BANCROFT LIBRARY -O THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 4 : Jo. 6. LOYELL'S POUT IC1L 1HD SCIENTIFIC SERIES. 30 CTS. Issued Weekly Annual Subscription, 115.00. Sept. 30, 1889. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION BY A. K. OWEN NEW YORK JOHN W. LOVELL COMPANY 142 TO iso WORTH STREET BY SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT WITH THE AUTHORS. PROGRESS AMD P0VERTT LOVELL'S and SERIES. ISSUED MONTHLY. INTERESTING AND INSTRUCTIVE WORKS BY DISTINGUISHED WRITERS AT HOME AND ABROAD. 1. PROGRESS AND POVERTY. By Henry George 35 2. OUR SILVER COINAGE. By John A. Grier 25 3. SOCIAL PROBLEMS. By Henry George 30 4. THE LAND QUESTION. By Henry George 20 5. HOUSE-KEEPING AND HOME-MAKING. By Marion Harland 15 6. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. By A. K. Owen 30 7. THE CO-OPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH. By Laurence Gronlund 30 8. LABOR AND CAPITAL. By Edward Kellogg 30 9. THE NEW REPUBLIC. By Dr. E. J. Schellhous 30 0. HYGIENE OF THE BRAIN. By Dr. M. L. Holbrook 30 1. WOMAN'S PLACE TO-DAY. By Mrs. Lillie D. Blake 20 2. STUDIES IN CIVIL SERVICE. By John W. Hoyt, LL.D 20 3. TAX THE AREA. By Kemper Bocock 25 4. FALSE HOPES. By Goldwin Smith 20 5. VIVISECTION. By A. Leffingwell, M.D 25 6. TWILIGHT CLUB TRACTS. By Chas. F. Wingate 25 7. UNDERGROUND RUSSIA. By Stepniak 25 8. POLE ON WHIST. By Pole 20 9. SCIENCE IN SHORT CHAPTERS. By W. Mattieu Williams 25 MYSTIC LONDON. By Rev. Maurice Davies 25 PROPERTY IN LAND. By Henry George 20 SOCIALISM. By A. J. Starkweather and S. Robert Wilson 10 3. CHILDHOOD OF THE WORLD. By Edward Clood, F.R.S. A 10 4. THE TRUE SOLUTION OF THE LAND QUESTION. By Chas. H. W. Cook... 10 5. EVERY DAY COOK-BOOK. By Miss E. Neill 25 26. PRINCIPLES AND FALLACIES OF SOCIALISM. By David J. Hill 15 Any of the above sent postpaid, on receipt of price, by the publishers. JOHN W. LOVELL COMPANY 150 WORTH ST., COR. MISSION PLACE INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION; ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION BY ALBERT K. ,OWEN. Li Every noble work is at first impossible. CariyU. A fool in revolt, is infinitely wiser than the philosopher forging a learned apology for his chains. KOSSUTH. It is just fifty years ago that the construction of the first French railroad, that from Paris to St. Germain, was officially sanctioned. The late Emil Pereire undertook to make this line at his own expense. It had taken nearly three years to obtain the consent of the authorities, the contention of Theirs being that railroads could never be more than mere toys, while Arazo also doubted their utility. The financial difficulties were also great, and only surmounted when the Rothschilds and Davillers were won over. The road was opened in 1837, and be- came the nucleus of the western system. The Sun, Sept. I, 1885. NEW YORK UNITED STATES BOOK COMPANY SUCCESSORS TO JOHN W. LOVELL COMPANY 142 TO 150 WORTH STREET True living is not thinking how to act, bat acting what 4L. .. and "Credit Foncier" stock sales and the conditions of the same being forever reserved by said " Credit Foncier." And, be it Rcs&lrcd, That said " Credit Foncier'' be con- trolled by. a Board of Directors elected by, from and fol the stockholders ; that said Directors elect their Chair- man, and that said Chairman form the necessary co-ordi- nate departments from the said Directors. And, be it Resolved, That the said departments to begin with, be as follows : Department on deposits, loans, insurances, and the ways and means of payments ; De- partment on surveys, buildings, improvements, streets, parks, wharves, etc. ; Department on laws, by-laws, arbi- trations and registrations ; Department on the employ- ment of motors, powers, lights and heats; Department on policing, sewerage and cleanliness; Department on trans- portation of persons, baggage, parcels and communica- tions; Department for the diversification and perfection of employments among and of the stockholders; Depart- ment. on educations, instructions, amusements and baths; Department on farming, forestry, stock-raising, game and fish culture and preservation; Department of surgeons, nurses, pharmacy, chemistry and commissariat. And, be- it Resolved, That said directors be paid salaries, never to exceed $100 per month; that a printed list of every class of service be posted at the headquarters of each of said Departments, and all moneys so received be paid into the Department on deposits, loans, insurances, and the ways and means of payments, and that the report of each Department be published officially every month, and authorized copies be sent to each stockholder. ARGUMENT. The lands on and adjacent to Topolobampo harbor, Sinaloa, Mexico, present an attractive basis, and the sug- gestions hereinaboye written formulate a plan by which a INTEGRAL CO-OPEKATION Hew York to Topolobampo " " San Diego . . 14 " San Francisco " " Portland . . Miles. . 2,261 .2,426 . 2,565 2,437 2 6 INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. colony of 500, or a nation of 600,000,000 people may be united intelligently, forcibly and amicably. The site for " Pacific Colony " has been laid out upon a carefully studied plan, and after many years' experience with the practical workings of city regulations and exten- sions, and is designed to meet the present and future requirements of a great commercial, manufacturing and agricultural commonwealth. Its geographical relations with North, Central and South America ; with the island worlds of the Pacific ; with Europe and Asia ; its imme- diate back-country resources and its climate combine to speak for " Pacific Colony " site an immediate and con- spicuous influence in the world's exchanges. It lies on a direct line, drawn through New Orleans and Galveston, and at a distance of 1400 miles by railroad routes from the former; less than noo miles by railroad routes from the latter ; 1326 miles by steamship lines from San Fran- cisco, and within 200 miles from Guaymas, which is six days, by railroad from New York City. It is in the zone of empire, conquest and commerce, and in the latitude of the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands, Canton, Calcutta, Muscat, Mecca, Thebes, and the Bahamas. While ocean currents and trade winds facilitate departures to Japan, China, and Australia, no snows. or floods interrupt access to it from the Texas ports on the Gulf of Mexico.* * W. BARROWS, D. D. : Moreover, the commerce of the valley of the Mississippi tends naturally to an outlet through Mexico to the Pa- cific and the ancient east. That valley is larger by one-half than the Old Roman Empire, and is drained into the Mexican Gulf by more than 15,000 miles of navigable rivers. Few people realize how much nearer it is from the valley to the Pacific by going across Mexico than by using our own railroads. New Orleans may be, and soon will be, 726 miles nearer to the Pacific than to San Francisco. Even St. Louis will soon be 650 miles nearer to the Pacific by rail than it now is to San Francisco. Interior Omaha, the last large eastern city before we enter the west proper, and so far on the way to the Pacific at San INTEGRAL CO-OPEKATJOA'. ! Chicago to Topolobampo . " San Diego . . ** " San Francisco " Portland . . . Mile*. x '753 2 8 INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. Pamphlets and maps have been published to show the importance of Topolobampo harbor, and its relations with the commercial and political centres of the world, and details have been given, with illustrations of the avenues, streets, walks and diagonals ; the parks, circles, wharves, quays, etc., etc., of the said Colony site on its shores. It remains at this time necessary to mention only a few con- trolling ideas in connection with the proposition to settle and manage this or other well-chosen sites in the interest of those ivhd may determine fo colonize upon the same. How to obtain a home in this world of ours ; how to make it comfortable, attractive, wholesome, secure, and at the same time keep its privacy sacred and its surroundings beautiful, instructive and progressive, is paramount to all and to any other question which can possibly force itself upon the serious consideration of the men and women of our day and race. The home is the palladium of civilized life. A city is made up of many homes. A nation is the aggregation of many cities. Half a dozen nations rule the world. No life is worth living which is not home-life. Permit the sacredness of home to be violated within, surround the home with evil associations, and its virtue is tarnished, insecurity fills the minds of its inmates, the sacred- ness of the home circle is marred, the family goes from bad to worse, the city becomes a den of thieves, poisonous gases and foul odors arise from corner and thoroughfare, Francisco, is 150 miles'nearer the Mexican way, "as the crow flies." And in the triumphs of science and money combined, locomotives are getting quite in the way of going as the crow does: New York is 784 miles nearer the Pacific through Mexico than by the Golden Gate; or, to put the case more boldly for Pacific commerce, San Antonio, a leading Texan city, is 339 miles nearer to the Pacific than it is to St. Louis, taking rail direct each way. Undoubtedly commerce will soon take the shortest route to market, and the laws of trade will soon pre- pare the ways for the laws of nations. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. 2 g nothing is certain but taxes * and individual and public bankruptcy, rum-counters, pawn-shops and bawdy-houses are met with at every turn, the mind becomes callous to the sufferings, miseries and debaucheries it sees every- where and at all times, gamblers become *' respectable,' 1 brokers corner the necessaries of life, bakers poison the bread they sell, grocers adulterate their commodities, col- leges become boat-houses and athletic clubs, brute sluggers take prizes, dog fights are encouraged, political ringsters secure control of governments, corporations seize upon the common interests of the masses, " the boodle" becomes the aim of the people, the crafty and unprincipled lord it over the industrious and unsuspecting, disease and crime take possession of the nation.* Our earth to-day, offers no refuge not a single locality where a home can he made comfortable, secure and beauti- ful, and at the same time surrounded with the conveniences, instructions and attractions wished for by an educated and thoughtful person (Appendix. No. 6). Non-manufac- turing people are negative, if not actually the miserable relics of effete grandeur and monstrous excesses. Manu- facturing nations have rushed from poverty to luxury, have forgotten all lessons worthy of remembrance, have fallen * 1880 The total bounded indebtedness of the 300 towns and cities in the United States, containing a population of 11,350,772 is $664,346, 913 or $58.53 per capita. Of this amount $6, 169,723 is held at 10 per cent, ; $11,000 at 9 per cent. ; $18,864,007 at 8 per cent. ; $356,500 at 7^ per cent. ; $16,385,500 at 7.3 per cent.; $188,265,829 at 7 per cent. ; $1,551,104 at 6^ per cent. ; $304,206,158 at 6 per cent. ; $5i5,oooat 5 per cent.; $98,642,617 at 5 per cent; $4,688,150 at 4$ percent.; $21,458,835 at 4 per cent. ; $983.100 at 4 per cent ; and $2, 250,040 at 3 per cent. The report of the housing of the poor states that the single-room sys- tem for families is spreading in central London, where, notwithstanding 88 per cent, of the poor pay more than one-fifth of their income in rent, twelve persons of different families were in some cases found in one room. 30 INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. into the hands of lawyers, and " their clients " have become privileged classes to rob and plunder, by legal enactment, those who are non-incorporated. The Continent of North America has within itself the elements for all reforms required. Bad as are its governments to-day, its lands and people offer the only basis for early and permanent improvements to be found on our planet. One day. North America will dictate the. policy to the States confederated from Behring Sea to Cape Horn and across it the 100,000,000 people of Europe and the 600,000,000 of Asia will make their visits and ex- changes. Mexico (Appendix No. 7) is the best locality in North America for a colony to start a matured and pro- gressive plan for town, farm, factory and commerce, because Mexico presents virgin soil, great resources and good climate removed from the evil influences of the now popular trade and political centres of the world, which would be likely to threaten, if not crush, attempts at new and vigor- ous incorporated community life based upon home life kepi inviolate and public properties controlled in the interest of the. citizen. And again, by the time the colony would be able to stand quite alone, independent of other communities and interdependent in its internal relations, it would be joined by railroads and steamships to the trading marts of our own and other Continents, and then its example of peaceful, industrial and successful life, and above all the security within itself, would be more likely to influence others than be interfered with by them. The Regency of San Marino, Italy, (24 square miles, pop. 8,500), in its community of land interests; the State of Andorra, Spain (191 square miles, pop. 8,000), which holds and works its iron mines in common ; Malta, in the non-taxation of its citizens ; Salt Lake City, Utah, in its harmony of pur- pose ; Newcastle, Delaware, in its control of land estates ; Zoar, Ohio, the " land of refuge," in its self-reliance and INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. 31 correct life ; Boston, Mass., in the ownership and operation of its ferries across Charles river; Pullman, 111., in the responsible management from its start ; New York city, in holding possession of its wharves and of the East River Bridge (which is as much a highway as are its streets) ; St. Pierre, Island of Guernsey, in the building, control, and payment for its Market House ; British towns, in building, owning and operating their street cars, water and gas works ; M. Godin, of Guise, France, with his manufacturing community ; England, Germany and France, with their commercial and manufacturing co-operative associations, etc., etc., give us a basis to improve and inaugurate upon a large, lasting and scientific basis. EXPLANATIONS. "Pacific Colony " will be controlled from its inception by a financially strong, intellectually vigorous and morally responsible body corporate a "Credit Foncier " with full powers and special privileges to put into practice the ac- cepted principles of a co-operative community of farm, factory and commerce. The fulcrum of a co-operative community or colony is a Department of Deposits and Loans thoroughly organized. {Appendix No 8). A branch of this department will be where services are made to offset services and where balances are settled by means of a " unit of account/' and its decimals and multiples made a legal tender by and between those who issue it {Appendix No, 5). The equity and comprehensiveness of the management of the Depart- ment of Deposits and Loans will be the test by which the colony will be judged by the new civilization which is to follow co-operative movements. The colonists will be associated partners in a business firm and can facilitate the exchange of their services by 2 ? INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. means of a perfected system of accounts in credits and debit* entered upon the firm's books by the cashier (Department of Deposits and Loans) in the same method used by the Venetians at their bank between 1171 and 1797, A.D. For convenience the colonists can have their book-credits cashed with the said " units of account" thereby leaving "pot-metal coins " and "bank-credit currencies" in the con- trol of said " Credit Foncier " to settle balances for out- side exchanges, which may be large during the first two years of the colony. The Department for the Diversification and Perfection of Employments * is to foster, instruct and establish the colo- nists, to the best advantage, in their trades, professions in- ventions and talents; and this will secure the production and manufacture of most of the necessaries and some of the luxuries of life by the time 5,000 persons have settled upon the colony's lands. The colonist after that will be a seller rather than a buyer. The climate being one free from frost and the soil unsurpassed, growth will be continu- ous if there is a supply of water. The pipe line assures this ; hence, within two years after the start, the farm of the colonists will, in all probability, produce cereals, melons, vegetables, cotton, hemp, indigo, coffee, mustard, sugar, rice, molasses, maguey fibre, alcohol, mescal (iov medicinal purposes), fibrous grasses, hay, clover, fruits, seeds, plants, young trees, cattle, horses, mules, burros, goats, sheep, hogs, rabbits, poultry, etc., etc. From the harbor they will take fish, turtle and oysters. From the Gulf shores and islands, pearl shells (for buttons), salt, gypsum, guano, etc., etc. From the woods and sea shores, deer, wild hogs (peccary), the Ameri- can hare, quail, turkey, snipe, ducks, etc., etc. Their factor- ies will dry and can fish, turtle and oysters for the coast coun j * Every common trade in Amsterdam has a Government shop, at which deserving people are given work incase of necessity. The price paid them is small, and the goods made are used by the Government, instead of being sold. The system is said to work very satisfactorily. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION'. 33 try, the sierras and the plateaux ; and manufacture paper and woolen goods, cotton sheeting (?nanta\ scrapes (Mexican blankets), ropes, twine, bagging (made from the fibre of the maguey), leather, paper pulp (from palm wood and the aloe family of plants), soap, lard, butter, pickled and preserved meats, canned vegetables, fish, turtle and oys- ters, bread, crackers, flour, corn and oatmeal, bricks, tiles, earthenware, glass, concrete pipes, composition pave- ments, floors and roofs, furniture (willow, rattan, paper, brass and iron suitable for warm and dry climates), ham- mocks, shoes, hats, (straw, palm-leaf and felt), saddles, bridles, harness, works in iron, steel, copper and brass ; smelting works for reducing all classes of ores from the Sierras, car shops, blacksmith shops, daily papers, job printing, type and cyclostyle writing, photography, litho- graphic and patented processes, musical instructions, educational facilities, bank accommodations with exchanges upon all parts of the world, circulating libraries, medical and chemical experts, hotel accommodations, electric motors, heats and intelligences, expressages to all parts of the world ; lumber, coal, general commission agencies for all articles of agriculture, sustenance, clothing and utility used in Sinaloa, Sonora, Lower California and Northwestern Mexico ; draughtsmen, contractors for houses, railroads, etc., etc. ; engineers, etc., etc. ; all kind of needlework and fancy sewing, etc., etc. With the balance of trade in favor of the colony, its " u-tiits of account " will be eagerly sought for by outside merchants, for they will be bills of exchange bottomed upon the products of the farm, fisheries, factories, etc., etc., of the colonists. And the colonists can within firt years be made the greatest center for distributing supplies on the Pacific coast of North America south of San Francisco. Again, the colonists will own the controlling interest in- a steamship which will ply between their harbor and the 34 INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. ports and islands of the Gulf of California and elsewhere, and the said " units of account" will be receivable in pay- ment for freights and passages; also for water rents along their pipe line ; and, as the American and Mexican Pacific Railroad is identified largely with the interests of the colony, and as the colonists will own fifty shares of its capital stock and have, at least, one Director in its Board, it may be arranged that said " units of account" be received at par for tickets and bills of lading over its lines. In these and in other ways too numerous to note at this writing, the " units of account" issued by the " Credit Fon- cier " upon the actual and specified credits of the colo- nists will for all useful purposes serve as money and be a perfect and equitable instrument of association and ex- change and a bond of union and good fellowship between the colonists and with those with whom they may do business. Another branch of the Department of Deposits and Loans is that of Insurance. To avoid the possibility of poverty and unnecessary discomforts to colonists in case of accident, sickness, age, fire, storm and death every member should be insured, and, above all, every able-bodied colonist will be insured regular and remunerative employment for every working day in the year. In case of physical injury or sickness, nurses, medicines, food, doctor, and an allowance in credits will be furnished ; in consequence of the infirmities of age, food, attendants and a fixed rate of credits will be given ; in the event of damage by fire or storm, etc., the losses will be made good : at death, the body will be taken in charge by a branch of the Depart- ment on Policing, etc., and, within twenty-four (24) hours, will be cremated and the ashes returned to the relatives. Exceptions will be made to this rule when a person has given his or her body to the doctors, for post-mortem ex- aminations in the cause of science, or expressed desire INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. 35 that other disposition be made of it. Sanitary law en- forces strict rules regarding corpses. The insurrance for widows and orphans will be for credits, not less than $1,000, nor more than $10,000 for each person. The insurances will be accomplished by reserving certain percentages from dividends due upon the capital stock of the " Credit Fonder." There will not be any municipal, county, school c-:" capita tax at any time upon any person.* A colonist will not be permitted to borrow money from other body than the " Credit Fonder." At the general Market House and Bazaar, all products, grown and made by the colonist, will be received upon presentation, f valued and credited upon the books of the colony, and those credits will be legal tender in exchange for any article or * A MODEL GOVERNMENT. In the last number of the Consular Reports Mr. Worthington, United States Consul at Malta, gives an account of the government of that little country, which he claims to be a model one It would certainly prove a happy land to those who dislike taxes, debts, interest, etc. There a.ce absolutely no taxes of any kind levied on the inhabitants. There are no insurance rates to pay, because all the buildings are fire-proof. There is no fire depart- ment in Malta, and no need of one. The islands have no debt, and, therefore, no interest to pay. On the other hand, they are not only out of debt but the local government has a handsome surplus on hand of $1,250,000, which is invested in the English funds, returning them a revenue yearly. Every revenue department pays a surplus into the local treasury after paying all expenses, and the surplus thus accumu- lated is growing so rapidly that it is proposed to divide it among the inhabitants, as there is actually no use for it. The regulation tax in Nebraska City is 27 mills on the dollar, and every able-bodied man between the ages of 21 and 50 is required to do two days' labor or give its equivalent in cash. t In this way individuality is encouraged and talent, workmanship and skill rewarded, not in exceptional, but in every case ; and the occasion for " business firms," " co-partnerships," associated and privileged capita,!, organized to compete against individual effort, is done away with. 3$ INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. service for sale within the colony. The agents will report every day if the supply of such and such a thing is wanted or not, and the Department for the diversification of Trades and the employment of the colonists will increase or diminish the manufacture or growth of said articles at once. Again, the colonist will be encouraged to buy from the authorized agents of the colony.* This will avoid the results of unnecessary middlemen. The Department of Laws, By-Laws, Arbitrations and Registrations will first fix the rules and regulations under which the partners (colonists) associate themselves based upon the joint control in public properties, necessities and conveniences, and the enjoyments of home life under the broadest liberties practicable with dignity, safety and progress. The colonist should be subjected to an examination similar to that required by a life insurance company when he or she is to enjoy the accident and life insurances.! He or she should be sound in body, sober, moral and in- dustrious ; and all should have read tne principles upon which the colony is founded, and have subscribed his or * It is estimated that the poor, buying in small quantities, incur un- necessary expense in the following ratio : For an ounce of washing soda the poor trading at small shops pay I cent, a grocer will deliver it for 3 cents a pound. For flour by the pound they pay a sum equal to $9.80 a barrel for a $5 article. They buy butter at the rate of $5 a tub, which would cost $250. A half-pound of sugar costs them 5 cents, while a pound would be but 2 cents more. For a 25-cent tea they pay 40 cents. For a i5-cent coffee they pay 30. t A Belgian manufacturer named Rey, who employs 3000 people, retains 3 per cent, of their wages and agrees to provide a physician when they are taken sick. While unable to work from illness, the employee gets half pay, and meat and wine, if necessary. If a workman dies, his widow gets a pension of one-third of his wages if he had been in the works for ten years, and one-half the wages if over ten years. A pension for life is given to all invalids who have been fifteen years in his employ, INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. ** her name to the by-laws submitted. Every colonist must hold a share of the capital stock of the " Credit Foncier," choose a lot or lots in t.he area set aside for its settlements, and order a house built and, if desired, furnished bv the " Credit Foncier," the same to be within the private means of the colonist, or to be based upon the income which the American and Mexican Pacific or the "Credit Foncier" will guarantee to the said colonist. Every colonist should have an occupation, excepting those who have attained the age of fifty years or met with accident. Twenty years for childhood and rudimentary instruction, and thirty years attention to business, should guarantee a person freedom in all cases for leisure, travel, etc. Eight hours for work, eight for recreation, and eight for sleep, should be the order. Public entertainment or gathering should not be permitted after TO P. M. To enjoy good health there must be good habits enjoined. The rates of insur- ance should be higher if this be not enforced. Every bey and girl will be taught a trade while being instructed in rudimentary education, and both will be free and perfected at the expense of the general fund set aside for such pur- poses.* When boys and girls born in the colony attain the age of twenty years they will be presented by the Treasurer of the colony with a share of capital stock of the " Credit Foncier," fully paid and unassessable, until the 100,000 shares are exhausted, before and after which other colonies may be started by the " Credit Foncier," upon improved plans. Early marriages will be encour- aged. Men and women marrying before thirty years of age should be given $100 credit each upon the books of * GAIL HAMILTON: " To give life to a sentient being without being able to make provision to turn life to the best account; to give life, careless whether it will be a bane or a boon to its recipient, is the sin of sins. Every other sin mars what it finds; this makes what it mart. 3 g INTEGRAL COOPERATION. the colony.* Bachelors of thirty or over should be taxed, and the revenue thus received be appropriated to the free circulating library. Eclecticism in "religious," the same as in all other matters, will be encouraged. t Weekly lectures or sermons should be given by request or voluntarily at the public meeting houses and library halls (Appendix, No. 9), by the colonists and strangers, but they should be free to all with no pew, chair or other rents attached, and every encouragement be associated with such meetings to attract and instruct the colonists and " the stranger within their gates." It is suggested that in the plain, quiet, indus- trious and dignified life enjoyed and practiced by the " Society of Friends," better known as " Quakers," we have a worthy example. They have no paid ministry or priesthood, and their life is so near regular and free from excesses that no poverty exists with them, no criminals are found among them, and " charity institutions " become unnecessary. Sunday will be a day of rest and recreation a day when home life will be enjoyed, it is hoped, in its broadest, and to its fullest intent. Strict sanitary measures will be enforced at all times and in all places, public and private. *The Mail and Express, New Yorlc, Feb. 2Oth, 1885: " Paternal legislation is the order of the day in California. A recent bill introduced in the Assembly of that State gives to any young man under 26 years of age, who learns a trade by serving an apprenticeship of three years, and is of good moral character, $250 out of the State treasury. Perhaps we shall hear next of a bill requiring employers to double the salary of any employee who gets married." " California is to print, and sell at cost, the text books used by the quarter of a million school children in that State. One hundred and fifty thousand dollars is appropriated for the plant of the State print- ing office." t Zend Avesta: We worship the promotion of all good, all which is very beautiful, shining, immortal, bright, everything which is good ' INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. 39 The atmosphere belongs to the people in common, and its purity should not be marred under any excuse whatsoever. Horses, cows, mules, jackasses, goats, sheep, hogs, poultry, etc., will be confined to the farm lands, and not be per- mitted within the settled parts of Pacific Colony site. Birds, (those living on seeds and insects,) squirrels and small pet animals may be allowed under certain con- ditions, upon Pacific Colony site properties, when per- mits are taken out and paid for. Gambling, lotteries, and questionable occupations of men and women will not be permitted within Pacific Colony site upon the farm or in the ship, car, or on property of whatsoever description controlled by the "Credit Foncier." Colonists engaging \ in questionable diversion or occupation, or violating the ( by-laws of the Colony, will be waited upon privately by an authorized committee and cautioned. If he or she per. sists, his or her stock in the " Credit Foncier " and his or her real estate in the colony will be forfeited, and the " Credit Foncier " will pay him or her the cost price of the same, and publicly advise the colonists to have no association or transaction with the person or persons. Insurance com- panies foreclose when one payment is in default, and *.here is no recovery. The Pullman Car Company turns a tenant out of his or her home within ten days, and without having to give a cause. The " Credit Foncier " wishes to be equitable in ^very act.* " Do unto others as you would that they would do unto you," is the basis of its creation and the spirit o$ its existence. All liquors, medicines, groceries, meats, breadstuffs, provisions and drinks of whatever class used by the col- onists and by the stranger within their gates, will be fur- * SOLON, B. C., 500: The nearest perfect popular government is that in which an injury offered to the meanest individual is an insult upon the whole constitution. 40 INTEGRAL CO-OPERATfON. nished at cost price and in good condition by the branch department known as the Commissariat. This will furnish the necessaries of life, and, when wished, the luxuries for the table, at wholesale prices, free from competition, and after inspection and approval by the public chemist. 1 * This will regulate, by a responsible and moral agency, the I -use of liquors which otherwise would prove injurious to | the health and to the security of the colonists and their visitors. This will do away with the hideous and vile sys- tem of advertising which competitive business now resorts to ; and rocks, fences, houses, trees, etc., will not be daubed over with grotesque notices, nor will " human sandwiches " promenade the streets ; and cards, books, circulars, posters, signs, flags, etc., etc., litter the walks and disgrace every place as they now do in the world's marts of trade. This enormous and unnecessary expense will be saved to the consumers. Charles Dickens made a life study of English law and its pretences, and expressed his opinion of it through Stephen Blackpool in the following memorable words : " It is all muddle." The late Henry F. Durant, one of the prominent advocates of New York State, declared that " Law is the most degrading and narrowing of all profes* * An official report of the director of the Paris Municipal Laboratory makes some very interesting disclosures. Out of ninety-one samples of coffee analyzed during one month in Paris, thirteen only were pro- nounced pure. One specimen packet is said to have contained the following ingredients: Red earth, flour, coffee grounds, caramel, talc, plumbago, vermicelli, semolina powder, bean dust, carrots, bread ciusts. acorns, sawdust, red ochre, brick dust, ashes, mahogany shav- ings, vegetable earth, and sand. Some unscrupulous people in San Francisco are selling the waters of Owen's Lake in California at $i a pint, under the name of " Water of Life." The water of Owen's Lake is a strong lye, and a goblet of it would almost kill a man. But ignorant people buy it and drink small quantities under the impression that they are taking a wonderful curative. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. 4I sions," the law being " a system of fossilized injustice,' 1 and asserted that " there is not enough of thought or prin ciple in our whole (American) system of law to occupy a man of intellect for an hour ; all the rest is mere chicanery and injustice." Napoleon's sentiments, in regard to lawyers, are shown in a remarkable epistle in which he reproves his Arch- Chancellor for having framed a degree which placed the bar in too independent a position : " There is nothing in your decree which gives the Grand Judge power of con- trolling the lawyers. I would rather do nothing than de- prive myself of the means of taking measures against a heap of babblers and revolutionists who are almost all inspired by crime and corruption." By doing away with the competitive system and sub- stituting co-operation into all the affairs of life, by having arbitration instead of trial by court and jury, the necessity for the professional lawyer will be surprisingly removed.* " Truth pleads its own cause : falsehood hath many law- yers." However, the attorneys for the corporation (the colony) will attend to instruments of writing and to legal points when such are necessary. They will be custodians / of wjlls, and be held responsible for the same. Equities, not technics, should be the rulings, and there would be more justice and less law than is generally found in mod- ern commonwealths. Colonists will be prohibited froin^ consulting other than the Association's attorneys. _/ Voltaire forcibly remarked that " A doctor is a person who is expected to make good health conform with bad habits." It must be plausible to many that if doctors were * In 1790 there were 500 lawyers in the United States and 4,000,- ooo, inhabitants. This was one lawyer to every 8000 persons. In 1880 there were 51,000,000 people and 64,187 lawyers, or one lawyer to every 800. Is it any wonder that we are more wicked than we used to be? 42 INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. permitted to practice 4i to pour drugs,, of which they know little, into bodies of which they know less/' upon the com- petitive system in the army and navy, that there would be few soldiers and sailors able to stand against the enemy at the time of battle. In modern society the doctor is paid to keep us sick. In Pacific Colony the doctor should be salaried, and his interest should be to keep all persons well, and not permitted to try experiments upon feeble bodies in doubtful cases.* The doctor will co-operate with the directors in charge of sanitary precautions, with those attending to the sewer- age, drainage and water supplies, with the man of science, the chemist and the apothecary. Diphtheria, typhoid, typhus, malaria, yellow fever, cholera, etc., are nursed into epidemics by impure atmos- pheres, if not actually caused by the same. Scarlet fever, scientists now say, is caused by the horse, as small-pox is invited by the cow. With good and proper food, regular occupations, plain habits, pure air (four-fifths of the life in Sinaloa is outdoor life ; people eat, sleep, and entertain outside of walls ; a roof is all that is required), attractive houses, the father feeling secure in his possessions, the mother relieved from the terrible drudgery of household life (this will be accom- plished through co-operative housekeeping), the children given plenty of play-grounds and always under careful attendants, disease should be the exception and not the rule, as it now is in modern cities. The farm lands of the Colony will be leased to stock- * The City of Truro, the centre of population in the County of Cornwall, with 11,000 people, and seven times that many within a few miles, has only two physicians. Last year there were three, but one left for want of business. In America, by way of contrast, there is one doctor to every 500 or 600 people. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION-. 43 holders or worked directly by the company,* and so, also, with the company's wharves. The public areas, thorough- fares, etc., will directly and absolutely be owned and con- trolled by the " Credit Fonder," and be free forever to every person under certain restrictions, /. ^., orderly con- duct and care for grass, flowers, trees, etc., immediately fronting their properties.f Persons should be enjoined * Nebraska has now about 250,000 acres of growing forests in which have been set 600,000 young trees. Besides this there have been planted over 12,000,000 fruit trees, over 2,500,000 grape vines, avast number of berry bushes and plants and countless quantities of orna- mental shrubs. t Professor Ruskin, in beginning a recent lecture, (Dec '84), at Oxford, said: " I have scarcely any heart to address you to-day, so terrified am I, and so subdued by the changes in Oxford which have taken place even since I first accepted this professorship, and which are directly calculated to paralyze all my efforts to be useful in it. I need scarcely tell any of my pupils that my own art teaching has been exclusively founded on the hope of getting people to enjoy country life, and the care for its simple, pleasant and modest employments. But I find now that the ideal in the minds of all young people, however amiable and well-meaning, is to marry as soon as possible, arid then to live in the most fashionable part of the largest town they can afford to compete with the rich inhabitants of, in the largest house they can strain their incomes to the rent of, with the water laid on at the top, the gas at the bottom, huge plate-glass windows out of which they may look uninterruptedly at a brick wall, a drawing-room on the scale of Buckingham Palace with Buckingham fittings and patent everythings going of themselves everywhere with, for all intellectual aids to felicity, a few bad prints, a few dirty and foolish hooks, and a quantity of photographs of the people they know, or of any passing celebrities. This is the present idea of English life, without exception, for the middle classes and a more miserable, contemptible, or criminal one never was formed by any nation made under the wandering stars. It implies perpetual anxiety, lazy and unjustifiable pride, innumerable petty vexations, daily more poignant greed for money, and the tynin- nous compulsion of the laboring poor into every form of misery: and it implies, further, total ignorance of all the real honor of human He and beauty of the visible world. I felt all this borne in upon me, al- most to the point of making me give up all further effort here in 44 INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. against throwing anything, however small, into the street, upon the grass, areas or sidewalks. There will be little or no noise in the streets. Locomo- tion should be by means of bicycles and tricycles * and electric passenger cars.f Steam and horse cars should not be permitted on other than North and South Avenue which passes to and from the landing on the " Straits of Joshua/' Of course, as regards horses, this provision is not to be considered in the early days of the Colony. The Colonist will ride in the street cars as he does now in New York and other cities, use electric lights, go to the theatre and meeting, employ a doctor, lawyer and engineer, live in a " Resident Hotel," or private house, engage in the occupation he most likes, buy at the market and ba- zaar, etc., and a stranger might not see much difference in the general manner and outward ways of the Colonist, and those of the people living elsewhere ; but instead of pay- ing extortionate prices and receiving indifferent services. England, and going away to die among the Alps, when I walked early this week across what once were fields, but are now platforms of mud and bitumen, to what we used to call the " Happy Valley," and scenes by Ferry Hinksey (but in the two Hinkseys nothing keeps the same), of my former endeavors to get some undergraduates to useful country labor." Key West is one of the most peculiar cities in the world. It has a population of more than 15,000, principally whites, but has no chimneys, no show windows, no brick blocks, no fine buildings, no planing mills, no steam mills, no machine shops, no farmers driving in with loaded teams, no country roads, no rattle of machinery, no noise of any kind, except the beating of the waves against the coral- bound shores, and yet Key West, for its size, does a very large manu. facturing and shipping business. * Tricycles made to carry two or more persons and to be propelled by electricity are being built in England. A tricycle worked by means of electricity has just been successively tried in Paris. It worked smoothly and efficiently. t Letters and parcels will be passed to all parts of the Colony by means of pneumatic tubes. INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. 45 he will obtain the best at the lowest,, and in lieu of paying money to build up corporations and privileged classes, which use their success and power to rob him of his liber- ties, public and private, he pays into his own treasury and raises up at every turn, and in a hundred ways not hinted at in these brief remarks, a body corporate a " Credit Fon- cier," of which he is himself a respected member, a body corporate, the prosperity of which is his salvation from the competitive system which now rules and enslaves the world to the curse of every man, woman and child. The plan of voting by the Colonist is new. Diagrams of ballot (see page 123) and details will accompany the by- laws. Every stockholder is sent a ballot enclosed in an envelope properly addressed to the authorized judges of elections, and he or she fills out the ballot, puts it in the enclosed envelope, and puts the same in the mail. There are no polling places, no poll-taxes, no special days for polling, no inconveniencies more than writing and mailing a postal card, no necessity for the person being in the Colony at the time of voting, the secrecy of the ballot is maintained and fraud is impossible. Directors will be elected for five years, subject to strict accountability for the trust imposed, and to the Colonist personally. Any ten stockholders can call for and have an investigation made of the public acts of any Director. To take any part, direct or indirect, other than writing and publishing criticisms of the past workings of the " Credit Foncier," and making suggestions for its future manage- ment, or details connected therewith, in an election, Mu- nicipal, State or National, while holding a Directorship in the Colony, disfranchise the person from holding office within the Colony for ten years.* * British policemen are prohibited from voting at parliamentary elections. In Tasmania, for a man to ask for the vote of another is a penal offence. 46 IXTEGKAL CO-OrERATION. ( Directors should be paid $100 per month, never more, and are expected to have other occupations than the pub- lic trusts imposed by the Colonists, and will have no free passes nor exemptions from payments common to other Colonists. Withal, there is nothing- attempted by the " Credit Fon- cier of Sinaloa " which has not been accomplished sepa- rately in all parts of the world by class legislation. It is simply a plan, organized and matured by business men and women, to extend and unite the usefulness of the Building Association and the Insurance Company with the Banking House, the Passenger Car Company, the settlement, the factory, the farm and. the Clearing House. If it is right that classes be incorporated with special privileges and powers to build, own and operate public utilities and conveniences, then let us be that class and be incorporated for our own profit, dignity and self-pro* tection. SUBSCRIPTION LIST. The " Credit Fonder " of Sinaloa is to be organized under general or special act. Capital, $1,000,000, in 100,- coo shares, of $10 each. Whereas, The control in the building site laid out on the north shore of Topolobampo harbor, Sinaloa, Mexico, and the farm land known as " Mochis," lying adjacent to said building site, are offered to a co-operative Colony for a basis for settlement, farm, factory and commerce ; and, Whereas, It is necessary for the purchase of said con- trol, in the said building site and farm, and for carrying into successful execution the plans for a co-operative Colony to secure the sum of $150,000. Now, therefore, We, the undersigned, hereby agree in consideration of the premises set forth in the accompany- INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. 47 ing "Preface," "Suggestions/' "Remarks" and "Ex- planations," and of the sum of $150,000 (15,000 shares) being fully subscribed, that we will purchase, at par, the number of shares of the " Credit Foncier of Sinaloa," set opposite our respective names, and pay for the same in the following manner and upon the following con- ditions : As soon as $150,000 (15,000 shares) have been sub- scribed, the subscribers will organize by electing four Directors, and the said Directors will elect their chairman, and the said chairman will appoint from the said Directors a Treasurer, Attorney and Secretary, and rent one or more rooms in the City of New York, and there establish the head-quarters of the " Credit Foncier of Sinaloa," in order to perfect organization and to carry the purposes of the company into execution. As soon as the organization is made, and said head- quarters selected, 5 per cent. ($7,500) of the $150,000 subscribed will be paid to the said Treasurer, and by him forthwith deposited in the Fanners' Trust Company, of New York, to the credit of said directors, (it must be remem- bered we are not yet a chartered company), from which it shall be drawn only on the written order of the said chair- man, or his successor in office, and of said Treasurer. The said 5 per cent. ($7,500) shall be used for the ex- penses of said head- quarters for perfecting by-laws, for sending a Director to take out the necessary papers of incorporation, for sending a Director to Mexico City to obtain special concessions for colonization in Sinaloa, and for publishing a prospectus and sending the same and circulars to persons whom it is thought of advantage to communicate with, etc. When the said chairman and directors have concluded the terms of purchase of the said building site and farm lands and railroad stock with the President of the Amen* 4 g INTEGRAL CO-OPERATION. can and Mexican Pacific Railroad and trustee for said building site and with the trustee of the said farm lands, then there will be a further call upon the subscribers for the amount (it may be that only part payment will be asked) necessary for securing said negotiation, it being understood that in no case will the amount for the said building site, farm land and railroad stock exceed the sums mentioned in said " Suggestions," /'. ^., $30,000 for 15,000 building lots on said site and $15,000 for 15,000 acres of said farm land, and $5,000 for 50 shares of the capital stock of said railroad. The remaining sum will be called for by instalments as required for erecting the building on the town site, opening the farm, completing the pipe line from the river, and putting a steamship on between the harbor and ports of the Gulf of California. N. B. Mechanics, farmers and others not wishing or unable to Colonize at present, but who desire to aid the settlement with a view to joining it after a while, can subscribe for the stock, and after the Colony is well established the Department for the diversification of trades and employments will write them that employments can be assured, transportations arranged for, houses made ready, etc. ; the " Credit Fonder " to cover said advances, by reserving percentagei from dividends and profits due, or to become due, to said persons. YAQUJ. INDIAN, (TYPE OF LABORER), TOPOLOBAMPO BAY, SINALOA, MEXICO. APPENDIX. APPENDIX, No. i. ORGANIZATION, to be successful, must contain within it that ele- ment which is understood by the word coherency, and implies more than a mere bringing together of members. Organization, to be suc- cessful, must have a purpose in view as well as an object to secure. When we speak of organization, we think of something to be done, something to be achieved better thus than by individual effort, or which must be done in that way or not at all. It is not merely for the sake of expressing opinion in a given way upon a given subject, it is for the purpose of arriving at unified thought upon a subject, or any given number of subjects, in order that united action may follow, that organization is of value. The fact that a number of men and women will come together to agree in respect to opinion is no test of successful organization, nor will that continue to keep them together; it is the application of their practical aims that will do it. They combine, having a purpose in view to which they will give their united earnestness, and so long as this purpose rules in their thought and calls forth their energy they will have no difficulty in keeping up their coherency. When it lasts they advance, when it dies away they fall asunder. It is not certain that the control of the building site on Topolo- bampo Bay and the farm lands at Mochis, fifteen miles east, can be secured from the American and Mexican Pacific Railroad Company for the purposes suggested. I offer, however, to urge the plan if I receive the necessary support iiom persons looking for a progressive plane of life. But it must be done at once to be well done. There are excellent sites for settlements, factories and farms, which contain at the same time some commercial features, in Sinaloa, Chi- huahua, Coahuila, and Texas, along and adjacent to the short line be- tween the Mexican and California Gulfs, of which we can possess ourselves, if the said Company refuses to accept the plan heretofore referred to; but no building site on the continent of North America offers the commercial advantages which the site on Topolobampo Bay 54 APPENDIX. does; nor is there a place where a co-operative settlement has the opportunities to become so suddenly prosperous within itself and so soon influential in the world's affairs. In beginning new departures, for useful occupations, from old methods, persons should be studious to select foundations possessing all the natural advantages possible, and not start loaded down with disadvantages not belonging to the system itself. Co-operative organizations heretofore have hidden their worth in out of the way places and have been either for manufacturing or distribut- ing or farming. In one or two exceptional cases they have combined these three, but they have in no instance, I believe, attempted to as- sociate these three with commerce at a suitable place to become in- fluential in the world's exchanges ; and hence they have been but partially satisfactory to those participating in the profits, and a subject of ridicule to the " bon-ton v who never think seriously upon any worthy subject. Co-operative efforts will be of fourth-rate importance until they combine settlement, factory, farm and commerce upon new and well-selected sites and are started on a broad, determined and or- ganized plan. Experience attests that if 1,000 acres of land, suitable for manufacturing and farming purposes are selected and 1,000 per- sons are permanently settled thereon, that the said 1,000 acres will be worth, at least, $1,000,000. When 2,000 persons are permanently settled upon the same area, it will be worth, at least, $2,000,000. The Colony site on Topolobampo Bay, contains about 29 sq. miles or about 18,560 acres. The " Mochis " ranch, the middle of which is 15 miles from the railroad terminus on the " Straits of Joshua," con- tains 67,000 acres 33,500 of which belongs to the Railroad Company. The Colony Site combines excellent climate, well drained ground, com- mercial facilities, good soil, water-power within 315 miles, anthracite coal and giant forests of timber within 150 miles, and iron, copper and silver within 100 miles ; it is the terminus of a great trunk, East and West, railroad line, and is on a harbor which is to become the an- chorage of the shipping of every nation in the world.* What may * THE POSITION OF TRADE CENTRES. [Phila. Record, ^^.29,1884.] .At a recent meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers, a paper, by Alfred F. Sears, -M Am. Soc. C. E. on " Commercial Cities, the Law of their Birth and Growth,'* was read. Reference was made to the fact that there have been many failures in efforts to build up cities upon sites having excellent harbors and superior facilities of access from the ocean. Kalma, on the Columbia River, was projected with large expectations ; hotels and churches erected, and the railroad built from it to Puget Sound It, like many other promising sites on the Northwestern coast, has been APPKNDIX. cc 5s not a thoroughly organized " Credit Fonder " do in the interest of its members and of mankind with such a foundation ! There never has been an opportunity of equal importance offered to ler.ding business men and women, nor is it likely that there ever will be again; for Topolobampo and its geographical relations are unique cannot pos- sibly be duplicated. In regard to climate let me emphasize that no district of the world enjoys more pleasant days in the year, there are no extremes either in heat or cold, nor is any section nearer free from disease than that part of our continent lying west of the Cordilleras and between the Fuerte and Sinaloa Rivers. Yellow fever,* sunstroke and epi- demics of any kind were never known there. Within a distance of 200 miles eastward from Topolobampo Bay, along the route of "The American and Mexican Pacific " there can be found any elevation entirely unsuccessful. Comparisons were drawn between Boston and New York, showing that, notwithstanding the fact that forty years ago there seemed to be great promise of a successful commercial rivalry between the two cities, if not an absolute commercial superiority for Boston , yet that the result has been entirely favorable to New York, and that the building of railway lines to draw traffic to Boston has not changed that result. The author considers that the advantage of New York is in the fact that the city is more than 200 miles nearer the heart of ihe country than Boston. Philadelphia, 120 miles from the ocean, is successful. Baltimore, 180 miles from Hampton Roads, secures commerce. Port Royal, on Hilton Head Island, cannot compete with Charleston or Savannah. Brunswick, Ga., does not rival Savannah. Fernandina, Fla., does not rival Jacksonville. Glasgow, at the head of navigation on the Clyde, has had wonderful growth and prosperity. Altona, on the Elbe, v elow Hamburg, has been unsuccessful. Astoria, on the Columbia River, a few miles above the bar, has been in existence seventy-five years, but has been surpassed by the much more recent settlement at Portland. Montevideo, on the coast, has a population of 40,000, while Buenos Ayres, 130 miles up the river, had nearly 500,000. The author considers that the ports on Piiget Sound will never be able to become great commercial rivals to Portland, Oregon. The law, the author states, is that the commercial portion of a region will be as close to the producer as it is possible to go, and obtain reasonably good facilities for the class of transportation demanded by the produce of the country. He also considers that trade follows natural channels; that staple products of the, soil and all minerals will reach the coast by the route that permits the easiest movement with the least artificial aid, and that the trade of a country will not cross a great valley. It will either create centres of exchange in such valleys or will follow down their course to A port. * In the summer of 1883, for the first time within recorded history, yellow fever broke out at Guaymas, Sonora, 200 miles north, and at Altata, Sinaloa, 100 miles south of Topolobampo Bay. It had been at Mazatlan 21 years before, but never north of that roadstead, until 1883. Between Guaymas and Altata, on a coast of 300 miles, there has been no yellow or malarial fevers ; and there will not be under good sanitary management. In the early years of the present century, yellow fever ravaged New York and Philadelphia. At Norfolk, Virginia, it was bad as late as 1854. from sea level to 9,000 feet altitude, and all the varieties o? temper* iture to be roe* wifb ^ ^ T T _.._I ""-^5 from California .o Maine, ^r- ire p.ains, valleys, hills and dales; all soils, every exposure; timber, hard woods, metals, minerals, water powers, coal, hot mineral springs, and everything to give a basis for organized, co-operative communities. In summer, mosquitoes and gnats frequent some localities on the shores of Topolobampo Bay ; never at midnight or midday, but at the rising and setting of the sun. In the Fuerte River Valley there are no mosquitoes or gnats at any time. It is a mountain stream, and has no marshes nor stagnant water along its shores, Snakes are rarely seen, and are mostly of a harmless species. The writer never knew of a person being bitten in Sinaloa by a noxious insect or snake, or mo- lested by a wild animal. Shade trees, some of the 140 species of the Eucalyptus, can be planted from the seed in the streets and areas of the site on Topolo- bampo Bay, and in three years they may be 42 feet high and 9^ inches in circumference. Alfalfa, a species of clover, will grow 12 inches high every 40 days in the year. The colony site can be made a paradise within five years, and will be within five days' travel of New York City by rail, and on the short line between Liverpool and China and Australia. The general colonization laws of Mexico give special privileges, exemptions and subsidies to colonists superior to those given by the United States. If there are persons who wish to colonize, with a Credit Fonder as a basis, I will be glad to assist them in lands to their liking, with climates to order, and under Mexican or United States laws and along the line of the American and Mexican Pacific railroad and its connections. ALBERT K. OWEN. * The Two Republics, Mexico City, March th, 1885. By virtue of a contract signed, the Secretary of Public Works, has contracted to bring 200 families of em- igrants to settle in the states of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca, and to engage them in tobacco raising and other industries. The government will furnish tools, trans- portation, etc. The grantee will receive $15 for each colonist over 7 years of age, and will receive also 16,000 hectares of land r.ow being surveyed by the Cid Leon Company in the municipality of Ojitlan, district of Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. A premium of thirty thousand dollars, says the Paper World, has been offered by the Mexican Government to any one who will establish in that country a paper mill at a cost of $150,000. The Government will also concede the right to all aloe plants on the State lands. MEXICO. (Picayune, New Orleans, March i^th, 1884.) Mexico is feeling out toward larger trade relations b oth east and west. Most ex APPENDIX. 57 traordinary advantages have been provided for any Mexican steamship company which would establish regular communication between the Mexican Pacific ports and China and Japan. A contract is now reported to have been signed with the Compania Mejicana de Navigation del Pacifico for twenty-five years, in accordance with which this line is to make twelve trips per annum between the port of Topolo- bampo, in the State of Sinaloa, and Japan, China and the Philippine Islands. The Government is to pay a subsidy of $19,000 per trip, or $229.000 per year. Besides this, the Government is to pay $65 head-money for every Asiatic laborer landed in Mexico by the line, not to exceed 12,000 per annum, or $780,000 head-money at most. The company will also have the advantage of importing free of duty material for wharfing and repairing its vessels. This infusion of Mexican labor will be a great help to Northern Mexico, and the effort to procure it shows that the enterprising administration fully appreciates the great advantages of its new and increasing railroad communications toward the development of its agricultural and mineral resources. The railroad which American capitalists are preparing to build from Topolobampo to a point on the Rio Grande between Eagle Pass and Laredo, will cross the Mexican States of Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Coahuila. which compare in population and area with the entire republic as follows: State. Population. Square Miles. Sinaloa 167,093 25,927 Chihuahua 180,758 105,295 Coahuila 61,050 61,050 The three 408,901 192,271 All Mexico 9*577,279 763,804 That is these States, with 25 per cent of the area, have but 4 1-2 per cent, of the population. With an abundance of cheap coolie labor the industrial conditions will be changed ; the large areas of arable lands now uncultivated will be worked for American markets, and the coal and othwr minerals will yield an astonishing output. APPENDIX, No. 2. A GLANCE AT AGUASCALIENTES, SINALOA, MEXICO. By A. K. Owen. William V. Lanphar, one of the enterprising men in the valley of the Fuerte, is from Bangor, Maine. He went to California alxmt 23 years ago, and afterwards became connected with a travel'ng com- mission merchant and passed into Sonora, and through Sinaloa. Of all the regions his varied excursions made him acquainted with that of the Fuerte Valley impressed him most favorably, and after seve- ral seasons occupied in his journeyings he bought a small piece of land on the upper Fuerte, and settled down to grow Maguey, and to distil from its bulb "Mescal" the Ihnrbon of the Mexican people. The Maguey is a species of the American Aloe and that of which the tl Mescal" is made is a much smaller plant than the giant " Century plant" from which the "* ptilqtie or the beer of Central Mexico is fer- mented. Mr. Lanphar has, at present, over 500,000 acres of woodland, val- ley, river, lake, hill and dale; and a plantation of 500,000 plants ot the maguey each plant valued at one dollar. His cattle, mules, Worses, sheep and goats *' range on a thousand hills," and no better yasture is to be found in the world. On Mesas a thousand feet above" the Fuerte river, on his place, the writer has traveled through vast fields of grass two and even four feet high; a joint-grass and greatly enjoyed by cattle and stock. His distillery has become the leading industry of the region. The late Herr Von Motz, the talented draughtsman who accompanied Engineer Holbrook in his examina- tions of the Sierra Madre for the Topolobampo Company, made a drawing of this distillery picturesquely shaded by beautiful date and cocoanut -palms, with bananas, and oranges and figs in the foreground and groups of Tarahumara Indians in their statuesque nudity, nnd painted with bright, mineral pigments, sitting around with < skins and bottles waiting to be served; and underneath i.o umu: " Lanphar's Gold Mine." Well ! it is much more profitable than any (61) 62 APPENDIX. gold mine of modern days ; for nature and a few Mexicans do all the work, and Lanphar or " Don Guillermo," as his people affectionately call him, rides over his vast estate and occupies himself in devising ways to invest his revenues and improve his surroundings. The Hacienda is called Aguascalientes or " Hot Springs;" and here are found an assorted class of boiling and mineral waters in which the sick are made well and the well are more than refreshened by bath and drink. Cattle will cross, breast deep, the waters of the Fuerte River to drink of and to lie in these hot and medicinal springs. The writer of these lines, after an early morning climb up and tramp over the neighboring mesas, has hastened to these springs and taken of the hottest with more satisfaction than he ever drank from cool springs, hidden in the shaded woodlands of his own beautiful Penn- sylvania home. Aguascalientes is about one thousand feet above the sea, and lies just inside of the foot hills of the Cordilleras in the extreme north- east corner of Sinaloa. No pen can do justice to the bracing air of this region, and no brush can paint its beauties as seen from the table- lands which rise abruptly from the river bank here, and from out the level-lands there. Southwestwardly the eye wanders over a rolling country well covered with shrub and tree growths, and studded with giant knolls and rock palisades standing out in beautiful outline from the shining waters of the Fuerte River and loses its visions among the peaks of the ridges which surround Topolobampo Bay on the coast of the Gulf of Cortez. To the North and East and South, the ridges of the Sierra Madre, pine-covered and grotesquely-sublime in peak and cliff and bluff, pile up, one against the other, in colossal forms in magnificent contrast with the blue sky, until the mind be- comes dazed, and one loses self and lives in a world of enchantment and panorama. Let the sun sink on this scene and we will witness a gorgeousness of coloring and a delicacy of tint and shade in the heav- ens which will be likely to linger in the recollection through many years of varied experiences; and then let us turn and await the shades of night and a moon which climbs up through the canons and over the peaks and into the clouds of the other, and you will say with me that this planet of ours has no such pictures elsewhere and withal so lovely a clime to enjoy them in. Never did magician picture to youth' ful fancy scenes half so full of wonders, weird, and quaint and gro tesque as one may enjoy from one of the hundred prominent point! on Lanphar's Hacienda during the Fall months of the year. '" Vable Rock," at Harper's Ferry, Jefferson said was worth a trip across the Atlantic to see r and that was in times when there were no APPENDIX 6, luxurious passages made within seven days. What might that great statesman have said had he seen from Lanphar's porch, the * 4 Co/on des Huites" the giant gate posts of massive rocks, which tower thou- sands of feet into the air and hold apart the great Cordilleras, which crowd in enormous porphyry masses, to within a hundred yards of each other, while the Fuerte River rushes and roars and tumbles and leaps, in its wild, mad race, from the upper gorges and canons through their opening and passes on to enrich the sugar, corn, wheat and bean fields, and to gladden the settlements, which it meets on either hand, and finally quiets itself in the salt waters of the Gulf of California, one hundred miles below, and 30 miles north of the Farallon de San Ignacio. Mr. Lanphar has laid out a building site at the " Hot Springs," given half of the cottage sites of the hamlet to the Topolobampo Railroad Company ; and there the company will make a paradise for tourists and invalids, and encourage persons to buy and build and settle. Here the lotus flower may be made to bloom, and from the cool waters of the mountain river, white catfish, with as sweet a flavor as those in the River Delaware, may be enjoyed every day in the year ; and strawberries and vegetables of every variety are to be had, in all seasons, if advantage is taken of the slopes and shades and exposures and soils. What more could tourist or invalid desire ? And this will be, via the Texas and Topolobampo Railroads, within 2,400 miles of New York City, and just about 100 miles from the Harbor of Topolobampo. THE STATE OF SINALOA. A LAND OF MILK AND HONEY AND ETERNAL VERDURE. The Geographical Society of the Pacific met Tuesday night and wat addressed, on the chief characteristics of Sinaloa, by Professor Fred- erich Weidner, State Surveyor-General, and who has lived there foi twenty years. After briefly alluding to the topography and geological features, the speaker said that the State of Sinaloa offered superior in- ducements to immigrants, and was fully capable of supporting at least six times its present population. Its mining, agricultural, and commercial features were unsurpassed, and few countries were as well wateredand as well protected against all possible drought. Its mineral products consist of gold, silver, copper and lead. A carboniferous formation exists that will, no doubt, be devcl- oped and turned to practical use at an ea^'iy ;aay. The mines are suitably located and yield ore that averages *rom $40 to $70 per ten, and from one of these mines, situated near the Durango boundary line, $3,000,000, had been taken out in four years. The great draw- backs with which the population has to contend are a lack of railroads -and the heavy tax on coinage. The Government is actuated by a lib- eral policy, and lands can easily be located by appearing before the Federal Court and paying for the survey and title papers, the quan- tity being limited to 2,500 hectares to each applicant. A gveat diver- sity of soil exists, both the altitudes and valleys being covered by a rare luxuriance. Ebony, mahogany an.d the fruit trees -of other States flourished abundantly, and often gigantic trees were met measuring nine feet in circumference. As far as an elevation of 4000 feet above the sea, sugarcane, rice and indigo are found, while wheat, oats and other cereals grow at higher altitudes. The population of Sinaloa is divided into four classes. The descendants of the original conquerors, Indians, crosses between these, and finally foreigners. The manu- facture of mescal amounts to 15,000 barrels annually. The exports amount to $200,000 annually, besides gold, silver and pearls; while the imports amount to $3,000,000, of which one-tenth comes from this city. San Francisco Chronicle, December, 1881. TOPOLOBAMPO CAMP, March i, 1885. ALBERT JC. OWEN, Chief Engineer, DEAR SIR, Everything seems favorable to push the work to the completion of the 15! miles, and to the middle of the u Modus* land, before the rains set in. We have grass, water, cheap grain and food, and no gnats to worry beast or man. Temperature ranges from 75 to 86 Q ,* but we always have a breeze in the hot part of the day. ***** * * * WILLIAM D. BUCKNER, Engineer in charge Sinaloa Division. * This is the dry or summer season of the Sinaloa coast lands. After the rains begin the temperature is cooler, and the country becomes covered with grass and the trees with flower. -A. K. OWEN. Everybody knows that' temperature as indicated by thermometers bus not much to (do with personal comfort. The weather is sometimes "hotter " with the thermome- ter at 86^ than at other times when it is 96^. The humidity of the atmosphere is the measure of coin fort, and there are a good many humid ** sticky" days this summer. For these we cannot escape responsibility, as the Weather Bureau does, by calling the temperature " stationary. " Evening Telegram^ Philadelphia, August i, 1885, APPENDIX. 65 TOPOLOBAMPO, Mexico, March i, 1885. ALBERT K. OWEN, Chief Engineer, DEAR SIR, It is with quite a degree of satisfaction that I submit to the General Manager the first estimate of work from the construc- tion department, which I send to Mr. Campbell to-day. I had no idea that I had become so interested in this enterprise and that its commencement and hope of success would afford me so much pleas- ure. I never was here before under such favorable circumstances. The climate is all that one could ask for, water handy, and grass in abundance, and the work is progressing as well as one could hope for with the outfit we have at hand. We have twenty-one stations near completion, of the heaviest work, across the salt water flats. The old Indian (Lorenzo) supplies the camp with all the fresh fish we need, and they are excellent this time of the year. Senor Dalgado, the ranchero at Asinagua, furnishes us with beef cattle at $20 per head, delivered in camp; so you see that we have but little trouble. # * * * * * * R. PERKINS, Contractor. APPENDIX, No. 3. CO-OPERATION. ' PROF. FELIX ADLER, Dec. 21, 1884: "The one hope of bettering the condition of the poor lies, it is my belief, in a great moral move- ment. The best chance of the poor man, I consider, is in co-operation* By this I mean that employees as bodies shall secure sufficient capital to start business for themselves, so that the profits which now go to one individual will revert to the workers. The co-operative stores in England have been most markedly successful. But it is in France that co-operation in its highest form namely, productive co-operation has been successfully essayed. In Paris there are some forty pro- ductive co-operative factories, whose business is carried on upon the ujual basis; but whose profits, instead of going to one individual, re- vert to the workers. In Lyons there are similar factories, and in Saint-Etienne there is a co-operative organization of workingmen controlling a capital of 2,5oo,ooof. Yet, truth compels the admission that this higher system of pro- ductive co-operation has not met with the same success in England that it has in France. The reason of this failure was not insufficiency of capital, but lack of those moral qualities which are necessary to in- sure success in co-operative undertakings. Men must go into co-operation with feelings of enthusiasm and not merely with an eye to self-advancement. One of the chief necessities in co-operation is subordination to those who have been appointed as leaders. When I said that the chief hope for the workingmen lay in a great moral movement, I referred to the employer as well as the employee. If such a moral enthusiasm were to seize upon employers as seized upon the sordid hearts of men when Christianity was first promulgated, then employers would assuredly be impelled to make some self- sacrifice for the toiler and for the benefit of their suffering brother man. It will be said that this is not human nature. What is meant by this? The dirty side of human nature! The entire tendency of the present circumstances of life is to compel men, perforce, to be cold, cruel and selfish. Change the present selfish order of APPENDIX. 67 things, and see if human nature is dirty and selfish. Teach the child of to-day that he is to live to do good; that it is his duty to raise his less fortunate brother who lies broken in the dust, and you will find his heart in manhood bloom forth with human love and kindness, as beautiful flowers bloom forth in the spring." In 1859, M. Godin, of Paris, put up his Familister*, for the accom- modation of 300 families. To it were attached a theatre, school- house, etc. The experiment attracted a good deal of attention at the time, because of the prominence of the builder and the radical departure made from all the older methods of benefiting the popula- tion. It is a sort of French Rochdale. The workings of the plan have borne out the best hopes of the founder. In 1880 the institution was worth over $1,000,000. The employees number 1,022. The men have put in nothing but their skill and labor. Now, the workers possess shares, or certificates of savings, representing a capital of nearly 2,000,000 francs, and in twelve years at the present rate of progress will own the entire establishment. Such an experiment might be tried to advantage by some American capitalists, and would very probably lead to more satisfactory results than are to be reached by the ordinary course of investment and employment. From the Mail and Express, March i^th, 1885 : Forty years ago, twenty-eight men in Rochdale, England, formed a co-operative society, and began by contributing twopence each per week. Twenty-one years ago there were so many co-operative retail societies in England that a wholesale society was formed at Manchester, to connect the retail societies and furnish them goods. " Its report for the first twenty weeks of 1864," says Prof. Richard T. Ely, in the Congregationalism " showed shares to the value of .2,472 only, sales of ,51,857 and profits of 207." The report for the correspond- ing period of 1884 showed shares, ,145,618; deposits and loans, 482,789; sales, 2,147,242; and profits, ,23,462. The sales have thus reached the enormous amount of 5,000,000 per annum, while the yearly profits are about ,50,000. In the year 1882 there were in England 962 retail co-operative societies, with 572,610 members, a share capital of 6,928,772 and ,1,280,994 in loans, and selling goods to the value of .22,857,434 yearly. Of these, 678 societies, with about 450,000 members, are connected with the " wholesale." It has a paid up capital of 200,- ooo, and owns property lands, buildings and steamships worth 305,000. The central wholesale store is at Manchester, with branches at 58 APPENDIX-. Newcastle and London, and it has purchasing and forwarding agencies throughout England and Ireland, and at New York, Copen- hagen, Hamburg and Rouen. The society has heretofore restricted itself mainly to the distribu- tion of products; henceforth it proposes to undertake production as well. It already owns and conducts a biscuit and sweets factory, two soap works and a boot and shoe factory. This list will be extended, so that finally co-operation will occupy all three fields retail, whole- sale and productive. It is only the complete success in the two former branches that could justify venturing upon the latter. This bare rec.tal of facts and figures will be enough to show Amer- ican readers something of what co-operation has clone and is doing in England. In this country there are very few co-operative enterprises, and most of those started have failed. Perhaps we dp not need CD- operation here as badly as they do in England, but may come to it after a while. Possibly the American genius is too individual and speculative to succeed in a business where conservatism is the leading principle. At all events, the experience of the English societies prove that co-operative stores can be made successful among a population largely composed of workingmen, and without waiting for the millei> nium to arrive. ALL ONE MAN'S WORK. (From Good Works.] Delitzsch is one of the humblest towns of Germany; its population, even now, is not more than 8000, and thirty years ago was much less; but from small beginnings among the shoemakers of Delitzsch, in 1850, Herman Schultz has, by fai'ih and' patience, created one of the most remarkable social structures of the century. When he died, in the raring of 1883, there were 3500 co-operative societies in Germany organized under his control, besides thousands more in Austria, Italy,' Russia and Belgium, which owed their origin to his example, and looked up to him as their father. Those 3500 societies had a mem- bershipof 12,000,000, a share capital of ^"10,000,000, deposits amount- ing to ,21,000,000, and did a total business of ^100,000,000 a year. APPENDIX. 69 THE ZOAKITES. A CURIOUS COMMUNITY OF GERMANS LIVING IN OHIO. (From Letter to the Boston Advertiser.} About midway between Columbus, Cleveland and Wheeling is Zoar. " Land of Refuge," a stout German boy told me it meant, and anyone who has been here can see why the name was chosen. One cannot travel much in Northern Ohio without hearing of the Zoarites. In 1817 a band of about 250 Germans from Wurtemburg landed in Phil- adelphia. They were under the head of a man named Pimlcr, who appears to have been a remarkable character. They acknowledged no other authority whatever than Jesus Christ, and held all things in common. In Philadelphia they found a man who had 5000 acres of land out here to sell. He asked them $15,000 for it, and, as they wanted to get as far away from everybody as possible, they scraped all their money together and bought it. Only three of those who made the trip over the mountains are now alive. When the colony arrived here no money was left, and they were about brokert down. The first thing done was to build a big brick house for Pimler, with walls twenty-two inches thick, which is known all the country round as the palace. Then they went to work clearing off the wood, build- ing houses and shops of all kinds, until they could boast that not one thing necessary in their simple life did they buy. If the world had left Zoar alone, Pimler and his followers would have been happy. But the country round them filled up. The boys and girls, who had been taught only German in the little village school, had to learn English, while some of them showed a desire to get out of the humdrum little village, where they could look forward to a broader life. Pimler's idea was to isolate the colony from anyone else. So woolen mills were built, a flour mill, a smithy, and among the men were always mechanics of different trades. He intended to keep his ranks full by additions from home, but introduced, instead, marriage, which, up to that time, had been forbidden. His associates seemed to take his orders without question. For a time he tried taking Ameri- cans, but found out that they were too restive to be good for much, so that in late years their numbers have been kept up almost entirely by births. The settlement has numbered as high as 300, but to-day they are slowly decreasing. While Pimler lived he was the government. The religion that he taught them was simple enough. They were to acknowledge no other authority, outside of their own magistrates, 7 o APPENDIX. than the Bible. The former, since his death, have consisted of three " trustees," elected for three years, subordinate to a committee of. five, which meets only occasionally, and the "trustees" really have things their own way. He prepared a constitution, which is carefully kept from the public view, and by which this little republic is gov- erned. Its chief feature is that so long as three of the society keep together the property is indivisible. In the courts some of the dis- rontented ones have tried to have it divided, but it has been settled ' feat this cannot be done while three hold out. This is the way they live. No one has any money except the tashier. He is one of the trustees. Everything that is raised is brought to them and put into the storehouse. No one sells a cent's worth but the trustees. Once a year a man is sent to Philadelphia to buy the annual supplies. They are displayed in a large store, tended by two of the young men. If one wants a shoe-lacing, a bedstead or a bushel of corn, no matter what, he goes to a trustee and gets an order. The trustees take care that no one overdraws his fair allow- ance. If a young couple conclude to marry, a justice is called in, the trustees assign them a house and they begin to draw their supplies from the store. Perhaps they have a baby. The trustees give an order for a cradle, if none of the old ones happen to be out of use at the time. When a death occurs, the carpenter makes the same kind of a wooden coffin that the Zoarites have always used, and they bury him in the little graveyard with a wooden cross at his head. Occasionally a boy runs away, but the girls do not dare to. What with their beer-making, mills, shops and other industries, the Zoarites are obliged to hire most of their farm work done. Each morning the fifty laborers must meet in the square, and are told off to their work. They manage to keep up the Zoar custom in one thing the beer they drink. This community has grown to be very rich as an organization. It owns 7,200 acres of land, which, with the improvements, is worth $500,000. The live stock and earnings variously invested are of equal value. The Catholic priests hereabouts are trying to convert the community in a body, but thus far without success. APPENDIX. y x A MODEL GOVERNMENT. THE CHEROKEES SOLVING THE LAND QUESTION NO ONE WITHOUT A HOME. WASHINGTON, June 27, 1885. Senator Ingalls, who has just re- turned from the Indian Territory, whither he went with a sub-com- mittee to investigate certain matters by order of the Senate, speaks with enthusiasm of the condition of the civilized tribes. To a reporter who called upon him this afternoon, he said that the journey had enlightened him with regard to matters of which he had no previous appreciation, although he had once before passed through the Terri- tory. The tribal government was democratic in form, with an elective chief magistrate and an upper and lower House of Legislature, which assembled annually. There were courts with an elective judiciary, and convicted criminals were punished as in communities of whites. There were no laws for the collection of debts, and, as the standard of commercial honor was high, none were needed. Fifty per cent, of the entire revenue of the Cherokees was spent for educational purposes. Wherever thirteen children could be gathered together, a school-house was built and a teacher with ample qualifications was employed. Two cottages one for each sex were maintained, the buildings being of noble proportions and all the ap. pointments creditable. The tribal government not only furnished buildings and paid the teachers, but clothed and fed the pupils. A number of graduates were selected each year and sent, at the public expense, to continue their studies at Yale, Dartmouth, and other high institutions of the East. The utmost good feeling prevailed toward the United States, but no disposition existed to change the relations between the tribes and the nation. It was conceded that the treaties had been faithfully kept by the Government, but there was a feeling of apprehension that the tribal forms of government might be over- turned by the admission of white settlers, to which the Indians were earnestly opposed. On the other hand, however, they manifested no objection to the admission of other tribes of Indians to homes in the Indian Territory, and they seemed to think it would be the policy of the government to concentrate the Indians there. In the Senator's opinion, the Indians seem to have reached the ideal solution of the land question. All the land belongs in common to the tribe, but any citizen may cultivate as much as he chooses, pro- vided he does not come within a quarter of a mile of the tract cultL vated by his neighbor. This provision is designed to break up tho ^2 APPENDIX. tendency to collect in small communities, which was thought to be .provocative of idleness. The occupant of the land is its absolute possessor, and may leave it to his children or sell his possessory rights to another citizen, but he may not sell to an outsider, and if he ceases to cultivate, the land reverts to the public domain. This prevents the acquirement of large tracts of land by individuals and removes the danger of the evils which result from land monopolies. The freed- men are better treated than among the Anglo-Saxons, and no civil or political rights are denied. Senator Ingalls thinks the advantages of the Indian Territory as a farming region have been overstated. It is a beautiful country to look upon, with large forests of oak and other hard woods, which, being free from undergrowths, have the aspect of well kept parks; but much of the country is mountainous and rugged, and the belief prevails among the Indians that if they were to take to the plough universally there would not be arable land enough in their reservation to give them 1 60 acres each. Among the 70,000 Indians inhabiting that; country, there is not a pauper. No person is supported at the public expense, and no one lacks a home. Only one insane person was heard of. PROSPEROUS FREUDENSTADT. Every one knows something of the prosperity of Swiss townships, where so many things are in common, but a more remarkable instance of a thriving commune is given by M. de Lavaleye in this month's Contemporary Review. It is the township of Freudenstadt, at the foot of the Kniebis, in Baden. There are 1,420 inhabitants, each of whom has as much wood for building purposes and firing as he wishes, while he can send his cattle out to pasture on the common land during the Summer. Schools, churches, thoroughfares and fountains are all maintained by the commune, and every year considerable improve- ments are made. Five thousand pounds were spent in 1813, for in- stance, on establishing a new water supply in iron pipes. A hospital; too, has been built, and a pavilion in the market place, where the Communal band plays on fete days. The villagers have never paid a single farthing in rates, but, on the contrary, each year a distribution of the surplus revenue is made among them, and each family usually obtains from 2 los. to $. All this is done with about 5,000 acres 'of pine forest and meadow land belonging to the township, a fact 'which seems to show that communism is not always unfavorable ttf the production of wealth, Poll Mall GazttU. APPENDIX, No. 4. ANARCHISTS AND SOCIALISTS. The American^ New York, Ftb. 25, 1885. EDITOR AMERICAN: Just now there is a great cry about anarchists and socialists and what they propose to do, and there may be more wool in the business than appears on the surface. Hence you have hit a wise plan in offering the use of your paper for these anarchists to rise and explain. I do not belong to any of the socialist organiza- tions, but an intimate acquaintance with many active members leads me to believe that they are becoming a power in the land ; and I have heard many Americans say that they did not care how soon a break was made on the present order of things. Americans as well as foreigners can see plainly that so far as protection to labor against the encroachments of privileged monopolies is concerned, our republican government is a failure, although it seems to me Americans by birth are less sensitive to these encroachments than the intelligent foreigner. The English language fails me in expressing my astonishment, on arriving in New England forty-three years ago. I had left a despotic government that denied me the right of representation in the nation's affairs, while it taxed me to the utmost to sustain its cut-throats en- listed to shoot me down if I rebelled against the inquisition. But the cotton lords of old England were restricted to ten hours a clay, and other safeguards were placed aiound the operatives that were lacking in New England. Judge, then, of my feelings to witness men, women and children running to the mills in Rhode Island, at 4 o'clock A. M., with only 20 minutes for breakfast and 30 for dinner, and then kept at work as long as the sun gave light in midsummer. I was glad there was no Joshua to command the sun to stand still, as the cotton lords would have kept the m ills at work and poor slaves w.ouJd have mitted without a murmur. If I demurred I was told to \ England if I did not like America. I grant that it is criminal for foreigners to band together f< ; purpose of destroying property. It is also criminal in every voter, be he foreign or native born, who neglects to use the ballot for h!> own 74 APPENDIX. protection. In this country the sun could not rise on the palace of a tyrant unless it set on the cot of a willing slave. But the American must be blind, indeed, who fails to see that anarchy will not long be confined to a mere handful of foreigners if the increase of millionnaire non-producers and the millions of homeless wandering producers con- tinues at the present ratio. A proper use of the ballot will remedy many of the evils under which we suffer. But I agree with the socialists in that the present relationship be- tween capital and labor must be radically changed. Wealth (labor's product) must become the servant of its producer, and not its master, as now. And the sooner the lovers of peace and justice set about a reconstruction, the sooner shall we get rid of anarchy, for it will have nothing to feed on. And if the present order of things is to remain, the sooner the American eagle and spread eagle orators depart for a more genial clime the better. A sham republic is as loathsome to me as a real despotism. A benevolent despot would be like a bull in a china shop in Wall Street. What, then, shall we do to be saved ? A. K. Owen, in The American of February n, strikes the key-note that was struck in England forty-five years ago. Evolution, not rev- olution, is the way out of this discord ; and if Americans are too impractical to adopt co-operation, they are too impractical to make proper use of their freedom, and brand themselves ignoble sons of noble sires. Reform, if it comes, must be brought about by men in- spired with true American ideas. From my acquaintance with anarchists and socialists, I am led to believe that they are too visionary and impractical. The majority of them are attempting to reform from without instead of within. I have addressed them often, or tried to do so, when the jingling of beer glasses and the mingling of songs with a jargon of tongues proved too much for me. I know of no better way to reform the world than for each man to reform one. It may be a slow way to attain reform, but it is the surest way. In conclusion, I say, let on the light. To the millionnaires, I say, grindyour mills a little slower ; the time is now here when submission is no longer a virtue. THOMAS W. TAYLOR (" Old Beeswax "). Homestead, Pa., Feb. 1885. APPENDIX, No. 5. ELZABETH, N. J., March 4, 1885. Highly Esteemed Friend, Your kind favor of yesterday, inclosing copies of your series of articles on Evolution versus Revolution, is this morning at hand, and I hasten to thank you for so timely and able a contribution to the politico-economic literature of this country. ******** The superficial reader will doubtless condemn your utterances as the senseless babble of a crank, or the wild visions of an enthusiast. But so far from such being so, they are directly the reverse, being simply the collocation of the teachings of sages of the past, backed by repeated and successful experiments in detached parts or isolated truths. I understand you as proposing to collect and unify them in one science and one demonstration. Were I disposed to be sincerely critical, I should scold you for not giving more specific authority for your claims, illustrated by historical examples. For instance, you quote the Guernsey Market experience without referring to the author, Jonathan Duncan, as the historian of Guernsey, who on page 166 of his wonderful book on " The British Bank Charter Act," states the incident in extenso. You might pertinently have referred to the fact, that while the Other works of Mr. Duncan are to be found in every well equipped library of this country, this, his masterpiece, is not to be found therein: Your reference to the specie basis, idolatry and superstition of the present day, might have been emphasized by the teachings and prac- tices of Lycurgus, the Spartan Law-Giver, of which Prof. Anthon, of Columbia College, says in his " Manual of Grecian Antiquities," page 127, as follows : " The possession of gold and silver was expressly interdicted to the citizens of Sparta, and how strong was the hold of this ancient custom is seen from the punishment of death which was threatened to those who secretly transgressed it. In Sparta, therefore, the State (75) 7 6 APPENDIX. was the sole possessor of the precious metals, at least in the shape of coin which it used in the intercourse with foreign nations. The indi- vidual citizens, however, who were without the pale of this intercourse, only required and possessed iron coin in a manner precisely similar to that proposed by Plato in *-77ie 'LCKVS,' namely, that money gener- ally current should be at the disposal of the State, and given out by the magistrates for the purpose of war and foreign travel, and that within the country should be circulated a coinage in itself worthless, -which derived its value from public ordinance." *. - * # * .* * The practical benefits of co-operative effort have been' successfully shown, one at a time, by separate demonstrations. Among such successes may be quoted those of the Shakers, Rap- pites and other fraternities of this country, and the Rochdale associ- 'ates of England as to accumulations of wealth. Brook Farm, The North American Phalanx, Pullman City and other associations of this country, and the Familistere of France, show what can be done in .aesthetic development. Our national post offices, our city parks and other societary triumphs demonstrate the superior potency of collect- ive over individual efforts. . But why multiply instances which are familiar to you. I weary your patience and must abruptly close. Yours fraternally, To JOHN G,' DREW. ALBERT K. OWEN, ESQ., Ch ief Engineer, Am. 6 Alex. Pacific R. R, t New York City. HAMMONTON, N. J., March z6thj 1885. My Dear Owen: I have yours of the 23d. * * * * Put my name down for 10 shares. * * * * In my opinion if a thou- sand persons can be gathered togethered on your platform, there is no question of the success of the enterprise.- * * * * The whole movement is advancing in your direction, and I never in my lifetime expected to see so much advance made. .* *. * Now the era opens for the advent .of a period which shall recognize ..the impo- tence of party politics, and rise to the comprehension of the social question. * * We have just arranged for the publication of tho translation, by Mrs. Rowland, of M. Godin's "Social Solutions." APPENDIX. 77 ' " As far as t have become acquainted with your movement it seems to me the best-considered and most promising thing at present. Yours truly, EDWARD HOWLAND. ADDISON, N. Y., March 5th, 1885. ALBERT K. OWEN, Dear Sir: I received your three articles in "The American" and, also, the pamphlet in regard to " Extracts from newspapers and let- ters." I was so interested that it was three o'clock before I fell asleep in the train on my way home. I shall look for your next article with anxiety. I was the most interested in your Co-operative System by which you intend to govern your city. I see no reason why the whole industry of a city cannot be carried on just as well as 30.000 employees of a large Railroad Corporation. And I am of the opinion 'that your system would save enough by doing away with the fric- tion that our present competitive system engenders: - In fact, I am of the opinion that there could be e_nough saved from this source alone to build a large city in a very short time. When you are prepared to open your books, I want one of those $10 shares. I will have that if I have to -mortgage the cook stove, because I think it is the most perfect thing that I have read, not only that, but it is .so i ar. ahead of anything that has so far been attempted. Hoping that it may prove a suc- .cess, I remain, ,. , .,. , Respectfully yours, RALPH BEAUMONT. WASHINGTON, D. C., March 23^ 1885. Dear Owen : I have had no direct intelligence' from 'you for a long time, but have enjoyed recently your articles in The American. You know that my whole heart is with you in this work. Nothing 1 Woufci'more delight me than to be free to join hands with you and devote all my energies to the Grand Scheme so: Well set forth in your papers. It is founded on true principles and will succeed. Your friend, , 78 APPENDIX. Dr. Wm. H. Muller, of Pennsylvania, says: '* I cannot tell you how greatly I am delighted with the proposed movement. For 40 years association has been to me a grand dream, which I never doubted would be realized, and when I first read of Mr. Godin's enterprise, I found that it was. And here is another undertaking, on a yet largei scale, projected by Mr. Owen. It seems to have been well thought out in detail, and indeed there seems no reason as yet apparent why it should not succeed. But in such an enterprise and on so large a scale it is simply impossible to use too much caution and foresight and provision for unexpected contingencies that cannot fail to arrive, and if not thoroughly provided for, the whole thing may be wrecked. We see by the daily papers that whenever a number of persons come to- gether for a common end as in business partnerships, and for any purpose whatever, there are sure to arise misunderstandings and con- tentions, lawsuits and no end of trouble. To get along peaceably is the exception. And so it will be a wise plan to anticipate trouble even in this attempt at co-operation that is in the start. When once well under way, all the machinery in its place, there will be less danger of rupture." 60 Ann Street, NEW YORK, March nth, 1885. PARKE GODWIN, Esq. Dear Sir : This will introduce Albert K. Owen, Chief En- gineer of the new railroad across Mexico. - He is a firm Co-operator, and has a fine plan for co-operative work in connection with his road. I have known Mr. Owen for ten years as a practical, energetic, be- nevolent man. I think his scheme will suit you exactly. Truly yours, SAMUEL LEAYITT. to L*?ayette Place, ;>EW YORK, 4 i6-'85. Mr. Henry George, Dear Mr. George, Let me introduce to you my old friend Mr. Albert K. Owen, Chief Engineer oi the American & Mexican Pacific APPENDIX. JQ R. R. Co , a man whom you will be glad to know for he is made of just the saltest of the salt of the earth. Ever yours truly, JAMES REDPATH. Philadelphia, 422-1885. My Dear Friend, My delay in writing to you about your great project on the Pacific is because I find it difficult to express the wonder that your description of it excites, not only in its detail, but in the extent that it embraces. I mean in ideas^ and not geographical. I have no doubt you will find many people whose sympathies are largely with you, and who would take hold of the enterprise but that their sympathies in other directions, and their attractions, habits, and re- sponsibilities prevent it. It is Just what we are all hoping for a sort of heaven on earth always just within our grasp and seldom reached. If you can harmonize the various dispositions, and dovetail the "an- gularisms " of Humanity, you will do as much in the execution of your project as you have in the planning of it. I am glad to see that you appeal less to the selfishness of Humanity and more to its ennobling qualities The more I read of your paper the more I am surprised at your adjusting qualities. Before I was 50 years of age, and I celebrated my 5oth birthday in reading late at night the first news of the Bull Run battle (it was July 2ist 1861), I did not feel that I should ever get old. Then and for sometime afterwards I grew a year older each year, and now I grow two years older every 12 months ; and I dare not allow myself to en tertain a thought of doing more toward your enterprise than to wish it well, which I do very heartily, etc., etc. . M. DAVIS. To A. K. Owen, New York City. APPENDIX, No. 6.^ FRANCE. (" The Press." Philadelphia, Jan, 1885.) This is Mr. Henri Rochefort's review of the past year. *' The yeaf nishes in the mud," he says. " It will have cost as much money, as many dead, and more shame than the year of the German war. It has been marked by plagues of all sorts the cholera, massacres in Tong-king, the repulses at Formosa, the ruin of the finances, the bankruptcy of several Senators and Deputies, the refusal of the swin- dlers of the majority in the Chamber to vote the budget, and, finally, the robbery of a milliard committed by the President of the Council, with the complicity of the ignoble gang who recognize him as their chief. Never at any epoch, or under any government, in any country, has such a heap of crimes, of frauds, of piracies, and of assassinations been perpetrated as in France, between the New Year's Day and the St. Sylvester's Day of 1884." (" The Press." Philadelphia, Aug. 1885.) " There are," says the Paris National, " in France 36,000,000 of human beings who work hard from morning to evening, and do harm to no one- There are besides in this country 300,000 rascals who rob and murder, and who pass by the name of the army of crime. There are, furthermore, in. France 300,000 politicians whose sole occupation is to excite class against class, and whose avowed aim is the destruc- tion of every existing institution. With regard to the 36,000,000 of Frenchmen, nobody pays any attention to them; but the other 600,000 are the object of the most careful solicitude on the part of the govern- ing classes." CUBA. (The Two Republics. Mexico City, Feb. \tyh, 1885.) The condition of Cuba is truly lamentable. A correspondent and a native of that island writes to a friend abroad, sketching the existing (So) APPENDIX. g x situation in colors of the gloomiest hue. " This beautiful country," he writes, " that but lately attracted the admiring gaze of the world, is decaying, is sinking into death. The commerce, the wealth, the great prosperity and credit that its merchants and planters enjoyed from 1832, to 1876, all have terminated. During the year 1884, more than 1,700 business houses have fallen into bankruptcy. More than five thousand vacant houses are to-day counted in Havana. Cuba has never before witnessed the frightful misery that to-day everywhere prevails. From this misery results an alarming increase of crime; of prostitution, without example in the history of this people, of a hope- less discouragement that threatens social annihilation The harbors, once so full of ships, where could be seen the flags of all nations, are deserted; only the colors of Spain, and occasionally those of America and England are now seen in our ports. Hope of the future has al- most vanished, and. about all that remains is a yearning to escape ruin by abandoning the island." It is stated that all eyes are now turned toward Mexico as a country in which to settle. Emigration has indeed already commenced and many tobacco raisers have abandoned Cuban soil to seek that of Mexico. The emigration, even of the better-to-do classes, ,is so surprising that the movement has been compared to that of 1868, when so many thousands of Cuba's sons fled from the rigor of despotism. Members of the present government, witness with mingled feelings of pain and pleasure a movement that is transferring capital as well as the best people from this ruined island to Mexico in search of new industries, or to establish the enterprises that are hope- lessly ruined in Cuba. (New York Tribune. Aug., 1885.) I am told that Cuba has not paid her civil list a salary for five months, or her army for three. She has a debt of $46,000,000, and a yearly deficit which is swelling, that amount at a rapid rate. Cuba is systematically robbed by Spain. Her people, however, do not foot all the bills,. although their share is heavy enough. Cuba is a con- venient bank through which Spain frequently draws on the United States. It is a'curiosity of our relations with Cuba that we sell wheat jto Spain,. which, after being ground into flour, is shipped- to Havana, .and sold at a profit. . Wheat has been .shipped from this country to Liverpool, thence to Spain, and then as flour to Cuba, and 1: .turned a profit on each transaction. Flour used to barrel in Havana. When it is $6 in New York, with a di; jthen.costs about $12 in Cuba, . .The Spaniard gets the profit, at our 82 APPENDIX. expense in trade. I am told that in all the issues of Cuban money vast overissues have been made. A few years ago there was an issue of paper money, the printing of which was intrusted to United States establishments, and $14,000,000 were printed in addition to the authorization, and were duly signed by corrupt officials who divided the millions among themselves. The Captain-General during whose Administration this financial stroke was made came to Cuba in abject poverty, and went back to Spain in a year and a half worth two and a half millions of dollars. (" The Sun^Augtist 25, 1885,) There is hardly a spot on this globe to which clings so much of the romance of story and of song as to the rocky and picturesque old Spanish province of Grenada. Every reader of its eventful history must many times have longed to visit it, and he "keeps a place apart for it in his memory. To-day it presents one of the most pitiable specta- cles in the world. Its inhabitants, yet suffering from the effects of the frightful earthquakes which raced up and down the line of the Sierra Nevada Mountains last winter, rending the earth with strange fury, and tumbling cities and villages into ruins, are now at the mercy of the cholera scourage, without doctors or nurses, without medicines to help the suffering, or coffins to contain the dead. Dead and dying lie in the streets and gutters, and there is nobody to remove them but convicts and soldiers driven to the work by the orders of the govern- ment. It requires a strong effort of the imagination for persons living be- yond the reach of this plague to picture such scenes as are now being enacted under the blazing sun of southern Spain. It is a spec- tacle to excite the pity of the world. Well may the beholder recall the burden of the old Moorish lament, " Woe is me, Albania ! " DECLINE OF THE RUSSIAN NOBILITY. St. Petersburg Correspondence New York Si en. It is a general opinion of the best observers here that the Russian nobleman is fast degenerating. He is bound to yield his place to a new blood. Public schools, colleges and universities of to-day are preparing here a new generation of boy* who boldly push to the front, not the least abashed that their families are not inscribed in any ''vel- vet book." To matter whether this homo novus is the son of a village APPENDIX. g- priest or of a country physician, or of a merchant, or a tradesman, of of a peasant, or of a Government clerk, he is bound to get his due by virtue of his education and personal ability and energy. In his rescript issued on the occasion of the nobles' jubilee (May 3), the Czar has virtually admitted that his titled class of people is in a state of hopeless bankruptcy, and in order to save their lands from the hands of speculators he has ordered the establishment of a special Nobles' Land Bank, by means of which the State will be the sole creditor of the bankrupted nobles. Recently in a Moscow court there figured a certain Prince Galitzin. He was tried and condemned for a petty crime. Prince Mestchersky in his Citizen on that occasion said: " I remember very well when this Prince Galitzin, a brilliant officer of the Imperial Guard, by marriage came into relations with such families as Count Kusheloffs and Stroganoff's. And now the same Prince is proved a common swindler ! Is he an exception to a general rule? Not at all. There is a direct relation between the criminal and his own titled class. The high life of to-day is not what it used to be a quarter of a century ago. Formerly our nobles valued most noble principles, and now all prostrate themselves before the golden calf. Honor, honesty, duty, everything is put on the altar of that deity. They do not mind borrowing money under worthless pledges. They are ready to dishonor their family name every day provided they will get by so doing money for women, champagne, horses and similar dis- sipations." Such are the Russian nobles of to-day according to the Citizen, and yet the Czar urges them to see to it that the children of the country at large be brought up in the rules of honor, honesty and faith. Gen. R. Brinkerhoff declares that we cannot blink at the fearful fact that the tide of crime is rising. He would gladly doubt it, and figure it away, if he could, but the statistics are pitiless. National, State and county statistics all concur that the flood of crime creeps upward year by year. " It must be checked or it will overwhelm us/' he exclaims. THE UNITED STATES. The Rev. Dr. Henry M. Scudder, of Chicago, who was for many years a missionary in India, expresses the opinion that for " unmixed wickedness and utter moral depravity, no city of Asia could equal Chicago or New York," and that this continent has a class of villains, "lower and meaner than the lowest and meanest in India or China." 8 4 APPENDIX. Cincinnati Enquirer : A well known professional " sport " re- cently estimated the number of men in Cincinnati who lived by gam- bling that is, men who did nothing but gamble, and never earned a cent at any legitimate business at 1,000. This included p ambling house proprietors, employees, cappers, outs'de men, etc., but it did not include those who combine business with gambling, and the many men who play poker beyond the reach of police regulation. The "sport's" estimate was probably a low one, but it was appalling enough. Mr. Lawrence said: " If there is any place in the world that repre- sents Sodom and Gomorrah, it is Boston, to-night (Feb. I3th, 1885). If there is any place in the next life where the punishment is more severe than any other, it must be for those who, for the sake of money, corrupt our youth and destroy their body and souls. You cannot conceive of the depravity until you see it." Mr. Lawrence said that he is a member of twenty-seven charitable societies. SEATTLE, King's Co., Washington Territory, August 1 5th, 1885. Mr. Owen : I have examined the whole country from the Mississippi to Puget Sound, over the Northern Pacific R. R. The whole region is grand, beautiful and capable of supporting millions. The policy adopted by the Northern Pacific R. R. and other monopolies has doomed the whole country from being prosperous, and therefore no one should come out here and settle until a change for the better. How are mat- ters getting along with you in your new enterprise ? Write me all the particulars as I am interested in its welfare. All well. Address as above to, PETER P. GOOD. ENGLAND. CARLYLE, whose mortal remains English authorities were desirous to honor as one of the " chosen of the crown," uses these words regarding the English people : " British industrial existence seems fast becoming one vast, prison- swamp of reeking pestilence, physical and moral a hideous living golgotha of souls and bodies buried alive; such as Curtius' gulf, conv municating with the nether deep the sun never shown upon till now. '* "*' Thirty 'thousand outcast needle women working themselves APPENDIX. g 5 swiftly to death, and three million paupers rotting in forced idleness helping the needle-women to die. These are but items in the sad led- ger of despair." What a terrible commentary is this upon English statesmanship and professed Christian principles, upon a government claiming to be a model of perfection to be imitated of all men. (" The Sun:' Sept. 9, 1885.) The Lancet lately gave a dreadful picture of the unsanitary plight of Windsor. It entirely agrees with the report made by a special agent of the Builder fourteen years ago, and is confirmed by a well- known Windsor clergyman who writes: " In South Place in this town there are forty-two houses with a population varying from 170 to 210. To these forty-two houses there are fourteen closets, all without water. Ten of these houses have no ' backs,' no sinks, no closets. All are without water. There are in these ten houses just fifty people without the common decencies of life." The medical officer admits all this, but adds : " I do not feel justified in condemn- ing these houses as unfit for habitation." Such is royal Windsor. No wonder the Prince of Wales got his typhoid there. LONDON'S HORRIBLE TRAFFIC IN WOMEN {London Special to the New York Evening Post.) An extraordinary revelation has just burst upon us through the Pall Mall Gazette. This paper created a sensation last Saturday, July '85, by " A Frank Warning to Our Readers," saying that as the criminal law amendment to the bill to increase the age at which a female can become a consenting party to unlawful cohabitation seemed likely not to pass, it had determined to lay the case for it before the public, and it warned its readers who wished still to live in a false heaven of purity not to read the Pall Mall Gazette for three days, To-day it prints five pages on the subject entitled " The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon." An editorial entitled " We bid You be of Hope " says : "If chivalry is extinct and Christianity effete, there is still another en- thusiam to which we may with confidence appeal, namely, the com- bined forces of democracy and socialism." I have just had a ]\\g interview with Mr. Stead, the editor. His investigation began months ago. All were conducted by members of his staff, with one outsider. The total expense was over ^300- He said : " I have oscillated fof 86 APPENDIX. months between bishops and brothels. The tale he tells is far too hor- rible for me to repeat. I recognize fully all the harm I shall do," said Mr. Stead, " but the certain good will be immeasurably greater. We shall pass the bill, but after what I have gone through none of us will ever be the same men again." Mr. Stead gives his personal word as a voucher of the absolute accuracy of the whole revelation. " The case," said he, "is much understated.'* After receiving assurance that the information given will not be made use of for criminal pro- ceedings he is prepared to give names, dates and proofs to either the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Manning, Earl of Shaftesbury, Samuel Morley, M. P., Dalhousie or Howard Vincent, as representing the English Church, the Catholics, philanthropy and nonconformity, Mr. Stead says: " I will go to prison many times if subpoenaed before publishing the names of people who have given us the details. I am an investigator, not an informer; but all the same I have my hand on a veritable modern Minotaur who lives in Piccadilly." As regards the details of these articles, of which four or five pages each will ap- pear in the next three days, they are filled with horrors positively in- describable. The articles are classified into (i) the sale, purchase and violation of children; (2) procuration; (3) the entrapping and ruining of women; (4) an international slave trade in girls; (5) atrocities and brutal- ities. "The significant thing is," said Mr. Stead, "that there has not been the slightest interference by the police in ail the crimes which we pre- tended to want to commit. The only time they stopped us was when we tried to rescue one of the victims." LONDON COMPARED TO SODOM. ! (Mr. Spurgeon's Exposition of British Immorality in High Places.) LONDON, June 27. The Reverend Mr. Spurgeon has produced a profound sensation by an article over his signature in to-day's issue of the " Monthly Review." In this the great preacher narrates in de- tail the story of the death last year of Justice Williams in a brothel and the disclosures brought out in the Jeffries case. He makes these examples from high official life the basis of a dennunciation of Eng- lish immorality, and he says : '* Sodom in its most putrid days could scarce exceed London for vice, To our infinite disgust and horror the names of the greatest in the land are openly mentioned in connection with the filthest debauch- ery and the most hideous evil that drag in the wake of vice. Thes APPENDIX, g^ things are alleged to be ..he chosen luxury of certain hereditary legis* lators and rulers in England. Woe unto thee, England, when thy great ones love the harlot's housetop ! Deep is our shame when we know that our judges are not clean and that social purity is put to the blush by magistrates of no mean degree ! Yea, that courts of justice lend themselves to covering up and hushing up iniquities great ' Shall not God be grieved by such a nation as this? What is coming over us ? What clouds are darkening our sky ? " ( The Evening Bulletin.} PHILA. July 24 '85, Thomas Carlyle, in his " History of the French Revolution," utters what may prudently be taken as a warning by the present degraded nobility of Great Britain. Some French nobles spoke disparagingly and even in ridicule of a certain work called " The Social Contract " and written by Jean Jacques Rousseau, who called for a reform in morals and in government. The second edition of that book, said Carlyle, was bound in the skins of those aristocratic sneerers. There are many members of the British aristocracy to-day not a whit less corrupt and perverse and arrogant than those despic- able creatures who were swept out of existence by the whirlwind of the French Revolution. Let them beware how they exasperate the common-sense of England beyond endurance. There is approaching a tremendous downfall of shams, of Established Church, of hereditary legislation, of privileged sensualism, perhaps of monarchy itself. It rests with the shams whether they will accept elimination peace- fully, or, by pushing their outrages to an extreme, bring down upon themselves an avalanche in which they will be violently destroyed. ( The Evening Post.) NEW YORK, July I, 1885. If our own finances, says the Pall Mall Gazette, are to be regarded as in disorder which they certainly are owing to a deficit of fifteen millions, which has yet to be dealt with, what is to be said of those of France, with her twenty odd millions of deficit, which she is making no preparations to meet by fresh taxa- tion ? The growth of the French debt is indeed something appalling < When M.Leon Say was Finance Minister he consolidated a large float- ing debt, and the total of the consolidated debt then stood at ,880,- 000,000, 20 per cent more than our own. Since then in only three years another floating debt has sprung up, which by the end of thfc present year is likely to attain ,80,000,000. Already one-third of tl - ordinary budget, which stands at the enormous figure of ,120,000,0-: 8S APPENDIX. is required for the services of the regular debt. What is to be done Few people as yet realize how fast old Europe, with its most civi- lized countries in the van, is careering toward the abyss of bank- ruptcy. ENGLAND HIRES HER SLAVES. (From the London World.} Not fifty miles from London there is a rural postman who, twenty years ago, was thought to be medically unfit for a permanent appoint- ment. He was, therefore, made a temporary letter-carrier. His wages are twelve shillings a week. He has to walk thirty-five miles a day. He is liable to instant dismissal, is not eligible for any pension and enjoys no annual holiday. In England we do not buy or sell our s'aves ; we only hire them temporarily. THE REAL SLAVES OF EVERY GREAT CITY. (From the Pall Mall Gazette.} How often if we could lift up the veil that shuts out the hidden secrets of family life, if we could penetrate into the inmost recesses of the lives lived out by many of the unfortunates in the sweater's den of the East-end, if we could for one moment get at the back of the doctor's certificate on the death register, not only of these, but of our 'bus and tram-men, nearly 24,000 of whom are without a Sunday should we find that death came not from natural causes, but from murder, not from the visitation of God, but from the fiendish brutal- ity of those whom He once created in His own image those, in fact, who grind men's bones, and tax the blood of prostitutes, not to get bread, but that they may glut themselves with gold. By the last Victoria, Australia, census, there are shown to be in that province 11,945 single women to every 10,000 single men, a remarkable circumstance for a new country. It is also curious, but true, that in New South Wales, Tasmania, and Western Australia, the three colonies to which criminals were formerly transported, crime is more common than in colonies free from the taint. In Australia the number of prisoners per 10,000 population is ; Roman Catholics, 28.28 pet cent ; Protestants, 12.29 > Hebrews, 10.85, anc ^ a ^ others, 15.07 per cent. Not much to the credit of Great Britain are the figures show- APPENDIX. g^ tng the native Australians and Chinese contributed far below their proportion of the inmates of prisons. Scotland contributed slightly more, while England furnished 50 and Ireland 118 per cent. The depression of the coal trade in South Wales is so serious, that over 40,000 men are affected by it. The national industries of Eng- land are at a low ebb, and the lessened output of coal, which arose through a decreased activity in manufacture, is taken as special evi- dence of an undesirable and very grave condition. Canadian papers contain soine harrowing details of cruel evic- tions in that country. Irish history in its worst form is being written at present in the Dominion. Poor tenants have been thrown out on the wayside, houseless and homeless, in the orthodox Irish fashion before the coming of the Land League. These imitators of the old school of landlords, are the Hudson Bay Company, who are, says the Winnipeg Times, at present engaged in tearing down the shanties on their property in pursuance of a notice to vacate served on the squatters some time ago. Copenhagen has been suffering a similar exposure to that of the Pall Mall Gazette^ with the more speedy result that ten culprits were arrested and two committed suicide. A professor in the University, the president of the leading scientific society, an eminent author, several wealthy merchants and one or two magistrates wore publicly charged with the crimes. ' The Swiss carry their economy to the length of inhumanity. The public hiring-out of children to the lowest bidder, still obtains in the Canton of Berne. A case of this kind is reported from Biel, where the public crier, despite the tears and entreaties of the widowed mother, placed her four young children of 10, 8, 6, and 2 years for 28, 31, 40, and 70 francs respectively, for the remainder of the year, thus separating the family for fear the woman might become a burden on the town. Belgium affords the worst example in Europe of the harm f- over-indulgence in alcoholic stimulants. The sale of liquor has more than trebled in the last fifty years. While the population has advanced only from 3,500,000 to 5,5000,000, the consumption of spirits, wine and beer, for 1881 amounted in value to 475,ooo,oouf. Although the country is so small, it contained, in 1880 no fewer than 9 o APPENDIX. 125,000 places devoted to the sale of intoxicating liquors. There was a public house on the average, for every twelve or thirteen grown up males. The suicides rose from fifty-four per million inhabitants in 1848 to eighty in 1880. The lunatics advanced from 720 per mil- lion inhabitants in 1846 to 1470 in iSSi. JAPAN. Mr. Ilazi (the chief of a Japanese Commission), who visited New York, Dec. 1884, on being interviewed by a reporter for the flerald t spoke thus of the condition of the poor in Japan : " Is Japan, then, so very far behind American civilization ?" asked the reporter. " Oh, very far," said Mr. Hazi. " In Japan the comforts of life are very few. We have scarcely any railroads or steamboats, and the best we have are way, way behind the worst that one can find in this country. There is one advantage, though, that Japan has over America, and that is that it has no really poor people. In New York, and in every other American city that I have been in, it is impossible to walk more than half-a-dozen blocks without being stopped by some wretched-looking creature and asked for money enough to buy a dinner or a lodging. Now, in Japan you never see a beggar on the street ; not because the government locks them up, but because there really are no absolutely poor people in Japan. There is much more wealth in America than in Japan, but there is also a great deal more misery and poverty, and I think that if one could make an average of the two countries he would find that there is greater individual happiness in Japan than in America. Japan is a heathen, not a * Christian * country/' Lately Japan has been building railways and making internal im- provements by means of credits borrowed on bonds held in England, and this is the picture that that beautiful country now presents: The Sun, Sept. 10, '85. " Hard Times in Japan." (From the Japan Herald.} The country is embarrassed from end to end. A decrease he farmers' rents is said to be contemplated by the Cabinet as rt'..V>ost imperative, but then with a view of making up a portion of the :iency which such a remission would create, soy and cakes are threatened with the hand of the tax gatherer. In the native papers paragraphs meet the eye in which whole villages are reputed to be reduced to destitution, and the Hochi Sh imbuii declares that " the paupers wandering about Tokio are now numbered by thousands." Of the sad state of affairs in the country districts some idea may be APPENDIX. 9 1 formed from a statement published in the last issue of the Jiji Shimpo to the effect that by recent investigations the arrivals of men who have come to the metropolis as jinrikisha coolies during the last few months have readied 8,000, which go to swell the redundant nnmber of those engaged in that precarious occupation foi a livelihood. Ad- ditional evidence is afforded of the pressure of poverty by the numbers far in excess of requirements, offering to emigrate to Honolulu and to Yesso, which latter, from the severity and duration of its winters does not recommend itself to the inhabitants of the main island. APPENDIX, No. ;. A GLANCE AT MEXICO ITS SITUATION ITS FUTURE A K. Owen salutes General Manuel Gonzalez, President of the United Mexican States, and in behalf of the Texas-Topolobampo- Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company, thanks President Gonzales, and through him, Senor Manuel Fernandez y Leal, and those in authority, for the prompt and courteous attention with which the com- pany's business has been received and despatched. Let Mexico be assured that the company appreciates the favors which have been granted it, and in fulfilling its part of the contract, will endeavor to be faithful to its conditions in every particular. Mexico is a country so interesting in its future, so unique in its geo- graphical and commercial relations to continents, to oceans and to peoples, that on an occasion so appropriate as this, and on the eve of leaving your good capital for the United States, your friend desires to say a few words relative thereto. The United States, during the past century, has occupied, in the New World, the centre of attraction, and has absorbed the greater part of the interest and the immigration ; has fostered inventions, im- proved its instruments of payments, and has encouraged most the as- sociation of intelligent labor: and rapid and marvelous has been the mechanical and business development of its people. While the United States controls a very large portion of the total area of North America, and a population of fifty millions of people, composed of all nationalities, there are seven other republics on our continent contain- ing a vast area, and about eleven millions of inhabitants, all of whom speak the Spanish language. North of the United States there is an- other great area containing four millions of people who speak the English and French languages. Altogether, the continent of North America has nine distinct nationalities, an area of eight million square miles, and sixty-five millions of people. Our twin continent in the New World South America is repre- sented by fourteen distinct nationalities, who speak the Spanish and APPENDIX. 4 'Portuguese languages. They number twenty millions, and their terri- tory contains seven million square miles. The New WorldNorth and South America connected by the Isthmus of Panama therefore contains twenty-three distinct nationalities, mostly republics, eighty- five millions of people, and an area of fifteen million square miles. This area equals that of the continent of Europe four times, and is three-tenths of the whole land space of the globe. Three-fifths of this entire area consists of valleys, prairies and plains of inexhaustible fertility, while fhree-fifths of the surface of Europe are covered with mountains and unavailable lands. Mr. President! Mexico, with her area of 863.000 square miles and her ten millions of willing nnd industrious people, stands in the midst of this area almost in the centre of this great population, for two distinct nationalities and fifty-four millions ofEnglish and French speaking people live to the north of her, and twenty distinct nation- alities and twenty-one and one-half millions of the Spanish and Portu- guese speaking people live to the south of her ; and as Mexico is in the direct highway, is at the half-way station between them, these peo- ples must pass through her States to associate and to exchange. These Spanish and Portuguese talking people and' these English and French speaking populations are neighbors, are brothers, are fellow pioneers in a New World. The love of discovery, the search for gold and silver, the restlessness for adventure, the pride for con- quest and the desire to spread the Roman Catholic religion, brought the Spaniards and the Portuguese to these, our continents, full half a century earlier than the Pilgrim fathers came to the barren, uninviting shores of New England ; but it has been the misfortune of these good" people to perpetuate the social life, the customs and the crude civili- zation of three centuries ago, and to share but little, if any, in the mechanical progress so brilliant and enriching to the United States and to the Canadas. The railroads have been the basis for the great advancement which has taken place among the people living to the north of Mexico. The railroads have facilitated, cheapened and mnde comfortable inter- course, and have encouraged and fostered the diversification of home industries; and the diversification of home industries has developed the physical forces, and has given character to the manhood and to the womanhood of our English and French speaking people. The same ways with improved menns will push the Spanish and Portu- guese speaking people to a much higher civilization, for here, in Mexico, particularly, and measurably in the States to the South, the climates and the natural resources are better and greater than in the 94 APPENDIX. States to the North; and in them it may be that Almighty causes have designed that the race shall be perfected. In them already nature .unassisted has done more for the floral, plant and fruit king- doms than in most other districts on this earth j and it is in them that we find the birds of Paradise. And may it not be that here, too, one day, will be developed the grandest men and the noblest women. In them we have the land of the South, "the land of the Sun" the everlasting source of warmth, of light, of color, of growth, of life and with a mechanical basis and under modern skille'd direction, why should we not have in Mexico and in the States to the South the land of intelligent thought, co-operative action and equitable distribution ? The enlightening influences of the railroads are powerful. We owe it to them that local prejudices and that those of race are disappear- ing; to them that diffusion of progressive ideas which will distinguish the nineteenth from all the centuries which have gone before ; to them the suppression throughout all Europe of the passport system and of the simplification of Custom House regulations two annoying hindrances to liberty and to travel. And railroads will yet make all the people of this New World shake hands, eat together, and be brothers in a common cause in the cause of humanity in the cause of bettering the physical condition of each other. Railroads, by facilitating our ways of intercourse, and by bringing us constantly and agreeably together, will make us speak one language, sing the same songs, laugh at the same jokes, bow in respect to one God, and be at home at each other's fireside. The course of empire, of trade, of conquest, has been along paral- lels of latitude. The course of friendship, of commerce, of inter- dependence will be along parallels of longitude for their sections within narrow zones are opposites, and opposites, like man and woman, are necessary one to the other, hence love and interdepend- ence one with the other uniting the North with the South, the Saxon with the Latin, the supplement with its complement, winter land with summer land, the new with the old; and may Providence bless and prosper every one and all circumstances which may hasten and strengthen so greatly needed a result. A glance at Mexico and her position in the Old World with Europe and with Asia will complete the picture essayed in this sketch; not in its shadows and lights, but simply in its outlines. A better artist must do the colors. It would be but a daub were more attempted on this occasion. Had there been no continent for Columbus to discover, there would have been from Spain westward to Japan , China, British India APPENDIX. 9i and Australia one vast unbroken waste ot waters covering more than 200 degrees of longitude and an area of about 14,000 miles square. The United States and Mexico interpose between the Occident and the Orient. The South Atlantic and the Mexican Gulf States of the first, and the Eastern border and California Gulf States of the latter stand in the " West Passage," in the channel of the long-hoped-for " Secret Straits," in the direct route from Europe to Asia. And these facts bespeak for Mexico no small importance, no little influence in the* great commercial race of the near future. In years now old, Egypt was to the nations of the Mediterranean and to those of the " Far East " as Mexico, in years to come, will be to the nations of Western Europe and to those of Eastern Asia MexiccLwill be their best portage. Across Mexico, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Great Britain have greater natural advan- tages and better distances in regard to time and comfort to Japan, China, British India and Australia than by any other commercial lines, and when modern facilities are completed across Mexico, on well selected routes, a large portion of the $1,725,000,000 worth of exports from the Pacific shores of Asia and from Oceanica wi'l be at- tracted across Mexico to exchange for the finished manufactures of the nations living on the shores of the Atlantic ; and as this com- merce is the most lucrative of all exchange it will enrich every locality where it touches or rests. Eighteen hundred and more years ago, when naked savages festered and feudalized in the islands now known as Great Britain, and in the greater part of the continent now known as Europe; Carthage and the Peninsula nations of the Mediterranean those people living in Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, Spain had well selected routes across Persia, Tartary, Syria and Egypt, to China and India ; and along those routes there arose metropolitan cities and great trade centers cities, the ruins of which show a grandeur unknown to modern times; trade centers where the merchants of Europe and Asia met to greet one another and to exchange. The Portuguese, the Spaniards, the Dutch and the English, how- ever, were driven to new and to ocean routes to reach India and China. The old caravan roads were deserted, and those nations liv- ing between the Mediterranean and the Himalayas, between the Black Sea and the Wall of China, grew weak, broke into fragments and perished, and Lisbon, Amsterdam and London became the Carth- age, the Venice, the Athens, the Rome of the new era, and New York, Sydney and Melbourne became the halting places for this corn* 96 APPENDIX. merce, and hence, they in their turn, became the Alexandria, the .Bagdad, the Persepolis, the Byzantium of our clay. But years before the Christian era, far back into the night of ages, when Ellephanta, Ellora and Agra were magnificent and powerful centers of dominion, their merchants had a portage across Mexico, through Oaxaca, Tobasco, Chiapas. Campeche and Yucatan, to the Mediterranean and Euxine Nations, and the line of this portage* is marked with as imposing piles of edifices at Palanque, Mitla, Chichen- Itza, Uxmal, as one can find at Baalbec, Arabia Petraea, Palmyra, Philx; and Mr. President! what has been will be again, if like cir- cumstances are directed by like intelligences. Wherever and whenever the western nations have exchanged with the eastern people wherever and whenever the Occident has selected a route to go to the Orient, there and then and among all people, have been built great centres of civilization; there and then have learning and arts been advanced; there and then have the people been pushed to a higher plane of thought and action, and as it has been in the past, so is it in the present, and so will it be, with in- creased advantages and security and permanency, under skilled inven- tions, applications and combinations, in the future. The destiny of Mexico is grandeur! The people of Mexico shall yet diversify their home industries, and then they shall be free, com- paratively, from the workshops of other lands, and with industrial freedom they shall be great. It is not independence of, nor depend- ence upon, but it is interdependence with other nations for which Mexico must struggle. If the Mexican people advance as resolutely and as uncompromisingly for industrial and financial freedom as they did for political independence, rapid and certain will be their ascen- dency over those people and nations who ride with their backs to the locomotive engine and never see anything until it has passed. The Architect of the universe has placed Mexico in the direct route between continents, between oceans, between zones. It does not take a prophet to foretell her future. The '* hand-writing " is plainly written in the wake of the ships as they pass into the il commercial currents'* and into the "trade winds" of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. If British India is the "jewel pendent'* of Asia, Mexico is the " jewel bracelet " to America, North and South it is the clasp in the chain which binds the English and French speaking peoples of the cold countries with the Spanish and Portuguese talking peoples of the warmer lands it is the connecting key which unites the land where music is but harmony with the countries where music is melody. Mexico is the half-way station between nations and between conti* . APPENDIX. 97 nents. Mexico is the portage between Islands and between Seas. Mexico is the mid-ocean resting place for the millions of Europe and the hundreds of millions of Asia ; and these circumstances bespeak for Mexico great wealth, great opulence. When Mexico's system of railroads is completed, East and West, North and South, is controlled by the government in the spirit of equity, and is made the basis for the diversification of home industries and the security for the nation's credit, then the people of the earth will come, by com- mon consent, to Mexico to exchange courtesies, to negotiate business; for Mexico will then be a mutually accepted rendezvous for the mer- chants of the world ; and here will be the commercial clearing-house lor the nations of two hemispheres, for the same reason that Novo- gorod, at the junction of the Volga and Don, is the accepted mart of exchange for the merchants of Russia and China. In Mexico will be made the introductions, here will be given the hand-shakings, here will be formed the friendships which, in their own good time, will bring " peace on earth and good will to mankind. Mr. President 1 such is the destiny of Anahuac. A greater, a surer one no other country has so many advantages to build upon. As an humble member of the missionaries in this great work of progress, * the Texas-Topolobampo- Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company," will assist all and any co-operator in the cause of Mexico, commerce and friendship. HOTEL ITURBIDE, Mexico City, Mexico, June gth, 1881. APPENDIX, No. 8. THE GUERNSEY MARKET HOUSE. A. K. OWEN (1879) : I* remains but to furnish the ways and means of payment for the completion of the plans suggested. It is asked that impartial cosideration now be given. The subject is one fraught with difficulty only because people will insist upon acting as their ancestors did in regard to payments, and not as experience, rea- son and progress would suggest. There is herewith given a quota- tion from Jonathan Duncan's work, entitled " Bank Charters/' which is very suggestive. " Daniel De Lisle Brock, Governor of Guernsey, was waited upon by a deputation of the principal townsmen of St. Peters, who requested his countenance and assistance towards the erection of a covered market, much wanted in that town. The Gov- ernor readily assented, and asked in what way he could assist them most effectually. He was told that the principal difficulty was to raise funds. The governor replied that if that was the only difficulty he thought he could surmount it, but would ask first, if they had the requisite stores of bricks, timber, granite and flags; but, above all had they the skilled artisans and laborers required for the building of the market. They replied that there was no want of labor or raw material, that their difficulty was chiefly financial. *Oh,' said the Governor, * if that is all you want, I will, as Governor, sign, stamp, declare legal tender, and issue five thousand one-pound market notes. With these pay for material and wages. Go to work and build your market.' The market was commenced. The first effects were to animate trade by the additional circulation for payment for slates, brick, etc., and to increase the customs of the shops by the ex- penditures of the workmen employed on the market. In process of time the market was finished, stall rents became due, and were paid in these notes. When the notes all came in, the Governor, collected them, and at the head of a procession, with some little form and ceremony, he proceeded to the town cross and publicly burnt them in the way of cancelment." This is the most important lesson and at the same time the most APPENDIX 99 simple, ever given in regard to works of public necessity. It is sim- ply a municipal paper money (units of account), issued in receipt for labor and material used to construct a work municipal in importance, and after the building is completed the rental absorbs the money issued; the building belongs to the city, and becomes a permanent source of revenue, and thereby relieves the people of direct taxation. Jt is, further, a saving fund for labor, for had the work not been exe- cuted the labor would have been idle would have been lost forever a sacrifice to the State and to the individuals. EDWARD KELLOGG : Look at this locomotive ; inspect that steam- ship; examine the works of this watch. Did the moneyed man make them? " No," it is answered, " but he caused them to be made. He found the means. His money was the creative power." Be it so. Then labor will make its own money and the capitalist will no longer be needed. APPENDIX, No. 9. A SUGGESTION FOR THE PEOPLE'S LIBRARY. The following extract is from the last pages of a lecture, written in the winter of 1871-72, by A. K. Owen, G.E., the projector of '.the Norfolk-Topolobambo Pacific. The lecture is entitled "The Rail- Toad Its History, Its Uses." Page 59. " This lecture is in behalf of the Territorial Library (Colorado). I am pleased to be the means of adding a few -dollars to forward a step of such substantial progress. My remarks now nmst be brief: The library and the locomotive engine have pone, are going, and must go on together. One is the supplement of the other. In building libraries we take the best way to improve our facilities of intercourse. Libraries are in embryo yet. It is winter with them. They are huddled up, apparently dead. The April showers of our intellectual season, however, will come, the embryonic library will swell little by little, the sparks of the locomotive engine, carbonic gas, electricity, hot air and chemistry will warm the atmosphere and the library will burst a perfect camelia, to the joy and to the blessing of mankind. At another time I will lecture on libraries alone. Let me say, how- ever, that libraries ought to receive the first attention of every com- munity. They should be central, commodious, handsomely furnished* attractive in surroundings, entertaining, instructive Put down the best American rugs, inlay the floors with the hardest woods, furnish the rooms and corridors with the most comfortable chairs ; hang Dore''s pictures on the walls ; place Canova's statues in the niches; and put flowers everywhere. Give room to high art alone. Let all be in taste. Never allow the music to stop. Let it vibrate as per- petually as the Romish tapers burn. Man may never commit crime, *r originate ungenerous thoughts under the influence of soft sounds. If we wish mankind to become better, we must reach their inner feelings. Music will do this. Music is harmony. True laws move only in harmony. Refined and cultivated associations must have a good influence. A person adopts his or her manners more or less to the influences by which he or she is surrounded. One person is cul- APPENDIX. 101 tivated, is courteous in address, and is neat in dress. Another is uncouth, in address is awkward, and to dress is indifferent ; and the reason is, that one person was brought up in a beautiful home, with refined and cultivated surroundings the other was born and reared in a hovel amid its denials. To make mankind useful and happy we must better their physical condition. This may be accomplished only through co-operation. The individual efforts of mankind amount to but little. Co-operation, social democracy, or interdependence is and remains the hope o* the highest civilization. A library should be a common fireside for each and for all a common interest, a universal pride. We are taxed to keep up public schools for children, where at best they learn but the rudiments for an education. The useful, practical lessons of a person's life are learned after school days. It is nearer essential to a useful, earnest sphere of action to be instructed after maturity than before. It is better that mankind should be attracted to study in middle age than in youth. Why not then tax ourselves per capita to build and maintain libraries as above suggested ? Remember they are for us each and for all, therefore do not let us forget to make them in every particular palatial. We may not attain the people's library at once, but within the next quarter of ?. centurv we will have passed beyond that which I have suggested. The church and the club house will then have passed away and the library will have retained and improved upon the prac- tical uses of them both.* Demonstrations is chemistry and practical mechanics, lectures in history, art and manners those little courtesies due one to another every minute of our active lives, will be free to all daily. Science will be looked upon as the giver of all the bless- ings of practical life; and to acquire a knowledge of the truth will be the study and the labor of each and every one of us. * The religion of Denmark is simply homage to the beautiful : belief without dogma, and a gentlemanly repugnance to coarse, vulgar crime. You cannot enter a drawing-room at Copenhagen, with its atmosphere of flowers, its frescoes, casts and paintings, and all the last new books in French, English and German, without feeling that you are among a people who value culture and grace, art and poetry, beyond anf amount of mere upholstery in ihc rooms, or milliuery on the persons, or the stony platitudes of formal fashiou. SUPPLEMENT. SUPPLEMENT. TO BUILD HEALTHFUL CITIES. " In view of the fatal mistakes commonly made in the construction and drainage of cities and villages, as well as in that of dwellings in the country, we commend to all a careful reading of an article on our third page from Albert K.Owen. Mr. Owen is a civil engineer of great ability, and has probably given this whole subject a more ex- haustive investigation and a greater amount of study than has been gived to it by any other person in the country. Of the peculiar sur- roundings of the city which Mr. Owen proposes to build we know absolutely nothing, never having given it even the least thought ; but his plans for securing comfort, cleanliness, and freedom from disease, are worthy of careful study. " The American Sentry > New York, 'May i, 1884. A TALK ABOUT CITIES, THEIR PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. BY A. K. OWEN. One hundred years ago ! That is a large measure of time in Amer. ica! Compared with Egypt, or Greece, or Rome, our Republic is yet in its veriest infancy. The ivy-mantled abbeys and rook-haunted castles of England date from William the Conqueror, over eight hun- dred years ago. One century here sufficeth to give the stamp of hoary antiquity, and our nation is even now celebrating its first cen- tennial with as much swelling pride, pomp and circumstance as if it Were its fiftieth. s Time, however, is not tested by periods, but by events, '" Better," I0 6 SUPPLEMENT. writes Tennyson, " fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay." Of how much value, then, is one year in America, where life is so intensi- fied ; where quick thronging events so crowd and jostle each other, and where rapid development is such a very marvel that the wild dream of yesterday becomes the sober reality of to-day ; where entire communities rise, as it were, like exhalations from the earth, and where the magic growth of Chicago and St. Louis may soon find par- allel in some far city on the plains or on the Pacific Slope. CHARLES KNIGHT. Let the purpose be to make a park residence. Let business men co-operate to build an attractive place to live in. Let the incorpora- tors be eclectics and choose from the best to make a perfect city. Let the company bring the country with its freshness, pure air and wholesomeness, and the metropolis with its conveniences, its amuse- ments and its instructions together. Let the citizens have the trees, the grasses and the flowers alongside of their electric ways, streets and walks. Let capitalists select a place in the land of the mid-day sun the source of life, color and happiness. Let a site on the South Sea shore be chosen at a point favorable for intercourse with Asia, Oceanica, and the Pacific Islands. Let us have a home in the course of empire, of the setting sun, and of diversified trades in that zone which has controlled migration, commerce and progress in the past and present, and which, in the future, will invite and foster intelli- gence, art, co-operation and peace ! ! " The first, the greatest, the paramount need of man is that of association." Man is a social creature. Man ad- vances from barbarism toward civilization in the proportion that his intellectual development, his needs, his luxuries, and his purposes are made interdependent, with those of his fellow-man. The ways and means he adopts to ex- change his services, his commodities, his ideas, and his every-day courtesies mark the attainment of his culture. Man leaves the caves and woods for the fields, and from the fields he congregates into hamlets ; hamlets become towns, towns grow into cities, and cities dominate over their respective countries, be they empires or be they republics. " Whether Paris is in France or France is in Paris," is still a question in parts of rural Britain. London is England. The Roman Empire was the city of Rome. SUPPLEMENT. IO7 History, past and present, confirms these statements. In the ruins of Uxmal, Palenque, and Mitla; Thebes, Baalbec, and Luxor; Babylon, Palmyra, and Agra, we learn of the advance of empire, art, and association made in times now ancient by the peoples of America, Africa, and Asia. The tendency of the Europeans to-day, more than ever, is to crowd into cities. Each year adds to the percentage of the urban over the rural classes. From the broad green fields the people collect into narrow streets, live in rooms in lieu of houses, resign themselves to restricted liberties and to added expenses ; and they do all this that they and their children may have the advantages of diversified occupations and markets and the educations, amusements, and cultures which a large population alone can give. Hence we see such worlds as London, Paris, * Berlin, Constantinople, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg. In the United States the rule is the same.f In 1790 * The number of residents in Paris between the ages of 15 and 60 years is greater than in any other part of the realm. People go to the city to seek work ; at 60 they leave, to spend their declining years in the provinces on their savings. The mean average number of births in Paris is 60,000, or 28 per 1000 inhabitants. In 1830 this percentage was 38. In the provinces the number of illegitimate children per 1000 women between 15 and 50 years of age is 17 per cent ; the ratio is 65 in Paris. Typhoid fever is the most dangerous illness of the. city, and generally attacks the young up to 25 years. In 1 826 there were 1557 lunatics in the city asylums. In one in eleven cases the malady was caused by alcoholism. Of the 2200 inmates at present in the asylums one-fourth have become mad through drink. t The Sun, New York, May I5th, 1885. It is said that the rural population of some parts of Illinois is at a standstill, and in some counties has retrograded since 1870. Farmers' children abandon their homes for the cities or the far west. The Press, Philadelphia, September I, 1885. Population seems to seek its kind, and such inducements as our cities afford prove too at- tractive for the rural population. In 1880 only one-ninth of the pop- ulation of Minnesota lived in cities. If the .state census, just published, ! 8 SUP-PL EM KMT. our cities contained, 3.3 per cent, of our total population. To-day, our cities include nearly twenty-five per cent, of our inhabitants. As we progress toward a realized civil- ization, the ratio must increase. The man of nature lives in the wilds and has . " liberty " and nothing else. Tho man of culture gives up his "liberty," seeks interdepend- ence with his fellow-beings and congregates into com- munities hence, he requires close association with man. New York and Boston, about 250 years old, have respect- ively 1,000,000 and 350,000 inhabitants. Chicago made- up her half-million in a Httle over forty years, and San Francisco her 300,000 in .thirty-four. In New York and Boston we see the graves of eight generations and the relics of colonial times. Scarcely one generation has. known Chicago and San, Francisco. There are many per- sons still living who have fought Indians and trapped wild, animals upon the site of each. San Francisco has all the conveniences and luxuries of the older cities of Europe, and her influences are acknowledged in the four quarters of the globe, yet Gen. Sherman, in his memories, tells us maybe credited, one-fifth of her present population live in cities. Speaking roundly, it maybe said that, in 1790, one-thirtieth of the population of the United States was found in cities of more than 8000 population ; in 1800, one-twenty-fifth: in iSro and also in 1820, one- twentieth; in 1830, one-sixteenth; in 1840, one-twelfth; in 1850, one- eighth; in 1860, one-sixth ; in 1870, more than one-fifth, and in 1880, half-way between. one fifth and one-quarter. The tendency of modern civilization is to mass population. The strong lights and sKadows of our cities, the love of society, the satisfaction of better shelter, better roads, stronger-institutions, lead men to crowd together, even when unable to be anything but dependents in the system to which they unite themselves. The population of London in 1881 was 4,764,312, the increase since 1871 having been 22.6 per cent. There are now every week almost twice as many births as deaths, to say nothing of the immigration. Ope would, therefore, not be far out of the way in declaring that ther are in London 5,000,000 inhabitants. SUPPLEMENT. iO^ that when he visited the sand hills on and among which San Francisco is built, he could not see how it were pos-. sible for a community ever to exist there. A greater marvel for sudden and magnificent growth is Denver, not yet twenty years old. Her people from all sections and countries number 60,000, and her conveni- ences and luxuries are abreast of the times. Yet as late as 1863 the writer could have purchased the land on both sides of Cherry Creek, where Denver now stands, for $5,- ooo. The land upon which Cincinnati is built was bought by J. C. Symrnes, ninety years ago, for sixty-seven cents an acre. Chicago, which has been the magic city of the West, and which has never ceased to astonish us and Europe, doubles its population in eight years, but Minne- apolis has more than doubled its inhabitants in a little over the two years just passed, and is now a city of 100,- ooo people. Within the same time the valuation of its properties has increased $22,000,000. New York doubles its population in about seventeen years. During the past year, 23,000 building permits were issued in New York, while in Brooklyn 26.088 were granted. Thirty-seven years ago Brooklyn had but 50,000 inhabitants ; now it has more than 790,000, and in all probability before five years have passed it will have close to 1,000,000 persons living within its limits. In 1880, Tecoma, on Puget Sound, had only 720 persons living there ; it is now the terminus of the North Pacific Railroad, and has a popula- tion of 4,000 people, and yet it is in cold aiid fog and mist most of the year. Duluth, at the head of Lake Superior, which was almost unknown fifteen years ago, is now third in the list of grain receiving points, outranking Milwaukee, Toledo and St. Louis. Upon May 25th, 1880, the site of Pullman City was a flat, unattractive prairie lying on the shore of a shallow lake, (Calumet.) Under the control of the Pullman Car Company it isr today in many respects HO SUPPLEMENT. the best appointed town to be found in the world. The laying out of its streets, the construction of its buildings, and its general management have created a change so sudden, so grand, so marvelous that it eclipses the magic of Aladdin's lamp. Roanoke, Virginia, is another example of immediate importance given to a selected site for manu- factoiies by a few business men co-operating for that pur- pose. The population of Roanoke was 3,500 in March 1883. It is now 6,000. So rapidly has urban property increased in the United States, and so great with us have been the advantages of bringing the people into close intercourse and exchange through the attractions of city conveniences, that Mr. Mul- hall, the English statistician, estimates our property, real and personal, at the value of fifty thousand millions while England had but forty-four thousand millions, and France had thirty-seven thousand millions. Considering that it is only about 265 years since a really live settlement was made in the American woods, this is doing well. France and England have civilizations, so-called, which date back anywhere from 1,500 to 2,000 years. The association of man with man was slow with the donkey, ox-cart, stage- coach, canal boat and sailing craft ; the locomotive engine and the steamboat gave association a sudden impetus, but we live at present in the age of compressed air, electric motors, perfected machinery, matured experiences, and associated partnerships. By thought and integral co-opera- tion to-day changes can be effected and results attained within fve years which were impossible any age before in a life- time. The rural properties of the United States are valued at a few thousand millions while the urban are worth many, and yet the towns and cities on the map are but dots. Distant from settlements, lands are held free to settlers; as the distance toward communities lessens, tije valued of SUPPLEMENT. I T x land increases ; within town limits properties are sold by the " lot," or business and home area ; in larger or more important communities by the " front foot," but in cities of the first class land is sold by the " square foot," and at fabulous prices.* It is estimated by persons who have laid out lands and settled them that a well-situated town site is worth one million dollars to each one thousand persons induced to settle on it permanently, and we think this statement will bear close investigation. It was such speculative calculations which prompted the promoters of Vineland, Sea Island City, and other resorts on the New Jersey coast and elsewhere, which have come into import- ance so suddenly of late years. It is the same with H. I. Kimball, of hotel fame, in his proposed plan to lay out a suburban district to Atlanta, Ga. His idea is to procure a million of capital and spend half of it in paying for 400 acres of land and certain im- provements thereon, $50,000 for a park, $150,000 for a mile of street, paved and graded ; $50,000 for a central * It is stated that the Astor family have built upon their New York property high buildings and rented them at prices which bring in an income of $3. per square foot. A lot 25 x 150=3,750 square feet at $3=.$i 1.250. The assessed valuation of taxable property in the city of New York (1885) is $1,175,052,885, or 55,4i9799 higher than in 1884. In a report upon the overcrowding of Dublin, Dr. Cameron points out certain of the disastrous results of the desertion of the city by wealthy families, who prefer to live abroad or in England. Their empty houses are for the most part turned into tenements for the poorest class of the population, huddled together with an appalling disregard to health and cleanliness. No less than 32,202 families live in 7,284 houses, containing 48,116 rooms. In addition to being over- crowded, the people of Dublin are scandalously robbed in the matter of rent, for 175 houses, which, as freeholds, are valued at 8,677, are sublet to poor tenants at rates which produce an income of 8,311. One house which is valued at 8 is occupied by eight families, who pay 82 a year in rent. j ! 2 SUPPL EMENT. stand-pipe for water-works, electric light, and heater and to build fifteen houses for $10,000 each. Mexico has recently taken up the idea of the great value Industrial communities would be to her prosperity; and has given several colonization concessions. The govern- ment agrees in one instance to pay the concessionists $60 for each colonist over seven years of age introduced into the country, and will give in addition a premium of $25 on each family landed, and $100 on each family settled. The government also relieves the members of such com- munities from all import duties, State and local taxes for fifteen years, and in instances gives large subsidies to manufacturers. How to meet in an intelligent way the ever increasing desire of man to congregate and to dwell together, under conditions mutual, beneficial, and wholesome, is a problem worthy of the co-operation of the best talent, study, and experience of our race and of our time. The cities of Europe and America are but miserable attempts toward such purposes. They have universally come into import- ance by the combination of circumstances, foreign to the forethought of their inhabitants, and are, in consequence, lamentably deficient in every one of their varied depart- ments which are essential to meet the ever increasing de- mands made by their citizens and " the stranger within their gates." Their streets are narrow, circumscribed, and illy-arranged, or a jumble of passage-ways barricaded with mud or dust or filth ; their building lots are small and irregular and have lines ever in dispute ; their sewer- age is a patchwork of subterranean cess-pools-, their water supply is inferior in quality and deficient in quanti- ty ; their managers are too often an unthinking, irrespon- sible set of office-seekers ; and the result is over-crowded, illy-ventilated, pestilential, non-fire-proof houses, over- SUPPLEMENT. ,,3 topling air-castles and under-ground hovels,* railroads in the air and beneath the streets, heavy and ever-increasing taxations, t with disorder, disease, crime, insecurity, and discomfort, great and perpetual debts, t few births and many deaths. The way out of these difficulties is the same which will Solve, one day, all difficulties from which mankind is suf- fering. Purpose, thought, integral co-operation. A work virell planned and started is half accomplished. So it would be with a city. Select a desirable area free from incumbrance, lay out the streets, walks, avenues, and pub- lic areas, and make the same public forever. Be eclectic. Select the good features from the cities of the world. See that the mistakes of other communities are guarded against. Why fun new vessels upon old rocks ? If there is an attractive feature belonging to hamlet, village, of city, the physical lay of the new area permitting, adopt it with improvements into the new plan. Bring the " parks " of London and the " circles " of Washington close to the " Battery r ' at Charleston, " Castle Garden " at New York, " Lincoln Park " at Chicago, the streets of Venice (ever clean and free from horses), the " Boulevards " of Paris, " Commonwealth * Of Naples' 495,000 population, 350,000 live underground in noisome cellars which extend far back from the street. Crime is so rampant that in many thickly populated quarters of the city highway robberies are of frequent occurrence in broad daylight. The natives feel that the world oWes them a living, and they are going to get it. Defending the criminals gives occupation to Ii,oo0 lawyers of the Italian school, who work for fees ranging from five cents upward. 't The ordinary revenues of the city of Paris are ^544949 8 3 * ranc s ($50,898,996) per annum. \ Mayor Grace says New York City's debt is $126,000,000. The Press, Philadelphia, July 18, '85:- The municipal debts of the five principal cities of New York are: New York, $90,844,055; Brooklyn, $37,775,630; Buffalo, $7,97 i,i67; Rochester, $5,284,00^ and Albany, $3,103,000. 114 SUPPLEMENT, Avenue " of Boston, " East Broad Street " of Columbust " Eutaw Square/' Baltimore, " Euclid Avenue." Cleveland, the " Cliff House " fronting the Golden Gate, the " Prada " of Vienna, the shades of the towns of the Connecticut Valley, the magnolias at Savannah, the sewerage at Pull- man, the water of a Lake Tahoe, or better still, artesian currents as at Brooklyn, the houses of the Moors, and the residences at Newport and West Washington are ever attractive, and, if possible, the better features of each should be associated within one community. Withal, have a central or corporation management from the start, say an improvement of that at Pullman, the stock to be based upon the lots, (the minimum 25 x 150 feet,) and the holders to vote as in other corporations. A city never has been and never can be a fit place to live in which is started by chance and left to speculators to extend, and to ignorant, irresponsible politicians to manage. There is no instance where an area was ever laid out in advance for the residences and occupations of half a million of people, and controlled intelligently from the start. Washington comes the nearest to a large city started with forethought of any in the world. Its broad avenues, its beautiful circles, and well distributed public areas reflect greater credit upon the brain-force of George Washington than any act of his illustrious career. The best sample of a town which ever started from the first under an intelligent and central management is Pullman, Illinois, but it was by a company for company purposes only. Indianapolis, Indiana, with its streets crossing at right angles and its avenues radiating from the corners of a central park, reflect credit upon its founders ; and Phita delphia owes the regularity of the streets and the public squares of the old town to the advanced studies of William Penn. j x 5 Had either Washington, Indianapolis, or Philadelphia bad the management, at the start, which is displayed at Pullman, the result would have been wondrously grand. We would then have had a city for an example from which we could improve. But such is not the case ; nor is there a city in the world which is laid out and managed after a comprehensive and intelligent study for the present and future requirements of its people. It is to invite the co- operation of business and thinking men and women to plan, to lay out, and to perfect the management of a model place for residence and business, free from the confusion, mud- dle, filth, insecurity, speculation, and " boss rule " of our present cities, that these suggestions are at this time published. The first great consideration for the bringing together of a large body of persons is permanent and diversified oc- cupations ; therefore the locality selected must be in the path of commerce, with resources at hand, a back country to draw from, and a climate which has the sun's influences for the most part of the year. Having settled upon the place, lay out the walks, streets, diagonals, and avenues, and be sure to keep them sufficiently wide to give shade and grass areas along each without crowding the necessary passage-ways for feet and wheels. Wide streets are essen- tial not only for pure air, sanitary drainage, and necessary auxiliaries to home and business life, but are the best pre- caution against conflagrations. The arrangement of the walks, streets, diagonals, and avenues depends largely upon the lay of the ground, the climate of the locality, and the general occupations of those who are to live in the town. In northern climates the blocks are preferred generally to run north and south, giving east and west fronts, and the reverse is the case in southern climates : the former courting the sun, the latter guarding against its rays as much as possible. In this age of electric motors, 1 1 6, SUPPLEMENT. tricycles,* and bicycles, horses can be excluded in largely settled communities ; at least this can be clone on all but the wider avenues. This reform in cities svould do away with-five sixths of the dust, mud, and filth common to congregated dwelling-places. There is plenty of room on the surface of our earth for persons to live free from crowding. It ought not to be necessary to construct rail- roads on trusses over, or in tunnels under the streets : nor should it be necessary to build houses high in the air and deep in the ground, and to house human beings like pigeons, to their inconvenience, loss of time, and sacrifice of life. The house of the minimum order permitted within the area should be fire-proof and not less in appointments than the "Waterlow Industrial Dwellings" of London. The drinking water should be artesian if possible. Parks should be distributed at regular distances and in the pro- portion that the residences are extended, and not in one body and distant from everywhere as Fairmount is and as Central Park was. Why should not the avenues for resi- dences be laid out so as to have shade, grass, and floral areas, having all the features of a park ; in fact, be park- - *.A tricycle postal delivery system is to be tried by the Postmaster- General of Victoria at Portland, Sale, and Ararat, with the view of ex- tending it, if it proves succesful, to other districts of the colony. From a London Letter Among the tricyclists it is gravely stated that for two years past the Queen has enjoyed her tricycle. Not as a rider, I should imagine, with her bad leg. It is very well known, however, that other members of the- royal family may he termed votaries of the wheel, while the members of the House of Peers who have gone in for the pursuit are very numerous. Not the least notable are Lord Granville, who scours the country round Walmer Castle, and Lord Sherbrooke (Match-tax Lowe), who has discarded his bicycle in favor of its more secure rival. How the old gentleman can ricle [ do not pretend to say., ior his eyesight is so bad that he cannot read print unless with a micro- scope. Perhaps he prefers an iron steed, which* costs nothing to feed, as I am toldth*tin his personal expenditure he is. very "near." SUPPLEMENT. -\ j 7 ways leading into all sections of the community ? The river or bay front, if any, should be held as public areas, in trust by the corporation for the enjoyment of the citizens, and, when necessary, leased, but not given in fee simple, to individuals. Earth-closets should take the place of water- closets and cesspools, and earth-boxes be used instead of slop-gutters and sink-holes. The sewerage should be con- ducted away from natural channels, basins, and creeks to- ward the back country and into vats, from where it can be utilized by the horticulturist. Wires for heat, light, power, and sound ; pipes for water and tubes for sewerage, &c., &c, should be carried in underground passage-ways sufficiently large to execute repairs, replacements, c., without disturb- ing the surface of the thoroughfares above. Public buildings, such as theatres, lecture and orchestra halls, hotels, schools, and markets ; public necessities, such as electric ways, telephones, electric light, power wires, gas for heating purposes, pipes for steam, the delivery of baggage and messages within city limits.* life and fire insurance, bank- ing, building association, policing, &c., should belong to and be managed by the corporation. Revenues from such sources, over and above a certain fixed per cent, to be spent upon improvements within the city limits. Above all, the lots for buildings should be sold only by the corporation, and in series of one hundred or more lots at a fixed price the buyers to be free to select any unoccupied lot, but to be compelled to build a house after the minimum class, or better; and the original owners of the land to receive dividends upon their stock until the lots are sold to actual builders, who in turn come into pos- session of the stock of the corporation, and who will elect * London mail carriers now call at private residences for parcels, the same as do express messengers in this country. A scarlet ca r d it furnished by the postal authorities, which, when displayed in th win* dow, insures a call from the postman. X ! 8 SUPPLEMENT. their board of directors, in accordance with by-laws tha same as is done in other corporations. Such suggestions, simple and plain, contain within them- selves philosophy which would lift a community out of the terrible depths to which selfish speculators and gutter pol- iticians sink it, and would so harmonize interests that all classes of citizens and " strangers within their gates " would be benefited at every turn, and in a hundred ways not dreamed of now. By a central management, as sug- gested, there need never be gambling-dens, grog-shops, and houses other than necessary for the well-being of the community. It is easy to begin right, but it is almost im- possible to correct evils after they have taken root. The details for the complete workings of such a commu- nity have been matured, and may be inaugurated by " The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa " at their harbor on the Gulf of California, and at Vegaton, thirty-five miles northwest from Topolobampo. The population can be made free from taxes and imposts of every kind. The streets, parks, public buildings, carriers, and works should be extended, improved, and managed by the corporation after the most approved plans. Minor heirs, widows, and other investors should have a guaranteed place for investment in the 25 per cent, of the various stocks held for that purpose by the corporation ; citizens a citizen should be a stockholder without regard to sex or nationality should be insured for at least $1000, and for not more than $10,000 ; invent- ors should be assisted in obtaining and be protected in their patent rights ; disagreements should be settled by arbitration ; " truth pleads its own cause ; falsehood hath many lawyers " lawyers should be elected and salaried, three or more from and for each ward a ward should be one mile square and they would be the attorneys for the lot-holders, the custodians for agreements, wills, codicils, &c., and the fees, paid them in accordance with public SUPPLEMENT. 1 1 g schedule, should be turned into the treasury of the corpo- ration. Probably this may be a way to check irresponsible lawyers from so befogging the laws, and so muddling in- struments of writing as to make business persons slaves to their exactions. The surveyors positively, and doctors probably, should be elected and salaried in like manner. The discipline would then be as it has been in camp life. The object should ever be to protect the citizen in his in- dividuality and in the enjoyment of his purposes, health, and property. It may not be necessary for us to suggest that in cities, as now laid out and managed, or rather mis- managed, the citizen has little, if any, protection and no encouragement toward a useful and secure life ; is never thought of, in fact, except as a fit subject to tax, fleece, and legally torture. While life is a lottery, crime will run mad. Bank vaults and strong police cannot give safety to acquired wealth. When the citizen becomes interdependent with the citizen, and the works, improvements, elements, and auxiliaries of common weal become the property and the care of the corporation, then the stockholders, or rather the lot improvers will be left free to carry to per- fection .their individual industries, and the city will have influence to do good in the land. In brief, the chief aim of man should be to adopt a basis and a ways and means to live on this earth's surface in a manner commensurate with his highest wish for usefulness, intelligence, and pleasure, and without having a bond, mortgage or tax to hang over him or his children. The /Jundation for correct purpose and the safety of the State lepend upon making the home of the citizen, beautiful, convenient, and happy. Bring the city and the country Together. Have grass in the area in front, in the yard behind, or in the court in the centre of each home. Cultivate shade and fruit trees, and place flowers every- x 2 SUPPLEMENT. where. " A perfect rose will convert a man even after the minister has given him up." The lecture hall and orchestra will keep pace with the cultivation of flowers, The Credit Foncier, the loan and building department of the corporation should build the house agreed upon on the lot selected, and should furnish the same, if neces- sary, for the settler at cost. In this way, from the start, homes may be made substantial and to conform to the tastes of the most enlightened may we say aesthetic ? The resident hotel, as suggested by us, is unique. It is peculiar to the colony. It is designed to take the place of the " club house," "flats" and the %i apartment house," being an improved and enlarged combination of all. The plans may be as varied as a kaleidoscope, but the common interest must be managed jointly. A resident hotel may occupy a block, (600x300 feet). Each house in a resi- dent hotel can be two stories high, 100 feet front and 100 feet deep, running from the street line and fronting on .a central court 400x100 feet, planted with grasses, flowers and trees. There can be two entrances to this court, and they will be common to all residences fronting within. Each house will be a distinct home, showing the individu- ality of the owner within and on the piazza fronting its pri- vate entrance ; but there will be a restaurant, dining-room, parlor, library,* reading-room, lecture hall, nursery, and * The city of San Francisco appropriates about thirty thousand dol- lars a year for the running expenses of its free public library. The city of Philadelphia appropriates nothing per annum for this purpose because it has no free public library. Philadelphia was founded in 1684, and has a population of about one million souls. San Fran- cisco in 1847 had 450 inhabitants ; it now has nearly three hundred thousand. How long will Philadelphia linger not only far behind its neighbors like Boston, but behind the "mushroom cities of the West," Cincinnati, Chicago and San Francisco,, in prpviding for its citizens a& adequate free public library ? SUPPLEMENT. I2 i play area, laundry, bath, and barber-room common to ali t From the restaurant, meals may be served in the homes a la carte at any hour and in the manner ordered by telephone, or the families may go to the table d'hote served at regular hours in the dining-room. The woman will be relieved from the drudgery of kitchen and market ; the nursery will be a safe place for children when parents wish to go out or away ; the " servant question " will be measurably settled, and home life in the city with country freshness can be guaranteed. In a word, our resident hotel is hotel life on a grand and perfected scale, where the guest becomes the host, lives in a house in lieu of a room, owns his own fireside, upro rata interest in that property which is com- mon to his home, and manages and polices the associated interests of the block by a board of directors ; the direc- tors elect their own chairman, and he appoints the neces- sary committees. By this forethought and integral co- operation in interest, which social necessities make com- mon to all, living is reduced to the minimum cost,* is per- fected to the highest possible excellence, and at the same time the privacy and individuality of the home are kept sacred. The plan for the stockholders to vote is also new. (See page 122). There is no time lost. The voters do not necessarily see or have intercourse one with the other at the time of voting. There is no possibility of a mistake, and the secrecy of the ballot is preserved. This plan for * It costs $rooo to raise a man from infancy to the age of 21 years. At least, that was what it cost to raise a slave on cornmeal and bacon, regardless of such services as he could render before his majority. Hugh Larkin, the Commissioner of Statistics of Ohio, has been investigating the cost of maintaining the families of mechanics in that state, and finds that it is less than the cost of maintaining prisoners in the county jails being 32.45 cents per capita a day for the former* and about 55 cents per capita a day for the latter. 122 SUPPLEMENT. balloting can be used to advantage by one hundred persons or by one hundred millions. Details, with maps of colony sites, diagrams, designs, etc., for buildings, plans for streets, parks, circles, quays, park-ways, etc., will be treated of at length in a prospectus by those interested in beginning a colony at Topolobampo, Sinaloa, Mexico. (See Accompanying Plans.) A MODE OF PREVENTING FRAUD AT THE BALLOT-BOX.* AND OF FACILITATING THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. With regard to suffrage in our popular elections, two circumstances call for profound attention. They are these: First, that in certain localities ballot-box stuffing and repeating carry elections against law- ful votes; second, that women may soon be suffragans. The first should be checked, the latter should be made comfortable. To effect both these objects, the following system of voting is pro- posed : There shall be a faithful registration of votes. The name of each registered voter shall bear a distinct number on the registration list, which shall be numbered from one upwards con- secutively, and a registration shall be made in each registration dis- trict established by law. Each registration district shall be an election district, and in each there shall be prepared a book similar to a bank check book, like what appears below : * Under the system proposed for balloting it will net be ai y more difficult or u> Convenient to vote than it is to write a postal card. SUPPLEMENT. fc O h * 3 w - Governor: For State Senate: For State General Assembly; For Congress: IL. s.] JOHN GUMMING, Candidate (or Agent)* THOMAS WILLING, Candidate (or Agent). JOHN SCRIVENER, Notary Public. 124 SUPPLEMENT. The left-hand portion of the plate is the stub which remains in the book ; the right-hand portion is the ticket, to be separated from the stub and delivered to the voter. The stub remains in the custody of the officers of registration, and shows how many lawful tickets have been issued. Instead of being separated by a vertical cut ; the ticket may be separated by an irregular line from the stub, which might in some cases afford additional security This ticket-book is to be made up at the close of the registration. Each stub and annexed ticket is to bear the same number, and these are to correspond with the numbers on the registration list, from one consecutively upwards to the highest number on the registration list, and no further. Each ticket is to be signed and stamped or sealed by a public offi- cer, previously designated by law for that purpose, and in presence of the candidates, if they wish to be present, or of persons appointed by them ; and each ticket shall also be signed by the candidates, or a person selected by the supporters of the candidates on either side. Instead of this, the ticket might be signed by some public officer, not himself a candidate, but previously designated by law for the purpose; and as-the object of these provisions is merely to authenticate beyond a doubt the legality of the ticket, any other scheme adequate to effect that end may be adopted.' As to the names of candidates to be voted for, the tickets are to be blank ; the names only of the offices to be filled are to be found on the ticket when delivered to the voter. Each ticket, after having been in this manner numbered, stamped, and verified, is to be placed in a letter envelope and sealed up, and then all these envelopes, containing each a ticket, are to be thorough- ly intermingled and shuffled up together, in order that the number which will be placed on the list of voters made up at the time the ' votes are counted at the close of the election may not correspond with the number of votes on the registration list, to the end that the secrecy of the ballot may remain inviolate. After having been thus thoroughly shuffled together, each envelope containing a ticket is to be addressed to a name on the registration li^t until all are thus addressed ; and the registration lists and the addressed envelopes, therefore, correspond exactly. Each envelope is then delivered to the voter personally whose name it bears. Each voter puts on his ballot the names of the candidates he may prefer, and he can vote with no other ballot than that. At each election there may be as many places for voting, and the polls may be kept open so'long as convenience may require. SUPPLEMENT. 12 j Polling the votes consists merely in the act of each voter slipping a ballot into a convenient box, such, for instance, as the iron street post-office boxes, of which the election commissioners keep the keys. There is no challenging or questioning of the voter, and the operation is to be performed with no more trouble or unpleasant contact than is met with in putting a letter in the post-office. At the time fixed by law, the ballot-boxes are opened, and the bal. Jots counted by the proper officer, and publicly declared. Any paper or ballot found in the box not numbered, stamped and verified, as above stated, is thrown out by the officers whose duty it is to count the ballots. In this system "ballot-box stuffing" and "repeating" cannot be practiced ; it would save time, trouble, and much of the annoyance now experienced, and so likely to prove very disagreeable to women should the present mode of voting be persisted in. The essential idea of the plan originated with Dr. A. de Bonnard, of Paris. T. J. DURANT. Washington, D. C., fjt/i February, 1872. HAMMONTON N. J., April 28, 1885. DR. W. C. CROOKS, PHILADELPHIA. My Dear Sir : To successfully organize the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa, is to my mind one of the most important steps in advance that this people, or any people, can make toward their in- dependence from their universal slavery to the money power. It will be the realization of the modern theoretical discovery that all wealth is the creation of labor. All over the country, people who would gladly go to Sinaloa nre tied where they are, by the fact that they cannot dispose of their farms and houses except at a disastrous loss. Now the very conception of the Credit Foncier is to remove this difficulty, and remove it so effectually that it shall not stand in the way any more. How would this do ? Let the Credit Foncier stand ready to buy any such property, paying for it in its own credits, which it agrees to receive at par in payment for the transportation it offers and the 126 SUPPLEMENT. property it holds in Sinaloa. Thus any intending colonist would practically exchange the property he now lives on for such property in Sinaloa as he wants. The Credit Foncier should aim not to take the property of the colonist at a sacrifice to the seller, but at a fair valuation ; and thus, as it would doubtless have a larger and more scat- tered amount of property to dispose of, than any one of those from whom they obtained it had, the Credit Foncier could better afford to take effectual measures to sell it to the public than any individual could. Then, too, the Credit Foncier would assure itself of plenty of business in preparing the houses in Sinaloa demanded by the colonists, to guarantee occupation to the competent. A man's skill, and his reputation for reliability that he will exercise it, should be as good a claim, and as good an endorsement for credit as there is. For my own part I am ready to sell this place to the Credit Foncier, and take my pay for it in their agreement to furnish my trans- portation to the colony and such a residence as I want when there. It is their skill in the manual arts, and the endorsement of their friends that they will exercise that skill which forms the basis of credit for the people's bank in Germany, who now do business of many millions for ex- penditure in material upon which they can exercise their skill. Can we not make a start in the same direction ? The signs are that we will, and if we are competent and faithful to our professions we shall meet with a measure of success that will surprise us. Excuse me for bothering you with this, but I am so isolated here that for my own consolation I^must express myself to somebody who can understand me. Yours very truly, EBWARD HOWLAND. CHESTER, PA., May 2, 1885. DR. WM. C. CROOKS. Dear Friend: The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa is a deposit, loan, build- ing, improving and operating company in its broadest sense. The corporation buys, holds, insures, works, im- proves, leases and sells real estate and personal property. It is a " Savings Fund " where labor in all its forms is re- ceived and accredited at all times from its stock holders , it is a " Clearing House " where all classes of services are exchanged and settled for, with the least possible friction ; and it centralizes, under one management, the uses of the Pawn Shop, the Bank, the Deposit Vault, the Real Estate Broker, the Trust Company, the Title Guarantee Syndi- cate, the Building Association, and the Contracting, Con- structing and Operating; Corporations. But this is not half. The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa is the Store House and Supply Depot for Pacific Colony and all its branch settlements. It insures its members against loss by storm flood and fire, gives aid in case of accident, eases old age, provides for the unprotected, educates and entertains the young, honors marriage, delights in birth, encourages the industrious, provides occupations, beautifies the home and makes it sacred, keeps the air wholesome, inspects the pro- visions, deals out medicines, recommends articles of cloth- ing and utility, guarantees the broadest liberty of action and thought ; and when life is ended and the character has withdrawn from the stage, the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa lowers the curtain, surrounds the occasion with quiet dignity and preserves the best acts of the dead for an ex- ample to the living. What more could a kind, devoted, intelligent father do for his family? The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa will be incorporated with powers to centralize the control, management and responsibility of a com- munity into one legal person (the corporation) and like 4 , 2 8 SUPPLEMENT. good father, as it in reality is, it will have its sympathies attracted to those children least able to care for themselves, and it expects counsel and unified action from the boys and girls from its citizens, women and men, who are physically, intellectually and morally vigorous. From birth to the crematory the child will have a father's watchful solicitude a solicitude which never sleeps nor wanes ; but grows stronger with time and dies only when eternity is reached. In handling the real estate and personal property de- posited by members, I would suggest to the Directors that they take an example given by the " Monte de Pieclad " of Mexico city the greatest pawn shop in the world ; /. e. that the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa pay one third of the valuation in cash, and after sale pay balance, less the ex. pense of the negotiation, to the members, who deposited the same ; the depositor having the right within a time agreed, to take out the deposit by paying back the amount borrowed plus a fixed fee for storage and handlage. The Monte de Piedad is a depository for every article known to civilization from a breastpin worth $60,000 to an image of a saint sold for kindling-wood. It did issue its own notes based upon its deposits and had branch banks of deposit and issue in the larger cities of Mexico, but was recently compelled to stop this function of its useful- ness, to give a monopoly to the National banks chartered by the Government. Respectfully, ALBERT K. OWEN. NEW YORK, April 3oth, 1885. MRS. MARIE HOWLAND, Casa Tonti, Hamilton, N. J. Dear Mrs. Rowland The lands in Mexico are owned and disposed of just as they are in the United States. The Government and the states hold public domain sub- SUPPLEMENT. 12 g ject to sale and colonization ; and the Indian tribes, the Yaqui and Mayo of Sonora and others less spoken of, own their lands in common and do not sell to any one or per- mit strangers to live with them. The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and the Yuma Indians of Arizona hold their lands and have much the same customs as the Yaqui and Mayo Indians of Sonora. Mines are held subject to the old Spanish system the best in the world. They have to be worked to be held. Our mines, as you know, can be held in fee simple and not worked ; /. or or in in 40 53 1877, 6,147 do. 188 do. or in 3* 1878, 6,247 do. '93 do. or in 32 1879, 5^224 do. 164 do. or in 31 1880, 6,476 do. 200 do. or in 32 1881, f. 7,5 6 9 do. 183 do. or in 4* 1882, 8,521 do. 267 do. or in 3' 1883, 8,33* do. 216 do. or in 38 1854, ,637 do. 242 do. or in 35 I 4 4 SUPPLEMENT. treated " the soul," whatever that may be, and they have failed. The anti-slavery advocates worked for the political advancement of the American negro south, and have only succeeded in taking him from chattel slavery and putting him into a worse state of dependence as a wage-slave. The " Greenbackers," the Protectionists, the Woman Suffragists, the Prohibitionists, the advocates for the nationalization of land ; the Trade Unionists, the eight- hour laborers, etc., have correct principles at the founda- tion of their efforts, but they treat society in part, and not as a whole, and will not obtain satisfactory results, even if they each succeed in effecting the perfection of all they aim at. Directors will have occupations in the fields, shops and offices, and, only in exceptional cases, will receive a salary ; for instance, when the director is 50 years or more of age, and when the public duties are such as to make it necessary for the director to attend entirely to the same. Every colonist will be capable to fill some of the director- ships and assist towards its efficiency and an hour or so a day, devoted to the general welfare, will be found to result to private interest more than most persons have calculated. In *' Pacific Colony " the possibility of a favored class being educated for governing will be very slim indeed. The order is that every colonist shall have a special trade or occupation. " Middle Men/' " Officials," Policemen " and " Employers " will have passed from our midst, and usefulness in productive callings will give its advocates the wealth, the social rank and the marked individuality in the settlement. The diversification and perfection of trade will be the earnest aim of the promoters. No. 7. If a person does not violate the principles which he or she has approved by becoming colonists (having accepted the by-laws) there will be no power to remove them, and certainly no wish. SUPPLEMENT. I4 5 No. 8. The lawyers will simply be attorneys of the cor- poration. Their numbers will probably never be many. We wish producers. Our aim and study will be to remove every avoidable friction to association. As society ad- vances upon true methods persons not producers will be comes less in numbers and in importance when compared to our present time and systems. No. 9. The farm lands will be worked by the Credit Foncier and the products will be sold at the markets and bazaars of the company, by the company's agents. If there are persons who wish to lease lands owned and not used by the company they can do so. Such cases would necessarily be rare and the purposes exceptional. The wharves may be leased to steamship or other companies for their specified uses. Not to any company or person for speculative purposes. The supply departments of the Credit Foncier will embrace all articles of food and utility, and all manufacturing will be done exclusively by the Credit Foncier. No man, woman or child will be directly employed by another man or woman. All occupations will be through the Department of employments. Individuality, therefore will be subservient or subordinated but to the corporation, and yet, each will be assisted and encouraged to excel in his or her particular line of usefulness. We are opposed to eqtiality in anything. There is nodivisionof properties or ot profits, communistically speaking. The Credit Foncier simply but thoroughly takes charge of the things common to our civilization, and permits and assists the individual to work out his best and strongest char- acteristics free from competition with associated-partner- ships and privileged classes. Man will be stimulated to excel man, and woman to rival woman in all things worthy of emulation; and the colonist will be left greater liberty to select his or her companionships than is possible in our present state of disorganized society where politics and X4 6 SUPPLEMENT. business make strange bedfellows. There cannot possibly be any crowding, for the occupation of every colonist is decided upon before he or she is permitted to go to the settlement ; but when once there the Credit Foncier insures him or her the work and the wage agreed upon. The children of the colony are instructed in trade and science, and are ever the objects of watchful solicitude by the cor- poration. The frightful loss of time, mbney, life, property anc\ morality which takes place every hour, year in and foi (Centuries, in our modern dens, yes ! hells of iniquity, called " cities," will have no place with us. Left to chance "to the "liberty and independence guaran teed us by the Constitution of the United States" whatevei that may mean, there are a hundred hat stores where one would more than supply the demand, and consequently each hat merchant must crowd the hat maker into starva- tion wage, spit his spite against the other hat sellers, and cheat the consumer into ruinous prices for inferior articles. This knavery and injustice causes 95 merchants out of every 100 to fail, and the sickly ones are turned into the ministry and the cunning ones become professionals, stock gamblers, drummers, and jobbers. From past experiences they may be said to be eminently fitted for their callings ; and society suffers in consequence. When civilization is based upon a lie the order of its existence becomes lies and its upholders become liars and villains with wonderful consistency and force. What can we say of a civilization (God save the mark) which permits a hundred thousand pounds of meat, a million pounds of fruit and vegetables to rot within sight of a thousand human beings, pregnant women, little children, aged men, who suffer and starve, go blind and insane, mad and dead for want of part of these things? Yes! and where the church steeples are built higher the lower human beings are pushed into filth SUPPLEMENT. 147 and degradation ; and where the more out own people suffer the louder hypocrites call for alms to send mis* sionaries " to preach the gospel to the heathen in foreign lands." Is it then strange that some of us should have a feeling within which thumps against our ribs and exclaims, " Great God ! how long is this thing to last ? " Are we to make no effort to protect ourselves, our children and those dear to us from the impending ruin which must certainly follow in the wake of such injustice to fellow beings ? No. 10. We can obtain absolute control of the lots and lands suggested, and the farmers, mechanics, women and accountants are ready to settle. The needed element to make our enterprise a success is * money." The Credit Foncier, therefore at first offers stock to persons having savings and that stock receives profits from all earnings, so long as we use the money, /'. ^., until actual settlers must have the stock to obtain their right to build. That is equity as we understand it. We have asked, " what amount of money will you take ? " This is to enable us to calculate how much " The Credit Foncier " will have to bank upon for outside dealings at the start. It would be far more profitable for all colonists to invest in stock and to enjoy the profits as they can than to simply deposit and draw interest , but they will judge of that and many other things for themselves. ANSWER BY A. K. OWEN TO QUESTIONS BY MR. F. B. PARSE, RIDGEVVOOD, FLORIDA. The Miner and Mechanic of Neosho, Mo., has published June i3th, and 2oth, 1885, a tetter relative to the workings of ' The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa." In that letter, I think you w.ll find answers to all you have asked. In the mean while, I will say that there is nothing like " force " in the management of Pacific Colony. A person becomes a Col 148 SUPPLEMENT. onist, not even through persuasion, but from an inward conviction that society, as now organized, fails to make better men and women as time goes by and machinery is perfected.* We should judge a tree by its fruit and a sys- tem by its results. The groans which come from the honest toilers, from the wretched women, miserable men and un- happy children, from every corner of our land, bespeak for our system of government a failure so monstrous that crime becomes a virtue when contrasted with its doings. Woman- hood, manhood and intellectuality make demand for a change. Our purpose is to obtain a foothold and to inaug* urate a civilization which will have for its basic idea the development of the man and woman physically ; feeling as- sured that with health and general employment, intellect- uality and morality are certain to follow. In Pacific Colony an injury offered to the meanest individual is considered an insult upon the whole constitution. A person cannot become a Colonist without signing the by-laws and deciding before he or she goes to the settle- ments, the class of occupation he or she prefers to follow. This does not prevent him or her from changing occupa- tions if he or she judges it better to do so. The purpose of the corporation is to assist others to assist themselves ; and while business methods, strict accountability in all public trusts, promptness in fulfilling engagements and punctuality in keeping appointments, will be strictly adhered to, there is a responsibility by the community for every person and thing, at all times and in every place ; hence order will reign, while individuality, for the first time * Owing to improved machinery and cheap labor, the average cost of harvesting grain in California is less than it has ever been. One farmer in the San Joaquin Valley pays 4 cents a sack for harvest- ing his crop. Under old methods the cost of threshing alone hat keen as high as 1 5 cents. SUPPLEMENT. in the world, we think, will be left free to excel in every worthy calling. There will be no " rents " as we understand the term in this civilized-barbarism. Persons are bound to keep their lot, house, street, area, etc in perfect order, and this is the only " rent'* they ever pay. There is no such thing as speculation in lands, stocks and securities with us. *' Interest " is nominally used among us the same as it is among the members of a building association ; /. c. we pay interest to ourselves, not to others. We oblige every Colonist to have a home and we advance him the ways and means to do this, and wish him to pay back to the " Credit Fonder" as soon as convenient, for the service rendered. " Interest " will encourage him or her to pay, and not allow one to impose upon the many, or the many to bear in- equitably upon the one. We might say "cost " or " rent " instead of " interest " but its practical working would be the same. After getting well organized we can improve in many ways upon the suggestions which have been made. Recollect that we are moving from civilized-barbarism to a new plane of life, and will have to suffer some of the results of bad associations until we can manage our own affairs with a master mind made thorough through experience. The church* has no claim upon us. Our care is with this earth. We will try and prevent our colonists from looking so high, and so distant for their happiness, as to look over and beyond the every-day affairs needing their attention. We believe with Coleridge that " he who begins by loving Christianity better than truth, will proceed by loving his own 5ect or church better than Christianity, and end in lov- ing himself better than all." We have had enough of * A writer in the Pall Mall Gazette says of Edinburgh : To a stran- ger who selects Edinburgh as a place to live in, there is practically no society, such as one can readily have in most cities. The attention of the natives is taken up with petty church squabbles and profc* , 6 SUPPLEMENT. " Hell " practically, and, entirely too " little of Heaven. 1 * We have had "church " until we can't rest, let us have the teachings of Jesus Christ put into practice. If there is anything left of " Christianity " but hypocrisy let us see who has the moral courage to live up to its best prompt- ings.* As a corporation, " The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa " is a citizen of Mexico ; but the colonists as individuals, are free to retain citizenship elsewhere ; just the same as the stockholders in a Mexican railroad company are. It may, however, become a particular advantage for us to take out papers of Mexican citizenship. This will be optional with each person. " Competition " between individuals in the production and manufacture of articles, etc. will be free. sional jealousies. In days gone by in the days of Jeffrey and Cock- burn Edinburgh was a place to live in and to enjoy. It is not so now, and this has been brought by its theological hairsplitting and religious intolerance. It is now nothing more nor less than a big schoo], where our boys can be taught everything on earth save good manners. In Ecuador there is a church, it is said, for every 150 inhabitants and 10 per cent of the population are priests, monks or nuns. The priests control the government in all its branches, and 272 days of the year are observed as feast or fast days. One-fourth of all the property belongs to the Church. Seventy-five per cent of the people can neither read nor write. Mexico overthrew her church and confiscated its properties in 1857. There is no othu nation so free from church slavery as Mexico is to-day. * " The church represents all we fear and seek to destroy, the theatre all we love and seek to uphold. The church is the grave of the past, the theatre the cradle of the future. The church forges fetters, and the theatre breaks them The church thrives on ignorance, the theatre on intellectual development. The church has outlived all its usefulness, the theatre is full of undeveloped possibilities of good." George Chainey, of Boston. N. B. We would substitute " the lecture hall " for "the theatre." A. K. OWEN. SUPPLEM&.\"1\ ! ^ j There will be no " competition " between middlemen ; nor will there be huckstering or " jobbing " of any kind. There- fore lies, knavery and swindling will not be a necessity to success in our settlements. Partnerships, firms and incor- porated classes will not for a moment be thought of by us, "The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa" is our state. It alone is our Corporation. There is no other corporation within ourselves but it. Man and woman will be encouraged to excel and compete in their individual callings, will be free to choose their own companionships, etc., and all laws, or regulations rather, enjoyed by the community will be gen- eral and not particular as with class governments now combined against the people. Equity and integral co- operation are our aims. Gradually, we hope to explain other details. NEW YORK, June 2Qth 1885. WALTER C. GIBSON, Esq., President Mexican American Construction Co. DEAR SIR : According to an order received from you to proceed to Topolobampo, Mexico, and to make a thorough examination for the construction of the first one hundred miles of the American and Mexican Pacific Railroad, I went by rail to Guaymas, thence, by sailing vessel to Topolobampo, a dis- tance of 200 miles down the Gulf of California, which occupied five days, being delayed two days by calm, as the trip is generally made in three days. I arrived at Topolobamo on the iSth of April. We had no difficulty in crossing the bar or entering the harbor, as the Captain knew the channel and harbor well, and never took down any sail until ready to drop anchor in the inner harbor. We crossed the bar at low tide and although our vessel was of light draught, I had the Captain take soundings '5* SUPPLEMENT, before approaching and until we crossed the bar, and found three fathoms on the bar, which seemed to me only for a distance of three hundred feet when we found deep water and did not sound again until we cast anchor in the inner harbor in four fathoms of water. The Captain told rne that there was another channel south of where we crossed the bar that had more water and -that the largest ship could sail into the harbor at anytime when the channel was marked by buoys ; he also says that captains, as a general rule, enter ports at high tide, that the tides here rise from four to six feet and there is no danger for Ihe largest steamers to enter Topolobampo. The harbor is beautiful and extensive and will give shelter to all the fleets of the Pacific Ocean, I found teams at work grading that went there in Feb- ruary ; and after looking over the work and finding it so light; also, that there would be no rails there this summer, I concluded it would be best to suspend the grading until such time as the rails were shipped, put the teams con. structing reservoirs to hold water from the rains for our use next season, until we could construct the first 16 miles and dig wells, and put up water tanks ; then we could handle the water with trains, to supply all parties both on the line and at the harbor. I examined the line carefully and find that the first 40 miles can be constructed and equipped for thousand dollars per mile, including station buildings 'at Topolo- bampo, Mochis and San Bias. The next 60 miles can be constructed at a cost not to exceed thousand dollars per mile, basing my calculations on the present prices of materials of all kinds, the grade being very light, this of course you know, as you have the Engineer's figures in your office ; and one light locomotive will do more work than two heavy and expensive engines on some other roads, which will be a vast saving in the operating. SUPPLEMENT. j^j Topolobampo Harbor is so situated that when opened by railroad communication it will command all the tiaffic for over one hundred miles north and south along the coast and directly back to the mountains one hundred and fifty miles where the mining interests center ; and the terminus of the railroad will be the distributing point for the mining section on the west slope of the Sierra taadre. This in- cludes the Batopilas mining district. The placer mining along the foot hills will, in my judg- ment, prove to be rich and extensive, and I would not be surprised to see a mining excitement such as the days of 49, after placer experts examine this section of the country ; and as for the quartz mines of all kinds, gold, silver, copper and lead, they are numerous and rich, and the day is not far distant when this will be the greatest bullion producing district in the world. All it wants is enterprise, machinery and capital to bring about these results, which no doubt will follow the building of the railroad. At present there are about six thousand animals engaged in freighting from the gulf to the mountains by the way of Alamos, Fuerte and Sinaloa, all of which will come for this freight to the railroad when it is constructed ; so you need have no fears concerning the earnings of the road as it will pay interest on its bonded debt, and a monthly dividend to its stockholders.- While traveling through the valley I was treated with the utmost kindness and hospitality by the Mexican people, traveling without arms both night and day, camping by the river with perfect safety. I found the climate not so hot as I expected. I carried a thermometer with me which showed 85 to 90 during the day, and 68 was the lowest at night ; and the highest that I saw it at any time, was at Fuerte City, when it showed 100. Inside the adobe buildings it showed 85 to 87, and I did not fee! the heat any more than I would 75 in New York. I have experienced , 54 SUPPLEMENT. greater heat in the construction of railroads in Arizona, Nevada and California. The land along the line of the road is very rich and is capable of supporting a large population, as everything planted grows the whole year round, and can be planted every month in the year with irrigation or on the bottom lands, and on the highest mesas during the rains, where fine crops of corn and wheat are raised with less than one half the labor employed in any part of the United States ; and in three or four years, after your road is constructed through this valley, it will compare with Los Angelos country, Cali- fornia, as to settlements, fine orchards and farms. The first sixteen miles of the road will reach the centre of the company's lands, called u Los Mochis," a tract, con- sisting of thirty-three thousand and five hundred acres, all of which is rich soil and will raise good crops of all kinds, and is without doubt valuable property, and will command good prices when the road is built this far. The first station from Topolobampo which will be con- structed here (Los Mochis), will be an important one, as this is the diverging, point for Ahome and several other places on the Fuerte river, and for the State Capital, Sinaloa City, and for other towns on the Sinaloa river ; and as soon as the road is finished to this station it will com- mand all the traffic that now goes through these valleys from all ports within one hundred miles on either side of Topolobampo ; thus you can see that the road will pay from the start To construct the first sixteen miles will require a little more per mile than it will to complete the next twenty four, on account of the rock work on the first mile at the harbor. I consider this a very important move to make at this time in the face of Mexico's suspension of the payment of rail- road subsidies for the present, for by the company showing SUPPLEMENT. , , - Its good faith in Mexico at this particular time would be sure to lead to the company getting other favors from Mexico, which in the end would be more advantageous to all concerned than, the subsidy in its existing form. In order to carry out the above plan it is necessary to have it decided within the month, as there is some work that should be done before it rains hard. My trip from the mouth of the Fuerte River to New York, was made in ten days, but when the proper connec- tion is made by steam between Topolobampo and Guay- mas, the trip can be made in seven days all of which will be accomplished as soon as one mile of track is laid from the harbor. Yours truly, JAMES CAMPBELL. NEW YORK, June 28. 1885. Mr. DEAR SIR : " Pacific Colony Site " on the bay of Topolobampo Sinaloa, Mexico, is owned by several persons. The stockholders of the railroad company, to which I belong, have the controlling interests ; but the whole is held in deed of trust by one person. The plan accepted by said trustee carries all interests, but the railroad people have the right to sell first. The Credit Fonder will have to deal only with the trustee. The Colony site is laid out and the minimum building area (25 x 150) has been decided upon. A colonist can buy from one to forty-eight lot-interests. There should be no difficulty for an average person being satisfied within these restrictions. Those having claims in the said lands generally express them by " lot-interests," or by percent You will now understand why I say that after 2,000 per- sons have built on the said site that the Credit Foncier will settle in full with the railroad company and with those j^6 SUPPLEMENT. holding " lot-interests " /. e. with all who hold the remain- ing 85,000 lots, etc. Your suggestion that after 15,000 shares have been sold, that no shares after that be permitted to vote without the holder is an actual settler, is a good one ; and I will do all I can to have such a provision go with their sale ; as well as some equally as good improvements which I am not at liberty to mention just now, even if they were asked by friends of the movement. We should bear in mind that we do not yet possess the lands, and the trustee may have some ideas himself upon how the property of his clients should be managed, etc. I could not, at the time I published CREDIT FONCIER No. i, assume more than I did. Be this as it may, the conditions of the sale of the Credit Foncier stock will go with it, and it will be mor^ profitable to the holders to encourage the carrying out of the basic prin- ciples of the settlement than to retard the same. I feel that if persons, no matter how meanly they are constituted, once see that they can gain more and live with greater security and less exertion by acting a correct part than by going contrary to the interests of others, that they will take the straight rather than the crooked road. If these premises are wrong, then there is nothing to be hoped for in science and progress then man is worse than the brute and will ever be a curse to himself and to others. It is the incorrect organization in Society which makes possible such villains and scoundrels as we see around us. There is no possible way, by industry and correct life, to rise to fortune and influence in society as it is now constituted. Bad con- ditions in everyday callings will make bad people, as certain as bad air and bad food will give them bad con- stitutions, no matter how good their intentions may be ; and good conditions, surrounding a general system, will make good people be their intentions ever so bad. Of course no set of persons can go from our existing civilized* SUPPLEMENT. ^ barbarism and lire from the start a correct life. The bad trainings and false teachings of the past will cling to us for a generation at least, be our success never so great. There have to be pioneers in every progressive step persons who feel and dare men and women who are ready and determined to devote their remaining years to in- augurate a practical change from existing evils in the direc- tion which science and experience dictate. Horace Wai- pole said : " Life is a comedy to him who thinks and a tragedy to him who feels ; " but we say : " Life is a duty to him and to her who reason ; and no man or woman can afford to listen to this inward conscience and not move toward the light which points to the realization of this hope." Mr. Edison has said that : " before the American people, will accept anything new in plan, the details must be made so plain that a mule can understand them." In due time, we hope to make the details of the workings of the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa, equal to that standard ; but, our maps and explanations, although well advanced, cannot be well duplicated and distributed yet awhile. This is not a movement which may be hurried more than the persons who have signified a willingness to associate themselves can hurry it. We have tried to scatter the documents far and near, and to have the conditions complied with, with- out which we will not start at all. We did not understand that we were going to interfere with anyone's present occupations while propaganda, essential to organization were being perfected. I am ready to carry out all I have assumed. Organization must, however, be made first. One word in regard to the price of lands at Pacific Colony. I have suggested some prices ; but they will be fixed by our Directors. Do not forget that all sales will be from and to our- selves. Building Associations loan money at 10 to 15 per 158 SUPPLEMENT. cent, interest ; but as it is loaned by and to their own mem- bers, it is not unjust. The difficulty of getting water from the Fuerte is not as slated. Mr. Weidner means that it would require a ditch 2000 feet long to get the proper fall to run water upon the surface of the country in irrigating ditches. Our farm lands are 20 miles below where we expect to take water from the river, and consequently this is not a question to be considered by us. In regard to climate, Mr. James Campbell is just in from Sinaloa, and has written an interesting report upon its railroad enterprise, harbor, climate, water resources, etc. I will try and send you a copy when I have a few moments from the press of present business. Respectfully, A. K. OWEN. CHESTER, Pennsylvania, July 4, '85. Mr. DEAR SIR, In your favor of June 24, you make two inquiries. They relate to the suggestions that the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa takes reality, and that it gives transporta- tion and meals to colonists en route from their old to their new homes. It was not the intention to suggest that we take every property offered, or that we permit every person to go to Pacific Colony who wishes to go. Some properties we would not have for a gift ; and there are persons whom we would not allow upon our grounds even if they came there and had " money " to spare. The Credit Foncier will have, perhaps, a management with as much brains as other corporations, even if it is to have a heart, which other cor- porations are supposed to have no use for. It will use business tact in selecting from persons and properties offered. SUPPLEMENT. ! CQ Persons going out at the company's expense, must have some trade or calling which the colonists stand particularly in need of at the time, or it would not be business to take the risk and expense. The idea was to provide ways and means to assist worthy persons whom we had need of, and who could not move without assistance. The " reality " is to be appraised by an agent, and one- third of the price is all we advance at most ; and, in "money," only sufficient to pay the person's transportation and meals en route to the Colony. The remainder of the one-third would be paid in credits of the colony. Look at this studiously again and see if the suggestions of Mr. Rowland can not be made useful to others and to our- selves. The action taken by Mexico in regard to subsidies will retard railroad enterprises in that country. The times, however, are auspicious for putting in practice the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa, and we hope to organize during August, and to go out with our pioneers in October. We are working to accomplish this. We may not do so much as soon, but be assured that the enterprise will go quietly forward to the end and for the purposes we have expressed. The sufferings of our people call for relief for a radical change from existing governments and customs, whatever and wherever they may be, -and the daily crimes and the bankruptcies of these times are driving the thinking men and women into organizations. These organizations will broaden more and more into such scope and centralization as we have suggested. Work, patience, and time, are great factors for true progress. Let us take advantage of them all. A. K. OWEN. x6o SUPPLEMENT. Letter from Mr. A. K. Owen : In a serio-comic letter, July 27, '85 by " No Name " * perhaps a child of Wiikie Collins not yet recognized- there are six questions referred to me by " our Editors H and here are the answers. No. i. The 100 pioneers may become mostly Directors and instructors because it will be necessary to organize the ten Departments on the colony site. A maker of good shoes is the best person to give directions in that branch of production, and a mason, bricklayer, carpenter and farmer will represent his respec- tive calling better than a college graduate would be likely to do. We are not civil service reformers. We do not think because a man knows where Hawaii is and can de- scribe the " Asses' Bridge " that he is necessarily a better citizen and more capable to direct in affairs in which he has had no practical training. Masters of useful produc- tion will therefore, it is expected, be largely in the control of our colony affairs. In this way we will try and keep square men out of round holes and round men out of square holes, and not have every one pulling against tide and time because forced, against natural inclinations, into wrong callings. It is one of the sad sights of our go-as-you-please muddle, called " civilization," to see men and women, girls and boys ever upon a severe strain because they are not suited for their places nor their places for them. The way for " No Name " to become a Director is to master some useful calling and go out with the pioneers. His modesty will do the rest. No. 2. We propose to " privilege woman " by giving her every right we men ask for ourselves, and two more we give her the privilege of the doubt and the right to pro- tection in cases of man vs. woman. We propose to do more than this. Women are the best accountants and treasurers- They are nearer exact in details and they never steal SUPPLEMENT. X 6 X money. The secret of the success of many leading firms in our larger cities is, that they have recognized this fact and advanced woman to the position of cashier, book-keeper, and private secretary. Again, women make the best sales- men misnomer as it sounds. These occupations are in- door, free from danger, cleanly, mental, and if not con- fined over four hours each day, and under systematized management, these occupations would be wholesome and invigorating. This will be ample for the most pressing business of exchanges ; if not, then we should have reliefs. We suggest that this class of employments be reserved exclusively for women. Labor, invention, the field, the shop, belong strictly to the men ; and the " middlemen,' 1 or handlers of the articles produced, the moneys and the accounts, should be women. There would never be bank- rupt estates and a " Canadian Colony " under such safe- guards. No. 3. The CREDIT FONCIER of SINALOA is to be our nation. It is to be a corporation, but no charter or privi- lege is to be granted to any person or persons within it. We are to take no part in outside elections, state or federal. Outside affairs and doings are to be commented upon for our own instruction, but in wars and strifes we are to be strictly like San Marino, Andorra and Salt Lake City. We have our own autonomy, subject, however, as a corpora- tion, to Mexico. Our mission is " peace on earth and good will to mankind." We show our distrust of governments as now constituted by retiring from them to ourselves under the general laws of civilization. We will fulfil our part of the contract. We exact justice from them in re- turn: nothing more, nothing less. As between ourselves, we will be members of one firm, all struggling to advance the interest of the corporation ; but as between outside persons and communities we are competitive and will struggle for recognition of our products and institutions pride will !6 2 SUPPLEMENT. develope in each step toward superiority in manufacture, growth, invention and discovery. In all constructive & * measures we wish to rival others. In destructive acts we desire to take no part. No. 4. We have said that the pioneers should be strong physically and have an inward conviction of duty ; and that until we get established, persons should be select- ed with discrimination for their trades and capabilities for the works, exposures and trials to be met. All persons 20 years of age or more, to remain in Pacific Colony, must become stockholders. Visitors would not want to go out . at first. When the hotels of the corporation are made comfortable, persons wishing to come for their health and to visit will be encouraged to do so. No. 5. Had " No-name " been raised in Pacific Colony he and his " girl " would have been given " credits," and each would have had steady employment and remunerative incomes. The CREDIT FONCIER can not be held to account for the fact that " No-name " has passed 30 years on the road of time and that his " girl " will not have him until he is worth a " million dollars." If it is any consolation we can assure him that we have met " millionnaires " lately who had not 25 dollars to their credit. We must positively refuse to tax the girls, for we have already said that where there is a doubt, we decide against the man. " No-name " has discovered to us that he is a man by saying "my girl," etc. The tax for bachelors will be fixed by the Directors to which body, perhaps, " No-name " will belong. No. 6. In regard to invention by colonists, we suggest that the corporation advance money to perfect models and take out papers and that it receives one half interest in the patent rights. This may not be equity in the case, and therefore we refer the case to the Directors for their study and decision. SUPPLEMENT. ,5^ A. K. Owen writes the following answer to J. H. Herms, of Neosho, Mo. : James Campbell's report published in Credit Foncier, No. 8, will give you information concerning the railroad and its progress from Topolobampo bay eastward. The cattle of Sinaloa are good conditioned and cheap ($6 to $12 for a two-yearling we have paid). They do not exist in sufficient quantity to encourage your idea at once. We can raise them, but that requires time. Mexicans do not have much surplus in anything. They live on a small variety of vegetables and meats. The people of Sinaloa plant, sow, and raise only sufficient to meet local demands. The few who plant, raise or make, find a ready sale. The buyer comes to the producer. There would be the buyers for about 100,000 Mexicans, with their little jackasses, to crowd into our colony to buy from us as soon as we had anything in their line. Mexicans will buy almost anything they see. The canning of fish, oysters, vegetables and fruits for the mining camps and the people living on the plateaux eastward, would assume giant proportions with us; and the fish and oyster* canning could begin at once. Mexico has a duty of about 50 cents upon every can of meat, fish and vegetables shipped into her states. This would give us protection from the older industries of this class. Add this to the fact that mining camps, which are counted by thousands, have to ship everything they cut from the coast and plateaux. This business alone would make " Pacific Colony " rich if properly conducted. It * The oyster packing industry in Baltimore now occupies sixty-five firms. The largest raw house in the city opens eleven thousand per day. The aggregate product of all the packers is $14,000,000 per year. From twenty to twenty-five thousand men and women arc cm- ployed in shucking ; the woman are said to be very expert and earn from two to three dollars per day. 1 64 SUPPLEMENT. should be put upon a large comprehensive business plan. Once in a year an acre of good land, carefully tilled, produces a ton of corn, or two or three hundredweights of meat or cheese. The same area at the bottom of the sea in the best fishing grounds, yields a greater weight of food to the persevering fishing man every week. By the latest estimation the fisheries of Great Britain are rated as worth $50,000,000 annually ; the United States, second in the world, at $43,000,000.; and Russia, third, at $26,250,000. Mexico has no fisheries organized. The bay of Topolo- bampo and the waters of the gulf of California are alive with the best fish, turtle and shells to be found anywhere. We invite correspondence upon this business from persons who are experienced in canning fish, etc. I recommend also that we inaugurate a farm for raising chickens, ducks, rabbits, turkeys, etc., and can them for the mountain dwellers, for ship stores, and for the market of Lower California. Sheep and goats can be raised with great profit. We want the wool for our woolens, and the goats can give us hides, meat for packing (sun-cured), and tallow for soap. Their bones and hoofs can be made into glue, etc. Another business will be raising bees and producing honey, The flowers are abundant, and this would pay from the start. In an* article I enclose, and which I trust will be printed, you will see what a Californian thinks of our advantages for fruit.* As all these branches of industry will be inaugurated and directed by experienced persons thoroughly organized, *The experiment that was tried by California fruit-growers two years ago in the shipment of apples to China and Australia has pro- duced results most favorable. The shipments were, of good quality, and took so well that orders were repeated and increased, and the exports to China in the past six months (1885) have assumed large proportions. SUPPLEMENT. ,65 there will he an increase and profit which will astonish even those who have given the subject thought and study. Vessels from Sinaloa can reach China and Australia in quicker time than they can from California Editors CREDIT FONCIER. Soon after Mr. James Campbell's return from Sinaloa I had the pleasure of an interview with him and fully discus- sed the advantages and disadvantages of that State as a site for the proposed Pacific Colony. Mr. Campbell is evi- dently a man of wide experience in business and travel and practical in his ideas of business undertakings. II? explores to learn, and nothing of value escapes his keen absorbing eye. Fully endorsing all that our leader, Albert Owen, has said in reference to this country, the impression left upon myself, and others with me at the time, was very satisfactory indeed. Since the interview wkh Mr. Camp- bell, I was conversing with an old acquaintance, Mr. O. F. Burton of Brooklyn, and was surprised to learn that he had traveled extensively along the coast and in the interior of Sinaloa and adjoining States. Mr. Burton is also a thoroughly practical man and of much experience, holding a very responsible position in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. Mr. Burton also verifies all that Albert Owen has said, as well as Mr. Campbell's statement in reference to that country, so far as the soil, water, climate, timber, varied products, peculiar customs of the natives, &c, &c. are concerned. " If that State of Sinaloa," said Mr. Burton earnestly, "with all its natural advantages was under stable government, it would, in a quarter of a century, have a dense, live, progressive population, that would make it one of the richest and most beautiful spots in the whole world. If a colony of Americans should locate at or near Topolo* bampo Bay they should go organized for industry There is nothing to hinder the success of such a colony as is pro- j 66 SUPPLEMENT. posed, if adopting the principles of the National Greenback party unless it is the existing weak government. If very warm at mid-day in Sinaloa the nights are always cool. I traveled over the plain, where there is no water except an occasional well, along the Fuerte and other rivers, where the water is fine, in the mountains, among the mines, which are certainly rich, through timber of great variety and value, living among the natives mostly, losing very little time because of the weather, and though going well armed, I never had need of arms for self-protection. Though the natives have use for but little money, they know the value of that * little ' and as in other countries, there are some who would not scruple as to the means of getting it. But as a whole, the natives seemed to be honest and faithful. They do not give much time to productive industry from the evident fact that nature supplies a large part of their food ; and clothing is almost superfluous, except bed covers at night in the cool breezes, so delightful to the sleeper. Most excellent water is found in wells on the plain?, by going 30 to 40 feet deep, into a gravel forma- tion. The plains, though wonderfully rich, from so many years vegetable decay, require irrigation to make the soil produce as Americans would naturally desire ; but " there is plenty of water within reach of this purpose. In fact," said Mr. Burton, " there is almost no limit to the means of wealth and comfort in Sinaloa, if good government could be established." This is but a very brief report of what Mr. Burton said of that country, and its many peculiarities ; but your space forbids repeating more. The impression left upon my mind was most pleasing in view of future possibilities. Seemingly, all that is required to insure the fullest measure of success, is money to secure the land, a carefully devised system, a goodly number of men and women of undoubted and undeviating integrity and devotion to the underlying SUPPLEMENT. principles as set forth by Albert Owen ; confidence in each other, and especially in those who may be chosen to direct the great work. E. O. BALL. 245 Broadway, N. Y. THE SIN OF DRUDGERY. In the letter of Mr. Prindle in our last issue he says : " Don't go back on eight hours." We mean to go back on eight hours back to six hours in fact, and hope when we get over the hurry of the first pressing work in Sinaloa a roof over our heads and water secured, that no colonist will ever have to do more than six hours of any really hard work in one day. Unless we so organize our life that we can have time for reunion, conversation, reading, study, scientific lectures, and music, we shall surely retrograde. Labor ennobles, drudgery degrades. We ought to put these words on the doors of our factories and workshops. In our new home we shall have our children away from the be- littling influences of conventional time-wasting follies and we can the more easily train them to a love of nobler things and especially to the love of useful labor. More- over we shall organize " attractive industry : " make all our workshops and factories, airy, healthy, cleanly places where labor will be a delight instead of a torture. High speed which so increased dust and dirt, we shall not need to encourage, since we will not compete in quantity so much as in quality, and as we shall be our own consumers largely, we will make enduring fabrics and connections, and so gain the more time for study, and social intercourse. Moreover, as we shall dispense with the cost of money (interest), profits upon our raw materials, profits to the commission merchants, etc, we can create more wealth tor j68 SUPPLEMENT. our association working six hours a day, than under th present competitive system working eighteen. " Attractive Industry," one of the great landmarks of Charles Fourier's system, appears to many people like an idle dream. Let all such begin at once to think and read upon this subject. There is none of more vital importance. Just as certain as we inaugurate in Sinaloa, the long hours, the confined, dirty, greasy hurry-scurry, close workshops, and factories of the present age, our young people will avoid them, just as they do the tedious farm work of to- day which is even more trying to body and soul than the factories, and moreover more isolated. The young want, and must have, the constant communication with their peers. It has always been a sore trouble to multitudes of honest people, as I have elsewhere said, that when they have made heroic struggles to give their children something more than the common district school education, denied themselves many comforts to send them to seminaries and colleges, that they have come home " too proud to work," as the saying is, or seeming to despise the humble social state of their parents. In monarchical countries there is, in such cases, little sympathy for the parents ; on the contrary they hear rebukes on all sides for educating their children "above their station " in life! Now it is not true that young people respect labor less when highly educated ; it is that they despise drudgery more, and in this we see the sign of promise. It is by educating the people above the condition of wages slaves that they will grow to com. prehend the worth and the dignity of labor ; and when this comprehension becomes common to the people, industry everywhere will be organized in the interests of the real workers, and then poverty and moral degradation will re- ceive a death-blow. Labor, scientfically organized, will permit no drudgery; SUPPLEMENT. ,69 since to preserve in high tone the mind and body of the producers, will be everywhere recognized, not only as common duty, but the best policy as well. The principle will be everywhere held sacred that all labor is drudgery when continued to the point of weariness, and that no labor whatever its character, can be degrading, so long as it is continued but a short time each day, proportioned to its general repulsiveness. It will not injure the finest man, the noblest scholar and gentleman, to work, say an hour every day at the least agreeable work for the common good ; while the noblest kind of toil if continued many hours, day after day, will degrade the being physically, morally and mentally. The duty nearest at hand for labor reformers in every country, is to lessen the hours constitu- ting the " day's work." Agitation of this subject should never cease. It is of the highest political importance at this moment. I know it is trying to the poor farmer, for example, who is wearing out body and soul working eighteen hours a day and growing poorer all the time, perhaps, to be told by an " upstart " Knight of Labor, for example, that he must have full wages for a short day's work. These are the trials incident to every step of progress. The sewing machine every labor saving machine ever introduced, has injured some people temporarily at least ; but the greater good must always triumph. It is for the good of mankind that we shorten the " day's work " at least until we can make labor delightful or " attractive," when the number of hours one works will not be of so much moment. Yes, we have long been taught the sin of idleness. It is time now that we inculcate the sin of drudgery ; and in order to give our children a wholesome disgust of drudg- ery we have only to educate them " above their station." This is the only true way we can reach the true under- standing of the grandeur of productive labor, and despite 170 SUPPLEMENT. all the evils which now surround us the struggle for powet through money gained even at the expense of honor and self-respect, and all the misery thereby entailed there are signs everywhere of the dawn of a great revolution in poli- tics and in industry. The most significant of these signs is the growth of the Democratic Idea. Great minds have discoursed upon democracy since the dawn of history ; but not until the present century has the scope and meaning of the term been understood. A real democratic govern ment has never existed. A minority of the people has al- ways controled legislation for its own aggrandizement at the expense of the majority, because the majority, working like slaves, were too ignorant of the simple principles of po- litical economy. This ignorance is the shame of every man and woman dwelling in even a sham republic like this, where one half of the adult citizens have been disfran- chised. To be disfranchised is to be legally a slave ; and wherever slaves by any name exist, there will drudgery be relegated to them and their children as " hewers of wood and drawers of water," while the non-producing enjoy the fruits of their toil and dole charity to them in affection, but only to those who know their " place." In the com- ing Republic, the foundations of which it is our hope and will be our glory to lay on the Pacific coast, it will not be possible for any to live without honest, productive labor ; labor that we acknowledge as increasing the material or the spiritual wealth of the colony ; and the possession of luxurious surroundings will be simply the proof of superior skill in productive industry, or of valuable service of some kind rendered to the commonwealth. MARIE ROWLAND. SUMMIT POINT, WEST VA., July 2ist, 1885, MR. A. K. OWEN : DEAR OWEN, I duly received yours of the 2ist ultimo ; but with several unavoidable excursions from home ; and SUPPLEMENT. ! 7 , when at home visiting friends ; it has been out of my power to answer sooner. You wish my views of " the practical Christianity of Christ, and of its inwardness and similarity with the best Socialism of our day." Whilst He proclaimed that " His kingdom was not of this world/' His words, and doctrines, and actions, while on earth, were peace and good will to men to all men and not to a few and, in that respect, I think, the " best Socialism of our day " is in full accord with His teachings and practical life. The " best Socialism of our day " abhors and eschews both force and guile, and appeals to the reason of men ; and, in this, our " best Socialism/' as, also, " our declara- tion of rights " may be well regarded as following in the footsteps of the Divine teacher, and, also, in the early teachings and principles of the Church. However imper- fect its first association was, and inadequate to carry into practice and success those principles and teachings, nevertheless, still survive, and, in my opinion, can, and will be brought into successful application for the benefit of men, by the better organized associations of our day, notwithstanding the foreboding prophecies of the Rev. Heber Newton in his "All Souls' Memorial " sermon on Communism. However, before commenting on the views, opinions, tone and spirit of Mr. Newton's sermon, I will answer your query, as above quoted, in regard " to the practical Chris- tianity of Christ, and its inwardness and similarity with the best socialism of our day." The doctrines, precepts, and principles of Christ, as exemplified in the works and actions of his life, embraced the temporal and physical, as well as the moral and spiritual well-being of men here and hereafter. If you will read his "Sermon on the Mount." as found in the 5th, 6th and yth chapters of Mat- 172 SUPPLEMENT. thew, you will not be surprised at the attempt of Peter, and his disciples, to embody, and apply those principles, practices, and teachings in the communism they .nstituted. Jt proved a failure. But this should be no discourage- ment to the future efforts of men to better their condition ; or to continue their experiments, until better methods of civilization are secured than any that have yet existed in the history of our race. All the tried systems of govern- ment heretofore ; and up to our government and times ; have failed to secure the liberty, peace and happiness of mankind ! " Peter and his disciples," and 4t the Essenes " and ' the Shakers " are not alone in their failures. They are only part and parcel of the ^ grand crowd " of the unsuc- cessful ! Aristotle, in his treatise on governments, has named more than one hundred and fifty forms and varieties of governments essayed by man. They all proved failures ; and among them our own form (which we vainly think something new) failed in the times of the past ; as it has already failed in the experiment of a century by ourselves. The principles, and teachings, of that 4i Sermon on the Mount " are as capable, in my judgment, of being harness- ed up in mental and moral organizations and machinery, and utilized for the benefit of mankind, as steam and elec- tricity have been in the realms of matter ; and that, too, not only in the best associations of modern Socialism on a circumscribed scale, and partial experiment ; but in sys- tems of government up to, and coextensive with the broadest nationality. I can imagine no reason why im- provements in governments, and associations of men, should lag behind the applications of science in the ma- terial universe ; and, for that reason, I am in full sympathy with those who are experimenting in the line of the Essenes *f Mr. Newton will have it so and of the Early Christians, and of the Shakers, too, who came after them? and especially with the Credit Foncier of Sinalpa, which SUPPLEMENT. , 7 j I hope and believe will succeed, and carry out what their forerunners, and pioneers in a rude way were hunting for, to wit, a rational mode of " co-operation " which I hope will, forever, exterminate the destructive and diabolical principle of "competition." And whose motto by whom devised I know not ; for it is the essence, and quintes- sence of "the principle " itself, or of the devil ; and a pull Dick, pull devil, between the twain is: " If you'd be rich you son-of-a ; You must paddle your own canoe, And cheat your neighbor, if you can, He 'ill do the same by you." * Such a motto is a fit emblem of this principle it preaches It is frank, and candid, it avows the principle and gloats over it ; the " veiled prophet withdraws his mask and, "competition" rolls the ruin of humanity as a "sweet morsel " under his accursed tongue, until the foam of the " mad* dog " gathers around his gaping, hideous, and re- morseless jaws, and trickles down in venomous poison that would pollute the Earth were it Eden. Now what says Mr. Newton ? In different language, style, and spirit, he champions the same horrid principle that has annihilated every association and government heretofore on the earth. Beginning with a " pofitico-frin- cipii " a begging proem he proceeds : " Is the dream of the Christian spirit after brotherhood practicable ? Com- munism, as we have it presented to us to-day, will not work in our present state of development. If it could be * " When I cum to New York," said a countryman, " I a'.lers go round holdin' on to my pocketbook like grim death. You can't tell what minute some felier may rob you. This city is full of thieves." " Do you carry much money with you ? " " I've got about $200 now. I sold an old hoss this mornin* that I slicked up fer $200 that wasn't wuth $75. I see in a minute that th* feller I sold him to didn't know nuthin' 'bout bosses." i ; 4 SUPPLEMENT. realized it would simply prove the arrest of civilization. Our American communistic societies are the demonstration of this fact," etc. And then, instead of instancing some of these " American communisms " of the best class, and promise of success, and usefulness to men, and reasoning fairly from their organizations, facts, and principles, to demonstrate in what way " their economic prosperity and moral welfare are bought at a ruinous cost of intellectual life,' ? he continues his unreasoning, authoritative, " ex-cathe- dra " assertions in favor of the present " competitive sys- tem," and in fact, winds up his paragraph I quote from, by announcing, in different words and language only, the abominable creed and sentiments of the doggerel motto I used above to illustrate their true inwardness and result- ing enormities. He goes further: He dogmatically as- serts that such are God's methods " to push men forward to build up the wealth that is needed as the basis of civili- zation ! " Mark you the words, " the wealth that is needed ! " Have not these words the ring the very ring of the primal Idolaters who postponed God, and brought the "golden calf" to the front; and, with Aaron to back them : " These be thy Gods, O Israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of Egypt ! " Surely Burns was right : E'en ministers, they hae been kenned In holy rapture, A rousin' whid at times to vend And nail't wi' Scripture. But let me quote his paragraph to the end. He con- tinues : " The spur of necessity, the goad of hunger, the pressure of poverty, the unholy fires of emulation, the savage strife of competition^ these forces of the natural man are being used under the hand of Providence to push men forward to build up the wealth that is needed as the basis SUPPLEMENT. ! 7 5 of civilization, to develop the mental life of humanity, to sharpen, to quicken all our human powers, to train the will, to exercise the conscience, to evolve the free individ- uality which is the essence of character. This may re- quire ages for its realization. No sane man seriously proposes it for to-day/' Now, the long and short of this quoted paragraph of Mr. Newton and in a sermon represents an all wise, all powerful, all good and benevolent God, as driven to the principles of Hell to carry out the purposes of Heaven ; and, informs us at the same time, that while His process is going on which " may require ages for its realization, " we must grin and bear it, and by no means use the divine reason God has given us to better our con- dition, but continue to trust to the " spur of necessity, to the goad of hunger, the pressure of poverty, the unholy fires of emulation, the savage strife of competition" to " build up the wealth that is needed as the basis of civili- zation ! " Well now, England, like Babylon before her, has experimented in these methods of " making earth a hell to merit heaven/' and, if Mr. Newton will ponder well the revelations of the "Pall Mall Gazette" in regard to the Sodom-like bestialities of her great city London, he will be a wiser man, and better qualified to counsel the principles and methods that " Providence " uses, or will use, to advance the happiness and civilization of men in this world, as preparatory to their eternal salvation and felicity in another. He will find and others may too a reprint of the workings, and results of the principles he champions in the weekly issue of the New York Sun, of the 1 5th July, inst. Surely the principle of the Bible, plainly announced, that we shall " not do evil that good may come of it," should deter us from the plan of civili- zation as advocated by Mr. Newton ; and moreover as ami- 176 SUPPLEMENT. scriptural, if not impious, to ascribe to God the use of any such means to accomplish his purposes. Mr. Newton is plainly against Schwab, and his plans, and to this so far as I understand them I do not object ; but when he alludes to him, and to his utterances, as the standard by which all other associations, now being formed in the interests of humanity, are to be tested and con- demned, surely he cannot expect from sensible and just men any encomiums for sincerity and candor. He is not explicit enough in his ideas of association ; and when he says : " The signs are that the natural action of society is leading individualism up to association/' we are left to infer, as he advocates " competition," the principle of ex- isting monopolies, that he is their defender and advocate, and thinks them all sufficient to accomplish the millennium he looks for in future ages, and cycles of indefinite time. I believe in " equitable co-operation, " and expect no good result from any association bottomed on his favorite and often tried principle. Yours truly, JOHN A. THOMSON. SUMMIT POINT, West Va., August 2yth 1885. A. K. OWEN. FRIEND OWEN, I now write to congratulate you on the heart-cheering prospects I think you may justly entertain, of the full success of your noble efforts and plan for the benefit of your fellow-men. Both " efforts and plan " are based on the eternal principles of " justice," and must in the end be crowned with success : For it is written down long ago, " The needy shall not always be forgotten, the expectation of the poor shall not perish forever." Cicero, too, in descanting upon the pre-eminence of " justice " in the order of all virtue, has defined its SUPPLEMENT. I77 cardinal functions in two principles of action : To wit, "The ist function of justice, is, that no one should do violence to another, unless compelled by violence to him- self : The 2nd is, that no one should use public things otherwise than as public things ; and should use private things only as his own. I have translated in the above sentence, Cicero's doctrinal principles ; applying as well to governments, as to justice and morality ; but, as the origi- nal has peculiar points and very distinctive emphasis of expression, I will quote for you his comprehensive princi- ples in his own language and style of announcement. They will be found in his ist book " de officiis," yth chapter : " Sed Justitiae primum munus est, ut ne cui quis noceat, nisi lacessitus injuria : deinde ut communibus utatur pro communibus, privatis ut suis." Upon these two principles, or " functions " of justice, (as the foundation stones) alone can be reared, in my opinion, any govermental structure that will be lasting, and invincible to the shocks of time. Person, and property ; and whether held in common or jointly, or as a private and individual ; must be secure to its owners, or the association, whatever its form, will be a failure. I desire to call your special attention to the 2nd propo- sition of Cicero, to wit, that those things that are held jointly and in common, must be used in common ; and cannot, in justice, be used in any other way : And, that only those things, that are in the strictest sense individual and private, can be treated as such by any individual ; or indeed, with any justice be termed his own. Now, as property in common, must be used in common, and can- not justly be appropriated by individuals, or combinations of them, it follows logically, and as a natural consequence, that the common owners can only use it by " co-operation ; " and that nature and justice equally suggest ami enjoin it. The proposition, you will see, is broad, far-reaching and 1 7 8 -$ UPPLEMENT. comprehensive. It embraces all the views and opinions of the great party of which we are both members, and which we have for years concurred in, and struggled hard to promote and establish : J mean in regard to the land question in all its connections ; whether of seas, rivers, mines, air, light, electricity, or any other power of nature that may be discovered, and applied to the prosperity and happiness of men. No man, or associations of men, have any more authority or right to disinherit a single indi- vidual of his birthright in the bounties of nature, and of God, than they have to strip him by force or fraud, of the earnings of his own hand and brains, or to deprive him of his life or liberty. Take from men their inalienable rights in the bounties of God and nature, and, at one fell swoop, you have torn from them all independence and autonomy. They are no longer the freemen of God but the machines of men, and fit only for the condition of hireling, wage- worker, serf or slave : for even Shylock however inapplic able to his own case spoke truth and logic, " You take* away my house, when you do take the prop that doth sus- tain my house ; you take away my life, when you do take the means whereby I live." And, now, briefly in regard to those things that a,e public and general in their nature : And which originate not directly from God, but are the creations of men in their own sphere in imitation of their Creator in his. God, in giving to men the faculties of combination and reason, has incidentally endowed them with creative power within the limits of their planet, and the environments of their own nature and necessities. Men, for example, have created divers forms of government among themselves ; built up systems, canals, and roads, and also instituted money, at the same time, as both were necessary to their intercourse and exchanges. Now, things of this character ^n only be done in conjunction with each other ; and, as SUPPLEMENT. I79 such things are, practically, of a co-operative nature, the " principle of co-operation " is as clearly and justlv sug- gested in connection with them, as with the bounties of nature. All things, created in common by men, should be used as common property, and, as in the case of our postal system, the overplus should go into their common treasury, and not into the hands of monopolists. I agree fully with you as expressed in some of your publications, that these principles will work successfully, in the largest organizations of men, as well as in the " Credit Fonder," and hail the day when the " competitive prin- ciple " shall be exploded forever ; and governments, man- aged upon the principles of well regulated, industrial cor- porations, shall slough off all superfluous men and matters that now make them burdens and curses to their citizens. In this government of ours, instead of 125,000 office holders, with our principles not more than 200 would be necessary ; and the 38 State governments cut down in the same pro portion. Yours truly, JOHN A. THOMSON. CHESTER, Pa., August, 3ist, 1885. MR. E. J. SHELLHOUS, CALIFORNIA. DEAR SIR, I have read your letter of Aug. i;th care- fully and thank you for your kind words. You are evident- ly in earnest. So am I. Study, work and time will, I hope, bring us together, either at Topolobampo or some other well selected site for a fair trial to unite farm, factory, com- merce and equity. The success of the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa does not depend upon myself or upon any one, two or three persons. It is the plan and the perfection of its details upon which success depends. If they are defective then the organiza- I So SUPPLEMENT. tion will fail. Man cannot be depended upon when not surrounded by systems and regulations which insist that he shall do right whether he wants to or not. If the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa is not so guarded then I have failed in my purpose. I maintain, however, that even if " Shylock," and by this word I mean a person who wor- ships the almighty cent and nothing else, comes into our association as an investor that he will encourage its pur- poses, because by so doing he will enjoy larger gains with less risks and will have more security in the enjoyment of what he gets. My idea is that man is a result, and is not to be treated as a cause. He will be good when surrounded with good conditions, and bad when overwhelmed with bad conditions; i.e. the conditions make the man, not the man the condi- tions. The machine makes the cloth, not the cloth the machine. Man is just as much a product as a piece of cloth. A perfect machine for the manufacture of sub- stantial cloth is the combination of the practical applications of inventions forced upon man through a long course of years and many varied conditions ; and a perfected basis for making a thinking man and useful woman is an organiza- tion made thorough in its details. Our machine of associa- tion for making good people out of bad persons will not be perfect in its workmanship at the start. Nothing in mechanics ever was. But in strict keeping with its correct or indifferent workings will be the character of the finished men and woman whom it produces. The mainspring of its action, equity,~however, will finally adjust its affairs to the work it has to perform and the more closely the raw material the Colonists crowd around it the better will its true merits be made conspicuous. Let us work, watch and be patient with -our machine of association, like mechanics are with their manufacturing combinations let us adjust this wheel, strengthen that screw, lengthen this lever, plant SUP PL EMENT. 1 8 1 firm that fulcrum ; and let us be sure to keep all parts which rub one against the other well oiled ; i.e., let us con- cede, be courteous, be thoughtful one of the other. How often have we listened to the orator picture some "great army, organized and marshalled like a giant machine moving as one body for destruction." And how true it is that an army is a machine. Just so must we lovers of peace, security and beautiful homes, organize our forces and marshal our columns for construction. With- out thorough organization upon a business basis we will accomplish nothing be our intentions ever so good. United in one colony, for a methodical start, there is not anything which is not within the possibility of our comforts and of our attainments. Aladdin and his magic lamp will be surpassed by the reality of men and women associated upon principles of equity and directed by and for their best interests. While in this line of thought bear with me a moment longer. Society, I liken to water in a kettle. The object of our people is to keep the surface smooth. The re- formers the Greenbackers, woman suffragists, free foreign traders, high tariff men, Low Church members, eight hour advocates, trade unionists, free land proclaimers, temper- ance hosts, et #/ are sailing over the surface of this kettle of water, each in his own little canoe, or "dug-out" punching with a spear, or hitting with a club at the bubbles which everywhere appear to break the smoothness desired. Sometimes they hit, oftener they don't, but every bubble broken is sure to appear again larger than ever for having been dealt with as a cause. These poor deluded, although well intenlioned, men and women, never for a moment stop to think that they are dealing with effects. If some of them would only stop their " dug-outs " long enough to step from out the enthusiasm and noise they make themselves, and from out of society, over the 1 82 SUPPLEMENT. surface of whose affairs they have been floating as uncoi> sciously as a cork in the eddies of a mill race, they might possibly see that the bubbles which they have been trying to burst (with their little clubs charity, church and poli- tics) are caused by the fire under the kettle a fire caused by the spontaneous combustion consequent to disorgan- ization : and on the flames, which burned up bright and intense, they might possibly see written in the blood of our people, " Special Legislation" The bubbles seen, with the unaided eye, are labeled " Privileged Pirates," " Land Vampires," " Kings of Transportation," " Light- ning Lords," " Princes of the Exchange," " Gamblers in the necessaries of life," " Office Brokers," " drunkenness,' 7 "crime,'* "disease," "general cussedness." My remedy is to substitute " organization " for " disorganization," Organize our cities and nations to use public utilities for the conveniences and revenues of the public ; and permit private properties to be in the control of individuals under certain de- clared reservations in the interest of the common weal" and the fire will go out, the water in the kettle will become normal in heat, the bubbles will be impossible, and the little great men and the great little women can then turn their kind hearts and big brains to productive occupations, feeing secured in every privilege under heaven. The American and Mexican Pacific Railroad Company takes no interest in, nor will it have anything to do with the management of the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa. It simply sells its lands to us : and we pay in cash and not in stock as I had first suggested. As it now reads we can do this. All stock after the 15,000 shares first offered, 7,900 shares of which are already in the hands of our friends, will be sold only to actual settlers and then only one share for each lot-interest he or she may wish to build upon. I do not wish the 4,400 shares which I have undertaken to carry by pledging every property and resource I have , SUPPLEMENT. 183 and \vill be pleased to give up all but four shares. With - these I wish to locate a model house (roox 150 feet). A stockholder will not be permitted to vote for him or her- self for any office ; to ask another to vote for him or her, or to arrange to vote for another under any consideration or condi- tions other than the public welfare. This will put an end to " log rolling,*' " axe grinding," " fence repairing," " slates," "primaries," caucuses and politics as known to our " popular suffragists." This will be a means to make those persons who are ambitious to become prominent in the councils of the colony studious to grasp the funda- mental principles and the necessary knowledge of details to effect the best results for the common weal with the least means at hand. A person will be elected a Director because he or she is a business person of substantial stand- ing in the colony, and he or she will have no interest but that of the corporation to attend to. A Director will be under no obligations to any one or to any party for his or her election. The penalty for breaking by-laws should be expulsion. When a society is based upon equity then the breaking of the rulings should be dealt with in a positive and uncompromising manner. Innate badness must not for an hour be tolerated within our community, at our commencement. After we get well started we can take care of all characters to their own and to our benefit. Let the earnest men and women of our earth unite to build themselves a refuge from the disorganizations which make life a burden from the cradle to the grave. Earnestly, ALBERT K. OWEN. Letter from Edward Vansittart Neale, General Secretary of the Central Co-Operative Board, Manchester, England, to Edward. Rowland : MY DEAR MR. ROWLAND, I shall be pleased to receive 1 84 SUPPLEMENT. Mr. Owen's pamphlet when it arrives, and wish I could do more than it is in my power to do, to forward the plans : for he seems to be one of those persons who apprehends that if association is to do for mankind the work that I hope and believe that it is destined to do, it must be "thorough." It must include the habitations of mankind. To associate men for production, and to associate them for exchange, while you leave them isolated in their home life, in that which forms the influences of every day and essentially moulds the character, by these continued " droppings," is to destroy your own work. The little house and the little garden of his own which is the passion of so many of our workers, and no less, I take it, of yours, logically endorsing, as it does, the great house and great garden of his own, for the man who can make a number of other men contribute to his supposed convenience, and the middle house and middle garden, of his own for the intermediate body, in its endless grada- tions of rising individualities, will be the rod swallowing up all the other rods, and undermining the sentiment of fraternity, without which association must become a corpus mortuum. I am satisfied, and have more than once written, that the associated home is the keystone of the vault of social progress. I trust that you may be able to inspire enough of earnest, sober-minded men in the U. S. with the idea, to allow such homes to be formed among you, with success. For many conditions are requisite foremost this, that the home must not be a colony of idle people, who come there for a new sensation, to be amused better than they are usually in their present ones. Such persons will inevita. bly be dissatisfied; and cry out that the place is a failure, because it does not cure them of ennui, for which there is no cure possible by any external application. You must have as the body of your inhabitants, workers who will SUPPLEMENT. 1 8 S find in the home, advantages for their daily lives such as no isolated home can give them ; and with these, if possible, a sprinkling of the wealthier classes, devoid of any spirit of exclusiveness, who are able and willing to become leaders in all that can refine the mass and make the life in the associated home attractive ; men and women who will aid in this work, even wealthy men, who will ask, not how are we to be entertained ? but how can we best instruct and entertain other's ? I send with this a copy of my publication for which you ask, and one of Godin's recent. /'. e. last year's, publications about the Familistere which will interest you if you have not seen it. But I am afraid you have no chance of getting him to come over to America. He does not speak or un- derstand English ; and he has, I think, an aversion to any proceedings in which he would feel, because he could not take an active part in what he saw, that he was a mere show figure. Still there would be something attractive in inaugurat- ing his great work in your new world across the Atlantic, which might tempt him, but 1 doubt his yielding to the temptation. Yours Very Sincerely. E. VANSITTART NEALE. CHESTER, Pa., July iQth, 1885. MR. E. M. L , OBERLIN, OHIO. DEAR SIR, Edward and Marie Rowland have kindly referred to me your interesting letter of June 28th, 1885. I have read it carefully and with interest, and this is the answer to your inquiries. When a Company is privileged to build a railroad, as you know, the Charter must state the initial or controlling cities or points in the line, the general purposes intended 1 86 SUPPLEMENT. and special objects in view. This is the case when a charter of any class is given by state or government. Companies are always three or more persons and money is raised for organization mostly from sale of stock to the public. No matter who gets the stock, the purposes for which the charter was given, have to be conformed with in a general way even if neglected and abused in some par- ticulars. Now, I contend that it will be a practical step in the direction of progress, science and universal suffrage if we charter a company to lay out, build and manage a city corporation with farms, factories, steamboats and cars attached as auxiliaries to the purposes mentioned in the charter. "The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa" is to be a chartered company in which the general plan, as has been laid down, will be set forth. Although the persons who control the stock can control the organization, they cannot change materially the purposes stated in the charter of the organization ; nor can any one of them long enjoy the profits and privileges from more than 48 shares. The conditions under which the stock is sold must be complied with by every holder. It would be a great satisfaction to all concerned if our stock were taken by radical and known reformers, and, I think, we can depend that it mostly will be ; yet, we want the necessary money to move and to establish ourselves and we invite business persons to invest feeling assured that the safeguards which surround the working details of " The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa " will protect the industri- ous many from the cunning, non-producing few. Corporate management has been successful, has almost invariably carried out the object intended and has, as a rule, enriched the stockholders. Political management* has been markedly unsuccessful, * The Sun, New York, September 2, 1885 : The gamblers of SUPPLEMENT. jgy has degraded the citizen and bankrupted towns, counties, states and nations ; and it has required force and knavery combined to uphold, temporarily and with feebleness, public business by such methods controlled. The United States and Mexico are the best examples of popular governments. Their towns, counties, territories, states and governments are in the hands of office-brokers ; and the paid hirelings of these office-brokers are encouraged to make loud speeches at stated intervals, about the beauties of " constitution/' " liberty," "freedom" and "Christianity," while the pro- ducing people are pitted one against the other in the mad, wild, barbarous competitive struggle for existence until their natures are more becoming to that of a wolf than to that of a human being. In these republics the cunning, designing, libertined few have formed themselves into political cliques, have amused and defrauded the masses, and have privileged and fostered themselves and those who otherwise would have made trouble for the cliques, until it is a disputed question whether the wage slave of the manufacturing states is not worse off than the chattel slave of the fibre producing South.f Such governments, or rather organized and legalized piracies cannot long survive. The groans of Omaha have made a proposition to the city that if they are not inter- fered with for one year they will pay for all street improvements and keep up the water works. ONLY A CHANGE OF SLAVERIES. Chattel slavery was far more personal in its relations than the hireling system; hence it sup- pliedjnoral checks of character absent from wage exploitation. Cruel on one plantation and kind on another, it had no average level of horrors like the slums of London, the Chinese blocks and tenement hells of our great cities, or the actual destitution of proletaries every where. To pretend that liberty or humanity has gained by the transition from the slave to the hireling is one of those deliberate sophisms \vhirh the theory of progress finds it necessary to invent, in order to hide the fact that it has missed the problem of destinies. TVttcr for the laborer to remain the slave of a personal master than to K the victim of a soulless institution. If a little kno\\' | dan- j88 SUPPLEMENT. their victims are the knell of their fall. The United States, Mexico and the Republics of Central and South America exist now because their peoples are widely scatter- ed and have vast tracks of new lands to occupy. Were they as densely settled as European countries, anarchy would prevail. Mob law would rule and the thin veneering which covers our "civilization," so-called, would be rudely brushed aside and even the unreflective would discover that we were but barbarians dressed in badly fashioned clothes. Now ! mark you ! I do not wish to be understood as condemning the persons who are pushed at the head of these cliques I condemn the system not the individual. A man is the result of circumstances just the same as is a fruit or a vegetable. You will say that I am against " popular suffrage/* * Yes ! most positively against the " popular suffrage " as practiced in the United States. In the first place, it is a fraud in name. It is not " popular " but " class suffrage," gerous thing, a little liberty is more so. Drink deep or taste not Edgeworth in the Labor Journal. *WHEN AN ALIEN MAY VOTE. To the Editor of the World . Please inform me through your paper how long a foreign-born citizen has to be in these United States before he can vote for Presi- dent of these United States ? Yours respectfully, J. E. R. [There is no limit as to residence in the United States. " Voting for President " is done by voting for State officers, called Electors, and each State prescribes the qualifications of the voters. In Michi- gan the alien may vote after a three months' residence. Minnesota requires four months, Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada and Oregon, each require six months. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas and Wisconsin are less liberal, each re- quiring a year's residence. All require a declaration of intention to become a citizen. Between Michigan, which allows the emigrant to vote for President and every other officer three months after landing, and Rhode Island, which does not permit the alien-born citizen J* SUPPLEMENT. , 9 for over one half of the populace and that the better, the nearer moral, the better behaved, the better intentioned half the women are disfranchised. This I protest against ! I denounce as damnable any and all managements which tax, imprison and hang women to whom it denies the right of representation. "You want to be free" says Abbe Sieyers to his French compatriots, " and you know not how to be just." In the second place, our " suffrage " is a fraud, in practice ; for the negroes in the south and the wage slaves of the north have no power to exercise their rights to vote against the dominant whites in the one instance or against their employers or taskmasters in the other. They and the peons of Mexico are to be classed together so far as their privilege to vote can be exercised. Again, our " suffrage " is a fraud in execution for the ballot box is stuffed in one district, burned or lost in another, tampered with in all, and has no security for being correctly counted in any. " Popular suffrage " has been the means of promoting this state of affairs. I protest that such villanous vagaries should be called governments and as such respected. They are simply organized piracies, legalized and popular- ized so that the few can rob, plunder, and debauch the many. I do not think that simply because a thing wears pantaloons, is not in an insane asylum, or is not a Chinese, that it should vote. Man or woman who is permitted to have a voice in forming, preserving and amending consti- . tutions, laws, or by-laws should, at least, know how to read the same, or otherwise they must vote by proxy or u faith " and, as has been amply demonstrated in every local and national election in the United States during the last fifty years, they assist, and often with enthusiasm, to put halters around their own necks, to prostitute vote at all unless be owns unencumbered real estate, taking away his franchise when he puts a mortgnge upon his homestead, tlu-;. many steps. En. WORLD.] August 18, 1885. I 9 o SUPPLEMENT. their own daughters, and to hand their friends over to the tender mercies of their enemies. But even were every woman and man who are of sound mind, be coming deportment and who can read and write the English language given the franchise the government so controlled could not long withstand the tests, the strains which struggling humanity are ever making paramount to life. China and England have "civil service reform*' and their educated noodles have been in charge of public affairs for centuries. There exist flunkies who are satisfied with the results. I protest, however, against such monstrous organizations for debauchery and crime. Theocracies, Monarchies, Democracies, Republics and Aristocracies have been, are and must from their inherent defects, con- tinue to be failures. In each of them the few cunning knaves and villains, those favored by birth and those given special legislation and military education, monopolize and prosti- tute everything and everybody and the burdens fall upon the men and women, and upon the little boys and helpless girls, who are the least able to bear them. I have given my ideas concerning government in a letter to my friend John A. Thomson, which accompanies this. "The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa," is a step toward the practical inauguration of a new order of government, for towns and nations. After Pacific Colony has been made a success, if it is thought desirable, we will select another city site and farm, improve our by-laws* and the selected heads of one hundred families will move to begin another colony. Like the bees, the old and experienced always going to the new hives and leaving the young to enjoy the old home, its regularities and its comforts. It is the duty, the love of the old to sacrifice for the young. The great- est wish of the parents is that their offspring may have * By-laws, as most persons know, are sometimes more significant than those called general laws. better advantages and less discomforts than they have had. M. Godin says : " No power in the world can raise public opinion at once to the conception of integral asso- ciation; nor can any power raise individuals to the plane of justice and fraternity necessary to the societary regime/ We believe this to be true. We will, therefore, have our- selves incorporated and established as a company for busi- ness and educational purposes and will pool our lands, ex- changes, transportations and our common interests with the corporation. By this method we force the experienced business members of our firm to take the public trusts, for they cannot advance from their own level without they manage to advance the general interests of all. By tying the interests of the less capable to the interests of the most skilled we advance spciety in general and secure that ad- vance by strewing the paths of every member of the asso- ciation with remunerative and useful employments, com- fortable houses and prosperity made general, but not equal. This can never be accomplished through " popular suf- frage." There is no such thing as " equality " in nature. Even brothers are constituted widely different. Twins were never born equal, physically or mentally. Our plan is to make men and women useful to themselves through the advancement of the community's interests. This will make the individuality marked, and will make the state (the corporation) great. " Liberty " is a sentiment. There is no such thing as " Equality" No one wants independence. Not one of us, if we only think of it, seriously wishes either. If a man wants " liberty " he must live alone, away from everything and every person. Robinson Crusoe as soon as he discovered the track of a man upon the sand, lost his ' liberty " to move around his island. When he secured the companionship of " Friday " he had to make his life conform to this new state of affairs. The hour a man as- 192 SUPPLEMENT. sociates with another creature, as Robinson Crusoe did with his parrots and goats, he has to give up his freedom of action in some particular, and the more cultured and refined he becomes the least " liberty " he asserts. A married man, strictly speaking, cannot stay out of the house after night without he gives his wife full details ot his reasons for so doing. He knew that this would be the case before he married ; yet, he readily gave up his " lib- erty " to stay out at night without a good excuse, and is all the better for having done so. "Natural rights, "lib- erty " and independence belong to brutes. Restricted ac- tions, accomplishments and courtesies belong to refined, thoughtful, progressive persons. Communities and nations progress in the proportion that the occupations of their people are diversified and perfected. One person makes a good farmer, but is useless as a mechanic. Another becomes an author, but would be a failure for a doctor or lawyer. But every useful occupation is interdependent with the other, and it takes all to make a perfect union. The more varied and skilled the parts are the more grand is the union they make. No person is capable of executing more than one line of production well. Monkeys follow out much the same line of action, and so do strictly agricultural nations. Persons advance from the state of non-reflection and one- ness of employment in the proportion that they follow out different lines of production ; and a people is weak or powerful in the ratio of the diversification and perfection of their trades. Persons are constituted differently, and therefore require varied lines of movement and thought. A person sometimes concentrates his ability upon a cog- wheel or screw, becomes a monomaniac, is called a "crank," and finally produces an invention which lifts his fellow man from drudgery into a plane of ease and com- fort. Another makes a study of equity^ and becomes a SUPPLEMENT jgj creditor upon society for the just rulings he drafts. What we want is to make all give their best talents, matured thoughts, skill and labor to the corporation. For this purpose we have organized the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa. The small wheels and the big wheels in a clock are neces- sary to the purposes of marking time. They are not equal, but one is interdependent with the other, and all would be useless if each is not fitted to its proper place, and permitted to fulfil its peculiar functions. An injury done the little wheel is reflected upon the usefulness of the big wheel, and every man, woman and child associat- ed in one corporation are just in the same way, interde- pendent one with the other for the carrying out of the pur- poses for which the association (the clock) is formed. Now, try and make the little wheel perform the part of the big wheel, and you will destroy harmony, and the purposes for which the clock was made will not be fulfilled by the machine, be the wheels made of iron, or be they made of gold, " Popular Suffrage " is a delusion and a snare, because it is based upon the idea that every one is equal,* not as a shoemaker or a mechanic, or a school-teacher, for this they know is not the fact, but for framing, preserving and amending laws. Cunning scoundrels, unprincipled wretches, want no better way to obtain their ends, be those ends what they may, than to have popularized this beauti- ful claptrapism of " universal suffrage," " free trade," "free speech," " liberty," " fraternity," "equality," ' inde- pendence," " Ritualism/' which they deluge us with upon every popular occasion. Now, to be brief, for we have already been too long, "The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa " starts from the basis * A good heart will, at all times, betray the best head in the world. , 94 SUPPLEMENT. that men and women are widely different in everything f are not equal in anything, and must necessarily be differ- ently occupied to be useful to the community, and, through the community to themselves. We agree to have ourselves incorporated into a business association or firm, to build homes, to cultivate farms, to manufacture goods, and to exchange services. We base our relations, social and commercial, one with the other, upon equity, not upon equality upon individual merits, not upon collective owner- ship in things not public. The mechanic and the farmer must feel absolutely certain, that while they are giving their time and thought to their productions, that every other colonist is also looking strictly to his particular line of occupation, and that the common weal is the care of every one. That there can be no law made which is not a common law, no public improvement accomplished, in which they have not equal privileges with those who superintended the making of the said laws and the said public improvements. The usefulness of every member in this way becomes absolutely interdependent and dove- tailed with the interests of every other member and the interest of the community is a sacred trust upon each. It is only through occupations made varied, and happiness made universal, that security can be assured, and perma- nent progress attained. In this way we can have the best and the worse talents used in their proper spheres, and always directly, through the proper departments, for the community, and through the community, to themselves not through themselves to the community ; for that means " cornering," " monopolizing,'* and "special legis- lation. " Brute man exists by, with and for himself ; culti- vated man lives by associated efforts, with associated efforts, and for associated efforts, and that this fact is not understood, is the cause of governments, municipal and national, failing in every effort they make toward SUPPLEMENT. 19S common decency and just dealings. Great talents and persons of special genius can no more lift themselves into places of permanent safety and enlightened enjoyment by monopolizing public things for their exclusive profits than they can lift themselves over a fence by pulling at their own boot straps. Mankind are congregated for mutual benefits, or for general cussedness. We have experienced the latter; let us make a radical change, and inaugurate the former. Let the aim be to work for the common weal, and not directly for self ; and those who are superior will be secured in every enjoyment and luxury, will be given opportunities and pleasures they cannot imagine, through their present morbid senses and those who have been retarded by vile and discriminating legislation, will rapidly become important and respected factors in the community of progress, mechanics and science. It has been said that the Credit Foncier of Sinaloa values a man or woman at ten dollars /. ^., that every ten dollars (one share of stock) votes. Yes ! that is so in starting, but not so for a longer time than is absolutely necessary for the new order of advance. But, even at the worst, do we not place a woman a great deal higher by giving her a ten dollar valuation and a position to exercise the elective franchise to the extent of her investment in the state (corporation) than the " popular suffragists " do by not allowing her even a one dollar valuation (the per capita tax paid by men voters), and by politically classing her with idiots and felons ? Do we not place a man in a higher position by securing him a vote for ten dollars, and a position by which he may always be enabled to exercise that vote with dignity and with perfect safety, than the " popular suffragists " do in giving him " the right," whatever that may be, and then reducing him to such straits for existence that he is often glad to sell his vote for a glass of whisky, or is counted out or defrauded at I9 6 SUPPLEMENT. the will of the office-brokers, who resort even to murder when it is necessary to complete their plans. My friends ! don't be deceived longer by this " popular suffrage " trap as practiced in the United States. The tricksters at politics are only too glad to proclaim that " all men are equal and are brothers/' or any other lie to entertain and enslave you. They have the legislation in their hands, the transportations, the lands, the exchanges, the moneys, the army and navy, the taxes, and they will soon have you to make laws that no other corporations shall be made : and then you had better be fish in the sea than human beings unincorporated. The only way to reach universal suffrage, true and simple, is through well matured plans of organization, and by gradual and educational steps. This is our purpose : this is the plan of the Credit Fonder of Sinaloa. In regard to persons holding permanently as many as forty-eight shares of Credit Foncier stock, I think these will be very few at any time, for persons will not care to take upon themselves the ornamentations and improve- ments which will be required to keep a four acre block up to the public standard. In our present system of laying out and policing towns, the streets are dusty at one season, muddy at another, and filthy and uninviting at all times ; and every man holding his lot and house in " fee simple " can put a pig-pen in the yard, and make a cow-shed out of his kitchen, as Horace Greeley once did ; hence, persons of abundant means vie with each other in build- ing in the middle of a large area, hiding their houses among trees, shrubbery, lawns, and excluding themselves as far as possible from the common residences and thoroughfares. In Pacific Colony site all thoroughfares are parkways, and will be kept clean, shaded and orn HOTEL. In addition to being favorite in Fall and Winter, it is most desirable, cool and delightful for Spring and Summer visitors. Located in the heart of New York City, at Fifth Avenue and 58th and 59th Streets, and overlooking Central Park and Plaza Square. A marvel of lux- ury and comfort. Convenient to places of amusement and stores. Fifth Ave. stages, Cross-town and Belt line horse cars pass the doors. Terminal Station Sixth Ave. elevated road within half a block. The hotel is absolutely fire-proof. Conducted on American and European plans. Sum- mer rates. F. A. HAMMOND. HILL HOTEL PARK AVENUE, 40TH AND 41sr NEW YORK. HUNTING & HAMMOND. I OCATED one block from Grand Central Stal *- tion. A Hotel of superior excellence ofl both the American and European plans. It occupies the highest grade in New York, and is the healthiest of locations. FOR TRANSIENT GUESTS, Tourist Travelers, or as a Residence fo Families, no Healthier or Pleasanter place ' can be found in New York City. Patrons of the MURRAY HILL HOTEL hav^ their Baggage Transferred to and from thd Grand Central Station Free of Charge. LOVEL $85 Strictly High Grade FOUR STYLES, 1891 MODELS, FOR LADIES AND GENTS LoveSI's BOYS' and GIRLS' Safety, PRICE, $35. BICYCLE CATALOGUE FREE. JOHN P. LOVELL ARMS CO., MANUFACTURERS, 147 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. Everybody's Typewriter. * p or Young and Old. Price, $I5.OO and $2O.OO. LIVE AGENTS WANTED. SEND FOR FULL PARTICULARS. Send 6c. in Stamps for 1 00 Page Illustrated Sporting Goods Catalogue