John Eeywood's Educational Works. 
 
 John Swett 
 
 H 
 
 v. 
 
 select 
 
 of chi 
 
 being - ,,~ v~* ~^~~~~ ~. , rf -, 
 
 * * * "POLITICAL ECONOMY. We like the little book because it is 
 thoroughly systematic." School Board Chronicle, July 13, 1872. 
 
 MANCHESTER : JOHN HEYWOOD, 141 & 143, DEANSQATE. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT, 141, DEANSGATE. 
 LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Go, ; J, C. TACEY. 
 
John Heywood's Educational Works. 
 
 JOHN HEYWOOD'S NEW CODE READERS. 
 
 IN Five Books. Designed to supply the requirements of the Education 
 Department for a second Series of Reading Books. 
 
 These books are compiled on the principle recommended in the 
 "Instructions to Inspectors," that books for teaching reading should be 
 of a nature to interest children. The earlier books consist of a number 
 of simple tales specially adapted for the amusement and instruction of the 
 young. Neither spelling, writing, nor arithmetic lessons are introduced, 
 as the object of the NEW CODE READERS is simply to supply extra reading 
 matter, and not to take the place of distinct manuals on other subjects 
 f education. In the higher standards the books are varied in nature, 
 and made up of lessons on subjects calculated to excite the interest of 
 the children, while conveying to them valuable information. The lessons 
 are carefully graduated, so that each standard is perceptibly more difficult 
 than the previous one. Pieces of poetry are interspersed throughout, and 
 eare has been taken -to exclude from each book any extracts which would 
 be difficult of comprehension to the child in the particular standard. 
 
 The compiler, impressed with the conviction that every series of 
 reading books must finally stand or fall upon the simple issue whether 
 they are found successful in teaching children to read, has striven to 
 attain this object throughout, and it is hoped that by making these books 
 interesting, instructive, and carefully graduated, the work of the teachers 
 in securing fluency in reading may be greatly facilitated. 
 F'cap 8vo, bound in strong cloth. 
 
 First Book, adapted to Standard 1 96 pp., Prioe <5d. 
 
 Second,, II 128pp., 8d. 
 
 Third III 160pp., lOd. 
 
 Fourth,, IV 192pp., ,, Is. Od. 
 
 Kfth V. &VI 224pp., ls.2d. 
 
 " We have now before us a new set of Readers intended for instruction 
 in acordance with the first, second, and third standards of the new code 
 of 1872 ; for Mr. Hey wood watches the frequent changes in the require- 
 ments of the elementary educational system of the day, and seeks to be 
 prepared at every point. . . . There is abundant variety in the series, 
 and for engaging and wholesome reading, passing from grade tb grade, 
 they are unexceptional. School Board Chronicle, July, 1872. 
 
 " As far as the subject-matter of the lessons is concerned, they appear 
 on the whole well chosen and judicious." Educational Times, July, 1872. 
 ! " Books 1, 2, 3. These are three plain and useful books, well printed 
 and strongly bound." Educational Reporter, Aug. 30, 1872.' 
 
 John Heywood's Supplementary Eeaders. As many teachers have 
 expressed a wish to have more than one reading book in the MAN- 
 CHESTER READERS suitable to the requirements of Standards V. and 
 VI., the Publisher, in deference to their desire, has caused some 
 Readers, on special subjects, to be prepared, which may be considered 
 as Supplementary to the Fifth Manchester Reader, and which meet 
 in every respect the requirements of the Standards to which reference 
 has just been made. Thu, for the future, there will be no necessity 
 for obliging learners to go over the same ground again and again, 
 until teacher and pupil are wearied of the reiteration ; but as soon as 
 the Fifth Book has been thoroughly mastered the learners may pass 
 onward to the Supplementary Manchester Readers, whieh will open 
 up to them new. fields of information of interesting and varied 
 character. 
 
 MANCHESTER : JOHN HEYWOOD, 141 <fe 143, DEANSGATE ; 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT, 141, DEANSGATE. 
 LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co. ; J, C. TAQEY. 
 
John Heywood's Educational Works. 
 
 Handbook on tlie Teaching and Management of Elementary 
 
 Schools. By the Editor of the "National Schoolmaster." Cloth, 
 
 2s. 
 
 " There is so much excellent advice addressed to teachers and school 
 managers in this Handbook that it would occupy too much of our space 
 even to mention in detail the numerous points upon which our opinion 
 Agrees with that of the writer." School Board Chronicle, June, 1872. 
 ^ "This is a practical book by a practical man. Everything is tersely 
 and vigorously stated," Educational Reporter, June, 1872. 
 
 A Handbook for Teachers of Infant Schools. By the Editor of 
 
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 " It contains advice to teachers on the treatment of little children, 
 both in and out of school, gallery exercises and amusements, hints on 
 teaching various subjects, with lessons for examples, songs and hymns, 
 &c. In short it is exactly what it professes to be, and is a sensible book 
 well put together." Papers for the Schoolmaster, October, 1869. 
 
 John Heywood's Certificates for Proficiency in Writing or any other 
 subject of Education. Beautifully illuminated, with blank space 
 for name of school, scholar, master, &c. 6d. 
 
 John Heywood's School Log-Books. Adapted for Schoolmasters 
 undertheNew Code. Post4to, half bound, 500 pages, 6s. Od. ; ditto, 
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 do., with Lock, 11s. 3d. 
 
 Horn's Treasurer's School Cash-Book. Adapted to the require- 
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 the right. Each page contains twenty lines. Each book will be 
 estimated to last ten years ; thus, a book of one hundred pages will 
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 keeping the accounts. 
 
 John Heywood's Pupil's Card Register of Home and School 
 
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 lating the interest of pupils in their own work, and of prompting 
 regular and punctual attendance. 
 
 SohOOl Memoranda. Adapted for the Registration of Numbers and 
 Facts supplied to Government by Schools under Inspection, with 
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 GOTerament Portfolio, for the Use of Schoolmasters under the New 
 CMe. 4e. 
 
 MANCHESTER: JOHN HEYWOOD, 141 and 143, Deansgate ; 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT, 141, Deansgate. 
 LONDON ; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co. ; J. C. TACEY. 
 
JOHN HEYWOOD'S 
 
 MANCHESTER READERS: 
 
 A NEW SERIES 
 
 FOB 
 
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF ALL GRADES. 
 
 THE FOURTH BOOK, 
 
 COMPILED TO SUIT THE REQUIREMENTS OP 
 
 Standard IV. of the NQW Code. 
 
 MANCHESTER 
 JOHN HEYWOOD, 141 AND 143, DEANSGATE? ' 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT: 141, DEANSGATE. 
 
 LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL. & CO.; 
 
 J. C. TACEY, CITY ROAD. 
 

 FOURTH STANDARD OP EXAMINATION, 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE NEW CODE OF REGULATIONS, 
 1871. 
 
 Reading. A few lines of Poetry or Prose. 
 
 Writing. A sentence slowly dictated once, by a few words at 
 a time, from a Reading-book used in the First Class of the 
 School. 
 
 Arithmetic. Compound Rules (common "Weights and 
 Measures). EDIJPATirMU ^ 
 
 %* The Weights and Measures taught in Public Elementary 
 Schools should be only such as are really useful such as 
 Avoirdupois "Weight, Long Measure, Liquid Measure, Time 
 Table, Square and Cubical Measures, and any Measure which is 
 connected with the industrial occupations of the district. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The "FOURTH MANCHESTER READER "has been specially prepared 
 to meet the requirements of the New Code of 1871, for those who offer 
 themselves for examination in the Fourth Standard, which is similar to 
 the Fifth Standard of the now obsolete Revised Code. 
 
 Tlie Reading Lessons consist for the most part of poetry, selected 
 from the writings of the best English poets or poets who have written 
 in the English language, whether their nationality be British or American. 
 The poems, or portions of poems, that have been selected are for the most 
 part simple in character, and calculated in every way to suit the intel- 
 lectual capacity of the children in whose hands they will be placed. No 
 attempt has been made to add a quantity of extraneous matter to each 
 lesson on subjects more or less intimately connected with the lesson 
 itself, as it has been thought better to leave it to the pupil to do this for 
 himself, under the guidance of the teacher, who, being the best judge of 
 the special capabilities of each child, or the average capacity of the class 
 before him, can better determine what annotations ought to be made, 
 and what explanations should be given about persons, places, things, and 
 phrases occurring in the subject matter of a lesson, than anyone who 
 Has no personal knowledge of the class under tuition. Among the poems 
 given in this volume will be found selections from Scott, Byron, Camp- 
 bell, Cowper, Southey, Rogers, Crabbe, Longfellow, and many other poets 
 of repute ; while several prose lessons in Biography, History, Science, 
 Geography, and Natural History ; with two or three pieces of fiction, 
 healthy in tone, and affording a wholesome lesson to boys who will 
 shortly be called to enter on the more serious duties of life, have been 
 interspersed among them. When an extract has been made from the 
 works of a well-known author, the name has been given, and a few 
 particulars added with regard to the dates of birth and death, and the 
 names of some of his or her best known productions. 
 
 Some directions have been appended to a few of the early Reading 
 Lessons respecting the proper names of persons and places that occur in 
 them, advising the entry of such particulars as the teacher may think of 
 use and interest in a note-book. Although these directions are discon- 
 tinued after a while, to prevent repetition, the remark made at the end of 
 the first lesson must be regarded as being applicable to all. 
 
 The Spelling Lessons are longer than those which have been prefixed 
 to the Reading Lessons in the previous volumes of this series : the words 
 of two or more syllables have been accented, to show the pronunciation 
 of each ; while in most cases, instead of one equivalent or synonym, 
 according to the sense of the context, being given as the meaning of any 
 word, two or more meanings have, been given, care being taken to select 
 such equivalents as are closest in accordance with the interpretation that 
 has been clearly intended by the author. Some separate Exercises in 
 Dictation, each conveying a useful lesson, have been appended, many 
 teachers preferring to read short sentences and paragraphs of the kind 
 introduced, instead of selecting a portion of any of the Reading Lessons. 
 
 In addition to these, some Exercises in Word Building have been 
 given, to practice the pupil in the methods by which English words have 
 been constructed from Latin roots. A list of Prefixes and Affixes will 
 be found towards the end of the volume. 
 
 The Exercises in Arithmetic must be used rather as home-tests of 
 the progress of the pupil in this branch of learning than as a series 
 affording sufficient practice in all the Compound Rules required of 
 Candidates for Examination in the Fourth Standard, according to the 
 New Code. A summary of the Tables of Measures of Weight, Length, 
 Area, Capacity, and Time has been given at the end of the volume. 
 
 For the Drawing Copies some lessons in Simple Practical 
 Geometry have been substituted in this volume, necessarily limited in 
 xtf nt, it js true, but sufficient for elementary purposes.. 
 
 541037 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Heading Lessons. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Adam's Address to the Creator . . 163 
 
 Address to a Bee 35 
 
 Alexander Selkirk 12 
 
 Approach of the Arinada 27 
 
 Battle of the Baltic, The 84 
 
 Before Waterloo 183 
 
 BethGelert 178 
 
 Birds iii Summer 26 
 
 Boadicea 90 
 
 Boys and the Orchard, The .... 21 
 
 Captain Cook 30 
 
 Chameleon, The 24 
 
 Charity 146 
 
 Chevy Chase (In Three Parts).. 
 
 64, 66, 69 
 
 Christian Freeman, The 149 
 
 Christian's Duties, A 116 
 
 Christmas 38 
 
 Death of William the Conqueror, 
 
 The (In Two Parts) 77, 80 
 
 Destruction of Moscow, The (In 
 
 Two Parts) 41, 46 
 
 Destruction of Sennacherib, The 17 
 Disciples' Walk to Emmaus, The 55 
 Duel of Bruce and De Boune at 
 
 Bannockburn 135 
 
 Elegy written in a Country 
 
 Churchyard f /ft Two Parts).. 
 
 165, 170 
 
 Faithful Dog, The 50 
 
 Father's Letter, A 139 
 
 Felon's Dream, The 173 
 
 Floating Islands 176 
 
 Glass and its Manufacture 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Hare and Many Friends, The . . 71 
 
 Hvmn for Christmas, A 10 
 
 Idle Shepherd Boys, The 101 
 
 King Henry the Fifth and the 
 
 Hermit 121 
 
 Last of the Flock, The 142 
 
 Magnetism and the Loadstone 144 
 Migration of Birds, The (In Two 
 
 Parts) 155,159 
 
 Napoleon I. and the Sailor 53 
 
 Night 82 
 
 Noble Peasant, A 133 
 
 Ocean, The 152 
 
 Over-Confident Carpenter, The 18 
 
 Paper Kite, The 36 
 
 Pond, The 98 
 
 Progress of Human Life, The.. 131 
 
 Slave's Dream, The 114 
 
 Soldier's Dream, The 33 
 
 Some Remarks on Beading. ... 7 
 
 Sunday Morning 75 
 
 Thinks I to Myself 110 
 
 Travelling in South America (In 
 
 Two Parts) 92, 95 
 
 Victory in Death 186 
 
 Village Blacksmith, The 87 
 
 Voice of Spring, The 106 
 
 Waterfall and the Brier Rose, 
 
 The 57 
 
 Weaver's Song, The 118 
 
 What the Wind does 14 
 
 Ye Mariners of England 109 
 
 Youth and Age 22 
 
 60 
 
 V Each Reading Lesson is preceded by a Spelling Lesson suitable for 
 children about to offer themselves for examination in the Fourth Standard. 
 
 Arithmetic. 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight ..11, 15, 21 28, 
 
 33,40 
 
 Long Measure.. 52, 60, 68, 77, 86, 94 
 Liquid Measure ..104, 113, 121, 129, 
 
 135, 137 
 
 Spelling. 
 
 Exercises in Dictation ..11, 18, 23, 
 28, 36, 37, 44, 50, 57, 66, 73, 84, 92, 
 
 Time 145,154, 158 
 
 Square Measure 162, 168, 172 
 
 Cubic Measure 178, 186, 183 
 
 Tables of Weight, Measure, and 
 Capacity 192 
 
 Exercises in Word Building . . 9, 14, 
 22, 28, 34, 37, 55, 63, 71, 79, 90, 97, 
 108, 115, 133, 137, 142, 145, 148, 
 158, 162, 168, 172, 174, 181, 188, 191 
 
 97, 104, 108, 118, 121, 123, 148, 154, 
 165, 172, 174, 181 
 
 Drawing. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. .16, 29, 45, 59, 74, 89, 105, 120, 138, 151, 169, 182 
 Sketching from Nature Frontispiece 
 
' ' \ 
 THE FOURTH 
 
 MANCHESTEE EEADEE. 
 
 SOME EEMAEKS ON EEADING, 
 
 BY EDWAKD GIBBON 
 
 Author of the " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" &c. 
 Born April 27, 1737 ; Died January 16, 1794. 
 
 noil'-risll-ment .food, susten- 
 ance 
 
 phil-os'-o-pher one who is 
 
 versed in any science 
 
 ped'-ant one who is ostenta- 
 tious of learning 
 
 e-FU-di'-tion knowledge, 
 
 learning 
 
 in-ca'-pa-ble unable, not 
 
 competent 
 
 de-tached' unconnected, 
 
 separate 
 
 in-con'-stan-cy .fickleness 
 
 par'-cels . . .small quantities, lots 
 ex-du'-sive restricted 
 
 sub-ser'-vi-ent. . ..subordinate 
 
 Con-tract &' ...lessens, draws in 
 
 Chan'-nel traclc, direction 
 
 Sac'-ri-fice to give up 
 
 pe-m'-sal act of reading 
 
 un-con-nect'-ed-...towt# no 
 
 relation to 
 
 re-search'-es studies, 
 
 inquiries 
 
 se-ver'-est strictest 
 
 reg'-i-men . . .system, prescribed 
 
 rule 
 e-Van-gel'-i-cal pertaining 
 
 to the Gospel 
 pre'-cept- 'Order,rule, mandate 
 
 Eeading is the nourishment of the mind, for by reading 
 we know our Creator, his works, ourselves chiefly, and our 
 fellow-creatures. But this nourishment is easily converted 
 into poison. Salmasius had read as much as Grotius, 
 perhaps more, but their different modes of reading made 
 the one an enlightened philosopher, and the other, to speak 
 plainly, a pedant, puffed up with a useless erudition. 
 
 Let us read with, method, and propose to ourselves an 
 end to which all our studies may point. Through neglect 
 of this rule, gross ignorance often disgraces great readers ; 
 who, by skipping hastily and irregularly from one subject 
 
g '" ' ' ' ;V6tfBTff tfAtf OBITER READER. 
 
 to another, render themselves incapable of combining their 
 ideas. So many detached parcels of knowledge cannot 
 form a whole. This inconstancy weakens the energies of 
 the mind, creates in it a dislike to application, and even 
 robs it of the advantages of natural good sense. 
 
 Yet let us avoid the contrary extreme, and respect 
 method without rendering ourselves its slaves. While we 
 propose an end in our reading, let not this end be too re- 
 mote ; and when once we have attained it, let our attention 
 be directed to a different subject. Inconstancy weakens 
 the understanding ; a long and exclusive application to a 
 single object hardens and contracts it. Our ideas no longer 
 change easily into a different channel, and the course of 
 reading to which we have too long accustomed ourselves 
 is the only one that we can pursue with pleasure. 
 
 We ought, besides, to be careful not to make the order of 
 our thoughts, subservient to that of our subjects ; this 
 would be to sacrifice the principal to the accessory. The 
 use of our reading is to aid us in thinking. The perusal of 
 a particular work gives birth, perhaps, to ideas unconnected 
 with the subject of which it treats. I wish to pursue these 
 ideas ; they withdraw me from my proposed plan of 
 reading, and throw me into a new track, and from thence, 
 perhaps, into a second and third. At length I begin to 
 perceive whither my researches tend. Their result, perhaps, 
 may be profitable ; it is worth while to try ; whereas Had I 
 followed the high road, I should not have been able at the 
 end of my long journey, to retrace the progress of my 
 thoughts. 
 
 This plan of reading is not applicable to our early studies, 
 since the severest method is scarcely sufficient to make us 
 conceive objects altogether new. Neither can it be adopted 
 by those who read in order to write, and who ought to 
 dwell on their subject till they have sounded its depths. 
 These reflections, however, I do not absolutely warrant. 
 On the supposition that they are just, they may be so, 
 perhaps, for myself only. The constitution of minds differs 
 like that of bodies, the same regimen will not suit all. Each 
 individual ought to study his own. 
 
 To read with attention, exactly to define the expressions 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 9 
 
 of our author, never to admit a conclusion without com- 
 prehending its reason, often to pause, reflect, and interrogate 
 ourselves, these are so many advices which it is easy to 
 give but difficult to follow. The same may be said of that 
 almost evangelical maxim of forgetting friends, country, 
 and religion, of giving merit its due praise, and embracing 
 truth wherever it is to be found. 
 
 But what ought we to read] Each individual must 
 answer this question for himself, agreeably to the object of 
 his studies. The only general precept that I would venture 
 to give is that of Pliny, " to read much, rather than many 
 things," to make a careful selection of the best works, and 
 to render them familiar to us by attentive and repeated 
 perusals. 
 
 V Refer to a Biographical Dictionary for some accounts 
 of Gibbon, Salmasius, Grotius, and Pliny, and enter an abstract 
 of each in a note book. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building I. 
 
 MODEL I. The Latin substantive ^VUM signifies in one sense, 
 eternity, and in another, an age or life time. From this word 
 with the Latin prefix CON or co, together, the Latin adjective 
 LONGUS, long, and the Latin adjective PRIMUS, first we get the 
 English words 
 
 CO-e'-val (adj.) of the same age, 
 or living at the same time 
 
 CO-e'-val-ly (adv.) contempora- 
 neously 
 
 lon-gev'-i-ty (noun) length of 
 
 life 
 
 long'-e-val (adj.} long-lived 
 pri-me'-Val (adj.)in the earliest 
 
 MODEL II. The Latin adjective ACIDUS signifies sour. From 
 this we get directly the English words 
 
 ac'-id (adj.) sour, tart, sharp 
 ac id'-i-ty (noun) sharpness, 
 
 a-cid'-U-late (verb) to give an 
 acid flavour 
 
 and in combination with the Greek prefix ANTI, against, or 
 opposite to, and the Latin prefix SUB, under, we get the English 
 words 
 
 ant'-ac-id (noun) an alkali, or 
 remedy or preventive for 
 
 sourness 
 
 Sllb'-ac-id (adj.) sourish, or 
 having a moderately sour 
 taste 
 
10 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 MODEL III. The Latin verb JESTIMO signifies / value. From 
 this we obtain directly the English words 
 
 es'-ti-ma-tion (noun) favour- 
 able opinion 
 
 es'-ti-ma-tive (adj.) able to 
 
 value 
 
 es-teem' (noun) great regard 
 CS-teem' (verb) to value highly 
 
 es'-ti-ma-ble (adj.) worthy of 
 
 regard 
 
 es'-ti-mate (verb) to value, or 
 set a price on 
 
 and with the Latin prefix IN, which has the power of increasing 
 the force or intensity of the meaning of a word, we get the * 
 English word 
 
 in-es'-ti-ma-ble (adj.) above all price or value, most worthy 
 
 #3T In preparing these exercises the pupil will find assistance 
 in, the List of Prefixes and Affixes at tne end of this volume. 
 
 A HYMN FOR CHRISTMAS. 
 
 BY REGINALD HEBER. 
 
 Poet, and Bishop of Calcutta. 
 
 Born April 21, 1783 ; Died April 3, 1826. 
 
 ho-ri'-ZOH the distant line 
 
 which bounds the view 
 
 a-dorn'-ing embellishing, 
 
 adding beauty to 
 
 re-deem'-er one who buys 
 
 back, or ransoms 
 a-dore' to worship with 
 
 reverence 
 
 slum'-ber .peaceful sleep 
 
 Ob-la'-tion offering 
 
 mon'-arch Icing, sovereign 
 
 re-cli'-ning lying down. 
 
 reposing 
 COSt'-ly valuable, of great 
 
 price 
 de-VO'-tion ...worship, acts of 
 
 reverence 
 o'-dours perf times (in this 
 
 case of frankincense) 
 ad-0-ra'tion reverential 
 
 worship 
 
 in'fant babe, child 
 
 Brightest and best of the sons of the morning, 
 Dawn on our darkness, and lend us thine aid ; 
 Star of the East, the horizon adorning, 
 Guide where our infant Redeemer is laid ! 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER HEADER. H 
 
 Cold on his cradle the dewdrops are shining ! 
 Low lies his bed with the beasts of the stall ! 
 Angels adore him in slumber reclining, 
 Maker, and Monarch, and Saviour of all ! 
 Say, shall we yield him, in costly devotion, 
 Odours of Edom and offerings divine ; 
 Gems of the mountain, and pearls of the ocean, 
 Myrrh from the forest, and gold from the mine ? 
 
 Vainly we offer each costly oblation ; 
 Vainly with gold would his favour secure : 
 Richer by far is the heart's adoration ; 
 Dearer to God are the prayers of the poor. 
 
 Brightest and best of the sons of the morning, 
 Dawn on our darkness, and lend us thine aid ! 
 Star of the East, the horizon adorning, 
 Guide where our infant Redeemer is laid ! 
 
 V Refer to a Biographical Dictionary, and enter in note boofc 
 an abstract of the life of Bishop Heber. 
 
 Arithmetic I. Avoirdupois Weight Reduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 235 tons to drams. Write the denomination 
 against each succeeding line. 
 
 2. Reduce 21 tons 19 cwt. 3 qrs. 15 Ibs. 10 oz. 7 drs. to 
 drams. 
 
 3. Reduce 197 tons 4 cwt. 2 qrs. 27 Ibs. 3 oz. 15 drs. to 
 drams. 
 
 4. Reduce 4597 tons 5 cwt. qrs. 19 Ibs. 2 oz. 14 drs. to 
 drams. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation I. 
 
 As the difference between the rising at six o'clock in the 
 morning and the rising at eight amounts in forty years to twenty- 
 nine thousand two hundred and twenty hours, which is the same 
 as having eight hours a day for ten years, in which to cultivate 
 our minds or discharge tke duties belonging to our stations, 
 surely no one who wishes to shine in the world, either as a 
 literary character or a man of business, can neglect such an 
 opportunity. 
 
12 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 ALEXANDER SELKIRK. 
 
 BY WILLIAM COWPER. 
 
 Author of" The Task," " The Sofa," "Conversation," and 
 numerous poems. 
 
 Born November 26, 1731 ; Died April 25, 1800. 
 
 SUT-vey' behold, look over 
 
 SOl'-i-tude loneliness 
 
 a-lanrjs' ...sounds or rumours, 
 
 causing surprise and fear 
 hu-man'-it-y ...the exercise of 
 
 kindness, <&c., prompted by 
 
 man's nature 
 
 in-dif -fer-ence without 
 
 interest, or without caring for 
 ft... ignorant of 
 
 soften, mitigate 
 
 sal -lies .gaieties, sprightliness 
 
 .. lovely, abandoned 
 COr'-di-al cheering, heart- 
 touching 
 
 COm-pared' viewed in re- 
 lation to another 
 re-COl-lec'-tion. .remembrance 
 hur-lles ...hastens, urges with 
 
 en-COll'-ra-ging cheering, 
 
 giving hope 
 af-flic'-tion trouble, trial 
 
 ca'-bin small hut 
 
 I am monarch of all I survey ; 
 
 My right there is none to dispute ; 
 From the centre all round to the sea 
 
 I am lord of the fowl and the brute. 
 
 Solitude ! where are the charms 
 That sages have seen in thy face 1 
 
 Better dwell in the midst of alarms, 
 Than reign in this horrible place ? 
 
 1 am out of humanity's reach, 
 
 I must finish my journey alone, 
 Never hear the sweet music of speech 
 
 I start at the sound of my own ! 
 The beasts that roam over the plain 
 
 My form with indifference see ; 
 They are so unacquainted with man, 
 
 Their tameness is shocking to me. 
 
 Society, friendship, and love, 
 Divinely bestowed upon man, 
 
 O had I the wings of a dove, 
 
 How soon would I taste you again J 
 
tfOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 13 
 
 My sorrows I then might assuage 
 
 In the ways of religion and truth ; 
 Might learn from the wisdom of age, 
 
 And be cheered by the sallies of youth. 
 
 Religion ! what treasure untold 
 
 Resides in that heavenly word ! 
 More precious than silver and gold, 
 
 Or all that this earth can afford ! 
 But the sound of the church-going bell 
 
 These valleys and rocks never heard, 
 Never sighed at the sound of a knell, 
 
 Or smiled when a sabbath appeared ! 
 
 Ye winds, that have made me your sport, 
 
 Convey to this desolate shore 
 Some cordial endearing report 
 
 Of a land I shall visit no more. 
 My friends do they now and then send 
 
 A wish or a thought after me '? 
 O tell me I yet have a friend, 
 
 Though a friend I am never to see ! 
 
 How fleet is a glance of the mind ! 
 
 Compared with the speed of its flight, 
 The tempest itself lags behind, 
 
 And the swift-winged arrows of light ! 
 When I think of my own native land, 
 
 In a moment I seem to be there ; 
 But, alas ; recollect ion 'at hand 
 
 Soon hurries me back to despair ! 
 
 But the sea-fowl is gone to her nest, 
 
 The beast is laid down in his lair ; 
 Even here is a season of rest, 
 
 And I to my cabin repair. 
 There's mercy in every place ; 
 
 And mercy, encouraging thought ! 
 Gives even affliction a grace, 
 
 And reconciles man to his lot. 
 
 V Refer to Biographical Dictionary, and enter in note-book 
 abstract of Cowper's life, 
 
14 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building II. 
 
 1. Form according to the model as many English words as 
 you can from the Latin nouns or substantives AGER, AGRI, afield; 
 and ANGULUS, an angle or corner. 
 
 2. Do the same from the Latin adjectives ACER, ACRIS, sharp 
 or biting (relating more especially to taste); and ACUTUS, pointed 
 or sharpened. 
 
 3. Do the same from the Latin verb AGO, / act, do, or done; 
 and its participle ACTUS, done or acted. 
 
 S- WHAT THE WIND DOES. 
 
 BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 
 
 Author of 11 The Excursion" and numerous poems, and Poet 
 Laureate from 1843 to 1850. 
 
 Born April 7, 1770 ; Died April 23, 1850. 
 
 SOTind'-ing ...noisy, that which j CUSh'-ion ...a 'kind of soft pad 
 can be heard \ to sit or lie on 
 
 SChol ar . . .man of learning and 
 
 ability 
 
 Slld'-den-ly in a moment 
 
 CUn'-ning. ..skilfully contrived, 
 
 out of the way 
 a-la'-rum . . . a signal of alarm, 
 
 bllZ-zard?..a bird of the hawTc 
 
 tribe 
 or / -chard-.. collection of trees 
 
 bearing fruit 
 
 there 
 rat'-tle ...... a clattering noise 
 
 a peal of a bell, or sharp sound, CO'-sy ......... snug, comfortable 
 
 What way does the wind come 1 What way does he go 1 
 
 He rides over the water, and over the snow, 
 
 Through wood, and through vale ; and o'er rocky height, 
 
 Which the goat cannot climb, takes his sounding flight ; 
 
 He tosses about in every bare tree, 
 
 As, if you look up, you plainly may see ; 
 
 But how he will come, and whither he goes, 
 
 There's never a scholar in England knows, 
 
 He will suddenly stop in a cunning nook, 
 
 And ring a sharp 'larum ; but, if you should look, 
 
 There's nothing to see but a cushion of snow 
 
 Bound as a pillow, and whiter than milk, 
 
 And softer than if it were covered with silk, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 15 
 
 Sometimes he'll hide in the cave of a rock, 
 
 Then whistle as shrill as the buzzard cock ; 
 
 Yet seek him and what shall you find in the place ] 
 
 Nothing but silence and empty space ; 
 
 Save, in a corner, a heap of dry leaves, 
 
 That he's left, for a bed, to beggars or thieves ! 
 
 As soon as 'tis daylight, to-morrow, with me 
 
 You shall go to the orchard, and then you will see 
 
 That he has been there, and made a great rout, 
 
 And cracked the branches, and strewn them about ; 
 
 Heaven grant that he spare but that one upright twig 
 That looked up at the sky so proud and big 
 All last summer, as well you know, 
 Studded with apples, a beautiful show ! 
 
 Hark ! over the roof he makes a pause, 
 
 And growls as if he would fix his claws 
 
 Bight in the slates, and with a huge rattle 
 
 Drive them down, like men in a battle : 
 
 But let him range round ; he does us no harm, 
 
 We build up the fire, we're snug and warm ; 
 
 Untouched by his breath see the candle shines bright, 
 
 And burns with a clear and steady light ; 
 
 Books have we to read but that half-stifled knell, 
 
 Alas ! 'tis the sound of the eight o'clock bell. 
 
 Come now we '11 to bed ! and when we are there 
 He may work his own will, and what shall we care 1 
 He may knock at the door we ; 11 not let him in ; 
 May drive at the windows we '11 laugh at his din ; 
 Let him seek his own home wherever it be ; 
 Here's a cozy warm house for Edward and me. 
 
 V Refer to Biographical Dictionary, and enter in note book 
 an abstract of Wordswoth's life. 
 
 Arithmetic. II. Avoirdupois Weight. Reduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 185697 drams, 918065432 drams, and 871654321 
 drams to tons. 
 
 2. Reduce^75612308 ounces, and 597632546 Ibs. to tons. 
 
 3. How is a true remainder found when division is performed 
 by factors of any number. 
 
l^OURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. I. 
 
 PROBLEM L To bisect any given straight line as AB. ITote 
 that to bisect means to divide into two equal parts. 
 
 From A as centre with radius A E, describe arc C E D. From B as 
 centre with an equal radius B F, describe arc C F D. Join CD. A B is 
 bisected in G. 
 
 PROBLEM II. To draw a straight line perpendicular to a given 
 straight line as AB from a given point about the middle of the 
 line as C. 
 
 From C with any radius less than half A B, describe arcs cutting A B 
 in D and E. From D describe arc E F, and from E describe arc D F, 
 cutting each other in F. Join F C. This line is the perpendicular required. 
 
 PROBLEM III. To draw a straight line perpendicular to a given 
 straight line, as A B, from a given point near the end of the line 
 
 From X with radius X C describe arc C Y. From C with same radius 
 cut arc C Y in D. From D with same radius cut arc C Y again in E. 
 From D and E with same radius describe arcs cutting each other in F. 
 Join F X. This line is the perpendicular required. 
 
 PROBLEM IV. To draw a straight line perpendicular to a given 
 straight line, as A B, from a given point without it, and opposite 
 the middle of the line, as C. 
 
 From C with radius C G describe arc D G E, cutting A B in D and E. 
 From D and E with same radius describe arcs cutting ea^fc other in F, 
 Join C F. This line is the perpendicular required. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 17 
 
 THE DESTRUCTION OF SENNACHERIB. 
 
 BY LORD BYRON. 
 
 Author of "Childe Harold," "The Siege of Corinth," The 
 Giaour," and numerous poems and dramatic pieces. 
 
 Born January 22, 1788 ; Died April 19, 1824. 
 
 CO'-hortS ..... bands or bodies of 
 
 men 
 
 gleam'-ing ............ glittering, 
 
 bravely attired 
 sheen ..... shining, reflected light 
 
 s, square in form 
 life, dead, 
 
 dry 
 strown ........... scattered in all 
 
 directions 
 
 waxed ....became, grew 
 
 heaved gave a violent 
 
 pulsation 
 nos'-tril one of the openings 
 
 of the nose 
 gasp'-ing struggling fat 
 
 breath 
 dis-tort'-ed . . . .out of the usual 
 
 form 
 blast .. ...furious gust of wine 
 
 The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, 
 And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold ; 
 And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, 
 When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. 
 
 Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green, 
 That host with their banners at sunset were seen ; 
 Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath blown, 
 That host, on the morrow, lay withered and strown. 
 
 For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast, 
 And breathed on the face of the foe, as he passed ; 
 And the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill, 
 And their hearts but once heaved, and for ever grew 
 still. 
 
 And there lay the steed, with his nostril all wide, 
 But through it there rolled not the breath of his pride ; 
 And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf, 
 And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf. 
 
 And there lay the rider, distorted and pale, 
 With the dew on his brow, and the rust on his mail ; 
 And the tents were all silent, the banners alone, 
 The lances unlifted, the trumpet unblown. 
 8 
 
18 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail ; 
 And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal ; 
 And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword, 
 Hath melted, like snow, in the glance of the Lord. 
 
 V Refer to a Biographical Dictionary for events in the life of 
 Lord Byron, and ascertain, and also enter in note-book, the 
 meaning, &c., of the terms Assyrian, Galilee, Angel of Death, 
 Ashur, Baal, Gentile. Who was Sennacherib ? 
 
 Exercise in Dictation II. 
 
 The eyes of insects are immovable, and many of them are cut 
 into a multitude of little planes or facets, like the facets of a 
 diamond, having the appearance of net-work. Each of these 
 facets is supposed to possess the powers and properties of an 
 eye ; and Leuwenhoek, an eminent naturalist, counted three 
 thousand eight hundred and eighty-one of them in the cornea of a 
 beetle, and eight thousand in those of a horse-fly. 
 
 THE OVER-CONFIDENT CARPENTER 
 
 un-der-stand' ..know all about 
 
 it comprehend fully 
 
 thnist'-ing pushing 
 
 COn-ceit' undue self-pride 
 
 COn'-fi-dence reliance 
 
 man'-i-fest-ed ...shown, made 
 
 spright'-ly gay, active 
 
 em-ployed' set at work 
 
 es-ti-ma'-tion . -good opinion 
 
 Ob'-sti-na-cy-./a^fa/ of purpose 
 in'-t er-view . . . meeting, confer- 
 ence 
 
 church- war'-den ...a parish 
 
 officer who has the care of 
 the structure of the church 
 
 COn'-tra-ry the other hand 
 
 CC-m-pre-hend'-ing ...under- 
 standing 
 
 COm-plet'-ed .finished 
 
 mem'-O -ry recollection 
 
 or'-dered told 
 
 o-pin'-ion-a-ted ...stubborn, 
 
 attached to one's own opinion 
 
 Ven'-tlire hazard, risk 
 
 ex-act'-] y . . .precisely in accord- 
 ance with 
 Sat-lS-fac'-tion. . .gratification 
 
 0-Ver-tOOk' came up with 
 
 re-Spect' particulars 
 
 rec'-ti-fy...awienc, set to rights 
 
 " I understand it ! I understand it ! " said Jem Timmings, 
 shutting up his two-foot rule, and thrusting it into his 
 pocket. " I understand it ! " said he, as he hastily walked 
 off, with the air of a man who knew what he was about 
 better than any one could tell him. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 19 
 
 Now the mischief of it was, that Jem Timmings thought 
 that he understood, not only the particular business which 
 he had then in hand, but every thing else, too : conceit 
 and confidence were his failings, and these were manifested 
 in every thing he undertook. 
 
 Jem Timmings was a carpenter. He had served his 
 time with old Thomas Parkenson, a clever, though an 
 humble man, and had usually passed for a smart young 
 fellow at his business so long as he followed his master's 
 directions ; but in nine times out of ten he mistook them, 
 having too hasty a belief that he understood them. " I 
 tell you what," old Thomas used to say, " you will never 
 understand any thing as long as you are so conceited. 7 ' 
 
 After Jem had served his time he set up for a master 
 directly, very certain that he understood his business much 
 better than his master did. Having a sprightly air, and 
 being pretty glib with his tongue, he *ot several jobs to do 
 directly. Those who employed him, however, soon found 
 out that Jem understood, or thought he understood, their 
 plans a great deal better than they did themselves ; and, 
 as few people like to be instructed by those whom they 
 pay to obey them, they soon left off employing Jem 
 Timmings. The force of habit is very strong, and all the 
 difficulties Jem got into by his conceit and confidence did 
 not in the least abate his self-estimation or obstinacy. 
 
 Jem had been sent for by the churchwarden to make 
 him a pigeon-house, and it was after having had an inter- 
 view about it that he said so confidently, on leaving the 
 churchwarden, " I understand it ! I understand it ! " 
 
 As Jem went along whistling, with his hat on one side 
 of his head, he met with his old master, Parkenson, to 
 whom he gave a very familiar nod as he passed, thinking 
 that now he had begun to work for the churchwarden he 
 should soon put poor Parkenson in the back ground. 
 
 Now it happened that Parkenson was on his way to the 
 churchwarden's when Jem Timmings met him, not knowing 
 that his old apprentice had been there before him. 
 
 The truth was, that the churchwarden had a long job, of 
 a particular description, to give to a carpenter, and was 
 anxious to compare the work of old Parkenson with the 
 
20 FOURTH MANCHESTER HEADER 
 
 work of Jem Tiinmings before he decided which of them 
 he should employ. For this purpose he had sent for Jem 
 to order a pigeon-house, the form and make of which he 
 particularly described. He sent, too, for Parkenson, to 
 order one of the same description, and was very particular 
 in giving his directions to them both, saying that if not 
 made exactly to order he would not have it. 
 
 Jem Timmings was not five minutes in taking the order 
 he knew how it was to be done he understood all about 
 it. Old Parkenson, on the contrary, was very careful in 
 thoroughly comprehending how every part of the pigeon- 
 house was to be completed, and he made a rough drawing 
 before he left the churchwarden, in which nothing was left 
 for his memory to supply. 
 
 Jem Timmings set to work at the pigeon-house, but was 
 not quite certain of the number of holes he had been 
 ordered to make ; he was, too, in some doubt whether the 
 pigeon-house had been ordered four feet three inches high 
 or three feet four ; but, being too conceited and opinionated 
 to inquire, he made the pigeon-house at a venture. 
 
 Old Parkenson had no doubt at all about the matter ; 
 he had taken care to have a clear understanding of every 
 part, and he made his pigeon-house exactly according to 
 the directions he had received. 
 
 The two pigeon-houses were sent to the churchwarden's, 
 and as Jem Timmings went there to know if the one he 
 had made gave satisfaction, he overtook old Parkenson. 
 Both of them were surprised when they found out that 
 they were going to the same place, and still more so when 
 they saw two new pigeon-houses standing side by side in 
 the churchwarden's yard. 
 
 In a little time they were joined by the churchwarden, 
 who pointed out to Jem that the pigeon-house he had sent 
 was a foot too short, and had five pigeon-holes in it more 
 than were ordered. He then showed him the one made 
 by Parkenson, which was in every respect correct, and just 
 the thing he wanted. " I understand it ! I understand it ! " 
 said Jem, and proposed to rectify his mistake. " No, no," 
 cried the churchwarden ; " I wish you to understand that 
 I will never employ, if I can help it, a conceited young 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 21 
 
 fellow who thinks more of his own understanding than he 
 does of the orders of his employers." Jem Timmings slunk 
 away ; his ill-made pigeon-house was sent after him, and 
 in two or three days old Parkenson and his men were 
 busily employed in putting new pews to the parish church. 
 
 Arithmetic III. Avoirdupois Weight Addition. 
 
 (1) tons cwt. qrs. Ibs. oz. drs. (2) tons cwt. qrs. Ibs. oz. drs. 
 
 345 17 3 15 7 11 891 10 1 15 2 5 
 
 281 2 19 15 15 623 11 3 14 7 
 
 927 18 1 3 14 8 405 13 2 9 13 13 
 
 432 19 10 13 7 876 12 3 17 9 6 
 
 3, Add together 539 tons 2 qrs. 5 drs., 19 cwt. 3 Ibs. H oz., 
 959 tons 4 Ibs., and 3 qrs. 14 oz. 9 dwts. 
 
 THE BOYS AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 BY WILLIAM COWPER. 
 " Be strong to resist evil."" Resist the devil and he will flee from you." 
 
 se-date' ............. quiet, grave 
 
 in-teg-ri-ty.. honesty of purpose 
 COHl'-rades ......... companions 
 
 plot'-ted- .contrived, conspired 
 as-Sist' ...... . ............ aid, help 
 
 shocked -grieved and astonished 
 
 an-noyed' ............ hurt, vexed 
 
 pon'-dered ..... thought deeply 
 in'-jure ......... hurt, do harm to 
 
 Spm'-pleS doubts, objections 
 
 Si'-lenced-. .quieted, put to rest 
 
 blamed found fault with 
 
 pro-test'-ed objected to the 
 
 scheme 
 
 shared took part of 
 
 plun'- der ... spoil, fruits of the 
 
 robbery 
 pit'-ied -felt sorry for 
 
 de-pend'-ed ......... rested with 
 
 A youngster at school, more sedate than the rest, 
 Had once his integrity put to the test : 
 His comrades had plotted an orchard to rob, 
 And asked him to go and assist in the job. 
 
 He was shocked and annoyed, and answered " Oh no ! 
 What, rob our poor neighbour 1 I pray you don't go ; 
 Besides, the man's poor, his orchard's his bread ; 
 Then think of his children, for they must be fed," 
 
22 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER 
 
 " You speak very fine, and you look very grave, 
 But apples we want, and apples we'll have ; 
 If you will go with us, well give you a share, 
 If not, you shall have neither apple nor pear." 
 
 They spoke, and Tom pondered " I see they will go ; 
 Poor man ! what a pity to injure him so ! 
 Poor man ! I would save him his fruit if I could, 
 But staying behind will do him no good. 
 
 " If the matter depended alone upon me, 
 His apples might hang till they dropped from the tree ; 
 But since they will take them, I think I'll go too ; 
 He will lose none by me, though I do get a few." 
 
 His scruples thus silenced, Tom felt more at ease, 
 And went with his comrades the apples to seize ; 
 He blamed and protested, but joined in the plan ; 
 He shared in the plunder, but pitied the man. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building III. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives ANIMUS, the mind; ANIMA, the soul, 
 breath, or life; and ANNUS a year. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives JEQUUS, even; ALTER, another; and 
 ALTUS high. 
 
 3. The Latin verb AMO, / love; and its participle AMATUS, loved; 
 and APTO, 1 join , or Jit together. 
 
 YOUTH AND AGE. 
 
 BY ROBERT SOUTHEY. 
 
 A Poet and Historian : author of "Joan of Arc," " Thalaba the 
 
 Destroyer," and other Poems ; a tl Life of Nelson," " Book of 
 
 the Church" &c. ; and Poet Laureate from 1813 to 1843. 
 
 Born August 12, 1774 ; Died March 21, 1843. 
 
 hale healthy and strong 
 
 rea'-SOn. . .the cause, why it is so 
 re-plied' answered 
 
 re-mem'-bered recollected 
 
 a-bused' misused 
 
 Vl'-gOUr strength 
 
 la-mentf mourn for, sorrow after 
 
 fu'-ture time to come 
 
 hast'- en-ing. . .passing quickly 
 cheer'-ful lively, animated 
 
 con- verse' talk about 
 
 at-ten'-tion. heedfulncss, study 
 
 en-gage' attract, occupy 
 
 for-gOt'-ten,.s%foed, neglected 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER 23 
 
 ''You are old, father William," the young man cried, 
 " The few locks that are left you are grey ; 
 
 You are hale, father William, a hearty old man, 
 Now tell me the reason, I pray?" 
 
 " In the days of my youth," father William replied, 
 " I remembered that youth would fly fast ; 
 
 And abused not my health and my vigour at first, 
 That I never might need them at last." 
 
 " You are old father William," the young man cried, 
 " And pleasures with youth pass away ; 
 
 And yet you lament not the days that are gone, 
 Now tell me the reason, I pray]" 
 
 " In the days cf my youth," father William replied, 
 " I remembered- that youth could not last ; 
 
 I thought of the future whatever I did, 
 That I never might grieve for the past. 5 ' 
 
 " You are old, father William," the young man cried, 
 
 " And life must be hastening away ; 
 You are cheerful, and love to converse upon death, 
 
 Now tell me the reason, I pray 1" 
 
 " I am cheerful, young man," father William replied, 
 
 " Let the cause thy attention engage : 
 In the days of my youth I remembered my God, 
 And he hath not forgotten my age." 
 
 * Refer to Biographical Dictionary, and enter In note book an 
 abstract of the life of Southey. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation III. 
 
 Can any person capable of reflection hear without astonishment 
 that the endless variety of created beings which nature presents 
 to our inspection is composed of from not more than sixty-four 
 simple substances, and that into the composition of the greater 
 number no more than six or seven of these elementary substances 
 are known to enter, since the metals and most of the earths are 
 peculiar substances, and have but a small share in the formation 
 of animals and vegetables. 
 
24 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 THE CHAMELEOK 
 
 BY THE REV. JAMES MERRICK. 
 
 Author of "The Psalms in Verse" and some Poems. 
 
 Born June 8, 1720 ; died January 9, 1769. 
 
 COn-ceit'-ed... self-opinionated as-Sure', -declare with confidence 
 blade., a bold swaggering fellow COn'-test ...quarrel, argument 
 
 SUb-mis'-sion deference r e-f erred' . . . brought the matter 
 
 before 
 
 um-'pire...one chosen to decide 
 in a dispute 
 
 potll'-er noisy contention, 
 
 argument 
 rep'-tile.cw animal that crawls 
 
 pro-nounce' declare 
 
 pro-duced' brought over 
 
 Crea'-ture a being possessed 
 
 of life 
 WOn'-der be surprised 
 
 - . judgment, opinion 
 dis-COlirsed'. conversed, talked 
 about 
 
 an'-i-mal a living creature 
 
 na'-ture ...habits, peculiarities 
 
 dis-j olned' separated 
 
 af-firm' declare positively 
 
 lei'-Slire . . . convenience of time 
 Slir-vey ed' .looked at, examined 
 CX-t end'-ed stretched out 
 
 Oft has it been my lot to mark 
 A proud, conceited, talking spark, 
 With eyes that hardly served at most 
 To guard their master 'gainst a post ; 
 Yet round the world the blade had been 
 To see whatever could be seen ; 
 [Returning from his finished tour, 
 Grown ten times perter than before. 
 Whatever words you chance to drop, 
 The travelled fool your mouth will stop 
 " Sir, if my judgment you'll allow, 
 I've seen, and sure I ought to know." 
 So begs you'll pay a due submission, 
 And acquiesce in his decision. 
 
 Two travellers of such a cast, 
 As o'er Arabian wilds they passed, 
 And on then* way, in friendly chat, 
 Now talked of this, and then of that, 
 Discoursed awhile, 'mongst other matter, 
 Of the Chameleon's form and nature, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 " A stranger animal," cries one, 
 " Sure never lived beneath the sun! 
 A lizard's body, lean and long, 
 A fish's head, a serpent's tongue, 
 Its foot with tripled claw disjoined ; 
 And what a length of tail behind ! 
 How slow its pace ! and then its hue 
 Who ever saw so fine a blue !" 
 
 "Hold there/' the other quick replies, 
 "'Tis green I saw it with these eyes, 
 As late with open niouth it lay, 
 And warmed it in the sunny ray ; 
 Stretched at its ease, the beast I viewed, 
 And saw it eat the air for food." 
 
 " I've seen it, sir, as well as you, 
 And must again affirm it blue ; 
 At leisure I the beast surveyed, 
 
 VvforirJ-.^ i'r. f>^ ^^l^r, .1, .^ 
 
 25 
 
26 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER 
 
 "Well then, at once to end the doubt/' 
 Eeplies the man, " 111 turn him out ; 
 And when before your eyes Fve set him, 
 If you don't find him black, I'll eat him." 
 He said ; then full before their sight 
 Produced the beast, and lo ! 'twas white ! 
 Both stared the man looked wondrous wise 
 " My children," the Chameleon cried, 
 (Then first the creature found a tongue,) 
 "You are all right, and all are wrong ! 
 When next you speak of what you view, 
 Think others see, as well as you : 
 Nor wonder if you find that none 
 Prefer your eye-sight to their own." 
 
 V Refer if possible to a work on Natural History, and enter 
 In note boo* a description of the Chameleon, its habits, &c. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 29 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. IL 
 
 PROBLEM V. To draw a straight line perpendicular to a given 
 straight line, as A B, from a given point without it, and opposite 
 the end of the line, as C. 
 
 Take any point D in A B near the end of the line. Join C D and bisect 
 it in E. From E with radius E C or E D, describe arc C F D, cutting A B in 
 F. Join C F. This line is the perpendicular required. 
 
 PROBLEM VI. Through a given point, as C, to draw a straight 
 line parallel to a given straight line, as A B. 
 
 Take any point D in A B. With radius D C from D, describe arc C E, 
 and with same radius from C, describe arc D F. From D with same radius 
 draw an arc cutting D F in G. Join C G. This line is the parallel 
 required. 
 
 PROBLEM vii. To draw a straight line parallel to a given 
 straight line, as A B at a given distance from it, as X. 
 
 From the points C and D in A B, with a radius equal to X, describe the 
 arcs E F, G H. Draw a straight line K L touching these arcs. This line 
 is the parallel required. 
 
 PROBLEM viii. At a given point, as A, in a given straight line 
 as A B, to make an angle equal to a given angle, as C D E. 
 
 Form C with any radius C F, describe the arc F G. From A with same 
 radius describe the arc H K. Make H L equal to F G. From A draw 
 through L tho straight line A L M. The angle B A M is the angle required. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 CAPTAIST COOK. 
 
 ...sailors, those 
 who manage ships 
 ex-pe'-ri-enced...sw/erec/, en- 
 dured 
 
 ex-tra-or'-di-na-ry out of 
 
 the common 
 
 ca-pac'-it-y- Y . . .understanding, 
 power of mind 
 
 rap'-id-ly quickly 
 
 pro-mo'-ted advanced in 
 
 rank 
 ex-ci'-ted. ...roused, stirred up 
 
 VOy'-age a journey by sea 
 
 im-mor / -tal . . .undying, famous 
 
 for ever 
 
 in-debt-ed 
 
 obligation 
 
 scat'-tered ... 
 
 and there 
 
 pre'-vi-ous-ly 
 
 . . .placed under 
 ..dispersed here 
 
 before hand 
 
 cir'-cum- stance .fact, 
 
 occurrence 
 
 touched stopped at 
 
 ac'-CU-ra-cy correctness 
 
 tra'-gi-cal mournful, heart- 
 rending 
 
 plun'-dered robbed 
 
 un-for'-tu-nate u 
 
 deplorable 
 
 ini-pru'-dent unwise 
 
 llOS-tiT-i-ty enmity 
 
 de-f en'-sive affording pro- 
 tection 
 
 hos'-tage a person given up 
 
 as security for the life of 
 another on the performance 
 of a promise 
 
 op-po-si'-tion hinderance 
 
 SCllf -fle skirmish, men 
 
 struggling one with another 
 
 as-sist'-ance '. . aid, help 
 
 spent worn out, fatigued 
 
 frag'-HientS small pieces 
 
 lam'-en-ta-ble deplorable 
 
 SUb sist'-ed . . . continued, lasted 
 
 bar-ba'-ri-ans savages 
 
 af-fray' .fight, skirmish 
 
 Civ'-il-ized orderly, amen- 
 able to law 
 
 prev'-a-lent of common 
 
 occurrence 
 
 bale'-ful hurtful, injurio us 
 
 wel'-fare happiness, well- 
 being 
 
 James Cook, one of the greatest navigators ever produced 
 by Great Britain or any other country, was the son of a 
 farm-servant in Yorkshire, where he was born on the 27th 
 of October, 1728. He was one of a family of nine children, 
 and experienced great hardships in his early years. He 
 was a common seaman at the age of thirty ; but as soon as 
 his character and extraordinary capacity came to be noticed, 
 he was rapidly promoted. 
 
 In the beginning of the reign of George the Third, a 
 great spirit of geographical discovery was excited by the 
 attention paid to the subject by government ; and Cook 
 (who was then made a lieutenant) was sent on a voyage of 
 discovery in 1768. On the 30th of Jtfly that year, he 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 31 
 
 sailed in the Endeavour y and commenced a course of 
 discoveries, which have not only rendered his name, but 
 even those of his vessels, immortal. He made three voyages, 
 to which we are indebted for the greatest part of the know- 
 ledge which, to this day, we possess of the regions scattered 
 through the immense Pacific Ocean. Of these, several had 
 been previously visited by other navigators ; but it was a 
 remarkable circumstance in his voyages, that, wherever he 
 touched, 'everything relative to the place was determined 
 with such accuracy and fulness, that the comparatively 
 vague and imperfect accounts of former discoverers seemed 
 to go for nothing. Many places considered as being well 
 known, were thus, in a great measure, discovered by him. 
 
 From his third voyage Captain Cook never returned. 
 The circumstances of his death were of the most tragical 
 kind. When his vessel was on the coast of the island of 
 Owhyhee, several unfortunate quarrels took place with the 
 natives ; and Captain Cook, in order to compel them to 
 restore some articles of which they had plundered the ship, 
 took the imprudent resolution of going on shore with a 
 very few men. At first, no sign of hostility appeared ; but 
 the natives were soon observed to be gathering in great 
 numbers ; arming themselves with long spears, clubs, and 
 daggers ; and putting on their defensive armour of mats. 
 They gradually surrounded the small party, which had now 
 got a considerable way from the shore ; and Captain Cook, 
 beginning to think his situation dangerous, ordered his 
 men to return to the beach, and went along with them, 
 holding the king by the hand, whom he intended to take 
 on board as a hostage for the good conduct of his subjects. 
 They got without opposition to the place where the boats 
 were lying, close to the land ; but, as they were going on 
 board, an Indian threw a stone at the captain, who returned 
 the insult by firing at the man, and, the shot not taking 
 effect, he knocked him down with his musket. A confused 
 scuffle ensued ; the men on board the boats, as well as 
 those on shore, fired among the natives ; who, rushing 
 among the former, drove them into the water, from whence 
 they got on board one of the boats ; the captain alone 
 being left behind. 
 
32 POURTfl MANCHESTER READEE. 
 
 He was now observed making for one of the boats, 
 carrying his musket under his arm, and holding his other 
 hand behind his head to protect it from the stones. An 
 Indian was seen following him, but with marks of fear, as 
 he stopped two or three times. At last, he struck the 
 captain on the back of the head with a club, and then 
 hastily ran back. Captain Cook staggered a few paces, 
 and then fell on his hand and one knee, dropping his 
 musket. Another Indian now stabbed him in the neck 
 with a dagger. He then fell into a pool of water, where 
 others crowded about him ; but still he struggled witb 
 them, got up his head, and looked to the boats, as if for 
 assistance. One of them was not above five or six yards 
 off ; but such was the confused and crowded state of the 
 crew, that no assistance could be given. The Indians 
 again got him under, though he still continued to struggle, 
 and once more got up his head ; but, being quite spent, he 
 turned towards the rock, as if to support himself by it, 
 when a savage struck him with a club a blow which 
 probably put an end to his life, as he struggled no longer. 
 The savages dragged his lifeless body up the rocks, and 
 mangled it in the most shocking manner. Some fragments 
 of his remains were afterwards recovered, and solemnly 
 committed to the deep on the 21st of February, 1779. 
 
 This most lamentable occurrence produced the impres- 
 sion, which long subsisted, that the inhabitants of Owhyhee 
 were a race of fierce and blood-thirsty barbarians ; but it 
 has been discovered that, though possessing that disregard 
 of human life which is always found to attend man in a 
 state of nature, and which is a remarkable proof of our 
 fallen state, the people of the Sandwich Islands (of which 
 Owhyhee is the chief) are gentle as well as intelligent. 
 The attack upon Cook was made in the belief that his 
 intentions were hostile ; and his death occurred in the heat 
 and violence of an affray, in which blood was shed on both 
 sides. 
 
 An astonishing change has taken place in these islands 
 since the days of Cook. They now present the aspect of a 
 civilized community, with a regular government, laws, and 
 institutions : and, above, all, the Christian religion. Un- 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 33 
 
 happily, however, the good they have derived from 
 European intercourse has not been unmixed with evil. 
 They have learned European vices. Drunkenness, of 
 which we have both taught them the lesson and supplied 
 them the means, is prevalent among them, with its train 
 of baleful effects. It is impossible to contemplate the 
 situation of this interesting race, now so entirely dependent 
 upon Britain, without an anxious wish that all possible 
 means shall be taken by this country to secure their future 
 welfare. 
 
 V Give an account of the'Pacific Ocean, the Sandwich Islands 
 and Owhyhee or Tahiti. 
 
 Arithmetic V. Avoirdupois Weight, Multiplication. 
 
 1. Multiply 838 tons 17 cwt. 3qrs. 17 Ibs. 11 ozs. 13 drs. by 
 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
 
 2. Multiply the same amount by 144. 256, 343, 729, 835, and 
 960. 
 
 3. Multiply 3731 tons. 1 qr. 9 oz. by 1037, 6842, 9579, 8426, 
 and 31279. 
 
 THE SOLDIER'S DREAM. 
 
 BY THOMAS CAMPBELL, 
 
 Author of" Gertrude of Wyoming" "Pleasures of Hope" 
 and other Poems. 
 
 Born July 27, 1777 ; Died June 15, 1844. 
 
 truce .' temporary cessation of 
 
 hostilities 
 
 low'-ered- .settled over the earth 
 . . .watchful, onguard 
 .taajed beyond 
 
 their strength 
 re-pO'-sing ..... resting, sleeping 
 pal'-let .......... a thinly stuffed 
 
 mattress 
 
 ar-ray* ................ disposition 
 
 G 
 
 me-thought' I fancied or 
 
 imagined 
 
 roamed wandered 
 
 des'-O-late. . ..forlorn, forsaken 
 
 by man 
 
 trav'-ersed crossed 
 
 fond'-ly affectionately 
 
 flll'-ness repletion 
 
 Wea'-ry tired, worn out 
 
 da wn'-ing the break of day 
 
34: FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Our bugles sang truce for the night-cloud had lowered, 
 And the sentinel feCars set their watch in the sky ; 
 
 And thousands had sunk on the ground overpowered, 
 The weary to sleep and the wounded to die 
 
 When, reposing that night on my pallet of straw, 
 By the wolf-scaring faggot that guarded the slain, 
 
 At the dead of the night a sweet vision I saw, 
 And thrice ere the morning I dreamed it again. 
 
 Methought from the battle-field's dreadful array, 
 Far, far I had roamed on a desolate track : 
 
 'Twas autumn and sunshine arose on the way 
 
 To the home of my fathers, that welcomed me back. 
 
 I flew to the pleasant fields, traversed so oft 
 
 In life's morning march, when my bosom was young ; 
 
 I heard my own mountain-goats bleating aloft, 
 And knew the sweet strain that the corn-reapers sung. 
 
 Then pledge we the wine-cup, and fondly I swore, 
 
 From my home and my weeping friends never to part ; 
 
 My little ones kissed me a thousand times o'er, 
 And my wife sobbed aloud in her fulness of heart 
 
 " Stay, stay with us ! rest ! thou art weary and worn ! ' 
 And fain was their war-broken soldier to stay ; 
 
 But sorrow returned with the dawning of morn, 
 And the voice in my dreaming ear melted away! 
 
 V Refer to Biographical Dictionary, and enter in note book 
 an abstract of the life of Campbell. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building V. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models 
 
 1. From the Latin substantives ARS, ARTIS, art, skill ; ARTUS, 
 a joint or limb; and BELLUM, war. 
 
 2. From the Latin adjectives BARBARUS, rude, rough; and 
 BONUS, good. 
 
 3. From the Latin adverb BENE, well or Tdndly. 
 
 4. From the Latin verbs AUDIO, 1 hear; and AUGEO, I increase; 
 with its participle APCJSUS, increased. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 ADDKESS TO A BEE. 
 
 35 
 
 BY ROBERT SOUTHEY. 
 
 be-times'. . . early, in good time 
 
 a-broad' .from home, out of 
 
 doors 
 
 trace mark 
 
 fresh'-est coolest, most agree- 
 able 
 
 o'-dour scent, perfume 
 
 life'- less . . . lazy, lacking energy 
 
 e'-ven-ing dose of the day 
 
 mi'-ser one who hoards any 
 
 thing 
 
 em-ploy' work, business 
 
 in- tent' having the mind 
 
 fixed on 
 
 hoard'-ing gathering up 
 
 COp'-y .follow, imitate 
 
 Thou wert out betimes, thou busy, busy bee ! 
 
 As abroad I took my early way, 
 Before the cow from her resting place 
 Had risen up, and left her trace 
 
 On the meadow with dew so gay, 
 I saw thee 3 thou busy, busy bee ! 
 
 Thou wert alive, thou busy, busy bee ! 
 
 When the crowd in their sleep were dead ; 
 Thou wert abroad in the freshest hour, 
 When the sweetest odour comes from the flower. 
 
 Man will not learn to leave his lifeless bed, 
 And be wise and copy thee, thou busy, busy bee ! 
 
 Thou wert working late, thou busy bee ! 
 
 After the fall of the cistus-flower, 
 I heard thee last as I saw thee first, 
 When the primrose-tree blossom was ready to burst, 
 
 In the coolness of the evening hour 
 I heard thee, thou busy, busy bee ! 
 
 Thou art a miser, thou busy, busy bee ! 
 
 Late and early at employ ; 
 Still on thy golden store intent, 
 Thy youth in heaping and hoarding is spent 
 
 What thy age will never enjoy ; 
 I will not copy thee, thou miserly bee ! 
 
36 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Thou art a fool, thou busy, busy bee ! 
 
 Thus for another to toil ; 
 Thy master waits till thy work is done, 
 Till the latest flowers of the ivy are gone, 
 
 And then he will seize the spoil, 
 And will murder thee, thou poor little bee ! 
 
 Exercise in Dictation V. 
 
 Be not seduced by idleness of mind or bad example to relinquish 
 the manners of a gentleman and assume those of a rude, rough 
 fellow. No circumstance can require this, and none can justify it. 
 
 THE PAPER KITE. 
 
 BY THE REV. JOHN NEWTON. 
 
 AutJior of " Cardtphonia," " The Messiah," "Explanatory 
 Discourses," &c. 
 
 Bom July 24, 1725 ; Died December 31, 1807. 
 
 WOn'-drOUS remarkable 
 
 el-e-va'-tion. . . .height, distance 
 
 above the earth's surface 
 
 ga'-Zing looking intently 
 
 Stee'-ple spire of a church 
 
 pris'-on er.orae kept in durance 
 
 Con-fines' keeps, restrains 
 
 tow'-ei-ing mounting to a 
 
 great height 
 
 de-prived' tafanfrom, released 
 
 soar rise higher in the air 
 
 plunged dipped under 
 
 re-sem'-bles is like to 
 
 for-get'-flll ...not remembering 
 im-pa'-t lent ...... intoleran t of, 
 
 unwilling to bear or suffer 
 as-signs' a llots, apportions 
 
 in-dlllged' yielded to 
 
 Once on a time, a Paper Kite 
 Had mounted to a wondrous height, 
 Where, giddy with its elevation, 
 It thus expressed self-admiration : 
 
 " See, how yon crowds of gazing people 
 Admire my flight above the steeple ! 
 How would they wonder, if they knew 
 All that a kite like me can do ! 
 Were I but free, I'd take a flight, 
 And pierce the clouds beyond their sight ( 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 THE DESTRUCTION OF MOSCOW. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Sllb'-j ept-ed brought into 
 
 submission 
 
 prp-por'-tion .. part, one part 
 in comparison ivith another 
 
 COn'-quest subjugation by 
 
 force of arms 
 
 am-bi'-tious ...proud, aiming 
 at a great deal 
 
 tlib'-U-ta-ry subject, sub- 
 ordinate 
 
 fron'-tiers boundary line 
 
 re-sist'-ance opposition 
 
 gig'-nal total, remarkable 
 
 ex-po'-sing .... laying open to 
 pro-vi'-sion preparation 
 
 des'-pe-rate - reckless 
 
 Se-CU'-ri-ty .safety from danger 
 
 mag-ni'-fi-cent grand, 
 
 imposing 
 
 chat'-eaux .(pronoun ce shat-o) 
 castles, houses of great size 
 
 Sil'-laged robbed 
 ai-pen'-e-tra-ble that 
 
 which cannot be entered and 
 passed through 
 
 em'-i-nence hill, rising 
 
 ground 
 
 ter-mi-na'-tion end, close 
 
 par -al-lel. . .in continuous lines 
 
 equidistant from each other 
 
 pur-SUed' .followed 
 
 in'-t er-vals. ..distances between, 
 
 either of time or space 
 glit'-ter-ing. . .shining brightly 
 trans-port'-ed greatly 
 
 pleased 
 sim-ul-ta'-ne-OUS.. happening 
 
 at the same time 
 
 ar'-chi-tec-ture style of 
 
 building 
 
 con'-t em-pla-ting . . . looked at 
 
 par'-a-pet . . crest of a rampart 
 
 or wall of defence 
 
 COIl'-sti-tu-ted .formed 
 
 in'-di-ca-ted . . .shoived, pointed 
 
 out 
 
 con-fla-gra'-tion great 
 
 burning 
 aug-Hient' -ed increased 
 
 im-pre^-na-ble not to be 
 
 taken by storm 
 
 sub-ter-ra'-ne-an...tmcter the 
 
 surface of the earth 
 ca-lam'-i-ty misfortune 
 
 Napoleon I., then Emperor of France, had already sub- 
 jected to his arms a large proportion of Europe, when the 
 conquest of Russia was found to be necessary to the com- 
 pletion of his ambitious and vast designs. Having collected 
 together, therefore, the immense forces of France and her 
 tributary provinces, he advanced towards the frontiers of 
 the great northern empire, and in June, 1812, the French 
 army was on its way to the ancient capital. 
 
 The Russians made a brave resistance to its progress, 
 but in vain. In the battle of Borodino, they suffered the 
 signal and fatal defeat which left the road to Moscow open 
 
2 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 to the invaders ; and Count Rostopchin, the governor of 
 the city, seeing no hope of a successful defence, determined 
 on 'resisting the enemy by the only means he had left, 
 that, namely, of burning the city, and thereby exposing 
 them to all the horrors of a Russian winter, without the 
 provision of either food or shelter. The result fully con- 
 firmed the expectations on which this desperate policy was 
 founded : the French army was obliged to make a hasty 
 retreat, in which many thousands of the troops perished of 
 cold and famine ; and Moscow, as we shall see, rose 
 quickly from its ruins with new affluence. 
 
 It was immediately after the battle of the Moskwa that 
 Napoleon advanced on the imperial city ; but, some leagues 
 before they came within sight of the town, the French 
 soldiers saw reason to doubt the promises which had been 
 made them of plenty and security within its walls. 
 Captain Labaume, an officer on the staff of the French 
 army, has detailed the circumstances attending their 
 march, and the events which followed, with a particularity 
 and force which can only be looked for in the narrative of 
 an eye-witness. 
 
 "Being anxious to arrive at Moscow," says he, "we 
 commenced our march at an early hour in the morning, 
 and passed through several deserted villages. On the 
 banks of the Moskwa, towards our right, were some 
 magnificent chateaux, which the Tartars had pillaged, to 
 deprive us of every comfort which these places could afford ; 
 and the corn, ready for harvest, had either been trodden 
 down, or eaten by the horses. The hay-stacks, which 
 covered the country, were given to the flames, and spread 
 all around an impenetrable smoke. 
 
 "When we at length reached the Tsche-repkova, and our 
 cavalry continued their march, the Viceroy ascended an 
 eminence on our right, and long examined whether Moscow, 
 the object of all our wishes, could be seen ; for we regarded 
 it as the. end of our fatigues, and the termination of our 
 expedition. Several hills yet concealing it from our view, 
 we perceived nothing but *4ouds of dust, which, rising 
 parallel with our march, Indicated the route that the grand 
 army had pursued. A few canon-shots, fired at a distance., 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 43 
 
 and with long intervals^ disposed us to believe that our 
 troops were approaching Moscow, without experiencing 
 much resistance. 
 
 " About two o'clock, we perceived, from the summit of a 
 lofty hill, a thousand elegant and gilded spires, which 
 glittering in the rays of the sun, seemed, at a distance, 
 like so many globes of fire. Transported with delight at 
 this beautiful spectacle, which was the more gratifying 
 from the remembrance of the melancholy objects we had 
 hitherto seen, we could not suppress our joy, but, with a 
 simultaneous movement, exclaimed ; 'Moscow! Moscow!' 
 
 "At the sound of this long-wished-for name, the soldiers 
 rushed up the hill in crowds, discovering new wonders at 
 every step. One admired a noble chateau on our left, the 
 elegant architecture of which displayed more than eastern 
 magnificence ; another directed his attention towards a 
 palace or a temple ; but all were struck with the superb 
 picture which this immense town afforded." 
 
 While the soldiers were contemplating, with equal wonder 
 and astonishment, the splendid prospect of Moscow, thus 
 shining with all the brilliancy of the declining sun, an 
 unfortunate and terrified inhabitant of the city approached, 
 and acquainted them with the desertion of the great body 
 of the inhabitants from their dwellings. 
 
 Continuing the narrative of the advance, Labaume says 
 " The Viceroy ordered the troops to cross the river. On 
 the 15th of September we approached the city, which had 
 no walls, a simple parapet of earth being the only work 
 which constituted the outer enclosure. Nothing indicated 
 that the town was inhabited, and the road by which we 
 arrived was so deserted, that we saw neither Russian nor 
 even French soldier. No cry, no noise was heard. In the 
 midst of this awful solitude, we pursued our march, a prey 
 to the utmost anxiety, and that anxiety was redoubled 
 when we perceived a thick smoke, which arose in the form 
 of a column from the centre of the town. Eager to know 
 the cause of this conflagration, we in vain endeavoured to 
 find some one who might satisfy our irrepressible curiosity,, 
 and the impossibility of satisfying it increased our im- 
 patience, and augmented our alarm." 
 
44 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 The troops, on entering the city, were still more deeply 
 impressed with the awful silence which reigned around, 
 and even the most intrepid minds, says the captain, were 
 affected by the loneliness. On approaching the Kremlin, 
 they met a small band of desperate Russians, who vainly 
 attempted to defend the citadel, which they believed to be 
 impregnable. These unfortunate people were speedily put 
 to flight ; and, as our author proceeded into the heart of 
 the town, French soldiers were seen hurrying along with 
 bales of merchandise, and he then learnt that Moscow was 
 in flames. 
 
 Having penetrated to the exchange, he beheld the con- 
 flagration in all its commencing fury. The multitude were 
 wholly occupied in securing their plunder ; and in the 
 midst of the terrible spectacle which the flames presented, 
 not a cry, not a voice was to be heard. " Nothing," says 
 he, " was audible but the crackling of the flames, the noise 
 of the doors that were broken open, and occasionally a 
 dreadful crash, caused by the falling in of some vault. 
 Cottons, muslins, and, in short, all the most costly pro- 
 ductions of Europe and Asia, were a prey to the flames. 
 The cellars were filled with sugar, oil, and vitriol ; these, 
 burning all at once in the subterranean warehouses, sent 
 forth torrents of flame through thick iron gates, and pre- 
 sented a striking image of the mouth of hell. It was a 
 spectacle both terrible and affecting ; even the most 
 hardened minds acknowledged the conviction, that so great 
 a calamity must on some future day, call forth the ven- 
 geance of the Almighty upon the authors of such crimes." 
 
 Exercise in Dictation VIL 
 
 The French ambassador who visited the illustrious Bacon 
 during his last illness, on finding him in bed with the curtains 
 drawn, addressed to him this fulsome compliment *' You are 
 like the angels of whom we hear and read much, but have not 
 the pleasure of seeing." The reply was the sentiment of a 
 philosopher and the language of a Christian " If the complais- 
 ance of others compares me to an angel, my infirmities tell me I 
 am only a man," 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 45 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. 111. 
 
 PROBLEM ix. To bisect any given angle, as A B C, or divide it 
 Into two equal parts. 
 
 From B with any radius B D, describe the arc D E, cutting lines con- 
 taining angle in D and E. From D and E with any radius, describe arcs 
 cutting each other in F. Join B F. This line bisects the angle ABC. 
 
 PROBLEM x. To bisect a right angle, as A B C, or divide it into 
 three equal parts. 
 
 From B with any radius B D, describe arc D E, cutting lines containing 
 angle in D and E. From D and E, with same radius, draw arcs cutting 
 arc D E in G F. Join B F, B G-. By these lines A B C is trisected. 
 
 PROBLEM XL To divide a straight line, as A B, into any 
 number of equal parts. 
 
 At A draw A C at any angle to A B, and through B draw D D parallel 
 to A C. Along these lines set off as many spaces as the line is to be 
 divided into as at the points DEFGH; KCMNO respectively. 
 Join A O on E M, F L, G K, H B. The line is divided into five equal 
 parts as required, in the points P Q R S. 
 
 PROBLEM XII. To divide a straight line, as AB, proportionately 
 to any given divided line, as C D. 
 
 Place C D, divided into six parts in E F G H K, so that it may be 
 parallel to A B. Join A C, B D, and let these lines produced meet in L. 
 From M draw lines from L through E F G H K, cutting A B in the 
 points M N O P Q. In these points A B is divided proportionately to 
 
46 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 THE DESTRUCTION OF MOSCOW PART II. 
 
 COn-sign'-ing delivering, 
 
 handing over 
 
 bas-re-liefs' sculpture, 
 
 slightly raised above the 
 
 surface 
 hos'-pi-tals...&Mifcfo'?igrs for the 
 
 reception of the sick or infirm 
 har'-row-ing . . . heart rending 
 ex'-tri-cate ...release, draw a 
 
 way from 
 hor'-ri-ble .... inspiring terror 
 
 av'-a-lice greed of gain 
 
 lUS'-cioUS rich , fruity 
 
 pro-di'-gious immense 
 
 CO-ro-na'-tion . . . ceremony of 
 
 crowning a monarch 
 
 li-cen'-tious-ness wanton 
 
 liberty 
 Ven'-er-a-ble deserving of 
 
 respect 
 con-trib'-u-ted added 
 
 a'-gi-ta-ted drivento and 
 
 fro 
 
 in-cen'-di-a-ries persons 
 
 guilty of setting places on fire 
 me'-te-or a falling star 
 
 cal'-cined reduced to ashes 
 
 in-vis'-i-ble = . . .unseen 
 
 ex-haust'-ed wearied, worn 
 
 out 
 
 ex- e- era'- tions curses 
 
 Ob-Struct'-ing hindering 
 
 blocking up 
 
 lab'-y-rinth . . .intricate maze 
 ra-pa'-ci-ty . . .greediness 
 
 pre-ci'-pi-ta-ted ....rushed in 
 
 haste 
 
 in-sup-port'- able ...that which 
 
 cannot be endured 
 se'-quel ...... that which follows 
 
 re-ci'-tal story, account 
 
 Ve'-hi-cle carriage of any 
 
 kind 
 
 par-a-lyt'-ic unable to use 
 
 one's limbs 
 
 af-flic'-tion grief, trouble 
 
 con-so-la'-tion comfort 
 
 in-cqn-ceiv'-a-ble ....... ..that 
 
 which cannot be imagined 
 pa'-tri-0t-ism...fow of country 
 ex-er'-tions . . .resolute efforts 
 
 an-ti'-qui-ty olden times 
 
 Labaume having stated the information he received, 
 respecting the determination which the Russians them- 
 selves had taken of consigning their capital to the flames, 
 proceeds to say, that, on the next day (September 16), the 
 conflagration was making rapid progress through the finest 
 parts of the city. " Those palaces," says he, " which we 
 had admired for the beauty of their architecture, and the 
 elegance of their furniture, were enveloped in the flames. 
 Their magnificent fronts, ornamented with bas-reliefs and 
 statues, fell with a dreadful crash on the fragments of the 
 pillars which had supported them. The churches, though 
 covered with iron and lead, were likewise destroyed, and 
 with them those beautiful steeples which we had seen the 
 night before, resplendent with gold and silver. The 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER HEADER. 47 
 
 hospitals, too, which contained more than twelve thousand 
 wounded, soon began to burn. This offered a dreadful 
 and harrowing spectacle ; almost all these poor wretches 
 perished ; a few who still lingered, were seen crawling, half- 
 burnt, amongst the smoking ruins, and others, groaning 
 under heaps of dead bodies, endeavoured in vain to extricate 
 themselves from the horrible destruction which surrounded 
 them. 
 
 " But how shall I describe the confusion and tumult 
 when permission was granted to pillage this immense city ] 
 Soldiers, sutlers, galley-slaves, and profligate women, 
 eagerly ran through the streets, penetrating into the 
 deserted palaces, and carrying away everything which could 
 gratify their avarice. Some covered themselves with 
 stuffs, richly worked with gold and silk ; some were 
 enveloped in beautiful and costly furs ; others dressed 
 themselves in women's and children's pelisses ; even the 
 galley slaves concealed their rags under the most splendid 
 habits of the court ; and many crowded into the cellars, 
 and, forcing open the doors, drank to excess the most 
 luscious wines, and carried off a prodigious booty. 
 
 " It was towards the evening of this dreadful day that 
 Napoleon left the city, and took up his quarters in the 
 castle of Peterskoe, a large building outside the town, and 
 which formed the usual residence of the sovereigns before 
 their coronation. The generals of the army soon followed 
 the emperor, and the soldiers then gave themselves up to 
 a still fiercer licentiousness than they had yet practised. 
 Forcing their way into the crhurch of St. Michael, they 
 descended by torch-light into the vaults beneath the 
 edifice, and with wanton fury destroyed or carried off the 
 most venerable relics of national piety. 
 
 " Penetrated," continues Labaume, " by so many calamities, 
 I hoped that the shades of night would cast a veil over the 
 dreadful scene ; but they contributed, on the contrary, to 
 render the conflagration more terrible. The violence of 
 the flames, which extended from north to south, and were 
 strangely agitated by the wind, produced the most awful 
 appearance on a sky which was darkened by the thickest 
 smoke. Frequently wa^ ^een the glare of the burning 
 
48 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 torches, which the incendiaries were hurling from the tops 
 of the highest towers on those parts of the city which had 
 yet escaped destruction, and which resembled, at a distance, 
 so many passing meteors." 
 
 The house in which the captain was quartered took fire 
 soon after he had retired to rest, and when he again con- 
 templated the burning city, it presented to his eyes but 
 one immense flame. "The different streets," says he, 
 " could no longer be distinguished, and the places on which 
 the houses had stood were marked only by confused piles 
 of stone, calcined and black. The wind blowing with 
 violence, howled mournfully, and overwhelmed us with 
 ashes, with burning fragments, and even with the iron 
 plates which covered the palace. 
 
 "On whatever side we turned, we saw only ruins and 
 flames. The fire raged as if it were fanned by some 
 invisible power. The most extensive ranges of building 
 seemed to kindle, to burn, and to disappear in an instant. 
 A long row of carriages was perceived through the thick 
 smoke, loaded with booty. Being too heavily laden for 
 the exhausted cattle to draw them along, frequent halts 
 were made, when we heard the execrations of the drivers, 
 who, terrified at the surrounding flames, endeavoured to 
 push forward with dreadful outcries. The soldiers were 
 diligently employed in forcing open every door. They 
 seemed to fear lest they should leave one house untouched ; 
 and, as if the booty last acquired was preferable to what 
 they had already obtained, they abandoned former prizes 
 to seize on every new object. Some, when their carriages 
 were laden almost to breaking down, bore the rest of their 
 plunder on their backs. The flames, obstructing the 
 passage of the principal streets, often obliged them to 
 retrace their steps. Thus, wandering from place to place, 
 through an immense town, the avenues of which they did 
 not know, they sought in vain to extricate themselves from 
 a labyrinth of fire. Many, instead of approaching the gates 
 by which they might have escaped, wandered further from 
 them, and thus became the victims of their own rapacity. 
 The love of plunder was yet predominant, and induced our 
 soldiers to brave every danger. They precipitated them- 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 49 
 
 selves into the midst of the flames ; they waded in blood, 
 treading upon the dead bodies without remorse, whilst the 
 ruins of the houses, buried with burning coals, fell thick 
 upon their murderous hands. They would probably all 
 have perished, if the insupportable heat had not forced 
 them at length to withdraw into the camp." 
 . The following is the sequel to this dreadful recital : 
 "Having orders to quit Moscow, we proceeded towards 
 Peterskoe, and about the dawn of day, on the 17th Sep- 
 tember, I witnessed a spectacle at once affecting and terrible, 
 namely, a crowd of the miserable inhabitants drawing upon 
 some mean vehicles all that they had been able to save 
 from the conflagration. The soldiers having robbed them 
 of their horses, the men and women were slowly and 
 painfully dragging along their little carts, some of which 
 contained an infirm mother, others a paralytic old man, 
 and others the miserable wrecks of half-consumed furniture. 
 Children, half-naked, followed these groups. Affliction, to 
 which their age is commonly a stranger, was impressed on 
 their features ; and when the soldiers approached them, 
 they ran crying to the arms of their mothers. Alas ! 
 What habitation could be afforded to them, which would 
 not constantly recall the object of their terror! Without 
 shelter, and without food, these unfortunate beings wan- 
 dered into the woods ; but wherever they bent their steps, 
 they met the conquerors of Moscow, who frequently ill- 
 treated them, and sold before their eyes the goods which 
 had been stolen from their deserted habitations." 
 
 While the mind is appalled at this awful picture of ruin 
 and suffering, and while it learns to regard with greater 
 distrust than ever the ambition and other vices of the 
 human heart which lead to war, it derives a proportionable 
 degree of consolation and encouragement from the spectacle 
 which succeeds, with inconceivable rapidity, to the objects 
 of terror it has thus contemplated. Moscow was the 
 sacrifice offered by a nation to preserve its liberties from 
 the hand of an invader ; and the resolution and patriotism 
 which led to the offering of this sacrifice appeared with 
 prompt energy, after the deed had been done, to recover 
 the city from its ashes, Labour and well-directed zeal 
 D 
 
50 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 everywhere perform wonders. Moscow again lifted up its 
 head. Its inhabitants gained new strength from the 
 exertions they came forward to make ; and if this noble 
 city was at all times a subject of admiration, for its extent 
 and magnificence, it now inspires a feeling of veneration, 
 which may in one respect be indulged with more practical 
 good effects than that awakened by the most impressive 
 relics of antiquity. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation VIII. 
 
 When the Duke of Marlborough was told that an officer whom 
 he had broken for ill behaviour would take some opportunity of 
 privately doing him some injury, he replied, " I am in no appre- 
 hension on that head, because I know him to be a man of 
 courage." 
 
 THE FAITHFUL DOG. 
 
 BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 
 
 e-nor'-mous of very great 
 
 size 
 
 bar'-ri-er obstacle 
 
 bo-ding... suggesting harm or 
 
 evil 
 sker-e-ton...&0ni/ frame of a 
 
 man 
 ap-palled' ...terrified, greatly 
 
 alarmed 
 
 dis-cov'-er-er. . . . one who finds 
 
 out something 
 
 ab-rupt' steep, broken 
 
 per'-il-OUS dangerous 
 
 re-called brought back to 
 
 memory 
 
 re-mem'-bered recollected 
 
 mon'-u-ment record 
 
 hov'-er-ing..., ..hanging about 
 nou'-rished ... . .fed, supported 
 
 sub-lime' great, lofty 
 
 es'-ti-mate valuation 
 
 '0fte who has care 
 of sheep 
 
 dis-cern' see, distinguished 
 
 Stir'-ring moving 
 
 in'-stant-ly at the same 
 
 moment 
 
 COV'-ert ....brushwood, afford- 
 ing shelter to animals 
 
 un-u'-SU-al strange, not 
 
 common 
 re-cess' large hollow place 
 
 prec'-i-pice & steep and 
 
 sudden descent 
 
 tarn-.... small mountain lake 
 re-mote' distant, moved 
 
 away from 
 CuT-ti-va-ted improved by 
 
 husbandry 
 sym'-pho-ny . . .sounding at the 
 
 same time 
 aus-tere' rough, harsh 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 A barking sound the shepherd hears, 
 A cry as of a dog or fox ; 
 He halts and searches with his eyes 
 Among the scattered rocks ; 
 And now at distance can discern 
 A stirring in a brake of fern ; 
 And instantly a dog is seen, 
 Glancing through that covert green. 
 
 The dog is not of mountain breed ; 
 
 Its motions, too, are wild and shy ; 
 
 With something, as the shepherd thinks, 
 
 Unusual in its cry : 
 
 Nor is there any one in sight 
 
 All round, in hollow or in height ; 
 
 Nor shout, nor whistle strikes his ear ; 
 
 What is the creature doing here ] 
 
 It was a cove, a huge recess, 
 
 That keeps till June December's snow ; 
 
 A lofty precipice in front, 
 
 A silent tarn below ! 
 
 Far in the bosom of Helvellyn, 
 
 Remote from public road or dwelling, 
 
 Pathway, or cultivated land ; 
 
 From trace of human foot or hand. 
 
 There sometimes doth a leaping fish 
 Send through the tarn a lonely cheer ; 
 The crags repeat the raven's croak, 
 In symphony austere ; 
 Thither the rainbow comes the cloud 
 And mists that spread the flying shroud ; 
 And sunbeams ; and the sounding blast, 
 That, if it could, would hurry past ; 
 But that enormous barrier binds it fast. 
 
 Not free from boding thoughts, a while 
 The shepherd stood : then makes his way 
 Towards the dog, o'er rocks and stones, 
 As quickly as he may ; 
 
52 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Nor far had gone before he found 
 A human skeleton on the ground ; 
 The appalled discoverer with a sigh 
 Looks around, to learn the history. 
 
 From those abrupt and perilous rocks 
 
 The man had fallen, that place of fear ! 
 
 At length upon the shepherd's mind 
 
 It breaks, and all is clear : 
 
 He instantly recalled the name, 
 
 And who he was, and whence he came ; 
 
 Remembered, too, the very day 
 
 On which the traveller passed this way. 
 
 But hear a wonder, for whose sake 
 
 This lamentable tale I tell ! 
 
 A lasting monument of words 
 
 This wonder merits well. 
 
 The dog, which still was hovering nigh, 
 
 Repeating the same timid cry, 
 
 This dog had been through three months' space 
 
 A dweller in that savage place. 
 
 Yes, proof was plain that since the day 
 When this ill-fated traveller died 
 The dog had watched about the spot, 
 Or by his master's side : 
 How nourished here through such long time 
 He knows, who gave that love sublime ; 
 And gave that strength of feeling, great 
 Above all human estimate. 
 
 Arithmetic VII. Long Measure Reduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 327 leagues to miles, furlongs, poles, yards, feet, 
 inches, and barleycorns. 
 
 2. Reduce 834 leagues 2 m. 5 fur. 17 po. 4 yds. 1 ft. 9 in. to 
 barleycorns ; and reduce 939 miles 4 poles 2 feet to inches. 
 
 3. Reduce 57563 leagues 1 fur. 2 yards 4 inches to barley- 
 corns. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 
 
 NAPOLEON I. AND THE SAILOR. 
 
 BY THOMAS CAMPBELL. 
 
 con-tem'-pla ting ...musing 
 
 upon, thinking over 
 hom-i-ci'-dal murderous, 
 
 destructive of human life 
 ban'-ners -flags, ensigns, 
 
 mostly square in form 
 
 Cap'-ture take prisoner 
 
 SUf '-fered. . .allowed, permitted 
 
 aye always, constantly 
 
 ban - ished driven away 
 
 dream'-ing ...lost in thought 
 
 la-bor'-i-OUS ..toiling, busy at 
 
 work 
 lurk'-ing shrinking from 
 
 observation 
 
 launched . . .placed on the water 
 de-SCrip' '-tion-detailed account 
 ven'-tured dared to go on 
 
 in-ter-laced'...w>wn one with 
 
 another 
 
 SOr'-iy poor, wretched 
 
 wat'-tled ...stakes interwoven 
 
 6-quipped' .furnished 
 
 Ar'-gO boat, from the name 
 
 of the first Greek ship, Argo 
 
 ti'-dingS news, an account 
 
 se-rene' calm, unmoved 
 
 WOnt'-ed accustomed 
 
 at'-ti-tude position 
 
 fash'-ioned . . . shaped, formed 
 
 im-pas'-sion-ed... moved with 
 
 affection 
 
 ab'-sent apart 
 
 long'-ing earnest desire 
 
 SCant'-Hy with difficulty 
 
 shift .....contrive, \ 
 
 I love contemplating apart 
 
 From all his homicidal glory 
 The traits that soften to our heart 
 
 Napoleon's story. 
 
 'Twas when his banners at Boulogne 
 Armed in our island every freeman, 
 
 His navy chanced to capture one 
 Poor British seaman. 
 
 They suffered him, I know not how, 
 Unprisoned on the shore to roam ; 
 
 And aye was bent his youthful brow 
 On England's home. 
 
 His eye, methinks, pursued the flight 
 Of birds to Britain, half way over, 
 
 With envy they could reach the white 
 Dear cliffs of Dover. 
 
 A stormy midnight watch, he thought, 
 
 Than this sad state would have been dearer, 
 
54 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 If but the storm his vessel brought 
 
 To England nearer. 
 At last, when care had banished sleep, 
 
 He saw one morning, dreaming, doating, 
 An empty hogshead from the deep 
 
 Come shoreward floating. 
 He hid it in a cave, and wrought 
 
 The live-long day, laborious, lurking, 
 Until he launched a tiny boat, 
 
 By mighty working. 
 Oh dear me ! 'twas a thing beyond 
 
 Description such a wretched wherry, 
 Perhaps, ne'er ventured on a pond, 
 
 Or crossed a ferry. 
 For ploughing in the salt sea field, 
 
 It would have made the boldest shudder ; 
 Untarred, uncompassed, and unkeeled 
 
 No sail no rudder. 
 From neighbouring woods he interlaced 
 
 His sorry skiff with wattled willows ; 
 And thus equipped he would have passed 
 
 The foaming billows. 
 A French guard caught him on the beach, 
 
 His little Argo sorely jeering ; 
 Till tidings of him chanced to reach 
 
 Napoleon's hearing. 
 With folded, arms Napoleon stood. 
 
 Serene alike in peace and danger, 
 And, in his wonted attitude, 
 
 Addressed the stranger. 
 " Eash youth, that wouldst yon channel pass 
 
 On twigs and staves, so rudely fashioned, 
 Thy heart with some sweet English lass 
 
 Must be impassioned." 
 " I have no sweetheart," said the lad ; 
 " But, absent years from one another, 
 Great was the longing that I had 
 
 To see my mother." 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 55 
 
 " And so thou shalt," Napoleon said, 
 " You've both my favour justly won ; 
 A noble mother must have bred 
 So brave a son." 
 
 He gave the tar a piece of gold, 
 
 And, with a flag of truce, commanded 
 
 He should be shipped to England old, 
 And safely landed. 
 
 Our sailor oft could scantly shift 
 To find a dinner, plain and hearty ; 
 
 But never changed the coin and gift 
 Of Buonaparte. 
 
 Exercise in Word Building VIL 
 
 Form a list of English words according to the models from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives CENTRUM, the middle point; and 
 CIRCUS, a circle. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives CELEBER, famous ; and CELEE, swift. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs CADO, I fail; and OEDO, / cut or beat; with 
 their participles CASUS, fallen ; and C^ESUS, cut or beaten. 
 
 THE DISCIPLES' WALK TO EMMAUS. 
 
 BY WILLIAM COWPEB. 
 
 hap'-pened .fell out, chanced 
 
 SOl'-emn serious, sober 
 
 SUre-ty . . -one who is sponsor or 
 bondman for another. 
 
 pen'-sive-ly thoughtfully 
 
 mu'-singS . thoughts, recollec- 
 tions 
 
 blame'-less .free from evil 
 
 in'-CUrred ...become liable to 
 per-pet'-U-al . . . continual, con- 
 stant . 
 flOS'-tile- .unfriendly, inimical 
 
 me-mor'-i-al remembrance 
 
 en-riched'-.wade more wealthy 
 COUr'-te-OUS...&^c and plea- 
 sant in manner 
 ex-alt' raise, lift up 
 
 en-gagging.. .likely to attract 
 
 attention 
 
 in-formed' ...told, acquainted 
 ex-plained' ...unfolded, inter- 
 preted 
 il-lus'-tra-ted pointed out 
 
 by example 
 
 SO'-j Olirn abide for awhile 
 
 ac- quaint'- ance. . .one recently 
 
 known 
 
 van'-ished....we?i out of sight 
 
 ex-daim'-ing crying out 
 
 deigned condescended 
 
 be-oves'. .-becomes, is necessary 
 for 
 
 prompt ready 
 
 sa'-cred My, sanctified 
 
56 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 It happened on a solemn eventide, 
 
 Soon after He that was our Surety died, 
 
 Two bosom friends, each pensively inclined, 
 
 The scene of all those sorrows left behind, 
 
 Sought their own village, busied as they went 
 
 In musings worthy of the great event : 
 
 They spake of him they loved, of him whose life, 
 
 Though blameless, had incurred perpetual strife, 
 
 Whose deeds had left, in spite of hostile arts, 
 
 A deep memorial graven on their hearts. 
 
 The recollection, like a vein of ore, 
 
 The farther traced, enriched them still the more ; 
 
 They thought him, and they justly thought him, one 
 
 Sent to do more than he appeared to have done ; 
 
 To exalt a people, and to place them high 
 
 Above all else, and wondered he should die. 
 
 Ere yet they brought their journey to an end, 
 
 A stranger joined them, courteous as a friend, 
 
 And asked them, with a kind, engaging air, 
 
 What their affliction was, and begged a share. 
 
 Informed, he gathered up the broken thread, 
 
 And, truth and wisdom gracing all he said, 
 
 Explained, illustrated, and searched so well 
 
 The tender theme, on which they chose to dwell, 
 
 That, reaching home, " The night, they said, is near, 
 
 We must not now be parted, sojourn here " 
 
 The new acquaintance soon became a guest, 
 
 And, made so welcome at their simple feast, 
 
 He blessed the bread, but vanished at the word, 
 
 And left them both exclaiming, " 'Twas the Lord ! 
 
 Did not our hearts feel all he deigned to say 1 
 
 Did they not burn within us by the way ?" 
 
 Now theirs was converse such as it behoves 
 
 Man to maintain, and such as God approves : 
 
 Their views, indeed, were indistinct and dim, 
 
 But yet successful, being aimed at him. 
 
 Christ and his character their only scope, 
 
 Their object, and their subject, and their hope, 
 
 They felt what it became them much to feel, 
 
 And, wanting him to loose the saered seal, 
 
FOUBTH MANCHESTER READER. 57 
 
 Found him as prompt, as their desire was true, 
 To spread the new-born glories in their view. 
 
 V Refer to the Bible, and enter in note book what is said in 
 the Gospels respecting the disciples' journey to Emmaus. Which 
 of the disciples went to Emmaus. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation IX. 
 
 The Tartars excel in horsemanship, and are dexterous hunters 
 and skilful archers. Their arms consist of the bow, the arrow, 
 the lance, and the sabre ; and they always fight on horseback. 
 Children are educated in the same profession as their father, for 
 whom they entertain a very reverential awe. 
 
 THE WATERFALL AND THE BRIER ROSE. 
 
 BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 
 
 be-gone' ffo, get away 
 
 pre-suropt'-u-ous bold and 
 
 confident to an excessive de- 
 gree 
 
 ex-claimed' cried out 
 
 thun'-der-ing . . . extremely loud 
 
 be-spat'-tered ..sprinted all 
 
 over 
 
 ty'-ran-nOUS cruel, over- 
 bearing 
 
 ven'-tlired dared, hazarded 
 
 re-ply* to answer in return 
 
 fresh'-ened made healthy, 
 
 na'-tal native, where born 
 
 be-dewed' ...... sprinkled over 
 
 grat'-i-tude . . .feeling of thank- 
 fulness for any favour 
 
 re-pay' give back in return 
 
 SUl'-try oppressively hot 
 
 shel'-tered protected 
 
 chant'-ed sung, warbled 
 
 gal'-loped- to run quickly as 
 a horse 
 
 lis'-tened waited to catch 
 
 any sound 
 quaked shook with fear 
 
 refreshed 
 
 " Begone, thou fond presumptuous elf," 
 
 Exclaimed a thundering voice, 
 " Nor dare to thrust thy foolish self 
 
 Between me and my choice ! " 
 A fall of water swoln with snows 
 Thus spake to a poor brier-rose, 
 
 That all bespattered with his foam, 
 And dancing high, and dancing low, 
 Was living, as a child might know, 
 
 In an unhappy home. 
 
58 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 u Dost thou presume ray course to block 1 
 
 Off, off ! or, puny thing ! 
 I'll hurl thee headlong with the rock 
 
 To which thy fibres cling." 
 The flood was tyrannous and strong ; 
 The patient brier suffered long, 
 
 Nor did he utter groan or sigh, 
 Hoping the danger would be passed ; 
 But seeing no relief, at last 
 
 He ventured to reply. 
 
 " Ah ! " said the brier, " blame me not ; 
 
 Why should we dwell in strife ] 
 We who in this, our natal spot, 
 
 Once lived a happy life ! 
 You stirred me on my rocky bed 
 What pleasure through my veins you spread ! 
 
 The summer long, from day to day 
 My leaves you freshened and bedewed ; 
 Nor was it common gratitude 
 
 That did your cares repay. 
 
 " When spring came on with bud and bell, 
 
 Among these rocks did I 
 Before you hang my wreath, to tell 
 
 That gentle days were nigh ! 
 And in the sultry summer hours 
 I sheltered you with leaves and flowers ; 
 
 And in my leaves, now shed and gone, 
 The linnet lodged, and for us two 
 Chanted his pretty songs, when you 
 
 Had little voice or none." 
 
 What more he said I cannot tell, 
 
 The stream came thundering down the dell, 
 
 And galloped loud and fast ; 
 I listened, but naught else could hear 
 The brier quaked, and much I fear 
 
 Those accents were his last. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 59 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. IV. 
 
 PROBLEM XIII. To construct an equilateral or equal sided 
 triangle on any given straight line, as A B. 
 
 From A with radius A B describe arc B C. From B with radius B A 
 describe arc A C. Let these arcs cut each other in C. Join A. C, B C. 
 The triangle A B C is equal sided, and described on A B as required. 
 
 PROBLEM xiv. To construct an equilateral triangle having 
 a given height as A B. 
 
 Through A draw C D at right angles to A B. Through B draw E F 
 parallel to C D. From B with radius B G, describe are G A K. From G 
 and K with same radius draw arcs cutting arc G H F in L M. From B 
 through L and M, draw lines B L N, B M O. The triangle B N O is equal- 
 sided and of the height required. 
 
 PROBLEM XV. To find the centre of any triangle, as A B C. 
 
 Bisect the angles C B A, B C A by the straight lines B D, C E. These 
 lines cut each other in F, which is the centre of the triangle, because the 
 lines F G, F H, F K, drawn perpendicular to its sides are equal to one 
 another. 
 
 PROBLEM xvi. To construct a triangle having its sides equal 
 to three given straight lines as A, B, C. 
 
 Make D E equal to A. From E with radius equal to B, and from D with 
 radius equal to C, draw arcs intersecting in F. Join F D, F E. The 
 triangle F D E is the triangle required. 
 
60 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Arithmetic VIII. Long Measure. Reduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 3579623489 barleycorns, and 539687423 inches to 
 leagues. 
 
 2. Reduce 18396425976 inches to miles, and 837456893 feet 
 to furlongs. 
 
 3. Reduce 893976543 yards to poles, and 432967359 poles to 
 miles. 
 
 GLASS AND ITS MANUFACTURE. 
 
 man-u-fac'-ture ...production^ 
 
 literally making by hand 
 U-tiT-i-ty ............ usefulness 
 
 trans-lu'-cent . ..transparent, 
 
 through which light can pass 
 in- gQ-ILM'-i-ty... invention, skill 
 mag-net'-i-cal . . ..endued with 
 
 the attractive properties of the 
 
 magnet 
 SU-pe'-ri-or ......... letter, more 
 
 excellent 
 
 prin'-ci-pal-ly ........... cUefy 
 
 Gin bossed' . ..ornamented with 
 
 a raised pattern 
 in-vent'-ed ..... .found out, dis- 
 
 covered 
 
 con- ve'-ni-ence... adored to use 
 ex'qui-site ............ extremely 
 
 beautiful 
 au then'-tic ..... such as can be 
 
 depended upon 
 ev'-i-dence ...... proof, surety 
 
 COSt'-ly ...... expensive, of great 
 
 price 
 glazed . . .furnished with glass 
 
 ne'-ces-sa-ry . . . that which we 
 
 cannot well dispense with 
 eu'-lo-gy ..... anything written 
 or spoken in praise 
 
 ex-clude' ............... shutout 
 
 The manufacture of glass 
 beauty and utility. It is 
 
 for-tu'-i-tOUS ...accidental, by 
 
 chance 
 li-que-fac'-tion ------- melting, 
 
 becoming liquid 
 
 trans-pa'-rent ..... dear, that 
 
 which can be seen through 
 
 vi'-o-lence .................. .fury 
 
 ma-te'-ri-al ...... that which is 
 
 possessed of substance 
 
 SUb-Sld'-i-a-ry ...... rendering 
 
 assistance 
 ar-ti'-fi-cer ............ workman 
 
 ex-pec-ta'-tion ............ hope 
 
 av'-en-ues ......... roads, paths 
 
 SUb'-se-CLUent-ly. ..afterwards 
 ri'- vailed ...... equalled in com- 
 
 petition 
 
 in-cor'-po-ra-ted .. v . . . .formed 
 
 into a body enjoying certain 
 
 privileges 
 
 pro-tec' -tion . . .guardianship 
 ap-pli-ca'-tions ..employments 
 
 for special purposes 
 pro-mo'-t ed ......... advanced 
 
 ap-plause' ......... approbation 
 
 en-dow'-inents . . .gifts, pro- 
 visions 
 
 ac-COm mo-da'-tions ..... con- 
 veniences 
 
 is one of the very highest 
 most propable that we are 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 61 
 
 indebted for this wonderful art, as we are for the gift of 
 letters, to the Phoenicians. 
 
 According to Pliny, glass has been made for many ages, 
 of sand found near the mouth of the small river Belus, ir 
 Phoenicia. " The report," says he, " is, that the crew of a 
 merchant ship laden with nitre, having used some pieces 
 of it to support the kettles, placed on the fires they had 
 made on the sand, were surprised to see pieces formed of a 
 translucent substance, or glass. This was a sufficient hint 
 for the manufacturer. Ingenuity was immediately at work 
 to improve the process thus happily suggested. Hence, 
 the magnetical stone came to be added, from an idea that 
 it contained not only iron, but glass. They also used 
 clear pebbles, shells, and fossil sand. Indian glass is said 
 to be formed of native crystal, and is, on that account, 
 superior to every other. Phoenician glass is prepared with 
 light dry wood, to which copper and nitre are added, the 
 last being principally from Ophir. It is occasionally tinged 
 with different colours. Sometimes it is brought to the 
 desired shape by being blown ; sometimes, by being ground 
 on a lathe ; and sometimes it is embossed like silver. 
 Sidon is famous for this manufacture. It was there that 
 mirrors were first invented." In Pliny's time, glass was 
 made in Italy of fine sand, on the shore between Cumse 
 and the Lucrene bay. 
 
 Glass was manufactured at Rome into various articles of 
 convenience and ornament. Pliny mentions that Nero 
 gave 6,000 sesterces (about ,50,000) for two glass cups, 
 each having two handles. These, however, must have 
 been of an immense size, and of exquisite workmanship, 
 for glass was then in common use for drinking vessels, 
 and was used in the form of bottles to keep wine. 
 
 There is no authentic evidence of glass being used in 
 windows previously to the third or fourth century ; and 
 then, and long after, it was used only in churches and other 
 public buildings. In this country, even so late as the latter 
 part of the sixteenth century, glass was very rarely met 
 with. In a survey of Alnwick Castle, made in 1573, it is 
 stated, " And because, through extreme winds, the glass of 
 the windows of this and other of my lord's castles and 
 
62 FOURTH MANCHESTER REAfcEft. 
 
 houses, here in the country, doth decay and waste, it were 
 good, the whole lights of every window, at the departure 
 of his lordship from lying at any of his said castles, and 
 houses, and during the time of his lordship's absence, or 
 others lying in them, were taken down and laid up in safety ; 
 and at such time as his lordship, or any other, should lie 
 at any of the said places, the same might then be set up 
 and new, with small charges ; whereas now the decay 
 thereof shall be very costly, and chargeable to be repaid." 
 
 Sir F. M. Eden thinks it probable that glass windows 
 were not introduced into farm-houses in England much 
 before the reign of King James I. They are mentioned in 
 a lease in 1615, in a parish of Suffolk. In Scotland, how- 
 ever, as late as 1661, the windows of ordinary coo&iry 
 houses were not glazed, and only the upper parts of even 
 those in the king's palaces had glass ; the lower ones having 
 two wooden shutters to open at pleasure, and admit the 
 fresh air. From a passage in Harrison's Description of 
 England, it may be inferred, that glass was introduced into 
 country houses more generally in the reign of Henry VI II. 
 Formerly they had lattice work, either of wicker or rifts of 
 oak, and the " better sort " had panels of horn. 
 
 Glass is now introduced into the windows of almost 
 every cottage in Great Britain, and in this cold damp 
 climate, it ought rather to be considered as a necessary of 
 life than as the most elegant and useful of all conveniences. 
 Dr. Johnson's eulogy on this most useful substance is well 
 deserved : " By some fortuitous liquefaction was mankind 
 taught to produce a body at once in a high degree solid and 
 transparent, which might admit the light of the sun, and 
 exclude the violence of the wind ; which might extend the 
 sight of the philosopher to new ranges of existence, and 
 charm him, at one time, with the unbounded extent of the 
 material creation, and at another with the endless subord- 
 ination of animal life ; and what is yet of more importance, 
 might supply the decays of nature with subsidiary sight. 
 Thus was the first artificer in glass employed, though 
 without his own knowledge or expectation. He was 
 facilitating and prolonging the enjoyment of light, enlarging 
 the avenues of science, and conferring the highest and most 
 lasting pleasures." 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. (J3 
 
 Venice for a long time excelled all Europe in the manu- 
 facture of glass, but was subsequently rivalled by France. 
 The manufacture was early introduced into England, but 
 it was not carried on to any extent previously to the six- 
 teenth century. The first plates for looking-glasses and 
 coach windows were made in 1673, at Lambeth, by Venetian 
 artists, under the protection of the then Duke of Buck- 
 ingham. The British Plate-glass Company was incorpo- 
 rated in 1773, when it erected its extensive works at 
 Eavenshead, near St. Helens, Lancashire. The manufacture 
 was at first conducted by workmen from France, whence 
 we had previously brought all our plate glass. But that 
 which is now made at Ravenshead, at Liverpool, and 
 London, is equal or superior to any imported from the 
 continent. 
 
 It is calculated that the value of glass annually manu- 
 factured in Great Britain, amounts to not less than two 
 millions sterling, and that the trade gives employment to 
 upwards of fifty thousand workmen in its various depart- 
 ments. 
 
 This admirable discovery, and its numerous applications, 
 have contributed in a high degree both to the science and 
 the comfort of mankind. When, by the exercise of human 
 ingenuity, our benefit is promoted, we should not rest in 
 admiration and applause of the instrument or occasion, but 
 extend our view to Him " from whom cometh every good 
 and every perfect gift," the endowments of the under- 
 standing, and the accommodations of life. 
 
 V Refer to Biographical Dictionary and Gazetteers, and ex- 
 plain and enter in note book some account of the Phoenicians 
 and Phoenicia, Pliny, Ophir, Sidon, Italy, and Venice. Where 
 is Alnwick Castle ? 
 
 Exercise in Word Building. VIII. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin Substantives cms, a citizen; CLASSIS, a fleet or 
 class ; and COR, the heart. 
 
 2. The Latin Adjectives CENTUM, a hundred; and CLARUS 
 bright. 
 
 3. The Latin Verbs CANDO, 7 burn ; and CANO, I sing ; with its 
 participle CANTUS, sung. 
 
64: FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 CHEVY CHASE. 
 
 An old English Ballad. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 pros'-per ........ make fortunate 
 
 Woe'-flll ..... mournful, causing 
 
 sorrow 
 
 me lament over, sorrow for 
 
 plea'-SUre enjoyment 
 
 Chief -est largest, finest 
 
 pre'-sent ..immediate, as soon 
 
 as he heard of Lord Percy's 
 
 intention 
 
 pre-vent' hinder, forbid 
 
 re-sort' go, repair 
 
 cho'-sen picked, selected 
 
 shafts arrows 
 
 drp'-vers-. beaters, whose duty 
 
 it was to rouse the game 
 quar'-ry ... heap of dead game 
 
 slaughtered killed 
 
 march'-ing advancing in 
 
 military order 
 plea'-sant .... having beautiful 
 
 scenery, agreeable 
 
 ad-vance' raise, elevate 
 
 Champ'-ion.-one who fights on 
 
 behalf of another, or of some 
 
 cause 
 
 hap luck, lot, chance 
 
 en-COUn'-ter meet infiyht 
 
 God prosper long our noble king, 
 
 Our lives and safeties all, 
 A woeful hunting, once there did, 
 
 In Chevy Chase befall. 
 
 To drive the deer with hound and horn 
 
 Earl Percy took his way ; 
 The child may rue that is unborn 
 
 The hunting of that day. 
 
 The stout Earl of Northumberland 
 . A vow to God did make, 
 His pleasure in the Scottish woods 
 Three summer days to take. 
 
 The chiefest harts in Chevy Chase, 
 
 To kill and bear away ; 
 These tidings to Earl Douglas came 
 
 In Scotland where he lay. 
 
 Who sent Earl Percy present word 
 He would prevent his sport ; 
 
 The English earl, not fearing this, 
 Did to the woods resort. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 
 
 With fifteen hundred bowmen bold ; 
 
 All chosen men of might, 
 Who knew full well, in times of need, 
 
 To aim their shafts aright. 
 
 The gallant greyhounds swiftly ran 
 
 To chase the fallow deer : 
 On Monday they began to hunt, 
 
 When daylight did appear. 
 
 And, long before high noon, they had 
 A hundred fat bucks slain ; 
 
 Then, having dined, the drovers went 
 To rouse them up again. 
 
 Lord Percy to the quarry went, 
 To view the slaughtered deer ; 
 
 Quoth he Earl Douglas promised 
 This day to meet me here : 
 
 If that I thought he would not come, 
 
 No longer would I stay. 
 With that a brave young gentleman 
 
 Thus to the earl did say : 
 
 Lo ! yonder doth Earl Douglas come, 
 His men in armour bright ; 
 
 Full twenty hundred Scottish spears, 
 All marching in our sight ; 
 
 All men of pleasant Tividale, 
 
 Fast by the river Tweed. 
 Then cease your sport, Earl Percy said, 
 
 And take your bows with speed ; 
 
 And now with me, my countrymen, 
 Your courage forth advance ; 
 
 For never was there champion yet 
 In Scotland or in France, 
 
 That ever did on horseback come, 
 
 But, if my hap it were, 
 I durst encounter, man for man, 
 
 With him to break a spear. 
 
66 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation X. 
 
 De Witt, the justly celebrated pensionary of Holland, on being 
 asked how he contrived to transact such a multiplicity of busi- 
 ness in the course of a day, without neglect or disorder, answered, 
 " I make it a rule always to attend to only one object at a time.'* 
 
 CHEVY CHASE. PART II. 
 
 f ore'-most . ..in advance, at the 
 head of 
 
 com'-pa-ny body of men 
 
 con-sent' . .permission, agree- 
 ment on any subject or 
 matter to be carried out 
 
 list care 
 
 Sol'-emn serious, grave 
 
 OUt-bra'-ved ...set at naught, 
 defied 
 
 of- fence' harm, injury 
 
 COW" -ard-- .devoid of courage, 
 
 de-nied'. . .contradicted, spoken 
 of in contrary terms 
 
 squire (es-auire') ...the chief 
 
 attendant of a knight 
 
 pow'-er strength, ability 
 
 Closed... came together, joined 
 
 battle 
 
 slack'-ness want of will 
 
 gasp' -ing... panting for breath 
 
 gore blood 
 
 ad-van'-ced promoted 
 
 r an'- SOm.. money given by a 
 captive for release 
 
 re-port' tell, announce 
 
 COU-ra'-geoUS . . . brave, valiant 
 prof '-fer offer, proposal 
 
 keen sharp 
 
 Earl Douglas, on a milk-white steed, 
 
 Most like a baron bold, 
 Rode foremost of the company 
 
 Whose armour shone like gold ; 
 
 Show me, said he, whose men you be 
 That hunt so boldly here ; 
 
 That, without my consent, do chase 
 And kill my fallow deer ] 
 
 The man that first did answer make 
 
 Was noble Percy, he ; 
 Who said, We list not to declare 
 
 Nor show whose men we be : 
 
 Yet will we spend our dearest blood 
 Thy chiefest harts to slay. 
 
 Then Douglas made a solemn vow, 
 And thus in rage did say : 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 7 
 
 Ere thus I will outbraved be 
 
 One of us two shall die ; 
 I know thee well, an earl thou art, 
 
 Lord Percy : so am I. 
 
 But, trust me, Percy, pity it were, 
 
 And great offence, to kill 
 Any of these our harmless men, 
 
 For they have done no ill. 
 
 Let thou and I the battle try, 
 
 And set our men aside. 
 A coward he, Lord Percy said, 
 
 By whom this is denied. 
 
 Then stepped a gallant squire forth, 
 
 Witherington was his name, 
 Who said, I would not have it told 
 
 To Henry, our king, for shame, 
 
 That e'er my captain fought on foot 
 
 And I stood looking on : 
 Ye be two earls, said Witherington, 
 
 And I a squire alone. 
 
 I'll do my best that do I may, 
 
 While I have strength to stand ; 
 While I have power to wield my sword, 
 
 Fll fight with heart and hand. 
 
 Our English archers bent their bows, 
 
 Their hearts were good and true ; 
 At the first flight of arrows sent 
 
 Full threescore Scots they slew. 
 
 They closed full fast on every side, 
 
 No slackness was there found ; 
 And many a gallant gentleman 
 
 Lay gasping on the ground. 
 
 In sooth it was a grief to see, 
 
 And likewise for to hear, 
 The cries of men lying in their gore, 
 
 And scattered here and there. 
 
68 FOURTH MAKCHtSSTUR 
 
 At last these two stout earls did meet, 
 
 Like captains of great might ; 
 Like lions moved, they laid on load, 
 
 And made a cruel fight. 
 
 Yield thee, Lord Percy, Douglas said J 
 
 In faith I will thee bring 
 Where thou shalt high advanced be 
 
 By James, our Scottish King. 
 
 Thy ransom I will freely give, 
 
 And this report of thee : 
 Thou art the most courageous knight 
 
 That ever I did see. 
 
 No, Douglas, quoth Lord Percy then, 
 
 Thy proffer I do scorn ; 
 I will not yield to any Scot 
 
 That ever yet was born. 
 
 With that there came an arrow keen 
 
 Out of an English bow, 
 Which struck Earl Douglas to the heart, 
 
 A deep and deadly blow : 
 
 Who never spoke more words than these 
 
 Fight on, my merry men all ! 
 For why 1 my life is at an end : 
 
 Lord Percy sees my fall. 
 
 Then leaving life, Earl Percy took 
 
 The dead man by the hand ; 
 And said, Earl Douglas, for thy life 
 
 Would I had lost my land ! 
 
 Arithmetic IX. Long Measure Addition. 
 
 (1). lea. ini. fur. po. yds. ft. in. (2). lea. mi. fur. po. yds. ft. in. 
 
 369 2 4 17 3 2 7 417 2 1 23 5 2 5 
 
 425 7 89 4 7 11 638 2 18 2 1 7 
 
 867 6 13 2 9 496 1 3 14 3 2 3 
 
 939 1 3 27 5 1 6 903 1 7 35 4 1 2 
 
 682 2 16 1 2 3 277 2 5 19 11 
 
 213 1 2 5 2 4 813 6 7 1 2 9 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER* 
 
 CHEVY CHASE, -PART III, 
 
 Straight-.- forthwith, immedi- 
 ately 
 re-venge' ...retaliation, return 
 
 of injury for injury 
 gal'-lant... spirited and hand- 
 some, of good bearing 
 
 fierce'-ly . .furiously 
 
 hate'-ful ...odious, malignant 
 per-ceived' saw, noticed 
 
 ti'-dings .news 
 
 6ud'-den-ly in a moment 
 
 bri'-nish saltish, having 
 
 the taste of salt 
 
 pre-vair be of any use 
 
 account' use, value 
 
 realm kingdom 
 
 hence-forth'.../^7?i this time 
 de-bate' ...dispute } contention 
 no'-ble-men men of rank 
 
 and high standing 
 
 wid'-OWS women whose 
 
 husbands are dead 
 
 A knight amongst the Scots there was, 
 Which saw Earl Douglas die, 
 
 Who straight in wrath did vow revenge 
 Upon the Earl Percy : 
 
 Sir Hugh Montgomery was he called, 
 Who with a spear most bright, 
 
 Well mounted on a gallant steed, 
 Ean fiercely through the fight : 
 
 And passed the English archers all, 
 
 Without all dread or fear ; 
 And through Earl Percy's body then 
 
 He thrust his hateful spear : 
 
 So thus did both these nobles die, 
 Whose courage none could stain. 
 
 An English archer then perceived 
 The noble Earl was slain : 
 
 He had a bow bent in his hand, 
 
 Made of a trusty tree ; 
 An arrow of a cloth yard long 
 
 Up to the head drew he. 
 
 Against Sir Hugh Montgomery 
 
 So right the shaft he set, 
 The grey-goose wing that was thereof 
 
 In his heart's-Wood was wet. 
 
7Q FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 This sight did last from break of day 
 
 Till setting of the sun ; 
 For when they rang the evening-bell 
 
 The battle scarce was done. 
 
 Of fifteen hundred Englishmen 
 
 Went home but fifty-three : 
 The rest were slain in Chevy Chase, 
 
 Under the greenwood tree. 
 
 Next day did many widows come 
 
 Their husbands to bewail ; 
 They washed their wounds in brinish tears, 
 
 But all would not prevail. 
 
 Their bodies, bathed in purple blood, 
 They bore with them away ; 
 
 They kissed them dead a thousand times 
 When they were clad in clay. 
 
 This news was brought to Edinburgh, 
 Where Scotland's king did reign, 
 
 That brave Earl Douglas, suddenly, 
 Was with an arrow slain. 
 
 Oh, heavy news ! King James did say, 
 
 Scotland can witness be, 
 I have not any captain more 
 
 Of such account as he. 
 
 Like tidings to King Henry came, 
 
 Within as short a space, 
 That Percy, of Northumberland, 
 
 Was slain in Chevy Chase. 
 
 M Now God be with him," said our king, 
 
 " Since 'twill no better be, 
 I trust I have within my realm 
 
 Five hundred good as he ! " 
 
 God save the king and bless the land 
 
 With plenty, joy, and peace, 
 And grant, henceforth, that foul debate 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 
 
 71 
 
 Exercises in Word Building. IX. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives CORNU, a horn ; CORONA, a crown ; 
 and CORPUS, a body. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives CLEMENS, mild, gentle ; and CRUDELIS, 
 savage. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs CAPIO, I take ; and CEDO, I give up or go 
 away ; and their participles, CAPTUS, taken; and CESSUS, given up. 
 
 THE HARE AND MANY FRIENDS. 
 
 A FABLE, BY JOHN GAY. 
 
 Author of " The Beggar's Opera, " and other Plays, a volume of 
 t: Fables," and numerous Poems. 
 
 Born 1688 ; Died December 4, 1732. 
 
 rear behind 
 
 State'-ly ...majestic, imposing 
 im-plored'.. earnestly entreated 
 Sin-cere'-ly truly indeed 
 
 free'-dom liberty 
 
 fa'- VOUr-ite beloved, pre- 
 ferred before another 
 
 ,x pee i ting 
 
 re-marked' ..said, observed 
 pulse., .current of blood through 
 
 the veins 
 
 lan-guid' .faint, weary 
 
 fee'-ble- weak, without strength 
 COm-plained' murmured, 
 
 spoke with grief 
 
 sus-tained' bore up 
 
 con-fessed' allowed 
 
 dis-tressed' . . . burdened with 
 
 sorrow and fear 
 a'-bler ...better fit to give aid 
 
 la-ment' sorrow, grieve 
 
 a-dieu' good-bye, fareiceh 
 
 respect and esteem 
 
 Stint confine, limit 
 
 de-pend' rest on, rely on 
 
 rare'-ly not often, seldom 
 
 civ'-il kindly, obliging 
 
 COin-plied'. ..fl#?*eedwi/, con- 
 sented to 
 bes'-ti-al of the beasts 
 
 be-sprink'-led scattered 
 
 over with 
 
 doub'-les...wnis back in her 
 course 
 
 mis' -lead-, draw on a wrong 
 track 
 
 ma'-zy... confused by the cross- 
 ing tracks, like a labyrinth 
 
 as-cend' ...get on, climb upon 
 
 be-tray' give up, disclose, 
 
 show 
 
 bur'-den weight, load 
 
 COm'-foit-etii.consoled, cheered 
 assistance, aid 
 
72 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Friendship, like love, is but a name, 
 Unless to few you stint the flame. 
 The child whom many fathers share 
 Hath seldom known a father's care. 
 Tis thus in friendships ; who depend 
 On many rarely find a friend. 
 A Hare who, in a civil way, 
 Complied with every thing, like Gay, 
 Was known by all the bestial train 
 Who haunt the wood or graze the plain : 
 Her care was never to offend, 
 And every creature was her friend. 
 As forth she went at early dawn, 
 To taste the dew-besprinkled lawn, 
 Behind she hears the hunter's cries, 
 And from the deep-mouthed thunder flies. 
 She starts, she stops, she pants for breath ; 
 She hears the near advance of death ; 
 She doubles to mislead the hound, 
 And measures back her mazy ground ; 
 Till, fainting in the public way, 
 Half dead with fear she gasping lay. 
 What transport in her bosom grew 
 When first the horse appeared in view ! 
 
 " Let me," says she, " your back ascend, 
 And owe my safety to a friend. 
 You know my feet betray my flight ; 
 To friendship every burden's light." 
 
 The horse replied, " Poor honest puss, 
 It grieves my heart to see thee thus : 
 Be comforted, relief is near, 
 For all your friends are in the rear." 
 
 She next the stately bull implored ; 
 And thus replied the mighty lord : 
 " Since every beast alive can tell 
 That I sincerely wish you well, 
 I may without offence pretend 
 To take the freedom of a friend ; 
 Love calls me hence a favourite cow 
 Expects me near von barley-mow \ 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 73 
 
 Aud where a lady's in the case 
 You know all other things give place. 
 To leave you thus would seem unkind ; 
 But see, the goat is just behind." 
 
 The goat remarked her pulse was high, 
 Her languid head, her heavy eye ; 
 " My back," says he, " may do you harm ; 
 The sheep's at hand, and wool is warm." 
 
 The sheep was feeble, and complained 
 " His sides a load of wool sustained ;" 
 Said he was slow ; confessed his fears, 
 " For hounds eat sheep as well as hares." 
 
 She now the trotting calf addressed, 
 To save from death a friend distressed. 
 " Shall I," says he, " of tender age, 
 In this important case engage 1 
 Older and abler passed you by ; 
 How strong are those ! how weak am I ! 
 Should I presume to bear you hence, 
 Those friends of mine may take offence. 
 Excuse me, then ; you know my heart ; 
 But dearest friends, alas ! must part I 
 How shall we all lament ! Adieu ! 
 Tor see, the hounds are just in view I n 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XL 
 
 The difficulty of sustaining a tall body upon a narrow founda- 
 tion will be evident if one attempts to balance a cane with the 
 smaller end on one's finger. Its centre of gravity is somewhere 
 about the middle, and unless you have sufficient dexterity to 
 keep the foundation on your finger perpendicularly under the 
 centre of gravity, it will undoubtedly fall. In this consists the 
 great difficulty of posture masters and rope dancers. The dancer 
 on the rope balances himself by a long pole loaded with lead, 
 and keeps his eye on some point exactly perpendicular to the 
 rope, by which he can see whether his centre of gravity is either 
 on one side or the other of his slippery foundation ; and if any 
 irregularity takes place, he rectifies it with his balancing pole, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. V. 
 
 PROBLEM xvii. To construct a triangle, the base as A B, and 
 the angles at the base, as C and D, "being given. 
 
 In E F take G H equal to A B. At G make angle H G M equal to C, 
 and at H the angle G H M equal to D. Produce G L H M till they meet 
 in K. Then K G H is the triangle required. 
 
 PROBLEM xviii. To construct an isosceles triangle having 
 base as AB, and angle opposite base, as C, given. 
 
 Produce A B to D. At B make angle D B E equal to angle C. Bisect 
 angle A B E by B F. At A make angle BAG equal to angle A B F. 
 Produce B F, A G to meet in H. Then H A B is the triangle required. 
 
 PROBLEM xix. To construct a square on a given straight line, 
 as AB. 
 
 Draw A C at right angles to A B and make A D equal to A B. From D 
 and B with radius D A, B A, describe arcs cutting each other in E. Join 
 E D, E B. Then A D E B is the square required. 
 
 PROBLEM xx. To construct a square having a given diagonal, 
 asAB. 
 
 Bisect A B in C, and through C draw D E at right angles to A B. Make 
 C F, C G, equal to C A or C B. Join A F, F B, B G, G A. Then A F B G 
 IB the square required. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER 
 
 SUNDAY MORNING. 
 
 75 
 
 BY THE REV. ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 
 
 Author of" Omnipresence of ike Deity" "Lyra Christiana" and 
 other Poetical works* 
 
 Born 1807 ; Died December 2, 1855. 
 
 Sab'-batll ...the seventh day* 
 or day of rest from labour 
 
 YQ-liew' -ing -..tending to heal 
 and repair loss of any kind 
 
 tran'-ced ......deep in thought 
 
 Ca'-dence falling from one 
 
 musical note to another 
 
 har-mo'-ni-ous...... unison 
 
 ivith 
 lin'-ger-ing remaining for 
 
 some time 
 
 COni-munes' is in accord- 
 ance witht holds converse in 
 
 thought 
 lulled soothed to rest and 
 
 peace 
 vault '-ed ...having an arched 
 
 roof 
 
 pile large building 
 
 hom'-age reverential duty 
 
 pen-i-ten'-tial ...expressing 
 
 sorrow 
 
 cho'-ral ....sung by a number 
 
 of voices 
 
 an'-them ...song of praise 
 
 ex alt' ..lift up 
 
 en'-er-gies efforts, great 
 
 endeavours 
 
 sub-lime' lofty, exalted 
 
 em'-bleBl sign, token 
 
 re-signed'... willing to submit 
 
 to 
 Sup'-pli-ant beseeching in 
 
 prayer 
 
 rud'-dy rosy with health 
 
 lapped plunged in 
 
 WOrd'-leSS- . . that which words 
 
 cannot express 
 
 ver'-dure ...greenness of vege- 
 tation 
 
 Veiled hidden 
 
 e-ter'-nal everlasting 
 
 his'-to ry account of past 
 
 events 
 
 Sweet Sabbath morn ! from childhood's dimpled prime 
 Fve loved to hail thy calm-renewing time ; 
 Soft steal thy bells upon the tranced mind, 
 In fairy cadence floating on the wind, 
 Telling of friends and times long flown away, 
 And pensive hopes harmonious with the day. 
 
 * With the Jews Saturday is the Sabbath or day of rest, but Sunday, 
 *ur Sabbath, is the first day of the week. 
 
76 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 On thy still dawn, while holy music peals, 
 And far around the lingering echo steals, 
 What heart communes not with the day's repose, 
 And, lulled by angel-dreams, forgets its woes ; 
 Who, in His temple, gives to God a prayer, 
 Nor feels a portrait of bright Heaven is there ? 
 The melting stillness of the vaulted pile, 
 Where gathered hearts their homage breathe awhile, 
 The mingled burst of penitential sighs, 
 The choral anthem pealing to the skies, 
 Exalt the soul to energies sublime, 
 And thoughts that reach beyond the realm of time ! 
 
 Emblem of peace ! upon the village plain 
 Thou dawn'st a blessing to the toil-worn swain. 
 Soon as thy smiles along the upland play, 
 His bosom gladdens with the brightening day ; 
 Humble and happy, to his lot resigned, 
 He owns the inward Sabbath of the mind. 
 
 And when, with low-drawn sighs of love and fear, 
 His suppliant vows have woed Jehovah's ear. 
 Serene the thoughts that o'er his bosom steal, 
 As home he wanders from the Sabbath meal : 
 There shall kind plenty wear her sweetest smiles, 
 There shall his ruddy children play their wiles ; 
 While the fond mother, lapped in wordless joy, 
 Fondles with frequent kiss her infant boy. 
 At noon, a ramble round the burial-ground, 
 A moral tear on some lamented mound ; 
 Or breezy walk along the green expanse, 
 Where endless verdure charms the lingering glance ; 
 These are the wonted blessings of the day, 
 That all his weekly toils and woes repay : 
 And when the shroud of night hath veiled the view, 
 And star-gleams twinkle on the meadow dew, 
 Some elder boy beside his father's knee 
 Shall stand and read th' Eternal History ; 
 Or household prayer, or chanted hymn shall close 
 The hour that charms him to a sweet repose, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 77 
 
 Arithmetic X. Long Measure Subtraction. 
 
 (1 ). lea. mi. fur. po. yds. ft. in. (2). lea. mi. fur. po. yds. ft. in. 
 9639 2 7 15 2 1 9 8673 151427 
 7892 1 5 39 1 2 11 6998 2 7 15 5 11 
 
 (3). lea. mi. fur. po. yds. ft. in. (4). 
 8976 031123 
 3798 2 7 38 3 1 9 
 
 lea. mi. fur. po. yds. ft. in. 
 4006 100127 
 3991 2 5 16 2 1 11 
 
 THE DEATH OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 
 
 BY CHARLES KNIGHT. 
 
 Publisher of the lt Penny Cyclopcedia" the " English Cyclopaedia" 
 
 and author of a " Popular History of England" and 
 
 many useful works. 
 
 Born 1791 : still living. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 COn-signed' given over 
 
 QUlt'-ting leaving 
 
 con-versed' talked 
 
 re-morse' sorrow 
 
 plun'-dered robbed 
 
 pre'-lates bishops 
 
 be-aueathed' left 
 
 ac-quired' got 
 
 pre-cede' to go before 
 
 ca - val-ry horsemen 
 
 grie'-vous-ly sadly 
 
 ev'-i-dent .plain 
 
 ap-proach'-mg...comi?i0 near 
 
 de-CO'-mm dignity 
 
 van'-i-ty hollow-ness 
 
 com-mit'-ted done 
 
 as-sem'-bled got together 
 
 fer'-Vent-ly longingly 
 
 im-pov'-er-ished ..made poor 
 
 SUC-ces'-sive-ly.owe after the 
 other 
 
 as-Sld'-U-OUS attentive 
 
 de-cla-ra'-tion .announcement 
 de-pen'-den-cies. ..belongings 
 
 coun'-te-nance .face 
 
 dun'-geons prison cells 
 
 At the end of the year 1086, when he had been seated 
 nineteen years upon the throne of England, William went 
 over to the continent, with a mighty army, to wage war 
 with Philip, King of France, for the possessiom of the city 
 
78 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 of Mantes, and the country of the Vexin. But shortly 
 after his arrival in Normandy he fell sick and kept his 
 bed. It was not until the end of July, 1087, that he was 
 in a state to mount his war-horse. He soon came with 
 fire and sword into the Vexin country. The corn was 
 almost ready for the sickle, the grapes for the wine-press, 
 when he marched his cavalry through the corn-fields and 
 made his soldiery tear up the vines by the roots and cut 
 down the pleasant trees. Mantes was soon taken, and 
 consigned to the flames. Neither house nor cottage, nay, 
 neither church nor monastery was spared. As the Con- 
 queror rode up to view the ruin he had caused, his war- 
 horse put his fore feet on some embers, or hot cinders, and 
 then swerved or plunged so violently that the heavy rider, 
 he had grown excessively fat as he had advanced in years, 
 was thrown upon the high pommel of the saddle, and 
 grievously bruised. The king dismounted in great pain, 
 and never more put foot in stirrup. Forthwith quitting the 
 burning town, he was carried slowly in a litter to Rouen, 
 and again laid in his bed. It was soon evident to all, and 
 even to himself, that his last hour was approaching. Being 
 troubled by the noise and bustle of Eouen, and desirous of 
 dying in a holy place, he made his people carry him to the 
 monastery of St. Gervas, outside the city walls. He 
 lingered for six weeks, during which he was surrounded by 
 doctors, priests, and monks. On the nearer approach of 
 death his heart softened, and though he preserved the 
 kingly decorum and conversed calmly on the wonderful 
 events of his life, he is said to have felt the vanity of all 
 human grandeur, and a keen remorse for the crimes and 
 cruelties he had committed. He sent money to Mantes to 
 rebuild the churches and houses of religion he had burned, and 
 he ordered large sums to be paid to the churches and monas- 
 teries in England which he had plundered and impoverished. 
 He released all his state prisoners, as well Saxon as others, 
 some of whom had pined in dungeons for more than twenty 
 years. Robert, his eldest son, who had had many violent 
 quarrels with his father, was absent, but his two younger 
 sons, William and Henry, who were successively kings of 
 England, were assiduous round the death-bed, waiting 
 
. FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 79 
 
 impatiently for the declaration of his last will. A day or 
 two before his death the Conqueror assembled some- of his 
 
 E relates and chief barons in his sick chamber, and, raising 
 imself in his bed, he, with a solemn and ghastly counte- 
 nance, declared in their presence, that he bequeathed the 
 duchy of Normandy and its other dependencies to his 
 eldest son, Robert. " As to the crown of England," said the 
 dying monarch, " I bequeath it to no one, as I did not 
 receive it, like the duchy of Normandy, in inheritance from 
 my father, but acquired it by conquest and the shedding of 
 blood with mine own good sword. The succession to that 
 kingdom I, therefore, leave to the decision of God, only 
 desiring most ftrvently that my son William, who hath 
 ever been dutiful to me, may obtain it, and prosper in it." 
 " And what do you give unto me, oh ! my father 1 " eagerly 
 cried Prince Henry. "Five thousand pounds weight of 
 silver out of my treasury." " But what can I do with five 
 thousand pounds of silver, if I have neither lands nor a 
 home ] " Here the dying king put on the look of a prophet, 
 and said, " Be patient, O Henry ! and have trust in the 
 Lord : suffer thy elder brothers to precede thee, and thy 
 time will come after theirs." Henry the Beauclerc, and 
 the craftiest and cleverest of the unloving brotherhood, 
 went straight and drew the silver, which he weighed with 
 great care, and then furnished himself with a strong coffer 
 to keep his treasure in. William Eufus left the king's bed- 
 side at the same time, and without waiting to see his father 
 breathe his last, hastened over to England to seize the royal 
 treasures deposited in Winchester Castle, and to look after 
 his crown. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building. X. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to models, from - 
 
 1. The Latin substantives CRIMEN, a heinous fault ; CRUSTA, 
 a shell ; and CRUX, CRUCIS, a cross. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives CURVUS, crooked ; and DECEM, ten. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs CENSEO, / vote or order ; CERNO, / discern 
 or perceive; and CTTUS, roused; the participle of CIEO, I call or 
 rouse. 
 
30 FOURTH MANCtiES-fER READER. 
 
 THE DEATH OF THE CONQUEROR. PART II. 
 
 prime early dawn 
 
 Wain <*> waggon 
 
 Stu'-por unconsciousness 
 
 in-quired' asked 
 
 ri'-fle to steal 
 
 hab'-its dresses 
 
 or- dained' ordered 
 
 in-t erred' buried 
 
 en-dowed' enriched 
 
 re- Claim' demand back 
 
 con-firmed' proved 
 
 dis-persed' ...went their way 
 
 a-ban'-doned left 
 
 con-ceal'-ing hiding 
 
 fac'-ul- ties senses 
 
 ar-ray'-ing dressing 
 
 cm'-ci-fix a cros-s 
 
 Ob'-se- Allies funeral 
 
 ex-tin'-guish. to put out 
 
 re'-qui-em ...Roman Catholic 
 
 prayers at funerals 
 
 Chaf-fer-ing bargaining 
 
 de-part'-ed ...deceased 
 
 pa-ne-gy'-ric praise 
 
 com-pen-sa'-tion pay 
 
 clois'-ters enclosed places 
 
 About sunrise, on the 9th of September, the Conqueror 
 was roused from a stupor into which he had fallen by the 
 sound of bells. He eagerly inquired what the noise meant, 
 and was told that they were ringing the hour of prime in 
 the church of St. Mary. He lifted his clasped hands to 
 heaven, and saying, " I recommend my soul to my Lady 
 Mary, the holy mother of God," instantly expired. His last 
 faint sigh was the signal for a general flight and scramble. 
 The knights, priests, and doctors, who had passed the 
 night near him, put on their spurs, mounted their horses, 
 and galloped off to their several homes to have an eye to 
 their own interests. The king's servants and some vassals 
 of inferior rank proceeded to rifle the apartments of the 
 arms, silver vessels, linen, and royal dresses, and then were 
 to horse and away like their betters. Some took one thing, 
 some another ; nothing worth the carrying was left behind 
 no, not so much as the bed-clothes. For about three hours 
 the corpse of the mighty Conqueror abandoned by sons, 
 friends, servants, and all lay in a state of almost perfect 
 nakedness on the bare boards of the chamber in which he 
 had expired. The citizens of Rouen either ran about the 
 streets asking news and advice from every one they met, 
 or busied themselves in concealing their money and valu- 
 ables. At last the clergy and the monks recovered the 
 use of their faculties, and thought of the decent duties 
 owing to the mortal remains of their sovereign ; and, 
 
F6TJRTH MANCHESTER READER 81 
 
 arraying themselves in their best habits, and forming in 
 order of procession, they went with crucifix, burning tapers, 
 and incense, to pray over the abandoned and dishonoured 
 body for the peace of its soul. The Archbishop of Rouen 
 ordained that the king should be interred at Caen, in the 
 church of St. Stephen, which he had built and royally 
 endowed. But even now there was none to do it honour : 
 his sons, his brothers, his relations, were all absent, and of 
 all the Conqueror's officers and rich vassals, not one was 
 found to take charge of the obsequies. At length a poor 
 knight, named Herluin, who lived in the neighbourhood, 
 charged himself with the trouble and expense of the 
 funeral, " out of his natural good nature and love of God." 
 This poor and pious knight engaged the proper attendance 
 and a wain ; he conveyed the king's body on the cart to 
 the banks of the Seine, and from thence in a barge down 
 the river and its estuary to the city of Caen. Gilbert, 
 Abbot of St. Stephen's, with all his monks, came out of 
 Caen to meet the body, and other churchmen and the 
 inhabitants of the city joining these, a considerable pro- 
 cession was formed. But as they went along a fire suddenly 
 broke out in the town ; laymen and clerks ran to extinguish 
 it, and the abbot and his monks were left alone to conduct 
 the remains of the king to the church which he had 
 founded. Even the last burial service did not pass undis- 
 turbed. The neighbouring bishops and abbots assembled 
 for this solemn ceremony. The mass and requiem had 
 been said, the incense was filling the church with its holy 
 perfume, the Bishop of Evreux had pronounced the 
 panegyric, and the body was about to be lowered into the 
 grave prepared for it in the church between the altar and 
 the choir, when a man, suddenly rising in the crowd, 
 exclaimed, with a loud and angry voice which made the 
 prelates and monks to start and cross themselves "Bishop, 
 the man whom thou hast praised was a robber ! The very 
 ground on which we are standing is mine, and is the site 
 where my father's house stood. He took it from me by 
 violence, to build this church on it. I reclaim it as my right ; 
 and, in the name of God, I forbid you to bury him here, or 
 to cover him with my glebe." The man who spoke thus 
 V 
 
82 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 boldly was Asseline Fitz- Arthur, who had often asked a 
 just compensation from the king in his lifetime. Many of 
 the persons present confirmed the truth of his statement ; 
 and, after some parley and chaffering, the bishop paid him 
 sixty shillings for the grave alone, engaging to procure him 
 hereafter the full value of the rest of his land. The body, 
 dressed in royal robes, but without a coffin, was then 
 lowered into the narrow tomb ; the rest of the ceremony 
 was hurried over, the people dispersed, the prelates went 
 to their homes, and the abbot and monks of St. Stephen's 
 went to their cloisters, leaving only one brother of the 
 house to sprinkle holy water over the flat stone that 
 covered the grave and to pray for the soul of thg 
 departed. 
 
 NIGHT. 
 
 BY JAMES MONTGOMERY. 
 
 Author of " The Wanderer in Switzerland," " Greenland," 
 " Pelican Island," and other Poems. ' 
 
 Born November 4, 1771 ; Died April 30, 1854. 
 
 day 
 
 ...toils, ivork of the 
 
 ach'-ing ...distressed, grieved 
 CUr'- tain ......... veil, hanging 
 
 drapery 
 re-pose' ............ rest, slumber 
 
 ro-mance' ...events out of the 
 
 common 
 fan-tas'-tic ...... . ..... fanciful, 
 
 imaginary 
 "be-guil'-ing ......... attractive, 
 
 seductive 
 das'-sic. .belonging to ancient 
 
 times 
 in-tent' ......... having a fixed 
 
 purpose 
 ga -ge&.wise men, philosophers 
 
 he'-TOes...memvho have done 
 
 great deeds 
 mem'-O-ry remembrance 
 
 recollection 
 
 an'-gels . ., messengers of God 
 With' -drew, .quitted a certain 
 
 place, retired 
 
 des'-ert wild and barren 
 
 I ol'-low-ers disciples, 
 
 adherents 
 COm'-mune converse in 
 
 thought 
 calm-ly peacefully, witli* 
 
 out a sigh or struggle 
 
 wea-ry worn out, tired 
 
 suf -fer-ing . . . affliction , trials 
 bliss happiness 
 
MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Niglit is the time for rest, 
 
 How sweet, when labours close, 
 
 To gather round an aching breast 
 The curtain of repose 
 
 Stretch the tired limbs, and lay the head 
 
 Upon our own delightful bed ! 
 
 Night is the time for dreams ; 
 
 The gay romance of life ; 
 When truth that is, and truth that seems, 
 
 Mix in fantastic strife ; 
 Ah ! visions less beguiling far, 
 Than waking dreams by daylight are ! 
 
 Night is the time for toil ; 
 
 To plough the classic field, 
 Intent to find the buried spoil 
 
 Its wealthy furrows yield, 
 Till all is ours that sages taught, 
 That poets sung, and heroes wrought. 
 
 Night is the time to weep ; 
 
 To wet with unseen tears 
 Those graves of memory, where sleep 
 
 'Jhe joys of other years ; 
 Hopes that were angels at their birth, 
 But died when young, like things of earth. 
 
 Night is the time to pray ; 
 
 Our Saviour oft withdrew 
 To desert mountains far away ; 
 
 So will his followers do 
 Steal from the throng to haunts untrod, 
 And commune there alone with God. 
 
 Night is the time for death ; 
 
 When all around is peace, 
 Calmly to yield the weary breath, 
 
 From sin aficl suffering cease 
 Think of heaven's bliss, and give the sign 
 To parting friends that death be mine. 
 
84 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XII. 
 
 Never defer till to-morrow what can be done to-day. You will 
 hus have your business at all times in advance, and many 
 events might happen to make you regret a postponement. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE BALTIC. 
 
 BY THOMAS CAMPBELL. 
 
 re-nown' .fame, celebrity 
 
 de-ter'-mined resolute 
 
 le-Vi'-a-thans ...huge whales, 
 so called from the monster 
 of the deep described by 
 Job, and supposed to be 
 the whale 
 bul'-warks ...the strong sides 
 
 of the ship 
 
 drift'-ed. . .floated with the tide 
 flushed. . .colowed with excite- 
 ment 
 
 an-ti'-ci-pate to expect or 
 
 foresee, to act before the 
 time 
 
 van- . . . the foremost division of 
 the fleet 
 
 ad-a-man'-tine...ftflnZ as the 
 
 diamond 
 
 hur'-ri-cane...a sudden, vio- 
 lent, and destructive storm 
 
 hav'-OC . . .work of destruction 
 
 e-clipse'. . . temporary obscura- 
 tion from view 
 
 shat'-tered . . . torn with shot 
 
 and shell 
 
 con-fla-gra'-tion.. .violent and 
 
 widely -extended fare 
 
 Vic'-tor conqueror 
 
 SUb-mis'-sion deference, 
 
 yielding 
 
 fu'-ner-al . . . deadly, mournful 
 up-roar'...woise and confusion 
 fath'-om a measure of six 
 
 feet, used in sounding the 
 
 depth of the sea and mines 
 gal'-lant ...brave, chivalrous 
 
 in conduct 
 bil'-low. .wave of the sea 
 mer'-maid-a fictitious being 
 
 half woman, halfjish 
 Con-doles' mourns with t 
 
 grieves in sympathy 
 
 Of Nelson and the North 
 
 Sing the glorious day's renown, 
 Whan to battle fierce came forth 
 
 All the might of Denmark's crown, 
 And her arms along the deep proudly shone ; 
 
 By each gun the lighted brand, 
 
 In a bold determined hand, 
 
 And the Prince of all the land 
 Led them on. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. g 
 
 Like leviathans afloat 
 
 Lay their bulwarks on the brine, 
 While the sign of battle flew 
 
 On the lofty British line. 
 It was ten of April morn by the chime ; 
 
 As they drifted on their path 
 
 There was silence deep as death, 
 
 And the boldest held his breath 
 For a time. 
 
 But the might of England flushed 
 
 To anticipate the scene ; 
 And her van the fleeter rushed 
 
 O'er the deadly space between. 
 " Hearts of oak ! " our captains cried, when each guii 
 
 From its adamantine lips 
 
 Spread a death-shade round the ships, 
 
 Like the hurricane eclipse 
 Of the sun. 
 
 Again ! again ! again ! 
 
 And the havoc did not slack, 
 Till a feeble cheer the Dane 
 
 To our cheering sent us back. 
 Their shots along the deep slowly boom : 
 
 Then ceased and all is wail, 
 
 As they strike the shattered sail, 
 
 Or in conflagration pale 
 Light the gloom. 
 
 Out spoke the victor then, 
 
 As he hailed them o'er the wave, 
 " Ye are brothers ! ye are men ! 
 
 And we conquer but to save : 
 So peace instead of death let us bring. 
 
 But yield, proud foe, thy fleet, 
 
 With the crews, at England's feet, 
 
 And make submission meet 
 To our King." 
 
gg FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Then Denmark blest our chief, 
 
 And he gave her wounds repose ; 
 And the sounds of joy and grief 
 
 From her people wildly rose, 
 As death withdrew his shade from the day. 
 
 While the sun looked smiling bright 
 
 O'er a wide and woeful sight, 
 
 When the fires of fun'ral light 
 Died away. 
 
 Now joy old England, raise ! 
 
 For the tidings of thy might, 
 By the festal cities' blaze, 
 
 While the wine-cup shines in light ; 
 And yet, amidst the joy and uproar, 
 
 Let us think of them that sleep 
 
 Full many a fathom deep, 
 
 By thy wild and stormy steep, 
 Elsinore ! 
 
 Brave hearts, to Britain's pride 
 
 Once so faithful and so true, 
 On the deck of fame had died 
 
 With the gallant, good Kiou.* 
 Soft sigh the winds of heaven o'er the grave ! 
 
 While the billow mournful rolls, 
 
 And the mermaid's song condoles, 
 
 Singing glory to the souls 
 Of the brave ! 
 
 One of Nelson's captains, who was thus spoken of by Nelson in his 
 lespatches concerning the battle. 
 
 Arithmetic XL Long Measure Multiplication. 
 
 1. Multiply 13 lea. 2 mi. 7 fur. 39 po. 4 yds. 2 ft. 11 in. by 
 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. 
 
 2. Multiply 539 lea. 1 fur. 2 yds. 7 in. and 687 mi. 26 po. 1 ft. 
 by 392, 256, 1004, 1821, and 9307. 
 
 3. Multiply 2778 miles 2 yds, 9 in. by 80206 and 97345. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 87 
 
 THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH. 
 
 BY HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 
 
 Author of " Evangeline" " Voices of the Night," " TIic Golden 
 
 Legend" and other Poems, as well as a metrical 
 
 translation of Dante's "Divine Comedy" 
 
 Born February 27, 1807. Still living. 
 
 Spread'-ing extending its 
 
 arms over a great space 
 smith'-y ...b locksmith? s forge 
 sill -ew-y. .strong and muscular 
 "brawn'-y ...large and full of 
 
 muscle 
 bel'-loWS instrument for 
 
 directing a current of wind 
 
 on a fire 
 sledge <*> large and heavy 
 
 hammer 
 
 meas'-ured regular 
 
 sex'-ton an officer of the 
 
 church who attends on the 
 
 clergyman, digs graves, &c> 
 
 thresh'-ing-floor floor on 
 
 which corn is beaten out 
 from the ear 
 
 par'-SOH. ...clergyman, minister 
 
 choir a band of singers 
 
 re-joice' beat with pleasure 
 
 pa'-ra-dise . . .the abode of the 
 
 blessed and happy 
 toil'- ing .. labouring, working 
 
 hard 
 
 at-tempt'-ed tried at 
 
 earned purchased with toil 
 
 Wrought ...moulded and per' 
 fected, as iron with the black- 
 smith's hammer 
 
 SOlind'-ing ...ringing, giving 
 forth sound 
 
 an'-Vll... block of iron on which 
 the blacksmith shapes his 
 metal 
 
 re-pose 7 rest 
 
 Under a spreading chestnut tree 
 The village smithy stands ; 
 
 The smith, a mighty man is he, 
 With large and sinewy hands ; 
 
 And the muscles of his brawny arms 
 Are strong as iron bands. 
 
 His hair is crisp, and black, and long ; 
 
 His face is like the tan ; 
 His brow is wet with honest sweat ; 
 
 He earns whatever he can ; 
 And looks the whole world in the face, 
 
 For he owes not any man. 
 
88 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Week in, week out, from morn till night, 
 You can hear his bellows blow ; 
 
 You can hear him swing his heavy sledge, 
 With measured beat and slow, 
 
 Like a sexton ringing the village bell 
 When the evening sun is low. 
 
 And children coming home from school 
 
 Look in at the open door ; 
 They love to see the flaming forge, 
 
 And hear the bellows roar, 
 And catch the burning sparks that fly 
 
 Like chaff from a threshing-floor. 
 
 He goes on Sunday to the church, 
 
 And sits among his boys ; 
 He hears the parson pray and preach ; 
 
 He hears his daughter's voice 
 Singing in the village choir, 
 
 And it makes his heart rejoice. 
 
 It sounds to him like her mother's voice 
 
 Singing in Paradise ! 
 He needs must think of her once more, 
 
 How in the grave she lies, 
 And with his hard rough hand he wipes 
 
 A tear out of his eyes. 
 
 Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing, 
 Onward through life he goes : 
 
 Each morning sees some task begun, 
 Each evening sees its close : 
 
 Something attempted, something done, 
 Has earned a night's repose. 
 
 Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend, 
 For the lesson thou hast taught ! 
 
 Thus at the flaming forge of life 
 Our fortunes must be wrought : 
 
 Thus on its sounding anvil shaped 
 1 and thought. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry VI. 
 
 PROBLEM XXI. To construct an oblong or rectangle having its 
 adjacent sides equal to two given straight lines, as A, B. 
 
 Draw C D equal to B. At C draw C E perpendicular to C D and equal 
 to A. From E with radius equal to B, and from D with radius equal to 
 A, draw arcs cutting each other in F. Join F D, F E. Then C E F D is 
 the oblong required. 
 
 PROBLEM xxii. To construct a parallelogram having its sides 
 equal to a given straight line as A, and an angle equal to a given 
 angle as 6. 
 
 Make C D equal to A. At D make angle ODE equal to angle B. Make 
 D F equal to D C. From C and F with radius C D, describe arcs cutting 
 each other in G. Join G F, G C. G C D F is the parallelogram required. 
 
 PROBLEM xxiii. To construct a parallelogram, having its two 
 sides given as A B, and its diagonal as G. 
 
 Make D E equal to C. From D with radius equal to A, and E with 
 radius equal to B draw arcs cutting each other in F, and from E in the 
 same way draw arcs cutting each other in G. Join D F, D G, E F, E G. 
 Then D F E G is the parallelogram required. 
 
 PROBLEM XXIV. To construct a trapezium having one of its 
 diagonals given as A, and its adjacent pairs of sides as B C. 
 
 Make D E equal to A. ' From D with radius equal to C, and from E 
 with radius equal to B, draw arcs on either side of D E cutting each 
 other in F, G Join D F, F E, E G, G D. D F E G is the trapezium 
 required. 
 
90 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XI. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives CULPA, a fault; CUBA, care; and 
 DEUS and DIVUS, a god. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives DKNSUS, thick; and DIGNUS, worthy. 
 
 3. The Lathi verbs CENSEO, / order or decree ; and CERNO, 1 
 perceive; and cio, / call or rouse up; with their participles, 
 CRETUS, perceived ; and CITUS, roused. 
 
 BO ADICEA. 
 
 BY WILLIAM COWPER. 
 
 war'-ri-or ... soldier , one wlio 
 
 fights 
 in-dig'-nant ...angry .roused 
 
 by outrage 
 
 mien appearance, 'bearing 
 
 COUn'-sel ...advice, direction 
 $age ivise, pregnant loith 
 
 wisdom 
 hoar'-y ..-grey headed, white 
 
 with years 
 match'-less unequalled, 
 
 unsurpassed 
 
 re-sent'-ment -anger, passion 
 ter'-rors words inspiring 
 
 fear 
 
 pe'-rish -1>e utterly destroyed 
 ab'-horred - .hated with ex- 
 cessive dislike 
 em'-pire rule, sovereign 
 
 power 
 
 re-nowned'- famed, celebrated 
 tram'-ples. . . treads under foot 
 heed'-less... careless, thought- 
 less 
 har'-mo-ny music 
 
 pro'-ge-ny offspring 
 
 re'-gions . . . countries , tracts of 
 land 
 
 pos-te'-ri-ty descendants 
 
 sway . . .possess and rule over 
 m-vin'-ci-ble ...not to be con- 
 quered 
 
 "bard .poet, minstrel 
 
 pro-phet'-ic treating of 
 
 events to come 
 
 preg'-nant .full of, laden 
 
 with 
 ce-les'-tial pertaining to 
 
 heaven 
 ' aw / -ful ...dreadful, inspiring 
 
 fear 
 
 rushed. . .hurried at full speed 
 hurled cast (as in the 
 
 Scriptures, " cast the same 
 
 in his teeth 1 ') 
 ruf-fians . ..cruel and brutal 
 
 men 
 
 pit'-i-less without mercy 
 
 a-wards' ...distributes, gives 
 ven'-geance. . .punishment for 
 
 a fault, and not retribution 
 bes-towed'... given, conferred 
 
 When the British warrior queen, 
 Bleeding from the Eoman rods, 
 
 Sought, with an indignant mien, 
 Counsel of her country's gods, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 91 
 
 Sage beneath the spreading oak 
 
 Sat the Druid, hoary chief ; 
 Every burning word he spoke 
 
 Full of rage, and full of griefc 
 
 " Princess ! if our aged eyes 
 
 Weep upon thy matchless wrongs, 
 'Tis because resentment ties 
 
 All the terrors of our tongues. 
 
 u Rome shall perish write that word 
 
 In the blood that she has spilt ; 
 Perish, hopeless and abhorred 
 
 Deep in ruin as in guilt. 
 
 " Eome, for empire far renowned, 
 Tramples on a thousand states ; 
 
 Soon her pride shall kiss the ground- 
 Hark ! the Gaul is at her gates ! 
 
 " Other Romans shall arise, 
 
 Heedless of a soldier's name ; 
 Sounds, not arms, shall win the prize, 
 
 Harmony the path to fame. 
 
 " Then the progeny that springs 
 
 From the forests of our land, 
 Armed with thunder, clad with winga^ 
 
 Shall a wider world command 
 
 " Regions Csesar never knew 
 
 Thy posterity shall sway ; 
 Where his eagles never flew, 
 
 None invincible as they/' 
 
 Such the bard's prophetic words, 
 
 Pregnant with celestial fire, 
 iBending as he swept the chords 
 
 Of his sweet but awful lyre. 
 
 She, with all a monarch's pride, 
 
 Felt them in her bosom glow : 
 Rushed to battle, fought and died ; 
 
 Dying, hurled them at the foe. 
 
92 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Ruffians, pitiless as proud, 
 
 Heaven awards the vengeance due ; 
 Empire is on us bestowed, 
 
 Shame and ruin wait for you. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XIII. 
 
 All kinds of sound travel at the same rate at the same 
 temperature : thus at a temperature of 62 degrees the velocity 
 of any kind of sound will be 1125 feet per second.^ The sound 
 of a gun and the striking of a hammer are equally rapid in their 
 motions. The softest whisper flies as swiftly as does the loudest 
 thunder, though it is not heard so far. 
 
 TRAVELLING IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 tra'-vel-lerS-. .persons who go 
 from one place to another 
 
 COn'-ti-nent a very large 
 
 tract of land 
 
 in-ter-sect'-ed crossed 
 
 traversed 
 ex-trem'-i-ty . . .end , furthest 
 
 point 
 pas'-ses . .narrow passages in 
 
 mountains 
 
 per-pen-dic'-u-lar . . .upright, 
 
 vertical 
 OC-CU-pa'-tion . ..employment 
 
 pas'-sen-ger...0raew>/io travels 
 
 per'-il-OUS .full of danger 
 
 tex-li'-fiC... alarming, causing 
 fear 
 
 Chasm a deep opening , or 
 
 rift in the earth 
 sa-ga'-ci-ty skill and 
 
 instinct 
 
 pre-cau'-tion care, pre- 
 ventive measure 
 
 in-CUr 7 arelidbleto 
 
 in-spect' ......look closely at, 
 
 examine 
 cred'-it believe, suppose 
 
 an'-i-ma-ted ..lively, spirited 
 cas'-U-al-ties accidents 
 
 a-dapt'-ed welljitted t 
 
 suitable to 
 pe'-on a South American 
 
 labourer 
 pon-cho a large shawl or 
 
 rug 
 girthed... bound with a broad 
 
 strap 
 
 in-ge-nu'-i-tysfciM, sagacity 
 con-tend' ...struggle against 
 
 re-sent'-ed shown to be 
 
 taken as an affront 
 
 vi'-ClOUS .full of vice and 
 
 evil intentions 
 
 schemes plans 
 
 ex-e-cu'-tion course of 
 
 performance 
 
 con-ceals' hides 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 93 
 
 Travellers in England, or even those who may have 
 passed over the Pyrenees or Alps, can have but a faint idea 
 of the labour and danger of crossing the Andes, that 
 immense mountain-chain by which the continent of South 
 America is intersected, from its southern to its most 
 northern extrem'ty, dividing Peru and Chili, on the western 
 coasts, from Columbia and Brazil, on the eastern. Many 
 of the passes are upwards of 18,000 feet, or nearly four 
 miles > in perpendicular height, above the level of the sea. 
 In some parts men, who have made it their sole occupation, 
 carry the passenger up the most steep and dangerous 
 paths, in a kind of chair fastened to their backs ; but in 
 general, the journey is made by travellers mounted on that 
 patient and sure-footed animal, the mule. 
 
 In the perilous situation common to the traveller in 
 these terrific regions, his safety depends wholly on the 
 sure-footedness of his mule. In the Pass along which the 
 traveller is often obliged to proceed, the road is separated 
 by a chasm, several feet in width, which forms the mouth 
 of a yawning gulf, some hundreds of feet in depth. The 
 sagacity shown by the mules in leaping these dangerous 
 openings, which are of common occurrence, is a subject of 
 admiration among all travellers who have visited these 
 regions. In some places, also, it is necessary to make the 
 descent of immense heights ; an undertaking of great 
 danger, from their excessive steepness, and the slippery 
 state of the mule-track. " On these occasions the mules,' 
 says Colonel Hamilton, " take every precaution, and seem 
 to know the danger they incur ; for they inspect the road 
 narrowly before them, and then place their fore-legs close 
 together, and slide down on their hams in a manner which 
 scarcely any one but an eye-witness would credit." 
 
 Sir Francis Bond Head, in his " Rough Notes of a Journey 
 across the Pampas," gives the following animated picture 
 of the preparation of a train of baggage-mules for a journey 
 over these dangerous passes ; and of some of the casualties 
 common to these perilous journeys. 
 
 " Anxious to be off," says he, " I ordered the mules to be 
 saddled ; as soon as this was done, the baggage mules 
 were ordered to be got ready. Every article of baggage 
 
04 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 was brought into the yard, and divided into six parcels, 
 quite different from each other in weight and bulk, but 
 adapted to the strength of our six mules. 
 
 " The operation of loading then began. The peon first 
 caught a great brown mule with his lasso, and then put a 
 poncho over his eyes, and tied it under his throat, leaving 
 the animal's mouth and nose uncovered. The mule stood 
 still, while the captain and peon first put on the large 
 straw pack-saddle, which they girthed to him in such a 
 manner that nothing could move it. The articles were 
 then placed, one by one, on each side, and bound together, 
 with a force and ingenuity against which it "was hopeless 
 for the mule to contend. 
 
 "I could not help pitying the poor animal, on seeing 
 him thus prepared for carrying a heavy load, such a weari- 
 some distance, and over such lofty mountains as the 
 Andes ; yet, it is truly amusing to watch the nose and 
 mouth of a mule when his eyes are blinded, and his ears 
 pressed down upon his neck in the poncho. Every move- 
 ment which is made about him, either to arrange his 
 saddle or his load, is resented by a curl of his nose and 
 upper-lip, which, in ten thousand wrinkles, is expressive 
 beyond description of every thing that is vicious and 
 spiteful ; he appears to be planning all sorts of petty 
 schemes of revenge, and as soon as the poncho is taken off, 
 generally begins to put some of them into execution, either 
 by running with his load against some other mule, or by 
 kicking him. However, as soon as he finds that his burden 
 is not to be got rid of, he dismisses, or perhaps conceals 
 his resentment, and instantly assumes a look of patience 
 and resignation." 
 
 Arithmetic. XII. Long Measure Division. 
 
 1. Divide 32967 lea. 2 mi. 3 fur. 27 po. 4 yds. 2 ft. 10 in., 
 by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. 
 
 2. Divide 89296 miles, and 583690 lea. 15 poles, 11 in., by 
 184, 276, 302, and 427. 
 
 3. Divide 46832569 lea. 2 mi, 3 po, 1 ft., by 3187, 5624, 
 8410, and 9696. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 95 
 
 TRAVELLING IN SOUTH AMERICA. PART II. 
 
 ap-proach'-ing drawing 
 
 near to 
 
 pas'-sa-ble .able to be 
 
 traversed 
 
 COn-tin'-ued ... without inter- 
 ruption 
 
 Slope an inclined plane 
 
 tor'-rent rapid stream of 
 
 water 
 
 Slir'-face. . .top, uppermost part 
 pre'-ci-pice. . .steep and abrupt 
 
 descent 
 
 Vi'- 0-lence .force, fury 
 
 las'-SO... long piece of leather 
 
 thong, with a running noose 
 
 at one end 
 pro-j ect'-ing sticking out 
 
 from 
 
 COm-mence'-Hient. beginning 
 port-man'-teau ... leathern 
 
 receptacle for carrying clothes 
 
 pro-yi'-sioilS.. articles of food 
 de-ci'-ded... brought to a crisis 
 des-troyed/... overturned, put 
 an end to 
 
 dis-ap-pearecT went out of 
 
 sight 
 
 f at '-al deadly, destructive 
 
 SOl'-i-ta-ry .... lonely, by itself 
 Pha'-e-ton a son of Apollo, 
 
 fabled by the ancients to have 
 
 fallen from the chariot of the 
 
 sun 
 wit'-nessed seen, viewed 
 
 coun'-te-nance . . .face, facial 
 
 aspect 
 
 de-ject'-ed dispirited, cast 
 
 down 
 
 bul-le-tin' official report, 
 
 public announcement 
 
 in-cred'-i-ble such as can 
 
 scarcely be believed 
 
 The following is an incident which occurred in the course 
 of the journey, the preparations for which have been 
 described in the previous lesson. 
 
 " As I was looking up at the region of snow, and as my 
 mule was scrambling along the steep side of the rock, the 
 captain overtook me, and asked me if I choose to come on, 
 as he was going to look at a very dangerous part of the 
 road, which we were approaching, to see if it was passable, 
 before the mules came to it. 
 
 " In half an hour we arrived at the spot. It is the worst 
 pass in the whole road over the Cordillera Mountains. 
 The mountain above appears almost perpendicular, and in 
 one continued slope down to a rapid torrent that is raging 
 underneath. The surface is covered with loose earth and 
 stones, which have been brought down by the waters. 
 The path goes across this slope, and is very bad for about 
 seventy yards, being only a few inches broad; but the 
 
96 FOURTH MANCHESTER 
 
 point of danger is a spot, where the water, which comes 
 down from the top of the mountain, either washes the path 
 away, or covers it over with loose stones. In some places, 
 the rock almost touches one's shoulder, while the precipice 
 is immediately under the opposite foot, and high above 
 head, are a number of loose stones, which appear as if the 
 slightest touch would send them rolling into the torrent 
 beneath, which is foaming and running with great violence. 
 
 As soon as we had crossed the pass, which is only 
 seventy yards long, the captain told me it was a very bad 
 place for baggage mules ; that four hundred had been lost 
 there ; and that we should probably also lose one. He 
 said, that he could get down to the water at a place about 
 a hundred yards off, and wait there with his lasso, to catch 
 any mule that might fall into the torrent ; and he requested 
 me to lead on his mule. However, I resolved to see the 
 tumble, if there was to be one, so the captain took away 
 my mule and his own, and while I stood on a projecting 
 rock, at the end of the pass, he scrambled down on foot, 
 till he got to the level of the water. 
 
 " The drove of mules now came in sight, one following 
 another ; a few were carrying no burdens, but the rest 
 were either mounted or heavily laden. As soon as the 
 leading mule came to the commencement of the pass, he 
 stopped, evidently unwilling to proceed, and of course all 
 the rest stopped also. 
 
 " He was the finest mule we had, and, on that account, 
 had twice as much to carry as any of the others. With 
 his nose to the ground, literally smelling his way, he walked 
 gently on, often changing the position of his feet, if he 
 found the ground would not bear, until he came to the bad 
 part of the pass, when he stopped ; but the peons threw 
 stones at him, and he continued his path in safety, and 
 several others followed. 
 
 " At length, a young mule, carrying a portmanteau, with 
 two large sacks of provisions, and many other things, in 
 passing the bad point, struck his load against the rock, 
 which knocked his two hind-legs over the precipice, and 
 the loose stones immediately began to roll away from under 
 them ; however, his fore-logs were still upon the narrow 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 97 
 
 path ; lie had no room to put his head there, but he placed 
 his nose on the path to his left, and appeared to hold on 
 by his mouth ; his perilous fate was soon decided by a 
 loose mule, who, in walking along after him, knocked his 
 comrade's nose off the path, destroyed his balance, and 
 head over heels the poor creature instantly commenced a 
 fall, which was really quite terrific. With all his baggage 
 firmly lashed to him, he rolled down the steep slope, until 
 he came to the part which was perpendicular, and then he 
 seemed to bound off, and turning round in the air, fell into 
 the deep torrent, on his back, and upon his baggage, and 
 instantly disappeared." 
 
 To any other animal but a mule, this fall must have been 
 fatal ; he was carried down by the stream in spite of all 
 his efforts, and, turning the corner of a rock, was given up 
 for lost. " At length," the author continues, " I saw at a 
 distance a solitary mule walking towards us ! We in- 
 stantly perceived that he was the Phaeton whose fall we 
 had just witnessed, and in a few moments he came up to 
 us to join his comrades. He was, of course, dripping wet, 
 his eye looked dull, and his whole countenance was dejected, 
 but none of his bones were broken ; he was very little cut, 
 and the bulletin of his health was altogether incredible." 
 
 Exercises in Word Building. XII. 
 
 Form, according to the models, lists of English words from 
 1. The Latin substantives DIES, a day ; DOMINUS, a master ; 
 
 and DOMUS, a house. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives DURUS, hard; FELIX, happy; and 
 
 FESTUS, joyful. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs CLAMO, / call out; with its participle 
 
 CLAMATUS, called out ; CLINO, / bend or incline ; and COLO, / till ; 
 
 with its participle CULTUS, tilled. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XIV 
 
 The blushing beauty of the rose and^the modest blue of the 
 violet are not in the flowers themselves, but in the light that 
 surrounds them : odour, softness, and beauty of figure are their 
 own, but it is light alone that dresses them up in those robes 
 which shame the haughty monarch's pride. 
 
98 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 THE POND. 
 
 BY JOHN BYROM. 
 
 Author of some Poems, and the Inventor of a System of Shorthand 
 Writing. 
 
 Born 1691 ; Died September 28, 1763. 
 
 seized'... occupied, entered into 
 
 per-pet'-u-al-ly. ..constantly, 
 
 continually 
 tor-ment'-ed teased, plagued 
 
 ven'-tured ............... dared 
 
 using up 
 
 buck'-ets . . .pails made of wood 
 COl-lect'-ing ......... gathering 
 
 grudg'-ing. . .envying, disliking 
 
 to see it pass 
 Hiois'-ture ...... wet, dampness 
 
 drain'-illg...can'2/m</ off water 
 
 from 
 blamed ...... told him he was 
 
 wrong, or foolish 
 Craved ............ asked humbly 
 
 Slake ............ quench, satisfy 
 
 6-nOW' ......... enough, sufficient 
 
 quest . . . search of, looking for 
 SOUghs ...... small underground 
 
 drains 
 Slui'-ces ........ .flood-gates, any 
 
 source of water supply 
 mod'-er-ate ...... not excessive, 
 
 within bounds 
 
 cal'-cu-late ...count the cost of 
 
 reck'-oned counted up 
 
 Hiain-tained'.../ieZd to, con- 
 tended for 
 pro-di'-gious . enormous, very 
 
 great 
 Cleans'-ing. . .making free from 
 
 dirt 
 fin! -i-C&l... foppish, nice about 
 
 trifles 
 
 con.-viri-r,iTLg... persuading by 
 evidence 
 
 fan'-tas-tic whimsical 
 
 in-tro-dliced' brought in 
 
 un-COn'-SCion-a-ble ...unrea- 
 sonable 
 
 i'-tem also, moreover 
 
 ex-ha-la'-tions. . .evaporations 
 drawn from the surface by 
 heat 
 
 mea'-gre thin, lean 
 
 mis'-er-a-ble ...wretched, un- 
 happy 
 
 re'-aHse.../eeZ in all its force, 
 bring home to one's own case 
 
 Once on a time, a certain man was found 
 That had a pond of water in his ground : 
 A fine large pond of water fresh and clear, 
 Enough to serve his turn for many a year. 
 Yet so it was, a strange unhappy dread 
 Of wanting water seized the fellow's head : 
 When he was dry, he was afraid to drink 
 Too much at once, for fear his pond should sink. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER: 99 
 
 Perpetually tormented with this thought, 
 
 He never ventured on a hearty draught ; 
 
 Consuming all his time and strength away, 
 
 To make his pond rise higher every day. 
 
 In a wet season he would skip about, 
 
 Placing his buckets under every spout ; 
 
 From falling showers collecting fresh supply, 
 
 And grudging every cloud that passed by ; 
 
 Cursing the dryness of the times each hour, 
 
 Although it rained as fast as it could pour. 
 
 Then he would wade through every dirty spot, 
 
 Where any little moisture could be got ; 
 
 And when he had done draining of a bog, 
 
 Still kept himself as dirty as a hog : 
 
 And cried, whene'er folks blamed him, " What d'ye mean ] 
 
 It costs a world of water to be clean ! " 
 
 If some poor neighbour craved to slake his thirst, 
 
 " What, rob my pond 1 I'll see the rogue hanged first. 
 
 A burning shame these vermin of the poor 
 
 Should creep unpunished thus about my door ! 
 
 As if I had not frogs and toads enow, 
 
 That sink my pond whatever I can do." 
 
 The sun still found him, as he rose or set, 
 Always in quest of matters that were wet : 
 Betimes he rose to sweep the morning dew, 
 And rested late to catch the evening too ; 
 With soughs and troughs he laboured to enrich 
 The rising pond from every neighbouring ditch ; 
 With soughs, and troughs, and pipes, and cuts, and sluices, 
 From growing plants he sucked the very juices ; 
 He left, in short, for this beloved plunder, 
 No stone unturned that could have water under. 
 
 Sometimes, when forced to quit his awkward toil, 
 And sore against his will to rest awhile, 
 Then straight he took his book, and down he sat 
 To calculate the expenses he was at ; 
 How much he suffered, at a moderate guess, 
 From all those ways by which the pond grew less ; 
 For as to those by which it still grew bigger, 
 For them he reckoned not a single figure : 
 
100 FOURTH MANCHESTER READBB, 
 
 He knew a wise old saying, which, he maintained, 
 That 'twas bad luck to count what one had gained. 
 " First for myself my daily charges here 
 Cost a prodigious quantity a year : 
 But things are come to such a pass, indeed 
 We spend ten times the water that we need ; 
 People are grown, with washing, cleaning, rinsing^ 
 So finical and nice, past all convincing ; 
 So many proud fantastic modes, in short, 
 Are introduced, that my poor pond pays fort. 
 Not but I could be well enough content 
 With what upon my own account is spent ; 
 But those large articles, from whence I reap 
 No kind of profit, strike me on a heap ; 
 What a vast deal each moment, at a sup, 
 This ever-thirsty earth itself drinks up ! 
 Such holes ! and gaps ! Alas ! my pond provides 
 Scarce for its own unconscionable sides. 
 Nay, how can one imagine it should thrive, 
 So many creatures as it keeps alive ! 
 Then all the birds that fly along the air 
 Light at my pond, and come in for a share. 
 Item, at every puff of wind that blows, 
 Away at once the surface of it goes : 
 The rest, in exhalations to the sun 
 One month's fair weather and I am undone." 
 This life he led for many a year together 
 Grown old and grey in watching of the weather ; 
 Meagre as Death itself, till this same Death 
 Stopped, as the saying is, his vital breath ; 
 For as the old man was carrying to his field 
 A heavier burden than he well could wield, 
 He missed his footing, or in some way fumbled 
 In tumbling of it in but in he tumbled. 
 Mighty desirous to get out again, 
 He screamed and scrambled, but 'twas all in vain : 
 The place was grown so very deep and wide, 
 Nor bottom of it could he feel, nor side, 
 And so in the middle of his pond he died. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 101 
 
 What think ye now, from this imperfect sketch, 
 My friends, of such a miserable wretch 1 
 " Why, 'tis a wretch, we think, of your own making ; 
 No fool can be supposed in such a taking : 
 Your own warm fancy." Nay, but warm or cool, 
 The world abounds with many such a fool : 
 The choicest ills, the greatest torments, sure 
 Are those which numbers labour to endure. 
 " What ! for a pond 1 " Why, call it an estate : 
 You change the name, but realise the fate. 
 
 THE IDLE SHEPHERD BOYS. 
 
 BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 
 
 chat'-ters talks or chirps 
 
 incessantly 
 ram'-bling wandering in 
 
 any direction 
 
 glit'-teT-ing..shining, glisten- 
 ing (as the vapour from a 
 
 lime-kiln'). 
 Wan'-ton-ness ....playfulness, 
 
 excessive gladness 
 sy c'-a-more a species of 
 
 maple tree 
 frag'-ments short pieces, 
 
 snatches 
 rus'-ty discoloured by the 
 
 weather 
 
 marge margin, brink, edge 
 
 ju'-bi-lee a high festival 
 
 attended with great rejoicings 
 COf-on-al a chaplet'or 
 
 garland 
 
 plain'-tiye mournful, 
 
 appealing to the heart 
 ghyll...a north-country word, 
 meaning a deep narrow vale, 
 with a stream running 
 through it 
 
 baf'-fle mock, defeat 
 
 gulf adeep rift in the 
 
 earth 
 chal'-len-ger ...one who dares 
 
 or provokes another to some 
 
 action 
 tot'-ters walks with 
 
 trembling steps 
 
 pal'-lid pale, bloodless 
 
 es-pies' sees, catches sight 
 
 of 
 Cat'-a-ract a fall of water 
 
 rushing over rocks 
 
 pro-found' deep 
 
 for-lorn' unhappy , worn 
 
 with woe 
 me'-ful. sorrowful, despairing 
 
 deferred.' ..-put off for a time 
 
 en-com'-passed encircled, 
 
 surrounded 
 
 un-ex-pect'-ed not 
 
 anticipated 
 
 maimed injured in limb 
 
 8Carred. torn, cut, wounded 
 
 hied went in haste 
 
 , admonish 
 
102 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 The valley rings with mirth and joy ; 
 
 Among the hills the echoes play 
 
 A never, never ending song, 
 
 To welcome in the May. 
 
 The magpie chatters with delight ; 
 
 The mountain raven's youngling brood 
 
 Have left the mother and the nest, 
 
 And they go rambling east and west 
 
 In search of their own food ; 
 
 Or through the glittering vapour dart 
 
 In very wantonness of heart. 
 
 Beneath a rock, upon the grass, 
 
 Two boys are sitting in the sun ; 
 
 Boys that have had no work to do, 
 
 Or work that now is done. 
 
 On pipes of sycamore they play 
 
 The fragments of a Christmas Hymn : 
 
 Or with that plant which in our dale 
 
 We call Stag-horn, or Fox's tail, 
 
 Then* rusty hats they trim ; 
 
 And thus, as happy as the day, 
 
 Those shepherds wear the time away. 
 
 Along the river's stony marge 
 
 The sand-lark chants a joyous song ; 
 
 The thrush is busy in the wood, 
 
 And carols loud and strong. 
 
 A thousand lambs are on the rocks, 
 
 All newly born ! both earth and sky 
 
 Keep jubilee ; and more than all, 
 
 Those boys with their green coronal ; 
 
 They never hear the cry, 
 
 That plaintive cry ! which up the hill 
 
 Comes from the depth of Dungeon-Ghyll. 
 
 Said Walter leaping from the ground, _ 
 " Down to the stump of yon old yew 
 Well for our whistles run a race/' 
 Away the shepherds flew. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 They leapt they ran and when they came 
 
 Bight opposite to Dungeon-Ghyll, 
 
 Seeing that he should lose the prize, 
 
 " Stop ! " to his comrade Walter cries 
 
 He stopped with no good will : 
 
 Said Walter, then, " Your task is here, 
 
 'Twill baffle you for half a year. 
 
 " Cross, if you dare, where I shall cross 
 
 Come on, and in my footsteps tread ! " 
 
 The other took him at his word, 
 
 And followed as he led. 
 
 It was a spot which you may see 
 
 If ever you to Langdale go ; 
 
 Into a chasm a mighty block 
 
 Hath fallen, and made a bridge of rock, 
 
 The gulf is deep below ; 
 
 And in a basin black and small 
 
 Receives a lofty waterfall. 
 
 With staff in hand across the cleft 
 
 The challenger pursued his march ; 
 
 And now, all eyes and feet, hath gained 
 
 The middle of the arch, 
 
 When list ! he hears a piteous moan 
 
 Again ! his heart within him dies 
 
 His pulse is stopped, his breath is lost, 
 
 He totters, pallid as a ghost, 
 
 And, looking down, espies 
 
 A lamb, that in the pool is pent 
 
 Within that black and frightful rent. 
 
 The lamb had slipped into the stream, 
 And safe without a bruise or wound 
 The cataract had borne him down 
 Into the gulf profound. 
 His dam had seen him when he fell, 
 She saw him down the torrent borne ; 
 And, while with all a mother's love 
 She from the lofty rocks above 
 Sent forth a cry forlorn, 
 
104 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 The lamb, still swimming round and round, 
 Made answer to that plaintive sound. 
 
 When he had learnt what thing it was 
 That sent this rueful cry, I ween 
 The boy recovered heart, and told 
 The sight which he had seen. 
 Both gladly now deferred their task ; 
 Nor was there wanting other aid 
 A poet, one who loves the brooks 
 Far better than the sage's books, 
 By chance had thither strayed ; 
 i Lnd there the helpless lamb he found 
 'By those huge rocks encompassed round. 
 He drew it gently from the pool, 
 And brought it forth into the light ; 
 The shepherds met him with his charge, 
 An unexpected sight ! 
 Into their arms the lamb they took, 
 Said they, " He's neither maimed nor scarred." 
 Then up the steep ascent they hied, 
 And placed him at his mother's side ; 
 And gently did the bard 
 Those idle shepherd-boys upbraid, 
 And bade them better mind their trade. 
 
 Arithmetic XIII. Liquid Measure Reduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 127 gallons, 369 gallons, and 559 gals. 3 qts. 1 pt. 
 3 gills to gills. 
 
 2. Reduce 324 tuns to gills ; and show how many gills there 
 are in 739 pipes or butts of wine, 875 puncheons, and 923 hogs- 
 heads respectively. 
 
 3. Reduce 4379 butts of ale, 5394 hogsheads, 9862 barrels, 
 10834 kilderkins, and 798296 firkins respectively to gills. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation. XV. 
 
 The Calmucks, on a journey, have a practice of placing horse- 
 flesh under their saddles, in order to prepare it for food, saying 
 a steak so dressed becomes tender and palatable. The guachos, 
 or herdsmen, of South America prepare their charqui, or jerked 
 beef, by cutting it in strips and drying it in the sun. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 
 
 109 
 
 YE MARINERS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BY THOMAS CAMPBELL. 
 
 mar'-in-ers sailors, navi- 
 gators 
 
 braved... stood in defiance of, 
 endured 
 
 St an'-dar d .flag , ensign 
 
 launch send on the water 
 
 spir'-its . . . ; ghosts, the 
 
 immaterial part of "man as 
 opposed to the body 
 QUells quiets, subdues 
 
 tern-pest S storms of wind 
 
 and rain 
 bul'-warks .fortifications 
 
 for defence 
 thun'-ders . . . the noise of great 
 
 guns 
 me'-te-or having a bright 
 
 brilliant appearance 
 
 t er-ri'-fic causing alarm 
 
 ceased stopped, left oj 
 
 Ye mariners of England 
 
 That guard our native seas, 
 
 Whose flag has braved, a thousand years, 
 
 The battle and the breeze ! 
 
 Your glorious standard launch again 
 
 To match another foe, 
 
 And sweep through the deep, 
 
 While the stormy tempests blow ; 
 
 While the battle rages loud and long, 
 
 And the stormy tempests blow. 
 
 The spirits of your fathers 
 
 Shall start from every wave ! 
 
 For the deck it was their field of fame, 
 
 And ocean was their grave : 
 
 Where Blake and mighty Nelson fell 
 
 Your manly hearts shall glow 
 
 As ye sweep through the deep, 
 
 While the stormy tempests blow ; 
 
 While the battle rages loud and long 
 
 And the stormy tempests blow. 
 
 Britannia needs no bulwarks, 
 
 No towers along the steep ; 
 
 Her march is o'er the mountain waves, 
 
 Her home is on the deep. 
 
 With thunders from her native oak 
 
110 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 She quells the floods below 
 As they roar on the shore, 
 When the stormy tempests blow ; 
 When the battle rages Joud and long, 
 And the stormy tempests blow. 
 
 The meteor flag of England 
 
 Shall yet terrific burn, 
 
 Till danger-troubled night depart, 
 
 And the star of peace return. 
 
 Then, then, ye ocean warriors ! 
 
 Our song and feast shall flow 
 
 To the fame of your name, 
 
 When the storm has ceased to blow ; 
 
 When the fiery fight is heard no more 
 
 And the storm has ceased to blow. 
 
 THINKS I TO MYSELF ! 
 
 pllb'-lic pertaining to the 
 
 community at large 
 
 de-ter-mi-na'-tion -fixed 
 
 resolution 
 
 af-fairs' matters, business 
 
 al-to-geth'-er in the whole 
 
 Stem'- ach the part of the 
 
 body which serves as a recep- 
 tacle for that which is eaten 
 and drunk 
 
 ex-pects' looks out for 
 
 CO f -gi-t&-tilLg>.'thinking, turn- 
 ing over in one's mind 
 
 tem'-per-ance moderation, 
 
 abstinence from alcoholic 
 drinks 
 
 SO-ci'-e-ty body of men 
 
 enrolled for any purpose 
 
 exact'-ly punctually, 
 
 precisely 
 
 pre'-sent-ly after a short 
 
 time t in a few minutes 
 
 pov'-er-ty destitution, 
 
 want of the necessaries of life 
 
 drunk'-eil-ness .intoxication, 
 addiction to strong drink 
 
 in-tem'-per-ance immoder- 
 ate use of drink 
 
 un-ne'-ces-sa-ri-ly . . . without 
 
 need or requirement 
 in-ter'-est the sum paid 
 
 yearly for the use of money 
 
 nou'-rish-nieilt sustenance 
 
 en-tail'... bring with certainty 
 
 re-fresh'-ment ...food, drink 
 
 and rest 
 
 en-ter-tain'-ment hospi- 
 tality, reception 
 
 Spir'-it-U-OUS containing 
 
 alcohol or spirit 
 
 dec-la-ra'-tion manifesto, 
 
 avowal of intentions 
 
 dis-coun'-ten-ance d'u- 
 
 courage, check t restrain 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. m 
 
 Thinks I to myself, as I sat by the fire the other night, 
 my wife sitting by me, I have thrown away a good deal of 
 time one way or other on public affairs, and it is high time 
 now to attend to my own ; so I told Madge my mind, and 
 my determination to put our own matters right. 
 
 " Ah ! " says Madge, " that is sooner said than done, 
 John. I have all along thought that there were many 
 matters in-doors, as well as out of doors, that wanted 
 putting to rights ; it was of no use for me to speak, when I 
 saw your head was so full about other people's affairs. I 
 always thought there was sadly too much of your week's 
 wages went in drink ; and then that gin ! I don't like that 
 gin!" 
 
 Thinks I to myself, Madge is right, but I don't know 
 which way to begin to mend it. Let me see, there's 1 Jd. 
 and 2d. is 3jd., and 2d. is 5jd., and 2d. is 7Jd., and 2d._Js 
 9jd., and Ijd. is lid. That's for one clay, and then there's 
 seven days in a week, that's 7s. all but 7d., that's 6s. 5d. 
 But on Sunday I don't spend above 6d. because Madge 
 will have me to go to church ; well that's 6s. a week. 
 
 Thinks I to myself, 6s. a week is a good deal, and some 
 working men that I hear of, don't get more than that 
 altogether ; but, then, I've a good place of work as times 
 go, and I get pretty good wages, and there's many a man 
 that drinks more than I do, and ours is hard work, and a 
 man that works hard must have something ; and yet, 
 thinks I to myself, I may not always have a good place, 
 and good wages, and if I now spend all that I get, what is 
 to become of us if I should be out of work, or anything of 
 that sort 1 
 
 Thinks I to myself, I wish I could do without so much 
 drink, and take more of my wages home to Madge, because 
 I know she would make the best of it. But then, again, 
 thinks 1 to myself, a man must keep himself up to his 
 work or it's no use ; and, besides, one does not like to 
 leave off what one's used to ; and then, again, thinks I to 
 myself, how I should get laughed at by my comrades ! 
 
 But then, again, thinks I, " let them laugh that win/' 
 but I like a drop of drink, and my stomach expects it when 
 the hour comes. Ah ! and the gin too ; and, thinks I to 
 
112 FOURTH MiNCSESTER 
 
 myself, my stomach would not look for it if it did not do 
 it good ; and yet so much of this drink pinches us all so 
 that we have no money for nothing. 
 
 Well ! while I was cogitating about this, I saw against 
 the wall a large printed bill, " A meeting of members and 
 friends of the Temperance Society will take place to-night 
 at the Working Men's Institute." Then, thinks I to 
 myself, I'll be there too, and hear what it's all about. 
 
 I took care to be there to the hour exactly. Well, thinks 
 I to myself, this is a shabby sort of a meeting too ! Why 
 here's not above a half-a-dozen of us altogether. Well, 
 presently a few more came in, and very soon a man got up 
 and began. He said that three-fourths of the crime, and 
 poverty, and wretchedness, and misery, that was in the 
 country, was from drunkenness. Thinks I to myself, 
 surely it cannot be so bad as that. He went on to tell us 
 that the spirits drunk in these kingdoms every year would 
 fill a canal five miles long, sixty yards wide, and three feet 
 deep : here I stared with all my eyes. He continued, 
 " Now," says he, " inquire into the case of the first object 
 of wretchedness which you meet, and it's three to one but 
 you find it occasioned, directly or indirectly, by intemper- 
 ance. It occasions, on the lowest calculation, one half of 
 the cases of madness ; it is as unsparing as death ; it 
 levels all ranks, all ages, and all conditions. It is like the 
 horse-leech, never satisfied. ' Give, give, give ! ' " Thinks 
 I to myself, it's well our Madge is not here, for that's what 
 she says of the ale-house, that it is always " Give, give, 
 give ! " Well, so he went on, and told us, that if a man 
 began at twenty-one years of age, to lay by four shillings 
 a week, instead of spending it unnecessarily in drink, he 
 would have 
 
 At 31 ,130 15 U 
 
 At 51 735 14 111 
 
 At 71 2,296 4| 
 
 That is, supposing he kept putting it out to interest at 
 the end of every year, and adding the interest to it. 
 Thinks I to myself, I should never have thought that. 
 
 And then he said that there was not one particle of 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. H3 
 
 nourishment in all the gin that could be drank, and that 
 it gave no more strength to a man than a whip or spur did 
 to a horse. 
 
 Then thinks I to myself, the gin-shop shall have no 
 more of my money. 
 
 He went on to say, " Keep away from the public-house ; 
 you will entail distress upon your families and yourselves 
 oy its expense. Keep away from the public-house," says 
 he again. " Refreshment, it is true, is necessary for the 
 traveller, food for the hungry, and rest for the weary ; but 
 you require no refreshment, no food, no rest, which you 
 cannot get much better at home than in the house of 
 public entertainment, and in the company of sots. Thinks 
 I to myself, that's true, the company of my Madge and the 
 children is better than the company of all the sots in all 
 the public-houses in our town, and I will keep from the 
 public-house. 
 
 Then the man went on, " My friends," said he, " resolve 
 this night, never more to taste spirituous liquors, except 
 for medical purposes. And that you may be steady to 
 your purpose, put your hand to the Temperance declaration, 
 and become a member of the ' Temperance Society' 
 'We agree to abstain from distilled spirits, except for 
 medicinal purposes, and to discountenance the causes and 
 practice of intemperance/ " 
 
 Thinks I to myself, so I will, and away I went and 
 signed my name, and I hope to be true to my colours. I 
 know this, that ever since I signed, Madge and the children 
 have been all better off, and had many more real comforts, 
 and we have begun a little store in the Saving Bank, against 
 a rainy day. 
 
 Arithmetic XIV. Liquid Measure Beduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 86093426873 gills and 94296873106 gills respec- 
 tively to gallons, hogsheads, puncheons, pipes, and tuns of wine. 
 
 2. Reduce 47093268549 gills and 82936849234 gills respec- 
 tively to gallons, firkins, kilderkins, barrels, hogsheads, and butts 
 of beer. 
 
 3. How many pipes of wine in 836250429871 gills ? and how 
 many butts of beer in 937284603292 gills ? 
 
 H 
 
114 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 
 
 THE SLAVE'S DBEAM. 
 
 BY HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 
 
 un-gath'-ered- .still standing, 
 
 not cut 
 sick'-le curved hook for 
 
 cutting corn 
 
 mat'-ted tangled, rough 
 
 land'-SCape country before 
 
 the view 
 
 flowed rolled onwards 
 
 tink'-ling . . jingling of bells, 
 
 arms, harness, and accoutre- 
 ments 
 Car-a- vans'. ..bodies of traders 
 
 and their stores 
 fu'-ri-OUS impetuous, very 
 
 great 
 
 mar'-tial ....warlike, soldierly 
 tli'-umph exultant joy 
 
 scab'-bard...cse in which the 
 
 sword is carried 
 staT-lion a war horse, 
 
 charger 
 fl a-min'-gO es . . . birds of a red 
 
 colour 
 tam'-a-rind.-.a tree bearing a 
 
 fruit possessing an acid 
 
 flavour 
 my / -ri-ad...ten thousand (used 
 
 also for any infinite number) 
 
 tem'-pes-tu-ous stormy, 
 
 fierce 
 
 il-lu'- mined lighted up 
 
 lif e'-less inanimate^ dead 
 
 fet'-ter means of restraint 
 
 Beside the ungathered rice he lay, 
 
 His sickle in his hand ; 
 His breast was bare, his matted hair 
 
 Was buried in the sand ; 
 Again in the mist and shadow of sleep 
 
 He saw his native land. 
 
 Wide through the landscape of his dreams 
 
 The lordly Niger flowed ; 
 Beneath the palm-trees on the plain 
 
 Once more a king he strode, 
 And heard the tinkling caravans 
 
 Descend the mountain road. 
 
 He saw once more his dark-eyed queen 
 
 Among her children stand ; 
 They clasped his neck, they kissed his cheeks, 
 
 They held him by the hand : 
 A tear burst from the sleeper's lids, 
 
 And fell into the sand. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. J \ 5 
 
 And then at furious speed he rode 
 
 Along the Niger's bank ; 
 His bridle-reins were golden chains, 
 
 And, with a martial clank. 
 At each leap he could feel his scabbard of steel 
 
 Smiting his stallion's flank. 
 
 Before him, like a blood-red flag, 
 
 The bright flamingoes flew ; 
 From morn till night he followed their flight, 
 
 O'er plains where the tarmarind grew, 
 Till he saw the roof of Caffre huts 
 
 And the ocean rose to view. 
 
 At night he heard the lion roar, 
 
 And the hyena scream, 
 And the river horse, as he crushed the reeds 
 
 Beside some hidden stream ; 
 And it passed, like a glorious roll of drums, 
 
 Through the triumph of his dream. 
 
 The forests, with their myriad tongues, 
 
 Shouted of liberty ; 
 And the blast of the desert cried aloud 
 
 With a voice so wild and free, 
 Then he started in his sleep and smiled 
 
 At their tempestuous glee. 
 
 He did not feel the driver's whip, 
 
 Nor the burning heat of day ; 
 For death had illumined the land of sleep, 
 
 And his lifeless body lay 
 A worn-out fetter, that the soul 
 
 Had broken and thrown away ! 
 
 Exercise in Word Building XIV. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 1. The Latin substantives FANUM, a temple ; FINIS, an end ; 
 
 and FLAMMA, aflame. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives GBATUS, thankful ; GBAVIS, heavy. 
 3. The Latin verbs CUBO, CUMBO, I lie down; and CURRO, 
 
 I run, with its Participle CURSUS, ran. 
 
116 
 
 tf OtfRTH MANCHESTER READEft. 
 
 A CHRISTIAN'S DUTIES. 
 
 BY THE REV. GEORGE HERBERT. 
 
 Author of " The Temple," " Sacred Poems," " A Priest to the 
 Temple ; or, the Country Parson," d*c. 
 
 Born April 3, 1593 ; Died February, 1633. 
 
 Chime ring a peal as et 
 
 summons to church 
 
 rev'-er-ence ...deferential 
 
 humility 
 
 purged cleared, pur-lfied 
 
 COZ'-en rob, cheat, defraud 
 
 mis-like' .find fault with 
 
 COn-ceiv'-est ...understandest 
 
 pa'-ti-ence long suffering, 
 
 endurance 
 
 es-capes' gets clear oj 
 
 a-bode' dwelling 
 
 COm-bine' associate with, 
 
 enter into league with 
 de-cay'. . .wasting, falling away 
 
 ...increase in value 
 ver'-ser . . .poet, maker of verses 
 COW'-ards ...those who have no 
 courage, the timorous 
 
 thlifb'-y .frugal, sparing 
 
 COV'-e-tOUS greedy of gain 
 
 con-tempt'-i-ble .paltry, 
 
 despicable 
 
 lin'- thrift ..spendthrift, waste- 
 ful man 
 
 re-Store' give lack, return 
 
 tithe . . . the tenth part, theportion 
 due to the priest 
 
 puY-loined ...kept lack, stolen 
 
 caa'-kers ...affects with disease 
 
 per-mis'-sion ...leave, licence 
 
 Thou, whose sweet youth and early hopes enhance 
 Thy rate and price, and mark thee for a treasure, 
 
 Hearken unto a verser, who may chance 
 Rhyme thee good, to make a bait of pleasure. 
 
 A verse may find him who a sermon flies, 
 
 And turn delight into a sacrifice. 
 
 The cheapest sins most dearly punished are, 
 Because to shun them also is so cheap : 
 
 For we have wit to mark them, and to spare. 
 crumble not away thy soul's fair heap ! 
 
 If thou wilt die, the gates of hell are broad : 
 
 Pride and full sins have made the way a road. 
 
 Lie not ; but let thy mouth be true to God, 
 Thy mouth to it, thy actions to them both : 
 
 Cowards tell lies, and those that fear the rod ; 
 The stormy working soul spits lies and froth. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. H>J 
 
 Dare to be true. Nothing can need a lie : 
 
 A fault, which needs it most, grows two thereby. 
 
 Be thrifty but not covetous ; therefore give 
 Thy need, thy honour, and thy friend his due. 
 
 Never was scraper brave man. Get to live ; 
 Then live and use it : else, it is not true 
 
 That thou hast gotten. Surely use alone 
 
 Makes money not a contemptible stone. 
 
 By no means run in debt : take thine own measure. 
 
 Who cannot live on twenty pounds a year 
 Cannot on forty. He's a man of pleasure, 
 
 A kind of thing that's for itself too dear. 
 The curious unthrift makes his clothes too wide, 
 And spares himself, but would his tailor chide. 
 
 Eestore to God his due in tithe and time : 
 A tithe purloined cankers the whole estate. 
 
 Sundays observe : think when the bells do chime, 
 7 Tis angels' music ; therefore come not late. 
 
 God then deals blessings ; if a king did so, 
 
 Who would not haste, nay give, to see the show ] 
 
 When once thy foot enters the church, be bare. 
 
 God is more there than thou, for thou art there 
 Only by his permission. Then beware, 
 
 And make thyself all reverence and fear. 
 Kneeling ne'er spoiled silk stocking : quit thy state, 
 All equal are within the church's gate. 
 
 Let vain or busy thoughts have there no part : 
 
 Bring not thy plough, thy plots, thy pleasures thither : 
 
 Christ purged his temple, so must thou thy heart. 
 All wordly thoughts are but thieves met together 
 
 To cozen thee. Look to thy actions well : 
 
 For churches either are our heaven or hell. 
 
 Judge not the preacher, for he is thy judge : 
 If thou mislike him, thou conceivest him not. 
 
 God calleth preaching folly. Do not grudge 
 To pick out treasures from an earthen pot. 
 
 The worst speak something good : if all want 
 takes a text and preacheth jpatience ? 
 
S FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 He that gets patience and the blessing which 
 Preachers conclude with, hath not lost his pains. 
 
 He that by being at church escapes the ditch 
 Which he might fall in by companions, gains. 
 
 He that loves God's abode, and to combine 
 
 With saints on earth, shall one day with them shine. 
 
 Sum up at night what thou hast done by day, 
 And in the morning what thou hast to do. 
 
 Dress and undress thy soul : mark the decay 
 And growth of it : if with thy watch, that too 
 
 Be down, then wind up both. Since we shall be 
 
 Most surely judged, make thy accounts agree. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation. XVII. 
 
 Louis VI. of France was an accomplished sovereign and 
 possessed great energy of mind, courage, and activity. When on 
 his death-bed he addressed his son in the following remarkable 
 words, " Recollect that royalty is nothing more than a public 
 charge, of which you must render a very strict account to hirrt 
 who makes kings and who will judge them." 
 
 THE WEAVER'S SONG. 
 
 BY BRYAN WALLER PROCTOR (OR BARRY CORNWALL). 
 
 Author of " Dramatic Scenes, "English Songs" and 
 other Poems. 
 
 Born 1790 ; Still living. 
 
 shut'- tie... an instrument used 
 in weaving to carry the woof 
 
 per-flime' scent, odours 
 
 i'-dle without working 
 
 skein ...hank of silk or thread 
 un-twine' ...unravel, pull to 
 pieces 
 
 en-dure' last for ages 
 
 to sorrow, lament 
 
 Col'-ours .'.... hues, tints 
 
 gli'-ding- -passing rapidly and 
 
 smoothly 
 toil labour, work 
 
 gath'-ers picks, collects 
 
 pea'-sant labourer, work- 
 man 
 
 delves digs in, cultivates 
 
 ...cAan#es of the year 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Weave, brothers, weave ! Swiftly throw 
 
 The shuttle athwart the loom, 
 And show us how brightly your flowers grow, 
 
 That have beauty but no perfume ! 
 Come show us the rose with a hundred dyes, 
 
 The lily that hath no spot ; 
 The violet deep as your true love's eyes, 
 And the little forget-me-not ! 
 
 Sing sing, brothers, weave and sing ! 
 ; Tis good both to sing and to weave ; 
 ; Tis better to work than to live idle : 
 'Tis better to sing than to grieve. * 
 
 Weave, brothers, weave ! Weave and bid 
 
 The colours of sunset glow ! 
 Let grace in each gliding thread be hid ! 
 
 Let beauty above you blow ! 
 Let your skein be long, and your silk be fine, 
 
 And your hands both fine and sure ; 
 And time nor chance shall your work untwine, 
 But all like a truth endure ! 
 
 Sing sing, brothers, weave and sing ; 
 'Tis good both to sing and to weave ; 
 ; Tis better to work than to live idle ! 
 'Tis better to sing than to grieve. 
 
 Weave, brothers, weave ! toil is ours ; 
 
 But toil is the lot of men : 
 One gathers the fruit ? one gathers the flowers, 
 
 One soweth the seed again ! 
 There is not a creature from England's king 
 
 To the peasant that delves the soil, 
 That knows half the pleasure the seasons bring, 
 If he have not his share of toil ! 
 
 Sing sing, brothers, weave and sing ! 
 ? Tls good both to sing and to weave ; 
 ; Tis better to work than to live idle : 
 'Tis better to sing than to grieve. 
 
120 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. VIII. 
 
 PROBLEM XXIX. To inscribe a circle in any given triangle, as 
 ABC* 
 
 Bisect the angles A B C, B C A by the lines B D, C E. From the point 
 F in which they cut each other, draw F G at right angles to B C. From 
 F with radius F G describe the circle G H K which is the circle required. 
 
 PROBLEM xxx. To describe a circle about any given triangle 
 as A B C. 
 
 Bisect the sides A B, B C, in D and E, and through D and E draw- 
 straight lines at right angles to A B, B C respectively, cutting each other 
 in F. From F with radius F A describe a circle : this shall pass through 
 the points B, C, and is the circle required. 
 
 PROBLEM xxxi. To inscribe a circle in, or describe a circle 
 about, any given square, as A B C D. 
 
 Join the diagonals A C, B D, intersecting in E. From E draw E F per- 
 pendicular to any of the sides of the square as C D. To inscribe a circle 
 in the square draw it from E with radius E F. To describe a circle about 
 the square draw it from E, with radius E A. 
 
 PROBLEM xxxii. To inscribe a square in, or describe a square 
 about, a given circle, as A B G D. 
 
 Draw the diameters A C, B D intersecting each other at right angles in 
 E. To inscribe a square in the circle join A B, B C, C D, and D A. To 
 describe a square about the circle, draw straight lines F G, H K through 
 the points A C, and F H, G K through the points B, D, parallel to 
 the diameters B D, A C respectively. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 121 
 
 Arithmetic XV. Liquid Measure Addition. 
 
 (1) gal. qts. pts. gils. (2) gal. qts. pts. gils. (3) gal. qts. pts. gils. 
 
 8934 313 
 
 6723 110 
 
 5189 002 
 
 6215 200 
 
 3167 111 
 
 5923 201 1086 110 5130 3 
 
 5709 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 > \ 
 3 
 
 3237 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8362 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5063 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 9789 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8219 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3541 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5637 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1076 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4293 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4. Add together 53967 gallons, 1 gill, 3 quarts, 18 gallons 1 
 pint, and 1 pint. 3 gills. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation. XVIIL 
 
 He that judges without informing himself to the utmost that 
 he is capable of, cannot acquit himself of judging amiss. 
 
 KING HENRY THE FIFTH AND THE HEUMIT. 
 
 BY ROBERT SOUTHEY. 
 
 un-q.ues'-tioned witltout 
 
 inquiry as to his business 
 rev^er-ence respect, veneration 
 
 t a recluse, one who 
 
 retires from the world and 
 lives in solitude 
 ..- .arranging, settling 
 
 in-tru'-der one who enters 
 
 without being bidden 
 
 be-hold' look at 
 
 re- pent' . . . be sorry for, regret 
 judg'-ment . sentence, punish- 
 
 ment for sin 
 gli'-ding proceeding with a 
 
 rapid easy motion 
 waft'-ed- .borne on by the ivind 
 f am'-ine . . hunger, deprivation 
 
 of food 
 dis-ease' ...sickness of various 
 
 kinds 
 
 '...nMtt, make desolqte. 
 
 loi'-tered . . . lingered on the way 
 has tens. . .proceeds in a hurry 
 
 SUC'-COUr help, assistance 
 
 drip'-ping- ..with ivater falling 
 from it in drops 
 
 plea'-sant-ly agreeably 
 
 Vl'-ol small fiddle or violin 
 
 lea'-guered . . . beset with foes, 
 
 besieged 
 
 an'-gri-ly ...roused with wrath 
 mi'-ra-de . . ...a wonder out of 
 
 the common course of nature 
 
 mur'-der-er ......one who kills 
 
 another 
 
 COn-trol' .stay, f hinder 
 
 forced . . ^ut on without inclina- 
 tion 
 care'-lesS hecdlen 
 
 re-mem'-bered . . . recollected, 
 
 called to memory 
 
122 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 He passed unquestioned through the camp ; 
 
 Their heads the soldiers bent 
 In silent reverence, or begged 
 
 A blessing xs he went ; 
 And so the hermit passed along, 
 
 And reached the royal tent. 
 
 King Henry sat in his tent alone : 
 
 The map before him lay : 
 Fresh COL quests he was planning there, 
 
 To grace the future day. 
 
 King Henry lifted up his eyes 
 
 The intruder to behold ; 
 With reverence he the hermit saw, 
 
 For the holy man was old ; 
 His look was gentle as a saint's, 
 
 And yet his eye was bold. 
 
 " Repent thee, Henry, of the wrongs 
 Which thou hast done this land ! 
 O King, repent in time, for know 
 The judgment is at hand ! 
 
 " I have passed forty years of peace 
 
 Beside the river Blaise ; 
 But what a weight of woe has thou 
 Laid on my latter days ! 
 
 " I used to see along the stream 
 The white sail gliding down, 
 That wafted food, in better times, 
 To yonder peaceful town. 
 
 " Henry ! I never now behold 
 
 The white sail gliding down : 
 Famine. Disease, and Death, and Thou 
 Destroy that wretched town. 
 
 " I used to hear the traveller's voice, 
 
 As here he passed along ; 
 Or maiden as she loitered home, 
 Singing her even-song. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 "No traveller's voice may now be heard ; 
 
 In fear he hastens by ; 
 But I have heard the village maid 
 In vain for succour cry. 
 
 " I used to hear the youths row down, 
 
 And watch the dripping oar, 
 As pleasantly their viol's tones 
 Came softened to the shore. 
 
 " King Henry ! many a blackened corpso 
 
 I now see floating down ! 
 Thou man of blood ! repent in time, 
 And leave this leaguered town." 
 
 a I shall go on," King Henry cried, 
 " And conquer this good land : 
 Seest thou not, hermit, that the Lord 
 Hath given it to my hand 1 " 
 
 The hermit heard King Henry speak, 
 
 And angrily looked down : 
 His face was gentle, but for that 
 
 More solemn was his frown. 
 
 " What if no miracle from Heaven 
 
 The murderer's arm control 'I 
 Think you for that the weight of blood 
 Lies lighter on his soul ] 
 
 " Thou conqueror king, repent in time, 
 
 Or dread the coming woe ! 
 For, Henry, thou hast heard the threat, 
 And soon shall feel the blow ! " 
 
 King Henry forced a careless smile 
 As the hermit went his way ; 
 
 But Henry soon remembered him 
 Upon his dying day. 
 
 Exercises in Dictation. XIX. 
 
 The greater the difficulty the more glory there is in surmount- 
 ing it ; skilful pilots gain their reputation from storms and 
 tempests. 
 
124 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 MAGNETISM AND THE LODESTONE. 
 
 re-Hiark'-a-ble .extraordinary, 
 worthy of note 
 
 prop'-er-ties peculiarities 
 
 at-tract'-ing ...drawing up to 
 re-pel -\\ILg.driving away from 
 
 sus-pend'-ed.'/iwi<7 up, placed 
 
 on a pivot 
 
 in-di-na'-tioiL .slope, bending 
 downwards 
 
 COm-mu' ni-ca-ting ....trans- 
 ferring, giving from itself 
 to another 
 
 di-rect'-ive pointing out, 
 
 guiding to a certain point 
 or quarter 
 
 ten'-den-cy inclination, i sat"is-fac?-to-ry sufficient 
 
 pr oneness me-ri'-di-an .. .the line drawn 
 
 nav-i-ga'-tion ...direction of over a place from north to 
 
 vessels over the ocean south which the sun crosses 
 
 o"b-SCUred' ...hidden by clouds 
 per-plex'-i-ty . . . difficulty, con- 
 fusion, embarrassment 
 
 con ster-na'-tion alarm 1 
 
 terror 
 myS-te'-ri-OUS ...marvellous, 
 
 not able to be understood 
 do-min'-ion rule or power 
 
 over, sovereignty 
 
 un- speak -a-ble ...that which 
 
 cannot be expressed by words 
 
 phy'-si-Cal . ..natural 
 
 in'-'tQT-COUTBQ"Communication 
 
 ac'- CU-ra-cy correctness 
 
 The lodestone, or natural magnet, is found in some iron 
 mines of all forms and sizes, of various colours, and 
 generally hard and brittle. It consists chiefly of iron, 
 often to the amount of seventy per cent, united with 
 earthy substances. It was called magnet, from Magnesia, 
 a district in Lydia, in Asia Minor, in which it was first 
 found ; and lodestone, frcra the Saxon lodestone, qr 
 leading-stone. 
 
 COn'-fi-dence reliance, de- 
 pendence 
 
 pro-gres'-sive ly . . .step by step 
 un ac-cus'-tomed...ttt>2 in the 
 
 habit of 
 
 un-der-ta'-ken ...entered upon 
 va-ri-a'-tion alteration, 
 
 deviation 
 SUr-prised' astonished 
 
 in-vent'-ed .found out, 
 
 imagined 
 
 dis-pelled drove away, re- 
 moved 
 
 in-Ctlli'-rer ...one who searches 
 into any matter 
 
 at noon 
 li'-bra-tO-ry oscillating, 
 
 swinging to and fro 
 Va'-cil-la-ting changing, 
 
 altering 
 
 nau'-ti-cal .following the 
 
 calling of a sailor 
 COn-nex'-ipn intimate, re- 
 lationship 
 
 phe-nom'-e-na ...unexplained, 
 appearances or acts of nature 
 
 ef-f ect'-U-al-ly completely 
 
 ar-ti-fi'-ci-al made by art 
 
 SU-pe'-ri-OI . . . better, preferable 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 125 
 
 This remarkable substance is distinguished by the 
 following properties : 
 
 1. Its powers of attracting and repelling other bodies, 
 especially iron. 
 
 2. The force by which it places itself, when suspended 
 freely, in a certain direction towards the poles of the earth. 
 
 3. Its dip or inclination towards a point below the 
 horizon ; and 
 
 4. Its power of communicating these properties to iron 
 and steel, when applied to them in a particular manner. 
 
 The first was the only property of this stone with which 
 the ancients were acquainted. Its directive power being 
 at length discovered, another remarkable fact was noticed 
 about the beginning of the 14th century, namely, the 
 wonderful property by which the magnet communicates, 
 to a needle or slender rod of iron, its own tendency towards 
 the poles of the earth ; and hence arose the mariner's 
 compass, an instrument which gave a new impulse to 
 navigation. Formerly the mariner, however hardy or 
 skilful, dared not venture beyond the sight of land, and if 
 the heavenly bodies, and especially the pole-star, happened 
 to be obscured, he was thrown into perplexity and con- 
 sternation ; but now, by the help of this mysterious 
 pointer, he ventures abroad upon the mighty ocean, trusting 
 to the needle to direct and guide his course. 
 
 The compass may be said to have opened to man the 
 dominion of the sea, and to have put him into full possession 
 of the earth, by enabling him to visit every part of either. 
 The invention of it has been ascribed to Flavio Gioja, a 
 citizen of Amalfi, in Naples, about the year 1332 ; though 
 some have allotted it to Marco Polo, a Venetian nobleman, 
 in 1260 ; and others have thought they discovered some 
 traces of it at a still earlier date. But when, or by whom- 
 soever, the discovery was made, it has proved of unspeakable 
 benefit to mankind, and may be numbered among the 
 chief physical means by which mutual intercourse takes 
 place among all nations. 
 
 It was not at once, however, that the full benefit of this 
 discovery was realized. The art of steering by the compass 
 with such skill and accuracy as to inspire a full confidence 
 
126 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 in its direction was acquired progressively. Sailors, 
 unaccustomed to lose sight of land, dared not launch out 
 at once, and commit themselves to unknown seas, and it 
 was nearly half a century before any very distant voyages 
 were undertaken. 
 
 The needle does not always point directly to the north, 
 nor does it keep the same position in all latitudes, or at all 
 times. This change in direction is called the variation of 
 the compass, and is necessary to be known in order to 
 steer correctly. The Spaniards on board the little fleet of 
 Columbus, in 1492, were surprised and alarmed by observing 
 that the magnetic needle did not point exactly to the polar 
 star, but varied towards the west, and that, as they pro- 
 ceeded, this variation increased. They were filled with 
 terror far from land, and in an unknown sea nature 
 itself seemed to be altered, and the only guide which 
 remained to them appeared about to fail them. Columbus 
 invented a reason to explain the appearance, which satisfied 
 them, and dispelled then' fears ; but neither he nor any 
 future inquirer has been able to account for the change in 
 a satisfactory manner : it still remains amongst the mysteries 
 of nature. This variation is different in different places, 
 being west at some, and east at others, while in some the 
 needle points due north. It varies also with time : at 
 London, about the year 1660, it was in the true meridian, 
 it is now about twenty-four degrees to the west of it. The 
 variations have a kind of libratory motion, traversing 
 through the north to certain limits eastward and west- 
 ward : and indeed vacillating a little daily. They are 
 sufficiently well known by nautical men to preserve them 
 from dangerous errors in steering by the compass. 
 
 Between magnetism and electricity so much of con- 
 nection has been shown, as that they stand to one another 
 iu the relation of effect and cause ; at least so far as that 
 all the phenomena of the former are producible by the 
 latter ; but no electric phenomena have hitherto been 
 produced by magnetism. 
 
 It has been stated that the natural magnet will com- 
 municate its virtues to iron and steel. This it will do 
 most readily ; and the transfer may be made so effectually 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 127 
 
 that artificial magnets are superior to native ones, and are 
 therefore preferred in experiments, and for all practical 
 purposes. 
 
 Arithmetic- XVI. Liquid Measure Subtraction. 
 
 (1) gal. qts.- pts. gils. (2) gal. qts. pts. gils. (3) gal. qts. pts. gils. 
 5629 301 4907 112 9710 003 
 3946 213 3683 313 7463 112 
 
 4. From 539 gallons 1 gill, take 396 gallons 2 quarts 1 pint, 
 and from 187 gallons take 186 gallons 3 quarts 1 pint 3 gills. 
 
 THE APPKOACH OF THE AEMADA. 
 
 BY LORD MACAULAY. 
 
 list care, have any ivill to 
 
 in-vin'-ci-ble not to be 
 
 conquered 
 es-pe'-cial .particular, 
 
 peculiar 
 bea'-COn. . . . a watch fire lighted 
 
 for the purpose of giving an 
 
 alarm 
 un-bon'-net-ed uncovered, 
 
 bare 
 Shef-iff the chief civil officer 
 
 in any county 
 
 hal'-ber-diers...soZf^r5 carry- 
 ing halberts or pikes 
 
 haugh'-ti-ly proudly 
 
 la'-bour-ing striving with 
 
 might and main 
 
 bla'-ZOn armorial bearings, 
 
 coat of arms 
 
 of royal rank 
 
 happily, gladly 
 
 ilLg.growing stronger 
 Un-flirled'... opened, spread out 
 tvritik! -ling. -.sparkling with a 
 tremulous motion 
 
 ghast'-ly dismal, frightful 
 
 roused awakened, stirred 
 
 into action 
 
 state'-ly....,p? f 0wc?, magnificent 
 a-la'-runi alarm, peal of 
 
 bells 
 
 clashed . . . .struck out suddenly 
 bat'-ter-ies ramparts fur- 
 nished with cannon 
 COU'-ri-ers . ..special messengers 
 SWar'- thy dark, black in 
 
 colour 
 un-tired' without feeling 
 
 fatigue 
 VOl-ca'-noes burning 
 
 mountains emitting fire 
 
 fane temple, cathedral 
 
 ham'-let small village 
 
 ter'-ra-ces . . ...pieces of ground 
 
 raised above the general level 
 em-bat'-tled crowned with 
 
 battlements 
 burgh'-ers citizens, 
 
 toivnsmen 
 
128 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Attend, all ye who list to hear our noble England's praise : 
 I sing of the thrice famous deeds she wrought in ancient 
 
 days, 
 
 When that great fleet invincible, against her bore, in vain, 
 The richest spoils of Mexico, the stoutest hearts in Spain. 
 It was about the lovely close of a warm summer's day, 
 There came a gallant merchant ship, full sail to Plymouth 
 
 bay; 
 The crew had seen Castile's black fleet, beyond Aurigny's 
 
 isle, 
 
 At earliest twilight, on the waves, lie heaving many a mile. 
 At sunrise she escaped their van, by God's especial grace ; 
 And the tall Pinta, till the moon, had held her close in 
 
 chase. 
 Forthwith a guard, at every gun, was placed along the 
 
 wall ; 
 
 The beacon blazed upon the roof of Edgecumbe's lofty hall ; 
 Many a light fishing-bark put out to pry along the coast, 
 And with loose rein and bloody spur rode inland many a 
 
 post. 
 
 With his white hair unbonneted, the stout old sheriff 
 
 comes ; 
 Behind him march the halberdiers, before him sound the 
 
 drums ; 
 His yeomen round the market-cross make clear an ample 
 
 space ; 
 For there behoves him to set up the standard of Her 
 
 Grace. 
 
 And haughtily the trumpets peal, and gaily dance the bells, 
 As slow upon the labouring wind the royal blazon swells. 
 Look how the Lion of the sea lifts up his ancient crown, 
 And underneath his deadly paw treads the gay lilies down. 
 So stalked he when he turned to flight, on that famed 
 
 Picard field, 
 Bohemia's plume, and Genoa's bow, and Caesar's eagle 
 
 shield. 
 
 So glared he when at Agincourt in wrath he turned to bay, 
 And crushed and torn beneath his claws the princely 
 
 hunters lay. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 129 
 
 Ho ! strike the flagstaff deep, Sir Knight : ho ! scatter 
 
 flowers, fair maids : 
 Ho ! gunners, fire a loud salute : ho ! gallants, draw your 
 
 blades ; 
 Thou sun, shine on her joyously ; ye breezes, waft her 
 
 wide ; 
 Our glorious " Semper Eadem" the banner of our pride. 
 
 The freshening breeze of eve unfurled that banner's massy 
 
 fold; 
 The parting gleam of sunshine kissed that haughty scroll 
 
 of gold ; 
 
 Night sank upon the dusky beach, and on the purple sea, 
 Such night in England ne'er had been, nor e'er again shall 
 
 be. 
 From Eddystone to Berwick bounds, from Lynn to Milford 
 
 Bay, 
 
 That time of slumber was as bright and busy as the day ; 
 For swift to east and swift to west the ghastly war-flame 
 
 spread ; 
 High on St. Michael's Mount it shone : it shone on Beachy 
 
 Head. 
 Far on the deep the Spaniard saw, along each southern 
 
 shire, 
 Cape beyond cape, in endless range, those twinkling points 
 
 of to?. 
 
 The fisher left his skiff to rock on Tamar's glittering waves: 
 The rugged miners poured to war from Mendip's sunless 
 
 caves : 
 O'er Longleat's towers, o'er Cranbourne's oaks, the fiery 
 
 herald flew : 
 He roused the shepherds of Stonehenge, the ranger of 
 
 Beaulieu. 
 Bight sharp and quick the bells all night rang out from 
 
 Bristol town, 
 And ere the day three hundred horse had met on Clifton 
 
 Down ; 
 
 The sentinel on Whitehall Gate looked forth into the night, 
 And saw o'erhanging Richmond Hill the streak of blood- 
 red li^ht. 
 
130 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 The bugle's note and cannon's roar the death-like silence 
 
 broke, 
 
 And with one start and with one cry, the royal city woke. 
 At once on all her stately gates arose the answering fires ; 
 At once the wild alarum clashed from all her reeling spires ; 
 From all the batteries of the Tower pealed loud the voice 
 
 of fear ; 
 And all the thousand masts of Thames sent back a louder 
 
 cheer : 
 
 And from the furthest wards was heard the rush of hurry- 
 ing feet, 
 And the broad streams of pikes and flags rushed down each 
 
 roaring street : 
 And broader still became the blaze, and louder still the 
 
 din, 
 As fast from every village round the horse came spurring 
 
 in; 
 And eastward straight from wild Blackheath the warlike 
 
 errand went, 
 And roused in many an ancient hall the gallant squires of 
 
 Kent. 
 Southward from Surrey's pleasant hills flew those bright 
 
 couriers forth ; 
 High on bleak Hampstead's swarthy moor they started for 
 
 the north ; 
 
 And on, and on, without a pause, untired they bounded 
 
 still : 
 All night from tower to tower they sprang ; they sprang 
 
 from hill to hill : 
 Till the proud peak unfurled the flag o'er Derwent's rocky 
 
 dales, 
 Till like volcanoes flared to heaven the stormy hills of 
 
 Wales, 
 Till twelve fair counties saw the blaze on Malvern's lonely 
 
 height, 
 Till streamed in crimson on the wind the Wrekin's crest of 
 
 light, 
 Till broad and fierce the star came forth on Ely's stately 
 
 fane, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 131 
 
 And tower and hamlet rose in arms o'er all the boundless 
 
 plain ; 
 ;Ber 
 
 Till Belvoir's lordly terraces the sign to Lincoln sent, 
 
 And Lincoln sped the message on o'er the wide vale of 
 Trent ; 
 
 Till Skiddaw saw the fire that burned on Gaunt's em- 
 battled pile, 
 
 And the red glare on Skiddaw roused the burghers of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF HUMAN LIFE. 
 
 BY SAMUEL ROGERS. 
 
 Author of " Pleasures of Memory" " Italy, " t and other Poems. 
 Born July 30, 1763 ; Died December 18, 1855. 
 
 Ca'TOl...son<7 of joy, Christmas 
 
 hymn 
 lul'-la-by -..soothing song sung 
 
 to children 
 cir'-cling. -going round, passing 
 
 from hand to hand 
 gos' '-sips friends and acquaint- 
 ances, tale-bearers 
 
 ea'-ger earnestly desirous 
 
 am'-ber . . transparent yellow, 
 
 the fossil amber being of a 
 
 clear yellow tint 
 
 bask 7 - ing enjoying warmth 
 
 be'-guiled charmed into 
 
 temporary forgetfulness 
 is'-SU-ing. .proceeding, coming 
 Ves'-tlireS- . .clothing, garments 
 nup'-tial pertaining to 
 
 marriage 
 
 ga'-zing ...looking intently on 
 de-di'-ning ...turned towards 
 
 dis'-tant , >...faro$ 
 
 de-part'-ing going away 
 
 re- turn' come back again 
 
 glim'-mers ..shines faintly for 
 
 a time 
 me'-te-or . . a falling star, or 
 
 bright appearance in the 
 
 heavens 
 
 WOn'-droilS . . . causing surprise 
 wan'-der-ing ...roaming from 
 
 place to place 
 
 re-Q[uire'.. want, need, demand 
 Stretched extended at full 
 
 length 
 bow'-er lady's chamber 9 
 
 summer retreat 
 min'-strel poet, singer t 
 
 belonging to a singer 
 Witch'-ing .fascinating, 
 
 enthralling 
 
 The lark has sung his carol in the sky ; 
 The bees have hummed their noontide lullaby ; 
 Still in the vale the village bells ring round, 
 
132 FOtJRTH MANCSEStfER READER. 
 
 Still in Llewellyn Hall the jests resound ; 
 
 For now the caudle-cup is circling there, 
 
 Now, glad at heart, the gossips breathe their prayer", 
 
 And, crowding, stop the cradle to admire 
 
 The babe, the sleeping image of his sire. 
 
 A few short years and then these sounds shall hail 
 The day again, and gladness fill the vale ; 
 So soon the child a youth, the youth a man, 
 Eager to run the race his fathers ran. 
 Then the huge ox shall yield the broad sirloin ; 
 The ale, new brewed, in floods of amber shine ; 
 And basking in the chimney's ample blaze, 
 'Mid many a tale told of his boyish days, 
 The nurse shall cry, of all her ills beguiled, 
 " ; Twas on these knees he sate so oft and smiled ! n 
 
 And soon again shall music swell the breeze ! 
 Soon, issuing forth, shall glitter through the trees 
 Vestures of nuptial white ; and hymns be sung, 
 And violets scattered round ; and old and young, 
 In every cottage porch, with garlands green, 
 Stand still to gaze, and, gazing, bless the scene j 
 While, her dark eyes declining, by his side 
 Moves in her virgin veil the gentle bride. 
 
 And once, alas ! nor in a distant hour, 
 Another voice shall come from yonder tower ; 
 When in dim chambers long black weeds are seen, 
 And weeping's heard where only joy has been ; 
 When by his children borne, and from his door 
 Slowly departing to return no more, 
 He rests in holy earth with them that went before^ 
 
 And such is Human Life ; so gliding on, 
 It glimmers like a meteor, and is gone ! 
 Yet is the tale, brief though it be, as strange, 
 As full methinks of wild and wondrous change, 
 As any that the wandering tribes require, 
 Stretched in the desert round their evening fire ; 
 As any sung of old in hall or bower 
 To minstrel harps at midnight's witching hour ! 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 133 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XV. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives FLOS, FLORIS, a flower; FOLIUM, a 
 leaf; and FORMA, shape or beauty. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives INTEGER, whole; and JUVENIS, young. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs DEGET, it becometh; DICO, / appoint, and 
 its participle DICATUS ; and DICO, / say, and its participle DICTDS, 
 said. 
 
 A NOBLE PEASANT. 
 
 BY THE REV. GEORGE CRABBE. 
 
 Author of " The Village," " The Borough," " Talcs of the Hall? 
 and other Poems. 
 
 Born December 24, 1754 ; 
 
 al-lied' ... related by blo r d 
 
 COn-t emn'-ing despising, 
 
 holding beneath his notice 
 
 un-ques'-tioned ...undoubted, 
 
 thoroughly believed 
 
 se-rene' calm, unruffled 
 
 dlS-may ed' alarmed and 
 
 confused 
 
 se'-ri-OUS sober, grave 
 
 ap-proved' held in esteem 
 
 do-mes'-tic...o/cwd belonging 
 
 to home 
 
 al-low'-ance ...sanction, per- 
 mission, excuse for the 
 doings of others 
 re-flec'-tion... thought, looking 
 
 back on 
 
 dis-tressed' worried, ren- 
 dered unhappy 
 
 Sto'-ic ...stern, unyielding, in- 
 different to pain or pleasure 
 
 hu-mane'-ly kindly, with 
 
 Died February 8, 1832. 
 
 fur'-rowed-. graven with deep 
 lines 
 
 Con-tempt' ...disliJce, disdain 
 
 de-ride' ...mock at t laugh and 
 sneer at 
 
 rus'-tic...o/or belonging to the 
 country 
 
 jea'-lous careful not to do 
 
 wrong 
 
 Stur'-dy strong, able to 
 
 endure labour 
 
 vir-tu'-OUS good in itself 
 
 and not leading to evil 
 
 de'-fied ...challenged to injure 
 
 mis'-named ...wrongly called 
 
 im-por'-tant ...momentous, of 
 great consequence 
 
 pol'-ish bright shining ap- 
 pearance 
 
 SUp-pli'-ant... earnest and sub- 
 missive 
 
 con-tent'-ed satisfied 
 
 manly feeling 
 
 Next to these ladies, but in nought allied, 
 A noble peasant, Isaac Ashford, died ; 
 Noble he was, contemning all things mean, 
 His truth unquestioned^ and his sou] serene ; 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Of no man's question Isaac felt afraid ; 
 
 At no man's presence Isaac looked dismayed ; 
 
 Shame knew him not, he dreaded no disgrace ; 
 
 Truth, simple truth, was written on his face ; 
 
 Yet, while the serious thought his soul approved, 
 
 Cheerful he seemed, and gentleness he loved : 
 
 To bliss domestic he his heart resigned, 
 
 And, with the firmest, had the fondest mind. 
 
 Were others joyful, he looked smiling on, 
 
 And gave allowance where he needed none ; 
 
 Good he refused with future ill to buy, 
 
 Nor knew a joy that caused reflection's sigh. 
 
 A friend to virtue, his unclouded breast 
 
 No envy stung, no jealousy distressed : 
 
 (Bane of the poor ! it wounds their weaker mind, 
 
 To miss the favour, which their neighbours mid :) 
 
 Yet far was he from stoic pride removed ; 
 
 He felt humanely, and he warmly loved. 
 
 I marked his action, when his infant died, 
 
 And his old neighbour for offence was tried : 
 
 The still tears, stealing down that furrowed cheek, 
 
 Spoke pity plainer than the tongue can speak. 
 
 If pride were his, 'twas not their vulgar pride, 
 
 Who, in their base contempt, the great deride ; 
 
 Nor pride in rustic skill, although we knew 
 
 None his superiors, and his equals few : 
 
 But, if that spirit in his soul had place, 
 
 It was the jealous pride that shuns disgrace ; 
 
 A pride in honest fame by virtue gained ; 
 
 In sturdy boys to virtuous labour trained ; 
 
 Pride in the power that guards his country's coast, 
 
 And all that Englishmen enjoy and boast ; 
 
 Pride in a life that slander's tongue defied 
 
 In fact, a noble passion, misnamed Pride. 
 
 In times severe, when many a sturdy swain 
 
 Belt it his pride, his comfort to complain, 
 
 Isaac their wants would soothe, his own would hide, 
 
 And feel in that his comfort and his pride. 
 
 True to his church he came, no Sunday shower 
 
 Kept him at home in that important hour. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER HEADER. 
 
 135 
 
 I feel his absence in the house of prayer, 
 And view his seat, and sigh for Isaac there. 
 I see no more those white locks, thinly spread 
 Round the bald polish of that honoured head ; 
 No more that meek and suppliant look in prayer, 
 Nor the pure faith (to give it force) are there. 
 But he is blest, and I lament no more 
 A wise good man, contented to be poor. 
 
 Arithmetic XVII. Liquid Measure Multiplication. 
 
 1. Multiply 3891 gals. 3 qts. 1 pint 2 gills and 9824 gali. 
 3 qts. 1 pt. 1 gil. by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. 
 
 2. Multiply 58927 gals- 1 qt. pt. 3 gils. and 49283 gals. 
 qt. 1 pint 2 gills by 984, 587, 426, and 343. 
 
 3. Multiply 329686 gals. 3 qts. 1 'pt. 3 gills by 5007, 8206, 
 and 93041. 
 
 DUEL OF BRUCE AND DE BOUNE AT 
 BANNOCKBURK 
 
 BY SIR WALTER SCOTT. 
 
 bris'-tled marked over its 
 
 extent with spears, erect Us 
 
 the bristles on a hog's back 
 pen'-nons-swiaM flays attached 
 
 to lances 
 bat'-tled . . .ranged in fight ing 
 
 order 
 dire'-ful .fearful, inspiring 
 
 terror 
 
 selle seat on horseback 
 
 Spright'-ly ...bright, animated 
 Wan'-der-ing roving from 
 
 spot to spot 
 mar'-shals sets in order of 
 
 battle 
 to'-kens signs ', namely, crest 
 
 and badge 
 
 aU-da'-ClOUS bold, daring 
 
 trai'-tor one who betrays 
 
 another 
 tOUr'-nay tilt, tournament 
 
 liege sovereign lord and 
 
 master 
 
 ad-ven'-tiire ...dare to go out 
 
 tQ give battle 
 Chiv'-al-ry . . . knightly prowess 
 
 and daring 
 COUChed set in rest, and 
 
 pointed towards the foe 
 
 mo'-tion-less without 
 
 stirring, fixed 
 
 daz' - zled overpowered 
 
 with the gleam of spears 
 
 pal^frey a riding horse, 
 
 generally Jit for a lady only 
 
 SWer'-ving turning away 
 
 from 
 
 baf '-fle (L.disappoin ted, baulked 
 
 her-met...M"07i defensive cover- 
 ing for the head 
 
 gaunt '-let glove of leather 
 
 and steel 
 
j[36 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Oh ! gay, yet fearful to behold, 
 Flashing with steel, and rough with gold, 
 
 And bristled o'er with bills and spears, 
 With plumes and pennons weaving fair, 
 Was that bright battle front ! for there 
 
 Rode England's king and peers. 
 And who that saw the monarch ride, 
 His kingdom battled by his side, 
 Could then his direful doom foretell 1 
 Fair was his seat in knightly selle, 
 And in his sprightly eye was set 
 Some spark of the Plantagenet. 
 Though light and wandering was his glance, 
 It flashed at sight of shield and lance. 
 " Knowest thou," he said, " De Argentine, 
 Yon knight who marshals Scotland's line 1 " 
 " The tokens on his helmet tell 
 The Bruce, my liege : I know him well." 
 " And shall the audacious traitor brave 
 The presence where our banners wave 1 " 
 " So please my liege," said Argentine, 
 " Were he but horsed on steed like mine, 
 To give him fair and knightly chance, 
 I would adventure forth my lance." 
 " In battle-day," the king replied, 
 "Nice tournay rules are set aside. 
 Still must the rebel dare our wrath ] 
 Set on him sweep him from our path ! " 
 And, at King Edward's signal, soon 
 Dashed from the ranks Sir Henry Boune. 
 Of Hereford's high blood he came, 
 A race renowned for knightly fame : 
 He burned before his monarch's eye 
 To do some deed of chivalry : 
 He spurred his steed, he couched his lance, 
 And darted on the Bruce at once. 
 As motionless as rocks, that bide 
 The wrath of the advancing tide, 
 The Bruce stood fast. Each breast beat high, 
 And dazzled was each gazing eye j 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 137 
 
 The heart had hardly time to think, 
 The eyelid scarce had time to wink, 
 While on the king, like flash of flame, 
 Spurred to full speed the war-horse came ! 
 The partridge may the falcon mock, 
 If that slight palfrey stand the shock : 
 But, swerving from the knight's career, 
 Just as they met, Bruce shunned the spear. 
 Onward the baffled warrior bore 
 His course but soon his course was o'er ! 
 High in his stirrups stood the king, 
 And gave his battle-axe the swing : 
 Right on De Boune, the whiles he passed, 
 Fell that stern dint the first the last ! 
 Such strength upon the blow was put, 
 The helmet crashed like hazel-nut ; 
 The axe-shaft, with its brazen clasp, 
 Was shivered to the gauntlet-grasp, 
 Springs from the blow the startled horse, 
 Drops to the plain the lifeless corse ! 
 First of that fatal field, how soon, 
 How sudden, fell the fierce de Boune ! 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XVI. 
 
 Form, according to the models, lists of English words from- - 
 
 1. The Latin substantives FORS, FORTIS, chance; FRATER, a 
 brother; FRAUS, FRAUDIS, deceit; and FRONS, FRONTIS, the forehead. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives LATUS, broad; and LAXUS, loose. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs DIVIDO, I part ; and DO, I give; and DOCEO, 
 I teach; with their respective participles, DATUS, given; and 
 DOCTUS, taught. 
 
 Arithmetic XVIII. Liquid Measure Division. 
 
 1. Divide 83692 gallons 3 qts. 1 pt. 3 gills., by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 92093 gallons 1 qrt. pts. 1 gill, by the 
 same numbers. 
 
 2. Divide 739684 gals. qts. 1 pt. 3 gills., by 24, 96, and 
 329, and divide 8310265 gals. 3 qts. 1 pt. 2 gills, by 343, 821, 
 948, and 1006. 
 
 3. Divide 8935068295 gallons 1 qt. 1 pt, 1 gill, by 3297, 
 \, 9008, ami 6441. 
 
1 38 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. IX. 
 
 PROBLEM XXXIII. To draw a pentagon or regular five-sided 
 figure on a given straight line, as A B. 
 
 From B with radius B A describe the arc A C, and at B draw B O, at 
 right angles to B A. Divide arc A O into five equal parts, in points D, E, 
 F, G. Draw a line from B to F. Bisect A B in H, and draw H K per- 
 pendicular to A B, meeting B F in K. From K with radius K B describe 
 a circle and set off A B round the circumference. Join B L, L M, M N, 
 N A. The resulting figure A B L M N is the pentagon required. 
 
 PROBLEM xxxiv. To draw a hexagon or regular six-sided 
 figure on a given straight line as A B. 
 
 From A and B with radius A B draw arcs intersecting in C. From C 
 with radius C A, describe circle A B D. Set off A B round the cir- 
 cumference. Join B E, E F, F G, G H, H A. The resulting figure A B 
 E F G H is the hexagon required. 
 
 PROBLEM XXXV. To describe a heptagon or regular seven 
 sided figure on a given straight line as A B. 
 
 From B with radius B A describe semicircle A C D on A B produced 
 to D. From A with same radius draw arc cutting semicircle in E. Bisect 
 A B in F. Join F E and produce it upwards. From D with radius E F 
 cut semicircle in G. Join B G. Bisect it in H and draw H L perpen- 
 dicular to B G cutting F E produced in L. From L with radius L A 
 describe a circle and set off A B or B G round the circumference. Join 
 G M, M N, N O, O P, P A. The resulting figure ABGMNOPis the 
 heptagon required. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 139 
 
 PROBLEM XXXVI. To describe an octagon or regular eignt- 
 Bided figure on a given straight line as A B. 
 
 Bisect A B in C, and from C with radius G A describe circle A D B. 
 From E with radius E A describe circle A B F. From F with radius F B 
 describe circle A B G. Set off A B round circumference of this circle. 
 Join B H, H K, K L, L M, M N, N O, O A. The resulting figure ABU 
 K L M N O is the octagon required. 
 
 A FATHER'S LETTER. 
 
 pro-VO'-keth makes, excites, 
 
 mores to 
 doc'-U-mentS .papers, letters 
 
 ten'-der early, youthful 
 
 feel'-ing-ly with tenderness 
 
 (Li-gQSti'-.-.tiirn over in thought 
 eon-tin'-U-al constant, 
 
 perpetual 
 
 med-i-ta'-tipn thought, 
 
 consideration 
 
 or'-di-na-ry not out of the 
 
 common, customary 
 
 dis-creet careful, prudent 
 
 as Sign' order, appoint 
 
 O-be'-di-ent. ..submissive, ready 
 
 to act according to orders 
 cau'-tioUS ca refu.1, observant 
 ges'-ture mj de of bearing 
 
 towards others 
 af'-fa-ble civil, polite, ready 
 
 to enter into intercourse 
 dl-ver'-si-ty difference, 
 
 various degrees 
 en-forced' ...obliged, compelled 
 
 in-flamed' heated, excited 
 
 grate'- fill... ..pleasing to others 
 
 loath'-sonie an object of 
 
 dislike 
 
 de-gen'-er-ate fait away 
 
 from the state of, whether 
 
 mental or bodily 
 
 Void .free from 
 
 SCUr-ril'-i-ty . ...low buffoonery 
 plO-Cll'-rer... 0'>e ivho proposes 
 
 a subject, or takes the lead in 
 
 conversation 
 
 rib'-ald-ry low and idle 
 
 language 
 
 Biqd'-est retiring, nd 
 
 forward and pushing 
 
 ram'-pired .fortified with 
 
 ramparts 
 
 re-proacll' disgrace, shame 
 
 ac count' -ed reckoned, 
 
 esteemed 
 
 en-dea'-VOUr try earnestly 
 
 des-cen'-ded.--caie down from 
 Or'-na-inent grace arid 
 
 honour 
 il-lus'-tri-OUS .famous, 
 
 renowned 
 
 Ca-pa'-ci-ty understanding 
 
 The following letter was written by Sir Henry Sidney, 
 to his son Philip, then twelve years of age, at school, in 
 Shrewsbury. The original is kept at Penshurst : 
 
 " I have received two letters from you ; which I take in 
 good part ; and, since this is my first letter that ever I did 
 write to you, I will not that it be empty of some advices, 
 which my natural care of you provoketh me to wish you to 
 follow, as documents to you in this your tender age. 
 
140 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 " Let your first action be the lifting up of your mind to 
 Almighty God by hearty prayer ; and feelingly digest the 
 words you speak in prayer, with continual meditation, and 
 thinking of Him to whom you pray, and of the matter for 
 which you pray ; and use this at an ordinary hour, whereby 
 the time itself will put you in remembrance to do that 
 which you are accustomed to do in that time. 
 
 " Apply your study to such hours as your discreet master 
 doth assign you, earnestly ; and the time, I know, he will 
 so limit as shall be both sufficient for your learning, and 
 safe for your health. 
 
 " And mark the sense and the matter of that you read, 
 as well as the words, so shall you both enrich your tongue 
 with words, and your wit with matter ; and judgment will 
 grow as years groweth in you. 
 
 " Be humble and obedient to your master ; for, unless 
 you frame yourself to obey orders, yea, and feel in yourself 
 what obedience is, you shall never be able to teach others 
 how to obey you. 
 
 " Be cautious of gesture, and affable to all men, with 
 diversity of reverence, according to the dignity of the 
 person. There is nothing that winneth so much with so 
 little cost. * 
 
 " Use moderate diet, so as, after your meat, you may find 
 your wit fresher and not duller, and your body more lively, 
 and not more heavy. 
 
 " Seldom drink wine, and yet sometimes do ; lest being 
 enforced to drink upon the sudden, you should find your- 
 self inflamed. 
 
 " Use exercise of body, but such as is without peril of 
 your joints or bones ; it will increase your force and 
 enlarge your breath. 
 
 "Delight to be cleanly, as well in all parts of your body 
 as in your garments ; it shall make you grateful in each 
 company, and otherwise, loathsome. 
 
 " Give yourself to be merry ; for you degenerate from 
 your father, if you find not yourself most able in wit and 
 body to do anything when you be most merry. But let 
 your mirth be ever void of all scurrility and biting words 
 to any man ; for a wound given by a word is oftentimes 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 141 
 
 harder to be cured than that which is given with the 
 sword. 
 
 " Be you rather a hearer and bearer away of other men's 
 talk, than a beginner or procurer of speech ; otherwise 
 you shall be counted to delight to hear yourself speak. 
 
 " If you hear a wise sentence, or an apt phrase, commit 
 it to your memory, with respect to the circumstance when 
 you shall speak it. 
 
 " Let never oath be heard to come out of your mouth, 
 nor word of ribaldry ; detest it in others, so shall custom 
 make to yourself a law against it in yourself. 
 
 " Be modest in each assembly ; and rather be rebuked 
 of light fellows for maiden-like shame-facedness, than of 
 your sad friends for pert boldness. 
 
 " Think upon every word that you will speak before you 
 utter it, and remember how nature hath rampired up, as it 
 were, the tongue with teeth, lips, yea, and hair without the 
 lips, and all betokening reins or bridles for the loose use of 
 that member. 
 
 " Above all things, tell no untruth ; no, not in trifles. 
 The custom of it is naught ; and let it not satisfy you, 
 that, for a time, the hearers take it for a truth ; for, after, 
 it will be known as it is, to your shame ; for there cannot 
 be a greater reproach to a gentleman than to be accounted 
 a liar. 
 
 " Study and endeavour yourself to be virtuously occupied; 
 so shall you make such a habit of well-doing in you, that 
 you shall not know how to do evil though you would. 
 
 " Remember, my son, the noble blood you are descended 
 of by your mother's side, arid think that only by virtuous 
 life and good action, you may be an ornament to that 
 illustrious family ; and, otherwise, through vice and sloth, 
 you shall be counted lobes generis (a disgrace to the family), 
 one of the greatest curses that can happen to man. 
 
 " Well, my little Philip, this is enough for me, and too 
 much, I fear, for you. But, if I shall find that this light 
 meal of digestion nourish anything the weak stomach of 
 your young capacity, I will, as I find the same grow 
 stronger, feed it with tougher food. 
 
 " Your loving father, so long as you live in the fear of 
 God. H, SIDNEY," 
 
142 
 
 MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 The little Philip of this beautiful letter was afterwards 
 Sir Philip Sidney, one of the best and most favoured of the 
 courtiers of Queen Elizabeth, who fell at the early age of 32, 
 in the battle of Zutphen in the Low Countries, whither he 
 had gone with the Earl of Leicester to aid the Dutch 
 against their oppressors, the Spaniards. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XVII. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives FUNDUS,- a foundation; GELU, frost, 
 ice; GLOBUS, a ball ; GRANUM, a grain; and GREX, GREGIS, a flock. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives LEVIS, light ; and LIBER, free. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs DUCO, / lead; and EMO, 1 buy ; and their 
 respective participles, DUCTUS, led; and EMPTUS, bought. 
 
 THE LAST OF THE FLOCK. 
 
 BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 
 
 high'- Way ...... principal road 
 
 from one place to another 
 
 Stur'-dy ...strong and able to 
 work 
 
 Seemed ............... appeared 
 
 es-Say' ...effort, attempt, trial 
 
 lus'-ty ......... strong , vigorous 
 
 num'-bered ............ counted, 
 
 reckoned 
 
 in-creased' ...added to, made 
 
 greater 
 come'-ly ......... handsome in 
 
 appearance 
 pe'-rish ...... die, lose our lives 
 
 pov'-er-ty.-.wani and distress 
 tamed ......... quelled, subdued 
 
 '... assistance, temporary 
 
 aid 
 
 woe-fill ...miserable, sorrow- 
 ful 
 reared ...bred and brought up 
 
 dwin'-dled grew less and 
 
 less in number 
 reck'-less careless through 
 
 despair 
 
 Strug'-gle contest, jight 
 
 in-clined' bent, prone 
 
 cra'-zi-ly...Zi/i;e a madman or 
 
 idiot 
 wea'-ri-ly as if tired, and 
 
 toil worn 
 
 cursed gave over to evil 
 
 dis-tress' trouble, grief of 
 
 mind 
 yes'-ter-day ...the day which 
 
 preceeds the present day 
 
 In distant countries have I been, 
 And yet, I have not often seen 
 A healthy man, a man full grown, 
 Weep in the public roads alone. 
 But such an one, on English ground, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 143 
 
 And in the broad highway I met ; 
 Along the broad highway he came, 
 
 His cheeks with tears were wet ; 
 Sturdy he seemed, though he was sad, 
 And in his arms a lamb he had. 
 He saw me, and he turned aside, 
 As if he wished himself to hide ; 
 Then with his coat he made essay 
 To drive those briny tears away. 
 I followed him, and said, " My friend, 
 
 What ails you ? wherefore weep you so ? w 
 " Shame on me, sir ! this lusty lamb, 
 
 He makes my tears to flow : 
 To-day I fetched him from the rock 
 He is the last of all my flock. 
 " When I was young a single man, 
 And after youthful follies ran, 
 Though little given to care and thought, 
 Yet, so it was, a ewe I bought ; 
 And other sheep from her I raised, 
 
 As healthy sheep as you might see ; 
 And then I married, and was rich 
 
 As I could wish to be ; 
 Of sheep I numbered a full, score, 
 And every year increased my store. 
 " Year after year my stock it grew ; 
 And from this one, this single ewe, 
 Full fifty comely sheep I raised, 
 As sweet a flock as ever grazed ! 
 Upon the mountain did they feed ; 
 
 They throve and we at home did 
 This lusty lamb, of all my store, 
 
 Is all that is alive ; 
 And now I care not if we die, 
 And perish all of poverty. 
 
 " Six children, sir, had I to feed ; 
 Hard labour in a time of need ! 
 My pride was tamed, and in our grief 
 I of the parish asked relief 
 
144: EOIJRTH MANCHESTER 
 
 They said I was a wealthy man 
 
 My skeep upon the mountain fed 
 And it was fit that thence I took 
 
 Whereof to buy us bread." 
 " Do this ; how can we give to you/' 
 They cried, " What to the poor is due 1 " 
 " I sold a sheep, as they had said, 
 And bought my little children bread, 
 And they were healthy with their food ; 
 For me, it never did me good. 
 A woeful time it was for me 
 
 To see the end of all my gains, 
 The pretty flock which I had reared, 
 
 With all my care and pains, 
 To see it melt like snow away ! 
 For me it was a woeful day. 
 " Another still ! and still another ! 
 A little lamb and then its mother ! 
 It was a vein that never stopped 
 Like blood drops from my heart they dropped. 
 Till thirty were not left alive, 
 
 They dwindled, dwindled, one by one ; 
 And I may say that, many a time, 
 
 I wished they all were gone 
 Keckless of what might come at last, 
 Were but the bitter struggle past. 
 " To wicked deeds I was inclined, 
 And wicked fancies crossed my mind ; 
 And every man I chanced to see, 
 I thought he knew some ill of me. 
 No peace, no comfort, could I find ; 
 
 No ease within doors, or without ; 
 And crazily, and wearily, 
 
 I went my work about, 
 Bent oftentimes to flee from home, 
 And hide my head where wild beasts roam. 
 " Sir, 'twas a precious flock to me, 
 As dear as my own children be ; 
 For daily with my growing store, 
 I love'd my children more and more. 
 
MANCHESTER HEADER, J 4 g 
 
 Alas ! it was an evil time ! 
 
 God cursed me in my sore distress ; 
 I prayed, yet every day I thought 
 
 I loved my children less ; 
 And every week, and every day, 
 My flock it seemed to melt away. 
 
 " They dwindled, sir, sad sight to see ! 
 From ten to five, from five to three, 
 A lamb, a wether, and a ewe ; 
 And then at last from three to two : 
 And, of my fifty yesterday 
 
 I had but only one ; 
 And here it lies upon my arm, 
 
 Alas ! and I have none ; 
 To-day I fetched it from the rock ; 
 It is the last of aU my flock ! " 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XVIII. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The latin nouns ILERES, H^JREDTS, an heir ; HOMO, a man ; 
 HONOR, honour ; and HOSPES, HOSPITIS, a guest. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives LONGUS, tall or long ; and MAGNUS, 
 greafti and the comparative of MAGNUS, MAJOR, greater. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs EO, / go, participle ITUS, gone ; ERRO, / 
 wander; FALLO, / deceive, participle FALSUS, deceived; and FACIO, 
 / make or do, participle FACTUS, done. 
 
 Arithmetic XIX. Time Reduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 837, 989, 1053, 2476, and 51023 years to weeks, 
 days, hours, minutes, and seconds. How many seconds are 
 there in one day ? 
 
 2. Reduce the following sums to seconds: 3934 yrs. 69 dys. 
 9 hrs. 54 min. 35 sec. and 8205 years 50 weeks 4 days 15 hours 
 29 min. 44 sec. 
 
 3. Reduce 82198963456 seconds to days and weeks, and 
 549238765429 seconds to days and years. 
 
 4. Reduce 9286534929 seconds to lunar monthi; and also to 
 calendar months, each averaging 30 days. 
 
FOURTH 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 A Paraphrase of the 13tli Chapter of St. Paul's Epistle to the Corinthians. 
 BY MATTHEW PRIOR. 
 
 Author of"A History of his own Time" "Poetical Works" and 
 numerous Poems. 
 
 Born July 21, 1664 ; Died September 18, 1721. 
 
 Bi'-CiOTCTL-ornament, lend grace to 
 
 pro-nounced'...s>pofc, uttered 
 
 SCi'-ence knowledge 
 
 de-fine' express clearly in 
 
 words 
 tor'-tures . . . torments, causing 
 
 bodily pain and distress 
 
 in-dul'-gent gentle, tender 
 
 ex-ert'-ed brought into 
 
 action 
 
 cym'-bal a metal plate 
 
 sounded by striking against 
 another of the same kind 
 el'-O-quence. . .power of speech 
 cha'-ri-ty ...kindness towards 
 
 others, and a readiness to 
 
 excuse their failings 
 ab'-ject ...cast down, debased 
 ar'-bi-tra-ry . . .domineering, 
 
 despotic 
 
 pro-VOked' ...excited to anger 
 pee'- vish... //*/, worried by 
 
 trifles 
 
 re-stric'-tions..fto?mds, limits 
 ded'-i-cates...#iy<?s or devotes 
 
 entirely 
 de-Crees' . . . orders, commands, 
 
 enjoins 
 pro'-phe-cy ...the foretelling 
 
 of events to come 
 dis-cov'-er '.find out 
 
 dif-fuso' spread in all 
 
 directions 
 in-ter-ve'-ning coming 
 
 between 
 plan'-et S wandering s tars, 
 
 or stars within our solar 
 
 system moving round the 
 
 sun like the earth 
 fee'-ble weak, devoid of 
 
 power 
 COn-firmed' strengthened, 
 
 supported 
 dawn'-ing ...first appearance, 
 
 as of light at day break 
 ef-fill'-gence . . . brilliant, light 
 me'-di-ate ...coming between 
 tiis-pelled' driven away, 
 
 dispersed 
 me-ri'-di-an...w/H blaze of 
 
 glory, as the sun at mid-day 
 COn'-Stant steadfast, un- 
 changeable 
 cer-tam-lX surety 
 
 tri-limph'-ant obtaining 
 
 the mastery 
 
 lin-COn-SUnied' not extin- 
 guished, not destroyed or 
 burnt out 
 
 STir-vive'^fo^, or live longer 
 
 con-fessed' admitted , 
 
 acknowledged 
 
 Did sweeter sounds adorn my flowing tongue, 
 Than ever man pronounced or angels sung, 
 
MANCHESTER READJEB, 147 
 
 Had I all knowledge, human and divine, 
 That thought can reach or science can define ; 
 And had I power to give that knowledge birth 
 In all the speeches of the babbling earth j 
 Did Shadrach's zeal my growing breast inspire 
 To weary tortures and rejoice in fire ; 
 Or had I faith like that which Israel saw 
 When Moses gave them miracles and law : 
 Yet, gracious Charity ! indulgent guest, 
 Were not thy power exerted in my breast, 
 Those speeches would send up unheeded prayer, 
 That scorn of life would be but wild*despair ; 
 A cymbal's sound were better than my voice 
 My faith were form, my eloquence were noise. 
 
 Charity ! decent, modest, easy, kind, 
 Softens the high, and rears the abject mind ; 
 Knows with just reins, and gentle hand to guide. 
 Betwixt vile shame and arbitrary pride : 
 Not soon provoked, she easily forgives. 
 And much she suffers as she much believes. 
 Soft peace she brings wherever she arrives : 
 She builds our quiet as she forms our lives : 
 Lays the rough path of peevish nature even, 
 And opens in our heart a little heaven. 
 
 Each other gift, which God on man bestows, 
 Its proper bounds and due restrictions knows ; 
 To one fixed purpose dedicates its power, 
 And finishing its acts exists no more. 
 Thus, in obedience to -what heaven decrees, 
 Knowledge shall fail and prophecy shall cease : 
 But lasting Charity's more ample sway, 
 Nor bound by time, nor subject to decay, 
 In happy triumph shall for ever live, 
 And endless good diffuse, and endless praise receive. 
 
 As through the artist's intervening glass 
 Our eye observes the distant planets pass, 
 A little we discover, but allow 
 That more remains unseen than art can show : 
 So, whilst our mind its knowledge would improve 
 (Its feeble eye intent on things above), 
 
148 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 
 
 High as we may, we lift our reason up, 
 By faith directed, and confirmed by hope ; 
 Yet we are able only to survey 
 Dawnings of beams and promises of day : 
 Heaven's fuller effulgence mocks our dazzled sight. 
 Too great its swiftness, and too strong its light. 
 
 But soon the mediate clouds shall be dispelled, 
 The Sun shall soon be face to face beheld, 
 In all his robes, with all his glory on, 
 Seated, sublime, on his meridian throne. 
 
 Then constant Faith and holy Hope shall die, 
 One lost in certainty, and one in joy ; 
 Whilst thou, more happy power, fair Charity, 
 Triumphant sister, greatest of the three, 
 Thy office and thy nature still the same, 
 Lasting thy lamp, and unconsumed thy flame, 
 Shalt still survive 
 
 Shalt stand before the host of Heaven confessed, 
 For ever blessing, and for ever blessed. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XIX. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives HOSTIS, an enemy; IGNIS, fire; 
 INSULA, an island ; and ITER, a journey. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives, MALUS, lad, evil ; and MATURUS, ripe. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs FENDO, / strike, participle, FENSUS, 
 struck ; FERO, / bear or carry, participle, LATUS, borne or carried; 
 FERVEO, I boil; and FIDO, 1 trust. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XX. 
 
 A gentleman who went to congratulate an old acquaintance 
 who had been raised to the dignity of Cardinal, was addressed 
 with, "Pray, sir, may I crave the favour of your name and 
 business." His reply was, " I am come to condole with your 
 Eminence, and to tell you how heartily I pity men who are 
 overcharged with dignity and preferment, for it turns their 
 brains to such a degree that they can neither see, nor hear, nor 
 understand like other men, and they are as strange to their old 
 friends as if they had never seen them before," 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 H9 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN FREEMAN. 
 
 BY WILLIAM COWPER. 
 
 e'-lD an one who enjoys 
 
 liberty, or who holds a 
 particular franchise or 
 privilege 
 
 con-f ed'-er-at e landed 
 
 together 
 
 withes lands made of twisted 
 twigs or osiers 
 
 COm-pared'... placed in juxta- 
 position with 
 
 de-light'-ful ...pleasant, agree- 
 able 
 
 SCe'-ne-iy ...surrounding view 
 
 re-splen'-dent- ...shining bril- 
 liantly 
 
 pro-pri'-e-ty suitableness, 
 
 fitness 
 
 fil'-i-al ...dutiful as a son to a 
 father 
 
 eon'-fi-dence trustfulness, 
 
 reliance 
 
 un-pre-sumpt'-u-ous not 
 
 daring or desiring to take 
 
 a liberty 
 
 ex-alt'-ed raised, lifted up 
 
 Un-wea'-ried ... untiring y not 
 
 fatigued 
 
 gar'-ners . 
 
 sense'-less 
 
 reason 
 lib'-er-ty 
 
 ... refusing to obey 
 
 .barns, storehouses 
 
 ...foolish, without 
 
 .freedom, licence 
 '. . . not charged 
 with 
 
 u-sur-pa'-tion ...... the act oj 
 
 talcing what belongs to another 
 ap-pro'-pri-ates. . .assigns, sets 
 
 apart 
 ere ........................... before 
 
 inul'-ti-tude ......... very great 
 
 number 
 COn-di'-tion ......... phase, state 
 
 man'-i-fold- .multiplied, replete 
 pen'-U-ry . . .poverty, want, desti- 
 
 tution 
 Cp-pres'-SOr.. tyrant, one who 
 
 treats another with cruelty 
 ac- quaint '/7<^ft a knowledge of 
 
 ad-mit'-ted...aZtoed to come 
 
 or enter 
 per-ceive' ...... see, understand 
 
 ill StYUCV-efiL... taught, educated 
 IQl'-ish<.. enjoy, take pleasure in 
 
 He is a freeman whom the truth makes free, 
 And all are slaves besides. There's not a chain 
 That hellish foes, confederate for his harm, 
 Can wind around him, but he casts it off 
 With as much ease as Samson his green withes. 
 He looks abroad into the varied field 
 Of nature ; and, though poor, perhaps, compared 
 With those whose mansions glitter in his sight, 
 Calls the delightful scenery all his own. 
 His are the mountains, and the valleys his, 
 And the resplendent rivers : his to enjoy 
 
150 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 With a propriety that none can feel 
 But who, with filial confidence inspired, 
 Can lift to Heaven an unpresumptuous eye, 
 And smiling say " My Father made them all ! n 
 Are they not his by a peculiar right 
 Whose eye they fill with tears of holy joy, 
 Whose heart with praise, and whose exalted mind 
 With worthy thoughts of that unwearied love 
 That planned, and built, and still upholds a world 
 So clothed with beauty for rebellious man ? 
 Yes ye may fill your garners, ye that reap 
 The loaded soil, and }^e may waste much good 
 In senseless riot ; but } T e will not find 
 In feast or in the chase, in song or dance, 
 A liberty like his, who, unimpeached 
 Of usurpation, and to no man's wrong, 
 Appropriates nature as his Father's work, 
 And has a richer use of yours than you. 
 He is indeed a Freeman. Free by birth 
 Of no mean city, planned or ere the hills 
 Were built, the fountains opened, or the sea, 
 With all his roaring multitude of waves. 
 His freedom is the same in every state ; 
 And no condition of this changeful life, 
 So manifold in cares, whose every day 
 Brings its own evil with it, makes it less ; 
 For he has wings that neither sickness, pain, 
 Nor penury can cripple or confine : 
 No nook so narrow but he spreads them there 
 With ease, and is at large. The oppressor holds 
 His body bound, but knows not what a range 
 His spirit takes, unconscious of a chain ; 
 And that to bind him is a vain attempt, 
 Whom God delights in, and in whom He dwells. 
 
 Acquaint thyself with God, if thou would'st taste 
 His works. Admitted once to his embrace, 
 Thou shalt perceive that thou wast blind before : 
 Thine eye shall be instructed, and thine heart, 
 Made pure, shall relish with divine delight, 
 Till then unfelt, what hands divine have wrought. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. X. 
 
 PROBLEM xxxvii. To inscribe a pentagon in any given circle, 
 is A B C. 
 
 Draw diameter A B. Bisect it in D. Draw D E at right angles to A B. 
 Bisect A D in E, From E with radius E C describe arc C P. Join C F. 
 Set off this line round the circumference. Join C G, G H, H K, K L, L G. 
 The resulting figure C G II K L is the pentagon required. 
 
 PROBLEM xxxviii. To inscriba a nexa,gon in any given circle, 
 as A B C. 
 
 Draw diameter A B. Bisect it in D. Set off A D around the circum- 
 ference of the circle. Join A E, E F, F B, B G, G H, I! A. The resulting 
 figure A E F B G H is the hexagon required. 
 
 'PROBLEM xxxix. To inscribe a heptagon in a given circle, as 
 ABC. 
 
 Draw the diameter A B. Bisect it in D. Bisect A D in E, and through 
 E draw F G at right angles to A D. Set off E L round the circumference 
 of the circle from A. Join A G, G H, H K, K L, L M, M N, N A, The 
 resulting figure A G H K L M F is the heptagon required. 
 
 PROBLEM XL. To inscribe an octagon in a given circle, as AB 
 CD. 
 
 Draw two diameters A C, B D at right angles to each other intersecting 
 in the point E. Bisect the angles AEB, BEG, CED, DBA, with 
 straight lines cutting the circumference in F, G, H, K. Join A F, F B, 
 B G, G C, C H, H D, D K, and K A. The resulting figure A FB G C H D 
 K is the octagon required. 
 
152 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 THE OCEAN. 
 
 BY LORD BYRON. 
 
 path'-leSS...wnrocZcZe7i by man 
 
 rap'-ture extreme delight 
 
 in'-ter-views meetings, 
 
 conferences 
 min'-gls niix with, associate 
 
 with 
 
 u'-ni- verse the whole of 
 
 creation 
 COn-ceal' hide, Jceep from 
 
 others 
 
 COn-trol' poiver, sovereignty 
 
 rav' ' -&gQ. destruction, spoliation 
 un-knelled'-w^/iowZ the tolling 
 
 of the passing bell 
 
 vile base, evil, despicable 
 
 Spurn'- ing repelling with 
 
 disdain 
 shiv'- er-ing shaking with 
 
 cold and terror 
 arm'-a-mentS./orccs equipped 
 
 for war, munitions of war 
 
 cap'-i-tals chief cities 
 
 le-vi'-a-thans ....huge ships of 
 
 war 
 
 cre'-a-tor maker, builder 
 
 em'-pires...$rea andpowerful 
 states 
 
 ar'-bi-ter ...-the judge, one who 
 has power to decide and deter- 
 mine 
 
 ty-rant'. ..despot, absolute ruler 
 
 un-change'-a-ble without 
 
 alteration 
 wrin'-kle crease or fold in 
 
 the skin 
 
 az'-lire...o/a bright blue colour 
 mir'-ror.. surface having the 
 
 power of reflecting images 
 COn-Vlllsed' thrown into 
 
 commotion 
 t Or'-rid hot, burning 
 
 bound'-less without limit 
 
 e-ter'-ni-ty duration, with- 
 out beginning or end 
 
 in-vis'-i-ble that which can- 
 not be seen 
 
 fath'-Oni-leSS so deep that 
 
 the depths cannot be measured 
 
 wan'-toned played with 
 
 break'-ers... waves dashing on 
 the shore 
 
 fresh'-en-ing set in quicker 
 
 motion by the wind 
 
 There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, 
 
 There is a rapture by the lonely shore, 
 There is society, where none intrudes, 
 
 By the deep sea, and music in its roar ! 
 
 I love not man the less, but nature more, 
 From these our interviews in which I steal 
 
 From all I may be, or have been before, 
 To mingle with the universe, and feel 
 What I can ne'er express, yet cannot all conceal 
 
 Boll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean roll ! 
 Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain ; 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 15 3 
 
 Man marks the earth with ruin his control 
 Stops with the shore ; upon the watery plain 
 The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain 
 
 A shadow of man's ravage, sav^ his own, 
 "When, for a moment, like a drop of rain, 
 
 He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan 
 
 Without a grave, unknelled, uncoffined, and unknown. 
 
 His steps are not upon thy paths thy fields 
 Are not a spoil for him thou dost arise 
 
 And shake him from thee ; the vile strength he wields 
 For earth's destruction thou dost all despise, 
 Spurning him from thy bosom to the skies, 
 
 And send'st him shivering in thy playful spray, 
 And howling, to his gods, where haply lies 
 
 His petty hope in some near port or bay, 
 
 And dashest him again to earth : there let him lay. 
 
 The armaments which thunderstrike the walls 
 
 Of rock-built cities, bidding nations quake, 
 And monarchs tremble in their capitals ; 
 
 The oak leviathans, whose huge ribs make 
 
 Their clay creator the vain title take 
 Of lord of thee, and arbiter of war ; 
 
 These are thy toys ; and, as the snowy flake, 
 They melt into thy yeast of waves, which mar 
 Alike the Armada's pride, or spoils of Trafalgar. 
 
 Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee 
 Assyria, Greece, Home, Carthage, what are they I 
 
 Thy waters wasted them while they were free, 
 And many a tyrant since : their shores obey 
 The stranger, slave, or savage ; their decay 
 
 Has dried up realms to deserts : not so thou ; 
 Unchangeable save to thy wild waves' play, 
 
 Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow 
 
 Such as creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest now. 
 
 Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form 
 Glasses itself in tempests ; in all time, 
 
 Calm or convulsed in breeze, or gale, or storm, 
 Icing the pole, or in the torrid clime 
 Park-heaving ; boundless, endless, and sublime 
 
154 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, 
 
 The image of Eternity the throne 
 
 Of the Invisible ; even from out thy slime 
 The monsters of the deep are made ; each zone 
 Obeys thee ; thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone. 
 
 And I have loved thee, ocean ! and my joy 
 Of youthful sports was on thy breast to be 
 
 Borne, like thy bubbles, onward : from a boy 
 I wantoned with thy breakers they to me 
 Were a delight ; and if the freshening sea 
 
 Made them a terror 'twas a pleasing fear ; 
 For I was as it were a child of thee, 
 
 And trusted to thy billows far and near, 
 
 And laid my hand upon thy mane as I do here. 
 
 Arithmetic XX. Time Addition. 
 
 (1). yrs. dys. hrs. min. sec. (2). yrs. wks. clys. hrs. min. sec. 
 
 35629 324 18 43 54 91425 51 4 17 19 11 
 
 42187 187 3 54 29 43369 13 6 4 43 21 
 
 64033 163 21 23 44 27527 27 3 16 56 34 
 
 25168 245 15 7 37 69893 16 23 27 53 
 
 54271 303 19 16 28 73405 2 5 11 39 47 
 
 3. Add together 349 yrs. 7 hrs., 169 dys. 27 min., 871 yrs. 
 14 dys. 19 hrs. 49 sees., and 241 yrs. 311 dys. 21 hrs. 58 min. 
 and 23 sees. 
 
 Subtraction. 1 
 
 (1). yrs. dys. hrs. min. sec. (2). yrs. wks. dys hrs. min. sec. 
 52569 127 14 3 19 46290 7 5 21 8 4 
 40187 360 23 49 53 39756 51 6 15 54 33 
 
 3. From 869 calendar months, averaging 30 days each, take 
 793 lunar months ; and from 3897 yrs. 269 dys. 3 hrs. 5 rnin. 
 16 sec. take 2039 yrs. 42 wks. 3 dys. 14 hrs. 29 min. 54 sec. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XXL 
 
 Solon, being asked why among his laws there was not one 
 against personal affronts, answered that he could not believe 
 the world so fantastical as to regard them. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER "READER. 
 
 155 
 
 THE MIGRATION OF BIEDS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 {-IQ... subject for thought or 
 conversation 
 
 fca'-tion. .thought, con- 
 sideration 
 
 pe ri-od'-i-cal at certain 
 
 seasons 
 
 mi-gra'-tion . change of abode 
 by going from one place or 
 country to another 
 
 in-still ct'-ive ..resulting from 
 some natural prompting 
 
 im-pel'-ling sending or 
 
 driving onward 
 
 SCi-en-tif'-ic ...learned, skilled 
 in knowledge 
 
 es-pe'-cial .particular, 
 
 peculiar 
 
 lat'-i-tudes distances from 
 
 the equator measured north- 
 ward and southward in 
 degrees 
 
 e-nam'-el...#w<?s a coating of 
 brilliant colours 
 
 grad'-U-al-ly . . . by degrees, strp 
 by step 
 
 im-S8C-tiv'-0-roilS .feeding 
 
 on insects 
 
 in-ca'-pa-ble not able, un- 
 equal to 
 
 SUS-tain'-ing bearing up, 
 
 under 
 
 tem-per-a-ture....wm/i or 
 
 coolness of the air 
 
 con-ge'-ni-al suitable to, 
 
 adapted to 
 des'-tined decreed by fate 
 
 No subject connected with natural history is so interest- 
 ing, or has been so much the topic of meditation, as the 
 periodical migration of the feathered race: these instinctive 
 
 sin'-gu-lar . . .peculiar, worthy 
 of notice 
 
 con-nect'-ed linked with, 
 
 associated with 
 in-vite' summon, welcome , 
 
 call 
 ex-p3Ct'-ed-tt'0ited/or, looked 
 
 out for 
 Snared taken in a trap on 
 
 springs 
 
 cap-tiy'-i-ty ...restraint, im- 
 prisonment 
 
 ap-point'-ed- . . .fixed, ordered 
 breed'-ing ...laying eggs and 
 
 hatching young 
 
 res'-i-clence ...place of abode 
 e'-lon-ga-ted ...made of great 
 
 length 
 a-aua'-tic...o/0r belonging to 
 
 the water 
 
 Struc'-ture.../on, make, or- 
 ganisation 
 
 SO'-Cl-al .friendly 
 
 COH-J oined' taken together 
 
 with 
 COHl-pla'-cen-cy. . ..a pleasant 
 
 feeling 
 
 a-ban'-don leave, desert 
 
 in-CU-ba'-tioil.ac of hatching 
 
 rear'-ing bringing up 
 
 so'-j our n-ing temporary stay 
 SUr-round'-ing ... encircling , 
 
 neighbouring 
 con-sul-ta'-tion earnest 
 
 conversation 
 
 f rest, harbour 
 
156 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 phenomena have been observed in all ages, and in all ages 
 have alike led the mind up to that Almighty Power, which, 
 impelling the birds of the air 
 
 11 from zone to zone," 
 s Guides through the boundless sky their certain flight. 
 
 The sages of old, as well as the scientific of the present 
 day, have equally considered the subject to be worthy their 
 especial attention. 
 
 The migration of birds is twofold, northwards and south- 
 wards ; or, in other words, there is, in our latitudes at least, 
 a periodical ebb and tide of spring and winter visitors. 
 
 When the daisy and the cowslip, and the violet, 
 
 " And ladye-smocks, all silver white," 
 
 enamel our meadows, a multitude of birds, whose voices 
 tell of spring, appear, new-sprung as it were into existence. 
 Gradually, with the advance of the season, have they been 
 working their way from the regions of the south, where, 
 during our frozen winter, they have enjoyed food and 
 warmth : but they are still our birds, for here they build 
 their nests and rear their young, and return, many at least, 
 year after year, to their old and well-tried haunts. Our 
 summer birds of passage are mostly insectivorous, or live 
 upon that kind of food which they find it impossible to pro- 
 cure during the severities of winter ; in addition to which, 
 they are incapable of sustaining a low degree of temperature ; 
 hence the necessity of their seeking not only a region where 
 their wants may be supplied, but a latitude the temperature 
 of which shall be, while they remain there, congenial to 
 their nature. There is one singular fact connected with the 
 arrival of our welcome visitors, not easy to account for ; 
 it is this, the males appear in our woodlands several days, 
 sometimes a week or two, before the females join them, 
 and it would seem as if they came to look out for a fit spot, 
 deep glen or hawthorn hedge, to which to invite their 
 expected mates ; for their notes of call are heard in every 
 direction. Of this fact the bird-catchers are well aware, 
 and prepare their traps accordingly ; and it is often the fate 
 of the nightingale to be snared on his first arrival, and to be 
 destined to lead a life, short, indeed; of miserable captivity. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER, j 57 
 
 Besides the nightingale, the black-cap, the garden warbler, 
 the white-throat, the willow wrens, the wheatear, the 
 swallow, the cuckoo, " darling of the spring," and many 
 more, whose mingled voices swell great Nature's hymn of 
 praise to the God of seasons, are in the list of our periodical 
 visitors. All these are mainly insectivorous. We shall, 
 however, notice two birds particularly, which are not in- 
 sectivorous, but which yet visit our latitudes in spring. 
 And first, the stork, which " in the heaven knoweth her 
 appointed times." This bird, though seldom visiting the 
 British Isles, and never breeding with us, is one of the 
 migratory tribe too remarkable to be passed over. Holland 
 is its favourite summer residence, but some parts of France, 
 Germany, and Sweden, are also favoured with its presence. 
 
 The stork belongs to the family of ardeidce, or heron 
 family, a group distinguished by their peculiar adaptation 
 for the marshes and swamps they inhabit, having the bill, 
 neck, and legs elongated, so as to enable them to wade in 
 pursuit of their food, which consists of fishes and aquatic 
 reptiles, the whole structure of the body being modified 
 accordingly. The gentle and social disposition of this bird, 
 conjoined with its utility, has caused it to be regarded in 
 all ages and countries with peculiar complacency. In ancient 
 Egypt it held the next place to the sacred ibis ; and in 
 many parts of Africa, and the East, is still regarded 
 with reverence. 
 
 In the month of March, or beginning of April, the stork 
 arrives in small bands or flocks in Holland, where it 
 universally meets with a kind and hospitable reception ; 
 returning year after year to the same town, and the same 
 chimney-top, it re-occupies its deserted nest ; and the glad- 
 ness these birds manifest in again taking possession of their 
 dwelling, " and the attachment which they testify towards 
 their benevolent hosts, are familiar in the mouths of every 
 one." Nor is the stork less remarkable for its affection 
 towards its young ; and the story is well known of a female, 
 which during the conflagration at Delft, chose rather to 
 perish with her young than abandon them to their fate. 
 Incubation, and the rearing of the young being over by 
 August, the stork, in the early part of that month, prepares 
 
158 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 for its departure. The north of Africa, and especially 
 Egypt, are the places of its winter sojourning, for there the 
 marshes are unfrozen, its food is in abundance, and the 
 climate is congenial. Previous to setting out on their airy 
 journey, multitudes assemble from the surrounding districts, 
 chattering with their bills, as if in consultation. On the 
 appointed night (a period which appears to be universally 
 chosen by the migratory tribes), they mount into the 
 higher regions of the air, and sail away southwards to their 
 destined haven. 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XX. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives jus, JURIS, right ; LABOR, LABORIS, 
 toil, work ; LEX, LEGIS, a law ; and LITERA, a letter. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives MEDIUS, middle ; and MINOR, less. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs FINGO, / form ; FLECTO, / bend ; FLIGO, 
 I beat ; and FLUO, / flow ; with their respective participles, 
 FICTUS, formed ; FLEXUS, lent ; FLICTUS, beaten; and FLUXUS, 
 flowing. 
 
 Arithmetic XXI Time Table. Multiplication. 
 
 1. Multiply 373 years, 244 days, 14 hours, 5 minutes, 29 
 seconds, by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and multiply 
 564 years, 37 weeks, 4 days, 21 hours, 43 minutes, 59 seconds, 
 by the same. 
 
 2. Multiply 8971 years, 54 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes, 17 
 seconds, by 254, 343, 765, and 948. 
 
 3. Multiply 7269 years, 43 weeks. 1 day, 4 hours, 39 seconds. 
 by 8009, 7624, 3967, and 6903. 
 
 Division. 
 
 1. Divide 8254 years, 343 days, 1 hour, 9 minutes, 45 
 seconds; and 19625 years, 51 weeks, 2 days, 19 hours, 23 
 minutes, 49 seconds, by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. 
 
 2. Divide 369324 years, 89 days, 56 minutes, by 256, 874, 
 and 749 ; and 802603 years, 9 weeks, 17 hours. 3 seconds, by 
 1093, 5467, and 9582. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 159 
 
 THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS. PART II. 
 
 har'-mp-ni-zing being in 
 
 unison ivith 
 
 re-vi'-ving exhibiting re- 
 newed life 
 COli-COT&agreement, harmony 
 
 theme subject for song 
 
 le-gu'-mi-nous. . .contained in 
 
 pods, as peas, beans, 
 
 vetches, d'C. 
 
 in-QUire' asTc, search out 
 
 re-tire'-.. repair, go, talce their 
 
 flight 
 
 COn'- fines . . . limits, boundaries 
 pen'-e-trate... enter, find their 
 
 way into 
 ad-j a'- cent ly ing near to, 
 
 adjoining 
 teem'- ing abounding in, 
 
 full of 
 a-sy'-lum a refuge, safe 
 
 retreat 
 
 in-ex'-pli-ca-ble. . .that which 
 
 cannot be explained or 
 
 understood 
 
 re-tard' delay, keep 'back 
 
 Op-por-tU-ni-ty chance, 
 
 fitting moment 
 Ve'-ri-fy-ing showing the 
 
 truth of 
 
 ad'-age proverb, saying 
 
 hith'-er-to...p to this time or 
 
 point 
 
 | arc' -tic.. .northern, north polar 
 
 mo-ras'-ses large swamps 
 
 im'-pulse prompting, irre- 
 pressible desire 
 
 es-teemed' valued, prized 
 
 lux'-U-rieS delicacies 
 
 mol-lus'-COUS having the 
 
 nature of a mollusc, as the 
 snail, oyster, d'c. 
 
 per-form'-ing taUn$ % 
 
 making 
 
 ex-ten'-sive ...stretching over 
 a great distance 
 
 en-dowed' ...furnished, sup- 
 plied 
 
 ad'-e-quate equal to, fit, 
 
 sufficient for 
 
 re-cruit'-ing refreshing 
 
 renewing 
 
 con-ye'-ni-ent befitting, 
 
 suitable 
 re-su'-ming commencing 
 
 anew 
 
 ex-panse' open space 
 
 Skim'-Hling .touching the 
 
 tops of 
 straits ...narrow channels of 
 
 water 
 
 ex-tra-or'-di-na-ry ...out cf 
 
 the common 
 
 ig'-no-rance ...want ofknow- 
 
 ledge 
 
 The other bird we would notice is one which makes our 
 island, in common with the temperate parts of Europe, its 
 breeding-place and summer abode : it is a bird whose voice 
 makes glad the groves, harmonizing with the soft breathings 
 of spring, and the aspect of reviving nature ; a bird which, 
 by universal consent, has been taken as the emblem of 
 concord, love, and domestic happiness ; we allude to the 
 turtle-dove, the theme of poets in every age. " For lo, the 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 winter is past, the rain is over and gone ; the time of the 
 singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is 
 heard in our land*." 
 
 The turtle-dove is not insectivorous, nor does it, like the 
 stork, feed upon frogs, lizards, or fish ; its food is grain, 
 leguminous seeds, and berries, with the tender leaves of 
 plants. Arriving in April, it departs in September or the 
 beginning of October, passing southwards, most probably 
 wintering in the north of Africa. From its lengthened 
 pointed wing, few birds possess better powers of flight. 
 Leaving these selected examples, and again reverting to the 
 phenomena of migration, whither, we may inquire, do all 
 our summer visitors retire, on leaving the temperate 
 latitudes of Europe 1 All follow the mighty stream south- 
 wards ; some stop short on the confines of Europe ; some 
 penetrate into the adjacent parts of Asia ; but more, we 
 suspect, find in Africa, ever teeming with insect tribes, an 
 asylum, till warned, in some inexplicable way, that it is 
 time for them to wing back their northward flight. Their 
 visit to our shores depends, however, on the weather, 
 which appears to hasten or retard their progress, as the 
 season may happen to be ; and hence it often occurs, that 
 a few, taking advantage of a favourable opportunity, arrive 
 days before the main body, which is kept back by a sudden 
 return of bad weather ; thus verifying the old adage, " One 
 swallow does not make a summer." 
 
 We have hitherto spoken only of our summer visitors, 
 and their departure ; it remains for us to notice those whose 
 native habitation is in the region of the arctic circle, 
 among morasses and forests, which afford during summer 
 an abundance of food, and every advantage in the rearing 
 of their young. When winter (which sets in early there) 
 begins to bind up the lakes and surface of the earth, these 
 depart southwards, arriving in our latitudes as our summer 
 birds are departing, but not to fill their place ; theirs is 
 not the voice of song ; or if in some few instances it be, it 
 is mute, for food only is the object of their visit to our 
 comparatively milder shores, which they leave for their 
 native regions again with the return of spring, called away 
 
 * Solomon's Song ii., 11. 12. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER HEADER. 151 
 
 by the same impulse that calls the warblers here. Our 
 winter guests, if not prized for their song, are, however, of 
 no mean value ; many, indeed, are esteemed as the greatest 
 luxuries of the table ; witness, for example, the redwing, 
 the field-fare, the woodcock, the snipe, the widgeon, &c. ; 
 to which, though not used as food, may be added the 
 goosander, the smew, and of small birds, the grosbeak, 
 crossbill, and Bohemian waxwing, besides many others. 
 The food which our winter visitors seek is of two kinds ; 
 the one afforded by our open lakes, rivers, sea shores, and 
 inland morasses, such as small fish, molluscous animals, 
 insects buried in the mud, and the leaves or roots of 
 aquatic plants ; the other, the produce of our woods and 
 hedges, namely, winter fruits and berries, such as the haw, 
 the acorn, the sloe, &c. 
 
 The migration of most, if not all our winter birds of 
 passage, takes place during the night ; at least, such is the 
 case with the snipe and woodcock, the field-fare and red- 
 wing ; as a rule, it may therefore be considered universal. 
 
 One point before we close remains to be noticed, namely, 
 the power which birds possess for performing such ex- 
 tensive journeys. The flight of birds may be estimated 
 from 50 to 150 miles an hour ; and, taking the mean of 
 this as a rate for the migratory species in general, we shall 
 find them endowed with powers fully adequate for the 
 most extensive journey. It is, however, very probable, 
 that most perform the work by short stages of a few hours 
 flight, resting and recruiting in some convenient situation, 
 and resuming their journey again. Few, perhaps, cross 
 the main expanse of ocean, but take it at its narrowed 
 portions, as the channel between France and England 
 (where, mid-way, the author saw a bee skimming with 
 the utmost unconcern over the rolling waves), the Medi- 
 terranean, &c. ; many pursuing their route across the con- 
 tinent ; others perhaps coasting the western shores of 
 Europe, or passing over the Bay of Biscay across Spain 
 and Portugal, and reaching Africa by the straits of 
 Gibraltar. In short, there is nothing very extraordinary 
 in the performance itself ; the mystery lies in the motives 
 which lead to it, and the instinct which impels and guides 
 
162 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 these winged tenants of the air in their destined course. 
 Many points yet remain to be cleared up ; but in the 
 
 E resent case, our very ignorance as well as our knowledge, 
 ;ads us to the great cause of causes, who not only guides 
 the bird in the migration he has appointed it to take, but 
 the globe itself in its circuit in the heavens, and the moon 
 and the stars in their courses. Let His be all the praise. 
 
 Exercise in Word Building XXL 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives LOCUS, a place; LUNA, the moon ; 
 LUX, LUCIS, liylit; LUMEN, LUMiNis, light j and MANUS, the hand. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives MINUS, wonderful; and MISER, 
 wretched. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs FRANGO, / break, participle FRACTUS, 
 broken; FUGIO, I flee, participle FUGITUS, fled ; FULGEO, / shine; 
 arid FUNDO, I pour out or put to flight, participle FUSUS, routed. 
 
 Arithmetic XXII, Square Measure Addition. 
 
 (1) (2) 
 
 sq. mi. ac. ro. sq. po. sq. yd. sq. ft. sq. in. sq. mi. ac. ro. sq. po. sq. yd. sq. ft. sq in. 
 
 694 139 1 39 15 2 93 497 201 3 13 14 4 130 
 
 328 263 13 29 8 54 364 550 26 28 6 29 
 
 763 185 3 2 23 7 101 839 327 2 19 13 3 5 
 
 401 545 2 17 14 6 27 256 629 33 72 16 
 
 235 231 25 9 5 93 409 107 1 27 14 8 125 
 
 812 497 1 19 11 1 64 762 543 11 97 87 
 
 3. Add together 329 sq. mi. 634 acres ; 592 acres 3 ro. ; 2 ro. 
 39 sq. po., 27 sq. po., 29 sq. yds., 15 sq. yds., 8 sq. ft. ; 7 sq. ft. 
 106 sq. inches; 476 sq. ini. 2 ro. 4 sq. ft., and 309 ac. 3 ro. 
 19 po. 17 sq. yds. 129 sq. in. 
 
 Subtraction. 
 
 (1) (2) 
 
 eq. mi. ac. ro. sq.po.sq. yd. sq.ft. sq.in. sq.mi, a. ro. sq. po. sq.yd. sq.ft. sq.ln 
 
 923 147 1 17 51 103 806 541 15 20 7 91 
 857 523 2 38 27 8 141 790 603 3 26 19 8 134 
 
 3. From 31 sq. mi. 3 ro. 141 sq. in., take 19 sq. mi. 611 ac. 
 15 sq. po. 29 sq. yds. 7 sq. ft. 143 sq. inches. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 ADAM'S ADDRESS TO THE CREATOR. 
 
 BY JOHN MILTON. 
 
 Author of " Paradise Lost," " Paradise Regained* part of a 
 il History of 'England" and numerous Poems and Prose Writing 
 
 Bom December 9, 1608 ; Died November 8, 1674. 
 
 al-might'-y all powerful, 
 
 omnipotent 
 
 un-speak'-a-ble not to "be 
 
 described 
 in-vis'-i-ble . . .unseen, shrouded 
 
 from mew 
 
 de-dare' ...announce, speak of 
 cho'-T&l.sung by l)ands\of singers 
 Sym'-pllO-llieS. strains of music 
 ex-tol' ...... speak in praise of 
 
 pledge... promise, token, surety 
 ])YinLe.:thedawn, earlymorning 
 
 ac-know'-ledge confess, 
 
 declare, allow 
 
 3-ter'-nal lasting for ever 
 
 O'-ri-ent eastern, and then 
 
 rising, because the sun rises 
 
 in the east 
 mys'-tic ...marvellous, hidden 
 
 from human knowledge 
 mill'-ti-f brm . . . of many shapes 
 
 Q.ua-ter r -ni-011...tw a company 
 
 of four 
 per-pet'-U-al continual, 
 
 lasting for ever 
 ex-ha-la'-tions . . mists rising 
 
 from the ground 
 flee'-Cy ......like wool, from the 
 
 soft white appearance of tJie 
 
 clouds 
 
 un-C9l'-oured not tinted 
 
 with colour 
 
 f oun'-tains jets of water 
 
 war'-ble to sing as a bird 
 
 me-lo'-dioilS. ..fall of harmony 
 
 mur'-murs low indistinct 
 
 sounds 
 
 boun'-te-OUS ...kind, generous 
 COI1 cealed'. . .hidden from view 
 dis-perse'. . .scatter in all direc- 
 tions 
 dis-pels' ..drives away 
 
 These are thy glorious works, parent of good, 
 
 Almighty ! Thine this universal frame, 
 
 Thus wond'rous fair : Thyself how wond'rous then ! 
 
 Unspeakable, who sitt'st above these heavens, 
 
 To us invisible, or dimly seen 
 
 In these thy lowest works ; yet these declare 
 
 Thy goodness beyond thought, and power divine. 
 
 Speak, ye who best can tell, ye sons of light, 
 
 Angel? ; for ye behold Him, and with songs 
 
 And choral symphonies, day without night, 
 
 Circle His throne rejoicing ; ye in heaven, 
 
(54 FOURTH MANCHESTER READEB, 
 
 On earth join all ye creatures to extol 
 
 Him first, Him last, Him midst, and without end. 
 
 Fairest of stars, last in the train of night, 
 
 If better thou belong not to the dawn, 
 
 Sure pledge of day, that crown'st the smiling morn 
 
 With thy bright circlet, praise Him in thy sphere, 
 
 "While day arises, that sweet hour of prime. 
 
 Thou Sun, of this great world both eye and soul, 
 
 Acknowledge Him thy greater, sound His praise 
 
 In thy eternal course, both when thou climb'st, 
 
 And when high noon hast gained, and when thou fall'st; 
 
 Moon, that now meet'st the orient sun, now fly'st 
 
 With the fixed stars, fixed in their orb that flies ; 
 
 And ye five other wandering fires, that move 
 
 In mystic dance, not without song, resound 
 
 His praise, who out of darkness called up light. 
 
 Air, and ye elements, the eldest birth 
 
 Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run 
 
 Perpetual circle, multiform, and mix 
 
 And nourish all things ; let your ceaseless change 
 
 Vary to our great Maker still new praise. 
 
 Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise 
 
 From hill or steaming lake, dusky or gray, 
 
 Till the sun paint your fleecy skirts with gold, 
 
 In honour to the world's great author, rise ; 
 
 Whether to deck with clouds the uncoloured sky, 
 
 Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers, 
 
 Rising or falling, still advance his praise. 
 
 His praise ye winds, that from four quarters blow, 
 
 Breathe soft or loud ; and wave your tops, ye pines, 
 
 With every plant, in sign of worship wave. 
 
 Fountains, and ye that warble, as ye flow, 
 
 Melodious murmurs, warbling tune His praise. 
 
 Join voices, all ye living souls : ye birds, 
 
 That singing up to heaven-gate ascend, 
 
 Bear on your wings and in your notes His praise. 
 
 Ye that in waters glide, and ye that walk 
 
 The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep, 
 
 Witness if I be silent, morn or even, 
 
 To hill or valley, fountain or fresh shade, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 165 
 
 Made vocal by my song, and taught His praise. 
 Hail, universal Lord, be bounteous still 
 To give us only good ; and if the night 
 Have gathered aught of evil or concealed, 
 Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XXII. 
 
 The richest endowments of the mind are temperance, prudence, 
 and fortitude ; prudence is a universal virtue which enters into 
 the composition of all the rest, and, where that is not present 
 fortitude loses its name and its nature. 
 
 ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD. 
 
 BY THOMAS GRAY. 
 
 Author of an t{ Ode to Eton College," " The Bard," and a few 
 other Poems. 
 
 Born December 26, 1716 ; died July 30, 1771. 
 PART I. 
 
 CUl / -few. ..evening bell rung at 
 8 p.m. by order of William 
 the Conqueror: at its sound 
 all fires were to be extin- 
 guished 
 
 lea ....meadow, extensive grass 
 land 
 
 knell sound of a bell 
 
 betokening death or coming 
 dissolution 
 
 glim'-mer-ing seen 
 
 indistinctly 
 
 land'-scape . . . view of 
 
 surrounding country 
 man'-tled clothed, covered 
 
 with 
 mo'-ping dull, miserable, 
 
 stupid 
 3HO-lest ...disturb, hurt in any 
 
 way 
 
 moul'-der-ing . ....falling into 
 
 decay 
 fore-fa'-thers ancestors of 
 
 those noiv living 
 in' -ceiiSQ.... perfume, odour of 
 
 spices 
 twit'-ter-ing incessant 
 
 chirping sound 
 cla'-ri-on .piercing cry, like 
 
 the sound of a trumpet 
 eoti-Q-ing-. awakening distant 
 
 sounds 
 Stub'-born. . .stiff, unyielding, 
 
 difficult of culture 
 glebe turf t soil, fallow 
 
 ground 
 j o'-Cund -joyful, in geod 
 
 spirits . 
 
 am-bi'-tion anxious dmre 
 
 to rise in the world. 
 
166 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 SOl'-i-tary lonely, lonesome 
 
 ob-SCure' dark, hidden, 
 
 without glory 
 
 gran'-deur boastful pomp 
 
 her'-ald-ry the science of 
 
 arms 
 
 dis-dain'-ful scornful 
 
 an'-nals record, story 
 
 in-ev'-i-ta-ble......^^ which 
 
 cannot be avoided 
 
 im-pute' charge, lay to 
 
 tro'-phies records of fame 
 
 aisle part f a church on 
 
 each side of the nave 
 fret'-ted adorned with fret 
 
 work 
 
 Sto' -lied- -telling some history 
 an'-i-ma-ted life like in 
 
 appearance 
 man'-sion.-- dwelling place (in 
 
 this case the body) 
 flat'-ter-y undue and 
 
 fulsome praise 
 ne-glect'-ed uncaredfor 
 
 preg'-nant . . . .full of, inspired 
 
 with 
 
 ce-les'-ti-al heavenly 
 
 ecs-ta-sy excessive joy, 
 
 rapture, delight 
 re-pressed' ...res trained, Jcept 
 
 down 
 ge'-ld-al cheering, enlivening 
 
 cur'-rent course, flow 
 
 daunt' '-less... .brave, not to be 
 
 intimidated 
 in-glo'-ri-OUS . ..without fame, 
 
 unknown to fame 
 
 ap-plause' approbation 
 
 for-bade' refused to permit 
 
 cir-cum-scribed'. kept 
 
 within narrow limits 
 Slaugll'-ter destruction of 
 
 men 
 con'-scious knowing what 
 
 is right 
 
 ill-geri-U-Q'VLS.'.artless, sincere 
 kin'-dled set alight at 
 
 The curfew tolls the knell of parting day ; 
 
 The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea : 
 The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, 
 
 And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 
 Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 
 . And all the air a solemn stillness holds ; 
 Save where the beetle wheels his drony flight, 
 
 And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds ; 
 Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower, 
 
 The moping owl does to the moon complain 
 Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, 
 
 Molest her ancient solitary reign. 
 Beneath these rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade, 
 
 Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, 
 Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, 
 
 The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 167 
 
 The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, 
 
 The swallow twittering from her straw-built shed, 
 
 The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, 
 No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. 
 
 For them no more the blazing earth shall burn, 
 Or busy housewife ply her evening care ; 
 
 No children run to lisp their sire's return, 
 Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share. 
 
 Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield ; 
 
 Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke . 
 How jocund did they drive their team a-field ! 
 
 How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke ! 
 
 Let not ambition mock their useful toil. 
 
 Their homely joys and destiny obscure : 
 Nor grandeur hear, with a disdainful smile, 
 
 The short and simple annals of the poor. 
 
 The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
 
 Await alike the inevitable hour : 
 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave. 
 
 Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault, 
 If memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise, 
 
 Where through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault, 
 The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. 
 
 Can storied urn, or animated bust, 
 
 Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ? 
 
 Can honour's voice provoke the silent dust, 
 Or flattery soothe the dull cold ear of death 
 
 Perhaps, in this neglected spot, is laid 
 
 Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire ; 
 
 Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed, 
 Or waked to ecstasy the living lyre : 
 
 But knowledge to their eyes her ample page, 
 Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll ; 
 
 Chill penury repressed their noble rage, 
 And froze the genial current of the soul ! 
 
168 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Full many a gem of purest ray serene, 
 
 The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear ; 
 
 Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air ! 
 
 Some village Hampden, that, with dauntless breast, 
 The little tyrant of his fields withstood : 
 
 Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest 
 Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. 
 
 The applause of listening senates to command, 
 The threats of pain and ruin to despise, 
 
 To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, 
 And read their history in a nation's eyes. 
 
 Their lot forbade ; nor circumscribed alone 
 
 Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined 
 
 Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne, 
 And shut the gates of mercy on mankind ; 
 
 The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide ; 
 
 To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame ; 
 Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride, 
 
 With incense kindled at the muse's flame. 
 
 Arithmetic. XXIII. Square Measure Reduction. 
 
 1. fleduce 887 sq. feet 3294 sq. yards 8879 sq. rods 9237 sq. 
 roods 10623 acres and 43967 square miles to square inches. 
 
 2. Eeduce 57 sq. miles 329 sq. acres 3 roods 39 po. 27 sq. yds. 
 7 sq. feet 93 sq. inches to square inches. 
 
 3. Reduce 98369249357 square inches 3286452109674 square 
 inches and 529634872904 square inches to square miles. 
 
 4. Reduce 8642378590063 square inches to acres and 
 502934759 square feet to square miles. 
 
 Exercise in Word Building. XXII. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives MARE, MARIS, the sea; MERX, MERCIS, 
 merchandise; MILES, MILITIS, a soldier; and MINISTER, a servant. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives MOLLIS, soft; and MULTUS, much. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs GERO, / bear or carry on, participle GESTUS, 
 bore; GIGNO, I produce or beget, participle GENITUS, begotten; and 
 GRADIOR, / step t participle GRESSUS, advanced. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. XI. 
 
 PROBLEM XLL To inscribe a circle in any trapezium having 
 Its adjacent pairs of sides as A B, A D ; C B, C D, equal. 
 
 Bisect angle D A B by A E and angle A D C by D F. Let these lines 
 intersect in G. From G draw G H perpendicular to A B, and from G with 
 radius G H describe the circle H K L M. This is the circle required. 
 
 PROBLEM XLIL To inscribe a square in any given triangle, as 
 ABC. 
 
 Draw A D perpendicular to B C, and A E parallel to B C and equal to 
 A D. Join C E cutting A B in F. Through F draw F G parallel to B C, 
 and through F and G draw F H, G K parallel to A D. Then F H K G is 
 the square required. 
 
 PROBLEM XLiii.~To inscribe an octagon in any square, as 
 ABCD. 
 
 Draw the diagonals A C, B D, cutting each other in E. From A, B, C, 
 D, with radius A. E, draw the arcs FEG, HEK.LEN, MEO. Join 
 O H, F L, K M, N G. The resulting figure O H F L K M N G is tho 
 octagon required. 
 
 PROBLEM XLiv. To inscribe four equal circles in any square, 
 as A B C D, each touching two others and one side of the square. 
 
 Draw the diagonals A C, B D, cutting each other in E. Through E 
 draw F G and H K parallel to A B and B C respectively. Bisect angle 
 E G K by EL, cutting H K in L. From E with radius E L describe 
 circle L M N O . From these points with radius L K describe the four 
 circles F, H, G, K. These are the circles required. 
 
170 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER 
 
 ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD. PART II. 
 
 mad'-ding raging, furious 
 
 ig-no'-ble base, mean 
 
 se-QUes-tered-- .retired, quiet 
 ten'-or.. ... character, purport, 
 
 general course 
 
 frail slight, easily broken 
 
 un'- COUth rough, wanting 
 
 polish 
 
 decked^ .adorned, ornamented 
 el'-e-gy >.a funeral song, a 
 
 short mournful poem 
 mo'-ral-ist one iuho lias a 
 
 care for and teaches the 
 
 duties of life 
 
 re-signed' ...laid down, gave 
 up 
 
 pre'-cinctS bounds, limits 
 
 lin-ger-ing. . . loth to withdraw 
 a,Tt'-less..simple, unpretending 
 
 re-late' icii, speak of 
 
 kin'-dred ...congenial, of like 
 nature 
 
 ...waww7 to and fro 
 
 mut'-ter-ing speaking in 
 
 an under tone 
 
 way'- Ward .following his 
 
 own bent, perverse 
 
 for-lom' ...forsaken, hopeless 
 
 crazed rendered silly or 
 
 mad, demented 
 
 ac-cus'-tomed...w/*mj he was 
 wont to resort 
 
 dir'-ges . . .funeral songs and 
 music. 
 
 mel'-an-chol-y gloom, de- 
 pression of spirits. 
 
 boun'-ty ...*,.. charitable gifts 
 
 re'-com-pense reward 
 
 frail'-ties-. .weaknesses, short- 
 comings 
 
 mer'-its . . .good qualities, de- 
 serts, worth 
 dis'-cIoSQ... uncover, expose to 
 
 view 
 
 trem'-bling ...tempered with 
 _ fear 
 
 fan-tas'-tic ...curiously re-pose' rest peacefully 
 
 formed 
 
 Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife. 
 
 Their sober wishes never learned to stray ; 
 Along the cool sequestered vale of life 
 
 They kept the noiseless tenor of their way ! 
 
 Yet e'en these bones from insult to protect, 
 
 Some frail memorial, still erected nigh, 
 With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked, 
 
 Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. 
 
 Their name, their years, spelled by the unlettered muse, 
 
 The place of fame and elegy supply ; 
 And many a holy text around she strews, 
 
 To teach the rustic moralist to die. 
 
 For who, to dumb Fprgetfulness a prey, 
 This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 171 
 
 Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day, 
 Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind ? 
 
 On some fond breast the parting soul relies, 
 Some pious drops the closing eye requires : 
 
 E'en from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, 
 E'en in our ashes live their wonted fires ! 
 
 for thee, who, mindful of the unhonoured dead, 
 Dost in these lines their artless tale relate, 
 
 If, 'chance, by lonely Contemplation led, 
 Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate ; 
 
 Haply, some hoary-headed swain may say 
 " Oft have we seen him, at the peep of dawn, 
 
 Brushing, with hasty steps, the dews away, 
 To meet the sun upon the upland lawn. 
 
 " There, at the foot of yonder nodding beech, 
 That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high, 
 
 His listless length at noontide would he stretch. 
 And pore upon the brook that bubbles by. 
 
 " Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn, 
 Muttering his wayward fancies, he would rove ; 
 
 Now drooping, woeful, wan, like one forlorn, 
 
 Or crazed with care, or crossed in hopeless love ! 
 
 " One morn I missed him on the accustomed hill, 
 Along the heath, and near his favourite tree : 
 
 Another oame ; nor yet beside the rill, 
 Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he : 
 
 " The next with dirges due, in sad array, 
 
 Slow through the church- way path we saw him bome : 
 Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay, 
 
 Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn." 
 
 THE EPITAPH. 
 
 Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, 
 A youth to fortune and to fame unknown ; 
 
 Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth. 
 And Melancholy marked him for her own. 
 
172 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere ; 
 
 Heaven did a recompense as largely send ; 
 He gave to misery all he had, a tear ; 
 
 He gained from heaven, 'twas all he wished, a friend. 
 
 No further seek his merits to disclose, 
 
 Or draw his frailties from their dread abode, 
 
 (There they alike in trembling hope repose), 
 The bosom of his Father and his God. 
 
 Exercise in Word Building. XXIII. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives MODUS, a manner or measure ; MONS, 
 a mountain; MORS, death; MUNUS, a gift; and MUSA, a song. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives MOLLIS, soft; and MULTUS, many. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs GRADIOR, / step, participle GRESSUS, 
 advanced; HABEO, I have, participle HABITUS, had; HJEREO, 1 
 stick, participle ILESUS, stuck; JACIO, / throw, participle JACTUS, 
 thrown or cast; and JUNGO, I join, participle JUNCTUS, joined. 
 
 Arithmetic. XXIV. Square Measure Multiplication 
 
 1. Multiply 329 sq. mi. 618 ac. 1 ro. 37 po. 25 sq. yds. 
 4 sq. ft. 139 sq. in., by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
 
 2. Multiply 964 sq. mi. 393 ac. 2 ro. 15 po. 19 sq. yds. 5 sq. ft. 
 121 sq. in., by 256, 343, 789, 546, 1009, 8132, and 9573. 
 
 Division. 
 
 1. Divide 623 sq. mi. 519 ac. 3 ro. 29 po. 16 sq. yds. 2 sq. ft. 
 97 sq. in., by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and prove results 
 by multiplication. 
 
 2. Divide 59269 sq. rni. 3S6 ac. 1 ro. 13 po. 19 sq. yds. 8 sq. 
 ft. 143 sq. in., by 527, 469, 813, 996, 2507, and 16329. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XXIII. 
 
 No habit is more difficultly acquired than that of acknowledg- 
 ing our errors ; and yet this habit is the best feature in an 
 amiable character, and the strongest proof of a sound under- 
 Btanding. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 173 
 
 THE FELON'S DREAM 
 
 BY THE REV. GEORGE CRABBE. 
 
 on the mind by external 
 
 causes 
 ]u'-iy...body of men appointed 
 
 to give a verdict on the trial 
 
 of a prisoner 
 trem'-blingS quiverings, 
 
 shaking and shivering from 
 
 fear 
 
 Cpm-pelled' obliged, forced 
 
 cir'-CUm-Stance ...occurrence 
 
 pre-cede' go before 
 
 COn-demn'.. declare to be guilty 
 
 na'-tive where he was born 
 
 ar-ray ed' dressed, clothed 
 
 in'-no-cence. . . .freedom from 
 
 guilt 
 re -serve' ...diffidence, retiring 
 
 modesty 
 
 re-treat'-ing ...falling lack, 
 
 disappearing 
 
 pros'-pects ...viewy, chances, 
 openings 
 
 pierced hurt, stung with 
 
 remorse 
 
 urged... forced, pressed onward 
 re-quire'... want, wish for, need 
 mead... meadow, lowlands in 
 
 valleys 
 dwarf -ish ...of small growth, 
 
 stunted 
 
 "blOV/'BeS... feeds, crops grass 
 fer'-Vid...^o, burning, glowing 
 
 with heat 
 shin' -gles... small loose ston(& 
 
 on the sea shore 
 tim'-id ; . .fearful, faint-hearted 
 
 dread'-ing .fearing 
 
 de-Sign' plan, intention 
 
 TQ-tSiTd'-ed... delayed, kept back 
 
 lll'-cid clear, transparent 
 
 jel'-lies marine animals 
 
 having the appearance of 
 
 jelly 
 to'-kens signs, memorials 
 
 Yes ! even in sleep the impressions all remain, 
 He hears the sentence and he feels the chain ! 
 He sees the judge and jury when he shakes, 
 And loudly cries, " Not guilty," and awakes : 
 Then chilling tremblings o'er his body creep, 
 Till worn-out nature is compelled to sleep. 
 
 Now comes the dream again : it shows each scene, 
 With each small circumstance that comes between^ 
 The call to suffering, and the very deed 
 There crowds go with him, follow, and precede ; 
 Some heartless shout, some pity, all condemn, 
 While he in fancied envy looks at them ; 
 He seems the place for that sad act to see, 
 And dreams the very thirst which then will be ; 
 
174: FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 A priest attends it seems the one he knew 
 In his best days, beneath whose care he grew. 
 
 At this his terrors take a sudden flight ; 
 He sees his native village with delight ; 
 The house, the chamber, where he once arrayed 
 His youthful person ; where he knelt and prayed ; 
 Then too the comforts he enjoyed at home ; 
 The days of joy ; the joys themselves are come ; 
 The hours of innocence ; the timid look 
 Of his loved maid, when first her hand he took, 
 And told his hope ; her trembling joy appears, 
 Her forced reserve, and his retreating fears. 
 All now are present 'tis a moment's gleam 
 Of former sunshine stay, delightful dream ! 
 Let him within his pleasant garden walk, 
 Give him her arm, of blessings let them talk. 
 
 Yes ! all are with him now, and all the while 
 Life's early prospects and his Fanny's smile ; 
 Then come his sister and his village friend, 
 And he will now the sweetest moments spend 
 Life has to yield : no, never will he find 
 Again on earth such pleasure in his mind ; , 
 He goes through shrubby walks these friends among, 
 Love in their looks and honour on the tongue ; 
 Nay, there's a charm beyond what nature shows, 
 The bloom is softer and more sweetly glows ; 
 Pierced by no crime, and urged by no desire 
 For more than true and honest hearts require, 
 They feel the calm delight, and thus proceed 
 Through the green lane, then linger in the mead, 
 Stray o'er the heath in all its purple bloom, 
 And pluck the blossom where the wild bees hum ; 
 Then through the broomy bound with ease they pass, 
 And press the sandy sheep-walk's slender grass, 
 Where dwarfish flowers among the gorse are spread, 
 And the lamb browses by the linnet's bed. 
 Then 'cross the bounding brook they make their way 
 O'er its rough bridge, and there behold the bay ; 
 The ocean smiling to the fervid sun, 
 The waves that faintly fall and slowly run, 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. ^75 
 
 The ships at distance, and the boats at hand ; 
 
 And now they walk upon the sea-side sand, 
 
 Counting the number, and what kind they be, 
 
 Ships softly sinking in the sleepy sea ; 
 
 Now arm in arm, now parted, they behold 
 
 The glittering waters on the shingles rolled ; 
 
 The timid girls half dreading their design, 
 
 Dip the small foot in the retarded brine, 
 
 And search for crimson weeds, which spreading flow, 
 
 Or lie like pictures on the sand below ; 
 
 With all those bright red pebbles that the sun 
 
 Through the small waves so softly shines upon ; 
 
 And those live lucid jellies which the eye 
 
 Delights to trace as they swim glittering by ; 
 
 Pearl shells and rubied starfish they admire, 
 
 And will arrange above the parlour fire. 
 
 Tokens of bliss ! Oh, horrible ! a wave 
 
 Eears as it rises ! " Save me, Edward, save," 
 
 She cries. Alas ! the watchman on his way 
 
 Calls and lets in truth, terror, and the day. 
 
 Exercise in Word Building XXIV. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives NAVIS, a ship; NOX, NOCTIS, night; 
 NUMERUS, a number; OCULUS, the eye; OPUS, OPERIS, a work; 
 and os, ossis, above. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives NOVUS, neio; and PAR, like or equal. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs LEGO, / send away, participle LEGATUS, 
 sent away; LEGO, I gather or, read, participle LECTUS, gathered, 
 read; LIGO, / bind, participle LIGATUS, bound; and LOQUOR, 1 
 speak, participle LOCUTUS, spoken. 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XXIV. 
 
 Fill a wine glass to the brim with water and cover it wiih a 
 piece of writing paper. Then place the palm of the hand over 
 the writing paper so as to hold it even, and turn up the glass ; 
 when, although the hand be removed, the water will not run out. 
 This effect is wholly produced by the upward pressure of the 
 external air upon the surface of the paper. 
 
176 FOURTH MAtt CHESTER READER. 
 
 FLOATING ISLANDS. 
 
 con-fined' shut in 
 
 fragments pieces 
 
 ma-line' . . . belonging to the sea 
 
 COn-struct to make 
 
 re-COUrse' a refuge 
 
 con-sid'-ered looked upon 
 
 in-ven'-tion origin 
 
 ex'-er-cise to show 
 
 QUan'-ti-ty amount 
 
 con-jec'-tured supposed 
 
 sug-ges'-ted ......... hinted at 
 
 pe-CU'-li-ar.ott of the common 
 a'-gi-ta-ted ......... disturbed 
 
 neigh'-bour-ing . . . adjoining 
 
 man 
 
 cha-rac-ter-is'-tics . . . leading 
 
 features 
 
 an-ti'-pa-thy ......... hostility 
 
 con- st er-na'-tion ........ .fear 
 
 cu-ri-o'-si-ty ........... rarity 
 
 Some of the chief characteristics of the great rivers of 
 Asia and America are their rafts or floating islands. When 
 the soil of the banks has become loosened by the spring 
 floods and periodical inundations, much of it sometimes 
 several acres at a time is borne away by the rapid stream. 
 Whole trees may be seen floating with their tops above 
 the water, their branches and roots interlaced so as to form 
 one compact mass of vegetable matter. These floating 
 islands very often form a refuge for animals during the 
 floods ; their natural antipathy for each other softened by 
 their common danger. A tiger cat, or puma, will be seen 
 in close companionship with an alligator or serpent. 
 These animals are often thus borne down to the towns or 
 villages along the banks of the river to the no small 
 consternation of their inhabitants. When these islands 
 become stationary, they often impede the navigation of 
 the river. One in a branch of the Mississippi was so large 
 that it took four years to clear it away. The Rio de la 
 Plata, in South America, is said to be filling up gradually 
 by the vast quantity of vegetable matter annually poured 
 into it. 
 
 The Chinampas, or floating gardens of Mexico, are justly 
 considered objects of the greatest curiosity. Their in- 
 vention is said to have arisen out of the extraordinary 
 situation in which the Aztecs were placed on the conquest 
 of their country by the Tepanecan nation, when they were 
 confined, in great numbers, to the small islands on the 
 lake, and were driven to exercise great ingenuity in 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 177 
 
 order to provide themselves with sufficient food. Humboldt 
 conjectured that the first idea of them may have been 
 suggested by nature herself, for, on the marshy banks on 
 the lakes of Xochimilco and Chalco, the agitated waters, 
 in the time of the great floods, carry away pieces of earth, 
 covered with herbs, and bound together with roots. The 
 first Chinampas were mostly fragments of ground arti- 
 ficially joined together, and cultivated. Following up this 
 suggestion, it would not be difficult, by means of wicker- 
 work, formed with marine plants, and a substratum, or 
 ground- work, of bushes, combined with tenacious earth or 
 clay, to construct similar gardens, of adequate dimensions. 
 Upon these was placed fine black mould, sufficiently deep 
 for the sustenance of the plants which it was desired to 
 raise. The form usually given to these Chinampas was 
 quadrangular, and their size varied from one hundred and 
 fifty to three hundred feet in length, with a breadth of 
 from twenty to seventy feet. At first, the use of them 
 was confined to the growth of maize and other objects of 
 absolute necessity ; but, in the progress of time, and 
 when the Mexicans had shaken off the yoke which ren- 
 dered them necessary, the owners applied themselves to 
 the production of vegetable luxuries, and grew fruits, and 
 flowers, and odoriferous plants, which were used for the 
 embellishment of their temples, and the gratification of 
 their nobles. At sun-rise, daily, boats were seen to arrive 
 at the city of Mexico, loaded with various kinds of flowers 
 and herbs, the produce of these floating islands. The 
 garden is sometimes seen to contain the cottage of the 
 Indian who is employed to guard a neighbouring group, 
 and on each one there is commonly erected a small hut, 
 under which the cultivator can shelter himself from storms, 
 or from the intense heat of the sun. If it is wished to put 
 the garden in a different place, this is easily effected by 
 means of long poles, or by rowers placed in a boat to 
 which the garden is fastened. In the driest seasons, the 
 Chinampas are always productive, and it is not difficult to 
 renew the powers of the soil by means of mud taken from 
 the bottom of the lake, which is highly fertilizing. One 
 of the most agreeable recreations afforded to the citizens 
 M 
 
178 ifOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 of Mexico is that of proceeding, in the evening, in small 
 boats, among these gardens, the vegetation upon which is 
 always in a state of luxuriance. 
 
 Floating gardens are maintained also in some of the 
 rivers and canals of China, where an excessive population 
 produces the same effect as that just mentioned as having 
 resulted from oppression, and the inhabitants are obliged 
 to have recourse to every expedient for increasing the 
 means of subsistence. 
 
 Arithmetic. XXV. Cubic Measure Reduction. 
 
 1. Reduce 18239 cubic yards, and 492356 cubic feet re- 
 spectively, to cubic inches. 
 
 2. Reduce 439 cubic yards 18 cubic feet 1051 cubic in., and 
 8320 cubic yds. 26 cubic ft. 354 cubic in. to inches. 
 
 3. Reduce 1065239765 cubic inches, 5726543207 cubic inches, 
 and 8923605729 cubic inches respectively to cubic yards, and 
 prove the results by multiplication. 
 
 BETH-GELERT. 
 
 BY THE HON. VflLLIAM ROBERT SPENCER. 
 
 Author of a few Ballads, occasional Poems, and Translations 
 from the German. 
 
 Born 1770; died October 22, 1824. 
 \,..the greyhound's 
 
 grave 
 
 brach a female hound 
 
 roy'-al John.... King John of 
 
 England 
 
 guise manner 
 
 fangs long tusks or teeth 
 
 peer'-less without a match 
 
 cha'-OS a confused mass 
 
 a-ghast' horror struck 
 
 COV'-ert , coverlet 
 
 be-sprent' sprinkled 
 
 St o'-ried engraved 
 
 prone headlong 
 
 rue regret 
 
 sen'-ti-neled ivatched over 
 
 SUp'-pli-ant beseeching 
 
 tre-men'-dous very 
 
 formidable 
 
 tal'-lant fine 
 OO'-ty result of the chase 
 
 por'-tal the gate 
 
 es-pied' saw 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 179 
 
 The spearman heard the bugle sound 
 
 And gaily smiled the morn ; 
 And many a brach, arid many a hound, 
 
 Attend Llewellyn's horn. 
 
 And still he blew a louder blast, 
 
 And gave a louder cheer ; 
 " Come, Gelert, why art thou the last 
 
 Llewellyn's horn to hear ? 
 
 " Where does my faithful Gelert roam ; 
 
 The flower of all his race ; 
 So true, so brave ; a lamb at home, 
 
 A lion in the chase." 
 
 ; Twas only at Llewellyn's board 
 
 The faithful Gelert fed : 
 He watched, he served, he cheered his lord, 
 
 And sentineled his bed. 
 
 In sooth he was a peerless hound, 
 
 The gift of royal John ; 
 But now no Gelert could be found, 
 
 And all the chase rode on. 
 
 And now, as over rocks and dells 
 
 The huntsmen's cheerings rise, 
 All Snowdon's craggy chaos yells 
 
 With many mingled cries. 
 
 That day Llewellyn little loved 
 
 The chase of hart or hare, 
 And scant and small the booty proved 
 
 For Gelert was not there. 
 
 Unpleased, Llewellyn homeward hied, 
 
 When near the portal seat, 
 His truant Gelert he espied, 
 
 Bounding his lord to greet* 
 
 But when he gained his castle door, 
 
 Aghast the chieftain stood ; 
 The hound was smeared with drops of gore, 
 
 His lips and fangs ran blood ! 
 
180 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Llewellyn gazed with wild surprise, 
 
 Unused such looks to meet ; 
 His favourite checked his joyful guise, 
 
 And crouched and licked his feet. 
 
 Onward in haste Llewellyn past, 
 
 And on went Gelert too ; 
 And still where'er his eyes he cast 
 
 Fresh blood-drops shocked his view ! 
 
 Overturned his infant's bed he found, 
 The blood-stained covert rent ; 
 
 And all around the walls and ground 
 With recent blood besprent. 
 
 He caUsd his child, no voice replied 
 
 He searched with terror wild ; 
 Blood ! blood he found on every side, 
 
 But nowhere found his child ! 
 
 " Blood-hound 1 by thee my child's devoured ! 
 
 The frantic father cried ; 
 And to the hilt his vengeful sword 
 
 He plunged in Gelert's side. 
 
 His suppliant look, as prone he fell, 
 
 No pity could impart ; 
 Yet mournfully his dying yell 
 
 Sank in Llewellyn's heart. 
 
 Aroused by Gelert's dying yell 
 Some slumberer wakened nigh 
 
 What words the parent's joy can tell, 
 To hear his infant cry ! 
 
 Concealed amidst a mingled heap 
 His hurried search had missed, 
 
 All glowing from his rosy sleep, 
 His cherub boy he kissed ! 
 
 Nor wound had he, nor harm, nor dread, 
 
 But, the same couch beneath, 
 Lay a great wolf, all torn and dead, 
 
 Tremendous still in death ! 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Ah ! what was then Llewellyn's pain ? 
 
 For now the truth was clear, 
 The gallant hound the wolf had slain, 
 
 And saved Llewellyn's heir. 
 
 Vain, vain was all Llewellyn's woe : 
 
 " Best of thy kind, adieu ! 
 The frantic deed which laid thee low, 
 
 Thi^ t3art shall ever rue ! " 
 
 And now a gallant tomb they raise, 
 With costly sculpture deckt ; 
 
 And marbles, storied with his praise 
 Poor Gelert's bones protect. 
 
 Here never could the spearman pass, 
 
 Or forester, unmoved ; 
 Here oft the tear-besprinkled grass 
 
 Llewellyn's sorrow proved. 
 
 And here he hung his horn and spear, 
 
 And oft, as evening fell, 
 In fancy's piercing sounds would hear 
 
 Poor Gelert's dying yell ! 
 
 Exercise in Dictation XXV. 
 
 If a piece of lead or zinc be applied to the upper part of the 
 tongue, while a piece of silver is held to the under part, upon 
 bringing the two metals into contact a pungent sensation will ba 
 felt, accompanied by a strong metallic taste. 
 
 Exercise in Word Building. XXV. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives PARS, PARTIS, a part; PATER, PATRIS, 
 a father; PES, PEDIS, a foot; POJNA, punishment; and POPULUS, 
 the people. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives PRIMUS, first; PRIVUS, void of, or 
 single; and PROBUS, honest, good. 
 
 3. The Lathi verbs MANEO, I remain, participle MANSUS, 
 remained; MEMINI, / remember; MITTO, / send, participle MISSUS, 
 tent; MONEO, / advise, participle MONITUS, advised; and MOVEQ, 
 participle MOTUS, moved. 
 
182 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Simple Practical Geometry. XIL 
 
 PROBLEM XLV. To inscribe four equal circles in any square, as 
 A B C D, each touching two others and two sides of the square. 
 
 Draw the diagonals A 0, B D intersecting in E, and through E draw F 
 G, H K parallel to A B, B C respectively. Join F H, H G, G K, K F, 
 intersecting the diagonals A C, B I) in L M, N, O. From L draw L P at 
 right angles to A D. From L, M, N, O with radius L P, describe circles 
 L, M, N, O. These are the circles required. 
 
 PROBLEM XLVL To inscribe in any equilateral triangle, as 
 ABC, three equal circles touching each other and two sides of 
 the triangle. 
 
 Bisect the sides of the triangle in D, E, F, and join A E, B F, C D. 
 Bisect the angle A E C by E G, cutting C D in G. Through G draw G H, 
 G K parallel to C A, C B cutting E A, B F in H K. Join H K. The 
 points H, G, K, of the smaller triangle H G K are the centres from which 
 to draw the required circles H, G, K. 
 
 PROBLEM XL vii. To inscribe seven equal circles in a circle, as 
 A B C D E F. 
 
 Draw any diameter A D. Bisect it in G, and divide each half into three 
 equal parts in H, K, L, M. From G with radius G H describe the circle 
 H M. Set off H G round the circumference of this circle. The points G . 
 H N O M P Q will be the centres of the required circles. 
 
 PROBLEM XL VIII. To draw an ellipse, as A B C D. 
 
 Construct an oblong E F G H having its sides E F, G H doubla of its 
 Bides E G, F H. Bisect G H in K, and draw K L parallel to F H or G E. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 183 
 
 Join E K. G L intersecting in M and L H, K F intersecting in N. From 
 K, L describe the arcs E A F, G C H, and from M, N, the arcs E B G, F D 
 H, These arcs together form an ellipse as required. 
 
 BEFORE WATERLOO. 
 
 BY LORD BYR01T. 
 
 ke. .....& convulsion 
 
 of nature, by which the sur- 
 face of the earth is lifted or 
 violently shaken 
 
 se'-pul-chred buried, 
 
 entombed 
 CO-los'-sal huge, of on 
 
 enormous size 
 tro'-phied adorned ivith 
 
 tokens of victory and spoils 
 
 of war 
 tri-umph'-al pertaining to 
 
 the celebration of a victory 
 
 sim'-pler .plainer, clearer 
 
 re v'-el-ry .feasting, music 
 
 and dancing 
 clliv'-al-ry the best and 
 
 noblest men of the land 
 VO-lup'-tu-OUS. . .exciting, feel- 
 ings of extreme pleasure 
 
 un-con-fined/ ..given full vent 
 
 to 
 o'-pen'-ing beginning, 
 
 commencing 
 win'-dowed ...pierced with, a 
 
 glazed opening for light 
 niche recess in a wall, 
 
 generally for a statue 
 fa'-ted doomed, destined to 
 
 die 
 
 fes'-ti-val feast, scene of 
 
 rejoicing 
 
 pro-phet'-ic prescient, 
 
 knowledge beforehand 
 ven'-geance . . . .retribution for 
 
 wrong or a desire for it 
 re-peat'-ed spoken or 
 
 heard again 
 aw / -ful.. . ...dreadful, terrible 
 
 mus'-ter-ing.'. gathering 
 
 together on parade 
 SCLliad'-rqn....a body of horse- 
 men in military parlance, 
 two troops of cavalry 
 
 Clat'-ter-ing making a 
 
 rattling noise 
 
 im-pet'-u-ous .furious, 
 
 difficult to check 
 
 a-larm'-ing inspiring fear 
 
 thronged ....crowded together 
 
 cit'-i-zens inhabitants of a 
 
 city or town 
 
 \vhis'-per-ing speaking in 
 
 an undertone 
 
 mar'-shal-ling setting 
 
 soldiers in battle array 
 
 mag-ni'-fi-cent-ly. -g loriously, 
 
 beautiful 
 
 "blent mingled in confusion 
 
 (part of verb to blend) 
 
 hur'-ry-ing hastening 
 
 Stop ! for thy tread is on an Empire's dust ! 
 
 An earthquake's spoil is sepulchred below ! 
 Is the spot marked with no colossal bust, 
 
 Nor column trophied for triumphal show 1 
 None ; b^t the moral's truth tells simpler so ; 
 
184 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 As the ground was before, thus let it be. 
 How that red rain hath made the harvest grow ! 
 And is this all the world has gained by thee, 
 Thou first and last of fields ! king-making Victory ? 
 
 There was a sound of revelry by night, 
 
 And Belgium's capital had gathered then 
 Her beauty and her chivalry ; and bright 
 
 The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men ; 
 A thousand hearts beat happily ; and when 
 
 Music arose with its voluptuous swell, 
 Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again, 
 
 And all went merry as a marriage-bell ; 
 
 But hush ! hark ! a deep sound strikes like a rising knell ! 
 
 Did ye not hear it 1 No ; 'twas but the wind, 
 
 Or the car rattling o'er the stony street ; 
 On with the dance ! let joy be unconfined ! 
 
 No sleep till morn, when youth and pleasure meet 
 To chase the glowing hours with flying feet 
 
 But hark ! that heavy sound breaks in once more, 
 As if the clouds its echo would repeat ; 
 
 And nearer, clearer, deadlier than before ! 
 
 Arm ! Arm ! it is ! it is ! the cannon's opening roar ! 
 
 Within a windowed niche of that high hall 
 
 Sate Brunswick's fated chieftain ; he did hear 
 That sound the first amidst the festival, 
 
 And caught its tone with Death's prophetic ear : 
 And when they smiled because he deemed it near 
 
 His heart more truly knew that peal too well 
 Which stretched his father on a bloody bier, 
 
 And roused the vengeance blood alone could quell ! 
 
 He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell ! 
 
 Ah ! then and there was hurrying to and fro, 
 And gathering tears, and tremblings of distress, 
 
 And cheeks all pale which but an hour ago 
 Blushed at the praise of their own loveliness ; 
 
 And there were sudden partings, such as press 
 The life from out young hearts, and choking sigha 
 
 Which ne'er might be repeated \ who could guess 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. }Q5 
 
 If ever more should meet those mutual eyes, 
 
 Since upon night so sweet such awful morn could rise ! 
 And there was mounting in hot haste : the steed, 
 
 The mustering squadron, and the clattering car, 
 Went pouring forward with impetuous speed, 
 
 And swiftly forming in the ranks of war ; 
 And the deep thunder peal on peal afar, 
 
 And near, the beat of the alarming drum 
 Housed up the soldiers ere the morning star ; 
 
 While thronged the citizens with terror dumb, 
 
 Or whispering, with white lips, " The foe ! they come, 
 they come ! " 
 
 And wild and high the " Cameron's gathering" rose, 
 
 The war note of Lochiel, which Albyn's hills 
 Have heard and heard too have her Saxon foes ; 
 
 How in the night noon of that pibroch thrills, 
 Savage and shrill ! But with the breath which fill* 
 
 Their mountain pipe, so fill the mountaineers 
 With the fierce native daring, which instils 
 
 The stirring memories of a thousand years ; 
 
 And Evan's, Donald's, fame rings in each clansman's ears. 
 
 And Ardennes waves above them her green leaves, 
 
 Dewy with nature's tear drops, as they pass, 
 Grieving if aught inanimate e'er grieves 
 
 Over the unreturning brave, alas ! 
 Ere evening to be trodden like the grass, 
 
 Which now beneath them, but above shall grow 
 In its next verdure ; when this fiery mass 
 
 Of living valour rolling on the foe, 
 
 And burning with high hope, shall moulder cold and low. 
 
 Last noon beheld our chieftains full of life ; 
 
 Last eve in beauty's circle proudly gay ; 
 The midnight brought the signal strife ; 
 
 The morn the marshalling in arms, the day 
 Battle's magnificently-stern array ! 
 
 The thunder-clouds close o'er it, which when rent 
 The earth is covered thick with other clay, 
 
 Which her own clay shall cover heaped and pent, 
 
 Kider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent ! 
 
186 
 
 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Arithmetic. XXVI. Cubic Measure Addition. 
 
 cub. yd. cub. ft. cub. in 
 
 (1) 
 
 cub. yd. 
 
 52739 
 86314 
 72659 
 80317 
 52613 
 42108 
 
 cub. ft, 
 
 16 
 23 
 9 
 14 
 10 
 17 
 
 cub. in. 
 
 1412 (2) 
 1706 
 1523 
 928 
 1699 
 731 
 
 cub. yd. cub. ft. cub.ii 
 
 68234 10 929 
 52012 13 1034 
 73869 9 827 
 42756 19 1155 
 83127 17 629 
 10593 26 1727 
 
 
 
 ~r r~ 
 
 
 
 
 (3) 23532 1 
 61871 23 
 54633 14 
 21870 11 
 64563 7 
 81907 16 
 
 1527 
 341 
 623 
 
 1095 
 411 
 
 1634 
 
 Subtraction. 
 
 cub. yd. cub. ft. cub. in, cub. yd. cub. ft. cub. in. cub. yd. cub. ft. cub. in 
 
 (1) 81034 14 996 (2) 93210 81 (3) 54832 20 1524 
 79259 23 1079 78565 19 624 51976 23 1637 
 
 VICTORY IN DEATH. 
 
 BY JOHN MILTON. 
 
 First read the story of Samson in Judges xiii. 16. " So the dead which 
 he slew at his death were more than they which he slew in his life." 
 
 Spa'-cioUS . .large , extensive 
 
 the'-a-tre place where ex- 
 hibitions are shown 
 
 Vault'- ed ...having an arched 
 roof 
 
 de-gree' rank among the 
 
 people 
 
 Sac'-ri-fice- offerings of beasts 
 slain and burnt on an 
 altar 
 
 im-me'-di-ate-ly .. ..directly, 
 
 without delay 
 
 liv'-er-y ...particular dress or 
 garb 
 
 clam'-our-ing shouting, 
 
 proclaiming 
 
 thrall slave, servant 
 
 Un-daunt'-ed ...without fear 
 
 or dread 
 
 in-cred'-i-ble...<to ivhich one 
 can scarcely believe 
 
 StU-pen'-douS ...enormous, so 
 great as to cause amazement 
 
 in ter-niis'-sion . . . temporary 
 cessation or stoppage from 
 toil 
 
 mas'-sive ...large, strong and 
 thick 
 
 Un-SUS-pi'-ciOUS not ex- 
 pecting, having no idea of 
 
 in-dined' bowed or bent 
 
 down 
 
 turned over in 
 
 re-volved' 
 
 thought 
 
 hith'-er-to . 
 imposed'.. 
 
 up to this time 
 
 .ordered as a task 
 
 ac-COrd' pleasure, free will 
 
 strain'-ing .forcing to the 
 
 utmost 
 
 hor'-ri-ble ...causing fear and 
 dread 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. J3J 
 
 The building was a spacious theatre, 
 
 Half-round, on two main pillars vaulted high, 
 
 With seats, where all the lords, and each degree 
 
 Of sort, might sit in order to behold. 
 
 The other side was open, where the throng 
 
 On banks and scaffolds under sky might stand. 
 
 The feast and moon grew high, and sacrifice 
 
 Had filled their hearts with mirth, high cheer, and wine 
 
 When to their sports they turned. Immediately 
 
 Was Samson as a public servant brought, 
 
 In their state livery clad : before him pipes 
 
 And timbrels, on each side went armed guards. 
 
 At sight of him the people with a shout 
 
 Rifted the air, clamouring their god with praise, 
 
 Who made their dreadful enemy their thrall. 
 
 He, patient, but undaunted, where they led him 
 
 Came to the place : and what was set before him 
 
 To heave, pull, draw, or break, he still performed, 
 
 All with incredible, stupendous force. 
 
 Ai length, for intermission's sake they led him 
 
 Between the pillars : he his guide requested, 
 
 As over-tired, to let him lean awhile 
 
 With both his arms on those two massive columns, 
 
 That to the arched roof gave main support. 
 
 He, unsuspicious, led him : which when Samson 
 
 Felt in his arms, with head awhile inclined, 
 
 And eyes fast fixed, he stood as one who prayed, 
 
 Or some great matter in his mind revolved. 
 
 At last, with head erecl, he cried aloud, 
 
 " Hitherto, lords, what your commands imposed 
 
 I have performed, as reason was, obeying : 
 
 Now of my own accord, such other trial 
 
 I mean to show you of my strength, yet greater, 
 
 As with amaze shall strike all who behold ! " 
 
 This uttered, straining all his nerves, he bowed, 
 
 As, with the force of winds and waters pent, 
 
 When mountains tremble : those two massive pillars 
 
 With horrible convulsion to and fro 
 
 He tugged, he snook, till down they came, and drew 
 
 The whole roof after them., with burst of thunder, 
 
138 FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 Upon the heads of all who sat beneath, 
 Lords, ladies, captains, councillors, or priests, 
 Their choice nobility and flower, not only 
 Of that, but each Philistine city round, 
 Met from all parts to solemnize the feast. 
 Samson, with these unmixed, inevitably 
 Pulled down the same destruction on himself ; 
 The vulgar only 'scaped, who stood without. 
 
 Exercise in Word Building. XXVI. 
 
 Form lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives NOMEN, a name; RUS, EURIS, tha 
 country; REGNUM, a kingdom; SIGNUM, a sign or seal; TEMPOS, 
 TEMPORIS, time; TERRA, the earth; TESTIS, a witness; andVERBUM, 
 a word. 
 
 2. The Latin adjectives RUDIS, unskilled; SACER, holy; SIMILIS, 
 like; and VERUS, true. 
 
 3. The Latin verbs NOSCO, / know, participle NOTUS, known; 
 ORO, / beseech; PARO, / get ready, participle PARATUS, ready; 
 PATIOR, / suffer; PETO,lseek; participle PETITUS, sought; PONO, 
 / place, participle POSITUS, placed; PORTO, / carry; QILERO, 
 / seek, participle QUJESITUS, sought; REGO, / rule, participle 
 RECTUS, ruled; SCRIBO, / write, participle SCRIPTUS, written; 
 SISTO, I stand, participle STATUS, stood; TEHEQ I hold, participle 
 TENTHS, held; VENIO, I come, participle VENTUS, come; and voco, 
 I call f participle VOCATUS, called. 
 
 Arithmetic. XXVII. Cubic Measure Multiplication. 
 
 1. Multiply 329 cub. yds. 18 cub. ft. 1387 cub. in., and 963 
 cub. yds. 2 cub. ft. 459 cub. in., by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 
 and 12. 
 
 2. Multiply 549 cub. yds. 23 cub. ft. 1224 cub. in., by 256, 
 343, 729, 861, 954, 1079, and 8436. 
 
 Division. 
 
 1. Divide 8329 cub. yds. 24 cub. ft. 339 cub. in., by 2, 3, 
 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and prove results by multiplication. 
 
 2. Divide 726394 cub. yds. 1 cub. &. 1435 cub. in., by 184, 
 288, 763, 549, 735, 8206, and 5987. 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 189 
 
 LIST OP PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 FROM THE GREEK, LATIN, AND ANGLO-SAXON. 
 
 Prefixes. 
 
 a, ab, abS (L.) off, from (ab-solve) 
 a, an (A.S.) on, in, at (a-bed); also 
 intensive (a-loud) 
 
 a, an (G.) not 
 
 a, an (G.; not, without (an-archy) 
 
 ad (L.) at, to (ad-here) 
 
 amb, ambi (L.) both, round, about 
 (ambi -dexter) 
 
 ampM (G.) both, round (amphi- 
 theatre) 
 
 an (A.S.) against 
 
 an ;G.) not 
 
 {in (A.S.) against, in return (an-swer) 
 ftna (G.) away from (ana-tomy) 
 ant, anti (G.) opposite to, against 
 
 (ant-agonist) 
 
 ante (L.) before (ante-cedent) 
 apo (G.) from (apo-stle) 
 be (A.S.) by, before, beside (by- 
 stander) ; also intensive (be- 
 sprinkle) ; also privative (be-faad) 
 bi (L.) in two, apart (bi-sect) 
 bis (L.) twice (bi-ennial) 
 Cata (G.) down, according to (cata- 
 ract) 
 
 Circum (L.) around (circum-vent) 
 Cis (L.) on this side (cis-montane) 
 COn (L.) with, together (con-nect) 
 Contra (L.) against (contra-diet) 
 counter (L.) against (counter-act) 
 de (L.) from (de-tract) 
 dia (G.) through (dia-tribe) 
 dis (L.) in two, apart (dis-tract) ; 
 also negative (dis-relish) ; also 
 privative (dis-lodge) 
 diJ3 (G.) two, twice (dis-syllable) 
 dys (G.) ill, difficult (dys-entery) 
 en (A.S.) in, into (en-list) 
 en (G.) in, on (en-ergy) 
 epi (G.) on (epi-taph) 
 CSO (G.) in, into (eso-teric) 
 eu(G.) well (eu-logy) 
 ex (L.) from, out of (ex-pel) 
 OX (G.) from, out of (ex-odus) 
 6X0 (G.) without (exo-teric) 
 extra (L.) without, beyond (extra- 
 ordinary) 
 
 for (A.S.) from, away, against (for* 
 
 swear) 
 
 fore (A.S.) ahead of (fore-most) 
 gain (A.S.) against (gain-say) 
 hyper (G.) over, beyond (hyper-bole) 
 hypo (G.) under (hypo-thenuse) 
 in (L.) not 
 in (A.S.) in, on (in-ward] ; also to 
 
 make (im-bitter) 
 in (L.) into (in-fuse) 
 in (L.) not (in-firm) 
 inter (L.) between (inter-vat) 
 intra (L.) within (intra-mural) 
 intro (L.) within (intro-duce) 
 juxta (L.) near (juxta-position) 
 met a (G.) with, after (meta-physics) 
 mis (A.S.) ill, wrong (mis-behave) 
 n (A.S.) no, not (n-ever) 
 ne (L.) not (ne-farious) 
 ne (G.) not (ne-penthe) 
 nec, neg (L.) not (neg-lect) 
 non (L.) not (non-sense) 
 Ob (L.; in the way of, against (06- 
 
 struct] 
 
 Off (A.S.) from, away (off-shoot) 
 on (A.S.) on, at (on-looker) 
 OUt (A.S.) without, beyond (out-law) 
 Over (A.S.) above, superior (over-seer) 
 par, para (G.)by, beside (par-allel) 
 pen, pene (L.) almost (pen-insula) 
 per (L.) through (per-mit) 
 peri (G.) around (peri-metei') 
 post (L.) behind, after (post-pone) 
 pre (L.) before (pre-dict) 
 preter (L.) before, beyond (prtter 
 
 natural) 
 
 pro (G.) before (pro-logue) 
 pro (L) before, beyond (pro-ject) 
 pros ((.) to (pros-elyte) 
 re (L.) back, again (re-tract) 
 retro (L.) backwards (retro-gradt) 
 SO (L.) by itself, aside (se-parate) 
 Sine (L.) without (sine-cure) 
 SUb (L.) under (subject) 
 SUbter (L.) under (subter-fuge) 
 super (L.) over, above (super* 
 structure) 
 
190 FO URTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 PREFIXES. (Continued.) 
 
 supra (L.) over, above (supra- 
 mundane) 
 
 sy, syl, syn (G.) together (syl-lable) 
 to (A.S.) to, at (to-wards) 
 to (A.S.) tliis (to-day) 
 trans (L.)across, beyond (trans-port) 
 U (G.) no, no (u-topia) 
 Ultra (L.) beyond (ultra-montane) 
 
 un (A.S.) not (un-happy) ; also to ba 
 wanting in (un-belief) ; also rever- 
 sion (un-tie) 
 
 under (A.S.) below (under-lake) 
 
 up (A.S.) up (up-hill) 
 
 V6 (L.) no, not (ve-hement) 
 
 With (A.S.) against, back 
 draw) 
 
 Affixes. 
 
 able, ble, ible (L.) fit to be, or 
 
 which can be (port-o.ble) 
 ac (G.) pertaining to (elegi-ac) 
 aceous (L.) having the qualities of 
 
 (herb-aceous) 
 
 acy (L.) act of doing (conspir-acy) 
 ad (G.) that which (Dunci-ad) 
 al (L.) belonging to (brid-al) 
 an, ane (L.) belonging to (hum-an) 
 ance, ancy (L.) state (abund-ance) 
 ant (L.) belonging to (eleg-ant) 
 ar (L.) belonging to (circul-ar) 
 ar (A.S.) one who (li-ar) 
 ard (A.S.) one who (drunk-ard) 
 art (A.S.) one who (brag-gart) 
 ary (L.) belonging to (tribut-ary) 
 ary (L.) place where (libr-ary) 
 asm (G.) that which (phant-asm) 
 aster (L.) one who, used in sense of 
 
 diminution (poet-aster) 
 ate (L.) to make (navig-ate) 
 CC (L.) state of being (gra-ce) 
 cy (L.) state of being (dtmen-cy) 
 Cle, CUle (L.) (parti-cle) 
 dom (A.S.) dominion, power (king- 
 dom) ; also state (free-dom) 
 ean (Gr.) belonging to (Europ-ean) 
 el (A.B.) that which (shovel) 
 el (A.S.) little (satch-d) 
 en (A.S.) made of (wood-eri) ; also to 
 
 make (whit-en) 
 en (A.S.) little (chicken) 
 ence, ency (L.) state (penit-ence) 
 ene (L.) belonging to (terr-ene) 
 ent (L.) belonging to (differ-ent) 
 er (A.S.) one who, doer (writ-er) 
 er (A.S.) more (great-er) 
 er (A.S.) often (glim-mer) 
 ern (A.S.) direction (north-em) 
 ery (A.S.) place where (brew-ery) 
 
 erly (A.S.) direction (east-erly) 
 
 escent (L.) becoming (conval-escent) 
 
 ese (L.) belonging to or of (Chin-ese) 
 
 est (A,S.) most (great-cst) 
 
 et (G.) one who (proph-et) 
 
 et (A.S.) diminutive (flower-it) 
 
 ete (G.) one who (athl-ete) 
 
 ever (A,S.) any, every (whoso-ever) 
 
 ful (A.S.; full of (delight-ful) 
 
 fy (L.) to make (clari-fy) 
 
 head (A.S.) state (God-head) 
 
 llOOd (A.S.) state (man-hood) 
 
 ible (L.) able to be (poss-ible) 
 
 ic (L.) belonging to (cub-ic) 
 
 leal (L.) belonging to (metr-ical) 
 
 id (L.) belonging to (rig-id) 
 
 ie (A.S.) diminutive (lass-ie) 
 
 lie (L.) belonging to (gent-iU) 
 
 He (L.) able (duct-ile) 
 
 ine (L.) belonging to (genu-ine) 
 
 ing (A.S.) little (farlh-ing) 
 
 ion (L.) state of being (creaf-ion) 
 
 ior (L.) more (super-ior) 
 
 ise (G.) to make (equal-ise) 
 
 ish (A.S.) belonging to (fool-ish) 
 
 ish (A.S.) somewhat (brown-ish] 
 
 ish (L.) to make (establ-ish) 
 
 isk (G.) little (aster-isk) 
 
 ism (G.) stete of being (patriot-ism) ; 
 
 also opinions (Calvin-ism) 
 ist (G.) one who (chem-ist) 
 ite (L.) belonging to (favour-He) 
 ity (L.) state of being (docil-ity) 
 ive (L.) belonging to (nat-ive) 
 kin (A.S.) diminutive (lamb-kin) 
 kind (A.S.) sort, race (man-kind) 
 le (A.S.) that which (set-tie) 
 le (A.S.) often (spar-te) 
 lent (L.) full of (vio-lent) 
 less (A.S.) free from (yuilt-le*) 
 
FOURTH MANCHESTER READER. 
 
 191 
 
 AFFIXES. (Continued.) 
 
 let (A.S ) little (stream-let) 
 
 like (A.S.) resembling (God-like) 
 
 ling (A.S.) little (dar-ling) 
 
 ly (A.S.) like (man-ly) 
 
 ment (L.) that which (nourish-ment) 
 
 mony (L.) that which (testi-mony) ; 
 also state (parsi-mony) 
 
 most (A.S.) superlative degree 
 (fore-most) 
 
 nee (A.S.) from (whe-nce) 
 
 ness (A.S. ) state of being (tender-ness) 
 
 OCk (A.S.) little (hill-ock) 
 
 or (L.) one who (auth-or) 
 
 Ory (L-) belonging to (prefat-ory) 
 
 ory (L.) place in which (purgat-ory) 
 
 OSC (L.) full of (verb-ose) 
 
 Ot (A. S.) little (ball-ot) 
 
 OUT (A.S.) state of being (val-our) 
 
 OUS (L.) full of (dubi-ous) 
 
 OW (A.S.) little (shad-ow) 
 
 red (A.S ) those who (kind-red) 
 
 lie (A.S.) power, place (bishop-ric) 
 
 ry (A.S.) place (avia-ry) 
 
 86 (A.S.) to make (dean-se) 
 
 snip (A.S.) quality, state (friend- 
 ship) 
 
 Sis (G.) action, state (the-sis) 
 
 sm (G.) state, condition (spa-sm) 
 some (A.S.) full of (glad-tome) 
 Ster (A.S.) one who (game-ster) 
 sy (L.) state (pleuri-sy) 
 ter (G.) that which (charac-ter) 
 th (A.S.) state (wir-ta) 
 ther (A,S.) towards (thi-ther) 
 tUde (L ) state of being (habi-tude) 
 ty (L.) state of being (digni-iy) ; also 
 
 quality (hones-ty) 
 Ule (L.) little (ylob-ule) 
 Ult (L.) act, state (tum-ult) 
 ume (L.) that which (vol-ume) 
 Uncle (L.) little (horn-uncle) 
 ure (L.) act (capt-ure) also state in 
 
 which (verd-wr) 
 
 urnal flL.) belonging to (noct-urnal) 
 Ute (L.) belonging to (ac-ute) 
 ward, wards (A.S.) direction 
 
 (homeward) 
 ways (A.S.) manner, direction 
 
 (side-ioays) 
 
 Wise (A.S.) way, manner (like-wise) 
 y (A.S.) full of, very (nois-y) 
 y (L.) state or act (victor-y) 
 y (L. ) place (rector-y) 
 yer (A.S.) one who (law-yer) 
 
 Exercises in Word Building XXVIL 
 
 Form Lists of English words, according to the models, from 
 
 1. The Latin substantives ARBITER, a judge or umpire; CALX, 
 CALCIS, chalk or limestone; DENS, DENTIS, a tooth; FEBRIS, a fever; 
 FERRUM, iron ; FCEDUS, a treaty or league ; FUMUS, smoke ; HUMUS, 
 the ground ; IMAGO, an image or picture ; LIBER, LIBRI, the bark 
 of a tree, a book ; LINUM, flax ; ONUS, ONERIS, a burden ; PONDUS, 
 PONDERIS, a weight ; QUIES, rest ; RADIX, a root ; SALUS, SALUTIS, 
 health, safety; SONUS, a sound; VIA, a way; and VIR, a man. 
 
 2. The Latin verbs CLAUDO, or CLUDO, / shut, participle 
 CLAUSUS, or CLUSUS, shut; FALLO, / deceive; FALSUS, deceived; 
 FARI, to speak, or order, participle FATUS, decreed; FIOO, I fix, 
 participle FIXUS, fixed ; LABOR, / slip or fall, participle LAPSUS, 
 fallen ; LINQUO, / leave, participle UCTUS, left ; LUDO / play, 
 participle LUSUS, played; MEDEOR, / cure; NUNCIO, 1 tell or 
 announce; PLAUDO, I praise, participle PLAUSUS, praised ; PUTO, 
 f think, participle PUTATUS ; thought; and SPIRO, I breathe. 
 
192 
 
 FOtJRTH MANCHESTER HEADER. 
 
 TABLES OP WEIGHT, MEASURE, & CAPACITY. 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 
 
 16 drams (drs.) ..make 1 ounce oz. 
 
 16 ounces 1 pound Ib. 
 
 Impounds ...... 1 stone st. 
 
 28 pounds , , 1 quarter qr. 
 
 20 hundredweight 
 
 f 1 hundred- 
 [ weight cwt. 
 1 ton ton 
 
 LONG MEASURE. 
 
 3 barleycorns (be.) make 1 inch in. 
 12 inches ........... , 1 foot ft. 
 
 3 feet ............ 1 yard yd. 
 
 40 poles ...... make 1 furlong fur. 
 
 8 furlongs 
 Smiles ...... 
 
 1 mile 
 1 league 
 
 m. 
 
 lea. 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE. 
 
 4 gills (giL) ...... make 1 pint pt. | 4 quarts ...... make 1 gallon galL 
 
 2 pints .......... ,, 1 quart qrt. | 
 
 f * In measuring wines and spirits, 63 gallons make 1 hogshead ; 84 
 gallons mako 1 puncheon ; 126 gallons, 1 pipe or butt : 252 gallons, 1 tun. 
 
 In measuring ale, beer, and porter, 9 gallons make 1 firkiu ; 18 gallons, 
 1 kilderkin ; 36 gallons, 1 barrel ; 54 gallons, 1 hogshead ; 108 gallons, 1 
 butt. 
 
 TIME TABLE. 
 
 A ;> /- \ i, a / 1 minute 24 hours ........ make 1 day day 
 
 60 seconds (sec.) make} min 7 days ........ ^ iweekwk. 
 
 60 minutes ...... ,, 1 hour hr. 365 days ........ 1 year yr. 
 
 % 4 weeks or 28 days make 1 lunar month. Of the calendar months, 
 February has 28 days, and in Leap Year 29 ; April, June, September, and 
 November have 30 days ; January, March, May, July, August, October, 
 and December have 31 days. 
 
 Erery fourth year contains 366 days, and is called Leap Year. 
 
 SQUARE MEASURE. 
 
 144 square inches make 1 square foot sq. ft. 
 
 9 square feet.. 1 square yard sq. yd. 
 
 80J square yards 1 square rod, pole, or perch eq.po. 
 
 40 perches .... 1 rood r. 
 
 4 roods ...... 1 acre a. 
 
 640 acres ...... ,, 1 square mile sq. m. 
 
 CUBIC MEASURE. 
 
 1728 cubic inches (cub. in.) ..make 1 cubic foot cub. ft, 
 27 cubic feet .............. 1 cubic yard cub. yd. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 Spelling, and Composition before us are excellent in their character, and 
 in the hands of a careful teacher will prove of great value to the scholar. 
 * * * The examples in arithmetic are well selected." Public Opinion. 
 " Tljese exercises are admirable arranged and adapted for home prac- 
 tice, and are published at a price that brings them within the reach of 
 all." Methodist Recorder. 
 
 * * * * "Any teacher whose first and second standards have care- 
 fully gone through this course of exercises, may present them to Ker 
 Majesty's Inspector at the annual examination with confidence." 
 Wesleyan Sunday-School Magazine. 
 
 " The arrangement is good. * * * * The book is a marvel of cheap- 
 ness." Papers for the Schoolmaster. 
 
 "The books will be found serviceable in large elementary schools." 
 Critic. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Spenser's Faerie Queene. Canto I. Sewed, 3d., cloth, 4d. 
 POETRY. 
 
 Selections Of Poetry. One of the "Extra Subject" series of Class 
 
 Books for Standards IV., V., and VI. , of the New Code. By DR. 
 
 SNAITH and H. MAJOR, B.A. In Three Parts, F'cap Svo. 2d. 
 
 each. Complete, sewed, 6d. ; cloth limp, Sd. 
 
 " The selections are admirable. * * * The work is carefully edited, 
 
 with explanatory foot notes. We can heartily recommend the volume." 
 
 School Board Chronicle, July 15th, 1872. 
 
 John Key-wood's Explanatory Book of Standard Poetry. 
 
 Adapted to Standard IV. of Reading, and Standards IV., V., and VI. 
 
 of Literature, under the New Code ; and suitable also for Private 
 
 Schools. Crown 8vo., cloth. One Shilling. 
 
 'Here is a book full of the best and purest poetry, and with all the 
 difficult furrows ploughed up. A work like the one before us takes 
 much of the work off the shoulders of the already over- tasked teacher." 
 National Schoolmaster, March, 1871. 
 
 " Books of Poetry are beautiful. Many of them are cheap, but cheap- 
 ness and goodness are not always combined as they are in this book." 
 Educational Reporter, May 1st, 1872. 
 
 MANCHESTER: JOHN HEYWOOD, 141 and 143, DEANSQ.VTE; 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT, 141, Deansgate. 
 LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, <fe Co. ; J, C. TACEY. 
 
John Heywood's Educational Works. 
 
 John Heywood's Geographical Copy-Books. A Series of Copy-Books, 
 containing Exercises in Geography. Sewed, 2d. each. 
 
 1. Geographical Definitions. 
 
 2. Artificial Divisions. 
 
 3. Natural Divisions. 
 
 4. England and Wales. 
 
 5. Scotland. 
 
 6. Ireland. 
 
 7. Geographical Derivations 
 
 John Heywood's Cop 
 
 National, or 3rd Qus 
 Second Quality Fool 
 Best Quality Foolsce 
 
 1. Strokes and Turns 
 **la. Strokes and Turns 
 2. Letters 
 *2a. Letters 
 3. Short Words 
 *3a. Short w d" 
 4. Large ]B ' 
 ". "'ex'-H** 
 ox ai Round 
 
 y-Books the b< 
 
 ilityF'cap 2d. 
 scap 2d. 
 
 jst and c 
 Seconc 
 BestQ 
 BestQ 
 
 1 
 I SmaU 
 I. 
 Small 
 
 i'l.H'd. 
 
 Small 
 t, R'd., 
 U 
 
 beapest. 
 I Quality Post 4d- 
 
 uaUty Post 5d. 
 
 ip . 3d 
 
 uality Large Post . . 6d. 
 
 11. Ladies' Angulr H'd. 
 12. Commercial Hand 
 12a. Gentlemen's Fin- 
 ishing Hand. 
 12j. CommercialForms 
 13. Ornamental 
 Alphabet 
 14. Figure Book 
 15. Capitals. 
 
 6. Round Han( 
 6. Round anc 
 7.' Small Han 
 7. Initiatory 
 Hand 
 8. Angular Sn 
 9. Text,R'd.,<! 
 10. Large, Tex 
 and Sma 
 
 * These are printed with faint ink for the pupil to write over. 
 
 541,137 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 01 me 
 
 John Heywood's Mercantile Copy-Books. In Two Parts. Price 
 
 
 
 Invoice. 
 Tradesman's Bill. . 
 Account Receipted. 
 Account Current. 
 Heceipt. 
 
 Cheque. 
 Promissory Notes. 
 Note, with Interest. 
 Draft to Order 
 (Inland Bill). 
 
 Draft in favour of 
 another (In. BUI), 
 Foreign Bill of 
 Exchange. 
 Business Letters, 
 
 .MANCHESTER : JOHN HEYWOOD, 141 s.nd 143, Deansgate. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT, 141, Deansgate. 
 LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co.; J. C. TACET.