locative. 
 
 iii. In the instrumental <$F5 is literary and somewhat archaic.-' 
 C$ can be used only with inanimate objects ; as 
 
 3Ttu Cut it with a knife. 
 
 ^TT ^*f^t? 3? Ti The medicine does no good 
 (literally, by means of the medicine any help is not). 
 
 fofr Wffsire ^t5 <J?ifc*il (<pfq<l|Ge>< He cut off the hand 
 
 with (i.e. by means of) an axe. 
 
 But far more commonly, both in literature and conversation, < 
 the instrumental is expressed by adding to the stem certain words 
 indicative of agency or instrumentality. These are ^t?T|, if *11, 
 and 
 
 (a) Wt?f1 (from Sansk. sfT?^ 'a door') is both literary and 
 c 
 
18 BENGALI GKAMMAE. 
 
 colloquial, and may be used both with animate and inanimate 
 objects ; as 
 
 <i?r<lC\DGe? He works with (his) hands. 
 
 He walks with (his) feet. 
 <?fsf ?<l1 s^G^SG^ The work is done by the 
 pupils. 
 
 (b) PF*T| (participle of the verb W\ 'to give') is colloquial, and 
 is used with animate and inanimate objects ; as 
 
 3FtF <J?sUo< He does the work by means of 
 people (i.e. labourers etc.) 1 
 
 ff? fWl 3FcW <Hfcc"<4<:SH He cuts the pen with a knife. 
 
 (c) ^53? (from Sansk. e|pr| ' a doer,' with affix ^}), high and 
 literary ; only used with human beings and after learned words in 
 their Sanskrit form ; as ST^SJ ^f ^ *t$ frf^S ^T The house is 
 constructed by man. 
 
 (d) ^^TCF (from Sansk. eft^m 'an instrument,' with affix ej), 
 high and literary, used in a similar way to the preceding, but with 
 inanimate objects only; as 3F^t<[ ^?<l^ ?^ <TW f^T ^?1 TT^ 
 A large tree is (usually) cut down with an axe. 
 
 In both these two last instances, the sentences are composed 
 mainly of Sanskrit words which it would be pedantic to use in 
 ordinary conversation. 
 
 iv. In the ablative 3^G^ is both literary and colloquial. Col- 
 loquially, however, and with inanimate objects C^tG"3? is more 
 commonly employed. 
 
 v. The locative in <^5 is high and literary, and used with 
 honorific or respectful appellations. The colloquial form is <^), 
 
 1 This sentence contains the vulgar or colloquial form of the present tense. 
 Such colloquial forms will be used in the examples given in this book to 
 accustom the student to what he will hear constantly. The correct form in 
 this case would be k&rditechken. 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 19 
 
 which after words ending in a is written "*T, as *tet*(. The form 
 f5 is used after words ending in other vowels, as VSW&5. 
 
 vi. The vocative is not, strictly speaking, a case, and in fact 
 it is excluded from the list of cases by Sanskrit grammarians. It 
 is identical in form with the nominative, and is distinguished by 
 certain prefixes. When they can be used alone these prefixes are 
 more correctly regarded as interjections, and will be treated of 
 under that head. But there are some which can only be used 
 with a noun, and these may properly be considered as prefixes of 
 the vocative case. There are certain peculiarities in their usage 
 which it is important to keep in mind. They are as follows : 
 
 (a) C^l (Sansk.), high and literary, applied to men only ; as 
 01 ?1"SFT STTC^StStT^ ^? O king, arise ! (literally, make a raising 
 of (thy) limbs.) 
 
 C1 f1 or C1 ^, high, literary, and poetical, used with 
 plural nouns for both animate and inanimate objects ; as 
 
 Ho Brahmans ! 
 Ho ye trees ! 
 
 (6) CR (Sansk.), both literary and colloquial; as CR **fr ^ 
 O lady, hear the tale ! Colloquially almost as an interjection 
 
 and somewhat vulgar; as C^I^U*! *lfo C^ where are you going? 
 
 eh! Here (^ may be supposed to have a noun understood after 
 
 it, as in C^ fTf 5 ^ a contemptuous way of addressing any one, ' Ho, 
 
 you fellow ! ' 
 
 (e) ^t% mostly used in questioning. It is used in good col- 
 
 loquial style ; as 
 
 C5tW\A ^TTST f% ^f| Ho you ! what is your name ? 
 "2]*< <^ ^6 "5 Oh you ! you are very mischievous. 
 
 (d) ^ is colloquial and used in addressing inferiors, it is never 
 used with inanimate objects ; as 
 
 ^ C*JC*l ItfsT f% ?<IF Ho woman! what are you doing? 
 
 Ho boy, what will you eat ? 
 C 3 
 
20 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 (e) ^E$f| is a very colloqiiial and familiar expression, mostly 
 with a note of kindliness or affection. It is the common expres- 
 sion between husbands and wives. When used in questioning, 
 the meaningless particle 5f| is added to the sentence ; as ^Ztf\ "ffsT 
 (3? $f| Hulloh you ! who are you ? 
 
 (/) ^C^ (Sansk.), literary and poetical, not much used col- 
 loquially. The form ^1 C? however is common, indicating surprise 
 and contempt, and is used by superiors to inferiors ; as ?1 (3 
 ^TcRl ^ 5Tft *TT*T *^ Hulloh Kalua, aren't you going to the 
 field? (This is very vulgar style.) 
 
 (9} C*fl and ^r| are used in addressing women; as 
 
 (cT| What are you going to do, my good woman ? 
 t^dlT *rt*T Ho woman, where are you going ? 
 
 vii. The nominative plural forms <3<T| and <fl are archaic, high, 
 and used with honorific terms; they are rare colloquially, and 
 can only be applied to human beings. 
 
 viii. Very often the nom. plur. is expressed by the singular, 
 leaving the meaning to be guessed from the context, as in Hindu- 
 stani; this is specially the case with inanimate objects. 
 
 Ordinarily the plural is indicated by the addition of certain 
 words denoting number, mass, quantity, and the like. The most 
 usual are these : 
 
 (a) flf^f (from Sansk. f^^'a quarter of the compass, region, 
 direction,' but in Bengali strangely 'a mass, quantity'), colloquial, 
 and used in light literature, with living beings only. Even in 
 those words which form the nom. plur. with <$<T| or <T| the oblique 
 cases are formed by fTf*f, thus '<ltft3l ' kings,' gen. ?lifirG*f?. 
 It is never used in the nominative. In the genitive the full form 
 fa*f is often contracted to Of?. 
 
 (b) *!<?! (Sansk. ^Jefirjf 'all '), colloquial and literary, but not 
 u<ed by the best writers. Applied to both animate and inanimate 
 objects, and in very common use. Care must be taken to distuir 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 21 
 
 guish between its employment as an adjective, in which case it 
 precedes the noun, as >1^ei <11<? 'all the boys;' and as a plural 
 suffix, when it follows the noun, as <11<? *l<?ci 'the boys.' 
 
 (e) *t*l (Sansk. ^H!F 'a number, assembly,' etc.), colloquial, 
 used only with human beings ; as v^Tfffl^tl ' Brahmans,' ^Jei^^tt 
 'children.' 
 
 (d) ^*T (Sansk. ^Ij 'class, group'), literary, used with human 
 beings ; as ^"f3R*f ' scholars,' ^T^^ ' families,' TCTSRSf 
 'reverend men.' 
 
 (e) l^*f$ (Sansk. *l*J<^*l 'heap, collection'), literary, with 
 inanimate objects; as ^^OK-Jl^if *l 'books,' <l^<1^if*l 'jewels.' 
 
 (/) *t^R (Sansk. tl*je 'heap, quantity'), literary, with ani- 
 mate and inanimate objects ; as 3? "1*12^ people,' Ofl^*t^^ 'things.' 
 Strictly speaking this affix and the others which are pure Sanskrit 
 should only be used with words in their Sanskrit form ; thus 
 ' blacksmiths ' is inelegant, the Sanskrit form <?i<?f<l- 
 
 should be used. 
 (<7) ^T also ^fa and ^f^R (probably Sansk. 3jfa<*| 'a ball'), 
 colloquial, used for both animate and inanimate things, and being 
 a popular word is only used with ordinary Bengali nouns, and 
 such Sanskrit words as have become popular, not with high-flown 
 Sanskrit words, as (OGci^^f 'the schoolboys,' C^G^t^cT 'the women- 
 folk,' 3F^<P$cf 'dogs.' Vulgar are such phrases as STfd^cT 'fields, 
 lands,' Ttl^^T 'fishes.' ^KT is rather more polite than ^T, and 
 tSl'sH is familiar and affectionate ; as C&Gei^fa^ ' nice little boys.' 
 (A) ^R (probably from Sansk. *Jlf 'all,' through Hindi ^R), 
 colloquial, with animals and inanimate things; as ^flf*l*K 'birds,' 
 l?f<i?1*t< 'rupees.' 
 
 In the words C^ltc^ 'people,' ^G^G^ 'some people,' *1<i?G<tf 'all, 
 everybody,' we have probably a survival of the old Magadhi Pra- 
 krit nominative in e. This termination as a nominative plural occurs 
 only in these three words. 
 
 To complete the peculiarites of this language in respect of 
 nouns, it is necessary to give here certain curious little syllables 
 
22 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 and words universally employed after nouns, both singular and 
 plural, to effect modifications of meaning. Though almost exclu- 
 sively colloquial, only one or two being admitted into the literary 
 style, they form so striking a feature of a Bengali sentence and 
 add so much to the expressiveness and flexibility of the language 
 as to deserve particular mention : 
 
 () T?1, added to nouns, expresses contempt, dislike, worthless- 
 ness ; as 
 
 PSHU'SI (or r&tT}>0 (*teS ^teT cffttf ^ That stuff is not 
 nice to eat. This is very vulgar language. I ?<(* is Arabic 
 (_> '-*, and C^tT is contracted from *tt^G^S 'to eat.' 
 ^ ~%Z That is a good-for-nothing brat. 
 ?TE^ *t&5 C*frF The wretched horse has fallen in 
 the mud. *fc5 C*ftTF vulgar for *tfWl f*i*i|G5>. 
 (6) W is the opposite of v\, and expresses admiration, liking, 
 niceness; as 
 
 .*K<1 The child is very pretty. 
 
 f*f*f f^F How sweetly the bird sings. 
 
 *t The woman is fair to see. 
 (c) W 'some, a little,' used contemptuously, with inanimate 
 objects only; as 
 
 He does not care for vegetables, but after some coaxing, 
 he ate a little, i. e. just a mouthful or two. 
 
 ? C*fi75 ^1 ^ ;;5 ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ I don't care to eat, 
 but you may give me a morsel or two. 
 (d) ^3F used contemptuously for human beings ; as 
 <$$ W C^^T <4<[ ^<ll<l C5W Oft Tl Look at the little brat, 
 
 OS. O^ L 
 
 what phick he has, eh ? (<!<[ contracted from ^tn.) 
 But approvingly for inanimate objects ; as 
 
 T^ 4^? ^?F "??^ C*ft=T ^t^1 ^-STTl ^Tt? In the hot 
 
 ON. ON, 
 
 weather if you eat a nice lump of ice you will get cool. 
 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 23 
 
 Very well > tnen g ive me a bit that 
 I may eat it. 
 
 <*)?? W C*ft=T ?T ^Tl ^T? If one got a nice 
 bit of stuff like that one would be pleased. 
 
 (e) '&rf s f (Sansk. ^Jtjf 'a moment of time;' but in Bengali, 'a 
 piece') generally implies a piece of anything, but is often untrans- 
 lateable in English; as 
 
 <[$ <TfT ^T*T5 Ift^ ^ ^tR Give me a piece of cloth, 
 brother. 
 
 ^R <Tf^ ^Stt^ C^TTlT? *TT5 ?T?nr^' Two gold vessels have 
 
 been left here (literally, two pieces gold vessel). 
 ([$ ${T*f ^Tfy One bank-note (literally, one piece note). 
 
 (/) <tlM<? when used alone refers solely to time; as 
 
 7RIT C^=T <?^C^S *Tff? If I get a little time I can do it. 
 Off? <?<IC> ?ir^ You must wait a little. 
 
 When w| is added, it applies both to time and to inanimate 
 objects generally; as 
 
 *TffrWl ^rfTTStl ^rfsT f%fafF I have bought a little piece, i.e. 
 a little bit of land. 
 
 *Ttfrwl "5R1T C*tST ^Hlf^ ^75 fifS If you give me a little 
 time I will do it. 
 
 (g) C^il^l ('cluster, bunch'), used with inanimate objects; as 
 
 ^ C^ft^l *I|W<1 ^W A bundle of vegetables. 
 
 $ Cftt^l ^W f%ftfb I have bought a bundle of pens. 
 
 (h) 'Q'^t?, said to be contracted from C^lt^i ^T? 'about four.' 
 
 The following specimens of nouns fully declined will illustrate 
 the above remarks : 
 
24 BENGALI GEAMMAR. 
 
 (a) Human beings (vyakti-vachak). 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ace. 
 Dat. 
 
 Instr. ?T$TT <$W$ or TlTl or >^HGlT<l TlTl, tWl etc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. *i-^R)<l *1^H ^t? or Cf? 
 
 Loc. 
 
 In the plural the case-endings are sometimes added to 
 the form of the genitive singular, as 
 Cff?, etc. 
 
 (6) Other living beings (anyapranl-vachak). 
 Nom. ^i? 'dog' ^W?. "T^" or 
 
 Ov. <K *-* <K <K 
 
 Ace. ^^? C^ or 3F^ ^^<l *<^^ C^, or as nom. 
 
 Dat. ^^? (^ fW? ^TS^; C^ 
 
 Instr. ^^? fWl etc. ^^? ^T^ fwl etc. 
 
 O-x (K <Sv ON. 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 (c) Inanimate objects (apranl-vachak). 
 
 Nom. *ffi 'tree' 9tT^ ^FT, ^ etc. 
 
 Ace. ^ft^ id. 
 
 Dat. *f|Z^ ^T^" ^l^Cd or 
 
 Instr. ^It 1 ^ fWl etc. tt 1 ^ y^sT frf?1 etc. 
 
 Abl. *tt^ ^^G^ or 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
THE ADJECTIVE. 25 
 
 4. THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 The adjective is invariable, having no separate forms for the 
 genders. There is, in fact, absolutely no gender in Bengali, though 
 in recent times certain writers have sought unsuccessfully to intro- 
 duce the Sanskrit genders. Such expressions as ^K<u ^T 'a 
 
 beautiful woman ' are confined to literature, and in literature even 
 
 i 
 
 to the writings of a particular school. The adjective, moreover, is 
 not declined, except when it is used substantively. 
 
 The comparative is expressed in Sanskrit by adding the syl- 
 lable ^, as ^C^T 'holy,' *5C^T5<[ 'holier.' This form is occasionally 
 used in the high literary style, but has not taken root in popular 
 language. Ordinarily the following words are employed : 
 
 (a) ^0*1' ^>1 (Sansk. ^R^JT 'reference, comparison'), used with 
 the genitive. This is literary, and used in polished conversation 
 or oratory; as 
 
 ^rfrt? ^TC^f^l ^t? TlTl ^5 ^T=T It will be better done by 
 
 him than by me. 
 Or with the nominative; as 
 
 3t*T ^*f^>1 ^STfST fr53 Shyam is wiser than Ram. 
 
 (b) (t?G*( (shortened pronunciation of frj^l, participle of F| 
 'to see'), with the genitive, colloquial; as 
 
 ^Tf5Tf<l CFT*T ciH He is stronger than I. 
 
 T ^Spt F^T The bamboo twig is harder than the 
 bamboo (a proverb, meaning 'the dependants of a great man 
 are more oppressive than the great man himself). 
 
 (c) *rcSJ (Sansk.), literary and colloquial; as <$3. 
 
 Of these two this is the better. 
 
 also serves to denote the superlative when more than two 
 objects or persons are compared ; as <jci 
 Of the three boys this is the handsomest. 
 
26 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 (d) 3JF5 (shortened form of J^T3 suffix of the abl.), collo- 
 quial; as tl^T<r 3.G^ ^S^FfiT 15 fT3t^5 "*t"lj o is harder to write 
 than e. 
 
 The superlative may be formed by adding a word meaning 
 'all ' to any of the above ; as ' 3 TTfG"*f^ r l (lit.), *1?cifG"^t^1 (lit. and 
 coll.), *t^iGl>G*l (coll.), *1<PG<n<l (FETT (coll.), >t<J?Gn<l Q&S (coll.), 
 *1G3GC>G*l (vulgar). 
 
 5. THE NUMERALS. 
 A. Cardinals. 
 
 The cardinal numbers in this, as in all Indo-Aryan languages, 
 are derived with very little change from Sanskrit through Prakrit. 
 From eleven to ninety-nine they exhibit the compound form of 
 Sanskrit and Prakrit, and have consequently to be learnt indi- 
 vidually. 
 
 All the cardinal numbers are indeclinable. 
 
 The forms of the cardinals, which are very similar to Hindi, 
 are as follows : 
 
 2 ^ 7 *1]^ 12 <1<1 17 
 
 3 f^*T 8 ^li* 13 C$$ 18 
 
 4 ^t?T, Mi<l 9 'H 14 C&l'K 19 
 
 5 *fT^ 10 W*f 15 ^IZT? 20 
 Instead of l4"t for 20, ^T^ is very commonly used colloquially. 
 
 21 4[<? m \ 27 *11^1^1 33 
 
 <K ** 
 
 23 (\s^*f 29 ^*M ^i^r 35 
 
 24 ^I 3*f .30 r3P*t 36 
 
 26 
 
THE NUMERALS. 
 
 27 
 
 Sixty is sometimes wiitten 
 seventy-six is written 
 
 81 ^^f 88 
 
 82 
 
 83 <i* 90 
 
 4 91 
 
 92 
 
 86 (6?yf*?t 93 
 
 87 ?TF5t*ft 94 
 
 so also 
 
 is often heard; 
 
 For eighty-eight the semi- Sanskrit form 
 and for ioo, while the Sanskrit '"TS is in c~ nmon use, C*t1 and '"Hi 
 are also used, the latter especially after the first ten numerals, as 
 <& f*H 'one hundred,' etc. 
 
 In the writings of authors of the Sanskritizing school it is not 
 
28 BENGALI GKAMMAB. 
 
 uncommon to find the numerals used in their original Sanskrit 
 form, for which the reader is referred to the Sanskrit grammar. 
 
 For 1000 in the literary style the Sanskrit *1^1 is used, but 
 colloquially the Persian .hjj, with the first vowel lengthened; ^lottf 
 is more common. Of the higher numbers, cf^ 5 literary or lj<? 
 colloquial for 100,000, and (<?ify literary or (3pT?T colloquial for 
 10,000,000 are in common use. 
 
 The fractional numbers are C^fHTl, C^W, and I "li<? 'a quarter;' 
 'a third;' 'STfa, ^(.$4? 'half;' f^T C*fHTl 'three quarters;' 
 
 Tfl 'a quarter more ' (from Sansk. ^f 'with ' and ^tf^^J 'a quar- 
 ter'), as ?T v S'?n f^T ' three and a quarter ;' (JpS 'one and a half (from 
 Sansk. gplf, literally 'half from two'); C^f|^ 'a quarter less' (from 
 Sansk. tTRT 'a quarter' and x3Fff 'less'), as (*1|^ ^ftl> 'a quarter 
 less than five,' i.e. 'four and three quarters;' >ltC^ (which would 
 be more correctly written *ltci, from Sansk. ^ 'with ' and ^STIf 
 'half') 'a half more,' as ^Ic^ Ff? 'four and a half.' For 'two and 
 a half the word ^1^1^ (more correctly ^1^1^ from Sansk. ^T 
 'half and ^| 'a couple') is used. Distributives are expressed by 
 repeating the noun, as tf*f HC^ *R> ^ Ff^l Of ^ ' give each of 
 the ten men a rupee,' or give the ten men a rupee apiece.' 
 
 Numerals always require the noun to be in the singular, as 
 ' three persons,' *TT^ *(<l 'five houses.' When the noun is 
 declined the numeral remains unaltered, as TF5 j?^G3r<r 'of seven 
 men.' 
 
 B. Ordinals. 
 
 The Bengali language has no special forms for ordinals. In 
 modern times since the development of the language, the Sanskrit 
 ordinals have been introduced. They are used in literature and 
 in conversation by educated persons, and under the influence of 
 the schoolmaster are finding their way into the speech of the 
 masses. They would hardly yet, however, be understood by the 
 cultivating and artizan classes generally. The first ten are as 
 follows : 
 
THE NUMEKALS. 29 
 
 First <TO Sixth 
 
 Second f^tt? Seventh 
 
 Third ^st?T Eighth 
 
 Fourth F^f Ninth 
 
 Fifth *f3?*r Tenth 
 
 From eleventh to twentieth they are the same as the cardinals. 
 From twentieth they are formed by adding ^55T to the cardinal, 
 or by eliding the final syllable, as fas""^ 'twenty,' fa^tfs^T or 
 fr^*f 'twentieth.' 
 
 In conversation, even among educated persons, the ordinals are 
 often expressed by adding the suffix of the genitive singular to 
 the cardinal, as <3iZ&?. 'first,' *,(.<l<l 'second,' f\SC<<l 'third,' and so 
 on ; thus 4C<F? <f^Ci? W\"$ 'give me the first book ' (on the shelf, etc.) 
 This form is only used with inanimate objects. 
 
 The Hindustani ordinals pahila 'first,' dusra 'second,' and tisra 
 third ' are occasionally vised slightly corrupted, to suit Bengali 
 pronunciation, as *t<.3.d1, (trt*1<U, C^*T?1. 
 
 Colloquially certain words are used with numerals as with sub- 
 stantives to indicate shades of meaning. They are as follows: 
 
 (a) C^T^I, like v\, has a somewhat depreciating meaning ; as 
 
 nr?T| fe5 *rt?[ Can you give me some four pice 
 or so ? implying that it is a trifling sum. 
 
 ^T& ^t=T ^Z^ It will suffice if there are some 
 ten cups. 
 
 With ^5 'how many,' it implies an indefinite number; as C^TT^I 
 ^5 ^ C^T t?1 ^^1 5.C*IC^ This has been done by a few 
 mischievous boys. 
 
 When the noun is omitted, it is more indefinite still ; as C^tWl 
 ^5 ^Gci^ ^C< A small number will do, or just a few will suffice. 
 
 (b) W, like W, indicates approbation ; as ^fe ^K& 
 
 Some five boys or so sang wonderfully well. 
 
30 BENGALI GEAMMAR. 
 
 With 3F3 it is indefinite ; as 
 
 The beggar is happy with just a few pice. 
 
 (c) ^rr*T and ^lt I ? are used in the same way as with the noun, 
 but <llfr expresses approbation ; as "5^ *Ttfr ^'Ht<i ^fa Off^Tfr 
 I saw two beautiful pictures. 
 
 (d) S("fT means 'a piece,' and is used in enumerating articles; as 
 $^ STf*T (*(i^<i Two (pieces) mohars . 
 
 ^ TTr ^T*F5 Two pieces of cloth. 
 
 (e) *tt^, literally 'tree, 5 is used in speaking of long straight 
 things ; as 
 
 ^STfcT The oar rows (or works) well. 
 Three sticks. 
 
 It will be observed, in some of the above examples, that <3^F 
 is added to numerals. This is always the case when uncertainty 
 is implied. In this position &($ may be translated 'about;' as 
 TC*1<? ' about ten.' 
 
 Vagueness is often indicated by putting together two numbers 
 of very different values; as R~*f t>l 51 "t, literally 'twenty-forty,' 
 i. e. any number from twenty to forty, or a little more or less. 
 Natives are often vague about their age. A witness will sometimes 
 depose that his age is W*t ^TE>T*f ' ten-fifty,' meaning that he is a 
 man of middle age ! So also, 
 
 ^ cffa? ^ft^ ^Tf^ ^filf^ ^rT*T Tf^ My income is not two-five 
 lakhs, i. e. I am not a rich man. 
 
 ^t^T? l<"f *f FT*f cfftF ^1*1 ^Ics^ His income is twenty-fifty 
 lakhs, i. e. He is a very wealthy man. 
 
 1 The mohar, or more correctly mukr, is a gold coin, no longer current, 
 valued generally at sixteen rupees. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE PKONOUN. 
 
 6. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 THE forms of the personal pronouns are the following : 
 
 First Person. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Norn. ^tfa 'I' 
 
 Dat. \ 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 Instr. 
 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 In the instr. sing, the postpositions <?^2^, <<l1^, and l*T<ll are 
 affixed to the form ^TfTl, while "CtHl requires the fomi ^l^tfl. 
 
 In all the cases of the plural the postpositions may be affixed 
 to ^i*^i or ^Tt^Tf^; thus one may say ^i^llifGM? or ^t^lfl- 
 TWC^t?, the latter form is more common in Western Bengal. 
 
 The above form of the pronoun of the first person is that used 
 in literature and colloquially by all correct speakers. Ami is, how- 
 ever, by origin, the plural, and has by long use been so identified 
 
32 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 with the singular, that a new plural, amara, has been created for 
 use when it is required to bring out the sense of plurality more 
 clearly. 
 
 The old nominative is still in use, though it is now considered 
 vulgar, and is only heard among the lower orders, or in very familiar 
 conversation, in addressing servants and inferiors. It too has had 
 a new plural invented for it, so completely has all perception of ami 
 being the real phn-al of mui died out. It runs thus : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Norn. "S^t 'I' 
 
 Dat. 
 Gen. 
 
 No other cases are in use, and it will be observed that in the 
 plural the form of the genitive is used for the ace. and dat. also. 
 In the singular, too, the gen. (Tt? is occasionally used for the ace. 
 and dat. 
 
 Second Person. 
 
 Plural. 
 C5t*T?1 'ye' 
 
 etc. 
 
 Here, also, there is the old singular, now esteemed vulgar, with 
 a modern plural fitted to it, thus 
 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 33 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. ^ 'thou' 
 Ace. 
 Dat. 
 Gen. f5f? 
 
 The remarks regarding the first person apply to the second 
 person also. 
 
 In addressing superiors or equals in rank, and generally in the 
 conversation of respectable persons of all classes, neither ^[fa nor 
 tt are used. In their place is used ^t*tfr (from Sansk. W3I1, 
 'self'), meaning literally 'self,' but used also to mean 'your 
 honour,' 'your honourable self,' and such like, just as in Hindi dp. 
 The student must be very careful always to use apani when ad- 
 dressing gentlemen or respectable people of any class, as the use 
 of tumi, except to servants, relations, or very humble people, is 
 regarded almost as an insult. 
 
 When used to mean 'self,' i.e. 'myself, thyself, himself,' etc., 
 apani is thus declined : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 But when implying 'your honour' it may take in nom. plur. the 
 form ^Tf*H<?1n1, gen. sing. ^Tt*H^t<l, and so in the other cases. 
 
 ^Tf^ffa, when used respectfully, takes the verb in the third per- 
 son ; as ^rf*u*f ^<r MfGl^ Your honour will give an answer. 
 
 When it is wished to express still greater respect, the word 
 *(^1 <4 f$l 'gentleman, Sir,' is used, also with the verb in the third 
 person plural; as *^H<1 m^Tft'T li^G4) f% *fl Will you go 
 there or not, Sir ? 
 
 D 
 
34 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 Third Person. 
 
 Singular, Plural. 
 
 Nom. fsfr 'he,' 'she' ^t^t?"! 'they' 
 
 c< ;' 
 
 Uflt. 
 
 ( 
 Instr. < T^T? TT?1 
 
 ' etc. etc. 
 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 
 Loo. 
 
 The old singular, now considered vulgar, is 
 
 Nom. (T 'he,' 'she' ^5t^T?1 'they' 
 
 Gen. 
 
 LOC. 
 
 It will be observed that the forms of the oblique cases differ 
 only from the higher form by omission of the chandrabindu, or 
 nasal sign. 
 
 'it' is expressed by (T, and its inflection ^St^l, generally con- 
 tracted to ^1. In this sense C^T is used in correct language. 
 
 There is no possessive pronoun, the genitive of the personal pro- 
 nouns is used, as ^t^in 5T? ' my house,' C^ST^H Tf s f ' thy name.' 
 
 7. OTHER PRONOUNS. 
 
 The other pronouns are strictly analogous in form and declen- 
 sion to the personal pronouns. The type of FSfa may be taken as 
 a model for all; thus 
 
 i. Near demonstrative: ^fa 'this,' inflection ^^1 ; vulgar <fl, 
 inflect. ^1. 
 
OTHER PRONOUNS. 35 
 
 2. Remote demonstrative: M 'that,' inflect. ^^1 ; vulgar ^8, 
 inflect. W^l. 
 
 3. Relative: I*lH 'whoever,' inflect. ^Tf^l; vulgar (*T, inflect. 
 
 4. Correlative: (given above). 
 
 5. Interrogative: (a) (^ 'who?' inflect, Tf^l; vulgar C^, in- 
 flect. *T3TI. 
 
 (&) f^F 'what?' inflect. ^T^l. Besides the regular form ^t^l, 
 T3F has also an inflection I<?C*1 used in certain cases only ; as Ace., 
 Dat. fad*l, Instr. f<PC*l<l Tf?T| or t% Iwl, Loc.f%E^T3, Abl. fe?T 
 C*T3? or f% ^75. 
 
 There is also an interrogative form C^H used only with nouns ; 
 as C^f* ^tt"* *ll^(.^e> To what place are you going ? 
 
 6. Indefinite : C^ 'any one,' inflect. ^T^l; to which is added 
 the vowel ^ very lightly pronounced ; as Ace. ^T^Tfc^F^, Gen. 3Ff- 
 sHU'S or ^1^1c<l1, etc. It is used both for singular and plural, if, 
 indeed, it can be said to have a plural. l<i?^ 'anything.' 
 
 C^t*f (to be distinguished from t^T^ 'which?'), 'some, any,' is 
 indeclinable. 
 
 The pronouns fl, ^, f*T often have an "^ added to them, as 
 <*)$, or ^?, ^5, (*1^; this conveys a certain emphasis, as 'this very 
 one,' etc. In the genitive plural for ^3JG*T<1 and ^^JG*T<1 the 
 
 * <> 
 
 contractions ^Gif<l and ^CtfH are used colloquially by all classes. 
 
 These pronouns also take the additional syllables TT|, W, like 
 nouns. The inflectional terminations are placed after these addi- 
 tions, as Gen. ^T?t?; (*HS]<t; Loc. <i|Ffra, ^FJlT; C*HS)d^). 
 
 There are also many compound pronouns which must be learnt 
 from practice, such as C*T C^ 'whosoever,' C*T C^TR id., C^T 1<T-^ 
 'whatsoever,' (*T *j<?cn 'all who,' etc. 
 
 The adjective in Bengali being indeclinable, it follows that 
 whenever any one of the above pronouns is used as an adjective, it 
 becomes indeclinable. When used adjectivally the forms <fl, ^ C^f, 
 and CS are used, not ^fr, ^fr, fof^, or f^; as 
 
 D 2 
 
36 BENGALI GBAMMAB. 
 
 C^Ttj STft^T Where does this Pandit live? 
 Call that boy. 
 
 (^Tfl <tlwtf^cT Where did you find those 
 flowers ? 
 C*T (3 f% Crfa vSt^l ^rrfjf ^fac^ *fff? T| What caste he may 
 
 be I cannot say. 
 
 More usually in this connexion the forms with ^ added are used, 
 as 4, ^, etc. 
 
 As possessive, meaning '(my, thy, his) own,' ^f^ffa 'self may 
 be used in the genitive ^l^Hlf, or in the stem form Tf*lT; as 
 TT*R ?T<r ^Tf^ Go to your own house. 
 
 In the sense of 'own' is also used f^TST, as ^ ^i^ln facf<l 
 ?T<r 'this is my own house;' but when used as a substantive, mean- 
 ing '(my, thy, him) self,' it takes the form frc, as fr^St ^T 
 <?MH51 ' he did the work himself.' In this sense it is declined like 
 other pronouns, though in the singular only. 
 
 The Persian word :>. 'self,' written C*T|Tf, is also frequently 
 used in the same way as M&t. It is considered as respectful, and 
 may be used in addressing superiors; as l>i<P<l <U<?G<1<1 ^^TUT fa 
 flT C<HTf f% CH What matters the talk of servants, what do you 
 yourself say, Sir? 
 
 ^Tt^ffr, facet, and C*Tfl? are sometimes for distinctness sake 
 added to the pronoun of the person to which they refer, and are 
 then put in the same case as the personal pronoun; as ^T^Tjl 
 Tf*RT? (or fadfc<0 r<<t<l fsfr <t^| <?lVc^ *\\(.t< 'he can 
 take care of his own property,' where emphasis is laid on own.' 
 
 ^^<? and the Arabic ^iU, corrupted to <Pl"i1, answer to 
 English 'so and so,' and are used where the name of the person 
 or place referred to is omitted ; as ^flTT ^*^?, Wlfs ^*^<P, 5T<f 
 ^^^ Name, so and so; caste, such and such; residence, so 
 and so. 
 
 In the literary style, and especially in poetry, parts of the San- 
 skrit personal pronouns are not infrequently used ; as, for instance, 
 
OTHER PRONOUNS. 37 
 
 the bases of the pronouns of the first and second persons, and some 
 of the cases. The full declension of these pronouns belongs to San- 
 skrit grammar, but the most generally used forms are here given : 
 
 Base ^ or ^^If 'l' or 'we' TO 'of me' STfa 'me' (3 'to me.' 
 ^ or "STSHf 'thou'or'ye' ^^ 'of thee' ^T'thee' C5 'tothee.' 
 
 The forms of the base are used in composition only ; as 5T ( ^ < t3f 'niy 
 son,' ^PZHr *t^ 'our house.' 
 
 The pronoun of the third person (nom. sing, neut.) ^^ is also 
 used for rH 'he, that,' only in composition; as v5^ifH 'be- 
 longing to that time,' N&Hft^1 'by means of that.' Other words so 
 used are "^T ' self,' and N3A 'your honour.' 
 
 From ST 1 ^, s CKJif, and the others, are formed possessive adjec- 
 tives ; thus 
 
 'mine' ^^tlT 'thine' ^ft"?Tl 'his' or 'its.' 
 'ours' "STSrftlT 'yours' ^ft? 'otie'sown.' 
 
 Occasionally also the Sanskrit word ^l^"* 'self (the origin 
 of x (f*rf'0 is used by some writers, and is even declined ; as Ace. 
 ^l^lc^, Gen. ^l^fn; but this is rare. In composition the 
 shortened form ^1^ is found in some words of rather frequent 
 use, such as ^l^fl^Pl 'self-preservation,' ^l^^jl 'suicide.' 
 ^*1\ (pronounced shoyong) ' self,' though a pure Sanskrit word, 
 is often used both in literature and in the higher conversational 
 style. It is used with pronouns of all persons, and in all caees, 
 and is indeclinable; thus 
 
 He came here himself. 
 
 They will go there themselves. 
 They will have to go in person. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 8; CONJUGATION. 
 
 THE verb is as simple as the noun. There is only one conju- 
 gation, and there are, strictly speaking, no irregular verbs, though 
 some few verbs in the commonest every-day use are so much con- 
 tracted as to have at first sight the appearance of irregularity. On 
 examination, however, it will be found that they are perfectly 
 regular. 
 
 The grammarians distinguish between transitive and intransitive 
 verbs. This distinction, however, is only of importance in the con- 
 struction of sentences, the conjugation being the same in both cases. 
 
 There are nine tenses in the ordinary verb, and in each tense two 
 numbers, singular and plural, in each number three persons. As 
 a natural result of the rejection of the old singular of the personal 
 pronouns, the old singular of the verb has also been rejected, and 
 like the old singular of the pronouns is considered vulgar. It is, 
 however, given in the paradigmas below for completeness sate, as 
 it is frequently heard among peasants and labourers 1 . The third 
 person singular, however, is used both in polite speech and in 
 literature. 
 
 It is usual to give the verb in dictionaries under the form of the 
 verbal noun in n (or after gutturals ). In this view there are 
 three classes of verbs, ending respectively in^**, ^"f, and^H; thus 
 
 1 In adopting this course, I rely on the authority of Sarkar, as well as on 
 the morphological facts of the case. 
 
CONJUGATION. 39 
 
 ist ^TeR to speak. 3F?*1 to do. 
 
 2nd S^ to be. Stf^ to go. 
 
 3rd St^TR to make. *Tf^R to cook. 
 
 The third form comprises active verbs formed from intransitives, 
 and causal verbs. The active verb formed from an intransitive is, 
 it will be observed, itself a kind of causal. Thus the neuter *tf?< 
 means 'to be ripe, to be cooked,' while the active *U?H ' to ripen, 
 to cook,' means literally 'to cause to be ripe or cooked,' i.e. 'to cook.' 
 There is, as mentioned above, practically no difference in the 
 conjugation of these three classes ; but the ^ of the second class 
 not being a part of the root, disappears in conjugation, giving rise 
 in one or two instances to peculiarities of spelling, which will be 
 noticed in their proper place. The long 'Sfl of the third class, 
 whether active or causal, is never elided, but retains its place 
 throughout the conjugation. 
 
 In some cases the formation of a transitive from an intransitive 
 verb, and that of a causal from a transitive, is effected, not by adding 
 the characteristic ^Tl to the root, but by change of the root vowel. 
 In these cases ^T becomes T|, ^ becomes <*), and ^ becomes ^ ; 
 in the two latter instances the final ^Tl is also added ; as 
 
 fall, lie. ^TFS'T throw down, fell, lay. 
 
 burn, blaze. -S}|n< kindle, enflame. 
 
 stir, move. l1^ shake, remove. 
 
 write. (sf^tR cause to write. 
 
 to burst (intr.). (W^ to burst (tr.). 
 In the literary and higher styles numerous verbs are formed by 
 adding the verb ^W 'to do ' to a Sanskrit noun ; as ^1* ^F?W ' to 
 see,' *tf<rf*r 3><[i ' to i a b our> ' j u these cases the noun remains 
 unchanged throughout all tenses, the verb alone being inflected. 
 
 Auxiliaries. 
 
 Bengali, being analytical in type, makes considerable use of 
 auxiliary verbs in its conjugation. Some of these are defective, only 
 
40 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 having two or three tenses, while others are complete. The ordinary 
 auxiliaries are ^K^ 'is,' ^6T 'to be, or become,' *Tj' v T 'to go,' 
 ^?1 'to do,' srp*f ' to remain.' ^ke* is defective, having only a 
 present and an imperfect. They are thus conjugated : 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I am. ^1J41 ^| we are. 
 
 thou art. C5t*r<rl ''STf^ ye are . 
 
 he is. ^t^T?1 ^Udfe^ they are. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I was 3[, cTO. ^l^l cTfa we were. 
 thou wast. Cal^fl fs?T ye were. 
 
 he was. ^t^T?1 f^CR the were. 
 
 The imperfect lt( is shortened from ^|lj<, etc., which 
 was used down to the end of the last century, and may be used 
 metri gratia in poetry even at the present time. 
 
 The method of using the various persons of the singular and 
 plural, which of them are admitted in correct language and which 
 are considered vulgar, will be discussed under the regular verb. 
 
 The other auxiliaries being complete follow the type of the regu- 
 lar verb, which here follows. 
 
 Regular Verb. 
 BOOT ^<T 'DO' (Sanskrit ^). 
 I. INDEFINITE PRESENT OR AORIST. 
 
 / do, may do, etc. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 1 See p. 47, 9, ii. 
 
CONJUGATION. 
 
 41 
 
 2. DEFINITE PRESENT. 
 I am doing. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. IMPERFECT. 
 I was doing. 
 
 4. INDEFINITE PERFECT. 
 I did. 
 
 5. DEFINITE PERFECT. 
 J have done. 
 
 6. PLUPERFECT. 
 I had done. 
 
 1 See p. 47, 9, ii. 
 
42 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 7. FUTURE. 
 
 I shall do. 
 Singular. Plural* 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 8. IMPERATIVE. 
 
 .Do Mow. 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 9. CONDITIONAL (also HABITUAL). 
 (If) I do, also J Mserf to do. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 These are the ordinary tenses of the simple regular verb. The 
 following additional tenses may be formed by employing the auxi- 
 liary verb *Tfa 'to remain,' with the past participle of the primary 
 verb : 
 
 1. <?i<l^1 Tfpl? I continue to do, I usually do. 
 
 2. <?f<l*l1 *hfel1*( I continued doing, I went on doing. 
 
 3. <?f<l*l1 Stlf<?< I shall continue to do. 
 
 4. ^fatll Tf^ Go on doing. 
 
 5. ?f<l<l| lif<i?l( I used always to do. 
 
 It will be observed that some of the forms above given are very 
 long, they are consequently much shortened in ordinary conversa- 
 tion, even by the educated classes. Thus 
 
 for <PI<IC^C^ is used ^HC 1 * kor'chche, 
 
 korechhe, 
 
CONJUGATION. 43 
 
 and so with the other tenses. To pronounce these words in full 
 as ' kSritechhe ' or koriyachhe' would be regarded as affected and 
 ridiculous. These contractions are used in all the verbs in the 
 language. Thus 
 
 dekh'chche, not dekhitechhe, he is seeing;' 
 jachche, not jaitechhe, 'he is going,' etc. 
 
 The language is not rich in participles, nor is much use made 
 of those that exist, except in composition. They are as follows : 
 
 Present Participle <n<lG^S 'doing,' also used as infinitive 'to do.' 
 Past Participle ^fWl 'done.' 
 
 Conjunctive Past Part. <PI<lCfi1 'having done.' 
 Verbal Noun ^?*t 'the act of doing.' 
 
 ,, ^<T| 'doing.' 
 
 <?f<Kl 'doing.' 
 
 Illustrations of the way in which these forms are used will be 
 found below, page 47, 9. 
 
 The passive is formed by adding the tenses of the verb *fl 'to 
 go' to the verbal noun ^<l1. Thus (the first person only is given) : 
 
 1. Indefinite Present 
 
 2. Definite Present ^ 
 
 3. Imperfect ^< 
 
 4. Indefinite Perfect ^ 
 
 5. Definite Perfect ^ 
 
 6. Pluperfect 
 
 7. Future ^ 
 
 8. Imperative <? 
 
 9. Conditional ^ 
 
 It will be observed that the forms of the verb *T|, given in tenses 
 4, 5, and 6, are different from the rest. This is, in fact, the only 
 
44 
 
 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 point in which there exists any irregularity in the Bengali verb. 
 The past participle of *T|, with which tenses 5 and 6 are compounded, 
 is f*f*fl instead of STf^Tl 1 , and the indefinite perfect is C*tcTf*f 
 instead of *Tf^tt*J. 
 
 [In this respect, Bengali agrees with all the modern languages 
 of the group in retaining a form derived from the Sanskrit Pas- 
 sive Participle Iff, Prakrit *nft or *F*lt.] 
 
 Another method of forming the passive, which is much used in 
 literature, consists in adding the forms of the verb ^"ST to the 
 perfect participle of Sanskrit verbs. 
 
 The following are a few of the most frequently used of these 
 participles, with the Sanskrit verb to which they belong. For 
 others the dictionary should be consulted. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 5 do. 
 
 ^5 done. 
 
 S hold. 
 
 2^5 held. 
 
 IF^T stop. 
 
 J^S stopped. 
 
 ^Hf speak. 
 
 ^IiT^ spoken. 
 
 "^ be. 
 
 1^5 been. 
 
 *& go- 
 
 ^5 gone. 
 
 Jf*f see. 
 
 j seen, 
 
 l join. 
 
 1F3F joined. 
 
 ^H (causal ^f*f ' 
 
 ^f) entrust. ^rf^f^S entrusted, handed over. 
 
 W\ give. 
 
 *T5 given. 
 
 ^1 stand. 
 
 n^5 stood. 
 
 <^ say. 
 
 ^\s* said. 
 
 ^? (^) fill. 
 
 qfi full, filled. 
 
 1%? break. 
 
 rH divided, separate. 
 
 1 In Western Bengal the form *TT$?1 is used instead of 
 same takes place also sometimes in poetry. 
 
 The 
 
CONJUGATION. 45 
 
 wander. ^TH? confused, mistaken. 
 
 ^9*T be pure. ^3^ pure. 
 
 They are conjugated thus: 
 
 Indefinite Present *T5 3^R I am seized. 
 Indefinite Perfect *^ 3A s 'to I was seized. 
 Definite Perfect |F3 ^^*l|i\ I have been seized. 
 The participle remaining unchanged throughout. 
 
 There is a very numerous class of Sanskrit verbs compounded 
 with a preposition used in this way. Indeed, it is only by the 
 almost unrestricted employment of such words that an originally 
 poor language, like Bengali, is able to find tenses for the expression 
 of the higher and more complex ideas. The same process has taken 
 place in our own language, where Latin participles are largely used 
 to form verbs. It is impossible, within the limits of this work, to 
 give a list of all the Sanskrit words so employed; they will be 
 found in the dictionary. 
 
 The causal is formed by adding o to the root, thus from <P4 
 do/ causal ^<lj. Verbs which end in a in the active, take another 
 o, which is separated from the a of the root by the peculiar 
 Bengali combination ^"?=.w (see 2. B. page 8), thus *fl 'go,' 
 causal *Tf N STfl. The a of the causal remains throughout all the 
 tenses ; thus 
 
 1. Indefinite Present 
 
 2. Definite Present 
 4. Indefinite Perfect 
 
 etc. 
 
 Although, as previously mentioned, there are no irregular verbs, 
 yet there are one or two much used verbs which undergo so much 
 contraction, and occasionally also vowel change, in the mouth of 
 the people, that it may be well to give some of the tenses as a 
 guide to the student. 
 
46 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 ^^^f 'to be ' (contracted from C^l). 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. Indefinite Present i. s3. ^3, 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 2. Definite Present 
 
 3. Indefinite Perfect 
 7. Future 
 
 Colloquially this verb undergoes the following contractions: 
 is pronounced 3,C& hochche. 
 hoyechhe. 
 holS. 
 hobe. 
 The verb Of^^f 'to give' is very much contracted, as follows 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 i. Indefinite Present i. Oft or fa Oft or fa 
 
 3 
 
 2. Definite Present [itC^I^ (pronounced 
 
 3. Definite Perfect 
 
 4. Indefinite Perfect 
 7. Future 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Past Participle 
 
 Conjunctive Past Part. 
 
 Imperative i. Oft or fa i. Oft or 
 
 2. Of 2. Of*? or 
 
 ?. Of^^ or R^<? ?. Of%*T or 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 The verb (f^f 'to take' is conjugated precisely as 
 
REMARKS ON THE VEEB IN GENERAL. 47 
 
 Colloquially C*f^ is rare, Hf is generally used. In the impera- 
 tive C*T^<? and (Jf^f also are rare, IK<? and IK*' being used. 
 
 The verb ^1^*1 * 'to come' generally omits the ^, and in some 
 cases the T ; thus 
 
 Indefinite Present 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 i. 
 
 2. 
 
 Indefinite Perfect ^i*tdt*( or ^ll^ pronounced 
 
 Conjunctive Past Part, ^li^icsi or ^l^cci pronounced 
 
 Colloquially ^U*! and the forms which omit the ^ are used. 
 
 9. REMARKS ON THE VERB IN GENERAL. 
 
 i. The second person singular (as above remarked) of all the 
 tenses is vulgar, and never heard in polite speech. Nor is the first 
 person of the singular much used by educated persons, though, 
 from its being identical with the first person plural, it is only from 
 the pronoun prefixed that one can tell whether singular or plural 
 is meant. 
 
 ii. In the first person singular of tenses 3, 4, and 6, the ter- 
 mination rfST is pronounced J*f in most parts of Bengal. The 
 old termination ? is now archaic and poetical, and is not heard 
 in conversation, except among the lowest classes. 
 
 iii. The third person singular of tenses 4 and 7 sometimes has 
 the terminations (!* and C^ respectively, as ^IV (.!< and 
 <Pi<lG< < ?. These, however, are not used by correct speakers, and 
 may perhaps be described as provincialisms. 
 
 iv. In the imperative, when a somewhat future sense is implied, 
 that is to say, when a person is told to do a thing, not at once, 
 but at some future time, an ?. is inserted before the termination, 
 
48 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 as 2 pers. pi. ^n^. This form is also used when a certain amount 
 of deference or politeness is intended, like the termination lye of 
 Hindustani (baithiye, dekhiye, etc.). Politeness is also indicated 
 in the third person plural by using the future tense; thus 4?<JH 
 is an absolute command, 'let them do it,' <Pi<lG<^ 'will they (please) 
 do it.' 
 
 v. The indefinite present or aorist is a mere statement of action 
 with only the vaguest idea of time. It thus expresses habit or 
 custom ; as 
 
 ft?r ^F| ^f? I generally do this. 
 
 ^ <f1ZT Cl* He sits there (i.e. that is his usual seat). 
 <2Tf? *1?U1 ^T*f ?*& *TR He generally goes to bathe 
 early in the morning 1 . 
 
 vi. The definite present indicates that the action is being per- 
 formed at the time of speaking ; as 
 
 C*f*tf^ l[f*r *rf"$ I am seeing (i.e. keeping watch), you 
 may go. 
 
 *ti(.et?< "^fr <$*ttZ3 ff\ The Babu is eating, you sit here 
 (and wait). 
 
 vii. The imperfect is used in the same sense as in English ; as 
 (ff^ffEffTST f%H (7T T&\ (*fT I was looking at him 
 
 - Os, 
 
 (i.e. examining him), but he went away. 
 
 viii. The indefinite perfect indicates past time, generally, with- 
 out precisely defining the moment of action ; as 
 
 ft (*Tpr ^5T(<[ f*T ^7cT C^tcf I went and ate, and he 
 went away. 
 
 Ffal facn f%^ <rf^flf fir Clt T| He took the money, but 
 did not give a receipt. 
 (7T Sf<rcr ^llfil ^ C^T5 fif^V He seized it, and I let it go. 
 
 1 In many of these examples the colloquial forms of verbs etc^ are given 
 to familiarize the student with their use. 
 
REMARKS ON THE VERB IN GENERAL. 49 
 
 ill<ldfi1 ^rfftr *telt^ C^tpr He beat me, and I ran 
 away. 
 
 ix. The definite perfect expresses the completion of an action; as 
 Tf^ffr *f5t I have written it (i.e. I have finished 
 the writing), be pleased to read it. 
 
 The pluperfect is often used where in English we should use 
 the indefinite perfect, as in expressing the first of several past 
 actions; as 
 
 lb^l Slfcr^cj*! f%U *fsTTWl C*tT I caught the fish 
 (lit. I had caught), but it escaped. If in this sentence, in- 
 stead of C$teT, we write p1*lllSei, it would indicate that some- 
 thing else happened after that, as that he caught the fish again. 
 rsrf^C^r ^ifa sffrF (Sfcrfa When he fell asleep 
 (lit. had fallen asleep), I went downstairs. 
 C*T STlTf? *T? ^rffsr ^<i|r^nl*< After he went away (i.e. 
 after his going), I went to sleep (lit. I had gone to sleep), 
 implying that something else happened after that. 
 x. The future is used as in English. 
 
 xi. The conditional requires *UK 'if,' ^T^fa 'when,' or some 
 similar word before it, and in the subjunctive clause ^SC^, ^5" 
 'then, in that case,' or some similar word; as T^fa *tfif 
 f^TS-T T| f(,\ ^STtfsT SltirsT^' ' If he had given me the bag, then 
 (lit. that having been) I would have held it.' This phrase ^t^1 
 R.^Cl, contracted to ^1 ^C^l, is of very frequent occurrence, and is 
 pronounced so rapidly as to sound like two syllables only, ta'le. 
 
 Without *ilif this tense indicates habit or custom; as tal"* 'STT? 
 rfpfsn^-T ^(fa <fllT^ ^[ci^f* He used generally to throw it 
 away, and I used to pick it up. 
 
 xii. The correct use of the indefinite and definite perfects, and 
 of the pluperfect, is very difficult to acquire, as it differs very 
 much from the English use of those tenses. Whenever an action 
 has taken place, ever so recently, it is expressed by a past tense 
 of some sort, in contrast to the English idiom, which regards events 
 
 E 
 
50 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 very recently passed as present. Thus 'I understand what you 
 say,' would be 'STf^ffr *Tt^1 flGei< ^1 ^ifa S,facn}*< 'I under- 
 stood what you said/ The past tense is even used for a future 
 event, when it is so near that it may almost be regarded as having 
 taken place; thus '^ST^Tt^ *T?T^5 
 
 They are coming to seize me, I am off ! (lit. I have gone.) No 
 amount of examples would put these idioms clearly before the stu- 
 dent, but they are easily acquired by practice. 
 
 xiii. On the other hand, some Bengali authors make free use 
 of the historic present, as it is called, expressing past events by 
 the indefinite present. This is, however, hardly yet an established 
 practice of the language, but rather a mannerism peculiar to cer- 
 tain writers. 
 
 xiv. The infinitive is by origin a present participle, and retains 
 that sense in some cases, chiefly in phrases where continuance or 
 progressive action is implied; as 
 
 Ttft ^ifac! The woman came home 
 
 crying as she came (lit. weeping weeping came). 
 
 Father was taken ill while 
 
 eating his dinner (lit. food taking taking became unwell). 
 But far more usual is the infinitive sense ; as 
 
 5J| <J?f<lG^ ^ srf^ The enemy does not fear to 
 murder him. 
 
 The wretched man wanted to weep. 
 
 In the phrase f*fT STff%\5 ^rflf ^ ' wor k -while it is day,' 
 is the present participle (lit. day remaining work do), but 
 this usage is rare. 
 
 xv. The past participle in ^Tl and that in ^Cd are both used 
 as conjunctives, i.e. in the sense of 'having done.' The difference 
 between them is, that when the subject of the past participle is the 
 same as that of the finite verb, ^*t1 is used, when different 
 thus 
 
REMARKS ON THE VERB IN GENERAL. 51 
 
 The king having seen him, said 'to-day I cannot go.' Here 
 it is the king who both sees and speaks. 
 
 T| (tffeftcT <3TtsrT<[ *TCT ^? ^* RlT Not having seen 
 Earn, in my mind there is great distress. Here 'l,' under- 
 stood, is the subject of ' having seen/ but ^ ' distress ' is 
 the subject of the finite verb 3^T. 
 
 With the conjunction ^ added, the participle in -He means 'even 
 though,' 'although ; ' as *U^G<n ^ f%fr <Tt"^t R ' Even though he 
 has eaten, he is not content.' The phrase 
 
 CWf*RT5 ^Tf^irl SHIT is idiomatic, and hardly translatable. 
 It means ' that article or that kind of stuff may be found in Calcutta 
 by searching' (lit. 'having seen is found to see'). This implies 
 that the article is rare, but may be found in some shops with a 
 good deal of searching for it. So also (*ttfF=T ^ (*tTfeF3 *flf? 
 Even having searched, I can search,' implying that he does not 
 think he will find it, but he has no objection to hunt for it. 
 
 xvi. The three verbal nouns <?<l1, <n<l3l, and ^?1 are not used 
 indifferently. To indicate the act of doing, the first is employed ; thus 
 <?<d ai^ltt^f The committing of murder is a great sin. 
 
 <?P<1*11 Wl ^fi>3 ^? ^Tl For you to speak in this 
 way is not proper (lit. the speaking of you). 
 
 (<n|c<?<l ^FW The performance of religious 
 actions is the business of great people. 
 
 is only used in the genitive case, usually with the post- 
 position tC^ ' for the sake of,' or another noun ; as 
 
 T| At the time of 
 
 (his) committing suicide he was not in his right mind. 
 T5 <i?r<l<l<l %^Ta^ ^ He is not fitted for fighting. 
 
 f*T^T<[ W& ^dr^\y\in I came to see (lit. for the sake 
 of seeing). 
 
 ? *ftj CTf<rt<[ 'Sraf C*T5 %tt I must go to give the patient 
 his food. 
 
52 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 <?<l*t is a high Sanskrit word, and is only used in composition 
 with other words, as <"U<?<l c l ' bringing into subjection ; ' ^{TlT^ 
 'for the sake of doing.' In the higher style, such a phra.se as 
 < <IC1<[ ?G^f, instead of ?I<1<1<1 'for the sake of doing,' is met 
 with, but it can hardly be said to have become current in the lan- 
 guage, and is not often heard in ordinary conversation, except among 
 the learned. Even in literature it is generally used in connexion 
 with a Sanskrit noun ; as 
 
 For the sake of making an investigation. 
 For the sake of exculpation. 
 
 10. REMARKS ON THE DEFECTIVE AND 
 AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 i. The verb Stt^ 'stop, remain,' is used both singly and as an 
 auxiliary. When used singly, it means to stop or remain, and some- 
 times to do a thing at intervals. The following sentences, some of 
 which are highly idiomatic, will illustrate its use : 
 i. Singly: 
 
 <i|rfCT *ffa You stop here. 
 
 3FT*T rr^ There is no good stopping here (C^C^ for 
 
 1 I do stay 
 
 there it is true, but I don't notice anything (*t*T?( corrupted 
 from Arabic -la. 'news, information'). 
 
 rrC-f C*t^ By my head I pray you stop there ! 
 lit. *eat my head!' an expression used by women 
 in urgent supplication C*t^ vulgar for STf^). 
 
 <fsi*J What is it you keep saying every now 
 and then? (lit. ' stopping stopping,' i.e. at intervals). 
 
 ^| While life lasts I will not do this. 
 nf^ r| I have stopped here to- 
 day, but I won't stop to-morrow. 
 
REMARKS ON THE DEFECTIVE AND AUXILIARY VERBS. 53 
 
 As long as you stop here 
 it is impossible for me to go away. 
 ST| *Tfr3F 3F*ftsT, ^Tffsr Oifal3r (F^) Whatever befalls I am 
 
 <K (S. 
 
 going (lit. 'whatever remains on my forehead,' from the idea 
 of a man's destiny being written on his forehead). 
 ii. As an auxiliary: 
 
 <3F| (lrU*t<l fa*!*} ^TcT ^ ^|f*< WC? StTfo Although it is 
 wrong, I keep on doing it ( <?G<1 for <PI<l^1). 
 
 I believe 
 
 you get something from him every month. 
 
 iR ^T5 ^STUT ^7? (T^^4 I used to do it almost always. 
 *fa <T|f3 ^rrf^ ""HR ^fWl TttW^r Last night I slept all 
 night (in answer to a question, What were you doing last 
 night ?). 
 
 The future ^tfa, as an auxiliary, expresses uncertainty or proba- 
 bility, not habit; as 
 
 3?f?r?n tTfr5 I may have done that (i. e. I daresay 
 I did). 
 
 ? (If *M 
 
 If I had gone there I should have met him. 
 
 Tl I used 
 
 generally to read Sanskrit, but I do not read it now. 
 Go on with this work. 
 
 It may be added, that SfT^ is used only in the tenses of which 
 illustrations have been given above. 
 
 2. The verb <HT 'to stay,' so much used in Hindustani, is not 
 much employed in Bengali, having been almost entirely superseded 
 by STf^. It is used in poetry, and colloquially in a few phrases, 
 such as 
 
 <rf^T3 *fff? ^1 I cannot stop. 
 
 <ff^T3 Ff^ I wish to stop here. 
 
54 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 fa You can stop. 
 <U^G>>S |Vf< T| I will not let you stop (lit. I will not give to stop). 
 
 3. The curious word <G&, which is really a verb (from Sanskrit 
 }Ttn 'it becomes'), is used only in the present indefinite, and is 
 seldom found except in the third person singular. It is regularly 
 conjugated ; thus 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. TP "W 
 
 2. TuN ^b 
 
 3. ~$&> <Cb< 
 
 It is generally added to verbs in all tenses, with the sense of 
 strongly confirming or emphasizing an assertion, like the English 
 'really,' 'indeed,' 'I assure you,' 'certainly.' Thus 
 
 ^ T| I do it indeed, 
 but I derive no benefit (from doing it). 
 
 | You are doing 
 
 that no doubt, but nothing will come of it. 
 
 I did indeed go there, but I did not meet with him (lit. did 
 not see with him, or there was not a seeing with him). 
 Tftr f^T ~3$ f%U C^t*rr?T (*tT <rld^ ^ftf? ^ Yes ! he 
 was here certainly, but I can't say where he has gone. 
 
 ^ C^TT ^"fa ^T f% TRT 5 ^ I can go if you 
 wish it, but I doubt if anything will come of it. 
 
 *rflf ^\fa <4F| <pf<l^t*< This would assuredly 
 have happened if I had done so. 
 
 It is used singly, to indicate surprise or doubt, as well as strong 
 assertion ; as 
 
 ^fsT f% t$F| ^?HJ What! are you doing this ? 
 ($t(t<l f% ^ ^T What ! is this your doing ? 
 
 What! are you the man? (lit. are you he?) 
 
COMPOUND VERBS. 55 
 
 ?ZT> Oh yes ! he is there. 
 
 ^sl^ln ^T s f nf ^1 Oh indeed! what is your name? (this 
 is almost untranslatable, it is used in addressing equals or 
 inferiors, and implies a certain amount of doubt or hesitation 
 in asking.) 
 
 ci?< "Who are you, please ? 
 
 4. ^S'T, when used as an auxiliary, implies necessity ; as *T|"^G"\5 
 ^T ' (I, you, he, etc.) must go.' When the pronoun is expressed it 
 is put in the dative case ; as ''srfsrtt^r *ff^3f5T ~^J5 ^T ' I must 
 work hard' (lit. ' to me labour to do there is '). It is used through- 
 out all the tenses, though some are more rarely used than others ; 
 thus ^ifilC^ ^5T '(I) was obliged to come;' C^t^ic<P ^f^RTS 
 ^G< 'you must sit (and wait).' It is used always with the infini- 
 tive of the leading verb, as will be seen from the above examples. 
 
 5. ^Ic^, on the contrary, when used with the infinitive of another 
 verb, implies the power to do, or the option of doing, generally with 
 the idea involved that it will be better to do it. Thus 
 
 means 'you may do,' 'you can do it if you like,' 'you had better do;' 
 as <2ft1f fjfStG"^ fr*m f<!^ <?r<lG^ ^Ue* ' Widow marriage is 
 permitted (or legal) for Christians.' It is, however, not very fre- 
 quently used. 
 
 l^d, when used as an auxiliary, implies that an action was to 
 be done, had to be done, or was necessary for the completion of 
 some affair. <?I<IG^ l^l (to be distinguished from ^I^G^l^si, the 
 imperfect of the regular verb) implies ' it remained to be done,' it 
 had to be done.' This is also of somewhat rare occurrence. 
 
 11. COMPOUND VERBS. 
 
 Some verbs, of very frequent use, are added to all other verbs in 
 the language to modify their meaning slightly, thus forming what 
 are called frequentatives, permissives, and so forth. In this case 
 only the latter of the two verbs is conjugated, the former remaining 
 
56 BENGALI GEAMMAR. 
 
 either in the infinitive or conjunctive participle. The following are 
 the combinations in ordinary use : 
 
 i. *ft?*l. Is added to verbs in the infinitive to indicate ' being 
 able;' thus Ctf*JT3 ^trf? 'I can see;' ^F3 *Tft<r T| 'he cannot 
 get up ;' lifsr fa *TT^3 ^ff^C?' 'will you be able to go ?' or less 
 literally can you go?' The future of this verb is often used where 
 in English the present would be used, as in the last-quoted in- 
 stance, and as in ^ifa f%|[t ftfC^ Tf^ *H 'I cannot give (you) 
 anything.' 
 
 ii. C** 41 *!**. Literally 'to throw,' is used to imply doing a thing 
 completely, or finishing a thing, or even doing anything very 
 much; as 
 
 Boy ! now eat up (your dinner), 
 
 meaning 'make haste and finish your meal while I am doiiig 
 something else.' 
 
 ITfifT ^T-5 (3?w C*PC1C^ Hari has cut his hand very badly 
 (C^Gl? colloquial for <?ily*l1), as though one said ' he has cut 
 it off aud thrown it away ! ' 
 
 iii. ^0*. Literally ' to rise,' implies also growth, completion, 
 and is used where in English the preposition ' up ' would be em- 
 ployed ; as in 
 
 ^srfST 1?1 ^ <Tfc3? sn:9J^ C*fiT3F WT The mango has ripened 
 in one night, as we might say 'ripened up;' ((*!<? colloquial 
 for *iil<?<l1.) 
 
 1 C?ft^5 ^ (TT ~^S ^7?T ^fecf The boy has grown up 
 very quickly (lit. while looking at him). 
 
 TM <f$5 ^t^TH C^t^T ^ZjFS ^i|f<l<:<< ST| The people will 
 not be able to eat up all this food. 
 
 iv. *1^"J. Literally 'to fall,' with verbs of motion, indicates 
 suddenness, hurry, doing anything at once ; as 
 5 Come down (quickly) ! 
 
COMPOUND VERBS. 57 
 
 The 
 
 physician came hurrying in in a minute. 
 
 ^*rrK ^TC^ C*Tf^ frftlT *tfi53r Suddenly a lot of people 
 rushed to the spot. 
 
 v. Ot^. 'To give,' used in the sense of allowing, suffering, per- 
 mitting ; as 
 
 ^ C? C^CcT T?1 C^ C^^Ccf fiF*T T| Ho you! don't let the child 
 
 fall (said to a servant holding a child in his arms). 
 C^lG<? *Tf^5 fr?: ^fl I will not allow you to go. 
 
 vi. ^Tf^*?. 'To go' has a peculiar meaning only with the verb 
 ; thus fsfr &facd< merely means 'he went,' but fsfr t>fci*l1 
 'he went away,' i.e. out of sight. 
 
 vii. 9 (T v 8r. Literally 'to find' used to mean succeeding in doing, 
 managing to do a thing ; as 
 
 (^l^ic<i? flF*{?T5 *ff^r?n Wt? ^,^, WT It was a difficult matter 
 to get sight of you (lit. the finding to see you rose up a 
 difficulty). 
 
 ^Tffsr ^?f|Zf Ctftt WF5 *ft$ *T| If I go there I shall not suc- 
 ceed in earning my living (lit. I shall not find to eat). 
 
 viii. crf5tf. Sometimes, as in Hindustani, means beginning to 
 do anything; as 
 
 i seized 
 
 him and the schoolmaster began to beat him. 
 Often, however, it has merely the sense of continuance, or simply 
 of doing anything which spreads over some time ; as 
 
 3T| fttS" SfF5 T5HT5 cTNcf ^5TT?[ ^ifa ^\C^> cTff^fcTtf My 
 
 mother rubbed (went on rubbing) my limbs with her hands 
 
 and I slept (went on sleeping). 
 
 ix. FT^. This word, which is only used in this one form, is said 
 to be the present tense of ^1 to wish.' It looks, however, more like 
 a contraction of the Hindustani jkl*., with which it agrees in 
 
58 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 meaning. It is used with the infinitive or verbal noun. The former 
 denotes more urgency than the latter. Thus 
 
 ( = 5fl csr) stT^Tfl sj^ ^1 YOU 
 
 ought to bring some fish, otherwise there will be nothing to eat. 
 
 ^tft ^rfTTt Ff^ To-day you ought to 
 corne to my house. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE PARTICLES. 
 
 12. ADVERBS. 
 
 Adverbs are formed either from pronouns or from nouns. The 
 former, or pronominal adverbs, fall into a regular threefold sequence, 
 derived from the five pronominal types, and expressing time, place, 
 and manner. The following table contains the principal words of 
 each type: 
 
 Class. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Manner. 
 
 Near demonstrative 
 type <3 
 
 *SK, 4R 
 now 
 
 <4*m:5T, <*in 
 
 here 
 
 dPCT 
 
 in this way, thus 
 
 Far demonstrative 
 type * 
 
 wanting 
 
 *tt<^, *n 
 
 there 
 
 ^?IT^ j qs^R 
 in that way 
 
 Relative 
 type *T (C*T) 
 
 *nr?r, WT 
 
 when 
 
 or^rrc^j^tnr 
 
 where 
 
 C^PH, (*& 
 in what manner, as 
 
 Correlative 
 type ^5 (C*0 
 
 ^T3", ^5*& 
 then 
 
 fyrrf(^,^rnr 
 
 there 
 
 C5*R 
 in that way, so 
 
 Interrogative 
 type 3F 
 
 3FT3", ^*R 
 when? 
 
 C^WlT 
 where ? 
 
 C^SR 
 
 how? 
 
 In addition to the above, which are the ordinary colloquial and 
 literary forms, there is a great variety of other forms, which are 
 
60 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 either compounds of the pronominal type with a noun in the locative 
 case, or Sanskrit forms brought into use in modern times. Thus 
 i. Here, ^\(., ^"^TcT (lit. in this place) ; in this way, 
 
 ii. When, Wl, ^^^t=T, CS; where, (^dc1,*Tlt^tH as, 
 
 iii. Then, Wl, ^5*H<?|<1, W<d1, ^RT^ ; there, 
 thus, v5T|. 
 
 iv. When? Wl, 3FW1, fa*Kl, C^Tfa ^HT; wftere? 
 
 ; how ? fef^. 
 
 v. Why? is expressed by C<?*< or HF. 
 vi. An ^ is often added to the series of manner, thus 
 
 and an ^ to <i)<R and C^t^HT, thus 
 
 vii. The series hence, whence, thence, whence? is expressed by adding 
 the sign of the ablative to the series of place, omitting the final e ; 
 thus hence, <4flf C^H^ or ^9G^; whence, (*r*Tft (*ft&; thence, 
 C^T^tT^ CH^; whence? C^t^tl C^H^, contracted C^l C*t3F. 
 
 viii. The series hither, thither, etc., is either expressed by the 
 series of place, or by adding the word iKC^t (lit. ' in direction ') ; 
 as <3flT*t 'hither,' 'in this direction;' C^rfpfStf 'thither;' C^fffCtf 
 ' whither ? ' 
 
 Nominal adverbs are either pure Sanskrit words in the nomina- 
 tive, locative or ablative cases, or modern Bengali nouns used ad- 
 verbially. Their number is infinite. A few of those most commonly 
 used are here given : 
 
 i. Time. 
 
 daily. 
 
 suddenly. 
 at last. STfa^ so long as. 
 
 Sansk. ) ^ST?"^ so long. 
 
 Beng. j fifW by day. 
 
ADVERBS. 
 
 61 
 
 daily. 
 
 yesterday, to-morrow, 
 at any time, ever, 
 constantly, 
 afterwards, 
 day before yesterday, 
 day after to-morrow. 
 
 ii. Place. 
 
 before (in front of). 
 
 i- down, below. 
 
 again, 
 at night. 
 *1<?tGef in the morning. 
 
 / always (these two are 
 j often used together). 
 
 suddenly. 
 
 within (inside). 
 without (outside). 
 below. 
 far. 
 ^ in front of(pM 
 
 in presence of. 
 above. 
 
 near, 
 here. 
 
 elsewhere, 
 iii. Manner. 
 very. 
 
 very. 
 
 excessively, 
 a little, 
 much. 
 *. by degrees. 
 
 Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding WC^f (lit. 
 'in form'), as <(,** <l3<G*f 'beautifully,' or ^G^ (lit. 'according to'), 
 as C^H^G^ 'in anv way.' 
 
 i/ t/ 
 
 Under the head of adverbs may be classed the words used in 
 the multiplication table, 'once,' twice,' and so on; thus 
 
 Off Once one is one. 
 Ff<[ Twice two are four. 
 
 n van. 
 almost. 
 
 accidentally. 
 ^ separately. 
 
 mutually. 
 quickly. 
 
62 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 Three times three are nine. 
 <l (*TtT Four times four are sixteen. 
 
 ^TlF^f Five times five are twenty-five. 
 
 Six times six are thirty-six, 
 't Seven times seven are forty-nine. 
 Eight times eight are sixty-four. 
 Nine times nine are eighty-one. 
 Jf*f if "1^1 ""T5 Ten times ten are one hundred. 
 
 Beyond this the numeral adverb is formed regularly by adding 
 as <3*tt<l 5 f ' eleven times,' <1<l( ' twelve times,' and so on. 
 
 13. PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 Prepositions, properly so called, that is, particles placed before 
 another word, are inseparable. There are no prepositions of this 
 kind in modern Bengali, but the Sanskrit words which have been 
 so freely introduced into the modern language comprise a large 
 number of nouns in which prepositions are compounded. Although 
 the study of these prepositions belongs more properly to the Sanskrit 
 language, yet as words containing them are of very frequent occur- 
 rence, even in ordinary colloquial Bengali, it will be useful for the 
 student to be acquainted with the general meaning of the commonest 
 among them. They correspond in meaning and the method of their 
 application to Latin prepositions, such as cum (con, co-), pre, pro, 
 sub, super, dis, and the like, and can never be used separately. 
 
 ^fa over, as in ^fa^ln 'power, possession,' 'Sl'Sf^ 5 'a ruler, 
 governor,' ^^^9^5 'acquired, attained.' 
 
 ^T$; after, as ^T5T^j 'imitation' (lit. 'making after'), ^t^t><l 
 'a follower,' ^S^hS 'permission,' ^5^*1^1^ 'searching after.' 
 
 ^^ ff, implies detraction or taking away, as ^T*1 < I *T accusa- 
 tion, libel,' ^*Wt 'disgrace,' !; 5r <!> r<fT< 'crime.' 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 63 
 
 towards, as ^[^^TiTT ' design, object ' (lit. ' advancing to- 
 wards'), ^U^^ff 'pride, conceit,' ^I^G^l^ 'application.' 
 
 down, implies deterioration, as N ^ 'deteriorated, spoilt,' 
 'state, condition' (lit. 'settling down'). In ^A^sjfl 'incar- 
 
 nation ' there is no sense of depreciation, the word literally means 
 
 'passing downwards.' 
 
 f up (in composition takes also the forms ^^ and 
 'industry, effort,' ^3f3 'promotion, elevation,' 
 'arising from, production.' 
 
 *f near, next to, implies a secondary or subordinate condition, 
 as ^"Wfs 'a paramour' (lit. 'a sub-husband'), ^>*f?Tf*t? 'a bay' 
 (i.e. 'a sub-sea'), ^*tTl 'comparison.' 
 
 ~%o badly (in composition takes also the forms fc^l, *.*[} '%**), as 
 kfit>l<l 'wicked,' '%'5i5J 'intolerable,' ^<1<^I 'distress,' 
 'famine,' "5^? 'difficult.' 
 
 TT downwards, has also the idea of completeness, as 
 'falling, death,' M<l<l c ( 'prohibition,' l*<C*l%[ 'prevention, restric- 
 tion,' [<C<it< 'petition, representation.' 
 
 fro without, in the sense of not having, being free from (in com- 
 position also fr?, fr?T, fr*T), as fa C if 1^1 ' innocent, faultless,' fr- 
 'free from anxiety,' fa^<l 'free from taxes.' 
 
 back, as 9 f<Tt'^r 'resistance, strength,' ^0t*<*f 'advice, 
 caution' (lit. 'holding back'), ^T?1< x "f 'returning.' 
 
 around, conveys sometimes the sense of completeness, as 
 t 'quite full,' *if<l<>e 5 T 'exchange, equivalent' (lit. 'turning 
 round'), ^lifKlil 'family and servants' (as it were 'surroundings'), 
 'measure/ 
 
 >r before, forth, as >2|<?|H ' display, appearance,' as an adjective, 
 ' clear, visible, manifest' (lit. 'shining forth'), (Sf^TP^ ' bowing, saluta- 
 tion' (lit. 'bending before'), <f c T3' 'affection.' 
 
64 BENGALI GRAMMAR. 
 
 back, towards, as <2fF5W| 'promise, declaration/ 
 'adversary,' <2jT3^ffcT*? 'maintaining, nourishing, protecting,' 
 Tflft ' a defendant, respondent (in law).' 
 
 fa apart, as I<4?T 'confused,' l<^t( 'sale, barter,' fa^Dt^ 'cele- 
 l>rated,' l<t?1<l 'decision, judgment,' f93l*R 'proclamation,' fr- 
 *ft? 'dismissal, permission to depart,' fa^Rffa 'opposed to,' rt*f 
 'dispute.' 
 
 ^T\ with, together (takes also the forms T'S, *t^J, and *1^), as 
 ^rattf 'union,' >iHF^ 'wealth,' f&T 5 * 'meeting,' ^SpTT 'collec- 
 tion,' '3T^ 'pleased, satisfied,' T^[J| 'evening,' ^l^tlt 'news.' 
 
 "^ well, as ^StJlrS ' good reputation,' "^.<^^ 'easily obtainable,' 
 'good report.' 
 
 In the modern language prepositions are replaced by postposi- 
 tions, that is, they are put after the noun, which is in the genitive 
 case, and are separate, not joined to the noun. The following are 
 the principal ones : 
 
 , on account of. 
 
 before. 
 
 ) *H^^ instead of. 
 
 according to. ^^faT^ as far as. 
 
 within. fTg[ behind. 
 
 above. *ff^ towards. 
 
 near, beside. <1i^C<l without, outside of. 
 ^. close to, alongside of. I<*IC*1 respecting. 
 
 below, under. I^^SGH inside of. 
 
 by means of. STCU in the midst of, among. 
 
 for the sake of. ?KW with. 
 
 below. *1*FU*T with, together with. 
 
 near. ftf^S with. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 65 
 
 14. CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Copulative conjunctions are 
 
 and. ^C< then, consequently. 
 
 and. ^Ttf*f yet, nevertheless. 
 
 ) ^5T even then, notwithstanding 
 
 > also, moreover. 
 
 ) <5(r*S again. 
 
 , also, moreover. ^5J)^ therefore. 
 
 likewise. (*& in order that, whereby. 
 
 likewise. ^Wfc that is to say, i.e. 
 
 if. C^^Tl because. 
 
 if. "^Tf N or ^5?t^ consequently 
 
 r although. ^S^rtf^f even then. 
 
 if so be. ^H and, also. 
 
 These are the most common, but there are others of less frequent 
 use for which the student is referred to the dictionary. 
 
 Disjunctives are 
 
 but. rf^ScT ) 
 
 ) C^TCer J 
 
 I or - 
 
 J ^WT| otherwise. 
 
 or. fZrP^ but if not, perhaps not. 
 
 or. ^TT <?,$ neither -nor. 
 
 or. ?rf^ T| unless. 
 
 except. . 
 
 . 
 
 if not, otherwise. 
 
 ) r^ besides. 
 
 15. INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 Many of these have been given in Chapter II under the vocative. 
 The language delights in monosyllables of all sorts, stuck in here 
 and there with more or less indefinite meanings. It would be im- 
 
 F 
 
66 BENGALI GBAMMAB. 
 
 possible to put on paper all the half-pronounced sounds and obscure 
 utterances which in the mouth of the Bengali peasant (and it might 
 also be said, the peasant of most countries) do duty for articulate 
 speech. 
 
 ^Tl, ^, 4 correspond to the English Ho, Hi, Hullo! also to 
 Oh ! and Ah ! So also C^, ?tt<t, and many others. 
 
 ^T*f<r O father!' is used to express astonishment, pain, dis- 
 approval ; Tf Tfo or Tt^ Tt^, which is more Hindustani than 
 Bengali, expresses admiration. 
 
 9,0, ^, 'pain' (may also be written ^, ^S^). 
 1, pain, also pity, 'alas! alas!' 
 
 O mother!' (like Tf*f?), distress, amaze- 
 ment, and the like. 
 
 admiration, 'well done!' 
 
 (from the Persian ^ib ^Li. ' be joyful ! ') or corruptly 
 *1<1*1 admiration, ' well done ! ' ' Hurrah ! ' also encouragement. 
 
 or ie^^ ^. reproof, disgust, 'fie! ' 'how nasty! ' ' for shame ! ' 
 or ^1 O sudden warning or alarm, 'take care!' 
 , *, etc./yes!' 
 
INDEX 
 
 Ablative case, terminations of, 
 
 page 1 6. 
 
 Accusative case, terminations of, 16. 
 Achchhe, conjugated, 40. 
 Achchhe, use of, 40 
 Added words to nouns, 22. 
 Added words to numerals, 30. 
 Adjectives, comparison of, 25. 
 Adverbs, pronominal, 59. 
 Adverbs of manner, 61. 
 Adverbs of place, 61. 
 Adverbs of time, 60. 
 Adverbs of multiplication, 61. 
 Anka-phala, 3. 
 Apan, use of, 33. 
 Apani, use of, 33. 
 Aska-phala, 3. 
 
 Auxiliary verbs, conjugated, 39. 
 Auxiliary verbs, remarks on, 40. 
 Avyayibhdva compounds, 14. 
 
 BaJiuvrihi compounds, 14. 
 
 Cardinal numerals, 26. 
 Causal verbs, 45. 
 Chandrabindu, 4. 
 Classes of verbs, 38. 
 Comparison of adjectives, 25. 
 
 Compound verbs, 55. 
 Compound passive verbs, 43. 
 Conjugation of verb, 38. 
 Conjunctions, copulative, 65. 
 Conjunctions, disjunctive, 65. 
 Conjunctive participle, use of, 44. 
 Consonants, forms of, 2. 
 Consonants, pronunciation of, 7. 
 Consonants, compound, 3, 4. 
 Consonants, compound, pronuncia- 
 tion of, 7, 9. 
 
 Contracted forms of verbs, 46. 
 Correlative pronoun, 35. 
 
 Dative case, terminations of, 16. 
 Declension of substantives, 15. 
 Defective verbs, 40. 
 Demonstrative pronoun, near, 34. 
 Demonstrative pronoun, remote, 35. 
 Deon, conjugated, 46. 
 Dvandva compounds, 13. 
 compounds, 13. 
 
 Fractions, forms of, 4. 
 Fractional numerals, 28. 
 
 gacKh, after numerals, 30. 
 Genitive case, terminations of, 16. 
 
68 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ffochhd, after nouns, 23. 
 gotd, after numerals, 29. 
 guchchdr, after nouns, 23. 
 7M^t, after numerals, 29. 
 
 Hasanta, 4, 5. 
 H&on, conjugated, 46. 
 
 Indefinite pronouns, 35. 
 Instrumental case, terminations of, 
 
 1 6. 
 
 Interjections, 65. 
 Interrogative pronouns, 35. 
 Ishwara, 4. 
 
 Karmadhdraya compounds, 13. 
 khan, after nouns and numerals, 30. 
 khdnik, after nouns, 23. 
 
 Locative case, terminations of, 16. 
 
 Nominative case singular, termina- 
 tions of, 1 6. 
 
 Nominative case plural, terminations 
 of, 1 6. 
 
 Numerals, forms of, 4. 
 
 Ordinal numerals, 28. 
 
 Participles, 44. 
 Passive verbs, 43. 
 Postpositions, 31. 
 Prepositions, 62. 
 Pronouns, personal, 31. 
 Pronouns, other, 34. 
 Pronouns, Sanskritic, 36. 
 
 Eelative pronouns, 35. 
 
 Remarks on the verb in general, 47. 
 
 Samdsa or composition, 12. 
 Sandhi of consonants, 12. 
 Sandhi of vowels, u. 
 
 id, after nouns, 22. 
 Tatpurusha compounds, 13. 
 than, after numerals, 30. 
 ti, after nouns, 22. 
 tuki, after nouns, 22. 
 tuku, after nouns, 22. 
 
 Vague numerals, how expressed, 30. 
 Vocative case, terminations of, 16. 
 Vowels, initial forms, I. 
 Vowels, medial forms, 2. 
 Vowels, pronunciation of, 5. 
 
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