D S 75 J72 1898 MAIN m THE EPISTOLARY LITERATURE OF THE ASSYRIANS AND BABYLONIANS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1894 BY Christopher Johnston BALTIMORE, MD. THE EPISTOLARY LITERATURE OF THE ASSYRIANS AND BABYLONIANS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1894 BY Christopher Johnston BALTIMORE, MD. i8q8 PREFACE. MAlhl The following pages are reprinted ^om the Journal of the American Oriejital Society, vol. xviii, pp. 125-175, and vol. xix, pp. 41-96. For convenience of reference the original pagination has been retained. As stated in my note on p. 129 of Part I, the third and fourth volumes of Professor Robert F. Harper's Assyrian and Babylonian Letters appeared while the first part of my work was in press, and it was therefore impossible to make any extensive use of the material contained therein. For this reason the publication of Part II was delayed in order that I might have an opportunity to study the new volumes of Pro- fessor Harper's admirable work, and I have thus been able to make some important additions to my glossary. The arrangement of the glossary is in accordance with the plan laid down by Professor Haupt for the preparation of the proposed Johns Hopkins Assyrian-English Glossary, and an- nounced at the meeting of the American Oriental Society held at Baltimore, in October, 1887 {Journ, Amer. Or. Soc, vol. xiij, pp. ccxliv-ccxlix ; cf. Am. Journ. of Fhilol, vol. xvii, p. 487). I take this opportunity of expressing to Professor Haupt my sincere thanks for many valuable suggestions, for his friendly advice and encouragement given upon very many occasions, and for his kind assistance, involving no small amount of labor, in seeing these pages through the press. Christopher Johnston, Camp Wilmer, First Lieutenant, Fifth Regiment, May, 1898. J- ^' N- ^• ! J01*^:^ The Epistolary Literature of the Assyrians and Babylonians. —By Dr. Christopher Johnston, Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, Baltimore, Md. While the historical, grammatical, and poetical texts be- •qiieathed to us by the ancient peoples of Babylonia and Assyria received from the first the careful attention of Oriental scholars, the numerous tablets containing letters and dispatches have until recent years attracted only a moderate degree of interest. This was but natural. The mass of the Assyro-Babylonian literature which has come down to us is of immense extent, and the num- ber of Assyriologists has never been large, so that a considerable degree of selection was demanded by the nature of the subject. Close study of the grammatical and lexicographical texts was absolutely necessary in order to obtain a competent knowledge of the newly discovered language. The vivid light thrown by the historical documents upon a long lost period of the world's history amply explains the zealous study bestowed upon them, while their comparatively simple style and construction rendered them a most fitting subject for workers in a new field. The many beautiful hymns and psalms discovered in the library of that great pati'on of letters, King Sardanapallus, and in the ruins of the Babylonian temples ; the great national epic celebrating the exploits of the hero Gilgames ; the magical and liturgical texts ; the intensely interesting cosmogonic legends, with the invalua- ble information all these supplied concerning the religion and religious myths of Western Asia, could not fail to excite deep interest in the minds of all scholars, especially when it is remem- bered that, at the outset, the study of Assyrian was pursued, not so much for itself, as on account of the light it was expected to shed upon the Old Testament narrative. Under these circum- stances it was hardly to be expected that very great attention should be paid to a class of tablets, valuable indeed, but of minor importance compared with the texts previously mentioned, and moreover extremely difficult to interpret. The first scholar to make use of the dispatch tablets was George Smith, who in the year 1871 published extracts from some ten of them, with transliteration and translation, in \\i% History of Amr- banipal Smith, while he often grasped the general sense of the text, was apt to be incorrect in matters of detail, and his transla- tions are therefore faulty ; but it must be borne m mmd that lie wrote over twenty years ago, when the field of Assyrian epistolary literature was as yet wholly unexplored. That he recognized the value of these texts is shown by his citations from them ; but, 126 Christopher Johnston, [1897. having at his command abundance of material which readily yielded far more striking results, he bestowed but scant study upon them. Thus, in the section of his book devoted to the Ela- mite wars, he cites and translates lines 1-13 of the very important text K 13, but goes no further, although the remaining fifty-two lines would have yielded him most valuable information in regard to the subject he had in hand. During the remaining five j^ears of his life. Smith's work was principally devoted to the explora- tion of the buried cities- of Western Asia and to the publication of the results attained by him in this field ; and, with the excep- tion of two texts translated in his Assyrian Discoveries, this branch of cuneiform literature received no further attention from him. If I am correctly informed, the German Government had re- quested the British Museum to furnish some translations of Assyrian letters for the Reichspost Museum of Berlin. The task was assigned to Mr. Theo. G. Pinches, who was thus obliged to devote some attention to these texts. On the 4th of December, 1877, Mr. Pinches read before the Society of Biblical Archaeology a paper entitled " Notes upon the Assyrian Report Tablets, with Translation." In this paper, which was published in the Trans- actions of the Society for the following year (vol. vi. pp. 209-243), the author, after a general introduction, gave a summary of the contents of four letters selected by him, followed by the cunei- form text with interlinear transliteration and translation, accom- panied by brief philological notes. This was the first attempt to subject the letters to systematic study on the same lines as the other branches of Assyrian literature, and it is not surprising that this pioneer work was not, in every respect, successful. It gives an idea of the difiiculties surrounding the subject, that even so experienced a cuneiformist as Mr. Pinches often failed to grasp the meaning of the texts he had, selected for study. But the methods of the day were in a high degree empirical. Assyrian was studied through the medium of Hebrew, Arabic, and Ara- mean ; and a more or less happy conjecture did the rest. The present method of study, by the comparison of parallel passages and the sifting over of the whole cuneiform literature to discover the uses of each separate word, had hardly come into existence ; indeed, it is to be regretted that, even to-day, a few scholars still adhere to the older and less laborious method. However, it can- not be expected that a science, which had its birth hardly fifty years ago, should in this brief time attain perfection. We should rather rejoice that so much has been accomplished than regret that so much remains to be done. Stimulated, perhaps, by Mr. Pinches' example, one of the old pioneers of cuneiform research, the English discoverer of photo- graphy, Mr. H. Fox Talbot, next essayed to translate the very difficult text K 31. The results of his attempt appeared in the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology for 1878, and in vol. xi. of the Records of the Past, published in the same Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 127 year, under the title "Defense of a Magistrate falsely accused " The very title shows how completely Mr. Talbot failed to under- stand the text, which is an appeal for redress, made by a person who claims to have been deprived of his property and otherwise injured by personal enemies, taking advantage of certain political conditions. Since the year 1878, Mr. Pinches has published translations of a few letters, principally in Records of the Past ; but they must all be considered as unsuccessful attempts based on the old con- jectural method of work. In justice to Mr. Pinches, however, it should be stated that, while not wholly successful in his efforts to explain these difficult texts, he has rendered most valuable services to Assyriologists in making the texts accessible. His great skill and accuracy in copying and editing cuneiform texts has been exhibited on many occasions, and he has made all students of Assyriology his debtors by his most excellent work in the prepa- ration and revision of the second edition of the fourth volume of the Cu7ieiform hiscriptions of Western Asia. The sketch of Assy ro-Baby Ionian Literature in Kaulen's Assyr- ien und Babylonien (4th ed., 1891, pp. 189 ff.) contains (second hand) translations of a few letters ; and both Hommel ( Geschichte Bahyloniens und Assyrie?is, 1885-86) and Tiele (Babylonisch- Assyrische Geschichte, 1886) made free use in their respective works of such letter-texts as were of historical importance. Father J. N. Strassmaier, whose merits as a copyist are well known, published copious extracts from the letters in his Alpha- hetisches Verzeichfiiss, which appeared in 1886, but made no attempt at translation. In fact, until the year 1887, very little had been done toward the special study of this very interesting branch of Assyrian literature, and only a small number of com- plete texts had been published.' In 1887-89, however, an Ameri- can, Mr. Samuel Alden Smith, published, in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and in the second and third parts of his Keilschrifttexte Asurbanipals, sixty-nine texts copied from the best preserved letter-tablets in the British Museum, with transliteration, translation, and philological notes ; Mr. Pinches, who assisted materially in editing the texts, and other cuneiform- ists, appended additional notes. Mr. Smith unfortunately lacked the necessary philological knowledge, and, while he added greatly 1 Dr. C. F. Lehmann's paper, "Zwei Erlasse Kpmg Asurbanabais (ZA. ii. 1887, pp. 58-68), in which the texts K 9o and 67, 4-2, 1 are trans- lated, can hardly be considered as an improvement uponthe work of his predecessors in the field. Dr. Lehmann^ subsequently, m connection with the letters published by him in his Sama§smukukin (1892) called attention (pp. 73-73) to the necessity for groupmg a letters lender names of their respective writers, and pomted out ^?^ ^^^,^l['}^^ *«^*' ^ end offered by Bezold's Catalogue of the fouyunjikColk^^^^ plan has been adopted by Dr. R. F. Harper m his^ssj/rmn ^^^Ba^lo^ nian Letters of the K Collection, the first volume of which appeared in that year. 128 Christopher Johnston, [1897. to the available material for study, he did very little to elucidate the subject. His translations not only fail to reproduce the origi- nal, but are frequently so obscure as to be actually unintelligible, owing, perhaps, to his imperfect command of German. Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch, the founder of the Leipzig school of Assyriology, who, as is evident from the numerous citations of these texts in his Assyrian Grammar and his Assyrian Diction- ary, had already given much attention to the subject, next pub- lished, in the Beitrdge zur Assyriologie (1889-91), a series of three papers on Assyrian letters, in which, unlike Smith, he gives the text in transliteration only. His commentary, however, is fuller, and he endeavors to ascertain something about the per- sonality of the writer wherever possible. Prof. Delitzsch treated forty texts, thirty-one of which had been already translated by Smith, but in all these cases the necessity for a re-translation is obvious. Prof. Delitzsch, approaching the subject in a scientific manner, and possessing the advantages of a large experience and extensive lexicographical collections, has solved the problem, and laid down the lines upon which the study of the Assyrian episto- lary literature must be carried on in the future. As in other branches of cuneiform research, he applies here the principles of common sense, even a moderate exercise of which might have saved S. A. Smith from many errors. Perhaps the greatest difficulty in the way of a successful study of the Assyrian letters was the absence of sufficient available material upon which to work. While few, or comparatively few, texts were published, and while the great mass of those in the British Museum were not even catalogued according to their con- tents, the task was almost a hopeless one ; but the difficulty has at last been removed. The catalogue of the Kouyunjik Collection prepared by Dr. Carl Bezold (who may be called the Chief Regis- trar of Assyriology), of which the first volume appeared in 1889, has rendered it possible to select these texts from the many thou- sands composing the collection ; and an American scholar. Dr. Robert Francis Harper, of the University of Chicago, a former pupil of Delitzsch and Schrader, has been prompt to take advan- tage of the fact. Aided by Bezold's catalogue. Dr. Harper lias within the last few years copied a large number of these texts ; and a portion of the results of his labors has been given to the world in the two volumes of his Assyrian and Babylonian Let- ters of the K Collection. These two volumes, which appeared in 1892 and 1894 respectively, contain altogether two hundred and twenty-three carefully edited and excellently published letters. Many of these texts, it is true, had already been published ; but their republication is necessary, owing to the plan of the author, which is to make his work a complete " Corpus Epistolarum " of the K Collection. As in the case of S. A. Smith, Mr. Pinches has again placed his great skill and experience at the disposal of the author, and has rendered valuable service in collating a large number of the texts and aiding in editing them. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 129 For obvious reasons Dr. Harper has grouped together all the letters of each writer, and it is his purpose to publish first those texts which preserve the name of the scribe, and later those from which the name is missing. Nor does he propose to confine himself to the ^collection, as the title of his book would indi- cate, but intends to publish, in the Zeltschrift filr Assyt-iologie and in Hebraica, letters from the other collections of the British Museum, and subsequently to incorporate them in a later volume of his work. Fourteen letters of the R™2. Collection have already appeared in volume eight of the Zeitsohrift fur Assyriologie.^ When the texts have been published, Dr. Harper proposes to add transliterations, translations, and a glossary. (See the prefaces to Parts I. and II. of Dr. Harper's work.) It is to be hoped that this work, so excellently begun, may be carried on to successful completion.^ In speaking of the epistolary literature of the Assyrians refer- ence has been had to the letters of the later period, that of the Sargonides ; and, as for a long time no others were known to exist, the term has become in a manner fixed, and for the sake of convenience is retained here. Its application is now, however, no longer strictly accurate. In the winter of 1887-88 some natives found at Tel el-Amarna in Upper Egypt between three and four hundred cuneiform tablets, which proved to consist of letters and dispatches addressed to the Egyptian Court in the 15th century b. c. Of these tablets eighty-two were secured for the British Museum, and one hundred and sixty for that of Berlin ; the Btilaq Museum has sixty, and the rest are in the hands of private individuals. Excellent editions of these texts have been published by the authorities of the Berlin and British Museums, and Dr. Carl Bezold has, under the somewhat mislead- ing title of Oriental Diplomacy^ published in transliteration the eighty-two texts of the latter Museum, with summaries of their contents, grammatical analysis, and a glossary. While this article is going through the press, the fifth volume of Schrader's Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek has been issued. It contains a transliteration and translation of the Amarna texts, with gloss- ary, indexes, etc., by Dr. Hugo Winckler, of the University of Berlin. This volume has also been published in English. Of the literature of the subject, which has already assumed formidable proportions, a very complete bibliography is to be found in the edition of the British Museum texts published in 1892. A brief sketch of the characteristics of these interesting documents is given below (pp. 132 ff.). ^ These texts have since been republished, along with numerous other new texts, in the fourth volume of Harper's work. 2 Parts III. and IV. have just appeared, after the present article was in type. It has therefore been impossible to make any extensive use of the new material contained therein. VOL. XVIII. 9 130 Christopher Johnston^ [1897. Under the title Assyrian letters is included a large number of documents differing greatlj^ in contents and scope. Among them are the letters of private individuals ; letters of kings to members of their families, and to various high officers of the empire ; reports of governors of provinces, and of military and civil officers ; proclamations ; petitions ; reports of priests on omens, terrestrial and celestial ; astronomical reports ; reports of phy- sicians concerning patients under their care ; — in short, while letters of an official character largely predominate, nearly every species of epistolary composition is represented among these interesting texts. A systematic classification of them is for the present out of the question, since Dr. Harper's book has only reached the second volume, while the information supplied by Bezold's catalogue is of the vaguest possible character and often mislead- ing. To this is added the further difficulty, that many of those already published are as yet very obscure. In fact, no proper classification can be carried out until a much larger number of the letters has been published, and a complete concordance pre- pared of the names of persons and places occurring in them. The excellent plan adopted by Dr. Harper, of grouping the let- ters under the names of the writers, will do much to facilitate this work. When we consider the unbounded enthusiasm with which every fragment of an ancient Greek or Roman inscription is received, and remember that in these letters we possess hun- dreds of original contemporary documents whose authenticity is beyond all question, their value to all students of Assyro-Baby- lonian life and history is not easily over-estimated. Thus, to select a few examples, the proclamation of Sardana- pallus, published in IV R^ 45, no. 1, is an urgent appeal to the Babylonians to hold aloof from the threatened revolt of his brother Samas-sum-ukin, — a revolt w^hich, when it took place, shook the Assyrian empire to its foundation .and led the way to its ultimate downfall.' The text K 13 (IV R' 45, no. 2) furnishes valuable details in regard to the events which resulted in the invasion of Elam and the sacking of Susa, described in that por- tion of the annals of Sardanapallus recording the eighth cam- paign of that monarch ; while the dispatch K 10 (Pinches' Texts, p. 6), proceeding from the same writer, affords an insight into the distracted state of the unhappy land of Elam, which, weak- ened by internal factional contests, fell an easy prey to the Assyrian arms. The letters of the old courtier Ramman-sum-u9ur afford a glimpse into the manners and customs of the Assyrian court in the days of the Sargonides, and two of them especially, K 183'' and K 595 (Harper, no. 6), are models of courtly style. In the former he complains that, owing to the machinations of powerful 1 See JAOS. xv. pp. 311-316 ; Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, No. 106, p. 108 (June, 1893). 2 Cf. Beitr. zur Assyr., i. p. 617 if. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 131 enemies, hia son had failed to obtain a position at court, to which, it would seem, his birth entitled him, and, with the utmost tact, appeals to the king to remedy the injustice done him ; the latter letter, apparently in reply to a familiar and kindly communica- tion from the king, contains two distinct plays upon words, by ringing the changes upon which the writer conveys a series of eompliments to his royal master. In the text K 629 (Harper, no. 65), the priest Nabli-sum-iddina outlines the program of a religious ceremony, accompanied by a procession, to be held in honor of the god Nabli at Calah, in which he proposes to take part, and concludes with a prayer for the welfare of "the prince, my lord," to whom the letter is addressed. Letters from priests, indeed, are very numerous, and usually contain answers to requests for information concerning omens, lucky or unlucky days, charms, and similar matters. It is clear, not only from the letters but also from the other branches of Assyrian literature, that it was the custom of the king to con- sult the will of the gods in all his undertakings, and the picture in the Book of Daniel of King Nebuchadnezzar calling in the aid of his magicians and soothsayers is by no means overdrawn. Quite a number of the letters proceed from physicians. In one (S 1064), we find the physician Arad-Nana applying a bandage in a case of ophthalmia or of facial erysipelas ; in K 6 1 9 he recommends plugging the anterior nares in a case of epistaxis ; ^ and in K b1^ he advises the king to anoint himself, to drink only pure water, and to wash his hands frequently in a bowl. From the letter K 81 we learn that when the Assyrian general Kudurru lay ill at Erech, the king sent him his own physician Iqtsa-aplu, by whose efforts he was so fortunate as to be restored to health.^ In spite of the very complete system of laws evidenced by the contract tablets, we find petitions complaining of the subversion of justice to private ends; but too much stress should not be laid upon this. All such petitions are ex parte statements, and few men who lose a case at law, even at the present day, acquiesce entirely in the justice of the decision. So many sculptures have been found representing Assyrian kings riding in chariots drawn by spirited steeds that it is inter- esting to find a number of dispatches reporting the arrival of horses for the use of the king, his household, or his ofticers; and not less interesting to learn that the most highly prized breeds of these animals were the Ethiopian and the Median, both famous among other nations of antiquity as well.^ These few examples will give some idea of the contents of the letters, and of what we may expect to learn from them when a sufficient amount of material has been made available. The 1 See below, no. 14, S 1064. 2 See Beitr. zur Assyr. , i. p. 198 ff . 2 See Beitr. zur Assyr., i. pp. 202-212 ; ii. pp. 44-55. 132 Christopher Johnston^ [1897. study, however, is by no means an easy one. These texts, vary- ing in length from six or seven to sixty or seventy lines, proceed from a great variety of writers of different stations in life, and come from every part of the great Assyrian Empire. In the case of many of them we are at a loss to understand the affairs to w^hich they refer, since they were composed under circumstances of which we have no knowledge. Events well known both to the writer and to his correspondent are frequently alluded to in such a way as to give but a slight hint, or none at all, as to their real significance. And this is to be expected, for a letter of the pres- ent day might well be totally unintelligible to one unacquainted with the writer and the person to wliom it is addressed. Dialectic peculiarities are to be expected ; but here great cau- tion must be used, since no safe conclusions can be formed upon this head with the rather scanty materials at present available. Above all, it must be borne in mind that these letters are not com- posed in the classical language of the historical inscriptions and the poetical texts, but in the colloquial speech of Assyria and Babylonia at the time of the Sargonides, differing from the clas- sical language in somewhat the same way as Cicero's letters from his orations. Much, of course, depends upon the subject matter and the personality of the writer. The soldier, the priest, the physician, the astrologer, has each his technical terms and his peculiar forms of expression. But even in the most elevated epistolary style the language differs considerably from that of the historical texts. Words and forms abound which are only to be met with in this branch of cuneiform literature, and the long and flowing periods of the classical texts are here replaced by terser forms of speech. The syntactical construction is less rigid, while the employment of shorter sentences, and the frequent use of the particles, especially of the enclitic m, renders the style more vivid and lively. Individual dift'erences of style occur as a matter of course ; the styles of the courtier Ramman-sum U9ur and of the soldier Bel-ibni distinctly reflect the habits and pursuits of the writers. As stated above, the Tel el-Amarna letters are not here in- cluded under the head of Assyrian letters, a term until quite recently restricted by usage to the letters of the Sargonide per- iod, but are treated as a special branch of cuneiform literature. They are, however, so interesting and throw so much light upon a very obscure historical period that, although not coming strictly within the scope of this paper, some brief account of them would seem to be called for. Amenophis III., of the 18th dynasty (reigned UlS-lSTY b. c), married, as has long been known from the Egyptian monuments, a Mesopotamian princess named Tii or Thi, by whom he became the father of his successor Amenophis IV. (reigned 1376-1364 B. c). The latter, who reigned only about twelve years, seceded from the natio)ial worship of Amen, and endeavored to substitute for it that of Aten, or the solar disk. His efforts were, however. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 133 frustrated by the vigorous opposition of the priesthood, and he retired to a place on the Nile, about a hundred and eiglity miles above Memphis, where he built an entirely new temple, palace, and town. It was in the ruins of this palace, near the modern village of Tel el-Araarna, that these invaluable tablets were found in 1887-88. Th<3y consist of letters and dispatches addressed to Amenophis III., and to his son and successor Amenophis IV., by Asiatic monarchs, — among them Burnaburias, King of Babylon, and Asur-uballit, King of Assyria, both previously known from the cuneiform inscriptions, — and by Egyptian prefects and gov- ernors of a large number of towns in Syria and Phoenicia. All these are written in a variety of the cuneiform script intermediate between the old linear and the later cursive form, but bearing a closer affinity to the Assyrian than to the Babylonian style of writing. The language employed is, except in case of two letters, Assyrian, but, as in the letters of a later period, it differs considera- bly from that of the historical inscriptions. The dispatches from Syria and Phoenicia, moreover, exhibit a number of peculiarities due to the influence of Canaanite environment, and in isome cases genuine Canaanite words are added as explanatory glosses to Assyrian phrases.^ One of the letters is composed in the lan- guage of Mitani, and another in that of Ar§api, of which no speci- mens had previously been discovered. The letters from the more distant Asiatic princes are uniformly friendly in tone, and refer to treaties with Egypt, to mutual alliances by marriage, to commercial relations, and to the inter- change of gifts. With the close, apparently, of the reign of Amenophis III. begins a series of letters and dispatches from Syria and Phoenicia indicating the decadence of the Egyptian power in those countries. Revolt after revolt is reported, and the aid of more troops is constantly demanded. The cities are all falling away from the king ; the friends of Egypt are \qw and weak, and surrounded by powerful enemies ; unless promptly sup- ported by strong reinforcements they can no longer hold out, and the whole country must soon be lost to the Egyptian monarch. Most of these tablets are to be referred to the troubled reign of Amenophis IV., who, weakened by his unsuccessful contest with the priesthood of the old religion, was unable to keep in subjec- tion his Syrian vassals, while the latter were prompt to take advantage of his weakness in order to achieve their independence. It is a most interesting fact that five of these letters are from Jerusalem, which thus appears as a city of importance even in the days before the Exodus. An excellent translation of the Jerusalem letters is given by Dr. H. Zimmern in the Zeitschrift JUr Assyriologie^ vi. pp. 245-263. ^ See Zimmern, Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, vi. p. 154; and of. The Tel el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum, 1892, pp. xiii, xiv, of the Introduction, from which the facts given above are chiefly derived. 134 Christopher Johnston, [1897- The Tel el-Amarna letters have attracted so much attention^ and so much has been written about them (see the excellent bib- liography appended to the British Museum edition), that further discussion is unnecessary in a paper not specially devoted to the subject. The field, however, is by no means exhausted. While the general contents of these valuable and interesting documents is pretty well known, only a comparatively small number of them has as yet been translated in a satisfactory manner, and the recent discovery of a cuneiform tablet of the same period at Tel el- Hesy, the site of the ancient Lachish,^ gives fair promise that at no distant day the treasure may receive material additions. In the following section, twenty selected letters are presented in transliteration, with translations and explanatory introductions. Seven of them, viz. Nos. 1, 2 (11. 1-13), 4, 5, 6, 14, and 16, have already been translated, as will be found noted in each case ; but they are here newly treated, and the present translations are offered as substitutes for those which have previously appeared. The rest are here translated for the first time. In all cases the writer has endeavored to render the Assyrian texts into intelligi- ble English, without, how^ever, departing from the sense and spirit of the original. The accompanying transliterations are an attempt to embody the views of the writer as to the grammatical reconstruction of the Assyrian text ; such explanations as may seem necessary will be given in the philological notes in Part II., w4iich will also contain syllabic transliterations and literal translations. Part I. has been prepared with special reference to non-Assy- riologists, and therefore all matter of an exclusively technical nature has been reserved for Part 11. PART I. Selected Letters, Transliterated and Translated. 1. K 5U. Among the numerous Assyrian and Babylonian letters which have been preserved, none are more interesting than those of a certain Bel-ibnl. Rich in historical allusions, they cast a most valuable side-light upon the actors and events of an important period, and furnish many suggestive details. Seven of these letters have already been published, and, in the preface to the second part of his Assyrian and Babylonian Letters of the K Collection, Prof. R. F. Harper promises to edit the whole series ^ See Recueil des Travaux, xv. p. 137 ; Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Jan. 1893, pp. 25 ff. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 135 in the third part of that valuable work/ Three letters from King Sardanapallus to Bel-ibnt have also been published with transliter- ation, translation, and commentary, and his name is mentioned in a number of other letters of the period. Bel-ibnt was a man of high rank, a general in the armies of Sardanapallus, and served with distinction during the revolt of Sumas-sum-ukin and in the campaigns against Elam and the war-like Chaldeans of Southern Babylonia. As to his birth and family relations, we have little information. He had, however, a brother, Belsunu, and a nephew, his sister's son, Musezib-Mar- duk. The nephew held a high military command under Bel-ibn! ; Belsunu, seized by Nabti-bel-sumate at the time of his revolt, wa^ thrown into prison, loaded with chains, and held in captivity for a considerable period — an injury which goes far to account for the implacable animosity exhibited by Bel-ibni towards the Chaldean prince. Bel-ibni himself, according to a proclamation of the King to the people of the Gulf District, held the rank of manzaz pcini, a dignity reserved for the most exalted nobility and the highest officers of state, the possessors of which, as the name implies, enjoyed the right of access to the royal presence and of a place near the King's person on all occasions of cere- mony. All the letters which passed between the King and Bel-ibni are marked, says Prof, Delitzsch (B. A., i. p. 234), by the most cor- dial good feeling. Those addressed by the monarch to his gen- eral may be called almost affectionate in tone, and in one instance, when it seemed necessary to administer a reproof for an apparent disregard of instructions, the sting is removed by a prompt for- giveness and an expression of the utmost confidence. A transla- tion of this letter by the present writer will be found in Jour. Amer. Orient. Soc, xv. pp. 313, 314. The letters of Bel-ibni to his sovereign, while exhibiting all the respect due to the royal station and preserving all the forms of Oriental etiquette, are yet characterized by a certain soldier-like frankness and directness of speech ; and stamp the writer as a man earnest and capable in the discharge of his duties, self-reliant and thoroughly practical in all emergencies, and conscious that he both enjoyed and deserved the confidence of his friend and master. In the year 652 b. c. (Tide, Bahyl. Assyr. Geschichfe, p. 377), Kudurru, Governor of Erech, reports to the King that he has received a message from Sin-tabnl-u9ur, Governor of Ur, stating that he has been summoned by Samas-sum-ukin, King of Baby- lon and brother of Sardanapallus, to join in his revolt against Assyria, and praying earnestly for reinforcements, which he (Kudurru) has forthwith despatched (K 5457). In this letter Bel-ibnt is mentioned, but it is impossible to make out the con- ^ The third volume, just issued, contains seven letters of Bel-ibni, including a new one (K 597), hitherto unpublished. Harper has failed to see that K 1350 and K 1374 (see below, p. 136) belong to the same group. 136 Christopher Johnston, [1897. text owing to the mutilation of the tablet. The text is published in Winckler's Sammlung vo7i Keilschrifttexten^ ii. p. 55. In the year 650 b. c. (Tiele, op. cit., p. 381), Bel-ibni was appointed governor of the Mat l.dmtV\ the district lying along the Persian Gulf (K 812 ; S. A. Smith, Asurb., ii. p. 49), and in the same year writes to the King that he has forwarded to the Assyrian court Tammaritu, the fugitive King of Elam, recently deposed by Indabigas, together with his family and adherents who shared his flight (K 599 ; Smith, Asurb., p. 196). In the letter K 5062 (Winckler, op. clt., ii. p. 69), which is unfortunately so mutilated as to yield no connected sense, he mentions Tammaritu (obv. 11. 15, 17, 27, 30) and Nabti-bel-sumate (obv. 1. 31). The text K 1250 (Winckler, op. cit., ii. p. 59) is badly mutilated at the beginning and end, and the name of the writer is broken away ; its matter and style, however, together with a number of peculiar forms of expression, stamp it unmis- takably as the composition of Bel-ibni. A comparison of this text with K 13 leaves no doubt upon the subject.^ "Before the troops of the lord of kings, my lord," he writes, '* terror has entered (into Elam) like a ravaging disease " (11. 8-10). " When the troops of the lord of kings, my lord, enter Dtir-ili they shall seize that vile wretch, accursed of the gods, Kabli-bel-snmate, and the villains who are with him, give them to the lord of kings, my lord, release all the Assyrians he holds captive, and send him to the lord of kings, my lord. When that vile wretch, accursed of the gods, Nabli-bel-sumate, revolted some four years ago, he bound with fetters, hand (literally 'side') and foot, Belsunu, my eldest brother, a servant of the lord of kings, my lord, (and) cast him into prison" (11. 11-25). A Belsunu, Governor of Khindana, was eponym about the year 648 b. c. (Tiele, p. 389), but whether he was the brother of Bel-ibni is uncertain. If the revolt of Nabti-bel-sumate be cor- rectty placed in 651 b. c. (Tiele, p. 381), this letter must have been written in the year 647. Like the preceding text, K 1374 (Winckler's Sammlung von Keilschrifttexten, ii. pp. 20, 21) is badly mutilated, and the name of the writer is broken oif. But a comparison of what remains of the introduction with other letters of Bel-ibni clearly shows that this text proceeds from the same writer. We find also (obv. 11. 1, 8 ; rev. 11. 15, 18, 20, 21, 25) the king referred to as "lord of kings, my lord," an expression peculiar to the style of Bel-ibni. He states (obv. 11. 17, 18) that all Elam has revolted against King Ummakhaldas (Ummanaldas);^ mentions, among other persons, Umkhuluma (rev. 1. 3) and Nab d-bel-su mate (rev. 1. 6); 1 Compare, e. g. K 1250, 8-10 with K 13, 16-18 ; K 1250, 11-16 with K 18, 41-43. Note also the epithet sikipti Bel applied to Nabu-bel-sumate, K 1250, 14, 22-8; K 13, 39, and the use of the expression hel sarrdni, heliia, which characterizes all the letters of Bel-ibni. ■^ This may refer to the rebellion of Umbakhabu'a mentioned Asurb., V. 16-17. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 13*7 and refers to the messengers of Samas-sum-iikin, the rebellious brother of Sardanapallus (rev. 1. 7). Towards the close of the letter (rev. 11. \1 ff.) he complains that though he has several times applied for horses, which are very much needed, he has been unable to obtain them. The following letter from Bel-ibnt to the king (K 524) is pub- lished, with transliteration, translation, and commentary, in S. A. Smith's Keilschrifttexte Asurbanipals, ii. pp. 54-58, to which are appended additional notes and corrections by Pinches (pp. 78-78), and by Strassmaier (pp. 87-88). Those points in which the trans- lation offered below differs from that of Smith and his learned collaborators will be noticed in the philological notes. The account given of the dealings of Nadan with Nabli-bel- sumate, and the recommendation of summary punishment in case of any attempt to continue the intercourse, would seem to indi- cate that the revolt of the Chaldean prince had already been effected; while the flight from Elam of Suma, the nephew of Tammaritu, points to the brief reign of Indabigas. It is probable that Suma, unable, perhaps on account of the illness referred to in the letter, to accompany his uncle when the latter, deposed by Indabigas, escaped to Babylonia, made his way to the border as best he could, and was received by Bel-ibni as related in the let- ter, which, if this conjecture be correct, should be referred to the year 650 b. c. The text may be translated as follows : TRANSLATION. To the lord of kings, my lord, thy servant Bel-ibni ! May Asur, §amas, and Marduk decree length of days, health of mind and body, for the lord of kings, my lord ! Suma, the son of Sum-iddina, son of Grakhal — son of Tammaritu's sister — fleeing from Elam, reached the (country of the) Dakkha. I took him under my protection and transferred him from the Dakkha (hither). He is ill. As soon as he completely recovers his health, I shall send him to the king, my lord. A messenger has come to him (with the news) that Nadan and the Pukudeans of Til. . . .^ had a meeting with Nabu-bel-sumate at the city of Targibati, and they took a mutual oath to this effect : "According to agreement we shall send you whatever news we may hear." To bind the bargain(?) they purchased from him fifty head of cattle, and also said to him : " Our sheep shall come and graze in the pasture(?), among the Ubanateans, in order that you may have confidence in us." Now (I should advise that) a messenger of my lord the king come, and give Nadan plainly to understand as follows : If thou sendest anything to Elam for sale, or if a single sheep gets over to the Elamite pasture (?), I will not let thee live." The king my lord may thoroughly rely upon my report. ^ Apparently a compound name like Til-Khumba ; cf. Delitzsch, Paradies, pp. 323, 325. 138 Christopher Johnston^ [1897, , ACCENTED TRANSLITERATION. ^Ana bel sarrdni beliia ^arduJca Bel-ibni ! ^Asur, SamaSy u Marduh ^ardku ume tHh libhV' u Mb stri sa bel sarrdni '^beliia liqbiX ! Sumd ''mdrusu sa Sam-iddina, mar Gaxal — ^mdr axdtisu sa Tammariti — ^ultu mdt Elamti ki ^"^ixliqu adt Daxxd ^Httalka, Ultii Daxxa* ^'^qdtsu ki aghata, ^^ultebirdsu. Marug. ^*Adi zimesu maid ^^igdbaiu, anasarri ^^beliia asapa- rdsu. " Apil sipri ibdsu sa Naddn ^^u Paqddu, (Rev.) ^°saina dl Til[ ], ^"ana pdn JVabd-bel-sumdte "^'ana dl Targibdti ittalkd. ^^/Sumu ill ana axdmes ^hdteld, umma : " ICi adt '^^Umii mala nisemil, '^^nisapardka.'^'* U^ ana "^^idatlXtu^ alpe l ku "a;^a kasp i ina qdtisuL itabkilni. "^^ IT iqtabilni-su umma : "^^'^ Immereni lilli' k-dm-ma, ^^ina libbi . °"* Ubd'dnat ^Hna sddu likuM, ina libbi ^"^ana m,iixxini tardxug,^ ^^Ennd ! Apil sipri sa sarri beliia ^^lillikd-ma, ina birit ^Hni sa Naddn Mmandid ^^umma : ^^ Ki manma ana maxiri ^'' ana mdt Elamti taltapra^ ^^u isten immeru ^^ana sddu sa mdt Elamti *Hpterku, (Edge) ^'^ul uballatka.''^ Dibbe ka'dmdniltu ^'^ana sarri beliia altapra. 2. K IS. This letter is published in Assyrian transcription in the first edition of The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, vol. iv (pi. 52, no. 2), and in the original cursive Babylonian character in the second edition of that work (pi. 45, no. 2). Lines 1-13 are published with transliteration and translation in George Smith's History of Assurbanipal, pp. 197 ff. The situation would seem to have been as follows : Tammaritu,. king of Elam, having been dethroned in the j^ear 650 b. c. by Indabigas, who made himself king in his stead, made his escape to the coast of the Persian Gulf, accompanied by his family and adherents, among whom were included many high officers of state. Embarking there, he reached the Babylonian shore, whence tiie whole party was forwarded to the Assyrian court by Bel-ibni, who had been recently appointed governor of the Gulf District. (See above, p. 137.) On being admitted to an audience with the Assy- rian monarch, Tammaritu humiliated hiniself before him, and besought his aid in recovering liis lost kingdom. (Tiele, pp. 380, 381.) In the meantime Nabtl-bel-sumate, grandson of the Ch.il- dean king of Babylon, Merodach-baladan, had thrown off the authority of Assyria and withdrawn to Elam, taking with him as Yol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 139 captives certain Assyrians who had been detailed, ostensibly to aid in the defense of his dominions, but in reality, doubtless, to protect Assyrian interests there. Sardanapallus demanded the release of the prisoners and the surrender of Nabti-bel-sumate, the perpetrator of the outrage, threatening, in case of a refusal to comply with his demand, to invade Elam, depose Indabigas, and place Tammaritu on the throne. Before this message reached its destination, however, the Elamite monarch had been deposed by a revolution, and Ummanaldas made king in his stead (Asurb., iv. 114, 115 ; Cyl. B. vii. 71-87; Cyl. C. vii. 88-115 ; K. B., ii. pp. 266 ff.). The latter would seem, according to our report (11. 23-31), to have been inclined to accept the terms of the king of Assyria, but to have lacked the power. Elam was accordingly invaded, and Ummanaldas, unable to make eifective resistance, abandoned his capital, Madaktu, and took refuge in the moun- tains, leaving the way clear for his rival Tammaritu, who was, with little or no resistance, established on the throne as a vassal of Assyria (Asurb., iv. 110-v. 22). But the new king, proving ungrateful and rebellious, was soon deposed ; Elam was again invaded ; and the troops of Sardanapallus, after ravaging the country, returned home laden with spoil (Asurb., v. 23-62). Ummanaldas now quietly resumed his kingdom, but was not long allowed to remain undisturbed. Sardanapallus again made preparation for an invasion, and Ummanaldas, on the approach of the invading forces, once more left Madaktu, and endeavored to make head against his enemies in the regions beyond the river Id'id'e (Asurb., v. 66-75). It is to this juncture of affairs that the report refers. It may be translated as follows : Translation. To the lord of kings, my lord, thy servant Bel-ibni ! May Asur, Samas, and Marduk grant health of mind and body, long life, and a lengthy reign to the lord of kings, my lord ! The news from Elam is as follows : Ummakhaldas, the former king, who fled, but returned again and seated himself upon the throne, has become alarmed and left the city of Madaktu. His mother, his wife, his sons, and all his family having removed, he crossed the river Ulaeus, and went southward (?) to Talakh. The Ndgir Ummansimas, Undadu the Zilliru, and all his partisans have gone in the direction of Sukha- risungur, now saying : " We will dwell in the Khukhan country," and now again "in Kha'adalu.''^ All these parts are in terror ; for the troops of the lord of kings, my lord, have brought panic into Elam, and spread abroad calamity like a plague. When need came upon their land, the whole country fell away from their side. All the Dakkhadeans and the Sallukkeans are in ' In their irresolution they were unable to form a decided and consist- ent plan. 140 Christopher Johnston, [1897. a state of revolt, saying : "Why did ye slay Umkhuluma ?" When Ummakhaldas entered Madaktu, calling together all his partisans, he upbraided them as follows : " Bid I not say to you before I fled that I wished to seize Nabu-bel-sumate and give him up to the king of Assyria, in order that he might not send his troops against us ? You heard me, and can bear witness to my words." Now, if it please the lord of kings, my lord, let me (privately) convey the royal signet to Ummakhaldas, with reference to the capture of Nabu-bel-sumate. I shall send it to Ummakhaldas as a guarantee (?). If my lord the king should think. They are ... I shall send my message to them for a guarantee (?), (I would suggest that) when the royal messenger reaches them accompanied by an escort of troops, that accursed scoundrel Nabu-bel-sumate will hear of it, and, paying a ransom to the nobles, will buy himself off. If the gods of the lord of kings, my lord, would only bestir themselves, they would catch him with his bow unstrung, and send him to the lord of kings, my lord' They collect all the tax corn (?) in Elam, and, putting it in charge of the sarnuppu} they live on it. As long as Umkhuluma was alive, Nabu-bel-sumate, on receiving his share, would lavish it upon his par- tisans. This tax corn (?), in charge of the sarniippu, they levy from Talakh as far as Rade, and throughout the country of Salluk. Now, Nabu-bel-sumate, and Niskhur-bel, his major-domo, whenever they catch a. sarnnppu, seize him, saying: "Whenever you applied to Umkhu- luma for our provisions, he used to give them to you. You have slain the people of our house with famine. You shall straightway restore to us our stolen provisions, at the rate of ten bar for one qa." (?) They withhold it from Ummakhaldas, and, though he has applied (?) for it repeatedly, he cannot get it from them. Whenever I hear anything which the lord of kings, my lord, would wish to hear, The few remaining lines are too badly inutilated for translation. ACCENTED TRANSLITERATIOX. ^[Ana bel sarrdm, beU]ia, arduka Bel-ibni ! \ Astir, jSamas, u Marduk] tUbi libbi, i{(Xbi siri, \ardku l)>me\y labdr pale ana bel sarrdni, ^beliia, liqislX! Temu sa mdt Elamti: ^ Ummaxalddsu, sarru maxriX sa ixliqa HtiZrd-ma ina kussi ilsibuy ''hi iplaxu, dl MaddJcti undeser. ^ Ummiisu, assatsu, md- resu, u qinndsu gabbi ^ki ikfuisUy ndr UWa, ana supdl sdrii, ^°etebir, ana dl Talax ittalka. Ndgiru " TImmansimas, Undadu zilliru, ^^u bel tdbdtesu, mala ibdstl, ^^ittalkd pdnisunu ana dl Suxarisungur ^^sakntl. IqdbH ummaki: ^^ Ina Xuxdn^'' ^^u kt *' Ina dl Xa^dddlu nussab.'''' 1 An Elamite official title. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 141 ^^Agd gahbi ina puluxti^ sa emilqu sa hel ^''sarrdni beliia mat Elamti Mma deH xurruru ^^marusti iparriX^ puluxti ulte- ribiX ; 'X itti sunqu ina mdtisunu ittaskiri, ^°mdtsunu gahbi ina kutallisunu mussurat. "^^DaxxadVlX^d, Sallukki'd gahhi "^""sixOb suwCbtu^ umma : ^^ Mindrma Umxulumd^ ^^tadHkd?'' tfmu sa TJmmaxalddsu ana dl Maddktu "^^erubu, hel tdhdtesu gahhi k% upaxxir^ '^^dini ittisunu iddehuh, ummai '^^''^JJlagWa amdt sa, adi Id axdliqu, ^'' aqhdkunHsu, umma : " N'ahil-hel-sumdte ^Hughat-ma, ana sar mdt Assur luddin, ^^emiXqesu ana muxxini Id isdparf — ^"^ Ta(^)tasmdHnni, ina muxxi amdtia ^Hattasizza' .'''* Ennd ! kt ^^pdn hel sarrdni, heliia, maxru, unqu sarri ^^ana muxxi Qahdta NahU-hel-sumdte ^^ana pdn TJmmaxalddsu lusehilmii-yna. ^^Andku pasirdti ana Ummaxalddsu ^Husehilsu. Nindema sarru heliia iqdbi umma: ^'' '^ Sunu tullummdhi : sipirtd pasirdti *^ana pdnisunu asdpar.^^ Ki apil sipri sa sarri beliia, ina qdt dikitu, *^ana pdnisunu ittalka, sikipti Bel NabU-hel-sumdte ^°isemi-ma, tapsuru ana rubesu igdmar-ma, ^Wdmdnsu itter. Nindema ildni sa hel sarrdni, beliia, ^"^ippusU-ma, ina qasti ramiti i^ahatlX-ma, ana ^^bel sarrdni, beliia, isdparllni-su. Se* sibsi **sa mdt Elamti gahbi upaxxarU-ma, ana pardsu *'°sa sarnuppu inamdinil ina libbi baltd. *^ Ultu TTmxuluma' baltu, NablX-hel-sumdte, ^''hdhsu ki i^batu, ana hel tdhdtesu iddur. ^^Se^ agd sa sibsi, pardsu sa sarnuppu, '^^ultu dl Talax adi dl Rade u ^° SallukkV d gahbi ittana^sU. ^^Ennd I Sarnuppi gahbi ki ilmUni, ^"^ NabiX-hel-sumdte u Nisxur-Bel rah bitisu ^^i^abtH, umma : ''Ana muxxi kurummdtini ana " Umxalumd^ kt tuseHdd, kurummd- tani ^^iddanakun-dsu ; Nise bitini ina hiXhdtd ^^tadUkd. Ennd ! ana i. qa. a. an. x. bar. a. an. ^''kuriXmdtani sa masd^ tamdxa- rdni-ma ^^tanamdindndsu^'' Itti Ummaxalddsu ^^usazzHsu ; ii- su iii-su ki use'idus, ^°i)ia qdtisunu ul itersu. Ki amdt sa ana pibiltu "hel sarrdni, beliia, axtassu, ul Mr- biku-ma ""^ ul usasmU. Kalhi rdHmu " mala tallaka ana ekalli " hel sarrdni, heliia ana " Id isdkan. The fate of Nabli-bel-sumate is known to us from the historical inscriptions. Shortly after the events narrated above, Elam was overrun by the Assyrian troops, its ancient capital Susa was cap- tured and sacked, and, driven at length to despair, the gallant Chaldean and his armor-bearer slew each other to avoid falling alive into the hands of the implacable Assyrian monarch. Ummanaldas, who had taken refuge in the mountains, sent the 142 Christopher Johnston, [1897. body of the rebel to Sardanapallus, who satisfied his vengeance by heaping insults upon the corpse of his life-long enemy (Asurb.j vii. 16-50). Thus ended the line of Merodach-baladan, which for three generations had offered a stubborn resistance to the might of the Assyrian empire. KIO. Bel-ibni's nephew Mus^zib-Marduk seems to have been regarded with special favor by King Sardanapallus, and, though nowhere qualified as manzaz pdni, had, as we are informed in a letter from the king to his general, always been honored with ready admission to the monarch's presence {JB. A., i. p. 236, 11. 7, 8). Kudurru, the loyal governor of Erech, thus refers to him in a let- ter to the king : " Musezib-Marduk, sister's son of Bel-ibnt, who has several times presented himself before my lord the king on errands of Bel-ibnl, has been entrusted with (this affair) by Bel- ibnt The officers in charge of the gates inform him that these people are not well disposed towards my lord's house, and that it will not be well to let them come over here. They will give information to Elam in regard to the country of my lord the king ; and in case a famine should occur in Elam, will supply provisions there " (K 1066, Winckler's Sammlung von Keilschrift- texten, ii. p. 38, 11. 20-30). Unfortunately, the name of the people about whom Musezib-Marduk thus reports is broken away, but they must have been a tribe living on Elamite territory near the Assyrian border. The following letter, K 10, is published in Pinches' Texts in the Babylonian Wedge- Writing, p. 6, and contains a report from Bel-ibnl to the king concerning a successful raid into Elam under command of Musezib-Marduk.^ Lines 15-25 of the reverse, con- veying the latest news received from Elam, are published with transliteration and translation in George Smith's History of Assurbanipal, p. 248. Smith (p. 254) was inclined to identifj?- Ummanigas son of Amedirra with Ummanigas son of Umba- dara, whose statue was conveyed to Assyria by Sardanapallus at the time of the sacking of Susa {Asurb., vi. 52); but this is hardly possible. The royal images removed from Susa would seem rather to have been those of the more ancient kings of Elam, and it is much more likely that Ummanigas son of Umba- dara was the monarch who, according to the Babylonian Chroni- cle (i. 9), ascended the throne in the year 742 b. c. Tide's conjecture [Babyl.-Assyr. Geschichte, p. 399, n. 1) is much more probable. After the overthrow of Elam and the sacking of Susa, Ummanaldas continued for some time to rule ^ Cf. Delitzsch, Kossder, p. 46. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 143 over his shattered kingdom, until finally, overthrown by a revolu- tion, he was captured by the successful rebels, sent to Assyi-ia, and handed over to Sardanapallus, who treated him in a most humiliating manner. Along with other captive princes, he was harnessed to a car, and forced to draw it through the streets of Nineveh in the triumphal procession of his conqueror {Asurb., x. 6 ff.)' This revolution, so disastrous for the unfortunate Umma- naldas, Tiele is inclined to identify with the revolt of Ummani- gas son of Amedirra, mentioned in the present text. It is entirely possible, however, that some other rebellion, not men- tioned in the historical inscriptions, is here recorded. The text may be translated as follows : TRANSLATION. To the lord of kings, my lord, thy servant Bel-ibni ! May Asur, Samas, and Marduk bestow health of mind, health of body, length of days, long years of reign, upon the lord of kings, the king of the world, my lord ! When I left the Grulf District, I sent five hundred soldiers, servants of my lord the king, to the city of Sabdanu, with these orders : " Estab- lish a post (?) in Sabdanu, and make raids into Elam ; slay and take prisoners !" When they reached the city of Irgidu, a city lying two leagues this side of Susa, they slew Ammaladin,i Prince of lasi'an,^ his two brothers, three of his uncles, two of his nephews, Dalan son of Adiadi'a, and two hundred free-born citizens— they had a long journey before them — and made one hundred and fifty prisoners. The authori- ties of Lakhiru and the people of Nugu', when they saw that my troops had got to their rear, becoming alarmed, sent a message, and entered into terms with Musezib-Marduk, my sister's son, a servant of my lord the king, whom I had placed in command of the post (?), say- ing : "We will become subjects of the king of Assyria." So, assem- bling all their force, they marched with Musezib-Marduk into Elam ^ They bring (?) the following report from Elam. Ummani- gas son of Amedirra has revolted against Ummakhaldas. From the river Khudkhud as far as the city of Kha'adanu the people have sided with him. Ummakhaldas has assembled his forces, and now they are encamped opposite each other on the banks of the river. Iqisa-aplu, whom I have sent to the palace, is well informed about them. Let him be questioned at the palace. ^ This name recalls Ammuladi(n), sheikh of the Kedarenes, who was conquered by Sardanapallus in his campaign against Arabia {Asurb. , viii. 15). ^ For the name of this district, cf . Delitzsch, Kossder, p. 47, n. 1. In the Prism-inscription of Sennacherib (col. v. 1, 32), the region is called las^an, Assyrian s representing foreign s. 2 The text is here too badly mutilated for translation. 144 Christopher Johriston, [1897. ACCENTED TRANSLITERATION. ^Ana hel sarrdni, heliia, ardiika ^ Bel-ihnt ! Asur, jSamas, u Marduk tUbi libhi, ^Mbi siri, ardku lime, u lahdr *pale ana hel sarrdni, sar mdtdii, heliia HiqiM ! tfmu sa ultu mdt Tdrnti"' ^u^a' vc pd^e, arddni sa sarri heliia, ''ana dl Qahddnu altapra, umma : ® " Kddu ina dl Qahddnu ug,rd, u ^tihdnu ina mdt Elamti tehd\ ^'^dtkti diXkd u xuhtu ^^xuhtdnu^ Ana miixxi dl Irgidu — ^"^dlu M ii kashu qaqqar ana axU agd "sd dl /Susan — ki ithH, Ammaladin ^^nastku sa IdsVdn, ii axesu, "hi axe ahisu, ii mdre axisu, Daldn ^^mdr Adiadfa, u iic mdre-han'dti ^^sa dli idHkll — qaqqar ina pdnisunu ^^riXqu — xuhte CL ^^ixtahtlXni, Nasikdti ^°sd dl Laxiru u NuglX\ "^^ulttt onuxxi sa etnurH-ma ^'^xiidldniia ana axisunu ^^ullt ittemhiX "^^ki iplaxi), pisuniL ^^idddnilnu, ade itti (Rev.) ^Musezih- Mar- duk mdr axtdiia, ardu sa [sarril '^heliia, sa ina muxxi kd[du] *apqidic, ip^aht'Ct icmma : " Ard[dni~\ *sa sar mdt Assur antni.''^ qastasunu ^mala ihds4 ki idkiX, ^ itti Musezih- Marduk .... a-ni, Hna mdt Elamti it[b'dni'] u, ^qdtsmiit ana lih[hi ] Mm-sunu ^ittadll tisunu, ^°sa ina qdt Iqisa-aplu ..... \Mttsezih\ Marduk, ^^ardu sa sarri heli[ia ~\ni ^"^ina muxxi kd[du] ^^iqriddnu ti, ^"^sa usehil'd[m (?)ana sa7*ri heliia{?)al]tapra. ^^Temu sa mdt Elamti iqd{?)h'd-ma ^^umma: — TImma7%igas apil Amedirra ^''sixu ana muxxi Ummaxalddsu ^^etepus, Ultu ndr Xudxud ^^adi dl Xa^dddnu ittisu ^°ittasizztt. Ummaxalddsu, ^^emtlqesu kt upaxxir, ^^adU ina muxxi ndri ana targi ^^axames nadlX. Iqisa-aplu, ^*sa ana Ekalli aspura, tensunu ^^xari^. Ina ekalli lis^alsu. 4. E: 528. Urtaku, King of Elam, who ascended the throne in the year 675 B. c, maintained friendly relations with Assyria during the lifetime of Esarhaddon ; and the latter's son and successor, Sarda- napallus, endeavored to preserve this state of affairs. When a famine broke out in Elam, the Assyrian monarch sent grain for the relief of the distressed people, protected those Elamites who had taken refuge on Assyrian territory, and restored them to their country when the long drought was over and the land was once more productive (K. B., ii. p. 244). But Chaldean influence, ever hostile to Assyria, had become powerful at the court of Susa. Vol. xviii.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 145 Urtaku allowed himself to be swayed by it, and, apparently with- out warning, marched against Babylon. Sardanapallus, though taken by surprise, lost no time in marching to the relief of the threatened city, signally defeated Urtaku, and compelled him to retire to Elam, where he soon after died. Among the Chaldeans who took part in this affair was Bel-iqisa, prince of Gambtilu, a marshy district of southeastern Babylonia about the mouth of the river Uknti, the modern Karoon,^ and bordering upon Elam. Bel-iqisa, who was an Assyrian subject, cast off his allegiance, and, crossing over into Elam, joined Urtaku and took part in his ill-fated expedition. In the following year he was accidentally killed {K. B., ii. p. 244, 11. 56-58). His son and successor, Dunanu, bitterly hostile to Assyria, allied himself with Teumman, the successor of Urtaku, and on the defeat and death of his Elamite ally, his land was ravaged, its inhabitants put to the sword, and he himself with all his family carried captive to Assyria. Here he was forced to take part in the conqueror's triumphal entry into Nineveh, with the head of the slain Teum- man hanging to his neck, and was finally put to death with frightful tortures (Amrb., iv. 50 ff.; K. B., ii. pp. 254-256). Nabti-usabsi, the writer of the two letters translated below, was an Assyrian official of Erech in Southern Babylonia. He seems to have suffered severely from the revolt of Bel-iqisa, and his advice in regard to the reduction of Gamblilu was doubtless in full accord with his personal feelings, which, indeed, he is at no pains to conceal. His letter which is published in The Cunei- form Inscriptions of Western Asia, vol. iv., pi. 47, no. 2 (2d ed.), may be translated as follows :^ TRANSLATION. To the king of the world, my lord, thy servant Nabu-usabsi ! May Erech and E-anna bless the king of the world, my lord ! I pray daily to Istar of Erech and to Nana for the life of the king, my lord. The king, my lord, has sent me (this message) : " Put troops on the march, and send them against G-ambiilu." (Now) the gods of the king, my lord, know well that since Bel-iqisa revolted from my lord the king, and went to Elam, destroyed my father's house, and came to slay my brother, daily^ With regard to what the king, my lord, has ^ See Haupt, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, No. 114, p, 111b. The river of Balakhshan referred to by Ibn Batutah in the passage quoted by Prof. Haupt is, according to Haupt, the Koktcha (i. e. " Blue River," ( to give any extensive philological commentary. Philo- logical explanations have, so far as possible, been relegated to the Glossary, where they can be given in the most convenient form ; the Glossary is, in fact, intended to supply all that is needful in this direction, and at the same time to serve as a commentary. The following notes have, therefore, been directed chiefly to the explanation of the more difficult syntactical constructions, to notices of previous translations of some of the texts, and to some general remarks in regard to the subject matter of certain pas- sages. In the Glossary a strictly alphabetical arrangement has been adopted, which will, it is hoped, be sufficiently clear to require no explanation. It may, however, be well to note that if two words have the same consonantal skeleton, the forms with short vowels precede those with long vowels, and the forms with simple consonants those with doubled consonants ; for instance, 1 For Part I. see vol. xviii., 1897, pp. 125-175. 2 The following texts in Part I. are now published in Harper's work : I (K 524) = H. 282 ; 2 (K 13) =H. 281 ; 3 (K 10) =H. 280 ; 4 (K 528) =H. 269 ; 5 (K 79) =H. 266 ; 6 (K 824) =H. 290 ; 14 (S 1064) =H. 392. Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 43 adu, idu, udu ; ddu, idu, 'ddu, Mu ; adH^ idiX, udil ; dd4, tdil, 'ddtl, edll; addu, iddu^ uddu ; addU^ iddiX^ uddU. Compare my review of Delitzsch's Assyrisches Handworterhuch in the Ameri- can Journal of Philology, vol. xvii. pp. 485-491. Notes. I. {K524.) I. 8. S. A. Smith and Strassmaier read the second character in this line dam, i. e. assatu y Pinches and Harper nin, i. e. axdtu. II. 9-11. ultu . . . ittalka. Strassmaier (S. A. Smith, Asurhani- pal, ii. p. 87) renders: "von Elam aus ist in Gefangenschaft gerathen ; zu den Tacha war er (gegangen=) gebracht worden," which can hardly be reconciled with the text. 11. 11-12. ultu . . . a^hata. Smith :^ "als ich seine Hande von den Tacha zuriick erhielt." What this means it is difficult to say. 1. 14. Smith reads here adi napsdtesu^ taking me as = mes, and translates, "noch am Leben." Pinches (p. 77) correctly zi-me. r. 17. Smith: "es war ein Bote da," but ihasH would have to be ;the present, *' there is a messenger." In this case, moreover, we should expect ibdsi, and it seems better to read ibdsu " has come to him." Smith has also failed to understand the conjunctional use of sa in this line. 1. 19. Smith reads Ti-il-[mu-un], but the traces as given both by Harper and by Smith himself, hardly favor this restoration. 1. 22. Strassmaier (p. 87) : "fragten um ein Orakel." 1. 26. Smith : ''50 Stuck Kleider," taking ku = pabdtu. ku is certainly obscure here, but it can hardly stand for picbdtu. 1. 27. ana kaspi ina qdtisu itabkHni. Smith : "mit Silber gaben sie in seine Hande." For this phrase, which often occurs in the contract tablets, cf. T'^ 30, sub ^D{<. 1, 29. immereni 'our sheep,' Smith reads lu ardd-ni, and translates 'Hausschafe.' Of course lu-nita is merely the com- mon ideogram for imtneru, and ni is the pronominal suffix. For Strassmaier's singular rendering of 11. 29 ff., which Smith, in spite of some objections, considers " sehr passend," cf. Smith ii. p. 88. It is hardly worth while to reproduce it here. 1. 31. sddu: Smith compares sa-a-du = na-a-ru, Y R. 28, 1 ef., which Strassmaier renders " Uf er des Flusses"; but cf. JIW., ^ Wherever Smith is cited in these notes, S. A. Smith is meant. 44 Christopher Johnston, [1898. p. 488*. In this line Smith translates sddu *Ufer(?)', in 1. 39, *Grenze(?).' 2. {K. IS.) 11. 1-7. These lines, of which the beginnings are mutilatecl, may be readily restored, partly by comparing them with K 10 (H. 280), 11. 1-4, and partly from the context. In 1. 5, we must evidently restore [dis JIm-ma-xal-cT\a-a-su ; in 1. 6, \i-tu-r(£\-am- ma is required by the context ; and in 1. 7, the restoration ki-\i ip]-la-xu is obvious. I. 14. sakniX, iqdbUy circumstantial, § 152. l/mma here refers to the whole of what follows, and this contains two separate quo- tations, each introduced by ki. II. 16-18. For my former reading of these lines (vol. xviii. p. 141) I would substitute the following : ^^ Agd gahbi ina puluxti sa emUqu sa ^''hel sarrdni heliia. Mdt Elmnt'i htma deH xurrurity ^^marusti itHrU, puluxti idteriblX, "all these parts are in terror of the troops of the lord of kings, my lord. The Elamites are rav- aged as though (by) a plague, they are in a state of utter calamity, they are invaded by panic." Mdt Elamti stands here figura- tively for the Elamites, and hence the use of the plural, as con- structio ad sensum, in the verbs that follow. — marusti itilru, properly "they have turned into, become, calamity"; cf. Dl'^J^ ^JX "I am (all) peace," Ps. cxx. 7, H^^H ^ cf. Ilaupt's remarks in PAOS., March, '94, p. cvii. The sense of the passage is that, when famine was added to the many evils under Avhich the land already labored, there was a general defection from the party of Ummanaldas, and factional spirit was rife. Some parts of Elani, Vol. xix.] Assyrian £Jpistolary Literature. 45 indeed, were in a state of open revolt, alleging as a pretext their dissatisfaction at the slaying of Urakhuluma (11. 21-23). The words mdisunu gabhi ina Jcutallisimu mussurat, "their whole land fell away from their side," lead naturally to what follows. 1. 26. Literally, "is not this the word which," etc.?— adt Id axdliqu, the present is here employed as the tense of incomplete action. 1. 35. pasirdti "as a guarantee, credentials." Bel-ibnt proposes to arrange for the capture of Nabli-bel-sumate by sending a pri- vate message to Ummanaldas, with the royal signet to serve as credentials and to lend force to his request, or rather com- mand. He fears, however, that Sardanapallus may deem such a method beneath his dignity, and may prefer to send his com- mand, in the usual manner, by a royal courier. That — the king may think — will be credentials enough for the Elamites. But Ummanaldas, however willing he may be, is weak, and Nabti-bel- sumate, being not only exceedingly wary, but possessing, more- over, great influence with the Elamite nobles, can easily make himself secure by the judicious use of money, if once he gets wind of the affair. The arrival of the royal messenger, accom- panied by an escort of soldiers, will be sure to attract his atten- tion and to arouse his suspicion. It is best, therefore, to use less open means, and perhaps, if only the gods will be active in the matter, the wily Chaldean may yet be taken unawares and deliv- ered over to the Assyrian king. I. 46. uUu ZTmxulumd'' baltu, properly, "from, commencing from (the time that), U. was alive." II. 47 ff. It had been the habit of Nabti-bel-sumate to lavish his portion upon his parti zans, but now times are hard and grain is scarce. He therefore alleges that the officers who controlled the distribution of the grain had defrauded him of his proper share, and claims restitution. Accordingly he seizes every sarnuppu he can catch and compels him to hand over the original amount claimed, together with an enormous increase by way of interest and indemnity. Ummanaldas, who naturally objects to these pro- ceedings, sends several times to demand the surrender of the grain thus seized, but without success. 3. {KIO.) 1. 8. Jcddu : the meaning ' post, garrison,' seems to suit the con- text. The general sense is clear. The Assyrians, under command 46 Christopher Johnston, [1898. of Musezib-Marduk (rev. 2. 12), were to use Sabdanu as a base of operations, and thence to harrass the Elaraites. I. 17. qaqqar ina pdnisunu rilqii "a long stretch of ground lay before them." The small force of five hundred men operating in a hostile country, where they were constantly liable to attack, could hardly undertake a long march encumbered by a large number of prisoners, and for this reason more than two hundred had to be put to death. II. 24-25. pisunu iddaniX^m, literally, "they gave their utter- ance," i. e. they sent a message to arrange the terms {ade) of capitulation. 4. (K528.) 1. 9. tusaghat-ma, here with ellipsis of xarrdnu^ as indicated by tasdpar which follows (1. 10). For the expression xarrdnu pabd- tu, sut^hutu, cf. HW., pp. 5618-, 562^. I. 13. mdt Elamti Ududd-ma. For ray former rendering of these words (vol. xviii. p. 145), I would substitute, "brought Elara (against us)." Cf. naJcru u hiXhiXti ina muxxl bit belika ul tasdud " thou hast not brought foe or famine against thy lord's house," 6, 27-29. — 1. 22. For attallak (vol. xviii. p. 146) read addlap. II. 29-32. nipxur-ma, nillik-ma^ nuterd-ma, niddin, are all cohortatives (§ 145). 5- (^?»-) 1. 7. In the name PirH-Bel, the original has, instead of din- GiR-EN, i-en (i. e. isten), which is doubtless a mere scribal error. I assume that the published text is correct as Pinches (IV R.', 46) and Harper (No. 266) agree. 1. 8. sandte agd x, literally, these ten years. Rev. 11. 18-19 (=11. 266, r. 13-14). The text of these lines ■seems to be very uncertain (cf. Bezold, Literatur, p. 240). The following suniXti-ma . . . liqblJb would seem to indicate that proper names preceded. 6. {K8U) 1. 5. Note sa taspur here and in 1. 35 without the overlapping vowel. S. A. Smith has entirely misunderstood the passage that follows. Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 47 11. 17-20. The construction of these lines offers some difficulty. It seems best to take id as used absolutely ' No ! ' and ina . . . qatdta as parenthetical. Ordinarily we should expect d dmur in 1. 20, but the negation has already been expressed by ul, and it is not necessary to repeat it. This loose construction is due to the insertion of hia . . . qatdta, which interrupts the continuity. Smith renders : " Du bist nicht wegen des Dienstes des Hauses deines Herrn getrennt," etc. 1. 29. Smith reads ultusdud, but the usual form would be ultas- didy and the context requires the second person. 1. 36. ban sa tepiisd " the good (service) which ye have done." ban is construct (before the relative) of baniX, ' honorable, good,' etc. Cf . ba-ni sa taspura " it is well that thou hast sent," K. 95 (H. 288), r. 3; ba-ni sa tat^hatdsunUti "it is well that ye have seized them," K. 94 (H. 287), 7. Cf. also ban^ in 1. 39 of the present text. 8. (K629.) Rev. 1. 6. nds-sappdte is nominative absolute. — sa niqiXsu ibd- sUnij literally, "(he) whose offering exists." 1. 13. lusallim'd lipuM "may they perfectly execute," like Heb. n^N np'^l ^Dh, Arab. *:^. oU Lo , etc. 9. {K. 5J,7.) 1. 1. dupsar mdti. The traces given by Harper, and the follow- ing mdti (cf. W. 24) shows that a-ba is to be restored here. De- litzsch [HW., p. 4^) gives a-ba without translation, and refers to dupsarru, where, however, no mention of a-ba is to be found. In his Worterbuch (p. 23) a-ba is fully discussed, but is not con- nected with dupsarru. In a note onK. 572, 6 (B.A., i. p. 218) he gives dupsarru as the equivalent of the ideogram a-ba, and points out the interchange between a-ba and dupsarru in III R. 2, Nos. iii, vii, xiii ; 64, 35b. In III R. 2, Marduk-sum-iqisa, father of Nabtizuqup-kena, is designated, 11. 17. 22. 24. 38. 55, as »inei DUB-SAR, or, 11. 2. 8. ^""^^ DUB-SAR-RiM, while in 11. 2. 9, and III R. 64, 35b, he bears the title of ^™^^ a-ba. In Knudtzon's Gebete an den Sonnengott, No. lOp, 9, we find \ley; 1 pi. nusebila (nu-se-bi-la) 5, r. 13. 24; 3 pi. usebilti. ni (u- se-bi-lu-[ni]) 3, r. 14. Prec. 1 sg. lusebiluni-ma (lu-se-bi-lu-nim-ma) 2, 34; lusebil (lu-se-bil) 2, 36; 3 pi. lusebiltini (lu- se-bil-u-ni) 16, r. 4. — 0* same, 1 sg. ussebila (u-si-bi-la) 10, r. 4 ; § 51, 2.— (HW 230*) ubdnu (pKi)^^^6r.* ubani (su-si) 9ixirti the little finger 14, 23.— (W 41 ; HW 8b) eberu ODJ^), pi't. ebir, prs. ibbir, to cross. — ^* etebir (i-te-bir) he crossed (the river) 2, 10. — to convey over, trans- port: nusebar (nu-se-[bar]) we transport 18, 17; nusebira (nu-se-bi-ra) let us transport (cohort.) 18, r. 9. — (W 59 ; HW 10^) eburu CHID]/) harvest: ebtiru-MEs 16, r. 10 (where the plural sign merely emphasizes the collective meaning of the noun).— (W 66; HW 11'') abarakku, sua of&cisil title, grand vizier : ^"^^^ abarakku (si- dub) i8,.7.— (W68; HW 12*) agd this, these, for all genders, numbers, and cases; written a-ga-a 2, 16. 48; 4, 24; 6, 20, etc.; a-ga-ia 2, 26. — (W 76 ; HW 13b) igaru (^JlXg, ^^) loall: pi. igarate (e-libit-mes) 16, 20. r. 6.— (W 105 ; HW ]8'>) egirtu (mJIK) better: e-gir-tu 4, 36.— (W 103; HW 18*) idu (■T^ Jo, Eth. ^d) hand: idasu (id'^-su) his hands (pre- ceded by determ. Tjzu, i.e. siru) 14,25. Pi. idate (i-da-te), but in what sense? 15, 12.— (HW 303*) adu (Hi^, ni^)' usually in genit. adi, properly continuance, duration. — (1) a-du-u now, 3, r. 22. — (2) during, within, a-du time VII VIII ibalat he will be well in 7 or 8 days 14, 31. — (3) as soon as, a-di i, 14. — (4) until, a-di 5, r. 13; 7, r. 17; 20, r. 2.— (5) as far as (of space) ultu . . . adi (a-di) from . . . to 2, 49; 3, r. 18-19.— (6) adi(ti) la (followed by prs.) before, a-di la 2, 26; a-du-u la 19, r. 6-7.— (W 127 ; HW 22^ 24*) adu (Nil) pi't. tidl, prs. tida, to determine, decide: sarru beli (belu) lid a (u-da) the king shall decide 7, r. 19; 8, H ; 17, 12; 18, 14.— (HW 232*) 52 Christopher Johnston^ [1898. adu (properly infin. of preceding) statute^ law, compact: ade (a-di-e) . . . i99abtti they made terms 3, 25; ki adi (a-di) accordmg to compact I, 23. — (HW 232^) idu (i^l*), prt. and prs. idi, to know. — Prs. 1 sg. mod. rel. Idti (i-du-u) 6, 24; 3 pi. Idti (i-du-u) 4, 11. Prec. 3 sg. \A idi (i-di) 5, r. 27.— (HW 303^) adannu ( = adanu, ^^^1?) time, period: a-dan-nu sa sulum the propitious time 20, r. 1. — (W 135 ; HW 26^) adannis, addannis (=ana dannis) greatly, exceedingly: a-dan-nis 7,4; 10,4; 12, r. 6 ; 16, r. 9 ; a d-d an -n is 14,3. 8. 28 ; 15, 3. 7.— (W 160 ; HW 26''; Hebraica x. 196). adru, perhaps enclosure (*infl)- ad-ri ekalli the palace en- closure 8, 15. 16. (Cf. adtiru enclosure, HW 29^) iddte, see idu. idatutu, perhaps confirmation, ratification, of a bargain or agreement: ana \-^2i-t\x-t\x to bind the bargain{'i) i,2Q. (Cf. T'^ 76, sub n») ezebu (Dti^), prt. ezib, prs, izzib, to leave: 0* to save, rescue: usezibti (u-si-zi-bu) they rescued 7, r. 4. — (§51, 2; W 244 ; HW 34'') axu (UK, ^f) brother: axiia (sEs-ia) my brother 6, 34; axusu (sEs-su) sa the brother of *], 14: -, axesu (ses-mes-su) his brothers 3, 14; axe (ses-mes) abisu his uncles 3, 15; mare axisu (ses-su) his nephews, ^y 15. — (W 266 ; HW 38*) axu, pi. axati, side (etym. identical with axu brother): ana a-xu aga 07i this side ^y 12; ana a-xi-su-nu ulli to their further side (i. e. to their rear) 3, 22-23. — (W 275 ; HW 39'') axd'is (properly like brothers, axamis, cf. samamis) together: a-xa-is 7, 16.— (W 269 ; HW 39") axelmis (see axa'is) together, mutually: ana a-xa-mes mutually I, 22; ana tar9i a-xa-mes opposite each other 3, r. 23.— (W 270; HW 39*) axdtu (milN) sister: mar axatiia (NiN-ia) my nephew 3, r. 1; mdr axatisu (nin-su) sa the nephew of i, 8. — (W 268 ; HW 39*) eteru, prt. etir(-er), prs. ittir(-er), properly to surround (*ltOi^)5 then to hold, or keep, intact, to receive, buy: ul i-tir- su he has not received it 2, 60 ; ramansu ittir he will buy him>- self off 2,4.1,— {W ^25', HW46*; T° 36) dka (HD^N) '^here f whither f : a-a-ka niskun (cohort. ) where shall we put (it) f 17, r. 7.— (W 338 ; HW 48*) Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 53 aki (a-ki-e) like, as: 15, 13; cf. ki.— (W 371; HW 52^) 2ik\\x food, provisions : i qa ak-li-su one qa of his provis- ions 8, r. 8.— (W 381 ; HW 54^) akdlu ('^DN), prt. ekul, prs. ikkal, to eat: likulti (li- \\i.-\vi) let them feed {oi sheep) i, 31;istu...qar9ekaina paiiiia ekulu(i-ku-lu) since he slandered thee (literally, ate thy pieces ; cf. qar9u) before me 6, 10. — ^' same, 3 sg. e-tak- la 7, 16; 3 pi. e-tak-lu 7, 13.— (W 374 ; HW 53^) akdlu (properly infin. of preceding) food: pi. a kale (sa- MEs) 7, 13.— (W 380 ; HW 54^) ekallu (Sumerian e-gal great house; '^^^1) palace: E-GAL 2, 63; 3, r. 24. 25 ; 8, 15. 16 ; 19, 1. r. 5.— (W 338 ; HW 48») ul (cstr. of uUu non-existence) not, never used in prohibition like ^^ ; I, 41 ; 2, 60 ; 4, 26 etc.; no! 6, 17.— (HW 7P) ilu (^^) god: ilu (dingir) I, 22 ; 8, 15. r. 2; iluka (din- GiR-ka) thy god 8, 13. PI. ilani (dingik-mes) 2,41; 4, 10; 18, 20. r. 1. 10; ilaniia (DiNGiR-MEs-ia) my gods 6, 12; ilanika (oiNGiR-MEs-ka) thy gods 14, 24; bit ill temple 16, r. 1. 7.— (W 402 ; HW 59^) dlu ('?nN)j cstr. al, pi. alani, city: written er i, 19. 21 ; 3, 12. 17 ; II, 7 etc.— (W 5 ; HW 59=^) elu ifl^)', pi*t. ell, prs. illi, to he high, ascend. — J[* tit till (u-tu-li) I removed {i. e. took up) 14, 20. — S sa . . . usela (u- se-el-la-a) whoever offers (to the god, Th)}T\) 8, r. 8. — Q* 9abe usseli'u (u-si-li-u) / brought up soldiers 7, r. 10; u s s e 1 ti n i (u-si-lu-ni) they got (him) out (up) 11, r. 2; sumu ili . . . ultelti (ul-te-lu-u) they svjore by (made high) the name of the god I, 24.— (W 420 ; HW 60^) ullu (cf. ^i^, ti7i^) that, yonder (ille) : axi ul-li-i the further (yonder) side 3, 23.— (HW 73^) ilku lordship, worship, reverence : il-ku ana Ezida kun- nak J pay heedful reverence to Ezida 20, 6. — (W 481 ; HW 70^) aldku (n'??!), prt. illik, prs. illak, to go, come. Prt. sg. il-li-ku (mod. rel.) 4, 15; pi. il-li-ku-ni 5, 11. 12. Prs. sg. il-lak 8, r. 1 ; il-ia-ka 8, IV. r. 5 ; pi. il-lak-u-ni 15, r. 3. Prec. sg. lillika-ma (lil-li-kam-ma) I, 34; 4, 28.-3 fern. Iti ta-li-ik 18, r. 3; Iti ta-li-ka 18, r. 6.— 1. la-al-lik 8, 14 ; pi. lil-li-ku-ni 7,r. 15; lilliktinl-ma (lil-li-ku-nim-ma) 1,29; pi. 1. ni-il-lik-ma (cohort.) 4, 30.— ^^ same, sg. it-ta- 64 Christopher Johnston^ [1898. lak 15, 11; i-ta-lak 16, r. 9 ; it-tal-ka i, 11; 2, 10. 39.— 1. at-ta-lak 7, r. 7 ; at-tal-ka 5, r. 10 ; pi. i-tal-la -ku 7, 11 ; it-tal-ku I, 21 ; 2, 13 ; 15, r. 7 ; i t-t al-ku-u-ni 7, 18; it- tal-ku-nu 19, r. 4. — causative. Prec. 3 pi. lu-sa-li-ku 8, r. 21.— (W 461 ; HW 66^) alpu (C]'7N) ox: pi. alpe (gud-mes) i, 26.— (HW 75^) elippu (Syr. J^fJ^K) fern, ship: written gis-ma 18, 6. 11. r. 1.— (HW 75^) ultu (ul-tu). — (1) OiB^2iQ,Q, from, away from, out of 1^ 9. 11 ; 2, 46 ; 3, 5 ; ultu . . . adi from ... ^o 2, 49 ; 3, r. 18-19.— (2) Of time, ultu muxxi after, sUice ^,21-, 4, 11; ultu IT. baltu as long as U. loas alive 2, 46 (cf. note ad loc.) — (W 411 ; HW 77^) umu (DV, pfc^j) day (written throughout ud + phonetic com- plement mu, mi): 2, 23 ; 3, 5 ; 8, 7. 10 ; 15, 10 — PI. time (ud- MEs) I, 4 ; 2, 3 ; 3,3; 14, 31. — ti m u sa when 2, 23; timi mHsu day and night 13, r. 6; 9at time the end of time 8, r. 21. (HW 306^) umi (u-ma-a) now: 15, r. 19 ; 16, r. 2 ; 18, r. 1.— (HW 82^) ammu (ammti?), pi. ammtite, fern, amraate, that (ille): lippe am-mu-te those dressings, bandages 15, r. 8 ; dib- bate(?) ammete (am-me-te) those (such) things{f) 18, 16; cf. annetu, fem. pi. of annti, HW 104^— (HW 84^) umma (written um-ma but properly ti-ma, i. e. demonstr. ti + ma) namely, as follows, introducing direct discourse : i, 23. 28. 36; 2, 14- etc.— (W 208; HW 86^) ummu (DN, II) mother: ummusu (ama-su) his mother 2, 8.— (HW 85^) ^ emedu ("iDi^)? prt. emid, prs. immid, to stand, place. — 3 summa idasu ina libbi ummidtini (u-me-du-u-ni) if he has put his hand to the matter 14, 26 ; the bandages umm u dti (u-mu-du) are applied 15, r. 11. — (HW 79^) ummdnu 1 JDJ^) master workman, skilled artizan : u m - m a n - ka thy master workman 20, r. 5. — (HW 86^) limussu (timu) daily: UD-mu-us-su 4, 5. 16; 5, 4; 20, 4. — (HW 307=^) emuqu {T^'O^^ force, forces, troops: e-mu-qu 2, 16; pi. emuqesu (e-mu-ki-su) his forces 2, 29 ; 3, r. 21. — (HW 88^) amdru (*^DK,), pi*t. emur, prs. immar, to see: ultu mux- xi sa i-mu-ru-ma after they saw 3, 21. Prec. li-mur 12, . 2.— 1. Itimur (lum-mur) 6, 20.— (HW 89^^) Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature, 65 ammaru, cstr. a m m a r , fulness^ as much as: am-mar qaq- qad ubani §ixirti the size of the tip of the little finger 14, 22. — (HW 9P) immeru HD^^^ sheep: isten immeru (lu-nita) a single sheep I, 38 ; pi. immereni (LU-NiTA-MEs-ni) our sheep i, 29.— (HW 91^) amtu (HDJ^) female servant, handmaid : amtuka (geme?- ka) thy handmaid 19, 2.— (HW 77^) amdtu, cstr. amat (emti to speak). — (1) word, speech: a- mat sarri the word of the king 6, 1 ; a-mat-ia my word 2, 30. — (2) thing (like *^^fj -joj) a -mat sa the thing which 2, 26 ; if I learn a -mat sa anything which, etc., 2, 60. — (HW 8P) immatema (=ina matema, ^1D) if ever, in case at any time: im-ma-tim-ma (i. e. immatema) 4, 24. — (HW 435^) ana, corresponds in meaning to Heb. ^^ and ^\ written a-na or Dis. — (1) Of space, to, towards: ana ^^Targibati ittalkti they came to 7! i, 21 ; ana ^^Suxarisungur towards S. 2, 13. — (2) Of time, until : ana mar mare till (the time of our) chil- dren's children 6, 40. — (3) As sign of the dative, sulmu ana greeting to J,b', 9, 4 ; 10, 3, etc.; ana sarri . . . liqtsti may they grant to the king 3, 4; ana beliia likrubti may they be gracious to my lord. — (4) Purpose or object, ana balat nap- sate sa sarri U9allti I pray for the king'^s life 4, 6; tabu ana alaki it will he well to go (literally good for going) 12, r. 4 ; ana idattitu to hind the bargain i, 25; ana maxlri /or sa^e (price) I, 36. — (5) respecting, in regard to: ana mimma kal4- ma in regard, to everything 20, r. 3. — (6) in conformity with, ana yibtitu bel sarrani to the kingh liking 2, 60. — For expressions like ana libbi, ana muxxi, ana pan, etc., see libbu, muxxu, panu, etc. — (HW 94^) ina, corresponds in meaning to Heb. !3; written i-na or rum. — (I) Of space, m, at, on, into, from: ina ^^Xa'adalu in X. 2^ 15; ina Upi'a at Opis 18, r. 7; ina kussl tisibu seated himself on the throne 2, 6; addan anaku qata'a ina kib- sati i" shall lay my hands upon the rascals 7, r. 8; ina bit Nabti errab he shall go into the temple o/iVT 8, r. 9 ; ina ku- tallisunu from their side 2, 20.— (2) Of time, in, during : ina timali yesterday 14, 15; 15, r. 5. — ina arax Sabati in the month of Shebat 8, r. 16; ina panatu beforehand >] , 20. — (3) State or condition, ina puluxti in a state of panic 2, 16 ; ina qasti ramiti with bow unstrung 2, 42. — (4) Manner, ina 14 56- Christopher Johnston^ ' [1898. mtidantiti in an unscientific manner 15,1*. 8. — (5) Means, ina btibata tadtika ye have slaiii with famine 2, 55. — For expres- sions like ina libbi, ina muxxi, ina pan, etc., cf. libbu, muxxu, panu, etc. — (H W 95^) inu (W, .vxc) ^y^' uzu (i. e. siru)-si i, 35; pi. inasu (si'-su) his eyes 8, 11 ; cf. birtu.— (W 348 ; HW 49^) enna (f J^5 ' '^TS^l) now: adi sa en-na until now 5, r. 13. — (HW 103b) ' annu, fem. annltu, pi. anntiti, fem. annati, this {^\q) i fern, an-ni-tu 4, 36, pi. an-nu-te 7, r. 17. — (HW lOS'') ennd (Hiin) lo! behold! : en-na i, 33 ; 2, 31. 51. 56 ; 4, 21 ; 5, r. 7.— (HW 103^) andku (^DJN) // a-na-ku 2, 35 ; 6, 7. 32 ; 7, r. 8 ; 8, 13; 16, 13; ana(Dis)-ku 2, 35 ; 6, 23 ; 13, r. 6.— (HW lOP) annaka here: an-na-ka 19, r. 3 ; a-na-ka 7, r. 12. — (Cf. PSBA. xvii. 237) aninu, anini (1<3n-3N), nini (^^) «^6-' a-ni-ni 3, r. 4 ; ni- i-ni(?) 18, 15.— (HW 103^) unqu, pi. unqate, ring^ signet: un-qu 2, 32. — (HW 104^) annusi™ just now, immediately, forthwith: an-nu-si™ 16, 7 ; 19, r. 3. 9.— (HW 104^) dsu (properly helper, prt. of ast\ to support; Syr. X^Di^) phy- sician: pi. ase (a-zu-mes) 16, 5. — (HW 107^). issi (by-form of itti with spiration of H? cf. §43, APR. 107, n. 2) with: i-si-ia with tne 7, r. 15; is-si-ka with thee 9, r. 8 ;. is-si-su-nu 19, r. 9; i-si-su-nu 7,8.11. 15; 16, 12, with them.— (RW IW) as^te reins (pi. of a noun ast\): mukil asate (su-pa- MEs) the charioteer 8, 21.— (HW 107^) appu (fIN), pi. appe, nose, face: ap-pi 14, 13 ; 15, r. 2. 10. — (HW 104^) aplu, cstr. apil, pi. aple, so?i: Ummanigas apil (a) A m e d i r r a d. son o/* ^. 3, r. 1 6 ; a p i 1 (a)- s u s a the son of 5, 7 ; apil sipri (a-kin^) tnessenger i, 17. 33. — (HW 113^) epesu, prt. epus, prs. ippus, ippas. — (l) Transitive, ^0 (io, make, pe? form. Prt. 1 pi. nlpuslini (ni-pu-su-u-ni) 15, 9. Prs. niqH ip-pa-as will offer (make) a sacrifices, r. 7; duUu ippusti are doing duty 7, r. 21; sa tepusa (te-pu-sa-') which ye have done 6, S5. 3Q. Prec. par9e sa ilani...lipu- sli may they perform the commands of the gods 8, r. 13. — (2) In- I Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 57 im transitive, to do, act, be active ; kt saila'uli-pu-us/e^A act as he pleases ^, ^b ', nindema ilani...ip-pu-su-ma^y* the gods will bestir themselves 2, 42. — d* same, slxu etepus (i-te-pu-us) he made a revolt 3, r. 18; mimma . . . bisu etepsti (i-te-ip-su) they practiced all that was evil ^, 14. — ^ Passive, niqti in-ni-pa-as a sacrifice will be offered^, 19. — J to carry on: elippu...niburu tuppas (tu-pa-as) the ship . . . is carrying on a ferry 18, 13 ; Iti tuppis (tu-pi-is) let it carry ow 18, r. 5 ; uppusti (u-pu-su) they are carrying on 18, r. 14.— (HW 117^) agii (Ky^ , L05), pi*t. 1^91, prs. 11993,, to go out, forth. Prt. 1 sg. 119 a (u-9a-') 3,6; pi. ti9ti (u-9u-u)5, 9; ti9tini (U-9U- u-ni) 15, r. 13. Prs. U99a (u9-9a) 8, 16. — (d* sam^, pi. itta9ti (i-ta-9u) 7, r. 2 ; N* ittti9tini (it-tu-9u-u-ni) 7, 17. — Causative, Prs. use9a (u-se-9a-a)8, r. 2; pi. use9tini (u-se- 9u-u-ni) 7, r. 18.— (HW 237^) «tru ("l^'N) lyyar, the second month of the Babylonian calen- dar : arax aru (iti-gud) 8, 7. — (HW 34^) uru (nl^lX) stable: u-ru-u sa ilani the stable of the gods (i. e. the stable for horses used in religious processions, etc.) 8, 20. (HW 130^) erebu (Dli^; v^y£)> P*"t. erub, prs. irrub, irrab, to enter: timusa . . . irubu {i-vu-hvi) the day he entered 2, '^^', irrab (ir-rab) he loill enter %^ 9; irrab (e-rab) he may enter Sj r. 9 ; lirubt (li-ru-bu) let them go in 16, 11.—^* ina libbi ali e-tar-ba he came into the city 11, 8. — S Causative, ilu use9a u ussaxxar u-se-rab he will take the god forth and bring him ill again 8, r. 4; adti . . . la userabanasina (u-se-ra- b a- n a - s i - n a) before toe are brought in (literally one brings us in) -19, r. 7. — 0* puluxti ulteribu (ul-te-ri-bu) they havebeen invaded by (literally caused to enter) panic, 2, 18. — (HW 126'^) ardu (written NIT a), pi. ardani (written nita-mes, nita- MEs-ni) servant, slave: ardti'a my servant 6y 14: ; ardAka. thy servant I, 2; 2, 1; 3, 1; 18, 2, etc.; ardani servants 2, 6. r. 3 ; 19, 8; ardanika thy servants 12, 2; 17, 2. — (HW 129^) arddu (^y for -T")1), prt. trid, prs. urrad, to go down, descend. — 0*^ Causative, kaspu ina libbi usserida (u-si- ri-da) wherein he conveyed the money down (the river) 18, 8; 9abe usseridtini (u-si-ri-du-ni) akale the soldiers took provisions down (with them) 7, 12. — (HW 240*^) 68 Christopher Johnston^ [1898. arxu (n*)^ , Eth. warx), cstr. arax, month: arxu, arax (iTi) 8, V. r. 16 ; II, 6; 17, 13, etc.— (HW 241^) araxsamna (i. e. eighth month) Marcheshvan, the eighth month of the Babylonian calendar; ^"^^^apin 5, 17. r. 11. 22. — (HW 242^) arku, fern, ariktu, ^on^ (araku)': time arktiti (ar-ku-ti 17, 8; GiD-DA-MEs 19, 6) a long life (literally long days). — (HW 133b). ardku ("I^IK), prt. erik, to he, or become, long. — Infin. a-ra- ku prolongation i, 4; 2, 3 ; 3, 3. — (HW 133^) arkdnis (from arku rear; H*)*, ^J..) afterwards, later: ar- ka-nis 5, 14.— (HW 243^). ersu (t^")^) bed, couch: ersu(Gis-NA) sa Nabti the couch of N. 8, 8; bit ersi (e-gis-na) bed-chamber 8, 9.— (HW 14P) asdbu (D£^^ for '2Z*\}, prt. lisib, prs. us sab, to sit, dwell: sa . . . ina kussi u-si-i-bu (pause form) who seated himself upon the throne 2, 6; nu-us-sab we will dwell 2, 15; partic. asib (a- sib) inhabitants (collective) 4, 25.— N*^ same, it-tu- sib (i.e. ittdsib = intausib) 15, 13. — 9* Causative, subtu ussesibu (u-si-si-bu) he had laid an ambush 7, 21. — (HW isdu ("Ili^N , ni^i^) foundation: is-du sabitabiia^/ie prop and stag of my father's house 6, 15. — (HW 142^) istu, written T A. — (1) Of space, /rom.* istu Deri issapraAe sends word from Der 16, 18; istu pani dame ti9lini theblood flows forth in spite of (\itQV2^\J from before) the bandages 15, r. 12. — (2) Of time, since: istu Samas libbasuissuxa since S. perverted his understanding 6, 8. — (HW 152^) assatu (Hti^K , ^1) woman, wife: assatsu (dam-su) his wife 2, 8.— (HW 106^) isten {*'r0)?) one, a single, a certain (quispiam) : written i-en; isten mussarti one inscription 16, r. 3; isten im- meru a single sheep I, 38; isten qallu a certain servant 5, r. v.— (HW 153^) atd (properly imp v. of atti to see) well, now, see! : [uma a-ta]-a now, see now I 18, r. 1. — (HW 156'') atta (nr^K, ool) thou: at-ta 6, 33.— (HW 160^) itti (properly genit. of ittu side, fern, of idu hand) with: it-ti 2, 19; 3, 25; it-ti-su-nu with them 2, 25; it-ti XJ. \^\ r:' r^ fK f% Y or TMC UNIVERSITY Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature, 59 usazgtisu they withhold it from XI. (like Di^P) 2, 58. — (HW 154^). — Compare is si. itu'u, an official title : ^™«Htu-'-u 7, r. 11; ^™«i SanH i-tu-' K. 1359, Col. II, 11 (PSBA, May, '89).— (HW 157^) etequ (pili^), prt. etiq, prs. ittiq, to pass. Inf. e-te-qa route (of procession) 8, r. 5. — (HW 159=^) atdru (*)n^ = "ini) to exceed, surpass. — 1 causative, to in- crease: ut-tir remu askunaka J have granted thee greater favor (than ever) 6, 24.— (HW 248^). bd'u (N12), pi't. and prs. iba, to come: apil sipri ibasu (i-ba-as-su) a messenger has come to him i, 17. — (HW 167^) belbu (Aram. }<^^ , .^Li j reduplicated form from J^l^) gate; part, portion: babsu (ka-su) his portion 2, 47; cf. T'^ 56\ — (HW 165^) bubdtu/amme, hunger: bu-ba-a-ta 2, 55. — plur. of bubutu (properly emptiness: reduplicated form from inD) famine, hung er : bu-bu-u-ti 6, 27. — (HW 166^) bcldu (cf. jj^j,4^| ^y4>U) sunset, evemng{?) : ina timali kt ba-di yesterday evening 14, 16; 15, r. 5. — Cf. the following, from Harper's Letters : timu vianaba-a-diegirtusuan- nitu ina muxxiia issapra he sent me this letter the evening of the 6th (of the month) H. lOI, 11; ina si'ari sa ba-a-di ri-in-ku ina '^^Tarbiyi to-morrow evening there will he a liba- tion in T. H. 47, 7; ina si'ari timu ivana ba-a-di Nabti Tasmetu™ ina bit ersi irrubii to-morrow, the J/th, at sunset, NahlX and Tasmet will enter the hed-chamber H. 366, 6; sise ana ba-a-di lusaqbi stse lusa9bitu 1 will stable the horses this evening and assign them quarters (for lusaqbi, cf. qabti stable, pen, HW 578*^; for su9butu to station, place, cf. HW 562^). Cf. Hebraica, x. 196; AJSL., xiv. 16. bid (synonym of ki) as, like: bi-id sarru isapar as the king commands (sends) 16, 16; ultu bid ana Elamti . . . ti 9 li since they went away to Elam 5, 8; ultu bid... nuse- bila since we sent 5, r. 11. — (HW 190^) belu (^J^D) lord: belti'a (EN-a) 4, 7. 21; beliia (EN-ia) 4, 7. 33. (be-ili-ia) i, 1. 6, beli (be-ili) my lord ; belika (EN-ka) 6, 28, (EN-ka-a) 6, IS thy lord ; belisu (en-su) 6, ^\ his lord; beluni (en-uI) 12, 11. r. 2, belini (EN-ni) 12, 60 Christopher Johnston^ [1898. 1. 6. 8 (EN-i-ni) 17, 6. 11. r. 3, owr lord; bel (en) sarrani the lord of kings i, 1. 5.— (HW 163^) balu to worship, he submissive: immatema...ulibalil (i-ba-lu) if they will not submit 4, 26. — (HW 173*^) baldtu (tO'^O, O'^D properly survive; cf. n^H), prt. iblut, prs. ibalut, once ibalat, to live; to recover from illness: iba- lat (i-ba-lat) he will recover 14, 31; baltu (bal-tu) he teas alive 2, 46; ina libbi baltti (bal-tu) they live {subsist) upon it 2j 45. — J[ ul u-bal-lat-ka I will not let thee live I, 41 ; ana bullut (bu-lut) napsate/br the preservatioii of the life of 8, r. 11*.— (HW 174^) baldtu (properly infin. of preceding) life: [ba-lat] napisti 13, r. 1. 2; balat (tin) napsate life, preservation 4, 6 ; 5,6; 20, 5; lale balati (tin) fullness, enjoyment, of life 10, 10. — (HW 175^) beltu (fern. of belu), pi. beleti, /ac?y.- belit (nin) Kidi- muri the lady of K. 10, 6.— (HW 163^) banu (*JD), prt. ibni, prs. ibant, to make, build, beget: banti (properly participle) ancestor; mare bantiti {p\j- KAK-MEs) free-born citizens, nobles (properly sons of ancestors) 3, 16.— (HW 178^) banu bright, honorable, excellent: ban (ba-an) sa tepusa the excellent (service) that ye have do7ie (cstr. before sa) 6, 36 ; sa ina paniia bantl (ban-u) 10 hich is honorable in my sight 6, 39.— (HW 180^) BAR a measure of some kind, 2, 56. buru (*1NS, 113) '^ell, cistern: ina bt\ri (pu) ittuqut he fell into a well 11, r. 1.— (HW 164^^) baru, prt. ibrt, prs. ibari, to see. — J Causative, la ubarrt (u-bar-ri) I have not disclosed 16, 14. — (HW 182^) birtu (barii) glance, sight: birit ini clear, plain sight; ina birit (bi-rit) ini lumandid let him make it clearly un- derstood (literally measure out in plain view) i, 34. — (HW 183^) birtu itl^^^) fortress, castle: sulmu ana ^^birat (bi-rat) greeting to the fortresses 7, 5; bir-ti-su the (literally his) for- tress (ZA. ii. 321) 7, r. 10.— (HW 185*) bisu (ti^J^D) bad, evil: bi-i-su 5, 13; dibbekabtstitu (bi-su-u-tu) evil words about thee (cf. nj71 DniS'l i Gen. xxxvii. 2) 6, 6. — (HW 165^) basu (properly ba + su in him; cf. Eth. b6, botH), prt. ibsi, prs. ibasi, to be. exist. — Prs. sg. i-ba-as-si 14, 22; i-ba-as- Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature, 61 s u - u - n i (mod. rel.) 8, r. 7 ; pi. i - b a - a s - s u - u 2, 12 ; 3, r. 5 ; ibasi'u (i-ba-si-u) 15, r. 9.— (HW 188^) bitu (JlO), pi. bit ate, written e, e-mes, house ; with refer- ence to gods, temple: bit Marduk-erba the house of M-e. 19, r. 6; in a biti in the house of ()^ r. 4; rab-blti major- domo 2, 52; bit ili temple 16, r. 1. V; ilu mar biti the god of the temple 20, 10; bit Nabti the temple of N. 8, 12. r. 9; bitate karani store-houses for wine 17, r. 1. — (HW l^l**) bitxallu riding horse: pi. bitxallati, ^°^«^sa bit-xal-la- ti the cavalry 7, r. 22 ; cf. Hebraica, x. 109, 198. — (HW 190^) gabbu (usually in genit. g a b b i) totality^ all, every : general- ly placed after, and in apposition to, the word qualified; ma99a- rate gab-bu all the guards 10, r. 6; qinnasu gab-bi his %vhole family 2y ^ \ matsunu gab-bi their whole country ; bel tabatesu gab-bi all his partizans 2^ 24; sarnuppi gab-bi every sarnuppu 2, 61; aga gab-bi all these parts, this country (literally all this) 2, 16.— (HW 192^) gamiru (*1DJI), prt. igmur, prs. igamar, to complete, to pay: tapsuru igamar-ma (i-gam-mar-ma) he will pay a m/i5om 2, 40.— -(HW 199^) gusuru (g a s a r u to make strong) beam, timber : pi. g u s ti r e (gis-gusue-mes) annlite this timber (literally ^Aese Yearns j 7, r. 17.— (HW 20:^) n de'u ((<*t>) disease, plague: kimade'i (di-e) xurrurii they are ravaged as though {by) a plague 2, 17. — (HW 297*) dibbu (113*1), pl- dibbe, ig or d, speech : dibbusu (dib-bu- s u) his word 20, r. 4 ; pi. d i b - b e (d i b -b i) aga these words 5, r. 15; dibbe ka'amantitu reliable words i, 41; dibbeka (dib-bi-ka) btslitu evil words about thee (cf. btsu) 6, 5; dibbate(?) ammete(?) (dib?-ba-te am-me-te?) these things, such matters{?) (cf. 1^1 , ^1 , thing) 18, 16.— (HW 209^) dabdbu, prt. idbub, prs. idabub, to speak, converse: is- sisunu lidbubu (lid-bu-bu) let him cotiverse with them 16 j 12.— ^t g(^^y^^^ iddebub (id-di-bu-ub) 2, 25; cf. dlnu.— (HW 208^) 62 Christopher Johnston, [1898. dAku, prt. idtik, prs. idak, to kill: suxdii-ma ... la a- du-ku oiot willingly would I have slaiii 6, 16; tadtika (ta- ^yji'}iL^) ye ham slain 2, 23; idtikti (i-du-ku) they slew ii, r. 3; dtka (du-u-ka) slay ye! 3, 10.— Infin. daku, ana mux- xi dakika (GAz-ka) ilmti they have planned thy destruction 6,22; ana daki (gaz) iddintika they have given thee over to death 6, 11; ina pani da-a-ku sa axiia in order to slay my brother 4, 15.—^* same^ iddtikii (id-du-ku) they slew 2^ 17; taddtika (ta-ad-du-ka) yehaveslai7i2jbQ. — (HW212^) diktu slaughter, slaying: di-ik-ti dtika slay ye! 3, 10. — (HW 212^) dikitu (Nisbeh form) troop of soldiers (?) : ina qat di-ki-tu accompanied hy a troop 2, 38. duUu (d a 1 a 1 u to serve ; '7'^'^ to he poor, dependent) work, duty, service: dul-lu 6, 33 ; 7, r. 21 ; 15, 8.— (HW 219^) daldpu (v«aJ<^) to go: a da lap (a-dal-lap) I will go d^, 22. — (HW 217^ below) ddmu (D1) hlood: pi. dame (us-mes) 15, r. 2. 6. 13. 17. — (HW 220^) dinu iV"^ judgment, cause: di-i-ni ittisunu iddebub he upbraided them (literally plead a cause with them) 2, 25. — (HW 215^) duppu (Syr. ^}5'^) tablet, letter: duppu (im) Bel-upaq letter of B.-u, 20, 1.— (HW 226*) dupsarru (Sumerian dub tablet + s a r to write) scribe, secre- tary : d u p s a r ( a - b a) m a t i the secretary of state 9, 1 ; d u p - sar (a-ba) ekalli the secretary of the palace 19, 1. r. 5. — (HW 227^)— Cf. note on 9, 1, p. 47. dequ, prt. idqt, prs. idaqi, to gather, collect: qastasunu , . . idqli (id-ku-u) they assembled their forces 3, r. 5 ; ebtiru deqt (di-e-qi) the harvest is gathered 16, r. 10. — (HW 216% sub J^4D1) d^ru {JVtsbeh of daru, ^*)1 to endure), enduring, everlast- ing: sanate darate never ending years ly, 9. — (HW 213^) r zagu, perhaps ^0 5^an^. — Q usazgtisu (u-sa-az-gu-u-su) they withhold it (i. e. cause to stop) 2, 59; dinatu attti'a... u-sa-az-gu-u I have established (i. e. caused to stand firm) my rights, Behistun (III R. 39) 9.— (HW 260% sub tlpt) Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 63 zilliru (zi-il-li-ru) an Elamite official title 2, 11.— (HW 256^) zimu (Vf I>an. ii. 31, v. 6; properly, brightness) face, form, appearance: ztmisu (zi-me-su) malti his complete health (literally /w/^/orm) i, 14.— (HW 252^) zunnu rain; written a-an-mes i6, r. 8, where the plural sign (MEs)has merely a collective force. — (HW 259^) xi'ldnu, xiialelnu troops: xi-'-la-a-nu 4, 8; xi-ia-la- ni-ia my troops 3, 22. — (HW 275^) xubtu booty, prisoners (cf. xabatu): xubte (xu-ub-ti)cL ixtabttini they captured 150 prisoners 2,-, 18-19. — (HW 269^) xabdtu, prt. ixbut, to plunder, take prisoner: impv. pliir. xubtu xubtanu (xu-ub-ta-a-nu) take prisoners !{^=x\x\) - tani) 3, 11. — ^* ixtabttini (ix-tab-tu-ni) they captured 3, 19.— (HW 268*^) xadu ['r\Y\\l pleasure), prt. ixdli, ixdl, to rejoice, be glad. Stem of s u X d 1i q. v. xazdnu [V^T]) prefect, superior : i!i2i- 7. 2i-nu sa bit Nabti^^e prefect of the temple of JSf. 8, 12.— (HW 272^) xakelmu, prs. ixakim, to understand. — lusaxkim (lu- sax-ki-im) I will give directions, explain 15, r. 19. — (HW 276^) -x.di\q\X fugitive, deserter: pi. xalqtite (xa-a-mes) 7,9; xal-qu H. 245, 11 ; xal-qu-te H. 245, 5. r. 11. xaldqu (Eth. xalqa), prt. ixliq, prs. ixaliq, to flee: kt i X - 1 i - q u lohen he fled I, 10; sa ix-li-qa who fled 2, 5 ; a d t la axaliqa (a-xal-li-qa) before I fled 2, 26.— (HW 279^) xamatta (xamadda) help, aid: xa-mat-ta 8, r. 17. — (HW 281% sub X am at) xannu, xanni'u (=annti) this: lakti sikru xa-ni-u this poor fellow 14, 10. — The following additional examples are taken from Harper's Letters: xa-an-ni-i H. 19, r. 12; H. 306, 10; H. 357, r. 10 ; xa-an-ni-e H. 355, 15 ; xa-ni-e H. 311, 13 ; xa-an-ni-maH. 358, 29. r. 17; xa-an-nim-ma H. 362, r. 1.— PI. xa-nu-u-te H. 121, 8 ; xa-nu-te H. 99, 6; H. 121, r. 10; xa-an-nu-ti H. 306, 5. r. 7.— (HW 284^) xasdsu, prt. ixsus, prs. ixasas, to think, perceive, under- stand: if the king la xassu (xa-as-su) does not understand 5, r. 24. — ^* ktamat...ax-tas-su when I learn anything 2, 64 Christopher Johnston, [1898. 61. — jj xussu (xu-us-su) he is well informed 20, r. 6. — For these syncopated forms cf. § 97. — (HW 284^) xepu, prt. ixpt, prs. ixapi, to destroy : ultu raiixxi... bit abiia ixpll (ix-pu-u) since he destroyed my father'' s house 4, 14.— (HW 286^) xaridu, prs. ixarid.— ^* ix-te-ri-di 15, 11. — (HW 289*) xardgu (r^lH) properly to cut, then to decide, fix, establish: xara9U (xa-ra-9u) sa dibbe aga confirmation of these words 5, r. 14; tensunu xari9 (xa-ri-i9) he has accurate news of them 3, r. 25. — (HW 292*, sub xari9u) xardru, prs. ixarar, to plow. — J[ xurrurii (xur-ru-ru) they are ravaged {[itevdWj plowed up). — (HW 292*) ta'dbu (d, p? »jSd% prt. it'ib, to oppress {?).—]S nax- naxtitu u-ta-u-bu they oppress, interfere xoith, the breathing 15, r. 12.— (HW 722% sub {w"]?nN"T) telbu ((^Lb, v^^lzj)? prt. ittb, prs. itab, to be good, well: ta-a-ba ana alaki the conditions are favorable for the journey (literally, it is good for going) 12, r. 3. 4. 5. 7 ; libbaka . . . lli- ta-a-ba may thy heart be of good cheer i^,x. ^', Iti-ta-ab-ka 6, 3 ; libbu sa sarri . . . I1I ta-a-ba 14, 30; 111 dug-ga 16, r. 12; libbu sa mtir sarri ... 1^ tabsu (dug-ga-su) lO, r. 8._(HW 299^) tubu (DID) good, welfare: ttib(i) libbi u ttib (i) siri(e) health of mind and body (tu-ub) i, 4. 5; 10, 8. 9; 19, 6. 7; (DUG-ub) 14, 6; 15, 5. 6; (tu-bi) 2,2; 3, 2. 3.— (HW 300^ reads tub and explains as cstr. of tubbu infin. S of tabu) t^btu, pi. tabate, benefit, kindness: tabate (mtjn-xi-a) favors 6, 39; bel tabate (en mun-xi-a-mes) partizans, friends 2, 12. 24. 47.— (HW 301*) tebetu, Tebeth, the tenth month of the Babylonian calendar ; written iti-ab 17, 13.— (HW 298*^) temu (D)7tO) news, information: te-e-mu I, 24; 2, 4 ; 3, r. 15; tensunu (te-en-su-nu) news about them 3, r. 24. — (HW 297*.; cf. Guthe's Ezra-Nehemiah, p. 35) iinu (f^N) not: ianti (ia-'-nu-u, i. e. ianu 4- interrog. enclitic u) is it not so? 6, 25.— (HW 49*) Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature, 65 idsi me: sulrau ia-a-si it is well with (as to) med^ 2. — (HW 5P) idtumme; elippu si ia-a-tu that ship of mine i8, 6; ia- a-tu Iti tallika let mine (i. e. my ship) go i8, i*. 6. KU(?) I, 26. ki (5 , ^p), written ki-i, ki. — (1) Preposition, as^ like, accord- ing to : ki adi according to compact i, 23. — (2) Conjunction; (a) when, kt...ittalka when he arrives 2, 38; ki i9batu when he received 2, 47; kl itbti when they reached 3, 13; kt iplaxti having become afraid 3, 24; ki upaxxir having as- sembled 2, 24; cf. also I, 9. 12; 2, 7. 9. 51. 54; 5, 12. 15. 19; 20, 12 ; — (b) if ki...taltapra if thou sendest i, 36; ki . . . 9ibti if he wishes 5, r. 14 ; ki . . . maxru if it be agreeable 2, 31 ; 4, 26 ; ki . . . axtassu if I learn 2, 60; ki sa . . . la xassu if he does not understand 5, r. 21-24; — (c) that, idii ki they know that 4, 11; — (d) as, si?ice, ki...karmattini since it is bottled ; — (e) although, ki use'idus although he has applied for it 2, 59. — (3) Adverb, ki sa satra Jm5^ as they (the letters) were written 5, r. 20; ki...ki now... again (literally thus . . . thus, introducing direct discourse ; cf. note ad loc.) 2, 14-15.— (IIW 325^) ka'dmdnu (l) Adjective, steadfast, reliable: pi. dibbe ka'a- mantitu (ka-a-a-ma-nu-tu) reliable words i, 41. — (2) Ad- verb, libbaka ka-a-a-ma-ni- Iti taba may thy heart ever he of good cheer 9, r. 2.— (HW 321^) kibistu (kabasu, DDD; properly, trampling, what is trampled under foot; cf. sikiptu) base fellow, rascal : addan anaku qata'a ina kibsate (kib-sa-ti) I will lay my hands upon the rascals 7, r. 8. kddu military post, garrisoni^) : ka-a-du 3, 8. r. 2. 12. — (HW 725-) kdlu (^1D), prt. ikiil, tohold,bear. — % part, mukil (mu-kil) as ate charioteer (literally holder of the reins) 8, 21. — S* uktil (uk-ti-il) 15, 12.— (HW 319b) kalu (K'^D), pi't. iklti, ikla, prs. ikalti, to check, restrain. — 55' d a me i k k a 1 i ' u (i k - k a - 1 i - u) the hemorrhage will be checked 15, r. 17.— (HW 328^) kalbu {^^1 dog : \2.\-h\ 2, 62.— (HW 328^j kilile (D^N'PD, Eth. kWe) both: rabe-qi9iria kilale (ki- la-le) both my chiefs of battalion 7, r. 4.— (HW 331^) VOL. XIX. 5 66 Christopher Johnston, [1898. kaldmu (=kalu + nia) totality, all: ana mimraa kala- mu (ka-la-mu) in regard to anything whatever 20, r. 3. — (HW 329^) kalimu to see. — Jf to show lukallimlinasi (lu-kal-li- mu-na-si) let them show ns 17, r. 4. — (II W 332^) kima (= kt + emphatic ma, Heb. 1^3) like, as: ki-ma de'i as (with) a plague 2, IV.— (HW 326^) kamdsu, prt. ikmis, prs. ikamis (properly to bow, fall doicn), to settle, dwell, i?i a place ; to remove (i. e., settle else- where): kt ikmisli (ik-me-su) when they had removed, left 2, 9. The following examples are taken from Harper's Letters : issuri ina bitika-ma kam-mu-sa-ka, if indeed thou art dwelling at home H. 97, 7-8; ilani ammar inaEsaggi^ kam-mu-su-ni all the gods that dwell in Esaggil H. 119, 7-8 ; ilani ammar ina biti kam-mu-su-ni all the gods that dwell in the templet. 120, 7-8; istu al bit abika bid atta kam- mu-sa-ka-ni when you removed from the city of your father'' s house H. 46, 11.— (HW 336^) kanu, J to care for, give heed to : ilku ana Ezida kunnak (kun-na-ak) I pay heedful reverence to E. 20, 9. — (HW 337^) kandku, prt. i k n u k , to seal, execute a contract : ^°^^^ r e s u iknuktini (ik-nu-ku-u-ni) the officer icho executed the con- tract 19, r. 8.— (HW 589% sub T^'^T:^) kunukku seal, sealed document: kunukku (tak-sid) ina (\k%\%\xxiw. provided with a loarrant 7, 8. — (HW 589^) kenutu (JID) loyalty: kenlitka (ki-nu-ut-ka) thy loyalty 6, 23.— (HW 322^) kussu (NDD) throne: kussi (gis-gu-za)2, 6.— (HW 343^) KAS-BU (or KAS-GID?) double hour: 11 kas-bu qaq- qar tioo double hours of ground ;^, 12. kis(i)limu Ghisleu, the ninth month of the Babylonian calen- dar : TTI-GAN 11,6. — (HW 344^) kaspu (^D^) silver, money : kas-pu 15,10; 18, 7; ana kas-pi (azag-ud) for money i, 27. — (HW 345^) kasdru, prt. iksir, prs. ikasir, to dam, check, confine. — N saru ikkasir (i-ka-si-ir) the air lo ill be kept away 15, r. 16. — (HW 345^) kissutu (=kissatu; Aram. J^DD ^ ^TSOyi fodder (for cat- tle, etc.): ^eki-su-tu i8,15. r. 8; ^eki.ig.gu-tu ana immer^. si-MEs H. 306, r. 12. Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 67 kuru (forkur'u; Syr. n*)5nj^ io fall ill) distress^ trouble: 8a ktlri (ku-ri) \x\kl\x his eyes are diseased (sa like .(3; cf. BA. i. 384 below) 14, 11.— (HW 352^) \L\vvi grove: kirti (gis-sar) sa Asur the (sacred) grove of Asiir II, 9; k. sa Nabti o/iVa5t^ 8, '7.— (HW 353^) kardbu, prt. ikrub, prs. ikarab, to he gracious to, bless: ana sarri likrubll (lik-ru-bu) 7nay they bless, be gracious to, the king 4, 4 ; 5, 4 ; 11, 5 ; 12, 9 ; 13, 8 ; 18, 5 ; 19, 6 ; lik- ru-bu- su may they bless him 12, 15.— (HW 350^) kardbu; ul kir-bi-ku-ma (1 sing. permans. like 9ixriku?) 2, 61 ; cf. ul kir-bi-ka H. 202, V. kardmu to bottle: 3 fem. permans. kar-ma-tu-u-ni is bot- tled 17, 14 ; cf. note ad loc. kurummatu provisions, food: pi. kurumm^tani (suk- xi-A-a-ni) 2, 54. 57; kurummatlni (suk-xi- A-i-ni) 2, 53 our provisions. — (HW 354^) kardnu «^me .* written gis-ges-tin 17, r. 6; bitate ka- rani (e-ges-tin-mes) store-houses for wine 17, r. 1. — (HW 354b) kardru (modern Arabic .S' to purify) to sanctify, consecrate: the city of Calah ersu sa Nabli tak-kar-ra-ar will conse- crate the couch of NabiX. — Cf. the liturgical text K. 164 (BA. ii. 635), 11. 15. 32. 47. kettu (properly feminine of kenu; p3) truth: ki-e-tu 16, 13.— (HW 323^) kutallu (pro, Cant. ii. 19; Aram. ^r\'2 , Dan. v. 5 ; N^'^np, Ezr. V. 8, wall ) side: i n a k u - 1 a 1 - 1 i - s u - n u from their side 2, 20.— (HW362'*) Ii (^j'?) 'not: 2, 26. 29. Q6', 4, 16; 16, 14. 15 ; 19, r. 7, etc.— (HW 363^) lu ('?, J; cf. Haupt in JHU. Circ, xiii., No. 114, 107, July '94). (1) Asseverative particle, ver%, mc^ee^.* lil idtl verily they know 4, 11. — (2) Precative particle, lH sulmu ana greeting to y, S ; 8, 3 ; 10, 3, etc.; Iti tallik let it (the ship) come 17, r. 3; sar- ru lli tdt may the king know 5, r. 27; libbaka Iti tabka may thy heart be of good cheer 6, 3.— (HW 373^) la'u ((<^J), prs. ila'i, ile'i: ki sa i-la-'u as he pleases ^, 34; ki sa a-li-'-u-' as I please H. 402, r. 5.— (HW 364^) 68 Christopher Johnston, [1898. libbu C^ , 'y^)i written lib-bu (bi, ba), sa, sA-bi(ba, bu). — (1) heart^mind: libbaka Itl tabka may thy heart be of good cheer 6y^ (ai. tkhvi, tlib libbi ttib siri, cf. ttibu); istu Samas libbasu'issuxa since Samas perverted his understand- ing 6, 8. — (2) middle, midst, and in this sense used with the prepositions in a, ana; in a libbi in, among i, 30 ; 2, 2; 5, IV; 18, 7; ina libbi Upi'a at Opis 18, 12 ; in a libbi from, out of S, 15; inalibbibaltti they live upon it 2, 45; ina libbi in order that i, 31; ina libbi sa because 6, 23; ana libbi sa ana until 6, 40. — (HW 367^) libbu (—ina libbi); libbti (sA-bu-u) 2i,gk through, by means of, this (measure) 4, 24. — (HW 368^) labdru, prt. ilbur, prs. ilabir to be, to become, old: in fin. labar (la-bar) pale length of reign 2, 3; 3, 3. — (HW 370^) laku weak, miserable: la-ku-u 14, 9. — (HW 376^) la.\u fulness, abundance: lal-e h a, I kti fulness, enjoyment of life 10, 10.— (HW 377^) lamu , prt. i 1 m i , to surround, enclose, catch : kt il-mu-u-ni when they have caught 2, 51 ; ana muxxi dakika il-mu-u they have plotted (tried to encompass) thy destruction 6, 22. — (HW 379^) lippu ( i , _4 j to wind, wrap up) bandage, dressing : pi. lippe (li-ip-pi) 15, r. 7. Idsu (=la-l-isu, \^^) there is not, there are not: mussa- rane la-as-su there are no i?iscriptio7is 16, 20; 9illate la- as-su there are no shelters 17, r. 1. — (HW 386^) ma, enclitic particle; draws the accent to the ultima of the word to which it is appended. — (1) Emphatic particle, minil iqablini-ma what, indeed, can they say 6, 30 ; suxdii-ma . . . \k adtiku not willingly, indeed, could I have slain 6, 14 ; nin- dema ilani...ippusli-ma if only the gods will bestir them- selves 2, 42; stitti-ma that {god) indeed (here like ^ in apodosis of conditional clause) 14, 26; beliia-ma my lord 5, 6; ilaui- raa the gods 8, r. 1 ; emur^-ma they saw 3, 21. — (2) As con- junction, and; lillika-ma let him come audi, 34; sa ittira- ma who returned and 2, 6; isemi-ma he will hear and 2, 40, etc.— (HW 386^ ; 387^) Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 69 md thuSy as follows ; serves (like nmma) to introduce direct discourse: ma -a 7, r. 6; 15, r. 4; 16, 19; 19, r. 5. 6. — (HW 387^) VCidi di6.\X ahunda7we^ profusion: dame ma-'a-du muchhlood (literally blood a profusion) 15, r. 6; zunnu ma' ad a (ma-'a- da) much rain 16, r. 8.— (HW 389^) ma'ddu (1ND)j prt. im'id, prs. ima'id, to he much^ numer- ous, abundant: permans. ma'ada (ma -'a- da) it is abundant ly^ r. 7.— (HW 388^) MU-GA, apparently an ideogram, 6, 39. MU-GI, rab mu-gi the chief m., an official title, 15, r. 3. madddu (mD)> prt. imdud, prs. imandad, to measure. — 3 lumandid (lu-man-di-id) let him measure out (cf. birtu) I, 35.— (HW 393b) mudelnutu science (abstract of mtidanu, a formation in -an (§65, No. 35) from mtidti wise, ^T) : in a la mlidantite (mu-da-nu-te) unscientifically (literally without science) 15, r. 8. muxxu properly top, summit (Sumerian mux), written mux- xi, MUX. Usually combined with the prepositions in a, ana, ultu. — (1) ina muxxi; (a) upon, over: ina muxxi (mux) naxnax^te sa 2,^ ^\ upon, over, the nostrils 15, r. 9; ina muxxi (mux) kadu over (in command of) the post ^, r. 2. 12 ; ina muxxi (mux) bit belika ul tasdud thou hast not brought (foe and famine) upon thy lord's house 6, 28. — (b) against : mint! iqabtini-ma ina muxxi (mux) ardu sa what can they say against a servant who, etc. 6, 30. — (c) to: ittalktinu ina mux-xi-ia they have come to me 19, r. 4. — (d) as to, in regard to: 6, 4. 33; 12, 10 ; 15, r. 1. — (e) for: soldiers are sent ina muxxi (mux) xalqtite for, after, deserters 7, 9 ; ina mux-xi napsate sa beliia ugalla I pray for my lord'' s life 13, r. 7. — (2) ana muxxi; (a) towards, against: ina, Vihhx ana mux-xi-ni taraxu9 that you may feel confidence in (towards) W5 i, 32 ; emtiqesu ana mux-xi-i-ni la isapar that he may not send his troops against us 2, 29; six a ana muxxi (mux) U. a rebellion against IT. 3, r. 17. — (b) to, as far as: ana muxxi (mux) ^^Irgidti. .. ki ilh A when they reached Irgidu 3, 11.— (c) as to, in regard to : 2, 33 ; 20, 11.— (d) for: ana muxxi (mux) kurummatini for our provisions (ye applied) 2, 53 ; ana muxxi (mux) dakika ilmti they laid plans for thy destruction 6, 21; ana muxxi (mux) abiia /or, 70 Christopher Johnston, [1898. in behalf of \ my father 20, 8. —(8) ultu muxxi after, since: iiltu muxxi (mux) sa emurti-ma after they saw ^y '^^ ', ultu muxxi (Mux)...ikkiru since, from, the time that, he revolted 4, 11.— (HW 398^) maxru former {Nisheh form): sarru maxrti (max-ru-u) the former king 2, 6.— (HW 403^) maxdru, prt. imxur, prs. imaxar, properly to hein front (cf. *nnD to-morrow). — (1) to receive, accept, ki . . . maxru (raax-ru) if it be acceptable, pleasing 2, 32; 4, 27; summa maxir (ma-xi-ir) same, 15, r. 18. — (2) to bring (properly to place in front of): tamaxaranl-raa (ta-max-xa-ra-nim- ma) tanamdinanasu ye shall bring and give us 2, 57. — (HW 400^) maxim (l^llDj properly something received) price: ana maxiri (ki-lam) for sale i, 36.— (HW 404^) mukil, see kalu. mala (proi[>er]j fulness ; accus. of malu^mal'u, J^'^D » written ma -la, never ma -la -a) as much, many as: ma- la n i s e m t\ all that we may hear i, 24 ; m a - 1 a i b a s ti all of them (literally as many as exist) 2, 12 ; 3, r. 5; ma -la dibbusu su- lum so far as (as much as) his loords were propitious 20, r. 4. — (HW 410^) malu (N'?D) f^^h complete: zimisu ma-la-a his perfect health (literally his full form) i, 14.--(HW 41 P) mimma, minma (mln -j- ma) whatever, anything: min-ma anything 1, 36; ana mimma (nin) kalama in regard to everything whatever 20, r. 3; mimma (nin) sa...bisu what- ever was bad ^, 12.— (HW 418^.) Cf. mi-nu, Eth. mi. memeni (for man-man-ni) any, any one: ilanika gum- ma me-me-ni if any of thy gods 14, 24. Cf. the following, izirtti me-me-ni ina libbi satrat is any curse written thereupon H. 31, 10; dullu me-me-ni any work H. 109, r. 17; me-me-e-ni la is'alsu nobody has asked him H. 49, r. 23; ina muxxi me-me-ni la saltak I have control over nothing (or no one?) H. 84, r. 6.— (HW 407^) minu hoiof with sa, indefinite; mi-i-nu sa mar sarri beli isaparani as the prince may command %,y.\^. — (HW 406^) minu what? mi-nu-u6, 29; mtna-ma(mi-nam-ma) why? 2, 22 ; (me-nam-ma) how? 6, 5.— (HW 417^) mindema (cf. nindema) when, if: min (man)-d i-e-ma ana sarri beliia iqabi if he says to the king 5, r. 9. — Senn. Vol. xix.] Assyrian JEpistolary Literature. VI Bav. 40, arkis min-di-ma Sin-axe-erba aggis eziz-ma afterwards when Sennacherib became violently enraged. — (HW 416^) minma, cf. mimma. ma^gartu (na9aru, 1^^J) guard, watch (both abstract and concrete): ma99arta'a (EN-NUN-a-a) sa tSL^^ursi the guard for me which ye have kept 6, 37; ana ma-9ar-ti lizzizli let them stand guard 7, r. 16; sulmu ana ma99arate (en- NTJN-MEs) gabbu greeting to all the guards 10, r. 5. — (HW 478^) maqdtu, prt. imqut, prs. imaqut to fall. — "^^ ittuqut (i-tu-qut, for intamqut, intauqut) he fell il, r. 1. — (HW 424^) Ui^vvison: written du; marusu sa the son of 1, V ; mar axati nephew (sister's son) i, 8 ; 3, r. 1 ; mare axi nephews (brother's sons) 3, 15; mar mare grandchildren 6, 40; mare b a n ti t i free born citizens (cf . bant\) 3, 16; ilu mar biti the god of (son of) the temple 20, 10, — (HW 390^) margu sick, sick man, patient: mar- 91 15, r. 1. — (HW 426^) mard^u (,j^yo) to he sick, ill: permans. maru9 (ma-ru-u9) he is ill I, 13.— (HW 426^) marustu (fem. of marsu, properly unclean) calamity, evil: ma-ru-us-ti 2, 18.— (HW 428^) musu (form like ktiru, for mus'u), pi. musati (cf. j>L,wmw>o , „^j^ , Eth. m^s^t), night: timi mu-su day and night 13, r. 6. — (HW 429^) masd'u, prt. imsti', to rob: kurtimatani sa masa' (ma- sa-') our provisions which have been stolen 2, 57. — (HW 428^) masdru, S mussuru to leave, abandon ; to let go, set loose (cf. Haupt in PAOS, March '94, cvi) : matsunii ina kutalli- rsunu mussurat (mus-su-rat) their country fell away (was let loose) from their side 2, 20. — Jf*^ to leave, abandon : ^*Ma- dakti undeser(un-dis-sir) he left (abandoned) Madaktu 2, 7.— (HW 432^) mussaru, musaru, musaru (from Sumerian mu name + SAR to write, Assyr. sitir sumi) inscription: mus-sa-ru-u 16, r. 3; pi. mussarane (mus-sa-ra-ni-i) 16, 19. — (HW 42P) mitu (Syr. 1^^) land, country: written kur I, 9 ; 2, 9; 7, 6, -etc; ma-a-ti 4, 30; sar matati (kur-kur) 3, 4; 4, 1. 4; 5, 1. 3, king of the world (literally of the countries). — (HW 434^) 72 Christopher Johnston, [1898^ mdtu (n*)D)) pi't. imtit, prs. imat, to die: permans. mitu (ini-i-tu) he died Sy 16.— -(HW 395=^) mutir-puti (cf. ptitu, taru) satellite: '^"'^^GUR-Ru-pu tu 5,r. 25.— (HW 517^) niburu ODJ^) ferry: ni-bu-ru i8, 13. r. 5. 13.— (HW 11^ nibiru.) ndgiru, an official title, probably overseer, superintendent: ^^^^LiGiR 2, 10.— (HW 447^) nadu, prt. iddi, prs. inadi, to cast, cast down, lay: ana tar9i axamis na-du-u they are encamped (Vie) opposite each other 3, r. 23. — QH* qatsunu ina libbi . . . it-ta-du-u they put their hand upon 3, r. 9. — (HW 448^) naddnu (|n^), prt. iddin,iddan; prs, inadin, inamdin, iddan, togive,place. — Prt. iddanakunusu (id-dan-nak-ku- nu- six) he used to give you 2, 55; ana daki iddintika (id-din- u - k a) they have given thee over to destruction 6, 11; pisunu id- dantinu (id-dan-nu-nu) they sent a message (literally gave ut- terance) 3, 25; niddintini (ni-din-u-ni) we gave 15, 10. — Prs. addan (a-da-an) qata'a 1 will lay my ha7ids J , v. 7; inam- din1i (i-nam-di-nu) they give 2, 45;iddan1i (id-dan-nu) they will give 13, r. 5 ; tanamdinanasu (ta-nam-di-na-na- a-su) ye shall give us 2, 5S. — Prec. luddin (lu-ud-din) i'^o^7^ give 2, 28; liddinii (lid-di-nu) 14, 7; 15, 7 ; 17, 10; 19, 7; (lid-din-nu) 10, 12 may they give ; niddin (ni-id-din) we will give (cohortative) 4, 32. — Cl* ittedinsunu (it-ti-din-su- nu) he has given, sold, them i^,Y. 2', pisu ittedin (it-ti-din) he has given command (properly utterance) 14, 27. — (HW 450^) naddru, prt. iddur, to lavish: ana bel tabatesu id-dur he used to lavish upon his partizans 2, 47. — N and N*'' to be angry, rage. — -The stem may be compared to Syr. TlJ se profu- dit, and so N and N^" would properly mean to overflow ; cf. mali libbati, libbati imtali, etc.— (HW 452^) nsizkzu (Eth. nazaza to console, properly to support, to try to raise up, hold erect), prt. izziz, prs. izzaz, to stand: elippu ...ina Bab-bitqi ta-za-az-za the ship is (stands) at B-b. 18, 10 ; ina pania izzaztl (i-za-zu) they are (stand) with me 7, r. 23 ; lizzizti (li-zi-zu) let them stand 7, r. 16. — QH* to place one^s self: ittisuit-ta-si-iz-zu (^. e. ittasizzll for ittaziztl) they have sided with him 3, r. 20; ina muxxi Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 73 amatia tattasizza (ta-at-ta-si-iz-za-') ye can hear wit- ness to (literally take your stand upon) my words 2, 31. In these forms the s for z is merely due to dissimilation. — (HW 455^) naxnaxtu ala of nostril (cf. modern Arabic .^Js.^ to speak through the nose,-= ,^^^^ "^ a^): pi. naxnax^te (na-ax-na- xi-e-te) sa appi 15, r. 10. Compare naxiru. naxnaxutu (na-ax-na-xu-tu) breathing it^^ v. 11. nixesu, prt. ixxis, prs. in axis, inamxis^ to retire, go back, go: 'dusi Elamti kl ix-xi-su when they had gone to £J lam 5,15; ana Elamti ul ix-xi-i^ he has not gone to- Elam ^, r. 14.— (HW458^) naxiru (J^I^H^) nostril: pi naxire (na-xi-ri) within the nostrils 15, r. 14.— (HW 458^) naxxartu (= namxartu, from maxaru to receive) receipt, income: na-xar-tu 17, 13. — (HW 405^, namxurtu) nakru foe, enemy: nakru (^™^^kuk) u btibtituybe and famine 6, 27. — (HW 465=^) nakdru (*)D^), prt. ikkir, to be strange, hostile; to revolt: ina qat sarri ik-ki-ru (mod. rel.) he revolted from the king 4, 13.— (HW 4G4^) nimelu (properly result of labor, ^t2)^^ Jl««c) produce, gain ; welfare: ni-me-il-su his welfare 12, r. 1. — (HW 83^^) nini ( .v^) we: ni-i-[ni]? 18, 15 ; cf. anini. nindema (=mind6ma, with assimilation of m to n) if: nin-di-e-ma . . . iqabi if the king thinks 2, ^Q ', nin-di-e-ma . . . ippiisli-ma if they will bestir themselves 2, 41. nasdxu, prt. issux, prs. inasax, to pluck, tear out, reynove with violence : libbasu issuxa (zi-xa) took away his under- standing 6, 8.— (HW 471^) nasiku (H^DJ) prince: ^'"^^na-si-ku 3, 14; pi. nasikati ^atneij^a-si-ka-a-ti) authorities, rulers 3, 19.— (HW 472^) napistu (tJ^£)^, ^^^jS) ^. 5, r. 23 ; ina qat dikitu accompanied by a troop 2, 38; kunukku ina qati- sunu provided with a warrant 7, 8; qatsii ki a9bata having taken his hand (i. e. given him my protection) i, 12; ina qat from I, 27 ; 2, 60.— (HW 598^) qatii to come to an end, perish: 2 sg. permans. qatata, ina libbi sa itti bit belika qa-ta-a-ta because thou woiddst have perished with thy lord^s house 6, 19. — (HW 599^) rabu (D")), cstr. rab, great: rab biti ('^'^^'gal e) major- domo 2, 52; rab qi9ir (cf. qi9ru) chief of battalion, major 7^ 10. r. 3 ; rab MU-Gi 15, r. 3.— (HW 609-^) Vol. xix.J Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 79 rubu (cf. rabti) magnate^ noble : rubesu (^""^^ g al-mes-su) his nobles 2, 40.— (HW 610^) rebu («jlJ fourth: tirau rebti (iv-kam) the fourth day (of the month) 8, 10 ; I2, r. 6; 20, r. 2.— (HW 608^) rixu remaining, the rest of: pi. rtxtite (ri-xu-te) the rest (of the inscriptions, mussarani) i6, r. 5. — (HW 618^) raxdgu (ll^ninn, Dan. iii. 28), prt. irxu9, prs. iraxu9, to trust, to have confidence in: ina libbi ana muxxini ta- ra-ax-xu-u9 in order that you may have confidence in us i, 32. — (HW Q\1^) rixtu (stem . . ?) pi. rixati and rixeti, salutation, greet- ing: ri-xa-a-te sa Nabti greetings from NablXio, v. \. — (HW 616^) rakdsu (DD*1, m^^' P^^' ^^^"^j to bind. — S* tal'itu ina muxxi urtakkis (ur-ta-ki-is) 1 had applied (bound on) a dressing 14, 13.— (HW 620^) relmu (DPI*!, iv^O? P^** ii*am, irem, prs. iram to love: ardu sa bit belisu i-ram-mu a servant who loves his lor d^s house 6, 31 ; — prt. ra'imu (ra-'-i-mu) loving 2, 62. — (HW 603^) remu (for rahmu) grace, favor, mercy : remu (ri-mu) as- kunaka I have shown thee favor 6, 24. — (HW 604^) ramu (HD^li c^))> P^*- i^*i^i> l<^ throw, throw down, lay ; intrans. ^0 be slack, relaxed. — % subat 9abe rammt (ra-am- me, impv.) establish a military post i, r. 6. — (HW 622^) ramu relaxed: ina qasti ramiti (ra-mi-ti) with bow relaxed, unstrung (cf. qastu) 2, 42. — (HW 623^) rdmdnu (properly highness, Q^l) self: ra-man-su himself 2, 41.— (HW 624^) rdqu (pn*!), prt. iriq, to be, or become, distant ; to depart: lillikti dullasunu llpusti li-ri-qu-u-ni let them come, perform their duty, and depart H. 386, r. 3-5. — J Asur uraqanni-ma (u-raq-an-ni-i-ma) Asur withholds me, keeps me far from 6, 13.— (HW 605^) ruqu (pin*)) distant, remote : qaqqar ina panisunu ru- u - q u they had a long stretch of ground before them 3, 1 8 ; [time] ru-qu-u-te distant days 13, r. 3.— (HW 605^) resu (^N"), (j^?0-— (1) head: resni (ri-[is]-ni) nisst we will lift up our heads (be all right) 17, r. 5.— (2) officer: written ^'"^^SAG, 19, r. 8 ; pi. ^"°^SAG-MEs 7, 7. r. 1.— (HW 606^) 80 Christopher Johnston, [1898. ratdmu (Dn^), prt. irtum, to hind, wrap: ina appisu ir-tu-mu (which) coy^rec? (enveloped) his face (nose) 14, 14. sa (originally s^, and properly "accusative" of sti he). — (1) Demonstrative pronoon, that one, those : ^^^^ Puqiidu sa ina ^^T. the Pukudeans {viz,) those in T. i, 19 ; inasii sa ktiri his eyes are diseased (those of disease, like J^ with genit.) 14, 11 ; sa bitxallati the cavalry (they of riding horses) 7, r. 22. — (2) Relative pronoun, ^^Ao, ^^^^c^, for all genders, numbers and cases : 2, 5. 23. 57. 60 ; 3, 15 ; 5, 12 ; 16, 6, etc. — (3) Preposition, sign of the genitive, of, i, 5. 7. 8 ; 2, 4. 16. 38. 45 ; 3, 6. 13. 14 ; 10, r. 7 ; II, 9. etc.; (as further development of this usage) from, sa libbi adri ekalli from the palace enclosure (he will go, etc. 8, 16; dame sa appisu illaktini hlood comes from his nose 15, r. 2. — (4) Conjunction, that: apil sipri ibasu saa messenger has come to him (with the news) that i, 17. — (5) Used in a variety of compound expressions; ina libbi sa because 6, 17. 23; adt sa until ^, r. 13; ultu muxxi sa since, after 3, 21 ; 4, 11-12 ; ki sa as 4, 34 ; how 5, r. 20; z/5, r. 21-22. — (HW 630=^) SU. — (1) Pers. pronoun, he, fem. si she, pi. masc. sunu, sun, fem. sina, they; su-u he 5, 9. 11. 17; 6,20; su-nu they 2, 37 ; 7, r. 7. 22 ; 8, r. 10 ; 19, r. 1. — (2) Demons, pronoun, this, that, pi. suntiti(u), fem. sinati, sinatina: elippu si-i that ship) 18, 6; su-u eteqa illaka this is the route he will follow 8, r. 4; sixti su-nu-tu these (people) are in revolt 2, 22; su-nu-ti-ma...liqbti let these {mQn) tell ^, r. I'd. — (HW 645^) §e'u grain, corn: se' (se-bar) sibsi (cf. sibsu) 2, 43. 48.— (HW 63P) sa'dlu ('?NCi^, JLww)j pj"t. is'al, prs. isa'al, to ask, inquire: a-sa-'al I will make inquiries 7, r. 6 ; ki as-'-a-lu when I asked 20, 13; 1 i s - ' - a 1 /e^ him question 5, r. 26 ; 1 i s - ' - a 1 - s u let some one (subject indefinite) question him 3, r. 25. — (HW 633=^) Si'dru, seru (*)ll^) morning, morrow: ina si-a-ri to- morrow 15, r. 18. — (HW 635^) sabdtu Shebat, the eleventh month of the Babylonian calen- dar : written iti-as, 8, r. 16.— (HW 638^) Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 81 sibsu tax, 2mpos^, re/i^, apparently paid in kind: se sib- si tax-corn, grain levied as an impost 2, 43; se' aga sa sib-si this tax-corn 2 y 4S ; si-ib-su eqli the rent of a Jield Sir. '^bn. 167, 2 ; 753, 9.— Cf. KB. iv. 53 n. subtu (asabu, ^tJ^'), cstr. subat. — (1) dwelling, settlement: subat (ku) 9abe a military post 7, r. 5. — (2) ambush: su- ub-tu ina panatu ussesibu he had laid an ambush before- hand 7, 20.— (HW 246^ ; AJSL. xiv. 3) iadddu, prt. isdud, ildud, to draw, bring : mat Elamti ilduda-ma (il-du-da-am-ma) brought on E lam {against us) 4, 13 ; nakru u blibliti . . . . ul tas-du-ud foe and famine thou hast not brought on 6, 29. — (HW 64^) suxdu (from xadti; form like surbti, susqti, %Qb, No. 33b) glad, willing: su-ux-du-u-ma. . . . la not loillingly 16, 14. Satiru (*)tOti^, Ja^)j prt. istur, prs. isatar, to write : ki sa satra (sat-ra) how they (the letters) were written 5, r. 20 ; listurti (lis-tu-ru) let them write 16, r. 4. 6.— (HW 651*^) saknu (sakanu). — (1) deputy, lieutenant: sakntitisunu (*™®^ sA-nu-MEs-su-nu) their deputies*], v. \^ ; sa-ak-nu Bel the deputy, representative, of Bel, Sarg. Cyl. 1. — (2) governor, i. e. the deputy of the king.— (HW 659^) sakdnu (pJ^, .OCm/)? P^**. iskun, prs. isakan, to place, make, do. — Prt. remu askunaka (as-kun-ak-ka) I have shown thee favor 6,'^^', xamatta iskununi (sA-nu-u-ni) ^Aey rendered aid S, r. 17 ; la nis-kun we could not place 16, r. 1. — Prs. i-sak-kan 2, 65; nisakanlini we would {like to) place 17, r. 2. — Free, liskunti (lis-ku-nu) let them place 15, r. 15; 16, r. 7 ; aka ni-is-kun where shall we place f 17, r. 8. — Per- mans., panisunu ana ^^S. saknii (sak-nu) with their faces turned towards S. (circumstantial clause) 2, 13-14. — N*' itti sunqu ina matisunu it-tas-kin when need came {was laid) upon their land 2, 19.— (HW 657^) selibu (v^Jljij, Jlxj, ^)?^^),fox: written ltjb-a ii, 7.— (HW 634^) * sulmu (salamu), cstr. sulum, welfare, prosperity : usually written Di-mu; sulmu .... lipqidti may they ordain pros- perity g, r. 4:. 7; adannu sa su-lum the propitious occasion 20, Y. 1; mala dibbusu su-lum so far as his words were fa- vorable 20, r. 5 ; sulmu iasi it is well with me 6, 2; sulmu adannis all goes well 14, 8. 28. — Especially frequent in formulas VOL. XIX. 6 82 ChristopJier Johnston, [1898. of greeting, sulmu, sulmu adannis, ana sarri, etc , greet- ing (welfare), a hearty greeting (welfare exceedingly) to the king^ etc., 7, 3. 5 ; 8, 3 ; 9, 4; 12, 5 ; 13, 3 ; 14, 3, etc.— (HW 664^) saldmu (D'^^t^^ aXuw)) prt- islim, prs. isalim, to he v^hole, complete, perfect. — J[ nasparta sa sarri u-sal-lam / will fulfill the king^s command 4, 23; lu-sal-li-rau-ka may they keep thee whole 9, 10; lu-sal-li-mu lipusti may they per- fectly perform 8, r. 13.— (HW 663^) sdlsu (oJLi*)) ordinal number, third: timu salsu (in kam) the third day 8, 7.— (EIW 666^) sumu (Dti^, 4^i stem Dti^'l), pi. sumate (HIDt^'), name: su-mu ili the name of the god i, 22. — (HW 666^) semu (i^Dti^ a^^), prt. isml, prs. isemt, to hear : iseml- ma (i-sim-mi-e-ma) he will hear an^ 2, 40; asemis (a- sim-mes) I will hear it 6, 1 \ mala nisemli (ni-sim-mu-u) as much as we may hear 1, 24: ', sulmti lasmi (la-as-me) let me he hear (his) welfare (i. e. how he does) 15, r. 19. — ^^ tat- tasma'innt (ta (?) -tas-raa-in-ni) ye heard me 2,^0. Harper, following Pinches (IV^ 52, No. 2), reads the first character, con- jecturally, ri, tal, but some form of semli is clearly required here. — ul usasmti (u-sa-as-mu) I have not informed [ov prs.?) 2, 62.— (HW 667^) summu if: sum-mu 7, r. V ; sura-ma 14, 24; 15, r. 18. — (HW 670^') sunu they, cf. sii. sdnu (for sani'u, saniiu), ordinal number, second: umu sdnu (11 kam) the second day 12, r. 5. — (HW 674^) sind (D^Jt^) two: sin a (11- t a) aga sanate these two years 6^26.— (HW 674^) sunuti they, those, cf. sH. supdlu (y^'^^ (ysuJ) lower part: for ana su-pal saru 2, 9, rendered southward, cf. tamti"^ saplitu as applied to the Persian Gulf, Zaba saplitu the Lower Zab, etc.; supal sari would be a construct relation (like v:i;oo J.!)? meaning literally the lower (i. e. the southern) wind. — (HW 681^) sipru (cf. Heb. 15D message, letter, writing, book; *|£3D is an Assyrian loanword, therefore D for ^) message: apil sipri (^"^^^a-kin) messenger i, 17. 33; 2, 38; 4, 27; 16, 8.— (HW 683*) sapdru {Juu , -iLww? to set out, journey), prt. ispur, prs. isdpar, to send, send word, often with idea of command im- Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 83 plied. — Prt. is-pu-ra 4, 8; is-[pu-ra-ni] 4, 21; 2. tas-pur 6, 5. 35; 1. as-pu-ra 3, r. 24. — Prs. sg. i-sap-par 2, 29; 16, 16; i-sap-par-an-ni sends to command me ^^ v. \b\ 2. ta- sap-par 4,10; 1. a-sap-par 2,38; asaparasu (a-sap-pa- ras-su) J will send him 1^ 10 ', pi. isapaMnlsu (i-sap-pa- ru-nis-su) they will send him 2j 4^^S ; 1. nisaparaka (ni-sap- pa-rak-ka) we will send to thee i, 25. — Prec. lis-pu-ra let him send orders 7, r. 14. — Cl* same: issapra (i-sap-ra) 16, 18; 2. tal-tap-ra i, 31; 1. assapra (a-sap-ra) 16, r. 3; al-tap-ra i, 42 ; 3, Y. r. 14 ; 4, 33 ; 5, r. 27 ; assapar sunu (a-sa-par-su-nu) I sent them 7, 10; assaprasunu (a-sap- ra-su-nu) I send, have sent, them 16, 9 ; assaparasunu (a- sa-par-as-su-nu) I sent word to them 7, r. 5. — (HW 682*) The primitive meaning of the stem sapar u maybe to be swift, transit, to dispatch; sapparu wild goat (whence "^fjlti^) may be the swift one; see Proc. Am. Or. Soc, Oct. '98, p. clxxv, n. 4; Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1892, pp. 437-450. sipirtu (fem. of sipru) message, letter: sipirta (si-pir- ta-a) my message 2, 37; pi. sipireti (si-pir-e-ti) letters 5, 17. 19. r. 12. 19. 22.— (HW 683^) sappatu, pi. sap pate (better, perhaps, sappatu; cf. Heb. riISp basins, dishes) , jar : nas-sappate (^™^^ s a m a n - LAL-MEs) jar-bearers 8, r. 6 ; for the ideogram saman cf. Be. 1, (PSBA. Dec. '88) Col. I., 6.— (HW 68 1^) Selru (li^ty, TlTS]}^) wind. — (1) point of the compass: ana supal sa-a-ru southward (cf. supalu) 2, 19. — (2) air: sa- a-ru ikkasir the air will be kept away 15, r. 15. — (HW 635*^) siru (*nj^t5^) pi. sire flesh,body: t1ib siri (uzu) welfare, health of body I, 5; 2, 2; tlib stre (uzu-mes) 3, 3 ; 10, 9; 14,6; 15, 6;^I9, 7.-(HW6W) sarru (*)tJ^), cstr. sar, pi. sarrani, king: written lugal I, 15; 2,5. 28, etc.; — pi. lugal-mes I, 1. 5; 2, 1. 3. etc.; — mar sarri (dxj lugal) prince 8, 1. 3. 5. 11. r. 12. 14. 18 ; 10, 1. 3. 11. r. 3. 7 ; 15, 8.— (HW 692^) sirtu (properly strip; saratu to tear, cut, CO^tJ^, Jo^co) band- age: si-ir-tu 14, 17.— (HW 690^) ^ sarku pus: sar-ku 14, 20.— (HW 692% sub p^tJ^) sarnuppu, Elamite official title: ^'"^^ sa-ar-nu-up-pu 2, 45 ; ^"^^^ sa-ar-nu-up-pi 2, 48, 51. sdrdte (fem. plural of s^ru wind, = Windbeuteleien?) lies, treason: sipireti aga sa ssi-r a- a -ti these treasonable letters 5, r. 20 ; sa-ra-te-e-su (i.e. saratesu) la tasema do not listen to his lies H. 301, 19.— (HW 648*) 84 Christopher Johnston^ [1898. sarrutu (abstract from sarru) royalty^ sovereignty : sar- ru-ut-ka thy sovereignty 8, r. 20. — (HW 693^) sutu he, that one: su-tu-ma that (god) indeed 14, 26. — (HW 648^) sattu (for santu, H-Dt^, RjLw) year: pi. sanate (mu-an- NA-MEs) 5, 8; 6, 26 ; 17, 8.— (HW 673^) n tebu (fu3 to follow), ^Yt. itbi, prs. itabl, it^hi, to march, go (especially with hostile intent): ki it-bti-u when they came (had marched) 3, 13; it-[bu-u-ni] they marched 3, r. 7 ; ti- b^nu teba (ti-ba-') make ye a raid! 2^ ^' — 011*° it-te-ni- ib-bu-u they had come (marched) 3, 23.— (HW 698'') tibnu {\2r\, .wAj) straw: written se-in-nu 18, 15. r. 8. — (HW 700^^) tibdnu (tebdnu) raid, incursion (tebti): ti-ba-a-nu teb^ made ye a raid 3, 9. taziru, an official title : ^^^^ ta-zi-ru 7, r. 11. tal'itu (stem ^^^?) (surgical) dressing: ta-al-i-tu 14, 12. 19; ta-al-i-te 14, 21.— (HW 366^) tullumm^'u, apparently a term of reproach ; sunu tul-lu- um-ma-'-u they are . . . , 2, 37. timdii, itimdli ('^'lOHN) yesterday: ina ti-ma-li 14, 15; 15, r. 5.— (HW 158^) tapsuru (pasaru) ransom: tap-su-ru igamar-ma he will pay a ransom 2, 40. tdru (*lin ^0 spy out, properly to go about, like »L«)) prt. ittir, prs. itaru, to turn, return: sa . . . . [i- tu-ra]-am-ma (i. e. itiira-ma) who returned 2, Q', Hmu rebti tarsu (gue- su) saNabtioTi the fourth day (will taJce place) the return of Nah'd 8, 10. — J Transitive, utaraka (u-tar-rak-ka I will return to thee, requite thee 6, 40 ; nutera-ma (nu-ter-ra-am- ma) we will restore 4, 31.— (HW 701^) tar^U (tara9u to stretch out) properly direction: ana tar- 9! axamis opposite one another 2^ i'- 22. — (HW 715*) Index of Proper Names. E-ana (Assyr. Bit same), House of Heaven, name of the temple of Istar at Erech, 4, 3 ; 5, 3. Uba'dnat (*™^^XJ-ba-a-a-na-at), a tribe dwelling on the western frontier of Elam, i, 30. Idu'a (I-du-u-a), servant of Kudurru, 5, r. 15. Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 86 Adiadi'a (Ad-ia-di-'a), a noble of the city of Irgidu and father of Dalan, 3, 16. Adar (dingir-bar 14, 5; 15, 4) spouse of the goddess Gula ; both deities often invoked by physicians, as patrons of the healing art. E-zida (Assyr. Bitu kenu) The True 7em^^e, name of the temple of Nabti at Borsippa, 20, 7. — (HW 323*) Akkadi, mdt (kfr uri-ki) 4, 29; 5, 10, Babylonia. — Cf. Lehmann, Samassumuktn, i. p. 68 ff. Uld'a (id U-la-a-a), the river Ealaeus 0'?*)J^, EvXato?), i. e. the modern Kerkha (against Delitzsch, Paradies, p. 329) ; see Johns Hopkins University Circulars, No. 114, p. 111^; cf. Part I. of this article (vol. xviii. p. 145, n. 1). Elamtu, mdt, Elam (0'?^^^, *EA.v/>uxta, 'EXv/Aat?), properly Highland; written kur nim-ma-ki, I, 9.37.39; 2,4.17. 44; 3, 9. r. 7. 15; 4, 13; 5, 9. 10. 14. 16. r. 10. 13.— Cf. Haupt, Assyr. E-vowel, p. 14 ff.; Delitzsch, Paradies, p. 320 ff. Amedirra (A-me-dir-ra), an Elamite, father of the rebel Ummanigas, 3, r. 16. Ummaxalddsu, Ummanaldas, son of Attametu, king of Elam [Um-ma-xal-da]-a-su, 2, 5; Um-ma-xal-da-a-su, 2, 23. 34. 35. 58; 3, r. 17; Um-ma-xal-da- su, 3, r. 20. — The name is written Um-man-al-da-si (var. das), KB. ii. 194, 112 ; 196, 2; Um-man-al-da-a-si, ibid. 246, 74; cf. also Xum- ba-xal-da-su, ibid. 280, 31. 33. Umxulumd' (Um-xu-lu-ma-'), an Elamite noble, 2, 22. 46. 54. Ammaladin (Am-ma-la-din), prince of lasi'an, 3, 13. Ummanigas; — (l) king of Elam, son of Urtaku; Um-man- i-gas, 6, 9. 21. — (2) son of Amedirra, rebelled against Um- manaldas; Um-man-ni-gas, 3, r. 16. Ummansimas (Um-m an- si-mas), an Elamite official (Na- gir), 2, 11. Undadu (Un-da-du), an Elamite official (zilliru), 2, 11. Upfa (U-pi-a), Opis, a city at the junction of the Tigris with the Adhem, 18, 12. r. 7. — Cf. Part I. of this article (vol. xviii. p. 171). Iqi^a-aplu (BA-sa-A), (The god) has bestowed a son, 3, r. 10. 23. Arba'il (^^tattab-dingir), Arbela, properly The city of the four gods, 9, 7; 10, 7; 19, 5. — (Delitzsch, Par. 124. 256) Irgidu (Ir-gi-du), an Elamite city, two double leagues west of Susa, 3, 11. 86 Christopher Johnston, [1898. Arad-Ea (nita-dingir-e-a), Servant of Ea, Assyrian priestly astrologer, 13, 2. Arad-Nand (NiTA-DiNGiR-Na-na-a), Servant of Nand^ physician of Esarhaddon, 14, 2; 15, 2. Uruk (Sumerian unu-ki = Assyr. subtu abode), the city of Erech (*11J<), in Southern Babylonia; written unu-ki 4, 3. 5; 5, 3. 5. 13. r. 8. \^.—{Far. 121 ff.) Arapxa (^^Arap-xa), Arrapakhitis ('Ap^aTraxms), a city and district, north of Assyria, about the sources of the Upper Zab, 18, 12. r. 2. 11.— (Par. 124ff.) Isdi-Nabu (giri-dingir-pa), Nab-Cb is my foundation, 2,w Assyrian official, 10, 2. Asur (properly The Beneficent, *ltJ^K), the national god of As- syria; written DiNGiR-Asur, 11, 9; 17, 6; Asur (without dingir), 12, 13 ; 18, 4; dingir-dug, I, 3; 2, 2; 3, 2; 6, 12.— (HW 148^) Assur, mdt, Assyria ("^^t^N); written KUR-Assur-Ki, 2, 28; 3, r. 4; kur dingir-dug-ki, 5, 13. Assuru, Assyrian; pi. Assure (dii^gir-dug-ki-mes), Assyrians, 6, 34. Asur-mukin-paleia (Asur-mu-kln-BAL-ia) Asur estab- lishes my reign, son of Sardanapallus, 12, 10. IstdiV' {beneficent, ioYVQ. Cl* from '^J^X), the goddess Istar; Is- tar (dingir-nanna) sa Uruk, 4,5; 5,5; Istar (din- GiR-xv) sa Ninua, 9,6; 19,4; Istar (dingir-xv) sa Ar- ba'il, 9, 7; 10, 7; 19, 5. Istar-duri (d i n g i r - xv - d u - r i), Istar is my wall, an Assyr- ian official, 16, 2. Bdbilu, Babylon, properly Q-ate of God; Belit Babili (ka-dingir-ra-ki), 19, 3. Bdbilel (KA-DiNGiR-a-a), 17,4. — The name means devoted to {the god of ) Babylon. — Cf. Part. I. of this article, p. 168. Bdb-bitqi (^^k a- b it- qi), a city of Babylonia. Cf. Part I. p. m. Bel {lord, '^i^D), the god Bel; written dingir-en, 2, 39; 8, r. 16; 9, r. 9; 10, 5; 17, 7; 19, 3; en (without dingir), 12, 13. Bel-ibni (oiNGiR-EN-ib-ni), Bel has begotten {a son), 2i,n Assyrian general, and governor of the Gulf District, I, 2 ; 2, 1 ; 3, 2.— Cf. Part I. p. 134. Vol. xix.J Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 87 Bel-eter (dingir-en-sur), Bel has preserved, isLther of Pir'i-Bel, 5, 1. 15. Bel-updq (DiNGiR-EN-u-paq), Bel gives heed, writer of No. 20, son of Kuna, 20, 1. Bel-iqisa, Bel has bestowed; — (1) Prince of Gambtilu; din- GiR-EN-BA-sa, 4,12. — (2) One of the writers of No. 17 ; en- BA-sa, 17, 3. Balasi (Ba-la-si-i), Assyrian astrologer (BeXeo-vs), 12, 3. Belit (fern. cstr. of Bel), the goddess Belit; written din- GiR-NiN-LiL, 10, 6; 18, 4; dingir-nin (Brunnow, No. 7336), 19, 3; Belit (dingir-nin) B^bili, 19, 3. Bit-Na'dl^ni (e Na-a-a-la-ni), name of a district, 19, 9. :i Gaxal (Ga-xal), grandfather of Suma, i, 7. Gula (modification of gala great), the goddess Gula, spouse of Adar q. v.; DiNGiR Gu-la, 14,5; 15,5. Gambulu (^' G a m - b u - 1 u), a district of Southern Babylonia, 4, 9. 25.— (Far. 240 ff.) 1 Daxxi (^"^^^Dax-xa-'), an Elamite tribe, I, 10. 11. Daxxadi'u'a (^™^^ D a x - x a - d i - u - a), an Elamite tribe, 2, 2 1. Daldn (Da-la -a- an), a noble of Irgidu, son of Adiadi'a, 3, 15. Deri (^^Di-ri), a city near the frontier of Elam and Babylon 16, 18.— Cf. Part I. p. 165. Ddru-sarru, The king is eternal, messenger of Nabti-usabsi ; Da-a-ru-LUGAL, 5, 20; Da-ru-LUGAL, 5, r. 23. 25. Dur-sarrukin (^^bad-dis-man-gin) Sargonsburg, a city of Assyria, liorth of Nineveh, 7, r. 20. — Cf. Part I. p. 151. n Xa'dddlu ^^Xa-a-a-da-a-lu), a city in the highlands of Elam, 2, 15; also called Xa'idalu and Xidalu.— (Par. 328) Xa'dddnu (^^Xa-a-da-nu), a city of Elam, 3, r. 19.— (Par. 329) Xudxud ("^""Xu-ud-xu-ud), a river in Elam, 3, r. 18. — (Par. 329) Xuxdn ('^"^^Xu-xa-an), an Elamite tribe, 2, 14. Tdb-gil-Esara (dug-ga-nun-e-sar-ra). Good is the shelter of JSsdra, governor of the city of Assur and eponym for the year 714 b. c, 18, 2.— Cf. Part I. p. 171. 88 Christopher Johnston^ [1898. Idsi'an (^™^^ la-a-si-an), a district of Elam, 3, 14. Kidimuri, an Assyrian temple ; Bel it "**belit Ki-di-mu- ri, 10, 6.— (HW 318^) Kudurru (sa-du), Boundary, governor of Erech, 5, r. 16. Kalxu (^^Kal-xi), Calah (ll'^D), a city of Assyria lying a little south of Nineveh, 8, 7. 14.— (Par. 261) Kund (Ku-na-a), father of Bel-upaq, 20, 2. Laxiru (^*La-xi-ru), a Babylonian city near the Elamite border, 3, 20.— (Par. 323) D Maddktu {camp), an important city of Elam (BaSaK?;); ^^Ma- dak-tu, 2,23; ^^Ma-dak-ti, 2, 1.—{Par. 325ff.; cf. Haupt, in Beitr. zur Assyr. i. p. 171) Marduk (dingir-maradda), Bel-Merodach, the national god of Babylon, I, 3 ; 2, 2 ; 3, 2 ; 8, 5; 9, 5; ii, 3; 12, 7; 13, 5. Marduk-erba (dingir-maradda-su), Marduk increase^ 19, r. 2. 6. Musezib - Marduk (Mu-se-zib-DiNGiR-MARADDA), Marduk delivers, nephew of Bel-ibni, 3, r. 1. 6. 10. Nabu, Nebo (1D^), the special deity of Borsippa ; written DiNGiR-AK, 8, 5. 8. 9. 10. 12. r. 9. 16; 11,3; 13,5; 17, 7; 19, 4; 20, 4; dingir-pa, 9, 5. r. 9; lO, 5. r. 2; 12, 7. — Cf. Part I. p. 153. Nabu'a (Na-bu-u-a), Devoted ^0 A^a5^ (a name like Mar- duka, etc.), an Assyrian astrologer, 11, 2. Nabu-axe-erba (pingir-pa-kur-mes-su), NabiZ in- crease the brothers, one of the writers of K. 565, 12, 4. Nabu-erba (dingir-pa-su), Jl^abil increase, an Assyrian physician, 16, 5. Nabu-usabsi, NabiX has brought into existence, an Assyrian official of Erech; written dingir-pa-gal-sI, 4, 2; dingir- AK-GAL-si, 5, 2. Nabu-bel-sumdte (dingir-ak-en-mu-mes), NabiX is the possessor of names (i. e. many famous and honorable titles), the last Chaldean king of Bit-Iakin. — See the genealogical table be- low, p. 93. Vol. xix.] Assyrian Epistolary Literature. 89 Nabu-sum-iddina (DiNGiR-PA-Mu-As),iVa5t2 has given a name. — (1) An Assyrian priest, 8, 2 ; 9, 3. — (2) An Assyrian physician, 16, 4. Nugu' (^™^^Nu-gu-u-'), an Elamite tribe dwelling near the Babylonian frontier, 3, 20. Naddn (Na-dan), gift, a Chaldean of PuqMu, i, 17. 35. Nand (DiNGiR-Na-na-a), a Babylonian goddess, 4, 6; 5, 5; 20, 4. Ninua (Hl-iO)? Nineveh, the capital of Assyria; written Nina-Ki, 9, 6; 19, 4; ^'Nina, 9, r. 6.— (Par. 260; cf. Beitr. zur Assyr. iii. p. 87 ff.) Nin-gal (dingir-nin-gal), Great Lady (Assyr. beltu rabitu), the spouse of the moon-god Sin, 13, 6. 9. Nisxur-Bel (Nis-xur-DiNGiR-EN), Let ks turn to Bel, major-domo of Nabti-bel-sumate, 2, 52. Nusku (dingir-nusku), the Assyrian lire-god, 13, 6. D Sallukke'a (^"'^^Sal-lu-uk-ki-e-a), an Elamite tribe, 2, 21. 50. Sin (dingir-xxx), the moon-god, 12, 13; 13, 5. 9. Sin-sarra-u^ur (dingir-xxx-lugal-ses), Sin, protect the ki7ig, 6, 4. Sin-tabni-u^ur (DiNGER-xxx-tab-ni-sEs), Sin, protect (what) thou hast created,^ governor of Ur in Babylonia, 6, 1. Sard'a («^^Sa-ra-a-a) writer of No. 19.— Cf. Part I. p. 173. PenzA (^^Pi-en-za-a), a city in or near the district of Tus- khan, 7, 9.— Cf. Part I. p. 151. Puqudu (llpD, Ezek. xxiii. 23), a Chaldean tribe dwelling in Babylonia near the Elamite border; ^°^®^ Pu-qu-du, i, 18. — (Par. 240) Pir'i-Bel (Pir'i-DiNGiR-EN), Offspring of Bel, son of Bel- eter, 5, 7; cf. note ad loc. Cabtdnu (^^9^^"t^'^^)> a city near the western frontier ot Elam, 3, 7. 8. 1 This explanation I owe to a personal communication from Dr. Bruno Meissner. I had rendered the name differently in Part I. p. 148, but Dr. Meissner's rendering seems preferable. 90 Christopher Johnston^ Rade (^^Ra-di-e), a city of Elam, 2, 49.— (Par, 327) Rammdn (dingir-im), the god of the atmosphere ([1D1), 12, 14. V ^ V Sa-Asur-dubbu, governor of Tuskhan; written Sa-Asur- du-bu, 7, 2; Sa- Asur-du-ub-bu, H. 139, 2. — The word dubbu, which forms part of this name, would seem to be from the stem dababu to speak. V ^ V Suxarisungur (^^ S u - x a - r i - s u - u n -g u r) a city of Elam, 2^ 13; Par. 327 reads the final syllable si instead of gur. V V Sumd (Su-ma-a), My name, nephew of Tammaritu, i, 6. Sum-iddina (Mu-si-na), [The god) has given a name, father of Suma, I, 7. V Samas, the sun-god (Ji^^ti^, /«M-*ii)5 dingir-babbar, i, 3; 2, 2; 3, 2; 4, 16; 12, 14; dingir-gis-str, 6, 8. V ^ Samas-bel-ugur (dingir-babbar-en-kur), Samas protect {my) lord, Eponym for the year 710 b. c, 16, 17. — Cf. Part I. p. 165. Supri'd (°^^*Sup-ri-a-a), the Suprian, 7, 14. 19.— Cf. Part I. p. 151. Susan (^^Su-sa-an), Susa (W\^), the capital of Elam, 3, 13. —{Far. 326) n Til . . . , a city on the frontier of Elam and Babylonia, i, 19. Talax (T a -la-ax), a city of Elam, 2, 10. 49.— (Par. 327) Tammaritu (Tam-ma-ri-ti), king of Elam, i, 8. — See genealogical table, p. 92) Tdmti'", mdt (properly the sea country; cf. JJuoLa-i, the name of a sandy stretch of coast along the Red Sea), the Gulf District, i. e. the district lying about the shore of the Persian Gulf; mat Tam-tim, 3, 5. — Cf. Haupt, in Hebraica, i. p. 220, n. 4. Targibdti (^^Tar-gi-ba-a-ti), an Elamite city near the Babylonian frontier, i, 21. Tasmetu™ {intelligence, properly hearing), a Babylonian god- dess, spouse of Nabti ; DiNGiR-Tas-me-tum, 19,4. M-a O o w H 2 , . Is . © flg S ©S ■11 (b d asm 5| w -tJ 03 oQ — qjxjS s^«"S SSp, 'O •« w h p «> . ?1: p © 03 s >[E o -^ fc- 08 : c3 eS bCJS <© I FS "3 : «^ Is -^ So t,- <5S a 2i^ 2.S — rr^ CO Is ag 5 5 d '3 >m \4 r I — a2 08 |i "Rat; ill >« d 00 ^ 3 2°;;* ^ g ^ . ^ 3 o 6 2 >** e I« ^ ". 55 . © ;< fl J r-^ e8 Pm c8 fl c3 r^ 'TS g ^ ^ H ^ § i h § h) Ti 3 1 h o ■5 P^ +3 • I-H b H S o p^ a Q 4J d o Q 3 3 M a J -si 3" a".2 fl 2 L.a'H !»• -5 oj 5*3 OQ "S«H S ei .« a®a manal •a si S a af u a p - <1 "~a P i§:2§i _t:»i5 a OD fl;2 eg a)-2 H'O^.S o> © *2 3" ■(-> 3^3 00 g3 a ft •3 a 03 cS g a a — • rt a a a p p Bo oj B a r^ hr « ^ 3 ^S3 ^ — 03 fin a^§ 'all aga pboa 2- P or-§o2 - 83 Par®oS3 «3S-3«='o IS 3 '53© ^s§5-a 3 03 S. ft ^ "^ p, ft :3 S ^ :S d - ► 00 ^ , C5 oq ^ 05 flq M fctj ^ ts^ I:«i ■a e 00 t- 00 eo © 2 ^-^^ 1 ft** . ^ . ^ 05 ^ S w "t . ^ r -' ^ 12 ftP3 ft r-( f-l iM 00 •' <» , ftftftl^lg •^ ._: ._: ^ 00" -a . b{ p{ P5 I « I -d 02 3 00" ft 8> i7s sis ft ftgg- g dg ?^i^ ft ft ft ^ ss^ 00 .PH •« -rH pq k5 oq « B3 sq pq fe^ fc> fe Sal o -iddi lada of I ■703. CO O ^ ■3* beg M 03 -^ n M ^§^3 S-O „'t- !21 3 «^^ 1-^ m "S O « w H ^ 3 S bom n ■>S«3 ^51 ^'^■^ ^ fl fl >aB 13 00 5 03 P -©O-g ^ S 03 «> 6c® !^ O a Sort *" * 03 & 1^ - •' OQ fl :a :2 tH pqea I i . . oa ^ ^^^§ M 0» _J >2 . J- .► ^ ® dX 55 o