LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 <. . . Jo VuuJu/v, 
 
 C/ass 
 
A Short Account 
 
 of the 
 
 University of Glasgow 
 
 Prepared in connection with the Celebration 
 of the Ninth Jubilee in June 1901 
 
 By 
 
 James Coutts, M.A. 
 
 Glasgow 
 James MacLehose and Sons 
 
 Publishers to the University 
 1901 
 
 . SHILLING NET. 
 
! * 
 
 
 3/ry 
 
A Short Account 
 
 of the 
 
 University of Glasgow 
 
 Prepared in connection with the Celebration 
 of the Ninth Jubilee in June 1901 
 
 By 
 
 James Coutts, M.A. 
 
 Glasgow 
 James MacLehose and Sons 
 
 Publishers to the University 
 1901 
 
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 GLASGOW : PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY 
 ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. 
 
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 1903 
 
 The University of Glasgow 
 
 THE fifteenth century was very prolific in giving birth 
 to Universities in Europe, three Scottish and at least 
 twenty Continental Universities having been founded 
 during its course. It was a time of reading and meditation, 
 if not of profound enquiry, preceding the great upheaval 
 of the Reformation, a time when the Renaissance move- 
 ment set scholars to recover from obscure corners the 
 works of the great authors of the old classical ages, and 
 to study them with enthusiastic relish. About the middle 
 of the century the movement was aided by the capture 
 of Constantinople by the Turks, resulting in the dispersion 
 all over Europe of the scholars who had previously found 
 a home there ; and by the invention of printing, the 
 greatest external aid ever furnished to human thought. 
 The influences at work on the Continent, though they 
 might not immediately affect Scotland, gradually came 
 to be felt there also. Scotland itself was by this time 
 struggling into intellectual life. Fordoun and Wyntoun 
 had made a beginning on the history of the country; 
 Barbour in the previous century had sung the deliverance 
 of the nation and the achievements of the greatest of 
 Scottish kings ; after him the Scottish lyre had passed to 
 the king himself, James I. ; and before the close of the 
 century the lays of the great minstrel Dunbar began to 
 be heard. There had also arisen "the unlettered muse" 
 of the earlier ballads and of Blind Harry's metrical 
 narrative of Wallace: 
 
4 The University of Glasgow 
 
 A poet of the nineteenth century has described his 
 native country as " Caledonia stern and wild," and perhaps 
 the description would have been as appropriate in the 
 middle of the fifteenth century ; but it appears that even 
 then most of the land available in Scotland was carefully 
 cultivated, that the common people were not less pros- 
 perous than in continental countries, that industry had 
 made considerable progress, and that there was an appre- 
 ciable amount of foreign commerce, especially with the 
 Netherlands. But the progress of the country was too 
 often interrupted by outbreaks of unruly and rapacious 
 nobles or by schemes of crafty and ambitious ecclesiastics, 
 both sets of disturbers finding additional opportunity in 
 the long and, unfortunately, too frequent minorities of 
 the sovereign. James II., who, at the time the University 
 was founded, had scarcely come of age, proved a ruler of 
 good ability during his brief reign, though at the outset 
 his career was stained by the slaying of Douglas under 
 severe provocation, as Bruce's had been by the slaying 
 of Comyn. James III. did not know how to conform 
 to his environment or to make his environment conform 
 to him, and his reign was distracted especially in the 
 Batter part, but the Wars of the Roses kept the English 
 employed at home, and prevented their making serious 
 mischief in Scotland. Afterwards the reign of James IV. 
 tolerably prudent for the most part, till it ended in the 
 supreme imprudence of Flodden was a time of notable 
 progress. The condition of the country, therefore, for the 
 first sixty years from the foundation of the University, 
 though it cannot be described as a golden age, was not 
 altogether unfavourable. 
 
 Two sets of motives combine to create a demand for 
 Universities and to provide them with students, and these 
 motives are not essentially different in the twentieth 
 century from what they were in the fifteenth. There is 
 the speculative interest in the search after truth, man's 
 
The University of Glasgow 5 
 
 native and indestructible inclination to the pursuit of 
 enquiry and expression, giving birth to poetry, literature, 
 philosophy, and art ; and there is the utilitarian motive 
 of qualifying for the higher offices and employments of 
 public or private life. In the fifteenth century and 
 long before it, the Scots wandered much abroad, and 
 in 1326, the Bishop of Moray founded the Moray College 
 in Paris for the youth of his own diocese, but it was 
 soon opened to students from all parts of Scotland, and 
 came to be known as the Scots College. In it many 
 distinguished Scots have studied and taught. It was 
 natural, however, that a desire should arise to have within 
 their own country the means of giving and receiving the 
 higher learning, and all the more so because warfare and 
 other evils sometimes added to the natural risks of 
 travelling, as when James I., when being sent to France 
 for his education, was taken prisoner by the English in 
 1405. Accordingly a University was established at St. 
 Andrews in 141 1, and another at Glasgow forty years later. 
 The University of Glasgow was founded in 1451 by a 
 Bull of Pope Nicholas V., obtained on the solicitation of 
 James II. of Scotland, who in turn was prompted by 
 William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow, an adviser and 
 supporter of the King in his contest with the aspiring 
 and mutinous house of Douglas. The Bull established in 
 the city of Glasgow a Studium Generate, not only in 
 Theology, Canon Law, and Civil Law, but also in Arts 
 and in any other legitimate faculty ; provided that students 
 who had completed the appointed course of study in a 
 particular faculty, and who had been duly examined and 
 found worthy, might receive license to teach or be ad- 
 mitted to the degree of master or doctor, after which they 
 should, without further examination or probation, be 
 qualified to rule and teach not only in their own Uni- 
 versity but also in any other ; ordained that the doctors, 
 masters, readers, and students of the new institution should 
 
6 The University of Glasgow 
 
 enjoy all the privileges, honours, and immunities granted 
 to the University of Bologna, in which Nicholas had 
 himself been a student ; and appointed that the Bishop of 
 Glasgow and his successors should hold the office of 
 Chancellor. A century later Glasgow had a population 
 of about 4500, and according to the Bull it was chosen for 
 the seat of the new University as being a place of note, 
 with a moderate climate and abundance of provisions and 
 other things needful for man's use, and also as being a 
 convenient centre to which students might resort from 
 surrounding regions. At the request of Turnbull, James 
 II. granted his firm peace and protection to the University 
 and its office-bearers, regents, and students, and exempted 
 them from the taxes and services exigible from his other 
 subjects, and this royal grant was acknowledged and con- 
 firmed by many subsequent kings and regents. In the I5th 
 century the bishopric of Glasgow was looked upon as a 
 sort of spiritual dukedom. The Bishop nominated the 
 city magistrates, controlled municipal affairs, and exercised 
 secular jurisdiction over a wide territory. This authority, 
 so far as members of the University were concerned, 
 Turnbull and his successors made over, with but slight 
 reservation, to the Rector and his deputies, and so it 
 happened that for a long time the University claimed and 
 exercised legal as well as academic jurisdiction. The 
 Rector conducted in 1670 the trial of a student accused of 
 murder, there was a prison for offenders in the College 
 steeple, and even in the i8th century the University 
 disputed the right of the city magistrates to apprehend 
 and try students. Turnbull also granted to members of 
 the University the right of trading within the city free 
 from payment of custom, and allowed beneficed clergy to 
 become teachers or students in the University, their 
 ecclesiastical duties being performed by deputy. 
 
 These royal and episcopal grants were of great im- 
 portance, for the University had at first no property and 
 
The University of Glasgow 7 
 
 no revenue, except the fees paid by students for incor- 
 poration (matriculation), teaching, and graduation, and 
 the sums charged for their board and lodgings, students 
 with sufficient means being required to live in the College 
 chambers and diet at the same table with the regents. 
 The contest between the King and the Douglases ended 
 in the overthrow of the latter in 1455, and their overthrow 
 led to the rise of the Hamiltons, one of whom was among 
 the earliest and greatest benefactors of the University. 
 In 1460 James, Lord Hamilton, made over to Duncan 
 Bunch, Principal Regent, for behoof of the faculty of 
 Arts, a tenement in High Street, with four acres of land 
 stretching towards the Molendinar ; and shortly afterwards 
 a contiguous tenement and area of land were bestowed by 
 Sir Thomas Arthurlee. On the site thus acquired the 
 University continued till 1870. The slender resources of 
 the University were further aided by the founding of a 
 number of chaplainries, whose revenues were conferred on 
 the faculty of Arts or on certain University officials, 
 generally under burden of celebrating mass for the souls 
 of the donors or performing other religious rites. Teaching 
 was begun in buildings near the Cathedral, the use of 
 which is believed to have been granted by the Bishop, but 
 by 1453 the classes were held in buildings rented in High 
 Street, probably identical with those afterwards gifted by 
 Lord Hamilton, and next door to the monastery of the 
 friendly Friars Preachers. In the period before the 
 Reformation the faculty of Arts normally had three 
 regents, and the number of students and graduates, though 
 subject to fluctuation, was very considerable for the times. 
 Separate records for the other faculties have not been 
 preserved, but, from a survey of such evidence as exists, 
 we are obliged to conclude that before the Reformation 
 the University was the scene both of teaching and gradua- 
 tion in the faculties of Canon Law and Theology, though 
 their work was probably intermittent and both faculties 
 
8 The University of Glasgow 
 
 had become dormant before the end of the period. Traces 
 of teaching in Civil Law occur, but here the evidence of 
 any settled or effective organisation is not complete. 
 There is not much mention of Medicine, but it was treated 
 as worthy of recognition within the University. Among 
 the distinguished men connected with the University in 
 this early period we may mention William Elphinstone, a 
 graduate in Arts and Canon Law, Rector in 1474, after- 
 wards Bishop of Aberdeen and founder of the University 
 in that city, and one of those mainly instrumental in 
 establishing the earliest printing press introduced into 
 Scotland ; Robert Henryson, a poet of genuine merit, 
 whose works are still known to students of Scottish 
 literature ; John Major, the most famous of the early 
 regents ; John Knox, the greatest of Scottish Reformers ; 
 David Beaton, the Cardinal; and his nephew James 
 Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow at the time of the Refor- 
 mation, on the establishment of which in 1560 he retired to 
 France, taking with him at least a part of the records of 
 the University as well as the mace. The latter was 
 restored in 1590 and is still used on ceremonial occasions. 
 With the exception of some books and papers, the mace 
 is the most ancient article of University property. David 
 Cadyow, the earliest rector, on his re-election in 1460, gave 
 twenty nobles to procure a mace, but the sum was scarcely 
 found sufficient, and in 1465 the supposts or members of 
 the University voluntarily submitted to an assessment 
 graduated according to their means, in order that the mace 
 might be completed. The shaft is of silver, but other 
 metals have been used in some of the engraved and orna- 
 mental portions. The upper hexagonal part, which must 
 have been made or modified after the date of the Nova 
 Erectio, has a shield on each side, the first of which bears 
 the city arms, the second, a Latin inscription, the third, the 
 arms of the Earl of Morton, the fourth, those of Hamilton, 
 the fifth, the Scottish lion rampant, and the sixth, the 
 
I 
 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY MACE, WITH ITS SHIELDS 
 

The University of Glasgow 9 
 
 arms of Turnbull, who was virtually the founder of the 
 University. 
 
 In 1453 the congregation resolved to procure a common 
 seal for the University, with an effigy of St. Kentigern 
 engraved in the centre, on the right an extended hand 
 holding a book, and on the left a fish with a ring, a smaller 
 seal for the rector being also ordered ; and in 1455 a seal 
 for the Faculty of Arts was ordered, with a hand holding a 
 book engraved in the middle and a salmon and a bird to 
 right and left. The common seal and the seal for the 
 Faculty of Arts seem to have been procured without loss 
 of time, but not the smaller seal, for in 1482 a further 
 order for it was given, as it was considered scarcely 
 becoming that the common seal should be used in minor 
 matters, and the order was again renewed in 1 509. 
 
 At the same time that the common seal was ordered, 
 the congregation was deliberating about a robe for the 
 rector, and in 1452 the Faculty of Arts ordered cloth to be 
 purchased for making a cap, and next year passed a regu- 
 lation regarding the dresses of candidates who wished to 
 " determine " (that is, to complete their trials for the degree 
 of bachelor) or to enter for general responsions. Early in 
 1464 there was delivered to the Faculty a hood made of 
 scarlet and furred with " miniver," which had been be- 
 queathed by Patrick Leich, and the same year the Faculty 
 appointed a keeper of vestments (custos habituum) and 
 resolved that in future this officer should be annually 
 elected. It was also resolved to buy a number of hoods 
 and a master's cap, and that in time to come those about 
 to be licensed or to " determine " should pay a small sum 
 for repair of the vestments of the Faculty. Further 
 references to hoods and vestments occur from time to 
 time, one of the most notable being in 1490, when the 
 Faculty ordered the purchase of six hoods, sufficiently 
 furred, of proper cloth and red colour. In the same year 
 the University congregation was deliberating about its cap 
 
io The University of Glasgow 
 
 and hoods, and ordered them, as well as the silver mace, 
 to be repaired. 
 
 After the Reformation the University was disorganised, 
 for its teachers and office-bearers had been members of 
 the old church. The Principal Regent, John Davidson, 
 became a protestant, however, and forms a link between 
 the old order and the new. Queen Mary visited Glasgow 
 in July, 1563, and, commiserating the state of the 
 University, bestowed some endowments. For some years 
 little progress was made, but in January, 1573, the Town 
 Council, with the sanction of the Scots parliament, trans- 
 ferred to the University considerable endowments granted 
 to them by Queen Mary for the support of ministers 
 and hospitals. The Council recorded their regret at 
 seeing the College tottering for want of means, its studies 
 quenched by poverty, and the youth growing up without 
 culture ; and their desire to restore and endow the 
 College, so that from it, as from a Trojan horse (to use 
 their own expression), learned and disciplined young 
 men might spring forth for service in the country. To 
 put new life and vigour into the University, Andrew 
 Melville was called to be Principal, and towards the end 
 of 1574 entered upon office and set himself to work like 
 a strong man prodigal of his strength. 
 
 On his way to Glasgow, Melville had consulted with 
 Buchanan, and been introduced to the boy king at Stirling, 
 and next year he discussed proposed University reforms 
 with Arbuthnot, Principal of King's College, Aberdeen. 
 A new charter, usually called the Nova Erectio, was ob- 
 tained in 1577 from the Regent Morton and James VI., 
 then a boy of eleven, providing for a Principal, who was 
 also to be Professor of Divinity and of Hebrew and Syriac, 
 as well as minister of Govan ; and three Regents, who 
 were to be fixed to the teaching of a prescribed subject 
 or group of subjects, and not to follow the method called 
 "regenting," under which a class of students was taken 
 
The University of Glasgow n 
 
 in successive sessions by the same teacher through a 
 number of different subjects. For the Principal and 
 Regents, as well as for a number of officials and 
 servants, maintenance was to be provided within the 
 College. The appointment of the Principal was reserved 
 to the Crown, but, if the Crown failed to issue a pre- 
 sentation within thirty days from the intimation of a 
 vacancy, the right of election was to pass to the Chan- 
 cellor, the Rector, the Dean of Faculty, and the ministers 
 of Hamilton, Cadder, Monkland, and Renfrew, with other 
 grave and learned men whom the Crown might nominate. 
 It is believed that this extraordinary provision has not 
 been repealed by subsequent legislation. In 1577 the 
 University also obtained a royal grant of the vicarage 
 and church lands of Govan, the revenues of which were 
 not, however, immediately available, having been pre- 
 viously granted to Archibald Beaton on a lease which 
 did not expire till 1593. The Nova Erectio established 
 the University on a stable though rather a narrow basis, 
 but the municipal foundation of 1573 was probably not 
 less important in securing its restoration. Numerous 
 students were attracted, a fourth Regent was soon added, 
 the Principal set free from the ministry of Govan in 1621, 
 and two Professors of Divinity appointed about twenty 
 years later, the observant and loquacious Robert Baillie 
 becoming second Professor of Divinity in 1642. Some 
 other chairs were added, but on rather a precarious foot- 
 ing at first. 
 
 There were some disturbances among the students in 
 Melville's time, compared with which modern breaches of 
 discipline appear "tame and domestic." One instance 
 may suffice. Two students, Mark Alexander Boyd, 
 afterwards a man of some note as a Latinist, and his 
 cousin, Alexander Cunningham, the former a kinsman of 
 Lord Boyd, one of the Earl of Morton's favourites, and the 
 latter a kinsman of the Earl of Glencairn, waited for one 
 
i2 The University of Glasgow 
 
 of the regents as he was passing home to the College 
 through the High Churchyard, and prepared to attack 
 him. Boyd had a baton and Cunningham a drawn sword, 
 but the former fled when the regent, who was on the alert, 
 turned upon him, and the latter was disarmed and retained 
 a prisoner. The Rector and the Magistrates ordered 
 Cunningham to appear bareheaded and barefooted at 
 the scene of assault and there crave pardon of the 
 University and of the regent, but he disregarded the 
 sentence, and there were rumours and threatenings that 
 the Boyds and Cunninghams would do something dread- 
 ful to the College. Melville procured a summons citing 
 the offender to appear before the Privy Council, and the 
 Council ordered him to obey the sentence or enter him- 
 self a prisoner in the Castle of Blackness. It was feared 
 that Boyd and Glencairn would not allow their kinsman 
 to go through such a humiliating ordeal and that there 
 might be a violent outbreak. The Rector advised that 
 the University should not insist on the execution of the 
 decree, but Melville was resolute, and declared that ere 
 it came to this pass " that we dare not correct our scholars 
 for fear of bangsters and clanned gentlemen, they shall 
 have all the blood of my body first." With a view to 
 overawe the University, on the day appointed for the 
 submission Boyd and Glencairn appeared in Glasgow with 
 four or five hundred followers, and the Churchyard which 
 was to be the scene of the submission was filled with 
 armed men. Melville, nothing daunted, appeared followed 
 by the rector, the regents, and the students in their gowns, 
 and the academic procession was allowed to pass forward 
 to the scene of the assault. Cunningham, bareheaded but 
 richly dressed and supported by his friends, came jauntily 
 forward, saying he was prepared to make his submission if 
 there were any present ready to accept it. " Doubt not 
 that : we are ready," said Melville. And so Cunningham 
 went through his confession and penance in presence of 
 
The University of Glasgow 13 
 
 the four or five hundred gentlemen who had been gathered 
 to save him from that humiliation. It should be men- 
 tioned that Melville, besides his activity in teaching and 
 firmness in discipline, exerted himself to render the 
 property and endowments of the University secure, and 
 that the good example which he set in this matter con- 
 tinued to be followed for some time after his departure for 
 St. Andrews in 1580. John Spottiswoode, author of a 
 History of the Church of Scotland, was a student at 
 Glasgow in the time of Melville, and graduated as M.A, 
 in 1581. As Archbishop of St. Andrews and Chancellor 
 of Scotland he took a leading part in public affairs, 
 but his career ended in a catastrophe, for the nation 
 would not tolerate his later measures, the king obliged 
 him to resign the office of Chancellor, and the General 
 Assembly deposed him from his Archbishopric. 
 
 Robert Boyd of Trochrig retired from the office of 
 Principal in 1621, as he disliked some of the public 
 measures of the time, and John Cameron, a man of 
 European reputation as a scholar, whose views were 
 thought to be more courtly, came next, but he withdrew 
 in less than a year, and was succeeded by Dr. John Strang, 
 whose tenure of office was signalised by a movement to 
 provide the University with new buildings. This move- 
 ment began about 1631, and continued with varying 
 degrees of activity for about thirty years. Public sub- 
 scriptions were invited and the response was liberal, though 
 hardly adequate to the magnitude of the work. Among 
 the subscribers were the Marquis, afterwards the Duke, 
 of Hamilton, who had served under Gustavus Adolphus, 
 and who in the affairs of Scotland bore a part which 
 was more conspicuous than successful, culminating in the 
 disastrous defeat at Preston and " Darwen stream with 
 blood of Scots imbrued," his own execution following ; 
 the Earl of Montrose, afterwards the warrior Marquis, 
 who in milder times might have developed into a poet 
 
14 The University of Glasgow 
 
 rather than a conqueror, for he had something of the 
 poetic faculty ; Archibald, Lord Lome, afterwards the first 
 Marquis of Argyle ; William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, 
 a poet and politician of that time, some lines in whose 
 tragedy of Darius are believed to have suggested to 
 Shakespeare the passage in The Tempest beginning " The 
 cloud-capp'd towers " ; Thomas Hutcheson of Lambhill, 
 one of two brothers whose wealth has ministered to the 
 cause of education and benevolence in Glasgow for more 
 than two centuries and a half; Zachary Boyd, minister of 
 the Barony, who gave liberally to the University during his 
 life, and bequeathed a large sum at his death ; the Town 
 Council of Glasgow, the towns of Stirling and Ayr, and the 
 burgh of Irvine. The completed buildings had ample 
 grounds adjoining, and were of a quaint old-fashioned style 
 of architecture, with windows and gables everywhere pro- 
 minent, and consisted of three ranges parallel to High 
 Street, enclosing an outer and an inner court, the 
 middle range having a tall steeple bearing a clock 
 made by a Glasgow blacksmith. It is not known who 
 was the architect, and as the work was in progress for 
 , about thirty years, there may have been successive archi- 
 tects, though the structure showed uniformity of design. 
 Now and again there is evidence of joiner and slater 
 work being contracted for, but most of the work was 
 done by workmen employed and paid directly by the 
 University quarriers, sawyers, carters, barrowmen, masons, 
 wrights, slaters, blacksmiths, and others. The workmen 
 were occasionally treated to drink, and now and again the 
 rulers of the University themselves partook of a glass of 
 wine. There is an entry in the accounts for "ane chopin 
 of wine when the money was gottin from my Lord 
 Sempill, Vs." (five shillings). The subscription may have 
 been unusually handsome, or perhaps the donor was 
 rather slow, and it may have been matter for jubilation 
 when he did actually pay. Bread was sometimes given 
 
The University of Glasgow 15 
 
 to the workmen, but it seems to have borne about the 
 same proportion to drink as in Falstaff's tavern bill. 
 Gloves for masons, wrights, and slaters, are also charged 
 in the accounts, doubtless for protection rather than orna- 
 ment, and there is an entry for a sand glass to keep the 
 masons' hours. The renovation of the buildings began 
 from the north end, and was gradually continued towards 
 the south. The entrance archway and an adjoining por- 
 tion of the old College have been re-erected at the 
 north-eastern gateway of the present University, the late 
 Sir William Pearce defraying the cost of removal and 
 re-erection. 
 
 One of the most distinguished men among the regents 
 of the i /th century was James Dalrymple, of Stair in 
 Ayrshire, an ancestor of the present Chancellor. He was 
 created a baronet of Nova Scotia in 1664, and Viscount 
 Stair in 1690. He began his career as a Captain in the 
 army of the Covenant, but was elected a regent in 1641, 
 and, in accordance with the oath taken when entering on 
 office, he resigned in 1643, when about to marry. He was 
 re-elected, however, and continued to teach for some time 
 longer. Having applied himself to the study of law, in 
 1648 he was admitted an advocate, under Cromwell he 
 became a judge of the Court of Session, and under Charles 
 II., Lord President, as well as Privy Councillor. He was 
 not in haste to place himself in opposition to the govern- 
 ment of the day, but there were limits he did not care 
 to exceed, and by and by he withdrew from public life, 
 completing his great work on the Institutes of the Law 
 of Scotland which had been in progress for a number of 
 years. Retiring to Holland a year before the accession 
 of James VII., he came back with William of Orange, 
 was restored to office as Lord President, and took a 
 leading part in the public measures of that eventful time. 
 In 1644 Dalrymple had been the bearer of an application 
 by the College to the Committee of Estates at Edinburgh 
 
16 The University of Glasgow 
 
 that, along with its other immunities, the College should 
 pay no excise for "quhat is spent within the Colledge 
 for thair interteinment." He urgently pressed his request, 
 and it was granted, but the Committee, fearing that 
 others might be encouraged to make similar applications, 
 would not give out an extract or writ upon the matter. 
 In another important affair of the University we think 
 we can trace the influence of Dalrymple. On account 
 of the plague then infesting the city, the classes were 
 removed from Glasgow in 1646, and carried on at Irvine 
 for about eight months, ending in July, 1647. In the 
 latter part of that year they were conducted for some 
 time at Paisley, as the plague, though mitigated, was not 
 yet extinguished. There is a strong probability that it 
 was through the influence of Dalrymple and of David 
 Dickson, Professor of Divinity, who had previously been 
 minister at Irvine, that the old seaside burgh was chosen 
 as the place of refuge for the University in the time of 
 the plague. 1 
 
 Charles I. followed a different policy in Scotland towards 
 the end of his reign, and, Presbyterianism having been 
 re-established, the revenues of the bishoprics were set free, 
 and in 1641 parliament ratified a mortification by the 
 king conveying to the University, with slight reservations, 
 the feu-duties of the bishopric of Galloway with the 
 abbeys and priory annexed to it. Through Cromwellian 
 influences, not very constitutionally exercised, Patrick 
 Gillespie became Principal in 1653, and next year he was 
 called to London to consult with the Protector, who was 
 friendly to the University. Cromwell paid a subscription 
 of 200 sterling promised long before by Charles I., and 
 in 1654 he issued an ordinance for securing the University 
 revenues, made a fresh grant of the bishopric of Galloway 
 
 1 In the period before the Reformation the work of the University 
 was four times interrupted by the plague, namely, in 1455, 1501, 1515, and 
 1545- 
 
The University of Glasgow 17 
 
 with its abbeys and priory, and three years later issued 
 a charter confirming all former grants, making over the 
 deanery and subdeanery of Glasgow and the revenue of 
 a large number of churches, and conferring the liberty 
 to print Bibles in any language, " with all sorts of books 
 relating to the faculties of theology, jurisprudence, medi- 
 cine, philosophy, philology, and all other books whatsoever, 
 the same being ordered and privileged to the press by 
 our said University, or any person to be named by the 
 said University." The Restoration, soon followed by the 
 re-establishment of Episcopacy, deprived the University 
 of a great part of its revenues. Gillespie, pronounced " an 
 intruder by the power of the late usurpers," was removed 
 from the office of Principal, and Baillie succeeded, but 
 the measures now pursued by the government weighed 
 heavily on the old man's spirit, and he died soon after- 
 wards. A Commission with ample powers to do every- 
 thing except the one thing needful namely, to improve 
 the endowments enquired into the affairs of the University 
 in 1664, and made a number of excellent recommendations ; 
 but it was useless to look for effective aid from the pro- 
 digal sovereign then reigning, and, though there was 
 usually a fair number of students in Arts, in other respects 
 the University languished till the Revolution. The most 
 notable names we encounter before that event are those 
 of Gilbert Burnet, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury and 
 author of a History of his own times, who held the chair 
 of Divinity from 1669 to 1674 ; and Robert Leighton 
 who, as Archbishop of Glasgow, was Chancellor for a few 
 years. 
 
 Josiah Chorley, an English student who left Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, on account of the strict terms of 
 conformity enforced there, and came to Glasgow early 
 in 1671, has left an interesting account of the life and 
 work of the students in the Old College during his 
 time. In consideration of his previous studies, Chorley 
 
i8 The University of Glasgow 
 
 was allowed to join the bachelor class under Mr. John 
 Tran, "whose excellent qualities would fill a large 
 volume." " Keen as was my appetite for learning, here 
 was rich provision enough to satisfy it, in daily dictates, 
 disputations, etc." The College bell rang at 5 o'clock 
 in the morning, and the roll being then called, every 
 student had to answer to his name. The day was spent 
 in private study and public exercises, and at nine in 
 the evening the chambers were visited by the regents. 
 On Sunday students met twice in their classes for 
 religious exercises, and they accompanied the Principal 
 and Regents to church forenoon and afternoon, "so that 
 there is no room for vain ramblings and wicked pro- 
 phanations of the day." In the beginning of April, 
 1672, lecturing ceased in the magistrand class, to give 
 time for the examinations and preparations leading up to 
 graduation, or laureation, as it was then called ; and all 
 the students going forward to that ceremony con- 
 tributed to an assessment for defraying the expenses. 
 Chorley declined to be public orator, but was sent to 
 Edinburgh " to invite the grandees there to our laurea- 
 tion," though most of those he mentions belonged rather 
 to Glasgow and the West. He set out, to use his own 
 words, "furnished with gloves and theses, which I first 
 presented to the patron, the laird of Colchun [Col- 
 quhoun] upon white satin." He then waited on Arch- 
 bishop Leighton, who accepted the theses, but excused 
 himself as unworthy of a present of " fine-fringed 
 gloves." Chorley pressed him to accept, and the Arch- 
 bishop continued to protest and retire till he reached 
 the far end of the chamber and then consented. After 
 calling on Gilbert Burnet and some others, Chorley re- 
 turned to Glasgow, and the laureation was held in the 
 Tron Church on the i8th of July, in presence of a 
 crowded audience, including many clergy and gentry. 
 The presiding regent offered up a prayer in Latin, 
 
The University of Glasgow 19 
 
 introduced the business of the day in an eloquent 
 speech, and then propounded the theses. Disputations 
 followed, " wherein every clergyman and gentleman 
 present, or as many as would, called out what scholar 
 he pleased for his respondent, and opposed upon any 
 thesis that he read, the regent all the while moderating 
 in the pulpit." After this long exercise, Jonathan Low, 
 an Englishman who had shared the same chamber with 
 Chorley, and who had been appointed to act as public 
 orator at the ceremony, " pronounced his declamation 
 very well." The graduands were then sent out into the 
 churchyard, and being called in the order of merit 
 assigned to them, re-entered the church and stood there 
 in the same order, while the Principal read his injunc- 
 tions to them out of the College Statute Book and pro- 
 nounced the title of Master of Arts over them, the 
 regent closing the proceedings with a solemn prayer 
 and thanksgiving. 
 
 Shortly after the Revolution the Scots Parliament 
 appointed a Commission on the Universities, to which 
 the King subsequently added new members, and this 
 Commission sat for a long time, while further com- 
 missions were appointed by George I. The work of 
 improvement and expansion went on for thirty years 
 or longer. Principal Fall, Dr. James Wemyss, Professor 
 of Divinity, and William Blair, one of the regents, 
 declined the conditions prescribed by the new govern- 
 ment and were deposed, but Fall was commended for 
 his administration and dismissed with compliments. 
 Steps were soon taken to fill up the vacancies. William 
 Dunlop having been appointed by the King to be 
 Principal, and there being then no Chancellor, the Com- 
 mission called upon the Rector, David Boyle of Kelburn, 
 and the three regents then in office to induct Dunlop ; and 
 on the nth December 1690, after he had delivered an in- 
 augural oration before a full meeting of the University and 
 
20 The University of Glasgow 
 
 other learned men, the induction took place. In Septem- 
 ber 1690, the Commissioners enacted that no one, even 
 though he had a presentation, should be admitted as a 
 master or regent in any Scottish University "without ane 
 previous tryall and program," an intimation of this exhibi- 
 tion of academic gladiatorship to be affixed to the Univer- 
 sity or College in which the candidate sought appointment, 
 inviting candidates to dispute for the place. The presentee 
 was to dispute on any " problematicall subject," if candi- 
 dates offered, and to undergo examination if the judges of 
 the University thought fit, these judges being empowered 
 to consider not only the ability and learning of the candi- 
 date, but also, "other good qualifications complexidlie," 
 such as good life, prudence, fitness for the place, and 
 affection to the Government in church and state. At the 
 end of 1690 there was an unprecedented competition for 
 the office of regent, nine candidates appearing and dis- 
 puting for a fortnight. They acquitted themselves so well 
 that it was considered every one of them had given suffi- 
 cient proofs of learning to deserve the place. The Faculty 
 had difficulty in coming to a decision, and chose a short 
 leet, from which on 2nd January 1691, they resolved to 
 determine the appointment by lot, and the lot fell on John 
 Law, who forthwith became regent. The Faculty consid- 
 erately ordered $ sterling to be paid to each of the un- 
 successful candidates, and one of them, William Jamieson, 
 who, though born blind, had been educated in the Univer- 
 sity till he had attained to great learning, was set to lecture 
 on civil history. He continued in office about a quarter of 
 a century, and may be regarded as the earliest University 
 Lecturer in the modern sense. The test of "tryall and 
 program " was intended for regents, but not for the Prin- 
 cipal, the Professor of Divinity, or any other Professor; 
 and, as the era of regents was nearing its close and that 
 of Professors approaching, the regulation was not long 
 enforced. James Wodrow, who succeeded Wemyss as 
 
The University of Glasgow 21 
 
 Professor of Divinity, was a man whose course of life 
 had been strangely chequered. He graduated as M.A. 
 at Glasgow in 1659, and then studied Divinity for three 
 years, but, disliking the turn affairs took after the Restora- 
 tion, he did not enter the church, but continued to act 
 as a tutor to pupils of the Grammar School and students 
 of the College till 1673. In that year he was licensed 
 to preach by a number of Presbyterian ministers, among 
 whom was Donald Cargill. For several years Wodrow 
 preached in houses and in fields at the call of the people, 
 and under the direction of ministers indulged and not 
 indulged. In the severe times after the battle of Both- 
 well Bridge he retired to his native Eaglesham, and 
 having among his other studies given some attention to 
 medicine, especially botany and anatomy, he had some 
 thoughts when about fifty years of age of repairing to 
 a foreign University to qualify for a medical degree. 
 News soon came of the Indulgence of 1687, however, 
 and he returned to Glasgow, was called to be minister 
 of a congregation there, and ordained in 1688. Besides 
 being a minister himself, he had before the Revolution 
 been appointed to teach such young men as were in 
 training for the Presbyterian ministry, and when early 
 in 1692 he was appointed to the Chair of Divinity in 
 the University, he brought his students with him. It 
 was natural that the Wodrows should be interested in 
 the sufferings of the Presbyterian Church in the days of 
 its adversity, and Robert Wodrow, a son of the Professor, 
 has done more to preserve the memories of these times 
 than even " Old Mortality " himself. 
 
 At the request of the Faculty, Principal Dunlop pro- 
 ceeded to London in 1691 to wait upon King William 
 and represent to him the urgent needs of the University 
 in respect to the repair of its buildings, the extension 
 of its teaching staff, and the improvement of its library. 
 Several expedients for relieving the University were per- 
 
22 The University of Glasgow 
 
 suasively submitted for consideration by His Majesty. He 
 was reminded that in 1641 Charles I. had granted the 
 Bishopric of Galloway as a perpetual mortification, but 
 this had been taken away, greatly to the detriment of 
 the University, on the restoration of Episcopacy in 1661. 
 Now that Episcopacy was abolished, it was hoped the 
 King would make effectual the pious intentions of his 
 royal grandfather. Charles I. had also intended to bestow 
 upon the University a good part of the revenue of the 
 Archbishopric of Glasgow, and the grant was ready for 
 the King's signature, when the Duke of Lennox pre- 
 vailed to obtain it for himself; but as the Lennox family 
 was now extinct and the King had the Bishopric at his 
 disposal, the whole or a part of it might be granted to 
 the University, and would suit even better than the 
 Bishopric of Galloway, being more conveniently situated 
 and adjacent to the places where the University had 
 tithes. On his return, Dunlop reported that the King 
 was inclined to aid the University, but was extremely 
 busy with other affairs and not prepared to say what 
 measures would be adopted. In further dealing with the 
 matter the University was fortunate in securing the good 
 offices of William Carstairs, the King's Chaplain for Scot- 
 land, who stood high in the favour of William and had 
 great influence in Scottish affairs. There were some earlier 
 grants of smaller value, but in 1698 the University 
 obtained a lease for nineteen years of the revenues of 
 the Archbishopric of Glasgow, and, though subject to 
 considerable payments to the Crown, it was of great 
 service to the University, and being renewed from time 
 to time, and latterly changed to a fixed annual grant, 
 formed one of its main resources for about 140 years. 
 
 Mathematics, Greek, and Latin, when not otherwise pro- 
 vided for, had hitherto been included within the cycle 
 of studies dealt with by the regents, but from this time 
 separate chairs for them were established on a perma- 
 
The University of Glasgow 23 
 
 nent basis. The method of "regenting" had soon been 
 revived, notwithstanding the prohibition in the Nova 
 Erectio; the supporters of old methods would not willingly 
 let it die, and it continued in Logic, Moral Philosophy, 
 and Natural Philosophy till finally abolished in 1727. Soon 
 after the Revolution we begin to trace some attention to 
 the teaching of natural and experimental science and the 
 use of apparatus for experiments. Queen Anne granted 
 some further endowments, and a chair of Oriental Lan- 
 guages (mainly concerned with Hebrew) was established in 
 1709 and of Law in 1714. We should perhaps date the 
 origin of the Chair of Oriental Languages from 1686, for 
 in that year Thomas Gordon, one of the regents, went to 
 London, and, without informing the Principal or the other 
 regents regarding his designs, obtained a presentation 
 from James VII. to be Professor of Oriental Languages, 
 with a salary of 600 merks to be provided out of the 
 vacant stipends. The Privy Council found, however, 
 that there were no such funds available, but on their 
 recommendation, Gordon, who still continued a regent, 
 was admitted a Professor without salary. Shortly after 
 the Revolution the Faculty had to enter on a process 
 against him for a scandal, but he carried his case to the 
 Court of Session and was absolved. However, he found it 
 prudent to give in a demission of his office as regent, 
 yet only a short time afterwards, founding on his com- 
 mission as a Professor, he put forward a claim to a salary 
 of 600 merks for three and a half years. As he was a 
 litigious man, and very unfit to be a University Professor, 
 the Faculty, in order to be rid of him, agreed to pay him a 
 thousand merks, on his giving in a second demission of office 
 and a discharge of all claims. When the Earl of Mar's 
 rebellion broke out in 1715, the members of the Univer- 
 sity maintained for some time a company of 50 foot 
 soldiers in the service of King George, and the King 
 cordially acknowledged their active loyalty, and declared 
 
24 The University of Glasgow 
 
 that they had earned a claim on his consideration when 
 their affairs should require it. Some further grants were 
 obtained from him, and two or three chairs were founded 
 early in his reign, including the chair of Church History 
 established in 1716. 
 
 In 1721 the Duke of Chandos delivered to the Duke of 
 Montrose as Chancellor of the University 500 to provide 
 for the erection of a fit building for the Library, and the 
 money was allowed to accumulate some years at interest 
 before being applied. From this we may date the com- 
 mencement of better times for the Library, the progress of 
 which had hitherto been rather slow and the resources 
 limited. Some brief notes may now be given on the de- 
 velopment of this important department of the University. 
 The nucleus of the Library was formed in the I5th 
 century, Duncan Bunch, principal regent in the Faculty of 
 Arts, one of the original triumvirate of teachers in that 
 faculty whose work began from the foundation of the Uni- 
 versity, being among the earliest donors of books, his gift 
 consisting mostly of text-books used for the instruction of 
 students, and including works of Aristotle, Porphyry, and 
 Petrus Hispanus. In 1475 the Bishop of Glasgow gave 
 a parchment and a paper volume containing a variety of 
 treatises. George Buchanan presented a collection of 
 books in 1578, and a few years later Bishop Boyd be- 
 queathed a considerable number of volumes, while Zachary 
 Boyd, John Snell, the founder of the Snell Exhibitions at 
 Oxford, and William Carstairs, chaplain to William of 
 Orange, and afterwards Principal of Edinburgh University, 
 also made contributions. Students, on completing their 
 course and obtaining the degree of master, occasionally 
 made gifts of books, and there must have been some 
 progress, but in the earlier period of the University the 
 Library was in some respects unfortunate. The movement 
 for University extension set on foot about 1631 had for 
 one of its express aims the building of a new Library and 
 
The University of Glasgow 25 
 
 furnishing it with books ; but as the movement actually 
 turned out, little could be spared for the purchase of books. 
 In 1641 Thomas Hutcheson of Lambhill mortified two 
 thousand merks to provide a stipend for a librarian, who 
 was to be a Master of Arts nominated by the Town Council 
 and to hold office for four years. About the same time 
 Margaret Graham, widow of John Boyd, Kirkdyke, Kil- 
 marnock, executed a deed under which the yearly revenue 
 of a thousand pounds Scots was to be expended in the 
 purchase of books for the Library, but somehow this bene- 
 faction miscarried. Before 1659 bursars in philosophy and 
 theology were required to pay ten merks to the Library, 
 and in that year it was laid down that certain small fees 
 for its benefit should be paid by students at matriculation 
 and graduation. No adequate progress was made, how- 
 ever, and the Commission of 1664 described the Library as 
 very small for a University. James Young, appointed to 
 the chair of Humanity, in 1682, on a salary to be derived 
 from sources which were in a great measure hypothetical, 
 held the chair as well as the office of librarian till 1687, 
 when the chair was suppressed. Through his negligence 
 the Library sustained so much damage that the Faculty 
 made it a ground for refusing to pay twelve hundred 
 merks which he claimed as salary for acting as Professor. 
 In 1712 the Faculty ordered that part of the fees paid 
 by those who graduated as Doctor of Medicine should be 
 applied to the benefit of the Library; and in 1714 that 
 students of Medicine and of Law should be " stented " 
 to provide books in these departments. Principal 
 Stirling, who died in 1727, left a bequest of 166 
 133. 4d. in its favour, and in 1730 John Orr of Barrow- 
 field mortified $oo for its use. These benefactions, 
 with the gift by the Duke of Chandos, were of great 
 service, and, by an Act of Parliament passed in 1709, 
 the Library acquired Stationers' Hall privileges, under 
 which for a long time it was entitled to receive a copy 
 
26 The University of Glasgow 
 
 of each new work published ; and it did not suffer an 
 unmitigated calamity when these privileges were withdrawn 
 in 1836, for an annual grant of 707 was paid by the 
 Government by way of compensation. The late Professor 
 Dickson, who was Curator of the Library for more than 
 thirty years, ungrudgingly devoted his extensive and exact 
 scholarship to its service, supervised the preparation of new 
 catalogues, and strongly urged the fuller development of 
 its resources. Besides the general Library, the University 
 possesses in the Hunterian Library a collection of rare and 
 valuable manuscripts and books, some of the latter being 
 fine specimens of early typography. 
 
 Something must be said of the development of the 
 faculty of Medicine, which is now probably the most 
 fully organised and prosperous in the University. A 
 doctor of medicine was received to the bosom of the 
 University in 1469, and an English physician studied and 
 practised medicine within its precincts for a short time 
 about 1536. Not long after this there were some few 
 physicians and surgeons in Glasgow, and, though their 
 qualifications were not regularly tested or guaranteed, 
 the Town Council sometimes granted them allowances 
 to induce them to settle in the city. Near the close 
 of the 1 6th century a Scotsman named Peter Lowe, 
 after studying surgery at Paris, practising it both in 
 civil and military circles on the continent, and being 
 for some time Surgeon to Henry IV. of France, came 
 to Glasgow. The Kirk Session stirred up the Town 
 Council to take action regarding the qualifications of 
 those who practised the healing art, and early in 1599 
 the Council deputed three bailies, three city ministers, 
 the Principal of the University, Blaise Lawrie, one of 
 the regents, and Mr. John Blackburn, Dean of Faculty ; 
 with other men skilled in the art, to examine prac- 
 titioners in the town for the future. Lowe is believed 
 to have been the real author of the movement for 
 
The University of Glasgow 27 
 
 reform, means were found to procure the intervention 
 of the royal authority, and in November 1599 James 
 VI. granted authority to Peter Lowe, surgeon, and 
 Robert Hamilton, physician (the latter a graduate in 
 Arts of the University), to examine and try all who 
 professed or practised the art of surgery in Glasgow 
 and the western parts of Scotland, and to license those 
 found qualified. This was the origin of the Faculty of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, and to some 
 extent it imposed a limitation on the powers of the 
 University, which, under the original constitution, 
 extended to every legitimate faculty, but now the 
 examining and licensing of surgeons within the defined 
 geographical area was committed to the new body. In 
 1635 Charles I. granted to the Faculty of Physicians 
 and Surgeons signet letters confirming and safeguarding 
 the privileges formerly conferred. Two years later the 
 University founded a chair of medicine, and appointed 
 Robert Main professor; but in 1642 a commission from 
 the General Assembly declared the chair unnecessary, 
 and on the death of Main in 1646 it was suppressed. 
 The Commission of 1664 recommended its revival, but 
 for some time nothing came of it. In the early years of 
 the eighteenth century, however, candidates began to 
 apply for examination for the degree of M.D. and the 
 University had to employ outside assistance in con- 
 ducting it, though on the first recorded occasion Robert 
 Sinclair, the Professor of Mathematics, being an M.D., 
 was designated Professor-extraordinary of Medicine to 
 carry through the examination in conjunction with two 
 physicians from the city. It was determined to revive 
 the chair of Medicine, for which in December 1713 an 
 annual allowance of 40 was obtained from Queen Anne, 
 and next year Dr. John Johnston, "a person well skilled 
 in medicine and very capable to teach the same," was 
 appointed Professor. Botany had already been taught for 
 
28 The University of Glasgow 
 
 some time. A portion of the College gardens having been 
 set apart for botanical purposes, in 1704 John Marshall, 
 surgeon in Glasgow, was made keeper, and appointed to 
 teach botany to the students. In 1708 Queen Anne, 
 among a number of other grants, assigned 30 a year to 
 the Professor of Botany. Probably Marshall had continued 
 to teach the subject till about the time of his death in 
 1719. Botany was then united with the newly founded 
 Chair of Anatomy, and in 1720 Thomas Brisbane (whose 
 father, an M.D. of Utrecht, had been rector of the 
 University from 1677 to 1681) became the first incum- 
 bent of the double chair. It seems to have been in 
 connection with the class of Botany that a separate 
 summer session was introduced, the season and the sub- 
 ject being naturally related. A lectureship in Chemistry 
 was founded in 1747, another in Materia Medica in 
 1766, and a third in Midwifery in 1790. During the 
 1 8th century the Medical School continued to advance, 
 and before its close many students were attracted to the 
 classes, among them being William Hunter, William 
 Cullen, and Joseph Black, Cullen and Black being after- 
 wards professors. The opening of the Royal Infirmary in 
 1794 furnished valuable means of further development in 
 medical education, and the scheme for its establishment 
 was warmly supported by members of the University. 
 During the i8th century candidates for the degree of M.D. 
 whose attendance was considered sufficient were usually 
 first examined by two medical Professors, who gave in a 
 report to the Senate. If the candidates were approved 
 thus far, an Aphorism of Hippocrates and a medical case 
 were prescribed to them, and a day was appointed about a 
 week afterwards on which they were required to appear 
 before the Senate and submit (apparently in Latin) an 
 explanation of the Aphorism and a solution of the case. 
 The scope of the curriculum and examinations gradually 
 widened ; and the earliest copy of fully stated regulations 
 
The University of Glasgow 29 
 
 which I have seen, belonging to the year 1826, shows that 
 by that time the groundwork of the present curriculum 
 and examinations had been laid, though there was a 
 notable difference in the absence of any compulsory 
 clinical examination. 
 
 In other departments the i8th century was by no 
 means one of stagnation. Francis Hutcheson, a graduate 
 of Glasgow, who held the chair of Moral Philosophy 
 from 1/30 to 1746, was the first of a long series of 
 distinguished Professors of Mental Philosophy in Scotland 
 who taught a system which is now out of fashion, as 
 other systems may in time come to be. Hutcheson 
 and Reid at Glasgow, and Stewart and Hamilton at 
 Edinburgh, may be counted among the chiefs of this 
 school. Adam Smith, after a brief tenure of the Logic 
 Chair, was Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow 
 from 1752 to 1764. He was an animated and effective 
 teacher, but the reputation of the Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy has been altogether surpassed by the fame of 
 the author of The Wealth of Nations. Smith took an 
 active part in the administration of University affairs, 
 and the stories told of his absent-minded and blundering 
 incapacity in relation to ordinary business cannot be true 
 of this period of his life. One of the earliest measures in 
 which he took part as a manager of the University was 
 a scheme for establishing an academy for such elegant 
 accomplishments as dancing and fencing ; and one of the 
 latest was a stout opposition to the setting up of a 
 theatre in Glasgow. It is somewhat strange to find one 
 who had done homage to Terpsichore afterwards showing 
 himself hostile to Thalia and Melpomene. Robert Simson 
 and Colin Maclaurin, who studied at Glasgow almost 
 contemporaneously, were among the ablest Mathema- 
 ticians of their time. Simson's course of University study 
 was somewhat longer than usual, but Maclaurin was a 
 youthful prodigy, graduating as M.A. at the age of 
 
30 The University of Glasgow 
 
 fifteen, and becoming Professor of Mathematics at Aber- 
 deen before he was out of his teens. The words in 
 which Pope described his own early efforts in poetry 
 might be applied to Maclaurin, though in a different 
 sense, since even from childhood he "lisped in numbers, 
 for the numbers came." Robert Simson was Professor 
 of Mathematics for fifty years from 1711, and was an active 
 member of the College Faculty, and for more than thirty 
 years clerk to that body. John Simson, a kinsman of the 
 Professor of Mathematics, succeeded Wodrow as Professor 
 of Divinity in 1708, and underwent a trial for heresy 
 which brought him into unenviable distinction. Some 
 earlier deviations from orthodoxy were allowed to pass 
 with an admonition, but afterwards graver offences were 
 alleged against him, and the case occasioned much dis- 
 traction in the church and the country. The proceedings 
 in the Church Courts lasted several years, and in 1729 
 Simson, who now made the most orthodox declarations, 
 was suspended by the General Assembly from teaching, 
 preaching or exercising, any ecclesiastical function, although 
 his emoluments were not taken away. Among the great 
 names on the roll of the alumni of Glasgow in the i8th 
 century are those of Tobias Smollett, James Boswell, Francis 
 Jeffrey, and Thomas Campbell, all of whom rose to high 
 distinction in literature. A printing press was established 
 in the University in 1715, and from it towards the close 
 of that year a penny newspaper, published three times a 
 week, began to be issued. It was sold at the printing 
 house within the College and at the Post-Office, at both 
 of which places advertisements were received, but it had 
 only a short existence. In 1743 Robert Foulis became 
 University printer, and, in conjunction with his brother 
 Andrew, he carried on business for more than thirty years. 
 They strove after artistic finish and produced admirable 
 specimens of typography, but they did not contrive to 
 make their business remunerative. Their press was 
 
The University of Glasgow 3 1 
 
 within the College, and afterwards a site was granted 
 within the University grounds for a typefounding house. 
 In the University buildings the Foulises also opened 
 about 1753 an academy of Art, for painting, engraving, 
 modelling, and drawing. This venture attracted a good 
 deal of notice and was carried on till 1770. But the 
 most memorable instance of the patronage of the 
 University occurred in 1757, when James Watt, pursued 
 and embarrassed by the Hammermen's Guild, was 
 appointed mathematical instrument maker and provided 
 with rooms within the College, in which he worked for 
 a number of years, applying himself to excogitate 
 designs and frame mechanisms which afterwards revolu- 
 tionised the industries of the world. 
 
 John Anderson, who graduated as M.A. at Glasgow 
 in 1745, and who was Professor of Oriental Languages 
 from 1755 to 1757, and of Natural Philosophy from the 
 latter date till his death in 1796, must have been locally 
 one of the best known men of his time. His energy and 
 enterprise as a Professor could not rest satisfied with 
 lecturing and theoretical instruction, but impelled him 
 also to develop experimental and objective methods of 
 teaching what would now be called laboratory instruction 
 though there is evidence that experimental teaching 
 and training of students in the use of apparatus had been 
 begun in the Natural Philosophy class long before his 
 time. Besides his regular University course, Anderson 
 established a popular course for mechanics and others 
 from the city, anticipating the University extension move- 
 ment. He had a vigorous and disputatious personality, 
 and was often at variance and sometimes at law with 
 his colleagues. In 1790, Anderson invented a gun the 
 recoil of which was deadened by air stored in its carriage, 
 and this invention not being appreciated by the British 
 Government, he went to Paris next year and presented 
 it to the French Assembly, who ordered it to be 
 
32 The University of Glasgow 
 
 hung in their hall with the inscription, "The gift of 
 Science to Liberty." He bequeathed nearly the whole 
 of his property to establish an educational institution 
 intended to supply courses and means of instruction in 
 general and scientific branches of study, and avowedly 
 designed to be a rival to the University. The endow- 
 ments were not adequate for the realisation of his plan, 
 but Anderson's College has had a number of able teachers 
 and many capable and enterprising students, among them 
 David Livingstone the missionary, traveller, and philan- 
 thropist; and it is said that the Royal Institution in 
 London was partly organised on the model which it 
 supplied. The Medical School of Anderson's College is 
 still conducted separately, but the other departments 
 have, since the foundation of the Glasgow and West of 
 Scotland Technical College in 1886, been merged in that 
 institution. 
 
 From the first it was usual for students, while attending 
 courses of instruction in the University, to lodge outside 
 of it, and this has now been the universal custom for 
 considerably more than a century ; but the early statutes 
 required that students of sufficient means should live in 
 the College chambers and diet along with the regents at 
 the common table, and this system, though now and again 
 interrupted, lasted till the Revolution or a little longer. 
 Provision was made by the Nova Erectio for the board and 
 lodging of four bursars, for whom a separate table was 
 maintained, and by and by the number of such bursars 
 was greatly increased. Several servants of the College 
 also lived within it and had their meals with the bursars. 
 A contract between Andrew Herbertson, a burgess of 
 Glasgow who undertook to act as purveyor to the masters, 
 bursars, and student boarders from October 1608 to May 
 1609, gives some insight into the manner of living in the 
 University nearly 300 years ago. Herbertson was to 
 receive 30 Scots (2 IDS. sterling) per quarter for the 
 
The University of Glasgow 33 
 
 board of each of the masters, and rather more than half 
 that sum for each of eight bursars, student boarders who 
 could not afford to diet along with the masters being 
 allowed to sit at the second table along with the bursars. 
 The smallness of the sum charged illustrates the change 
 which money has undergone in purchasing power, and 
 must not be taken as evidence of stinted or inferior sup- 
 plies, for, if not luxurious, the fare appears to have been 
 varied and ample. They seem to have breakfasted without 
 a fire in the dining hall, but Herbertson undertook to light 
 a good fire in the hall at the midday meal and at supper 
 from October to " Fastreinsevin," for which he was to 
 receive a further allowance of 30 Scots. At this date 
 and for some time afterwards, considerable quantities of 
 peats were used for fuel along with coals. The College 
 discipline was strict, one of the regents making a round 
 of the chambers morning and evening to see that all was 
 in order. In 1532, probably after some outbreak among 
 the students, peremptory regulations were laid down 
 against their carrying arms, or, when outside the College, 
 coming rashly or disrespectfully in the way of the rector, 
 dean, or regents, or playing any game, though in itself 
 lawful, in presence of the regents without permission, or 
 wandering without leave in the streets, on pain of punish- 
 ment to be administered caligis laxatis. At the same 
 time it was enacted that no student sleeping within the 
 College should introduce or maintain within it a servant 
 or relative who did not understand the scholastic Latin 
 speech. One of the earliest regulations prohibited students 
 from swimming. 
 
 According to the Nova Erectio the principal was to 
 have his meals at the College table along with the masters, 
 but Robert Boyd at the time of his appointment contracted 
 himself out of this part of the engagement, and declined 
 to take upon him the administration of corporal punish- 
 ment to the students, pointing out a distinction between 
 
34 The University of Glasgow 
 
 himself and his predecessor, Patrick Sharp, inasmuch as 
 Sharp had in his early days been master of the Grammar 
 School and had in that situation been habituated to the 
 process. There is evidence that the College table and 
 the exercise of supervision and discipline over the students 
 who lodged and boarded within the College were some- 
 times irksome to the regents. Apart from other circum- 
 stances, it withdrew the married regents from their own 
 families, and probably this explains why the University 
 introduced a custom of requiring the regents, at the time 
 of their entering on office, to bind themselves to resign 
 if they married. Latterly the masters came to attend at 
 the common table reluctantly and by turns, while students 
 occasionally obtained leave to have meals in their own 
 apartments, leading sometimes to irregularity and dis- 
 sipation. Other circumstances helped to bring about the 
 end of the system. Early in the i8th century the students 
 had very greatly increased, and the number of student 
 boarders formed but an insignificant fraction of the whole. 
 The number of professors was more than doubled, and, 
 in the new order of things after the Revolution, it was 
 not usually provided that the professors of the chairs then 
 founded or revived should have their meals at the College 
 table. 
 
 A practice had now grown up, however, under which 
 some students had lodgings in the College without board, 
 a number of chambers being let to them at a small sum, 
 two or three students sometimes sharing a room between 
 them. Alexander Carlyle, afterwards jn in ister of Inveresk, 
 whose handsome figure and noble bearing caused him to 
 be popularly named "Jupiter" Carlyle, lived in this manner 
 in one of the College chambers while attending the Uni- 
 versity in 1743-4. A College servant lit his fire and made 
 his bed, and he seems to have hired furniture from a 
 housewife in the city whom he regarded as his landlady, 
 for he says that " a maid from the landlady who furnished 
 

 UN 
 
 <;_._ 
 
 The University of Glasgow 35 
 
 the room came once a fortnight with clean linen." Carlyle 
 mentions that in Glasgow at that time one could, for 
 fourpence, dine on roast beef and potatoes, with an accom- 
 paniment of small beer. The increasing number of students 
 and the teaching of new subjects led to additional demands 
 for class rooms and for other accommodation, and these 
 causes, as well as changes in the manner of living, were 
 all adverse to the custom, so that not long after this the 
 letting of chambers to students was discontinued. 
 
 On the retreat from Derby, the army of Prince Charlie 
 towards the end of December 1745 entered Glasgow, 
 which was then wealthy, defenceless, and strongly attached 
 to the Hanoverian dynasty, having recently raised a 
 regiment of 1200 men to support the established Govern- 
 ment. There are some unverified stories of harsh things 
 done and threatened, including an unsupported tradition 
 accusing the Highlanders of a design to burn the College, 
 but what actually happened would compare favourably 
 with the doings of the Duke of Cumberland. In the 
 circumstances the Prince can hardly be blamed for 
 exacting considerable supplies for his men. The insur- 
 gents obtained few recruits, and were very coldly received 
 in Glasgow, but, towards the end of their short sojourn, 
 they held a review on the Green, which drew crowds of 
 spectators who could not withstand 'a momentary impulse 
 of admiration for the gallant and handsome young Prince. 
 The University Professors were stout Hanoverians, but 
 probably they were not without a friend at court on the 
 other side, for one of the most distinguished among them, 
 Francis Hutcheson, had while a young man been tutor 
 to the Earl of Kilmarnock, who then held a command in 
 the army of the Prince, and who had only a few years 
 before committed his three sons to the care of his old 
 tutor. On 28th November 1745, the members of the 
 University meeting resolved to subscribe funds to maintain 
 a company of 50 men in the service of the Government 
 
36 The University of Glasgow 
 
 for 30 days, or longer if needful. The men were each 
 to receive eightpence a day, as against sixpence a day 
 given at the time of Mar's rebellion, which indicates a 
 considerable rise in the wages of the working classes 
 during the 30 years. On 3rd February 1746 the Uni- 
 versity resolved to send the Principal and the Rector to 
 wait upon the Duke of Cumberland at Stirling, and 
 congratulate him on his safe arrival to command the 
 King's forces, assure him of the inviolable attachment of 
 the University to His Majesty and the royal family, and 
 express their hearty desire for the defeat of the rebels 
 and the extinction of the rebellion. On 2/th June, the 
 Faculty considering the obligation of the whole kingdom 
 to the Duke, who had " put an end to the unnatural and 
 wicked rebellion," "unanimously and with the greatest 
 cheerfulness agreed to confer the degree of Doctor of 
 Laws upon His Royal Highness." Some readers may 
 think the record would have been more romantic if they 
 had conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws on Prince 
 Charlie. 
 
 For twenty or thirty years after the Revolution distur- 
 bances and offences among the students are more frequently 
 mentioned than usual, whether from their being actually 
 more frequent or from the records being more fully kept. 
 At one time the students of the magistrand class entered 
 into a combination and put a knot of ribbons in their hats 
 to distinguish them from other students, and this led to a 
 great wrangle ; at another time some students assaulted 
 the city guard ; again the students, in company with the 
 Master of the Grammar School, surely a strange con- 
 federate, lit a bonfire before the College gate to celebrate 
 the result of a parliamentary election, and opposed the orders 
 of Gershom Carmichael, one of the regents, to have the fire 
 extinguished ; and in 1725 (a year in which, somewhat later, 
 there was a tragic riot in the town over the imposition of 
 the malt tax), several students attacked the house of the 
 
The University of Glasgow 37 
 
 rector, Hugh Montgomery of Hartfield, and rang the great 
 bell of the College to gather their companions. Some 
 students seem to have been more inclined to cultivate the 
 dramatic art than to attend to their College studies, and in 
 1721 the Faculty, considering that the acting of plays with- 
 out previous permission had tended, and unless restrained 
 might further tend, to divert students from more serious 
 and more useful studies, and to their engaging in ways 
 of spending their time and money neither profitable for 
 them nor conducive to good order, laid down a regulation 
 that for the future no student should enact any public 
 play, or make any preparation towards it, without the 
 previous sanction of the Faculty, on pain of expulsion. In 
 1713 a student was expelled for railing against the estab- 
 lished church and Principal Stirling, and speaking in favour 
 of the Pretender. In 1702 Patrick Brown, a magistrand 
 student, was expelled for giving in the name of Francis 
 Montgomery to be prayed for by the congregation at the 
 Sunday service, as the custom then was Montgomery 
 being so far from ill or afflicted that he was sitting in the 
 College pew at the time. Occasionally students brought 
 discipline upon themselves by carrying arms and chal- 
 lenging each other to duels. The mention of duels in 
 connection with the University naturally recalls the 
 passage in Rob Roy where Scott describes the encounter 
 with swords between Rashleigh and Francis Osbaldistone 
 in the College gardens, ended by the opportune inter- 
 vention of the redoubtable Macgregor. Scott did not err 
 in regard to the character of the time and place, or the hot 
 temper of the young irascibles who preferred sword-play to 
 reasoning. There were several aggravated cases of drunken- 
 ness and profligacy, and in two or three cases graduates 
 who had misconducted themselves were deprived of their 
 degrees, a form of punishment which has now for a long 
 time fallen into disuse, though there is at least one later 
 case on record which occurred in 1784. 
 
38 The University of Glasgow 
 
 A great disturbance occurred about the New- Year 1704. 
 The townspeople resented some misconduct by the students, 
 and appear to have carried off one or more of the latter to 
 prison. Some students then seized the keys of the prison, 
 and barbarously assaulted the house of William Wilson 
 (perhaps the jailor). The citizens retaliated by entering 
 the College, drawing their swords and shooting among the 
 unarmed students even in the inner court pronounced to 
 be a high violation of the privileges of the University 
 which in the memory of man was never known to be 
 equalled. The magistrates and the College masters after- 
 wards met and endeavoured to come to a settlement. It 
 was proposed that the student who originated the distur- 
 bance should be expelled, and that some of the ringleaders 
 who seized the keys of the prison and attacked Wilson's 
 house should be sought out and punished ; and, on the 
 other side, means were to be taken for the detection and 
 punishment of the offending citizens. The magistrates 
 issued a proclamation prohibiting the citizens, on their 
 highest peril, from entering the gates of the University 
 armed or in a violent manner. An effort was to be made 
 to frame regulations by which, without prejudice on either 
 side, disorderly students might be regularly secured till 
 they were delivered to the Principal to be duly punished. 
 There seems to have been an acknowledgment of the 
 jurisdiction of the College over its students outside its own 
 precincts. A few years after this three students having 
 been fined by Bailie Donaldson, the University masters 
 considered this an invasion of their jurisdiction, and Sir 
 John Maxwell of Nether Pollok, a judge of the Court of 
 Session, who was then rector, leant the weight of his 
 authority to this view. In 1721 there was a further 
 conflict between academic and municipal jurisdiction, the 
 University demanding that a sentence passed by one of 
 the city bailies on two students should be rescinded. As 
 the two students were expelled, it is evident that this 
 
The University of Glasgow 39 
 
 course was not taken in order to defend persons believed 
 to be innocent, but solely to assert the authority of the 
 University. Notwithstanding these occasional disputes, 
 there were frequent interchanges of good offices between 
 the municipality and the University. Though it involve a 
 digression, we may mention a curious experiment in the 
 municipal management of the poor which was tried in 
 1714. The magistrates having resolved to restrain begging, 
 the masters of the College, on the recommendation of the 
 Provost, agreed to assess themselves, the Principal and the 
 Professor of Divinity each giving sixpence a week and the 
 other Professors fourpence, to be collected by the bedellus 
 and paid to the poor recommended by the magistrates. 
 
 Some changes and disputes affecting the higher offices 
 may now be mentioned. After the fall of Episcopacy, 
 the Marquis of Hamilton was elected Chancellor in 1642, 
 and under the Commonwealth the office was tendered 
 to Thurloe, the Secretary of State, who nominated a Vice- 
 Chancellor. In 1660 the Earl of Glencairn was made 
 Chancellor, but next year, on the re-establishment of 
 Episcopacy, the office again fell to the Archbishops, of 
 whom there were seven between 1661 and the Revolution 
 or rather six, for one of them, Alexander Burnett, was 
 twice Archbishop and Chancellor, having been deposed 
 and afterwards reinstated on the retirement of his suc- 
 cessor. The order of Archbishops having passed away at 
 the Revolution, in 1692 John Carmichael, afterwards Earl 
 of Hyndford, was elected Chancellor, and in 1714 James 
 Graham, Duke of Montrose. He and the next three 
 Dukes in succession held the office of Chancellor for the 
 long period of a hundred and sixty years. From 1593 
 till the Revolution the Rector was annually elected about 
 the end of February, but during the Commonwealth and 
 for five or six years afterwards there is a blank in the 
 record of elections. About the time of the Revolution 
 it was alleged to be inexpedient to convene the students 
 
40 The University of Glasgow 
 
 in a general meeting for holding the election, and, without 
 any legislative sanction for the change, they were excluded 
 from taking part in it, the choice being made by the 
 Principal and masters from a list of three given in by 
 the Principal, which came to be adjusted in such a manner 
 that only one of the three was likely to be chosen. Sir 
 John Maxwell of Nether Pollok, a Privy Councillor and 
 afterwards a judge of the Court of Session, was elected 
 in 1691 and had an exceptionally long tenure. Maxwell 
 had held office continuously from 1691, but the great 
 majority of the Professors came to think that Principal 
 Stirling was arrogating too much authority to himself, 
 and they convened the students on 1st March 1717, and 
 Mr. Muir was elected by the votes of the four " nations " 
 according to the old method. Great commotions followed, 
 and one Royal Commission on University affairs was 
 appointed in 1717 and another in 1718. The former 
 Commission censured the Professors who were, as we 
 might say, in opposition, and the latter prohibited them 
 for a year from exercising any other function except 
 teaching their classes and maintaining discipline in them. 
 The Commission of 1717 had ordained that the election 
 should be held in the main according to the new practice 
 which had grown up, the students being excluded ; and 
 in November 1717 Maxwell was again elected. The 
 validity of the election was doubtful, however, for when 
 the day for the election of 1718 was reached, the chairman 
 pointed out that the warrant under the Great Seal creating 
 the Commission required the Commissioners to deliver 
 to the University a copy of the regulations which they 
 enacted signed by a quorum, but that the regulations 
 actually delivered to the University and under which 
 the election had been held were signed only by the Clerk. 
 It was determined to delay the election and to apply to 
 the 1718 Commission for further regulations, and when 
 these were obtained, Mungo Graham of Gorthie was chosen 
 
The University of Glasgow 41 
 
 Rector on i8th December 1718. It is not easy to believe 
 that the opposition Professors, who formed the great 
 majority and were led by the Professor of Law, were much 
 in the wrong, but the Principal withstood their efforts. 
 His influence was very great, for he was on intimate terms 
 with the Chancellor and the Rector, and, only a year 
 or two before the dispute, he had been the medium of 
 communication with the Government regarding the main- 
 tenance of troops by the University at the time of Mar's 
 insurrection, and had received through the Secretary of 
 State the grateful acknowledgments of the King. In 1727, 
 however, shortly after Principal Stirling's death, a Com- 
 mission of Visitation appointed in the preceding year 
 restored to the students their ancient privilege of taking 
 part in the election. There was a double return that year, 
 under circumstances which are not now well known, George, 
 Master of Rosse, the previous Rector, being re-elected, 
 and James Hamilton of Aikenhead being also returned. 
 The Faculty decided in favour of Hamilton, but next 
 year the Master of Rosse was again elected. Calmer 
 times then succeeded so far as the election of Rector 
 was concerned. In 1727 an attempt was made to bring 
 the Vice-Chancellor into the Faculty as a member quali- 
 fied to sit and vote at its meetings and take part in its 
 business, but this was opposed by a number of the Pro- 
 fessors. They carried the case to the Court of Session, 
 and the Court decided that the Vice-Chancellor had 
 no other function except to confer degrees in the absence 
 of the Chancellor. 
 
 Several times during the eighteenth century there was 
 litigation regarding the manner of conducting University 
 business. This business was mainly carried on by two 
 bodies embracing nearly the same members, but with 
 different chairmen the Senate or University meeting, as 
 it was called, presided over by the rector and having a 
 comparatively narrow sphere of action, and the Faculty 
 
42 The University of Glasgow 
 
 or College meeting, presided over by the Principal and 
 having by far the larger share in the management. The 
 Faculty meeting is to be distinguished from the particular 
 faculties of Arts, Medicine, Law and Theology, all of 
 which were included in it. The distinctions between the 
 University meeting and the Faculty meeting were not 
 always closely observed, and the Professors, being all 
 members of both bodies, were on a footing of parity. In 
 1807, however, Mr. Lockhart Muirhead was appointed by 
 the Crown, without the previous knowledge or concurrence 
 of the authorities of the University, to the Chair of Natural 
 History a Chair which did not previously exist. A law- 
 suit followed in the Court of Session regarding his status 
 and powers, and it was decided that Muirhead was entitled 
 to take part in the University meeting but not in the 
 Faculty meeting. The occupants of all the new chairs 
 founded from that time till the passing of the Universities 
 Act in 1858 were deemed to be in the same position. 
 Under that Act the Faculty or College meeting was 
 abolished, all the Professors were included, without dis- 
 tinction of status or powers, in the Senate, to which the 
 general administration was committed, and a new body, 
 the University Court, was established to review the decisions 
 of the Senate, on appeal, and to exercise some other 
 functions. The Universities Act of 1889 reconstituted the 
 University Court and transferred to it the general admini- 
 stration, the Senate, however, retaining control of the 
 teaching and discipline. 
 
 There was another Faculty with which the University 
 came to be involved in hostilities the Faculty of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, a corporation whose 
 origin in 1599 has already been narrated. The Faculty 
 having raised an action in the Court of Session, the Court 
 decided that holders of University degrees in Medicine 
 were not entitled to practise Surgery within the territory 
 in Glasgow and the West of Scotland assigned to the 
 
The University of Glasgow 43 
 
 Faculty, unless they submitted to an examination by that 
 Corporation and obtained license from it. The decision 
 applied to the degrees in Medicine of other Universities 
 besides Glasgow, but as Glasgow graduates were more 
 likely than others to settle in the city and its neighbour- 
 hood, their interests were more directly concerned ; and 
 the University judged it advisable to institute the degree 
 of Master of Surgery (C.M.), first granted in 1817. As 
 already pointed out, James VI., by his charter of 1599, 
 had granted unrestricted power to the Corporation then 
 called into existence to examine and try all practitioners 
 of Surgery within the denned area without taking account 
 of any previous qualifications they might have obtained ; 
 and on this ground, the Faculty having again in 1826 
 raised proceedings in the Court of Session, it was decided 
 that holders of the degree of C.M. who practised Surgery 
 in the territory assigned to the Faculty were under obliga- 
 tion to submit to examination by that body. After further 
 argument and delay this decision was confirmed by the 
 House of Lords in 1840, but when the Medical Act of 
 1858 came into force such local distinctions and limitations 
 were obliterated. A considerable number of practitioners 
 graduated as C.M. up to the time when the House 
 of Lords' decision was given, and though the number 
 declined for some time afterwards, the Commissioners 
 under the Universities Act of 1858 adopted the de- 
 gree and made it applicable to all the Universities of 
 Scotland. 
 
 The growth of the Medical School and the expansion of 
 the teaching staff in the Faculty of Medicine have been 
 very marked during the I9th century, the following chairs 
 having been added Natural History (1807), Surgery and 
 Midwifery both in 1815, Chemistry 1817, Botany 1818, 
 Materia Medica 1831, Physiology and Forensic Medicine 
 both in 1839, Clinical Surgery and Clinical Medicine both 
 in 1874, and Pathology in 1893 ; while a lectureship on 
 
44 The University of Glasgow 
 
 the Eye was instituted in 1828, on Insanity in 1880, on 
 Embryology in 1894, on the Ear in 1895, and on the Throat 
 and Nose in 1895. Before the establishment of the 
 separate chair of Botany in 1818, that subject had for 
 a considerable time been dissociated from the chair of 
 Anatomy and taught by a lecturer, as well it might be, 
 seeing that, prior to the time when separate teaching 
 was provided, the Professor of Anatomy also gave 
 instruction in Midwifery and Surgery. It will be noted 
 that two chairs originated in the year of Waterloo, and 
 in the case of Surgery there is a suggestion that the 
 lessons of the war were in the minds of the king's 
 advisers, for the royal warrant founding that chair sets 
 forth that it would be for the public advantage that a 
 Professor of Surgery, particularly of that branch of it 
 which relates to the wounds and diseases of the military 
 and naval services, should be appointed in the University 
 of Glasgow. Science was constituted a separate faculty 
 in 1893, but most of the subjects now embraced in 
 it were previously included in the faculties of Arts and 
 Medicine. Of the chairs now belonging exclusively to 
 the Faculty of Science, Astronomy was founded in 1760, 
 Civil Engineering and Mechanics in 1840, and Naval 
 Architecture in 1883. In connection with the chair of 
 Astronomy there is a well-equipped observatory at 
 Dowanhill. Mrs. John Elder provided an endowment 
 of 12,500 for the Chair of Naval Architecture and pre- 
 sented 5000 to the University as an additional endow- 
 ment for the Chair of Engineering. Recent additions to 
 the chairs in the faculty of Arts include English Language 
 and Literature, 1861, History, 1893, and Political Economy, 
 1896 ; while lectureships have been introduced in Educa- 
 tion (1894), French (1895), and German (1899). The 
 lectureship on Education naturally suggests the relation 
 of the University to the teaching profession, and it may be 
 mentioned that in Scotland the origin of Training Colleges 
 
The University of Glasgow 45 
 
 for Teachers (often called Normal Schools) dates from 1841, 
 and that in Glasgow almost from the commencement there 
 have been two such institutions. At first they stood quite 
 apart from the University, but between 1860 and 1870 
 a practice arose of students from the Training Colleges 
 attending some of the University classes. In 1873 tne 
 Education Department recognised the practice, and freed 
 such students from part of the attendance usually required 
 at the Training Colleges; and in 1877 agreed to defray 
 three-fourths of the University fees of such students and 
 of the cost of the books they required for University 
 classes. A large number of Training College students 
 both men and women now attend the University of 
 Glasgow, and there are some bursaries for their exclusive 
 benefit. The connection between the University and the 
 teaching profession has been further strengthened by the 
 institution in 1900 of a Diploma in Education open to 
 graduates in Arts or Science, this Diploma being 
 recognised by the Education Department as qualifying 
 the holder for service in public or State-aided schools. 
 Local Examinations were instituted by the University in 
 
 1877, and for some time attracted a considerable number of 
 candidates, but they were discontinued in 1893, the Leaving 
 Certificates of the Education Department having become 
 accessible to the great majority of the schools concerned. 
 The faculty of Theology has been reinforced by the Chair 
 of Biblical Criticism (1861); and the faculty of Law by 
 the Chair of Conveyancing (1861), and by lectureships 
 on Civil Law, Constitutional Law and History, Public 
 International Law, International Private Law, General 
 Jurisprudence, and Mercantile Law, all founded since 
 
 1878. In Glasgow, as well as in the other three Scottish 
 Universities, a lectureship on Natural Theology was 
 founded in 1887, under the will of the late Lord Gifford, 
 a Judge of the Court of Session. More recently a lecture- 
 ship on Celtic Literature, to which the first appointment 
 
46 The University of Glasgow 
 
 was made in 1900, has been founded at Glasgow, under the 
 will of the late Rev. Archibald Kelly M'Callum, LL.D., 
 who bequeathed the greater part of his property for that 
 purpose, and also made provision for an annual sum of 
 10 being expended on the purchase of books relating to 
 Celtic Literature, to be added to a collection of volumes 
 which he made over to the University as the nucleus of a 
 Celtic library. Altogether the teaching staff now includes 
 31 Professors, 35 Lecturers, and about 40 Assistants and 
 Demonstrators. 
 
 The number of students at the beginning of the i8th 
 century was about 400, by the end of the century it had 
 risen to fully 600, while in 1899-1900 there were 1700 
 men and 340 women. The highest number ever reached 
 was in session 1881-82 when 2320 were matriculated. 
 Recent legislation, by enacting more stringent conditions 
 for entering the University and by adding a year to 
 the curriculum for graduation in Medicine, has given 
 rise to a temporary check, but the opening in 1892 of 
 the University classes and degrees to women has nearly 
 compensated for this. There is an annual amount of 
 20,880 allocated to the University of Glasgow from 
 Parliamentary grants, and for the year 1899-1900 the 
 revenue of the University amounted to 58,981 33. 6d., 
 while the expenditure was 59,318 i6s. nd. These 
 figures do not include the funds destined to scholarships, 
 fellowships, bursaries, and prizes within the University. 
 The total yearly income from such funds amounts to 
 fully 14,000, about 8000 of which comes from funds 
 held and administered by the University, and the re- 
 mainder from funds held by outside Boards and Trustees. 
 If the income from this source were included in the Uni- 
 versity revenue, it would bring it up to about 72,000 
 a year. 
 
 Not to mention those who are still living, the follow- 
 ing among other distinguished men have been associated 
 
The University of Glasgow 47 
 
 with the University in the I9th century : Thomas 
 Graham, one of the foremost chemists of his time; John 
 Sterling, whose memory is embalmed in Carlyle's bio- 
 graphy ; Robert Pollok, who might have left greater 
 works than The Course of Time had not a too early 
 death silenced his young muse ; John Gibson Lockhart, 
 son-in-law and biographer of Scott ; Sir William Hamil- 
 ton, who was born in the old College and received his 
 early education there, and whose work as a teacher of 
 philosophy has been the subject of much discussion 
 both by friendly and unfriendly critics ; Tom Taylor, a 
 popular and prolific dramatist ; Archibald Campbell Tait, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury from 1868 to 1882 ; Norman 
 Macleod, whose name is still a household word in Scot- 
 land ; John Pringle Nichol, the eloquent and stimulat- 
 ing exponent of Astronomy and allied sciences ; Allen 
 Thomson, the eminent Professor of Anatomy ; Mac- 
 quorn Rankine, the father of modern Engineering ; John 
 Nichol, for twenty-seven years the witty and rhetorical 
 Professor of English Literature; and John Caird, Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity from 1862 to 1873 and Principal of 
 the University from the latter date till 1898, a man 
 who combined in a wonderful degree great intellectual 
 gifts, commanding eloquence, and unassuming personal 
 worth. 
 
 For a very long time, though the Scottish Universities 
 sometimes appeared in the Law Courts, no legislative 
 measures for reforming their general constitution and 
 functions were passed. When the era of reform arrived, 
 however, academic reform did not escape discussion. In 
 1826, George IV. appointed a body of Commissioners of 
 Visitation to the Universities of Scotland, and they made 
 extensive enquiries and collected much information, and 
 had nearly completed a comprehensive report embodying 
 numerous recommendations, when by the death of the 
 king their powers came to an end. They were reappointed 
 
48 The University of Glasgow 
 
 by the next sovereign, however, and finally completed 
 their report on 28th October 1830. Their labours did 
 not immediately bear fruit, for it was not till 1858 that 
 Parliament actually passed a measure for regulating and 
 improving the Universities of Scotland. Some of the 
 more important changes were made by the Act itself, and 
 the Commissioners under it sat for fully four years, framing 
 Ordinances regulating matters with which they had been 
 empowered to deal. A further Universities Act was passed 
 in 1889, and the labours of the Commissioners under it 
 extended over a period about twice as long as that 
 occupied by the 1858 Commissioners. 
 
 These two Acts conferred some additional endowments 
 and led to important changes. The Act of 1858 constituted 
 a University Court, including certain ex officio and certain 
 elected members, and a General Council comprehending 
 the graduates, professors, and members of the University 
 Court. As enlarged and modified by the Act of 1889, 
 the Court consists of the Rector, the Principal, the 
 Lord Provost of Glasgow, one Assessor appointed by 
 the Chancellor, one by the Rector, and one by the Lord 
 Provost, Magistrates and Council of the City, four 
 Assessors elected by the General Council and four by 
 the Senate fourteen in all and is empowered to ad- 
 minister the revenue and property of the University, to 
 appoint Examiners, Lecturers, and such of the Professors 
 as hold chairs in the patronage of the University, to 
 define the nature and limits of the duties of Professors, 
 to grant recognition to the teaching of Colleges or in- 
 dividuals for purposes of graduation in cases where the 
 regulations admit such teaching, to appoint the repre- 
 sentative of the University in the General Medical 
 Council, and, subject to the approval of the King in 
 Council, to alter and amend the ordinances made by the 
 Commissioners under the Acts of 1858 and 1889. It is 
 also a court of appeal from the decisions of the Senatus. 
 
The University of Glasgow 49 
 
 The Act of 1889 empowers the Senatus (the Principal 
 and Professors) to regulate and superintend the teaching 
 and discipline of the University, and take part in the 
 immediate superintendence of Libraries and Museums. 
 
 The General Council, which now includes 5827 members, 
 holds two statutory meetings in the year for the discussion 
 of matters affecting the welfare of the University, and may 
 hold special meetings on the summons of the Chancellor. 
 In order of precedence, the Chancellor, Rector, Principal, 
 Chancellor's Assessor, or Rector's Assessor preside at 
 meetings, but in meetings for the election of Assessors 
 members of Senate do not take part The General Council 
 of Glasgow University, along with that of Aberdeen Uni- 
 versity, returns a member to Parliament in accordance 
 with the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act, 
 1868. A Students' Representative Council has been 
 organised under the Universities Act of 1889. It is 
 elected annually by the matriculated students and is 
 empowered to make representations to the Senate and 
 Court and to advise with the Rector respecting the 
 Assessor to be nominated by him in the University 
 Court. Besides the separate bodies mentioned, namely, the 
 University Court, the Senate, the General Council and the 
 Students' Representative Council, which exist at Glasgow 
 as at each of the other three Scottish Universities, the 
 Act of 1889 constituted a Universities Committee of the 
 Privy Council in relation to the four Scottish Universities ; 
 and the Commissioners under that Act also constituted a 
 Joint Board of Examiners which supervises and controls 
 the preliminary examinations in the faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Medicine in all the four. 
 
 It should be mentioned that, though the Students* 
 Representative Council only obtained statutory recognition 
 under the Act of 1889, it had existed as a voluntary 
 association among the students from 1886, and that a 
 University Union was instituted in 1885. To erect a 
 
 D 
 
50 The University of Glasgow 
 
 building for the Union Dr. John Macintyre of Odiham, 
 Hants, presented to the University, through the late Sir 
 George H. B. Macleod, Professor of Surgery, a sum of 
 ^"5000, and this building contains a dining hall for the 
 students, a debating hall, a reading room, committee 
 rooms, recreation rooms, and other accommodation. The 
 students' societies, of which there are many professional, 
 literary, philosophical, scientific, social, recreative, philan- 
 thropic, and political are mostly affiliated to the Union, 
 and hold their meetings in it. For alumni, graduates, and 
 office-bearers, there is also a University Club in Glasgow, 
 and another in London. 
 
 The Chancellor is elected for life by the General Council, 
 and nominates a Vice-Chancellor (usually the Principal) 
 for conferring degrees in his absence, and in case both 
 Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor are absent, degrees are 
 conferred by the Senior Professor present. The Vice- 
 Chancellor has also important duties in connection with 
 the registration of members of the General Council, and is 
 returning officer in University Parliamentary elections. 
 The Rector is elected every three years by the matricu- 
 lated students, by an ancient usage divided for this purpose 
 into four " nations," a majority of " nations " deciding the 
 election, though when the " nations " are equally divided, a 
 majority of votes of the students now decides it. The 
 regulations still leave it possible, however, for a minority 
 of students to elect the Rector, for, as it is only in case the 
 " nations " are equally divided that a majority of votes of 
 the students is to determine the result, it might happen 
 that a candidate with a considerable majority in a single 
 " nation " and a clear majority of the total votes might be 
 defeated by an opponent who had a slender majority in 
 each of three " nations." The Principal, who is the 
 resident head of the University, is appointed for life by 
 the Crown. 
 
 In 1870 the University moved to new buildings, of which 
 
The University of Glasgow 51 
 
 the foundation stone was laid in 1868 by His Majesty, 
 then the Prince of Wales, and which were several years in 
 course of erection. Built de novo from plans by Sir George 
 Gilbert Scott, whose designs were unfettered by pre- 
 existing conditions, and occupying a prominent site over- 
 looking the river Kelvin and the West-End Park, the 
 extensive new buildings forming a rectangle, with the 
 main blocks facing north and south, and the Bute Hall 
 making a cross connection in the middle of their length, 
 with quadrangular courts on each side have a command- 
 ing and symmetrical appearance. The cost of the new 
 buildings and grounds has exceeded .500,000, including 
 117,500 from the sale of the old buildings and grounds, 
 120,000 from Government, and rather more than 261,000 
 received in subscriptions and legacies, mostly from Glasgow 
 and the West of Scotland, 45,000 having been contributed 
 by the late Marquis of Bute for the superstructure of the 
 Great Hall of the University, which has been named after 
 him the Bute Hall. The Library and the Hunterian 
 Museum occupy about two-thirds of the northern block of 
 buildings. The Library contains about 175,000 volumes, 
 and is always receiving fresh accessions by donation and 
 by the expenditure of an annual sum of 707, formerly 
 paid by the Government as compensation for the 
 withdrawal of Stationers' Hall privileges and now 
 merged in the general grant to the University. As 
 regards the number of volumes just mentioned, it 
 should be explained that in many cases several pamphlets 
 and minor works have been bound up together, and 
 that if all these were reckoned separately, the total 
 -would be, not 175,000, but 220,000. The Hunterian 
 Museum was first formed by Dr. William Hunter, a 
 native of Lanarkshire and graduate of Glasgow, who, like 
 his equally celebrated brother, John Hunter, rose in the 
 latter half of the eighteenth century to the foremost 
 position as a medical practitioner and teacher in London. 
 
52 The University of Glasgow 
 
 By Dr. Hunter's will, his extensive and valuable collection, 
 including anatomical preparations, zoological and mineral 
 specimens, books, manuscripts, paintings, coins, and archae- 
 ological relics, was bequeathed to the University, to be 
 made over after the lapse of a certain time, and was 
 transferred from London to Glasgow in 1807, twenty-four 
 years after the death of the donor. Considerable additions 
 to the collection have subsequently been made from time 
 to time by donation and otherwise. 
 
 The new University scheme aimed at providing a 
 Hospital conveniently situated for the clinical instruction 
 of medical students, and in which the Professors should be 
 entitled to teach clinically ; and accordingly the University 
 granted a site within its new grounds for the Western 
 Infirmary, an institution now containing upwards of 400 
 beds for patients, the portion of the ground thus made 
 over being valued at nearly 30,000. Notwithstanding 
 the great extent of the new buildings, the progress of the 
 University has been such that they have already proved 
 inadequate for the accommodation of some of the depart- 
 ments, and recent changes, especially in Medicine and 
 Science, to more practical methods of teaching, requiring 
 great laboratories with elaborate apparatus, have also 
 created further demands. As a consequence, the Uni- 
 versity has been constrained to enter on a new movement 
 to extend its accommodation and equipment, and a be- 
 ginning has been made with some of the departments 
 whose needs were most pressing. Under the will of the 
 late Mr. Charles Randolph, shipbuilder in Glasgow, a 
 legacy of upwards of 70,000, destined mainly to the 
 extension and maintenance of buildings and grounds, has 
 been received, and a considerable portion of it has been ab- 
 sorbed in payments for existing buildings. In 1899 the 
 Trustees of the late Mr. James B. Thomson made a grant 
 of 13,000 for reconstructing and extending the Anatomy 
 department. The Trustees of the late Misses Steven, 
 
The University of Glasgow 53 
 
 Bellahouston, have contributed a sum of ;i 2,500 towards 
 the erection and equipment of a new laboratory and 
 class-rooms for the Engineering department, an equal 
 sum being contributed from other sources ; and have 
 made grants amounting to ^"6200 towards new Botany 
 buildings, comprising class-rooms, laboratories, museums, 
 etc., these buildings with their equipment being estimated 
 to cost about ; 1 8,000. The works for the erection 
 of the Anatomy, Engineering, and Botany buildings 
 are now nearing completion, and these three depart- 
 ments are being provided with accommodation and 
 equipment scarcely excelled in the United Kingdom. 
 
 There are two teaching sessions in the course of the 
 year the winter session opening about the middle of 
 October and closing towards the end of March, and the 
 summer session opening in the end of April and closing 
 early in July. Classes in the faculty of Theology and 
 most of the Classes in the faculty of Law meet only in 
 the winter session. There are five faculties in the Univer- 
 sity, each presided over by a dean chosen annually, and 
 each having its appropriate degrees : The faculty of 
 Arts, with the degrees of Master of Arts (M.A.), Doctor 
 of Philosophy (D.Phil.), and Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) ; 
 the faculty of Science, with the degree of Bachelor of 
 Science (B.Sc.) obtainable in the departments of Pure 
 Science, Engineering, and Agriculture, and the degree of 
 Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) obtainable in Pure Science and 
 in Engineering, as well as by graduates in Arts (M.A.) with 
 honours in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and, 
 under certain conditions, by research students ; the faculty 
 of Medicine, with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and 
 Bachelor of Surgery (M.B. and Ch.B.) always conjoined, 
 introduced by new regulations dating from 1892, and re- 
 placing the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Master 
 of Surgery (M.B. and C.M.) conferred under the previous 
 regulations; and the degrees of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) 
 
54 The University of Glasgow 
 
 and Master of Surgery (Ch.M.) obtainable separately as 
 higher degrees in Medicine and Surgery after the lapse 
 of a certain period spent in practice, in professional 
 research, or in further attendance in Hospital wards, a 
 higher clinical examination and a thesis being also 
 required ; the faculty of Law with the degrees of Bachelor 
 of Law (B.L.), Bachelor of Laws (LL.B), and the honor- 
 ary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) ; and the faculty 
 of Theology with the degree of Bachelor of Divinity 
 (B.D.) obtainable by graduates in Arts who have sub- 
 sequently gone through a due course (three winter sessions) 
 in Hebrew and the various departments of Theology, and 
 passed the required examinations in these subjects. The 
 degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) is an honorary degree 
 like LL.D., and these honorary degrees are conferred on 
 recipients selected by the Senate on account of literary, 
 scientific, or professional distinction. 
 
 Students proceeding to degrees in Arts, Science, and 
 Medicine are required to pass a preliminary examination, 
 which in the case of Arts students includes four subjects: 
 (i) English, (2) Mathematics, (3) Latin or Greek, (4) 
 Latin or Greek (if not already taken), French, German, 
 Italian, or Dynamics. The preliminary examination in 
 Science is in the main similar, but candidates may sub- 
 stitute French or German for Latin or Greek. The 
 standard of the preliminary examination for students of 
 Medicine is not quite so advanced as the others. The 
 curriculum for M.A. and for B.Sc. extends over three 
 academical years. There is a wide variety of options in 
 selecting the subjects required for graduation in Arts, 
 students being required for the ordinary degree to take 
 up at least seven subjects out of a list of thirty, distributed 
 among the four departments of Language and Literature, 
 Mental Philosophy, Science, and History and Law ; while 
 for graduation with honours they must take up at least 
 five subjects, two of which must be selected from one or 
 
The University of Glasgow 55 
 
 other of nine honours groups, and they must attend two 
 courses in each of the honours subjects, instead of the single 
 course required in each of the other subjects. The degrees 
 of D.Litt. and D.Phil, are open to honours graduates in Arts 
 five years after obtaining the degree of M.A., on their 
 satisfying certain conditions ; and the degree of D.Sc. to 
 those who have graduated five years before as B.Sc. or 
 as M.A. with honours in Mathematics and Natural Philo- 
 sophy, on their producing a thesis of merit and passing an 
 examination if required. Regulations have recently been 
 framed for admitting candidates whose qualifications are 
 approved by the Senate to the prosecution of special study 
 and research, and such research students, if they hold the 
 degree of Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Medicine, 
 or other degree accepted by the Senate as equivalent, 
 and have pursued a satisfactory course of special study 
 and research for two winter sessions, are eligible for the 
 degree of D.Sc. Masters of Arts with honours in the 
 appropriate department, after having acquitted themselves 
 satisfactorily as research students for the prescribed time, 
 are also eligible for the degrees of D.Phil, and D.Litt. 
 The course of study for the degrees of M.B. and Ch.B. ex- 
 tends over five years, embracing, besides the other scientific 
 and professional subjects, clinical study in Hospital wards 
 for at least three years, the final year of the course being 
 specially devoted to study of this character, and candidates 
 are required to pass four professional examinations. 
 
 The number of degrees conferred by the University 
 after examination in the year 1899-1900 was 395, namely, 
 M.A. 116, B.Sc. 24, D.Sc. i, B.L. 4, LL.B. n, M.B. 101, 
 C.M. 8, Ch.B. 93, M.D. 19, B.D. 18. The number of 
 honorary degrees conferred was 12, namely D.D. 6 and 
 LL.D. 6. Of students during the summer session 1899 
 and the winter session 1899-1900 there were in the 
 faculty of Arts 656 men and 257 women (913), in 
 Science 167 men and 5 women (172), in Medicine 624 
 
56 The University of Glasgow. 
 
 men and 81 women (705), in Law 206 (men) and in 
 Divinity 41 (men), making a total of 1694 men and 343 
 women, the combined total being 2037. 
 
 Women were first admitted to study for degrees in 
 the Scottish Universities, including Glasgow, in 1892, in 
 accordance with an Ordinance of the Commissioners under 
 the Universities Act of 1889, and it was resolved that 
 instruction for them in Glasgow University should be 
 provided mainly in separate classes. Other methods were 
 at first proposed, but in a little time an offer was made 
 to convey to the University the buildings, grounds, and 
 endowments (upwards of 25,000) of Queen Margaret 
 College, an institution established in Glasgow in 1883 
 for the higher education of women, in order that the 
 College might be devoted to the maintenance of University 
 classes for women exclusively. The University Court 
 accepted the offer, and the whole teaching staff, classes, 
 and students of Queen Margaret College are now included 
 in the University. The number of women students at 
 Glasgow has been steadily increasing and is greater than 
 in any other Scottish University, and for their convenience 
 a Hall of Residence has been opened. During the time 
 Queen Margaret College was conducted as a separate 
 institution, the buildings and grounds, which are of con- 
 siderable extent, were placed at the service of its Executive 
 Council by the owner, Mrs. John Elder, and with her 
 concurrence they have since been made over to the 
 University. 
 
 Many changes have taken place within the University 
 in the four hundred and fifty years of its existence, but 
 it still retains many features of its original character, and 
 some measures usually reckoned as new have long ago 
 been tried in one form or another. The University still 
 bears the character impressed on it at the beginning of 
 being both a teaching and an examining institution, 
 granting degrees only to those who have undergone the 
 
The University of Glasgow 57 
 
 double process of training and testing by its own accredited 
 officers. In the earliest period it was the practice that 
 examinations for degrees should be conducted not by the 
 regents or teachers alone, but that other skilled persons 
 should be appointed to act along with them in testing 
 the fitness of candidates ; and though this practice was 
 long suffered to fall into disuse, since the passing of the 
 Universities Act of 1858 it has been revived and gradually 
 extended to all the faculties. The original constitution 
 contemplated a number of faculties, each with its teachers, 
 its dean and other officers, and with a code of regulations 
 for the management of its affairs and the conferring of 
 its degrees. In this respect, too, recent legislation and 
 practice have gone back to the original design. The 
 history of the office of Dean of Faculty (or Dean of 
 Faculties) is peculiar. Though not quite so old as the 
 University, the office has existed for a very long time, and 
 accidental circumstances have influenced its development. 
 In the earliest period, while it was intended that each 
 Faculty should have its dean, and while the other 
 Faculties showed some organisation and activity, the 
 Dean of the Faculty of Arts was always so designated; but 
 afterwards, when the other Faculties became dormant, a 
 custom arose of calling him the Dean of Faculty. The 
 office continued after the Reformation, and the functions 
 of the Dean of Faculty extended to the business of the 
 University generally ; indeed he continued for two or 
 three centuries to be the most important officer, after the 
 Rector and Principal, in carrying on the academic 
 administration, and deans of particular Faculties did not 
 reappear till quite recently. The Universities Act of 
 1858 made the Dean of Faculty a member of the 
 University Court, but the Act of 1889 in reconstituting 
 the Court passed him over in silence, and it -would not 
 now be very easy to define his powers and functions. 
 Perhaps he might take part in appointing the Principal, 
 
58 The University of Glasgow 
 
 if the Crown failed to make an appointment within the 
 time limited by the Nova Erectio. 
 
 The early statutes allowed the students a vote in the 
 election of the rector, a right which they have since 
 exercised with comparatively little interruption, and the 
 Act of 1858 has constituted them the sole electors. Four 
 deputies, a treasurer, and other officers were at first elected 
 along with the rector, and must have had considerable 
 influence in University administration. So far as masters 
 and graduates are concerned, there is some parallel in the 
 election by the General Council of four assessors in the 
 University Court, and the Council now elect the Chan- 
 cellor as well. In the early days, the regents participated 
 in the business of the general congregations and in the 
 election of rector. The Senate now returns four Assessors 
 to the University Court, and professors, being also included 
 in the General Council, have a voice in the election of 
 the Chancellor. As at the beginning, electors are still 
 divided into four " nations " in electing the rector, though 
 it may well be doubted whether this is a survival of the 
 fittest. The arrangement rests, not on pure reason but on 
 a conventional association of ideas, and if it is intended as 
 a tribute to antiquarianism, it is not managed in the 
 antiquarian spirit, for the names have been altered, the 
 boundaries have been altered, and the methods of voting 
 within the " nations " have been altered. 
 
 Even preliminary examinations and boards of studies 
 cannot be counted new things. In 1695 a general rule was 
 laid down for the preliminary examination of Arts stu- 
 dents in the Scottish Universities. None were to be 
 admitted to the first or Bajan class of any College but 
 upon strict trial of their proficiency in Latin, or to the 
 second or Semi class without similar trial of their pro- 
 ficiency in Greek. The rule may have come to be 
 neglected, but its existence proves that a preliminary 
 examination in Arts is not an innovation belonging to 
 
The University of Glasgow 59 
 
 the later years of the iQth century. Boards of Studies 
 were foreshadowed by a regulation of nearly the same 
 date, under which the regents in philosophy were to submit 
 beforehand to the Principal or to the Dean of Faculty the 
 " dictates " to be taught to their students in the following 
 session, these being liable to correction by the Principal or 
 the Faculty. 
 
 Finally, we may note that the early statutes required 
 masters to continue their studies for two years after 
 receiving their degrees. It is true this requirement was 
 generally evaded, but its enactment bears witness to a 
 worthy purpose ; and in recent times an opinion has been 
 growing that it would be well if some of the more capable, 
 inventive, and persevering graduates could be induced to 
 continue their work in the University for some time after 
 obtaining their degrees. The establishment of post- 
 graduate courses in some subjects and the recently enacted 
 ordinance for special study and research afford evidence of 
 the tendency. The line of higher study and of research 
 followed after receiving the degree would naturally be 
 somewhat different from the earlier curriculum leading up 
 to graduation. The student would exercise his faculties 
 more independently, having the use of such aids and appli- 
 ances as the several departments could furnish, receiving 
 direction and guidance when necessary from masters long 
 skilled in their respective subjects, feeling the stimulus 
 of contact and competition with fellow-workers possessing 
 both training and enthusiasm, and, in common with them, 
 profiting by all the aids to effort and incentives to honour- 
 able ambition that an ancient and a vigorous University 
 could afford. 
 
Index 
 
 Aberdeen, University of, 8, 10, 30, 49 
 Administration of revenue and property, 
 
 41-42, 48 
 
 Agriculture, B.Sc. in, 53 
 Anatomy, 28, 44, 52, 53 
 Anderson, John, Professor of Natural 
 
 Philosophy, etc. , 31-32 
 Anderson's College, 32 
 Anne, Queen, 23, 27 
 Appeal from decisions of Senatus, 48 
 Arbuthnot, Principal, of King's College, 
 
 10 
 
 Argyle, (first) Marquis of, 14 
 Arms, Carrying of, forbidden, 33, 37 
 Art, Academy of, set up, in University 
 
 by the brothers Foulis, 31 
 Arthurlee, Sir Thomas, bestows tenement 
 
 and land, 7 
 
 Arts, Faculty of, 5, 7, 9, 53, 54, 55, 58 
 Assessors in University Court, 48-49, 58 
 Astronomy, 44 
 Ayr, Town of, subscribes for buildings, 
 
 14 
 
 Baillie, Robert, Professor of Divinity, 
 afterwards Principal, u, 17 
 
 Barbour, John, 3 
 
 Beaton, Archibald, n 
 
 Beaton, David, Cardinal, 8 
 
 Beaton, James, Archbishop of Glasgow, 8 
 
 Black, Joseph, 28 
 
 Blackburn, John, 26 
 
 Blair, William, regent, 19 
 
 Board and lodging of regents, students, 
 etc. , 32-35 
 
 Boards of Studies, 58, 59 
 
 Bologna, University of, 6 
 
 Boswell, James, 30 
 
 Botany, 27, 28, 43, 44, 53 
 
 Boyd, Bishop, 24 
 
 Boyd, Lord, 11-12 
 
 Boyd, Mark Alexander, 11-12 
 
 Boyd, Robert, of Trochrig, Principal, 13, 
 
 33-34 
 
 Boyd, Zachary, 14, 24 
 Boyle, David, of Kelburn, Rector, 19 
 Brisbane, Thomas, 28 
 Brown, Patrick, 37 
 Buchanan, George, 10, 24 
 Buildings and Grounds, 7, 13-15, 21, 50- 
 
 Si. 5 2 -53 
 Bull, Papal, founding and organising 
 
 University, 5-6 
 
 Bunch, Duncan, principal regent, 7, 24 
 Burnet, Gilbert, Professor, Bishop, and 
 
 Historian, 17, 18 
 Burnett, Alexander, 39 
 Bursaries, Scholarships, etc., 46 
 Bursars, Maintenance of, in College, 32-3 
 Bute, Marquis of, subscribes ,45,000 for 
 
 Great Hall, 51 
 
 Cadyow, David, 8 
 
 Caird, John, Principal, 47 
 
 Cameron, John, Principal, 13 
 
 Campbell, Thomas, 30 
 
 Canon Law, 5, 7 
 
 Caps, hoods, etc., in early days of 
 
 University, 9-10 
 Cargill, Donald, 21 
 Carlyle, Alexander ("Jupiter" Carlyle), 
 
 34-35 
 
Index 
 
 61 
 
 Carmichael, Gershom, regent, 36 
 Carmichael, John. (See Hyndford, Earl 
 
 of) 
 
 Carstairs, William, 22, 24 
 Celtic, Lectureship on, 45-46 
 Chancellor, 6, n, 39, 49, 50 
 Chandos, Duke of, 24, 25 
 Chaplainries help early revenue, 7 
 Charles I., 16, 22, 27 
 Charlie, Prince, 35-36 
 Chemistry, 28, 43 
 Chorley, Josiah, gives account of life and 
 
 work of students in 1671-2, 17-19 
 Civil Law, 5, 8, 23, 45 
 Clinical Medicine, 43 
 Clinical Surgery, 43 
 
 Clinical Teaching and Study, 29, 43, 52, 55 
 College, Board and lodging in, in old 
 
 times, 32-35 
 Commissions on University affairs, 17, 19, 
 
 20, 25, 27, 40, 43, 47-48, 49, 56 
 Common table in College, 32-34 
 Constantinople, dispersion of Scholars 
 
 from, 3 
 
 Constitutional Law and History, 45 
 Conveyancing, 45 
 Corporal punishment, 33-34 
 Court. (See University Court) 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 16, 17 
 Cullen, William, 28 
 Cumberland, Duke of, 35-36 
 Cunningham, Alexander, 11-13 
 
 Dalrymple, James (Viscount Stair), 15-16 
 Davidson, John, principal regent, 10 
 Dean for each of existing five Faculties, 
 
 53 
 
 Dean of Faculty, n, 26, 57, 59 
 
 Deanery and Subdeanery of Glasgow, 17 
 
 Degrees, Conferring of, 19, 41, 50; list of, 
 now obtainable in several Faculties, 
 with outline of regulations, 53-55 
 
 Degrees, Provisions of Bull anent, 5-6 ; 
 Graduates deprived of, 37; women 
 admitted to, 46, 56; as now con- 
 ferred, 53-56 
 
 Deposition, Case of, 19 
 
 Deprivation of Degrees for misconduct, 
 37 
 
 Dickson, David, Professor of Divinity, 16 
 
 Dickson, William Purdie, Professor of 
 
 Divinity and Curator of Library, 26 
 Discipline of College, 11-13, J 8, 33, 34, 
 
 36-38, 42, 49 
 Disturbances and breaches of Discipline, 
 
 11-13. 36-38 
 
 Divinity. (See Theology) 
 Douglas, Contest between Crown and 
 
 house of, 5, 7 
 Duelling, 37 
 Dunbar, William, 3 
 Dunlop, William, Principal, 19, 20, 21, 22 
 
 Ear, Lectureship on, 44 
 
 Education, Diploma in, 45 
 
 Education, Lectureship on, 44 
 
 Elder, Mrs. John, Benefactions by, 44, 56 
 
 Elphinstone, William, Bishop of Aber- 
 deen, and founder of University 
 there, 8 
 
 Embryology, Lectureship on, 44 
 
 Engineering, 44, 47, 53 
 
 English Language and Literature, 44 
 
 Excise, exemption from, 16 
 
 Experimental and practical methods in 
 teaching, 23, 31, 52 
 
 Eye, Lectureship on, 44 
 
 Faculties, in Bull, 5 ; organisation and 
 work of, before Reformation, 7-8 ; 
 arrangements and degrees of existing 
 five Faculties, 53-56 ; recent arrange- 
 ments comparable with original, 57 
 
 Faculty as administrative body, 41-42 
 
 Faculty, Dean of. (See Dean of Faculty) 
 
 Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of 
 Glasgow, 27, 42-3 
 
 Fall, James, Principal, 19 
 
 Fees, 7, 9, 25 
 
 Forensic Medicine, 43 
 
 Foulis, Robert and Andrew, Printers, 
 establish Academy of Art in Univer- 
 sity, 30-31 
 
 Foundation of University by Papal Bull, 
 5 ; by Municipality of Glasgow, 10 ; 
 by Nova Ereciio, 10-11 
 
 Friars Preachers, 7 
 
 Galloway, Bishopric of, revenues from, 
 16, 22 
 
The University of Glasgow 
 
 General Assembly, 13, 27, 30 
 
 General Council (University), 49, 50, 58 
 
 General Medical Council, representative 
 in, 48 
 
 George I., 19, 23 
 
 George IV. , 47 
 
 Gifford, Lord, founds Lectureship on 
 Natural Theology, 45 
 
 Gillespie, Patrick, Principal, 16, 17 
 
 Glasgow, reasons for its selection as seat 
 of University, 6 ; population (circa 
 *SS)> 6 ; Bishopric of, 6 ; Town 
 Council of, restored University, 10, 
 subscribed for buildings, 14 ; Plague 
 in, 16 ; endowment from Archbishop- 
 ric of, 22 ; early medical practitioners 
 in, 26 ; opposition to setting up of 
 Theatre in, 29 ; Prince Charlie in, 
 35-6 ; questions as to authority of 
 Magistrates in reference to Univer- 
 sity, 38 ; restraining begging in, 39 ; 
 Lord Provost and an Assessor nomi- 
 nated by Town Council members of 
 University Court, 48 
 
 Glencairn, Earl of, 11-12 ; 39 
 
 Gordon, Thomas, Regent and Professor 
 of Oriental Languages, 23 
 
 Govan, Principal to be minister of, 10; 
 this arrangement discontinued, n ; 
 Vicarage and Church lands of, n 
 
 Graduation ceremony in 1672, 18-19 
 
 Graham, Margaret, 25 
 
 Graham, Mungo, of Gorthie, 40 
 
 Graham, Thomas, 47 
 
 Grammar School, 21, 34, 36 
 
 Greek, 22, 54 
 
 Grounds. (See Buildings and Grounds) 
 
 Hamilton, Duke of, 13, 39 
 
 Hamilton, James, Lord, bestows tene- 
 ment and land, 7 ; Hamilton arms on 
 mace, 8 
 
 Hamilton, Robert, 27 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William, 29, 47 
 
 Hebrew, 10, 23, 54 
 
 Henryson, Robert, 8 
 
 Herbertson, Andrew, 32-33 
 
 Heresy, Professor John Simson triedfor,3o 
 
 High Street, buildings and grounds in, 7 ; 
 buildings renewed, 13-15 
 
 Hippocrates, Aphorism of, in early ex- 
 amination of candidates for M.D., 28 
 
 History, Civil, 20, 44 
 
 History, Ecclesiastical, 24 
 
 Honorary degrees, 54 
 
 Honours, graduation with, in Arts, 54-55 
 
 Hoods, caps, etc., in early days of Uni- 
 versity, 9-10 
 
 Hunter, William, 28, 51-52 
 
 Hutcheson, Francis, Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy, 29, 35 
 
 Hutcheson, Thomas, 14, 25 
 
 Hyndford, Earl of, 39 
 
 Indulgence, the, of 1687, 21 
 
 Infirmary, Royal, 28 
 
 Infirmary, Western, 52 
 
 Insanity, Lectureship on, 44 
 
 International Private Law, 45 
 
 Irvine, Burgh of, subscribes for buildings, 
 
 14 ; University classes at in time of 
 
 Plague, 16 
 
 James I., 3, 5 
 
 James II., character of, 4; procures Bull 
 
 from Pope founding University, 5 ; 
 
 confers privileges and exemptions, 6 
 James III., 4 
 James IV., 4 
 James VI., 10, 27 
 James VII., 23 
 Jamieson, William (blind), lecturer on 
 
 History, 20 
 Jeffrey, Francis, 30 
 Johnston, John, 27-8 
 Joint Board of Examiners, 49 
 Jurisdiction of University, 6, 38 
 Jurisprudence, general, 45 
 
 Kilmarnock, Earl of, 35 
 Knox, John, 8 
 
 Latin, 22, 25, 54 
 
 Latin, rule excluding those who could not 
 
 speak, 33 
 Laureation (graduation) ceremony in 
 
 1672 described, 18-19 
 Law, 5, 7, 8, 23, 45, 53, 54 
 Law, degrees in, 7, 54 
 Law, John, regent, 20 
 
Index 
 
 Lawrie, Blaise, regent, 26 
 
 Leaving certificates, 45 
 
 Lectureships, 20, 28, 44, 45, 46 
 
 Leich, Patrick, 9 
 
 Leighton, Robert, Archbishop, 17, 18 
 
 Library, the University, 21, 24-26, 49, 
 
 5i 
 
 Library, Hunter ian, 26 
 
 Litigation, 23, 41, 42, 43 
 
 Livingstone, David, 32 
 
 Local examinations, 45 
 
 Lockhart, John Gibson, 47 
 
 Lodging and board of regents, students, 
 etc., 32-35 
 
 Logic, 23, 29 
 
 Low, Jonathan, 19 
 
 Lowe, Peter, founder of Faculty of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, 26-7 
 
 Mace, the University, 8, 10 
 
 Main, Robert, 27 
 
 Major (or Mair), John, 8 
 
 Mar, insurrection of Earl of, 23-4 
 
 Margaret. (See Queen Margaret College) 
 
 Marriage, resignation of regent on, 15, 
 
 34 
 
 Marshall, John, 28 
 Materia Medica, 28, 43 
 Mathematics, 22, 27, 29-30 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, 10 
 Maxwell, Sir John, of Nether Pollok, 38, 
 
 40 
 
 Medical Act, 1858, 43 
 Medical Council. (See General Medical 
 
 Council) 
 Medical Jurisprudence. (See Forensic 
 
 Medicine) 
 
 Medicine, Chair of, 27-28 
 Medicine, degrees in, 25, 27, 28, 43, 53, 
 
 54. 55 
 
 Medicine, Faculty of, and Medical School, 
 25, 26-29, 42-44, 46, 53. 54. 55 
 
 Melville, Andrew, is appointed Principal, 
 10 ; works energetically, 10 ; firm in 
 discipline, 11-12; careful of property 
 and revenue, 13 ; leaves for St. 
 Andrews, 13 
 
 Mercantile Law, 45 
 
 Midwifery, 28, 43, 44 
 
 Montgomery, Francis, 37 
 
 Montgomery, Hugh, of Hartfield, rector, 
 
 37 
 Montrose, four Dukes of, in succession, 
 
 hold office of Chancellor, 39 
 Montrose, Marquis of, 13 
 Moral Philosophy, 23, 29 
 Morton, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 8, 
 
 10 
 
 Muir, Mr., elected rector, 40 
 Muirhead, Lockhart, 42 
 Museums, 49 ; Hunterian Museum, 51-2 
 
 M'Callum, Archibald Kelly, 46 
 Macintyre, John, M.D., 50 
 Maclaurin, Colin, 29-30 
 Macleod, Sir George H. B., 50 
 Macleod, Norman, 47 
 
 " Nations " in election of Rector, 40, 50, 
 
 58 
 
 Natural History, 42, 43 
 Natural Philosophy, 23 
 Natural Theology, Lectureship on, 45 
 Naval Architecture, 44 
 Newspaper printed in University, 30 
 Nichol, John, 47 
 Nichol, John Pringle, 47 
 Nicholas, Pope V., founds University 
 
 and confers privileges, 5-6 
 Normal Schools. (See Training Colleges) 
 Nova Erectio, 8, 10-11, 23, 33, 58 
 
 Observatory, 44 
 
 Options in selection of subjects for gradu- 
 ation in Arts, 54 
 
 Ordinances of Universities Commission- 
 ers, 48, 56, 59 
 
 Oriental Languages, 23 
 
 Orr, John, of Barrowfield, 25 
 
 Paisley, University classes at in time of 
 
 Plague, 1 6 
 Parliament, Member of, for Glasgow and 
 
 Aberdeen Universities, 49 
 Parliamentary grants, 46 
 Pathology, 43 
 Pearce, Sir William, 15 
 Peats used as fuel in College, 33 
 Physiology, 43 
 
6 4 
 
 The University of Glasgow 
 
 Plague in Glasgow classes removed to 
 Irvine and Paisley, 16 
 
 Plays, regulation anent acting of, by 
 students, 37 
 
 Political Economy, 44 
 
 Pollok, Robert, 47 
 
 Poor, contribution by Principal and 
 Masters for relief of (1714), 39 
 
 Post-graduate study, 59 
 
 Prayers by congregation, offence in 
 reference to, 37 
 
 Preliminary examinations, 46, 49, 54, 58 
 
 Principal, 10, n, 33-34, 38, 50, 58, 59 
 
 Printing, invention of, 3 ; earliest press in 
 Scotland, 8 ; Cromwell confers pri- 
 vileges, 17 ; press in University, 30 
 
 Prison in College Steeple, 6 
 
 Privileges of University, 5-6, 16, 17, 26 
 
 Privy Council, case of discipline brought 
 before, 12 ; Thomas Gordon's case, 
 23 ; Universities Committee of, 49 
 
 Professional examinations for graduation 
 in Medicine, 29, 55 
 
 Property and revenue of University, 7, 10, 
 
 II, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 46, 
 
 48, 51, 52, 53 
 Public International Law, 45 
 
 Queen Margaret College, 56 
 
 Randolph, Charles, benefaction by, 52 
 Rankine, William Macquorn, 47 
 Rector, 39-41, 48, 49, 50, 58 
 Reformation, disorganisation of Univer- 
 sity at time of, 10 
 " Regenting," 10-11, 20, 22-23 
 Regents number, functions, etc., 7, 10, 
 
 ii, 32-34 
 
 Reid, Thomas, 29 
 Renaissance movement, 3 
 Representation of People (Scotland) Act, 
 
 1868, 49 
 
 Research students, 55, 59 
 Restoration, changes at, 17, 22 
 Retrospect some original characteristics 
 
 retained, notwithstanding changes, 
 
 56-59 
 
 Revenue. (See Property and Revenue) 
 Revolution, changes at, 19-22, 23, 34, 39- 
 
 40 
 
 Rob Roy, reference to, 37 
 Robes. (See Vestments) 
 
 St. Andrews, University of, 5 
 
 Science as a separate Faculty, 44, 53, 54, 
 
 55 
 
 Scholarships, Bursaries, etc., 46 
 Scotland, State of, when University was 
 founded, 3, 4, 5 
 
 Scots College, Paris, 5 
 
 Scott, Sir George Gilbert, 51 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 37, 47 
 
 Seals, Early, of University and Faculty 
 of Arts, 9 
 
 Sempill, Lord, 14 
 
 Senate as distinguished from Faculty, 41 ; 
 functions of, 42, 48, 49, 54, 58 
 
 Sessions, winter and summer, 53. (See 
 also Summer Session) 
 
 Sharp, Patrick, Principal, 34 
 
 Simson, John, Professor of Divinity, 
 suspended, 30 
 
 Simson, Robert, Professor of Mathe- 
 matics, 29-30 
 
 Smith, Adam, Professor of Logic and 
 afterwards of Moral Philosophy, 29 
 
 Smollett, Tobias, 30 
 
 Snell, John, founder of Snell Exhibitions, 
 24 
 
 Soldiers maintained by University at time 
 of Rebellion of 1715, 23 ; and of Re- 
 bellion of 1745, 35-6 
 
 Special study and research, 55, 59 
 
 Stair, Viscount. (See Dalrymple) 
 
 Stationers' Hall privileges for Library, 
 25-26, 51 
 
 Statistics, 46, 55-6 
 
 Sterling, John, 47 
 
 Steven, Misses, Bellahouston, Benefac- 
 tions by Trustees of, 52-53 
 
 Stewart, Dugald, 29 
 
 Stirling, Earl of, 14 
 
 Stirling, John, Principal, 25, 37, 40, 41 
 
 Stirling, Town of, subscribers for build- 
 ings, 14 
 
 Strang, John, Principal, 13 
 
 Students, arrangements as to board and 
 lodging of, 32-35 ; number of, 46, 
 55-6 
 
 Students' Representative Council, 49 
 
Index 
 
 Students' Societies, 50 
 Summer Session, origin of, 28 
 Surgery, 27, 42-43; C.M. Degree in- 
 stituted, 43, 44, 53, 54 
 Swimming prohibited, 33 
 Syriac, 10 
 
 Table. (See Common table) 
 
 Tait, Archibald Campbell, 47 
 
 Taylor, Tom, 47 
 
 Teachers, Relation of University to train- 
 ing of, 44-45 
 
 Teaching and discipline, Superintendence 
 of, 42, 49 
 
 Technical College, Glasgow and West of 
 Scotland, 32 
 
 Theatre, opposition to establishment of 
 in Glasgow, 29 
 
 Theology, 5, 7, 10, n, 19, 21, 30, 45, 
 
 53. 54 
 
 Thomson, Allen, 47 
 Thomson, James B., Benefaction by 
 
 Trustees of, 52 
 
 Throat and Nose, Lectureship on, 44 
 Thurloe, 39 
 
 Training Colleges, 44-45 
 Tran, John, regent, 17 
 ' Tryall and program " before admission 
 
 of regents, 20 
 Turnbull, William, Bishop of Glasgow, 
 
 procures foundation of University, 
 
 5 ; confers privileges and jurisdiction, 
 
 6 ; arms of, on mace, 9 
 
 Universities Committee of Privy Council, 
 49 
 
 Universities, many founded in isth cen- 
 tury, 3 ; motives creating a demand 
 for, 4-5 
 
 Universities (Scotland) Act, 1858, 42, 43, 
 
 48, 57 
 
 Universities (Scotland) Act, 1889, 42, 48, 
 
 49. 56, 57 
 University Club, 50 
 
 University Court, 42 ; Constitution and 
 Powers, 48, 58 
 
 University Union, 49-50 
 
 University retains some original charac- 
 teristics, notwithstanding changes, 
 56-59 
 
 Vestments (robes, hoods, etc.), in early 
 
 days of University, 9-10 
 Vice- Chancellor, 39, 41, 50 
 
 Watt, James, patronised and provided 
 with accommodation by University, 
 
 3i 
 Wemyss, James, Professor of Divinity, 
 
 19 
 
 William, King, 19, 21, 22 
 
 Wodrow, James, Professor of Divinity, 
 20-21, 30 
 
 Wodrow, Robert, 21 
 
 Women, admission of, to University in- 
 struction and degrees, 46, 55, 56 
 
 Workmen employed and paid directly for 
 rebuilding College, 14 
 
 Wyntoun, Andrew, 3 
 
 Young, James, Professor of Humanity 
 and Librarian, 25 
 
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