i',iM'iiiiiiiihiiiiiiHiiiiimniiimjmiiiimw)winwnmm llllllllllllllllilllllllllllfilllllllll!lllill!lll!llllil!lll!|||||||||lM U. S. REGI STERED PACKAGE Prepared and dispatched in this manner by permission of the Post Office DEPARTmeNT.\ PRINTED MATTER. IF NOT DELIVERED WITHIN 30 DAYS, PLEASE RETURN TO UNITED STATES CENSUS OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. REG. No. O'^ .^ "? i^ ?|'ENALTY OfWoO FOB^-PBIVATE USE " ''. ' *J TO AVOID PAVMFNT nFJPOSTAOF. /(:;4^ j^ TO AVOID PAYMENT OF^POSTAQE. OFFICIAL BUSINESS. For delivery to Postmaster /t/^^i:^^ J^^^^^'^^i^-c^c. County of. State -^5^^. Aj ^i^o^c'O^^i:^-^^ X7~X/ /^ EVERY POSTMASTER AND POSTAL CLERK WHO HANDLES THIS REGISTERED PACKAGE MUST RECORD IT, RECEIPT FOR IT, AND OBTAIN A RECEIPT FOR IT, IN PROPER FORM. THIS PACKAGE MUST BE DELIVERED TO THE ADDRESSEE NAMED ABOVE WITHOUT REMOVING THE WRAPPER OR LABEL. BANCROFT LIBRARY THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA iSfjiarttnrut nf (Unmmrrrr auii ICabnr BUREAU OF THE CENSUS "^ Scp/e^huer 23, 1905. I- Prof. Qeon^c Davidsorx, 2221 V/ashinijton Street, Svr. Fror-cinc-.o , Crlif oniia. Dear Sir:- I am sending you, by registered mail, a. copy of the StatistiosQ. Atlas of the Twelfth Census, which I trust you may find of interest and value. This volvime is a compilation oontaining not only all the maps and diagrams used for illustrating the Reports of the Twelfth Census, but a number especially prepared for this pub- lication. Very respectfully, yS. Direct or. ^ — / TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1 goo WILLIAM R. MERRIAM, DIRECTOR ^^ , jf TES, e -i ra -..^ J. 4-^c^ I "^t G O STATISTICAL ATLAS PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OE HENRY GANNETT, GEOGRAPHER OF THE TWELFTH CENSUS WASHINGTON UNITED STATES CENSUS OFFICE 1903 HA V & Q ■ C^ O r(z\ . six.-b,; i.Jt<«f^ rr^XTENTS. I'age. LETTKK OF TRAXSM ITTA I 21 POPl'l.ATlUX. Age ;uiil SIX 45 Center of iKipulatiDii iiml its iiicilian jMiint 37 Conjugal condition 51 Density of population 89 Distribution of pnpiilation: 1790 26 1800 27 1810 28 1820 29 1830 , 30 1S40 31 1850 32 1860 32 1870 '. 33 18S0 34 1890 35 1900 36 Elements of population 41 Families 56 Foreign horn, nativity of 47 Geographical divisions 39 Growth of pojnilation 26 Illiteracy 52 Inability to speak English 53 Median point, see Center of iiopulation and its median point. Migration 43 Negro population 42 Occupations 53 Population, by states and territories 39 Proprietorship of homes 56 Sex 44 Urban population 40 VITAL STATISTICS. Accident-s and injuries 66 Apoplexy an:e 65 Paralysis, ncc Apoplexy ami j)aralysis. Pneumonia Go Respiratory systejn, diseas'.-s of (ili Searlet fever (U Serofula ami talies 65 Specified diseases — - - 62 Suicide 66 Tal)es, Sir Scrofula an.l tabes. Tumor, Kce Cancer and tnmcir. Typhoid fever ()3 "Whooping cough 64 AGRIC;ULTIIKE. Apples 78 Apricots - 78 Area 70 Asses, see Horses, nuiles, and asse^. Barley 76 Buckwheat 76 Cattle, neat, .tec Neat cattle. Centers of agricultural pn iducts 74 Centers of agriculture 69 Cherries 78 Colored farmers, farms of, so' Farms of white and coldred farmers. Corn 74 Cotton 77 Farms of white and colored farmers 72 Figs 78 Forage, see Hay and f( irage. Grapes 78 Hay and forage 76 Horses, mules, and asses 74 Irrigation 78 Live stock 73 Mules, see Horses, mules, and asses. Neat cattle 73 Nectarines, see Peaches ami nectarines. Oats 75 Onions 77 Peaches and nectarines 78 Pears 78 Plums and jirnncs 78 Potatoes 76 Potatoes, sweet 77 Products 74 Prunes, see Plums ami prunes. Rye 76 Sheej) 73 Swine 73 Tenure 72 Toljacci 1 77 Values 71 Wheat 75 White farmers, farms of, see Farms of while and ccilnred fanners. MANUFACTURES. Agricultural implements 90 Boots and shoes 89 Piutter, .sir ('heese, butter, and condensed milk. ( "apital invested 83 Carriages and wagons 90 Cars ( construction and repairs ) 90 COX'J'KNTS. 5 I'age. Center uf niaiiul'afturcs 85 Cheese, butter, and condensed milk 88 Chemicals and alliecl iirodnct!; 90 Clay products 89 Clothing', meti's and women's (factory product ) 87 Coke " 89 Condensed milk, w^ Cheese, butter, and condensed milk. Cot ton 87 Cotton goods 87 Flouring and grist mill ]iroducts 88 Glass 89 (iristmill products, siv Klourhig and grist mill products. Hosiery and knit goods 87 Ice, manufactured 88 I ndustries, selected 86 Iron and steel 89 Knit goods, per Hosiery and knit goods. Leather 89 Liquors, alcoholic 88 Lumber and timber products 86 Meat i)acking, see Slaughtering and meat ]iacUing. Pajier and wood pulp 90 Petroleum refining 90 Printing and publishing , 91 Products, value of 84 I'ublishing, see Printing and publishing. Shoddy, nee AVoolcn goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and shoddy. Shoes, sec Boots and slioes. Silk and silk goods 87 Slaughtering and meat jiacking 88 Steel, see Iron and .steel. Textiles 86 Tiudier products, see l/Unibcr and timber product". Wage-earners, average mmiber 83 Wagons, .SVC Carriages and wagons. Wood jiul]), see Paper and wood pulp. Wool hats, see Woolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and .-hodily. \\'oolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and shoddy 87 Worsted goods, see Woolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and shoddy. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. POPULATION. Accessions of tcrritciry from the Treaty of Peace to the CTadscU-n imirluvse Map, Plate 1. Age and sex : Aggregate population, by age and sex, Ijy states and territories; IHOO Plates .'!:l anro|)ortions of the total number of each age grouji: 19()0 Plate 78. Cities: Constituent.- of popidali f cities of more- than II 1(1, ()()() inhabitants: 1900 Plate 44. Proportion of iiopnlation in cities and towns of more than 2,000 inhabitants: 190(1 Map. Plate 26. Rank of most populous cities at each census _ Plate 22. Total population of cities of more than 100,0(10 inhaliitaiitf^: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 24. Total population of great cities at eai-li census Plate 23. (6) LIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S. 7 Color; Males of voting age, l)y color and nativity, and by illiteracy, by states and territorien: 1900 Plate 81. I'oimlation 10 years of age and over, by color anoi)ulation, by ago and sex, in proportions of total numlier of each age group: 1900. Plate 78. Conjugal condition of population, by age and sex, in jiroportions of total number of each age group: 1900 and 1890 Plates 77 and 78. Conjugal condition of total population : 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 32. Constituents of male population of militia age, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 45. Constituents of male jjopulation of voting age, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 46. Constituents of po]iulation of cities of more than 100,000 inhabitants: 1900 Plate 44. Constituents of population of stati s and territories: 1900 Plate 43. Danish parentage — Distribution of wage-earner.s of Danish parentage, by principal occupations: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 9.5. Denmark, .•-■(■(' Norway, Sweden, rnd Denmark. Density of foreign born population: 1900 Map, Plate 61 and Carto- gram 1, Plate 72. Density of increase of popidation : 1890 to 1900 Map, Plate '2r> and Carto- " gram .5, Plate 27. Density of negro pupiihilinn: 1900 _ Map, Plate .>5 and Carto- gram 2, Plate 72. Density of population: 1900 Cartogram 1, Plate 27. Density of population at each census Diagram 2, Plate 1 7. Density of population, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 24. Distribution — (ieographical distribution of groups of nations, by states: 1900 and 1890 Plates 70 and 71. Distriliution of natives of certain foreign countries, by states: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 73. Distriliutiiiu of persons born in each specified state and territory who are living in other states and territories: 1900 Plate 49. Distribution of iMipulation: 1 790 Jlap, Plate 2. 1800 Map, Plate 3. 1810 - Map, Plate 4. 1820 Map, Plate 5. 1830 Map, Plate 6. 1840 Map, Plate 7. 1850 :Map, Plate 8. 1860 .' Maj), Plate 9. 1S70 Map, Plate 10. 1880 Map. Plate 11 . 1890 .Map, Plate 12. 1900 Map, Plate 13. Distriliution of wage-earners of specified parentage, liy principal occupations: 1900 Plates 94, 95, and 9l). Divorced — Proportion of divorced to married: 1900 Cartogram 2, Plate 76. Domestic and personal service — Proportion of persons engaged in domestic and personal service to all wage- earners: 1900 Cartogram 5, Plate 91. Elements — Total pc ipulation and its elements at each census Plate 42. Elements of jiopulation : 1900 Plate 41. 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Elements i.f ]ic>pnlati(in — Ajje ami sex in percentatjes of each cU'iiient of iiopulation: IllllO, ISiiO, and ISSfl Plates 30 and 81 and Dia- gram 1, Plate 32. Elements of population 10 years of aire and over, by sex, riassilied as wa^'e-earners and nonwage-earni'rs: 1900. Diagram 3, Plate 89. Emigrants, native, see Native emigrants. Family — Average number of jiersons to a lannly: is.io to 1901) Diagram 1, Plate 97. Family, private: Average number of persons to a private family, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 97. Average size of private families: 1900 Map, Plate 9'*. Females, see ]\[ales and females. Foreign born males of voting age — Pniportion of aliens to total foreign l>orn males of voting age, in each speci- fied nativity: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 74. Foreign born males 21 years of age and over — Percentage of aliens in the foreign liorn males 21 years of age and over, in cities having 100,000 inhal)itants or more: 1900 1 liagram 3, Plate CO. Foreign born males 21 years of age and over — Proportion of aliens to fon-igii born males 21 years of age and over: 1900 ( 'artogram 4, Plate 76. Foreign born pojjulation : Composition of the population of states and territories, including resident natives, native immigrants, anil foreign born, with per cent of native emigrants, by states an'■). Proportion of foreign born population of each leading nationality, in cities of 100,000 and over: 19(i0 Plate 64. Proportion ulalioii: I Sill I to 1!II10 Map, Plate 28 and Carto- gram 3, Plate 27. Increase and decrease of colored population : 1890 to 1900 Cartogram 6, Plate 72. Increase and decrease of foreign born popuh.tion : 1890 to 1900 Cartogram ■">, Plate 72. Increase of population in the I'nited .'^lates and the principal countries of Kurope: 1800 to 1900 Plate 14. Indians: Age and sex in percentages of Indians: 1900 Plate 31. Conjugal condition of Indians, by age and sex. in proportions of the total ninnber of each age group: 1900. Plate 78. Ireland: Density of natives of Ireland: 1900 Maj) 1, I'late 66. Distribution of natives of Ireland, by states: 1900 Diagram 1, Plato 73. Proportion of natives of Ireland to total population; 1900 .Map 2, Plate 66. Irish— (ieographical distribution of Irish, by states: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 3, Plate 70. Irish parentage — Distribution of wage-earners of Irish parentage, by principal occu|iations: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 94. Italian parentage — Distribution of wage-earners of Italian parentage, by principal occupations: 1900 Diagram .5, Plate 96. Italy — Distribution of natives of Italy, by states: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 73. Japanese, xi-e Chinese and ,Iai)anesc. Males and females — Proportion of males and females in each class of occupations ami in certain occupation groups: 1900 Plate 90. Males of militia age — Constituents of male population of militia age, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 4.5. Males of voting age: Constituents of male poimlation of voting age, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 46. Proportion of aliens to total foreign born males of voting age, in each specilied nativity: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 74. Males of voting age, by color and nativity, and by illiteracy, by states and territories: 1900 Plate .si . Males 21 years of age and over: Percentage of aliens in foreign born males 21 years of age and over, in cities having 100,000 inhabitants or more: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 60. Proportion of aliens to foreign born males 21 years of age and over: 1900 Cartogram 4, Plate 76. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits — Proportion of persons engaged in n'.anufacturing and mechanical pur- suits to all wage-earners: 1900 Cartogram 2, Plate 91. Mechanical jiursuits, .<;(•(' Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Median point: Center of negro iiopuhition and the median iioiut; 1900, 1.S90, and 1880 Map, Plate 52. Center of population, 1790 to 1900, and the median point, 1900. 1,S90, and 18S0 Map, Plate 16. Migration: Gain or loss as the result of all migration: 1900 Cartogram 3, Plate 76. Net results of migration, by states and territories: 1900 Plate .50. Migration, interstate: Gain or loss as the result of interstate migration: 1900 Cartogram 5, Plate 76. li\terstate migration, by states and territories: 1900 _ Plates 50 and 51. Militui age — Constituents of male population of militia age, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 45. Mining and quarrying — Proportion of persons engaged in mining and quarrying to all wage-earners: 1900 Cartogram 3, Plate 91. Nationality: Foreign born population at each census, with the proportion of each leading nationality: 1,S.50 to 1900 Plate 57. Foreign born population of each leading nationality at each census: 1850 to 1900 Plate 59. Proportion of foreign born population of each leading nationality, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 63. Proportion of foreign born population of each leading nationality, in cities of 100,000 and over: 1900 Plate 64. Proportion which each leading nationality bears to the totatioiis: 1900 Plates 94, 9."), and !»(>. Personal service, see Domestic and personal service. Poland— Distribution of natives of Polan, Plate 12. 1900 Map, Plate 1.3: Elements of population: 1900 Plate 41. Increase of population in the Tnited States and the principal countries of Kuro)>e: I.SOO to 1900 Plate 14. Projiortion of increa,>tal population: 1900 Map 2, Plate H9. Sex: Elements of the populatinn 10 years of age and over, by sex, classified as wage-earners ami nonwage- earners: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 89. Popjulation 10 years of age and over, by sex, classified as wage-earners and non wage-earners: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 89. Predominating sex : 1900 Map, Plate L'9 and Carto- grani 1, I'late 76. Sex and age, xef Age and sex. Slavs — Geographical distriljution of Slavs, by states: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 4, Plate 70. State of birth of native population, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 48. States and territories: Composition of the population of states and territories, including resident natives, native immigrants, and fc ireign born, with per cent of native emigrants: 1900 Plate 47. Constituents of population of states and territories: 1900 I'late 43. Distribution of persons l)orn in each specified state and territory who are living in other states and terri- tories: 1900 Plate 49. Rank of states and territories in pojnilation at each census Plate 21. Total population of each state and territory at each census Plates IS and 19. Sweden, see Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Swedish parentage — Distribution of wage-earners of Swedish ])arentage, by principal occupations; 1900 Diagram 5, Plate 95. Teutons — Geographical distribution of Teutons, by states: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 1, Plate 70. Trade and transportation — Proportion of persons engaged in trade and transp<.irtation to all wage-earners; 1900. Cartogram 4, Plate 91. Transportation, xee Trade and transportation. Urban population: Proportion of urban to total iiopulation : 1900 Cartogram 2, Plate 27. Proportion of urban to total population at each census Diagram 3, Plate 17. Propi irtiou of urban to total population, by states and territories, at each census Plate 20. Total and urban population at each census Diagram 1, Plate 17. Total and urban population, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 24. Voters: Proportion of illiterates among native white voters: 1900 Maji, Plate 79. Proportion of illiterates among negro voters: 1900 Map, Plate 80. Voting age; Constituents of male population of voting age, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 46. Males of voting age, by color and nativity, and by illiteracy, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 81. Proportion of aliens to total foreign born ujales of voting age, in each specified nativity; 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 74. Wage- earners: Distribution of wage-earners of specified parentage, by jirincipal occupations: 1900 Plates 94, 9.i, and 96. Elements of the population 10 years of age and over, by sex, classified as wage-earners and uiin wage-earn- ers: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 89. Population 10 years of age and over, by colorand general nativity, classified as wage-earners and nonwagc- earners; 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 89. Population 10 years of age and over, by sex, I'lassified as wage-earners and non wage-earners: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 89. Prop! irtions of persons engaged in certain groups of occupations to all wage-earners: 1900 Plate 91. Proportions of persons engaged in each class of occupations, Ijy states and territories: 1890 Plate 93. Proportions of per.sons engaged in each class of occupations, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 92. White population: x\ge and sex in percentages of white population ; 1900, ISHO, and 1880 Plate .30. Percentage of white and negro population in certain states at each census Plate 54. White population of foreign parentage — Proiiortion of white population of foreign jiarentage to total pojnila- tion: 1900 Cartogram 4, Plate 27aud :\lap, Plate 75. White ]ii>pulatiiin of foreign j)arentage, including fureign burn white ]p(>pulatiiin, by states and territories: 1900. Diagram 1, Plate 74. White population of foreign parentage 10 years of age and over — Proportion of white population of foreign parentage 10 years of age and over, who can not speak iMiglish, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 86. VITAL S^IWTISTICS. Accidents and injuries I exx'luding suicides) — Death rates from accidents ami injuries in eai'h month for cities and rural districts of the registration .states: 1900 Diagram 1, I'late 125. Apoplexy and paralysis — Comparative proportion of deaths from ajioplexy and paralysis at each age in the registration area: 1900 anil 1890 Diagram 2, Plate 122. LIST OF ILLUSTIJA'I'IONS. 13 Birthplace of mothers: Comparative dcatli rates per 1,000 of pojiulation umler 15 and from 15 to 45 years of ape in cities in the registration states, by birtiiplace of mothers: 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 111. Comparative death rates per 1,000 of poimlation under 15 and from 15 to 45 years of age in rural districts of the registration states, hy birthplace of mothers: 1000 Diagram 1', Platr 111. Bones and joints, disea.ses of — Comparative proportion of deaths from diseases of the bones and joints at each age in the registration area: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 2, Plate 124. Bronchitis — Comparative projiortion of deaths fmni bronchitis at each age in the registration area: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 2, Plate 123. Cancer — Comparative proportion of deaths from cancer at each age in the registration area: 1900 and 1890 Plate 121. Cancer and tumor — Death rates from canceraml tumor per 100,000 of population in the registration states: 1900 Maps, Plates 103 and 104. Cerebro-spinal fever: Comparative pniportiim of clcatbs from c(T('lini-s])inal f<'Ver at each age in the registration area: 1900 and 1 890 Diagram 2, Plate 1 1 S. Death rates from cerebro-spinal fever in each month for cities and rural dL^tricts of the registration states: 1900 Diagram 1 , Plate 1 18. Circulatory system, disea.=es of — Death rates from diseases of the circulatory system in each month for cities and rural districts of the registration states: 1900 Diagraml, Plate 122. Color — Death rates per 1,000 of pojiulation in the registration states, by sex, color, and general nativity: 1900. . Diagram 3, Plate 111. Colored population: Death rates of the white and the colored per 1,000 of population in certain cities: 1900 Diagram 7, Plate 111. Proportion of deaths from certain cau.ses per 1,000 deaths from all causes among the white and the colored in the United States: 1900 Diagram .5, Plate 111. Consumption: Comparative proportion nf deaths from consumption at each age in the registration area: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 2, Plate 120. Death rates from consumjition in each month for cities and rural districts of the registration states: 1900.. Diagram 1, Plate 120. Death rates from consumption pi'r 100,000 nf pnjiulatinn in the registratinn states: 1900 Maps, Plates 101 and 102. Croup, st><' Diphtheria and croup. Death rates per 1,000 of population in the registration states: 1900 Diagram I, Plate 111. Deaths: Percentages of deaths from certain causes in the registration area; 1900 and 1890 Diagram 2, Plate 112. Percentages of deaths from certain causes in the United States: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 1, Plate 112. Proportion of deaths in each month aniai;rani 2, Plate 120. Respiratory system, diseases of — Death rates from diseases of the resjiiratory system in eadi njontli for cities and rural districts of the registration states: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 1211 Scarlet fever — Death rates from scarlet fever in eadi montli for cities and rural districts of the registration states: 1900 Diagram 1 , Plate ll-'i. Scrofula and tabes — Comparative ])ri>portion of deaths from scrofula and tabes at each age in the registration area: 1900 and 1S90 Plate 121. Sex — Death rates jier 1,000 of popidation in the registration states, by sex, color, and general nativity: 1900.. Diagram ?>, Plate 111. Suicide: Coni]iarative i>ro]Kirtion of deaths from suicide at specified ages in the registration area: 1900 and ISlMj Diagram 2, Plate 12-^. Death rates from suici, Plate- 111. Whooping cough — Death rates from whooi>ing cough in each month for cities and rural districts of the regis- tration states: 1900 l>iagram 1, Plate llti. AGRICULTURE. Acreage — Center of improved acreage: 1900 Ma)!, Plate 1.51. Acres in farms: Total number of acres in farms of white and colored farmers, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate LSI. Total number of improved and unimproved acres in farms: 18.50 to 1900 Diagram 1 , Plate 12S. Total number of improved and unimproved acres in farms, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 131. Apples — Principal regions of production: 1900 Map 1, Plate 174. Apricots — Princijial regions of production: 1900 IMap 2, Plate 176. Area: Percentages of number of farms of specified incomes, classified by area: 19O0 Plate 145. Percentages of mmilter of farms of specified tenures, cla.ssitied by area: UlOO Plate 144. Area in farms, improved — Relative proportion of improved and unimproved area in farms to total area of tlie United States: 1850 to 1900 I'late 127. Area in farms, unimproved — Relatixe jiroportion of improved and unimproved ai-ea in fai-ms to total area of the United States: 1850 to 1900 Plate 1 27. Asses, see Horses. Barley: Average yield of Ijarley per acre, l)y states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 171. Production of barley, by .state.s and territories: 1900 Diagram .S, Plate 164. Production of barley [ler capita: 1900 Cartogram 4, Plate 172. Production of barley per square mile: 1900 Map, Plate 161. Buckwheat: Average yield of buckwheat per acre, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 170. Production of buckwheat, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 164. Cattle, neat: Number of neat cattle on farms and ranges, tjy states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 150. Number of neat cattle per .square nule: 1900 -Alaj). Plate 147. Center of agricultural ]>roducts: 1850 to UK10 Map, Plate 126. 1900 Ma|.. I'late 151. Center of corn ]iri>ductioii: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. 1900 Map, Plate 151 . Center of cotton ]iroduction: UtOO Map, I'late 151. Center of farm values: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. 1900 Map, Plate 151 . Center of farms, agricultural products, population, and manufactures: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Center of gro.ss farm income: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Center of improved acreage: 1900 Map. Plate 151. Center of manufactures: 18.50 to 1900 ._ Map. Plate 120. 1900 .Map, I'UUe 151. LISI^ OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 15 Ceiiter of number of farms: 1.S50 to H)0() Map, Plate 12ti. 1900 Map, Plate 151 . Center of oats proiluctioii: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. 1900 Map, Plate 151 . Center of population: . 1 790 to 1900 Mai., I'latc 126. 1900 -Mail, Plate 151 . Center of production of six cereals: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Center of total area in farms: 18.50 to 1900 .Map, Plate 1 26. 1900 Map, Plate 151 . Center of wheat prociuetiou: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. 1900 Map, Plate 151. Cereals — Center of production of six cereals: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Cherries — Principal region.s of production: 1900 Map 1, Plate 175. Colored farmers: Average value of farm property per acre for white and colored farmers, hy states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 139. Average value of farm property per farm for white and colored farmers, hy states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 1:59. Total nundier of acres in farms of white and colored farmers, hy states and territories: 19(X) Diagram 2, Plate 131. Corn: Average yield of corn per acre, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 169. Center of corn production: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. Center of corn production: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Production of corn: 18.50 to 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 1.52. Production of corn, hy states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 163. Production of corn per cai)ita: 1900 Cartogram 1 , Plate 1 72. Production of corn per scpiare mile: 1900 Map, Plate 154. Yield of corn per acre: 1900 Map, Plate 155. Cotton : Average yield of cotton per acre, by states and territoiies: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 170. Center of cotton production: 1900 Maj), Plate 151. Production of cotton: 18.50 to 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 1.52. Production of cotton, hy states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1 , Plate 168. Production of cotton |)er capita: 1900 Cartogram 5, Plate 172. Production of cotton per scjuare mile: 1900 Man, Plate 165. Yield of cotton per acre: 1900 Maj), Plate 166. Crops: Comparison of value of crops and cost of irrigation construction, hy states and territories: 1899 Diagram 3, Plate 178. Production of principal crops per capita: 1900 Cartograms, Plate 172. Proportion of the number of farms of s)iecifie(l areas, classified by principal crops: 1900 Plate 141. Farm area: Classification i>f farm area, liy tenure, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 143. Farmers, colored: Average value of farm property per acre for white and colored farmers, hy states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 1.39. Average value of farm property per farm for white and colored farmers, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1. Plate 139. Total number of acres in farms of w bite and colored farmers, l)y states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 131. Farmers, white: Average value of farm property per acre for white and colored farmers, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 139. Average value of farm property per farm for white and colored farmers, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1. Plate 139. Total number of acres in farms of white and colored farmers, by states and territories: 1900 Di:igram 2. Plate 131. Farms: .\verage size of farms: 1850 to 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 1.30. Average size of farms: 1900 Map, Plate 129 and Car- togram 4, Plate 138. -Vverage size of farms, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1. Plate 130. Center of nundier of farms: 1850 to 1900 ilap, Plate 126. Center of number of farms: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Center of total area in farms: 1850 to 1900 ^lap, Plate 126. Center of total area in farms: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Classification of nundier of farms, by tenure, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 142. Number of farms: 1S50 to 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 130. Percentages of number of farms of specified incomes, classified by area: 1900 Plate 145. Percentages of number of farms of specified incomes, classified by principal source of income: 1900 Plate 145. Percentages of nundier of farms of specified incomes, classified hy race of farmer: 1900 Plate 145. Percentages of number of farms of specified incomes, classified hy tenure: 1900 Plate 145. Percentages of number of farms of specilieil tenures, classified hy area: 1900 Plate 144. Percentages of number of farms of specified tenures, classified by income: 1900 Plate 144. 16 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Farms — Continued. Percentages of number of farm.s of specified tenures, classified liy race: 1900 I'late 144. Percentages of number of farms of specified tenures, cla.ssified by source of income: 1900 Plate 144. Proportion of the number of farms of specified areas, classified by amount of income: 1 900 Plate 141. Proportion of the number of farms of specified areas, classified liy principal crops: 1900 Plate 141. Proportion of the number of farms of .specified areas, classified by race of occupants: 1900 Plate 141. Proportion of the number of farms of specified areas, classified by tenure: 1900 Plate 141, Relative proportion of improved and unimproved area in farms to total area of tlie Ciiited Stute.s: 1.H50 t(j 1900 Plate 1 27. Total number of acres in farms of white and culnred farmers, liy states and territories: 1900 Diagram L', Plate 131. Total number of improved and unimproved acres in farms: 1850 to 1900 Diagram 1, Plate li!S. Total iiumlier (jf improved and unimproved acres in farms, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate LSI. Farms and improvements — Percentage of increa-^^e in value of farms and improvements: 18.50 to 1900 Cartograms, Plate 133. Farms owned — Proportion of farms owned to all farms: 1900 and 1890 Ciirtograms, Plate 140. Farm.? rented for cash — Proportion of farms rented for cash to all farms: 1900 and 1890 Cartograms, Plate 140. Farms rented on share.? — Proportion of farms rented on shares t.) all farms: 1900 and 1.S90 Cartograms, Plate 140. Figs — Principal regions of |ir( xluction : 1900 Map 2, Plate 177. Forage, see Hay and forage. Gains — trains or losses in impnjved land: is;)i) to liiOO Cartogram .5, Plate 1.38. Grains — Production of all grains jier .square mile of total area: 1900 Map, Plate 1.53. Grapes — Principal regions of production: 1900 Map 2, Plate 17."). Hay and forage — Production of hay an, Plate 102. Horses: Number of liorses, mules, and asses per square mile: 1900 ^lap, Plate 149. Number of horses on farms and ranges, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 150. Imi^lements — Value of im]ilenients and machinery on farms: 1850 to 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 128. Income: Center of gross farm income: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Percentages of the number of farms of specilied incomes, cla.ssilied by principal source of income: 1900 I'late 145. Percentages of the number of farms of specified tenures, classified liy income: 1900 Plate 144. Percentages of the number of farms of specified tenures, classifieil by source of income: 1900 Plate 144. Projiortion of gro.ss farm income to total farm property: 1900 Cartogram 3, Plate 138. Proportion of the nundser of farms of specified areas, classified by amount of income: 1900 Plate 141. Increase — Percentage of increase in value of farms and improvements: 1850 to 1900 Cartograms, Plate 133. Irrigated land — Average area of irrigated land on farms, by states and territories; 1S99 and ].S,S9 Diagram 4, Plate 178. Irrigation: Comparison of number of irrigators ami area irrigateil, by states and tcrritorie-^: 1S99 and 1.S89 1 liagram 2, Plate 178. Relative size of the 11 arid states and territories with ]iroportion in jmljlic land, private ownership, farm area, inqiroved land, and irrigated acreage: 1899 Diagram 1, Plate 178. Irrigation constnu'tion — Conii>arison of value of crops and cost of irrigation construction. Ijy states and terri- tories: 1899 1 liagram 3, Plate 1 78. Laml, farm; .\verage value [ler farm of farm land with improvements, including buildings; 18.i0 to 1900 1 liagrauj l<, Plate 12S. Total value of farm land with improvements, live stock, and farm implements, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 136. Value of farm land jier acre: 1900 Cartogram 2, Plate 1.38. Value of farm land \v itli improvements: 1.S.50 to 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 128. Land, improved; < iains or losses in improved land; 1890 to 1900 Cartogram 5, Plate 1.38. Proportion of inqiroved land to total area: 1900 Map, Plate 132 and Car- t..gram 6, Plate 138. Live stock— Value of live stock on farms: 18.50 to 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 128. Machinery, see Value of implements and njachinery on farms. Manufactures: Center of manufactures: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 120. Center of mamifactures: 1900 .Map, Plate 151. Mules, see Horses. Neat cattle: Xnndier of neat I'attle on farms and ranges, by states and territories; 19(10 Diagram 2. Plate 1511. Number of neat cattle i>er square mile: 1900 Map, Plate 147. Nectarines, see Peaches and nectarines. Oats; Averagi' yield of o;its per acre, liy states and t<'rritorics: 190U ],)iagram 2, I'late 109. Center of oats production: 18.50 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. Center of oats jiroduction : 1900 INIap, Plate 151. Production of oats: 1850 to 1900 Diagram .3, I'late 1.52. Production of oats, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 164. Production of oats per cajiita: 1900 Cartogram 3, Plate 172. Production of oats per sr|uare nnle: 1900 Maji, Plate 158. Yield of oats per acre: 1900 Map, Plate 159. TJST OF ILr.rSTRAllOXS. ' 17 Onions — Production of onions, by status: 1900 Diagram 5, Plate IfiS. Peaches and nectarini's — Principal regions of iiroduotion: 1900 Map 1, Plate 176. Pears — Principal regions of production: 1900 Map 2, Plate 174. Plums and prunes — Principal regions of i)riiduction: 1900 Map 1, Plate 177. Populatiiin: Center of populalicin: 1790 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. Center of populat ion ; 1900 :\lap. Plate 151. Potatoes; Producticm of imtatoes, by states: 1900 Diagram S, Plate 168. Production of potatoes jier sijuare mile: 1900 iMap 1, Plate 17.S. Potatoes, sweet: Production of sweet jwtatoeg, by states: 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 168. Production of sweet potatoes per scjuare mile: 1900 Map 2, Plate 1 7.3. Products, agricultural: Center of agricultural products: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 126. Center of agri<'ultural products: 1900 Map, Plate 151. Products, farm: Average value of farm jjroducts ]ier farm, by states and territories: 19(X) Diagram 1, Plate 137. Average value of net farm products |ier acre, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 1.17. Total value of farm products, by states and territories: 1900 Diagraiil 1, Plate 136. \'alue of farm products per acre: 1900 Cartogram 1 , Plate 138. Value of farm products i)cr acre of improved land: 1900 Map, Plate 134. Value of farm products per square ndle: 1900 Map, Plate 1.35. Property, farm: Average value of all farm jjroperty iicr farm: 1850 to 1900 Diagram 5, Plate 128. Average value of farm |)roperty per acre for white and colored farmers, by states and territories; 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 1.39. Average value of farm i)roperty per farm for white and colored farmers, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 1.39. Prunes, src Plums and prunes. Race — Percentages of the number of farms oi siiecihed teninvs, classified hy race: 1900 Plate 144. Race of farmer — Percentages of the number of farms of specified incomes, classified by race of farmer: 1900 . . . Plate 145. Race of occupants — Proportion of the number of farms of specified areas, classified liy race of occupant.s: 1900. Plate 141. Rye: Average yield of rye per acre, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 171. - Production of rye, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 164. I'rocluction of rye i>er scpiare mile: 1900 Map, Plate 160. Sheep: Nundier of slieep on farms an• Clay jiroducts (brick, tile, jiottery, etc.). Butter, xee Cheese, butter, and condensed milk. Capital invested in manufactures at each census: 18.50 t(j 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 180. Capital invested in manufactures, by state groups: 1900 Diagram 2. Plate 181 . Capital invested in manufactures in each state and territory: 1900 Diagram 1 , Plate 181. Capital, wages, and jiroducts of manufactures, for 100 counties in which the principal cities are located: 1860 to 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 190. Capital, wages, ami value of iiroducts of manufactures for urlian ami rural districts: 1900 I'iagram 2, Plate 192. Carriages and wagons: Value of products of carriages and wagons, by states: 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 202. Value of products of carriages and wagons per sijuare mile: 1900 Cartogram 5, Plate 207. Cars (construction and repairs ) : Value of products of cars (construction and repairs), by states and territories: 1900 Hiagrain 3, Plate 202. Value of products of cars (construction and repairs) jjer square mile: 1900 Cartogram 6. Plate 207. Cars (steam railroad) — Value of products of cars (steam railroad): 18.50 to 1900 Plate 193. Center of manufactures at each decade: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 179. Center of population: 1790 to 1900 Jlap, Plate 179. Cheese, butter, and comlensed milk: Value of ])roducts of cheese, butter, and condensed milk, by states: 1900 Diagram 1 , Plate 198. Value of products of cheese, butter, and condensed milk per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 2, Plate 204. Chemicals and allied products: Value of chemicals and allied iirnducts, by states: 1900 Diagram I, Plate 203. ^'alue of chemicals and allied jiroducts per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 2. Plate 206. Clay products— Value of clay products: 1850 to 1900 Plate 193. Clay products (brick, tile, pottery, etc.): Value of clay jiroducts (brick, tile, pottery, etc.), by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 201. A'alue of clay products (brick, tile, pottery, etc.) per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 5, Plate 204. Clothing, men's ancr si|uar(> mile: 1900 Cartogram 1. Plate 204. Glass: Value of imiducts of glass: 1850 to 1900 Plate 198. ValiU' of products of glass per square mile: 1900 Cartogram (i, Plate 204. Glass (including glass cutting, staining, and ornamenting) — N'aluc .if pruducts of glass (including glas.s cutting, staining, and ornamenting), by states: 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 201. Gristmill jiroducts, see Flour and grist mill products. Hosiery and knit goods: Value of jiroducts of Imsicry and knit goods: IS.'H) to 1900 Plate W.i. Value of products of hosiery and knit goods, liy states: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 199. Value (if products of hosiery and knit goods per square mile: 1900 Carttjgram 5, Plate 205. Ice, manufactured — N'aluc nf |ii-(idu(ts . if manufactured ice, by states: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 198. Industrii!s: Value of products of certain manufacturing industries: 18.50 to 1900 Plate 19.'5. Value of products of manufactures for grou|is of industries: 1900 and 1890 Diagram 1, Plate 192. Industries, selected — Value of products of selected industries, by states and territories: 1900 Plates 198 to 20.3, inclu- sive. Iron and steel: Value of iircidnct.s of iron and .steel: 1870 to 1900 Plate 193. Value of products of iron and steel, by states: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 201. Iron and steel (blast furnaces and rolling nulls) — Value of products of iron and steel (blast furnaces and rolling mills! pier sijuare mile: 1900 Cartogram 1, Plate 207. Knit goods, mv Hosiery and knit goods. Leather (tanned, curried, and finished J: Value of products of leather (tanned, I'urried, and finished) : 1850 to 1900 Plate 193. Value of products of leather (tanned, curried, and finished), by states: 1900 Diagram 5, Plate 201. Value of jiroducts of leather (tanned, cm-ried, and finished) per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 5, Plate 206. Li(luors (distilled, malt, and vinous): Value of products (if liquors (distilled, mall, ami vinmis): 1S.50 tn lltOO Plate 193. Value of iiroducts of liquors (distilled, malt, and vinous), by states: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 1!I8. Value of products of lii]Uors ( distilled, malt, and vinous) per .s()uare mile: 1900 Cart(_igram 4, Plate 204. Lumber — Pro(lncti(5n of lumber at each census in each state in which this industry i.-^ ot importance: 18.M) to 1900 Plate 194. Lumber and timber products: Value of lumber and timber products: 1850 to 1900 Plate 193. Value of lumber and timber products, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 202. Value (if lui 111 icr and limber ) in id nets per sipiare mile: 1900 Map, Plate 196 and Car- togram 3, Plate 207. Lundier industry — Materials and products ^logging canqis, sawmills, and jilaning mills): 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 19.5. Lumber industry and its products ( logging camps, sawmills, and planing mills 1, by states and territories: 1900. . Diagram 1, Plate 195. Manufactures: Center of manufactures at each decade: 1850 to 1900 Map, Plate 179. Products of manufactures and agriculture per capita of the population, by states and territories: 1890 Plate 188. Products of manufactures and agriculture per capita of the ])opnlation, by states and territ(mes: 1900 Plate 187. Meat packing, see Slaughtering and meat packing. Paper and wood pulp: Value (if products of paper and wond pulp: 18.50 to 1900 Plate 193. Value of products of paper and wond jmlp, by states: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 203. Value of jiroducts of paper and wood pulp per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 3, Plate 206. Petroleum refining: Value of products of jietn ileum rclining, by states: lilOO Diagram 2, Plate 20.3. Value of pixxlucts of petroleum refining jier square mile: 1900 Cartogram 1, Plate 206. Population — Center of population: 1790 to 1900 Map, Plate 179. Pottery, see Clay products (lirick, tile, pottery, etc.). Printing and publishing — Value of products of printing and jiulilishing per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 4, Plate 206. Printing and pulilishing (book and job, nuisic, and newspapers') — Value of products of printing and publishing (book and j( lb, music, ;md newspapers), by states and territ(.iries: 1900 Diagram 4. Plate 203. 20 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Pn .ducts: Capital, wages, ami pnidiu'ts of maiuifactures, Idi- luO I'uunticM in wliic-h tlif ]>riin-ipal cities are located; 1860 to 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 190. Capital, wages, and value of j)roducts of manufactures for urban and rural districts: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 192. Value of all manufactured products, and proportional value of each grouji: ISSO to 19(XI Plate 191. Value of products of manufactures at each census: 18.50 to 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 180. Value of products of manufactures, by states and territories, at e:ich census: IS.jO to 1900 Plate 184. Value of products of manufactures in certain manufacturing cities: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 191). Value (if products of manufactures in the 1" leading states: 1870 to 1900 Plate 186. Value of jirodncts of manufactures per square mile: 1900 Map, Plate 18.5 and Plates 20-t to 207, inclusive. Publishing, .ice Printing and publishing. Rolling mills, see Iron and steel I blast furnaces and rolling mills). Rural : Ca|)ital, wages, and \alue of producti< of manufactures for uriian and rural districts: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 192. A'alue of products of uriian and rural manufactures, Ijy state groups: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 190. Shodd)', stv Woolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, ami shoddy. Shoes, -tee Boots and shoes (factory product). Silk— Value of products of silk : 1850 to 1900 Plate 193. Silk and silk goods: Value of products of silk and silk goods, by states: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 199. Value of products of silk and silk goods per square mile: 1900 ( 'artogram 4, Plate 205. Slaughtering and meat packing: Value of products of slaughtering and meat packing: 1850 to 1900 Plate 193. Value of products of slaughtering and meat packing, by states: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 200. Value of products of slaughtering and meat packing for 13 cities: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 200. Value of products of slaughtering and meat pai.-ki)ig per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 3, Plate 204. Steel, Ki'c Iron and steel. Textiles: V:du.' uf j.roducts of textiles, by states: 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 198. Value of products of textiles per square mile: 1900 Cartogram 1, Plate 205. Tile, sir Clay jiroducts (brick, tile, pottery, etc.). Timber products, m,- l^umlierand timber iiroducts. PIrban : Capital, wages, and value of |>roducts o{ manufactures for u''!>an and rural districts: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 192. Proportion of urban to total i>rodncts of manufactures, by states and territories: 1900 Plate 189. Value of products of urban ami rural manufactures, by state groups: 1900 Diagram 3, Plate 190. AVage-earners: Average number of wage-earners employed in manufactures at each census: 1850 to 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 180. Average number of wage-earners employed in manufactures, by state groups: 190() Diagram 2, Plate 182. Average number of wage-earners employed in manufactures, by states and territories: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 182. Proportion of average number of wage-earners employed in manufactures to population at each census: 1850 to 1900 Diagram 4, Plate 180. Projiortion of average number of wage-earners employed in manufactures to total jiopulation, by states: 1900 I'late 183. Wages: Capital, wages, and proilucts of manufactures, for 100 counties in which tlie princij.al cities are located; 1860 to 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 190. Capital, wages, and value of products of manufactures for urlian and rural districts: 1900 Diagram 2, Plate 192. Wagons, see Carriages and w'agons. Wood pulp, see Paper and wood pulj). Wool — Value of products of wool per square mile; 1900 Cartogram 3, Plate 205. AVool hats, see Woolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and shoddy. Wool manufactures — \'alue of jiroducts of wool manufactures: 1.S50 to 1900 Plate 193. AVoolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and shoildy — A'alue of products of woolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and shoddy, liy states: 1900 Diagram 1, Plate 199. Worsted goods, see Woolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, ami shoddy. LKTTKli OK TRANSMITTAL. UNITED STATES CENSUS OFFICE. Wmhinqfon. D. ('.. Jurw G. Mm. Sik: 1 have the honor to transmit herewith for pul)liciiti<)ii the Stutistical Atia^. of the Twelfth Census. 'I'he illustrations, which are n(>cessarily confined to the four subjects. Population, \'ital Statistics, Agri- culture, and Manufactures, were prepared under the su])ervision of Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer of the Twelfth Census. For valuable suggestions regarding the nia])s and diagrams used in illusti-ating the figures of the main reports, the Geographer is much indebted to Mr. William C. Hunt, Chief Statistician for I'opuialion; Mr. William A. King, Chief Statistician lor Vital Statistics: Mr. Lc Grand Powers, Chief Statistician for Affriculture; ]Mr. S. M. D. North. IIh' former Chief Statistician for Manufactnr(>s. and ^Ir. William M. Steuart, the present Chief Statistician. ^'('ry respectfully. Chaijles S. Sloan*;, Ln Chary e of Geogrnphiail Divhiou. Hon. WiLi.iAM 11. Mkkuiam. Director cf tlo' ( '< nxtix. (21) POPULATION. (23) POPULATION. The population of tlic UnitcHl States and its insiiiai- po.ssessioiis. June 1, 19U0, was <(>3: as well as to slight changes in thi' areas of the ditl'erent aceessions. Although the land area of eontinental Cnitcd States had increased nearly fourfold, the population j)ei- s(juare mile had increased over fivefold, showing that in spite of the tremendous increase in area of comjjara- tivtdy unsettled tracts the increase in population had been so great as to more than balance the additions of territory. The absolute increase at each census was larger than at the preceding census, except between 1S6() and l(s7(), when it fell below that of the preceding decade. This was due i)artly to the Civil A\'ar and partly to a deficient enumeration in 1S7(). The greatest percentage of in- crease was from 1800 to 1810. aftei' which date it dimin- ished until the period b(>tw(>en is-fu and l8r)n. when the tide of immigration set in and raised the ytercentage until it almost reached the maximum. The increase and decrease in density of population, as represented l)y diagram 2, Plate 17, has varied from census to census, owing to the ai'quisitions of sparsely settled territory and the increase in population. Growth of Popitlatiox. In the discussion of the growth of the population, graphically represented on Plates 2 to 13, the area and population of continental United States alone were considered, and for 1880 and 1890 the population of Indian reservations and Indian Territory was not in- cluded. In computing the density of population for this series of maps the county has, in gcnei-al, been taken as the unit and its jiopulation, less the numbei' of persons residingin citiesof .s,0( to or more inhabitants, divided by the land area in square miles. The counties have then been grouped as follows: Le:?s than 2 persons to a .square mile (reuanlt'il as nnsetfled area). 2 to G persons to a S(|uare mile. 6 to 18 persons to a square mile. 18 to 4.5 ]ierson3 to a square mile. 45 to 90 persons to a square mile. 90 or more persons to a sijuare mile. Certain large counties, especially in the West, where the density of population varies greatly in diti'erent poi-tions, were subdivided, the density for each part was coni])uted and each subdivision placi^d in th(^ proper group. Cities of s,()(M) or more inhabitants are repi'e- sented by circles of solid color api)ro.\'iniately propoi'- tionate in size to the jiopulation. The density gi'ou])s an> closidy related to the indus- tries of the t'ountry. The lowest group, less than 2 ]>ei'- sons to a s(|uare mile, which for census purposes is regarded as unsettled, is inhabited principally by hunt- ! ers, prosj)ectors. or persons tqigaged in stock raising. The next group, 2 to 5 i)ersons to a S(|uai-e mile, includes the area of sparse agricultural population, where irri- gation is relied upon for laising ci'ops. Agi'iculture is also th<' principal occu})ation in the gi'onp •; to is per- sons to a stjuare mile. In the next group, 18 to 45 persons to a s(juare mile, manufactures and commerce have made considerable progress, but the i)rincipal occu])ation is agriculture; the farms. howe\er, are much smaller than in the j)receding grouj). and culti\'ation of the soil is nioi'e thorougli. In the last two grades, where the pojudation exceeds 45 persons to a square ,' mile, maiuifaitures and commerce are of the trreatest importance, and the larger pnqiortion of the j)eople is 1 found in towns and cities. ! Di.sTKiiiUTiox OF population: 1790. The First Census of the I'nited States, taken as of the first Monday in August, 1790, under the provisions of the second section of the first article of the Consti- tution, showed the population of the thirteen states then existing and of the unorganized territory to be, in the aggregate, 3,929,214. This poi)ulation was distrib- uted, as shown on Plate 2, almost entindy along the Atlantic- seaboard, extending from the eastern boundary of Maine nearly to Florida, and in the icgion known as the Atlantic plain. Onl}- a very small proportion of the iidiabitants of the United States, not, indeed, more than 5 per cent, v?as found west of the Appalachian mountains. The average depth of settlement, in a direction at right angles to the coast, was miles. The most poi)ulous areas were to 1)6 found in eastern Massachusetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut, and about New York city. The popidation had also extended north up the Hudson, so that the Hudson river valley, as far north as All)anv. had become (juite thickly settled. The settlements in Pennsylvania, which started from Philad(dphia, extended northeast, and foiiued a solid l)ody of occu))ation from New York, through Philadel- phia, down to the upper ]iart of Dtdaware. The Atlantic coast, as far back as the limits of tide water, was well settled at this time from Casco bay south to the northern })ordcr of North C'arolina, also around Charleston. South Carolina. In the "• districtof Maine" sparse settlement extended along the entire seaboard. The greater ])ai-t of New Hampshire and Vermont was covei'ed with settlements. In New Y'ork, blanching oti' from th(> Hudson at the mouth of the Mohawk, th(> line of population followed a broad gap between the Adiron- clacks and the Catslvills. and e\-en i-ea<'hed beyond the center of the state, occujjv ing the whole of the Mohawk valley and the country about the interior New York lakes. In PennsyKania i)opulation had sj)read north- west, occui)ying not oidy th<' Atlantic ])lain. but. with POPULATION. 27 sparse settlements, the rep;ion travcu-sed by the luiiiier- oiis parallel rido-es of tlie eastern portion of the Appa- lacliiaiis. Tlu' j^encral limit of settlement was at that time th(> southeastern edj^c of the Alle,<,'lieny jjlateau, but b(>vond tliis, at the junction of the Aliejiiieny and ]M()nonry sparse, p'rom ^'ir^■iIua, also, a narrow tongue of settlement, which was almost as populous as Vermont or Georgia, peneti'ated into the "KentucivV country," and down to the head of the Tennessee river in tlie great .Vppalachian valley, where the "state of Franklin" had be(Mi for four years a politi<'al unit. In North t'ai-olina settlements were abruptly limited hy the base of tlie .Vppalachians. The state was occupied witii r(Mnaikal)le uniformity, except in its southern and centi'al portions, where pojiulation was comparatively sparse. In South Carolina, on the otli(M- liand, there was evidence of nuich natui-al selec- tion, apparently with reference to the chai'acter of the soil. Charleston was then a city of considei'able mag- nitude, and about it was groupiMl a compaiatividy d(Mis(> population; but all along a belt running soutiiwest across tiie state, nesir its ccMitral part, settlement was vcr_y sparse. Tiiis ar(>a of scattered settlement joined that of central Nortii Carolina, and ran east to the coast, near the junction of the two states. Farther west, in the "" uj) country" of South Carolina, the den- sit}^ of settlement was noticeable, due to the improve- ment in soil. At that date settlements were almost entirely agricultural, and the causes for variation in their density were general. The movements of pt)pula- tion at that epoch nray l)e traced, in almost every case, to the character of the soil and to the facility of trans- portation to tiie seal)oard; and, as the inhabitants were depend(Mit mainly upon water transportation, the set- tlements also confoi-med \ cry largely to navigable streams. Outside the area of continuous settlement, which has been approximately sketched, were found a muuber of smaller settlements of greater or less extent. The princip;d one was located in the northern part of what was known as the "territory south of the river Ohio," and comprised an area of 10,0()() scpiare miles; another, in western Virginia, upon the Ohio and Kanawha rivers, comprised about 750 scpiare miles; a third, in the southern part of the "territoiy south of the river Ohio," upon tlie Cumlierland river, embraced about 1,200 square miles. In addition to these, there were a score or more of small posts, or incipient settlements, scattered over what was an almost untrodden wilderness — such as Detroit, Vincennes. Kaskaskia, Prairie du Chien. Mackinac, and (ire(Mi Ray, besides the humble begin- ning of Elmira and Binghamton, in New York — which, even at that time, were outside the body of continuous settlement and embraced about 1,000 S(juare miles. The line wliich limited tiiis bodj- of settlement, fol- lowing all its undulations, was 3,200 miles in length. In this measurement no account was made of slight irregularities, such as those in the ordinary meander- ings of a river which forms the boundary line of popu- lation; but an account has been made of all the prominent ii'regularities of this frontier line, which seem to indicate a distinct change in the settlement of th(> country, either of progression or of retrogression. Thus the area of settlement formed that territory cm- braced between the frontier line and the coast, dimin- ished by such unsettled areas as lay within it and increased by such settled areas as lay without it. These ar(> not susceptible of xci-y accurate determination, owing to the fact -that tlie best maps are. to a certain extent, incorrect in i)oundari('s anfl areas. The settled area of 1790, as indicated by the line traced, was 226.08;") . quare miles. The entire body of continuously settled area la;,' Iietween 31° and 45° north latitude and 67° and S3 west longitude. Beyond this were the smaller areas previously mentioned, which, added to tlur main body of .'settled area, gave as a total 23!t,9;35 square miles, the aggregate population being 3,929,214, antl the average density of settlement 1G.4 persons to the S(juare mile. The '"district of Maine" belonged to Massachusetts; (teorgia extendetl to the Mississippi river; Kentucky and Tennessee were known as the "territory south of the river Ohio." and Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a part of ^Minnesota, as the ''territory northwest of the river Ohio." Spain claimed posses- sion of Florida, with a strip along the southern border of Geoi'gia, and all of the region west of the Missis- sippi river. mSTKIBUTION Oi' rOPCXATION: 1800. At the Second Census, that of 1800, the frontier line, as it appears on Plate 3, had advanced, so that while it embraced 282,208 square miles, it described a course, when measured in the .same manner as that of 1790, of only 2,800 linear miles. The advancement of this line had taken place in every direction, though in some parts of the country much more prominently than in others. In Maine and New Hampshire only a slight north- ern movement of settlement was apparent; in Ver- mont, on the other hand, while the settled area had not decidedly increased, its dcnsitj^ had become greater. Massachusetts .showed but little change, but in Con- necticut the .settlements along the lower course of the Connecticut river had appreciably increased. In New York .settlement had poured up the Hudson 28 STATISTICAL ATLAS. to the mouth of the Mohawk, and thence, through the gi'eat natural roadway, westward. The narrow tongue, which before extended beyond tlic middle of the state, had now widened until it spread from the southern border of the state to Lake Ontario. A narrow belt of settlement stretched down the St. Lawrence and along all the northern border of the state to Lake Cham- plain, completely surrounding what may be character- istically defined as the Adirondack region. In Pennsylvania settlements had extended up the Susquehanna and joined the New York groups, leaving an unsettled space in the northeast corner of the state, which comprised a section of rugged mountain country. With the exception of a little strip along the western border of Pennsylvania, the northern part of the state west of the Susquehanna was as yet entirely unin- habited. Population had streamed across the southern half of the state and settled in a dense body about the forks of the Ohio river, where the beginning of Pitts- burg maj' be noted, and thence exfc'nded slightly into the "territory northwest of the river Ohio." In Virginia there was but little change, although there was a general extension of settlement, with an increase in density, especially along the coast. North Carolina was at that time almost entirely populated; the mountain region had, generally speaking, been nearly all reclaimed to the service of man. In South Carolina there was a general increase in densit}', while the southwestern border of the settled area had been extended to the Altamaha river. The settlements in northern Kentucky had spread southward across the state into Tennessee, forming a junction with the little settlement on the Cumberland river, noted at the date of the First Census. The group thus formed had extended down the Ohio, nearly to its junction with the Tennessee and the Cumberland, and across the Ohio river, where the beginning of Cincinnati can be noted. Other small settlements appeared at this time on that side of the river. On the east side of the ^Mississippi river was a strip of settlement along the bluffs below the Yazoo bottom. Above this, on the west side, was the beginning of St. Louis, not at that time within the United States, and directly acro.ss the rivc^r a settlement in what was known as "Indiana territory," while all the pioneer settlements previously noted had grown to a greater or less extent. From the region embraced between the frontier line and the Atlantic must be d(>du''ted the Adirondack tract in northern New York, and the unsettled region in northern Pennsylvania alreadj' referred to, so that the actual area of settlement. l)ounded by a continuous line, was 271,008 stfuare miles. All this lay between 30'-' 4.5' and 45' 15' north latitude, and (17 and 88° west longitude. To this should be added the aggregate extent of all settlements lying outside of the frontier line, which collectively amounted to 33,800 sijuaie miles, making a total area of settlement of 305,708 square miles. As the aggregate population was 5,308,483, the average density of settlement was 17.4 persons U> the square mile. The early settlements of this period had l)een nuich retarded at many points by the opposition of Indian tribes, but in the neighborhood of the more densely settled poi'tions of the northern part of the country these ol)staclcs had been of less magnitude than farther south. In Geoi-gia, especially, the large and powerful triiies of Creeks and Cherokees had stubbornly opposed the progress of population. During the decade, Vermont, formed from tiie New Hampshire grants, territory claimed by both New York and New Hampshire, had been admitted to the Union; also Kentucky and Tennessee, formed fi'om the "terri- tory south of the river Ohio"; Mississippi territory liad been organized, having, however, very different boundaries from what was known later as the state of that name; while the "territory northwest of the river Ohio" had been divided and Indiana territory organ- ized from the western portion. The District of Co- lumbia, comprising 100 square miles, was formed in 17'.>1 from portions of Maryland and Virginia. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION: l8l0. During the decade from 1800 to 1810 (Plate 4) great changes will be noted, especially the extension of sparse settlements in the interior. The hills of western New York had become almost entirely populated, settle- ments had spread along the south shore of Lake Erie well over into Ohio, and effected a junction with the previously existing body of population almut the forks of the Ohio rivei-, leaving unsettled an included heart- shaped area in northern Pennsylvania, which comprised the rugged country of the Appalachian plateau. The occupation of the Ohio river valley had now become complete, from its head to its niduth, with the excep- tion of small gaps l)elow the mouth of the Tennessee. Spreading in every direction from the "dark and bloody ground " of Kentucky, settlement covered almost the entire state, while its southern biirder line had been extended to the Tennessee river, into whal; was known as ' ' Mississippi territory. " In Georgia settlements were still held back by the Creek and Cherokee Indians, although in 1802 a treaty with the former tribe relieved the southwestern portion of the state of their presence, and left the ground open for occupancy l)y the whites. In Ohio, starting from the Ohio ri\er and from south- western Pennsylvania, settlements had worked north and west until they covered two-thirds of the area t)f the state. Michigan and Indiana w former, and two small areas in the latter, one in the southeastern jxirt of the territory extending along the Ohio ri\ei', ;ind one in the southwestern part extending POPULATION. 29 up the Wabii.sh from its mouth to and inchulinji- the set- tlement at Vinccnnew. St. Louis, from u fur-trading post, had become an important center of settlement, population havinif si)rea(l north above the mouth of th(> Missouri and south along' the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio. On the Arkansas, near its mouth, was a similar body of settlement. The transfer of th(> terri- tory of Louisiana to our jurisdiction, which was ellected in 1803, had brou centi'al portion of the state, embrac- ingalargepartof the regiondrained by the ^Moliile river and its bi'anches, would be covered with settlements, to extend north and effect a jniu'tion with tiie Tennessee and Kentucky settlements, and west across the lower part of Mississippi, until they met the Louisiana settle- ments. In Georgia the Chei'okees and the Creeks still held back settlement along the line of the Altamaha river. There were, however, scattered bodies of pop- ulation in various parts of tiie state, though of small extent. In Louisiana is noted a gradual increase of the extent of redeemed territory, which appeared to ha\e been limited almost exactly by the borders oi the allu- I vial region. In Arkansas the settlements, which in ' 1810 were near the mouth of the Arkansas river, had extend(>d up the bottom lands of that river, forming a body of i)opulation of considerable size. Besides these, a settlement was found in the south central part of the territory, at the soutiieastern base of the hill region, and another in tin* prairie region in the nortiiern part. Tiie frontier line had a length of 4,100 miles, em- l)racing an area (after excluding all unsettled regions includt'd between it, the Atlantic, and the Gulf) of 50i,517 square miles, all lying between "29- 'M' and ■i5^' 80' north latitude, and between 07 and 93'^ 45' west longitude. Outside^ tln^ frontier line were a few settlements on the Arkansas, Wiiite, and Ouachita (Washita) ri\-ers, in Arkansas, as before noted, as well as those in the Northw(\st. Computing these at 4.200 square miles in the aggregate, there was a total settled area of 508,717 squ.iu-e miles. th(> age-regate ])opulation being 9,638,453, and the average density of settlement 18.!i persons to the square mile. ra.sTKinuTioN OF population: 1830. In the early part of the decade from 1820 to 1830 (Plate <)) the final transfer of Florida from Spanish jurisdiction was effected, and it became a territory of the United States. IMissouri, carved from the south- eastern part of the old Missouri territory, had been admitted as a state; otherwise the states and terri- tories had remained neai'ly as before. Settlement during the decade had spread greatl3^ The westerly extension of the frontier did not appear to be so great as in some former periods, the energies of the people haying been mainly given to settling the included areas. In other words, the decade from 181(> to 1820 seems to have been one of blocking out work which the succeeding decade was largely occupied in completing. During this pei'iod the Indians, especially in the South, had still delayed setth'ment to a great extent. The Creeks and Cherokees in Geoi'gia and Alabama, and the Choetaws and Chickasaws in Mississippi, occu- pied large areas of tiie liest portions of those states and successfully resisted encroachment upon their territor}-. Georgia, however, had witnessed a large increase in settlement during the decade. The settlements which heretofore had extended along the Altamaha had spread westward aci'oss the central portion of the state to its western boundary, where they reached the barrier of the Creek territory. Stopped at this point, they had moved south into the southwest corner, and over into Florida, extending even to the Gulf coast. They stretched toward the west across the southern part of Alabama, and joined that body of settlement which had previously fornuHl in the drainage basin of the Mobile river. The Louisiana settlements had but slightly increased, and no great tdiange appeared to take place in Mississipj)i, owing largely to the cause previously noted, viz, the occupancy of this area by Indians. In Arkansas th(> s})read of settlement had been in a strange and fragmentary way. A line reached from Louisiana to the Arkansas river and along its course to the boundary of the Indian territory. It extended up the ^Mississippi, and joined tiie body of population in Tennessee. A In'anch extended northeast from near Little Rock to the northei-n portion of the territory. All the settlements within Arkansas territory were as yet very sparse. In Missouri the principal exten- sion of settlement had been in a broad belt along the Missouri river, reaching to the state line, at the mouth of the Kansas ri\-er. where (|uite a dense body of population appeared. Settlenunit had progressed in Illinois, from the Mississippi river east and noith. covering more than half of the state. In Indiana it followed the Wabash river, and thence spread toward the northern state line. Put a small portion of Ohio remained unsettl(Hl. 'I'iit^ spars(^ settlements about POPrLATTON. 31 Detroit, in Mir'liij;aii tcnitoi'v. liad InoadciKHl out. extonding toward tlic interior of tiic lower peninsula, while isolated patclies appeared in various other localities. . 'rurning to the more densely settled parts of the counlrv, it will he noted that settlement was slowly nuikino- its way nortiuvard in ^hiine, although discour- a<;-ed by the poverty of the soil and the severity of the climate. The unsettled tract in northern New York was decreasing, hut very slowly, as was also the ease with the unsettled area in northwestern Pennsylvania. In westiTn \'iryinia the unsettled tracts were I'educed to almost nothing, while the unsettled region in east- ern Tennessee on the ( 'uuiltcriand ])lateau was rai)idly diminishing. In 1830 the frontier line had a length of 5,;-{00 mile.^, and the aggn'gate area eml>raced between the Atlantic Ocean, the (iulf of Mexico, and the frontier line was 725,406 square miles. Of this, however, not less than 97,389 S(|uare miles wtMv, within the included unsettled tracts, leaving only <')'iS,(»lT s(|uare miles as the settled area east of the frontier line, all of which lay between latitude 29' l;')' and 4i'> 1.'/ nnt was 20.3 persons to the S(|nare mile. DISIKIIU IKIN OF rol'll.Al'ION: 1840. During the decade ending in ISK) (Plate 7) the ter- ritory of Michigan had been dixided; that part east of Lake Michigan and north of Ohio and Indiana, together with the greater part of the peninsula between lakes Superior and Michigan, had been created into the state of Michigan, the remainder being known as AN'isconsin territorv. Iowa territory had i)een created out of that part of Missouri territory lying north of the Mis- souri state line and east of the Missouri river, and Arkan.sas had been admitted to the Tnion. In 1840 we find, by examining Plate 7, that the settle- ments had been growing steadily :uid the frontier line of 1810 and lsi>0 advanced still farther. From Oeorgia, Alabama, and Mississippi the Cherokee, Creek, Choc- taw, and Chickasaw Indians, wdio, at the time of the ■previous census, occupied large areas in these states, and formetl a very serious obstacle to settlement, had been removi'd to Indian Territory, constituted under the act of June 30, 1834, and their country opened up to settlement. Within the two or three years which had elapsed since the removal of these Indians the lands relinquished by tliein had been entirely t;dnsiii as far north a.s the forty-third jjaralKd. Population had cros.sed. the Mi.ssissippi river into Iowa territory and occupied a l)road belt nj) and down that river. In Missouri .settlements spread north from the. Missouri river nearly to the boundary of the state, and south until they covered most (d" the southern por- tion, connecting (on the right and on the left) with the .settlements of .Vrkansas. The unsettled area found in .soutlrern Missouri, together with that in northwest- ern Arkansas, was due to the hilly and rugged nature of the country and to the jxiverty of the soil, as com- pared with the rich prairie lands surrounding. In .Vrkansas the settlements remained sparse, but had spread widely away from the streams, covering much of the prairi(' regions of the state. There was, tx'side the area in northwestern Arkan.sas just mentioned, a large area in the northeastern i)ait of llu' state, almost entirelv within the alluvial regions of the l?lack river, and also one in the southern portion, extending over into northern Louisiana, which was entirely in the fertile prairie section. The fourth unsettled region lay in the southwestern part of the stat(>. In_the older stati-s we note a gradual decrease in the unscttliMl arciis, as in ]\Iaine and New York. In north- ern Pennsylvania the unsettled section had nearly dis- appeared. -V -mall portion of the unsettled patch on the Cumbeiland plateau still remained. In southern Geori'ia the Okefenokee swamp and the pine barrens adjacent had thus far repelled .settlement, although popvdation had increased in Florida, passing entirely around this area to the south. The greater part of Flori was a slight extension of settlement south. rOPULATlON. 33 Betwoon 1.S50 and 1S60 the territorial chiingos noted •were as follows: The territory of New Mexico had been created, ami the territory south of the Gila river, whicli had licen acquired fi'oni Mexico l)y the (iadsden purchase (1853), added to it; Minnesota admitted as a state; Kansas and Nebraska territories formed from ])ai'ts of Missouri territory: California and Oregon aduiitti'd as states; while in the unsettled parts of the Cordilleran rejfion two new territories, Washington and rtaii. liad been created, the foi-mci' out of part of Oregon tcrritoi'v, and tiie latter from part of the Mexi- can cession. The frontier line now measured '),'.MH) miles, and em- braced approximately 1,1:^0,518 scjuare miles, lying be- tween latitude 28° 30' and 47° 30' nortii and between longitude (IT and 99- 30' west. From this, deduction should be made on account of unsettled portions, amounting to 39,139 square miles, found mainly in New- York and along the Gulf coast. The outlying settle- ments beyond the one-hundredth meridian were now numerous. They included, among others, a strip ex- tending far up the Rio Grande; in Texas, em))racing 7,-175 square miles (a region given over to the raising of sheep); while the Pacitic settlements, comprising two sovereign states, were nearly three times as extensive as in 1850, embracing 9y,9tM> square miles. The total area of settlement in 1860 was 1,194,75-1 square miles, the aggregate population 31, 443. 321. and the average density of settlement 20.3 persons to the square mile. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION: 1870. During the decade from 1860 to 187(> a luunber of territorial changes had been effected in the extreme AVest. A great tract called Alaska, stretching into Arctic regions and containing few people, was pur- chased from Russia in l8t>7. Ai'izona. Colorado, Da- kota. Idaho, Montana, and AVyoming had been organ- ized as territories. Kansas and Nebraska had been admitted as states. Nevada -was made a territory in ISOl and admitted as a state in 1864. West A'irginia had l)i'en cut off from i1h> mother conunonwealth and made a separate state. Li isTd (Plate 10) a gradual and steady extension of the frontier Hue west over t lie (ireat plains will be noted. The unsettled areas in ]Main(>. New York, and Florida had nt>t greatly diminished, but in Mii'higan the I'xten- sion of the iuniln'r interests nortliwaril ami inward from the lake shore had reduced considerably llie unset- tled portion. On the upper peninsula settlements had increased soniewiiat. owing to the discovery of rich iron ch^posits ^lestined to play so important a part in the manufacturing industry oi the country. Settlement had spread west t;) the boundary of the state in southern Alinnesota. and up the Big Sioux river in southeastern Dakota. Iowa was entirely reclaimed, excejjting a >uiall area of perhaps l. abundance of water for irrigation, which served to promote the agricultural industry. The second belt of settlement was ttiat of T'tali, set- tled in 1847 b}- the Mormons Heeing from Illinois. This comnnuiity differed radically from that of the Rocky mountains. Ix'ing essentially agricultural, mining' hav- ing been discountenanced from the tirst by the church authorities, as tending to fill the " Promised land " with Gentile adventurers and therein' imperil Mormon in- stitutions. The settlements of tliis group, as seen on the map for 1870, extended from southern Idaho south through {'cntral Utah, and along the eastern base of the Wasatch range to the Arizona line. They consisted mainly of scattered hamlets and small towns, about which were grou])es scjuare milt>s. between 27° 15' and 47 30' north latitude, and between 67^ and 99' 45' west longitude. From this, however, deduction must be made of 37,739 square miles on account of interior portions uninhabited. What remains should be increased by 11,S1«> square miles, on account of settled tracts east of the one-hun- dredth meridian. Ivint;- outside of the frontier line, and 34 STATISTICAL ATLAS. 120,100 square miles on account of settlements in the Cordilleran region and on the Pacific coast, making the total area of settlement for ISTO not less than 1,273,239 square miles. The aggregate population was 38,558,371, and th(> average density of settlement 30.3 persons to the square mile. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION- : ISSO. During the decade from 1870 to 1880 Colorado had been added to the sisterhood of states. The first notice- able point in examining Plate 11, sliowing the areas of settlement at this date, as compared with previous ones, is the great extent of territoiy which was brought under occupation during the decade. Not only had settlement spread west over large areas in Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, thus moving the frontier line of the main bodj' of settlement west man\- scores of miles, but the isolated .settlements of the Cordilleran region and of the Pacific coast showed enormous acces- sions of occupied territory. The migration of farming population to the north- eastern part of Maine had widened the settled area to a marked extent, pi'obably more than had been done dur- ing an}- previous decade. The unsettled portion of the Adirondack region of northern New York had decreased in size and its limits had been reduced practically to the actual mountain tract. The most notalde change, however, in the Noi'th Atlantic states, also in Ohio and Indiana, had been the increase in density of population and the migration to cities, with the consequent increase of urban population, as indicated by the number and size of the spots representing tliese cities upon the map. Throughout the Southern states there is to l)e noted not onl}' a general increase in the densit}' of population and a decrease of unsettled areas, but a greater approach to uniformity of settlement throughout the whole re- gion. The unsettled area of the peninsula of Florida had decreased decidedly, while that previously seen along the upper coast of Florida and Louisiana had en- tirely disappeared. Although the Appalachian moun- tain s^ystem was still distinctly outlined b_v its general lighter shade of color on the map, its density of popu- lation more nearly approached that of the country on the east and on the west. In Michigan tiiere was a very decided increase of the settled region. Settle- ments had surrounded the head of the lower peninsula, and left onh' a very small body of unsettled ctjuntry in the interior. In the upper peninsula copper and iron interests and the railroads which subserve them had peopled quite a large extent of territory. In Wis- consin the unsettled area was rapidly decreasing as I'ail- roads stretched out over the vacant tracts. In Minne- sota and in eastern Dakota the building of railroaventh meridian. The settlements in Kansas and Nebraska had made great strides over the plains, reaching at several points the Ijoundary of the humid region, so that their westward extension beyond this l^oint nmst lie governed hereafter by the supply of water in the streams. As a natural result, settlements fol- lowed these streams in long ribbons of population. In Nebraska these narrow l)elts reached the western bound- ary of the state at two points, one upon the South Platte and the other upon tlie Kepublican river. In Kansas, too, settlements followed the Kansas river, its branches, and the Arkansas nearly to the western bouncKiry of the state. Texas also had made great strides, both in the extension of the frontier line of settlement and in the increase in the density of population, due to the building of railroads and to the development of the cat- tle and sheep raising industry, and other agricultural interests. The heavy population in the prairie portions of the state is explained l)y the railroads which trav- ersed them. In Dakota, besides the agricultural region in the eastern part of the territory, may be noted the formation of a body of settlement in the Black hills, in the southwest corner, which in 1870 was a part of the reservation of the Sioux Indians. This settlement was the result of the discovery vt valuable gold deposits. In ^Montana the settled area had been greatly extended, and as it was mainly due to agricultural interests, was found chiefly along the courses of the streams. Mining, however, played not a small part in this increase in set- tlement. Idaho, too, showed a decided growth from the same causes. The small settlements which in 1870 were loi'ated about Boise city and near the mouth of the Clearwater river had extended their areas to many hundreds of square miles. The settlement in the south- eastern corner of the territory was almost entirely of Mormons, and had not made a marked increase. Of all the states and territories of the Cordilleran re- gion, Colorado had made the greatest stride during the decade. From the narrow strip of settlement extending along the immediate base of the Rocky mountains, the l)clt increased so that it comprised the whole mountain region, besides a great extension outward upon the plains. This increase was the result of the discovery of extensive and very rich mineral deposits about Lead- ville, producing a "stampede'' second only to that of 1849 and 1850 to California. Miners spread over the whole mountain region, until e\erv range and ridge swarmed with th(Mn. New Mexico showed but little change, although the extension of railroads in the ter- ritory and the opening up of mineral resources pinni- ised ill the n(':ir future to add largely to its ))opulalioM. Ai'i/.ona. too. although its extent of settlement had in- cieased somewhat, was but just commencing to enjoy a POPULATION. 35 period of rapid development, owing to the extension of railroads and to the suppression of hostile Indians. Utah presented a case dissimilar to any other of the ter- ritories—a case of steady growth, due almost entirely' to its agricultural capabilities and to the policy of the Mormon church, which had steadily discountenanced mining and speculation in all forms, and encouraged in every way agricultural pui'suits. Nevada showed a slight extension of settlement due mainly to the gi'adual increase in agricultural interests. The mining industry was proliably not more flourishing in this state than it was ten years before, and the population dependent upon it was. if anything, less in number. In California the attention of tiie people had become devoted more and more to fai'ming, at the expense of mining and cattle raising. The popidation in some of the mining regions had decreased, while over the area of the great valley and in the fertile valleys of the coast ranges it had increased. In Oregon the increase had been mainly in the section east of the Cascade range, a region di-ained by the Deschutes and the John Day rivers, and by the smaller tributaries of the Snake, a region which, with the corresponding section in Washington territory, was coming to the front as a wheat-producing district. In most of the settled portions here spoken of, irrigation was not necessary for the cultivation of crops, conse- quently the possi))ilities of the region in the direction of agricultural de\elopment were very great. In Washington territory, which in ISTO had been scarcely touched by immigration, the valley west of the Cascade mountains was fairly well settled throughout, while the stream of settlement had poured up the Columbia into the valleys of the Walhiwalla and Snake rivers and the great plain of the Cohunbia, induced thither by the facilities for cattk; raising and b_v the great profits of wheat cultixation. The length of the frontier line in 18JSU was ;o,;i37 miles. The area included between this lino, the Atlantic ocean, the Gulf coast, and th(> northern boundary was 1,31*8,1)40 square miles, lying between 20 and4i» north latitude and 67^ and 102^ west longitude. From this must be deducted, for unsettlinl areas, u total of S!t,400 square miles* distributed as follows: Square miles. Maine 12,000 New York 2. 200 MiuhiKiili 10, 200 VViscdiisin 10, 2W) M i nneso ta »1 , 000 Florida 20,S00 To the remaining 1,309,540 square miles, must be added the isolated areas of settlement in the Cordilleran region and the extent of settlement on the Pacific coast, which amounted, in the aggregate, to 200,025 square miles, making a total settled area of 1,569,565 square miles. The population was 50,155,783, and the (l(>nsity of settlement 32.0 persons to the square mile. DISTRIHUTION OF POPUI.ATION: 1890. During tlie decade from 1880 to 1890 a trifling change was made in the lioundary between Nebraska and Da- kota which slightly increased the area of Nebraska. Dakota territory was divided and the states of North Dakota and South Dakota admitted. Montana and Washington were added to the sisterhood of states. The territory of Oklahoma was created out of the western half of Indian Territory, to which was added the striji of public land lying north of the panhandle of Texas. ^ The most striking fact connected with the extension of settlement dui'ing this decade was the numerous additions which were made to the .settled area within the Cordillei'an region, as defined on Plate 12. Settle- ments .spread westward up the slope of the plains until they joined the bodies formerly isolated in Colorado, forming a continuous body of .settlement from the East to the Rocky mountains. Practically the whole of Kan.sas became a .settled region, and the unsettled area of Nebraska was reduced in dimensions to one-third of what it was ten years before. What had been a sparselj'^ settled region in Texas in 1880, became the most popu- lous part of the state, while settlements had spread west- ward to the escarpment of the Staked plains. The un- settled regions of North Dakota and South Dakota were reduced to about one-half their former dimensions. Set- tlements in Montana spread until they occupied prac- tically one-third of the state. In New Mexico. Idaho, and Wj'oming considerable extensions of area were made. In Colorado, in spite of the decline of the mining industry and the depopulation of its mining re- gions, settlement spread over two-thirds of the state. Oregon and Washington showed equally rapid progress, and California, although its mining regions had suf- fered, made great inroads upon its unsettled regions, especialh' in the southern part. Of all the Western states and territories Nevada alone was at a stsmdstill in this respect, its settled area remaining practically the same as in 1880. When it is remembered that the state had lost over one- third of its population- during the decade, the fact that it held its own in settled area is surprising, until it is understood that the state had undergone a material change in occupations, and that the inhabitants, instead of being doseh* grouped and engaged in mining pursuits, had scattered along its streams and engaged in agriculture. Settleuient was .spreading with some rapidity in Elaine, its unsettled area having dwindled from 12,000 to about 6,000 square miles. The unsettled portion of the Adirondack region in New York had also dimin- ished, there remaining but l.OOo square miles. The frontier had been pushed still farther south in Florida, 36 bl'A'l'Ls'llCAL ATLAS. and the unsettled area reduced from 20,.s00 to iil)out 15,000 sciuare miles. Lumbering and niinino' interests had iiractic-illy obliteratt'd the wilderness of ^Michigan, and reduced that of AVisconsin to less than one-half of its former area. Li ^Minnesota the area of the wild northern forests had been reduced from 34,U(i(i to l'o.ooo square miles. Up to and including 1880, the country had a frontier of settlement, hut in 18f>0 the unsettled area had been so In'oken into bv isolated bodies of settle'ment that there could hardly )»' said to be a frontier line. Its ext'^"t and westerly movement can not. therefore, be further discussed. In 1890 the total population returned by the general enumeration was (;L'.<)22,25t», and the settled area amounted to l.l»4T.ii.S(», making a density of 32.2 per- son.s to a square nnle. DISTKIBUTION OF POPULATION: 1900. The Twelfth Cen.sus (Plate 13) marked one liundred and ten years' growth of the United States, during which pei'iod the population has increased more than twenty- one times; the country has grown from groups of settle- ments of less than -t, 000, 000 people to one of the leading nations of the world, with a population of nearly 85,000,000. In the decade from is'.M) to 1900, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah were admitted as states, and numerous additions of territory were made, comprising Hawaii, Porto Rico, Philippine Islands, (juam, and Samoa, covering an area of nearly 130,O(i0 scjuare miles with over S.OOu.uou inhabitants. It is a peculiar fact that, in spite of the great increase in population of continental United States from 1890 to 1900, the unsettled area has also increased, princi- pally in the Western states. In these states, however, the population of the settled area has increased suiB- ciently to balance the loss in the sparsely .settled districts, and the density of population for the state or territory, as a whole, has not decreas 'd. except in Nevada. The unsettled area has materially increased in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kan.sas, Nevada, New Mexico, and Oregon, while in Nebraska, Montana, Texas, and Wyoming slight increases are also noted. The western portions of Kansas and Nebraska show an increase in unsettled area, although the density of pop- ulation of the state, as a whole, has not decreased, owing to the increase of population in the eastern portions of these states; this increase, however, is slight, being but 1 person to 10 square miles in Nebraska, and 1 per- son to 2 .square miles in Kansas. In Ma}', 1890, the territory of Oklahoma was created, and a month later the enumeration showed an area of settlement of 2,890 square miles, which, in I'.Mio, had increased to 32,432 square miles, an actual increase in the settled area of 29,542 .square mih\s, a greater i nci-ease than that of any other state or territory, due to the in- crease in population during the decade from 78,475 to 398,331, or 4(i7.r, pei- cent. Indian Territory also made a remarkable increase in populati(;n, but, as it was not divided into counties, no detailed computation of the density of settlement or comparison of the increase in settled area could be made. The area of settlement, computed by taking each Indian reservation as a unit. shi^)wed that every portion nf the territory had a density of more than 2 persons lo a square mile. The unsettled area of Maine remained practically unchanged, although the second group, from (i to 18 persons to a scjuare mile, greatly increased. In northern New Yoik the unsettled area of the Adiron- dack legion has been entirely oblitcnited by advancing settlement. In Florida tliis area was practically un- changed. Mining and lumbering enterprises and the extension of railroads have effaced the unsettled area in Wisconsin. In Minnesota the opening of Indian res- ervations, the growth of mining and lumbering enter- prises, and the extension of railroads ha\'e caused a great influx of settlement to the northern portion and the un.settled area has been reduced 7,00O scpiare miles. North Dakota has decreased its unsettled area by 18,t»(>0 square miles and extended its area of 2 to 6 persons to a square mile north and west to the Cana- dian line and nearly to the border of Montana. The eastern part of the state, especially in the valley of the Red River of the North, shows quite an increase in the area of 6 to 18 persons to a square mile. In South Dakota very little change is noted in the unsettled area, but the group from 2 to 6 has increased, and in the southeastern portion of the state the group of 18 to 45 has enlarged its area. The unsettled area in Texas has shown a slight growth, the increase in population being principally in the eastern half. The unset- tled area in the state of Washington has decreased since 1890, while in Montana, Oregon, and California an increase is noted. Nevada shows a great decrea.se in its settled area, the entire state having a popu- lation of 1 person to each 2^ square miles of area; theie were, however, patches of settleme'nt, as shown on Plate 13, with a population of from 2 to en consec- utive parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude has been designated. A point was then assumed, tentatively, as the center, and corrections in latitude and longitude to this tentative position were computed. In this case the center was assiuned tobeat the intersection of tliepar;dlel of 39- north with the meridian of S(3 west of Greenwich. The population of each squart? degree was assumed to be located at the center of that s(|uare degree, except in cases where it was manifest that this assumption would be untrue; as, for instance, where a part of the square degree was occupied by the sea or other large body of water, or when^ it contained a city of consid- erable magnitude which was situated "■ otf center." In these cases the position of the center of population of the square degree was estimat(Ml as nearly as po^sibli>. The shortest distances lietween each sucii center of population of a square degree (whether assumed to be at. oi' at a distance from, the ciMiter of the scjuai'e degree) and the assumed paralhd and meridian were deter- mined. The })opulation of each square degree was then multiplied liy the sliortest distance of its center of population from the assuincil ])arallel of latitude, and the sums of the products, or moments, north and south of that parallel were ol)tained. Their diti'erence, divided by the total population of the country, gave a correction to the latitud(> of the assumed center of pop- ulation. In a similar manner the east and I'-'^st moments were procured, and from them a correction to the longitude of the assumed centi'i' was obtained. The following table and the map. Plate It!, show the location and movement of the center of pojjulation from ITHd to IWO: Position, of the center of population: 1790 lo 1900. Western move- North West longi- tude. Approximate location by important ment in miles latitude. cities and towns. during preeed- ing dec- ade. o , o / ' 1790 39 16. r, 76 11.2 23 miles east of Baltimore. Md isno :S9 11!. 1 76 .06.5 18 miles west of Baltimore, Md 41 1810 39 11.. 5 77 37.2 40 miles northwest by west of Wasli- ington, D. C. 36 1820 39 t).? 78 33.0 16 miles north of Woodstocit, Va fiO IS.W :« 67.9 79 16.9 19 miles west-southwest of Moore- flcld. in the present state of West Virginia. 39 ■ 1.-4J 39 •i.O 80 18.0 16 miles south of Clarksburg, in the present state of West Virginia. 55 I.SoO 38 •')9.0 81 19.0 23 miles southeast of I'arliersburg. in the present state of West Virginia. 55 1860 39 0.4 82 48.8 20 miles south of Chillieothe. Ohio 81 1870 39 12.0 83 35.7 48 miles east bv north of ('ineinnati, Ohio. 42 1880 39 4.1 84 39.7 8 miles west by south of Cincinnati, Ohio. 68 1890 39 11.9 85 32.9 20 miles east of Columbus, Ind 48 1900 39 9.6 85 48.9 6 miles southextensive settlements. From Islo to 1820 it moved west and again slightly .south to a point about 10 miles north of Woodstock, \'irginia, being in latitude 39- .">.7' north and longitude 78- 33.0' west. This continued southerly movement appears to hsive b(>en due to the extension of .settlements in Mississippi, Alal)ama. and eastern Georgia. From is-iit to 1830 it continued to move west and .south to a point about 19 miles west-southwest of Moorefield, in the present state of West Virginia, being in latitude 38 57.9' north and longitude 79 16.9' west. This is the most decided southern movement that it has made during any decade. It appears to have been due in part to the addition of Florida to our territoiy, and in part to the great extension of settlements in Alabama, Missis- sippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas, or generally, it may be said, in the Southwest. 38 STATISTICAL ATLAS. From 1830 to 1840 it moved still farther west, ))ut slightly changed its direction north, reaching a point 16 miles south of Clarksburg, in the present state of West Virginia, being in latitude 3!»'-' 2.0' north and longitude 80° 18.0' west. During this decade settlement had made decided advances in the prairie states and in the southern portions of Michigan and Wisconsin, the bal- ance t)f increased settlement evidently "being in favor of the Ts'orthwest. From islo to l.s.'>0 it moved west and slightlv south again, reaching a point about 23 miles southeast of Parkerslnirg, in the jncsciit state of West Virginia, in latitude 38° .59.0' north and longitude 81° 19.0' west, the change of direction south being largely due to the an- nexation of Texas. From 1850 to 1860 it moved west and slightly north, reaching a point 20 miles south of Chillicothe, Ohio, this being in latitude 39° 0.1' north, longitude 83° 18.8' west. From 1860 to 1870 it moved west and sharply north, reaching a point about 18 miles east by north of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, in latitude 39° 12.0' north, longitude 83^' 35.7' west. This northern movement was due in pait to the waste and destruction in the South, conse- quent upon the Civil War, and in part, probal)l_y, to the fact that the census of 1870 was defective in its enu- meration of the southern people, especially of the newdy enfranchised negro population. In 1880 the center of population had returned south to nearly the same latitude which it bad in I860, being in latitude 39° 1.1' north, longitude 84° 39.7' west, 8 miles west by south of t'inciiuiati, Ohio. This south- ern movement was due only in i>ait to an imperfect enumeration in some of the Southern states in 1870. During the decade from ls70 to 1880 the Southern states made a large positive iticrease. l)oth from natural growth and from migration south. Ill 1890 the center of population had moved north into practically the same latitude it oceupied in 1S70. This northern movement was largely due to the great development in the cities of the Northwest and in the state of Washington, also to the increase of population in New England. Its position was in latitude 39 ' 11.9' north ami longitude 85-' 32.9' west, 20 miles east of Columbus, Indiana. From 1890 to 1900 the center of population nn)vcd west 16' 1" (a little over 11 miles), and south 2' 20" (a little less than 3 miles) — the smallest movenu^nt that has ever been noted — and was located at a point about (J miles southeast of Columbus, l>artholomew county, Indi- ana, in latitude 39° 9.6' north and longitude 85° 18.9' west, as it appears on Plate 15. The southern move- ment was due largely to the great increase in population i of Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and Texas, while the" \ small western movement of the center was, undoubtedly, [ due to the large increase in the population of the North Atlantic states. It also shows that the population of the W^estern states has not increased as rapidly as in former decades. The closeness with which the center of population, through its rapid western movement, has clung to the p:irall(d of 39' of latitude can not fail to be noticed. The most northern point reached was at the start, in 1790; the most southern point was in is.'riO, the preced- ing decade having witnessed a rapid develo]iment of population in the Southwest and in Florida. The extreme variation in latitude has liecn l(>ss than 19 minutes, while the movement in longitude during the one hundred and ten years of record was a little over 9.5 degrees. Assuming the western movement to have been uniformly along the parallel of 39 of latitude, the western movement of the several decades has been as follows: 1790-1800, 11 miles; 1800-1810, 36 miles; 1810-1820, 50 miles; 1820-1830,39 miles; 18-30-1810,55 miles; 1810-1850, 55 miles; 1850-1860, 81 miles; 1860- 1870, 42 miles; 1870-1880,58 miles; 1880-189O, IS miles; 1890-1900. 14 miles. This is a total western movement of 519 miles since 1790. The sudden acceleration of movement between 1850 and I860 was due to the transfer of a considerable body of population from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, twelve individuals in San Francisco exerting as much pressure at the then pivotal point, namely, the crossing" of the eighty-third meridian and the thirtv-ninth parallel, as forty individuals in Boston. The center of area of the United States, excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and other recent accessions, is in north- ern Kansas, in approximate latitude 39° 55' and approx- imate longitude 98° 50'. The center of population in 1900 was. therefore, about three-fourths of a degree south and more than thirteen degrees east of the center of area. The median point is the point of intersection of the line dividing the population equally north and south with the line dividing it equally east and west. In short, it is the central point of population and differs from the center of population in the fact that distance from the center is not considered. Its movements from census to census bear no relation to the movements of population, since only movements by which bodies of population are transfei'red across the median lines ha\t^ any influence upon its position. To illustrate this, a million people may move from .Minnesota to Washington state without atl'ecting its position, whiie the movement of a hundred persons from ^Michigan to Wisconsin might atlect it apprecial)ly. In 1900 the meridian of 84' 51' 29" equally divided the populiition of the United States east and west, and the paralhd of 40 4' 22" e(|iially divided it iiorlli and south. The median ])oin(. therefore, was located at Sj)artanl)urg, Indiana. POPULATION. 39 In order loiiuikc a coiiiparison with the inovenicnt of the center of population, eoniputations wore also made for the Tenth and Eleventli censuses. The location of the median imint at the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth censuses is shown on Plate 16, and its position and movement in the followino- table: CENSUS. North latitude. West longitude. Location. 1880 1890 1900 o / 39 57.0 40 2.9 40 4.4 o / 84 7.2 84 40.0 84 51.5 16.2 miles nearly due west of Springfield Miami county. Ohio. 4.8 miU'B southwest of Greenville, Ohio. In Spartanburg, Ind. The movement of the median point from 1880 to 1890 was north 5' 51" and west 32' 49". From 1S90 to l!»oO it moved north 1' 31" and west 11' 2S". The compari- son of the movements of the center of population and the median point sliows that they do not move in parallel lines, as from 1880 to 1890 the median point moved west 27 miles and north 6.6 miles, while the center of popu- lation moved west 4S miles and north 9 miles. From 1890 to 1900 the median point moved west 10.8 miles and north 2.4 miles, while the center of population moved west 14 miles and south 2.5 miles. Geographical Divisions. For purposes of comparison continental United States was divided into five main groups or divisions which, with the states and territories included therein, are as follows: NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont. Delaware. Maryland. District of Columbia. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. Virginia. West Virginia. North t^arolina. South Carolina. tieorgia. Florida. NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION. Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. Michigan. Kentucky. Tennessee. Alabama. Montana. Idaho. Wyoming. Colorado. Wisconsin. Minnesota. Iowa. Missouri. North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska. Kansas. SOUTH CENTRAL DIVISION. Mississippi. Louisiana. Arkansas. WESTERN DIVISION. New Mexico. .\rizona. Utah. Nevada. Indian Territory. Oklahoma. Texas. Washington. Oregon. California. Population by States and Territories. Plates 18 and 19 show, In- the length of the bars, the growth of the population of each state and territory at each census, and make clear the remarkable increase and magnitude of the population of New York and Penn- sylvania, as compared with that of New Hampshire. Vermont, Delaware, and other states. Ohio and Illinois also show large and steady increases in their population from census to census. Plate 21 indicates the rank in population of the states and territories at each census and graphically illustrates the rapid growth of those states formed from the western territory, the most conspicuous being that of Ohio, lUinoi.s, Missouri, Iowa, and Texas. In 1790 Virginia was the most populous state and held this position until 1820, and, though increasing in population at each census except in 1870, steadily lost in rank until 1900 when it stood seventeenth, due prin- cipally to the separation of West Virginia in 1862. Massachusetts, .second in 1790, was fourth in 1800, seventh in 1820, and. with slight changes at intervening censuses, ranked .seventh in 1900. Penn.sylvania, the third state in 1790, advanced to the second position in ISOO, which it has held continuously, except in 181u and IS20. New Vork ranked fourth in 1790, but grew so rapidly that in 1820 it displaced Virginia, as the first state, and still held first position at the Twelfth Census. North Carolina, fifth in 1790, was fifteenth; Maryland, sixth, was twenty -sixth; South Carolina, seventh, was twenty-fourth; Connecticut, eighth, was twenty-ninth; New Jersey, ninth, was sixteenth; New Hampshire, tenth, was thirty-sixth; Georgia, eleventh in 1790, was the only state that held the same rank in 1900; Rhode Island, twelfth, was thirty -fourth; and Delaware, thir- teenth, was forty-sixth. The loss in rank of a number of the original thirteen states was not caused by an actual decrease in their population, but by the remarkable growth of new states carved out of the western territory; as, for insbince, Ohio in 1800 was seventeenth, and in 1900 was fourth. Illinois, twenty -second in 1810, was third; Mis.souri, which first appeared in 1820 as the twenty-third state, had outgrown all of the original thirteen states, except New York and Pennsylvania, and in 1900 ranked fifth; Iowa, twenty-ninth in 1840, was tenth; and Wisconsin, holding the la.st place, thirtieth, at the same decade, was thirteenth. Texas, admitted to the Union in 1845, ranked as the twenty-fifth state in 1850 and has had such remarkable growth that it outranked Massachusetts at the Twelfth Censu.s. lieing the sixth .state in population. Density of Population. Diagram 2, Plate 24 and cartogram 1. Plate 27. show the density of population of each state and territory in 1900, excluding the District of Columbia, which is practically a city. The most densely populated states were Ehode Island, with 407 persons to a square mile; Massachusetts, with 349; New Jersey, with 250; and Connecticut, with 188. Plate 25 shows the decrease and the density of increase of' population from 1890 to 1900. The areas colored in blue indicate tho.se counties in which the population has decreased, and the shades of brown, 40 STATISTICAL ATLAS. the live different groups in which the density of increase of popuhition ranges from k^ss than one inhab- itant per square mile to twenty-live or more per square mile. The heaviest shade, denoting the greatest in- crease, is found principally in the states having the greatest density of population, except in Oklahoma, Indian Territory, and Texas, and counties containing important cities. Cartogram 5. Plate '.^7, shows, by states and terri- tories, the decrease in blue, and the density of increase of population from 1890 to IIHH) in five shades of brown. The only state indicating a decrease is Nevada, the Atlantic coast states shf)wing the greatest increase, and the states of the "\^'estern and North Central divisions the smallest. Cartogram 3, Plate 27, shows the decrease and propor- tion of increase of total population from IS'.tO to VMK), by states and territories. Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Delaware, Nebraska, and Kansas had the smallest increase, and Oklahoma and Indian Territory the great- est. Nevada is the oidy state indicating a decrease. Plate 28 presents in Idue those counties in which the population has decreased from 18'JU to IIXIO. and. in four shades of brown, the percentage of increase in the remaining counties. Excluding the District of Colum- bia, there are onlv twelve states and territories without a county showing a decrease in population, namely: Rhode Island, Delaware, West ^'irginia. South Carolina. Min- nesota, North Dakota, Indian Territory. Oklahoma. Montana, Wyoming, Arizona, and Utah. Theri^ are six states and territoi'ies having l>ut one county with a decrease — Connecticut, Wisconsin, Iowa, New Mexico, Idaho, and Oregon. The lartfest areas of blue, indicating a decrease in population, are found in Kansas. Nebraska, and South Dakota. The most extensive areas of shade iv. show- ing an increase in i)opulation of 5(* per cent or over, arc noted in Wisct)nsin, ^Minnesota. North Dakota, ^Montana, Washington, Oklahoma. Indian Territory, and Texas. There are a nundier of single counties in this class scattered through the other states. The map shows, in general, that those counties having the highest per- centage of increase are found in the Northwest. South- west, and Gulf states. ITrBAX Poi'ULATHON. The Census generally regards as the urban element that portion of the population living in cities of 8,000 iidiat)itants or more. In ll'M) this element forme urban to of totiil pop- places.- ulation. 33.1 545 29.2 447 22.6 286 20.9 226 16.1 141 12.5 8ft 8.5 44 6.7 26 4.9 13 4.9 11 4.0 6 3.3 6 111 num- ber of places. 161 60 85 56 41 18 13 ■ 2 5 1 Figures t.iken from Twelfth Census. Vol. I. table xxix, page Ixxxiii. - Places having 8,000 inhabitants or more. 3 Excludes -Alaska, Hawaii, Indian Territory. Indian reservations, and persons in the military and naval service of the United .States stationed abroad. The greatest increase in the urban element is noted for the decade from 1880 to 1890, the number of cities having a population over 8,000 having increased during the decade from 286 to 447, an increase of Itil, or 50.3 per cent. Plate 20 shows the proportion of urlian to total jiopu- lation at each census, by states and territories, excluding the District of Columbia, which is practically a city, and those states and territories having urban jjopulation for less than three decades. The growth of urban population in the state of Rhode Island since 1810 has been amazing, having increased from 13.1 to 81.2 per cent, showing that in this state in 1900, 8 persons out of every 10 resided in cities and towns of over 8,000 inhabitants. The increase of urban population in Mas- sachusetts has also been remarkable; in 1790 about 5 per cent of its population were found in cities of 8,000 inhabitants and upward, while in 1900 the urban element was 76.0 per cent, an increase during the one hundred and ten years of nearly 71 per cent. At the Twelfth Census the urban element in New York formed 68.5 per cent of its population, in New Jersey 61.2 per cent, and in Connecticut 53.2 per cent, these being the only states in which mon* than half of the population resided in cities of 8,000 inhabitants or over. Diagram 1. Plate 24, represents, by the length of the bars, the total population, and the black portion, the urban in each state and territory in 19no. New York. Pennsylvania, and Illinois had a greater urban popu- lation than Ma.-^.-^achu.setts. although the j)roporti(m to total population was not as large. Cartogram 2, Plate 27. also shows graphicidly. by shades of color, the pro- portion of urban to total popuhition in 1900 in each state and territory. POPULATION. 41 Plate 22. similar to Plate 21, represents the rank of the most populous cities at each census and marks their change in rank according' to population from census to census. In 179<» only thirteen places were large enough to be shown, but the growth in population of our cities has been so great that, after 1840, it is impracticable to indicate more than the tifty principal cities at each cen- sus, consequently many of the cities appearing at one census are not represented again. While few of these cities have experienced an actual decrease in popula- tion, the\- have lost their positions, owing to the more rapid growth of other municipalities. The most populous citj- in ITliU was New York, which has held first position in every decade. Philadelphia was second from 171*0 until 1830. when it was displaced by Baltimore, but iu 1860 again reached second place and held this position until ISl'O. when Chicago advanced to second place, since whiih time Philadelphia lias held third position. Boston, which was third in 1790. was fifth in 190(1. ha\-ing been passed Vjy Chicago and St. Louis. Charleston, fourth in 1790 and sixty -eighth in order of size at the Twelfth Census, does not appear on the diagram after 1880. Baltimore, fifth in 1790, ad- vanced to second place, in 1830, and held this position until 1860. but was sixth in 1900. Northern Liberties and Southwark, sixth and tenth in rank, respectively, in 1790, were incorporated with Philadelphia after 185M. Salem, seventh in 1790, does not appear after 1860. Newport, eighth in 1790, does not appear after 1830. Providence, ninth in 1790. was twentieth in rank in 1900. Marblehead, the eleventh, does not show after 1820. The changes in rank of the cities named repre- sent, to a certain extent, the wonderful growth of our principal cities in the last one hundred and ten years. Some of the most conspicuous examples of rapid ad- vance in rank of population noted on the diagram are Troy, from thirty-seventh in 1820 to nineteenth in 1830; Lowell from forty-third in 1830 to eighteenth in 184<'. St. Louis first apjjeared in ls4ti as the twenty- fourth city; Ln ten jears it had grown so rapidly that at the Seventh Census it ranked as the eighth city. and. maintaining its rapid advance, reached fourth place in 18T0. 4>at wasxiisplaced 4n ISbi I byChic^oand Bf>>ton, Li 1890 it had again passed Boston and was in the fifth place, and in 19o(;i. by the di-opping out of Brooklyn, it again ranked as the fourth city. Brooklyn, which first appeared in 1820, rapidly increased in popidation until in 1860 it ranked as the third city: in 19iiu. owing to its annexation to New York city, it had disappeared. San Francisco and Chicago appeared for the first time in 1850. ranking twenty -fourth and twenty-fifth, respec- tively. Chicago's growth was so rapid that in 1S60 it had reached the ninth place: in 1870, the fifth; in 1880, the fourth: and in 1890 was the second city, which position it still retained in 1900. San Francisco also advanced rapidly until in 1900 it ranked as the ninth city, i In ISoU a number of western cities appeared for the first time, among them Milwaukee and Cleveland, botli of which have grown rapidly, the former ranking in 19ments born in the states in which they were enumerated and the pro- portion born in other states; on the rectangle for the colored is also indicated the proportion born in foreign countries, which represents principally' the Chinese and Japanese. The rectangle representing the foreign white population shows the pi'oportion of persons from each of the principal foreign countries. The third square shows the proportion of each element living in cities of 2.">.0 or more inhabitants. The proportion of colored in cities of this class was 12. !• per cent, or about one-eighth. Plate 43 represents for I'.tOO the constituents of pop- ulation of each state and territory in percentages of the total population (exclusive of persons in the military and naval service of the United States stationed alu-oad not credited to any state or territory), arranged in the order of the percentage of native white of native par- ents. Undei' this arrangement. West Virginia is first, having the largest percentage of native white of native parents in lOOO, and North Dakota last, with the small- est percentage. Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and New Mexico follow West Virginia, eacli having over 7.5 per cent of their total poitulation native white of native parents. The diagram also shows that in each of twenty-nine states arid tcri-itories the native white of native parents constituted more than !'>() per cent of its total population. Owing to the large influx of foreign- ers, Khode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts had relatively small percentages of native white of native parents. The preponderance of the negro element in the South is very clearly indicated by the lilack portion of the bar, the largest percentage licing found in South Carolina and Mississippi, which had almost equal pro- portions of native white of native parents. In North Carolina the native white of foreign parents comprised only O.-f per cent, and the foreign white, 0.2 per cent of the population; therefore, the proportions were too small to 1)1' indicated on the diagram. Plate 44 is made to show the constituents of the pop- ulation of cities of more than 100,000 inhabitants in r.tOO. St. Joseph had the largest percentage of native white of native parents, while Columbus, Indianapolis, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, and Denver follow with 50 per cent or more of their population of this element. Plate 45 represents, by states and territories, in 1900, the constituents of the total male ])opulation of militia age— that is, between the ages of 18 and 44, inclusive. West Virginia leads with the greatest percentage of native white of native parents, Oklahoma, Indian Tei-ri- tor}', and Kentucky following. I lawaii had the greatest proportion of Chinese and Japanese, and North Da- kota, the greatest percentage of foreign white males of militia age. Plate 46 shows the constituents of the total male pop- ulation of voting age for lltoo, the states following in almost the same order as in the preceding diagram, West Virginia having the greatest proportion of native white of native parents and Hawaii the smallest. Plate 47, composition of the total population of states and territories, including resident natives, native im- migrants, and foreign born, with per cent of native emigrants in 1900, shows tirst, the percentage of per- sons living in the state who were born thei'e; second, the percentage of persons living in the state who were born in other states; third, the percentage of persons living in the state who were of foreign birth, these three making up the total poiiulation. South Carolina had the largest percentage of resident natives and Oklahoma the smallest, while Hawaii had the greatest percentage of foreign born. The percentages of the foreign born element in South Carolina, North Caro- lina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi were too small to be represented on the diagram. lu order to compare the number of persons Ijorn in each state who have emigrated to other states with the population of the state in 190(1, the bars colored yellow were added on the right side of the diagram, and repre- sent graphically the proportion which persons born in the state but living in other states bore to the popula- tion of the state in 19()(). Vermont shows the largest propoition of persons liorn in the state who have emi- grated to other states; the ])roportion of emigrants from Nevada, Virginia, and Maine was also very large. Plate 48 represents the state of birth of the native population in 19(i(), by states and territories arranged in geographical order, and shows the percentage of the native population of each state who were born in that state and the percentage who were l)orn in the states indicated by the small figures in each bar. North Carolina and South Carolina had the largest propor- tion of residents who were born in the state, while Oklahoma had the smallest. It will also be noted that in all the states and teri'itories, except ten. more than 50 per cent of the native population were born in the state or territory specified. Negro Population. The movement of the negroes, as indicated bj- the location of the center of this population and its median point for three censuses, 1880. 1890, and 1900. is shown on the sketch map, Plate 52. The method of obtaining the location of this center and the median point was exactly the same as used for ascertaining the loi'ation of the center of total popidation, as described on page 37. In 1880 the center of negro population was located in Walker county, Georgia, latitude 34^ 42' 14" north, longitude 85-' 0' 5()" west. Fi'om this point, in ten POPULATION. 43 years, it moved to latitude 34° 36' 18" north, longitude 8.5' 26' iit" west, a point in the same county, but 22i miles southwest. In 1900 it had moved across the state line into Dekalb county. Alabama, a southwestern movement of 11 miles. The total western movement of the center from 1880 to 1900 was 27 miles, and its Sf)uthern movement 14 miles, showing that the trend of the negro population is toward the South and West, althoujrh the number of negroes in the Northern states has increased. The median point at the three censuses was located east and south of the center of this element of population, and its movement may be said to have been nearly the same both in distance and direction. Diagram 1. Plate 53. represents, by the length of the bars, the negro population in each state and territory having over l,Oi)0 negroes in IJtiH). Georgia leading with 1. ••34,813, Mississippi second, Alabama third. South Carolina fourth, Virginia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Texas following in order, each hu\ingover oOO.OoO negroes. The small number of negroes in the Northern and Western states is clearly indicated. Diagram 2. Piute 53. shows for 1900. })y the length of the bars, the percentage of children under 1 year of age of the native white of native parentage, and of the negroes. the states and territories being arranged in the order of the proportion of the native white of native parentage. Utah leads with the highest percentage of the white element under 1 year of age. Wisconsin. Minnesota, and Idaho following in order. It will be noted generally that the Western and Southern states had much larger percentages of children under 1 year of age than the New England states. The portion of the diagram representing the negroes under 1 year of age has a very irregular appearance owing to the small pro- portion of negro children in the Northern and Western states as compared with the white. It will ))e noted that those states showing the largest percentages of negro children under 1 year of age are in the South, and in states in which the negro element formed a large pro- portion of the population. Hawaii, showing the highest percentage, can not be accepted as representative, as only 9 negro children under 1 year of age were returned by the enumerators, and the entire negro population was very small. The diagram is also of interest in showing the states having the largest proportion of white chil- dren under 1 year, which, to a certain extent, indicates a high bii'th rate. This is also true of the negro popula- tion, and points out the states in which the climatic conditions are most favorable to this race. Plate 54 represents the percentage of white and negro population in each of fifteen states at the censuses for which its population was returned. The shaded part represents the proportion of negro population and the uncolored portion the white. South Carolina in 1880 showed the highest percentage of negroes, then 60. T per cent of the total. In 1900 Mississippi had the highest percentage, 58.5 per cent. South Carolina following very closely with 58.4 per cent. The proportion of negro to white population, as represented on the dia- gram, has decreased since 1890 in N'irginia and West Virginia, considered as one, Delaware. Maryland. Dis- trict of Columbia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky. Tennessee, Louisiana, and Texas, while it has increased in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. Plate 55 shows by counties, in six degrees of density, the distribution of the negro population in 1900, the heavy shades indicating the counties in which the great- est numbers of negroes were found. The South Atlantic and S(nith Central states had nearly nine-tenths of the negro population, and. therefore, the most dense settle- ments of this race were found in those states, especially South Carolina. Georgia, and Alabama. The counties adjoining the Mississippi river in Tennessee. Missis- sippi, and Louisiana also show a dense negro population. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania. Missouri, and Kansas had considerable areas of negro settlements. Cartogram 2. Plate 72. shows, in six degrees of density, the negro population in 19u0, by states and territories, the state being used as the unit. This map, compared with cartogram 1, on the same plate, indicates that the negro and foreign born elements generally arc found in different parts of the United States. Plate 50 brings out. in six shades of color, the propor- tion of negro to total population in 1900 in each county, and therefore clearly outlines the areas in each state upon which the negroes are most thickly settled. The heavy shades, found principally in Alabama. Georgia, and South Carolina, also along the Mississippi river in Louisiana and ^lississippi. indicate those counties in which the negroes formed more than 60 per cent of the total population. The lighter shades in the Northern states show the relatively small proportion of negro population in the colder regions. Cartogram 4, Plate 72, shows the states and teiTi- tories which had the greatest proportion of negro to total population in 190it, the state being taken as the unit. Cartogram 6. Plate 72. shows the proportional in- crease and decrease of negro to white population from 1890 to 1900, by states and territories, and brings out the fact that the negro population increased propor- tionately in nineteen stiites and territories, only four of these being Southern states — Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. The negroes increased propor- tionately in most of the New England and Middle states, and a few of the North Central and AVestern states. Migration. The total native born population in 1900 was 65, 767,451 (including Alaska and Hawaii, but excluding 75.851 na- tive born enumerated at militarv and naval stations 44 8TA11ST1CAL ATLAS. :il)i-c)ad). Of this number 51,979,6r)l. or 70. •• per cent, were born in the state or territory in whith they were found by the census enumerators. Tlie remaining 13,787,800. constituting- 21.0 per cent of the entire natiye born element, had emigrated from the state or territory in which they were born and were found in other states and fau'ritories. The proportion liying in the state or t(U-ritory of ])irth was slightly larger in 19o0 than it was in 18i>0. These figures show to some extent the roying disposition oi the nati\e population, altliougli it is not a tru(> measure, as many persons enumerated in states other tlian those in whicli tiiey were born haye proliably residt'd in more than one state since Icaying their natiye states. It also takes no account of persons who haye left their natiye states and sul)sequently returned. Plate 19 is a yery interesting diagram, as it shows, by states and territories, tlie percentage of persons liorn in each state who were liying in other states and territo- ries in 1900. the numbers in each bar corresponding with the numbers preceding the names of the states. For instance, in Maine that ])ortion of the bar numljered 4 represents the percentages of persons born in Maine who were living in Massachusetts; number '2, the per- centage (»f persons born in ISIaine who were liying in New Hampshire; number 50, tiie percentage of persons wild were born in jNIaine. but were liying in Califoinia; and 21, the percentage of persons born in Maine who were liying in ^Minnesota. Oyer ."lO per centof the natiye emigration of New Hampshire, New Mexico, and Nevada have gone to an adjoining state — New Hamp- shire to Massachusetts, New Mexico to Colorado, and Nevada to California — and it will be noted geuerallj^ that adjoining states receive the greatest proportion of native emigrants. Plate 50 represents the net results of interstate migra- tion and all migration in lltOO, by states and territories, and shows clearly their magnitude. The states showing the greatest loss as a result of interstate migration ai'e New York, Ohio, Virginia, and Pennsylvania; and those haying the greatest gain through interstate migration are Texas, Kansas, Csdi- fornia, and Oklahoma. The states showing the greatest loss as a result of all migration are Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina; and those showing the greatest gain as the result of all migration are New York, Massachusetts, Illinois, Texas, and California, in the order given. There are, in fact, thirtj'-two states and territories, including Utah and Nevada, which gained in interstate migration, and nineteen states that lost. Thirty-seven states gained and fourteen states, including Delaware and Indiana, lost as a result of all migration, while there .ire also fourteen states that show a loss as a riisult of ))oth int(>rstate migration and all migration. The large gain as a result f)f all migra- tion for New York, Massachusetts, and Illinois is due to the large number of foi-eigners who have settled in these states. Massachusetts shows a gain and Nt>w York a loss through interstate migration, but l)oth have gained as a result of all migration, due to the large number of foreign immigrants. Those states which liave appar- ently lost through all migration iiave, nevertheless, increased in population during the decade from 1890 to litoo. Cartogram :-!, Plate 7H, representing for 1900 the gain or loss as the result of all migi'ation. indicates that Elaine. Vermont, Delaware, Maryland, A'irginia, North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia, Alabama, Missis- sippi, Tennessee, Kentucky. Indiana, and Ohio have lost in population as the result of all migration. Plate 51 represents interstate migration in 19<)ii. in hiuidreds of thousands, and indicates very clearly the states which have lost more population through emigra- tion to other states than they have gained through migration from other states. New York shows a loss of 1.289,80(1 through emigration; Ohio, a loss of 1,114,165; and Illinois, 1,012,637. Illinois has been the greatest gainer through immigration, having received 960,916 inunigrants from other states. Missouri and Texas have each gained over 800,0(10 persons as a result of interstate migration. Cartogram 5, Plate 76. shows the gain or loss as the result of interstate migration in 1900. With the excep- tion of Massachusetts, Khod<' Island. Connecticut, New Jersey, AVest Virginia, Florida, and Michigan, all the states east of the Mississippi river have lost, while all those west have gained. Sex. Plate 29 is a very interesting and instructive map, showing the predominating sex in each county at the Twelfth Census. The areas colored in lilue indicate where the females outnumbered the males, and the shades of brown the percentage of excess of males in accordance with the grouping in the legend. The areas showing an excess of females are found principally in tiie North and South Atlantic divisions, and Alaliama and Mississippi <»f the South Central division, Massa- chusetts and the District of Columbia having had the largest proportion of females. The heavj' shades of ]>rown, indicating the greatest excess of males, are found principally in the Western states: South Dakota, Kansas, Texas, and Utah. how2, represent the distribution of the population of continental United States, l)y age and sex, in percentages of the whole num- ber of each element, 'i'lie percentage of the population in each age period is represented b}' the total l(>ngth of the bar, the portion on the left of the hea\y vertical line representing the proportion of males and that on the right the proportion of females. The lower bar represents the percentage of Ihc jjopulation under 5 years of age, and those for (he remaining age periods are superimposed in the order indicated by tiie figures on the left of the diagram. The age periods are the same as those given in table xxi, page xlix, Twelfth Census, Volume IT. Plates 30 and lU are a series of small diagrams show- ing tiub percentages of the total population and each of its elements by age and s(\x. The first thre(! diagrams represent the distribution of the total population in 1900, 1S!)0, and 1880, by age and sex. The lower horizontal l)ar, indicating the greatest percentage, is for children less than 5 years of age, the age groups gradually decreasing in size, ex- cept in the group for 20 to 24 years in 1880. For 1900 and 1890 the length of the bars is almost the same, till- only differences being slight decreases in 1900 for each age period below 25 years, and a slight increase for 25 years and upward. Comparing the diagram for 1890 with that for 1880, we note that in the latter the age periods below 15 years are nmch larger than in the former, and, by comparison with 1900, a much larger decrease in these age periods from 1880 to 1890 than from 1890 to 1900 will be noted. In 1880 a larger per- centage is showni for the age group from 20 to 24 years than from 15 to 19 years, a peculiarity not found in 189(1 or l90i>, as the iy:'rcentages for each age period decrease as the age advances. The excess in this age group is due principally to an excess in the colored population. The two sexes appear to be nearly eijiud at each decade, although the males slightly exceed the females in a majority of age groups. In 1900 the females were in excess in the following age groups: 15 to 19, 20 to 24. 75 to 79, 80 to 84, and 85 to 89; in 1890, 15 to 19, and 80 to 84; in 1880, 15 to 19, 75 to 79, and SO to 84 years. Age groups above 89 are not considered for 1900, while those above 84 arc not shown for 1890 and 1880. The three diagrams representing by st-x the percentage of the white population in each age group for 190u, 1890, and 1880 show slight variations from the diagrams of the total population. The age groups l)elow 25 have smallei' percentages and thost' above 24 larger percent- ages in most cases, due to the large proiwrtion of adults among the foreign white element. For 1880 the pei"- centage for the age group from 20 to 24 years is not larger than that for 15 to 19 3'ears, as in the aggregate population. The females exceed the males in the age groups from 15 to 19 and SO to 84 years for each of the three censuses; in the groups from 20 to 24 for 1900; 85 to 89 for 1900 and 1890; and 75 to 79 for 1880. Age groups above 89 arc not shown for 1900 and 1890, nor above 84 for 1880. The three diagrams representing the age and sex of the colored population show marked differences, as, comparing the two for 1880 and I89(i, it will be noted that a great decrease is indicated in the percentage of children less than 5 j'ears of age, both male and female. In 1900 the percentages of colored children less than 5 years of age and from 5 to 9 j-cars were very nearly the same, the former being only 0.1 per cent larger, while in the other age periods the decrease was gen- erall}' more rapid than for the white element, indicating that the proportion of colored children was larger, due to th(>. gr(>,!iter birth rate and death rate of the colored population. For 1890 the percentage of colored chil- dren from 5 to 9 years of ago was greater than below 5 years, and would argue that there were fewer children under 5 years of age than in the next group. 5 to 9 years. This irregularity is due to a slightlv deficient enumeration in 189(), especially in regard to colored children under 5 j'ears of age. The diagram for 1880 shows a greater percentage of colored males and females I in the age group from 20 to 24 years than in the next lower group, from 15 to 19 years, and, as the diagram for the white population does not show an excess in the group from 20 to 24, this peculiarity in the colored element caused the same characteristic to appear in the same age group in the pyramid representing the aggre- gate population. The males outnumbered the females in a majority of the age groups for both 1900 and 1890, but for 1880 they were nearlj- equal. Age groups above 84 do not appear in these diagrams. In 1900 the females were in excess in each group below 30, with the exception of 10 to 14; they were also in excess in the age group from 80 to 84 years. In 1890 there were more females than males in the age groups from 15 to 24, 40 to 44, and SO to 84; they were also in excess in the following groups in 1880: 15 to 24, 35 to 44, and 70 to 84. The first tiu'ce diagrams on Plate 31 represent age I and sex in percentages of the native white for 1900, 1890, and 1880, and show a regular decrease in the age groups below 25 j-ears from census to census with the exception of the age group 15 to 19 j'ears, in 1890, and slight increases in the age groups from 25 to 69 years, with thi> exception that the age group from 30 to 34 3'ears shows a decrease in percentage from 1890 to 1900. The age groups from 70 to 84 show slight in- creases from ISSO to 1890, and decreases from 1890 to 1900. The age periods in which the percentage of males AG STATISTKIAL ATLAS. excecdi'd tliat of thi> t'ein:ile.s wore ))y fai' in tlic majority, thd.so above S4 years not beiny shown. The percentage of females was the laryei' in the ai;e groups from 15 to 19, and 75 to 84, at ea<-h of the three eensuses; also '20 to 24 in 1900, and 85 to 44 in l>s>so. The diagrams representing the foreign white popu- lation for 1900, 1,S90, and issO show .plainly that the majority of immigrants who come to this country are between "JO and 50 years of age, and that a very small proportion are less tlian 15 years of age. The males were largely in excess of the females in almost every age period al)ovc 24, but in the periods below 25, the sexes were nearly equal. The percentage of females was gi'eater than that of males at each census in age groups 15 to 19, and 85 to 89; in 1900, age group 2o to 24; and in 1890 and 1880, in age group 80 to 84. Ages above 89 are not shown. The two diagrams representing the age and sex of the native white of native parents in 19oo and 1890 are the most symmetrical, showing a gradual and nearly uniform decrease in percentage for each age group, starting with the lowest, and may be considered the normal distrilnition of age and sex. The proportion of males was greater than that of females in nearly every group, the onlj' exceptions being the age groups from 75 to 89 in both decades shown, and 15 to 19 in 1890. Ages above 89 do not appear. The single diagram representing the age and sex of Indians in 1900 shows that the two sexes were nearly ecpial, but the proportion of children in the lower age periods was larger than for the native white of native parents, and nearly as large as the colored. The fe- males were in excess in all age periods above 54, the age periods above 89 not appearing in the diagram. The first two diagrams on Plate ;->2 show the propor- tion of males and females iu each age period in 1900 and 1890, for the native white of foreign parents. This element shows at both decades a large percentage of children l)elow 15 years of age and a very rapid de- crease in the percentage of the age groups above 24 j'ears, due to the fact that 46.2 per cent of the foreign born have come to this country since 1870. A decrease from 1890 to 1900 will be noted in the pei'centage of the age groups below 25 years and an increase in per- centage in all those above 24 years. In this element of the population the males were in excess in nearly every group, the only age periods in which the females were in excess being 15 to 29 in both 1900 and 1890. Age periods above 74 are not shown for 1900, nor above 79 for 1890. The diagram for negroes for 1900 lirings out the fact that the sexes were very nearly e([iially distributed at' all age periods, and is peculiar in that the percentage of children under 5 years of age is almost the same as from 5 to 9 j'ears. The proportion of children below 15 years of age is, however, larger than for the native white of native parents. Th(^ females were in excess in a majority of age periods, under 5, 5 to 9, 15 to 44, and 80 to 89 years. Age periods above 89 do not appear on the diagram. The groui) of senting Hawaii indicates an ahnor- nial ijcreentage of males from :iO to 40 years of age, due to tlie large numlx'r of Japanes(> and ('iiinesc laborers. 'l'lu> diagrams on Plates 35 and 'Mi show the percent- age of the nativ(> white population, hy age and sex. in each state and territory at the Twelfth Census. The diagrams representing Maine, New Htimpshire, and Vermont are narrow and regular, the sexes nearly e(|ually divided, the proportion of childrcMi l)eing small and of the advanced ages ratiicr large. The diagrams for the remaining states of the North Atlantic divi- sion have broader bases, indicating a larger proportion of children, the sexes being about e([ual. The District of ('o]uml)ia shows a very small pro- portion of children and a large proportion of adults, especially in the group from 20 to 30 years of age, the males being in excess in a few of the groups. The states of the South Atlantic division show slight variations from New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylva- nia, the sexes lieing eciually divided, and tlie proportion of children about tiic sanu'. In the North Central division, the diagrams for Ohio, Indiana. Illinois. Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri arc similar to New York and I'ennsylvania. For the Northwestern group, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska, the males were in excess and the diagrams show extri'Uicly broad bases and small tops, due to the large number of native children of foreign parents. North Dakota especially having an unusually large proportion of children in the lowest age group. The diagrams for the South Central division are simi- lar to those of Illinois and Iowa, except that the propor- tion of males and of children was a little larger for the western South Central states. In the Western division the stiite diagrams show wide differences, Utah having a large proportion of children with an almost equal division of the sexes. Montana and Wyoming are very much alike, indicating a prepondei'ance of adult males in the groups from 20 to 1:0 years of age, Idaho and Washington are much the same, each showing a fair proportion of childi'en, with the male adults in excess. The diagrams for Cali- fornia, Colorado, and Oregon are similar to that of Con- necticut, with the exception that the males are slightly in excess. Hawaii is verj' much like Indian Territory, both showing a large proportion of c hildren under 5 years of age. Alaska, as represented in these diagrams. has a very irregular and lopsided appearance, the males from 20 to 50 years of age forming the largest propor- tion of the element. It will lie noted in this series of diagrams that in everj' state and territory, except Alaska and the; District of Columl)ia. the bar for the age group from o to 10 is the longest. The diagrams on Plates 37 and 38, representing for 1900 the foreign white population, by age and sex, are so entirely diffei-ent from thi; others that at first thev seem i meaningh'ss. The most prominent feature is the small proportion of children under 10 A'ears of age. The largest proportion of this element is generally found in the grou}) fi'om 30 to 40 years of age. The foreign white males outnumbered the females in all the states except Massachusetts and Khode Island, the diagrams for Alaska, ilontana, and Wj'oining, showing a vex'y large proj)ortion of foreign white males. The diagrams on Plates 39 and 40 represent the negro population, by age and sex. at the Twelfth Census and l)resent a very irregular and unsymmctrical appearance, excei)t in the Southern states, where the negroes formed a large proportion of the population. The diagi'ams for these states are .symmetric'al. the projioi-tion of children , large, and the sexes equally divided. In Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Y^ork, New Jerse\', Penns\'lvania, and the District of Columbia the propoi'tion of children was very small; the largest proportion of negroes was found in the age group from 20 to 30 years, the females greatly exceed- ing the males in this ag(^ period. In Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa the proi)ortion I of negro children was nearh- the same as for the North Atlantic states, but the excess in the age group from 20 to 30 years is not so marked. In the Western states a large proportion of the negro population was between the ages of 2o and 40, and the adult malt>s were greatly in excess. I In the other states the negro ])opulation was very small; the diagrams are irregular, and of value only in show- ing the proportion of adults and the excess of males. i Nativity ok the Foreign Born. i Plate 57 represents, by the areas of the circles, the I number of foreign born at each census from 1850 to i 1900, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, and by the sectors the proportion of each of th(> princij)al nationalities. In 1850 the Irish were the most numerous and formed i nearly half of the foreign born; then followed, in order, tiie (iermans, British. Canadians, and Scandina\ians. In I860 the Irish still formed the largest proportion of the foreign born, followed by the Germans, British, Canadians, and Scandinavians, the proportion of the Scandinavians having more than doubled. In 1870 the proportion of the Irish, Germans, and British had decreased, while that of the Canadians and Scandina- vians had increased. In 1880 the Irish and British elements showed further proportional decrea.ses and the Germans took the leading position. The proportion of Canadians and Scandinavians increased, and the Slavs 48 STATISTICAL ATLAS. appeared for the tirst time with a fair-sized .sector. In 1890 the proportion.s of Irish, British, and Canadians had decreased, whih' the (termans, Scan(lina\ians, and Slavs increa.sed; the Italians then appeared for the first time as one of the principal elements. In I'.tOO the Germans still formed the largest proportion of the foi"- eig'n element, although the proportions of Irish, Ger-. mans, and British had decreased, while the Canadians, Scandinavians, Shivs, and Italians had increased, the last two having more than doubled in number during the decade. The Chinese, according to the census re- turns, increased from 1860 to ls9(>. and decreased from lSlt(,) to 11*00. Diagram 1, Plate r)S, shows the foreign born and the number of each leading nationality, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, at each census from 1850 to I'JOO. Plate 69 also represents the foreign born, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, of each leading nationality at each census specitied. The rapid increase of the total foreign ele- ment and the increase and decrease in each nationality can be measured liy the length of tlie bars. The Ger- mans increased until 1900, at which date the}' showed a decrease; the Irish increased in each decade except from 1880 to l90(i; the rapid increase of the Scandina- vians, Italians, and Slavs is well brought out, as well as the decrease of the Chinese, from ls90 to 190(). Diagram '2. Plate 58, represents the proportion which each of the principal nationalities bears to the foreign born, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, at each census, 1850 to 1900, and shows graphically their increase and de- crease. In 1S50 the Irisli were the principal element of the foreign l)orn, since which time the proportion has gradually decreased until in 11*00 they formed 15.6 per oentof the foreign l)orn, as compared with 42.8 })er cent in 1850. In 1860 the Germans formed a larger percent- age of the foreign element than thev liave at any other decade. The natives of Canada and Newfoundland iiave greatl}' increased, and in 19O0 formed 11. -t per cent of the foreign born, as compared with ii.G per cent in 1850. The proportion of British, 16.8 per cent, has gradually decreased since 185 pei- cent, or three-fifths of the total foreign born, each of these states having had over 500,000 persons of foreign birth. The d(>ul)le-page map, Plate 61, represents, bj^ coun- ties, the distriliution of the foreign born element at the Twelfth Census, and indicates that nearly nine-tenths of the foreign born element has settled north of the thirtv- ninth parallel of latitude, a very small proportion of this element being found in the Southern states. Comparing the two maps, Plates 55 and 61, density of negroes and density of foreign born pojjulation in 1900, brings out the fact that the foreign element does not settle in the regions having a largi^ proportion of negroes. Cartograiii 1, Plate 72, shows the density of the for- eign ])orn in each state and territory in 11*00, the heavy shading of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut, and New York indicating the large number of foreign born in these states. Plate 62 shows the proportion which the foreign born bear to the total population of the United States, and, while in certain respects it is similar to the density map. it l)rings out more clearly the counties and states in which the foreign l)orn element formed a large pro- portion of the population at the Twelfth Census. The heaviest shade in the states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and Michigan, and the coun- ties along the Rio Grande in Texas indicates the large proportion of fcn'cign Ijorn. N\)rthern Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Montana, Washington, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut also show a large proportion of this ehnuent. Cartogram 8, Plate 72, represents the proportion of foreign born to total jiopulation in each state and terri- tory in 1900. Cartogram <1, Plate 27, shows tiie luunerical gain or loss in foreign boi'ii population in 1900. There are fifteen states showing a numerical loss in this element, principally in the North Central and South Central divisions, the remaining states showing an increase. Cartogram 5, Plate 72, the proportional increase and (icci'ease of tile foreign to native l)orn from 1S90 to 1900, shows that this element has increased proportionally in only nine states and territories. Plate <)3 re]iresents the proportion of foreign born of each leading nationality, in 190i>. by states and territo- ries arranged in geographical order. Germans formed the largest percentage of the foreign ])orn element in twenty-two states, Kentucky. Indiana, ^Missouri, iSIary- land. and ^\'iscoiisin having the largest proportions in the order named. It is a peculiar fact that Kentucky shows a larger proportion of Germans than eithei Missouri or Wisconsin. The Irish were the leading element in Delaware, Dis- trict of Columbia, and Connecticut. Canadians formed the largest percentage of the foreign POPULA'I I()\. 49 boiii in Miiiiu'. New ILimpsliiri'. N'criiioiit, Massachu- setts, Michigan. Rhode Island, and Montana, while Utali had the lar.st proportion of the nati\-(^s of End with smaller proportions of this element. Plate 64 shows, in 1900, what proportion the foreign born of each leading nationality fcn-med of the total foreign ))orn population in cities of li)(i,0()0 population and upward. The (xermans formed 50 per cent or more of the foreign born in six cities, (jincinnati having the largest proportion, Milwaukee second. I.,ouisvillc tliird, St. Louis, Columbus, and Indianapolis following in order of the percentages of their German element. The Irish comprised the largest proportion of the foreign born in Boston, New Haven, Providence, Philadelphia, Jersey City, AVashington. and Worcester, these cities being arranged according to their proportions of this element. Fall River is the only citj' shown in this dia- gram in which the Canadians constituted the principal eleme_nt of the foreign born population. In Scranton and Paterson the largest proportion of the foreign born population was composed of natives of England. Scot- land, and W ale-.. Thi> element also appeared in large proportions in Fall River and Providence. While the Italians did not foi'm the largest proi)orti<>ii of the total foreign born in any of t\u\ cities specilied in this diagram, in New Orleans they formed a larg(>r jiropor- tion of the foreign element than they did in any other city, New Haven, Memphis, and Newark follnvving in order. In Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Omaha the Scandinavians comprised the largest ])roportioii of the foreign el(Muent. Haltimon^ had the largest pro- ])orti<)n (if Ivussians to the total foreign horn. New ^'ork and New Haven (>ach having ov(>r io per cent. Milwaukee had the largest i)roportion of Poles. Alle- gheny of .Vustrians. and Cleveland the largest per- centage of Hohemians and Hungarians. New Orleans had the largest pei'centage of French. Los .Vngeles of CluTiesc and Mexicans, and San Francisco the largest jiercentage of Japan(>sc. ^Vlap 1, Plate (i."). shows, in six degrees of density, the number of (iermans to a square mile in (>ach county in 1900. The large number of persons of this nationality in Connecticut, New York, New Jerse}-. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and eastern Missouri are plainly indicated by the heavy shades of brown. A I considerable area of (Jerman settlement is al.so noted I in Michigan and Texas. Map 2 on the sam(> plate indicates, by tive shades of brown, the proportion of th(> natives of (iei'niany to the total ]i(>i)ulati(>n in IKoii, and shows that the German element was of importance in northern Illinois, Wiscon- sin, Iowa, ^linnesota. eastern Nebraska, Missouri, and parts of Texas. Map 1, Plate G6, density of Irish per s(iuai'e mile, represents, in six shades of color, those portions of the country in which the Irish were tho most thickly con- gregated in 1900. The heavy shades indicate that the greatest densit\- of Irish ])opulation was found in ]\Iassa- chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Penn- sylvania. ai\d New Jersey, with scattered settlements through Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and California. Map 2, Plate 6(5, shows, in four shades of color, the proportion of natives of Ireland to total population in 1900. iind, like map 1, iTidicates that portion of the coun- try where the Irish formed an important element of the population. ]\Iaps 1 and 2, Plate 67, show the density of the na- tives of Great Britain and the proportion of the British to total population at the Twelfth Census. The states of Massachvisctts. Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania have the greatest density, while the largest proportion of this nativity appears in Massachusetts, PiMinsylvania, Illinois. Mis- souri, Colorado, Utah, ^Montana, and California. Ftah shows a larger proportion of natives of Great Britain to total population than any other state. Maps 1 and 2, Plate OS, represent the density of the natives of Canada and the proportion of the Canadians 50 STATISTICAL ATLAS. to the total population in I9iiu. The .states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vennoiit. Mas.sachusetts, Rhode Is- land, Connecticut, Ncav York, JNIicliigan, Wi.sconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota show the most dense set- tlements of this element, as well as the largest propor- tion to their total population. Majjs 1 and 2, Plate O'.t, show the density of the Scandinavians and their j^roportion to the total popula- tion at the Twelfth Census. The laru(\st proportions of this element to total jjopulation are noted in northern Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Wiscon.sin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska, with con.siderable areas of settlement in Utah, ^Montana, and AVashington. The diagrams on Plates TO and 71 j)resent the geo- graphical distribution of eight groups of nations in lOOi) and 1.S9(). This classification was made in order to group the foreign born on a broader basis than the simple country of birth, and the diagrams are of great interest in .showing where these foreign elements have made their homes. The number of each of these elements in 1900 and ISyo, their increase, and percentage of increase are given in the following table: GRurps. POPULATION. 1 Increase. Percent- 1900 1890 increase. Teutons . . . 3,192,637 1,615,459 1,179,807 1,167,623 1,109,738 1,062,207 634,397 120,248 3,119,6.83 1.871.509 980,938 1,251,402 .510,625 933, 249 319,822 113, 383 73,054 2 256, 050 198,869 2 83, 779 599, 113 128,958 314,675 6,865 2 3 Irish = 13.7 20.3 British ; Slavs . = 6.7 117 3 Scandinavians 13 8 Greco-Latins . 98 4 1 Exelu.siveof Alaska, Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States stationed abroad. * Decrease. Plate 70 represents the geogniphical distriljution of certain groups of nations in 1!XM ) and 1890 for the states in which they were numerically important. Diagram 1 shows the dLstribution of the Teutons, comprising natives of Germany, Austria, Holland, Belgium, Lux- emburg, and Switzerland: the Germans formed the prin- cipal element of this class. The Teutons were found in greatest numbers in the states of New York, Illi- nois, Penn.sylvania, Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, and New Jersey'. In New York, Illinois, Penn.sylvania, New Jersey, and Minnesota the number of Teutons had increa.sed since 1890, while in Wisconsin, Ohio, Michi- gan, Iowa, and Missouri the number had decreased. Diagram 2, Plate 70, shows the distribution of the Greco-Latins, consisting of tlie natives of France, Italv, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. I'he largest numbers of this element, which has almo.st doubled since 1890, were found in New York, Penn.sylvania. California, Massachusetts, and New Jer.sey. Diagram 3, Plate 70, represents the disti-ilnition of t\m Irish, who were found principidly in tlie North Atlantic and North Central divisions; the .states having the largest numbers were New York, Massachusetts, Penn.sylvania, Illinois, and New Jersey, in the order named. It is ti noticeable fact that the number of Irish has decreased since 1890 in every state siiown on the diagram, except Montana. Ill diagram 4. Plate To — distribution of Slavs, which include natives of Russia, Hungary, Bohemiti. and Poland — New York also had the largest number, with Penn.sylvania, Illinois, and Ohio following in order. The Slavs, like the Greco-Latins, have increased greatly since 1890. New York, Penn.sylvania, and Illinois, and a number of other states, have more than doubled this element of their population in ten years. Diagram 1, Plate 71, shows the distribution of Scan- dinavians, compo.sed of natives of Norwaj', Sweden, and Denmai'k. Minnesota had the largest number, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa following in order. The Scandinavian element has increased in all the states shown on the diagram, except Iowa, Michigan, Ne- liraska, and Kansas, which show a decrease since 1890. Diagram '2. Plate 71. represents the distribution of the British, including the natives of England, Scotland, and Wales. Pennsylvania had the largest number, with New York, Massaciuisetts, Illinois, and Ohio following in order. This element has decreased in :i majority of states since 1.S90. In diagram 3, Plate 71, the number of British Ameri- cans, comprising the natives of Canada and Newfound- land, is shown. Massachusetts led in this element of pojjulation; Michigan, New York, and Maine also had lai'ge numbers. In the states of Iowa, Nebraska, Kan- sas, and South Dakota this element had decreased, although the total number in the United States had increased. Diagram 4, Plate 71, shows the number of Asiatics, including the natives of China, Japan, and other parts of Asia. California, Oregon, New York, W'ashington, and Mas.sachu.setts were the only states in which this element was not insignificant. California still had the largest proportion of this element, although it has decreased greatly since 1890. Plate 73 shows the distribution of natives of certain foreign countries in 1900. New York had the largest number of natives of Germany, Ireland, Russia, and Italy. Massachusetts led in the number of natives of Canada and Newfoundland; Penn.syhania in natives of Great Britain, and I'oland; and Minnesota in the largest number of natives of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Diagram 2, Plate 73, is of interest, as it shows, by the length of the bars, the percentage of each of the prin- cipal nativities living in cities of 25,000 inhabitants or more in 1900. and indicates the elements of foreign im- migrants who .settle in our large cities. Nearly 75 per cent of the Russians lived in cities — a larger proportion than of any otlier foreign nationality'. Poland, Italy, POPULATION. 51 and Ireland liad over 62 per cent; Bohemia, Aastria, Hungary, and Germany followed in order, each having over 50 per cent. The di.stri bution of the foreign born population, which has been repretsented on the diagrams and maps pre- viously referred to, does not include all of what may be termed the foreign element, as natives of foreign parentage have not been considered. Diagram 1, Plate 74, represents, by the length of the bars, the distril)ution of the white population of foreign parentage, including foi'eign born whites, in each state and territory. Of this elenuMit New York had 4:.304:,389, forming 59.2 per cent of the totiil population. Illinois had 2,462,705; Pennsylvania, 2,412,292; Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota each had over 1,000,000 persons of foreign extrat'tion. The for- eign element in the Southern states was ver}' small. The total numljer of whites of foreign parentage in continental United States in 1900 was 25,850.980, form- ing 84.U ]ier cent of its total pojjulation. The distribu- tion of this population is shown in detail on the map. Plate 75, which indicates, in six shades of color, the proportion of the whites of foreign parentage to the total population in each county, the heavy shades show- ing where the foreign element formed the greatest proportion in 1900. The small proportion of the for- eign element in the South and the preponderance of persons of foreign parentage in Wisconsin, ilinnesota, and the Dakotas is clearly outlined. Massachusetts, Khode Island>, and Connecticut also had large propor- tions of this element. Cartogram 4, Plate 27, shows, for each state and terri- tory, the proportion of whites of foreign parentage to total population at the Twelfth Census in six groups, and was prepared in the same manner as Plate 75, except that in the former the county was used as the unit, and in the latter the state was the unit. The North Atlantic, North Central, and Western divisions bad the greatest proportion of whites of foreign parent- age; and the South Atlantic and South Central the least. Diagram 2. Plate 74, indicates, by the length of its bars, the proportion of aliens to the total foreign born males of voting age in each specified nativity in 1900. The Chinese had the largest proportion of aliens, as they are prohibited by law from becoming citizens of the United States; the Japanese were second, and the Hun- garians, Italians, Portuguese, and Austrians followed in order; the Welsh had the lowest percentage of aliens of the nativities shown on the diagram. Diagram 2, Plate 60. represents the percentage of aliens in the total foreign born of each specified nativitj- in 1900. This differs from diagram 2, Plate 74. in that the percentages are based on the total foreign born instead of foreign born males of voting age. Diagram 3, Plate 60, shows the percentage of aliens among the foreign born males 21 years of age and over in cities having 100,000 inhabitants or more in 1900. The New England states led in this respect. In Fall River and Worcester over 44 per cent of the foreign born males 21 jears of age and over were aliens; in Provi- dence over 37.8 per cent; in Los Angeles, Boston, San Francisco, New York, New Haven, Pittsburg, and Philadelphia between 30 and 35 per cent of the foreign born males of voting age were aliens. Columl)us had the lowest percentage of aliens of voting age, 5.9. Cartogram 4, Plate 76, presents, in six degrees of density, th(! proportion of aliens to foreign born males 21 years of age and over in 1900. Maine and Arizona had over 55 per cent of aliens among the foreign born males 21 years of age and over. CON.IUCAL CONDITIOX. The diagrams on Plates 32, 77, and 78 show the con- jugal condition of the population and its elements in 1900. Diagram 2, Plate 32, represents graphically, by the length of the bars, the number of single, married, widowed, and divorced, bj- general nativity and color, for continental United States. Single persons outnum- bered the married and widowed in the total popula- tion, native white of native parents, native white of foreign parents, and negro. The foreign white element, however, had more than twice as man}' married as single; this is due, undoubtedly, to the fact that a gi'eater part of our immigration c'onsists of married adults. It will also be noted that the number of divorced is represented for the total population onh', as the numbers returned for the other elements were too small to be indicated. Plate 77 consists of a series of diagrams showing, for continental United States, the conjugal condition of the aggregate population for 190Uand lb9U, and native white of native parents and native white of foreign parents for 1900. by age and sex, in proportions of the total number in each age group. The proportion of persons marrj'ing before 15 years of age was so small as not to apj)ear on the diagrams for the aggregate population at either census. In 1900, 1.0 per cent of the males and 10.9 per cent of the females between the ages of 15 and 19 were married. From 20 to 24 years 21.6 per cent of the males were married and of the females 46.5 per cent. In every age period, except 15 to 19, the proportion of widowed to married for females was larger than for males. It will also be noted that the proportion of widowed to total in each age group for females was more than double that for males. Com- paring the two diagrams for 1900 and 1890, an increase will be noted in the proportion of widowed to married i for nearly every age group for both sexes. The diagram representing the conjugal condition of the native white of native parents shows a slightly larger proportion of married males and females in each aire s-roui) than the agsjrecrate. The native white of for- 52 STATISTICAL ATLaS. eign parents shows a inuch smaller proportion of mar- ried in each age group than the native white of native parents. On Plate 78, the first diagram, representing the for- eign white population for continental United States, sliows a slightly larger proportion of l)oth married and widt)wed persons in most of the age groups than the native white of foreign parents. The Indians show larger proportions of married, botli males and females, in each age group below 35 years, than any of the other elements, except in tlie case of Chinese females. The negroes show the largest proportions of widowed females for eac-h age group, except 15 to 10 years, in wliich th(> Indians lead. The last diagram, representing tile conjugal condition of the Chinese and .Tapanese. indicates that a verv small proportion of males (30. U per cent) and a very large proportion of females ((!2.!> per cent) were married. Cartogram 2, Plate 70, indicates, by shades of color, the proportion of divorced to married persons in l'.»(i(i, in each state and teri-itorv. Nevada, Oregon. New Hampshire, California, and Arizona show the largest percentage, the proportion generally being larger in the West than in the East. The returns of the enum- erators can not, however, be taken as an absolutely accurate statement of the luunbei' of divorced, owing to the tendency of divorced persons to rei)ort as single or widowed; and to the fact that no return is made of the divorced pei'sons who have married again. IiJjITEKACV. The enimierators of the Twelfth Census were requii'ed to secure data in regard to the illiteracy of every person 10 yeai-s of age and over. The inquiry called for an answer as to whether or not a person could read or write; therefore, the census classitication of illiterates includes what might be termed two classes — tirst, those who can neither read nor write, and, second, those who can read but can not write. The enumerators returned a total of 5S,22-I:,6(*0 persons 10 years of age and upward; of this number, 6,246,857, or 10.7 per cent, were reported as illiterate. In 1890 the illiterates constituted 13.3 per cent of the population 10 years of age and upward, a decrease during the past decade of 2.6 per cent in the pi'oportion of illiterates. On Plate 82, the proportion of illiterates among the total population 10 years of age and over in I'JOo and 1890, the states are arranged in the order of the per- centage of illiterates in 1900. Exclu and 1890. arranged in oi'der of their illiteracy in 19oo. J^ouisiana had the highest percentage, 61.1 per cent of tlie tiegroes 10 years of age and over of that state being illiterate. Jj\ery state and territory exc(>pt ^Montana shows a grinit decrease in the projiortion of negro illiterates from 1890 to 1900, which is especially marked in New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and North Dakota. This diagram is of great interest as a measure of the decrease in illiteracy of the negroes, and is especially significant as compared with the diagram on Plate 83, which shows the propor- tion of illiterates among the nati\e white population. It will be noted that the decrease in the percentage of illiterates among the negroes had been nuich greater than the decrease for the native white population. Plate 79 shows, by shades of color, the proportion of illiterates among native white males of voting age in each county in 1900. The heavy shades, indicating the largest proportions of illiterates, will be found in the South Atlantic and South Central states, and New Mexico, and the lightest shade, indicating the smallest proportion, in the North Central and Western states. The comparatively large ])roportion of illiterates in the North Atlantic division was due to the largo number of illiterate native white males of foreign parentage. POPULATION. 53 Oh riiito, .SU, the ilouhU; \ydgu map rcpresentiug the proportion of illiterates among negro males of voting age in l!>(l(l, the heavy shades will 1)C found in the South Atlantic and South Central states. It will also be noted that the percentage of illiterates among negro males of voting age was very large in all ])arts of the country, although the negro element in tlie Northern states has made rapid progress in acquiring the elements of educatif)n. On Plate 81, males of voting age by color and nativ- ity, and by illiteracy, for states and territories, in 1900, the shaded iiortion of each color re]n-esents the per- centage of illiterates in each element of the population, the colored showing the greatest percentage of illiter- ate's in each state and territory where they formed a fair proportion of the ])opulation. InABTI.TIV to Si'KAK ENfil.ISH. Plate ,S<1 represents, for I'.tOO. by states and territories, the proportion of white persons of foreign parentage, 10 3'ears of age and over, who could not speak English. New Mexico (38.8 per cent), Arizona (HI. 5 per cent), and Texas (28.0 percent) had the largest percentages of this element, due principally to the large proportion of immigrants of Mexican bli'tli. Cartogram 0, Plate Ttl, shows for lOiiii, in shades of color, by states and territories, the proportion of for- eign born whites lo years of ag(> and over who could not speak English; Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Florida had the greatest proportions (each of the first three having over -iO per cent) of this class of immi- grants, who were principally of Spanish descent, the slowest in learning to speak English. Occupations. The enumerators of the Twelfth Census returned 29,287,070 persons 10 years of age and over as en- gaged in gainful occupations, more thaii one-half (50.3 per cent) of the population 10 years ()f age and upward, and nearly two-fifths (38.4 per cent) of the total popu- lation. Of this number, 23,!>57,778 were males and 5,329,292 females, or more than 4 males to each female. The male wage-earners formed four-fifths of the total male pop- ulation 10 3'ears of age and over, while the female wage- earners formed only 18.8 per cent of the total female popidation 10 years of age and upward. Plate 89 represents, ])y six small squares, the popula- tion, or its elements, 10 years of age and over, by sex, classified as wage-earners and nonwage-earners, for continental United States in 1900. The entire area of each square, representing the population, or its ele- ments, 10 years of age and over, is subdivided into rectangles showing the proportion of each sex. and so shaded as to indicate the proportion of wage-eai'ners and nonwage-earners in each sex. Diagram 1, Plate 8!t, isa s native white of foreign i)areiits. and the smallest proportion of female wage-earners among the native white of native parents. Wage-earners are classified bv the Census, prima- rilv. into five grand groups of occupations, as follows: (1) agricuituiiil jiiirsuits; (2) professional service; (3) domestic and jiersonal service; (4) trade and transpor- tation; (5) manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. These grand groups are subdivided into specified occupations. Plate 90 shows, for continental I'nited States, the proportion oi males and females in each class of occu- pations and in certain specified occupation groups in 1900. The total ItMigth of each bar represents 100 per cent, the black portion indicating the percentage of males and the white the percentage of females, those occupations in which each sex preponderates being cleailv marked liy the ditierence in color. The first bar shows that tlie males formed 81.7 per cent of all wage-earners. Taking up the occupation groups in order, we note that in agricultuial pursuits males formed 90.t) per cent of the total number employed. In the three speci- fied classes of occupations given under professional service the males were in excess among artists and teach- ers of art, while in the other two the females prepon- 54 STATISTICAL ATLAS. derated. In the six cla.s.ses given under donie.stie and personal service there is only one in which the males were in excess — laborers (not specitied) — of which class they formed 95.3 per cent; the females formed at least 82.3 per cent of each of the other five classes. Under trade and transportation th(> males exceeded in every group except stenographers and typewriters, in which the females formed 76.0 per cent. A great variation will be noted in the proportion of the sexes for the occupa- tions shown under manufacturing and mechanical pur- suits. In several of the classes, as bleachery and dye works operatives, printers, lithographers, and press- men, also photogi-apliers, the males formed over 86 per cent of the employees; while of dressmakers, milliners, and seamstresses, the females formed over 96 per cent. In ten of the twenty-six groups represented under manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, the females formed over .->(• per cent of the wag(>-earners. The proportion which each of the principal elements of the population formed of the total wage-earners, and the relative proportion of each of the grand groups in each element, for continental United States, is shown by the square diagram on Plate NT. This scfuare rep- resents the classiticationof occupations by race and nativ- ity in 19t>(i. and, idthough it appears to be complex, is really very simple in construction and easily understood. The total area of the scjuare, rei)resenting the numlnu- of wage-earners, is divided by heavy horizontal lines into rectangles indicating the native white of native parents, native white of foreign parents, foreign white, and colored. Each rectangle is subdivided by vertical lines into sections representing each of the tive grand giTjups of occupations, each grouj) lacing given a dis- tinctive color — agricultural pursuits, ))lue; professional service, pink; domestic and personal service, green; trade and transportation, gray; and manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, yellow. Each grand group is sul)dividcd l)y light horizontal lines into small rectangles or sections, representing the proportion of wage-earners in each specified occui^ation as numl)('red and described below the square. Under the grand grouj) of agricultural jnirsuits, (1 ) rej)resents agricultural laborers; {'2) farmers, planters, and over- seers; (3) all others. The grand group leprescnting professional service is subdivided in a similai- maimer into small rectangles or sections, showing the propor- tion of (1) clergymen; (2) lawyers; (3) physicians; (4) teachers; (5) all others. The othei- grand groups are divided in a similar manner. This diagram shows that the native white of native parents, with 13,875,329, had the largest proportion of wage-earners (-1:7.7 per cent); the foreign white, with 5,736,818 (19.8 per cent); the native white of foreign parents, with 5,300,92-1: (18.2 per cent); and the colored, with -I:, 160, 162 (11:. 3 per cent), following in order. The colored show the largest proportion engaged in agricul- tural pursuits (53. (» j)er cent), and the foi-cign white the smallest (18.7 per cent). In pi()fessit)nal service the native white of native parents had the largest propor- tion (5.8 per cent), and the colored the smallest (1.2 per cent). The colored also had the largest proportion employed in domestic and jiersonal service (33.1 per cent), and the native white of native parents the smallest (13.3 percent). In trade and transportation the native white of foreign parents foi-med the largest proportion (23.1 per cent), and the colored the smallest (5.1 per cent), while in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits the foreign white had the largest proportion (37.8 per cent), and the colored the smallest (7.0 per cent). Taking up each element of the population iu order, it will be noted that the native white of native parents had the largest proportion engaged in professional service and the smallest proportion in domestic and personal serv- ice; the native white of foreign parents the largest pi'oportion engaged in trade and transportation; the foreign white the largest proportion engaged in manu- facturing and mechanical pursuits, and the smallest proportion in agriculture; the colored the largest pro- portion engaged in agricultural pursuits, and domestic and personal service, and the smallest proportion in professional service, trade and transportation, and manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Plate 88 represents the proportion, by general nativ- ity and race, of persons engaged in the principal occu- pations in I'.tOO. The total length of the bar represents loo per cent, and the portions colored the percentage of each of the five elements engaged in the grand grou])or specified occupation represented. The bars are arranged in five groups, the first bar of each group representing the proportion of each element for the grand group, followed l)y the bars for certain specified occujKitions of that group. The percentage of each element in all occu- pations is indicated on the first bar, the native white of native parents showing the largest prt)portiou, 47.7 per cent, followed by the foreign white, with 19.8 per cent; the native white of foreign parents, with IS. 2 per cent; the negro, with 13.7 per cent; and the Chinese, Japa- nese, and Indians, with 0.6 per cent. The native white of native parents predominated in agricultural jnirsuits, professional service, and in trade and transportation, forming more than half of tiie wage-earnei's in each of these groujis. In iloiuestic and pei-sonal service, and manufacturing and mechanical })ursuits the proportion of the other elements combined is greater, althougli the native wiiite of native parents formed the largest j)ro- portion in eacli of the princij)al occupation groups. In professional service it will be noted that the proportion of native white of native parents is much larger tiian for any other race or nativity, as they formed ()4. L per cent of the total, 75.5 percent of the lawyers, 73. 7 per cent of the physicians and surgeons, 65. (i per cent of the teachers anrl professors in colleges and universities, and 5;.'. 4 jier cent of the clergymen. The foreign white and the iiati\-e white of foreign parents forrufnl together a rela POPULATION. 55 tivply small proportion of wago-oiirnprs in aoriniltural l)iir.siiits and pi'ofessional .service, but in manufacturing j and mechanical pursuits they were the leading element. | The large proportion they formed of tailors and tai- loresses (cSO.l per cent) is especially noticeable. These two elements also formed the largest percentage of the p(>rsons employed in domestic and ])ersonal service. The largest proportion (2H.t) i)er cent) of the negroes will he noted in domestic and personal .service, and espe- cinllv in the occujjation of launderers and laundresses, in which they formed 57. per cent of the workers. Plates 92 and 98 represent. I>y the different colors on each bar, the jjroportion of persons engaged in each of seven classes of occupations in llMtO and 1890, by states and territories, arranged in order of the percentage of ])ersons employed in ugi'iculture. Comparisons may be drawn from these two diagrams as to increases or decreases in the proportions of persons engaged in the several occupation classes shown. AOKICULTURAL PURSUITS. In 1900 Mississijipi had the largest percentage (76.0 percent) of persons employed in agriculture. Oklahoma and Arkansas following with over 70 per cent. The dark shades on cartognim 1, Plate 91. indicate the regions where agricultural pursuits foinied the prin- cipal occupation of wage-earners in 190vage-earners in these states having been employed in this class of occupations. This indu.stry was also of great importance in New Jer- sej-, New York, Pemisylvania, and Delaware, over 30 per cent of their wage-earners following manufacturing pursuits. Plates 92 and 93 show that the proportion of wage-earners engaged in manufacturing pursuits in the Southern states was very small, although it has increased since 1890 in certain .states of the South At- lantic division. .MINING AND CiUARRTINC. In Alaska. Montana. Arizona. Nevada. Colorado, and Idaho mining and quarrying was an important indiis try in 1900. Cartograiu 3. Plate 91. indicates that this class of oc- cupation was an important one in the Western division. This industry was also of consequence in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. IISHINC. In 1900 Alaska letl in tiie proportion of persons en- gaged in fishing. For continental l'nit(>d States, Mary- land had the largest proportion of ])ersons engaged in this industry. TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION. Nearly every state and territory shows a consider- able ptMcenlage of persons engaged in trade and trans- portation. Cartogram 4. Plate 91, represents, by shades of color, the states and territories having the largest proportion of persons engaged in occupations connected with trade and transportation, and evidences the fact that it was of imi)ortance in all the states, except a few in the South Atlantic and South Central divisions. DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE. The District of Columbia. Alaska, and Maryland had a larger proportion of wage-earners employed in do- mestic and personal .service than in any other class of occupations. Cartogram 5, Plate 91. represents the proportion of persons engaged in domestic and personal service. The lieaviest shade, indicating the largest proportion of persons engaged in this chiss of occupations, is found in every division, the Western division showing a large proportion in each state. PKOKES.SIONAI. SERVICE. The number of persons employed in professional service formed a very small proportion of the wage- earners in each state. On cartogram (i, Plate 91, illustrating the proportion of persons engaged in this service, the heaviest shade is scattered over th(> entire United States, with the excep- tion of the South Central division, most of the states in the South Atlantic and South Central divisions .showing a very small proportion of wage-eai'neis employed in professional service. DISTRIBUTION BY PARENTAGE. The series of diagrams on Plates 94, 9.5, and 96 rep- resent the distribution of wage-earners of specified parentage by their principal occupations in 1900. and 56 STATISTICAL ATLAS. show the peroentag-e of wag-e-earners of native, foi'eig-n. and negro parentage, also by jiarentage for eertiiin specified nativities. Diagrams 1. S, and 5 on Plate 9i indicate the principal occupations of persons of native, foreign, and negro parentage. The leading occupations for each of these elements were connected with agricul- ture. Nearly 45 per cent of the wage-earners of native parents were farmers, planters, and overseers, and agri- cultui-al lal)orers; only 11.7 per cent of persons of for- eign parentage were fanners, planters, and overseers, and 7.2 per cent agricultural laborers. The negroes, however, had a far larger proportion in agricultural occupations than either of the other elements, 53.7 per cent of the negro wage-earners following these pursuits. The Norwegians (diagram 1. Plate ^5); Danes (diagram 3, Plate tt5); Bohemians (diagram 6, Plate ftfi): Swedes (diagram 5, Plate 95); and Germans (diagram -1, 1'late 'M) had the largest proportions of wage-earners employed in agriculture, the Norwegians leading with -17.0 per cent of this element, the Danes coming next with 3'.».2 per cent, the Bohemians with 30.1 per cent, tlic Swedes with 27.2 per cent, and the Germans with 24.2 per cent. These diagrams are very interesting in showing the occupations followed by foreign immigrants and their children. A close study of the diagrams will show that of those persons of foreign jmrentage the Germans (dia- gram 4, Plate f»-t); French (diagram 6, Plate 94); Scan- dinavians (diagrams 1, 3, and 5, Plate 95); English Canadians (diagram 2, Plate 95); British (diagram (3, Plate 95); and Bohemians (diagram 6, Plate 96) had larger proportions of their wage-earners engaged as farmers, planters, and overseers, than were omploved in any other detailed occupation, although the number engaged in agriculture was relatively small as compared with those of native and negro parentage. The Irish (diagram 2, Plate 94) showed a larger percentage of laborers not specified, and servants and waiters than that of any other occupation. The French (anadians (diagram 4, Plate 96) attracted by the cotton mills of New England, had a large proportion of cotton-mill operatives. The Austrians, Hungarians, Poles, and Italians (diagrams 1, 2. 3, and 5, Plate 96) showed large percentages of laborers not specified, and miners and quarrymen. The Itussians (diagram 4, 1'late iW,) showed the largest percentage employed as tailors and tailoresses. Families. Family, as a census term, may stand for a group of individuals who occupy jointly a dwelling ])lace or part of a dwelling place, or for .■iii individual living alone in any place of abode. The following table, lakeii from Twelfth C(>nsus, Volume II, page clviii, gives the population, number of families, and the mmiber of persons to a family at each census from l.sno to 1900: CENSUS. population. Total families. Persons to a family. 1900, entire area of enumerHtion 1900, continental United States 1890 IHSO 1870 1360 1850 76, 303, .W/ 75, 994, .575 62, 622, 260 50,155,783 38, 558, 371 '27,489,561 '19,987,563 16,239,797 16,187,715 12, 690, 152 9,945,916 7, 579, 363 '5,210,931 '3,598,240 4.7 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.1 '5.3 '5.6 ' Families returned for free population only. I Diagram 1, Plate 97, represents, by the length of its bars, the average number of persons to a family at each census from 1850 to 1900, as given in the preceding table. No reliable data could be obtained in regard to the size of families for the censuses prior to 1850, and for 1850 and 1860 the data are for free population only. In 1850 the average size of a family was 5.6; since then it has steadily diminished, until at the census of 1900 it was 4.7, a decrea.se of 16.1 per cent in the past fifty 3'ears. Diagram 2, Plate 97, shows theaverage number of per- sons to a pri\'ate family in each state and territory in 1900. Texas leads with an average of 5.1 persons to a family, with North Carolina, Indian Territory, and AV^est Vir- ginia closely following; Alaska, with only 3,3 persons to a family, has the lowest average. It will be noted on this iliagram, also on Plate 98. that the Southern states had the largest families and Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the far Western states, with the excep- tion of Utah, the smallest, Nevada having the .small- est a\ erage of iiny state or territory appearing, except Alaska. Plate 98 shows the average size of private families at the Twelfth Census in detail, as in preparing the map the county has been taken as the unit, the average size of a family computed in eacii, the counties arranged in five groups and colored in difl'erent shades, the lightest tint, group i, representing those counties where the average number of persons to a family was less than 4, and the heaviest shade, group v, where the average number of jjersons to a family was 5.5 or more. The largest areas of group i are found in New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, the southern part of ^Michigan, and the far West, while large areas of group r are found in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Kentucky, West Virginia, North Carolina, Utah, and a few scat- tered counties in Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. Proprietorship of Homes. Plate 99 represents the proportion of hom(>s owned free, owned eiuaunbered, and hired in lltoo. With the exception of Alaska. New Mexico had the largest pro- portion of homes owned free and the District of Co- luml)ia tlie smallest; with the exception of Hawaii and POPULATION. Alaska, the Di.strict of Columbia had the larj^cst propor- tion of hired lioiiies and North Dakota the, .smallest. Wisconsin, Vermont, and Michigan showed the largest percentage of homes owned encumbered and Indian Territory the smallest, the perecintage for Alaska lieing too small to be represented on the diagram. Comparing the states liy geographical divisions, the Western. di\ision iiad the largest percentage of homes owned free and the North Atlantic the smallest. The states of the North Atlantic division had the largest proportion of hired homes and those of the North Cen- tral division the smallest. The North Central division -i had the largest ])roportion of homes owned encumbered and the South Central the smallest. Plate !(»(• lepi'esents the proportion of farm homes owned free, owned encumbered, and hired in 1900. New Mexico, with 86.9 per cent, led in the percent- I age of farm homes owned free, with Arizona. I'lah, and Alaska closelv following. Indian 'I'erritorv showintr the smallest percentage {■2n.'^). .Michigan. Wisconsin, and Vermont, in the order named, had the largest proportion of farms owned encumbered, while New Mexico and Arizona had the smallest, except Indian Territory, the pei'centage for which was too small to app(>ar upon the diagram. Indian Territory. Missis- sippi, and South Carolina had the largest proportion of hired farms while Maine and Ctah had smaller pro- portions than any of the other states. Compared by divisions, the Western states had the largest propor- tion owned free, and the smallest hired; the North Cen- tral states had the largest proportion owned encum- bered, and the smallest owned free; while the South Central states had the largest proportion hired, i-.nd the smallest owned encumbered. PLATE No I DIS'I'IUHITION ()!•• Tin-: POIT LATK) N : I790 lUUUS etENiC DISTUIIU'I'ION Ol'' I'lll'; |H)l>ll,.vri().V: IHOO. PLATE No. 4 DISTlUHrriON' OK TIIF. Pnpri.ATinX I'.AST OF Till'", Mi()Tn Mi.;j{ii)iAX: 1810. PLATE No^ 5 DISTRIBUTIOX OF THE POPULATION I'.ASr Ol' THK lOO r." MKHIDIAX : 1820. DisjMUHL'TiON oi' Till-; 1 'oiM i.A'ii () N ivVST oi' rill-; loo'." .\n-;Hii)i.\.\' : laao. PLATE No 6 a-EMicaN V Dis'i'iiiiuTioN oi- Tin; I'oi'ii.ATiox F..\sr oi' 'I'lii'; KHim Mi:mr)iAX : laio PLATE No 7 99' 97' i«" 9]' 89^ «7" B'EsliC.t' PLATE No. 8 DIS'l'lilJiLTlON 0\<- Till'; l'()l>ll,A'riON H.\iiT OF THE IOOt." MKIUDIAX: 1650. PLATE No 9 DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPUI-ATION ILAST OK THK lOOT" MHHIDIAN : 1860 DIS'l'Kim'TIOX OF riUi POPrLATIOiV (HI 127* 125* 123° I2l» 119- 117- nWr^^^JIJl US' 113- 103- I07° 105* 103* LITDING INDIANS NOT Ti\X7':D ): 1870 PLATE No. 10 129' 127* CLHOING INDIANS NOT T.\Xl':i) ): 1880 PLATE No- li 79- 77- 75- 73* US SlEN a CO t'TM S DISTHIULTION OK Till'; POPULATION (E Ll/niNG INDIANS NOT T.\XED ):iB90 PLATE No, 12 US BICN A CO LITH I POPl'l.A'l'ION : 19()() PLATE No. 13 US QtEN azo-t* PLATE No,l4 YEAR IS&O "T" — I — 1890 1900 tiio INCItKASK Ol' l'()|>ri,.VI'l()N rNITi:i) STATKS AN DTHK I'lJINCII'AI. COIN'l'HIl^S Ol' Isl'IfOPH FROM laooToiooo. 1/ / 10 h Z < I- < I m z o 1900 I JULIUS BIEN i ^O LiTC N > PLATE No. 15 SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE CENTER OF POPULATION JUNE 1 ST 19 OO Compiled "bv HENRV GANNETT, GEOGR.APHER Scale of miles JULIUS B'EN B CO LITM N Y PLATE No 16 PLATE No, 17 w ^! ffl K ^ }9 . ._ o _^_^^^^_^^_^„______^__^^_^_^___^^___^ tO « D D in lO 3 n ? D * ; ID (0 3 T 10 1 N 9 a o . ^__H__ -_ ift . czn . ^M^B — I — ~ Vi w •J < PLATE No 18 TOTAL POFITLATION OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY AT EACH CENSUS. li I MAINE MEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT S O 5 5 511"™ "™ '^' — I P^ HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT 5 10 15 20 25 5 5 NEW YORK 10 IS 2 25 30 35 'iO -^5 50 5 5 60 6 5 7 NEW JERSEY O 5 10 15 20 ml PENNSYLVANIA O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 ^O -^5 50 55 60 DISTOF COLUMBIA i , 1 1 'fftf iM ss Si ns ilUali ' TTW C3 TTT w »..IHHII|II ITLL ILll ' ' ; ] '■ I i M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m S 1^^ OS O 5 10 VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA N CAROLINA S CAROLINA > 10 15 O 5 10 O 5 10 15 O 5 10 ■ii* GEORGIA O 5 10 IS 20 ill FLORIDA ALABAMA 5 3 10 IS I I I ■ I ■ MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA TEXAS O 5 10 15 O 5 10 15 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 KFNTUCKY TENNESSEE 5 10 15 20 O 5 10 15 20 SE ■ ARKANSAS INDIAN TER. OKLAHOMA O 5 5 I JULIUS B I EN ft CO LITH N Y TOTAL POPULATION OF EACH STATE AND TERRITOK Y AT PLVCH CENSUS. HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS PLATE No 19 INDIANA MICHIGAN O 5 10 15 20 25 O 5 10 15 20 25 I I I M O 5 10 IS ILLINOIS 20 25 30 35 W13C0NS ■♦0 -45 O 5 10 IN MINNESOTA 15 20 5 10 15 5 IOWA 10 IS 20 1810 1820 1830 IB'.O 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1 tan Hi 1 1 1 ■ ■ iT Ih . T^^^ ' ^^ VMM ***f ^p ' L \Lmm TT 1 **]" ' ■MM I_^ ■ lllll MMM -^ ^* J N.DAKOTA S.DAKOTA 5 5 NEBRASKA O 5 10 KANSAS MONTANA WYOMING COLORADO OS 10 15 05 O 05 1 I 1 I NEW MEXICO ARIZONA UTAH WASHINGTON OREGON CALIFORNIA 1840 leso I860 1870 1890 1900 OS OS O S 10 15 M ^ 1 ! ^^ .JULIUS BIEH&CO. LITH N Y, PLATE No. PROPORTION' OF URBAN TO TOT^\L POPUI^ATION.BY STATE SAND TERRITORIE S, AT KACII CENSUS . PER CENT PER CENT RHODE rSLAND NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT MARYLAND MINNESOTA 193C ■ 1S30 I 1880 I 187 1 I860 I 1SS0 I 1630 m I&20 ^ 1310 H 19CC1 I 1890 ^ IfiSO p 1670 I tS60 I MASSACHUSETTS 1*90 1880 1870 >B6 1850 19O0 p 1890 ■ 1850 m PENNSYLVANIA CALIFORNIA DELAWARE NEW HAMPSHIRE 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 I8i0 1840 ia20 18'0 1800 1790 1900 1690 laao 1870 1860 I8SC- 18*0 1830 1810 1S0O 1790 .900 1890 1S80 1870 1860 1900 1690 1880 1870 1660 1850 i&»o I90O 1390 ;aao 1870 I860 1850 two 1690 leao 1870 1860 tsso 18-0 1830 1820 19 SO 1890 1880 1S90 16«0 1S60 laso 1&*C 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 laso lft«0 190C 169C 1880 1870 I860 laso 1900 189 (J 1880 1970 ■ ■ — I — — 1 , i "^ i J i ■ : 1 =r ■ 1 1 ! NEBRASKA :□ 1680 to 187 ^ 1O60 to WEST VIRGINIA S CAROLINA leso 1830 1820 ieoo 1790 ALABAMA 1900 1890 laao 1660 185 1900 ARKANSAS 1890 leeo 1870 )9Q0 N CAROLINA laeo 1870 1860 MISSISSIPPI IBOC 1890 1880 Note-Sf-aU*^ and territorte.s hzL%'i7U^ urban populiLtion for Uss JUUU5 3IEN 9C0.LITH N R.VNK OF STATES AND TERRITORIES II l|TH CENSUS 1890 lOTH CENSUS 9"^," CENSUS 870 8''" CENSUS I860 7T.H CENSUS 1850 NEW yoRK PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS OHIO MISSOURI TEXAS MASSACHUSETTS INDIANA MICHIGAN IOWA GEORGIA KENTUCKY WISCONSIN TENNESSEE NORTH CAROLINA NEW JERSEY VIRGINIA ALABAMA MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI CALIFORNIA KANSAS LOUISIANA SOUTH CAROLINA ARKANSAS MARYLAND NEBRASKA WEST VIRGINIA CONNECTICLIT MAINE COLORADO FLORIDA WASHINGTON RHODE ISLAND ORETSON NEW HAMPSIHRE SOUTH DAKOTA OKLAHOMA INDIAN TERRITORY VERMONT NORTH DAKOTA DISTRICT OF COLUMB UTAH MONTANA NEW MEXICO DELAWARE IDAHO HAWAII ARIZONA WYOMING ALASKA NEVADA 'OPUIuATION AT EACH CENSUS PLATE No 21 6TH CENSUS 1840 5TH CENSUS 1830 4-'.H CENSUS 1820 3RD CENSUS 810 2 NO CENSUS 1800 1ST CENSUS 1790 IJ^ VIRGINIA > DISTRICT OF COLUMaiA MISSISSIPPI y INDIANA ^MASSACHUSETTS y PENNSYLVANIA y NEW YORK Yy NORTH CAROLINA ^ MARYLAND y SOUTH CAROLINA jy CONNECTICUT y NEW JERSEY >NEW HAMPSIHRE y GEORGIA y RHODE ISLAND y DELAWARE ULtUS etCM A CO LITH N.V. RANK OF THE MOST POPULOUS I2T" CENSUS 1900 IITH CENSUS 1890 lOT.M CENSUS 1880 9T.H CENSUS 870 7T.H CENSUS I8S0 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST. LOUIS BOSTON BALTIMORE CLEVELAND BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO CINCINNATI PITTSBURG NEW ORLEANS DETROIT MILWAUKEE WASHINGTON NEWARK JERSEY CITY LOUISVILLE MINNEAPOLIS PROVIDENCE INDIANAPOLIS KANSAS CITY ST PAUL ROCHESTER DENVER TOLEDO ALLEGHENY COLUMBUS WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN PATERSON FALL RIVER STJOSEPH OMAHA LOS ANGELES MEMPHIS SCRANTON LOWELL ALBANr CAMBRIDGE PORTLAND, OREGON ATLANTA GRAND RAPIDS DAYTON RICHMOND NASHVILLE SEATTLE HARTFORD READING lli:S A|- KACH CKNSUS PLATE No 22 6TH CENSUS 1840 5TH CENSUS 1830 4T.H CENSUS 1820 3RD CENSUS 1810 2ND CENSUS 1800 ^ NEW YORK ^PmIUOELPMIA y BOSTON ^CHARLESTON y BALTIMORE ^NORTHERN LIBERTIES y SALEM y NEWPORT y PROVIDENCE SOUTHWARK >marblehe:ad y NEW ORLEANS X^SZ^ GLOUCESTER 3 READING > READING juuos Biert j, co-lithny PLATE No 23 1790 leoo leio 1820 1830 JS'.O 1850 I8S0 1870 1880 1830 1900 TOTAL roiTL AT ION OF GREAT CiTIKSAT EACH CENSUS. HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS NEW YORK 10 15 20 ZS 30 35 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 CMtCAGO 10 PHILADELPHIA 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 I870 1880 1880 1900 ^* **^ iid. I I ■ 5 1790 1800 1 1810 ■ 1820 ■ 1830 ■ le^o I8S0 ■ I860 m IS80 ■TT^ 1890 1900 ■■ ^^■■■H CLEVELAND 3 aUTFALO SAN FRANCISCO CINCINNATI PITTSBURG NEW ORLEANS DETROIT MILWAUKEE 1 ! r 1 ; ' ■ ■ 1 1 ■ 1 1 ■ 1 ■1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ^ a : I ■ ■ I 1 ■■ ■ ^ 1 ■ ■ "H" ^^ 1 ', 1 ■ WASHINGTON NEWARK JERSEY CITY LOUISVILLE MINNEAPOLIS PROVIDENCE INDIANAPOLIS KANSAS CITY, MO ST PAUL ROCHESTER DENVER TOLEDO 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870 1880 1880 1900 1 1 — 1 :i 1 j \ ' " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 ■ 1 I i ■ 1 1 ■ ■ 1 1 ■ i ■ 1 I 1 ■■ ^ ■ 1 i ■ ■ 1 1 . 1 1 ^^^1 ^^ ■i • ■ * ■ j ■ ! -1 -1 1 ■ ■ ^. E ■ ■ m : ■ ^ ■ ^ t . ^ ^ 1 L J ALLEGHENY COLUMBUS WORCESTER SYRACUSE NEW HAVEN PATEBSON FALL RIVER ST.JOSEPH OMAM* LOS ANGELES MEMPHIS SCRANTON 0000 00000000 1790 i 1 ' ' 1800 1 ' 1810 1 1 1820 1830 1840 1 1850 1 1 1 . . 1 1 1 I860 1 < 1 ■ ! ! 1 1 1 I IB70 ■ ' I ■ { ' ■ ■ ■ 1 1 1 !■ I 1 1880 1 ■ ■ . ■ ■ ■ ■ I ■ 1 ■ ■ 1 1890 ■ B' ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■• ■ ■ ■ , ■ 1900 Lm ■ Lb \^ Lm ^ ■i ■i ^ Mi M ^ JULIUS BlENiCO LlTM. N V. PLATE No 2 1 TOTAL AND URBAN POPULATION BY STATES AJSTD TERRITOBIESllOOG. THE BLA(n<^ PORTION TS U>iBAN. MILLIONS NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS OHIO MISSOURI TEXAS MASSACHUSETTS INDIANA MICHIGAN IOWA GEORGIA KENTUCKY WISCONSIN TENNESSEE N CAROLINA NEW JERSEY VIRGINIA ALABAMA MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI CALIFORNIA KANSAS LOUISIANA S.CAROLINA ARKANSAS MARYLAND NEBRASKA WEST VIRGINIA CONNECTICUT MAINE COLORADO FLORIDA WASHINGTON RHODE ISLAND OREGON NEW HAMPSHIRE S.DAKOTA OKLAHOMA INDIAN TER VERMONT N.DAKOTA DlST OF COLUMSIA UTAH MONTANA NEW MEXICO DELAWARE IDAHO HAWAII ARIZONA WYOMING ALASKA NEVADA ^^ ■rm DEXSITY < »F Vi UTLATH )XBY STATES ANTi TKURIT* HtlES: ID* )0. NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A SQUARE MILE O 25 50 75 100 125 ISO 17 5 200 225 2 SO 275 300 325 350 37 5 ft-OQ '*2b RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MARYLAND OHIO DELAWARE ILLINOIS INDIANA KENTUCKY TENNESSEE VIRGINIA NEW HAMPSHIRE MISSOURI S.CAROLINA MtCHIGAN IQWA N.CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA WISCONSIN VERMONT GEORGIA ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA ARKANSAS HAWAII MAINE MINNESOTA KANSAS NEBRASKA INDIAN TER TEXAS OKLAHOMA FLORIDA CALIFORNIA WASHINGTON S DAKOTA COLORADO N.DAKOTA OREGON UTAH IDAHO MONTANA NEW MEXICO ARIZONA WYOMING NEVADA ALASKA 3 . T( )TAL P( >rUL.\Tr( )X < )F ( 'ITIES < )E Mi »KE TITAX K »().00( ) INILUnT.VNTS:iOO( ». us mtNaco lith.ny HT 115" 113- nr J09» 107° 10s* loa* lor 99* PLATE No.25 USBiCH ft caH,r, PLATE No.25 ]>MNSITY OF INCREASE OF POPULA'l'lON or tlie UNITED STATES 1890tol9()0 Compiled by HENRY 0.-\NNtETT. GEC OGRAPHER LIUS eiEr* 3 CO. N.T. PLATE No 26 JULIUS ai EM ACO LITH.N Y PLATE No.27 / ],DKNSIT\' OK POHILATION: IIXH.) _____ i I "OAK 1 /i i ' I "*N«- \ HO \ /-'' A-- \„Ak 1— ~| Less than two i 1 ^ to 6 lo a samilr ^S 6 to lU to a su nuW '— ' to a sq. mi le ' — ' • ^i^ i 2.l'K01><>ltTI(>N OK IKHAN TO TOTAL P()Pn^TION;i90O °".., fr '-—.1 «" '.J- / ;,..;...- A^. V [ [ Leas Uian one per cpnl I HI tulOperccni m lOtoZS per cent BH 25 10 30 per rem ^B ^l'*'''*^''^ '"^'^ over a.PROPOKTION OF INCREASE OF TOTAL POPULATK IN : 1H90 TO WOO /■ "'"o. ,' -J ^ "Obt ,1 J. ; ( ""i- / '-, i " \ ? .?""--=f-^-.-- l^.. V«: --"x ■v'5 .— f'v / : ^ M ■1. PROPORTION OF WHITES OF FOREIGN- PARENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION:1900 ^ 1 j^^^Uft-rpase |_ _J Less Uian lOperceni. .^^|10tu2b))erceiu BW 25 to 50 per cent F 1 50 p»»r cent anU over i 1 Lf^ss ihan two per cent. [ | 'J lo 10 per cent ■■25to50 HB50to7.~> 1 10to25percenl 1 75 per cent and ovev 5 . DENSITY OF rSCREASE OF POPULATION : 1890 TO 1900 GNIMFRK Al. (IAIN OR LOSS IN FOREIGN B0RN:i900 / *■'.,'' M DAM •0» MINN. t,..\ -^ ,, ,.0, /'^5 ^XV'-^-^--" -x5> ^ [ ] 5 u> H) tt) a stj mile |^| 10 lo 25 lo a sq mile ■■ -"> 'U'tl "'^'Pr •-°"}^ ^ ^ ; J ^ — ^-A-.»|...;" V ^' ■--»v-'5 H [ nN\imehcal loss IZZl • iain 15" 113- nr 109- 107° :os* loa* lor 99* Theabscncoofcoloriiidicalos ana^^regate populaUon ofless Uicui 2 mbabilanls toasquarc mile L__ _J ntrz^zr PLATE No 28 96* 33" ar ;:ci PROPORTION OF INCREASE OFTOTAl , POPl -I ATION lH90tol900 Compiled bv HENRV G^\N'NETT. Gp:OGR.\PHEH. UUS BIEK « CO LITM N -I 129- 127" 7 .::i- ii: 17" 115° 113- ni" JOS' IIJ?" ins* ]a3* 101- Th«' alisomt'oreuloiiinlicaU'sana^fiixg.iti popuUiUo[ioflebsthaii2inhabilaiilstOdbqii.m nnli PLATE No 29 JULtUS eiEN 6 CO. N.V. PLATE No 30 ACiK AN!) si':x, IN I'KKi i;N'rACiKs oi' i:a 1 c. ; 1 V 1 jV- .1 *" 1 >^ ( 1 E « 2 2 4-6 PER CENT 8 6 4 2 2 PER CENT JUUl^S BiEN « CO LITH r* V PLATE No 31 A(iE y\ND S1-;X, 1>- PEIM' t;XTAC.i-; S OF EAdl ]•: I.KMKXT OF IMF POI'FL-\TrON too AND OVER 95 - 99 90-94 8S-89 80 -84 75 - 79 70 - 74 65 - 69 50 -64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40-44 35 - 39 30-34 25 -29 20 -24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5 - 9 0-5 1<)()() -«^ N.-VriM". VVHTTE PolTLATlOX 189() I 6 4-20 24-6 PER CENT ir,, ,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I - ,^i - ."i 1 1 , ■< 1 , 1 L.'-' ^ 1 ^' A> 1 1 'i O 2 PER CENT 8 6 4- 2 2 4- PER CENT ■oRKKiN wiirn-; immm-lation l>)oo 00 AND OVER 95 - 99 90 -54 85 - 89 80 -84 75 - 79 r \ 70-74 65 - 69 60 -64 |l 1 55 - 59 1 50 - 54 1 45 - 49 .'- 1 J' 1 L « 1 1 4: L v 6 4 2 2 4-6 PER CENT IXDIAXS IHOO t \ ! r 1 1 1 > .■^ II -T ,^ 1 p- ,y 1, 1 J LJ 4 2 2 4 PER CENT LiyS BIEN A CO LIT" PLATE No. 32 LACK AM) SKX, IN I'KKCKX'IAOKS (JK KAfH KI.KMEXT OF THE I^OPTILATION nativt: wTirrr: ok fohkion PAifKXTS (00 AND OVER 95- 99 90 -94 85 -89 80 84 75 - 79 70 - 74 66 -69 60-64 56 - 59 50 - 64 45 - 49 40-44 36- 39 30-34 2S-29 20 -24 15- 19 1900 I8i)0 J [ 4^ f : ' ' 1 I ^ \'^. i ! ■* ' f^" 1 1 ,'-' 1 1 _J IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS COLORADO , r ARKANSAS 4' ,% 1 & »1 ' 1 , 1 *' ,^'1 1 IS 10 5 O 5 10 DELAWARE A U 1 1 ■.^1 , i)' .i'-" " 1 1 *• ,^' 1 1 A 1 J, «? ■ 1 ^'" ,* 1 ,r J "i. 1, 1 1 1, , H > , 1 , 1 1 i k 1 1 <,y ji - 1 1 «? t .? -•^ 1 1 %-■' .-f' r 1 ^^ ,,'!-'* 1 ■^^ #' , 1 x'-'' ^ # ««-' I, J L J 1 _j 1 : 1 PER CENT IS 10 S O 5 10 IS 80 -90 70 ao 60- 70 50 -60 AO -50 30 40 20 -30 10 - 20 - 10 PER CENT 80 -90 70 - 80 60 - 70 50 - 60 40 - 50 30 - 40 20 -30 10 20 - 1 PERCENT 1 r MA NE 1 1 1 H ' 1 1 I r^: i] U - ^ y j'-^ 1 * & _ '1. 15 10 5 5 10 IS MINNESOTA IS 10 5 O S 10 15 MISSISSIPPI IS 10 5 5 10 15 MISSOURI IS 10 5 o 5 MONTANA J ^ [^ J i^ , —jr. ' 1 &* 1 r T~ _J , r A 1 \\ I-- , 1 ^ T> ' 1 1 ^ ■' / 1 1 A 1 i 1 r 1 h -.'£L 1 1 ,r" r^ [ I' y 1 1 5 10 S S to IS rs 10 5 5 10 IS IS to 5 O S 10 IS 15 to S O 5 10 IS JULIUS HI EN aco un AG(il{J^(;ATi'; I'Ol'L'LA'l'lO.X JiVAGK AM) SI'-.X: 1<)00 PLATE No. 34 AGES 60-90 70 -80 60- 70 50 - 60 40 - 50 30 -40 20 -30 ro-20 0-10 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -ao 60- 70 50-60 40 -50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT £5 A I — , J- — NEVADA NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY t 1 it :^ »* H r -^1 10 5 5 10 IS NEWMEXICO IS 10 5 5 10 IS NEW YORK IS 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 S S 10 IS NORTH CAROLINA [ \\ ^ k 1 1 t. il ■^ L-L ^' /" 1 ri F^ 1 , 1 1 , ."-I 1 ,*•* 1 V '' / 1 ^ "1 • 1 J 1 , 1 fr' L. ^ 1 , \'l NORTH DAKOTA T : [Z_ IS 10 5 5 10 'IS -90 80- 70 -80 60- 70 50 -60 40 -SO 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PEH CENT 80 -90 70 - ao 60- 70 50-60 40 -50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 60 -90 70-80 60- 70 SO -60 40 -50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT AGES 80- 90 70 -80 60- 70 50 -60 40 -SO 30 -40 20-30 10 -20 0-10 PER CENT OH 10 , „e. J . v"- .» ' * / IS 10 S 5 10 IS OKLAHOMA f ^ K h ^ «*' " ^ 1 li 1^ 1 h 10 5 O 5 10 IS 15 10 S S 10 IS OREGON PENNSYLVANIA i 11 I I r A "1 >, •* j^" ■^ f4 -^^ _1_J □ 10 5 O 5 10 IS RHODE ISLAND IS 10 5 5 10 15 SOUTH CAROLINA , f J K 1 p '^~\ ^ N ^ k ^ 1 u'? ,» ' 1 , 1 ^ / 1 1 10 S 5 10 IS IS 10 S S 10 IS SOUTH DAKOTA TENNESSEE X i\ 10 5 5 10 IS TEXAS IS 10 5 5 10 IS UTAH 10 S S 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 15 VERMONT VIRGINIA r J ^ i l" A k 1" r ^ N 1 A 1, ^ , 1 '>, 1 ^'' ' 1 1 i," -^ 1 1 it? .^ H, , *» ,^- 1 1 ^» r^* 1 1 << " / 1 *' ««-' , 1 ,J ,«-' 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 S O 5 10 IS WASHINGTON 15 10 S O S 10 IS WEST VIRGINIA 10 S 5 10 IS IS 10 S 5 10 15 WISCONSIN WYOMING H '5 10 5 5 10 15 IS '0 5 5 10 »5 rs 10 5 O S 10 tS IS 10 S 5 10 IS 1 . 4 -*^-^T • 1 1 1 JULIUS BIEN&.CO UTMNY NA'i"i\'E \v]ii'ri'; roiTi^vriox hyagI'; and si-;x:i<)()() PLATE No 3jl AGES 80- 90 70 - SO 60 ■ 70 50 - 60 40 - 50 30 - 40 20- 30 1 - 20 - 10 PER CENT 80 - 90 70 - 80 CO - 70 50 - 60 40 - 50 30 - 40 20 - 30 10 - 20 - 10 PEH CENT 80 - 90 70 - SO 60 - 70 50 - 60 10 60 30 - 40 20 - 30 10 20 - 10 PER CENT ao -90 70 80 60- 70 50 - -60 40 -50 SO- 40 SO -30 10- -20 - 1 PER CENT 80 - -90 70 -SO 60 70 50 60 40 - 50 30 -40 20 - 30 10 20 - 10 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60 -70 50 -60 40 - 50 30 -40 20 - 30 1 -20 - 1 PER CENT 60 -90 70 - 60 60 -70 50 -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 - 1 PER CENT [ \ K ^'- 1 1 ^ \ 1 ^ / 1 1 t\ LZS h \ h^ i,, v~ 1 1 1 -•^ jV> . «,^i , 1 V 1 ■" ,-■' t r ^ V 1. 1 1 «,'' -: 1 ■v' " Af^ r 3 j_ IS 10 SO 5 10 IS 15 10 S S 10 IS IS 10 S O S 10 IS IS 10 5 S 10 IS IDAHO ILLINOIS INDIANA INDIAN TERRITORY r-^ 1^ -1^ h 1 r r 1^ J ^ I •J- n 1 — 1 h \ t r H ^ "1 1 IS 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 S O S 10 IS IS 10 5 S 10 15 IS 10 S 5 10 15 IOWA KANSAS KENTUCKY LOUISIANA i k ^ ^ k P ^ I ^ r J I ^ 1 1 i . <- f"- 1 1 > f^ • 1 1 -?- ^ 1 s' y 1 *• y 1 1 * «*- 1 1 * «- 1 1 ^ <■- 1 , 1 .J L^ _J 1 1 1 1 lb lO S 5 10 IS 15 10 S 5 MAINE MARYLAND 15 IS 10 5 5 10 IS 15 10 5 5 10 15 MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN r 4 \ V 1 ^ ^ \ \ 1 i 1 A \ 1 f- r^ y A k ^ =h .e -^ -^ «? >^ ^ 1 * f-' 7^ h 4.^ .»■'' / 15 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 5 S 10 15 IS 10 S S 10 IS 15 10 S 5 10 15 MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI MONTANA , ( Y L" 1 1 <;? v> • 1 1 / 1 , 1 E5" 6 10 5 5 10 15 IS 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 5 O S 10 IS 15 10 5 O 5 10 IS r^ r h \ £, h. . ?' ,*" ■ 1 rf 1 1 JULIUS BIEN SCO L'TH N V KVl-IVE WHITI-; l>()l'ri.A'l'K)N HYAGH AND SEX: 1900 PLATE No. 36 AGES ao -90 70 - ao 60-70 so -eo «o -so 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80-90 70 -ao 60 - 70 50 - 60 40 -SO 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80-90 70 -80 60- 70 SO -60 40 -SO 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80 - 90 70 - 80 60 -70 50 - 60 40 -50 30 -40 20 - 30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY r -^ — k ^ ^ r f 4 ^ i [ r A h ] 1 1 -^^ A ^ ^ r * -^ ^ \ 3 —^ -^ h K -^ ^ k 15 10 5 5 10 IS IS 10 S S 10 IS IS 10 S 5 10 15 NEWMEXICO NEW rORK NORTH CAROLINA SO S 10 IS NORTH DAKOTA F A ^ 1 1 Iq 1 4." ,^1 y ,* * A .Ki J. 4 ^ pj \ ^ r^ 1 -7^ 1 h^ r 1 67 9^ -^ n 15 10 5 5 10 15 15 10 5 O 5 10 IS 15 10 S S 10 IS OHIO OKLAHOMA OREGON 15 10 5 O S 10 15 20 PENNSYLVANIA f ^ k l-i 1 1 c* ^ 1 r h» c^'"*" i , 1 r r' — ' \ ' h f^ ^ \ k IS 10 5 5 10 IS 15 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 S O 5 10 15 RHODE ISLAND SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS TENNESSEE A in r:. rE k A IS 10 S S 10 16 15 10 5 S 10 IS 15 10 S 5 lO IS TEXAS UTAH VERMONT IS 10 5 5 10 IS VIRGINIA 1 A 7*~ h H ^^ IS 10 5 5 10 IS IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS IS 10 5 O 5 lO IS WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA WISCONSIN IS 10 5 O S 10 IS WYOMING 80 -90 70 -ao 60- 70 50-60 40 -50 30-40 20 -30- 10-20 0-10 PER CENT Js r^ r-^ r A 1 — h ^ I K 1 r-^ -4 ^ ^1 j J 1 1 n ~1 , 1 1* ' ^ --■^ >l * 7^ : * 1 IS 10 S S 10 IS 15 10 S 5 ro IS IS 10 5 O S '0 IS IS IQ S 5 10 IS JULiUS BIEN4CO,UTrt N. . NATIVE wurri': pomi^vriox byagh and si-iximoo PLATE No 3 AGES 80- 90 70 ~ 80 60 - 70 so- 60 lo - 50 30 - 40 20 - 30 10 - 20 - 1 PER CENT SO - 90 70 - 80 00 - 70 50 - 60 10 - 50 30 - 40 20 - 30 1 - 20 - 1 PER CENT 80- 90 70 - 30 60 - 70 60 - 60 40 SO 30 - 40 20 30 10 20 - 10 PER CENT ao -90 70 80 60- 70 50 - -60 40 -50 SO- 40 SO -30 10- ->o - 1 PER CENT 80 - - 90 70 - 80 60 70 50 60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 - 20 - 10 PEP CENT eo -90 70 - SO 60 - 70 50 -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 - 1 PER CENT 60 -90 70 -80 50 - 70 50 -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 - 10 PER CENT ALASKA I ^ il J, 3 [ , r ^ )'^ 1 -< •■' .^'^ ^ 1 #' «^ 1 1 + pJ 1 1 *n r^ -^ n 15 10 6 5 CALIFORNIA 15 25 20 15 10 5 5 15 10 5 5 10 IS 15 10 5 5 10 IS COLORADO CONNECTICUT DELAWARE r r V 1 1 1 \ r r^ — h r I 1 L_ 1 1 \ 1 t. 1 ,\ ^ —^ i,' s! -^ ! 1 'i' — i»- ^ 1 ^^ -\ «? V^ d -^ c: 1^ '^ □ i 1 i, j2-] h d — J li IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS 15 10 S O S 10 15 15 10 5 5 10 15 IS 10 5 S 10 IS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA I iL ri V 1 Cl 1 M^ 1 ,►' .^■*' 1 £ £ 15 10 5 5 10 15 15 10 S 5 10 IS IS 10 5 S 10 IS 15 10 5 5 10 IS IDAHO ILLINOIS INDIANA INDIAN TERRITORY , ( :^ i h 1 1 y ,^^ 1 ^ «^' i r^ 1 r 1 ■^'^ y ,r- 1 *' <,'-' , ; \ k 1 -," , 1 ',1 y h' - 1 1 yi ,'- 1 1 15 10 5 O 5 10 IS IS 10 5 O 5 10 15 IS 10 5 5 10 15 IS 10 5 5 10 15 IOWA KANSAS KENTUCKY LOUISIANA A ^ c=^ t } ! 1 1 f^ .«-"■' jjr 1 ^ <*' \ , 1 1 IS 10 5 5 10 15 15 10 5 5 MAINE MARYLAND 10 IS IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS 15 10 S 5 10 IS MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN i r:r^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ \ r A I 1 1 1 1 \ 1 M 1 "l >^ 1 1 <,"' .v-'^ \ «.^ ^^ 1 «-" .- 1 ,*-' 1 * «*-' , 1 ^1 'f 1 , 1 J i 1 1 1 S 10 5 ■_, 10 15 IS 10 i S 10 IS IS 10 S O S 10 IS 15 10 5 5 10 IS MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI MONTANA , [ I 4 k u 1 , <," .-■ 1- 1 V — i \;^ 5 10 5 5 10 IS IS 10 -J^ S 10 15 IS 10 5 5 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 15 f ^ I 1 1 ^ ^ 1 i" - , 1 '^ .v-* 1 1 JULIUS BItN ft CO LITM N V. NATIVE VVHITK POPILATION HYAGK AND SEX:1900 PLATE No. 36 AOES 80 -90 70-80 60- 70 SO -60 40 -SO 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PeH GENT 80 - 90 70 - 80 60- 70 50-60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80-90 70 -80 60- 70 SO -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80-90 70 -80 60 - 70 50- 60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60- 70 50-60 40 -50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80-90 7 -80 60- 70 50 -60 40 -50 30-40 20 -30. 10-20 0-10 PER CENT NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY r r h 1 ^ •* A h \ [ ^ ] H J EZIZl ^ h IS 10 5 5 10 NEWMEXICO 15 10 S S 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 IS rs 10 S O S 10 IS NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA NORTH DAKOTA f H k \ \ r^-H ^'' ,* ■iL\ — h \ 1 , 1 , J , 1 , H r A h 6 M ^ tLj. r .^ -^ ^ ^ f / i,' -^ ' 1 ^ J ^ 1^ ■ 1 15 10 5 5 10 RHODE ISLAND 15 10 S O S 10 15 15 10 5 O S 10 IS IS 10 S S 10 IS SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA TENNESSEE JL J r^ -h r^i -^ h ^ 1 t*'— h 1 A IS to 5 5 10 TEXAS 15 10 5 S 10 IS 15 10 S 5 10 15 IS 10 5 S 10 IS UTAH VERMONT VIRGINIA -* 1 L [ r Pi 1 I k^ 1 v- j>r I 1 V _^ 4^ ^ 15 10 5 S 10 WASHINGTON 15 10 5 O 5 10 15 15 10 5 O i WEST VIRGINIA WISCONSIN ^h. r-J= r > r^ 1 f^ — Ay In [ J 1 ^ 1 «? ,»■ '^ 1 *' .^' 1 ' 1 15 10 5 5 10 IS 15 10 S 5 10 15 IS lO 5 O 5 10 IS 15 10 5 O 5 10 15 juuus mCN acO-uth u . FOREIGN WHITE POPIILATiON BYAOE AND SEX: 1900 PLATE No, 37! AGES SO - 90 70 - SO 60 - 70 50 - 60 40 - 50 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 80 -90 70-80 60-70 50-60 40 - 50 30 - 40 20 - 30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT ao -90 70 - 60 60-70 50-60 40 - 50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 r^ h i 1 ^^' I i' «'- 1, 1 , ^' 1 1 1 L U 1 r \ 1 f U' ,^'■ <.'- 1 \ \ J 15 rO 5 5 10 CALIFORNIA 30 25 20 15 10 5 15 10 5 5 10 COLORADO CONNECTICLTT r^ 1 , 1 1 "1, 1 ^■f *' «•*-' 1 1 4 V 1 15 10 5 5 10 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA m n it m ^i, 15 IC 5 S 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 FLORIDA GEORGIA 4? 3 15 10 5 S 10 IDAHO r^ 1 A ^ 1 ^ ^ 1 1 1 ^r^ 1 .^ 1 «<- , 1 1 ^ ' jj-' r 1 1 ^ ^'^ 1 4rJ 1 lL IS 10 S O 5 10 15 15 10 5 5 10 ILLINOIS INDIANA IS 10 5 5 10 IS INDIAN TERRITORY 80 - 90 70 - SO 60 - 70 50- 60 to -50^ 30 -40 | 20 - 30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 80 - 90 70-80 60 - 70 50-60 4 0-50 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT J 5 to 5 5 10 IOWA m _E i HP TJT '5 '5 10 S O 5 10 15 15 10 KANSAS -iH ~m ZT TO il t 15 10 5 HI 5 10 15 15 10 5 S 10 IS LOUISIANA E 5 5 10 IS IS 10 5 O 5 10 Massachusetts 80 -90 70 -80 60- 70 50-60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT 15 80 -90 70 - 80 60 - 7C 50 -60 40 -50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 t IT H MARYLAND m IS 10 5 S 10 15 MICHIGAN nr^ i A 1 10 5 5 10 15 15 10 5 5 10 15 IS 10 5 S 10 MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI TD 15 10 5 O S 10 IS MONTANA 0-10 r^ N n n 1 H 1 1 A k ^ 1 1 1 1 'J 1 1, r^ .M ■ ^ »^ i 1 1 , 1 .•b -- • ! 1 ,f- ■f'-^ v^ ,»■" ' 1 1 i 1. , «»•' k. ^#' 1 y , r 1 1 ,0" J 1 L * 1 1 1 i 1 * ««' 1 1 , , 1 4 , 4 l^ LJ p 1 1 \r PER CENT IS iO 5 5 10 15 IS fO 5 S 10 15 15 10 5 O S "0 IS IS 10 S O 5 10 15 UL'US srcNaco 1 FORI';iGN WllITl': P()PUI.^VTIOX HYACJK AND SI-LXllOOO PLATE No. 38 AGES 80 -90 70 -80 60 - 70 SO -60 «0 -SO 30 40 20 -30 1 -20 - - 10 PER CENT 80 -'90 70 - 80 60- 70 50 - 60 10 - 50 30 - 40 20 - 30 10 - 20 - 10 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60- 70 50 -60 40 -SO 30- 40 20 -30 10 -20 - - 10 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60 - 70 SO -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 - 20 - 10 ■ER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60 -70 50 - 60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 - 10 PER CENT NEBRASKA NEW HAMPSHIRE , [ H h :n, 1 1 C V* V 1 1 y .*' 1 1 4 H I' -^^ r -^. f *^ , i-T- *'■ Ai L -^r n A D NEW JERSEY HI 15 10 S 5 10 NEWMEXICO IS IS to S O 5 10 NEW YORK ^ "TLT 5 IS 10 5 5 10 IS NORTH CAROLINA 15 lO 5 S 10 NORTH DAKOTA IF S 10 S 5 10 IS IS 10 S S 10 OKLAHOMA I IS IS 10 5 S 10 IS OREGON r f '^\ '■"i 1 > / 1 1 * <'' \ LJ 1 IS 10 S S 10 PENNSYLVANIA v\ h f^ A \. , f A k ^, 1 \ 1 1 1 •o 4, ^ .V , v" N ' 1 v" i-i h 1 * / 1 1 V / 1 , '^^ / 1 1 1 , 1 H V hi V H V iu TU 15 10 5 S 10 RHODE ISLAND 15 IS 10 S 5 10 SOUTH CAROLINA 15 IS 10 5 5 10 IS SOUTH DAKOTA IS 10 S O 5 10 TENNESSEE H h 1 , * 1 «.^ ,r " 1 ,>' 1 1 1 V A ZJ IS 10 5 O 5 1 TU 15 IS 10 5 5 10 15 VERMONT TT IS 10 5 O 5 10 VIRGINIA WASHINGTON 15 IS 10 5 5 10 WEST VIRGINIA eo -90 70-80 ,H 60- 70 1 , 50-60 J 1 1 40 - SC 4?* ^\ 30-40| - y 20 -30 . 1 ■,'- 1 10-20 1 0-10 L , f [ H h 1 1 ^ 1 <,■? ' I ' ,*" j 1 IT ■ 1 1 iJ IjJ IS IS 10 5 5 10 IS WISCONSIN JIL n P 1 ^ 1 1 _y' ~^ K 1 * .^^ ! 1 1 4 V IS 10 5 O 5 10 WYOMING IT a nr :^ PER CENT IS 10 S S 10 IS 15 10 5 O 5 10 15 IS lO 5 5 10 16 15 10 S O S 10 IS JUUUS BIENaCO UTH NY. NEGRO POPUI^VTION B^AGK AND SEX.IOOO PLATE No.3 AGES 80 -90 70 -80 60 - 70 50 -60 ■to -SO 30 -40 20 -30 1 -20 - 1 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60 - 70 50 - 60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 1 -20 - 10 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60 - 70 SO -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 - 1 PER CENT 80 - 90 70 -80 60 - 70 50 -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 - 30 10 - 20 - 10 PEP CENT AGES 80 -90 70 -80 60 - 70 50 - 60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 - 20 - 10 PEP CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60 -70 50 -60 40 -50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 - 1 PER CENT 80 -90 70 -80 60 -.7 50 -60 40 - 50 30 -40 20 -30 10 -20 - 10 PER CENT r " i h 1 r H^ i r-^ 4 kJ + 1 ^ «" 1 - -^ W^ — 3t^ r 1 y 1 , [^ , 1 r ^ „'- -1 1 ^ H 1 1 1 L„_J i 15 10 5 5 10 15 COLORADO 10 5 5 10 15 IS 10 5 5 10 IS CONNECTICUT DELAWARE IS 10 5 S 10 IS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA A I L-, J_ ,fe L-r^ # — ^ , ' b y A 1 K 4 t'' sj " 1 .- ^V 1 1 ■ ■^ 1 1 1 1 A Jx: rS 10 S O 5 10 15 FLORIDA 10 5 O 5 10 IS IS 10 5 O 5 10 15 GEORGIA HAWAII 1 1 J , , i '-^ 1 1 ,y .»'" 1 * i^ 1 i IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS IDAHO i I 1 1 ; «,'■' ^ i. , *' i^ 1 1 ^ I h i J e" -> ^ 1 1 *' * 1 cz :2 15 10 5 5 10 15 ILLINOIS 10 5 5 10 15 IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS INDIANA INDIAN TERRITORY IS 10 5 S 10 15 d ri N 1 ^ n r^ \ ;i c -1 ri s,^-| ^n c r 1+ t: \^ ^ 1 — ^ 1 -;f^ -7^ ,H 1 — ^ :f— 1^ M W IS 10 5 5 10 15 KANSAS 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 IS KENTUCKY LOUISIANA IS 10 5 O 5 10 15 MAINE r^ A t' — 1 — ^ ~H rZ 1 '-} H I — S 1 h [ ^ 1 h \ ] fj * ^^1-^ bn P a ^ -4-— B r ^ «^ ~i y \ IS 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 S O 5 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 IS _n; MARYLAND A MASSACHUSETTS ?-L- A 15 10 5 5 10 15 MISSISSIPPI 1 MICH CAN 1 \ , 1 1 '^i| r ^^ 1 1. --L. .. 1 ._ __J IS 10 5 S 10 IS MINNESOTA |1 CEz: L'* i f -L_ 1 ^ , 1 ,'' ^ r^ *! -^ 1 IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS IS 10 S MISSOURI HI 15 10 5 O 5 10 IS NEBRASKA Hi I, iy ji t 3 !-X- zz T 15 10 5 S 10 IS 15 10 5 O S 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 IS 15 10 5 5 10 IS J L LI OS Bies ft CO ItTH N ' NEGRO I>OI>ULATI()N BY AGE AND SEX: 1900 PLATE No 40 AGES 80 -90 70 -80 60- 70 60-60 ■40 -50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT SO -90 70 -SO 60-70 50-60 10 -so 30 -to 20-30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT ao -90 70 - 60 60- 70 50-60 •♦0 -50 30--»0 20 -30 10-20 0-10 NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY NEWMEXICO :in. ~r 3 5^ h i + I W ! 1 1 ! ,% ..^l 1 ir "^ 1 .* ^' ,..1 ' 1 V jr" n |.. i^' 1 1 ji • \ 1 ^'' ,*'' u J h Mzaj 16 10 S S 10 15 IS 10 S O S 10 15 ORfGON 15 10 5 5 10 IS IS 10 S O 5 10 15 PENNSYLVANIA RHODE ISLAND r — ^ 1 7^ h ^ 1 L A ! 1 k ^ D V- r r k ^ 1 [ ^ ^ D PERCENT IS 10 5 S lO IS SOUTH CAROLINA 15 10 S O 5 to 15 SOUTH DAKOTA IS 10 S 5 10 IS IS 10 5 O S 10 IS TENNESSEE TEXAS m I h 1* 1 c- ,r , 1 *' .^' 1 1 IS 10 5 5 10 IS IS 10 S 5 10 IS 15 10 5 O 5 10 IS VERMONT VIRGINIA ao -9C 70 -ao 60- 70 50-60 40 -SO 3O-40 20 -30 10-20 0-10 PER CENT «0 -90 70 - ao 60- 70 50-60 *0 -50 30-40 20 -30 10-20 - lO A k 1 ^^', 1 V &* i 1 1 1 r A fl J k ^ — ^ 1 V p^ r 1 H y 7^ s ^ 30 25 20 WASHINGTON fS 10 S O S 10 IS WEST VIRGINIA 15 10 5 S 10 IS IS 10 5 5 10 IS WISCONSIN WYOMING r k, , 1 1 I ^ 1 <»•' ^ ' }■ 1 ,« ^r i- j^ ' «^ 1 1 1 ,*-' , L J L J PER CENT IS 10 5 O 5 10 IS tS 10 5 O 5 10 15 15 10 S 5 10 15 15 tQ 5 Q 5 10 rS JULIUS BltNaCO.LITW-N Y PLATE No. ^ ELEMENTS Ol" THE I'UPL'LA'l'lON : 1900 MALES FEMALES NATIVE i WHITE MALES FOREIGN FEMALES WHITE MALES 1 FEMALES COLORED BORN IN OTHER STATES N BORN IN STATE ATIVE WHITE GERMANY FORE lEHLAND 1 G N CANADA WHITE GT BRITAIN NORWAY SWEDEN DENMARK > < < C a z i 2 < I < < z ALL OTHERS Z o U) q: £ -J BORN IN OTHER STATES BORN IN STATE COLORED N A T I V E W H I F O R E.I G N IN CITIES OF 25,000 T E IN CITIES OF 25,000 \A/ H I T E COLORED IN CITIES OF 25,000 JULIUS aiEN&CO-LlTH N r. THK TOT/VJ. POITI.ATIOX AND ITS KLRMKNTS AT RACII CEXSUS PLATE No 42 1840 1830 1790 JUiJUS BlCN ft CO LITH.^ COi\'STITUl-;.\'TS C)l-'THKP01'l'LATION ()!•' ST.Vl'l-'.S AM) TKIUU'l'OUl M S; 1900. PLATE No. A3 PER CENT WEST VIRGINIA 1 _i_ 1 1^ OKLAHOMA 1 i^^H KENTUCKY 1 1 indiaKa i ■ NFW MEXICO ± I --J i ■ INDIAN TER 1 il ■■■ TENNESSEE i MAINE 1 1 1 — MISSOURI 1 _i_ KANSAS 1 1 1 1 ^H ARKANSAS 1 N.CAROLINA im ■■ ..__ VERMONT L-J =-"l . _ i.i_ TEXAS 1 „,„i DELAWARE 1 1 1 ■ "^"^^ OHIO •i| 1 :| 1 1 ■ OREGON i_ — =n^"^i ^' VIRGINIA . — - — -lJ-^« ^H ^^ ^^^ PENNSYLVANIA ) 1 1 NEW HAMPSHIRE .1 1 1 1 j COLORADO :| 1 1 I H • MARYLAND i| 1 IOWA ■ ■1 II 1 1 1 ~ ■ IDAHO 1 1 Ii 1 ALABAMA 1 1 NEBRASKA 1 -1 — \ r- 1 h-i , WYOMING 1 1 1 Nil GEORGIA 1 1 ^^" WASHINGTON 1 1 1 1 fm FLORIDA I 1 ^^_ 1 — LJ ^^" ^^ ILLINOIS 1 1 ■ NEW JERSEY 1 1 ^H CALIFORNIA 1 n^p i 1 MICHIGAN 1 . _J 1 . — ■ LOUISIANA 1 1 ^^^^l^HH CONNECTICUT S CAROLINA 1 - — ri"TTiii7iiTNri 1 1 ^ 1 1 ■ MISSISSIPPI ^ NEW YORK 1 1 ■ MONTANA 1 1 1 1 1 UTAH 1 1 MASSACHUSETTS ! 1 1 ARIZONA 1 1 i II NEVADA 1 1 i 1 S DAKOTA 1 1 RHODE ISLAND 1 1 ■ WISCONSIN 1 1 1 ALASKA 1 1 i ' HAWAII 1 MINNESOTA 1 ■ N.DAKOTA 1 1 ' 1 I NathT while ol'iuilivr (icU'enLS Nalh'e while of foreign p^ronl.'; Foreign while I Iniliaii.s [___; Chiiiesf anil.l;i[i;uie.si' |^| Nu^ro JUtiyS BlCN ftCO UTMN Y PLATE No. 44 CONSTITfKXTS OKTHl'; POI'l'I-Vl'lON OK CITIES 01-' MORE THAN 100,000 INILVUITANTS : 1900. PER CENT ST.JOSEPH COLUMBUS INDIAMAPOLIS KANSAS CITY LOS ANGELES DENVER WASHINGTON BALTIMORE LOUISVILLE OMAHA PHILADELPHIA SYRACUSE TOLEDO ALLEGHENY NEW ORLEANS MEMPHIS CINCINNATI NEW HAVEN ST LOUIS ROCHESTER WORCESTER PROVIDENCE PITTSBURG MINNEAPOLIS NEWARK JERSEY CITr SCRANTON BOSTON ST, PAUt BUFFALO SAN FRANCISCO CLEVELAND PATERSON DETROIT NEW YORK CHICAGO MILWAUKEE FALL RIVER 1 20 30 *0 50 60 70 80 90 10 1 1 1 IHi 1 1 HH 1 1 ^H HIi 1 1 1 Hli^H^V 1 1 ' ^ 1 1 1 ■ 1_ -| 1 ■ J— ^^^ 1 1 1 ^^^■N 1 ■■ ■■^■^^ 1 1 1 ^H 1 1 ■■ 1 1 ■ n 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 m 1 1 BH 1 1 1 ' ■ 1 HH ■■ 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 ■ 1 ~H 1 1 ■ 1 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 ■ ■ 1 1 ■ 1 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 I ■ 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 Natiw \vl\ileofnati\^p.pareiits | i Native wlute of foreign parents P | Furei^n wliite Chinese and.Iapcinese ^e^o JUUUS aiCN »CO UTH.N.V PLATE No 45 roNSTiTriiN'i's HI" 'I'm-: mai- 'opri.ATioN OF MM.rriA Ar.i-:: inoo PER CENT 40 50 60 90 100 WEST VIRGINIA OKLAHOMA INDIAN TER KENTUCKY INDIANA TENNESSEE NEW MEXICO N.CAROLINA ARKANSAS MAINE KANSAS MISSOURI TEXAS VIRGINIA DELAWARE VERMONT OHIO OREGON NEW HAMPSHIRE MARYLAND COLORADO ALABAMA GEORGIA PENNSYLVANIA iOWA NEBRASKA WYOMING IDAHO DISTOFCOUJMBIA WASHINGTON FLORIDA S CAROLINA ILLINOIS MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA MICHIGAN NEW JERSEY CALIFORNIA ARIZONA CONNECTICUT MONTANA NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS NEVADA S.DAKOTA RHODE ISLAND UTAH ALASKA WISCONSIN N.DAKOTA MINNESOTA HAWAII 111! ! 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 II ^H 1 1 1 t-l '. \ i i \ \ ' ' \ ■ MHJ 1 I i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii^M 1 1 ' ' |;HBHHd i 1 1 1 1 1 til ' ^1 i H i 1 i 1 1 t — 1 — i — i 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' M : Iri 1 \ i : 1 , 1 — 1 1 1 < 1 1 1 1 t 1 ! 1 1 I il i 1 ' 1 t 1 ' 1 III 1 1 II ; ^ , 1 1 1 II 1 ' 1 : — *" III 1 1 i 1 III! II i ' 1 1 ^_ 11 i 1 1 i i: 1 i d 1 11 1 1 1 II I ' III 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 ' • 1 ' 1 ^ — _J 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ml ' d I- — ' M . — U-. ■■■'! ■■■ 11 1 1 ill ' ; 1 ^ 1 ■ — -H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ^ ; 1 1 ^ 1^ 1 \ 1 1 , 1 , ,1 ; ! ' ; ^ 1 1 1 11 1 1 : 1 III 1 1 1 1 — i — 1 1 > ■ ! 11 ' : i;l - ■ -* 1 1 1 I —" ! 1 i| 1 1 — 1 1 1 1 - 'll — 0^ 1 > !l 1 1 ' ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 1 i II 1 1 1 . 1 IH 1 1 ' I ! ; ' i 1 II 1 — 1 1 1 1 ' : i 11 j ! ^ j [ [ 1 1 1 1 1 : ^ 1 1 1 1 : ' ■ ; ' ' 1 ^ i 1 ! '1 ' ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i: ' ^ II 1 I li 1 1 1 II 1 \ ! 1 1 , 1 ■! 1 1 1 Ml ; I 1 1 i 1 i 1 ; , li , 1 i 1 III 1 i 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 < 1 1 r~ 1 i i 1 M ; 1 i ! , : 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ; ; 1 1 ' 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 . 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 , : . , . ; 1 Native ill Foreisji^ vvhite of white of \\"hite TiHtiw pai'eins ioreicn parents Ii\iii;ui [ I I hiiiesf ami .lapanese JVUUS BiEN * CO L'TM ^ PLATE No 46 rONSTITT'KXTS oKTITE MAI-K I»( )l»r KATK )N OFX'OTINO AiWV. lOOO 10 20 PER CENT 50 60 WEST VIRGINIA OKLAHOMA KENTUCKY INDIAN TER TENNESSEE MAINE INDIANA NEW MEXICO N CAROLINA ARKANSAS KANSAS MISSOURI VERMONT NEW HAMPSHIRE VIRGINIA TEXAS DELAWARE OHIO OREGON COLORADO MARYLAND PENNSYLVANIA GEORGIA ALABAMA IOWA NEBRASKA IDAHO WYOMING DIST OF COLUMBIA WASHINGTON FLORIDA S CAROLINA ILLINOIS CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY MISSISSIPPI MICHIGAN ALASKA MASSACHUSETTS LOUISIANA CALIFORNIA ARIZONA NEW YORK RHODE ISLAND MONTANA S DAKOTA NEVADA UTAH N. DAKOTA MINNESOTA WISCONSIN HAWAII II Mill ■■ II 1 I 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 '■■■H t 1 i ' 1 1 1 ^i^iN 1 — 1 1 . 1 1 1 j III 1 1 J....^ II! , 1 ' ! ■ ! i 1 II I 1 t j 1 : li L — 1 — , : ■ 1 1 1 1 1 ' H 1 1 II 1 — r-«i 1 i ,1 1 1 1 1 il 1 1 1 1 1 — ' 1 II ^IM — -J 1 :i 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 ■ 1 II 1 1 III 1 1 i 1 1 |. 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 III — 1 i I ; 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 i 1 4 ! 1 1 II 1 1 1 III 1 — I i 1 II 1 1 1 III ri 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 Ms 1 1 r \ 1 i II ^ 1 1 1 1 n* \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ '■ m 1 1 —j-i — r^ — \ — r-1 — r—^ — \ — 1 ' — 1 — ' 1 1 1 |i 1 1 1 1 i 1 M , ^ . ... i 1 1 1 1 i ! ! i 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1! ] 1 1 i| ' — 1 1 I 1 1 L-U i \ L_J — : ^ — 1 — 1 1 1 1 I — n—. — \ — r— ^ — \ — •: — n — ■ — i 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 i !i ' i 1 ] 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 i: !. i 1 I 1 1 1 Ml 1 1 1 i ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II Ill; i 1 1 1 1 III ,1 1 i 1 1 1 II ! 1 1 i 1 Mil 1 I i 1 ! III 1 1 ! 1 II 1 |l i ! 1 1 . 1 i 1 1 ! 1 1 i 1 ! 1 i I 1 ; i 1 1 Ill 1 1 i 1 : 1 1 i 1 i 1 ■ I Nativo white otnath^e parents Native while of forpisn pai-enls Foi'cii^u while and .lapancse JULIUS etENA CO.UTH> PLATE No. 47 COMPOSITION OF THE POPUI ATI ON OF STATKS.Vs'I) TKHHITOTIIKS INCl.UI)IX(inKsn)HNTNATIVKS,NATIYE IMMIOHAXTS AM) FOIU^IOX BOltN.WITlJ PEH VKXV OF NATIM^: KMlOit.V\TS; lOOO. PER CENT 50 ' . S. CAROLINA N.CAROLINA VIRGINIA GEORGIA KENTUCKY ALABAMA TENNESSEE MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA MAINE MARYLAND WEST VIRGINIA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA NEW MEXICO VERMONT DELAWARE TEXAS NEW YORK UTAH MISSOURI FLORIDA ARKANSAS WISCONSIN MICHIGAN ILLINOIS IOWA NF.W HAMPSHIRE CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY MASSACHUSETTS MINNESOTA RHODE ISLAND ALASKA CALIFORNIA NEBRASKA DISrOF COLUWeiA ARIZONA KANSAS NEVAD* S. DAKOTA OREGON HAWAII INDIAN TER N.DAKOTA IDAHO COLORADO MONTANA WASHINGTON WYOMING OKLAHOMA 1 1 1 1 1 y--j-y _. _! __l 1 1 , .. ; --J i. i ^ -^-4^4^ — 31 1 1 1 : ■ r 1 - 1 ' ^ , 1 -1 — 1 1 1' J _ . .^ -1 '- 1 : " "7 =]' ! 1 : " i _i - -T r- ij ■ - J_J - lL„ :7~: " , r _j ■ 1 - ■ _-L 1 TT^n 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 '-'- i 1 1 _i __L -1 1 . ' ■ "-[-"1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 — -^ 1 1 1 ] 1 H ' ' 1 IX D 1 1 inr 1 f^- - 1 iJ 1 1 : ., 1-^ 1 : 1 1 I 1 _j „: 1 ■ 1 Zl ._i-i D J 1 . 1 ^ i~" J 1 h— J \ 1 ' T" 1 J ZZI 1 1 . n= I ._L I._ J _z_ 1 1 ^n __j 1 1 i 1 1 -r 1 TT 1 ■ 1 1= 1 ^^"1 r -^ 1 in l: 1 1 _-U ■ 1 1 1 1 I Resident natives Native imitiigranLs J Foreign born | | IJatK'e emigrants ULiUSBIENtCO LITM K PLATE No 48 STATK ()!•' HIHTII OK 'I'llK N.Vl'IXl''. POIULATIOX UY STATES AM) TERRri\)RIES: U){)() 1 MAINE 2 NEW HAMPSHIRE 3 VERMONT 4 MASSACHUSETTS 5 RHODE ISLAND 6 CONNECTICUT 7 NEW YORK 6 NEW JERSEY 9 PENNSYLVANIA 10 DELAWARE 11 MARYLAND 12 DISr OF COLUMBIA 13 VIRGINIA 14 WEST VIRGINIA 15 N, CAROLINA 16 S.CAROLINA IT GEORGIA 18 FLORIDA 19 OHIO 20 INDIANA 21 ILLINOIS 22 MICHIGAN 23 WISCONSIN 24- MINNESOTA 25 IOWA 26MISS0URI 27 N.DAKOTA 2 8 S.DAKOTA 29 NEBRASKA 30KANSAS 31 KENTUCKY 32 TENNESSEE 33 ALABAMA 3+MlSSlSSIPPI 35 LOUISIANA 36 TEXAS 37 INDIAN TER 38 OKLAHOMA 39 ARKANSAS 40 MONTANA 41 WYOMING A2 COLORADO 43NEW MEXICO 44AR120NA 4SUTAH 46NEVADA 47IDAHO 48WASHINGT0N 49 OREGON SOCALIFORNIA Si ALASKA 52 HAWAII D 1 PER CENT 3 20 30 4-0 50 60 70 80 J . ♦■■ 1 - 1 3 1 . |7| 1 'II''*' ■ 1 ' 11= - ■ 1- * l«IM II' \ *l\ iiiiL - j 7 - ■ 1- ' 1 M" 1 !• IM 1 1 ._. J__"LL?J . 1 l|r|.|.»|| ' ' ■■' 1 1 i4;. 1 1 mr. 1 ll"l-i I „ ' ■: -' '•■• L IL " l-i-W_.__ L? Ih!'l»i«itl. -._ 1 1 ' 1 "ll'K'L^ . : ' [jA-b-i^L ^. ^ 1 26 1 J. m^t i ,2, 1 .,i| , |3l20|33|a.| 1 I 2, j3, ||,,j»l3zb»W : L..».. l_=!?il=? 1 ' ll>'l»-M»=l'H»l r « 1 = 1 « 1 2, II r |..|»H<|.| 1 « 1 « II » |»|, |,|»I*N L^ ZI ' ?S 19 1 25 l"W---- t kl+M 1 j ^' ;»! . ^ !_»II»L«1 ... _ J i4l"i _, J 32 1 M |3(4|.t|33HH3.| ■ f 36 L^ _»_..] J" 1 32 |3^|34|3.|2,|4|,.| __. J 1 « ._^J.^_.^ B_J__^'Ji -^±1 ".IL'^J »J.»^l_''J»L=lI'I .. 1 1 32 1 ^4 L J6 1 33|ir |2l|3l|lsW|36! I " 1 «_!.- 1 7 1 2.1 U3 i » 1 |. 1 .. l20|j.|29| I ' . 1 ze Li_.^L_l^ 6 1 45 1 J» 1 r 1 9 1 10 1 «2 1 10 It 23 III _.L .«■_ J_. ?«.- J , "_i_'«_iL'. -i '■ _ " i"i*?t i h ' IH"I 1 ^■MV IH 1 __..^. , ,SC , "^ , , ^ 1 2i 1 J^ 1 (9 1 9 l2SJ _ "A^iil-Wki^l'J^I* ~~ 21 2S 7 40 1 2* J ^9 t ZS 1 33 1 33 1 9 |50|^o| 70 |29 1 _aaiiaW " r IG [ 2t 1 2^ 1 19 1 SO [t JzZfjOt 4^|23i 9 t24^»{^J^^^^H 1 - 1 1 r i2.Jt.lL.I"l'HW. I.HMJ 1 1 I'H till "~" ^ Nativ*> tij sti^te f >V!1 olhcT native Xii/nhers t/t duiQt\un refet- to states and (crrtfortcs JUUUS BtEN «C0 UTH.N.y PLATE No. A9 DisiuinrTiox oi'' i'i';i{s()Ns iu)H.\ ix kacii si'i-:(1Kii;i) st.vim-; a\I) 'n'-nnrroin- WHO .\HK i.l\l.\C. IN (>TIIi:i{ STATES AM) 'I'1;H HI'I'0 1 !1 1-; S : 1!U)() PER CENT 1 MAINE 2 NtW HAMPSHIRE 3 VERMONT 4 MASSACHUSETTS 5 RHODE ISLAND 6 CONNECTICUT 7 NEW YORK B NEW JERSEY 9 PENNSYLVANIA 10 DELAWARE M MARYLAND 12 DISTOF COLUMBIA 13 VIRGINIA 14 WEST VIRGINIA 15 N.CAROLINA 16 S.CAROLINA 17 GEORGIA 16 FLORIDA 19 OHIO 20 INDIANA 21 ILLINOIS 22 MICHIGAN 23 WISCONSIN 24 M1NNES01A 25 IOWA 26 MISSOURI 27 N.DAKOTA 2 8 S.DAKOTA 29 NEBRASKA 30 KANSAS 31 KENTUCKY 32 TENNESSEE 33 ALABAMA 34 MISSISSIPPI 35 LOUISIANA 36 TEXAS 37 INDIAN TER, 3a OKLAHOMA 39 ARKANSAS 40 MONTANA 41 WYOMING 42 COLORADO 43 NEW MEXICO 44 ARIZONA -t-S UTAH 46 NEVADA 47 IDAHO 48 WASHINGTON 49 OREGON 50 CALIFORNIA 50 SO 40 50 60 70 80 ■" _ [ ' ' _ 1 " 1 " 2, 1 2 1 "i«l«l»l' — i 1 ' 1 1 -7-, - |2, |30|.|S|12.|2>, 4 1 1 2 31 1 33 23 1 22 1 ! . 1 .0 1 . |f|..lt.|si.| "" 7 1 ' 1 • 1 ' 1 ' ' \ " \ , 1 . |. l»l"l«l+l'3H»l«l -„TVi;7Tp2r- 4 . 1 • ~T 7 7 1 « 1 « 1 . -r"2n ' r.0T»|22|2i.|23|24| a r 22 .■ i '• 1 » -ri ,3 19 1 » 1 2 S|2.!2.1x|+l42|3l ' _.. ,l. » 1 2, 1 . 1 4 I.|2,H2S|^.|2.| .n ' 1 . 1 ' t " 30 1 » 1 II 1 26 1 2Z ||4|2.|>,H2MZ.| " > 1 II 1 1 ' I4I.3I..I 9 1 12 1 '• 1 a n-T B 1 2, 1 , 1 ,4 |2<|2.|>3!3.| II 1 i 1 " 1 . 1 21 I 4 U.!..|2|.| 14 1 . •' 1 II 1 » 1 , 1 . 1 « 1 .s 1 ., 1 3. 1 >|2. |«.|34|30|,3|.7| 19 1 • 1 " 1 IS 1 30 28 1 21 3. 1 3, M|2.| 13 1 .' 1 ,. T « 1 3. 1 » 1 3- T^n 3, 2.|..|7|,j|2l|3l| 17 1 IS 1 1 3= 1 33 1 3. 1 |» |33|7| 33 T 36 1 e n 32 1—3 . 1 34 i^.|3s|3,| 17 "1 " 1 _ 3. 1 7 1 3S |3< I»l32i2||( 30 T 1 1 3. 1 > . 1 « T'» r rr^T- 1 '• |3"h|"l»IH :i 30 T '• 1 .. 1 .= 1 2. 1 9. 1 2. 1 SO 1 3. \j,\»\«\ 36 1 25 1 " T » 1 « 1 s 1 2. 1 42 1 2 .|3M3.|3.|l.|,.N2.| 31 1 » 1 " 1 « 20 1 7 1 .0 1 ,a 1 2S 1 3. 1 2.|2.|42|4^|2.W - £4 1~ ai 1 » 1 = = 1 « 1 2. 1 4. 1 27 1 M 1 30 J26 |42| 1 27 1 1 2a 48 " 1 2, 1 40 1 50 1 4. |2.||2.l22|30| 30 T~ 29 T « 1 - " 1 2. 1 SO 1 42 1 4. { 38 |49 |23|27| 30 1 1 3. 1 3. 1 « 50 1 2S 1 32 1 42 1 » \«\^\"\ 24 1 ' « r » 1 « 1 «<> 1 » 1 2, |49|50i|22|2.|2.| 24 1 25 1 ^' 1 « 1 « 1 « 1 21 !■ o|«l "iHl"!"!*! ZS 1 10 » 1 " = 1 ., 1 3. 1 . 1 21 r48 1 4, 1 4, |+.|23|2,| 2S 38 1 1 « 1 - 1 " 1 2S 1 SO 1 « |37|4.||20l3.|3,|l9| .36 T 21 1 1 30 32 1 3. 1 3. I3.|l4|3,| __ __ — -- 3« -,. r ""^"""1 31 - 1 « |34|37|3L| 3e ri — » 1 3. 1 " 1 32 1 18 1 1 3S 1 37 M 1 35 1 " 1 f" |3'|36| ; S6 1 1 » » 1 >l 1 S0|7|i||33|3t| T7 " J8 1 J5 1 2E 1 41 Sg {3,|<«|l0 2l|«|»|3S| 38 1 ' ,. T 1 ,. 1 ja. 1 30 r i .1 - 1 1 =• 1 .. 1 - 1 __- uT" — 1 1 T"" - 1 « 1 >• 1 » |3(5|34|«,|„|. '1 4a 1- ^ 7 1 J. 1 so i =. 1 « 1 « 1 J7 1 2, 1 « !e|4l|25| 1 « 1 1 « 1 « 7" 29 1 41 1 M 1 e 1 49{ 2S|2( { 21 JSO | __- SO 1 30 I n 1 « T =1^ =. 1 - r *5 ] 4a j 25| 1 40 1 30 1 4 l| 47 |44| *a 1 1 4. 1 » 1 ,0 1 3.1 SO 1 .. 1 49 . 1 k 1 » |i|4.|..|4l| 47 1 -' 1 44 1 1 SO 1 |42 1 «. 4. |49|4o CENT^* ffia>(T> ^ ^m^M'A^^^ o CO o o 00 o 10 CO o o CD o 01 5 o o o o o (D o o CM 0) o o •J CO o in o o o CD o O o o 2? o o o o o N O o 03 o 00 o o O o o 0) 0 TO 1900. HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 GERMANY 5 6 7 e 9 10 II 12 13 1* IS 16 17 20 21 22 23 2'f 25 26 27 26 12 3 IRELAND 5 6 7 e 9 10 II 12 13 I* 15 17 18 19 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND 2 3 *► 5 6 7 8 ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND WALES 9 10 II 12 2 3^5 9 10 It 12 13 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 NORWAY. SWEDEN, AND DENMARK )l23M-567e9IOI k n ^ ITALV 2 3 ** 5 [[ RUSSIA 2 3 1. 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 - 112 3 1 1 ■ ■ CHINA » O I ^ 1 I *J)oes 7wt include Haxctii ^UUJ58tEN9C0-urH i 1. FOREIGN BORN PGPm^TION.BY STATKS AND TKRRITORIK S : 19()(). PLATE No.6 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS a 9 10 n 12 13 14 NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN WISCONSIN MINNESOTA OHIO NEW JERSEY CALIFORNIA IOWA CONNECTICUT MISSOURI TEXAS NEBRASKA INDIANA fiHODE ISLAND KANSAS N. DAKOTA WASHINGTON MARYLAND MAINE COLORADO HAWAII S DAKOTA NEW HAMPSHIRE MONTANA OREGON UTAH LOUISIANA KENTUCKY VERMONT IDAHO ARIZONA FLORIDA WEST VIRGINIA DIST" OF COLUMBIA VIRGINIA TtNNESSEE WYOMING OKLAHOMA ALABAMA ARKANSAS DELAWARE NEW MEXICO ALASKA GEORGIA NEVADA MISSISSIPPI S.CAROLINA INDIAN TER N. CAROLINA 3 Pb:RCENTAGK ()1'\\MI-:NS IX Tl I K 'I'DTAL K()^N^U'.X HORN OK KACII SPI^CIIMKl) XATivrr^- : lOOO CHINA ■ JAPAN P GRElECEl ^ POLAND (AUSTRIAN) ^ ITALY PORTUGAL HUNGARY POLAND (RUSSIAN ) AUSTRIA FINLAND MEXICO CANADA(FRENCH) RUSSIA CUBA FRANCE CANADAlENGLISH; BELGIUM SWITZERLAND ENGLAND SCOTLAND POLAND (GERMANY SWEDEN BOHEMIA DENMARK HOLLAND NORWAY IRELAND GERMANY WALES PER CENT ^i-^ ^""^ wm PERCKXTAtU^: OFAIJHXS IX TH K KOPEION^ BORN MALES 21 YEARS Ol^^ AGE -VNI) ()\^^P IX CITIES RAVIXG 100,000 IXRAHITANTS OU MOKE : U)00 PER CENT FALL RIVER WORCESTER PROVIDENCE LOS ANGELES BOSTON SAN FRANCISCO NEW YORK NEW HAVEN PITTSBURG PHILADELPHIA ALLEGHENY NEWARK NEW ORLEANS JERSEY CIT> PATERSON MEMPHIS SCRANTON CLEVELAND WASHINGTON BALTIMORE CHICAGO DETROIT DENVER ST, LOUIS BUFFALO SYRACUSE ROCHESTER MINNEAPOLIS ST JOSEPH TOLEDO ST. PAUL KANSAS CITY MILWAUKEE OMAHA LOUISVILLE INDIANAPOLIS CINCINNATI COLUMBUS JULIUS B'EN SCO L 129- 127' 125* 123' 107- 105- 103* JOr 99" Th<- al)sc)icroIcoU)rin- iB' 2 . PROPUliTIOX OK XATA-ES Ol" 1HKI^\NU TO TOTAL I'Ori'I.ATION ; 1900 JULIUS BlENaCO.UTH.N.Y PLATE No.67 1. UKXSITY OK .\ATIVi:s OF (JUKAT MKITAIX 19{)() 2. PHOPORTIUX OF XATI\ES OF GRKAT URITAIX TOTOTAI, I'Ol'lI.A'l'lOX : 1900 Iff- \rr ig JULIUS SieNiCO-LTTH. NY, PLATE No.68 1. l)K.\SI'r^- OK NATIVRS OF CANADA: litOO 2. PROPORTION OF NATIN^S OF C-\N.\DA TO TO TAI. I'OPIJIATION : lOOO . JULIUS BIEN&CO.UTM.N Y PLATE No 69 i. DK.N'fcHTY OFSCAXniNAVIANS: 190() 2. PROPOIITION OKSCANOINAVIANS TO TOTAL POI'UI.A'I'ION J I'JOO PLATE No.70 GE0GHAI>II1('AL DlSTIUJiUTION OF GROUPS Ol-' NATIONS : lOOO AM) 1690 l.TF-MTTONS HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS NEW YORK ILLINOIS PENNSYLVANIA WISCONSIN OHIO MICHIGAN NEW JERSEY IOWA MINNESOTA MISSOURI CALIFORNIA INDIANA 2. GRECO LATINS HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS :i. inisii HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS 4. SI.A\*S HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS f- H- i i ! ^^ 1 ^ ^ ■ i ^^ \ - ' ■ • 19()(1 1890 JULIUS BlEN&CO LiTH N v GEOaRAPIilCAI. DTSTRlHrTIO>' OF CKOUPS OF NATIONS : 1900 AND 1890 PLATE N( 1. SC.VNDrNAVIANS HUNDREDS OFTHOUSANDS 2. BRITISH HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS ILLINOIS OHIO NEW JERSEY MICHIGAN CALIFORNIA IOWA RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT WISCONSIN UTAH MISSOURI COLORADO KANSAS MINNESOTA INDIANA WASHINGTON NEBRASKA MONTANA TEXAS OREGON MARYLANP NEW HAMPSHIRE "-:: T 5 fl 5 ^ 3.HUrnSH AMKRIOVNt HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN NEW YORK MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE ILLINOIS MINNESOTA RHODE ISLAND WISCONSIN CALIFORNIA N.DAKOTA CONNECTICUT VERMONT OHIO WASHINGTON IOWA PENNSYLVANIA MONTANA COLORADO NEBRASKA MISSOURI KANSAS OREGON NEW JERSEY S.DAKOTA r-*-P t— ^-^ ^H 1900 ■I.ASIATICS HUNDREDS OFTHOUSANDS CALIFORNIA OREGON NEW YORK WASHINGTON ^ MASSACHUSETTS f fP- 1890 I 1 JL'LIUS eiEN &CO.LITf PLATE No.72 1. DENSITY OF FOREIGN BORN P<)PULAT10N:1900 2. DENSITY OF NEGRO l-OPUI^TION; liKX) N.OAK I Ulan. \ J ^ \ ,,» i _^»ij© I- — .V— ( »•'■ 1 '"L r?T% N i ..„ ; ,---1— j^ f - y ".">^---^-* ':> ] -I loH toasq mil*' [j '.T.andovpr toasqmile H.DAK 1 / j7 -A ;^-Vc-| C^tolfsqmil?' Cai'"1"'»»n™l>' I luoemawmile } A tol'. toasq milp ^015 tozfi 2f>Hnd (ivprtoa w^milc 3. PROPORTION OF FOREIGN BORN TO TOTAL POPULATION: lifOO 4. PROPOKTION OF NEGRI) TO TOTAL P per font BIB 35 percent and over 5. INCREASE AND DECREASE OF THE FOREIGN BORN.ISOO TO 19()0 6.INCREASF, AND DECREASE OF THE NEGRO POPULATI0N:1890 TO 1900 A, " / ) ""— / I COLO U""' \ ° ) r T,„,oi _^ I i «.»S I KO \ «.-'-, \^ " re... V.L \^- 11^ \ r ■^ T C K A S "^. f, ,- ' s r\ 1" - "1 IVoportional increase \ I Proportional decrease WW Proportional inci*ea_se I I Proportional decrease UUUS BIEN A CO L'TM PLATE No. 73 1. Dis'i'Miiu'TioN oi' XA'i'i\'i-:s OP c'lMrrAiN K()Hj':i(;.\ corxTHiKS : looo GERMANY HUNDREDS OF THOUSANOS NEW YORK ILLINOIS WISCONSIN PENNSirH/ANI* OHIO MICHIGAN IOWA NEW JERSFV MINNESOTA MISSOURI INDIANA CALirORNIA NEBRASKA TEXAS MARYLAND KANSAS CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS KENTUCKY S DAKOTA WASHINGTON COLORADO OREGON LOUISIANA N.DAKOTA MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN NF.W YORK MAINE NEW HAMF3HIHE ILI INOIS MINNESOTA RHODE ISLAND WISCONSIN CALIFORNIA N.DAKOTA CONNECTICUT VERMONT OHIO WASHINGTON IOWA PENNSYLVANIA MONTANA COLORADO NEBRASKA CANADA AND NtW FOUNDLAND 1 NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT OHIO CALIFORNIA RHODE ISLAND MtSSOURI MICHIGAN IOWA WISCONSIN MINNESOTA INDIANA MARYLAND NEW HAMPSHIRC KANSAS NEBRASKA MAINE COLORADO KENTUCKY MONTANA GREAT BRITAI N PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS ILLINOIS OHIO NEW JERSEY MICHIGAN CALIFORNIA IOWA RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT WISCONSIN UTAH MISSOURI COLORADO KANSAS MINNESOTI INDIANA WASMINGION NEBRASKA MONTANA TEXAS OREGON 1 NORWAY, SWEDEN AND DENMARK MINNESOTA ILLINOIS WISCONSIN lOWA NEW YORK N.DAKOTA MICHIGAN NEBRASKA MASSACHUSETTS S.DAKOTA CALIFORNIA PENNSYLVANIA WASHINGTON KANSAS CONNECTICUT UTAH COLORADO NEW JERSEY MONTANA ■ ■ I I PENNSYLVANIA NEW YOBK ILLINOIS WISCONSIN MICHIGAN MASSACHUSETTS OHIO NEW JERSEY MINNESOTA CONNECTICUT NEW YORK PENNr>YLVANlA ILLINOIS MASbACHUSETTS NEW JERSEY N. DAKOTA S.DAKOTA CONNECTICUT MARYLAND KANSAS NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA NEW .'ERSEY MASSACHUSETTS 1LLINX)IS CALIFORNIA CONNECTICUT LOUISIANA OHIO 2. PERCENTAGE OF EACH NA'm'ITY IN C IT I MS i)V LXHAIUTANTS OJt MdM-: : U>()() ()()() RUSSIA POLAND ITALY IRtLAND BOHEM lA AUSTR I A HUNaAR> GEPMANY FRANCE GREAT BR IT A HOLLAND CANADA (ENGLISH. CANADAIFRENCMI SWEDEN DEN MARK NORWAY JUl'USBIEh «CO.LITH.r. -r PLATE r' 1. wiiiTi-: I'opui^vnox offoreign i'AUKN'PA(ii-:,i\('Lri)i\('. foiii<:u;x mms wihtks. BY ST.Vl'l-'.SANDTKKnrrOUIFS. 1900. HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS O 2 4- 6 6 10 1? 14 :6 16 20 22 :*4 26 28 30 32 3 M!C.R.\TI()N: 19(K) -\ I'liOlOHTlON OK AI.IRNSTOFORF.IGXBORN MALES 2lYF.\RS0FAt;KANI)tTVT.»; 1900 ' ' 7^-- )l)«l«J t Y~TtKH ! T — ■kissj »L» '* y Tt^Aa \l*( \,p — ^. — ±:L I 1 Gain |~ 1 Loss Less than lOtoiO 20to3U 30to-40 -lOtoSO SOperceni 10 per cent percent percent percent percent andowr SVjATS or loss as the RESITLT OF INTERSTATE MIGRATION: mOO THti" / c "Our r- / *e^ , - — .__ I NtBl \ , r KANS I "--I L_ ^l-A- « PROPORTION UFFOKi:illX HORN WHITES lOYKAKSOF ACE ;\NDOVER WHO CWNOT SPEAK KNGUSH: 1900 ■•, '»• // — - / .^ i X ^ r r / ^ \ MOkt i » r A. I «.„ I -l_. I COto I 1 Gam r i Loss Lessthan lOtolS ISioZ-S 25 percent 10 per cent percent percent arntover JUUUS eiEN 4 CO LITH f PLATE No. 77 CONJUGAL CONDITION Ol' THK POPULATION BY A(iE ANJ) SKX. IN PROPoimoNS OI-- TIIK 'loTAL NI'MHKH OF EACH A()1>I 'LATION BY ACK AND SKX. IX l'H(HM)in-i()NS ()!■ Till-: I'd'IAL NUMBER ()I"I':A(II A(1P: (IHOl'P; I!H)() FOREKiN WIIITK 65 4- 55 - 64 45-54 35-44 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 MALES FEMALES ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PER CENT MALES NEGRO FEMALES 65 > 1 1 1 55 - 6* 1 1 1 *5 - 54 1 1 1 35-44 1 30 - 34 1 1 1 25 - 29 1 1 1 1 20 - 24 1 1 1 15-19 1 1 15 ' 00 a f 4 2 PER C 3 NT 2 4 O 6 80 10 INDLAN 65 + 55 - 64 45-54 35-44 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15-19 MALES FEMALES 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 —1 PER CENT 30 - 34 25 - 29 nilNESE .VXD J.yWNESE flALES FEMALES 1 rn 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I! Single PER CENT 1 MaiTird [ I Widnvv.^d 65 *■ 55 - 64 46-54 35-44 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 JUUU5 eiEN «C0 I PLATF No 79 JUUUS BIEN ACQ LITh I 127- 125° 115° ii3° 111° 109° 1U7° IOj" 103" lor TIk' absonce ofcoloi-iiuiicatrs iuiai;*JiiX'^;tle populaUonoricsslhiiji2inhaIiUantst(uisiniarciii! PLATE No. 80 UUJS 3IEN ft CO.LlTM NY MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT NEW YORK NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA OHIO INDIANA ILLINOIS MICHIGAN WISCONSIN MINN ESDI A IOWA N.DAKOTA S.DAKOTA MISSOURI NEBRASKA KANSAS DELAWARE MARYLAND DIST OF COLUMBIA VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA N.CAROLINA S.CAROLINA GEORGIA FLORIDA KENTU.OKY TENNESSEE ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA TEXAS OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS INDIAN TER MONTANA WYOMING COLORADO NEW MEXICO ARIZONA UTAH NEVADA IDAHO WASHINGTON OREGON CALIFORNIA WA 1 WW/A ZML 1 1 mwA m i \wA ^ \ mm\ K ^0M!M I \ 1 F##^ _J VM^ —\. 'i vm^ if J mm i m. m i W'4 % \ ^ WA\ M mk\ f^ Wa 1 ^ ■■ ■■ ±. \m 1 1 ^ 1 ^ t W^\. \ N m '\WM \ \k\ ^. -M" 1 1 I \m ^ 1 N i w^ ^ -m] ^m. 1 1 m g 1 mim r^ n 1 : rm W^lf^mfi 1 m I AiM 1 p'MMWA\ kj, V)\ — [=\ — 1 w^- 1 vMmm am WM. K^iEi: : .; n VM W/A ■i 'mm \ — I — 1 1 W/M ^^ t : fl VM W/A 1 Y WM 'WM \ ■'/,rMf r - — 1 WM N_ ^ WW WM. •WM \VM/A ^ tu J ^ i H , f.^ V/A W/A 1 W/MMMMM//A ^ WM m \f W^M ^ VM W. _M. 1 \ fi V, 1 1 |f*^^f w/M WM/mWWA 1 m^ WM/A ''A VM/Mk WMMMMMM 'A \ \ \ \ \ \ M V. ■■ 1 1 f ' I \m \ wmw/w. ■ 7 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — I 1 K 1 ^ , 1 1 \ — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 i« 1 — ^ 1 ■ 1 t 1 N i 1 1 1 \ m im [ _ I NaliN'e while j [ Foi-ei^ii white ] Colored ^lUitei-ate PLATE No. 81 I MALKS ()!<' ^'()'^I.\•('. .\c.i-: hy color .\nd nativity, and by illiteracy: inoo PER CENT i JULIUS BIEN ACOLn-M N.Y. PLATE No. 82 FROPOHTIOX OK II-LITKHATI^S AM()N(. IIIK TOTAL I'Ol'l-LATION lO YEARS OK AOK AND oVKl! I!.)00 1890 PER CENT i^^ liMM •— ^ JULIUS SiEN a CO t-tTM NY Plate No PHOPOnXIOX OK ILI.nRRATF:.S AMONG THK NATrVT. WHITE POPULATION lO YEARS OF AOE ATs'D (Al'M l!IO() I8!H) PER CENT mamm 1 jULiUs BicN »coxn PLATE No 84 I'WOI'OirnoN OK IM,1TK»ATES AMONO THK FOiy^IGN WHITE POPUI,All(»N lO VK.AJIS OK AGE AND 0\T:R li)00 m90 PER CENT "1 — r I I I juuus aiEN • cai.i'; PLATE N( PR()l>ORT10N OF ILLITERATES AMONG THE NEGRO rOPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER 1900 1890 LOUISIANA ALABAMA S CAROLINA GEORGIA MISSISSIPPI N.CAROLINA VIRGINIA ARKANSAS INDIAN TER TtNNESSEE KENTUCKY fLORIDA TEXAS DELAWARE MARYLAND WEST VIRGINIA MISSOURI OKLAHOMA OrST or COLUMBIA NEVADA INDIANA KANSAS HAWAII NEW MEXICO IOWA ILLINOIS OHIO WYOMING NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA VERMONT IDAHO MAINE RHODE ISLAND CALlfORNIA S DAKOTA COLORADO N.DAKOTA ARIZONA NEW HAMPSHIRE NEBRASKA WASHINGTON CONNECTICUT WISCONSIN MONTANA MICHIGAN NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS OREGON MINNESOTA UTAH ALASKA PER ce:nt 60 10 ■naiMi *H^i ^^•^^mi m^^m ! i I r— ^ ^^ JULIUS BrEN&CO LI PLATE No.86 PROPORTION OF WHITE PERSONS OK I OWKUIN PARKNTAGE, lO YEAFIS OF AGE AND OVER, WHO CANNOT SPEAK ENGLISH: 1900 PER CENT >< ft CO LITH MY PLATE No 87 CJ^XSSIFK'ATIOX OF Tin-: OCCUPATIONS BVHACE .\NT) NATIVITY: 1900 NATIVE WHITE OF NATIVE PARENTS NATIVE WHITE OF FOREIGN PARENTS FOREIGN WHITE COLORED 1 ' 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 5 ■4 7 1 4 A 1 2 . — ■ S Ifl 12 13 15 6 — '^ i la 5 6 7 19 20 21 « 8 7 8 1 — ! i I '^ 3 3 3 1 ■^ ^ ft 5 ~i — 2 5 6 6 7 21 8 7 9 s 1 2 3 4 3 i \ 1 i _ 4 5 7 2 5 =:*= <0 IJ ^ 6 7 { ?l 9 8 1 3 ! •♦ — i— 5 e s 4 7 30— 2 6 9 21 AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS PROFESSIONAL SERVICE DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS I I I I AGRICULTURAL LABORERS ?. FARMERS. ETC. 3 ALL OTHERS [ I I CLERGYMEN 2 LAWYERS 3 PHYSICIANS 4 TEACHERS 5 ALLOTHERS cz: t BARBERS 2 HOUSEKEEPERS 3 LABORERS 4 LAUNDERERS 5 NURSES 6 SERVANTS 7 WATCHMtN, ETC 8 ALLOTHERS cz: < AGENTS ?. BOOKKEEPERS 3 CLERKS 6 COPYISTS 4 ORAVMEN.HACKMEN ETC 5 MERCHANTS t SALESMEN 7 STEAM R R EMPLOYEES STENOCRAPHERS * STTPEWRITESS 9 ALLOTHERS CD 1 CARPENTERS 2 MASONS 3 PAINTERS ETC -* PLUMBERS 5 MINERS 6 BUTCHERS 7 BLACKSMITHS 8 IRON a STEEL WORKERS 9 MACHINISTS 10 BOOTS SHOE MAKERS 11 SAW MILL EMPLOYEES 12 PRINTERS ETC 13 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES 14 OTHER TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES 15 DRESSMAKERS 16 SEAMSTRESSES 17 TAILORS 16 ENGINEERS 19 MANUFACTURERS ETC. TOBACCO 8 CIGAR FACTORY OPERATIVES 21 ALLOTHERS 20 UJS BlEM • CO :.ITH-K ** PHOPOHTIONS }iY XATIX'I'rY AM) RACE Ol' l'i;i as VVACK tL\iy^x\i^vvx^s; a.EI^EMENTS OF THE P0PU1.A1'R)N lOllOARS 01- AGE AND OWB jri'SEX, CLXSSIFIEI ) AS WAGE K.\RNERS AND NON- WAGE E.MINI-:RS : 1900 NATIVE WHITE OF NATI\T,PAR>:NTS NA TIX-E WI 1 ITE OF FOREIGN PARENTS (/) (r M ALES ^ I UJ °^ ; z UJ ■; tr ^ \ < ff < UJ < -^ ui •? "1 5 ^ " S'U Z F E M A L E 'S S O Z -?.-\-->;^ ■5 V) i a. MtJA L £ S UJ cn 2 cc (T UJ < 2 UJ < UJ -gj O ., < ^, U< 5 < z F F M A 1 F !S ? o z FOREIGN \VHITH COLORED ■; in cc UJ N (ALES CO 2 IX oc U( < 2 ■; UJ tr < UJ UJ o < uJ 5 < z 5 o F E M A L E b z 1 1 I .-KV 0) cc UI M A L E S t/5 2 ^■- ir (T Js UJ < z Ui "-\ 0- < UJ — uJ- O < UJ 5 < z o F £ M A L E s ? z ;i^S> ^ JUUUS BIEN&COUTH.N.V. PLATE PROPORTION Ol' MAl.KS AND I'KMAI.IIS IN KAt 11 ( l.ASS Ol' < )( ( I :i 'AiK )NS .AND IN ( KHTAIN OCCrPAIION (.ItOll'S: 1S)0() PER CENT ALL OCCUPATIONS AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ARTISTS AND TEACHERS OF ART MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES, ETC DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDS LABORERS i NOT SPECIFIED* LAUHDERERS AND LAUNDRESSES NURSES AND MIDWIVES SERVANTS AND WAITERS TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS CLERKS AND COPYISTS PACKERS AND SHIPPERS SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPE WRITERS TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE OPERATORS MANUFACTURING ^ND MECHANICAL PURSUITS CONFECTIONERS BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS CLOCK AND WATCH MAKERS ANO REPAIRERS GOLD AND SILVER WORKERS BOOKBINDERS BOXMAKERS (PAPER) PAPER AND PULP MILL OPERATIVES PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, AND PRESSMEN BLEACHERS ANO DVE WORKS OPERATIVES CARPET FACTORY OPERATIVES COTTON MILL OPERATIVES HOSIERY AND KNITTING MILL OPERATIVES SILK MILL OPERATIVES WOOLEN MILL OPERATIVES OTHER TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES DRESSMAKERS HAT AND CAP MAKERS MILLINERS SEAMSTRESSES SHIRT, COLLAR, AND CUFF MAKERS TAILORS AND TAILORESSES OTHER TEXTILE WORKERS GLOVEMAKERS PHOTOGRAPHERS RUBBER FACTORY OPERATIVES TOBACCO AND CIGAR FACTORY OPERATIVES 1 T I I I 1 i !^ ^-f« :-L I ^ M;ilr Kt'initlr PLATE No. 91 PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN CERTAIN GROUPS OK OCCUPATIONS TO ALL WAGE EAI=INERS: 1900 1. AGRICULTURE ... .7 i. <:. ,-J c,n\ , "'^^ . MAN9 I MO (^ L.r^ ,s <\ ) \ \ ^ CI] CZD Lcssthan 20to35 35To6() aiperrem 20 per cent percent per cant and over 2. MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS / ".« / 1 V, J^'' ^\>oV LessUmn 10 10 20 20lo4U 40 per cent lOpeiceni percent percent and over •^^ .1. MINING AND QUARRYING 4f TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION -1:"--^-""^^--^^^'' -tr — ( •" T- \ 1 l*N3 I MO 1 / —-J y.'- •'7 ^ vr j--'---=V^ .A UtA^ HZU IZZl Less than 2 to 5 f>tu lo lOpei cent 2percent percent percent ami over CZ] (ZZl [ISl Less than 10 to 16 IG i>er cent lOpercem percent and over 5. DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE 6. PROFESSIONAL SERVICE HAHS I MO I /._^ 1 \L--- ■ .-'-'.■.oil .«.,'— T"*, \ v-H-)"\-' i^ -'""N J^ Vi <:i CZl [ZZ] Less than 15 to 20 20 per cent. ISpercent percent and over T-7_ '"'" r — -A i-, •■•• \ --Ss .^NV Less than 3 to 5* 5 per cent 3 percent percent and over JUl-.US BiEN *C0 vTM.f PLATE No 92 PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS ENGAOKI) IX EACH CLASS OF OCCUPATIONS : 1900 PER CENT 50 60 MISSISSIPPI OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS INDIAN TER S.CAROLINA ALABAMA N.CAROLINA TEXAS HAWAII N.DAKOTA GEORGIA S.DAKOTA TtNNESSEC LOUISIANA KENTUCKY KANSAS NEBRASKA IOWA WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA FLORIDA IDAHO MISSOURI NEW MEXICO MINNESOTA INDIANA VERMONT WISCONSIN UTAH OREGON MICHIGAN ARIZONA WYOMING NEVADA MAINE WASHINGTON OHIO DELAWARE: ILLINOIS MONTANA CALIFORNIA NEW HAMPSHIRE MARYLAND COLORADO PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS DIST OF COLUMBIA ALASKA i 1 1 1 :i 11 1 II 1 !l II III II ( 1 !l 1 : 1 i M 1 1! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1! 1 II 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 ' — 1 — 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ll _- 1 I III 1 1 1 1 r~ II 11 1 1 II ... 1— 1 II 1 1 II 1 — 1 — — 1 III 111 II III !l M II 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mil 1 ' 1 . 1 1! 1 II 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 -_ 11 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 i II 1 i 1 1 1 III 1 1 II 1 1 II 1 1 Mill 1 1 1 1 1 ill! II 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ml 1 II 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II !l i II 1 1 II 1 1 i II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 i II III 1 i i 1 1 ! 11 11 i 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 Mill 1 Mil 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 11 1 1 Mill 1 1 -1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '1 II 1 i i 1 1 ( i 1 i 1 ' 1 II 1 1 M 1 1 M 1 I ! II ' 1 \ 1 1 III! 1 i i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ul 1 Ill 1 1 il fill II lilt! 1 : 1 1 II f" i Ill 1 ; 1 1 I : 1 II ll r Ml 1 1 1 i 1 i i . I . . , 1 1 1 i 1 1 II II 1 1 1 1 1 ;l 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ I 1 1 1 ' ' II 1 !l 1 — 1 — II 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 i ' 1 1 _1 1 1 1 II i 1 ll 1 : i II 1 1 i 1 S i ! 1 ! ' : 1 11,1 1 1 i I 1 : I ; 1 1 ! : ll li 1 i 1 1 1 i : II 1 i ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I II 1 1 i : 1 il 1 1 1 i 1 1 — . — 1 III 1 ' 1 1 1 ' i 1 1 1 1 ' ' 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 111 1 11 1 1 II : 1 i 1 1 i 1 C ] Agriculture I I Manufactures I I Muiing ^H Fishing I i Traile and transportation 11 Domestic and personal service I I Professional service us BIEN & CO L PLATE No. 93 PltOPOHTIONS OF I'ERSONS ENGAGED IN KACU CI.A.SS Ol" OCCUPATIONS : 18M() MISSISSIPPI S, CAROLINA ARKANSAS N.CAROLINA ALABAMA OKLAHOMA N.DAKOTA GEORGIA TEXAS S.DAKOTA TENNESSEE LOUISIANA KANSAS KENTUCKY WEST VIRGINIA IOWA FLORIDA VIRGINIA NEBRASKA INDIANA MISSOURI NEW MEXICO VERMONT WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IDAHO MICHIGAN OREGON ILLINOIS MAINE OHIO UTAH DELAWARE WASHINGTON WYOMING ARIZONA NEW HAMPSHIRE CALIFORNIA NTVADA MARYLAND MONTANA COLORADO PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS DIST or COLUMBIA 20 30 40 PER CENT SO 60 ■3 so " oc 1 ~T" _1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 ; n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 ^_^ 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 ' II 1 [ 1 1 II |l 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 ll . 1 II 1 1 1 _' III — ~— 1 III 1 1 1 — r ^— r^ 1 ^-^Tt - t-r 1 1 1 i ^ 1 1 ' r-: 1 ^"^ ■ ■- n 1 || 1 1 \ I 1 1 1 J 1 1 LJ __ 1 - : : I ^11 .: 1 1 , \-^ , 1 - „I 1 — ■ 1 1 1 N 1 I ' . "" ~^ : rn : 1 1 n [:_... . _i I J 1 1 1 r"^"' r~ 1 1 1 N 1 1 1 1 1 L_ 1 1 ~V 1 u r in"-" ~M 1 _I m~ .. — ~1 1 ~T" ~\ I 1 Hr^ 1 1 i : zz 1 ll 1 -^ 1 J 1 T 1 1 ^J_ 1 1 1 1 J 1 b: . 1 ■^ i , , n ^ 1 1 ~T 1 i 1 II 1 1 1 * " ~1 1 „ 1 1 1 .. J 1 1 _L 1 II 1 II 1 j 1 )L, 1 ^tL. L 1 1 ll _1- i II 1 1 1 1 _±_ II 1 1 1 t 1 -- J_. 1 ■ - I 1 1 1 1 1 II J A^rioullm-e Manufacluri'S Mining J Kisliin^ J Ti'ade and iransporlalion — I Uoiaestic and personal service 1 Piofessional service l.;U5 BlEN ACO L PLATE No. 94 DISTRIBUTION OFWAGE EARNERS OF SPECIFIED PARENTAGE BY PR INCIPAI. OCCUPATiONS:I900 1. NATIVE PER CENT 2.IHI.SH PER CENT , S, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS LTURAL LABORERS r RS I NOT SPECIFIED I •*rs AND WAITERS HIS AND DEALERS lEXCtfT WHOiESALfl ITERS AND JOIN ERS S AND COPVISTS BAILHOAO EMPLOYEES hCN AND SALESWOMEN |l8 AND PROFESSORS IN COLIEOES.ETC |*,HACKM£N.TEAMSTERS,ETC. lERS AND LAUNDRESSES |l. AND OUARRYMEN (MAKERS S, GLAZIERS AND VARMSHERS EPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS U TURERS AND 0FFICIAL6, ETC. C nsTS - 'S ■i[. FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE) r MILL Ot-ERATIVES I J PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES t NO STE EL WORKERS ^ND suf»ge:ons \''J, AND STEWARDS oe MAKERS AN REPAIRERS I 'THOaRAPHERS,AND PRESSMEN B= LABORERS (NOT SPEQIFIEDi SERVANTS AND WAITERS FARMERS PLANTERS AMD OVERSEERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES DRAYMEN HACKh«EN,TEAMSTERS. ETC. CLERKS AND COPYISTS SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (EXCfP^ whOlCSAUi DRESSMAKERS MINERS AND QUARRYMEN IRON AMD STEEL WORKERS TEACHERS AND PROr^SSORS IN COUEGfS ETC. WATCHMEN, POLICEMEN. FIREMEN, FTC, MACHINISTS CARPENTERS AND JOINERS CNOINEERS AND FIREMEN INOT LOCOMOTIVE* BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS LAUNOCHEPS AND LAUNDRESSES COTTON MILL OPERATIVES - BOOKKEEPERS ANO ACCOUNTANTS PLUMBERS AND CAS AND STEAM FITTERS BLACKSMITHS MASONS (BRICK AND STONE) PAINTERS. GLAZIERS, ANO VARNISKERS AGENTS MANUFACTURERS AND OFFICIALS, ETC PRINTERS. LITHOORAPHERS, AND PRESSMEN 3 FOBKtGN PER CENT 4. GERMAN PER CENT I S PLANTERS. AND OVERSEERS : RS (NOT SPECIFIED I ILTURAL LABORERS INTS AND WAITERS ■ NTS AND DEALERS 1 EXCEPT wmoiESAUi . AND OUARRYMEN lEN AND SALESWOMEN S ANU COPVISTS ■JTERS ANO JOINERS ■IHACKMEN.TEAMSTERS.ETC. RAILROAD EMPLOYEES S AND TAItORESSES NO STEEL WORKE RS MAKERS JISTS MilL OPERATIVES •■■:iERS,ANO VARNISHERS .i- PROFESSORS IN COllEGES.ETC. ■ ■.■ =iOt MAKERS AND REPAIRERS tpers and accountants rurers and officials. etc )ers and laundresses ;miths rs and firemen (not locomotive! > ibrick and stone ! S.LITHOORAPH ERS, AND PRESSMEN PRESSES FARMERS, PLANTERS. AND OVERSEERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS LABORERS (NOT SPECIFIED I SERVANTS AND WAITERS MERCHANTS AND DEALERS {S^ttAH SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN CLERKS AND COPYISTS CARPENTERS AND JOINERS DRAYMEN, HACKMEN.TEAMSTERS, ETC TAILORS ANO TAILOflCSSES MACHINISTS IRON AND STEEL WORKERS DRESSMAKERS STEAM RAILROAD CMPLOYEES PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, AND VARNISHERS eUTCHERS MANUFACTURERS AND OFFICIALS. ETC BAKERS MINERS ANO QUARRYMEN BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS BLACKSMITHS BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS TOBACCO ANO CIGAR FACTORY OPERATIVES SALOON KEEPERS TEACHERS ANO PROFESSORS IN COUEGES ETC. AGENTS ENGINEERS ANO FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE! PRINTERS, LITHOORAPMERS,AHD PRESSMEN 5-NKGRO PER CENT 6. FRENCH PER CENT "ULTURAL LABORERS l»FfS PLANTERS, ANO OVERSEERS BSRS INOT SPECIFIED 1 '■ 'NTS AND WAITERS J RERS AND LAUNDRESSES • N. HACKMEN.TEAMSTERS. ETC. 'M RAILROAD EMPLOYEES ► S AND OUARRYMEN •■ID PLANING Mill. EMPLOYEES | f S ANO HELPERS UN STORES. ETC ) | ^ nS ANO PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES, ETC. | • NTERS AND JOIN E RS tlTINE FARMERS ANO LABORERS 'is ANO HAIRDRESSERS ' S AND MIOWIVES ( V M E H > AND CI6AR FACTORY OPERATIVES lens '' S (BRICK AND STONE j ' iMAKERS C AND STEEL WORK ERS 'TRESSES •>RS ANO SEXTONS '-KEEPERS AND STEWARDS ' NEN AND OYSTERMEN * ERS ANO FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTtVEl * SMITHS ' AND TILE MAKERS, ETC f CHOPPERS FARMERS PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS LABORERS INOT SPECIFIED r SERVANTS AND WAITERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS MERCHANTS ANO DEALERS < tXCCPT WHOltSAUi MINERS ANO QUARRYMEN CLERKS AND COPYISTS SALESMEN AND SALESW9MEN CARPENTERS AND JOINERS DRESSMAKERS TEACHERS ANO PROFESSORS IN COLLE 6ES, ETC. MACHINISTS STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES DRAYMEN HACKMEN.TEAMSTERS. ETC LAUNOERERS ANO LAUNDRESSES PAINTERS. GLAZIERS, AND VARNISHERS MANUFACTURERS AND OFFICIALS. ETC BOOKKEEPERS ANO ACCOUNTANTS BUTCHERS IRON AND STEEL WORKERS AGENTS BLACKSMITHS ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE) TAILORS AND TAILORESSES CLAS3W0RKERS BARBERS ANO HAIRDRESSERS BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS ANO REPAIRERS SEAMSTRESSES BAKERS c LIUS BIEKiCO.LITH.N.f PLATE N DlSTHIBl riON OF WAGK EARNERS OF SPECIFIED P.^RENTAGE RYPHINCIPAL OCCUPAT10NS:1900 FARMERS PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS SERVANTS AND WAITERS LABORERS I NOT SPECIFtED I CARPENTERS AND JOINERS MERCHANTS AND DEALERS i EXCEPT WHOLESALE' SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES BOATMEN AND SAILORS SAW AND PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES DRESSMAKERS CLERtVS AND COPYISTS TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES. ETC PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, AND VARNISMERS HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDS DRAYMEN, HACKMEN TE AMSTE RS , ETC MACHINISTS OUARRYMEN 9LACKSMITHS MINERS AND OUARRYMEN TAILORS AND TAILORESSES LAUNDERERS AND LAUNDRESSES AGENTS ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE! MASONS (BRICK AND STONE) FISHERMEN AND OYSTERMEN BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS IRON AND STEEL WORKERS LUMBERMEN AND RAFTSMEN FARMERS, PLANTERS.AND OVERSEERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS LABORERS INOT SPECIFIED I SERVANTS AND WAITERS CARPENTERS AND JOINERS MERCHANTS AND DEALERS I EXCEPT WHOIESalEj DRAYMEN, HACK MENTE AMSTE RS, ETC STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN BLACKSMITHS CLERKS AND COPYISTS PAINTERS. GLAZIERS, AND VARNiSHERS DRESSMAKERS MACHINISTS MINERS AND OUARRYMEN MASONS (BRICK AND STONE) STOCK RAISERS, HERDERSjAND DROVERS BOATMEN AND SAILORS TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES. ETC TAILORS AND TAILORESSES IRON AND STEEL WORKERS ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE) HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDS MANUFACTURERS AND Of Fi CIALS, ETC. SAW AND PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS LAUNOEREfiS AND LAUNDRESSES AGENTS l.NOKWKGiAN PER CENT 15 20 .CANADIAN (ENGI.ISF PER CENT 3. ])AN'ISH PER CENT FARMERS. PLANTERS AND OVERSEERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS LABORERS ( N OT S PE C I F I E I SERVANTS AND WAITERS CARPENTERS AND JOINERS CLERKS AND COPYISTS SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN ORAVMEN HACKMEN TE AMS TE RS , E TC TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES, ETC MERCHANTS AND DEALERS ( EXCEPT WHOLESALE! STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES DRESSMAKERS BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS MACHINISTS PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, AND VARNISHERS BLACKSMITHS NURSES AND MIDWIVES ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE! LUMBERMEN AND RAFTSMEN AGENTS MANUFACTURERS ANO OFFICIALS, ETC MINERS AND OUARRYMEN Saw and PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDS STEN0(3RAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPH ERS.AND PRESSMEN IRON AND STEEL WORKERS COTTON MKL OPERATIVES LABORERS i N OT S PE CI Fl E D 1 FARMERS. PLANTERS AND OVERSEERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS CARPENTERS AND JOINERS BOOT AND iHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS SERVANTS AND WAITERS DRAYMEN.HACKMEN.TEAM5TERS,ETC WOOLEN MILL OPERATIVES SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN MERCHANTS AND DEALf RS l ExC EPT WHOtESAlEI STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES DHESSMAKE RS SAW AND PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, AND VARNISHERS MACHINISTS IRON ANO STEEL WORKERS CLERKS ANO COPYISTS BLACKSMITHS HOSIERY AND KNITTING MILL OPERATIVES MASONS (BRICK AND STONE | BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS PAPER AND PULP MILL OPERATIVES ENGINEERS ANO FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVEI LUMBERMEN ANO RAFTSMEN BRICK ANO TILE MAKERS, ETC MINERS AND OUARRYMEN 4. CANADIAN (FRE^ PER CENT 5 SWHOISH PER CENT G.BRITISH PER CENT FARMERS, PLANTERS. ANO OVERSEERS SERVANTS AND WAITERS LABORERS (NOT SPECIFIED! AGRICULTURAL LABORERS CARPENTERS AND JOINERS MINERS AND OUARRYMEN STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES MACHINISTS TAILORS ANO TAILORESSES DRAYMEN, HACKMEN, TEAMSTERS. ETC IRON ANO STEEL WORKERS MERCHANTS AND DEALERS I fCEPT wholESalEI SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN CLERKS AND COPYISTS PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, AND VARNISHERS SAW AND PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES DRESSMAKE RS BLACKSMITHS LAUNDERERS AND LAUNDRESSES BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN (MOT LOCOMOTIVE) BOATMEN AND SAILORS MASONS (BRICK AND STONE) TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COILE GES. ETC- HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDS CABINETMAKERS MANUFACTURERS AND OFFICIALS, ETC. LUMBERMEN AND RAFTSMEN FARMERS PLANTERS.ANO OVERSEERS MINERS AND OUARRYMEN UV80RERS (NOT SPECIFI ED I AGRICULTURAL LABORERS SERVANTS AND WAITERS MERCHANTS AND DEALERS I EXCEPT WHOLESAlEi CLERKS AND COPYISTS SALESMEN ANO SALESWOMEN CARPENTERS ANO JOINERS MACHINISTS STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES IRON AND STEEL WORKERS ORAYMEN,HACKMEN,TEAMSTERS,ETC. MANUFACTURERS AND OFFICIALS, ETC TEACHERS ANO PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES, ETC BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE ! COTTON MILL OPERATIVES DRESSMAK£ RS PAINTERS. GLAZIERS, ANO VARNISHERS AGENTS BLACKSMITHS MASONS (BRICK AND STONE) PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPH ERS,AND PRESSMEN WOOLEN MILL OPERATIVES NURSES ANO MIDWIVES BOOT ANO SHOE MAKERS ANO REPAIRERS PLUMBERS ANO GAS AND STEAM FITTERS HOUSEKEEPERS ANO STEWARDS .lUS BIENiCO PLATE No 96 DlSTRllU riON Oi'WAC.K IvUlNHHS OF Sl'HriI^Mi:i) PAH1:NTAGE BYPHINCIPAL 0CCUPATIONS:l9O0 1. AUSTHIAN PER C EN- 2. HUNGARIAN PER CENT lORERS (NOT SPeciFIED 1 lERS AND OUARRYMEN LORS AND TAILORESSeS nVANTS AND WAITERS MEflS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS ^CHANTS AND DEALERS (EXCEPT WMOlESAIEI RICULTUHAL LABORERS N AND STEEL WORKERS .feSMEN AND SALESWOMEN EAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES ;RR6 AND COPYISTS CKSTEHS AND PEDDLERS UNSTRESSES iRCOAL, COKE, AND LIME BURNERS ACCO AND CIOAR PACTORY OPERATIVES (PCNTERS AND JOINERS ESSMAKERS IT AND SHOE MAKERS AN REPAIRERS UfACTURERS ANO OFFICIALS. ETC ITERS. GLAZIERS, AND VARNlSMERS .OON KEEPERS (ERS CHINISTS tVMEH.HACKMENTEAMSTEHS.ETC rCHERS ;nts ton mill operatives tKKEEPERS ANO ACCOUNTANTS MINERS AND QUARRYMEN LABORERS (NOT SPECIF'lED) SERVANTS AND WAITERS IRON AND STEEL WORKERS TAILORS AND TAILORESSES MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (EXCtPT wHOltSAUi TOBACCO ANO CIGAR FACTORr OPERATrvtS FARMERS PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN AGRICULTURAL LABORERS CHARCOAL. COKE, ANO LIME BURNERS CLERKS AND COPYISTS BRICK ANO TILE MAKERS, ETC SEAMSTRESSES BOOT ANO SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS HUCKSTERS ANO PEDDLERS MANUFACTURERS ANO OFFICIALS, ETC DRESSMAKERS CARPENTERS AND JOINERS DRAYMEN, MACKMEN TEAMSTE RS, ETC LEATHER CURRIEBS ANO TANNERS AGENTS SALOON KEEPERS eOOKHEEPERS ANO ACCOUNTANTS PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, ANO VARNlSMERS BUTCHERS E 3 POLISH PER CeiNT 4. RUSSIAN PER CEN-^ 30RERS (NOT SPECIFIED) NERS ANO OUARRYMEN )N AND STEEL WORKERS RICOLTURAL LABORERS *MERS.PLANTERS,AND OVERSEERS ILORS AND TAILORESSES I RVANTS AND WAITERS RCHANTS AND DEALERS tEXCEPT WmOlESAIEi rrON MILL OPERATIVES EAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES lESMEN AND SALESWOMEN JACCO ANO CtOAR FACTORY OPERATIVES CKSTERS AND PEDDLERS THER CURRIERS AND TANNERS RPENTERS ANO JOINERS OT AND SHOE MAKERS ANO REPAIRERS IV ANO PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES AMSTRESSES WMEN,HACKMEN.TEAMSTERS,ETC fc fit^S AND COPYISTS .MTERS,GLA2IERS,AND VARNlSMERS lESSMAKE RS JNOEHEBS ANO LAUNDRESSES vCMINlSTS aCKSMITHS LOON KEEPERS JTCHERS 50LEN MILL OPERATIVES ^ICK ANO TfLE MAKERS, ETC [BORERS INOT SPECtriED I NERS ANp QUARRYMEN efiCHANTS ANO DEALERS (EXCEPT WHOLESALE' "EAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES ILORS ANO TAILORESSES RBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS iRICULTURAL LABORERS 'OTANO SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS JCKSTERS AND PEDDLERS VSONS (BRICK ANO STONE! IRVANTS AND WAITERS RMERS, PLANTERS. AND OVERSEERS vRBLt AND STONE CUTTERS AYMEN,MfcCKMEN,TEAMSTERS,ETC ^RPENTERS AND JOINERS , 'LESMEN ANO SALESWOMEN lON ANO STEEL WORKERS ISICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC *ESS MAKERS 'NFECTIONERS ERKS AND COPYISTS 'LOON KEEPERS ' >.K MILL OPERATIVES JflACCO AND CIGAR FACTORY OPERATIVES ARTENDER S HICK ANO TILE MAKERS, ETC OOLEN MILL OPERATIVES AKERS 5. ITAliIAN PER CENT TAILORS AND TAILORESSES MERCHANTS AND DEALERS lEXCEPT wmOIESah LABORERS I N OT S PECI Fl E > FARMERS, PLANTERS,ANO OVERSEERS HUCKSTERS AND PEDDLERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS SALESMEN ANO SALESWOMEN MINERS AND OUARRYMEN SEAMSTRESSES SERVANTS AND WAITERS TOBACCO ANO CIGAR FACTORY OPERATIVES CLERKS ANCi COPYISTS BOOT ANO SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS MANUFACTURERS AND OFFICIALS. ETC. PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, ANO VARNlSMERS DRESSMAKERS SHIRT. COLLAR AND CUFF MAKERS CARPENTERS ANO JOINERS HAT AND CAP MAKERS AGENTS DRAYMEN. HACKMEN.TEAMSTEflS, ETC. MESSENGERS AND ERRAND AND OFFICE BOYS BOOKKEEPERS ANO ACCOUNTANTS BUTCHERS (RON. ANO STEEL WORKERS TEACHERS ANO PROFESSORS IH COLLEGES. ETC | STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES MILLINERS BARBERS ANO HAIRDRESSERS 6.BOHKMIAN' PER CENT ■| FARMERS. PLANTERS.AND OVERSEERS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS I LABORERS (NOT SPECIFIED! TAILORS ANO TAILORESSES SERVANTS AND WAITERS TOBACCO ANO CIGAR FACTORY OPERATIVES MERCHANTS AND DEALERS f EXCEPT WHOLESAUI CARPENTERS AND JOINERS SALESMEN ANO SALESWOMEN IRON ANO STEEL WORKERS CLERKS AND COPYIST? MINERS AND OUARRYMEN DRESSMAKERS MACHINISTS BUTCHERS DRAYMEN.HACKMEN.TEAMSTERS.ETC BOOT AND SHOE MAKERS AND REPAIRERS SEAMSTRESSES PAINTERS. GLAZIERS, AND VARHlSMEftS BLACKSMITHS STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SALOON KEEPERS LAUHOERERS AND LAUNDRESSES PRINTERS, LITHOGRVHERS^ND PRESSMEN SAW AND PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES BAKERS MASONS riBRICK AND STONE) £0 JULIUS atENaCO.LITH N-Y PLATE No. < 1. ANO^RAGE NUMBKR OFPERSONS TO AFAMIl.Y FOR TRE UNITED STATES: 1850 TO 190() IS50 1860 IS70 (sao 1890 1900 2 3 -» 5 ^ 2. AVER.\GE NUMBER OFPERSONS TO A PRIVATE FAMILV BY STATES AND TERRrTORIES : I900 TEXAS N CAROLINA INDIAN TER WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA TENNESSEE MINNESOTA S.CAROLINA ARKANSAS KENTUCKY ALABAMA UTAH MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA N. DAKOTA MARYLAND LOUISIANA WISCONSIN NEBRASKA S, DAKOTA OISTOF COLUMBIA PENNSYLVANIA MISSOURI DELAWARE IOWA ILLINOIS OKLAHOMA KANSAS FLORIDA NEW JERSEY MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT INDIANA MICHIGAN OHIO NEW YORK OREGON WYOMING IDAHO WASHINGTON NEW MEXICO MAINE VERMONT NEW HAMPSHIRE -CALIFORNIA COLORADO MONTANA ARIZONA HAWAII NEVADA ALASKA 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ^^^^ ^__ zizr ■" ' ^" —■ ■■ mum 1 1 ^ mE^h ■ r" JULIUS BIENaCO LrTH f PLATE No. 98 67- 65' AVERAGK SrZf: OF PRIVATK FAMILIES at theTweirUi Census 1900 Compiled by HENRT GANNETT. GEOGFL^PHEH L [ i i L JUUUS BICN »CO LITM N Y PLATE No 99 PRopoirnox (){• ii()Mi-;s <)nvxi':i> kiM':!':. owxkd ExrrMHi':Ki';n,ANr) hihkpmooo PER CENT 50 ALASKA NEW MEXICO OKLAHOMA IDAHO NEVADA UTAH N.DAKOTA ARIZONA MONTANA MAINE S.DAKOT^ WYOMING WEST VIRGINIA OREGON WASHINGTON KENTUCKY FLORIDA VIRGINIA ARKANSAS TENNESSEE WISCONSIN MINNESOTA NEW HAMPSHIRE N.CAROLINA KANSAS MICHIGAN TEXAS INDIANA IOWA OHIO COLORADO NEBRASKA VERMONT CALIFORNIA INDIAN TER. MISSOURI ILLINOIS ALABAMA MARYLAND PENNSYLVANIA LOUISIANA MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA S CAROLINA DELAWARE CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS NEW YORK HAWAII RHODE ISLAND NEW JERSEY DISTOF COUJMBiA 1 ■ ! I ■ ■ ■ , J 1 1 ! ' ' i :| 1 i ! I 1 1 '. 1 ^ . i ' 1 r 1 i 1 i 1 1 ' ' ! 1 II i 1 i ! 1 ! ! i .. ,, • \ M 1 ! ! i 1 ^ i ! 1 1 j 1 ' ' i 1- i — • — I 1 1 1 i i : 1 1 1 1 — — Mil ! 1 1 1 i ' 1 1 1 1 1 — '-4 — i — ' — \ — ■ ■ 1 ! 1 1 : ! ! i 1 ■ i 1 ! i ; 1 1 1 1 ! i : 1 j 1 il li — 1 ! j ! ! ' 1 1 1 : • i 1 1 ' \ ; , i i : ! ,1 M 1 1 ■ ' '1 ' ' ' : i 1 ; 1 ; i 1 1 i 1 i ^ : ! ■ ~ 1 1 — — — 1 — I 1 : • ' : 1 ii i , 1 , \ 1 — J i 1 1 i ' \ i — _J \ ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 ' ; 1 1 1 1 IZ 1 — [ — : — ^— 1- — 1 — 1 1 >i ill 1 1 1 ! i ■ : , i ill II — 1 — ■' — < — — ' — \ — \ — j ' ' i ■ 1- — n — i 1 : 1 1 1 \ J — 1 1 li i : 1 : i 1 ' ' : -r T ! 1 1 i \ J ! 1 I 1 1 ! ■ ■ ■ ' 1 1 i 1 ; 1 1 i 1 1 : ■ • 1 i 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 . . ^1 ''III i 1 ' : ■ ! ■ ! ! I 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 ^-^^-^— ^^^^^— 1 > ■ : ! ^ II 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ; ; 1 1 i 1 . : . ' w . . ' ! i : 1 ' ■ , : Mil 1 ' , ' , 1 ■ 1 ' i 1 ■ 1 ! 1 III 1 , i '. 1 i : i j ! 1 1' : 1 1 , . \ ' i 1 ' M ill I I i 1 i i i I j 1 1 II 1 1 . i , •! 1 1 : : ! 1 1 ' i i : 1 il ! 1 i ' j ; ' 1 \ ' ■ i ! i ' 1 11^ [ 1 1 : ' '■ W ; 1 i ! ■ i ' ! 1 ! ^ i ' M 1 II 1 ! 1 . [ . 1 : . ! Il 1 1 i li : : il i 1 ! ■ i , i I I ; : 1 i 1 1 1 ■ < i — ■ — ■ ■ ■• 1 1 ] — = ; ^ vH ! : : , ■ ! 1 1 — L . . . J ! , 1 1 II' ' ; \ i T — ; : ' ' ' ! 1 1 i 1 ■ i ,1 1 |. ■ ! : i : ' , ; ■ : ' Onviu'iI IrtM' euvnoil onoMnUni' Hir<-(1 JULIUS BIEN S CO LIT M PLATE No 100 Pl«»M()i;'ri(».\ ()V 1-AKM li()MI-:s OWNKh K1-!KK, (AVNKl) EXCrMP>KHi':i), AM) IllKI':i) MIXX > PER CENT 50 NEW MEXICO ARIZONA UTAH ALASKA WYOMING MONTANA IDAHO NEVADA OKLAHOMA MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE HAWAII WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA FLORIDA N.DAKOTA OREGON VIRGINIA KENTUCKY RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS COLORADO TENNESSEE CONNECTICUT OHIO CALIFORNIA PENNSYLVANIA S.DAKOTA N.CAROLINA WISCONSIN ARKANSAS MINNESOTA OlSrOr COLUMBIA INDIANA VERMONT MICHIGAN MARYLAND NEW YORK MISSOURI TEXAS KANSAS ILLINOIS NEBRASKA LOUISIANA GEORGIA ALABAMA NEW JERSEY DELAWARE IOWA S, CAROLINA MISSISSIPPI INDIAN TtR ' ! 1 ' : i i 1 ! 1 1 \M 1 1 1 ' i 1 : 1 , i 1 j 1 1 1 ! i 1 ; ; ' 1 ! Ill 1 i J III 111 1 . 1 .., Mill ' 1 \ 1 — 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 — I^ : I i 1 l....i_J — \ — — 1 — 1 1 1 II { 1 1 1 1 1 1 < 1 1 1 1 i \ 1 Il 1 1 1 1 Ii 1 1 1 I 1 1 II 1 1 , ; 1 h 1 i i ■ i 1 ! 1 1 i 1 1 1 II i ; 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 ... 4 ., _p . \ 1 ' i r ' i ' II II 1 1 1 1 ' , 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1,111 1 , 1 i I 1 ^ 1 I II ; 1 ! J J r- ■■ ! il i il 1 i \- '' \ ^ 1 1 \ ': ' 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 , 1 \ \ \ I! ! i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' |: 1 1 1' : 1 1 1 ; 1, 1 i 1 111 1 1 : : 1 1 1 II 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 M 1 1 i 1 *-- ■ i 1 1 : ' i 1 !' 1 ' 1 ' \ ', : ' ' ■ 1 1 I i i i : ^ i 1 ^ i ^ ' ^ 1 II i 1 : : ! . , 1 i 1 ■ ; 1 i ' I ! 1 1 1 ;. 1 1 1 1 ! i ^ ' i ■ i i ! !! \ ! ' : 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 I : ! 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 ' , 1 1 , 1 1 ' 1 4 1 1 i 1 1 . . > 1 ■ 1 L... -.1..... ,. i ! . 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 : ■ 1 ■ : 1 i 1 I 1- 1 1 ■ 1 i ' ■■■! t ' ■ n 1 i 1 ! 1 II 1 : ;;::■■: 1 i 1 1 1 ! i 1 I :i i : ■ ! 1 !l I ■ ! ! j 1 1 ! ! 1 r : 1 i ! i 11 1 1 ' ■ 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ■ ' 1 ' 1 ! 1 1 ; il ! i 1 ; ' i ; ! ! 1 1 : , : 1 1 1 , i 1 M 1 i i 1 : 1: 1 i ! i 1 ! : ! ; 1 ! 1 II ! . I 1 i i 1 1 1 1 i ! 1 1 1 il 1 ! i ! ^ i 1 1 ■ ! i ■ ' II ; 1 ! 1 . 1 ' 1 II r : . i 1 : : ! ' : i ! 1 1 ' ! ' : ■ ; i •! 1 ' : 1 ;l ! ! : I ! 1 : ' ''1,1 ■ 1 ' ■ 1 i 1 i Mill : '< ' '. \ I ' ■ i 1 I 1 1 I 1 ■ Owned I'l-t'O OwiU'd encumberod "I Hirc-d JUtlUS eiENA CO UTM VITAL STATISTICS. (59) VnWL S1ATTSTICS. Mortality statistics fur tlio Twclftli (Vnsus relate to the consus year June 1. \SW lo May HI, 1'.»0(). The returns of ileaths weru (l('ri\ I'd I'l-oni I wo sources tirst. from the eimiiierators" schedules, ami. second, from llic r(>{^'isti'ation records of those states and cities which kept an official record of deaths. The enumerators made (heir returns of deaths by inquiry of the families enumerated, hut. as this inciuirv was not made until after the close of the year for which the deaths were to l)e reported, many deaths were omitted. The failure of a numliir of enumerators to make any returns of deaths shows ilial the enumerators" i-(>turns are too incomplete loatl'onl reliahlt^ information as to death rates in i-elation to ]iopulation. They have, iiowever. a cel'tain \alue in indicaliuL;' the relatixc frc- ((uencv of deaths from ditlereni causes, and. as they constitute the only means of securiuL;- information in I'egard to deaths in many i)arls of iIk' counlry. they must he relie(l upon as the liest informal ion on the suhject that can he olitaincd. The registration area in I'.too incliidi'ii the states of .Maine. New Hampshire. \'ermont. Mas.sachusetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut. New Yo)'k. New Jers<'y. and >[iehi<>an. and the District of (olumhia. also l.".:'> cities of inhabitants, or more, in other states (Twelfth Census. \'olume III. page hi). The po])ulation of tlie.se states and <'ities was 28,8ii7,2t>'.i. or more than one-third of the total population of tin' Initeil States: as the registration recoi'ds were fairly accurate, the returns for this ;irea can l)e consich'red as approximately" cor- rect. The registration area in IS'.Ki comprised the states of New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New ,)er.sey, and Del- aware, and the District of ColumT>ia, also 83 cities of ."),0()0 inhabitants, or more, in other states: the gross population of this area was llt,051t.-i-K>. The number of deaths per l. of ])opulation for the registration area in ItiOO was IT.s.' and for the regis- tration area in IS'.to. I'.l.t;.' a decri'asc duriiig the decade of 1.8. Plate 111 is made up of se\en diagrams presenting graphically the death rates in T.mmi \\>v .•ertain areas, for specified diseases and nativities. Diagram 1. Plate 111. represents the death rates per 1,000 of population in the re.gistration states in 1900, ' Exclus^iv.- ..fHtillliirths. and shows that the death rate. 22.8. in the District of Columbia was nuich higher than in an\ of the registra- tion stales. A.s the District of Columbia i.s practically a cit\. and in(duded a large colored population with a death rate greatly in excess of that of the white, the j reasons for the high death rate are .ipparent, as will be seen by comparison with other cities which had a large ])ercentage of coloi'ed population, represented in dia- gram 7. I'late III. The death rate of Rhode Island, I'.t.l. was the highest among the registration states. Diagianis 2 and 4. Plate 111, show the comparati\e death rates per l.odii of population under 1."). and from 1.") to 4.J years of age, for the rural distri<'ts and cities of the registration states, by l)irth|)lace of mothers, in limo. The t\y-\ of these two diagrams shows that in the rural districts the mortality of children under I .^ years of ag(^ was gi-eatest among those of Italian motlici-s. closely followed b\ till' children of mothers born in ( 'anada. and in Russia and Poland. Children of Scotch mothers show the lowest death I'ate. For per.sons from 1;") to 45 vearN of age the death rate was highest among those of Irish mothers, and lowest among thos(> of mothei's born in Russia ami I'oland. Diagram 4. Plate 111. shows that in cities in the registration states the i-hildren less than l."> years of age of mothers born in Italy had the highest death rate, with France. Canada. Ireland, and the Tnited States following in order. The children of Scandina- vian. (iermaTi. Knglish and \\'elsli. Russian and Polish, and Scotch motluMs had lower (h'ath rates than those of native mothers. Of jjcrsons fi-om l.") to 4.5 years of age those born of Irish mothers show the highest death rate, and these of Russian and Polish mothei's the lowest. Comparing the two diagrams, it will be noted that the mortality for the nativities specified was much gi'eater in cities than in rural districts. Diagram ;-{. Plate III. represents the death rates per l.tiOO of population, in the registration states, by sex, color, and general nativity, in 1900. The death rate for the total population was 17.3. which was lower than that of the males, is. Land higher than that of the females. lt).o. Th<' death rates for the native white of native parents, Ki.4. and the native white of foreign l)arents. 17.1, were lower than that for the aggregate population: the foreign white death rate. 18.3. and the colored. 2"i.3. were much highei-. The urban death (61) fi2 STATISTICAL ATLAS. rate. Ls.('i, wa^ niiicli hiyluT than tlic I'ural. l."i.4. I'lic deatli rate of tlic iirlian white j>i)j)iilati<)n, is. 4. was much lower tliaii tlud of the iirKaii colored. I'T.i). Diayi'aiii (i, Plate 111. represents the death rates i)er lOii.oODof ])o])ulation. from certain diseases, in the ret;'- istration states in I'.hmi. I'ncuiiionia leads with VX].:\ per loo, (>(><»: <-oiisuniption (IT;").'.!); diari'heal diseases (132.2): cancer and tumor ((iT.T): diphtheria and croup (40.3); and intlueii/.a (i".». I) show the hiuhcst death rates. Diai;ram .":. Plate ill. I'epresents the proportion of deaths ilu<' to certain causes per 1.000 deaths from all causes amouy' the white and the coh)red in the ITnitcd States in I'.too. and lirino's out the ditl'ereuce in tlie death rates of these two raet^s. Deaths from diseases of the nervous .system were nioi'e prevalent auiony the white than the colored. From pneumonia, which was next in order, tlu' death rates of the two races were almost equal, tliat for the colored slie-htly exceeding that for the white. I)ut for consumption the death rate of the colored was over Mi per cent hiij'her than that of the white. From diseases of the cir(ailator\' system, diar- rheal diseases, diseases of the dig-estive system, di.seases of the urinary system, cancer and tumor, lu'onciiitis, and diphtheria, the colortHl (2S.(;). Washington, with a death rate of l',t. I for the white. and ;U.o for the colored, ranked se\enth; itsdeath r;ite for the colored was lower than foi' any of the other cities mentioned. ex<'ept Memphis and Louisville. In all of these cities the death rate of the colored greatly ex- ceeded that of the uliite. Diagram 1, Plate 112. I'epresents the percentages of deaths in the Cnited States from certain causes in ll»oo and ISitO. and is based principally on the enumerators" returns. The percentages for li»00 are represented by the black bars, and thos(> for ISDO by the uncolorecl bars. Consumption led in both I'.too and ISOO with a gr(>ater pei'centage of deaths than any other disease. It will be note(l. howi'\'er, that the' percentage of decreases in I'.'oo. as compare(l with IS'.Hi. The diagram brings out the liirge proi)ortioii of d(>aths fi-om consumption and from ]ineumonia, and the fact that the jiercentage of the fornK'r is smaller, and the latter larger, than in isyo. Diagram •^. Plate llii, represents the percentages of deaths from certain causes, in 1!»00 and IS'.tO. for the registration ai'ea. In this diagram, pneumonia shows tlie highest jiercentage of deaths in IIKX), and consump- tion in l,S'.)o. The decrease in the proportion of deaths from consumption in lltOO. as compared with 1890, is marked, l)eiiig 1.8 per cent. The lai'ge decrease noted in the proportion of deaths from consumption, diarrheal diseasi's. bronchitis, cholera infantum, diphtheria and crou]). convulsions, and malarial fever in 1900, as com- l)ared w ith 1890, is a matter of great interest, as it is due to the great advance in medical science and im- ))ro\ed sanitary methods. Plate 113 shows for the Lnited States the proportion of deaths in each month, and the relative proportions at all ages and at specified age groups in 1900. The prt)portion of deaths at all ages was highest in March (lo3.(i). and lowest in June (ti7.0), while of those under .') years of age the proportion was highest in August {l(i4.l), and lowest in November ((.i2.1); in ages from 5 to r>9 yeai's the i)roportion was highest in March (102.9), and lowest in June ((iCi.S), the same as in all ages; in t)0 years and over the proportion of deaths was highest in April (117. S). and lowest in -lune (iiO.(i). Diagram 1, Plat(> 114. represents the death rates from general iliseases — A. in death rate was highest in August (:>t5.2) and low<'st in June (12.2). Specified Diseases. Plates lol to 110. inclusive, are a series of maps of the registration states, on which the death rates per 100,0(»o of po])ulation from certain specified diseases in 1900. in eacli county, are indicated, by shades of color, for the live groups described in the legend. The cir- , hut the diagram shows that in six of the age groups the proportion of deaths increased, the greatest increases l)eing shown in (he age |)erio(ls from 2.5 to 44 years. The greatest deci-ease is shown in the periods from 15 to 24 3'ears. The proportion of deaths from consumption was very small for persons less than l."i and o\-er HO years of age, the greatest pro- portion being shown for the age periods from 2o to 8'.> years. CANC'Elt AND TtTMOK. Plates 103 and lo4 show the death rate due to cancer and tumor per luu.UOO of i)opulation in lltou. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont contain tiie most exten- sive areas of the darkest shade, indicating tlie highest death rates, although New York and Michigan each had a luunber of counties with a high di'alli rate. New Jersey and the ujjper peninsula of Michigan had the lowest death rate from these causes, only two counties in the latter showing a death rate abo\e .")(i per 100,000 of population. The deatii rale from cancer for the registration ai'ca has increased from 47. !• per 100,000 of population in ISltO to t)0.0 in I'.too. The third diagram on Plate 121 represents the comparative jjroportion of deaths from this cause at each age in the registration aica. in lUOO and IS'.M). and shows a decrease in the pro.portion of deaths for all of the age periods except five. The most noticeable increase shown was for the age period fi'om 70 to 74 years. The largest [)ropoi'tiou of deatiis from this disease occuri'ed in the ages l)elow 15 years. The diagram shows a slight increase in the proportion of deaths for the jjeriods less than 4 years of age, and slight de- O'eases in nearly all the periods above 4 years of age. Diphtheria in cities (i'late 115) had the higli(-st death rate (4.S) in Decemlier, and the lowest (2.4) in .Vugust, while in the rural districts it was highest in November, Oecembi'r, and . January, each having practically the same death rate ll.S). and lowest in dune (d.7). iM'i,ri;NZA. Plates ld7 and IdS show, for litdd, the death rate due to intluen/ajx'r Idd.dddof population. The mostexten- sive areas of the darkest shade, indicating the highest rates, were found in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Every county in the former state and all but one in the latt(>r were in the highest group, as were a lutmber of counties in Maiiu'. New Hampshire. \'ei'mont. and Massachusetts. Michigan shows the most extensive area of the lightest shade, indicating the lowest death rate. The death rate from influenza in Rhode Island was 75. ti and Connecticut 70.!*. while in Michigan it was t)nly 17.3. Plate 117 shows the death rates from intlueuza in each luoidh fcir cities and rural districts of the registra- tion states in l!»dd. The high(>st death ratelS.f.) from influenza in cities was found in Marci), and the lowest (0.1) in duly, -Vugust. and SeptemVter. In rural dis- tricts tlu> highest rate (11.7) was found in April, and the lowest rate (d.3) in the months of August and September. The general death late for the registration area from influen/.a in I'.tdd was 23.9 per lOO.OOd of population. Deaths from this cause were not r(>ported separately in lS!»d. TYPHOID 1-KVKH. Plates 109 and 110 show the death rate due to typhoid fever per ld(t,000 of population in 1900. The heavy .shades, indicating those counties in which the death rate from this disease was highest, are scattered through all the registration states, Excduding the District of Co- lumbia, Vermont and Maine had the highest death rate, and New Ilampshiri' and New .Jersey the lowest. G-t STATISTICAL ATLAS. Th«^ highest death rate (H.3) from this distMisc in citio.s. ilhi.strated on Plato 111. is indicated in the months of September and O-tober. and tlie lowest (1.1) in -luiie. while in the rural distriets the highest rate was in Octo- ber, and the lowest in June, praetieally the .same as in the cities. The line diagram on Plate 117 shows the comparative propoi'tion of deaths from typhoid f(>vei- at each age in tin' registration aveA. in l!»oO and ISIM). While the (h'ath rate in the registration area from this fever has decreased from 4t!.;! per lOO.UOU of population in 1Satest increases in the death rate from typhoid fever, and slight increa.ses and decreases are indicated in several of th(> other groups. MEASLES. Diagram 2. Plate 114. represents the (h-ath rates from measles in each month for cities and rural disti'icts of the registration states in lUOO. and shows that in cities the death rate from measles was highest in March (2.7). and lowest in ()ctol)er (0.4): in the rural districts it was highest in March (l.S). and lowest in Sej)teml>er (<>. L). The death rate from this cause for the registration area per 100,(»0(i of population lias decreased from J3.5 in 1S!X) to 13.--' in I'.hm). SCARLET FEVER. The tirst set of circular diagrams on Plate 115 shows the death rates from .scarlet fever, ))y months, for cities and rural districts of the registration states in 1900. Deaths from this fever were mcst prevalent in cities in the month of Fel)ruary, the rate for that month being 1.8. while the lowest rate (0.4) was for the mouth of September; in the rural districts February and March had the highest death rates ())uhi- tion in 1890 to 11. (> in 1900. wiiodi'ix*; C'oumi. The first pair of circular diagrams on Plate ll*> shows the death rates from this disease in each month for cities and rural districts of the registration states in 190ft. The diagram shows a singular condition in rela- tion to the highest death rate from whooping cough in cities, as two widely separated mouths, Mai'ch and Augu.st, had the highest rate (-J.u). and October and jSoveml)er the lowest (0.8). In the rural districts the highest death rate was in August (1.3). and the lowest in the month of ( )ctober (o.r.). The death rate for the registration area from whoop- ing cough per 100.00(1 of population has decreased from 15. ,s in l.Sito to 12.7 in 1900. MALARIAL FEVER. In cities deatlis from malai'ial fever were most nu- merous in the month of Septendjer, the rate for that month ])eing 0.7. and fewest from December to May, as shown })y the circular diagrams on Plate 116, the rates for these months ranging from 0.3 to 0.4. In rural distriets the highest rate was in October and the lowest in the months from December to June, the death rate in thes(> months lieing very nearly the .same. The death rate for the registration area from thi.s disease was lower for 1900 tlian 1890. having decreased from 19.2 per 100.000 of population to 8.8. Diagram 2. Plate 116. shows the comparative pro- portion of deaths from malarial fever at each age in the registration area in 1900 and 1890. In the age period less than 1 year the death i-ate was uuich higher for 1900 than for 1890. The age periods showing an in- crease since 1.S90 are 1 to 4 years, 20 to 24, 45 to 49, and 65 to 89, inclusive. The age periods from 10 to 19 show the largest decreases, the decreases in the remain- ing age periods being very small. The largest propor- tions of deaths from this disease are noted for the ages from 20 to 24 years and less than 1 year. CEREliRO-Sl'INAL FEVER. The circular diagrams on Plate lis show the death rates from t'crebro-spinal fever in each month for cities and rural districts of the registration states in 1900. The death rate in cities was highest (1.1) in June and July and lowest (0.4) in December and January. In the rural districts June had much the highest death rate (1.0) and November, December, February, March, and April tlie lowest, the rates for each of thes(> months being the .same (0.5). Bar diagram 2. Plate 118. shows the comparative pro- I ortion of (hniths from cerebrospinal fever at each age period in the I'egistratioi^area. 1900 and 1890. The death rates have deerea.sed in a majority of the age groups: however, it is also true that the death rate in the registration area from this disease has increased from 6.3 j)er loo.ooo of popuhition in 1.890 to 7.1 in 1900. The greatest propoition of deaths from this dis- ease was found to be in the lower age periods, and was especially large among children less than 1 year of age. ERY.SIPKLAS. The .second line diagram on Plate lis shows the com- parative propoi-tion of deaths from erysipelas at each age in the i-egistration area in I9oo and |S90. The death rate for the registi-ation area from this dis- ease shows a slight decrease, from 5.1 per 100,000 of liopulation in ISDo to 5.1 in 1900. hut nearly one-half VITAL STATISTICS. 65 the uyi' j^roii]).- slidW ;iii iiiri'ciix' in tlir |)r()[)()rlinii ul' deatli.s ill ll""' dvcr is'.tii. The prn])()rti<)ii of (Icatlis I'l'Diii erysipelas was exceptionally lai'uc aijioni;' i-iiildrcn less than I year of age. OI.D M.V.. Diagram 1. I'late Hit, sliows tlie death rates Ironi old age in each month for eities and rural districts of the I'egistratioii states in 1!*()0, and l)rings out the fact tiiat the deatii rat(> fi-om old age, in both cities and rural dis- tricts, was highest in March and lowest in July. It is also ti'ue that the rates foi- rural districts were almost d()ul)le those for corresponding months in cities. The death rate for the registration area fr(>m old ago in 1900, .5-i.Oper Kio.dddof ])opulation. was greater than in is'.io. when it was 44. '.t. I)I.\K1U1K.\1. DISKASKS. From diarrheal diseases (Plate ll'.») tiie death rale in cities was highest in July (4i>.S) and lowest in th(> winter months, while in the rural districts it was highest in August (27.7) and lowest in tlie winter mouths. The death rate for the registration area from these diseases has decreased from 1S3.7 per loo.iKMt of ixipulation in 1890 to i:^2.S in 1900. Diagi'aiu'J. I'late Hit. represents the eomp.irative pin- portion of deaths from tliai'i'heal diseases (excluding cholera infantum) for ages -I years and o\-er in the regis- tration area in 1900 and 1890. The proportion of deatlis from diarrheal diseases has increased for ages hclow ."i years and ahove (i4 years, and decreased for the ages from .■) to "14 yeais. The diagram also shows that the proportion of deaths from these causes was very large for children from -J to 8 years and for adults from ti.") to 79 years of age. PNEUMONIA. The death rate for the registration area from pneu- monia was larger in 1900 than in 1S90, liaving increased from 18t).9 to 19-2.0 per 100,000 of population. The second l)ar diagram on Plate 12n represents the comparative proportion of deaths from pneumonia at each age in 1900 and 1890. The diagram shows large increases in the pi'oportiou of deaths for persons less than .H years of age; for a majority of the age periods shown on the diagram the proportion of deaths in 1890 was larger than for 1900. The largest proportion of deaths from this disease is shown f(jr children less than 1 year of age. DIABETES. The death rate for the registration area from diabetes has increased from .^.Ti per loO.dOO of population in 1890 to 9.3 in IKOO. The first diagram on Plate 121 shows the comparative proportion of deaths from this disease at eai'h age in the registration area in 1900 and 1890, and indicates a decrease in the iiroportion of deaths in a majority of the age gi'oups. .\n increase in the death rate is especially noticeable in the age ])erio(l from >>'> to 64 years. Com- l)arati\cly few deaths occurred from this disease in the age ])eriods l)elow '> years, the age groujjs from .")'i to 74 years showing largo percentages of deaths. SCKOKII.A AM) TABES. The death rate for the registration area from these causes has decreased fi'om li." per IdO.iKMi of ])()pulation in 1890 to ;it> in I'.mmi. The second diagram on Plate 121 represents tin' com- parative proportion of deaths at each agi' period from scrofula and tabes in I'.titoand ls9n. and shows an in- crea.se in the proportion of deaths foi- nearly every age group, the most noticeable exceptions })eing for children less than 1 year. 1, and 2 years of age. each of whicii shows a considerable decrease as compared w itii 1890. .\ large jjroportion of deaths from the.se causes is indi- cated for the lowest age period. DISEASKS OK TUK NERVOIS SYSTE.M. The circular diagiams on Plate li'ii. representing the death rates from diseases of the ni'i'vous system in each month for cities an registration states in 19(Mi. show but slight variations throughout the year in both cities and rural ilistriets. the highest rates occurring in March and .Vpril. each being over 20; and the lowest in Noxcmber. both less than 17. The death rate per IDO.OOO of population from these causes in the regislTation area has decreasid from 247.4 in 1890 to 217.2 in I'.mmi. DISEASES Ol' rUK ClliCl I.AIORY SV.sTEJI. The circulai' diagram on Plate 122. representing the death rates from diseases of the circulatory system in the registration states, shows that it was highest in March for both cities and rural districts, both being- over Iti; while the lowest rate for the city districts (9.9) was in .\ugust. and for the I'ural districts (11.. S) in Sep- tember and October. The deatli late from these causes for the registra- tion area has increased from 134.2 per lOn.OOOof popu- lation in 1S9I1 to 1.50.1 in 1900. Al'Ofl.EXY AND I'AKAI.YSIS. The death rate from apoplexy and paralysis ])er 100,000 of population for the registration area has increased from S4.."i in 1890 to 99.4 in 19n0. Diagram l', Plate 122. shows the comparative pro- portion of deaths from apoplex\- and paralysis at each age in the registration area in 19tl0 and 1S90. A slight increase in a number of the age periods is shown, the most marked being in the groups from .">.> to 59, and 70 to 74 years, the ditierences in the other periods being slight. The proportion of deaths from these causes was very small in the lower age groups, and very large in the groups from ) in the month of August, while in rural districts April had the highest rate (85.1) and July and August the lowest (5.4). , The death rate foi- the registration area, from diseas(!s of the respiratory system, has greatly decreased, being ■2~9.b per 10(1.(1(10 of population in 11H)0. and 3.30.3 in 1890. liRONCHITIS. The death rate from bronchitis foi' the registration area shows a decrease fi'om 74.4 per loo.ooo of popula- tion in ISIM) to 48.3 in 1!»00. The diagi'am for this disease, Plate 1:^3, shows very few increases in the death rates in l!»oo. the most marked being in the rate foi- children less than 1 year of age. The diagram brings out the fact that a large propt)rtion of deaths from this disease occurred among children less than 3 years of age. HEART DISEASE AND DROPSY. Tlie death rate for the registration area from heart disease and dropsy has increased from 132.1 per l(K).0(io of jiopulation in 1890 to 140.9 in 1900. The line diagram on Plate 123, representing the com- p.u'ative proportion of deaths from th(\se diseases, at each age in the registration area in 19O0 and 1890, shows increases in the advanced age groups, from .").5 to 89 years, and but slight differences in the other groups, those for less than I 3'ear and for 4 years indicating but small increases. The greatest proportion of deaths from these causes occurred at advanced ages. DISEASES OE THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Diagram 1. Plate 124, represents the death rates from diseases of the digestive system in each month for cities and rural districts of the registiation states in 1900. These death rates show but slight \ariations during tlie year for l)oth cities and rural districts. The highest rate (8.7) for cities was in the month of March, and the lowest (7.1) in the month of November. In the rural districts the highest rate (8.3) w^as in May and August, and the lowest (ti.ti) in February. Considerable diticr- ence is shown between the two areas in a number of months. The death rate for th(> registration ar(>a from diseases of this class has increased fi'om 91. .5 per 100,000 of pop- ulation in lS9(t to 98. .5 in 1900, DISEASES OF THE LIVER. The death rate from diseases of the liver in the reg- istration area has decreased from 24.1 per lOO.OOO of population in 1890 to 22.7 in 1900. Diagram 2, Plate 124, shows the comparative propor- tion of deaths from diseases of the liver, at each age in the registration area in 1900 and 1890, and indicates that there has been a slight increase for a majority of the age periods. The greatest proportions of deaths from diseases of the liver were for the ages from 50 to 69 years and less than 1 year. DISEASES OF THE HONES AND .TOINTS. The d(_'ath rate from diseases of the bones and joints in the registration area has decreased but slightly, hav- ing been 4.0 per 100.0(.)0 of ])opulation in 1890 and 3.t; in 1900. Thediagram on Plate 124, representingthe proportion of deaths from diseases of the bones and joints, shows a slight d(>crease in most of the age periods below 15, and a slight increase in a majority of the groups above 14 years of age. The largest proportion of deaths from these diseases was found in the ages from 5 to 24 years and less than 1 yeai'. AC(TI)ENTS AND IN.IERIES. Diagram 1. Plate 125, represents the death rates from accidents and injuries (excluding suicides) in each month for cities and rural districts of the registration states in 1900, and shows that in cities the death rate from these causes was highest in the months of June (7.9) and July (7.5) and low(^st in January, FebiTiary, and March. In tile rural districts it was highest in the months of July (7.(i) and August (7.S) and low'est in Decemlier. January, and February. The death rate from these causi's per 100,000 of pop- ulation in the registration urea has increased from 91.9 in 1890 to 9(5.0 in 1900. SIK'IDE. For the registration states, the death rate from sui- cide, as shown on Plate 125, was highest in cities in April and May (1.1) and lowest in December and February (0.7); in the rural districts it was highest in May (1.0) and lowest in November and Februaiy (0.6). In the registi'ation area the death rate from this cause per 100.000 of jjopulation has increased from 10.3 in 1S90 to ll.S in 1900. Diagram 2. Plate 125. represents the comparative projiortioii of deaths from suicide at specified ages in the registration area in 1900 and 1890, and shows that in the age groups less than 15. 15 to 19, 30 to 44, 70 to 74, and 80 to 84, the death rate from suicide has increased. — ' — ' — -^ - ' — ■■^■'^ — •• PLATE No. 101 ml PLATE No 102 PLATE No 103 v— aj^iWC .^-^ ''9^^l Sleeping Bea .. f 4 ! IOSCO >AuSrtli 1^ N* JBAK .? i Ml I- It ON I •'V IN l.lAl.Ni - Sl.isk.fnoilj ^ , „-4 _!_ I ' .V, ■■'tT I M.IM.l Al.N. . ' N.VVtEv A*¥4 J^^^_' .7 JACKS! L\ } ■ \<^*q ^ i WM-SK-* r. , N^^sAS-'^^ ~^- t^M^i^i'-'i^' JUlliJS eiE'J A CO l-tTM M PLATE No.105 S 91EM A HO 1 I-- ■ PLATE No.106 luuus eiEH « CO 1 PLATE No. 1 07 S BIC** » CO I itm PLATE ho 108 ¥i^l ^; 'Sl>ftl>.«C TITK DEATH RATK ni'E TO INFl.fKN/A per lOd.OOl) dl' |)i)|)iiliilii>ii 1 I I Undi-i- H) iHT UKi [^^ 1(1 lo l?^^^B^ft!4#''^^*'" <- - -I A : ,-C( ici.- I (i:si.iii-. isHK' ..:"^i^- (i|)nliil ion V ^-'~--,<' V. 9^- "Ah4l-:i,-.A.N 1 \WW — N>l.iNS5Tll]J .il.«-,V.M>Hh| o,— ■ .1 ' .<^ ,.^_j_i_i_::_k( I 'l.liN.\WI'l 's.o)!,Pi^ V _y: ^^ ^ -KH 1000 OFPOPUI^TION INTHK RKdISTHATIONSTATKS :li)(>0 2. (OMRMIATIVI-: DKATM I^ATFS PKH 1000 OFPOIM'IATIOX UN'1>KU 15 ANDFROMLTTl)-l5-iKM-EAKS 16 TO -lo ii-.Ait.-> OISTOF COLUMBIA | BHODE ISLAND 1 NEW HAMPSHIRE ! NEW YORK I MASSACHUSETTS ' MAINE NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT VERMONT MICHIGAN ITALY CANADA RUSSIA AND POLAND i RANGE SCANDINAVIA IRELAND UNITED STATES GERMANY ENGLAND AND WALES SCOTLAND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES 3. UlCATMlt ATKS PKH 1000 OK POPULATION' INTIIE HE CrlSTR/NTION STATES HY SEX .COI .OH, AND CENEIt^M , NATIN^TY: I9O0 TAL POPULATION MALES FEfrfALES ! HATIVEWHITEOFNATIVE PARENTS ' NATIVEWHITEOF FOREIGNPARENT: \ FOHEION WHITE i I COLORED I RURAL I URBAN I WHITE I COLORED I n 4.COMP.\HATl\1-: DEATH HATES PER 1000 0FP0PUI.A3'I0.\ UiNHER 13 AN I) FROM 15 TO -l^-^lvUlS OIWOK IN CITIES Ii\ THE REtllSTRATlON* STATES HYKIH'niPIjM'E OFMO'IHEHS: 1900 tJN1>Kn l.S ^-KARS 5. PROPORTION OFDKATHS l>rE TO (^'ERTAIN CAUSES, PEUIOOO DEATHS \n\OM ALL CAUSES AMONGTHE WHITi; AND THE COLOHKn IN THE UNITED STATES : 190O 15 TO 45 YK/ I TALY FRANCE CANADA IRELAND UNITED STATES ^ SCANDINAVIA GERMANY EN&LANDANO WAlES RUSSIA AND POLAND SCOTLAND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES 120 130 l-IO DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PNEUMONIA 1} CONSUMPTION ! DISEASES OF THE 1 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DIARRHEAL DISEASES DISEASES OFTHE DIGASTIVE SYSTEM ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES DISEASES OFTHE URINARY SYSTEM CANCER ANDTUMOR TYPHOID FEVER BRONCHITIS DIPHTHERIA MALARIAL FEVER AFFECTIONS CONNECTED WITH PREGNANCY SCROFULA ANDTA8ES 0 11 PNEUMONIA CONSUMPTION HEART DISEASE DIARRHFALOISEASES I D ISEASES OFTHEKIDNEY CHOLERA INFANTUM DIPHTHERIA AND CROUP INFLAMMATION OFTHESRAIN AfJD MENINGITIS TYPHOID FEVER PREMATURE BIRTH CONVULSIONS DISEASES OFTHE LIVER DISEASES OFTHE STOMACi PERITONITIS RAILROAD ACCIDENTS WHOOPING COUGH SCARLET FEVER DROWNING SEPTICEMIA BURNS AND SCALDS MALARIALFEVF-R JUUUS BIENftCO UTH.N.Y. PKOiH)irri()N o^' i)i':.vi'iis IN i-;a(ii month axj) 'riii-: i{i-;i..vnvK PUopoirrioNS ATAI-I,A(ilvS AND AT SI')-;(U'll';i) MW-: (■.H()n>S: 1!)0() PLATE No 113 ALL AGES UNDER 5 5 TO 59 60 AND OVER l.DE.YTH FL\TES FROM GKNEH,M> DISEASES IN P:A('H MONTH FORCITIES ,\ND RITLM. DISTRICTS OK THE REGISTRATION STATKS : lOOO PLATE No.ll CITIES RURAL 2. DEATH RATES FROM ME.\SLES IN EACH MONTH FOR CITIES. \ND RURAL DISTRICTS OF THE REGISTRATION STATES :I900 CITIES RURAL JULIUS BlENfltCO.LITH.N l.DE-^TH RATES FROM SC\R1.ETFE\'ER AXD DIPHTHEFUA IN EACH MONTH FOR CITIES .^^T) RLTIAL DISTRICTS OF THE REGISTRATION STATES: 1900 -ATE No 115 SCARLET ^•E^■ER CITIES RURAL DrPHTHERL\ CITIES RURAL 2.»'r)MP.\PL\TR"E PR<»PORTI0N OF DEATHS FROM DrPHTHERL\ AND CROTT-AT SPEriFIED A«tES IXTHE REOISTP^\TrON.APuE.-\: IPiJd .AND 1890 1 Age I90C 1890 S70 £*C 213 •50 150 120 30 63 3C 3 = 5 3 S3 120 ISC ISO 310 2-tB 270 [ ■ II 1 ' 1 - " " ! ■ * 1 ' . ' '• • \ '\ '■ i ' . . ■ • I5 ■* "^ .D-r* -S-9 ■» - s J — * a- 3 1 — 2 O- I 1 — ■ M ■ ..— — — -VUUS B»0«»CO.UT>tH/' 1. DEATH RATES FROM WHOOPING COUGH AND \L\I.AKL\1. EK\1-:H IN EACH MONTH FOR CITIES AND RLTJM- DISTRICTS OF THE REGISTRATION STATES :I00O CITIES WHOOPING COUGH RURAL iVIALAKIAJ. FKVER CITIES 2. COMPARATIVE PROPoriTHrN OF DEATHS FROM MALAI?LAL FEM?:!^ AT EACH AGE IN THE HEGISTRATIONAIIFA: liHX) AND USVtO Age 1900 1890 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SO 90 95 + 1 1 1 1 1 ^Lj 1 1 90-9* ! 1 1 1 1 — 1 ' -■ 85-89 ao-a* 75-79 70-7 + 65-69 so-ei- 55-59 50 -S'* ♦ S--*© _] 33-39 30-3+ ?5-29 20 -^4^ 15 -rg 10-1 + 1. - ^ 3 -1 "2-3 1 — S 0— 1 1 -- f "_1 J m — ■1 S 1 £ ..J 1 1 1 s E s z E E B z m 5 E 1 = , — — = - i * E — 1. DEATH HATES 1-"1U)M INKIA'ENZA.Vv'D 'J'YI'IIOIU FEMiH IN EAlll MONTH FOH CITlES.\Nn lUfH.M- DISTRICTS OF THE REGISTRATION STATES: U)()0 PLATE No 117 CITIES rXFI.l-KXZA '["ii'Hoiu i-|-'.vi:u ('OMl'ARATI\'F, l^ROPOKTION OF DEATHS FROM TYPHOID FENTIIR AT KACII AOl TNTFIK HF.01STRATrONARE.\: 1!K)0 i\ND laOO JULIUS BltNiCO L'TH N f PLATE No 1. DEATH RATES FROM CEREBRO-SPINAI. P'E:VER IN KACU MONTH FOR CITIES AND RURAL DISTRICTS OF THE REGISTRATION STATES:1900 CITIES RURAL 2. COMPARATIVE PROPORTION OF DEATHS FH(JM CFJIEBRO-SPINAL FP:\TiR^'«tNI) ERYSIPELAS AT EACH AGE IN THE REGISTRATION AREA: 1900 AND 1H90 CEHEBRO-SPINAL FEVER Age 1900 1890 270 240 210 ISO 150 120 90 60 30 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 90-d4- S5-fi9 ao-a* • 75- 79 70-74- 80-6+ 1 ■ 50-5-1- tO'^ 35-39 30-3'* 1 , , L.- 1 1 1 -J , . — 1 — 20-24- 15-19 lO -1 + 5-9 4-5 3- + a - 3 1 — 2 O— 1 Zi ~ ^ — — = = _J Zj ^ Zi m 1 1 s 1 ■ I ■ 1 — r ^ . ~ / ^ ERVSIPEI^S Age 1900 1890 31-0 300 260 220 180 140 100 60 20 20 60 100 140 160 220 260 300 340 9S -1- - 1 90-04- g 85-89 ■■ ao-a* 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 — — ^ 5^ ^ ~ _J 1 = i = E ^ — — ^ zz = — E E E 53 59 30-5-4 45- 4-9 ■40-4^ 33-39 30-34- ' 1^ — — — — — - ~ s 1 I — ~ — — = - — E E E E E - 1 . ■; ' ' - — — 1 — -^-n ri — — — — — — — — -n — — — ,0 .4 ... — ' P*- — — — — — — ^ — 1 — — -^ — 3-9 1 ^H 4-0 ^ L 3-4- E 2-3 1 - 2 0- 1 _^^__J L. ~. — IS ^ — iam -^ bL j^ — i. — — — ■■ ^ ' — • — ysi E — — ' , — JULIUS BIEN aco.LiTH.r I. DEATH RATKS1--HOM OM) AC.K AM) DIAHHHF.Ah IMSHASKS I.N KACIl MONTH FOR C'lTIKSANI) lUn^\l, DISTRICTS OK Till-: Hl-lCI STRATIO.N STATKS : IMOO PLATE No 119 oi.ik\(;k CITIES I ) ! A r. I ! 1 1 K . M , 1 ) I S 1'. AS E S RURAL L'.COiMFAUATlX'K FHOl'OimoN OF DEATHS FK(J.M DlAliHUKAI. DISKASKS (EXCLUDING CHOLEKA FKK^VNTI^M ) AT KACIl A(iE INTIIE REGISTRATION AREA: 1900 AND 189() Age 1900 1890 36 32 26 24 20 16 12 6 + + 8 12 16 20 24- 28 32 36 95 + 85-89 80-84 75-79 70 -7* 65-S9 . 60-6« 55-59 50-54- ■ 45 -« 40-44 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 iri I 1 1 i 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 — ~ 1 £ £ - 1 1 1 5 g 1 T r ; 1 T - B ' — 1 -J = = 1— £ —I E s Z ~ — 30-34 25-29 20-a4 15-19 re- 14 5-9 -^^^ 2-3 ^ — — — ~ = IS ^ * =5 m ■ d — 1 1 — 1^ 1 ! t . N 1 1 ' 1 1 _-„ _ .^-L 1 1 — i 1 — JULIUS BlENfl CO.LHH N "* PLATE No, I2( 1. DEATH R.\TESFROM CONSUMPTION IN EACH MONTH FOR CITIE SAND RITRAL DISTRICTS OP^ THE REGISTRATION STATP:S : 1900 RURAL 2. (COMPARATIVE PROPORTION OF DEATHS FROM CONSUMPTION AND PNEUMONIA AT EACH AGE IN THE REGISTRfVnON AREA: lOQO AND 1890 CONSUMPTION Age 1900 1890 180 160 KO 120 100 60 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 95 + \ i ' '^ 90-9^^ 65-89 1 1 ao-81^ 1 — 1 75-79 1 I i 70-74 65-69 55 -59 50 -54 45 -*9 40-44 E "^^ = — = = zi ~ = J E P i -- 1 hs — 1 — i — E = ~ 30-34 25-29 20-24 l5-f9 to -14 5-9 4- 5 ~ E — ^ = ? = s _ 1 = ■1 - - ^ -_ S 1 s ■ m s m ■1 s ■ 1 — 3 ~4 1 2-3 1 I - S - 1 — ■ — — ~ ± ~ — z] — — 1 — ' tz B B M ^^ — — — z: Z2 z PNEUMONIA Age 1900 1890 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 IBO 95 -1- _J I 1 1 90-94 1 ■ 85-39 80-84 75-79. 70 -74 65-69 60-64 ""55 "sir- 50 -54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 Z0-S4 i5-r9 to - 14 5-9 4-5 1 - 2 - t 1 E E E - 1 E ^ E — 1 M s ■i ■1 1 ■1 ■1 = 1 L- 1— 1 I 1 _ 3 — — i u — — - — — E = zj JULIUS BlENftCOLlTH^ PLATE No 121 COMPARATIVE PHOPORTrON OF DEATHS FROM DLVUETES. SCHOFl'LA AXirrABES. AXl) (AXCEI{ AT EACH AGE IN lllE REGISTRATION AREA: 1C(00 AND I89() DIABETES Age 1900 1890 126 lia 98 84 70 56 42 28 14 14 28 42 56 70 84 88 112 126 4s + 1 1 I i 1 i 1 J ■ - 1 1 ! ■ ' ; ^ 1 90-94 1 1 Ml! _-}..; ' ! ■ 1 ■ ' 1 as-99 75-19 70-7* 8S-89 60-6t 55-59 50- 54- ^5-49 -^ = — — 1 1 ^ — 1 — "^^^ , 5 1 = ^ = 35-39 30-34 25-23 £0-24 15- 19 .JQ^14__ 5 --9 - 5 — = — — = - i 1 — * — ^ i — 1 '^^^^^ r ~ = - j I ■, : ! . U-J 1 4=r- b^ =1- ' . i 1 , , 1 -1 • L^ Lj -4J SrRUFL'I,A.\ND TAHKS Age 1900 1890 285 255 225 195 16S 135 105 75 +S 15 15 +5 75 105 1.-": 165 195 225 255 285 9S + ■ i ill .... 85-89 — — — — — — I -4- (--!- • Ld — ' 1 1 ; • — 1 ' 75-79 70-^4 65-69 60-64 55-59 SO- 54 45-49 40-4-* — — ^ — — ^ — ^^ i^ r — = — h- — 30-34 15-19 ♦ - 5 3-4 -^^^ 0- 1 E — — — ~ ■ E ■ H ■ E".^^^^^ t U- — B ■ — IT E CANCER Age 1900 1890 126 112 98 84 70 56 42 28 14 14 28 42 56 70 84 36 112 126 95 + 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ; , J ■ ' 1 1 90-94 ' I j .. ti ■ . U 1 1 85-89 80-64 75-79 65-69 60-64 55-59 ^ ^ = Ll 1 M 1 1 - ^L^ ■ — 45-49 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-S4 15-19 E' E = — i s ■i s ^:- F" :M-±_iit: :d -"i^Hr- n ~ ■ ■ -; a S ^1= 3-4 — — — -1 ^t- P i i . , . , - -_^ 2-3 1 , ■ ! r '\ ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ; , 1 ; , : ' 1 - S , 1 ■ 1 i L : 1 ■ 1 i 1 ' ' 1 ' : M - 1 1 [_ _ ... i 1 _]_^ , -^-^- ■ »- - . 1 1 1 1 M 1 i 1 , i . 1 , i JULIUS BlENaCO LlTH.N-Y. 1 DEATH R,\TES FROM DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND DISEASES OF THE (TRCUliATORY SYSTEM IN EACH MONTH FOR CITIES AND HURM- DISTRICTS OF THE REGISTliATlON STATES : 1900 PLATE No, DISEASES OFTHE NERVOUS S^'STEM CITIES RURAL niSF.ASES OFTHE CIRCUIATORY SYSTEM CITIES RURAL COMPARATIVE PP.OPORTION OF DEATHS FROM APO PL EXYAND PARALYSIS AT KACII A()K IN THE REOISTRATrON ARE^\: li)0() .AN^D lOMd Age 1900 1890 144 128 lis 96 ao 64 48 32 16 16 32 46 64 SO 96 Ir2 128 144 95 + J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 lL J — 80-9* _a5-89 50-8'* 75-79 70-7 + 65^69 60-64 55-59 — 1 .J ■1 i m ^^w ^m S i JM i S 1 1 1 s i r - 50- 5-^ 4S- '*9 'to- 4'* 3 5 39 30-3 + £0-24- ^ ^ — i — — ^V Si a i ^ 1 1 ■ 4.- 1 . a — = B ^ — ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 13-19 1 10 -1 + 5-9 1 _- , 1 1 , 1 , 1 1 1 1 — — — — ' — — — — — — ' — "* *- — — 1 — ' — — 1 — — — — - 1-.-.- 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 I — 1 1 , — 1 1 — 1 — 1 — JULIUS BtENaCO LlTH.f PLATE No. 123 1 i)i;.\Tii n.\TKs i-noM diseases ofthe he spirxtohy system in each month Fc)Hcrrii;s.\.\i) KiHAEnisTnicTsoKTin-: I{I-:c.istij.\ti(\n' states: moo RURAL 2. COMPARATIVE 1>R()T'< )irn()N OF DEATHS FROM BR.OXCinTIS. AND HEART DISEASE AND DROPSY AT EACH AOE IX THE REGISTRATION AllE^V: I'ctUU AND 1890 BRONCHITIS Age 1900 1890 380 340 300 260 220 ISO 1*^0 100 60 20 20 60 100 140 ISO 220 260 300 340 360 95 + 90-9'4 S5-69 eo-a-* 75-79 — -4 - — — — ^ — — = ^ i ^ — — — — — — — = — 65-69 60-64 55-59 50 -34. — = — ~ ^ — = — — = =P ■- ■- ^ ~ ^ ^ — ^ — ^ ^ ^ '^ 40-'t4- — , — - — ' — — ' — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — — - 1 35-39 30-34- 25-29 20-S4- l5-t9 lo-r* 5-9 m 4- - 5 3-4 2-3 1 -2 - 1 ~ — ~ = — - - - m = J B i m S B B B B m ~ ^ M -- ^ ^ ^ = ■ ~ = HKART DISKASK AND DROPSY A^e 1900 1890 108 96 84 72 60 48 36 24 12 IB 24 36 48 60 7! 84 96 106 95 + 1 1 1 ■ III : ' i ; , I 1 1 90-9* 85-89 80-81 75-79 70-74- 65-69 60-64 55-59 50 -34 5 bd i ~ B - 1 1 B B ^^^^=^ L 1 E c - 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 4-5 = ^ 1 = m ^^^ l_ L_IZ| t r E — — — 1 ' - -- -- - h- ~ 3-4 B 1 2-3 m ^^ ' 1 1 - 2 - 1 ^ — — -L u^^-: — 1 ■ 1 — JULIUS BIENiCO LITMN.Y. PLATE No, 1. DEATH R.\TES FROM DISEASES OFTHE DIOKSTI\T. SYSTEM IN EACH MONTH FOR CITIESAND RITRAI^ DISTRICTS OF THE REGISTRATION STATES : I900 CITIES RURAL 2.COMPARiVriVE PP.OPOHTrON OF DEATHS FROM DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND DISEASES OF THE BONES.JiND JOINTS AT EACH AGE IN THE I^K(^iISTRATlON .\REA: lilOO ,\ND 1890 mSEASES OFTHE LIVRR Age 1900 1890 106 36 B<- 7? 60 *8 36 2 •? 12 If ^■^ 36 -f-a 60 ^^ 84- 96 i08 95 + 1 1 90-S4. ^ 1 L-J. • •^ 35-89 ao-e* 75-79 70 -74- 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-5-4 — 3 1 i ■ 1 ! MBaa^ m 1 1 i frFjd ■i I — — 40-4^ 35-39 30-34 20-54 15-19 lO -14 ~ — 1^ — ■ - . ^y^ ! s ^ - — ^ ~ — - ^ — 5-9 mmm 4 - B m 1 , „ 3 — 4 ■ ■ ,- , . .^-^. -. ^ ^ _. ._^ : 2-3 1 1 1 i t — 3 0— 1 — 1 jI U4— - niSF^SKS OFTHE BONES AND JOINTS Age 1900 1890 126 112 98 64 70 56 42 28 14 14 28 42 56 70 64 96 112 126 95 + _4 1 ! 1 i ' 90-94 1 1 I 1 65-89 80-84 75-79 70-7* 85-69 60-64 S5-_59 , 50- 54 45- 49 40-44- 35- jj 30-34 ^5-23 ao-^* IS- 19 5 ' ? 4 - L.- ^3-4 _2- J 1 - .:■ —0- ; ^ t:: ^ zz — ■ - r-"i - — - _ JI — ■ km 7Z ■ tm ■ ■ a 1 s s ^1 2 — — ■1 =3 B = - S - ^^ JULIUS Hits a, CO I PLATE No, 125 l.DEATH RATES FROM ACCIDKNTSANU INJUHIESiEXCLUDING SU1CIDES)AND SUICIDES IN P:A('H month FORCITIES/V\n Hin^I. niSTfilCTS OF THE KROI STRATION STATHS : lUOO ACciDKN'i's AND iNJiHiK sjKxri.miNc; SL'IClDr:S) CITIES RURAL SLTICmF.S RURAL 2.(M)MPARATIVE PROPORTION OF DEATHS FROM SUICIDES AT SPECIFIED AGES IN THE REGISTRATION .\REA: 1900 AND 1890 Age 1900 1890 108 96 a* 72 60 48 36 24 IZ 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 95 + 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 -— — 90-9-4 1 1 as-Q9 ^ ■ 80-64 75-79 70 -7 + 65-69 60-64 55-59 50 -54 — ■ — — ^ 1 i 1 i i u iii( II ^■^J^ — ^ 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-J9 zo-e* 15-19 -14 m 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 i ! 1 s ■ s ■ m 1 1 1 1 i !' i — 1 m — — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 — I — 1 — 1 — i — 1 — 1 1 — 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 1 ' ' 1 JULIUS aiCN&CO LlTH. N.Y. AGRICULTURE. (67) AoPvim/rriiP]. Till' iiimihiT ol' persons |n years of au'i' and (i\ it in tile Initcd Stiites enj^ae-ed in i^'ainfid oecu))atioiis. as .shown l»y the Twelfth Coiisiis, was li'.'.^ST.nTC, and of this niuiilier 10,438,219, or 85.0 ]n-v eenl. were follow - iiifi' auiicultural ])ursuits; 24.:! })('r cent were (Miiployed in manufai-turiny' and niechanical i)iirsuits: I'.t..") ])er eiMit in donu'stie and personal ser\ ice: ir,.;; percent in trade iind trans]joitation: anri 4.8 per cent in professional service. I'he capital invested in aeiiculture for conti- nental United States, as reported at the Twelfth Cen.sus. was $20.48!l.!t01.1(U, and in manufactures. $'.»,,S?>1.48t),- 50(). Judged, therefore, hy the imnd)er of persons employed and the capital invested, agriculture was still the most ini])ortant branch of industry, althouyh in the value of pi'oducts it was second to manufactui'es. Centkrs of AaRicrrr.TURK. Plate 12tl is a map .showing the location of thi' cen- ter of population from 1790 to l!Ml(t. and the ccnter.s of the number of farms, farm values, total area in farms, agricultural products, and manufactures, from 1850 to 1900, and may be designated as the chart of the prog- ress of the nation, representing, as it does, the west- ward movement of po))ulation, agriculture, and manu- factures. The method of computing the center of the nundn'r of farms was practically the same as that used in determining the center of j)opulation. described on page ;;7. The number of farms in a given census \ear was first distributed by "squai'e degrees,'" as the areas included between consecutive meridians and psirallels have been designated. The farms in each square degree were assumed to be located at its center, except in cases where this assumption was manifestly untrue, as, for in.stance. wher(> a part of a sijuare degri>e was occupied ])y a large body of water, a desert, or a mountain I'ange. In these cases the ))osition of the center of the number of farms was estimated as nearly as po.ssible. The numlier of farms in each scpiare degree was then uudtiplied by the shortest distance of its center from the assumed parallel of latitude, chosen for convenience near the latitude of the center to b(> determined (in this calculation 40- north), and tlu' sums of the products or moments north and south of that parallel were obtained. Tludr difference, divided bv the total luunber of farms ill the countiT, gave, as a distance from the a.ssumed parallel, the latitud(> of the centei' of the inimber of faiiiis. In a similar manner the (^ast and W(>st moments were obtained by the ii>e of an assumed meridian (90° west of (ireenwiih in this compulation), and from them the longitude of the center was calculated. 'I'he loca- tions of the othei- centers shown on this map were obtained by a similar pi'ocess. The center of the number of farms in bSoO was located on the Ohio ri\'er, between Ohio and the present state of West Virginia, at identically the same p(jint as the center of corn production. From this position the center of the niunber of farms moved 1 lo miles in a northwestei'ly direction, and in l.stio reached a point 15 miles southeast of Xenia, Ohio. From l.Stio to ISTo the center advanced 30 miles almost directly south to a posi- tion in Bi'own county, 31 miles northeast of Cincinnati, Ohio. l'"rom l8To to 188(J the distance covered was 35 miles in a .southwesterly direction across the Ohio river into Kentucky to a point south of Newport. From 1S80 to 1890 its ])i-ogress of loo miles was nearly tlue west into Indiana. From 18!to to 1900 it moved in a .south- westerly direction 120 miles to a ])oint neai- Faii'tield. U ayne county. Illinois. The center of the value of farm property, which in 1850 was located north of C,'larksbui'g,in the present state of West Virginia, in 18t)0 had ad\'anced .south and west to a point northwestof Portsmouth, Ohio. From 18(50 to 1870 its movement was northwest to a position a few miles northwest of Urbana. Ohio. From 1 870 to 1900 it moved west in a straight line across Indiana and Illinois to a point about 10 miles north of Jack.sonville, lilinois. Its greatest westward mo\-ement, and the greatest ad- vance made for any decade, approximately 180 miles, was from 1880 to 1890. The center of the number of acres of farm land, or total area in farms, in 1850 was located in Breathitt county. Kentucky, the farthest south of any center shown on the map. From 1850 to 1870 it moved to a point about 50 miles west of Louisxille. From ls7o to 1880 it advanced in a westerly dii'ection to a position 20 miles northwest of Evansville, Indiana. From 1880 to 1890 it mo\ed northwest to a point near Alton, Illinois. its next mo\ement being southwest to a location about 48 miles southwest of Jefferson Oity. Missouri. (69) 70 STA'inS'riCAL ATLAS. The other afj'i'ifiill iiriil (■(■iit(M's have iiuixi'd in \ari(ius erratic courses, but always in a general westerly direc- tion, except the center of oats production, which from 1850 to ISOO moved north and east. From isdd to is'.iii the center of oats production iiio\ed almost due west along- the fortv-tirst parallel of latitude. From is'.to to 190O its course was northwest to a point near Muscatine. Iowa. Its greatest movement was from ISCiOto IsTo. approximately 245 miles. The center of corn produ<'tion has moved in a west- erly direction, but more rapidly than the center of pop- idation, as from 1S5U to isCiO it moved south of west nearly ii75 miles, the distance tra\i'rsed being greater than the entire western movement of the centt'r of i)op- ulat ion from 1850 to liXiU. Its mosement from Isdo to 1870 and from 1870 to 1880 was almost directly north- west. From 1880 to 1890 it advanced south of west to a point about HO miles directly south of Jacksonville, Illinois. The movement from I8!t0 to 1900 was so slight that it could hardly be indicated on the inaj). being- only 17" west an9 2' SB" north. The centei- of wheat pi-oduction has made a greater western and northern movement than any other center, as will be noted from its location in 1900. Its greatest southern advance was made from 1880 t(> 1890. and its greatest northern movement from 1890 to 190(». The movements of the centers of the number of farms, \alue of farm property, area in farms, and of oats. corn, and wheat production, as indicated on the map. are widely divei-gent. Area. The land area of the United States in 19(i(i. exclusi\ c of Alaska and the insular possessions, was 1.900,947.200 acres, and the total area in farms 838,591,774 acres, or 44.1 percent. Farm land is divided into two classes — improved, or cultivated, and unimproved. The im- proved land (-om])rised, in 1900, 21.8 per cent of the total land area. Plate 127 shows, by the area of the circles and the size of their sectors, the proportion of land in fainis to the total land area, exclusive of Alaska and the insu- lar possessions, at each census from 1850 to 19oo. also the proportion of farm ai-ea that was improved. The steady growth of the total farm area, which has in- creased 185. t> jjercent since 1850, is readily measui-ed. as well as the i)roportional increase of the cultivated area. It will l>e noted that in 1900 the farm area was less than one-half of the total land area. Diagram 1. Plate 128, also shows the total land area at each (-(>nsus from 1850 to 1900, by the length of the bars, the shaded portion representing the areaculti\-ated. Diagram 1. Plate i:;i. shows the total iiund)i'i- of im ])rove(l and iinimpro\-e. Plate 130, represents the total number of farms at each census from 1850 to 1900. In 1850 there were 1,449,073 farms, and in 1900, including Alaska and Hawaii. 5.739,t)57, an increase of 296.1 per cent in rifty years. Diagram 2, Plate 130, represents graphic- ally, by the length of the bars, the average size of farms at each census from 1850 to 1900, and shows a decrease from 1850 to 1880, and a slight increase at the last two- censuses. Diagram 1 on the same plate shows the average size of farms in each state and territory in 1900, the tremendous size of the farms in Wyoming, Nevada, Hawaii, and Montana, as compared with the North At- lantic states. IxMng etl'ectively presented. Wyoming- leads with an average of 1,333 acres per farm, Nevada and Hawaii following- with 1,176 and 1.148 acres respec- tively. Montana is fourth, with an average of S8(j iu-res per farm. The largest farms are gi'nerally found where the grazing of stock is the principal occupation of the fai-mers. except in eastern North Dakota, where a num- ber of large wheat farms still exist, and increase^ the average size of farms in that state. The average size of farms at the Twelfth Census i> shown in greater detail by the map, Plate 12!*. which was made by computing the average size of farms for each county, and di\iding the counties into live groups, giving to each group a diiferent shad(\ the lightest shade indicating the regions in whii-h the farms were snr.illest in ai'ea. the land richest and most valualtle. and farming most intensitied. A few counties where AciMcri/ri'iM:. 71 tlie average size of t'uriiis wa^; small will lie notcil in a few up of a series of diagrams showing the proportion of the iiumi)er of farms of specified areas in I'.«iO. elassitied by tenure, race of oeeupants, prin<'ipal ei'ops. and amount of inrome. Valuks. The value of farm land and improvements, including buildings, which in IsrtO was §;>. 271.. ")?.">. 4:iti. had in- creased in 1900 to II t),674, 690,247. During this period the value of implements and macliinerv had increas(>d from il.')l,r>s7,03S to §761,2til,.")50, and the value of live stock on farms from $544,180,516 to $3,078,050,041. Diagrams 2. ;>, and 4, Plate 12S. show graphically, by the length of the bars, the value and the increase in value of these three classes of farm property from 1850 to 1900. Diagram 5 represents the average value per farm of all fai-m property at each census from 1S5(> to 1900, and diagram the average value per farm of farm land with inij)rovements, including buildings. These two diagrams show a great increase in average farm values from 185(» to 18t)0, a decrease from 1860 to 1880, followed l)y an increase from 1880 to 1900. It will be noted that tlie greatest a\ erage vtdue per farm was reported for 1860. The five small maps, or cai'tograms, on Plate 13H show the percentage of increase and the decrease in tlu' value of farm land with improvements, for each census from 1850 to 1900. In preparing these cartogranis the per- centage of increase was computetl for the entii'e state. The states showing increases were gi'ouped according to the legend, each group being given a ditierent shade of green, and the states showiny decreases were colored blue, the absence of color indicating no report. From 1850 to 1860 increases in farm values arc indicated in every state for which reports were made, being greatest in the South and West. From 1860 to 187o tiie Western. North Central, and Pacific states reported large increases, while New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, the South Atlantic and South Central states, and New^ ^Mexico show decreases. From 1870 to 1880 increases were indicated for all of the states except Vermont, New Jersey, and Delaware, although the increase in several of the Southern states was small. From 1880 to 1890 the North Atlantic states and Oiiio decreased, while in the Southern and Western states the value of farm land with improvements increased, tho.se stiites west of the Mississippi river showing increases of 50 per cent or over. From 1890 to 1900, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania. Delaware, Ohio. an, and indicates ' that the most valuable farm lands were in the New Eng- land and North Central states, while the farms with the lowest valuation per acre were found principally in the South and A\'est. Cartogram 3, Plate 138, shows, in four shades of color, the j)roportion of gross farm income to tota,! value of farm propeity in 19tlO. The heaviest shade, indicating the greatest proportion, more than 3(i per cent, is found in Maine. \'ermont.and in the strifes south of the thirty- se\enth pai'alhd and east of Oklahoma and Texas. Plate i:H shows, by counties, the \alue of farm prod- ucts per acre of improved land at the Twelfth Census, the highest valuations being found in those counties in which farming was most intensilied aiul the crops rai.sed the most valuable, as in the areas devoted to market gardening, contiguous to large cities, and in Florida, California, Arizona, and New Mexico, where fruit growing was an important industr}-. The low values are found in the grain-producing states, where the farms w-ere large and the value of the crop per a<-re small. Cartogram 1. Plat^' 138, represents at the Twelfth Census the value per acre of farm products not fed to live stock, the .state being taken as the unit, and shows that in those states in which farming was most intensi- fied crops were of the greatest value per acre. The map. Plate 135, represents, in six group». by shades of color, the value of farm jjroducts not fed to live .stock, per sijuare mile of land area at the Twelfth Census. Instead of ascertiiining the value of products in relation to improved land, as in Plate 134. com- putations were made to show the value of farm prod- ' nets not fed to live stock for each .square mile of land area in every county. The total value per square mile was very large for the counties in which practically all of the land was brought under cultivation, as in many counties of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. Wisconsin, and Iowa, also for counties containing large cities in which the land was principally used for market gardening. Low- values are shown principally in the West and South- 72 STATLSTICAJ. Al'LAS. west, whore l)ut ii >niall ])n)])(irti\ the length of the bars, the average vahie of total farm produets per farm iu 1S99 for each state and territory, except Hawaii. The District of Columbia leads, as piactically theentii'e area outside of the city was given o\ei- to market gar- dening, and the valines were consiMinently \ cry high. In Nevada, which stands second, the liigh average was due to the great value of products of the irrigated land and the large siz(> of the farms. In Montana. Wyo- ming, and California, which follow closely after Nevada. the high averages were due. in a uieasure, to the same causes. Iowa, the next state in order, had the highest average of the humid states. Diagram •_'. Plate 137, reprcNsents. at the Twelfth Census, by the length of the l)ars. the avei'age value per acre of net farm products not fed to li\'e stock. New Jerse}' leads, with Rhode Island. Massachusetts, and Connecticut following in ordei-. the high averages in these states being due to the large urban population and to the fact that market gardening near the large cities returns high values per acre for the crops raised. The length of the bars in diagram 1. Plate 13t). shows the total value of all farm pioducts in 1899. by states and territories. Iowa leads, with Illinois second, and Ohio third, Rhode Island, the smallest state, having the lowest value of farm products shown for any state. Fakms of White am> Coloiied Fak.meus. Diagram •_'. Plate 131. represents, by the length of the bars, the mmiber of acres in farms, by states an small acreage held by colored farmers as compared with the white, even in the Southern states, is very effect- ively shf)wn. Mississippi. Georgia. Alabama. Texas. South Carolina, and North Carolina were the only states in which a fail' proportion of the farm aci-eage was in the possession of colored farmers. The average value of all farm ])roperty per farm foi- white and colored farmers in I'.too is represiMifed by the length of the black and the white bars in diagram 1, Plate 139. The most stiiking feature of this diagram is the length of the black bai- for Vermont, the avei'age value of farm pi'operty per farm of colored farmers in that state being more than double that of white farmers, due to flic small numlicr of colored farmers, there being but eight, and to tlie relatively great value of their holdings. In cxcry other state and t(U'ritory the average value of farm property per farm for white farmers exceeded that for the colored. The dia- gram also brings out the high average \aluc of all farm property per farm of white fanners in Nevada. Wyoming, California, and Montana, dm' to th(^ large farms and ranches in these states. Diagram 1:1. Plate 13'.t. represents tlu^ average value of all farm property per acre in farms, for white and coloi'cil farmer^ in I'.ioo. It will be noted that ill twenty-one of the states and territories shown in the diagram, the average value of farm property per acre of colored farmers exceeded that of white, the ditlerence being especially noticeable in Pennsylvania, California. Vermont. Arizona, and Montana. The hold- ings of colored farmers in these states, though very small both in mimlier and in area, included but a small propor- tion of unimproved land, and were, therefore, much abo\i' the average in Aaluc. Tkmke. The farm holdings of the rnited States are generally divided into three classes: First, owned tiy the occu- pant: second, rented for a tixtnl money rental: and third, renterl for a share of the crop. In the classifica- tion of farms liy tenure at the Twelfth C'ensus they were divided into six groups — owners, part owners, owners and tenants, managers, cash tenants, and share tenants. Plate UO shows, by states and territories, for 1890 and 1900. the proportion of farms in each of the three classes of tenure toall farms. The first two cartograms repre- sent, in four shades of color, the ]n'oportion of farms owned to all farms. The heaviest shade, showing the greatest proportion of farms owned — 'M) per cent and over —is found princi))ally in the Western division. The lightest shade, showing the smallest proportion — less than .">o per cent — will be noted in the South. A comparison of the two cartograms shows but slight changes from 1S90 to 1900. The proportion of farms rented for cash to all farms, for 1890 and 1900. is repre- sented by the second pair of cartograms. The southern South Atlantic states also Mississippi and Alal)ama show the largest proportion of farms rented for cash in 1S90 and 190<>. An increase will be noted in Georgia and the Pacific states. The third pair of cartograms shows the pi'o))ortion of farms rented on shares to all farms for 1890 and 1900. The largest percentage of farms rented on shares will be found in the southern South At- lantic and South Central (li\isioiis: an increase from 1890 to l900in the projiortion of farms ri'iited on shares will be noted in a few states of these and the Western di\ision. I'late 142 represents, by states and Icrritories, at the Twelfth Census, the classification of the number f>f farms by three classes of tenure — owners, cash tenants, and share tenants. The states ai'e arranged in the order of the proiiortion of the number of farms owned to all farms. Maine leading with 95.3 per c(Mit. New Hamp- shire. ^Vvoming. Arizona. North Dakota. I'tah. Idaho, New Mexico. Massachusetts, and Montana following, with o\'er 90 ])(M' cent each. Indian Territory, with the lowest perc(>ntage of owners (I'.'i. I ), had tln^ highest per- centage of shar(" tenants, '{'he l)isti'i<'t of Columbia AriKirrL'iTiJE. 73 uppciirs willi I lie li)\scst i)ci-f('iit!i<>-c of sli:ii-c iciuints, iuul the liii;li('>l pcrcciitii^c <>!' <"isii tciiaiits. Alalmiiiu and Soiitli Carolina also show a hiuli pci-fcntau'c of cash tonants, wiiilc North l)akota ic|)oili'il the lo\v(>st \h>v (•(Mita<^(', less than "i pci- cent. 'I'ix' ciassilication of farm aira in l'.tuo|i\ I hrrc classes of tenure is represented in a similar manner on Plate 141!. Arizona shows the largest jxTcentaec of farm area owned rtnd the smallest icnted. while Delaware has the largest percentage lenled and I hi' smallest owned. The District of Colmnhia. practically a city, shows, therefore, the lareest [jrojiortion of farm area rented l)y cash tenants. Indian Territoi-y and 1 )elaware alone re))orted les- than .^ll jier <'ent of their farm area as owned. Plate 144 represents the pereentag'es of thi' nnmlier of farms of specified lemires in litOO. classitied liy area, source of income, amount of income, and race of farmei-. The first diagram, classilicalion by area, shows that the laro'est pro])ortion of farms less than '■', acres, tis.it per cent, was owned. Of the farms containing from [(• to 20 acres o5.!l per cent were renteil. and of those con- taining from 2<) to 50 acres .")(i.li jjcr cent were rented, the proportion of share tenants in these two classes being very large. The largest i)(>rcentages of part owners and manager.s were reported for farms of I.ikmi acres and over. The second diagram, classification hy .source of income, in twehe groups, shows llial a large ])roi)ortion of farms on which cotton was raised was rented, while the gi'eater proportion of farms raising flowers and i)lants. nursery products, and fruit was owned, a very small prop(U-lion heing in the hands of tenants. In each of the reuiaiinng grouj)s more than nO per cent of the farms wei'c owned. tot)a<'co and v'wo showing the largest proportion of tenants, over 4.j per cent. The tiiird diagram, classitication hy amount of income, shows that the pro])ortion of tenants was larg- est whei'<> the income was small, and the ])i-oportion of managcM's and owners largest where th(> income was great. In the fourth diagram, classitication hy v.u-o of farmer, it will l)e ntited that less than lu ])er cent of .lapant'se farmers owned their farms, and that S.").l ])er cent of the renters were cash tenants. Less than 10 per cent of the Chinese, also, were owners, T.s.o per cent of the remainder being <'ash tenants. Only li.o.d per cent of negro faiiners were owners, and of the 75 per cent remaining nearly one-half were cash ten- ants. The Indians show by far the highest percentage of owners, ',t8. 1 per cent. Plate 145 shows the percentages of the nuud)er of farms of specified incomes, classified by prin<-ipal .sourctvs of income in fourteen groups, by race of farmer in si.\ groups, by tenure in six grouj)s, and by area in ten grouj)s. and lepresents. Iiy the ditl'ei'cnt ct>k)rs. the proportion of farms iu each group for eaih of the eight classes of income, in IftOO. as described in the legend at the bottom of the diayram. Li\ K Stock. SWINK. The number of swine on farms and ranges reported at the Twelfth Census was C.L'.sTti, K is. Plate 14»> repre- sents, in live shades of color, the number of head per square mile of land area in each county, the heaviest shade indicating tho.se counties in which the largest number of swine were reported. Hy comparison with the map. Plate 154. which shows the production of corn per square mile of total land area, it will be noted that the greatest nmnbcMof swine were reported in the '"corn states" — Iowa. Illinois. Missouri. Nebraska. Indiana. Kansas, and ( )hio. Diagram 1. Plate 15(». represents, by the length of the bars, the runn})er of swine reported in .specitied states and territories, and illustrates the fact that Towa in litbo reported 114.4 per cent more than any other state or territory, and that in the New England and cer- tain of the Western states there were comi)aratively few of these animals. NT.Ar ( ATTI.K. The total number of neat cattli' rejjorted on farms and ranges in I'.too was t)7.s2:i.:^):it>. and the niaj). Plate 147. shows, in five shades of color, the nund)er of neat cattle to a sciuare mile of land area in each county, the heavy shades indicating those counties whei'e the great est nund)er of tlH>se animidswcre repoi-ted. r)iagram i'. Plate I5U. represents. l)y tlie length of the bars, the total number of neat cattle reported in sp(Hiti(>d states and territories in I'.'on, and brings out the fact that Te.xas rei)orted almost twii-e as many as anv other state or territory, Iowa, Kansas, and Ne- braska following in order. It also indicates the small number re]iorted in the New Kngland states. SIIKKC. In llttiii. til, 605, 811 sheep were reported on farms and ranges, and the map. Plate 14.S. shows, in five shades of color, the number of she(>p per stjuare mile of land area in each county. The hea\ iest shade, marking the areas on which the great(>st munb(>r of these animals were reported, will be noted in Montana, Wyoming, N<'w- .Mexico. Ohio. Utah. Michig-an. and New York. More than oni'-half of tht> slu^ep reported for IWHi were in the \Vestern division, the North Central division fol- lowing with 26.;} per cent of the total, the number in the other ])ortions of the country being i-elatively very small. Diagram o. Plate f5(i. shows the number of sheep reported in specitied stat(>s and territories in I'.'oo. In this branch of agricultural industry Montana leads, witii 6,170,483 sheep: Wyoming, with 5.099.613; New Mex- ico, with 4.S99.4.S7: and Ohio, with 4.II20.62S, tV.llow- ine- in order. 74 STATISTIC AT. ATLAS. HORSES, MULES. AMI ASSES. The numher of horses, nudes, and asses reported on farms and ranges in 1!>00 was 21,C.4(;,731. Phite Ult shows, in four shades of eoloi'. the nundter of these animals per square mile of land area in eaeh county, and gives a general idea of the regions in which the greatest nund)er were found. The heaviest shade is found principally in the North Central division, which reported nearly one lialf of tiie total mnntier. The o-eneral distribution of the lieavier shades shows that these aiunials were reported from all portions of the United States. Diagram 4, Plate l.JU, represents the luauher of k)r.seson farms and ranges in 11(00. Iowa is first, with l.:^.92,578 horses: Illinois second, with 1.350.211»: and Texas third, with l.ii(;i»,J:32. Comparing the four diagrams on Plate 150, it will be noted that Iowa is first in the number of swine and the number of horses reported, and second in the iuxnd)er of neat cattle; Texas is first in the numlier of neat cattle; Montana is first in the luindjer of sheep; while Illinois is second in the number of swine and in the number of horses reported. Centers of Auriculturai. Products. Plate 151 is a map of a portion of the Tinted States, showing the location in I'.HiO of the centers of the num- lier of farms, total area in farms, improved acreage, farm values, production of cotton, corn, wheat, oats, and combined cereals, gross farm income, population, and manufactures, their approximate locations l)cing oiven in the following table: CENTER. ' Approximate Icx-alioii. Number of farms ' In Ulinois, 40 miles northwest of EvausviUe, Indiana. Total area in farms....; In Missouri. 48 miles southwest of .lelTerson City. Improved acreage Iii Illinois, 20 miles smith west of .laeksonville. Farm values In Illinois. KMiiiles iicntli of .lailooiiviUe. Cotton pr..duetion In Mis.sissippi. Ji miles iiortheasl of Canton. Corn produition In Illinois, ii miles .south of Jaeksonville. Wheat prodiietion ■ In Iowa, 70 miles west of Des Moines. Oats production In Iowa. 17 miles east of Iowa City. Six cereals ] In Illinois, 1.^ miles south ol Keokuk, I'lwn. Gross farm income I In Illinois, 2,5 miles s<.uth of ,Taeksonyille. Population In Indiana, 35 miles southeast of Indianapolis. Manufactures I In Ohio, 17 miles .southea,st of Mansfield. Six of the agricultural centers were located in the state of Illinois, two in Iowa, and one each in ^Missouri and Mississippi. Products. The map, Plate 153, showing, in five shades of color, the production of all grains in each county, per square mile of total land area at the Twelfth Census, outlines the great grain -producing regions. The map was pre- jiared by adding the yield of all grains for each county and dividing the sum liy the number of .square miles of land area in that county. The counties were then arranged in five groups, according to the niinilier ot bushels produced ))er square mile, and each group given a ditierent sliade. The heaviest shade, representing the area of greatest production per square mile, indicates that Illinois, Iowa, Kan.sas. Nebraska, Missouri, and Indiana were the greatest grain-producing states, the.se six states re]^orting in 1900, 51.7 per cent of the total production. CORN. rile total production of corn, in bushels, at each cen- sus from 1850 to 1900 is represented in diagram 1. Plate 152. which shows a great increase at each census except l l)ushels per stpiare mile, or 5 1>ushels to each acre of land in the county, thus representing the regions where the crop was of great importance. Diagram 2, Plate 163, .shows the production of corn in 1899 in those states and territories in which it was a crop of importance. Illinois is first, with 398,149.140 bushids. and Iowa second, with 383.453,190 bushels, each reporting a production exceeding that of Kansas, the third state, l)y more than 153,500,000 bushels. Cartogram 1. Plate 172, shows, in shades of color, the production of corn per capita of the population, at the Twelfth Census. The lu^iviest shade, indicating the greatest production as compared with population, covers the great corn-producing states of the Mississijipi valley. The lightest shade, indicating the smallest production per capita, is found in the New Kngland and far West- 1 ern states. Plate 155 shows for each county the average yield of corn per acre cultivated to that crop at the Twelfth C!ensus, and outlines the great corn-producing regions by the area of heaviest shade, running thi'ough the .states of Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. New Hamp- shire. Ma.ssachusetts. and Coiuiecticut also show high iiverage yields, although the ith Atlan- tic divisions, the only divisions showing increases heint;' the South Central and A\'estern. The production of wheat at the census of 1850 was ln(),485,!)48 bushels, and at the census of iiHXt, 658,534-,252 bushels, an in- crease during fifty years of 555. -i per cent. Plate 15 is rep- resented bv states and territories in diagram 1. Plate 17(1. Nevada is tirst with a yield of 24.3 bushels per acre, the District of Coluiubia seconfl. Connecticut third, and Rhode Island fourth, the states which pro- duced the gi'eatest quantity of wheat showing compara- tively small average yicdds per acre. Minnesota, the leading state in total production, had an average yield of oidy 14.5 bushels ])er acre, which was exceeded by twenty-two states and territoi-ies. ( )ATS. The production of oats from 1S50 to P.kmi is repre- sented by fliagi'am 3. Plate 15ji. which shows an inci'ea.'^e during each decade, and an especially large increase from isso to 18'.>(). when the production was nearly doubled. The number of bushels reported in iSoOwas 146,584,179. and in 19(10, 943,389,375, an increase in fifty years of 543.5 per cent. Plate 158 shows, in five shades of color, the produc- tion of oats per square mile of land area in each countj' in 1899, the heavy shades indicating the regions in which this crop was of great importance. Illinois, "Wis- consin, Minnesota, and Iowa show the heaviest yield, reporting 53. H per cent of the total production. Oats may be termed a northern crop, as nearly 91 per cent of the amount i)roduced was grown in the North Cen- tral and North Atlantic divisions, and inoi-e than 95 per cent north of the thirty-sixth i)arallel. Diagram 1. Plate 1(>4, represents the production of oats, by states and territories in 1899. Illinois is first with a crop of 180,305,63(1 laishels, and Iowa second, with 1 68.3(54, 17(> bushels, each of the.sc states producing over twice as much as Wisconsin, the third state in production. The diagi-am also shows that the pi-incipal oats-producing states w'ei-e in the North. Cartogram 3. Plate 172. i-epresents the jjroduction of oats per capita of the population at the Twidfth Census, and shows that the n[unber of bushels produced to each inhabitant was greatest in the upper Mississippi valley and in those states bordering on the Great Lakes. The production ])er capita was very small in the South and Southwest. The map. Plate 159. shows, in live shades of color, the yield of oats per acre of land cultivated to that crop in 1899, in each county, and by comparison with Plate 158 it will be noted that the .states producing the great- est (juantity also show high yields. A number of the states in which the tobd production was very small also .show a high average yield per acre. as. for instance, the New England states, and a number of the arid states, in which, through irrigation, large yields per acre were obtained. Diagram 2. Plate 169. shows the average yield per acre of oats in 1899, by stiites and territories. Washing- ton leading with a production of 42.1 bushels. Illinois, the state of greatest production, ranking second with a yield of 39.5 bushels per acre. The average yield per acre was highest in the Northern and lowest in the Southern states. 76 STATISTICAL ATLA S. BAKLKY. Plate Ifil shows, in four .shades of color, the produc- tion of barley i)er square mile of land area in each county in 1S9'.». and indicates the limited region in which this crop was of importance. Califoi'iiia, Minne- sota, Wisconsin. Iowa, and tiie 1 )akotas produced Kve- sixths of the entire crop rejjorted at tlie Twelfth Census, the amount raised in the other states and territories being' very small. Diagram 3. Plate 164. represents, by tiie lengtli of the bars, tlie production of barley in lsit;» in each state and territory pi'oducing over SO,0U0 bushels. Califor- nia is first, with ayiekl of 25,149,335 bushels; Minnesota second, with 24.314,1240 bushels; Wisconsin and Iowa following, with IS.ti'.tlt.tiiiO and 18. ()51t. (»('.() bushels, re- spectively; these four states producing 72. i' per cent of the entii'e yield. The relative importance of the jiroduetion of barley as indicated by the number of liushels produced per capita of the pojjulation, in each state and teri-itory at the Twelfth Census, is graphically presented in carto- gram 4. Plate 172. The heaviest shade, indicating the greatest production of this cereal per cai)ita, covers the states of Minnesota. North and South Dakota, and Cali- fornia. The cartogram also shows that tliis crop was an important one in l»ut nine states, the i-emainder of the country producing less than 5 l)ushels per capita. The average yield per acre of t)arlev in 181)9 is repre- sented 1)V diagram 1. Plate 171. Montana is first with an average yield of Stl.'.t bushels per acre, Wisconsin second, and Illinois tiiird. California, which led in production, had an average yield of only 24.4 bushels per acre ami ranks twenty-s(X'ond, twenty-one states and territories having higher average yields. KYK. Plate IrtO represents, in five shades of color, the pro- duction of rye in each county per square mile of land area in 18'.t9. and marks the regions in which this crop was most abundant. New York. Pennsylvania. Michi- gan. Illinois, Wisconsin. Minnesota. Iowa, and Ne- braska show the grwatest production of this cereal and were practically the only states in which it was an inq)oi- tant agi'icultural pi'oduct. Diagram 2, Plate lt>4, represents, by tho length of the bars, the total production of rye in l8'.>'.». Wiscon- sin is first, with 5.142. ()()6 bushels; P(Minsylvania second, with 3.944,750 bushels; New Yoi'k third, with 2.431,070 bushels; and Michigan fourth, with 2,130,87(i bushels; these four states producing 53.3 per cent of the total yield. Nebraska, ^Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois also show a fair yield of this cereal in 189'.». each jjroducing over I.OOO.OOO bushels. The average yield per acre of r^e in 18'.ti». by states and territories, is shown in diagram 2, Plate 171. New [ Mexico is first, with an average yi(>ld of 22.2 bushels p(M' acre; Connecticut second, with 19.8; and Montana third, with 16.5. The states producing the greatest number of bushels had only a medium yield per acre. I BUCKWHEAT. Th<> production of buckwheat in 181(9 in the eighteen states producing ])ractically the entire crop is shown in diagram 4, Plate 164. Pennsylvania and New York produced nearly 70 per cent of the crop, while the five states, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan. Wisconsin, and Maine, together produced 82.8 per cent of the amount reported. I The average yield per acre of buckwheat in 1899 for , certain states and territories is represented by diagram I 2, Plate 170, New Hampshire leading with an average yield of 23.6 bushels, California, Vermont. Washing- ton, and Wyoming following in order. Pennsylvania and New York, the states producing the greatest quan- tity in 1899. show comparatively low yields per acre. HAT AND FORAGK. Plate 162 shows, by si.x shades of color, the produc- tion of hay and forage p(U- s({uare mile of total land area in each county at the Twelfth Census. In 1899 the total crop reported (exclusive of cornstalks) was 79,251.946 tons, valued at 1484,256,846, and was ex- ceeded in value by the corn crop only. It will be noted that the heaviest production was in the North Central and North Atlantic divisions, which together produced 77.3 per cent of the entire crop. Ranked according to the \-alue of product of the haj^ and forage crop. New York is first, with $55,237,446; Pennsylvania is second, with $37,514,779; Iowa third, with $30,042,246; and Ohio fourth, with $29,047,532. The value of the crop of New York alone was nearly equal to that of the South Atlantic and South Central states combined, showing the value of the hay and forage croji of the South to be relatively very small. POTATOKS. The i)otato was tiie most important vegetable raised in 1899. the crop having a total value of $98,387,614. The six states, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wis- consin, Ohio, and Illinois, produced a crop valued at $47,454,184. which was nearly 5(t per cent of the value of that of the United States. Map 1. Plate 173. shows, in four sliades of color, the production of potatoes in each county per square mile of land area in 1899. Th(> largest groups of the heaviest shade, indicating the greatest i)roduction. will be noted in Massachusetts. Connecticut. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The North Atlantic and North Central divisions produced four-fifths of th(> numlierof bushels rejiorted. th(> South Atlantic, South Central, aiul Western divisit)ns showing a light ]iroduction. AGRICULTURE. 77 The miml)cr of bushels of potutocs produced in New York in [SW was 38,0(30,471, in Wisconsin 24,041,498, in Michigan 23,476,444, and in Pennsylvania 21,769,472, tliest^ four states i-aising- ;',!». H p(>rcent of the total crop. The nuni))cr of Ijusiiels pro(UiC('d by cacii of these four states in 1899 is graphically represented l)y diagram 3, Plate it;s. SMEET rOTATOKS. Map 2, Plate 173, represents, Uy four shades of color, the production of sweet potatoes per square mile of land ai'ca in 1899. by counties, and indicates that this vegetable was grown principally' in the Soutl) Atlantic and South Central divisions, these two divisions pro- ducing 87.2 per cent of tlie (Mitire ci-op. A conipai-ison of maps 1 and 2, Plate 173, shows that Irish potatoes were produced principally in the North, while sweet potatoes were mainly a product of the Southei'n states. The states leading in the production of sweet potatoes in 1899 were North Carolina, with 5,781,587 bushels; Geor- gia, with 5, 087.074 bushels; Virginia, with 4.470.t)02 bushels; Alabama, with 3.457,386 Ijushels; South Caro- lina, with 3,369,957 bushels; and Texas, with 3,299,135 bushels, the coml)ined valuation of their crops being 111,108,793, or 55.9 per cent of the total for the United States. The number of bushels produced by each of th(>se six states in 1899 is graijjiically represent(Hl by diagram 4, Plate 168. ONIONS. Diagram 5, Plate 168, shows the production of onions in four states in 1899. New York is tirst, with 2.177,271 bushels; Ohio second, with 1,671,442 bushels; Michi- gan third, with 783,948 bushels; and Massachusetts fourth, with 748..3(>9 bushels; these four states produc- ing 45.6 percent of the total amount reported. COTTON. The ([uantity of cotton reported at each census, from 1850 to litOO, is grajjhically I'epresentcd by diagram 4, Plate 152, which shows a large increase at each census, with the exception of 1870, when the crop reported showed a decrease of 44.7 per cent, due principidly to the destruction caused bj* the Civil A\'ar. The Seventh Census (1850) reported an equivalent of 1.975.274 500- pound bales, and the Twelftli Census 9.434,345. an in- crease, in ecjuivalent 500-pound l)ales, of 7,459.071 or nearl}^ four times the quantity grown in 1849. The total area under cotton in 1899 was 24.275.1(11 acres, on which was grown the largest crop ever reported, 9.434,345 equivalent 500-pound bales, an increa.se of 32.3 per cent over the crop grown in 1S89. The production of cotton per squaie mile of total land area in each county as reported at the Twelfth Census is shown, in six shades of color, on the map. Plate 165. The heaviest shade, indicating the regions of greatest yiroduction. is found pi-iiicipally in the alluvial region of the Mississippi valley and eastern Texas, with a few scattered areas in South Carolina, Georgia. Ala- bama, and Ivouisiana. The map also shows that prac- tically the entire crop was grown in the region south of the thirtj'-seventh parallel and east of the one-hundredth meridian. Diagiam I.Plate 168, represents the production of cotton in equivalent 500-pound bales grown in 1899 in the "'cotton states." The four leading states, producing over 1,000,000 bales each, were Texas, with 2.5S4,810; Mississippi, with l,28ti,()80; Georgia, with l,232,ti84; and Alabama, with 1,093,697. Texas, with its inmicnse acreage, produc(>d double the quantity grown in any othei' state. The production of cotton, at the Twelfth Census, in pounds per capita of the population, is shown, by shades of color, in cartogram .">. Plate 172. The heaviest shade, indicating a production of 4(X» pounds and over per capita, covers Mississippi and Texas onlj-. The mui). Plate l(i6. shows, in four shades of color, the yield of cotton per acre cultivated to that crop in 1899 in each county. The heaviest yield is indicated for the alluvial region of the Mississippi and Red rivers, and for a few scattered counties in other regions. I 'tab. Ari- zona, and Nevada reported a small quantity of cotton raised by means of irrigation, the average yield per acre being high for Utah and Arizona. Diagram 3. Plate 17(i, shows the average 3-ield of cot- ton per acre reported in 1900. for each state and terri- tory reporting more than 100 bales. Kentucky is first, Missouri second, and Louisiana third. Texas, with the greatest production. I'aiiked tenth in its yield per acre. TOBACCO. The United States produced in 1889, 488,256,646 pounds of tobacco. In 1899 the production was 868.- 163,275 pounds, valued at ^56.993,003, an increase in quantity during the decade of nearly 80 per cent. Plate 167 shows, in six shades of color, by counties, the production of tobacco in 1899 t<) each s(piarc mile of land area. The iieavy shades indicate that tiiis crop was produced in commercial (]uantities not only in the Southern states but as far north as Wisconsin, New York, and Connecticut, these states producing tobacco of tlie very Ijest ([uality. The lightest shade on the map, representing a production of less than 1(>0 pounds per square mile, outlines the regions in which small quantities of tobacco were produced. The states leading in the production of tobacco in 1899 were Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia, Ohio, Tennessee. Wisconsin, Pennsylvania. Maryland. South Carolina. Connecticut, and New York. Diagram 2. Plate 168. represents the production of toliacco in the ten states reporting 95.4 per cent of the crop of 1899. Kentucky, with 314.288. 050 pounds, is 78 STATISTICAL ATLAS. fir.st, North Carolina, witli 1^7.5(»8,40t), and Viruinia, with 122.884.!'! in. following- in order, these three states producing 65.1 per eent of tlie entire crop. Cartogram (i, Phite 172, sliows the production of tobacco per capita of the population at tlic Twelfth Cen- sus. Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky produced the greatest number of pounds to each inhabitant; Con- necticut, Maryland, youth Carolina. Tennessee, Ohio, and Wisconsin also showing a fair production. APPLE.S. Map 1, Plate 174, indicates, by the colored area, those counties which produced more than l.OOd bushels of apples in 181*9, and shows that this fruit was grown in nearly every portion of the settled area of the United States. The enumerators of tlie Twelfth Census re- ported 2()1,7!»4,7()4 apple trees and 175.3y7.62B bush- els of apples. The states producing the greatest quantity were New York, witli 24. 11 1,25 7 bushels; Penn- sylvania, with 24,060,651; and Ohio, with 20,617,480. Of the orchard trees reported in 1!>00, 55.0 per cent were apple, and 82.8 per cent of the bushels of orchard fruit were of that variety. PEARS. The colored area on map 2, Plate 174. marks those counties producing more than l.ooo bushels of pears in lsy'.>. and indicates the regions of the greatest produc- tion of this fruit. California. New York, New Jersey. Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana. Michigan. Texas, Delaware, and Illinois were the leading states in the production of pears at the Twelfth Census, each reporting over 130,000 liushels. This fruit was one of the most important grown in the United States, ranking- fourth among oi'chard fruits in the munber of bushels produced. CHKRRIES. The coloi'ed area on map 1, Plate 175. marks those counties which produced in 18!t'.> more than l.OOo busli- els of cherries, and indicates the principal areas of production. Nearly the entire crop of 1899 was grown iji California and the region lying between the thirty- ninth and forty-tiiird parallels, and extending from the Atlantic ocean to the states of Nebraska and Kansas. The leading states in production were Pennsylvania, witii 474.1>40 l)ushels: Califoi-nia, with ?.lS,9t;o; Indiana, with 228.485; and New York, with 21.S,642. (1KAI>ES. The area colored on inaj) 2. Plate 175, covers those counties rej)orting over 100,000 pounds of grapes in 1900, and indicates the principal areas of production of this fruit. The states producing over 40,000,000 jjounds of grapes in 1899 were California, with 721,433,400: New York, with 247.61»8.o56: Ohio, with 7'.t,173.S73: Penn.sylvania, with 47,125.437; and Michigan, with 41,530.36'.»: California alone reporting 55.5 per cent of the total crop. PEACHES AND NECTARINES. The statistics of these two closely related fruits were collected under one head and were reported as ])eaches. the crop ranking second in value among orchard fruits reported in 1900. The colored area on map 1, Plate 17(). indicates the counties producing over 1,000 bush- els of peaches in 1899. The region along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Georgia, the states border- ing on the Gulf of ^lexico, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, ^Michigan, and the Pacific states show the most extensive aivas of production. The only states rejjorting over 600,0(10 bushels in 19O0 were California, with 8.563.427; Texas, with 1.400,240; and New Jer- sey, with 620,928; California alone reporting 55.5 per cent of the total amount produced. APRICOTS. The apricot crop was of importance only in Cali- fornia, which produced 96.4 per cent of the bushels reported in 1900. The principal regions of production in 1899, as shown l)y the colored area on map 2, Plate 176, were confined to California and a few counties in Utah, C'olorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and New York. I'LUMS AND PRUNES. Plums were reported from nearly every state and territory in lOiio, the crop ranking third in value of products among orchard fruits. The states leading in production were California, with 5,632,036 bushels; Oregon, with 359.821; New York, with 303,688; Wash- ington, with 229.207; and Michigan, with 213,682. The colored area on majj 1. Plate 177, indicates each county producing over 1.000 bushels of plums and prunes. California was the only state which produced prunes in commercial quantities in 1899. FIGS. While the tig crop is not one of great importance, the reports of the Twelfth Census show that tigs were grown in twenty-three states and territories. California, with 10.620.366 pounds, was the only state producing tigs in commercial (piantities. Arizona, Texas. Loui- siana, and Alabama were the only additional states that produced over 100,000 pounds in 1899. The colored area on map 2, Plate 177, indicates those counties pro- ducing 10.000 pounds of tigs and over in lS',t9. Irkioation. The entire western [jortion of the United Stiites, extending from the one-hundredth meridian lo the Pacific ocean, with the exception of portions of Idaho, AGRICULTURE. 79 Washington, Oregon, and California, is generally re- ferred to as the arid region, where irrigation becomes a necessity, the rainfall l)eiiig insufficient for successful agriculture. The water supply being inadeciuate to iirigate all the aral)le land, water is an extremely valu- able asset, while land inaccessible to water is of little value. The greater portion of this region, comprising over one-half of the area of the United States, is unset- tled, the land still })eing under Government ownership. Diagram J, Plate 178, presents graphically the total area of each of the eleven arid states and territories, with the proportion in public land, private ownership, farm area, improved land, and irrigated sicreage, in 189'J. The total length of the bar represents the total area of the states and territories, the shaded pai't the propor- tion under private ownership, the unshaded portion indicating th(> land unoccupied and still under (iovern- nicnt ownership. The shaded portion has ft)ur sub- divisions — the first or black area, on the left, represent- ing the land irrigiited; the second division, including the first, the improved area; and the third, including the first two, the farm area. Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Washington show a very small proportion of their total land area under irrigation. Nevada had the largest ])ercentage of unoccujjied land and Wash- ington the smallest. Diagram li, Plate ITS. conijiares the numlicr uf irri gators and the area irrigated in 188!) and ls;i'.» for the arid states and territories. Tlie number of irrigators increased from 52,.58-lr to 102,819, or 9.5.5 per cent, and the acreage irrigated from 3,,5fi4,41»» to 7,26.3,273, or 103.8 per cent. The percentage of increase in the number of acres irrigated was, therefore, greater than in the number of irrigators, ^'ashington, Arizona, New Mexico, Montana, and Idaho each show an increase of over 100 per cent in the number of irrigators, and Arizona, Idaho, Washington, Montana, and Wyoming an increase of over loO per cent each in th(> numl)er of acres irrigated. Diagram 3, Plate 178, compares the value of irrigated crops in 18i)9 with the cost of irrigation construction. The value of the crops exceeded the cost of irrigation construction in all of the eleven states and territories, ex- cept Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, the greatest excess being noted in California. Colorado, and ilon- tana. The total cost of irrigation constniction was §64,289,(101, the value of the irrigat<'d crops being §84,433,-1:38, an excess of 31.3 per cent over the cost of con.struction. Diagram 4, Plate 178, shows the average area of irri- gated land on farms in 1889 and 1899 and indicates that this average was the greatest in Nevada for both censuses. The only states or territories showing a reduction in the average area of irrigated land on farms are Cali- fornia, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wa^shington, while tile states showing increases are Nevada, Wyoming, and Oregon in the order named. '"':^* r^ ^- ^r ^ •^1 Lsii^'^t^sl I s 1 1 ' ^\i i ^w E P v. s > ^ ^ _ ^ --^ ---5 i-^ - , 5 ^ - E3 k 2 I £ -^ 5 -3 / < .r r 5 5 5 r- s S g c t ■ < ?5 2 ^ © •'^ O HKLA'l'lNl;; 1 'HOPOHTION OI-" IMl 'HOVKD ANH UNIMFHOVKO A1{.1-;A IX FAHiMS TO 'I'llK TOTAL AFU^A OK THH I'NITKD STATKS ; 1850 TO 1900 PLATE No. 127 ( KXCl-L'SIVI-; OF ALASKA AM) HAWAII i 1850 I860 1870 1880 1900 JULIUS BtENaCO-LITM.N Y. PLATE No 128 1. TOTAL NUMBER OF IMPRO\^D AND UNIMPROVED ACRES IN FARMS: 1830 TO 1900 1900 MILLIONS OF ACRES -*20 S6U Improved I I Unimproved 2. VALUE OF FARM l^UXI) WTTM IMPROVEMENTS :iar,0 TO 1900 LLIONS OF DO LLAPS 3.VAIXTE OF LIVE STOCK ON FARMS: 1850 TO 1900 BILLIONS OF DOLLARS 4. VALUE OF IMPLEMENTS .S^JD MACHINERY ON FARMS: 1850 TO 1900 BILLIONS OF DOLLARS 3 i 5.AM^HAGF; VM-UE per F.'VHM OFALLFAHM 1>H0PEHTY;1H5()T0 U)()0 THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS 6.AVER.\rTE VALUE PER R\RM OF FARM LANDWITH IMPR0VI:M1:NTS , INCLUniNO BUILDINGS: 1850 TO lOOO THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS JULIUS BIEN aCOLITH N V PLATE No 129 5- 63- al* 79- 77 _J S**'^ IT,-' ■_ '" 'o-^ ■''•-An; f=tjj •" niuui "*'■•-' -'.'" t ""T^"l. « ■i"''"'-Tu ■ OoinpiU-(i l>y s a'£N &CO i i PLATE No 130 I. .WKU.\<;i-: SI/.1-; oi' iwiiMs-.i'.too WYOMING NEVADA HAWAII MONTANA NEW MEXICO CALIFORNIA COLORADO S DAKOTA TEXAS N. DAKOTA ARIZONA OREGON WASHINGTON OKLAHOMA NEBRASKA KANSAS UTAH IDAHO MINNESOIA INDIAN TER IOWA VERMONT ILLINOIS NEW HAMPSHIRt MISSOURI VIRGINIA GEORGIA WISCONSIN WEST VIRGINIA MARYLAND DELAWARE FLORIDA MAINE N CAROLINA NEW YORK INDIANA LOUISIANA KENTUCKY ARKANSAS ALABAMA TENNESSEE S.CAROLINA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA MICHIGAN CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSE'^TS RHODE ISLAND MISSISSIPPI NEW JERSEY OIST OF COLUMBIA ALASKA 2. A\T-;i!.\C.l-: S]7.K OK K.\l!MS:iar,(l TO l')00 {. NrMi!i:i: oi" F.\i!Ms:u!r)0 to ihoo M ILLIONS 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 JULIUS B1E.N « CO LtTH N 1 PLATE N^ 1. TC)'I\VI> XUMHEH OF IMP1U)VK1) .VNO T ■NIMPFU)\^KD ACIIK S IX FAH M S : I90() MILLIONS TEXAS KANSAS IOWA MISSOURI ILLINOIS NEBRASKA CALIFORNIA GEORGIA MINNESOTA OHIO N CAROLINA NEW YORK KENTUCKY INDIANA ALABAMA TENNESSEE VIRGINIA WISCONSIN PENNSYLVANIA S.DAKOTA MISSIS5IPP' MICHIGAN ARKANSAS OKLAHOMA N DAKOTA S CAROLINA MONTANA LOUISIANA WEST VIRGINIA OREGON COLORADO WASHINGTON WYOMING INDIAN TER MAINE MARYLAND NEW MEXICO VERMONT FLORIDA UTAH NEW HAMPSHIRE IDAHO MASSACHUSETTS NEW JERSEY HAWAII NEVADA CONNECTICUT ARIZONA DELAWARE RHODE ISLAND I ! iFinproved 1 Unimproved 2. TOTAL NLTMBFH OFACRES INFyVllMS OF WILITF A\D COLORED F.XRMERS : 1900 MILLIONS TEXAS KANSAS IOWA MISSOURI ILLINOIS NEBRASKA CALIFORNIA GEORGIA MINNESOTA OHIO N CAROLINA NEW YORK KENTUCKY INDIANA ALABAMA TENNESSEE VIRGINIA WISCONSIN PENNSYLVANIA S- DAKOTA MISSISSIPPI MICHIGAN ARKANSAS OKLAHOMA N.DAKOTA S.CAROLINA MONTANA LOUISIANA WEST VIRGINIA OREGON COLORADO WASHINGTON WYOMING INDIAN TER MAINE MARYLAND NEW MEXICO VERMONT FLORIOA UTAH NEW HAMPSHIRE IDAHO MASSACHUSETTS NEW JERSEY HAWAII NEVADA CONNECTICUT ARIZONA DELAWARE RHODE ISLAND |((.)l(HVll rjWhitt' 4 l-l- 123 IIS" 113- 111' 109- itrr" 105- 103' lor PLATE No, 132 PHOPORTIOX OP LMPP^A-ED l^VM) TO TOTAI> Mi.F..\ i al IhcTwell'tli Criisiis T lyoi) 1 Compiled by > HEN I IV GANNETT, OHOGRAPHEH. us BIGN a CO LtTH N 1 PLATE No. 133 I>KHCK\TA(;K ok INCKKASK 1\ TIIK \'A1,1"K ok KAKMS AN'l) IMPUOVKMK.NTS : 1850 lo I'JOO I85() TO l«B() IBfiO TO 1870 IwBlWti/fc. ■ r% -'( \ .. ^^itw^ , . -^ : , "''l -".MISS,! ( 1870 TO 1880 "W-f'- j S.DAK ', TVW :> ^/W coio ; \ . KAIfS I -4 n i88(> TO IH90 1890 TO 19(.IO (^'.r "'f... / \ ~1 I NDA, •■^,<:. -^m ,J ■<_, ^p-- MO J '.MtSSi »l* ^ V r-. "■ •~\.,Ji' ■,^\ I I Less Ihan 10 percent iuci'ease I I 10 lo 25 .. n 1 25 ., 50 „ 50 „ loo „ 100 per cent increase and over Decrease Wlijte areas not i-epoiied 129* 12- rr] l.c.ssllimi <;.! I g I $ :•. lu $1. "•[ rSl 55 c, " i, III Q $ Id " $ I Jll S; ir. ■• $ IK ?[^ ^H .$-(1 [M^i- itcn> and (>\'(M 7'hr tih.-^rnt f I'T i i|i 2. TOTAL VALUE OF FARM LAND WITH lMPRO\'EMENTS, LIM5 STOCK AND F.VRM IMPLEMENTS: U)()0 Farm land with impro\'ements Live stock ] Farm implements PLATE Nc I. AVERAGE VALrE OV FAHM T>H()])U(TS PER FARM:1900 HUNDREDS Of DOLLARS DIST or COLUMBIA NEVADA MONTANA WYOMING CALIFORNIA IOWA N. DAKOTA NEBRASHA COLORADO ILLINOIS NEW JERSEY S. DAKOTA KANSAS ARIZONA RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS NEW YORK OReCON CONNECTICUT WASHINGTON M1NNES01A IDAHO VERMONT DELAWARE MARYLAND OHIO WISCONSIN PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA UTAH NEW MEXICO MISSOURI NEW HAMPSHIRE OKLAHOMA MICHIGAN TEXAS ALASKA LOUISIANA MAINE INDIAN TER KENTUCKY VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA TENNESSEE GEORGIA MISSISSIPPI FLORIDA ARKANSAS 5 CAROLINA ALABAMA N CAROLINA ?— -t 2. .W'ERAGE VAI,UE OF NET F.\BM PRODrCTS PER ACRF: 19()0 NEW JERSEY RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS CONNECTICUT HAWAM OHIO ILLINOIS NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA IOWA INDIANA DELAWARE MARYLAND MICHIGAN LOUISIANA WISCONSIN MISSISSIPPI MINNESOTA MISSOURI VERMONT KENTUCKY IDAHO 5 CAROLINA NEW HAMPSHIRE MAINE TENNESSEE NEBRASKA CALIFORNIA ARKANSAS ALABAMA KANSAS FLORIDA VIRGINIA GEORGIA N CAROLINA WASHINGTON N-DAKOTA WEST VIRGINIA UTAH INDIAN TtR ARIZONA OREGON COLORADO S DAKOTA OKLAHOMA NEVADA MONTANA NEW MEXICO TEXAS WYOMING i^i^ ^f^m PLATE No 138 1. VAI.IK Ol- FAHM PHdDl'l T.', I'KK A( UK: I'.ldO 2. VAI.ti: OF K.\KM I..\N1) Pf;R ACKKll'.HKi •- "•>. ; I i-urr .'^crA"^~ "•'«., V-- -\'"""f's^71J 'v- J«l 1^ \r^--^^^ .„., \..^;:;-i-4 ^^, -=vS? ■■'X-y^ LfA -^ ' ". ^--i U'ss Uian S't per arri* s -i in 7 |»i S 7 loloptT JHr-ic S lO piTairc iiiiit o\-Pi- Less llian S 10 per ai-re S |t» u> .iO pppaorp S20 ui-'lop*"!- nci-f S ;u)[M>i-!H-ieoiulirt't^i- 3. PROPORTIOX OF OROSS FARM INCOME TO TOTAL F.\RM PHoPKRTV': U)00 Vr# J. ,-J _,i "-p H.C S \ \iiisSJ »L* ' " ' ' ' ■' \ i. a\i-:ra(.k si/.k ok kakms:iii(io -r* ! ,*— -l»«'-'.r' '^ "'^' •■^'-OT' ...r-"'" ■# ''.M.SS' aL» ' ^^VI' J> -iij^" I.fss Ilinn20 ]»eri»*iit 2(> to i-") p jn'i- r-'iir 3o jipr i-^nt jindovpr I^ss thful 10{> iitrr^ UXMm :i<"to acrps. ::<)() i.i ;t(l(> arrfs :i(«) H«'i-es and (u-ei- 5. GAINS (1R LOSSES IN rMPRCATJD U-\N1): IRiin ro |!.l(KI 6 PROPORTTOX i)F UrPROMiD LAND TO TOTAL AB£A:IHI)-•(*, \r^ ■-- f J .1 .^ylZii-A— ..c i^ lo 00 per cent 90 per cent and over 2. I'KOPOF^'rrON OFKAHMS FU^^NTKn FOB CASH TO MA, FARMS 1890 1000 '\ ^"" hhj^-A I I Less thaJi 5 pecceiil | | S lo 10 pei- eeiiL / , s o«« 1 N WIS. ( , ,f-. ^ " '«5 _i ''^■'* V ■; -r' ,-' Jf- — .r*'- ? ^ -\»ISS4 AH r^^ 10 to 1^0 per cent 20 pel" cent and over- 3. PROPORTION OF FARMS RENTED ON SHARES TO MA. FARMS 18 00 1!)00 ' r i '«CBH \ '°'** ' 1 -<^ ^ I 1 Less lliaii lU per cent | 1 10 to 20 percent I'-. ,] 20 U) 23 per cent 25 per cent and over JULIUS B.ICNS CO. (.'(thn,'. PLATE No 141 PROPORTION OF THF. NUMBER OP F.\RM S OF SPECIFIED AREAS ; 1900 (XASSIKIKO BY TENURE OWNERS PART OWNERS OWNERS AND TENANTS MANAGERS CASH TENANTS SHARE TENANTS PER CENT ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SO 90 100 1 1 i 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 I; WHITE NEGRO INDIAN CHINESE JAPANESE HAWAIIAN CL.\SSIFIED BY R.\CE OF OCCUPANTS PER CtNT 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 __.!= 1 II CU\SSIFIEI) BY PRINCir.M. CROPS PER CENT HAY AND GRAIN VEGETABLES FRUIT LIVE STOCK DAIRY PRODUCTS TOBACCO COTTON RICE SUGAR FLOWERS AND PLANTS NURSERY PRODUCTS TARO COFFEE MISCELLANEOUS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ll 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I--1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 nil 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 LESS THAN % 1 $ 1 TO $ 50 $ 50 „ $ 100 $ 100 „ $ 250 $ 250 ., $ 500 $ SOO „ $1000 $ 1000 „ $2500 CLASSIFIED BT.\MOl^XT OF INCOME PER CENT 20 30 40 50 60 7Q $ 2500 AND OVER 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !■ 1 1 1 1 1 Ill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 T^ 1 1 1 1 Zl LESS-THAN 3 ACRES m. 3 TO 10 ACRES Zl 10 „ 20 Zl :o „ 50 Zl 50 „ 100 I I 100 TO 175 ACRES I I 175 „ 260 „ I I 260 „ 500 I I 500 „ 1000 .. r I lOOOACRES ANDOVER us BIEN A CO LITH PLATE No^ 142 CLASSIFK ATION Ol' Xl'MBEH OF FARMS RY TKNfUK. 1900 PER CENT MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE WYOMING ARIZONA N DAKOTA UTAH IDAHO NEW MEXICO MASSACHUSETTS MONTANA NEVADA CONNECTICUT WISCONSIN WASHINGTON VERMONT MICHIGAN MINNE501A OREGON RHODE ISLAND OKLAHOMA WEST VIRGINIA S.DAKOTA COLORADO CALIFORNIA NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA FLORIDA OHIO INDIANA NEW JERSEY MISSOURI VIRGINIA KENTUCKY MARYLAND IOWA KANSAS NEBRASKA ILLINOIS TENNESSEE N.CAROLINA DIST OF COLUMBIA ARKANSAS TE/AS DELAWARE ALABAMA LOUISIANA GEORGIA S.CAROLINA MISSISSIPPI INDIAN TER 20 4-0 50 70 80 90 10 i ' ! . i • 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 r^"' - _ 1 -y- -r ^ 1 1 1 ; ; 1 MM -- \ ' \' ']"' ! 1 i t 1 '1l"""Tr~ 1 'T r^ ' i Ml MM 1 ,. I 1 1- 1 II 1 1 1 1 II 1 T , 1 III 1 \ r J ■■ 1 II 1 r i 1 i i 1 "Mil 1' i 1 : 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1 11 1 1 1 1 i . 1 .1 II :..- 1 1 i ,i 1 i ! 1 1 1 1 ' ir- 1 ■ ' ' 1 1 i 1 IHl 1 1 nil! 1 1 " 'T'"T' r^ 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 — \ — ■ ..III 1 ! j 1 II M 1 1 — ZL_ — 1 1 1 1 II 1' 1 1 !- J •" 1 1 1 r 1 Ml ^ ! — T -- 1 i i li 1 i 1 1 — 1 — 1 11^ ■ '1 ! ; 1 \ — r- '\ "~J .1 1 i 1 1 i i . 1 ..I..... ^- 1 1 1 1 i . . _ 1 1 1 i 1 7 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 -^,. 1 - r -^"-^ ' 1 1 1 — -^ 1 i — I — I — IZ— =i_"v-T— — " — i 1 .... 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 i 1 1 1 ■ T ^ ^— ^"" 1 1 f '1 i 1 .. -; .- 1 r" — 1 ' 1 i 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 — \ — 1 i 1 1 1 1 "II' ! \ u-l j 1 ~i'~ r ' 1 . ' II ! ^ ' - 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 '1 1 II ! , -1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 III 1 1 i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I 1 1 1 1 . — 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 L. .1 1 i j t".H,sh tenants Share tenaxLts rL.\SSlKU\Vr!<>N OF FARM .VREA BY TENrHK:U)()0 PLATE No 143 PER CeNT ARIZONA NEVADA MAINE WYOMING NEW HAMPSHIRE MONTANA MASSACHUSETTS N.DAKOTA NEW MEXICO IDAHO CONNECTICUT WASHINGTON UTAH FLORIDA TEXAS OREGON WISCONSIN VERMONT COLORADO WEST VIRGINIA MICHIGAN S DAKOTA MINN ESDI A KENTUCKY RHODE ISLAND CALIFORNIA MISSOURT KANSAS ARKANSAS OKLAHOMA LOUISIANA VIRGINIA TENNESSEE NEW YORK NEBRASKA N.CAROLINA INDIANA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA IOWA NEW JERSEY S CAROLINA GEORGIA ILLINOIS MARYLAND OISTOF COLUMBIA INDIAN TER DELAWARE 3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100 ZH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^ HZ L_ ~r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II — 1 1 ! . 1 1 1 1 1 1 — r I Owners ] Cash tenarLts J Share tenants .lUSBlENftCO LITH NY I PKUCKN'TAOF.S OF THK NTMI'.Ki? OF FARMS, OK SPKCIFIKD TENUFJKS : 1900 CLAS S I F] E r ) ] J'S' Ml K A PLATE No. 144 LESS THAN 3 ACRES 3 TO 10 10 ., 20 20 50 50 100 100 ., 175 175 260 260 „ 500 „ 500 1000 PER CENT 40 50 1000 ACRES ANDOVER 1 1 ! i i ! QM ; 1 1 ll III i ! 1 !l ■ i 1 II 1 i 1 — \ : — 1 — 1 II ' ' 1 . 1 ' — r- !l|! ,1 — 1 — 1 III ! i 1 ■ , 1 — 1 1 II i 1 — i — 1 i HI! 1 I ' 1 — zz II 1 1 1 ; 1 1 — ; ! 1 III 1 M : I CLASSIFIED BY SOURCE OF INCOME PER CENT 30 40 50 60 70 COTTON TOBACCO RICE HAY AND GRAIN SUGAR VEGETABLES MISCELLANEOUS DAIRY PRODUCTS LIVE STOCK FRUIT FLOWERS AND PLANTS NURSERY PRODUCTS 1 I 1 1 II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 \ 1 1 11 1 i ^ i j i: 1 1 1 1 : 1 ! 1 1 1 i 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 ■ 1 ' 1 1 1 II 1 — \ — \ ! 1 1 — \ — 1 I III ' i 7 I 1 1 i i 1 W i 1 1 1 , i \' \,\ 1 1 ! 1 Mil 1 1 ! ! 1 ' : ; 1 i nil ; 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 III II 1 i ! 1 : 1 ; i III!; 1 LESS THAN $ 1 S 1 TO S 50 $ 50 „ $ 100 $ iOO „ $ 250 $ 250 „ $ 500 $ 500 „ $ 1000 $ 1000 „ $2500 CU\SSIFIEL) BY INCOME PER CENT 40 50 60 $ 2500 AND OVER I 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ., .! 1 1 — 1 M 1 1 1 L. - 1 1 j 1 1 II 1 i 1 . 1 1 II 1 Ii ! i i 1 ii i Mii : 1 i ' 'ill 1' ' III 1 . ! . i i 1 1 1 1 , MM . 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ml 1 ! Ml i 1 JAPANESE CHINESE NEGRO WHITE HAWAIIAN INDIAN CLASS IFlEl) BY R.\CE PER CENT 40 SO 60 70 IM i 1 : I 1 1 1 ill ! 1 1 "j ! 1 ! i 1 II i 1 ' ; ' i i 1 1 \ p , . , i — 1 — ■ — \ — 1 — ] — ■ 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 11 i II i 1 i : 1 i 1 1 1 ! 1 1 i I 1 i 1 1 i ! Ill 1 ^M\ Pail (wne-i-s ^^^1 OwiuTs iJiiil Icnfiuls Managers ! I Cash tenants tZZ2 Sl\are tenants -lULiUS eiEN aCO LIXH.h PLATE No. 145 PERCENTAGES OF THE NUMBER OF FARMS OF SPECIFIED INCOMES. 1900 CLASSIFIED BY ^INCIPAL SOURCE OF INCOME HAY AND GRAIN TOBACCO LIVE STOCK SUGAR FRUIT VEGETABLES DAIRY PRODUCTS COTTON MISCELLANEOUS FLOWERS AND PLANTS NURSERY PRODUCTS TARO RICE COFFEE PER CENT 50 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 1 IIZ 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' — 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; i j 1 1 TZ 1 n^ 1 — p 1 1 1 IN .1 1 ii 1 i I t 1 ii 1 1 1" 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 WHITE NEGRO INDIAN CHINESE JAPANESE HAWAIIAN CLASSIFIED BY RACE OF FARMER PER CENT 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 1 : i I 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 i 1 — 1 1 1 II : i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 zr . 1 1 1 ! 1 IX III II [ZZ CLASSIFIED BY TENURE OWNERS PART OWNERS OWNERS AND TENANTS MANAGERS CASH TENANTS SHARE TENANTS 3 10 20 30 40 PER CENT 50 60 70 80 90 10 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 ;i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CLASSIFIED BY ARF:A LESS THAN 3 3 TO 10 10 20 20 50 50 100 100 175 175 ,. 260 260 500 500 1000 1000 ACRES AND PER CENT 50 Ii 1 i 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 — I — 1 . — 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 \— '' — 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 ■1 Ji_ 1 1 1 1 1 M^ 1 1 -^r- 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 — 1 r ' 1 rz im ii 1 i 1 1 1 Less thaii $1 S 5(JtoS10() S 2S0 to S 50O S 1000 toS 230O i I $U(i » 50 I I tlOO • 250 I I S .-)()(> •■ loon | | 8 2300 ami over LIUS BIEN « CO LITH N > 129* l?7 IZ.'i* 123* 121- '^° "^" "5* 113^ ar_ i09- 107° 103- 103* 101- 99- PLATE No 146 US aiEN a. CO LITM N 1 PLATE No. 147 95" 93' LI US 9IEN « CO LITM PLATE No^ 148 LIUS a J^' ^^ IZS" 123' 121- 119' in- IIS" I13' HI- 109- |07- 105' 103* lOV PLATE No, 159 ^mL YIELD OF OAm PER ACliE "^ PER ACliE "^ - IheTwelt'th Cf-usus lyoo 9S- at Compiled bv HELNRY GANXETT. GEOGRAPHER L 1 L I JULiUS BIEN « CO.LtTM N -r PLATE No. 160 PRODlTCTrON OF RYE PF.R SOr.M^E MILE al IheTweU'th Census iy(JO Compiled bv HENRY GANNETT. GgOGRAPHEK _L_.. .. ! , , UUSBlENIiCO L'TNN-T 129* 127* 126- 121° H9° 117' 115" 111- 109° 107° 105- 103- lOr 39* 7%*» absence of color indicates the unsettUil ortfa. i ij; >:' -.n.-y .- ,? i PLATE No^ 161 96- 93- ai* 83" 67° 85* 83- 61* 79° 77' 75* LIUS SlEN & CO LITM N Y PLATE No 162 PRODUCTION OV HAY AND FORAtIK PKR SOU/\Rb: MILE al thpTwcIl'Lli (V'usvis I'JOO (JoniipiLcd bv C..\NNETT, GH0GR.\PHI-:H 1 I : HKNHY JULIUS BIEN & CO L PLATE No.!63 1. PHODIK'TION OF WHEAT: »9(K) MILLIONS OF BUSHELS MINNESOTA N.DAKOTA OHIO S DAKOTA KANSAS CALIFORNIA INDIANA NEBRASKA MISSOURI iOWA WASHINGTON PENNSYLVANIA MICHIGAN ILLINOIS OKLAHOMA OREGON KENTUCKY TEXAS TENNESSEE NEW YORK MARYLAND WISCONSIN VIRGINIA COLORADO IDAHO N CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA UTAH ARKANSAS INDIAN TER NEW JERSEY MONTANA DELAWARE GEORGIA S.CAROLINA ALABAMA NEW MEXICO NEVADA ■ ■ I I I 2. PRODUCTION OF CORN: 1900 MILLIONS OF BUSHELS 160 200 240 ILLINOIS IOWA KANSAS NEBRASKA MISSOURI INDIANA OHIO TEXAS KENTUCKY TENNESSEE WISCONSIN PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA MICHIGAN ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI OKLAHOMA VIRGINIA ALABAMA N.CAROLINA GEORGIA S DAKOTA INDIAN TER LOUISIANA NEW YORK MARYLAND S CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA NEW JERSEY FLORIDA DELAWARE VERMONT CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS CALIFORNIA N DAKOTA COLORADO NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW MEXICO MAINE LIU5 Biefl S CO L PLATE Nc' 1. PRODUCTION OF OATS:iOO() MILLIONS OF auSHELS 160 ISO ILLINOIS IOWA WISCONSIN MINNESOTA NEBRASKA OHIO NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MICHIGAN INDIANA KANSAS TEXAS N.DAKOTA MrSSOURI S DAKOTA OREGON WASHINGTON OKLAHOMA CALIFORNIA MONTANA INDIAN TER. KENTUCKY ARKANSAS MAINE VIRGINIA GEORGIA COLORADO VERMONT TENNESSEE S.CAROLINA N.CAROLINA IDAHO ALABAMA WEST VIRGINIA NEW JERSEY UTAH MARYLAND MISSISSIPPI WYOMING NEW HAMPSHIRE 2. PRODUCTION OF RMitlftOO I LLIO NS 2 BUSMGLS 3 WISCONSIN PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK MICHIGAN NEBRASKA MINNESOTA IOWA ILLINOIS NEW JERSEY KANSAS INDIANA. CALIFORNIA S.DAKOTA N-DAKOTA MARYLAND OHIO VIRGINIA MISSOURI CONNECTICUT KENTUCKY N.CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA OREGON TENNESSEE MASSACHUSETTS ^ GEORGIA WASHINGTON TEXAS OKLAHOMA 3. PRODUCTION OF HiVRLEY : 1900 CALIFORNIA MINNESOTA WISCONSIN IOWA S DAKOTA N.DAKOTA WASHINGTON NEW YORK NEBRASKA OREGON KANSAS MICHIGAN OHIO IDAHO MONTANA ILLINOIS COLORADO ARIZONA VERMONT OKLAHOMA INDIANA MAINE UTAH NEVADA PENNSYLVANIA TEXAS MILLIONS OF BUSHELS 6 12 16 4. PRODUCTION OF 1 ! UC KWHEAT : lOOO M LLlONS OF BUSHELS 2 4 MICHIGAN WISCONSIN ■1 MAINE !■ WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA NEW JERSEY ■ VERMONT OHIO IOWA MARYLAND INDIANA MINNESOTA 1 ILLINOIS 1 CONNECTICUT N.CAROLINA NtW HAMPSHIRE 1 PLATE No 165 /- ^rf "'x^i'TTv""'^! ,w^iljtes!3_-4 -sss^F^"'.. Jfe.'" us 31EM a CO uITh PLATE No 166 .o.Or'tsaO^ p^„ A3- (^ '<_ hi,. ,-'-^ YIELD OF COTTON PER ACRE at'theTwelftli Census 19C)0 CompLled bv HENRV GANXETT. GEOGRAPHER JULIUS BL£N A OJ PLATE No 167 PLATE No. 168 PRODUCTION OF COTTON: lOOO TEXAS MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA ALABAMA S.CAROLINA ARKANSAS LOUISIANA N CAROLINA TENNESSEE INDIAN TER OKLAHOMA FLORIDA MISSOURI VIRGINIA ) 2 « HUNDREDS OF £ 8 10 THOUSANDS OF BALES (500 POUND) 12 11- 1€ 18 20 22 2 4 26 ^^2 IZ^I ^^~ ^^^^^ ^^2 ^^" ^^^ ^^? ^^^ ^m ■ 1 PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO : 190() KENTUCKY N CAROLINA VIRGINIA OH TO TENNESSEE WISCONSIN PENNSYLVANIA MARYLAND S CAROLINA CONNECTICUT MILLIONS OF POUNDS 120 <^ 200 260 PRODUCTION OF POTATOES : 1900 NEW YORK WISCONSIN MICHIGAN PENNSYLVANIA MILLIONS OF BUSHELS 18 24- 30 PRODUCTION OF SWEET POTAl'OES: 1900 MILLIONS OF BUSHELS N.CAROLINA GEORGIA VIRGINIA ALABAMA S.CAROLINA TEXAS PRODUCTION OF ONIONS :i9O0 NEW YORK MICHIGAN MASSACHUSETTS 2 MILLIONS OF BUSHELS JUUUS BIEN »CO liTm ^ PLATE No 1. AVEI^\GE YIF.LD PEF^ ACRf-: OF C'OJ?N : 1900 NEW HAMPSHIRE CONNECTICUT INDIANA OHIO MASSACHUSETTS IOWA tLLlNOIS MAINE VERMONT NEW JERSEY HAWAII WISCONSIN RHODE ISLAND PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA DIST OF COLUMBIA NEW YORK MARYLAND MICHIGAN OKLAHOMA NEBRASKA MISSOURI KANSAS CALIFORNIA S.DAKOTA INDIAN TER NEVADA DELAWARE IDAHO MONTANA WEST VIRGINIA KENTUCKY TEXAS UTAH OREGON WASHINGTON N.DAKOTA TENNESSEE VIRGINIA WYOMING ARKANSAS ARIZONA MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA NEW MEXICO COLORADO ALABAMA N.CAROLINA GEORGIA S, CAROLINA FLORIDA 2. AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF OATS.IOOO WASHINGTON ILLINOIS NEW HAMPSHIRE OHIO VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS IOWA MICHIGAN WISCONSIN MONTANA MAINE INDIANA MINNESOTA UTAH OKLAHOMA CALIFORNIA CONNECTICUT PENNSYLVANIA NEVADA RHODE ISLAND NEW YORK IDAHO NEBRASKA TEXAS WYOMING N.DAKOTA S DAKOTA INDIAN TER KANSAS ARIZONA OREGON COLORADO DELAWARE MARYLAND MISSOURI NEW MEXICO NEW JERSEY WEST VIRGINIA OlSTOF COLUMBIA ARKANSAS KENTUCKY S CAROLINA VIRGINIA TENNESSEE LOUISIANA MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA FLORIDA N CAROLINA ALABAMA PLATE No. 170 L A\^RAGE ^lELD PER ACRE OF WHEAT: 1900 BUSHELS NEVADA DtST. or COLUMBIA CONNECTICUT RHODE ISLAND MONTANA IDAHO WASHINGTON VERMONT COLORADO NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS ARIZONA UTAH WYOMING MAINE OREGON WISCONSIN NEW MEXICO DELAWARE OHIO MARYLAND NEW HAMPSHIRE ! MINNESOTA NEW JERSEY OKLAHOMA CALIFORNIA PENNSYLVANIA IOWA N.DAKOTA INDIANA TEXAS MISSOURI LOUISIANA ILLINOIS MICHIGAN S DAKOTA KANSAS KENTUCKY NEBRASKA WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA FLORIDA INDIAN TER. TENNESSEE ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI N.CAROLINA S.CAROLINA GEORGIA ALABAMA 2. AVERAGE ^lELD PER ACRE OF BUCKWHEAT: lOOO BUSHELS NEW HAMPSHIRE CALIFORNIA VERMONT WASHINGTON WYOMING MONTANA MAINE CONNECTICUT OREGON MASSACHUSETTS PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY UTAH DELAWARE MARYLAND RHODE ISLAND IDAHO NEW YORK OKLAHOMA VIRGINIA OHIO WEST VIRGIN!* MINNESOTA WISCONSIN NEW MEXICO S. DAKOTA INDIANA IOWA MICHIGAN ILLINOIS KENTUCKY N.CAROLINA N.DAKOTA NEBRASKA COLORADO TEXAS ARKANSAS KANSAS MISSOURI ALABAMA TENNESSEE GEORGIA S.CAROLINA iH^ ff 3. AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF COTTON: 1900 500 POUND SALES KENTUCKY MISSOURI LOUISIANA MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS N.CAROLINA S-CAROLINA VIRGINIA TENNESSEE TEXAS GEORGIA INDIAN TER ALABAMA OKLAHOMA FLORIDA 1 ij p P- 2 Is != ■ rT= ■ ■ — , ^^ ^^ _ . 1 ^ 3/5 uVote.' States and territories producing less than JOO baZes, tzre not shown us BICN ACO LITH PLATE No. I 1. AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF BARLEY : 1900 MONTANA WISCONSIN ILLINOIS NEVADA VERMONT OHIO WASHINGTON IDAHO NEW HAMPSHIRE UTAH IOWA MAINE ARIZONA MARYLAND MINNESOTA RHODE ISLAND INDIANA NEW YORK MICHIGAN OREGON CONNECTICUT CALIFORNIA COLORADO WYOMING MASSACHUSETTS N.DAKOTA S DAKOTA NEBRASKA NEW MEXICO OKLAHOMA PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN TER VIRGINIA KENTUCKY TEXAS MISSOURI WEST VIRGINIA NEW JERSEY TENNESSEE DELAWARE KANSAS FLORIDA S CAROLINA MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS N CAROLINA ALABAMA LOUISIANA GEORGIA I 2. AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF RYE: 19 GO NEW MEXICO CONNECTICUT MONTANA NEVADA MINNESOTA WYOMING MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE OHIO WASHINGTON WISCONSIN VERMONT ILLINOIS NEW YORK DIST. OF COLUMBIA IOWA MASSACHUSETTS N. DAKOTA INDIANA RHODE ISLAND MARYLAND ARIZONA IDAHO PENNSYLVANIA COLORADO MICHIGAN NEW JERSEY OKLAHOMA S DAKOTA DELAWARE OREGON TEXAS NEBRASKA MISSOURI KANSAS UTAH MISSISSIPPI KENTUCKY CALIFORNIA WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA INDIAN TER LOUISIANA ARKANSAS ALABAMA TENNESSEE FLORIDA N CAROLINA S.CAROLINA GEORGIA 20 25 JULlOS OIEN * CO.LITM PLATE No 172 PPx-ODUCTlON PER CAPITA OF THE PRINCIPAL CRdHS ; \m)0 l.CORN BUSHELS JPKVi CAPIT/V ; i '/f A j-TT ^MINN. ANS 1 MO \ Lr..^--J "[oKLA pi r V ^ LessQumS 5tol0 lUto23 L'.'.luoO ."iCJnmliiver 2. WHEAT BUSHELS J>EE. CAPITA r^X "'••^ ,' ;....f4^;s;.,,c4 \-\ -,^/ "" : ] 3,0., • Ww,s7, A i - -^ -- N'^ \ ^ ■; ^p- «t i I I 2] BPtS^W LessQiaiio oto 10 IDtul'.' 'iLuolJ r»i>itmluver 3. OATS BUSHELS J>ER CAPll'A 4 . BARl-p; Y BUSHELS 1>ER CAPI'rA r- N.DAK. i / /; .■='''\ / )' ..„ , MANS I MO ( . _^ X-.- i* ~T--^o«i7jir1r — Y"""t-'-'c Vv i"0tJ .,,.,'■ -1' .L. ■' "V ^-'~\ ^-=vS? I I 3 IF?^ Lessftmii5 otolO 10lo2o Ll'jldon "jljamlover I I Lessthim 3 oto 10 lOToZS 5.('()TT(CT POUNDS P£H CAPITA '0 I __ i NEBB ^LM 6. ■r(3BACCO IHIUNIJS P£R CAPITA I 1 c LeasOiimllin 100tu30l) 200to300 yU0tu400 400a-iidovHr Less than 1 ItolO 1=1 1 I lUtoSO 50 Mid over ULCUS alEN & CO LITH ^ PLATE No 173 1. PRODUCTION OF POTATOES PER SQU.\RE MILK : 1900 LessthaiilObushpls 10 tulOO bushels lOOtoSOObushels SOOliushels and over persqmile per sq mile per sq. mile persq.iiiile T?xe ojb'9enceor co^orir/fiicatrs fhf' unsettled area. 2. PRODUCTION OF S\VEI-;T POTATOES PER SQUARE MILE : 1900 LessUiaiilObushels lOlolOO bushels 100 to200 bushels 20Ubushelsandover persqmile persqmile persqmile persqmile The atisencenf colorindfcatcs theitnsetfled area JULIUS aiE»< * CO LtTM.N t PLATE No, 174 l.APPIiRS PRINCIPAI.KEGJONS OP" PRODUCTION ; 1900 2.pp::ars PRINC1P.\L REGIONS OF PRODUCTION : 1900 UU5 aiEN ACO L PLATE No 175 1. CHERRIP;s PRINCn^AL RKDIONS 01-' PHODUCriUN : lyOO 2.GR.\PES PRINCIPAL REGIONS OF PUODUCriON : I90() JULIUS BIEN * CO.LfTM N Y PLATE No 176 1. I'FACHKS AND NECT/JJINKS FKINCIIVU- REGIONS OF PRODUCTION : 190U 2.APUIC()TS PRINCIPAL. RKGK^NS OF PROnUCTION : 1900 JUtlUS BIET* »C PLATE No. 177 1. PLUMS AND PRUNES PKINCIP-M. REGIONS OF PRODUCTION : 1900 2. FIGS PRINCIPAL, REGIONS OK PRODUCTrON : I900 JULIUS BIEN 4 CO l_l"M N Y PLATE No 178 1.HKI.ATIVK Sr/K OKTIIK KMONKX AUll) STATES ANl ) 'ri<'.I M tlTOl !1 1-: S WITH I'UOI'OKTION IN I'l'ULIC I.AX)),1'U1VATK (AVN}-:KS1 lllMAltM AUKA,IMP1U)\'1'.1) LA.ND.VM) IHKIC.A'I'l'.l) ACRKACE: l»l)'.> CALIFORNIA COLORADO IDAHO MONTANA NEVADA NEW MEXICO OREGON UTAH WASHINGTON 3 Ml LLIONS OF ACRES 20 30 40 50 60 70. flO 90 I0( immmmmmm \ 1 :r 1 ■ =illlMlliillll 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 K>C«X^X>W;-X«W.<'»>.\V5<>.i ' ~i 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 M n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 i 1 1 ft- ,xX>?Ai!n-;s WITH puoportion in ITHLIC I.ANl).l>mVATK ()\VNi;i;si IIIM'AliM AUKA.IMlMU)\'i;i) I.AND.Vsl) lUlflCA'I'l'.l) ACRKAOR :lii'J',> MILLIONS OF ACRES CALIFORNIA IDAHO CO E \\m^<-:' 1 MONTANA W III I'll' r NEVADA IJ! Wm-:-::. NEW MEX 1! OREGON 1 UTAH 1 WASHINGTON Irri^iriled Area )m|>('o\i'd .\i*ea 1 Fai-nn Area Saa I', I'ivaie Ownership 1 i Pnbhn l.aml .rOMPAMlSON OI-' NTaMI'^KI^ OK IHRKiATORS .\M ) MiKA II U '. ICATI-;!) : IHOM AM) IHH^) IRRIGATOHS ahi-:a n^i{U'.Avn:i) HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ACRES 8 3. COMPARISON OFVAIA'K OF CHOPS .'Wl) COSTOFIHHIOATION (\)NSTHCCTION : 1899 ■l.AVl''.HAC.K AHKA OFIKUIC.ATKn L.Vs'l) ON FAHMS:m99 AND 18H9 MIILIONS OF DOLLARS 10 15 20 25 30 35 I I 1 V'alup oT Crops IB Gosi of IfTiQaliun Construciion UNITED STATES ARIZONA CALIFORNIA COLORADO IDAHO MONTANA NEVADA NEW MEXICO OREGON UTAH WASHINGTON WYOMING SUe-HUMIO STATES less Sub-humid 5^a^e5 are Kans Nebr N DaU Okl a , S Dak , and Texas- JUHUS aiEN ACC L MANUFACTURES. t«i) MANUFACTURES. The returns of iiiaimfacture.s for the censuses prior to 1850 were too defective to be considered as repre- senting the true status of the industry, and no compari- sons, therefore, are made foi' the early decades. The development of manufactures from 1850 to li*00, as measured by the increase in capital invested, average number of wage-earners, and value of products is repre- sented by a series of diagrams on Plati^ ISO. CvriTAL Inve.sted. The capital invested in manufactures in 185(1, when reliable data were first obtained, was $533,245,351. Fifty years later, in 1900, the capital invested was re- ported as f»,8-J-6,tj28,5t')l:, an increase of 19,313,3X3,213, or nearly seventeen and one-half times the amount invested in 1850. Diagram 1, Plate ISO, represents, by the length of the bars, the capital invested in manufactures at each census from 1850 to 1900, and shows the tremendous growth from cen.sus to census, the greatest increase noted, 133.9 per cent, being from 1880 to 1890. Diagram 1, Plate 181, represents the capital invested in each state and territory in 1900. New York is tirst. with $1,651,210,2-20; Pennsylvania second, with $1,551,54-8,712; Massachusetts and Illinois following with over $775,000,000 each. Nevada reported the smallest amount of capital invested in manufactures. The combined capital of the first six states shown on the diagram — New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio, and New Jersey — was $5,911,469,165, or 60.0 per cent of the total amount reported. Diagram 2 on Plate 181 shows the capital invested by state groups in percentages of the total investment in 1900. The Middle states had the largest proportion, 40.2 per cent of the total amount invested; tiie Central states ranking second, with 28.0 per cent; the New England states third, with 16.2 per cent; the Southern states fourth, with 9.7 per cent; the Pacific and "West- ern states following in ordei- with about 3 per cent each. The state groups or geographical divisions referred to in the discussion of manufactures, and represented in diagram 2, Plate 181, and diagram 2, Plate 182, are made up as follows: New England states — Maine, New Hampshii-c. Xw- mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. ^liddl(> states — New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva- nia. Delaware, Maryland, and District of Columbia. Southern states — Virginia; West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, (ieorgia, Florida. Kentucky. Teimcssee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and Texas. C(MitraI states — Ohio, Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Wisconsin. Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. Western states — Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, Utah, Colo- rado, Kansas. Arizona, and New ^Mexico. Pacific states — Washington, Oregon, and California. AvEKA. b\' states and territories. New York is first, with an average of 849,056; Pennsylvania second, with 733,834; Massachusetts third, with 497.448: and Illinois fourth, with 395.110; Nevada showing the smallest average number of wage-earners employed in manufactures, 601. The states in this diagram follow almost the same order as for capital invested, diagram 1, Plate ISl. Diagram 2, Plate 182, shows the average number of wage-earners employed in manufactures in 1900, In- state groups, in percentages of the total number emploj-ed. The ^Middle states lead, with 37.3 per cent of the total number employed, followed by the Central states, w-ith 27.7 per cent; the New England states, (83) 84 STATISTICAL ATLAS. with 17.8 percent; the Southern state.s. with 12.;i pei- cent: the Pacific states, with -2.7 per cent: and the Western states, with 2. '2 per cent. Plate 1S3 represents the proportion of average num- ber of wage-earners employed in manufactures to total population in I'.IUO, l)y states, and is of interest in show- ing the propoi'tion of the population in each state em- ployed in this branch of industry. Rhode Island, with 23.1 per cent, or over one-tifth of its total population engaged in mainifactures, is first; Connecticut, witli 19.5 per cent, second; Massachusetts, with 17.7 per cent, third; New Hampshire, with 17.1 per cent, fourth; and New Jersey, with 12.8 per cent, fifth. Delaware, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maine follow in order, each with over 10 per cent. The remaining states shown on the diagram reported less than lo per cent of their population employed in manufactures. North Dakota, with less than 1 per cent, having the lowest percentage. Value of Products. Diagram 3, Plate ISO, shows, by the length of the bars, the value of products at each census from 18.50 to 1900. the black portion of the bar representing the cost of materials. The value of products has advanced from $1,019,106,61(; in 18.50 to $13,039,279,566 in litOO, a proportional increase imich less than that shown for capital invested. The greatest increase reported for a single decade was $4,002,858,092, or 74.6 percent, from 1880 to 1890, the increase from 1890 to 19(i(» being 13,666,842,283, or 39.1 per cent. Plate 184 represents the value of products of manu- factures, by states and territories, from 1850 to 1900, at each census for which these values could be obtained, arranged in the order of the value of products of the specified states in I'.iOO. New Yoi-k is first, with $2,175,726,900, over $340,000,000 more than Pennsyl- vania, the second state in order. The diagram shows very eti'cctively the great increase in nearly every state, fi'om census to census, and the enormous value of the products of New York and Pennsylvania as compared with Utah, South Dakota, North Dakota, and other states. Plate 185 is a map showing the value of products of manufactures per square mile at the Twelfth Census, prepared l)y dividing the value of the gioss product in each county ])y its land area. The counties were then gi-ou])ed act-ording to the value of tiieir products in six divisions. Those counties ha\ing jjroducts valued at less than $1,000 per square mile were left uncolored, and th(> counties in tlie five iiigiier divisions were shaded to agree with tlie legend. Tiic licaxiest sliade (v), indi- cating those counties in whiih the products of manu- factures were SlU(l,()n(i and uvn per si|Uiire mile, is found i)rincipally in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, southern .\cw York, New Jersey, and I'cmisyl- vania, and mai'ks the regions wiiere manufactures was the most unportiuit industry. Shades iii and iv. indi- cating values of products from Slo.ooo to S2o,000 and from $25,000 to $100,000 per scjuare mile, are found principally in West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, ^Michigan, Wisconsin, INIinnesota, and Iowa. The location of an important city in nearly every por- tion of the countr\- is marked by the dark patch of color representing its manufactures and covering the county in which it is located. As similar maps have not been prepared for previous censuses, it is impossible to com- pare what might be termed the advance of the frontier line of manufactures, but, as estimated Ijy the move- ment of the centei' of manufactures, this line has evi- dently progressed south and west, since 1850, from its early home in the New England and Middle states. A comparison of this map with Plate 13, representing the density of population per square mile in 1900, brings out the fact that the most densely populated areas show the greatest value of products of manufac- tures per square mile. Plate 186 repi'esents the value of products in seven- teen states leading in manufactures, from 1870 to 1900, their position, and the changes in rank which have taken place duiing the difi'erent decades. New York has been first since 1870. and Penn.sylvania second. Massachusetts, fourth in liMH), was third in 1870 and 1880, but in 1890 was displaced by Illinois, which in 1870 was sixth, advancing to fourth place in 1880 and third in 1890. Ohio, fourth in 1870, was fifth in 1880, which position it retained in 1900. Missouri, fifth in 1870, fell to eighth place in 1880, but advanced to seventh in 1890, which position it still held in 1900. New -Jersey, seventh in 1870, advanced to .sixth in 1880, and retained this position in 1900. Connecticut, eighth in 1870, advanced to seventh place in 188o, dropped to tenth in 1890, and to eleventh in 1900. The remaining states also show great changes in rank from census to census. Plate 187 represents, by the black and the white bars, the value of products of manufactures and agri- culture per capita of the population in 1900, arranged in the order of the i)er capita value of products of manu- factures, and brings out clearly the relative value of products of these two industries, by states and territories. Rhode Island is first, with the greatest per capita value of manufactures, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York following in order. It will be noted that generally the state with a large per capita value of manufactures had a small per capita value of agriculture. Only fifteen states and territories show greater j)er c;ipita values of agriculture than of manu- factures. Plate 188 repi'esents the per <-a[nta \ alue of products of manufactures and agriculture for 1890. A compari- son of the two diagrams, Plates 187 and 188, shows that each state and teriitorv represented, except two, Mas- sachusetts and Oregon, has inci'eased its per capita value of [iroducts of manufactures, and that (>ach state MANUFACTURES. 85 and territory r^hown has increased its value per capita of agricultural products. Plate 191 represents the value of all manufactured products and the proportional value of fourteen speci- fied groups from 188(1 to 1900. This diaiirani is based on the values given in the comparative sunmiary of groups of industries (Twelfth Census, Volume VII, table i.viii. page cxlv). The value of the total prod- ucts of the fourteen groups is represented by the entire area of the circles, and the proportion in each group by the size of the sectors. The increases for the groups iron and steel and their products, chemicals and allied products, and metals and metal pi'oducts other than iron and steel, from census to census, are especially noticeable. Diagram 1, Plate 192, represents, 1)V the black and the white bars, the value of products of manufactures in 1900 and 1890, for fifteen groups of industries, thus comparing graphically the value of products and the increase in each group. Food and kindred products, iron and steel and their products, textiles, and metals and metal products other than iron and steel, especially, show large increases. In total value of products, food and kindred products is first, with $2,:277,7(>2,OlO; iron and steel and their products secontl, with §1,793,'±90,908; and textiles third, with f^l. 637,4-81.484. Plate 189 represents the proportion of urban to total products of manufactures, by states and territories, in 1900, and shows that urban manufactures comprised over 90 per cent of the total valu(> of products in Rhode Island. Massachusetts, Illinois. Connecticut, and New York, and over SO per cent in Nel)raska, Ohio, Mis- souri. Indiana, Kansas, and Colorado. In only fourteen of the states and territories represented was the value of urban products less than 50 per cent of the total. Diagram 1, Plate 19(), represents the value of prod- ucts of manufactures in the leading manufacturing- cities in 1900. The enormous production of New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia, as compared with that of the other cities of the United States, is clearly shown, as well as the relative importance of these cities in the value of their manufactured products. Near large manufacturing cities, but outside of their corporate limits, are located many manufacturing establishments which are practically a continuation of the manufacturing industries of the cities, and in order to give some idea of the amount of mamifactures in one hundred counties in which such cities are located, these counties were grouped, and the capital, wages, and value of products fi'om 1860 to 1900 represented by dia- gram -2. Plate 190. The tremendous increase in capital invested, from $1,715,376,089 in 1880 to $1,214:,105,971 in 1890. and to §6.057.6:36.400 in 1900; and the increase in value of products from •^3.578,959,287 in 1880 to $6,399,356,466 in 1890, and to $8,196,331,427 in 1900, are well brought out. Diagram 3, Plate 19(). represents the value of prod- ucts of urban and rural maiuifactures, by state groups, for 1900, and shows, first, the great value of products in the Middle and Central states, and second, the large proportion which the urban formed of the total in these states. Diagram 2. Plate 192, represents the capital, wages, and value of products for urban and rural districts in 1900, and shows graphically the relative importance of urban and rural manufactures, the urban capital being 79.2 per cent of the total, the wages 83.1 per cent, and the value of products 81. 1 per cent. Taken collectively, capital, wages, and value of products of urban manu- factures were moi-e than four times the rural. Center of Manufactures. In order to ascertain the position of the center of maiuifactures at each census from 1850 to 1900, as shown on Plate 179, the gross value of products was distributed by square degrees, and the remainder of the computations made as in computing the center of population. (For full description of the method of computing the center see page 37. ) The center of manu- factures, therefore, is really the center of the value of its gross products, and as the value of products is representative of the industry, .so the movement of the center of manufactures, during each decade, can be considered as the movement of the entire industry. Plate 179 is a sketch map on which is indicated, by symbols, the location of the center of manufactures at each census from 1850 to 1900, and the center of popu- lation from 1790 to 1900, bringing out clearly the steady westward movement of both manufactures and population. The center of maiuifactures in 185<^ was in Pennsyl- vania, 41 miles northwest of Harrisburg. and the center of population at the .same census was lo(-ated 23 miles southeast of Parkersburg, in the present state of West Virginia, 240 miles southwest of the center of manu- factures. In 1860 the center of population had ad- vanced 81 miles nearly due west, while the center of manufactures had moved in a westerly direction 100 miles. From 1860 to 1870 the center of population moved nearly 42 miles north of west, while the center of manufactures moved slighth^ west of noiih 18 miles. From 1870 to 1880 the center of population moved south and west 58 miles, while the center of manufactures moved north and west 30 miles. From 1880 to 1890 the center of population moved slightly north of west 48 miles, while the center of manufactures moved south of west about twice that distance. From 1890 to 1900 the center of population moved almost directly west 14 miles, while the center of manufactures moved in a parallel line nearly 40 miles, or over twice the westward movement of the center of population. In general, the center of manufactures has followed the center of population in its westward movement, but not always along parallel lines, the greatest variations 86 STATISTICAL ATLAS. noted being from 18(30 to ISTO and ls7(» to isbu. From 1850 to 1860, 1880 to 1890, and 18;»0 to IHOO the center of manufactures mad(> a oreater western advance than the center of population. The total westward move- ment of the center of manufactures from 1850 to lltoo was 255 miles, and the westward movement of the center of popidation during the same period 243 miles, indicating that the movements of manufactures and ]jopulation arc closely related. Sklkcted Indistkiks. Plate 193 represents the value of products of certain manufacturing industries at each census, from 1850 to 19(10. for which returns were available, arranged in the order of their values in 19(tO. and shows graphically the increase in each industry during the ditl'erent decades, displaying a most remarkable growth in every industry represented. The value of iron and steel products ad- vanced from ^207,208. 69ti in 1870 to ^801,03-1,91S in 1900, wbile slaughtering and meat packing increased $773,580,791 since 1850. when the value of its products was $11,981,64:2. Lumber and timber products also show a great increase, reporting $60.-413.187 in 1850 and $566,832,984 in 1900. The series of diagi'ams presented on Plates 19S to 203, inclusive, represent, by the length of the bars, the value of products of the leading manufacturing indnsti-ies m each state and territory reporting products of consider- able value in 1900. These diagrams are supplemented by a series of small maps, or cartograms, Plat<^s 204 to 207. inclusive, showing, by shades of color, in four groups descrilied at the bottom of the plate, the value of products of the most important manufacturing indus- tries per square mile of land area, as reported at the Twelfth Census, thus comparing value of products with area. This method, while not presenting exactly the importance of each industry in each state and terri- tory, is the only practicable means of representing the density of manufactures and the geographical location of the great centers of production. I>UMBKK AM) TIMBER PRODUCTS. Plate 194 represents the value of hunbcr and timber products at each census, from ISSO to l'.>00, for those states in which the industry was of importance, the states being arranged in the ordiM- of the value of prod- ucts in 1900. The diagram indicates the growth of the industry in each state from census to census, and the great value of production in the states of "Wisconsin, Michigan, and .Minnesota, as compared with the other states. It also shows the increase of this industry from 18S0to 1890 in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Washington, and in Michigan from isco to 1890. Michigan's de- crease of $28,831,449 in \alue of products, from 1S90 to 1900, almost e<|ualed the gain of $30.<')72.041 fi'oni ISSO to 1890. Plate 195 shows, by the length of the bars, the value of products in the three branches of the lumber indus- ti-y — logging camps, sawmills, and planing mills — t)y states and territories, for 1900. Michigan leads with $20,462,235 in the value of products of logging camps, and with $42,517,495 in sawmills, while New York, with $33,149,801. leads in the value of planing-mill products. Diao-ram 2 represents for logging camps, sawmills, and planing mills the proportion which the cost of Uiaterials bears to the gross product, and the relative value of the gross pi'oduct of each class. Plate 196 is a map showing, in shades of color, in four li-roups. the value of lumber and timber products per s(iuare mile of land area in each county, at the Twelfth Census, and may be termed a "deforesting" map of the United States, showing, as it does, where forests have been leveled to produce the 35,000.000 feet of lumber reported in 1900. Wisconsin. Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Washington, the leading lumber states, have the largest areas of the heaviest shade. The map also shows that, with the exception of the Pacific states, the principal regions of produc- tion were east of the ninety-fifth meridian. Diagram 1, Plate 202, represents the value of lumljer and tiudjer products, by states and territories. Wis- consin is tirst. with a valuation of §57.634,816; Michigan second, with $54,290,520; Minnesota. Pennsylvania, and \\ ashington following in order, with over $30,000,000 each. The Central states reported lumber and timber products with a value of $224,421,780, or 39.6 per cent of the total. Cartogram 3, Plate 207. shows, in four shades of color, the value of lumber and timber products per square mile in each state and territory, the state being taken as the unit. The heaviest, or fourth shade, indi- cating a value of products of $1,000 or more per square mile, is found only in Wisconsin and New Hampshire. The entire eastern half of the United States is covered, by the third and fourth shades, showing that the prin- cipal regions of production, with the exception of Washington and Oregon, were in the East, the produc- tion in the arid and semiarid states being very small. TEXTILES. Diagram 4. Plate, 19.S. represents the value of prod- ucts of the textile industry for each state in which it was of imvHHtance. Ma.ssachusetts. with products val- ued at $213,612,791, is first; Pennsylvania, with $157,333,201, is second; New York, Rhode Island, New Jersey. Connecticut. New Hampshire, South Carolina, North Carolina. Maine, and Georgia following in order, each of these states reporting products with a valuation of over $20,000.01 >o. The value of products for each of the remaining states appearing in the diagram was less than $10,000,000. The great im]H>rt',uice of the textile industry in the New England and Middle states 1 is shown i)y the innnense value of products reported in MANUFACTURES. 87 1900 for those divisions. The returns also indicate that this industry has become one of the most prominent in tiie Southern states. < 'artogram 1, Plate l'ii.5, indicates. Ijy shades of color, the value per square mile of textile products in each state and territory. The map shows that the New Eno;- land states (except Maine and Vermont), Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and South Carolina had the greatest value of products and that the textile industry was practically contined to the region east of the Mississippi river. COTTON. Plate 197 — cotton production, exports, and consump- tion from 1850 to 1900 — represents, by the total area of the circles, the amount produced at each census, and by the size of the sectors, the proportion exported and the proportion used for northern and southern consump- tion. The increase in production dui'ing each decade, except from IStiO to ISTo, and the rapid increase in the amount consumed at home, due principally to the increase in southern consumption, is especially notice- able. Southern consumption increased 168.7 per cent from 1890 to 19(to, while northern consumption, during the same period, increased only 9.3 percent. The fall- ing off in production and consumption of cotton from I860 to 1870. due to the Civil War. is clearly indicated. COTTON GOODS. Diagram 5, Plate 198, represents the value of cotton goods in those states leading in their manufacture. Massachusetts leads with a value of products nearly four times as great as that of South Carolina, the sec- ond state in rank. North Carolina, Rhode Island. Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire follow in the order given, each reporting products of cotton manufactures valued at more than S'JO.OOO.OOo. Cartogram '2. Plate 205. shows, in four shades of color. the value of products of manufactures of cotton goods per square mile in each state and territory. The heav- iest shade, indicating the greatest valuation per fjquare mile, covers New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, and Rhode Island only. The next shade, repre- senting a valuation from flOO to $1,000 per square mile, indicates that this industi'v was also of great im- portance in the Middle and Southern states. WOOLEN GOODS, WORSTED GOODS. WOOL HATS, AND SHODDY. Diagram 1, Plate 199. represents the value of prod- acts of the manufacture of woolen goods, worsted goods, wool hats, and shoddy in the states leading' in l^heir manufacture, and brings out clearly the great value of wool manufactures of Massachusetts ($73,536,- (159), Pennsylvania ($50,053,698). and Rhode Island {|39,187,5-J'2), as compared with the remaining states. New York, Maine, Connecticut, and New Jersej', in the order named, were the only additional states reporting products valued at more than $12,000,000. Cartogram 3, Plate 205, presents, in four shades of color, the value per square mile of the products of wool manufactures represented in diagram 1, Plate l'.t!>, and shows that the greatest value of products, as compared with area, was in Massachusetts, Rhode Is- land, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, the remaining New England and Middle- states showing smaller values per square mile. HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS. Diagram 2. Plate 199, represents the value of prod- ucts of hosiery and knit goods in the principal pi'O- ducing states. New York lieing first with $35,886,018. and Pennsylvania second with $21,89t),063. No other state approached these two in value of products. Cartogram 5. Plate 205. shows, in shades of color, the value of hosiery anil knit goods products pei' square mile, the entire area of heavy production being contined to the New England and Middle states. SII.K AND SILK GOODS. Diagram 3, Plate 199, represents the value of prod- ucts of manufactures of silk and silk goods in the states reporting products valued at more than $100,000. New Jersey is first, with a value of $39,966,662; and Penn- sylvania second, with $31,072,926, each of these states having a valuation more than double that of New York ($12,706,216), the next state in rank. The value of products in the four states — New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Connecticut — formed 89.6 per cent of the total value of silk and silk goods reported in 1900. Cartogram 1, Plate 205, shows, in shades of color, the value of products of silk and silk goods per square mile, and indicates that the greatest values were in Massa- chusetts. Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsj-lvania, the \alue per square mile in tlie remaining states being very small. men's and women's CLOTHING (FACTORY PRODUCT). Diagram 1, Plate 199, represents the value of men's and women's clothing (factory product) in the states leading in clothing manufacture. The immense value of the product of New York, $233,370,117. as com- pared with that of other states, is very effectiveh' shown. Illinois with $17,153,191, P(>nnsjdvania with $35,083,623, Ohio with $21,366,595, Maryland with $20,013,101. Massachusetts with $15,032,601, and Mis- souri with $12.0l9.1tSl». follow New York in the order named, and were the only states rejxjiting a value of products of more than $10,000,000. Diagram 5, Plate 199, comi)ai-es graphically the val- ues of men's and of women's clothing (factory product) 88 STATltS'riCAL ATLAS. in twenty-two cities, the uncolored bar representing the value of men's clothiny and the l)laek bar that of women's, and shows the relative importance of each branch of this industry for the cities specified. The tremendous value of the production of New York, as compared with that of the other cities, is well brought out. The value of women's clothing exceeded that of men's in only two of the cities represented, Cleveland and Newark. In New York the}- were nearly equal, but in the remaining cities the value of men's clothing largely exceeded that of women's, Rochester. Milwau- kee, Utica, Louisville, St. Joseph, St. Paul, and Kansas City, Missouri, reporting little or no manufacture of women's clothing. Diagram 6, Plate 199, presents, in the same manner as diagram .5. the relative importance of men's and women's clothing (factory product) in the thirteen states leading in their manufacture. The value of manufac- tures of men's clothing exceeded that of women's in every state represented. A comparison of the two diagrams shows that the principal city in each of these states manufactured nearly the entire product. Cartogram 6, Plate 205, shows, in shades of color, the value of products per square mile of the manufactures of men's and women's clothing (factor}' product), and gives a general idea of the geographical location of the centers of production of the clothing industry. Massa- chusetts, New York, and Maryland show the heaviest production as compared with area; Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois, with a larger value of products than Mas- sachusetts or ALiryland. falling in the next group, owing to their large areas. FI.OUKIXG AND GKIST :\nLI. I'KODUCTS. Diagram 1. Plato l'OO. rc^presents the value of tiour- ing and grist mill products for those states and terri- tories leading in this industry. Minnesota is first, with a valuation of $83,877,709, which is almost double that of the second state, New York (^-II'. 790,340). Ohio. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Wiscon- sin follow closely, each reporting products valued at more than $2.5,000,00(1. Cartogram 1, Plate 204, shows, in shades of color, the value of flouring and grist mill i)roducts per square mile. 'I'he wide distril)ution of the heavy shades indi- cates that this industry was of importance in nearly every state and territory, only eight falling in the low- est group. The greatest valu(\s per s(iuare mile were found in the New England, Middle, and Central states. ST,AUfiHTKKTN(; AND MKAT I'At'KING. Diagrams 2 and 3. Plate 200, represent the value of pi'oducts of slaughtering and meat packing in twenty- seven states and thii'teen cities, and compare efi'ectividy the value of j)rodu(ts of each of the thirteen cities with that of the state in which it is located, showing, also, the rclatixc impoi'tanrc of thi> industry in cacli citw The value of products reported for Chicago and P^ast St. liouis was 98.7 per cent of the total for the state of Illinois; that of Kansas City, Kansas, was 95.3 percent of the total for the state of Kansas; and that of South Omaha was 95.2 per cent of the total for the state of Nebraska. The great value of products of Illinois and Chicago, as compared with other states and cities, is clearly presented. Cartogram 3, Plate 204, shows, in shades of color, the value of slaughtering and meat-packing products per square mile. The darkest shade, indicating the greatest value of products as compared with area, covers the states of Massachusetts. Rhode Island, New York. New Jersey, Indiana, and Illinois, while Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri were thrown into the next lower group by their large areas. CHEESE, BUTTER, AND CONDENSED MILK. Diagram 1, Plate 198. represents the value of prod- ucts of cheese, ])utter, and condensed milk in the states leading in this industry. New York is first, with $26,557,888 and Wisconsin second, with 120,120,147. Iowa with $15,846,077, Illinois with $12,879,299. and Pennsyhania with $10,290,006, were the only addi- tional states re]jorting products valued at more than $10,000,000. Cartogram 2. Plate 204, shows, by shades of color, the value of products of cheese, butter, and condensed milk per square mile in each state and territory. The heavy shade co^'ering the New England states (except Maine and Rhode Island). New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Illinois. Wisconsin. Minnesota, and Iowa indicates that this industry was of importance in these states. MANUFACTCTiED ICE. Diagram 3. Plate 198. represents tlu> value of manu- factured ice in the ten states leading in its manufacture. This industi'v natui'ally had its inception in the South, liut has extended to the North. Pennsylvania reporting in 1900 the greatest value o: products. $2,038,504. Texas is second, with $1,184,332; New York third, with $1,051,372; and Illinois fourth, with $990.S27. Of the ten leading states only four are in the South. ALCOHOLIC LKJUOKS. Diagram 2, Plate 198. represents the \alue of alco- holic liquors (distilled, malt, and vinous) in the states leading in their maiuifacture. New York is first, with products valued at $58,282,253; Illinois second, with $57,955,162, the difi'erence between them being slight. Pennsylvania, with $34,574,158, is third, and far below New York and Illinois in the value of its li(|uor prod- ucts. Ohio. Indiana, and Wisconsin follow in the order named, each reporting li(|Uors valued at more than $22,000,000. Cartogram 4. Plate -204. >lio\vs. bv shades of color. MANUFACTUKES. 89 the value per sc[iiare mile of alcoholic liquor products. The heavy shade, indicating- the areas in which the value of products was greatest and the industry most important, covers Massachusetts. Rhode Island, New York. New Jersey, and Illinois. New Hampshire. Con- necticut. Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland. Ohio, Indiana. \\'isconsin. Missouri, and Kentuck}' fall in the gioup with products valued at from $100 to $1,000 per square mile. IRON AND STEEL. Diagram 1, Plate 201. represents the value of iron and steel products (hlast furnaces, rolling mills, and forges and bloomeries) in the nineteen states leading in this industry. Pennsylvania is first, with products valued at $43i,l:4:5.200. or 54.0 per cent of the total valuation: Ohio is second, with 1138,935,25(5; and Illi- nois third, with $60,303,144; the value of products of these three states forming 78. S per cent of the total. The diagram brings out the great value of products in Pennsylvania as compared with other states. Cartogram 1. Plate 2n7. shows, in shades of color, the value of iron and steel products (blast furnaces, rolling mills, and forges and bloomeries) per square mile, and indicates the regions in wliich this industry was of the greatest importance. The states showing the greatest value of products per square mile are Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Delaware. Ohio, and Illi- nois. The remaining- states in which this industry was important, with products valued at $100 to $1,000 per square mile, are Connecticut, New York, Indiana, ^Michigan. Wisconsin, Maryland. Virginia, West Vir- ginia'. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. COKE. Diagram 2, Plate 2ol, represents the value of prod- ucts of coke in the eight states leading- in its manufac- ture. The total output of coke at the Twelfth Census was valued at $35,585,445. Pennsylvania, the state leading in its manufacture, reported products valued at $22,282,358. or 62.(i percent of the total, Alabama. West \'irginia. Colorado, Virginia, and Tennessee fol- low in the order of the value of their products, these states, with Pennsylvania, reporting over 91.6 per cent of the total for the United States. Cartogram 2, Plate 207, shows, in shades of color, the geographical distribution of this industry. The areas of the darkest shade, indicating- the greatest value of products per square mile, $100 to $1,000. are con- fined to the stivtes of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Virginia, Tennessee. Alabama, and Colorado are the only remaining- states showing coke products valued at more than $10 per scjuare mile. CLAY PRODUCTS. Diagram 3, Plate 201, represents the value of clay products (brick, tile, pottery, terra cotta. and fire-cla}- 10 products), by states and territories. The statistics of the Twelfth Census cover all the wares known as clay products — that is, those in which the essential raw material is clay. This industry is an extensive one, products having- lieen reported fi-om nearly every state and territory. Ohio, with products valued at $16,480,812; Pennsylvania, with $14,081,844; New Jer- sey, with $10,786,673; New York, with $8,073,769; and Illinois, with $7,224,915, wei'e the only states reporting products valued at more than $7,000,000. Cartogram 5, Plate 204, shows, in shades of color, the geographical distribution of the centers of the manufacture of clay products, the greatest values per square mile being shown in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jei'sey. Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The wide distribution of the darker shades indicates the extensive character of this industry. GLASS. Diagram 4. Plate 201. represents the value of prod- ucts of glass manufacture, including- glass cutting, staining, and ornamenting. The states most prominent in this industry were Pennsylvania, with products valued at $23,274,113; Indiana, with $14,757,883: New York, with $6,316,214; New Jersey, with $5,345,425; Ohio, with $4,789,952; and Illinois, with $3,992,736, these six states reporting more than nine-tenths of the total production. Cartogram 6, Plate 204, shows, in shades of color, the geographical distribution of the value of products of glass manufacture, the shade indicating the greatest \alue of products being confined to the states of New York, New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Ohio, and Indiana. LEATHER. Diagram 5. Plate 201. repi-esents the value of prod- ucts of leather (tanned, curried, and finished) in the states leading in its manufacture. Pennsjdvania is first, with a value of products of $55,615,009. Massachu- setts, with $26,067,714; New York, with $23,205,991; Wisconsin, with S20.074.373; and New Jersey, with $13,747,155, were the only additional states reporting products valued at more than $12,000,000. Cartogram 5. Plate 206, shows, in shades of color, the value of leather products per square mile. The darkest shade, indicating the greatest value of products as compared with area, covers Massachusetts, Pennsyl- vania, New Jei'sey. and Delaware. This industry was widely extended and was of importance in a number of states of the New England, Middle, and Central divi- sions, as indicated bj- the area covered by the lieavier shades. BOOTS AND SHOES. Diagram 6. Plate 201, represents the value of manu- factures of boots and shoes (factory product) in certain 90 STATISTICAL ATLAS. states. Massachusetts leads, with products viihied at $117,115,243; New York is second, with *-J5..5S5,631; New Hampshire third, with $33,405,558; and Ohio fourth, with^l7,y30,85-l:; Pennsylvania, Maine, Illinois, and Missouri following in the order named, each report- ing products valued at more than $10,000,000. The immense value of boots and shoes manufactured in Massachusetts, as compared with other states, is effectively shown. Cartogram 6, Plate 2(lti, shows, in shades of color, the value of hoots and shoes (factory product) per square mile. The darkest shade, indicating the greatest value of products per square mile, covers Massachusetts antl New Hampshire only. Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Is- land, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri are in thegrouj) having products valued at from $100 to $1,(100 pen- square mile. The value of products, as compared with area, in the South and West was very small. AGRICl^TLTURAI. HIPI,I:MENTS. Diagram 2, Plate 202, represents the value of prod- ucts of agricultural implements in the states leading in their manufacture. Illinois is tirst, with products val- ued at $12,033,796, more than treble those of Ohio ($13,975,268), the second state in point of production. New York, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Michigan follow in order, each reporting products valued at moi-e than $6,000,000. These six states reported in 1900, 86.1 per cent of the total vakie of products. Cartogram -t, Plate 207, shows, by shades of color, the value of manufactures of agricultural implements per square mile and marks the regions in which the value of production, as compai'ed with area, was great- est. The industry was most important in New York, Ohio, Indiana, ^Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois, these being the only states which reported in 1900 products valued at more than $100 per stpiare mile. CAKS (rON'STKUCTION AM> ItEI'AIUs). Diagram 3, Plate 202, represents the value, ))y states and territories, of steam and street railroad cars (con- struction and repairs). Pennsylvania is tirst, with a product of $63,570,599; Illinois second, with $12,541,876; New York third, with $24,937,964; Indiana fourth, with $19,248,!»99; and Ohio fifth, with $17,7(14,588, the value of products for these five states l)eing 51.6 per cent of the total for the United States. Cartogi'am (>, Plato 207, shows, in shades of color, the value of pi-oducts of manufactures of cars per scpuire mile;. The darkest shade, indicating the greatest value of products as compared with ui'ea, is found only in Pennsylvania and Delaware. The wide distrilmtion of the heavier shades indicates the extent t)f I lie industry, only a few Western states and tcM'ritories showing a pro- duction of less than $10 per square mile. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS. Diagram 4, Plate 202, represents the value of products of the manufactures of carriages and wagons in the states ill which this industry was of importance. Ohio leads with products valued at $15,919,173, closely followed by New York, with $13. (168.385: Indiana, with $12,742,243; and Michigan, with $11,205,602, the only states reporting products valued at more than $10,000,000. Cartogram 5, Plate 207, shows, in shades of color, the value of manufactures of carriages and wagons per square mile. The dark shade, indicating the states in which this industry was most prominent, covers the southern New England states, and New Jer.sey, Dela- ware. Maryland, and the Lake states. CHEMICALS AND ALLIED rROI>UCTS. Diagram 1. Plate 203. represents the value of chem- icals and allied products in those states reporting prod- ucts valued at over §200,000. New York leads with $40,998,911 ; followed by Pennsylvania with $32,154,223; New Jersey with $26,763,S5ti: Ohio with $13,307,431; and Illinois with $12,422,227. These were the only states reporting products valued at over $10,000,000. Cartogram 2. Plate 2()6, shows, by shades of color, the value per square mile of chemicals and allied products, and marks. })y the darkest shade, the states in which their manufacture was of greatest value as compared with area. Massachusetts. Rhode Island, and New Jer- sey were the only states showing products \'alued at $1,000 or more per square mile. I'ETKOLEUJI REFINING. Diagram 2. Plate 2( >3, represents the value of products of petroleum refining in the five states for which the production was shown separately. Pennsylvania leads with $.34,977,706, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and California following in order. The value of products in these five states was $10(t,'.t06,544. or 81.4 per cent of the total amount reported. Cartogram 1, Plate 2(»(), shows, in shades of color, the value of products of petroleum refining per square mile. The heav}' tints, indicating the regions in which the industry was of greatest inqiortance, cover only four states — New Jersey, New York. Pennsylvania, and Ohio — showing that th(^ piinci})al production was con- centrated in a comparatively small area. rAi'Ei; AND WOOD ri^Li". Iliagrani :'.. I'hite 2o;!. rcju-csi^nts the vahk' of prod- ucts of jiapcr ami wooil [lulp manufactures in the states leading in this industry. The five states I'eporting products valu(>(l at mori' than $10,000,000 each, were New Yoik. with $26,715,628; Ma.ssachusetts, with $22.141.4(ii: Maine, with $13,223,275; Pennsylvania, with $12,267,".t<»0; and Wisconsin, with $10,895,576. MANUFACTURES. 91 Cartogram 8, Plate 206, shows, by shades of color, the value per square mile of paper and wood pulp manufactures, the heavy shades, found principally in the New England, Middle, and Lake states, marking the area in which this industry was of greatest im- portance. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. Diagram 4, Plate 203. represents the value of the combined products of the three classes of printing and publishing — newspapers and periodicals, Iwok and job, and music — for those states and territories reporting products valued at more than $450,000. The live states reporting products valued at more than §20,00( i.OOO were New York ($9.5,232,Oul), Illinois ($39,-±49,032), Penn- sylvania ($36,465,629), Massachusetts ($29,372,314), and Ohio ($20,391,868), their combined values forming 63.5 per cent of the amount reported for the United States. Cartogram 4, Plate 206, shows, by shades of color, the value of products of printing and publishing per square mile, the heaviest shade indicating those states in which the value of products was greatest as compared with area. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York were the onh' states reporting products valued at $1,00(> or more per square mile. The wide distribution of the heavier shades indicates the extent of the industry and shows that it was of great importance in nearlv eveiy state and territory, only nine states and territories re- porting products valued at less than $10 per s([uare mile. PLATE No 179 1. (APnWI- IWESTEl) AT EACH CF.X SIS :iar.() TO l!)00 PLATE No 180 1900 IR90 iBSO 1870 I860 1850 HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 40 50 60 ^■i^BMV Li. AVl'ULAGE XU.\11!1':H OKWACK EAHXHRS KMPI.OYKD IX NL\Xl'F'ACTURES AT EACH CEXbLS: IB.M) TO I'JOO 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS a. VAELE OFPROULHTS AT E.VCH CENSUS : Uir>() TO U)O0 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1650 12 24 HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 ISO 132 I COST OF MATERIALS I ; VALU E LESS COST OF MATERIALS ■1. PP^OJ^UHTIOX OFA^'^ER.\C.E XUMI?EI^ OE\\ACiE RVRNET^ S EMPI.cm^D IX ^L\NUP"ACTl'RESTO POPUI.u\TlOM AT EACH CF^XSUS : 1850 TO 1900 1900 1890 leao 1870 I860 1350 PER CENl .,ui i^s uiEN ace I PLATE No !81 1.<'APIT.\L, INVESTED IX EACH STATE .VNO Ti:UHlT()HY: li)()0 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 300 450 60 T50 eOO 10 5 2 JC 13 50 1 500 NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS ILLINOIS OHIO NEW JERSEY WISCONSIN CONNECTICUT MICHIGAN MISSOURI INDIANA CALIFORNIA RHODE ISLAND MINNESOTA MARYLAND MAINE i_OUiSlANA KENTUCKr VIRGINIA IOWA NFW HAMPSHIRE TEXAS GEORGIA N CAROLINA NEBRASKA TENNESSEE ALABAMA S CAROLINA KANSAS COLORADO WEST VIRGINIA WASHINGTON VERMONT DIST OF COLUMBIA DELAWARE MONTANA ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI OREGON FLORIDA UTAH HAWAII ARIZONA S DAKOTA N.DAKOTA ALASKA OKLAHOMA IDAHO NEW MEXICO INDIAN TER WYOMING NEVADA 2. CAPITAL INVESTED BY STATE (IROUPS PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL INVESTMENT NEW ENGLAND STATES MIDDLE STATES SOUTHERN STATES CENTRAL STATES WESTERN STATES PACIF I C STATES UUUS BIEN ft CO L J PLATE No 18 1. AVERAGE NUMBER OFWAGE EL\RNERS EMPLCAT^D IN MANUFACTURES : 1900 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS ILLINOIS OHIO NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT MICHIGAN INDIANA WISCONSIN MISSOURI MARYLAND RHODE ISLAND CALIFORNIA GEORGIA MINNESOTA MAINE VIRGINIA N CAROLINA NEW HAMPSHIRE KENTUCKY IOWA ALABAMA TENNESSEE TEXAS S CAROLINA LOUISIANA KANSAS FLORIDA WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA VERMONT ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI COLORADO NEBRASKA DELAWARE OREGON DISTOF COLUMBIA MONTANA UTAH ARIZONA S DAKOTA NEW MEXICO N.DAKOTA ALASKA WYOMING OKLAHOMA INDIAN TER. IDAHO NEVADA 2. AVERAGE NUMBER OFWAGE EARNERS EMPLO^-ED IN MANUFACTURES BY' STATE GROL'PS PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL EMPLOYED NEW ENGLAND STATES MIDDLE STATES "SOUTH ERN STATES CENTRAL STATES w r ftTgRN STATES PACIFIC STATES us B'CN *C0 L PLATE No. 183 PROPORTK^X OF AVERAGE mJMBER OFWAGE EL\RNERS EMPLOYED IX MANUFACTURES TO TOTAL POPULATION: 1900 PER CENT RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY DCI-AWARE NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MAINE MARYLAND OlSTOFCOUiMBlA VERMONT OHIO ILLINOIS WISCONSIN MICHIGAN WASHINGTON FLORIDA mOIANA CALIFORNIA COLORADO MINNESOTA MISSOURI MONTANA OREGON VIRGINIA GEORGIA N.CAROLINA S.CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA LOUISIANA KENTUCKY ALABAMA IOWA TENNESSEE KANSAS UTAH WYOMING NEBRASKA ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI TEXAS NEVADA IDAHO S.DAKOTA N. DAKOTA JUUUS BIEN a CO.L'TM N_Y PLATE No- 184 VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF MANUFACTURE S BY STATES AND TERRITORIES AT EACH CENSUS: 1«50 TO 1900 HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEW YOHK I9O0 1890 leeo 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 IB70 1860 IB50 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 IB80 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 IB80 1B70 I860 1850 i 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 k 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS i I m rT n CONNECTICUT CALIFORNIA 1900 1890 I8R0 1870 1860 1850 M I N N E SOI A RHODE ISLAND KENTUCKY NEBRASKA 1 1890 ■■^ 1880 I 1870 ' VIRGINIA 1890 ^■i 1880 ^ 1870 ■i I860 ■■ 1850 ■ ' MAINE 1890 1880 Ubb 1870 I^B I860 ■i 1850 ■ LOUISIANA 1890 ^ 1880 ■ 1870 I 1860 1 1850 ! TEXAS 1890 ^m 1880 u 1870 ■ I860 NEW HAMPSH ■ 1890 1880 1870 ■■i I860 B IB50 ■ TENNESSEE I9O0 1690 ■■ 1880 ■ 1870 ■ I860 ■ 1850 1 GEORGIA 1900 ^^kl 1890 ■■ 1880 ■ 1870 ■ I860 ■ 1850 COLORADO 1900 ■^H 1890 ■■ 1 1880 ■ 1870 N CAROLINA 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1900 1890 1880 1670 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA S CAROLINA ARKANSAS 1900 ■ 1890 • 1880 1870 I860 MISSISSI ■1 1890 ■ 1880 1870 1 1860 1850 FLORIDA 1900 ■ 1890 I 1880 1870 1860 DISTOF COLUMBIA 1900 1890 1900 1890 1880 1900 1890 1900 1890 JULIUS BIEN a CO 129- 127* 125* 123° Li'ss Ui.ui $ nil 1(1 J [TJ % I.OIKI III $ .'"..0(1(1 ; pSJ] $ .'i.OlHl 111 $ lli.UIMl in ;uiiii(i 111 ,$ ;ir,.0(ii) ^2 > J. ,(11)11 In .-f 1011,1100 i m $ 100.000 aiifl t'vei I I PLATE No. 185 ar 67" V\U K UK PHOUl'CTS OF MANlTArTUru-:.S ^' "^ ' ' *' I'KU SQU.MiK Mll.K at the Twelfth Census 19UU -,*^ Compiled by HKNR1' Gi\XN'ETT. GEOORAPHKK \ ! \ 1 1 .'-■ - .A^ i JUI.IJ5 BIEN A CO I^ITH CD O o CD CO O CO CD o s » CO c o S > m 00 PLATE No 187 I'HODL-CTS OK .VLVNLFACTL'HEH .\XD AGRICULTURE PKH CAIMTA OF 'I'HK ROJ'UJ^VnON : 19()() MaiuilhctiM-cs Aftrii'ulliirt; JULIUS Hlt-N&CO LITH t PLATE No 188 I'RUDUC'TS OF .\L\NL'KACTL'KES .VXD AGIUCL'LTURE PKH CAPITA OF 'I'llK POPULATION: 1B90 O O 1_ u A R S Mmiufactore-^ Asricultur*- JULIUS BIEN&CO L1TH N f PLATE No, 18 PROPORTION OF URBAN TO TOT.\I. PRODUCTS OF MAXIFACTLRKS : 1900 PER CENT RHODE ISLAND MASSACHUSETTS ILLINOIS CONNECTICUT NEW YORK NEBRASKA OHIO MtSSOURI INDIANA KANSAS COLORADO NEW JERSEY NEW HAMPSHIRE DELAWARE PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA KENTUCKY WISCONSIN IOWA MARYLAND MICHIGAN MAINE VIRGINIA OREGON CALIFORNIA TENNESSEE MONTANA TEXAS WASHINGTON LOUISIANA VERMONT GEORGIA WEST VIRGINIA ALABAMA UTAH WYOMING NEW MEXICO S CAROLINA N CAROLINA NEVADA FLORIDA N, DAKOTA OKLAHOMA MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS HAWAII S. DAKOTA f ^— I juuus eiCN * c^ t-'^** ' PLATE No. 190 1. VALCK OK I'lJOniCTS IX (M-:RTA1N MAXI'FA("TT-KIX(; riTIRS: 1900 MnilONS OF DOLLARS 520 6S0 780 NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS BOSTON PITTSBURG BALTIMORE CINCINNATI CLEVELAND SAN FRANCISCO NEWARK MtLWAUKEE BUFFALO MINNEAPOLIS DETROIT PROVIDENCE KANSAS CITY KAN. LOUISVILLE JERSEY CITY SOUTH OMAHA ROCHESTER INOfANAPOLIS NEW ORLEANS ALLEGHENY WORCESTER PATERSON PEORIA WASHINGTON LOWELL LAWRENCE OMAHA FALL RIVER LYNN DENVER NEW HAVEN COLUMBUS BAYONNE CAMBRIDGE ST PAU L BRIDGEPORT TOLEDO MCKEESPORT READING KANSAS CITY, MO DAYTO N YOUNGSTDWN WILMINGTON WATERBURY EAST ST LOUIS SYRACUSE Sr JOSEPH TRENTON HARTFORD PUEBLO RICHMOND TROY TERRE HAUTE JOLl ET SCRANTON MANCHESTER SEATTLE 2.CAlM'rAI..\VA(;i':S and PHonrCTS KOH OXF. UUXDRED COLXTiKS IX WHICH THK PRIXCMPAI. (MTIKS ARK 1.0(\VrKn : I860 TO 1900 ^*^'^*'- BILLIONS OF DOLLARS 1900 1890 I9O0 1890 1880 1870 I860 1 a 3 A- s 1 u 1 6 7 8 1 1 1 3A'ALUK OF PRODUCTS OF PRB.\N AND RUR.\I. MAXVFACTURP^S BV STATE GROUPS : 1900 HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS O^^ 5 10 15 NEW ENGLAND STATES MIDDLE STATES SOUTHERN STATES CENTRAL STATES WESTERN STATES PACIFIC STATES JUUUS BIEN ft CO LITM N 'r ^H 1 1 1 ^n 1 1 1 1 1 pHH ] u^ p= 1 PLATE No.191 VAIA'K OK AM. M.VXUFACTUHKn PRODUCTS. AND PHOIHniTlO XAL VALV OF EAOII rTH0rP:ia8O T0 1900 i JUtlUS BlEN •'^O '■'^ PLATE No. 192 1. VALUK OP' PRODUCTS OF MAN'UFACTl'RES FOR GROUPS OF INDUSTRIF: S: 1900 AND 1890 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS HAND TRADES LUMBER AND ITS REMANUfACTURES MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL PAPER AND PRINTING LEATHER AND ITS FINISHED PRODUCTS CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS VEHICLES FOR LAND TRANSPORTATION LIQUORS AND BEVERAGES CLAY, GLASS AND STONE PRODUCTS TOBACCO SHIPBUILDING mmm^ «^ HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 8 10 12 14 16 ^ 3 I900 1890 2. CAPITAL, WAGE S^AND VALUE OFPRODUCTS FOR URBAN AND RiTRAI. DISTRICTS: 1900 BILLIONS OF DOLLARS CAPITAL UNITED STATES URBAN RURAL WAGES UNITED STATES URBAN RURAL VALUE OF PRODUCTS UNITED STATES URBAN RURAL LIUS aiEN A CO LITH PLATE No. 193; VALU1-: OK PKODUCTS OF CKRTAIN' MANUF'ACTUHIXG I.VDUSTIUE S; 1850 1900 MILLIONS or DOLLARS 1900 1890 leeo 1870 1900 1890 IB80 1870 1860 I8S0 IRON AND STEEL MHII* SI^WGHTERINGAND MEAT PACKT^'G : 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 — 1 ■ P LEATHER(TANNED, CURRIED .WD FINISHED) 100 200 1900 1890 1880 1870 p I860 1850 1900 1890 IB80 1870 I860 I PAPER AND WOOD PULP 100 200 850 k l.irMBER ,\ND TIMBER 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 FLOUR ^Nn CRIST >ULLS i^i^ 1880 1870 1860 1850 1890 1880 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 ♦ 1850 I9O0 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 CLOTHING. (.MENS AiND W(IMENS) 100 200 300 -400 LigUORS (DISTlLLEU,.M.y,T.«<'U VINOUS I I I COTTON C.OODS 100 200 3C ^"^ ' ^^^^ ■■ ' i ^— AGKICUI.TUILXL 1.MPIJ-;MEN'TS 100 200 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 nAY PRODUCTS ('."MtsfsTlvVM ltAH,RO.\D) 1900 ^■M 1890 ^^m ■■■ 1880 ■1^ 1870 I^B 1860 ■ 1850 1 HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS c 100 200 = ^^ IB80 1870 ■ 1800 ■ 1850 GIj\SS C 100 200 19O0 1890 ^^ ■ 1880 ■1 IB70 I860 ■ IB50 I 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 i WOOL MANUFACTUHKS 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 JULIUS BIENaCO LITH t * IMO conUiin.s rro ifimms Otft/ors. PLATE No. 194 PRODUCTIOX OF LUMBER AT EACH CENSUS IN EACH STATE IN WHICH THIS INDUSTRT IS OF IMPORT.VXCE:l8->() TO lUOO WISCONSIN I9O0 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 I9O0 IS90 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 leeo 1850 1900 1890 IB80 18/0 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 lueo IB50 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1B70 1S60 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1830 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 '850 w MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 36 42 ^— i W ^ w MINNESOTA PENNSYLVANIA l^BMM^H^HHtMIBMM^MMl WBita WASHINGTON TENNESSEE m^^ I I I MISSISSIPPI WEST VIRGINIA NEW HAMPSHIRE MASSACHUSETTS 1860 1850 ULIUSTsJEN AGO L PLATE No. I i. TtiK i.rMBER]XDUSTin'.VXD ITS PH013UCTS : 1900 T.OGGIXG (\\.Mi»S 10 20 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS SAW MILLS 10 20 30 MICHIGAN WISCONStM PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA INDIANA WASHINGTON ARKANSAS OHIO TENNESSEE MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA KENTUCKY N.CAROLINA NEW YORK GEORGIA MAINE TEXAS ALABAMA VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA MISSOURI CALIFORNIA FLORID* OREGON NEW HAMPSHIRE ILLINOIS IOWA MASSACHUSETTS S CAROLINA VERMONT MONTANA MARYLAND CONNECTICUT COLORADO NEW JERSEY IDAHO ARIZONA DELAWARE S DAKOTA NEW MEXICO WYOMING INDIAN TER UTAH RHODE ISLAND KANSAS ALASKA OKLAHOMA NEBRASKA U DAKOTA NEVADA UISTOF COLUMBIA 2. MATKIUAIiS AND riUHirCTS : 1900 LOf.C.INC. CWIPS SAW Mil, I, S PLAMXC, MILLS GROSS P »OOUCT -1 h < ^ h = Id u h z < a. s Q. GROSS PRO DUCT _, K < a 1- ^ lij U 1- z < q: S a 1Z9* 127* 125* 123- 121- PLATE No. 196 96' 93' VALUK Of lumber .\nd timber products pi<;r squm^e mi]j<; at llii^TvveH'Ui Census lyuo Compilt-d Ijv , HKNR'l' 0,\>;XETT. GHOOFL-XPHE H I I 1 i LIUS BIEN A CO LITH tl PLATE No, 197 COTTOX I'MODl'C'l'IOX.KXPOKTS AXI) COXSUMPTIOX : 1850 TO 191)0 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 Exports N'oi-lhei-n Consumpuon Southern liinsumptimi JULIUS BIEN aCO.UTH> PLATE No. 198 VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF SELECTED INDUSTRIE S :1900 1. CHEESE. BUTTERAND CONDEi\SED AllLK MILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEW YORK WISCONSIN IOWA IlLtNOlS PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA VERMONT MICHIGAN OHIO KANSAS CALIFORNIA NEBRASKA MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE S.DAKOTA MASSACHUSETTS WASHINGTON CONNECTICUT INDIANA UTAH MARYLAND OREGON COLORADO NEW JERSEY MISSOURI DELAWARE NEVADA N.DAKOTA IDAHO 2. LIQUORS (DISTILLED, MAL1;ANDMN0US) NEW YORK ILLINOIS PENNSYLVANIA OHIO INDIANA WISCONSIN NEW JERSEY MISSOURI KENTUCKY MASSACHUSETTS CALIFORNIA MARYLAND MICHIGAN MINNESOTA CONNECTICUT TEXAS TENNESSEE COLORADO NEW HA.4PSHIRE RHODE ISLAND IOWA LOUISIANA NEBRASKA DIST OF COLUMBIA MONTANA VIRGINIA WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA GEORGIA N.CAROLINA OREGON DELAWARE ALABAMA UTAH S DAKOTA S.CAROLINA MILLIONS OF DOUARS 16 24 30 3.AIANLTFACTURED TCE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS PENNSYLVANIA TEXAS NEW YORK ILLINOIS MISSOURI OHIO LOUISIANA TENNESSEE INDIANA GEORGIA 4. TEXTILES MILLIONS OF DOLLARS MASSACHUSETTS PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK RHODE ISLAND NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT NEW HAMPSHIRE S CAROLINA N.CAROLINA MAINE GEORGIA ALABAMA MARYLAND VIRGINIA VERMONT INDIANA MICHIGAN OHIO WISCONSIN ILLINOIS TENNESSEE KENTUCKY DELAWARE MISSISSIPPI CALIFORNIA TEXAS LOUISIANA WEST VIRGINIA MINNESOTA OREGON 1= 5. COTTON GOODS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS ) 40 60 MASSACHUSETTS S.CAROLINA N, CAROLINA RHODE ISLAND PENNSYLVANIA NEW HAMPSHIRE GEORGIA CONNECTICUT MAINE NEW YORK ALABAMA NEW JERSEY MARYLAND VIRGINIA TENNESSEE KENTUCKY MISSISSIPPI INDIANA TEXAS VERMONT JULIUS aiENft: CO LITH t PLATE No. 199 VALUE OF PHOi:)UCTS OF SEI.KCTKU IN 1) L' STU11-: S : lOOO 1. WOOLEN GOODS, WORSTED GOODS, WOOL ILVl'S A\)) SHODDY MASSACHUSETTS PENNSYLVANIA RHODE ISLAND NEW YORK MAINE CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY NEW HAMPSHIRE VF.RMONT OHIO TENNESSEE INDIANA WISCONSIN MARYLAND ILLINOIS OREGON KENTUCKY CALIFORNIA VIRGINIA MICHIGAN V^iST VIRGINIA MINNESOTA GEORGIA MISSOURI IOWA N CAROLINA MILirONS OF DOLLARS 30 35 2.HOSrERY AND KNIT GOODS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 12 18 2+ 30 NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS CONNECTICUT MICHIGAN RHODE ISLAND NEW HAMPSHIRE WISCONSIN INDIANA ILLINOIS VERMONT NEW JERSEY VIRGINIA GEORGIA MARYLAND DELAWARE MINNESOTA TENNESSEE S CAROLINA NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND VIRGINIA ILLINOIS I I 3. SIU\AND SILK GOODS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 10 IS 20 2b m i I 4. MENS AND WOMEN'S CLOTHLNG (TOTAL FACTORYPRODUCT ) NEW YORK ILLINOIS PENNSYLVANIA OHIO MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS MISSOURI CALIFORNIA NEW JERSEY MICHIGAN WISCONSIN INDIANA KENTUCKY LOUISIANA MINNESOTA TENNESSEE MAINE IOWA GEORGIA N CAROLINA NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT CONNECTICUT WEST VIRGINIA TEXAS VIRGINIA S.CAROLINA ALABAMA OREGON KANSAS WASHINGTON MILLIONS or DOLLARS 30 120 I40 5. MEN'S AND WOMEN'S CLOTHING (FACTORYPRODl^CT ) FOR 22 CITIES MILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA BALTIMORE CINCINNATI ROCHESTER BOSTON ST.cOUlS MILWAUKEE CLEVELAND SAN FRANCISCO SYRACUSE BUFFALO UTICA LOUISVILLE NEW ORLEANS DETROIT ST JOSEPH ST PAUL PITTSBURG KANSAS CITY, MO. NEWARK P P P P (•> MKN'S AND WOMEN'S CLOTHINGfFAOTORYPRODl'CT 1 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 20 . •to 60 80 100 120 NEW YORK mam ■■■ \ ^^" 1 PENNSYLVANIA MARYLAND ^■a m OHIO 1 ^^ MASSACHUSETTS ^H MISSOURI ^ ' WISCONSIN 1 CALIFORNIA ^ KENTUCKY P INDIANA r 1 1 MEN'S ■■1 WOMEN'S NEW JERSEY t* MICHIGAN y JULIUS UlENaCO LITM ! PLATE No. 200 VALUE OF PRODrCTS OF SELECTED INDUSTRIE S :1900 I. FLOUTS AND GRIST MILL PRODUCTS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 32 -10 48 56 MINNESOTA NEW YORK OHIO PENNSYLVANIA tLLINOIS INDIANA MISSOURI WISCONSIN MICHIGAN KANSAS TENNESBEt KENTUCKY IOWA CALIFORNIA VIRGINIA TEXAS N, CAROLINA GEORGIA NEBRASKA MARYLAND WASHINGTON NEW JERSEY OREGON MASSACHUSETTS WEST VIRGINIA COLORADO N.DAKOTA OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS MAINE S DAKOTA ALAfi^AMA VERMONT NEW HAMPSHIRE S CAROLINA CONNECTICUT RHODE ISLAND UTAH INDIAN TER, DELAWARE MONTANA MISSISSIPPI tDAHO DIST OF COLUMBIA NEW MEXICO ARI20NA i.SLAUGHTERlXG AND \IEAT PACmNG MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 90 i20 150 IBO tLLINOIS KANSAS NEBRASKA NEW YORK INDIANA MISSOURI MASSACHUSETTS lOWA PENNSYLVANIA OHIO CALIFORNIA NEW JERSEY WISCONSIN MARYLAND MINNESOTA MICHIGAN KENTUCKY WASHINGTON COLORADO TEXAS CONNECTICUT RHODE ISLAND TENNESSEE OREGON WEST VIRGINIA MONTANA VIRGINIA I i 3. SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING FOR 13 CITIES MILLIONS OF DOLLARS tap 150 160 CHICAGO KANSAS CITY KAN3 SOUTH OMAHA N EW YORK ST JOSEPH t EAST ST LOUIS ILL INDIANAPOLIS SOMERVILLE MILWAUKEE ST LOUIS PHILADELPHIA BUFFALO CINCINNATI i i i »* Including South Sh Joseph. Mo. + Including Cudahy.Wis. JULIUS eiCNA CO LlTH PLATE No, 20 VALUE OF PH()13l CTSOK SKLI^X'TKD IN J^) U STHIK S :190() !. nu>N AND sTP:b:i. ruonrcrs MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 20 leo 200 ?*o sao PENNSYLVANIA OHIO ILLINOIS NEW JERSEY INDIANA ALABAMA WES7 VIRGINIA NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS WISCONSIN MARYLAND VIRGINIA KENTUCKY COLORADO MICHIGAN TENNESSEE CONNECTICUT MISSOURI DELAWARE OHIO PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY NEW YORK ILLINOIS INDIANA MISSOURI IOWA MASSACHUSETTS WISCONSIN MARYLAND CALIFORNIA WEST VIRGINIA KENTUCKY MICHIGAN GEORGIA MINNESOTA TEXAS VIRGINIA CONNECTtCUT COLORADO TENNESSEE ALABAMA NEBRASKA KANSAS N CAROLINA MAINE S.CAROLINA WASHINGTON NEW HAMPSHIRE LOUISIANA MISSISSIPPI GIST or COLUMBIA ARKANSAS OREGON MONTANA UTAH DELAWARE N-DAKOTA OKLAHOMA FLORIDA VERMONT NEW MEXICO ARIZONA 2. COKE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PENNSYLVANIA ALABAMA WEST VIRGINIA COLORADO VIRGINIA TENNESSEE OHIO KENTUCKY :j. clay PHODLCTS |HHiri\.'riLE,POTTKKY, etc MILLIONS OF DOLLARS m^ I I I n 1.. ULASS (INCLUDLVG GI-.VSS CUTTING, STAININ(;.AND ORN.\MENTING) MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA NEW YORK NEW JERSEY OHIO ILLINOIS WEST VIRGINIA MISSOURI MASSACHUSETTS MARYLAND CALIFORNIA CONNECTICUT WISCONSIN 5. LEATHER ( TANNED, CURRIED, AND FINISHED ) MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 24 30 PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS NEW YORK WISCONSIN NEW JERSEY DELAWARE ILLINOIS CALIFORNIA MICHIGAN OHIO VIRGINIA KENTUCKY WEST VIRGINIA TENNESSEE NEW HAMPSHIRE MAINE MARYLAND INDIANA N CAROLINA GEORGIA ALABAMA CONNECTICUT MISSOURI VERMONT RHODE ISLAND 6. BOOTS AND SHOES :FACT0RVPR0DU(^T I MILLIONS OF DOLLARS MASSACHUSETTS NEW YORK NEW HAMPSHIRE OHIO PENNSYLVANIA MAINE ILLINOIS MISSOURI NEW JERSEY WISCONSIN MINNESOTA MICHIGAN CALIFORNIA CONNECTICUT VIRGINIA MARYLAND INDIANA VERMONT IOWA LOUISIANA KENTUCKY Liua eilF.N A CO LIX>< PLATE No. 202 VALUE OF P^FH)l)i:C.TSOF SELP^CTKl) IN I) U STHIK S : 1900 I. LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODU(^TS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 20 25 30 35 40 WISCONSIN MICHIGAN MINNESOTA PENNSYLVANIA WASHINGTON ARKANSAS OHIO INDIANA TENNESSEE LOUISIANA TEXAS NEW YORK MISSISSIPPI N CAROLINA KENTUCKY CALIFORNIA GEORGIA MAINE ALABAMA VIRGINIA MISSOURI FLORIDA WEST VIRGINIA OREGON NEW HAMPSHIRE IOWA ILLINOIS MASSACHUSETTS VERMONT S CAROLINA MONTANA MARYLAND NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT COLORADO IDAHO WYOMING ARIZONA DELAWARE S.DAKOTA NEW MEXICO RHODE ISLAND UTAH ALASKA INDIAN T£R KANSAS AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS ILLINOIS OHIO NEW YORK WISCONSIN INDIANA MICHIGAN PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA IOWA CALIFORNIA KENTUCKY MISSOURI GEORGIA MASSACHUSETTS TENNESSEE VERMONT VIRGINIA MAINE NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT NEBRASKA TEXAS w r F ! 3. C\RS (CONSTRUCTION .\ND REPAIRS ) MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS NEW YORK INDIANA OHIO MISSOURI MICHIGAN TEXAS CALIFORNIA KANSAS MINNESOTA IOWA WISCONSIN VIRGINIA NEW JERSEY MASSACHUSETTS MARYLAND DELAWARE KENTUCKY ALABAMA COLORADO TENNESSEE GEORGIA WEST VIRGINIA NEBRASKA CONNECTICUT ARKANSAS WASHINGTON N.CAROLINA LOUISIANA MISSISSIPPI UTAH WYOMING FLORIDA NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW MEXICO OREGON ARIZONA MAINE VERMONT MONTANA S.CAROLINA IDAHO 4. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OHIO NEW YORK INDIANA MICHIGAN ILLINOIS PENNSYLVANIA WISCONSIN MASSACHUSETTS MISSOURI CONNECTICUT IOWA NEW JERSEY KENTUCKY MINNESOTA CALIFORNIA VIRGINIA GEORGIA TENNESSEE MARYLAND N.CAROLINA NEW HAMPSHIRE MAINE RHODE ISLAND ALABAMA TEXAS S.CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA COLORADO KANSAS LOUISIANA VERMONT DELAWARE WASHINGTON NEBRASKA ARKANSAS FLORIDA JULIUS B[tN PLATE No. 203 VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF SELECTED INDUSTRIE S :100() 1. CHEMICALS AM) ALLIKO PFU)nrCTS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEW YORK PCNNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY OHIO ILLINOIS MICHIGAN CALIFORNIA MASSACHUSETTS MISSOURI MARYLAND VIRGINIA S CAROLINA GEORGIA INDIANA CONNECTICUT ALABAMA TENNESSEE (M CAROLINA DELAWARE WISCONSIN RHODE ISLAND KENTUCKY LOUISIANA NEBRASKA KANSAS IOWA FLORIDA MISSISSIPPI VERMONT MINNESOTA MAINE WEST VIRGINIA COLORADO OREGON lit' 2. PETROLKl'M HKFININCi MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY NEW YORK OHIO ^m CALIFORNIA k ■ I I S. PAPKH AXD WOOD Pl'LP MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 8 12 16 NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS MAINE PENNSYLVANIA WISCONSIN NEW HAMPSHIRE OHIO MICHIGAN INDIANA CONNECTICUT VERMONT NEW JERSEY MARYLAND DELAWARE ILLINOIS OREGON VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA IOWA 4-. PHLXTIXG .\i\J) PrBLISHINC; (rU)()KAM) . U)H . Ml'SIC AND XKWSPAPERS ) MILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEW YORK ILLINOIS PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS OHIO MISSOURI CALIFORNIA INDIANA MINNESOTA MICHIGAN IOWA NEW JERSEY MARYLAND WISCON.SIN TEXAS CONNECTICUT COLORADO TENNESSEE NEBRASKA KENTUCKY KANSAS DiST OF COLUMBIA MAiNE GEORGIA VIRGINIA LOUISIANA RHODE ISLAND WASHINGTON OREGON ALABAMA N CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA ARKANSAS MONTANA NEW HAMPSHIRE S.CAROLINA VERMONT UTAH MISSISSIPPI N DAKOTA S DAKOTA FLORIDA OKLAHOMA JULIUS UfENftCO L1TH VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF MANUFACTURES P?:R SQUARE MILE: 1900 PLATE No 204 1. PLOLIR AND GRIST MILL 2 CHEESE, BITTER .\ND CONDENSED MIlJv 3. SLAUGHTERINGANT) ME^VT PACKING ■1 Ligt'ORS I OISTILIj:D.MALT.«n)VIN'OUS I /O^ c.\ 5 CLAY PRODUCTS 'BRICK .AND TILE.lDTTEFn' KTC.I \ -'-'4 — .. r \ . KAHS I MO V -L 1 i olio A._-. u: %:^7**% M ' "~~ — r— -,' ""■" I ^ J" ^> __ 2 '^"- ^ ---+-- T c n * s 'l L* i \ r -^ — ^\ --«v>w J^ I 1 Less than S 10 to a square mile I I S 10 to 100 to a squart- mile I " 'I S lOO tc lOOO to a square mile IH » lOOO and over Iteucroh Librwr^ JULIUS BIEN aCO LITH NY I ! I VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF JvLVKITACTURES PER SQUARE MILE: 1900 PLATE No 205 1 TEXTILKS 2 CirrroN C.OOIJS ^ --■i — liJv M I « DAK i /" /£ J _-,4 .*' V '7 r .- -,V- "7"'"* f .V 1 1. 1- S1IJ<.'VND S[LK UOODS L * ; ,« -r- \"""< ^->A^J~^-v> ,' tb . I COLO. : \ \ A"\' r v.^ \r>"— +— -V rl X.-"-4--"| !i ^ ,' ^ r^ vl" ■ l\ '*v TEXAS JLA «A«5 I MO I, <;_,. \^ J ..y.-:V-4-^r -]OKL. J ir ^? T'"»_..^-X_ 1^ i^lNOTJ ARK,/-7" ^, \ SC ^---V-U-'a-^ "^' CS-^^ 5 HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS / "■•.»/>---_ , . 6. MENS AND WOMENS CLOTHINC. iFACTORYPRODUCTi 7 r"^-^^^s ( N DAK I / yf Jl \ ' ^--T > ""0 I > \ "' ; ,/ — - 1 I Lpss than S 10 to a square mile ! 1 SlOtn 100 to a s(]iiHrf niilf ^'-'^ » lon to lOOO to a square mile fli 8 10(>) and (»v^>r JULIUS BIENaCO LITH N > I ! I PLATE No 205 VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF ALVNUFACTURES PF.K SQUARE MILE: 1900 1 TKXTILKS 2 roTTDN (iOODS ?^=''^^^ COLO. A -> V "1 r^ -J —,J- y — 5»' $ ^, r e X * s --'.MlSSl *t»- 1 SILK.\ND SfLKOOODS ':> ,' ^ "•f.. y4^^- ^i'«\ ( "'0 r \ \ KANS 1 MO (^ V i ri i-L X'-'-y^''*'' K- 5, HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS 6. MENS AND WOMENS CLOTHING, iFACTOm'PRODLCTi 1 I ' I "' L \. r^ r rj-^. J \ \ _...n 1 I ; «.«s 1 MO \ I J -.^ , I yf;-r--4— .V ^ ;-----^-j "- r— -4 — V-. "'"' <^"' sA /"'-( >:^ i. j:±. LfL* 1 i Lpss than 6 10 to a square mile [ 1 SlOto 100 to a stuuiiv milt- pg^ » lOO to tOOO to ;i square mile HI S iOOO and ovor JULIUS 8 I EN a CO LITM N V I VALTTE OF PRODUCTS OF MiVNUFACTURESPKB SQUARE MILE lOOO PLATE No 206 1 PETROLEUM REFINING :caEMICALS.\ND ALLIED }'RODUCTS — '^v^ ^-..' \ / ""^o, ,' .,>^„ >*'> ^A^ -'■^"::^\-V"" K ^. ^. , * I HAWS I •* 1 z._-^ V --- ( — i J. Y--'- ) \ ^'~\ 3 Vt\PER AND WOOII PULP ■1-. PWirriNG .WD Pl'BLISHING °"'o, / '\ ;■ "- r--:--\ .\ .My.^ ^/— i — J 4 y:,-^ -5?-^ S"- — !^-c — I lL«L .-i-^; jA^^nJi ±±. y^.^^ 5 LE.\THER'T.\NNRD.CL'KRUr:n.\Xr) PINISHKD* tS BOOTS AND SHOES 'FACTOTnTROPUCTf / 7 / I H DAK I ■ >i ^•. -H 1. AHS r MO. --^-j^-.— -I , / "" , ««c, ; lj: ."■■■; .«Y ( \ V-y ^\ \. ■s X \ ) 4- )\^ r— -r^ -t-^y^-^-y-^'l ' ^^^ — < ' ' * t* ^f Less tiian 5 ICi to .i square mik- 1 $U)b> 10* » lo a s([u;ire mile fea/' -! & K>0 to lOOC) to a squiuv mile IHI SIOQO aiul ovpp JULIUS B I EN a CO L'TH N V V.\LUE OF PRODUCTS OF }vL\Nim\CTlTRES PER SQUARE MILE:1000 PLATE No 207 1. IRON AND STEEI, IBLAST POMACE SAND ROLLING WILLS ) V ' ^ ~ H- 1 I T- ---^—.-r --J \ "o.r "•c, ,-' 'v V-! >-. \ j^ ' I HAWS 1 MO. (^ y-'% ^ I '< - 3. LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS 4 AGRlCULTUliAI. IMPLKMENTS / '"■"'OH _f- _\m,. 1-. ' COLO I - \ ) X^-^* ,^ V*. Vf ,_J T — ''-p — M.c r^ ■-- < ;_ ^^ i a\RHL\GES AND WAGONS 6. CARS, ICONSTHUOTION AND REPAIRS I ~i I -A / ^-: "'° r — -4" iS .i.V '••> /r T\...f- — ^ J :»'*i \ lOW* J TEXAS ^, I — -i Less thfin ff lO to a squar«e mUe [^ S 10 In lOo lo a square mile Hfl S lOO to l(>(>0 lo a square miU' IB » 1000 and ovfr JULIUS eiEN aCQ LITM N . 1 ♦