University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR C.^XIFOR:^IA CROPS LOS ^INGELSS COUNTY Progress Report No. 19 by R. L* Adams Preliminary — Subject to Correction June, 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Econcanics Mimeographed Report No» 63 41 4 tt (Farm Labor Survey — January- Juno , 1936) Progress Report #19 June, 1936 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Agriculture Los An.gelos County Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1, The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2t The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3, Tho findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requiroments as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by v/orkers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4, Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — planting, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, hay balers, threshormen, and shod packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers v/hich comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "poak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, axid fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of tho more pressing problems liable to arise in connection therewith. A later study is planned v/hioh will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area .— Los Angeles County is one of tho southern coastal counties of California. Its most southern point is about 100 miles north of the Mexican boundary. On the southwest it borders the Pacific Ocean along a shore line 60 miles or more in length. On the southeast it joins Orange County, and on tho oast San Bernardino County along a line which extends northv;ard over the San Gabriel Range into the Mojavo Desert. On tho north it is bounded by Kern County, the boundary running in an oast and west direction across the Mojave Desert. On the vtost it joins Ventura County along n. line which runs in a southeasterly direction to the ocoan. It is about 60 by- 75 miles in extent. Much of its area is rough and mountainous, and tho northern portion, excepting a relatively small acreage in Antelopo Valley, is desert. The agricultural lands are mostly in the southern part, contiguous to Los ilngclcs and neighboring cities, and lie between the San Gabriel Mountains and tho ocean. There are several more or less distinct agricultural districts in Los Angeles County. The San Fernando Valley, an inland valley shut off from' tho ocean on the west by the Santa Monica Mountains, is about 20 miles in lenght and 8 miles in width. It extends in a northv^dstorly direction from the city of Los Angeles, and ranges from 450 to about ]^50 feet in elevation. It is an area of intensive faming, devoted largely to field and truck crops, citrus fruit and walnuts, and is contiguous to the toims of San Fernando, Van Nuys, Owensmouth, Chatsworth, and others. The soils are mostly recent alluvial of the Yolo series, ranging from sandy loam to clay loam, tho lighter textures predominating. Tho San Gabriol Valloy, from 450 to 1,000 fcol in olovation, 6ztcnding eastward along the southern base of tho San Gabriel Mountains for about 20 milos from tho vicinity of Pasadona easterly to tho San Dimas district, and bounded on the south by tho Son Jose and Puonto Hills, includes a largo part of tho citrus and walnut acreage of the county, and, in addition, produces a largo amount of field and truck crops. Adjacent to this valley on the oast and similar in nature is tho Pomona district, at the v.'ostorn end of tho Cucamonga Plain of San Bernardino County. Another district of similar characteristics surrounds VVhittior, vrhich lies just south of tho Puento Hills, and at the northeastern edge of tho coastal plain. The soils of tho San Gabriel Valley are of tho lighter textures, from sandy loams to sands, of two or throo different series. The coastal plain, of which Los /uigeles County includes an area about 15 by 20 miles in extent, rises with a gentle slope from sea level on the south to an elevation of about 200 feet at its northern edge near tho Los Angeles and Puontc Hills. A large part of this consists of residential and industrial properties, but considerable portions arc used for field and ti^Aclc crops. In the southern part of this area, tho San Podro Hills riso conspicuously to a height of about 1,500 foot, a short distance v/est of San Pedro. Those hills are noted for the production of string beans, poas, tomatoes, and hay and grain. The soils of tho coastal plain arc mostly looms and sandy looms. Tho Antelope Valley, lying north of tho San Gabriel Mountains, is about 40 milos north of Los Angeles, and is from 2,200 to 2,700 foot in elevation. It includes a large area of dosort land, only a small portion of which has boon reclaimed by irrigation. A part of the valley lies in Kern County. Some farming to grain and deciduous fruits is done without irrigation in a narroiT strip close to the mountains on the southern edge of tho valley, but the rainfall is light, and irrigation is necessary for most crops. The irrigated areas aro scattered, and are mostly located around Lancaster, Palmuale, and Little Rock. Alfalfa hay is the principal product, although grain, poars, almonds, and apricots aro also important. Tho soils of the Antelope Valley aro mostly of the lighter' textures, ranging from loams to sandy loams and sands, and are classified in several different series. The county contains an area of 2,633,600 acres, of which 339,085 are classed as "available for crops" by the 1936 Census. This is further classified as folloiTs by the Census for the crop year 1934, Acreage Crop land harvested 261,162 Crop failure 8,402 Crop land idle or in fallow 42,803 Plowable pasture 2 6^718 Total 339,085 Crop acreages in 1935 are estimated to have been as follov/s: Acreage Field crops'''^ 98,400 Truck crops 36,800 Market gardens 11,900 Orchards (bearing) citrus 53,412 other fruits and nuts 41,362 berries 1,365 Total 246,759 Crops, Acreage, and Production *— ■ The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers appears as table 1, TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements — Los Angeles County Crops Acreage Production Field crops; Alfalfa hay 30,000 180,000 tons Beans -•< dry 18,000 162,000 cwt. Bean straw 7,000 tons Beets — sugar 6,500 71,500 tons Grain* — (barley 4,551 acres 17,712 vj-heat 12,899 acres] Grain hay* 45,608 53,282 tons Onions 1,400 266,000 sacks (of 100 pounds) Potatoes, white 2,800 420,000 sacks (of 100 pounds) Seed crops (flower seed) 600 Vegetable crops: crates (of 31 pounds) Asparagus 1,100 132,000 Beans, snap (green) 4,000 544,000 hampers (of 30 pounds) Cabbage 2,200 19,800 tons Carrots 2,400 3,600,000 dozen bunches Cauliflower 5,000 • 900,000 crates (39 pounds) Celery 2,500 1,750,000 one-half crates (65 Chicory 600 96,000 crates pounds) (5 dosen) Table continued on next page. s/iData from. "Agricultural Crop Report, Los Angeles County 1935" by H, S. Ryan, Agricultural Commissioner. ncludes onions and potatoes. 4. Table 1 continued. Crops Acreage Production Corn ( HTQQU.) 7,000 2,100,000 lugs (3 dozen ears) Cucumbers 1,000 + 315,000 lugs (32 pounds) \J \A ^ U ^ 9 O 7,000 t 2 296 000 lurs (Z2 rounds) market 17,500 tons canning Market gardens : Artichokes 100 11,500 boxes (30 pounds) Beets 600 540,000 dozen bunches Broccoli • 200 30,000 crates (60 pounds) Cantaloupes 2,000 500 000 crates (45 •oounds) Chard 100 75,000 dozen bunches Eeg plants 200 100,000 lugs (20 pounds) Mustard 100 180,000 dozen bunches Parsnips 200 80,000 lugs (26 pounds) Potatoes (sweet) 800 160,000 lugs (32 pounds) Radishes 150 360,000 dozen bunches Romaino lettuce 150 45,000 crates (3 dozon) Rutabagas 300 30,000 sacks (lOO pounds) Spinach 1,100 1,362,000 dozen bunches SquaGh-sumner 1,500 600,000 lugs (26 pounds) S qua s h-v;i nt e r 700 3,850 tons Turnips 400 560,000 dozen bunches Watermelons 300 3.600 tons Miscellaneous 3,000 Fruit crops: Apples 441 17,600 boxes Apricots • 944 2,800 tons (groon) Almonds 1,008 252 tons Avocadoes 2,191 4,260,000 pounds Citrus -Or angos 44,5S6 10,084,536 packed boxes al5, 125,800 field boxos of 50 pounds Lemons 11,134 2,065,000 packed boxos of 75 pounds "fl 1,016,500 packed field boxes to by-prcducts - 4.619 000 fiold boxos of HO nm mr' r Grapefruit 712 344,820 field boxes "of 40 pounds Pigs 772 920 tons Grapes-table 1,919 4,800 tons wine 2,550 7,000 tons raisin S24 / . I Table 1 continued. ' — Crops Acreage Procluotion Olives 1,236 5 75 tons Fruit crops : ' Peaches, clingstonQ 692 1,200 tons free 986 1,700 tons Pears 2,481 5,000 tons Persimmons 226 450 tons Plums 241 480 tons Prunes • 54 110 tons Walnuts 25,217 9,473 tons** Blackberries 150 112,500 trays Loganberries 15 7,500 trays Raspberries 400 300,000 trays Strawberries 700 700,000 trays Youngberries 600 500,000 trays 1 * Data on grain and grain hay are from 1935 Census for the year 1934, Figures for 1935 arc not available. ■f Includes 513 acres cucumbers for pickling. Total production of thoso estimated at 2,565 tons. ^ About 5,672 acres of tomatoes •vvcro planted for canning, balance for market or shipping. Orange production is estimated from data from California-Arizona Orange Grapefruit Agency — 21,828 carloads of 462 packed boxes. <=B Lemon production includes 2,921 cars sent to by-prnducts. (I Grapefruit production estimated on basis of 3 field boxes to 2 packed boxes. The production, 180,900 packed bcxcs, reported by the Agri cu.l tural Commissioner is considered to represent 83 per cent of tho crop, about 17 per cent of the 1934-5 crop having been sent to by-products, charity or eliminated. ** Data from California Walnut Growers' Association indicate that 31 per cent of the Los Angclos Ccunty crop was produced in San Fernando Valley in 1935, Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Need .— Farm operations requiring use of seasonal or occasional labor for the vai'ious crops raised in Los ilngeles County arc indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not include tho employing of shod workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various comiaoditios for shipping and marketing. 6. t::ble 2, Oporctions Ruquiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Noods by Crops L03 Angelas County Crop Operation iimc 01 jncoo. Field crops : Alfalfa Mowing — May ) 50 per cent by June ) five-sixths of seasonal vrorkers July ) acreage each Raking — 50 per Aug, ) month cent by seasonal Sept.) workers Oct, ) Shocking ~ 50 per cent by seasonal v/orkers May ) Baling — 50 per cent by seasonal June ) 15 per cent of Y/orkers (90 per tiuiy J T;oT;ax i;onnage cent of tonnage Aug. ) each month Sept.) Oct, ) Beans Hoeing (once) May — 25 per cent of acreage June — 50 per cent of acreage July - 25 per cent of acreage Irrigating — 75 Juno - all acreage per cent by July - all acreage seasonal workers Piliiig Sept. l-oO — 75 per cent of acreage Oct. 1-31 — 25 per cent of acreage Threshing — 80 per Sept. "50 per cent of crop cent by seasonal Oct. —50 per cent of crop workers Bo an straw Baling Sept. — 50 per cent of crop Oct, —50 per cent of crop Beets, sugar Thinning Fob. —10 per cent of acreage Mar, — IQ per cent of acreage Apr, — 50 per cent of acreage May «»-22 per cent of acreago Hoeing, first time Mar, —20 per cent of acreage Apr. —40 per cent of acreage May —40 per cent cf acreage second time May —20 per cent of acreage June —60 per cent of acreage July —20 per cent of acreage (Table 2 continued on next page) 7. Table 2 continued Crop Beets, sugar - (cont'd) Grain — (barley and wheat) Grain hay- Onions Potatoes — Irish (Main crop) — ostimatod at 2,200 acres. 85 per cont of total production Operation Topping and loading Harvesting by combine — 50 per cent by seasonal workers Mowing, raking, and shocking — 75 per cont by seasonal workers Baling — 75 per cent by seasonal workers Transplanting Weeding, first time Weeding, second time Harvesting — pulling, clipping roots and tops, and putting in boxes or sacks* Cutting seed — 50 per cont by seasonal workers Time of Need Aug.— 45 per cent of crop Sept, -40 per cent of crop Oct.— 15 per cent of crop July 1-31 Aug, 1-15 ~ May - 80 per cent of acreage - 20 per cent of acreage June 15-30 - July 1-31 — - one-third of tonnage tv/o- thirds of tonnage Oct.— 10 per cont of acreage Nov. — 10 per cent of acreage Jan.— 20 per cent of acreage Fob, — 20 per cent of acreage Mar. — 20 per cont of acreage Apr, — 20 per cont of acreage Jan.— 20 per cent of acreage Fob, — 20 per cent of acreage Mar, — 20 per cont of acreage Apr.— 20 per cent of acreage May — 20 per cent of aoroago Feb.— 20 per cent of acreage Mar. — 20 per cont of acreage Apr. — 20 per cent of acrear^o May —20 por cent of acroa;;;© Juno — 20 per cont of acreage May —10 por cont of acreage June — 20 por cent of acroago July— 25 por cent of acreage Aug. — 25 per cont of acreajo Sept. -20 per cont of acroaf:;o Feb. —20 per cont of main crop acreage Mar, 1-31 — 75 por cent of main crop acreage Apr. 1-1 5 — 5 per cent of main crop acreage (Tabic 2 continued on next r pa,-: 8. Table 2 continued Crop Operation Time of Need Potatoes — Irish (cont'd) Hooing - 50 per cont by seasonal workers Apr, — 50 per cent of main crop acroago May —50 per cent of main crop acroago Picking up and sacking June 1-30—34 per cont of total crop July 1-31 — 34 per cent of total crop Aug. 1-15—17 per cont of total crop Grading (by hand on tables) Juno 1-30 — 34 per cent of total crop July 1-31—54 per cont of total crop Aug. 1-15 — 17 per cont of total crop Potatoes (early or "nGw")-ostimatod at 600 acres. 15 per cont of total • production Picking up and putting in lugs Apr. 1-30 — 10 per cent of total crop May 1-15—5 per cant of total crop Seed crops (Zinnias, asters, marigolds ■ 75 per cent) (other flowers* 25 per cent) Wooding— 2to 6 times Harvesting — cutting, threshing, sareening, etc., by hand April 1 to July 31 Aug. 1 to Doc. 15 Vegetable crops: Asparagus Cutting and packing Mar, — 10 per cont of crop Apr, — 30 per cont of crop May — 55 per cont of crop June — 25 per cont of crop Beans, "string" (green or snap) Thinning and hooing 25 per cent by seasonal labor Mar, — 50 per cent of acreage April-50 per cont of acreage Dusting Mar, — ono-third of acreage Apr,— one-third of acreage May --one-third of acreage Picking Apr.— 10 per cent of crop May —40 por cent of crop Juno— 50 por cent of crop (Tabic i i ' 1 j i '■ ■ ? ■ ■ -■ # Table continued Month February Crop r.nd task Beets, (sugar): Thinning Onions: transplanting weeding, first time weeding, seeond time Potatoes: cutting seed (£20 acres) Cabbage: cutting for shipment by csrlots (131 cf.r^ packing for shipment by carlots harvesting for local market Carrots: weeding harvesting for car lot shipments harvesting for local market Cauliflower: harvesting for local market Celery: transplanting Peas: picking Cantaloupes: planting capping Citrus — Oranges: picking Lemons: picking Grapes: pruning Olives: picking for oil Pears: pruning Size of task 650 acres 280 acres £80 acres 280 acres 2,200 cv/t.+ Total 30,182 crr.tesf 37,728 crttes 7,409 crates t 260 acres 4,498 packed crates 110,700 field crates 20,683 cr-tesf 138 acres f 55,200 hampers 50 acres i" 100 acres 1,280,661 field boxes 632,803 field boxes 958 acres f 72 tons 620 acres f- Output per man-day 0.5 acre 0.2 acre 0.3a acre 2 acres 750 pounds 180 crates 45 crates 50 crates 0.25 acre 12 crates of six dozen 24 crates of three dozen 90 crates 0.25 acre 7 hampers 4 acres 1 acre 60 field boxes of 50 pounds 20 field boxes 0.75 acre 200 pounds 0.25 ecre Required man-days 1,300 1,400 840 140 147 378 839 149 1,040 375 4,613 230 552 7,886 13 100 21,345 31,640 1,278 720 2,480 77 ,465 Avail ?;ble days 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 15 23 23 23 23 7 7 23 23 23 23 23 23 Required number of workers* 57 61 36 6 7 17 37 7 46 25(for fifteen days ) 201 10 24 343 2 (from 21st to 28th) 15 928 1,376 56 32 108 3,368 mannmonths (Title continued on next page) o . T?-blc continu&d 1 Required Available Required number Month Crop and t?!.sk Size of task Output Der mft-n-dr.y man-days days of workers* March Sugas beets: thinning 1,170 acres 0.5 acre 2,340 24 98 ho&ing, first time 1,300 acres 2 acres 650 24 27 Onions: transplanting 280 acres 0.2 acre 1,400 24 59 weeding, first time 280 acres 0.33 acre 840 24 35 weeding, second time 280 acres 2.0 acres 140 24 6 Potc.toes (Irish): cutting seed (825 acres; 8,250 cwt . f 1,500 pounds 550 24 23 Asparagus: cutting and pecking 13,200 crates 4 crates 3,300 24 138 Beans (string): thinning 500 acres T and hoeing 1 acre 500 24 21 dusting 1,333 acres 4 acres 334 24 14 Cabbage: harvesting for local market 5,668 cratesT 50 crates 134 24 6 cutting for shipment 39,168 crates T by carlots (170 cars) 180 crates 490 24 21 packing for shipment by carlots 48,960 crates 45 crates 1,088 24 46 Carrots: weeding 190 acres 0.25 acre 760 24 32 harvesting for carlot - shipments harvesting for local market 110,700 field 24 crates of three crates dozen 4,613 24 193 Cauliflower: harvesting for local market 1,625 crates T 90 cr?-tes 181 24 8 Celery: transpl8.nting to 69 acres T field 0.25 acre 156 2 7 Peos: picking 23,920 hampers 7 hampers 3,417 24 143 Cantaloupes: planting 700 acres f 4 acres 175 24 8 capping 1,400 acres 1 acre 1,400 24 59 Citrus Oranges: picking 1,542,934 field boxes 60 field boxes 25,716 24 1,072 „ Lemons: picking 568,137 field boxes 20 field boxes 28.407 24 1.182 Total 76,591 24 3,198 man-months fTible continued on next pace) Table continued. Month Crop and task Size of task Output ne* man-day Required man— days Avcil-ble days of* wor k"f^r CI* April Sugar beets: thinning 3,250 acres 0.5 acre 5,500 24 271 hoeing, first time 2,600 acres 1,300 24 55 Onions: transplanting 280 acres 0 P Pf*T*A 1 , 400 24 59 weeding, first time 280 acres 0 - a f* 840 24 35 weeding, second time 280 acres ? - 0 fi-CVP * Vr' V_A# \J X W 0 140 24 6 Potatoes (Irish): cutting seed (55 acres) 550 cwt.f 15 cwt . 36 12 3 (from 1st hoeing 1,100 cwt.f 2,5 acres 440 24 19 to 15th) Potatoes — "new"-» picking f fion up and putting in lugs 42,000 cwt. 2,100 24 88 Seed crops: weeding, etc. 720 24 30 Asparagus: cutting and 39,600 crates 4. C Vf^t fi <5 9,900 24 413 packing Beans (string): thinning 500 acres f and hoeing 1 s,cr6 500 24 21 dusting 1,333 acres 4 acres 334 24 14 picking 54,400 hampers 7 hsinp e r s 7,772 12 648 (from 15 lb Cabbage: harvesting for 5,927 crates t 119 24 5 to 31st) local market cutting for shipment ir carlots (198 cars) 45,619 cratesf 80 crates 571 24 24 packing for shipment ir carlots (198 cars) 57,024 crates 45 crates 1,268 24 53 Carrots: weeding 135 acres 0.25 acre 540 24 23 harvesting for carlot 7,958 packed IP CTfttpcj nf 0 J. shipments crates dozen 663 24 28 harv'esting for local 110,700 field 24 crates of three market crates dozen 4,613 24 193 Cauliflower: harvesting for local market 8,864 crates t 90 crates 99 24 5 Celery: harvesting for carlot shipments 15,341 crates'! 34 crates 452 12 38 (from 15th Feus: picking to 30th) - 5,520 hampers 7 hampers 789 24 33 ro Cantaloupes: planting 150 acres 4" 4 acres 38 24 2 (Table continued on next page) Table continued. Required Available Required number Mon1".h Crop and taslc Size of task Output peF man-day days WX iWWI JVtJX O Anri 1 W lit/ ^Jk J. w U O IvWllV U / ^ cont'd) U't' f' *^ ^' & renovi ncr csds. thinninc 300 acres 1 acre 300 ?4 a.nd ho cine 400 acre si" 0.33 acre 1 200 -X. y t^\J\J X w 1 PD f f rnm POt h 0 U OW uXl / Citrus — Orangesj picking 1,573,187 field boxes 60 field boxes 26,220 24 1,093 Lemons: picking 484,995 field boxes 20 field boxes 24,250 r> J' C'i 1,015 Grapes: hoeing 2,397 acres-f' 1.5 acres 1 , 600 24 67 f \iri Tiff ? 397 a(*rpq + PA 1 n suckeri nff 1 198 acres+ ^ ^ \j \-ft> \^ ^ \j a ROO 24. •□ft Peaches: thinning 560 acres 0.25 acre 2,240 B Pflf) / f rnm PI c!+ + n ■^Ot h ^ Pears: spraying 1,240 acre si" 2.25 acres 552 12 46 ( from 1 Sth *tW V ^ ^ Will X wal LW «JWi'Il/ Strawberries: picking 161,000 trays 15 trays 10.734 24 Totals 109,270 24 T t v> V./ »_> ItlCXIi*~lIlW Xi Lrl 1 O May Alfalfa: mowing 12,500 acresf 10 acres (in 10 1,250 hours ) (of 10 hrs.l Y V X ^ ft ft ft * 26 49 raking 12,500 acrest 15 acres (in 10 834 hours (of 10 hrs . ] 26 33 shocking 12,500 acresf 30 acres (in 10 417 12.150 tons + hours ) (of 10 hrs . ' -L. \y lIXO«j 26 J. o baling 4 tons (in six 3 03P hours ) fof 6 hr^ ^ \wx W IIXO*/ 117 Beans: hoeing 4 , 500 acre s 2.5 acres X. f ^ww CO / u Suf^ar beets: thinning 1,430 acres 0.5 acre tj y uww 220 (from 1st hoeing, first time X.O loxnj 2,600 acres 2 acres 1,300 26 50 hoeing, second time 1,300 acres 3 acres 445 26 17 Grain hay: mowing 34,206 acrest- 9 acres 3,801 26 147 raking 34,206 acresf 18 acres 1,901 26 74 shocking 34,206 acrest 30 acres 1,141 26 33 3^ Onions: weeding, first time 280 acres 0.33 acre 840 26 weeding, second time 280 acres 2 acres 140 26 6 (table continued on next page.) ■|.:.. :i Table continued ., , ^, , Required Available Required number won » n Crop end tcisic bxze of tisk Output p«sr man- day man-days days of workers* May Onions (cont'd) ( coiit ' d harvesting 2o,o00 cv/t. 20 cwt. 1,330 £6 52 Potatoes (Irish): hoeing 1,100 acresf 2.5 acres 440 26 17 Pot?.toes "ns.v": picking up 21,000 cwt. 2,000 pounds (60 1,050 13 81 (from 1st and putting in lugs boxes) to 15th) Seeding crops: weeding, etc. — 780 26 30 Asparagus: cutting and packing 46,200 crates 4 crates 11,500 26 445 Beans (string): dusting 1,333 acres 4 acres 334 26 13 picking 217,000 hampers 7 hojnpers 31,086 26 1,195 vt-uudge. nc».rvesLing lor o,i/dD crc-tes T 50 crates 163 26 7 local market cutting for shipment by 17,741 crates* 80 crates 222 26 9 ^o.r±OT/ \l 1 'ZATo) packing for shipment by 22,176 crates 45 crates 493 26 19 carxox \ i i cars } Carrots; weeding 155 acres 0.25 acre 620 26 24 harvesting for carlot 8 650 D^ckeH t c,L db 28 shipments crates dozen harvesting for local 110,700 field 24 crates of three 4,613 26 178 ■ market crates dozen ocxcrjf* nc*.rv e s x» 1 ng lor oi,818 cr*t?.tesT 34 crates 2,407 26 93 carlo t shipments oorri . noeiii" r.no s ucKcn 700 acres 1,0 acre 700 13 54 (from 15th L/duxxi iuwci • ndFvesLing lor 0,909 crates T to 31st) 90 crates 66 26 3 XW^^C^X lliCl JVC u lomaxoes. uranspianting to 5,672 1 acre 5,672 26 218 field — canning acreage hoeing, once / , uuu cicres 3 acres 2 , 334 26 90 Cantaloupes: planting 100 acres + 4 acres 25 26 1 remove caps, thinning 600 acres f 0.33 1,800 13 139 (from 1st and hoeing to 15th) ^ hoeing 500 acres "f 5 acres 100 26 Apples: thinning, all acres 441 acres 0.2 acre 2,205 26 85 (Table continued on next page) Table continued Month Crop and task j Required Available Required number taize 01 tasK Output per man-daji man-days days of workers* 1,255,524 GO field boxes 20,926 26 781) ) 1,260) 2,086 > XI iiexa Doxes 32,753 26 ricld boxes 68,964 ou iicxu ooxes 1 , loO 26 45) X y X ^ O u,OI U t> 1 l.b acrts 800 26 31 (from 1st to 7th) 10 acres 240 26 10 1,120 acres C.25 acre 4,480 13 345 (from 1st c.j'iDX SlCrt;S 1 to 15th) c.co acrcs 1,103 26 43 22,500 treys 15 trays 1,500 26 58 7 trays 12,000 26 462 15 trays 17 , 267 26 664 25,000 trays 15 trays 1 ,667 7 236 (from 24th to 31st) 18<;,352 26 7,014 man-months 12,500 acrest 10 acres (in 10 nours / 1,250 loi 10 hrs.; 25 50 1? 500 r'if'rr t5 + xo i:^.crc s \in i.u O'Z A oo4 25 34 12 son '-■fr'pf + hours) (of 10 hrs.) ou cicrbs xu 417 25 17 12,150 tonsf hours) 'of in hr-Q ^ 4 tons (in 6 hrs.) 3 , 038 ,oi 0 nrs . 1 25 122 9,000 acres 2.5 acres 3,b00 25 144 j.o,ouu. acres ■ 0 ucrcs '^m 12 hours) 2,700 (of 12 hrs.) 25 108 3,900 acres 3 acres 1,300 13 100 (from 1st 13,320 tons f 5 tons (in 12 hrs). to 15th) 2,664 13 205 (from 1st (of 12 hrs.) to 15th) ro U1 May (cont'd) June Citrus — Oranges: picking Lemons: picking Grapefruit: picking Grapes: suckcring sulf uring Peaches: thinning Pears: spraying Blackberries: picking Raspberries: picking Strawberries: picking Youngberries Totals Alfalfa: mowing raking shocking baling Beans: hoeing irrigating Beets (sugar): hoeing, second time Grain hay: baling (Table continued on next page.) Table continued. — 1 Required Available; Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output ner man-day man- days days of v/orkers* " — ■ ■ ' — June Onions: harvesting 53,200 cwt. 20 cwt. 2,660 25 107 (cont'd) weeding, second time 280 acres 2 acres 140 25 6 Potatoes: picking up and sacking 142,800 cwt. 60 cwt . 2,380 25 96 Eradinfi 142,800 cwt. 1 no cwt . 1,428 25 58 Seed crops: weeding;, etc. 750 25 30 Asparagus: cutting and 33,000 cra.tes 4 crs-t-Gs 8,250 25 330 packing Beans (string): picking 272,000 hampers 34,000 25 1,360 Cabbage: harvesting for local market and carlot shipment 8,108 crates "t 50 crates 163 25 7 Carrots: weeding 155 acres 0.25 acre 620 25 25 harvesting for carlot 3,806 packed 12 crates of six 25 (forl3(te5B) shipment crates dozen 317 13 harvesting for local 88,582 field 24 crptes of three market crates dozen 3,691 25 148 Cauliflower: harvesting for local market 7,386 crates t 90 crates 83 25 4 Celery: harvesting for carlot shipment 99,715 crates t* 34 crates 2,930 25 118 + Corn: hoeing and suckering 2,450 acres 1.0 acre 2,450 25 98 picking and packing 105,000 lugst 75 lugs 1,400 12 117 (from 15th to 30th) Cucumbers: thinning and hoeing, first time 513 acres 1 acre 513 12 43 (from 1st to 15th) thinning and hoeing, second time 513 acres 3 acres 171 12 15 (from 15th to 30th) Tomatoes: hoeing 3,500 acres 3 acres 1,167 25 48 dusting 2,333 acres 5 acres 467 25 19 Cantaloupes: hoeing 500 acres + 5 acres 100 25 4 w turning vines, twice 4,000 acres 5 acres 800 25 32 T Aprictos: picking 1,400 tons 2,500 pounds 1,120 15 75 (from 15th to 30th) (Table continued on next page.) Table continued • ■ . . .... f ■ Rpnii 1 i^p H Avft T 1 A hi P Rp'^llTT*fiH Kill m V> P> Y* Mo Kl "t" Vv f^i ''.P of* tr^c^V Oii+niit, rSf. iTirin— dflv mp i^— Hft VR ' ! - \ con u u. i 1 \J\J t/W IXO ftOO nnnnrl<3 \ III o • / •1-'' SP 1 497 ■S5'^ Xy^^f y \J %J *J "T 1 p 1 H hi 0 YP X XCXu L> W J^C 0 so f* 1 p 1 H hnYPC3 &ldtil^ I iO * X AX 166 284 J> -L V> ^ U (uf W .A. W W T 1 f 1 p 1 ri Vin YP ^ X X XXwXiX U>w AC 0 I'S 117 X (J f X -L ' c,ns 1 1 ft4o Gra.nef*rui t. : Di ckinff 68,964 •) field boxes 60 field boxes 1,150 25 46) \a CbL/ CO* OUXXL4AX IXK 2 397 acres + 1 0 fLnY*p 240 1 n XsJ 2 481 acre^ + ? - ?S fi CTP c: 1 10"^ X } XWw PS BlackbG rrie s : d i cki nff 60.750 travs 20 travs 3,038 25 1 P? Raspberries: picking 141.000 travs 10 travs 14,100 25 w W** Strawberries: picking 161,000 trays 15 trays 10,733 25 430 *x wV Youneberri es : niekins 400.000 travs 20 travs 20 nno t^\J ) www £^ w soo Totals 179 355 25 7 1 7 S iTiP yi — mnn + He July Alfalfa: mowing 12,500 acres■^ 10 acres (in 10 1 ,250 26 hours ) raking 12,500 acres"'' 15 acres (in 10 834 26 hours ) (of 10 hrs.) shocking 12,5001" 30 acres (in 10 417 T X 1 ?fi 1 fi XD L 1 W \A. A f fnf 10 hrcj \ \wX Xw ill w • / Kn 1 T n O" 1 ? T tnnc-T A + K1 c iTM A V*i y*o 1 H LiUflb \ X li D IH o • / c,o IX 1 vol D nrs • ) Beans: hoeing 4,500 acres 2.5 acres 1,800 26 70 irrigating 13,500 acrest 5 acres (in 12 2,700 26 104 Beets (sugar): hoeing, hours) (of 12 hrs.) 1,300 acres 3 acres 434 26 17 second time Grain: harvesting by M -J combine 7,084 acres f 6 acres 1,181 26 46 (Table continued on next page.^ Tpble continued r 1 Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man- days days of v;orkers* July 5 tons (in 12 hours) (cont'd) Grain hay: baling 26,640 tons'f 5,328 26 205 (of 12 hrs.) Onions: harvesting 66 , 500 cwt . 20 cwt. 3, 325 26 128 Potatoes: picking up and 142,800 cwt. 60 cwt. 2,380 26 92 sacking grading 142,800 cwt. 100 cwt. 1,428 26 55 Seed crops: weeding, etc. — — 780 26 30 Cabbage: pulling plants and 20 acres T 0.17 acre 120 26 5 transplanting harvesting for local 5,186 crates' 50 crates 104 26 4 market Carrots: weeding 200 acres 0.25 acre 800 26 31 harvesting for local 66,436 24 crates of throe 2,760 26 107 market field crates dozen Cauliflower: harvesting for 4,432 cratest 90 crates 50 26 2 local market 29 (from 1st Celery: harvesting for 12,784 crates" Z/i crates 376 13 carlot shipments to 15th) Corn: hoeing and suckering 2,100 acres 1.0 acre 2,100 26 81 picking and packing 315,000 lugs'*" 75 lugs 4, 200 26 162 Cucumbers: picking 855 tons 800 pounds 2 , 138 23 93 (from 4th , to 31st) 7 Tomatoes: dusting 1,176 acres 3 acres 389 26 15 picking for market 505,120 lugs 20 packed lugs 25,256 26 972 hoeing 3,500 acres 3 acres 1,167 26 45 Cantaloupes: turning vines 2,000 acres 5 acr.s 400 26 16 picking 120,000 crates 50 crates 2,400 26 93 pnckine (in fiel'd) 60,000 cratest 150 crates 400 26 16 Apricots: picking 1,400 tons ?,500 pounds 1,120 15 75 (from lst-l5 cutting for drying 700 tons 800 pounds 1,750 15 117(from 1st to 15th) other dry ycrd work at 700 tons 770 18 43 (from 1st 11 hours per green ton (of 10 hrs.) to 20th) f° (Table continued on next page.) Table continued ! n ^ Required Available Required number} IVIO II Uil C)1Z>6 ■^I XclSiC Output per man— day man-days days of workers* Jul V (cont'd) Citrus — Oranges: picking 1,739,582 50 field boxes 34,792 26 1,339) field boxes ) 566) 1,972 Lemons: picking 161,665 11 field boxes 14,697 26 el H hnxp X ^ iX U w -A.!^ O Grapefruit: picking 103,466 60 field boxes 1,725 O 1 ^ Jm \-f \^ in/ ^ t7 Pears: spraying 1.240 acres "t" 1^ R Q 13 43 (from 1st to 15th) oickinff c , uuvj puurius c City 10 50 (from 20th to 30th) grading and packing 500 tons 1 t nn J. Lull OUU 10 50 (from 20tl' Blackberries: picking to 30th) 22,500 trays 15 trays 1,500 26 58 Raspberries: picking 66.000 travs Q AOQ 25 363 Strawberries: picking 70,000 trays H f 00 1 loO Youneberries: oickine 75,000 trays 0 ,UUU 13 385 (from 1st to 15th) August Totals 5.561 man-months Alfalfa: mowing 12,500 acres 1" 10 f^fiypc! Mn in IiUUA lb J X , cuU vol lu nrs.y do 49 raki ng IP son flf'ypci'f' J. o acres xv 834 26 33 12.500 acret?! hours) (of 10 hrs.) shocking clijIccj ^XXi XU Hon T*<5 ) 41 / vol XU nrs • ) 26 16 balinc ^^^^ ^ ^ A * K 1 ? 1 tnnc ■!* /I ^ y-\ M f 1 v~> ^ H LOnS ylYl O 3,038 26 117 Beets (sugar): toppine llUUx o / vol 6 hrs. 32.175 tons S "f" n n Q O , 40D 26 248 and loading Grain: harvesting by 1,772 acres t 6 acres 296 13 ^ i 1 vJXii Xo t combine to 15th) Onions: harvesting 6,650 cwt. 20 cwt. 3,325 26 128 Potatoes (Irish): picking 71,400 cwt. 60 cwt. 1,190 13 92 (from 1st up and sacking to 15th) grading on tables 71,400 cwt. 100 cwt. 714 13 55 (from Ist^ to 15th)' (Table continued on next page.) 4 4 Table continued. 1 Required Available ; Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man -days days of workers* August Seed crops: harvesting 780 2o 30 (cont'd) 290 •:■cres-^ Cabbage: pulling plants 0.17 acre 1,740 26 67 and transplanting 4,445 crate st harvesting for local 50 crates 89 26 4 market Carrots: weeding 200 acres 0.25 acre 800 26 31 harvesting for 77,509 24 crates of 3,230 26 125 local iDF^rket field cr^.tes three dozen Cauliflower: pulling plants 412 acres 4" 0.20 acre 2,060 26 80 and transplanting 51 acres f" applying fertilizer 3.5 acres 15 15 1 (for 15 4,432 crates t days) harvesting for local 90 crates 50 26 2 market Corn: hoeing and suckering 1,750 acres "t" 1 .0 acre 1,750 26 68 picking 6Lnd packing 283,500 lugsf 75 lugs 3,780 26 145 Cucumbers: picking 1,710 tons 800 pounds 4,260 26 165 <^ Tomatoes: dusting 1,166 acres 3 acres 389 26 15 picking for market 528,020 lugs 20 packed lugs 26 , 401 26 1,016 Cantaloupes: picking 250,000 crates 50 crates 5,000 26 193 packing (in field) 125,000 crates't 150 crates 834 26 33 Almonds: knocking 63 tons t 150 "ounds 840 26 33 hulling by machine 63 tons 4" 400 pounds 315 26 13 Citrus — Oranges: picking 1,527,807 field boxes 50 field boxes 30,557 26 1,176) ) Lemons: picking 115,475 field boxes 11 field boxes 10,498 26 404) 1,614 Grapef ruit: 51,723 60 field boxes 863 26 34) picking field boxes Peaches: picking 1,934 tons 1,200 pounds 3,223 13 248 (from 15th to 31st) Pears: picking 4,000 tons 1 ton 4,000 26 154 S grading and packing 4.000 tons 1 ton 4.000 26 154 Totals 122.993 26 4,731 man-months (Table continued on next page.) li Table continued- ■ Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man -days days or workers* September Alfalfa: mowing 12,500 acres 10 acres (in 10 1,250 26 49 12,500 acres f hours) (of 10 hrs.) raking 15 acres (in 10 hours) 834 (of 10 hrs.) 26 33 shocking 12,500 acres j 30 acres (in 10 hours ) 417 (of 10 hrs.) 26 16 baling 12,150 tons f 4 tons (in 6 hours) 3,038 (of 6 hrs.) 26 117 Beans: piling 13,500 acres 1.5 acre (in 8 hours) 9,000 (of 8 hrs.) 26 347 threshing 64,800 cwt. t 45 cwt. (in 8 hours) 1,440 (of 8 hrs.) 26 56 baling bean straw 3,500 tons 3 tons 1,167 26 45 Beets: (sugar): topping 28,600 tons 5 tons 5,720 26 220 and loading Onions: harvesting 53,200 cwt. 20 cwt. 2,660 26 103 Seed crops: harvesting — — . 780 26 30 Cabbage: pulling plants 104 acres f 0.17 acre 624 13 48 (from 1st and transplanting to 15th) harvesting for 3,704 crates f 50 crates 75 26 3 local market Carrots: weeding 240 acres 0.25 acre 960 26 33 harvesting for 66,436 24 crates of three 2,769 26 107 local market field crates dozen Cauliflower: pulling plajits 103 acrest" 0.24 acre 1,015 13 78 (from 1st and transplanting 257 acres■^ to 15th) hoeing 0.66 acre 386 26 15 dusting 515 acrest" 1/3 to 3 acres 1,030*^1 26 40 applying fertilizer 206 acres 3.5 acres 59 26 3 harvesting for local 7,386 crates t 90 crates 83 26 4 market Corn: picking and packing 252,000 lugsT 75 lugs 3,360 26 130 Lettuce: thinning 527 acres 0.5 acre 1,054 26 41 Tomatoes: picking for cannery 8,750 tons 1 ton 8,750 26 337)" y 928 )/l ^'^^^ " picking for market 482,160 lugs 20 pecked lugs 24,108 26 (Table continued on next page.) .1 0^ Table continued Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day Required man-days Available days Required number of workers* September (cont'd) Cantaloupes: picking packing (in field) Apples: picking Almonds: knocking hulling by machine Citrus Oranges: picking Lemons: picking Grapefruit: picking Grapes: picking Peaches: picking Pears: picking (on late season only) grading and packing (on late season only) Walnuts — - San Fernando Valley shaking off, picking up and hand hulling shaking off, picking up only hulling by machine Walnuts — other districts shaking off, picking up hulling by hand shaking off and picking up, only hulling by machine 105,000 crates 52,500 crates + 8,800 bojces 63 tons ■^' 63 tons"^ 1 452 173,-^®-^^ 147,808 field boxes 17,241 field boxes 885 tons -f" 967 tons 500 tons 500 367 tons 367 tons 367 tons 2,179 tons 2,179 tons 2,179 tons 50 crates 150 crates 50 boxes 150 pounds 400 pounds 50 field boxes 11 field boxes 60 field boxes 1 ton 1,200 pounds 1 ton 1 ton 200 pounds** 300 pounds** 1 1/2 tons (in 8 hrs.) 200 pounds** 200 pounds** 1 1/2 tons (in 8 hours) 2,100 350 176 840 315 29,044 13,437 2,874 885 1,612 500 500 3,670 2,447 245 (of 8 hrs.) 21,790 14,527 1,453 (of 8 hrs.) 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 7 10 10 13 13 13 26 26 26 81 14 8 33 13 1,118) 517) 1,746 ) 111) 34 231 (from 1st to 7th) 50 (from 1st to 10th) 50 (from 1st to 10th) 283) (from 15th 189 to 30th) 19) 838) 559) 56) 1,453 ) October Totals 167.344 26 6,436 man-months Alfalfa: mowing 12,500 acres-j- 10 acres (in 10 hours ) 1,250 (of 10 hrs.) 25 50 w (Table continued on next page.) 01- ■ » • • • • Table continued Required Available Required number Month Crop and task bize of task Output per man-day man- days days of workers* October Alfalfa (cont'd) (cont ' d) ralcing 12,500 acres T 15 acres (in 10 834 25 34 hours ) (of 10 hra) 417 shocking with 12,500 acres T 30 acres (in 10 25 17 dump rake j.c,l5U tonsT hours) (of 10 l.rs.) baling 4 tons (in 6 hrs.) 3,038 (of 6 hrs.) 25 122 • • Beans: piling 4,500 acres 1.5 acres (in 8 hours) 3,000 (of 8 hrs.) 25 120 threshing o4,oU(J CWX.f 45 cwt. (in 8 hrs.) 1 ,440 (of 8 hrs.) 25 58 baling straw 3,500 tons 3 tons 1,167 25 47 Beets (sugar): topping and 10,7 w 1^ uoLuxxi xower . noemg