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 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Received.^ __ N0V 18UB9i , /<?- 
 
 Accessions No..^-^-^-?-^- Shelf No.... 
 
COMMERCIAL. No. 25 (1889). 
 
 (ADULT LABOUR.) 
 
 REPORTS 
 
 FROM 
 
 HER MAJESTY'S REPRESENTATIVES IN 
 EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 
 
 ON THK 
 
 LAWS AFFECTING THE HOURS 
 
 ADULT LABOUR 
 
 I* THE 
 
 COUNTRIES IN WHICH THEY RESIDE. 
 
 Presented to the House of Commons by Command of Her Majesty > in pursuance of 
 their Address dated May 16, 1889. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 
 BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, 
 
 PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY. 
 
 And 10 be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 
 EYRE and SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.G., and 32, Abingdon Street, 
 
 Westminster, S.W. j or 
 
 ADAM and CHARLES BLACK, 6, North Bridge, Edinburgh ; or 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, and Co., 104, Qrafton Street, Dublin. 
 
 [C, 5866.] Price 5d. 
 
C O N T K NTS. 
 
 Page- 
 The Marquis of Salisbury to Her Majesty's Representatives at Paris, Berlin, 
 
 Vienna, Rome, the Hague, Constantinople, St. Petersburgh, Stockholm, 
 Copenhagen, Brussels, Madrid, Lisbon, Athens, Bucharest, Belgrade, Berne, 
 Darmstadt, Munich, Cettinje, Coburg, Dresden, Sofia, and Washington, 
 requesting information with regard to the Laws affecting Adult Labour in 
 the Countries m which they reside . . . . . . . . . . 1 
 
 REPLIES. 
 
 1. Austria-Hungary .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 
 
 2. Bavaria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 
 
 3, 4. Belgium .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7, 11 
 
 5. Bulgaria .. .. .. .. .. .. ..13 
 
 6. Denmark .. .. .. .. .. .. ..14 
 
 7. France .. .. .. .. .. .. ..15 
 
 8. Germany .. .. .. .. .. .. ..19 
 
 9. Greece .. .. .. .. .. .. ..20 
 
 10, 11. Hesse-Darmstadt .. .. .. .. .. ..21,22 
 
 12. Italy ................ 33 
 
 13. Montenegro.. .. .. .. .. .. ..35 
 
 14. Netherlands.. .. .. .. .. .. ..36 
 
 15. Portugal .. .. .. .. .. .. ..38 
 
 16. Roumania . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 
 
 17. Russia.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..40 
 
 18. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha .. .. .. .. .. ..42 
 
 19. Saxony .. .. .. .. .. .. ..43 
 
 20. Servia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..45 
 
 21. Spain .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 
 
 22. Sweden .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 
 
 23. Switzerland.. .. .. .. .. .. ..47 
 
 24. Turkey .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 
 
 25. United States . 52 
 
RETURN to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 
 May 16, 1 889; for 
 
 "A Eeturn showing the Laws enacted affecting the Hours of 
 Adult Labour in Europe and in the United States of America, 
 with the actual hours now worked in the several Countries, 
 and such information as is attainable as to the enforcement, 
 or otherwise, of such Laws." 
 
 Circular addressed to Her Majesty's Representatives at Paris, 
 Berlin, Vienna, Rome, the Hague, Constantinople, St. Peters- 
 burgh, Stocklwlm, Copenhagen, Brussels, Madrid, Lisbon, Athens, 
 Bucharest, Belgrade, Berne, Darmstadt, Munich, Cettinj6, Colurg, 
 Dresden, Sofia, and Washington. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Sir, Foreign Office, May 27, 1889. 
 
 I INCLOSE copy of an Address from the House of Commons 
 for a Keturn, " showing the Laws enacted affecting the hours of 
 adult labour in Europe and in the United States of America, with 
 the actual hours now worked in the several countries, and such 
 information as is attainable as to the enforcement, or otherwise, of 
 such Laws." 
 
 I have to request you to furnish me with all the information 
 and documents required for the Eeturn in question as regards the 
 country to which you are accredited. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 (Signed) SALISBURY. 
 
 [601] B 2 
 
Answers to preceding Circular. 
 
 AUSTKIA-HUNGAKY. 
 
 No. 1. 
 Sir A. Paget to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 30.) 
 
 (Extract.) Vienna, July 27, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular of the 27th May, 
 1 have the honour to inclose herewith a Memorandum, drawn up 
 by Mr. Maude, on the Laws enacted affecting the hours of adult 
 labour in Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Inclosure in No. 1. 
 
 Memorandum on the Law regulating the Hours of Adult Labour 
 
 in Austria. 
 
 BY the Law of the 21st June. 1884, for regulating the hours of 
 work and the Sunday rest in mines, it is provided that the duration 
 of a shift is not to exceed twelve hours, and the actual working 
 time during the same ten hours. 
 
 Exceptions may be made by the Minister of Agriculture in the 
 case of mines situated in the High Alps, under the condition that 
 the number of sixty actual working hours per week be not 
 exceeded. 
 
 In extraordinary cases, or under temporary pressing necessity, 
 the Head Office of the mining district can allow a limited prolonga- 
 tion of the shift. 
 
 On Sundays no work is to be done in a mine except that which 
 is absolutely necessary, and the Sunday rest must begin not later 
 than 6 A.M., and last twenty-four hours at least. 
 
 In cases of imminent danger to life the above provisions do not 
 apply. 
 
 The penalty for infraction of the Law is a fine to the amount of 
 200 fl. 
 
 By the Law of the 8th March, 1885, for altering and completing 
 industrial enactments, the hours of work for factory-hands is not to 
 exceed eleven hours out of twenty-four, exclusive of the periods of 
 rest, which must be not less than an hour and a-half, including, if 
 possible, an hour at dinner-time in the middle of the day. 
 
This rule can be modified by the Minister of Commerce in 
 conjunction with the Minister of the Interior. In special cases 
 when, owing to natural causes or accidents, the regular work has 
 been discontinued, or when increased necessity exists, the Industrial 
 Officer of the district can give permission for the working hours to 
 be temporarily increased during a period not exceeding three 
 weeks, after which a prolongation can only be granted by the 
 central authorities in the province. In cases of urgent necessity 
 the hours of labour can be prolonged for not more than three days 
 in one month, on notice being given at the Office of Industries of 
 the district. 
 
 The Sunday rest is to be observed. 
 
 Women are not to be employed in night-work, nor for four 
 weeks after confinement. It appears from the Eeport of the 
 Inspectors of Industries for 1888 that this latter rule is very 
 generally infringed, and is difficult to enforce. 
 
 The cases in which the legal hours of labour were allowed to 
 be exceeded, under the conditions above -mentioned, amounted to 
 591 in 1888, as against 566 in 1887. 
 
 The penalties for infraction of the Law are fine to the amount 
 of 400 fl., imprisonment not exceeding three months, withdrawal of 
 the right of carrying on business for a fixed period, or altogether. 
 
 The Law is generally strictly observed in all factories and 
 mines. But in the case of certain classes of industry the eleven 
 hours limit has been extended by Ministerial Ordinance. Thus, in 
 spinning-mills twelve hours' work is permitted, and in silk manu- 
 factories thirteen hours, and in certain other works a twelve hours 
 shift is permitted. 
 
 The provision respecting Sunday rest is also modified in the case 
 of market gardeners, iron works, metal works, lime and brick kilns, 
 potteries, glass works, tanneries, bleaching and dyeing works, paper 
 manufactories, sugar-mills, breweries, &c., also in the case of 
 butchers, bakers, barbers, &c. 
 
 The provision respecting the stoppage of work in factories at 
 midday has been modified in the case of iron works, metal works, 
 lime kilns, potteries, &c., where the work cannot be suddenly 
 broken off without detriment, but it is in most cases stipulated that 
 the pericds of cessation are not to be curtailed, but the hands are 
 to have the prescribed rest at another time. 
 
 Hours of Adult Labour in Hungary. 
 
 There is no Law in Hungary laying down a limit for the hours 
 of adult labour in general ; but the 117 of the 17th Statute 
 Article of 1884 provides that work in factories is to be discon- 
 tinued for half-an-hour in the forenoon and half-an-hour in the 
 afternoon, and for an hour at noon. In factories where work goes 
 on at night the owner is obliged to arrange to relieve the hands 
 who work at night. The day's work is not to begin earlier than 
 5 A.M., nor to continue later than 9 P.M. 
 
 The Report of the Hungarian Factory Inspectors for 1888 
 
states that the hours actually worked are, however, not generally 
 longer than in Austria, where the Law has been modified in the 
 case of certain industries. 
 
 The shortest times are in tobacco manufactories, where they 
 are from eight to ten hours, exclusive of the two hours prescribed 
 rest. 
 
 The next class are those factories where the day's work lasts ten, 
 ten and a-half, and eleven hours. In mills, spirit, and paper manu- 
 factories, blast furnaces, foundries, brick and porcelain kilns, the 
 hours of labour are twelve hours for each shift. The change of shifts 
 by which those working one week by night-work, the next by day, is 
 managed, in most cases, by the men working for twenty- four hours 
 consecutively. The system is preferred by the hands, who thus 
 insure having a Sunday to themselves, every second week. 
 
 In the case of small country mills where work is not continuous, 
 but spasmodic, the hours during which the mills are at work are 
 sometimes as much as eighteen in twenty-four. In malting and 
 brewing it is also impossible to fix the duration of the day's work 
 exactly. 
 
 The longest hours are in glass factories, where they are from 
 twelve to fifteen, but there are hours of rest between the shifts, 
 and the period of actual work does not generally exceed seventy 
 hours per week. 
 
 The Sunday rest is not prescribed in Hungary, but work on 
 Sundays and holidays is only carried on in steam mills and such 
 manufactories as are supplied with machinery for continuous work, 
 nnd in certain printing establishments. These factories working 
 on Sundays and holidays are 237 in number, or 25 per cent, of the 
 whole. 
 
 (Signed) C. T. MAUDE. 
 
 Vienna, July 1889. 
 
BAVABIA. 
 
 No. 2. 
 Mr. Cadogan to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 5.) 
 
 My Lord, Munich, July 3, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to the Circular despatch of the 27th May, in 
 which your Lordship instructed Mr. Drummond to obtain informa- 
 tion concerning the Laws affecting the hours of adult labour in 
 Bavaria, I have the honour to forward herewith to your Lordship 
 translation of a note which I have received from Baron Crailsheim 
 on the subject. 
 
 In this note his Excellency informs nie that all Laws affecting 
 labour come under the competency of the German Empire, and 
 that therefore no special Bavarian Kegulations exist on the 
 subject ; and that the Imperial Laws, while enacting certain 
 limitations as to the days on which labour may be employed, and 
 as to the kind of work where youthful and female labour may be 
 employed, contain no provisions affecting the hours of adult labour, 
 whether male or female. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) HENRY CADOGAN. 
 
 Inclosure in No. 2. 
 Baron Crailsheim to Mr. Cadogan. 
 
 (Translation.) Foreign Office, Munich, June 23, 1889. 
 
 IN his note of the 1st ultimo the British Charge d' Affaires ad 
 interim Mr. Cadogan requested to be informed of any Laws which 
 exist in Bavaria affecting the hours of adult labour. 
 
 The Undersigned lost no time in referring the matter to the 
 Agricultural and Commercial Department of the Ministry of the 
 Interior, and is now in the position to give Mr. Cadogan the 
 following information. 
 
 The so-called Labour and Factory Laws fall within the com- 
 petence of the German Empire. 
 
 Only those Regulations, therefore, have any force in the Kingdom 
 of Bavaria which form part either of the Imperial Trade Laws, or 
 of such Ordinances as have been issued by the Imperial Diet in 
 conformity with those Laws. 
 
 As far as the actual contents of the German Labour Laws are 
 concerned, there exist no Regulations which affect the hours of 
 adult labour, be it of men or of women. 
 
The following extract may be to the purpose : 
 
 1. Imperial Trade Law, paragraph 1 05 : " Employers of labour 
 cannot force their employes to work on Sundays and Feast-days. 
 (Work which, by reason of the nature of a particular industry, 
 cannot be postponed or interrupted, does not come under the above 
 restriction.) " 
 
 2. Imperial Trade Law, paragraph 135, section 5 : " Women may 
 not be employed in factories until three weeks have elapsed since 
 their confinement." 
 
 As far as the hours of labour of adult female workpeople are 
 concerned, paragraph 139 A of the German Trade Law is important, 
 by which, in conformity with the decision of the Imperial Diet, 
 employment of youthful or female labour in certain kinds of 
 factories, which are attended with special danger to health or 
 morals, is forbidden, or made conditional on certain Eegulations, 
 by which night labour for female workpeople is especially 
 forbidden. 
 
 Among the Ordinances which have been enacted by the Imperial 
 Diet in conformity with the above Law, there are a great many 
 which prohibit the employment of female labour, but none which 
 limit the hours of adult female labour. 
 
 The Undersigned begs Mr. Cadogan to bring the foregoing to the 
 knowledge of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, and avails 
 himself, &c. 
 
 (Signed) Baron DE CKAILSHEIM. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 No. 3. 
 Mr. G-osselin to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 3.) 
 
 (Extract.) Brussels, July 1, 1889. 
 
 IN compliance with the instruction contained in your Lordship's 
 Circular despatch of the 27th May last, I have the honour to 
 transmit herewith a Eeport containing all the information I have 
 been able to obtain with regard to the limitation of the hours of 
 adult labour, and the actual number of hours now worked in 
 Belgium. 
 
 No Law affecting the hours of adult labour as yet exists in this 
 country, but a Bill is now before the Lower Chamber which, if 
 passed, will prohibit the employment of women in mines. 
 
 I am also informed that a clause will probably be introduced 
 limiting to twelve hours the working day for women employed in 
 any industry. 
 
 Inclosure in No. 3. 
 
 Report mi the Limitation of the Hours of Adult Labour and on the 
 actual Hours now worked in Belgium. 
 
 IT should be stated at the outset that there is as yet no Law in 
 Belgium regulating or limiting the hours of adult labour, the only 
 existing enactments in this direction being Article 29 of the 
 Imperial Decree of the 3rd January, 1813, by which it was 
 forbidden to allow children under 10 years of age to go down or to 
 work in mines ; a restriction which was still further extended by 
 the Eoyal Decree of the 28th April, 1884 (Article 69), whereby 
 underground labour was forbidden for boys under 12 and for girls 
 under 14 years of age. 
 
 The question of the limitation of the hours of labour, both for 
 children and adults, has, however, been several times brought 
 before the Belgian Chambers. 
 
 In 1848 a Koyal Commission, appointed five years previously to 
 inquire into the abuses connected with the employment of women 
 and children, advised 
 
 1. That the employment of women underground, and the meeting 
 of both sexes in the same workshops, led to acts of immorality. 
 
 2. That the employment of children in factories and mines, 
 though less general than was supposed, was fatal to the education 
 of the children so employed, and unfavourable to the physical 
 de velopment of the population. 
 
3. That the physical, moral, and intellectual condition of the 
 children employed in small retail trade and workshops was in 
 some respects more deplorable than that of those engaged in the 
 mines and large factories. 
 
 A Bill, based on the recommendations of this Commission, was 
 submitted to the Chambers of Commerce, but did not meet with 
 entire approval ; objections were raised to the proposal for limiting 
 to twelve and a-half hours the day's labour for adults, to ten and 
 ; i -half hours for minors between 14 and 18, and to six and a-half 
 hours for children between 10 and 14 years of age ; and to that 
 whereby female labour underground, or during the night (from 
 S KM. to o A.M.), would have been entirely forbidden, on the ground 
 that such limitations would unduly interfere with parental 
 authority, and disturb the existing organization of labour. 
 
 The matter continued, nevertheless, to occupy public attention, 
 and in 1859 the Minister of the Interior brought in a new Bill 
 which, without touching the question of male adult labour, 
 proposed to limit (unless in exceptional cases) the day's labour for 
 women and for minors under 18 to twelve hours, and to enforce this 
 limitation by fines of from 26 fr. to 300 fr. (17. Os. IQd. to 12/.), 
 which, in cases of second convictions, could be raised to 15/. (500 fr.). 
 
 The Bill, which did not refer to the subsidiary question of school 
 attendance, was discussed very fully in the Chambers, but in view 
 of the divergent views expressed during the debate was eventually 
 allowed to drop. 
 
 In 1878 the Chamber of Eepresentatives passed a Bill forbidding 
 boys under 12 and girls under 13 years of age to work under- 
 ground, 'but the measure was thrown out in the Senate, 
 
 In view of the difficulty of treating this question by way of 
 legislative enactment, the Government advised the Crown to render 
 more stringent the terms of the Decree of 1813 ; and there can be 
 no doubt that the Royal Decree of 1884 referred to above effected 
 u real improvement, and, if strictly enforced, would most probably 
 lead of itself to the gradual abolition of adult female labour under- 
 ground ; for if girls are forbidden access to mines till they have 
 completed their 14th year, they are hardly likely to undertake such 
 rough work later on in life. 
 
 It should, however, be observed that whatever may be the 
 indirect result obtained by this Decree, it ostensibly aims only at 
 regulating the employment of minors in mines, and dees not 
 directly interfere with adult labour. 
 
 The regulation of the hours of labour, both for adults and 
 minors, was one of the questions submitted to the Royal Commis- 
 sion on Labour appointed in April 1886, after the strikes which 
 occurred in the mining districts in the early part of that year. 
 
 Before referring to the recommendations adopted by the Com- 
 mission, it may be of interest to record some of the schemes. 
 bearing on the question of the hours of labour, advocated by 
 witnesses in the course of their examination by the Commission. 
 
 1. The limitation of the day's labour for adult males to -ten and 
 even to eight hours, the existing rate of wages being a* for a..s 
 
9 
 
 possible maintained ; the object of this limitation being not so 
 much to give more rest to the present workmen, as to facilitate the 
 employment of a more numerous staff than is at present possible. 
 
 2. The complete or partial suppression of female labour in every 
 industry, or at least in all underground and unhealthy work, and 
 the enforcement of a six to eight weeks' rest, before and after 
 childbirth, the women's salaries being continued during this period. 
 
 3. Children not to be employed under 12 or 14 years (the 
 majority of witnesses being in favour of the latter limit) ; from 12 
 (or 14) to 16 years the day's labour to be reduced to six hours, 
 gratuitous and obligatory instruction being at the same time to be 
 enforced. 
 
 4. The midday rest for all workpeople to be extended from one 
 to one and a-half hour, especially in the large towns. 
 
 The Report of the Committee of the Labour Commission, to 
 which this question was referred, after pointing out the difficulties 
 and dangers to which some of these schemes, if adopted, would 
 give rise, declared that they were, nevertheless, unanimous in con- 
 sidering that the hours of labour question should be regulated by 
 legislation ; and at a plenary sitting of the Commission in October 
 1886, the following recommendations were submitted for the con- 
 sideration of Government : 
 
 1. With regard to the limitation of the hours of adult male 
 labour, the Commission disapprove generally of the intervention of 
 the Legislature, on the ground that any such action would infringe 
 on the existing freedom of work; exceptionally, however, as in the 
 case of unhealthy trades, the law can and ought to protect the life 
 and health of the workpeople. 
 
 2. The Commission recommend the complete and absolute 
 prohibition of female labour, whether of minors or of adults, under- 
 ground. 
 
 3. They propose that children under 12 should not be employed 
 in mines or manufactories, leaving it to the Legislature to specify 
 the industries to be affected by this rule; purely agricultural 
 industries not to be included in the above limitation. They 
 further suggest that, except in the case of mines, children from 
 10 to 12 years of age might be allowed to work half the day 
 (" Systeme du demi-temps "). 
 
 4. For children aged from 12 to 15 years they recommend that 
 the working day should not be more than thirteen hours, including 
 therein a minimum rest of two hours' duration. 
 
 5. They further recommend that all night-work for women in 
 mines or manufactures should be forbidden. 
 
 In June 1887 the present Administration submitted a Bill, 
 copy of which is inclosed in this Report,* based on the above 
 recommendations of the Commission on Labour, the broad lines of 
 which may be described as follows : 
 
 (a.) As regards underground labour, the Bill forbids the 
 
 Reglementation du Travail des Femmes et des Enfants" (not printed). 
 
10 
 
 employment of women and girls altogether, and that of boys under 
 12 years of age. 
 
 (b.) As regards other industries 
 
 1. Twelve years is fixed as the general age at which children 
 may begin to work. 
 
 2. Minors of both sexes under 18 years of age shall not work 
 more than twelve hours a-day.* 
 
 3. Night-work shall not be allowed for minors under 16 years 
 of age. 
 
 The only Article that directly refers to adult labour is 
 No. 7: 
 
 " Girls and women cannot be employed in underground works." 
 
 The Committee of the Chamber to whom the Bill was referred 
 for consideration have already drawn up their Report, -which was 
 laid a fortnight ago, but lias not yet been printed. I am informed 
 that it is favourable to the measure, and that the Bill will in all 
 probability pass this Session. 
 
 "With regard to the information require!! as to the "actual 
 hours now worked" in Belgium, it is difficult to arrive at any 
 absolute opinion on the subject. 
 
 The evidence given before the Eoyal Commission on Labour 
 shows that there is a great difference as to the hours of labour 
 exacted in the different trades and callings. In the mining 
 districts the average day's labour is twelve hours, but women are 
 often employed thirteen and even fourteen hours at loading trucks 
 and other similar heavy work. At Dour it was stated in evidence 
 that women and girls went down into the mine at 5 A.M., and only 
 came up at 9 and sometimes as late as 11 o'clock at night; the 
 Director, who admitted the truth of this assertion, declared that 
 the mine in question was quite an exceptional case, the workings 
 lying very deep, it was necessary to make a long stay under- 
 ground ; but the hands were not working all these seventeen 
 hours, and a liberal time was given below ground for meals and 
 rest. 
 
 At Ghent the day's labour is generally of twelve hours' 
 duration, with no night or Sunday work ; but the dock labourers 
 complained of being sometimes kept two nights consecutively out 
 of bed. The cabinet-makers, both at Ghent and Brussels, asserted 
 that they have often to work seventeen hours a-day. 
 
 It came out in evidence that railway guards are sometimes on 
 duty for fifteen and even nineteen and a-half hours at a stretch ; 
 and the Brussels tramway drivers are at work from fifteen to 
 to seventeen hours daily, with a rest of only one and a-half hours 
 at noon. The brewers appear to be a hard-worked trade, their 
 time varying from ten to seventeen hours a-day, and often half- 
 
 * There would appear to be a discrepancy between the Bill as drafted by the 
 Ministry of Justice and the explanatory statement annexed to it. Article 2 of the 
 Bill limits the working day for minors of both sexes between the ages of 12 and 18 to 
 twelve hours a-d&y ; whereas the statement in two passages speaks of " women of alk 
 ages " as being included in the twelve hours limitation. 
 
11 
 
 .i-day on Sundays. Biickmakers work during the summer months 
 sixteen hours a-day. 
 
 In the sugar refineries the average hours are from twelve to 
 thirteen for men, and from nine to ten for women. 
 
 In the Campine district the summer hours are from twelve to 
 thirteen a-day, in winter not more than eight. 
 
 The cases enumerated above have been selected from the more 
 hardly-worked trades; as a rule, I should be inclined to give 
 eleven hours as the average day's labour in the majority of trades 
 in Belgium. 
 
 (Signed) MARTIN GOSSELIN. 
 
 British Legation, Brussels, June 30, 1889. 
 
 No. 4 
 Mr. Gosselin to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 15.) 
 
 My Lord, Brussels, July 12, 1889. 
 
 IN continuation of my despatch of the 1st instant, inclosing 
 a Memorandum on the question of the limitation of the hours of 
 adult labour in this country, I have the honour to transmit 
 herewith,* for your Lordship's information, copies of an interesting 
 Report which, though dated the llth ultimo, has only just been 
 printed and circulated, drawn up by M. van Cleemputte, Member 
 for Ghent and Reporter of the Committee of the Chamber of 
 Representatives on the Government Bill for regulating the work of 
 women and children in industrial establishments. 
 
 After sketching the legislation of foreign countries on the 
 subject, the Report points out that Continental Europe has been 
 preceded in this direction "by the country which of all others 
 regards with the greatest suspicion the interference of the 
 Executive; it is the classical land of laisser faire, aristocratic 
 England, which has set us the example." 
 
 In view of the opposition which has hitherto been raised in 
 certain quarters to any limitation of the hours of adult labour, 
 whether male or female, on the grounds that such limitation would 
 disturb the existing organization of labour, and interfere with the 
 freedom of contract, the Report lays stress on the fact that the 
 Bill would in no way interfere with the work of individual women 
 done at home, but would merely regulate the employment of 
 women under certain conditions and in certain occupations 
 recognized to be dangerous to health and life. 
 
 It states that three facts have helped to make public opinion 
 alive to the necessity for action in this direction : 
 
 1. The universal spread of a charitable fellow-feeling for the 
 working classes. 
 
 2. The realization of the economic truth that neither the 
 quantity nor the quality of production is necessarily connected 
 with an excessive prolongation of the hours of labour. 
 
 * Not printed. 
 
12 
 
 3. The example set by other manufacturing nations for 
 protecting women and children, which prevents any repetition of 
 the cry that Belgian industry is being saddled with restrictions 
 from which the foreigner is exempt. 
 
 " On the contrary, we have heard it said by foreign manufac- 
 turers and workmen that Belgium, alone amongst the competing 
 nations, maintains the right of forcing cheap production by an 
 abusive use of the labour of women and children." 
 
 The work of the Executive will not be to regulate all work, but 
 to prevent excessive work ; and without infringing on the authority 
 now vested in the Crown in industrial' matters, the Report recom- 
 mends that the new Regulations formed to check excessive work 
 should not be drawn up without previous consultation with the 
 Technical Committees, permanent .Provincial Committees, and 
 especially with the Councils of Industry and Labour, representing 
 equally the employers and employed concerned. 
 
 The Government are, I learn, anxious to carry this important 
 economic Bill this Session, and I think it will be better to defer 
 giving a detailed summary of it until it has run the gauntlet in the 
 two Houses. 
 
 Meanwhile, I may mention that the Bill as amended by the 
 Committee will afford increased protection to women and children, 
 and would appear to be a considerable improvement on the original 
 Government draft, the chief changes being : 
 
 1. The inclusion of young persons under 18 and of women in 
 the restrictions which the original draft only imposed on children 
 under 12. 
 
 2. The absolute instead of merely conditional prohibition of 
 employment of any children under 12 years of age. 
 
 3. The consultative voice given to various representative bodies 
 in framing the Regulations for fixing the hours of labour for young 
 persons under 18. 
 
 4. The facultative power to be vested in the Crown for regu- 
 lating the hours of work for women over 18 years of age. 
 
 5. The prohibition of the employment of women during the 
 four weeks after childbirth. 
 
 6. The inclusion of women in the Regulation prohibiting night- 
 work except in especial cases. 
 
 7. The granting of a weekly day of rest, except under special 
 circumstances, to young people under 18 and to women. 
 
 8. The increase in the penalties for infractions of this Law. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) MARTIN GOSSELIK 
 
BULGARIA. 
 
 No. 5. 
 Mr. 0' Conor to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 12.) 
 
 My Lord, Sofia, July 6, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular of the 27th May 
 last, requesting me to furnish information respecting the Laws 
 restricting the hours of adult labour in Bulgaria, 1 have the honour 
 to. report that, as far as I am able to ascertain, no such Laws exist 
 in this country. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) N. R O'CONOR 
 
DENMARK. 
 
 No. 6. * 
 Mr. Macdonald to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 10.) 
 
 My Lord, Copenhagen, July 8, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular despatch dated the 
 27th May last, I have the honour to state that Baron de Kosenorn- 
 Lehn has now informed me, in reply to the inquiries addressed to 
 his Excellency by this Legation on the subject under date of the 
 1st June, that no legal enactments exist in Denmark for regulating 
 the hours of adult labour. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) H. G. MACDONELL. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 No. 7. 
 Mr. Egcrton to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 3.) 
 
 My Lord, Paris, June 30, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular of the 27th May, I 
 have the honour to transmit herewith to your Lordship a Report 
 by Mr. Crowe on the subject of the hours of adult labour in 
 France. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) EDWIN H. EGERTON. 
 
 Inclosure 1 in No. 7. 
 Mr. Crowe to Mr. Egerton. 
 
 Sir, Paris, June 30, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to Lord Salisbury's Circular of the 27th of last 
 May, on the subject of hours of adult labour, I have the honour to 
 inclose a Report, and copies of all the necessary documents* to 
 show the law affecting the subject in France. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) J. A. CROWE. 
 
 Inclosure 2 in No. 7. 
 Eeport on the Hours of Adult Labour in France. 
 
 THE hours of adult labour in France are regulated by a series 
 of Decrees, of which the earliest, sanctioned by Parliament, was 
 promulgated on the 9th September, 1848. 
 
 The first clause of this Decree enacts that the working man's 
 day in manufactures and mills (" usines ") shall not exceed twelve 
 hours of effective labour. 
 
 The second clause provides that special Regulations shall be 
 made to determine what changes may be required in clause 1 to 
 meet the peculiarities of certain trades, or accidental cases. 
 
 Clause 3 removes the constraint of the Act from all customs, 
 Conventions, or contracts calculated to reduce the daily time to 
 less than twelve hours, provided such customs, Conventions, &c., 
 were in existence prior to the passing of the Decree. 
 
 Clause 4 punishes employers infringing the Act with fines of 
 
 * Decrees of 1848, 1851, 1836, 1874, 1875, and 1883 (not printed). 
 [601] 
 
16 
 
 4s. (5 fr.) to 41. (100 fr.). It extends the fine to cases where the 
 administrative Kegulations issued in accordance with clause 2 are 
 contravened. It is understood that fines shall always be equal to 
 the number of hands improperly employed in the works, provided 
 the cumulative amount of them does not exceed 401. (1,000 fr.). 
 
 Clause 5 applies the Eules of the Penal Code, Article 463, 
 which allow the application of " attenuating circumstances/' 
 
 Clause 6 repeals a Decree of the 2nd March, 1848, enacting 
 that hours of labour shall not exceed ten per diem in Paris, and 
 eleven per diem in the Departments. 
 
 A Decree issued on the 17th May, 1851, exempts certain 
 occupations and trades from the Law of 1848. It declares that the 
 limit of twelve hours established for the working day of men and 
 women in factories shall not apply to stokers, firemen, or watch- 
 men in factories, to men in charge of furnaces, drying- stoves, or 
 boilers, to persons employed in sponging (" ddcatissage ")* or in the 
 manufacture of glue, or in soap-boiling, milling, printing, and 
 lithographing, or in casting, refining, tinning, and galvanizing 
 metals, or making projectiles of war. 
 
 Similar exceptions are extended to the cleaning of machinery 
 after working hours, or to any action required to be taken in case 
 of accidents to motors, boilers, machinery, or buildings, or, in 
 general, in case of any accidents whatsoever. 
 
 In respect of certain occupations, an additional hour is conceded 
 to persons paid to wash and stretch stuffs in dyeing and bleaching; 
 works, or in manufactures of Indienne (gauze). 
 
 Two additional hours are granted in sugar-mills and refineries 
 and chemical works. 
 
 A similar privilege to men in dyeing, or printing, or sizing, or 
 pressing works is conceded, on the express understanding that the 
 hours in excess of twelve shall only be allowed during 120 days 
 a-year, and only if application has been previously made and 
 granted, on the intercession of a Mayor, by the Departmental 
 Prefect. 
 
 A Decree of the 31st January, 1866, gives an additional hour 
 to workmen in silk spinneries, confining the privilege to sixty days 
 within the four months of May, June, July, and August. 
 
 Fifteen Inspectors were appointed in May 1874 to control the 
 application, both of the Law of 1848, and a new Act of 1874, 
 applying to the employment of minors of both sexes in factories 
 and shops. The number of Inspectors was increased in February 
 1883 to twenty-one. 
 
 On the 25th November, 1885, a Circular was issued by the 
 Government communicating an exact definition of the works to 
 which the Law of 1848 should apply. It was laid down that the 
 limit of twelve hours of work per diem was not to be imposed 
 where -power, was used by hand, but confined to such manufactures 
 and mills only as were moved by machinery by day or machinery 
 in motion day and night without extinction of fires. No workshops 
 (" ateliers ") were to come under the clauses of the Act that did not 
 employ more than twenty hands in any one shed. 
 
17 
 
 A Decree of the 3rd April, 1889, exempts from the observance 
 of the Law of 1848 labourers employed on any works executed by 
 order of the Government in the interest of the national safety and 
 defence. 
 
 Adult labour has been practically defined by the Act of the 
 10th May, 1874, which regulates the labour of children. Under 
 that Act men cease to be children after 16, women after 21, years 
 of age ; whence the corollary that to men over 16 and to women 
 past 21 the Act of 1848 applies so far as the provisions of that Act 
 allow. 
 
 It is likewise to be borne in mind that there is in France no 
 compulsory observance of Sunday, and no day of habitual rest. 
 
 Eecent Parliamentary Eeports state that there are in France 
 between 6,000,000 and 7,000,000 souls earning daily wages for 
 labour. Of these, 650,000 according to some authorities, or 
 1,000,000 according to others, are subject to the provisions of the 
 Acts of 1848 and 1874. The Eeports of the Inspectors of Factories 
 only record a population subject to the Act of 1848 of 359,000 
 adults, of whom 41 per cent, were women. Beyond that number, 
 it would appear, the great majority of working people, masons, 
 labourers, smiths, carpenters, &c., are free to work for any number 
 of hours that may suit their inclination. But, besides these, it is 
 necessary to take into account workmen exceptionally confirmed in 
 their habits of short time, such as colliers employed in eight and 
 ten hour shifts, and the more numerous class authorized by legal 
 exceptions to work more than twelve effective hours per diem. 
 
 A careful perusal of the Eeports of Inspectors of Labour shows 
 that the Act of 1848 is very loosely interpreted. 
 
 It remains a doubtful point even now whether the Act limiting 
 time to twelve hours was intended to include or to exclude hours 
 of rest ; but practically the legal time is made to exclude rest. 
 
 In the Department of the Seine, which comprises Paris, we find 
 for the year 1887 a population of working people of 83,012 adult 
 males, 28,373 women, and 37,650 male and female children, subject 
 to inspection, and employed in 30,201 establishments. Not more 
 than 3,336 of these were subject to the legal limitation of the 
 hours of labour established by the Decree of 1848. It has been 
 stated, on official authority, that the average time of adult labour 
 in the Department of the Seine in 1887 was between ten and 
 eleven, and invariably under twelve hours. But this observance 
 was not due to any desire on the part of manufacturers to conform 
 to the Law. It was the natural consequence of an existing 
 depression, and it seems distinctly understood that inspection is 
 powerless to procure due respect for the Law except where the 
 workmen themselves report the breach of it for their own 
 protection. 
 
 One of the commoner forms of evasion of the Law is described 
 in the Eeportof the Inspectors of the Departments of Seine-et-Oise, 
 Seine-et-Marne, and Eure-et-Loir. 
 
 Time in this division has generally varied from ten to twelve 
 hours. But in mills with permanent fires and night shifts, the 
 [601] c 2 
 
18 
 
 alternation of day and night for the different gangs creates, once 
 a- week or once a-ibrtnight, a shift of eighteen hours ; and it 
 sometimes occurs that the same hands work twenty-four hours on 
 end in order to get a whole Sunday in a fortnight. 
 
 The Inspector of the Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, &c., gives the current 
 interpretation of the first clause of the Decree of 1848, where he 
 says that the hours of attendance in factories under the Act are 
 from 5 A.M. to 7 P.M., i.e., fourteen hours, of which twelve are hours 
 of effective labour. But the same authority also states that 
 effective time often extends to thirteen and fourteen hours in 
 many weaving establishments. 
 
 Other forms of evasion are noted in Belfort, Meurthe-et- 
 Moselle, Haute-Saone, and Vosges, where, the hours being from 
 5 A.M. to 7 P.M., the dinner-hour at noon is the only off hour, and 
 the half-hour's rests of 8 A.M. and 4 P.M. are not kept. This 
 evasion is common, and naturally brings the day's effective work 
 of adults to twelve and a-half and thirteen hour?. 
 
 As a rule, it may be said Frenchmen in factories are present at 
 least fourteen hours out of every twenty-four in the shops. On 
 the other hand, there is nothing to prevent manufacturers from 
 working short time if they like. 
 
 Penalties of fine for infringements of the Act are sued out by 
 Inspectors before the Courts of Correctional Police. 
 
 (Signed) J. A. CEOWE. 
 
 Paris, June 29, 1889. 
 
GEEMANY. 
 
 No. 8. 
 Sir E. Malct to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received June, 17.) 
 
 My Lord, Berlin, June 11, 1889. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Lord- 
 ship's Circular of the 27th ultimo, instructing me to furnish 
 information as to the Laws enacted in Germany affecting the hours 
 of adult labour. 
 
 In reply, I have the honour to state that there are in this 
 country no Laws upon the subject. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) EDWAKD B. MALET. 
 
GEEECE. 
 
 No. 9. 
 Sir E. Monson to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Eeceived June 11.) 
 
 My Lord, Athens, June 5, 1889. 
 
 1 ASKED M. Tricoupi this morning whether there had ever been 
 any legislation in Greece on the hours of adult labour, telling him 
 that I had learned from an official communication from your Lord- 
 ship of the 27th ultimo that the House of Commons was anxious 
 for information from foreign countries on this subject. 
 
 His Excellency replied, as I had anticipated, that there had 
 never been any such legislation, as the social conditions of this 
 country had not yet arrived at that point of progress where the 
 interference of the State between the employer and the operative 
 becomes necessary. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) EDMUND MONSON. 
 
HESSE-DARMSTADT. 
 
 No. 10. 
 Mr. Jocelyn to tJie Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 1 .) 
 
 My Lord, Darmstadt, June 27, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 
 27th ultimo, with regard to the hours of adult labour in Hesse 
 and Baden, I have the honour to forward herewith the reply 
 which I have just received from M. Finger giving the information 
 required regarding Hesse. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) NASSAU JOCELYN. 
 
 Inclosure 1 in No. 10. 
 
 M. Finger to Mr. Jocelyn. 
 (Translation.) 
 Sir, Darmstadt, June 22, 1889. 
 
 IN reply to the note which I had the honour to receive from 
 you, dated the 6th instant, the Ministry of the Interior and of 
 Justice has obtained the information required from the Inspector- 
 General of Factories in the Grand Duchy. 
 
 I have the honour to inclose herewith a copy of his Report on 
 the subject, and the inclosure which he has appended to it. 
 
 Trusting that this information may be deemed sufficient, I 
 avail, &c. 
 
 (Signed) FINGER. 
 
 Inclosure 2 in No. 10. 
 (Translation.) 
 
 THE HOUES OF LABOUR. 
 
 Report to the Ministry of the Interior and of Justice ly the Gh'and 
 Ducal Inspector of Manufactories. 
 
 LAWS regulating the hours of adult labour throughout the 
 Grand Duchy do not exist apart from those of the Empire. The 
 provisions of the Factory Act (" Gewerbe Ordnung") for the 
 German Empire are in force in Hesse, and these comprise in 
 105 and 120 restrictions as to hours of adult labour. 
 
 According to 105 of the Factory Act, the relations between 
 
22 
 
 the furnishers of work and the workmen at trades are regulated 
 by contract between the two parties. 
 
 The determination, therefore, of the hours of labour will 
 depend on the terms of the private contract between masters and 
 men. Nevertheless, paragraph 105 relieves the workmen from 
 any obligation to work on Sundays or holidays. 
 
 According to 120 of the Factory Act, the masters are bound 
 to allow those workmen under 18 years of age who may be called 
 upon by the State to attend an institution for the advancement of 
 learning such time as the School or Educational Board shall 
 determine for that purpose. 
 
 According to the Law in force in the Grand Duchy, every 
 parish is to provide such an establishment, and all master- 
 workmen and providers of labour are compelled to allow the 
 requisite time for their apprentices, servants, or workmen to attend 
 them. 
 
 As regards the usual hours of adult labour throughout the 
 Grand Duchy, I haA~e in my Annual Keport for 1885 supplied this 
 information in detail. This information will be found to hold 
 good at present, and I therefore inclose a copy of the Report in 
 question.* 
 
 The hours of labour for workers at trades in towns are, 
 according to my calculation, for the most part ten and eleven daily, 
 In country districts this time is often exceeded. 
 
 Night- work is principally found among bakers. 
 
 Agricultural and field labour is in general longer than that in 
 factories and trades. 
 
 (Signed) MOSER 
 
 Darmstadt, June 17, 1889. 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 Mr. Jocelyn to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 22.) 
 
 My Lord, Darmstadt, July 20, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's despatch of the llth 
 instant, I have now the honour to transmit a translation of the 
 Table which was inclosed in my former despatch relating to the 
 hours of adult labour in Baden, and also a Memorandum in expla- 
 nation of the same ; and I trust that these will be found to contain 
 the information required by your Lordship. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) NASSAU JOCELYN. 
 
 * Not printed. 
 
23 
 
 Inclosure 1 in No. 11. 
 The Working Hours in the Factories of tlie Grand Duchy of Baden. 
 
 THE Department of the Interior came last year to the conclu- 
 sion that all the Factory Inspectors should be ordered to give infor- 
 mation concerning the daily working hours in the factories, and 
 similar industrial establishments, in their Eeports for the year 1885. 
 The extract from the yearly Eeport of the Baden Inspectors that 
 has reference to this subject is printed below, taking for granted 
 that it is just this question which has formed the subject of frequent 
 open debates that is of most general interest. 
 
 The result of the observations and information that has been 
 obtained has been arranged in the yearly Eeport in the following 
 Table, which forms the basis of the statement of the relations now 
 being investigated in the several branches of industry. 
 
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30 
 
 Inclosure 2 in No. 11. 
 Memorandum. 
 
 THE accompanying Table will show that the regular daily hours 
 of labour throughout the country vary considerably, the medium 
 duration of labour being from ten to twelve hours, the cases in 
 which the latter time is exceeded being, however, more frequent 
 than those in which the former is not attained. 
 
 In considering the cases of uninterrupted labour, Sunday work 
 must also be mentioned, as this to a great degree influences the 
 nature of the work of the several gangs when changing about. 
 
 The duration of labour is principally determined by the custom 
 of each separate trade or branch of industry. 
 
 In the case of uninterrupted labour, the working hours of each 
 division, or gang, is, in general, twelve hours, or, with the hours of 
 rest deducted, ten and a- half to eleven daily and nightly. 
 
 The figures given in the Table represent the actual working 
 hours. 
 
 Stone Polishing. The hours of labour in this industry are 
 shorter for females than for males, although the former execute the 
 lighter work. Although the nominal time is twelve hours, as the 
 polishing is done lying down, the workman is compelled every 
 now and then to cease, in order to recover his breath. This very 
 laborious and unhealthy work is, however, highly paid. 
 
 Cement Works. In these the hours of labour are twelve, and 
 uninterrupted day and night work is universal, extending even to 
 Sunday. 
 
 Stoneware and Porcelain. Here the regular hours are in 
 summer thirteen, and half the workmen are frequently occupied for 
 fourteen or fifteen hours alternately during the week, for how many 
 weeks in the year does not appear. 
 
 Mirrors. In this industry the workmen, in shifts of day and 
 night work, have ten hours' actual labour, while the rest have 
 twelve. The foilers, who work with quicksilver, are not allowed 
 to work more than three or four hours at a time. 
 
 Metals. The eleven hours' period of labour in this branch of 
 industry is only exceeded in the foundries, the screw, rivet, and 
 chain makers' shops. 
 
 These latter works are nearly all situated in the Black Forest, 
 and partake of the lengthened hours of labour customary in those 
 parts. 
 
 In the jewellery works, brass and iron foundries, and tin works, 
 one half or more of the workmen are, during several weeks in the 
 year, employed for two and three, or even four, hours a-day longer 
 than the regular working hours. The period, however, during 
 which this is the case is comparatively so short that it is not con- 
 sidered worth while to institute shift work amongst these men. 
 
 Clocks and Musical Works. In the factories the eleven and 
 twelve hours' labour prevails, and no more than a quarter of an 
 hour is allowed for rest in the forenoon and afternoon. 
 
 In private houses the hours of work are much longer, extending, 
 
31 
 
 for men, to fourteen or fifteen, and for women, who have house- 
 work to do, to eight or nine hours. 
 
 Chemical Works. In these, where often day and night work 
 prevails, the normal twelve hours' labour is the rule ; but in the case 
 of quinine manufacture, at certain seasons of the year an increase 
 takes place of two or three hours beyond the usual time. 
 
 In soda manufactories the uninterrupted day and night work is 
 the custom, which includes also the Sundays. 
 
 The manufactories of water-glass employ during five months 
 one-tenth of the workmen at day and night work, extending over 
 Sunday. 
 
 Textile Industries. In this class twelve hours' time, without 
 counting the dinner or rest hour, is the custom, and, in the case of 
 married women and young girls, is no doubt excessive. Besides 
 this, the work, especially in the carding engine-room, is very dele- 
 terious to health, but in some factories it is not unusual to find 
 that overtime is worked. 
 
 Some of the cotton-spinners let the mills run for thirteen 
 instead of twelve hours for some weeks together. In some, again, 
 one-fifth of the hands are made to work for fourteen or fifteen 
 hours for two months, the others taking the overtime in rotation. 
 This is especially the case when very different numbers of yarn 
 are being spun at once. Some of these requiring more power of 
 production than others, the workmen occupied on them are more 
 severely taxed than those whose work is of a lighter description. 
 
 In silk and cotton weaving looms no overwork is exacted. 
 
 Paper and Leather. In this case the usual time of labour is 
 eleven hours. In the manafacture of patent leather and leather for 
 gloves, ten or ten and a-half hours are not unfrequent. This class 
 of work, besides being difficult, is generally performed by specially 
 qualified and well-paid workmen, who make their own terms as to 
 hours. 
 
 In the cellulose manufacture unbroken day and night work is 
 general. The boiling and washing of the material goes on all the 
 year round, also on Sundays. 
 
 In the manufacture of paper some mills run for months 
 together, while some stop on Sundays. 
 
 But little overtime is worked, as the shifts are regular, of twelve 
 hours each. 
 
 Articles of Food and Consumption. In the corn-mills the work 
 is, as may be supposed, of an absolutely continuous nature. The 
 shifts are usually of eleven hours each. 
 
 In the smaller mills it often happens that the night-work is per- 
 formed by two workmen, one of whom works eleven and the other 
 seventeen hours, the long spell of work coming to each man every 
 third day. In some mills every mill hand has a working time 
 from 6 o'clock one morning to 4 o'clock the following afternoon, 
 during consequently thirty hours, having then ten or twelve hours 
 free. 
 
 Anyhow, periodically many of these men work thirty-two houra 
 out of the thirty-six. 
 
 [601] B 
 
32 
 
 In the smaller client mills (" Kunden Miililen "), that is, such 
 mills as supply small farms, &c., in country places, the working- 
 times are very different, and not at all well regulated. Excessive 
 hours of labour are frequent, and the health of the millers is 
 rapidly undermined from this and the constant breathing of the 
 flour-dust. On the other hand, these conditions usually exist only 
 during a few months. 
 
 Sugar Refineries. In these factories it is usual for the shifts to 
 work for twenty-four hours at a stretch, and then to have twenty- 
 four hours free. This gives twenty-one hours of actual labour, and 
 is generally the result of the wish of the men themselves, who, 
 living at a distance, lose less time in getting to and from their 
 work, and are better able to attend to their home and agricultural 
 pursuits. This twenty-four hours' labour, however, frequently is 
 extended to the boiler men in the sugar-boiling houses, where it 
 naturally is fraught with serious danger to the machinery. 
 
 Brewery and Malting. In these establishments, often on a large 
 scale in Baden, the hours are generally pretty constant, being in 
 most cases eleven of real work. 
 
 Shift work is used except in the very small breweries, where 
 for some months fourteen hours are the ordinary working time. 
 
 In the malt-houses shift work is used with shifts of eighteen 
 hours each. 
 
ITALY : 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 Mr. Bering to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received August 12.) 
 
 (Extract.) Rome, August 5, 1889. 
 
 ON the receipt of your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 
 27th May last, I at once addressed a note to the Italian Minister 
 for Foreign Affairs (copy inclosed), requesting his Excellency to 
 furnish me with the information respecting adult labour in Italy 
 desired by Her Majesty's Government. 
 
 I have the honour now to inclose translation of the reply 
 which I have received from the Italian Foreign Office, from 
 which your Lordship will perceive that no Laws on this subject 
 exist in Italy. 
 
 Inclosure 1 in No. 12. 
 Mr. Dering to Signor Crispi. 
 
 M. le Ministre, Rome, June 3, 1889. 
 
 HER Majesty's Government are desirous of obtaining a Return 
 showing the Laws enacted in Italy affecting the hours of adult 
 labour, with the actual hours now worked, and such information as 
 is obtainable respecting the enforcement or otherwise of such 
 Laws. 
 
 I should be greatly obliged to your Excellency if you would be 
 so good as to furnish me with such information and documents 
 as will enable me to supply my Government with the Return 
 required. 
 
 Thanking your Excellency beforehand, I avail, &c. 
 
 (Signed) HENRY NEVILL DERING. 
 
 Inclosure 2 in No. 12. 
 
 Signor Damiani to Mr. Dering. 
 (Translation.) 
 M. le Charge" <T Affaires, Rome, August 2, 1889. 
 
 IN reply to your note of the 3rd June, in which you asked me, 
 in the name of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, for a copy of 
 the Laws in force in Italy for limiting the hours of labour of work- 
 [601] D 2 
 
34 
 
 people, as well as some notice of the working of such Laws, I have 
 the honour to inform you that as yet no special Laws have been 
 enacted on the subject above mentioned, with the exception of the 
 Law of the llth February, 1886 (No. 3657, Series 3 A), on the 
 labour of children and the Eegulation relating to it, approved by 
 Eoyal Decree of the 17th September, 1886, both of which I inclose 
 herewith,* 
 
 I have the honour to inform you at the same time that, in 
 accordance with the assurances recently given in the Chamber of 
 Deputies by his Excellency the Minister of Agriculture, Industry, 
 and Commerce, for the observation of Eegulations prescribed in 
 Article 19 of the " Eegolamento " of the 17th September, 1886, that 
 Ministry will shortly publish a Eeport on the application of the 
 Laws on the labour of children, which will contain the information 
 desired by the English Government. 
 
 As soon as I receive this publication I will not fail to forward 
 a copy to your Embassy. 
 
 I avail, &c. 
 
 (The Under-Secretary of State), 
 (Signed) DAMIANI. 
 
 Not printed. 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 MONTENEGRO. 
 
 No. 13. 
 Mr. Baring to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received June 18.) 
 
 My Lord, CettinjS, June 8, 1889. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Lord- 
 ship's Circular of the 27th ultimo, instructing me to furnish 
 information with respect to the Laws enacted in this country 
 affecting the hours of adult labour. 
 
 In reply, I beg to state that custom, not law, regulates such 
 matters in a primitive country like Montenegro. 
 
 In summer the day labourer begins to work between ojand 
 6 A.M., and goes on till 8 A.M., when he knocks off for about half- 
 an-hour. He then works till noon, rests for two hours till 2 P.M., 
 and after that works on till sunset. 
 
 In winter work begins between 7 '30 and 8 A.M. There is a 
 rest of one hour from noon till 1 P.M., and the labourer then works 
 till sunset. 
 
 Some employers of labour make deductions from the pay of 
 men who come on to work after the proper hour, but there is no 
 sort of Law or Regulation on the subject, and all depends upon 
 whether the employer has the authority to enforce his rules. 
 
 The above remarks apply principally to unskilled labour ; with 
 regard to such skilled labour as is to be found here, the rules, 
 though the same in theory, are applied rather more laxly. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) WALTER BARING, 
 
( 36 ) 
 
 NETHERLANDS. 
 
 No. 14. 
 Sir If. Runibold to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received June 20.) 
 
 My Lord, The Hague, June 19, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 27th 
 Tillmio, I have the honour to inclose herewith the copy of a note from 
 ihe Netherlands Minister for Foreign Affairs, stating, in reply to an 
 inquiry which was addressed to his Excellency by Her Majesty's 
 Charge d'Affaires on the receipt of your Lordship's said despatch, 
 that the legislation of the Netherlands does not contain any pro- 
 visions regulating the hours of adult labour, in so far as men are 
 concerned ; but that a Law recently promulgated, of which his 
 Excellency's note incloses a copy, lays down rules for preventing 
 excessive or dangerous labour by adult women and young persons. 
 
 1 have, &c. 
 (Signed) HOEACE EUMBOLD, 
 
 Inclosure in No. 14. 
 M. Hartsen to Sir H. Rumbold. 
 
 M. le Ministre, La Haye, le 17 Juin> 1889. 
 
 EN me referant a 1'office de M. le Charge d'Affaires interimaire 
 du '-> Juin dernier, j'ai 1'honneur de porter avotre connaissance que 
 la legislation Neerlandaise ne contient aucune disposition reglant 
 le nombre des heures de travail des hommes adultes, mais que la 
 Loi recemment promulguee du 5 Mai dernier (J.O. No. 48) renferme 
 des dispositions pour empecher le travail excessif et dangereux 
 des femmes adultes, ainsi que des jeunes gens. 
 
 Yous trouverez sous ce pli un exemplaire de cette Loi, dont les 
 Articles 5, 6, 7, et 8 se rapportent au travail des femmes dans les 
 fabriques ou ateliers, tandis que les Articles 9, 10, et 11 prescrivent 
 des mesures dans le but d'assurer la stricte execution des dis- 
 positions qui precedent. 
 
 Veuillez, &c. 
 (Signe) HAETSEN. 
 
 (Translation.) 
 
 M. le Ministre, The Hague, June 17, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to the letter from the Charg<3 d'Affaires ad 
 interim of the 3rd June last, I have the honour to inform you that 
 
37 
 
 the legislation of the Netherlands contains no provision regulating 
 the hours of labour for adult males, but the Law of the 5th May 
 last recently promulgated (J.O. No. 48) provides for the prevention 
 of excessive and dangerous work by grown-up women and young 
 persons. 
 
 You will find a copy of this Law inclosed,* Articles 5, 6, 7, and 8 
 of which refer to female employment in manufactories or workshops, 
 while Articles 9, 10, and 11 provide for the strict observance of the 
 preceding measures. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) HAKTSEN. 
 
 * Not printed. 
 
PORTUGAL. 
 No. 15. 
 
 Mr. Petre to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received June 20.) 
 
 My Lord, Lisbon, June 17, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 27th 
 ultimo, inclosing the copy of an Address from the House of 
 Commons for a Eeturn showing the Laws enacted affecting the 
 hours of adult labour in Europe and the United States of America, 
 and giving information as to the enforcement of such Laws, I have 
 the honour to report, as the result of my inquiries, that there are 
 no Laws or Regulations affecting the hours of adult labour in 
 Portugal. 
 
 The working hours are fixed by usage and agreement. The 
 general rule, applying to old and young, is to work from sunrise to 
 sunset. This is modified in some trades to this extent, that the 
 work commences at 6 A.M. and ends at 6 P.M. in summer, and at 
 7 A.M. to 5 P.M. during the winter months. One hour and a-half is 
 usually allowed for meals. I have ascertained this to be the case 
 in the manufactures of woollens, cottons, paper, and porcelain. 
 
 In the building trade and in field labour the hours in sum me r 
 are from 4*30 or 5 A.M. to 7 P.M., from two to three hours' rest b e ing 
 allowed in the middle of the day, and from 7*30 A.M. to 5 P.M. in 
 winter, with a shorter interval of rest. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) GEOEGE G. PETRE. 
 
ROUMANIA. 
 No. 16. 
 
 Sir F. LasGelles to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 12.) 
 
 My Lord, Bucharest, June 19, 1889. 
 
 ON the receipt "of your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 
 27th ultimo, I did not fail to ask the Eoumanian Minister for 
 Foreign Affairs whether he could cause me to be furnished with 
 information respecting the Laws affecting the hours of adult labour 
 in Eoumania, and the actual hours now worked. 
 
 M. Lahovary replied that there was no legislation in Eoumania 
 on the subject. Absolute freedom was left to the employers to 
 make any arrangements with their workmen. His Excellency 
 added that it would not be easy to ascertain the hours now worked, 
 as they varied in different establishments, and there was no fixed 
 rule on the subject. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) FEANK C. LASCELLES. 
 
EUSSIA. 
 
 No. 17. 
 Mr. Gosling to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 15.) 
 
 My Lord, St. Peterslurgh, July 8, 1889. 
 
 IN reply to your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 27th May, 
 addressed to Sir R. Morier, I have the honour to state that no Laws 
 affecting the hours of adult labour exist in Russia. 
 
 With regard to the actual hours of labour in the industrial 
 establishments in Russia, I would refer your Lordship to the 
 Report on the subject by Mr. Bering, published as a Parliamentary 
 Paper in No. 62 of the Miscellaneous Series, 1887, "Reports on 
 Subjects of General and Commercial Interest," a copy of which is 
 inclosed herewith for convenience of reference. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) AUDLEY GOSLING. 
 
 Inclosure in No. 17. 
 
 Memorandum on Hours of Labour in Industrial Establishments 
 
 in Rmsia. 
 
 THE Inspecting Committee of Factories have published some 
 interesting data concerning the hours of labour in this country, taken 
 from the inspections during the past year of 1,214 manufacturing 
 establishments, representing 125 different branches of industry. 
 From the information thus collected, it appears that an immense 
 difference exists between the working hours at the various establish- 
 ments. In the large majority of them, men and women work equal 
 time. The number of daily working hours varies from six to twenty 
 in the various branches of production, and, in one or two special 
 cases, uninterrupted toil is prosecuted for the twenty-four hours. It 
 is remarkable that these great divergences in the number of working- 
 hours occur in the same branches of industry, within the same 
 Inspector's district, and among establishments whose produce 
 realizes the same market price. A difference occurs of from one to 
 eleven hours in manufactories of the same nature. The probable 
 cause of this is the extent of the works, and the greater or lesser 
 local demand for the article produced. The longer hours are, 
 however, to be found in those establishments of primitive con- 
 struction, and belonging to proprietors who are either ignorant of 
 or profess to be ignorant of modern technical development. 
 
41 
 
 The exceptional cases, however, where work is carried on from 
 twelve to twenty hours, are few, as in a very large majority of 
 cases (970, or 80 per cent.) the hours of labour are twelve and 
 under. 
 
 Manufactories with the twelve hours' daily labour are 36*8 per 
 cent. Of the wholet, hose with eleven hours, 20'8 per cent. ; those 
 with ten hours, 18'1 per cent. ; with eight hours, 1*6 per cent. ; 
 with seven hours, 0*4 per cent. ; and with six hours, 0'2 per cent. : 
 so that an average of twelve hours daily may fairly be assumed as 
 the normal working hours throughout Eussian industrial establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Night-work is pursued in 247 establishments, or 20 per cent, of 
 the total number, but principally in the Governments of Moscow and 
 Vladimir. The majority of establishments open at 5 A.M. and close 
 not later than 9 P.M. These represent 906, or 74'6 per cent, of the 
 total number inspected, so that the Law of the 1st June, 1882, for 
 the protection of children, and fixing their maximum number of 
 hours of day labour at from 5 A.M. to 9 P.M., and of night-labour 
 from 9 P.M. to 9 A.M., does not affect them no more than the Law 
 of the 3rd June, 1885, by which female night-labour is prohibited 
 in certain industries, notably the textile industry. 
 
 A large proportion of establishments, however (some 749), 
 commence work only at 6 A.M., or even later, and in some cases as 
 late as 10 A.M. ; and the hours of closing vary from 4 P.M. to 9 P.M. 
 
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA. 
 
 No. 18. 
 Mr. Milbanke to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 8.) 
 
 My Lord, Coburg, July 6, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 
 27th May, I have the honour to report that I have just been 
 informed by the Minister of State that there are no Laws affecting 
 the hours of adult labour in the Duchies of Coburg and Gotha. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) RALPH MILBANKE. 
 
SAXONY. 
 
 'No. 19. 
 Mr. Strachey to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 17.) 
 
 My Lord, Dresden, July 12, 1889. 
 
 IN reply to the inquiry on hours of work in Saxony, I have the 
 honour to report as follows. 
 
 The duration of the normal work-day throughout the kingdom, 
 in all the principal branches of industry, is from 6 A.M. to 7 P.M. 
 The customary pauses are half-an-hour for breakfast, an hour for 
 dinner, and half-an-hour for supper. There are, therefore, eleven 
 hours of actual daily work. 
 
 In manufacturing industry, departures from the eleven hours 
 rule do occasionally occur. Spinning and weaving mills are not 
 unfrequently open from 6 A.M. to 8 P.M., the period of work being 
 thus twelve instead of eleven hours. 
 
 In the machinery branch, when there is pressure from special 
 orders, there may be augmentations of one or two hours. 
 
 The Dresden curtain mills work continuously (pauses excepted) 
 through the twenty-four hours, thus : first gang, 7 to 12 A.M. ; 
 second gang, 1 to 6 P.M. ; first gang again, 7 to 12 P.M. ; second 
 gang again, 1 to 6 A.M. Here then, the effective work period is ten 
 hours. Night shifts also occur in the State mining works, in paper- 
 mills, printing establishments, and glass works. 
 
 Particular cases of periodical recourse to overtime are the 
 following : 
 
 In chocolate mills, in October and November, when the 
 Christmas orders are being completed, the hands, chiefly females, 
 usually work from 6 A.M. to 9 or 10 P.M. ; that is, thirteen or 
 fourteen hours effective. 
 
 Girls employed in artificial flower making have, in winter, an 
 actual working-day of thirteen or even fourteen hours. But these 
 artificers reside with the masters, and may have short pauses for 
 recreation. 
 
 The time-table of bakers and brewers is irregular. From the 
 requirements of their trade their work-day frequently exceeds the 
 normal eleven hours. 
 
 The employment of tailors, shoemakers, masons, carpenters, 
 and painters is subject to great fluctuation, according to season and 
 weather, and their work-time frequently falls above or below the 
 normal. In Leipzig the masons appear to have recently carried a 
 ten hours day ; but this is a local arrangement, which has not been 
 generally followed. 
 
 According to the modifications introduced after the recent 
 strikes (in Westphalia, Silesia, and in this kingdom) the coal mines 
 
44 
 
 of Saxony have an effective eight hours shift where the pits are of 
 a high temperature ; in other pits a ten hours shift may be usual. 
 In metallic mines a ten hours shift is usual ; extra half-shifts often 
 occur. 
 
 For house industry, which is largely present in Saxony, in 
 particular in the weaving branch, no general rules can be laid 
 down. A fifteen hours work-day is not, however, uncommon for 
 adults and young persons. 
 
 The legislation relative to work-time is not Saxon, but Imperial. 
 It does not affect adults. Children under 12 may not be employed 
 in factories ; between 12 and 14, not over six hours a-day ; between 
 14 and 16, not over ten hours. The compulsory school-time is 
 three hours daily. Except by this incidental restriction, the law 
 does not limit the employment of children in house industry. 
 
 Breaches of the ten hours rule relative to young persons 
 between the ages of 14 and 16 are described as frequent, 
 
 Reports of the Saxon Inspectors of Trade and Industry, lately 
 published, confirm the above. The Dresden Inspector says : 
 " almost universally eleven hours ;" Zwickau : "in most cases from 
 eleven to twelve hours;" Leipzig: "mostly a ten or eleven hours 
 day." 
 
 I have) &c. 
 (Signed) G. STRAGHEY. 
 
SEEVIA. 
 
 No. 20. 
 Mr. F. E. St. John to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received June 14.) 
 
 My Lord, Belgrade, June 10, 1889. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Lord- 
 ship's Circular despatch of the 27th of last month, instructing me 
 to furnish your Lordship with a Eeturn of the Laws affecting the 
 hours of adult labour in Servia, and with such information as is 
 attainable regarding the enforcement, or otherwise, of such Laws. 
 
 In reply, I beg to inform your Lordship that, according to 
 inquiries I have made, there exist no Laws in this country with 
 regard to labour, which is consequently free and conducted in 
 every case on the principle of mutual agreement or individual 
 convenience. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) F. R ST. JOHN. 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 No. 21. 
 
 Sir Clare Ford to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received August 14.) 
 
 My Lord, Madrid, August 11, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to my despatch of the 2nd June, I have 
 the honour to inform your Lordship that from inquiries I have 
 instituted at the proper Administration in this city, I have learnt 
 that no Eegulations exist in Spain respecting the hours of adult 
 labour. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) FBANCIS CLA1IE FORD. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 No. 22. 
 Sir F. Plunkett to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received July 8.) 
 
 My Lord, Stockholm, July 4, 1889. 
 
 IN reply to your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 27th May, 
 I have the honour to report that the Laws regulating hours of 
 labour in Sweden apply only to children and girls. As regards 
 adult labour, masters and men make the arrangements most con- 
 venient to themselves. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) F. R PLUNKETT. 
 
SWITZEKLAND. 
 
 No. 23. 
 Mr. Scott to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received August 5.) 
 
 My Lord, Berne, August 1, 1889. 
 
 IN obedience to the instructions of your Lordship's Circular 
 despatch of the 27th May last, I have the honour to submit the 
 inclosed Report which I have drawn up on the Laws affecting the 
 hours of adult labour in Switzerland, and giving such information 
 as has been attainable as to their enforcement. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) CHAELES S. SCOTT. 
 
 Inclosure in No. 23. 
 Report on Hours of Adult Labour. 
 
 THE legislative measures affecting the hours of adult labour in 
 Switzerland are Articles 11, 12, 13, and 14 of the Federal Factory 
 Labour Law of 1877, which received the sanction of a popular vote 
 by the exercise of the Constitutional right of referendum. 
 
 The text of these Articles are translated into English as 
 follows : 
 
 Article 11. The duration of a normal working day must not 
 exceed eleven hours, and on Saturdays and public holidays it shall 
 be reduced to ten hours. 
 
 The duration of a working day shall be comprised within the 
 hours of 5 A.M. and 8 P.M. during the months of June, July, and 
 August, and during the remainder of the year between 6 A.M. and 
 
 8P.M. 
 
 The hours of labour shall be regulated by the town clock, and 
 notified to the local authority. 
 
 In the case of unhealthy industries, or when the work or 
 processes employed are of a nature calculated to render occupation 
 for eleven hours prejudicial to the health or lives of the labourers, 
 the duration of the normal working day shall be reduced by the 
 Federal Council in accordance with the requirements of the case 
 until such time as it shall be shown that the dangers which 
 occasioned such reduction have ceased to exist. 
 
 Applications for authority to prolong exceptionally or tempo- 
 rarily the duration of a working day must be made to the 
 competent district authorities, or, if no such authorities exist, to the 
 local authorities, provided always that the duration of such pro- 
 F601] E 
 
48 
 
 longation is not to exceed the term of two weeks ; otherwise the 
 applications must be made to the Cantonal Government. 
 
 The labourers shall be allowed in the middle of each working 
 day an hour's rest at least for their meal ; suitable localities, heated 
 in winter, and outside the ordinary working rooms, shall be placed 
 gratuitously at the disposal of such labourers as may bring or have 
 their meal brought to the factory. 
 
 Article 12. The provisions of the foregoing Article do not apply 
 to accessory works which ought to precede or follow the labour of 
 manufacture properly so called, and are executed by men or by 
 unmarried women above the age of 18" years. 
 
 Article 13. Night-work, that is to say, work between the hours 
 of 8 P.M. and 6 A.M., is only permissible as an exception, and the 
 working hands cannot be employed on it without their full consent. 
 In all cases excepting that of urgent repairs necessitating excep- 
 tional night-work for one night only, the permission of the 
 authorities is requisite ; if this night-work is to be prolonged 
 beyond the term of two weeks, the Cantonal Government is alone 
 competent to give such authority. 
 
 Eegular night-work may, however, take place in such branches 
 of manufacture as, by their nature, require uninterrupted work. 
 
 Manufacturers considering themselves entitled to the benefit of 
 this legal provision must satisfy the Federal Council that their 
 industry necessitates this kind of work. 
 
 At the same time, they must submit to the Federal Council a 
 scheme of Eules providing for the distribution of the work, and 
 the number of working hours obligatory on each working hand ; 
 this number must, in no case, exceed eleven hours in twenty-four 
 for each workman. The authority may be modified or withdrawn 
 altogether in case the circumstances undergo a change. 
 
 Article 14. Except in cases of absolute necessity, Sunday labour 
 is prohibited, with the exception of such establishments as by their 
 nature require uninterrupted labour, and have received the 
 authority provided for in the foregoing Article from the Federal 
 Council. 
 
 Even in the case of these establishments, each working hand 
 must have one free Sunday out of every two. 
 
 The Cantonal Legislature has the right to determine other 
 holidays on which work is to be prohibited as on Sundays. These 
 holidays must not exceed in number eight in one year. 
 
 They cannot, however, be declared obligatory by Cantonal legis- 
 lation on others than members of the religious creeds which keep 
 such holidays. 
 
 A workman who refuses to work on a religious holiday not 
 comprised in the eight days reserved as above cannot be fined for 
 so doing. 
 
 Article 15. Women cannot, under any circumstances, be 
 employed in night or Sunday labour. 
 
 When they have a household to look after, they shall be free to 
 leave their work one half-hour before the midday rest, if the latter 
 is of less duration than one hour and a-half. 
 
49 
 
 After and before childbed a term of eight weeks in all is set 
 apart during which women cannot be admitted to work in 
 factories. 
 
 After their confinement they are not to be readmitted into the 
 factory without furnishing proof that six weeks, at least, have 
 elapsed since the date of their delivery. 
 
 The Federal Council shall designate the branches of industry in 
 which women in pregnancy are not to be allowed to work. 
 
 The Federal Council controls the enforcement by the Cantonal 
 authorities of the foregoing provisions in virtue of the powers 
 conferred on it by Article 34 of the Federal Constitution, which 
 enacts that- 
 
 "The Confederation shall have the right of laying down 
 uniform prescriptions respecting the labour of children in factories, 
 the duration of the labour which may legally be imposed on 
 adults, as well as the protection to be afforded to workmen against 
 the exercise of unhealthy and dangerous industries." 
 
 For this purpose the Federal Council has appointed Federal 
 Inspectors of Factories, who make regular annual tours of inspec- 
 tion, and also undertake additional inspections on special orders 
 from the Council. 
 
 Infringements of the Law are punishable by fines varying from 
 5 fr. to 500 fr. Judging from the annual Eeports of the Federal 
 Inspectors, the provisions affecting the hours of labour appear to 
 have been very carefully enforced, although up to the present date 
 the Federal Council has not had occasion to reduce the normal 
 working day in any of the cases provided for in paragraph 3 of 
 Article 11. 
 
 Article 1 of the Factory Labour Law defines the interpretation 
 of the term " factory," in the sense of the Statute, to be " any indus- 
 trial establishment in which a more or less considerable number of 
 workmen are employed away from their homes in an inclosed 
 locality. The Federal Council is to decide, after consultation with 
 the Cantonal Government, any case of doubt arising as to the 
 proper classification of a given industrial establishment in the cate- 
 gory of ' factory.' " 
 
 The Federal Council has in the course of the last ten years 
 given several decisions to prevent the evasion of the intention of the 
 Law on the part of employers. 
 
 With special reference to the hours of labour, the Council has 
 decided, with regard to Article 11, that the intervals of rest pro- 
 vided for by the Factory Kules are to apply not only to Saturdays, 
 but to be observed also on all the other days of the week, and are to 
 be regular and simultaneous for all hands employed, whether the 
 intervals be of half or a quarter of an hour. 
 
 That the exceptional or temporary prolongation of hours of 
 labour is only admissible in case of a determined external cause or 
 necessity, and not simply to suit the convenience of the employer, 
 and that permission to prolong the working hours cannot be given 
 except for a fixed term ; that all such permissions must be issued 
 in writing, must be communicated to the local supervising autho- 
 [601] E 2 
 
50 
 
 rities, and must state a fixed term of hours ; and further that the 
 permission must be made public, for the information of the work- 
 men, by being posted up in the work-rooms. 
 
 All such permissions are to be communicated to the Factory 
 Inspectors. 
 
 The local authorities are forbidden to grant the permission in 
 question in such a manner as to enable the employers to evade the 
 control of the Cantonal Government by obtaining an immediate or 
 periodical renewal of such permission. 
 
 With reference to Article 12, the .Council has addressed a Cir- 
 cular to the Cantonal Governments defining some of the works 
 which are to be classed as " accessory " in the sense of this Article, 
 e.g., the cleaning, greasing, and sweeping out of the work-rooms, but 
 not the periodical dismounting of machinery for the purpose of 
 repair or thorough cleaning, &c., an operation requiring several 
 hours' work. 
 
 In breweries, by Article 12 the provisions of Article 11 do not 
 apply to stokers, machinists, and the staff of clerks, nor to maltsters, 
 workmen directing the process of fermentation, or working brewers 
 employed in the clerks' office, provided that, in the case of these 
 three last categories, the total number of hours of work does not 
 exceed eleven in every twenty-four. 
 
TUKKEY. 
 No. 24. 
 
 Sir W. White to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received June 28.) 
 
 My Lord, Therapia, June 20, 1889. 
 
 * IN obedience to the instructions contained in your Lordship's 
 Circular despatch of the 27th May, I have the honour to transmit 
 copy of a despatch addressed to me by Mr. Fane, stating that no 
 Laws exist in this country affecting the hours of adult labour. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) W. A. WHITE. 
 
 Inclosure in No. 24 
 Mr. Fane to Sir W. White. 
 
 Sir, Therapia, June 19, 1889. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to report to your Excellency, as the result 
 of inquiries which I have made upon the subject, that no Laws 
 have been enacted in Turkey affecting the hours of adult labour. 
 
 The hours of labour are regulated merely by custom, according 
 to which a working day lasts from sunrise to sunset, with certain 
 intervals for repose and refreshment. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) EDMUND FANE. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 No. 25. 
 Mr. Edwardes to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Received August 20.) 
 
 My Lord, Washington, August 7, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to your Lordship's Circular despatch of the 
 27th May last, instructing Sir Julian Pauncefote to obtain infor- 
 mation respecting the Laws in this country affecting the hours of 
 adult labour, and respecting the enforcement, or otherwise, of such 
 Laws, I have now the honour to forward herewith the Eeports 
 which I have received on the subject from Her Majesty's Consul- 
 General at New York, and from Her Majesty's Consuls in this 
 country. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) H. G. EDWAKDES. 
 
 Inclosure 1 in No. 25. 
 Consul-General Booker to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, New York, July 9, 1889. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch 
 of the llth June, requesting to be furnished with information in 
 regard to the Laws enacted in the States comprised in my Con- 
 sular district affecting the hours of adult labour with the actual 
 hours now worked. 
 
 New York. 
 
 The only Acts affecting the hours of adult labour in force in New 
 York are An Act passed in 1870 to regulate the hours of 
 labour of mechanics, working men, and labourers in the employ 
 of the State or otherwise engaged on " public works." 
 
 Section 1 of this Act makes eight hours a legal day's work for 
 all classes of mechanics, working men, and labourers, excepting 
 those engaged in farm and domestic labour ; but overwork for an 
 extra compensation by agreement between employer and employe 
 is permitted. 
 
 Section 2 makes this Act apply to all mechanics, working men, 
 and labourers employed by the State or any Municipal Corporation 
 therein, through its agents or officers, or in the employ of persons 
 
53 
 
 contracting with the State or such Corporation for performance of 
 public works. 
 
 Section 3 makes it a misdemeanour for violation of the Act. 
 
 An Act passed in 1886 to regulate the hours of labour in the 
 street surface and elevated railroads chartered by the State in 
 cities of over 500,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Section 1 of this Act makes twelve hours' labour in twenty- 
 four, with reasonable time for meals, constitute a day's labour in 
 the operation of all street surface and elevated railroads owned or 
 operated by Corporations incorporated under the Laws of this 
 State, whose main lines of travel or whose routes be principally 
 within the corporate limits of cities of more than 500,000 inhabi- 
 tants, whatever motive power may be used in the operation of such 
 railroads. 
 
 Section 2 makes it a misdemeanour for any officer or agent of 
 any such Corporation to exact from any of its employes more than 
 twelve consecutive hours' labour in the twenty-four, with one half- 
 hour for dinner, but provides that in cases of accident or unavoid- 
 able delay extra labour may be permitted for extra ccmpensation. 
 
 Section 3 provides that this Act shall not affect contracts now 
 in force, nor apply to existing Corporations whose Charters are not 
 subject to alteration, modification, or repeal. 
 
 An Act passed in 1887 to regulate the hours of labour in the 
 street surface and elevated railroads chartered by the State in 
 cities of 100,000 and over. 
 
 Section 1 of this Act makes ten hours' labour to be performed 
 in within twelve consecutive hours, with reasonable time for meals > 
 constitute a day's labour in the operation of all street surface and 
 elevated railroads owned and operated by Corporations incorporated 
 under the Laws of this State, whose main line of travel or whose 
 routes lie principally within the Corporate limits of cities of more 
 than 100,000 inhabitants, whatever motive power may be used in 
 the operation of such railroads. 
 
 Section 2 makes it a misdemeanour for any officer or agent of 
 any such Corporation to exact from any of its employes more than 
 ten hours' labour to be performed within twelve consecutive hours, 
 with not less than one half-hour for dinner, but provides that in 
 case of accident or unavoidable- delay extra labour may be per- 
 mitted for extra compensation. 
 
 Section 3 is the same as section 3 in the Act of 1886. 
 
 Section 4 repeals all Acts inconsistent with this Act. 
 
 The Act of 1887 would seem to repeal the Act of 1886, as it 
 changes the hours of labour in the latter, twelve within twenty- 
 four, to ten within twelve, and in both Acts a reasonable time for 
 meals is provided for. 
 
 In this and the other cities of the State nearly all classes of 
 mechanics, and all connected with the building trade, work nine 
 hours per day, except on Saturday, when eight hours is the rule. 
 
54 
 
 Some engineers and railroad employes work ten hours per day, 
 and ordinary labourers ten hours. 
 
 On the elevated railroads of this city and Brooklyn the drivers 
 work nine hours per day, and the guards, gatemen, and ticket 
 agents ten. On the surface railroads (tramcars) conductors and 
 drivers average nine and a-half hours ; starters, switchmen, road- 
 men, and ostlers ten, and watchmen eleven and a-half hours. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 The only Act on the Statute Book is one in regard to the hours 
 of labour of employes of surface and elevated railroad Companies, 
 passed in 1887, in which it is enacted that twelve hours' labour, to 
 be performed within twelve consecutive hours, with reasonable 
 time for meals, not less than half-an-hour for each, shall constitute 
 a day's labour in the operation of all cable, traction, and horse- car 
 street surface railroads, and of all cable, traction, and steam 
 elevated railroads, owned or operated under the Laws of New 
 Jersey, but provision is made that, in case of accident or unex- 
 pected contingency demanding more than the usual service, extra 
 labour may be permitted and exacted for extra compensation. 
 
 According to the statistics published by the State Commis- 
 sioner, 9 per cent, of the members of the New Jersey Trades 
 Unions and Knights of Labour Local Assemblies work more than 
 sixty hours per week, and this may be considered to hold good for 
 those not belonging to Trades Unions and Knights of Labour. 
 About one-half work sixty hours per week, and the remainder, 
 including all connected with the building trade, fifty-four or fifty- 
 three hours, those working fifty-three working eight hours on 
 Saturdays. 
 
 Among those working over sixty hours per week may be found 
 bakers, barbers, and some classes of engineers and railway employe's. 
 Those working sixty hours per week comprise employes of mills 
 and manufactories, hat-makers, some classes of engineers, book 
 compositors, teamsters, &c. 
 
 Bhode Island. 
 
 The only Act on the Statute Took in regard to hours of labour 
 is one making ten hours of labour of adults in any manufacturing 
 establishment and all mechanical labour a legal day's work unless 
 otherwise agreed by the parties to the contract for the same. The 
 hours of labour in the State are the same as those of New York 
 and New Jersey. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 This State has no Statute Law in regard to labour, and the 
 hours are the same as those of the preceding States. 
 
55 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 The only Act on the Statute Book is one making eight hours 
 of labour performed in any one day by any one person a lawful 
 day's work, unless otherwise agreed. 
 
 The Commissioner of Labour Statistics states that, with but 
 very few exceptions, the hours of labour of mechanics and other 
 labouring people are ten hours per day, or sixty hours per week. 
 In many factories the employe's work more than ten hours for five 
 days, and make a shorter day of Saturday to bring the hours of 
 the week to sixty. The exceptions to sixty hours per week are in 
 industries like paper manufactories, where the machinery runs con- 
 tinuously day and night, and two sets of hands are employed, each 
 set working twelve hours. In no case do women work more than 
 ten hours per day. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) WM. LANE BOOKER 
 
 Inclosure 2 in No. 25. 
 Consul Segrave to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, Baltimore, June 20, 1889. 
 
 EEFERPJNG to your despatch of the llth instant, I have now 
 the honour to transmit to you the accompanying paper, containing 
 such information as I have been enabled to gather regarding the 
 Laws and customs which affect the hours of adult labour within 
 the States of Maryland and Virginia. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) W. F. SEGEAVE. 
 
 Inclosure 3 in No. 25. 
 Eeport ly Consul Segrave on Hours of Labour. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 IN the State of Maryland there are no Federal Laws in force 
 which regulate the hours of labour. 
 
 The State Laws with the above object only apply 
 ' 1. To the workmen in the State tobacco warehouses, who, under 
 the Act of 1872, cap. 36, are limited to ten hours a-day. 
 
 2. To miners. The Act of 1886, cap. 303, provides that the 
 hours of labour for miners shall be ten a-day, and under sub- 
 section 1 it is provided that any violation of its provisions shall 
 subject the offender to a fine not exceeding 50 dollars. 
 
 3. Street car and horse railway drivers. The Act of 1886, 
 
56 
 
 cap. 137, provides that no horse railway Company incorporated 
 under the Laws of the State, or any servant thereof, shall require 
 or permit its conductors or drivers to work for more than twelve 
 hours during each day of twenty-four hours. 
 
 Section 2 provides that any Corporation as above, which shall 
 violate the provisions of the Act, shall be deemed to have abused 
 its corporate powers, and, on written application of any citizen, 
 accompanied by adequate evidence, the Attorney-General shall 
 institute proceedings for the forfeiture of the Charter of such 
 offending Corporation. 
 
 Section 3 provides that any Corporation as above, or servant of 
 such, who shall violate the provisions" of this Act, shall be deemed 
 guilty of a misdemeanour, and, on conviction, be fined 100 dollars 
 for each offence, as well as the costs of the proceedings. 
 
 The practical operation of the Act, however, is to materially 
 reduce the pay of the servants of the Companies, as well as their 
 hours of work. 
 
 In the early part of 1886 a movement was organized in this 
 State to establish a uniform working day of eight hours, and at one 
 time it was said that it had a membership of something like a 
 quarter of a million of men. 
 
 The furniture workers and building trades were the most con- 
 spicuous in enforcing the demand. 
 
 Piece-workers were, as a rule, indifferent as compared to those 
 employed by the day. 
 
 The movement, however, was generally a failure, though some 
 trades which adopted the nine hours rule succeeded in reducing 
 the hours of the day's work. 
 
 Notably may be mentioned bricklayers, stonemasons, painters, 
 and stone-cutters, but carpenters and other trades which maintained 
 the eight hours rule have not succeeded. Since then the tendency 
 has been more in the direction of Trade Unionism than towards 
 the mixed organization of the Knights of Labour. 
 
 The movement may be said to have been a partial success for 
 trades demanding nine hours a-day, and a failure for those 
 demanding eight hours. 
 
 As a whole, it may be said that in Maryland ten hours may be 
 taken as the actual working day for men, and for women in 
 factories nine hours during eleven months of the year. 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 There are no Federal Laws in force in Virginia regulating the 
 hours of labour in general, but under the Revised Statutes of the 
 United States, 2nd edition, 1878, cap. 43, section 3738, labourers 
 employed on Government works, in navy yards, &c., are restricted 
 to eight hours a-day. Neither is there any State legislation which 
 affects the hours of labour ; but whilst not regulated by law, they 
 are not the less strictly defined by custom and combination in the 
 different branches of employment. 
 
57 
 
 Agricultural labourers work from sunrise to sunset. Brick- 
 layers work eight hours. 
 
 Ten hours may, however, be considered the working day for 
 nine-tenths of the labourers employed in this State. 
 
 If, however, the State does not regulate the hours of labour, it 
 legislates in the working-man's interest in another direction. 
 
 Under the Act of the Assembly, 1887, cap. 391, it is prescribed 
 that all wages shall be paid in cash, and not in checks. 
 
 And in the Act of 1887, cap. 178, sections 3630 to 3657, 
 termed the " Homestead exemption," the property of a labouring 
 man, up to the value of 2,000 dollars, is exempt from attachment 
 for debt. 
 
 (Signed) W. R SEGKAVE, 
 
 Her Britannic Majesty's Consul. 
 
 Baltimore, June 20, 1889. 
 
 Inclosure 4 in No. 25. 
 Consul Clipperton to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, Philadelphia, July 24, 1889. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch 
 of the llth ultimo, requesting all the information and documents I 
 am able to obtain on the subject of the Laws enacted affecting the 
 hours of adult labour within this Consular jurisdiction. 
 
 In reply, I beg to report that, in the State of Pennsylvania, 
 eight hours constitute a day's labour, but this Law does not apply 
 to farm or agricultural labour, or services by the month or week ; 
 nor does the Law prevent any person working as many hours' 
 overtime, or extra work, as he or she may see fit, by agreement 
 between the employer and the employe. 
 
 The other provisions of the Law relate to the mode of paying 
 wages or determining disputes between tho employed and the 
 employer; how persons shall be liable in mines and in manu- 
 factories, as well as other matters not bearing directly on the hours 
 of labour. 
 
 The Law also relates to the employment of children, forbidding 
 it under the age of 12 years by any person or Corporation. 
 
 In the State of Michigan, in all factories, workshops, salt-blocks, 
 saw-mills, logging and lumber camps, booms and drives, mines or 
 other places used for mechanical, manufacturing, or other purposes 
 where men or women are employed, ten hours per day shall 
 constitute a legal day's work, and any proprietor, stockholder, 
 manager, clerk, foreman, or other employers of labour who shall 
 require any person or persons in their employ to perform more 
 than ten hours per day shall be compelled to pay such employes 
 for all overtime or extra hours at the regular per diem rate, unless 
 there be an agreement to the contrary. 
 
 In all contracts or agreements to labour in any mechanical, 
 
58 
 
 manufacturing, or other labour, calling, silent, or no express 
 conditions specified, ten hours shall constitute a day's work, and 
 the contract or agreement shall be so construed. 
 
 Any individual, firm, agent, or any Corporation, or other 
 employers of labour who shall take any unlawful advantage of any 
 person or persons in their employ, or seeking employment, because 
 of their poverty or misfortune, to invalidate any of the provisions 
 of the preceding section, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanour, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than 
 5 dollars, nor more than 50 dollars, for each offence, and it shall 
 be the duty of the Prosecuting Attorney of the county in which 
 such offence was committed, upon receiving complaint, to prosecute 
 all such cases in the name of the people of the State of Michigan 
 before any Justice of the Peace or other competent Court of 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 All fines collected for violation of the Act shall "be turned over 
 to the School Board or Board of Education of the city or township 
 wherein such fine may be collected, and the same shall by them be 
 disbursed for and in benefit of the public schools. 
 
 Nothing in the Act shall be construed to apply to domestic or 
 farm labourers, or other labourers who agree to work more than ten 
 hours per day. 
 
 In the State of Indiana a Law was passed on the 6th March, 1889, 
 making eight hours a legal day's work for all classes of mechanics, 
 working men, and labourers, excepting those engaged in agricultural 
 or domestic labour, but overwork for extra compensation is per- 
 mitted. The Law applies to all classes or character of employers 
 or their agents or officers. 
 
 The violation of the Law is made a misdemeanour punishable 
 by a fine not greater than 500 dollars, and if the person violating 
 the Law has a public position he shall be removed therefrom. 
 
 In Ohio, the remaining State of this Consular district, no Law 
 bearing upon this subject has been enacted by the Legislature. 
 The hours for a day's labour in that State, therefore, would be ten 
 hours, or any other time agreed upon by the employer and employe. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) EOBEET CHAS. CLIPPEKTON. 
 
 Inclosure 5 in No. 25. 
 Consul Cridland to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, Charleston, July 13, 1889. 
 
 IN answer to your despatch of the llth ultimo, I have the 
 honour to state that the State Legislatures of North and South 
 Carolina and Tennessee have thus far passed no Laws regulating 
 the hours of adult labour in their States. This is probably owing 
 to the fact that only of late years capitalists have established 
 factories and developed the mines in the Southern States of this 
 country. 
 
59 
 
 In the Code of Laws enacted by the State Legislature of 
 Georgia the only paragraph having reference to the hours of labour 
 is as follows : 
 
 " Section 1885. The hours of labour by all persons under 21 years 
 of age in all cotton, woollen, or other manufacturing establishments 
 or machine shops in this State shall be from sunrise until sunset, 
 the usual and customary times for meals being allowed from the 
 same ; and any contract made with such persons or their parents, 
 guardians, or others, whereby a longer time for labour is agreed 
 upon or provided for, shall be null and void so far as relates to the 
 enforcement of said contracts against such labourers." 
 
 In the factories in South Carolina the hours of labour are 
 generally from 7 A.M. till 6 P.M., one hour being allowed for dinner, 
 12 to 1 P.M. On Saturday some of the establishments close earlier 
 in the afternoon, especially during the summer months. These 
 hours apply also to mechanics and out-day labourers. The street 
 car-drivers commence work at 6 A.M. and continue till 10 P.M., and 
 eat their meals as best they can. 
 
 The recognized hours of labour in the State of Georgia are as 
 follows : 
 
 Monday to Friday, 6'30 A.M. to 6'30 p.M. ; Saturday, 6'30 A.M. 
 to 3 P.M. ; with half-an-hour for dinner each day. 
 
 As before stated, there are no Laws in the State of North 
 Carolina affecting the hours of adult labour, but it appears that, 
 according to custom, the hours of adult labour range from eight to 
 fourteen hours per day, the average being about ten hours. The 
 average hours of work in factories are twelve, with one hour for 
 meals. 
 
 In the State of Tennessee, though there are no Laws in existence 
 affecting the hours of labour, from all I can learn from the Mayors 
 of Nashville and Chattanooga, the customary hours are from 7 A.M. 
 to 12, and from 1 P.M. to 6 P.M. daily. 
 
 In the phosphate mines in this vicinity the miners work by 
 contract ten hours a-day ; after that they receive extra pay. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) FEEDEKICK J. CKIDLAND. 
 
 Inclosure 6 in No. 25. 
 Consul Henderson to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, Boston, June 19, 1889. 
 
 IN reply to your despatch of the llth instant, relative to the 
 hours of adult labour in the States over which this Consular 
 jurisdiction extends, I have the honour to state that no Laws 
 affecting the question exist in the State of Vermont, and that the 
 only legal restriction, enacted in similar terms in the States of 
 Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, is that limiting the 
 hours of labour of women in manufacturing and mechanical 
 
60 
 
 establishments to ten hours per day, or, in any case, when more or 
 less time is occupied in labour on any one or more days, to sixty 
 hours in a week. 
 
 In the State of Maine the Law further enacts that in all 
 contracts for labour ten hours of actual labour are a legal day's 
 work, unless the contract stipulates for a longer time, but this rule 
 does not apply to monthly labour or to agricultural employment. 
 
 As regards male adult labour, and also, within the limitation 
 noted above, female adult labour, the hours of labour are practically 
 controlled by agreement or contract between the parties ; and, 
 excepting in certain establishment.?, such as paper-mills, iron 
 foundries, &c., where continuous work has to be carried on by relays 
 of men, and to a partial extent in the building trade, in which, 
 through the operation of strikes, the hours have been reduced to 
 nine in some localities, ten hours is almost universally the rule for 
 a day's labour. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) C. A. HENDERSON. 
 
 Inclosure 7 in No. 25. 
 Acting Consul HeywortJi to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, Galveston, June 17, 1889. 
 
 I HAVE your despatch dated the llth instant, asking for infor- 
 mation as to the Laws governing the hours of adult labourers in 
 this Consular jurisdiction, and, in reply, beg to say that several 
 measures have been introduced into the Legislature of Texas on 
 this subject, but no Laws have hitherto been passed. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) 0. HEYWORTH. 
 
 Inclosure 8 in No. 25. 
 Consul De Fonblanque to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, New Orleans, June 26, 1889. 
 
 IN compliance with the instructions contained in your despatch 
 of the llth instant, I have the honour to inclose my Report, and 
 that of Vice-Consul Howe, on the hours of adult labour, as regu- 
 lated by law and custom in the district. Vice-Consul Barnewall's 
 Report is not yet furnished in a complete state. It will be 
 forwarded hereafter. 
 
 I would venture to suggest that the part of the Section 10 of 
 the Constitution of the United States which prohibits the States 
 from passing any Law " impairing the obligation of contracts," 
 might render legislation on this subject difficult. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. 
 
61 
 
 Inclosure 9 in No. 25. 
 
 Report on the Lavjs enacted affecting the Hours of Adult Labour in 
 the District of Her Majesty's Consul at New Orleans. 
 
 > ? THE States of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi have not 
 any legislation on this subject. 
 
 In all the cities, and in towns of any importance, the conditions 
 affecting a day's work are regulated by Associations similar to the 
 Trade Unions at home. Members of these Societies carry their 
 Laws with them wherever they may be employed. Non-members 
 must make the best terms they can, but as the supply in rural 
 neighbourhoods is generally to the demand, they can 
 
 practically suit themselves. This relates to skilled labour. 
 
 The actual hours of labour of all mechanics and labourers doing 
 city work on shore in foundry, shop, and factory are ten hours 
 a-day : 7 from to 12, and 1 to 6. 
 
 The hours of labour of all mechanics and labourers working on 
 ships and steam-boats on water are nine hours a-day : from 7 to 
 12, and 1 to 5. 
 
 Cotton screwmen work from 7 to 12, and 1 to 5, or until a 
 gang of six (with a foreman) has stowed seventy-five bales. 
 
 Longshoremen and levee labourers are paid by the hour, and 
 work as and when required, day or night. 
 
 Farm hands work from sunrise to sunset, with three hours off. 
 
 Piece-work. Shoemakers, tailors, &c., doing this sort of work at 
 their own homes, labour to suit themselves. 
 
 Inclosure 10 in No. 25. 
 
 Eeport ly Vice-Consul Howe giving the Laws of the State of Florida 
 affecting the Hours of Adult Labour in the State of Florida, the 
 actual Hours now worked, and the means ly which such Laws 
 can be enforced. ^ 
 
 BY a legislative enactment of the State of Florida passed in 
 February 1874, chapter 1988, it is provided as follows : 
 
 "Section 1. Ten hours of labour skill be considered and 
 regarded as a legal day's work, and held to be such by the Courts 
 of this State. 
 
 " Sec. 2. Whenever a person is employed to perform manual 
 labour of any kind by the day, week, month, or year, and the said 
 person renders ten hours of work, he shall be considered as having 
 performed a legal day's work : Provided a written contract has 
 not been signed by the person so employed and the employer 
 requiring a less or greater number of hours of labour to be per- 
 formed daily. 
 
 " Sec. 3. Unless such written contract has been entered into and 
 signed by the labourer and employer, in presence of one or more 
 
62 
 
 witnesses, the person so employed shall be entitled to extra pay 
 for all work performed in excess of ten hours' labour daily, if so 
 required by his employer." 
 
 I am not aware that the hours of adult labour at this post/ 
 and in the State of Florida generally, are otherwise at present than 
 as provided according to extracts from the Law as above given. 
 (Signed) OSMOND G. HOWE, 
 
 Her Majesty's Vice-Consul 
 Pensacola, Florida, June 20, 1889. 
 
 Inclosure 11 in No. 25. 
 Consul de Fonllanque to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
 
 Sir, New Orleans, June 28, 1889. 
 
 REFERRING to my despatch of the 26th instant, I have now 
 the honour to inclose Yice-Consul Barnewall's Report on the hours 
 of adult labour. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. 
 
 Inclosure 12 in No. 25. 
 Vice-Consul Barnewall to Consul De Fonblanque. 
 
 Sir, Mobile, June 25, 1889. 
 
 IN reply to your despatch, I must respectfully state that, after 
 a careful examination, I find that there is not now, nor has there 
 ever been, any Law relating to hours of adult labour in this State, 
 nor have we any Laws affecting infant labour ; consequently, I am 
 unable to state what effect such Laws might or would have. 
 The usual hours of labour are nine hours, to wit : 
 From 7 A.M. to 12 five hours. 
 From 1 P.M. to 5 P.M. four hours. 
 I am, &c. 
 (Signed) WM. BARNEWALL 
 
 Inclosure 13 in No. 25. 
 Consul Donohoe to Mr. Edwardes. 
 
 Sir, San Francisco, August 1, 1889. 
 
 WITH reference to Sir Julian Pauncefote's despatch of ~the 
 llth June as to the Laws enacted in the States within this 
 Consular district affecting the hours of adult labour, with the hours 
 
63 
 
 now worked, and as to the enforcement of such Laws, I now have 
 the honour to report that the State of California has a Law upon 
 the subject, a copy of which I inclose. 
 
 It will be seen by this Statute that eight hours constitute a 
 day's work, but I am informed by the Commissioner of Labour that 
 this Law is nearly invariably evaded by employing the men 
 engaged on State works by the hour, and paying at so much an 
 hour. I inclose an extract from a pamphlet issued by the Com- 
 missioner, which gives much valuable information as to the hours 
 of labour in different trades. 
 
 I find that the States of Nevada and Oregon, and the territories 
 of Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Arizona have passed no Laws on 
 the subject of adult labour. 
 
 Mr. Vice-Consul Laidlaw, in reporting as to Oregon, states that 
 the hours of labour are generally regulated by Trades Unions ; that 
 machinists work ten hours, masons, joiners, and painters, eight 
 hours, and longshoremen, nine hours. 
 
 Mr. Vice-Consul Alexander, in reporting as to Washington 
 Territory, states that the hours of mechanical labour, now generally 
 worked in the Territory for a day's pay, are ten hours ; that at 
 some places, such as Seattle, Tacoma, and Port Townsend, the 
 Trades Unions have been able to enforce upon contractors and 
 builders nine hours work for a day's pay. 
 
 The Governors of Utah and Nevada, in replying to my query, 
 merely state that there are no Laws on the subject of adult labour. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) DENIS DONOHOE. 
 
 Inclosure 14 in No. 25. 
 
 Extract from the Third Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labour 
 Statistics of the State of California. 
 
 (Chapter II.) Wages and Hours of Labour. 
 
 THE number of hours which shall constitute a legal day's work 
 is a question which at present engages the attention of nearly all 
 labour organizations in the civilized world. Organized labour is 
 loud in its demand for a reduction in the hours of labour, and un- 
 organized labour has still stronger claims in the same direction. 
 
 The impositions heaped upon certain wage classes in the com- 
 munity by corporations and individuals, in compelling them to 
 work fifteen, eighteen, and twenty hours daily, is a travesty upon 
 the Declaration of Independence, which claims every man " born 
 free and equal, with certain inalienable rights, among which are 
 life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." 
 
 The sweets of life, liberty, or happiness are not tasted by the 
 man who is compelled to work two-thirds of the day. He is a 
 [601] p 
 
64 
 
 stranger to his family, a slave to his employer, and an apology for 
 a " free " American citizen. That the hours of labour must ulti- 
 mately be reduced is evident, but at what time and how that shall 
 be accomplished is a momentous question. It cannot be settldd 
 by strikes or boycotts. It must be remembered that we are living 
 within the closest commercial relationship with the entire civilized 
 world. Our ports are open to the labourers of Europe, consequently 
 we have to contend against not only our own wage earners, but 
 also the labour of foreigners, who are flocking to our shores. 
 
 The chief arguments in favour of a reduction in the hours of 
 labour are : 
 
 1. That owing to the introduction of machinery whereby the 
 production has been vastly increased, the labourer is worse off than 
 before, because he does not receive a corresponding decrease in the 
 hours of work, while labour has been greatly displaced. 
 
 2. In consequence of machinery causing this supply of over- 
 production, and the wage classes being daily thrown out of employ- 
 ment ; if the hours were reduced it would tend to lessen this 
 production, and necessitate a greater demand for labour. 
 
 3. That this overproduction has a tendency to cause un- 
 restricted competition among the labouring classes, which de- 
 moralizes trade ; and if shorter hours and more men were employed, 
 the employers, instead of being injured, would be correspondingly 
 benefited, because there would be a greater demand for the manu- 
 factured wares. 
 
 4. That this increased time of leisure would give more time to 
 intellectual work and attention to his family. 
 
 Many occupations vary in the hours of labour during the 
 seasons of summer and winter. 
 
 That the long hours of labour operate directly in hindering the 
 wage classes from devoting the necessary attention to the cultiva- 
 tion of their social and intellectual welfare is sustained by many 
 able writers. " That the intelligence of the working classes," says 
 W. J. Noble, of Ne w York, " would improve with the advantage of 
 more leisure time, we have every reason to believe, and that 
 political tricksters and shameless demagogues could no longer turn 
 their ignorance to the advantage of political party power. They 
 would then understand the causes of their evils and the remedies 
 they ought to apply, and instead of considering machinery a detri- 
 ment to labour, they would realize it as the greatest benefit to 
 them, exactly as the elements of fire and water can be made 
 beneficial or injurious to us just as we put ourselves in right or 
 wrong relations to them. It has been computed, says Dr. Franklin, 
 that if every man and woman would work four hours each day on 
 something useful, that labour would be sufficient to procure all the 
 necessaries and comforts of life : want and misery would be 
 banished out of the world, and the rest of the twenty-four hours 
 might be leisure and pleasure ; but as Dr. Franklin computed 100 
 years ago, with our present facilities, were it possible for all to 
 perform their share of useful work, two hours would suffice." 
 
 There are many abuses, however, in the employment of labour 
 
65 
 
 which should "be eradicated, and one of the worst is the inhuman 
 system of compelling men and women, boys and girls, because they 
 cannot help themselves, to toil both day and night for a scanty 
 living. This evil can be seen in the employment of street-car 
 conductors and drivers probably more than in any other depart- 
 ments of labour. Barbers, butchers, waiters, clerks, saleswomen, 
 seamstresses, telegraph and messenger boys, work during long, un- 
 seasonable hours. It should not be tolerated that corporations or 
 individuals should work their employes more than twelve hours in 
 the twenty-four. The system is inhuman, and conducive to disease 
 and premature death. The following Table will show some of the 
 occupations in which twelve and more hours of labour per day are 
 required, and the remuneration received in San Francisco : 
 
 Table (L.) WAGES and Hours of Unorganized Toilers. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Hours. 
 
 Average 
 Daily 
 Wages. 
 
 
 
 Dol. c. 
 
 Barbers . . 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 00 
 
 Bakers 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 00 
 
 Bartenders.. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 50 
 
 Brewers 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 00 
 
 (cellarmen) 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 50 
 
 (washers) 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 I 50 
 
 Butchers . . 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 00 
 
 Car conductors 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 00 
 
 ,, drivers 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 50 
 
 gripmen 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 50 
 
 Confectioners 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 00 
 
 Clerks in small retai 
 
 stores 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 50 
 
 Dairymen .. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 00 
 
 Distillers .. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 50 
 
 Druggists .. 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 2 00 
 
 Engineers (marine) 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 25 
 
 Firemen (marine) 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 50 
 
 (stationary) 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 00 
 
 Gas-house men 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 50 
 
 Hack drivers 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 75 
 
 Herders . . 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 50 
 
 Hostlers . . 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 50 
 
 Laundry (men) 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 50 
 
 (women) 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 00 
 
 Millers 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 00 
 
 Maltmen . . 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 00 
 
 Paper -makers (men) 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 50 
 
 (boys) 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 00 
 
 [601] 
 
 p 2 
 
It will be observed that the foregoing are classes that are un- 
 organized. The efficacy of organization, therefore, can be better 
 appreciated when it is seen that all combined labour regulates, to a 
 great extent, the hours of work and commands better wages. The 
 following Table gives the hours of work and wages of organized 
 labour in San Francisco : 
 
 Table (M.) ORGANIZED Trades and Labour Unions in San 
 Francisco Hours of Labour and Daily Wages. 
 
 Name of Organization. 
 
 Hours. 
 
 Average 
 Daily 
 Wages. 
 
 
 
 
 Dol. c. 
 
 
 Boot and Shoemakers W. L. L. 
 
 10 
 
 2 00 
 
 Piece work. 
 
 Bricklayers of San Francisco 
 
 9 
 
 5 00 
 
 Time work. 
 
 Bag and Satchel Makers . . . . 
 
 10 
 
 2 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Boilermakers and Iron Ship Builders . . 
 
 10* 
 
 3 50 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Beer Brewers and Malsters Union 
 
 10 
 
 3 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Barbers Protective . . . . . . 
 
 12 
 
 3 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Caulkers Association . . . . 
 
 9 
 
 5 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Coopers, Journeymen (English) 
 
 10 
 
 3 25 
 
 Piece work. 
 
 Coremakers .. ., .. 
 
 10 
 
 3 25 
 
 Time work. 
 
 Cornicemakers, Galvanized Iron 
 
 9 
 
 5 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Candymakers .. .. 
 
 10 
 
 3 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Draymen and Teamsters .. .. 
 
 11. 
 
 2 50 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Engineers, Stationary .. 
 
 11 
 
 3 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
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 10 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
 Glovers . . . . . . 
 
 9 
 
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 8 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
 Horseshoers 
 
 10 
 
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 10 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
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 9 
 
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 75 cents per hour 
 
 
 
 
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 9 
 
 4 00 
 
 Time work. 
 
 Machinests . . . . . . 
 
 10 
 
 . 3 25 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Painters . . . . . . . . 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
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 8 
 
 5 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
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 4 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
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 4 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
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 8 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
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 4 00 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Ship and Steamboat Joiners . . . . 
 
 9 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
 Stonecutters, Journeymen 
 
 9 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
 Steamship Stevedores . . . . 
 
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 Tailors Protective .. 
 
 10 
 
 3 00 
 
 Time and piece. 
 
 Wharf Builders 
 
 9 
 
 3 50 
 
 Time work. 
 
 Upholsterers, Carpet .. ,, 
 
 10 
 
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 Ditto. 
 
 * Ten hours in the shop ; nine on the outside. 
 
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 nine hours for 3 dollars. 
 
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 From Statutes of California. 
 
 3244. Eight hours a day's work. 
 
 Section 3244. Eight hours of labour constitute a day's work, 
 unless it is otherwise expressly stipulated by the parties to a 
 contract. 
 
 3245. Same, on public works. 
 
 Section 3245. Eight hours labour constitute a legal day's work 
 in all cases where the same is performed under the authority of any 
 law of this State, or under the direction, control, or by the authority 
 of any officer of this State acting in his official capacity, or under 
 the direction, control, or by the authority of any municipal corpora- 
 tion within this State, or of any officer thereof acting as such ; and 
 a stipulation to that effect must be made a part of all contracts to 
 which the State or any municipal' corporation therein is a party. 
 
 USIVBESITY 
 
RETURN 
 
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 LOAN PERIOD 1 
 
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 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 SEP 19 1977, 
 
 
 
 SEP 23 1977 
 
 
 
 SAN DIEGO 
 
 
 
 JNTERLIBRAKY LC ; , 
 
 fliir 24 1977 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 HU U " A ' u ' 
 
 RECD IN Q rn 1 
 
 r\t~tf~c: f>FPT jUi 4J 
 
 i 1977 
 
 
 DU^9 l/crl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FORM NO. DD 7, 8m, 6'76 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
YC 34909 
 
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